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Antonov An-24

Antonov An-24 Soviet twin-turboprop airliner and military transport aircraft The Antonov An-24 (Russian/Ukrainian: Антонов Ан-24) (NATO reporting name: Coke) is a 44-seat twin turboprop transport/passenger aircraft designed in 1957 in the Soviet Union by the Antonov Design Bureau and manufactured by Kyiv, Irkutsk and Ulan-Ude Aviation Factories. Design and development. First flown in 1959, the An-24 was produced in some 1,000 units of various versions; in 2023 there are 93 still in service worldwide, mostly in the CIS and Africa. It was designed to replace the veteran piston Ilyushin Il-14 transport on short to medium haul trips, optimised for operating from rough strips and unprepared airports in remote locations. The high-wing layout protects engines and blades from debris, the power-to-weight ratio is higher than that of many comparable aircraft and the machine is rugged, requiring minimal ground support equipment. Due to its rugged airframe and good performance, the An-24 was adapted to perform many secondary missions such as ice reconnaissance and engine/propeller test-bed, as well as further development to produce the An-26 tactical transport, An-30 photo-mapping/survey aircraft and An-32 tactical transport with more powerful engines. Various projects were envisaged such as a four jet short/medium haul airliner and various iterations of powerplant. The main production line was at the Kyiv-Svyatoshino (later renamed "Aviant") aircraft production plant which built 985, with 180 built at Ulan Ude and a further 197 An-24T tactical transport/freighters at Irkutsk. Production in the USSR was shut down by 1978. Production continues at China's Xi'an Aircraft Industrial Corporation which makes licensed, reverse-engineered and redesigned aircraft as the Xian Y-7, and its derivatives. Manufacture of the Y-7, in civil form, has now been supplanted by the MA60 derivative with western engines and avionics, to improve performance and economy, and widen the export appeal. Designation for prototypes. Four built. (first use) Proposed production version powered by Kuznetsov NK-4 turboprops, discontinued when the NK-4 was cancelled. (second use) Production 50-seat airliners built at Kyiv with the APU exhaust moved to the tip of the starboard nacelle. Several An-24s were converted for navaids calibration tasks, with one An-24LR 'Toros' re-designated An-24ALK after conversion. This aircraft was fitted with a photo-theodolite and powerful light sources for the optical sensors. A 1962 project for a Tactical transport with rear loading ramp and powered by Isotov TV2-117DS coupled turboprops. The An-24AT tactical transport project with two turbojet boosters pod-mounted under the outer wings and a wider loading ramp. A projected Tactical transport from 1966 with three or five PRD-63 ("Porokhovoy Raketnyy Dvigatel" – gunpowder rocket engine) JATO bottles, wider cargo ramp and provision for up to three brake parachutes. The second 50-seat airliner version with one extra window each side, single-slotted flaps replacing the double-slotted flaps and extended chord of the centre-section to compensate for the lower performance flaps. Some aircraft were delivered with four extra fuel bladders in the wing centre-section. A projected long-range airliner version of the An-24B with a single RU-19 booster jet engine in the starboard nacelle, stretched fuselage with seating for 60, strengthened structure and increased fuel capacity. The generic suffix LL can be applied to any test-bed, but in the An-24's case seems to refer to a single aircraft equipped for metrology (science of measurement), to be used for checking the airworthiness of production aircraft. Three An-24RV aircraft converted into fire bombers/cloud seeders by installing a tank in the cabin, optical smoke and flame detectors, provision for a thermal imager, racks for carrying flare dispensers and the ability to carry firefighters for para-dropping. At least two An-24Bs converted to carry the 'Toros' SLAR (sideways looking airborne radar) either side of the lower fuselage, for ice reconnaissance, guiding icebreakers, convoys and other shipping. One An-24B was converted to with 'Nit' SLAR in large pods along the lower fuselage sides. The production search and rescue aircraft based on the An-24RT, eleven built. A single An-24B aircraft converted for search and rescue duties, rejected after acceptance trials in favour of a derivative of the An-24RT. Four aircraft converted as Nuclear, biological and chemical warfare reconnaissance versions of the An-24B, carrying RR8311-100 air sampling pods low on the forward fuselage and a sensor pod on a pylon on the port fuselage side. Similar to the AN-24T, fitted with an auxiliary turbojet engine. A few An-24T and An-24RT aircraft converted to Communications relay aircraft. Sometimes referred to as An-24Rt to differentiate from the An-24RT. Turbojet boosted export version, similar to the An-24V but fitted with a 1,985-lb (8830 N) thrust auxiliary turbojet engine in the starboard nacelle. A tactical Airborne Command Post for use by commanders, also capable of forming ground-based communications and HQ. (first use) Tactical transport version, rejected due to poor field performance and range, together with inability to load or air-drop vehicles during acceptance testing. (second use) A tactical transport version with a ventral loading hatch, cargo winch and escape hatch aft of the nose landing gear. From the 1960s the Soviet Union was faced with nuclear submarine threats that were virtually undetectable with the technology available. To assist in the development of advanced optical, chemical, sonic, infra-red and electromagnetic detection systems, several aircraft were built or modified as test-beds. One significant aircraft was the An-24T 'Troyanda' which was built new, for the development of sonobuoy and infra-red detection systems. As well as equipment inside the cabin, sensors could be mounted in large teardrop fairings either side of the lower forward fuselage, and extra equipment could be carried in extended wing centre-section fairings. The export cargo version of the An-24T. Seven An-24Bs were converted to An-24USh navigator/air traffic controller trainers with five training stations and four standard rows of seats for trainees in waiting. Outwardly the USh was distinguishable by the bulged windows at each training station. The initial export version of the An-24B 50-seat airliner with the early narrow chord inner wings, double-slotted flaps, single ventral fin. Export late production 50-seat mixed passenger, cargo and freight aircraft with extended chord inner wing, single-slotted flaps, twin ventral fins and powered by AI-24T(SrsII) engines. Tactical transport with cargo ramp. Survey/Photo-mapping aircraft. Designed to withstand adverse weather conditions better than the standard An-26. The initial designation of the An-24T production tactical transport, discarded shortly after production began. Projected cargo aircraft developed from the An-24. Ice reconnaissance and transport versions were also planned. A mid-1960s project for a jet-powered An-24, with four Ivchenko AI-25 turbofan engines in podded pairs, pylon mounted forward of the wings. Not proceeded with due to competition from the Yak-40. The Y-7 is a Chinese reverse-engineered version of the An-24/An-26 family. Upgraded and Westernised Y-7. In the early 1990s, North Korea installed N-019 Topaz pulse-Doppler radars on at least one of its An-24 aircraft in an attempt to achieve a rudimentary Airborne Early Warning capability. Operators. Military operators. Civil operators. As of July 2018, 86 An-24s were in airline service. Following fatal incidents in July 2011 Russian President (now Prime Minister) Dmitry Medvedev proposed the accelerated decommissioning of An-24s, which resulted in a ban for this type from scheduled flights inside Russia. However, later the ban was cancelled and, as of 2023, An-24 are still in limited commercial service in Russia. Former civil operators. Civil operators have included: Specifications (An-24B). "Data from" Jane's All the World's Aircraft 1976–77General characteristics* Crew: 3* Capacity: 50 passengers* Aspect ratio: 11.7:1* Fuel capacity: * Propellers: 4-bladed AV-72 constant-speed propellers Performance* Maximum speed: Mach See also. Related development Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era Related lists Notes. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> References. Citations. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> Bibliography. <templatestyles src="Refbegin/styles.css" />

antonov eno-24 antonov eno-24 (rasian/ukrainianh antonov eno-24) (naatu protibedonor naam kuk) hoise 1957 sonot sobhiyet unione antonov design byurur dwara design koraa aaru kaibh, irkutsko aaru ulaan-oh 'di aviation karkhanaxomuhor dwara nirmito 44-aaxonor jomoj turboprop poribohon/jatri biman. design aaru bikax. 1959 sonot prothombaror baabe uruwai diya eno-24 bibhinno xongoskoronor pray 1,000 gutot utpadon koraa hoisil; 2023 sonot etiyau biswojuri 93 khon xewa soli aase, besibhagei chi. aai. ess. aaru africat. iyak obhigyo piston ilyuxin-14 poribohonor xoloni sutir poraa modhyomiya poribohonor baabe design koraa hoisil, jitu rof strip aaru duroborti sthanxomuhot prostut nuhuwa bimanbondoror poraa porisalonar baabe onukul koraa hoisil. uscho-wing binyaxe injin aaru bladxomuhok dhongxaboxexor poraa xurokhya diye, xokti-ujonor onupat bohutu tulonamulok bimanotkoi odhik aaru jontrotu kothin, jaar baabe nyuntomo maatir xomorthon xojulir proyujon hoy. iyar kothin airframe aaru bhaal prodorxonor baabe, e-24koo bohutu gouno obhijan jene borphor nirikhyon aaru injin/propelar test-bedd xompadon korar logote e-26 kouxologot poribohon, e-30 photu-mapping/joreep biman aaru odhik xoktixali enginor xoite e-32 kouxologot poribohon prostut koriboloi odhik bikaxor baabe obhijujit koraa hoisil. bibhinno prokolpor porikolpona koraa hoisil jene sarita jett suti/modhyomiya poribohon biman aaru powerplantor bibhinno punorabritti. mool utpadon line aasil kaibh-swiyatuchinu (pisoloi "avient" buli punor naamkoron koraa) biman utpadon prokolpot, ji 985 nirman korisil, 180 ulaan eudet nirman koraa hoisil aaru irkutskot aaru 197 e-24 ti kouxologot poribohon/malbahi jahaj nirman koraa hoisil. 1978 sonor bhitorot eu. ess. ess. aar.-too utpadon bondho koraa hoisil. seenor jiane biman oudyugik nigomot utpadon obyahot aase jiye onugyapotroprapto, reverse-engineerade aaru punor design koraa bimanok jiane waai-7 hisape aaru iyar byobohar koraa biman hisape prostut kore. oxamorik rupot Y-7 ror utpadon etiya poschimiya injin aaru ebhio "nikchor xoite em. e. 60 byobohar korar dwara xoloni koraa hoise, jaate prodorxon aaru orthoniti unnot hoy, aaru roptanir aakorxon bohol hoy. operatorxokol. xamorik operatorxokol. oxamorik operatorxokol. 2018 sonor july maholoike 86taa e-24 biman xewat aasil. 2011 sonor july maahot rasiyar rastropoti (bortomanor prodhanmontri) dimitri medvedeve 24 bimanor drut owoxoror prostab disil, jaar folot rasiyar bhitorot nirdharito bimanor poraa ei dhoronor biman nixidho koraa hoisil. prakton oxamorik operatorxokol. oxamorik operatorxokolor bhitorot aaseh

antonov ayana-24 antonov ayana-24 (russian/eukraniah αντονοv αν-24) (natto reporting naamh kooka) ekti 44 asoner jodaa turboprop poribohon/jatribahi biman jaa 1957 saale soviet unione antonov design bureau dwara design koraa hoyechilo ebong kiv, irkutsk ebong ulan-aaa-udd aviation karkhana dwara nirmito hoyechilo. design ebong unnayan. 1959 saale prothom udanta, ayana-24 bivinno sangaskaraner pray 1,000 unite utpadito hoyechilo; 2023 saale ekhono bishwobyapi 93 tii porisheba royeche, beshirbhag sees ebong africa. etty swalpo theke majhari durotter yatrai obhiggo piston illushin-14 poribohoner poriborte toiri koraa hoyechilo, jaa durgam sthane rukkho stripa ebong aprostuto bimanbandar theke porichalonar jonno onukulito. uchcho-wing binnas injina ebong bladegulike dhongshaboshesh theke rakkha korey, shakti-theke-ojoner anupat onek tuloniyo bimaner tulna beshi ebong meshinti rukkho, nyuntama sthol samarthan saranjamer prayojan hoy. err rukkho airframe ebong vall performancer karone, ekti-24 onek gouno mission jemon baraf punarbibechana ebong injina/propeller test-bedd sampadaner jonno abhijojito hoyechilo, pashapashi ekti-26 kaushalgata poribohon, ekti-30 photo-mapping/jorip biman ebong arow shaktishali injina soho ekti-32 kaushalgata poribohon toiri korar jonno arow unnayan koraa hoyechilo. bivinno prokolper parikalpana koraa hoyechilo jemon ekti chaar jeeta swalpo/majhari durotter biman ebong bidyut kendrer bivinno punorabritti. prodhan utpadon line chhilo kive-saviatoshinote (porey naam poriborton korey "avient") biman utpadon kendra jaa 985 nirmito hoyechilo, ulan udete 180 nirmito hoyechilo ebong irkutske arow 197 ekti 24-tii kaushalgata poribohon/malbahi jahaz chhilo. 1978 saaler modhye eu. esha. esha. arr-ayee utpadon bondho hoye yaay. cheener zian biman shilp sangosthai utpadon abyahoto royeche jaa licensprapt, biporito-engineer ebong notun naksha koraa bimanke zian oyai-7 ebong err derivative hisabe toiri korey. kormokhomota oo orthonitir unnoti ebong roptanir abedonke proshosto korte, nagrik akare oyai-7-err utpadon ekhon poschima injina ebong avionicser saathe emm. ayee. 60 derivative dwara protisthapito hoyeche. operatorra. samrik operatorra. civille operator. 2018 saaler julai porjonto, 86tii enn-24 biman porisheba pradan korchilo. 2011 saaler julai maase russier rashtrapati (bortoman prodhanmontri) dimitro medvedev ekti-24 biman druto batil korar prostab deena, jaar foley russier abhyantare nirdharito udan theke eyi dharaner biman nishiddho koraa hoy. praktan civille operator. civille operatorder modhye royeche

antonov aena-24 antonov aena-24 (russian/ukrainean άντονοv αν-24) (naato reporting naamah qoqa) aee 44-bethaknu tween turboprop transport/passenger aircraft chhe, jeey jeey soveeyat unionma antonov design beuro dwara design karvaamaa aavyu hatoo aneey tenu utpaadan keev, irkutsk aneey ulaan-yood aviation factoryo dwara karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. design aneey vikaas. pratham vakhat vakhat udaan bharee hatee, hatee utpaadan viveedh aavruttiona aashre 1,000 ekamomaa karvaamaa aavyu hatoo; hatoo; vishvbharma 93 haju pann sevama chhe, mote bhaage cis aneey africama. teey tunkaathi madhyam antarnee musafari parr anoobhavi piston illution-14 parivahanne badalvaa maate design karvaamaa aavyu hatoo, jeey ruff strips aneey durnaa sthaloae biin-taiyar havaimathakothee sanchalan maate anookool chhe. uchch paankhnu leout angine aneey bladne kaatmaalthi rakshan aape chhe, power-too-vajanno gunottar ghanaa tulnaatmak vimaano karataa vadhaare chhe aneey machine kathor chhe, jemaa nyuntam ground support saadhanoni jaroor padey chhe. tenaa kathor airframe aneey saaraa pradarshanne kaarane, kaarane barafnee jasusi aneey angine/propeller test-bayd jevaa ghanaa gaun mission karvaa maate anookool banavvama aavyu hatoo, temaj aena-26 vyuhaatmak parivahan, 30 photo-mapping/sarvekshan vimaan aneey vadhu shaktishaali angine saathe 32 vyuhaatmak parivahannu utpaadan karvaa maate vadhu vikaas karvaamaa aavyo hato. viveedh pariyojanaaoni kalpanaa karvaamaa aavee hatee jaim keey chaar jett tunkaa/madhyam antarnu vimaan aneey powerplantna viveedh punraavartno. mukhya utpaadan line keev-swaatoshino (paachhalthi tenu naam badaline "avient" karvaamaa aavyu) vimaan utpaadan plant khaate hatee, jene 985 vimaanonu nirmaan karyoo hatoo, jemaa 180 vimaan ulaan yude khaate aneey 197 vimaan aneey 24 vimaanonu vyuhaatmak parivahan/malvahak jahaaj irkutsk khaate bandhvama aavyu hatoo. 1978 sudhimaa yuu. aesa. aesa. aar. maan utpaadan bundh thaee gayoo hatoo. cheennaa zian aircraft audhyogik nigamma utpaadan chaalu chhe jeey zian vaay-7 aneey tenaa vyutpann tareeke licenses praapt, rivers-engineered aneey fareethi design karelaa vimaan banaave chhe. pradarshan aneey arthtantramaa sudhaaro karvaa aneey nikasni apeelne vistrut karvaa maate, nagrik swarupma swarupma utpaadan havey pashchimi angine aneey avionics saathe saathe vyutpann dwara badalvama aavyu chhe. operatoro. lashkari sanchaalako. nagrik sanchaalako. julai 2018 sudhimaa, 86 aee. aena.-24 vimaano airline sevama hataa. julai julai jeevalen ghatanaaone pagale russiana rashtrapati (havey vadaa pradhaan) dimitra medwedeway aee-24 vimaanone zadpi nishkreey karvaanee darkhaast curry hatee, jenaa parinaame russiani andar nirdharit flightsmanthi aaa prakaarnee flights parr pratibandh mukvaamaa aavyo hato. bhutpurv nagrik sanchaalako. nagrik sanchalakoma nichenaano samaavesh thaay chheh

antonov aine-24 antonov aine-24 (russie/ukrainih άντονοv αν-24) (naato reporting naamah cock) ack 44-seat vaalaa judvaan turboprop parivahan/yatri vimaan haye jise 1957 mein soviyat sangh mein antonov design beuro dwara design kiya gayaa thaa aur kyiv, irkutsk aur ulaan-adey vimanan karkhanon dwara nirmit kiya gayaa thaa. design aur vikas. pahali baar 1959 mein udaaya gayaa, aine-24 kaa utpaadan vibhinn sanskaranon kii kuchh 1,000 ikaaiyon mein kiya gayaa thaa; 2023 mein abhee bhee duniya bhar mein 93 seva mein hain, jyaadaatar cis aur africa mein. ise anubhavi piston illution-14 parivahan koo chhoti seey madhyam doori kii yaatraon parr badalane key liye design kiya gayaa thaa, joe durgam sthaanon mein kharaab pattiyon aur aprastut havaai addon seey sanchaalan key liye anukoolit thaa. uchch-pankh leout injanon aur blade koo malabe seey bachaata haye, shakti-seey-vajan kaa anupaat kaee tulaniya vimaanon kii tulanaa mein adhik haye aur machine oobad haye, jisake liye nyuntam jamini samarthan upkaran kii aavashyakta hoti haye. apane oobad-khabad airframe aur achche pradarshan key kaaran, aeye. aine.-24 koo kaee maadhyamik missions jaise kii burf kii tohi aur injan/propeller pareekshan-bistar key saath-saath aeye. aine.-26 saamarik parivahan, aeye. 30 photo-mapping/sarvekshan vimaan aur adhik shaktishali injanon key saath aeye. 32 saamarik parivahan kaa utpaadan karane key liye aage key vikas key liye anukoolit kiya gayaa thaa. vibhinn pariyojanaon kii parikalpana kii gaee thee jaise kii chaar jett laghu/madhyam dhulai vaalaa vimaan aur bijli sanyantra key vibhinn punaraavrittiyaan. mukhya utpaadan line kyiv-swatoshino (baad mein iska naam badalkar "avient" curr diyaa gayaa) vimaan utpaadan sanyantra mein thee, jisane 985 vimaanon kaa nirmaan kiya, jisamen 180 vimaan ulaan yoode mein banaae gaye they aur 197 vimaan aur 24 vimaanon key saath irkutsk mein saamarik parivahan/malvahak they. 1978 taka ussr mein utpaadan bund curr diyaa gayaa thaa. chean key zian vimaan audyogik nigam mein utpaadan jaari haye joe zian vaaee-7 key roop mein licenses praapt, riverse-engineer aur punah design kiye gaye vimaan banaata haye, aur isake vyutpann. pradarshan aur arthavyavastha mein sudhaar karane aur niryaat appeal koo vyaapak banaane key liye, nagrik roop mein, vaaee-7 key nirmaan koo abb paschimi injanon aur avionics key saath saath vyutpann dwara pratisthaapit kiya gayaa haye. prachaalak. sainya sanchaalak. sivil operator. julaai 2018 taka, 86 ack-24 vimaan airline seva mein they. julaai 2011 mein ghaatak ghatnaaon key baad russie rashtrapati (abb pradhaan mantri) dimitra medvedev ney ack-24 koo twarit roop seey sevamukt karane kaa prastaav rakhaa, jisake parinamswarup roose key ander nirdhaarit udaanon seey iss prakaar key liye pratibandh lagaa diyaa gayaa. poorv sivil operator. sivil operators mein shamil hainh

antonov aun-24 antonov aun-24 (russian/ukrainian antonov aun-24) (nato varadi maaduva hesaru coque) 44 asanagala avali turboprop saarige/prayanikara vimaanavaagiddu, 1957 ralli soviyat okkootadalli antonov design beuro vinyaasagolisitu mattu keev, irkutsk mattu ulan-yood vayuyana kaarkhaanegalinda tayaarisalpattide. vinyasa mattu abhivruddhi. 1959ralli modala baarige haarisalaada aa. enn-24 vimaanavannu vividha aavruttigala sumaru 1,000 ghatakagalli utpaadisalaayitu; 2023ralli vishvaadyanta 93 innoo seveyallive, hechchaagi sis mattu aafrikaadalli. doorada stalagalalli orataada pattigalu mattu siddhavillada vimaana nildaanagalinda kaaryanirvahisalu honduvante, alpavadhiya mattu madhyama prayanada prayanagalalli anubhavi piston illution ill-14 sarigeyannu badalisalu idannu vinyaasagolisalaagide. ettarada rekkeya vinyaasavu enginegalu mattu bledgalannu bhagnaavasheshagalinda rakshisuttade, shakti-tukada anupaatavu aneka hoolisabahudaada vimaanagaliginta hechchaagide mattu yantravu orataagiddu, kanishta nelada bembala upakaranagala agatyaviruttade. adara orataada airframe mattu uttama kaaryakshamateyindaagi, an-24 annu ais vichaksana mattu engine/propeller test-bedd nantaha aneka dvitiya karyacharanegalannu nirvahisalu alavadisikollalaayitu, jotege an-26 yuddhatantrada saarige, 30 photo-mapping/samikshe vimaana mattu hecchu shaktishali engingalondige enn-32 yuddhatantrada sarigeyannu utpaadisalu hecchina abhivraddhiyannu maadalaayitu. naalku jett short/medium-hole vimaana mattu vidyut sthaavarada vividha punaraavartanegalantaha vividha yojanegalannu roopisalaayitu. mukhya utpadana maargavu keev-swatoshino (nantara "avient" endu marunamakaranagonda) vimaana utpadana ghatakadallittu, idu 985 vimaanagalannu nirmisitu, 180 vimaanagalannu ulan yudenalli nirmisalaayitu mattu innoo 197 vimaanagalannu irkutsknalli nirmisalaayitu. 1978rahra hottige yuu. ess. ess. aarr. nalli utpaadaneyannu sthagitagolisalaayitu. cheenaada xian vimaana kaigarika nigamadalli utpaadaneyu munduvaredide, idu paravaanagi padeda, himmukha-vinyaasagolisida mattu maruvinyasagolisalada vimaanagalannu xian vaii-7 mattu adara utpannagalaagi tayaarisuttade. kaaryakshamate mattu aarthikateyannu sudharisalu mattu raftu akarshaneyannu vistarisalu, vaii-7naa nagarika roopadalli tayaarikeyannu eega emm. aa. 60 utpannadinda pashchimatya engingalu mattu eviyaaniksgalondige badalaayisalaagide. nirvaahakaru. military nirvaahakaru. sivil aaparetargalu. julai 2018 rahra hottige, 86 aa. enn-24 vimaanagalu vimanayana seveyalliddavu. 2011rahra julainalli nadeda maaranaantika ghatanegala nantara, rashyaada adhyaksha (eega pradhana mantri) dimitri medvedev avaru aa-24 vimaanagalannu tvaritagatiyalli sthagitagolisuvante prastapisidaru, idara parinaamavaagi ee reetiya vimaanagalannu rashyaadalli nigadita vimaanagalinda nisheedhisalaayitu. maaji sivil aaparetargalu. sivil aaparetargalu ee kelaginavugalannu olagondiveh

antonov aan-24 1957ll soviyatt yooniyanil antonov design beuro roopakalppana cheyyukayum kaivu, irkutsk, ulan-yood eviyeshan faaktarikal nirmmikkukayum cheytha 44 seettukalulla eratta turboprop transport/passenture vimaanamaan antonov aan-24 (russian/ukreniyan αντονοv αν-24) (naatto reporting perah kookk). roopakalppanayum vikasanavum. 1959ll aadyamaayi paranna aan-24 vividha pathippukalude ekadesham 1,000 yoonittukalil nirmikkappettu; 2023ll lokamembaadum 93 ennam ippozhum sevanathilundu, kooduthalum sis, aphrica ennividangalil. vidoora sthalangalile parukkan strippukalil ninnum thayyaaraakaatha vimaanathavalangalil ninnum pravartthikkaan anuyojyamaaya hraswavum idatharavumaaya yaathrakalil muthirnna pisttan ilyushin ail-14 transportinu pakaramaayi roopakalppana cheythathaanu ithu. uyarnna chirakukalulla leauttu enchinukaleyum bladeukaleyum avashishtangalil ninnu samrakshikkunnu, power-tuu-veytt anupatham thaarathamyappeduthaavunna pala vimaanangalekkaalum kooduthalaanu, koodaathe yanthram parukkan aanu, ithinu kuranja graundu support upakaranangal aavasyamaanu. parukkan airframe nalla prakadanavum kaaranam, aise reconition, enchin/propeller testt-bedd thudangiya niravadhi dvitheeya dauthyangal nadathunnathinum enn-26 thanthraparamaaya gathagatham, 30 foto-mapping/sarway vimanam, kooduthal sakthamaaya enchinukalulla enn-32 thanthraparamaaya gathagatham enniva nirmmikkunnathinulla kooduthal vikasanathinum enn-24 anuyojyamaayi. naalu jettu short/meediyam hole vimaanavum powerplaantinte vividha aavarthanangalum polulla vividha padhathikal vibhavanam cheythu. 985 nirmmicha keevu-swaattoshino (pinneedu "eviyant" ennu punarnaamakaranam cheyyappettu) vimana nirmmaana plaantilaayirunnu pradhana ulppaadana line, 180 ennam ulan yudeyilum 197 enn-24 tii thanthraparamaaya gathagatham/charakk vimanangal irkutskilum nirmmichu. 1978 aayappozhekkum yuu. ezz. ezz. aarile uthppaadanam nirtthivachu. chainayude sian aircraft industrial korppareshanil nirmmaanam thudarunnu, ithu licensullathum reverse enchiniyaring cheythathum punarroopakalppana cheythathumaaya vimanangal sian vaii-7 umm athinte derivetteevukalum nirmmikkunnu. vaii-7-nte sivil roopathilulla nirmmaanam ippol emm. eiii. 60 derivativinu pakaram vestten enchinukalum avionicsum upayogichu maattisthaapichu, prakadanavum sambadvyavasthayum mechappeduthunnathinum kayattumathi aakarshanam vipuleekarikkunnathinum. oopparettarmaar. sainika oopparettarmaar. sivil oopparettarmaar. 2018 joolaiyile kanakkanusarichu 86 enn-24 vimanangal vimana sarveesil undaayirunnu. 2011 joolaiyil nadanna marakamaaya sambhavangalethudarnnu russian president (ippol pradhaanamantri) dimitri medwadev enn-24 vimanangal thwarithappeduthikkondu nirthalaakkaan nirddeshichu, ithu rashyaykkullil shedule cheytha vimaanangalil ninnu itharathilullavaykku nirodhanam earppeduthi. muun sivil oopparettarmaar. sivil oopparettarmaaril inipparayunnava ulppedunnu

antonov aine-24 antonov aine-24 (russian/ukraini άντονοv αν-24) (nato reporting navah kook) heey 44-aasan asalele jule turboprop vahtook/pravasi viman aahe, jeey 1957 madhye soviet unionmadhye antonov design beurone design kele hote aanee kayiv, irkutsk aanee ulan-yood vimanchalan karkhanyanni tayar kele hote. rachana aanee vikas. 1959 madhye pahilyanda udavanyat aalelya aii. aine.-24 chey vividh aavrutyanchya sumare 1,000 unitsmadhye utpadan karnyat aale; 2023 madhye jagbharat 93 ajunahi sevet aahet, mukhytah see. aay. ess. aanee aafriket. durgam bhagatil khadbadit pattyanpasoon aanee binutpadit vimantalanvarun chalvanyasathi anukool, chhotya teey madhyam ferivar anubhavi piston illution-14 vahatukichya jaagi tyachi rachana karnyat aalee hotee. uchch-pankhanchi mandani engine aanee bladeche bhagnavsheshapasun sanrakshn karate, shakti-teey-vajanache gunottar anek tulanatmak vimananpeksha jaast aahe aanee machine khadbadit aahe, jyasathi kiman ground support upkarananchi aavashyakta asate. tyachya khadbadit havai chaukatimule aanee changlya kamgirimule, aii. aine.-24 heey barfavar najar thevanyasathi aanee engine/propeller chachani-bedd yasarkhya anek duyyam mohima paar padnyasathi tasech aii. aine.-26 samarik vahtook, 30 photo-mapping/sarvekshan viman aanee adhik shaktishali engines aii. aine.-32 samarik vahtook tayar karnyasathi pudhil vikasasathi anukool kele gele. chaar vimananche laghu/madhyam pallyache viman aanee vidyut prakalpachi vividh punaravrutti yasarkhya vividh prakalpanchi kalpana karnyat aalee hotee. mukhya utpadan marg kayiv-swatoshino (nantar tyache naav badaloon 'avient' karnyat aale) viman utpadan prakalpat hota, jyane 985 vimananchi nirmiti kelee, jyamadhye 180 ulan ude yethe bandhale gele aanee aanakhi 197 aii. aine.-24tii samarik vahtook/malavahu viman irkutsk yethe bandhale gele. 1978 paryant yuu. ess. ess. aar. madheel utpadan bund karnyat aale. chinchya zian viman audhyogik mahamandalamadhye utpadan suru aahe, jeey zian vaay-7 aanee tyache vyutpann mhanoon parvanadharak, ulat-abhiyantriki aanee punha design kelele viman banavate. kamgiri aanee arthvyavastha sudharanyasathi aanee niryatiche aakarshan vadhavanyasathi nagri swarupat vaay-7 chey utpadan aata emm. aii. 60 vyutpannadvare pashchatya injine aanee avionics badalale gele aahe. operator. lashkari adhikari. nagri sanchalak. julai 2018 paryant, 86 aii. aine.-24 viman vimansevet hote. julai 2011 madheel pranghatak ghatanenantar rashiyache adhyaksh (aatache pantpradhan) dimitra medvedev yanni aii-24 vimananna twarit bund karnyacha prastav mandala, jyacha parinam mhanoon russiamadhye niyojit uddananmadhun yaa prakarchya vimananvar bandee ghalanyat aalee. majee nagri sanchalak. nagri sanchalakanmadhye khaleel goshtincha samavesh aaheh

antonov enn-24 antonov enn-24 (rusi/yukrenih άντawahοv αν-24) (neto reporting namah cock) ek 44-sitt jumlyaha turboprop yatayat/yatri viman how june 1957 maa sobhiyat sanghama antonov design byurodwara design garieko thiyo rar kibh, irkutsk rar ulan-yude uddayan karkhanaharudwara nirmit thiyo. design rar vikas. pahilo patak 1959 maa udaieko, enn-24 vibhinna sanskaranharuko lagbhag 1,000 ekaiharuma utpadan garieko thiyo; 2023 maa tyahan 93 ajhai pani vishwawyapi sewama chhan, prayaha sis rar africama. yo anubhavi piston illucin eal-14 yatayatlai chhotodekhi madhyam dhulai yatraharuma pratisthapan garna design garieko thiyo, durgam sthanharuma ruff strips rar aprastut airportharubata sanchalanka lagi anukulit garieko thiyo. uccha-wing leautle injinharu rar bledharulai bhagnawasheshbata bachaunchha, shakti-dekhi-taul anupata dherai tulanatmak wimanharu bhanda badhi chha rar messin kathora chha, nyunatam bhumi samarthan upkaranharu awashyak pardachha. yasako ubad-khabur airframe rar ramro pradarshanka karan, enn-24 lai dherai madhyamik missionharu jastai baraf tohi rar injin/propeller test-bedd pradarshan garna anukulit garieko thiyo, sathai enn-26 rannitik yatayat, ek-30 foto-mapping/sarwekshan viman rar adhik shaktishali enginharuko sath ek-32 rannitik yatayat utpadan garna thap vikas garieko thiyo. vibhinna pariyojanaharu jastai chaar jett chhoto/madhyam dhulai viman rar powerplantko vibhinna punarawrittiko parikalpana garieko thiyo. mukhya utpadan line kibh-swatosino (pachhi "avient" naam diieko) viman utpadan plantma thiyo jasle 985 nirman gyoa, 180 ulan yudema nirman garieko thiyo rar arko 197 ae-24 tea rannitik yatayat/malawahakharu irkutskma. ussrma utpadan sann 1978 sammama banda bhaeko thiyo. chinko sien viman audyogik nigamma utpadan jaari chha jasle ijajatpatra prapta, ulto-engineer rar punah design garieko vimanlai sien wai-7, rar yasako wyutpanaharuko rupma banaunchha. pradarshan rar arthatantra sudhar garna rar niryat appeal wistar garna nagarik rupma wai-7 ko nirmanlai ab paschimi injin rar avionicsko sath ma60 wyutpanadwara pratisthapan garieko chha. aparetarharu. sainya sanchalakharu. nagarik aparetarharu. july 2018 samma, 86 ae-24s airline sewama thie. july 2011 maa ghatak ghatanaharu pachhi rusi rashtrapati (ahile pradhanmantri) dimitra medbhedevle ae-24 ko druta wighatanko prastawa rakhe, jasko parinamswarup roos bhitra anusuchit udanharubata yass prakarka lagi pratibandha lagaieko thiyo. purva nagarik aparetarharu. nagarik aparetarharule samawesh gareka chhanh

antonov enn-24 antonov aii. enn-24 (rushiah/jukreneejah άντονοv αν-24) (nato reporting naama kokah coke) eka 44 aasana bisista duiti turboprop paribahana/jatribahi biman jaahaa 1957 masihare sobhieta sanghare antonov design byurora dwara design karajaithila ebong kibh, irkutsk ebong ulan-ude biman chalachala karkhana dwara nirmita . design ebong bikash. 1959 ray pratham thara paain udaana karajaithila, enn-24 bibhinna sanskaranara praiah 1,000 junitare utpadita hoithila; 2023 ray biswabyapee 93 tii seba bartamana madhya achhi, mukhyatah sii. aai. ess ebong africare . ehaa abhigya piston elyusin eal-14 paribahanaku swalparu madhyama durata jatra upare badalaiba paain design karajaithila, jaahaa durgama sthanare ruff strip ebong aprastuta bimanabandararu parichalana paain anukoolita . uccha-winga binyas injin ebong bledaku bhagnabasesharu rakhya kare, shakti-ojana anupata aneka tulanatmaka biman tulanare adhika ebong messin rukhya, sarbanimna ground support upakarana aabasyaka kare . ehara durgama airframe ebong bhal pradarshan hetu, aii. enn.-24ku aneka gauna mission jathaa baraf nirikhyana ebong injin/propelara test-bedd kariba sahita aii. enn.-26 kaushala paribahana, aii. 30 phato-myaping/sarbhe biman ebong adhika shaktishali injin sahita aii. 32 kaushala paribahana utpadana paain adhika bikash paain khap khuai niajaithila. bibhinna prakalpara parikalpana karajaithila jepariki eka chaari jett swalpa/madhyama dhadi biman ebong pawara planter bibhinna punarabrutti . mukhya utpadana line kibh-swatocino (parey "avient" naamare punahnamakarana karajaithila) biman utpadana plantare thila jaahaa 985 nirmana karithila, jeunthire 180 tii ulan udere nirmita hoithila ebong irkutskare ahuri 197 aii. enn.-24tii kaushala paribahana/mall paribahanakaree thila . 1978 masiha suddha jayu. ess. ess. aarr. ray utpadana banda hoijaithila. chinara zian biman shilpa nigamare utpadana jaari rahichhi jaahaa licensprapta, reverse-engineer ebong punah design hoithiba bimanaku zian wai-7 ebong ehara derivetive bhabare tiari kare . karjyadakhyata ebong arthabyabasthare unnati aaniba ebong raptani aakarshanaku byapaka kariba uddeshyare, besamarika roopare, wai-7rahr utpadana ebe paschatya injin ebong avionics sahita emm. aii. 60 derivetive dwara pratisthapita hoichhi. aparetaramane. samarika parichalakamane. sivila aparetaramane. july 2018 suddha, 86tii aii. enn.-24 biman biman sebare thila. july 2011 ray maratmaka ghatana parey rush rastrapati (bartamana pradhanamantri) dimri medabhedev aii-24 rahr twarita nishkriya prastaba deithile, jahara phalaswaroopa rushia bhitare nirdharita bimanaru ehi prakarara nishedhadesha diajaithila. purbatana sivila operator. sivila aparetaramane antarbhukta karichantih

antinov aii-24 antinov aii. ainn-24 (russie/ukraniaai άντονοv αν-24) (naato reporting naanau cock) ikk 44 seetan vaala judvan turboprop transport/yaatari jahaz haii joe 1957 witch soviat union witch antinov design beoro duaara design keeta giaa see atey keev, irkutsk atey ulaan-yood havabazi faiktariaan duaara nirmit keeta giaa see. design atey vikas. pahili vaar 1959 witch udaiaa giaa, aii. ainn.-24 noon vakkh-vakkh sanskarnan deeaan lagbhag 1,000 ikaiaan witch tiaar keeta giaa see; 2023 witch 93 ajey vee dunia bharr witch seva witch hunn, ziaadaatar cis atey africa witch. iss noon tajarbekar piston ilyushin aaee. aill.-14 transportation noon chhotiaan toon darmiani doori deeaan yatravan 'teey badlan laee tiaar keeta giaa see, joe door-durade dey sathanan witch khurdare pattiaan atey annuchit havaai addiaan toon chalaun laee anukool see. ucch-khambhan daa layout injanan atey bledan noon malbe toon bachaunda haii, shakti-toon-bhaar daa anupat bahut saare tulnatmak jahazan naalon vaddh haii atey masheen ucchi haii, jiss laee ghatto ghatt zamini sahaita upkarnan dee zaroorat hundi haii. iss dey ucchi airframe atey changi karguzari dey caarn, aii. ainn.-24 noon bahut saare secondary missionan jiven kii baraf dee jasusi atey injan/propeller test-bedd curran dey naal-naal aii. ainn.-26 rannitak aavajai, aii. ainn.-30 foto-mapping/sarvekhan jahaz atey vadhere shaktishali injanan dey naal aii. ainn.-32 rannitak aavajai dey utpadan laee horr vikas curran laee dhaliaa giaa see. vakkh-vakkh projectan dee kalpana keeti gaee see jiven kii chaar jett chhote/darmiaane doori dey havaai jahaz atey pawar plant dey vakkh-vakkh duhrao. mukkh utpadan line keev-swatoshino (baad witch naam badliaa giaa "avient") jahaz utpadan plant witch see jiss neey 985 daa nirman keeta, jiss witch 180 ulaan yoode vikhe banaae gaye sunn atey irkootsk vikhe 197 aii-24 tii rannitak aavajai/malvahak sunn. yuu. aiss. aiss. aar. witch utpadan 1978 takk bnd qarr ditta giaa see. cheen dey zian aircraft industrial corporation witch utpadan jaari haii joe zian vaaee-7 atey iss dey derivatives dey roop witch laisanshuda, riverse-engineering atey mudd design keete jahaz banaunda haii. pardarshan atey arthvivastha witch sudhar atey niryaat dee apeel noon vadhaun laee, sival roop witch, Y-7 dey nirman noon hunn pachmi injanan atey avionics naal aim. aii. 60 derivative duaara badliaa giaa haii. appretor. fauji appretor. sival appretor. julai 2018 takk, 86 aii. ainn.-24 airline seva witch sunn. julai 2011 witch hoiaan ghatak ghatnavan toon baad roos dey rashtarpati (hunn pardhan mantri) dimiti medvedev neey aii-24 noon tezi naal bnd curran daa prastav ditta, jiss dey natije vajon roos dey ander nirdharat udanan toon iss kisam dee pabandi lagaa ditti gaee. sabka sival appretor. sival appretran witch shamal hann

antonov e-24 antonov e. enn-24 (rusee/yookreneeh antonov aan-24) (naato reporting naam cock) 44 aasanayuktam twin turboprop transport/pesenjar-vimaanam asti yat 1957 tame varshe soviyat-sanghe antonov-desain-byooro ityanena parikalpitam, kiyiv, irkutsk, ulaan-yood eviyeshan-factoribhihi nirmitam. rachanaa evam vikaasah. 1959 tame varshe prathamavaaram uddiyamaanam e. enn-24 vimaanasya utpaadanam vividhasamskaranaanaam praayah 1,000 ekakeshu krutam; 2023 tame varshe api 93 sewaah vishvavyaapiroopena prachalanti, adhikatayaa see. aii. ess. tathaa africa-deshe cha. alpaat madhyamaparyatanayatrasu, durasthasthanani durlakshit-pattikabhih, aprastuta-vimaanasthaanakaih cha prachaalanaay anukooleekrutam, anubhavajna-piston-ilyooshin-ill-14 parivahanasya sthaane etat parikalpitam aasit. uccha-ving-vinyaasah yantraani blade ityetaan cha bhagnaavasheshaat rakshayati, shaktti-bhaar-anupaatah anekeshaam tulanam vimananam apekshayaa adhikah asti, yantram cha kathoram asti, nyoonatam-bhoo-samarthan-upakaranaam aavashyakataa bhavati. asya kathor-vaayu-frame, uttama-pradarshanasy cha karanat e. enn.-24, hima-nirikshanam, injin/propeller pareekshan-shayyam ityadini anekaani dwiteeyakaani karyani kartum, api cha e. enn.-26 saamarik-parivahanam, 30 photo-myaaping/sarvekshana-vimaanam, adhikashaktishaalinah injin-yukttaah e. enn.-32 saamarik-parivahanam cha nirmaatum itoapi vikasaya cha abhiyojitam aasit. vividha-pariyojananam parikalpanaa krutaa yathaa, chatuhu jett-laghu/madhyam-chaalit-vimaanam, vidyut-sthaavarasya vividhaah punaraavruttayaha cha. mukhya-utpaadana-maargah keev-swaatoshino (pashchat "avient" iti punah namakaranam krutam) vimana-utpaadana-karakhanayam aasit, yat 985 nirmitam, yaasu 180 ulaan-ude ityatra nirmitam, api cha irkutsk-nagare 197 e. enn.-24 tea. saamarik-parivahanam/maalavaahakam nirmitam. 1978 tame varshe yoo. ess. ess. aar. madhye utpaadanam sthagitam. chinadeshasya zian-vimana-audyogika-nigame utpaadanam prachalati, yat zian-vai-7 iti anudnyaapatram, riverse-angineered, punah vinyaasam cha vimaanaani, tasya vyutpannaani cha nirmeeyate. vai-7 ityasya nirmaanam, naagarikaroopen, adhunaa emm. e. 60 vyutpannena paashchaty-yantraih avionics ityanena cha pratisthaapitam asti, yena karyakshamatam arthavyavasthaam cha vardhayitum, niryaata-akarshanam vistrutam cha kartum shakyate. sanchaalakaah. sainyachaalakaah. nagarika-sanchaalakaah. 2018 julai-maasaparyantam 86 e. enn.-24 vimaanaani vimaanasevaayaam aasan. 2011 julai-maase pranaghatakanam ghatanaayaah anantaram, rashiyaadeshasy rashtrapatihi (adhunaa pradhaanamantri) dimitree medavedevah e. enn-24 vimananam tvarita-nishkramanasya prastaavam krutavaan, yasya parinaamen rashiyaadeshasy antah anusoochit-vimanayananam krute etaadrusham nishedhah krutah. poorva-nagarika-sanchaalakaah. nagarika-sanchaalakeshu antarbhavanti.

antonov oru-24 antonov oru-24 (russia/ukraeniya mozhif άντονοv αν-24) (nato arikkaiyidum peyar kook) enbathu 44 irukkaikal konda irattai turbobrob poakkuvaraththu/payanigal vimaanamaagum, idhu 1957 aam aandil soviyath unionil antonov vadivamaippu paniyagaththaal vadivamaikkappattathu mattrum kiv, irgutsk mattrum ulan-add vimaana thozhirchaalaigalaal thayaarikkappattathu. vadivamaippu mattrum maempaadu. 1959 aam aandil muthanmuthalil parakkavidappatta an-24 palvaeru pathippukalin sumar 1,000 unitugalil thayaarikkappattathu; 2023 aam aandil ulagalavil 93 innum sevaiyil ullana, perumpaalum chis mattrum aaprikkaavil. kurugiya muthal naduththara thoora payanangkalil mooththa biston ilyushin ill-14 poakkuvaraththai maattruvatharkaaka idhu vadivamaikkappattathu, idhu tholaithoora idangkalil ulla kadinamaana thundugal mattrum thayaaraaga illaatha vimaana nilaiyangalil irunthu seyalpada uganththathaaka irunththathu. uyar-irakkaikal konda thalavamaippu iyanththirangkal mattrum kaththigalai kuppaikalilirunthu paathukaakkirathu, sakthi-edai vigitham pala oppidakkoodiya vimaanangkalai vida athigamaaga ullathu mattrum iyanththiram karadumuradaanadhu, kurainthapatcha tharai aatharavu ubakaranangkal thaevaippadugindrana. adhan karadumuradaana airframe mattrum nalla seyalthiran kaaranamaaga, oru-24 panii ulavu mattrum iyanththiram/undhusakthi soathanai padukkai poantra pala irandaam nilai payanangkalaich seiyath thazhuvappattathu, athae poal oru-26 thandrobaya poakkuvaraththu, oru-30 pugaippada varaipadam/kanakkeduppu vimaanam mattrum adhiga sakthivaaintha enjinkaludan oru-32 thandrobaya poakkuvaraththu aagiyavattrai uruvaakka maelum maempattathu. naanku jedd kurugiya/naduththara thoora vimaanangkal mattrum minn nilaiyaththin palvaeru maruseeramaippugal poantra palvaeru thittangal thittamidappattana. mukiya urpaththi varisai kaiv-sviadoshinovil (pinnar "avient" endru marupeyaridappattathu) vimaana urpaththi aalaiyil irunththathu, idhu 985 aii kattiyadhu, 180 aii ulan yood mattrum maelum 197 oru 24 dii thandrobaya poakkuvaraththu/sarakku vimaanangkal irkutskil kattappattathu. 1978aam aandukkul yuu. ess. ess. aarr. ill urpaththi niruththappattathu. chinaavin sian vimaana thozhilthurai niruvanaththil urpaththi thodarkirathu, idhu urimam pettra, thalaikeezh-porimurai mattrum maruvadivamaippu seiyappatta vimaanangkalai sian oy-7 aagavum, adhan vazhiththoantralgalaagavum uruvaakkukirathu. y-7 inn urpaththi, sivil vadivaththil, ippoathu merkaththiya enginegal mattrum avionics moolam maa60 vazhiththoantralaal maattrappattullathu, seyalthiran mattrum porulaathaaraththai maempaduththuvatharkum, aetrtrumathi muraiyeettai virivupaduththuvatharkum. aaparaettarkal. iraanuva aaparaettarkal. sivil aaparaettarkal. juulai 2018 nilavarappadi, 86 mattrum 24 vimaanangkal vimaana sevaiyil irunththana. juulai 2011 ill nigazhntha aabaththaana sambavangalaith thodarnthu russia janathipathi (ippoathu pirathamar) demetry medvedev oru-24 aii viraivaaga panineekkam seiya munmozhinthaar, idhan vilaivaaga rashyaavirkul thittamidappatta vimaanangkalil irunthu inththa vagaikku thadai vithikkappattathu. munnaal sivil aaparaettarkal. sivil aaparaettarkal pinvaruvanavattrai ulladakkiyullanar

antonov aann-24 antonov yaan-24 (russian/ukrainian antonov yaan-24) (naato reporting paeruh coque) anedi 44 seetla twin turboprop transport/passenger aircraft, idhi 1957loe soviet unionlo antonov design beuroche roopondinchabadindi mariyu kyiv, irkutsk mariyu ulan-dude aviation factorylu tayaaru chesaayi. design mariyu abhivruddhi. 1959loe modata eguraveyabadina, an-24 vividha versionla yokka sumaru 1,000 unitlalo utpatti cheyabadindi; 2023loe prapanchavyaaptamgaa 93 ippatikee sevalo unnaayi, ekkuvagaa sis mariyu aafrikaalo unnaayi. idhi suduura pradaesaalaloo kathinamaina strips mariyu siddhamgaa laeni vimaanaasrayaala nundi panicheyadaaniki anukuulamaina, chinna nundi madhya taraha prayaanaalalo anubhavagnudaina piston illution ill-14 ravaanaanu bharti cheyadaaniki roopondinchabadindi. adhika-rekka layowoot enginelu mariyu bladelanu sidhilaala nundi rakshistundi, shakti-nundi-baruvu nishpatti aneka polchadagina vimaanaala kante ekkuvagaa untundi mariyu yantram kathinamainadi, dheeniki kaneesa ground maddatu parikaraalu avasaram. daani kathinamaina airframe mariyu manchi paniteeru kaaranamgaa, an-24 manchu nigha mariyu injin/propeller test-bedd vanti aneka dviteeya missionlanu nirvahinchadaaniki, alaage eah-26 vyuuhaatmaka ravana, eah-30 photo-mapping/survey vimanam mariyu marinta saktivantamaina enginelatho eah-32 vyuuhaatmaka ravaanaanu utpatti cheyadaaniki marinta abhivruddhi cheyadaaniki sweekarinchabadindi. naalugu jett short/medium haall airliner mariyu power plant yokka vividha punaraavruttulu vanti vividha prajectulu roopondinchabaddaayi. pradhana utpatti maargam kaiv-swatashino (taruvaata "avient" gaa paeru maarchabadindi) vimaana utpatti karmagaram vadda undhi, idhi 985 nuu nirminchindi, 180 nuu ulan yud vadda nirminchaaru mariyu irkutsk vadda 197 oka 24-tuugh vyuuhaatmaka ravana/saruku ravana yantraalu unnaayi. 1978 natiki yuu. ess. ess. aarr loe utpatti nilipiveyabadindi. chaina yokka zian aircraft industrial corporationlo utpatti konasagutondi, idhi licenses pondina, riverse-injaneerd mariyu puna iz roopakalpana chesina vimanalanu zian vai-7 gaa mariyu daani utpannaalugaa chestundi. vai-7 yokka tayari, poura roopamlo, ippudu paniteeru mariyu aardhika vyavasthanu meruguparachadaaniki mariyu egumati aakarshananu vistrutam cheyadaaniki, paaschaatya enginelu mariyu avianiclatho emae60 utpannam dwara bharti cheyabadindi. operatorlu. sainika nirvaahakulu. sivil operatorlu. juulai 2018 natiki, 86 an-24luu vimanayana sevalo unnaayi. juulai 2011loe jarigina praanaantaka sanghatanala taruvaata russia adhyakshudu (ippudu pradhani) demetry medvedev 24 vimanalanu vegavantam cheyadaanni pratipaadinchaaru, dheeni phalitamgaa russia lopala schedule chesina vimaanaala nundi eee rakamaina vimanalanu nishedhinchaaru. maajee sivil operatorlu. sivil operatorlu eee krindi vaatini kaligi unnaru

antonof aine-24 antonof aine-24 (rosee/ukarini: άντονοv αν-24) (neeto reporting kaa naam: coke) eek 44 nashaston waala jadwaan turboprop transport/musafir tayarah hay jasay 1957 mein soweet union mein antonof design beuro nay design kiyaa thaa aur kiyo arkotsk aur alaan-auday aiwi aishan factoriyon nay tayaar kiyaa thaa. design aur tarqi. pehli baar 1959 mein adaya gayaa aine-24 kuu mukhtalif warzan kay taqriba 1,000 units mein tayaar kiyaa gayaa thaa. 2023 mein 93 abb bhee duniya bhar mein khadmat mein haine ziyadah tarr see aayee aiss aur afriqah mein. asay tajarbah kaar pistin alisheen eel-14 transport kuu mukhtasir say darmiyani fasilay kay dooron parr tabdil karnay kay liye design kiyaa gayaa thaa juu door daraaz maqamat parr khardari putty aur ghair tayaar hawai adoon say chalanay kay liye behatar hay. oonchi wing kii tartib anjanon aur blade kuu malbay say bachati hay taaqat say wazan kaa tanasib behat say mawaznah shadah tayaron say ziyadah hay aur masheen nahamwar hay jiss kay liye kumm say kumm zamini maawan aalat kii zarurat hoti hay. iss kay nahamwar aiyar freem aur achhi karkardgi kii wajah say aine-24 kuu behat say saanvi mashnon jeesay aais jasusi aur anjan/propeller test beedd anjaam deenay kay saath saath aine-26 taktiki nql woo hamal 30 foto mapping/sarway tayarah aur ziyadah taqatwar anjanon kay saath eek-32 taktiki nql woo hamal tayaar karnay kay liye mazeed tarqi kay liye dahaal liyaa gayaa. mukhtalif mansubon kaa tasavur kiyaa gayaa jeesay kahh chaar jait shaart/medium houl hawai jehaaz aur pawar plant kii mukhtalif takraar. markazi production line kiyo-soyatoshino (baad mein naam tabdil kirr kay "avent") tayaron kii tayari kay plant mein thee jiss nay 985 tameer kiyay jiss mein 180 alaan aday mein banaye gayey aur mazeed 197 aine-24 tye tectical transport/freeter arkatsak mein thay. yuu aiss aiss aar mein paidawar 1978 takk bund kirr dee gayee thee. cheen kii ziyaan airkraft industrail corporation mein paidawar jaari hay juu license yaaftah reverse enginered aur dobarah design kiye gayey tayaron kuu ziyaan waayi 7yee aur iss kay mushtaqat kay toor parr banaati hay. karkardgi aur maeshat kuu behatar bananay aur baraamadi apeel kuu wasee karnay kay liyay soul shakal mein waayi-7 kii tayari kuu abb ayem aey 60 mushtaq kay zariye maghrabi anjanon aur avenics kay saath tabdil kirr diyaa gayaa hay. operators. foji operators. soul operators. jolayi 2018 takk 86 aine-24 aiyar line saros mein thay. jolayi 2011 mein mahlak waaqiaat kay baad rosee sadr (abb wazeer aizam) damtari medwedeo nay aine-24 kuu teezi say khatam karnay kii tajweez paish kii jiss kay natijay mein roos kay andar tay shadah parwazon say iss qasm kii pabandi aayed kardi gayee. saabiq soul operators. soul operators mein shaamil haine:

fffd8ad97c38ed98280a88bd143c9548bcf99965fcc13e7445444357a8ffc4b0

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=992864

Idoru

Idoru 1996 novel by William Gibson Idoru is the second book in William Gibson's Bridge trilogy. "Idoru" is a science-fiction novel set in a postmodern, dystopian, cyberpunk future. One of the main characters, Colin Laney, has a talent for identifying nodal points, analogous to Gibson's own: <templatestyles src="Template:Blockquote/styles.css" />Laney’s node-spotter function is some sort of metaphor for whatever it is that I actually do. There are bits of the literal future right here, right now, if you know how to look for them. Although I can’t tell you how; it’s a non-rational process. Plot summary. In the post Tokyo/San Francisco earthquake world of the early 21st century, Colin Laney is referred to agents of rock and roll megastar Rez (of the musical group Lo/Rez) for a job using his peculiar talent of sifting through vast amounts of mundane data to find "nodal points" of particular relevance. Rez has claimed to want to marry a synthetic personality named Rei Toei, the Idoru (Japanese Idol) of the title, a claim stranger than usual and therefore questioned by his loyal staff, particularly by his head of security, Keith Blackwell. Blackwell believes that someone is manipulating Rez, and wants Laney to find out who. Simultaneously, the Seattle chapter of the Lo/Rez fan club is discussing exactly the same topic of the unbelievable marriage of human and AI construct. Fourteen-year-old Chia Pet McKenzie is chosen by the group to go to Tokyo and meet with the Tokyo chapter to find out what is really happening. On the flight she meets a woman named Maryalice, who dupes her into unwittingly carrying a contraband item through customs in Tokyo. Laney accepts his new position warily, but is conflicted throughout much of the novel by his past involvement with a powerful infotainment organization, "SlitScan", which thrives on destroying media personalities by exposing their secrets. In the course of this earlier job he feels responsible for the death of an innocent party. His talent had allowed him a foreshadowing of a probable suicide, but SlitScan had tried to limit Laney's role to passive observer. However, Laney's conscience snapped -- he attempted at the last moment to stop the suicide, but instead became mired in a scandal. Yet another organization claiming to be a media watchdog steps in and tries to pull Laney away from SlitScan to use his story to expose SlitScan’s involvement in illegal spying. This goes awry and Laney is left alone, high and dry. Further complicating Laney’s life is that Kathy Torrance, his controller from SlitScan, is attempting to blackmail him with false evidence into betraying his current employers, Lo/Rez, by exposing whatever secret she thinks they are hiding. Chia, after being brought to the club run by Maryalice’s boyfriend Eddie, is helped to escape by one of the club’s employees who perceives that she is in danger. She takes with her the contraband which was slipped into her luggage. When she meets with the local Tokyo chapter of the Lo/Rez fan club, she is disappointed by their seeming indifference to the impending “wedding," and they inform her this is merely an unfounded rumor. Disbelieving, Chia decides to investigate on her own and seeks the help of her host Mitsuko’s brother Masahiko, an otaku who is a member of the hacker community the "Walled City" (a virtual community based on Kowloon Walled City). Masahiko and Chia embark on a search for the truth to the marriage of Rez and Rei by going to the club where Rez announced the event, though the club no longer exists in the rapidly changing Tokyo scene. Masahiko is informed by other denizens of Walled City that he is being watched, both on the net and physically at the home of himself and his sister. Chia admits to Masahiko that she has found something in her luggage and that might be what the unknown men are seeking. The contraband turns out to be a highly illegal nanotech assembler -- a device used for high-speed material fabrication -- which Eddie smuggled in on behalf of the Kombinat. Chia and Masahiko go to a love hotel to try to hide from the searchers. It is there that all the parties converge. When Chia and Masahiko link into the net, the Idoru (Rei) manifests herself in Chia's Venice simulation once she realizes Chia is playing a part in her evolution. Maryalice finds the hotel through their taxi record, letting herself into their room. Lamenting her recent breakup with Eddie over the botched smuggling operation, she tells them that giving back the device won’t stop them from being killed as witnesses. Masahiko and Chia go onto the Net to get the help of Chia’s friend Zona Rosa (Spanish for “pink zone") who claims to be the leader of a Mexico City "girl gang", and from the denizens of the distributed system, Walled City. In short order, Maryalice’s boyfriend Eddie shows up with a member of the Kombinat to reclaim the nanotech device. This prompts Zona Rosa (who has been viewing events over the net) into making a terrible personal sacrifice to save Chia. Events rapidly come to a head when Rez and Blackwell arrive. Laney sees events occurring (and about to occur) in the datastreams and rushes with Lo/Rez’s support crew to the love hotel. A deal is struck, and most of the parties are accommodated. The ultimate resolution is left open as to whether the Rez/Rei union has become possible with the nanotechnology they have now obtained. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

iduru iduru hoise uilium gibosonor breej trilojir dwitiyokhon grontho. "iduru" hoise ek bigyan-kolpokahinimulok uponyax ji ek uttor-aadhunik, dist 'piyan, cyberpunk bhobisyotor potobhumit nirmito. mukhyo soritroxomuhor bhitorot etaa, kolin lener, gibosonor nijor xoite xadrisyo thoka nodel point sinakto korar protibha aaseh plotor xarangxo. ekbingxo xotikar aarombhonir toku/chaan francisoku bhumikompor pisot, kolin lenik rok endo roll megastar rez (xongit gutt lu/rez) ror agent buli kuwa hoy, jiye teur bixex praxongikotar "nodel point" bisari uliyaboloi bixal porimanor xangsrik tothyor joriyote sanoni korar odbhut protibha byobohar kori etaa sakorir baabe ullekh koraa hoy. reje upadhitur iduru (japani murti) naamor ejon xongslexito byoktitwo rei tuir xoite biyaa korabo bisare buli daabi korise, ji xadharonote ek osinaki daabi aaru xeyehe teur onugoto kormosarixokole, bixexkoi teur nirapottar murobbi keith blackwelle prosno korise. blackwelle biswax kore je kunubai rejok herofer kori aase, aaru leniye kune bisari uliyaboloi bisare. eke xomoyote, lu/rez fenn clubber siyatol odhyaye manuh aaru aai nirmanor obiswasyo bibahor thik eketu bixoyor uporot alusona korise. soturdox bosoriya chiya pett mackengyk doltuwe tokio 'loi jaboloi aaru prokritote ki ghotise janiboloi tokio' odhyayor xoite xakhyat koriboloi basoni kore. bimankhonot taai marialis naamor egoraki mohilak log paay, jiye taik ojantere tokio 'ror reeti-nitir joriyote nixidho xamogri etaa loi jaboloi protarona kore. leniye teur notun sthitir bixoye xabodhanbhabe swikar kore, kintu "slitsken" naamor ek xoktixali infotainment xongsthar xoite teur otitor jorito huwar baabe uponyaxkhonor besibhag xomoyote dwondor xonmukhin hoy, ji xongbad madhyomor byoktitwoxokolok teulukor guponiyota unmuson kori dhongxo korat unnoti kore. ei aagor sakorir xomoyot teu etaa nirduxi dolor mrityur baabe daybodho onubhob kore. teur protibhar folot teur ek xombhabyo aatmohoityar purbanuman hoisil, kintu slitskene lenir bhumikak niskriyo porzobekhyokor bhitorot ximabodho koriboloi chesta korisil. obosye, lenir bibek bhangi goisil-- teu xex muhurtot atmohoitya bondho koriboloi chesta korisil, kintu taar poriworte etaa kelengkorat lipto hoisil. miriya wasdog buli daabi koraa aan etaa xongsthai podokhyep loy aaru oboidho surang-sitar xoite sitkenor jorito thokar kotha prokax koriboloi teur kahinitu byobohar koriboloi sitkenor poraa leneek atoraboloi chesta kore. eitu beyaa hoi yaay aaru leni okole eri yaay, ukh aaru xukan. lenir jiwanak aaru jotil kori tulaa hoise je slitscanor teur niyontrok kethi torance teuk teur bortomanor niyugkorta lu/rejok biswaxghatokota koriboloi misa promanor xoite blackmail koriboloi chesta korise, teuluke lukuwai rakhise buli teu bhabise xei guponiyota mukoli kori. siyak marialisor premika edir dwara porisalito klaboloi onaar pisot clubber ejon kormosariye polayon korat xohay kore jiye onubhob kore je teu bipodmukto. taair logejot pori juwa nixidho xamogritu taair logot loi yaay. jetiya taai lu/rez fenn clubber sthaniyo toku xakhar xoite xakhyat kore, tetiya teu aaxonno "bibah" ror proti teulukor apatdristito udaxinotar baabe hotax hoy, aaru teuluke teuk jonay je eitu kewol ek bhittihin urabatori. obiswax kori, siyai nijei todonto korar xiddhanto loy aaru teur aayujok mitchukur bhatri masahikur xohay bisare, ejon utaku ji hekaar xomprodayor xodosyo "weld chiti" (kaulun weld sohoror uporot aadharito ek bharsuwel xomproday). masahiku aaru siyai rez aaru reir bibahor xotyor xondhanor baabe klaboloi goi aarombho kore zo 'too reje onusthantu ghuxona korisil, jodiu drutogotit poribortito toku drishyot clubtur aaru ostitwo naai. dewal thoka sohoror aan nagorike masahikuk jonay je netot aaru xaririkbhabe teur aaru teur bhoniyekor ghorot teuk nirikhyon koraa hoise. siyai masahikur usorot swikar kore je taai taair logejot kiba etaa paise aaru hoyotu xeituwei hoyotu osinaki puruxxokole bisari aase. nixidho xamogritu etaa oti oboidho nenutek assembler buli janibo poraa goise-uscho-gotir xamogri nirmanor baabe byobohrito etaa xojuli-jitu eddiye combonator hoi surang kori loi aahisil. chiya aaru masahikuwe xondhankarixokolor poraa lukaboloi etaa prem huteloloi yaay. taatei xokolu doll ekotrito hoy. jetiya chiya aaru masahiku netor xoite xongzug kore, tetiya iduru (rei) ye siyar venis simulexonot nijoke prokax kore jetiya taai upolobdhi kore je siyai taair bibortonor khetrot etaa bhumika paalon korise. marialise teulukor texi recordor joriyote huteltu bisari paay, nijoke teulukor kuthaloi jaboloi diye. xorborahor khetrot eddir xoite xehotiyakoi huwa bischedor baabe xuk prokax kori teu teulukok koy je jontrotu ghurai dile teulukok xakhyi hisape hotya korar poraa rudh koribo nuwaribo. masahiku aaru siyai siyar bondhu junaa rusar xohay lo 'boloi netoloi yaay-spanis bhaxar "redd jo' noo".junaa rusa ye nijoke bitorito byowostha, dewaljukto sohoror nagorikxokole preron koraa maxic 'sohoror" suwalir doll "ror netaa buli daabi kore. xoru kromot, marialisor premika edi ye koo 'mbinetor ejon xodosyor xoite nenutek xojulitu punor laabh koriboloi uposthito hoy. iyar folot junaa rusa (ji netot onusthanxomuh saai aase) siyak rokhya koriboloi ek bhoyongkor byoktigoto tyag koriboloi prerito hoy. rez aaru blackwell aahi puwar loge loge ghotonabur drutogotit ek murot pore. leniye detastreemot ghotonaxomuh ghoti thoka (aaru hoh "boloi goi thoka) dekhe aaru lu/rejor xomorthon korutaxokolor xoite prem huteloloi douri yaay. etaa sukti hoy, aaru besibhag pokhyore sthan diya hoy. teuluke etiya laabh koraa nenu projuktir xoite rez/rei union xombhob hoise ney naai xei bixoye suranto xiddhanto mukoli hoi aase.

idoru idoru holl uilium gibsoner brij trilogyr dwitiya boi. "idoru" ekti bigyan-kalpakahini uponyas jaa uttor-adhunik, dystopian, cyberponk bhabishyater upor vitti korey rachito. prodhan choritrogulir modhye ekti, collin lanir, gibsoner nijaswa anurup nodal pointguli sonakto korar protibha royeche plot sarsongkhep. ekbingsho shatabdir godar dike tokio/shaan francisco bhumikampa poroborti bishwe, collin lanike rock anned roll megaster reeja (sangeet doll loow/reeja)-err agent hisabe ullekh koraa hoy ekti kaajer jonno taar adbhuto protibha byabohar korey bishal porimane jagotik tothyer madhyome bishesh prasongikotar "nodal point" khunje berr korar jonno. reeja daabi korechen jey tini rei toye naame ekjon kritrim byaktittoke biye korte chaan, jini eyi khetaber idoru (japani murti), jaa swabhabiker cheye oporichito ebong taai taanr onugoto karmider dwara, biseshoto taanr nirapatta prodhan keith blackwell dwara proshno koraa hoyechilo. blackwell biswas corren jey keu rezke karchupi korche, ebong chaay lunny keey taa khunje berr koruk. ekoi sange, loow/reeja phyana cluber sittle adhyayti manush ebong aaee gathoner abiswasya bibaher thhik ekoi vishay niye alochona korche. chaturdash bochor vayasi chia pett mckenzie tokiote yawar jonno ebong tokio adhyayer saathe dekha korar jonno doll dwara nirbachito hoy jey asle qee ghotche. bimane taar saathe marialis naame eka mohilar dekha hoy, jey taake protarito korey tokiote customser madhyome anichchakritobhabe ekti nishiddho jinis bohon korey. lunny taar notun abosthanti antorikbhabe grohon korey, tobey ekti shaktishali infotainment sangostha, "slitscan"-err saathe taar atiter jorito thucker karone uponyasher beshirbhag ongshe dwandwa royeche, jaa taader gopaniyata prakash korey midia byaktittoder dhongso korey samriddha hoy. eyi ager kaajer somoy tini ekti nirdosh doler mrityur jonno dayee boley money corren. taanr protibha taanke sombhabbo attohottar purbabhas diyechilo, kintu slitscan lanir bhumikake nishkriya porjobekkhoker modhye seemaboddho korar chesta korechilen. zaihok, lanir bibek venge yaay-- seey shesh muhurte atmohotta bondho korar chesta korey, kintu poriborte ekti kelenkarite joriye porey. arekti sangostha jaa nijeke midia watchdog boley daabi korey, taaraa egiye aase ebong aboidho guptochorbrittite slitscaner jorito thucker vishayti prakash korte taar golpoti byabohar korar jonno lanike slitscan theke doore sariye neoar chesta korey. etty elomelo hoye yaay ebong lanike ekaa, unchu ebong shukno abosthai rekhe deoa hoy. lanir jeebonke arow jotil korey toley jey, slitscan theke taar niyantrak cathy torrens taar bortoman niyogkortader, loow/rejer saathe biswasghatokota korar jonno mithya proman diye taake blackmail korar chesta korche, jaa seey money korey jey taaraa gopon korche. morialiser premik edee dwara porichalito clubey aanaa howar porr, chiake cluber eka karmachari palate sahajyo korey, jey bujhte paare jey seey bipode poreche. seey taar loggage chhitke yawa nishiddho jinisti niye yaay. jokhon seey loow/reeja phyana cluber sthaniya tokio adhyayer saathe dekha korey, tokhon asonno "bibah"-err proti taader apatodrishtite udasinotai seey hotash hoy ebong taaraa taake jaanaay jey etty nichhok ekti bhittihin gujab. abiswas korey, chia nijerai todonto korar siddhanta neyo ebong taar ayojok mitsukor bhai masahikor sahajyo chaay, ekjon otaku jini hacker sampradayer sadasya-"prachirobeshtito shohor" (kaulun prachirobeshtito shohorer upor vitti korey ekti virtual sampradai). masahiko ebong chia reeja ebong reiyer biyer sotter anusandhan shuru korey seii clubey giye jekhane reeja eventi ghoshana korechilo, jodio druto poribortito tokio drishye clubtir arr astitto nei. masahiko prachirobeshtito shohorer anyanno basindara jaanaay jey taake nett ebong taar ebong taar boner barite sharirikbhabe porjobekkhon koraa hachche. chia masahikor kachhe sweekar korey jey seey taar lageze kichhu khunje peyeche ebong sombhoboto ajana lokera etai khunjche. nishiddho ponnoti ekti atyanta aboidho nanotech assembler-uchcho-gotir upadan toirir jonno byabohrito ekti jontro-jaa edee combinoter pokkhe pachar korechilo. chia ebong masahiko anusandhankarider kachh theke lukanor chesta korte ekti premer hotele yaay. sekhanei sobb doll ekotrito hoy. jokhon chia ebong masahiko neter saathe sangjukto hoy, tokhon idoru (rei) chiar venis simulatione nijeke prakash korey jokhon seey bujhte paare jey chia taar bibortone ekti bhumika palon korche. morealis taader taxie recorder madhyome hotelti khunje paay, nijeke taader ghore ddhukte deyo. chorachalaner byarthota niye edir sange taar samprotik bichched niye shoke prakash korey, seey taader boley jey jontroti firiye diley taaraa sakkhi hisabe nihoto hotey parbe naa. masahiko ebong chia neter madhyome chiar bondhu zona rosser sahajyo nitey yaay-- spanish bhasay "reeda joone".zona rossa nijeke mexico shohorer ekti" "garla gyang" "-err neta boley daabi korey jaa bitoron byabosthar basindader dwara pathano hoyeche, prachirjukto shohor. sangkhipto krome, marialiser premik edee nanotech jontroti punoruddhar korte combinater eka sadasyer saathe uposthito hoy. etty zona rosake (jini neter madhyome anusthanguli dekhchen) chiake banchanor jonno ekti bhayankar byaktigato tyag sweekar korte prorochito korey. reeja ebong blackwell aasaar saathe saathe ghotonaguli druto mathachada deyo. lunny detastreame ghotonaguli ghotote (ebong ghotote choleche) dekhe ebong loow/rejer sahojogi karmider saathe premer hotele chhute yaay. ekti chukti hoy ebong beshirbhag pokkhoke sthan deoa hoy. taaraa ekhon jey nyanoprojukti orjon koreche taar madhyome reeja/rei union sombhob hoyeche kina taa niye chudanta samadhanti unmukto rakha hoyeche.

idoru idoru aee veeliyam gibsonni brij triologynu beeju pustak chhe. "idoru" aek vigyaan-kaalpaneek navalkathaa chhe jeey uttar-aadhunik, dystopian, cyberpunk bhavishyamaa seeta chhe. mukhya patromathi aek, collin lenee, gibsonna potaana samaan, nodal binduone odakhavaani pratibha dharaave chheh plooat saransh. saransh sadeeni sharuaatmaa tokyo/saana francisco bhookamp pachhini duniyama, collin leneene roqa anned roll megastar rez (sangeet jooth loow/rez) naa agento tareeke odakhvaamaa aave chhe, jeey temnee vishisht pratibhaano upyog kareene vishaal matrama bhauteek maahiteeni tapaas kareene khaas susangatataana "nodal point" shodhvaa maate karey chhe. reze daavo karyo chhe keey teey shirshaknaa idoru (japanese moorti) naamnaa krutrim vyaktitva saathe lagna karvaa maange chhe, jeey saamanya karataa vadhu ajaani vyaktee hovaano daavo karey chhe aneey tethee tenaa vafaadaar staff dwara, khaas kareene tenaa suraksha vadaa, keith blackwell dwara puchparachh karvaamaa aave chhe. blackwell maane chhe keey koee vyaktee rezmaan hairfare curry rahyu chhe, aneey leneene koona chhe teey shodhvaa maange chhe. saathe saathe, loow/rez phena klabnaa ciatal prakaranmaa manav aneey aaee rachnana avishvasneey lagnana barabar aee jaj vishhay parr charcha karvaamaa aavee rahee chhe. chaud varsheey cheeya payt mackenzine jooth dwara tokyo javaa aneey kharekhar shun thaee rahyu chhe teey jaanvaa maate tokyo prakaranne malvaa maate pasand karvaamaa aave chhe. flightma teey marialis naamnee aek maheelane maley chhe, jeey tene tokyomaa rivajo dwara ajaantaan pratibandhit vastu laee javaa maate chhetaray chhe. lenee tenee navee sthiteene gambhirtathi sweekaare chhe, parantu aek shaktishaali infotainment sanstha, "slitscane" saathe tenee bhutkaalni sandovani dwara motabhagni navalkathaamaa virodhabhasi chhe, jeey temnaa rahasyone ujagar kareene media hasteeono naash karvaa maate kheele chhe. agaauni aaa nokri darmiyan teey aek nirdosh pakshna mrutyu maate jawabdar laage chhe. temnee pratibhaae temne sambhaveet aatmahatyani purvachhaya aapee hatee, parantu slitskene leneeni bhoomikane nishkreey nirikshak sudhee maryadit karvaano prayaas karyo hato. jooe keey, leneeno antahkaran tutee gayo-tene chhelli kshane aatmahatya rokvaano prayaas karyo, parantu tenaa badale teey aek kaubhandma fasaayelo hato. media watchdog hovaano daavo karatee anya aek sanstha aagad vadhe chhe aneey gerkaydesar jasusima slitscane sandovanine ujagar karvaa maate tenee vaartano upyog karvaa maate leneene slitscanthi door khenchavaano prayaas karey chhe. aaa avyavasthit thaee jaay chhe aneey lenee aekalee, unchee aneey sookie rahe chhe. leninaa jeevanne vadhu jatil banaavtaa keey kethee torrens, slitscane tenaa niyantrak, tene jeey pann rahasy chhupavi rahyaa chhe teey ujagar kareene tenaa vartmaan nokaridatao, loow/rez saathe dago karvaa maate khotaa puraava saathe blackmail karvaano prayaas curry rahyaa chhe. marylesna boyfriend aedee dwara chalavvama aavtee klabmaa lavvama aavyaa pachhi, chiyaane klabnaa aek karmchari dwara chhataki javama madad karvaamaa aave chhe, jeey jaane chhe keey teey jokhamma chhe. teey tenaa saamaanma lapsee gayelo pratibandhit padaarth tenee saathe laee jaay chhe. jyaare teey loow/rez phena klabnaa sthaaneek tokyo prakaranne maley chhe, tyaare teey tolaai rahela "lagna" pratyeni temnee dekheeti udasintathi nirash thaay chhe, aneey teo tene jaana karey chhe keey aaa maatra aek payavihoni afavaa chhe. avishvaas kareene, cheeya potaani jaate tapaas karvaanu nakki karey chhe aneey tenaa yajmaan mitsukonaa bhaai masahikoni madad leey chhe, jeey otaaku chhe, jeey hacker samudaay "diwalwala shaher" (kauloon diwalwala shaher parr aadharit aek virtual samudaay) naa sabhy chhe. masahiko aneey cheeya klabmaa jaine rez aneey reina lagnana satyani shodh sharoo karey chhe jyaan reze eventnee jaaherat curry hatee, joke club havey zadapthi badalaata tokyo drashyamaa astitvamaa nathee. masahikone diwalwala shahernaa anya rahevasio dwara jaana karvaamaa aave chhe keey tene nett parr aneey shaaririk reete tenaa aneey tenee bahennaa ghare jovama aavee rahyo chhe. cheeya masahikone kabool karey chhe keey tene tenaa saamaanma kaneek malyun chhe aneey kadaach teey jaj agnaat purusho shodhee rahyaa chhe. pratibandhit padaarth atyant gerkaydesar nanotech assembler hovaanu bahaar aavyu chhe-aek upkaran jeno upyog hye-speed material fabrication maate thaay chhe-jeey ada combinate vatee daanchori curry hatee. cheeya aneey masahiko shodhakothi chhupavvano prayaas karvaa maate aek prem hotelma jaay chhe. tyaan jaj tamaam paksho bhegaa thaay chhe. jyaare cheeya aneey masahiko netamaa jodaay chhe, tyaare idoru (reii) chiana venis simulationma potaane pragat karey chhe jyaare tene khabar padey chhe keey cheeya tenaa utkraantimaa bhaag bhajvi rahee chhe. marylis temnaa taxie reqorda dwara hotelne shodhe chhe, potaane temnaa roomma javaa deey chhe. khotee daanchorini kaamgeereene kaarane aedee saathena tenaa taajetarnaa breakup parr shoqa vyakt karataa, teey temne kahe chhe keey upkaran paachhu aapvathi teo sakshi tareeke maarya javaathi atkashe nahee. masahiko aneey cheeya chiana mitra jonaa rosani madad levaa maate nett parr jaay chhe-spanishma "reeda zoan" maate.jonaa rossa meksiko shaher" "gerl geng" "naa netaa hovaano daavo karey chhe, jeey distributed systemna rahevasio dwara mokalvaamaa aave chhe, jeey diwalwala shaher chhe". toonk samayma, marialisno boyfriend aedee nanotech upkaranne fareethi melavaa maate combinetnaa sabhy saathe dekhaay chhe. aaa jonaa rosaane (jeey nett parr ghatanao joee rahee chhe) chiyaane bachavva maate bhayankar vyaktigat balidan aapvaa maate prereet karey chhe. jyaare rez aneey blackwell aave chhe tyaare ghatanao zadapthi aagad vadhe chhe. lenee datastream banatee ghatanao (aneey thavaani chhe) juae chhe aneey loow/reznaa sahayak cru saathe lava hotelma dodee jaay chhe. sodo thaay chhe aneey motabhagna pakshone samaavi levaamaa aave chhe. havey temane melveli neno technology saathe rez/reii union shakya banyu chhe keey qema teey ange anteem tharaav khullo rakhvama aavyo chhe.

idoru idoru villium gibson kii brij trayi kii doosari pustak haye. "idoru" ack vigyaan-kathaa upanyaas haye joe ack uttar-aadhunik, dystopian, cyberpunk bhavishya mein sthaapit haye. mukhya paatron mein seey ack, collin lannie mein nodal binduon kii pehchaan karane kii pratibha haye, joe gibson key apane key samaan haih kathaanak kaa saransh. 21veen sadee kii shuruat mein tokyo/saine francisco bhookamp key baad kii duniya mein, collin lannie koo rock aind roll megastar rez (sangeet samooh low/rez) key agents key roop mein sandarbhit kiya jaataa haye, joe vishesh prasangikta key "nodal bindu" khojane key liye vishal matra mein saansaarik detta key madhyam seey apani vishisht pratibha kaa upayog karate hain. rez ney daavaa kiya haye kii vaha sheershak key idoru (japani moorti) rei toee naamak ack kritrim vyaktitva seey shaadi karna chaahata haye, joe samanya seey adhik ajnabi haye aur isaliye usake wafadar karmchaariyon dwara, vishesh roop seey usake suraksha pramukh, keath blackwell dwara poochtaachh kii gaee. blackwell kaa maanana haye kii koee rez mein herfer curr rhaa haye, aur chaahata haye kii lannie yeh pataa lagaae kii kaun. saath hii, low/rez phain club kaa seatle adhyaay maanav aur aaee key avishvasaniya vivaah key ack hii vishay parr charcha curr rhaa haye. chaudah varsheeya chiyaa pett mckenzie koo samooh dwara tokyo jaane aur tokyo adhyaay seey milane key liye chunaa jaataa haye taaki yeh pataa lagaaya jaa sakey kii vaastav mein kyaa hoe rhaa haye. udaan mein vaha marialis naam kii ack mahila seey milati haye, joe usey tokyo mein seema shulk key madhyam seey anajaane mein ack nishiddh vastu leey jaane key liye dhokha detee haye. lannie apani naee sthiti koo yuddh key saath sweekaar kartaa haye, lekin ack shaktishali infotainment sangathan, "slitscan" key saath apani pichhali bhagidari seey upanyaas key adhikansh hisson mein virodhabhasi haye, joe media vyaktitvon koo unake rahasyon koo ujagar karke nasht karane parr panapata haye. iss pahale kii naukari key dauran vaha ack nirdosh party kii maut key liye jimmedaar mahsoos kartaa haye. unaki pratibha ney unhein ack sambhaavit aatmahatya kii poorv-jhalak dene kii anumati dee thee, lekin slitscan ney lannie kii bhoomika koo nishkriya paryavekshak taka seemit karane kii koshish kii thee. haalaanki, lannie kaa vivek toot gayaa-- usane antim samay mein aatmahatya koo rokane kaa prayaas kiya, lekin isake bajaay vaha ack ghotale mein funce gayaa. ack aur sangathan joe media watchdog honey kaa daavaa kartaa haye, kadam uthaata haye aur avaidh jasusi mein slitscan kii sanliptata koo ujagar karane key liye apani kahani kaa upayog karane key liye lannie koo slitscan seey door kheenchane kii koshish kartaa haye. yeh gadbad hoe jaataa haye aur lannie akela chhod diyaa jaataa haye, oonchaa aur sookha. lannie key jeevan koo aur jatil banaana yeh haye kii kaithi torrence, joe slitscan seey uska niyantrak haye, usey apane vartamaan niyoktaon, low/rez koo dhokha dene key liye jhoothe sabooton key saath blackmail karane kaa prayaas curr rhaa haye, joe bhee rahasya vaha sochati haye kii way chhipa rahey hain. maria key premi addie dwara sanchaalit club mein laaee jaane key baad, club key karmchaariyon mein seey ack dwara bhaagne mein madad kii jaati haye, joe samajhata haye kii vaha khatare mein haye. vaha apane saath usa nishiddh padaarth koo leey jaati haye joe usake saman mein fisal gayaa thaa. jaba vaha low/rez phain club key sthaaniya tokyo chapter seey milati haye, tou vaha aasann "shaadi" key prati unaki udasinta seey nirash hoti haye, aur way usey soochit karate hain kii yeh kewal ack niradhar afwah haye. avishvaas karate hue, chiyaa apane aap jaanch karane kaa faisala karati haye aur apane mezban mitsuko key bhaai masahiko kii madad letee haye, joe ack otaku hacker samudaay key sadasya hain-"deewaar vaale shahar" (kauloon deewaar vaale shahar parr adharit ack aabhaasi samudaay). masahiko aur chiyaa usa club mein jaakar rez aur rei key vivaah kii sachchai kii khoj shuru karate hain jahan rez ney karyakram kii ghoshana kii thee, halanki club abb teji seey badalate tokyo drishya mein maujood naheen haye. masahiko koo deewaar vaale shahar key anya nivaasiyon dwara soochit kiya jaataa haye kii usey nett parr aur shaaririk roop seey apane aur apani bahan key ghar parr dekhaa jaa rhaa haye. chiyaa masahiko koo sweekaar karati haye kii usey apane saman mein kuchh milaa haye aur shayed yahee agyaat purush dhoondh rahey hain. pratibandhit padaarth ack atyadhik avaidh nanotech assembler nikla-ack upkaran jiska upayog uchch gati vaali samagri nirmaan key liye kiya jaataa haye-jise combinate kii or seey taskari kiya jaataa thaa. chiyaa aur masahiko khojkartaon seey chhipane kii koshish karane key liye ack prem hotal mein jaate hain. yahee vaha jagah haye jahan sabhi dall ekjut hotey hain. jaba chiyaa aur masahiko jaal mein judate hain, tou idoru (ree) chiyaa key venis simulation mein khud koo prakat karati haye jaba usey ehsas hotaa haye kii chiyaa apane vikas mein ack bhoomika nibha rahee haye. marylis apane taxi record key madhyam seey hotal koo dhoondhati haye, khud koo apane kamare mein leey jaati haye. haal hii mein eddi key saath avaidh taskari key abhiyaan koo laker hue apane breakup parr vilaap karate hue, vaha unhein bataati haye kii upkaran vaapas dene seey unhein gawah key roop mein maare jaane seey naheen rokaa jaa sakata haye. masahiko aur chiyaa, chiyaa key dost jonaa rossa kii madad lene key liye nett parr jaate hain-- spanish mein "redd zone" key liye.jonaa rossa kaa daavaa haye kii vaha vitarit pranali, deewaar vaale shahar key nivaasiyon dwara bheje gaye ack mexico shahar" ladki giroh "kaa netaa haye. sankshipt crum mein, marylis kaa premi addie nanotech upkaran koo punah praapt karane key liye combinate key ack sadasya key saath dikhaai detaa haye. yeh zona rossa (joe nett parr ghatnaaon koo dekh rhaa haye) koo chiyaa koo bachaane key liye ack bhayaanak vyaktigat balidan karane key liye prerit kartaa haye. rez aur blackwell key aaney parr ghatanaaen teji seey saamane aatee hain. lannie datastream mein honey vaali ghatnaaon (aur honey vaali) koo dekhta haye aur low/rez key samarthan dall key saath prem hotal mein jaataa haye. ack sauda hoe jaataa haye, aur adhikansh pakshon koo samaayojit kiya jaataa haye. antim sankalp khula chhod diyaa gayaa haye kii kyaa rez/rei sangh naino praudyogiki key saath sambhav hoe gayaa haye joe unhone abb praapt kiya haye.

idoru vilium gibson avara bridge trikonadalli idoru eradane pustakavagide. "idoru" embudu vignaana-kaalpanika kaadambariyaagiddu, idu aadhunikottara, dystopian, cyberpunk bhavishyada hinneleyaagide. mukhya patragalalli ondaada collin laani, gibson svantada holikeyannu hondiruva nodal bindugalannu gurutisuva pratibheyannu hondiddaareh kathaavastuvina saramsha. 21neey shatamaanada aarambhada tokio/syaan francisco bhookampada nantarada jagattinalli, collin laniannu rock und roll megastar rez (sangeeta gumpu loow/rez) naa agentgalendu ullekhisalaaguttade, nirdishta prastutateya "nodal paayintgalannu" kanduhidiyalu apaara pramanada praapanchika dattaamshada moolaka shodhisuva avara vishishta pratibheyannu balasikondu. rez, taanu ee shirshikeya idoru (japanese vigraha) emba samshleshita vyaktitvavannu maduveyagalu bayasuttene endu helikondiddaane, idu saamaanyakkinta aparichitavaadaddu mattu aaddarinda avana nishtaavanta sibbandiyinda, visheshavaagi avana bhadrata mukhyastha keeth blackwellninda prashnisalpattide. yaaraadaru rez annu kushalateyinda nirvahisuttiddaare endu blackwell nambuttaare mattu yaaru endu laniu kanduhidiyabekendu bayasuttaare. ekakaaladalli, loow/rez fyaan clubna ciatal adhyayavu manava mattu aii rachaneya nambalaagada maduveya nikharavaada adhe vishayavannu charchisuttide. hadinaalku varshada chia pett mckenzie avarannu tandavu tokiyoge hogi nijavagiyoo enaguttide embudannu kanduhidiyalu tokio adhyayavannu bheti maadalu ayke maaduttade. vimaanadalli avalu marialis emba mahileyannu bhetiyaguttale, avalu tokiyodalli customs moolaka nishidda vastuvannu tiliyade saagisuvante mosa maaduttaale. lanny tanna hosa sthaanavannu gambhiravagi sweekarisuttaane, aadare madhyamada vyaktigala rahasyagalannu bahirangapadisuva moolaka nashapadisuvudaralli abhivruddhi honduva "slitscan" emba prabala infotainment samstheyondigina tanna hindina olagolluvikeyinda kadambariya hecchina bhagagalalli sangharshakkolagaaguttaane. ee hindina udyogada avadhiyalli aata amayaka pakshada saavige kaarana endu bhaavisuttaane. avana pratibheyu avanannu sambhaavya aatmahatyeya munsuchaneyannu needitu, aadare slitscan lania patravannu nishkriya vikshakanige simitagolisalu prayatnisiddanu. aadaagyoo, lania atmasakshiyu chidravayitu-- avanu koneya kshanadalli aatmahatyeyannu nillisalu prayatnisidanu, aadare badalige hagaranadalli silukikondanu. madhyama kavalugara endu helikolluva mattondu samstheyu hejje haakuttade mattu akrama behugaarikeyalli slitscan olagolluvikeyannu bahirangapadisalu tanna katheyannu balasalu laniannu slitscanninda duravirisalu prayatnisuttade. idu avyavasthege olagaaguttade mattu laniu ekangiyagi, ettaravaagi mattu onagi uliyuttade. slitcan avana niyantrakanaada cathy torrens, tanna prastuta udyogadaatanaada loow/rejge droha bagedu, avaru maremachuttiddarendu bhavisuva yaavude rahasyavannu bahirangapadisuva moolaka sullu puraavegalondige avanannu blackmail maadalu prayatnisuttiruvudu lania jivanavannu mattashtu sankirnagolisuttade. maryalisna geleya eddi nadesuttiruva klabge karetanda nantara, avalu apaayadallide endu grahisida clubna udyogigalalli obbaru chiyavannu tappisikollalu sahaaya maaduttaare. tanna samanu saranige jaribidda nishedhita vastuvannu aake tannondige tegedukondu hoguttaale. avalu loow/rez fyaan clubna sthaliya tokio adhyayavannu bhetiyaadaaga, mumbaruva "maduve" bagge avara udaaseenateyinda avalu niraashegondalu mattu idu kevala aadhaararahita vadantiyagide endu avaru avalige tilisuttaare. nambikeyillada chia tannade aada tanikhe nadesalu nirdharisuttaale mattu tanna aatitheya mitsukona sahodara masahiko, hacker samudaayada sadasyanaada otaaku, "godeya nagara" (kauloon godeya nagaravannu aadharisida vaastava samudaaya) sahayavannu koruttaale. masahiko mattu chia avaru rez mattu reyiyavara maduveya satyavannu hudukalu klabge hoguva moolaka prarambhisuttare, allie rez eevent annu ghoshisidaru, aadaagyoo club vegavagi badalaaguttiruva tokio drashyadalli astitvadallilla. tanna mattu tanna sahodariya maneyalli, antarjaaladalli mattu daihikavagi aatanannu vikshisalaaguttide endu godeya nagarada itara nivasigalu masahikoge tilisuttaare. tanna samanugalalli enannaadaroo kandukondiddene mattu aparichita purusharu hudukuttiruvudu adanne agirabahudu endu chia masaahikoge oppikolluttaale. nishedhita padaarthavu atyanta akrama nanotech jodaneyagiddu-hecchina vegada vastu tayaarikege balasuva sadhana-idannu eddi kombinat paravagi kallasaagane maaditu. chia mattu masahiko shodhakarinda adgikollalu preetiya hotelge hoguttaare. alliye ellah pakshagalu oggooduttave. chia mattu masahiko jalakke samparkisidaaga, chia tanna vikaasadalli ondu patravannu vahisuttide endu aritukonda nantara idoru (ray) chiyaada venis simulationnalli tannannu taanu prakatisikolluttaane. maryalis tamma taxi daakhaleya moolaka hotel annu kandukolluttaale, tannannu taanu avara koonege biduttaale. kallasaagane karyacharaneyalli viphalavaada karanakkagi eddi jotegina tanna ittichina vichchedanada bagge vishaadisuttaa, saadhanavannu hindirugisuvudarinda avaru saakshigalaagi kollalpaduvudannu tadeyuvudilla endu avalu avarige heluttaale. masahiko mattu chia avaru chiyaada sneehite zona rosana sahaaya padeyalu netge hoguttaare-spanish bhasheyalli "redd jhon".zona rosa taanu mexico nagarada" "gurl gyang" "naa naayakanendu helikolluttaale, idannu vitaranaa vevastheya nivasigalu kaluhisiddaare, godeya nagara. sankshipta kramadalli, marialisna geleya eddi nanotech saadhanavannu marali padeyalu kombinatna sadasyarondige kanisikolluttane. idu zona rosavannu (antarjaaladalli ghatanegalannu noduttiruva) chiyavannu ulisalu bhayanaka vaiyaktika tyaga maadalu prerepisuttade. rez mattu blackwell bandaaga ghatanegalu tvaritavagi talekelagaaguttave. datastreamgalalli ghatanegalu nadeyuvudannu (mattu sambhavisaliruva) lanny noduttaane mattu loow/rez avara bembala sibbandiyondige love hotelge dhaavisuttaane. oppandakke baralaaguttade mattu hecchina pakshagalige sthalavakasha kalpisalaaguttade. avaru eega padeda nano tantragyaanadinda rez/ray union saadhyavaagideye embudara bagge antima nirnayavannu muktavaagi bidalaagide.

idoru idoru william gibsonko brij trayiko dosro pustak how. "idoru" ek vigyan-katha upanyas how june uttar-adhunik, dystopian, cyberpunk bhavishyama sett garieko chha. mukhya patraharu madhye ek, collin lanisanga, gibsonko afnai saman, nodel binduharu pahichan garne pratibha chhah plut saransh. 21 aun shatabdiko prarambhik tokiyo/saan francisco bhukampapachhiko sansarma, collin lanilai vishesh prasangiktako "nodel binduharu" fela parne vishal matrama sansarik detako madhyambata chhanwin garne unko anautho pratibhako prayog garera kamko lagi ruck anned roll megastar rez (sangit samuha lo/rez) kaa agentharu bhaninchha. rejle shirshakko idoru (japani murti) namak synthetic wyaktitwasanga vivaha garna chaheko dabi gareka chhan, june samanya bhanda anautho dabi how rar tyasaile unko wafadar karmachariharu, vishesh gari unko suraksha pramukh, keith blackweldwara prashna garieko chha. blackwelle vishwas garchhan kii kasaile rejlai herfer gariraheko chha, rar lanile ko patta lagauna chahanchha. ekaisath, lo/rez fyan clubko ciattle adhyayale manav rar ai nirmanko awishwasaniya wiwahako thyakkai eutai vishayama chhalfal gariraheko chha. chaudha warshiya chiya pett mcengylai samuhadwara tokiyo zahn rar tokiyo adhyayasanga bhetna wastawmai key bhairaheko chha bhanera patta lagauna chhanauta garieko chha. udanma unle marialis namki ek mahilalai bhetchhin, jasle unlai tokiyoma bhansar marfat anajanma pratibandhit wastu bokna thagaunchha. lanile afno nayan sthitilai gambhiratapurwak swikar gardacha, tara ek shaktishali infotainment sanstha, "slitscan" sanga unko wigatko sanlagnatabata upanyasko dheraijaso bhagma dwandwa chha, june uniharuko rahasyaharu ujagar garera midia wyaktitwaharulai nashta garnama fastaunchha. yass aghiko kamko kramama uni euta nirdosh partyko mrityuka lagi jimmewar mahasus garchhan. unko pratibhale unlai sambhawit atmahatyako purwachhaya dina anumati dieko thiyo, tara slitscanle laniko bhumikalai nishkriya paryawekshakma simit garne prayas gareka thie. tara, laniko antaskaran tuteko thiyo-- usale antim kshanma atmahatya rokne prayas prayas, tara yasako satta euta ghotalama faseko thiyo. ajhai arko sangathanle midia wachdag bhaeko dabi gardai kadam chaleko chha rar awaidh jasusima slitscanko sanlagnata ujagar garna unko katha prayog garna lanilai slitscanbata tadha tanne prayas gardacha. yo awyawasthit hunchha rar lani eklai, uccha rar sukhkha rahanchha. laniko jiwanlai thap jatil banaundai key chha bhane slitscanka unka niyantrak cathy torrensle afule lukaeko kunai pani rahasya ujagar garera afna wartaman niyoktaharu, lo/rejlai dhoka dina jhuta pramanka sath unlai blackmail garne prayas gariraheko chha. chiyalai merilisko premi edidwara sanchalit clubma lyaepachi clubka ek karmacharile bhagna maddat garchha jasle uni khatarama chhan bhanera bujhdacha. unle afno samanma khaseko pratibandhit wastu liera janchhin. jab uni lo/rez fyan clubko sthaniya tokiyo adhyayasanga bhetchhin, uni asanna "vivaha" maa uniharuko udasinta dekhera nirash hunchhin, rar uniharule unlai yo kewal ek niradhar afwah how bhanera suchit garchhan. awishwasi, chiyale afnai anusandhan garne nirnaya garchhin rar afno host mitsukoka bhai masahikoko maddat linchhin, ek otaku jo hacker samudayako sadasya how-"parkhal bhaeko sahar" (kauluna parkhal bhaeko saharma adharit ek bharchual samudaya). masahiko rar chiya clubma gaera rez rar reiko wiwahako satyako khoji suru garchhan jahaan rejle ghatanako ghoshana gare, yadyapi club ab druta rupma pariwartan bhairaheko tokiyo drishyama awasthit chhaina. masahikolai parkhalle gherieko saharka anya basindaharule jankari dinchhan kii unlai netma rar sharirik rupma unko rar unaki bahiniko gharma herairaheko chha. chiya masahikosanga swikarchhin kii unle afno samanma kehi fela pareki chhin rar agyat purushharule khojiraheka huna sakchhan. pratibandhit padartha ek atyadhik awaidh nanotech assembler how-uccha-gatiko samagri nirmanka lagi prayog garine upkaran-june eddile combineteko tarfabata taskari gareko thiyo. chiya rar masahiko khojikartaharubata lukaune prayas garna prem hotelma janchhan. tyahan sabai dalharu bhela hunchhan. jab chiya rar masahiko netma jodinchhan, idoru (rei) chiyako bhenis simulesionma afulai prakat gardacha jab unle chiyale afno vikasma bhumika kheliraheko mahasus garchhin. marialisle afno taxie recordmarfat hotel fela parchhin, afulai afno kothama prawesh garaunchhin. asafal taskari aparesanma edisangko halaiko breakupma wilap gardai, unle uniharulai bhanin kii upkaran firta dinale uniharulai sakshiko rupma marnbata rokna sakdaina. masahiko rar chiya chiyako sathi jona rosako maddat lyne netma janchhan-- spenishma "redd john" kaa lagi.jona rosale meksiko saharko" "ketty giroha" "ko neta bhaeko dabi gardacha june witarit pranali, parkhal saharka basindaharule pathaeka thie. chhoto kramama, merilisko premi edi nanotech upkaran punah prapta garna combineteko sadsyasanga dekha pardachha. yasale jona rosalai (jasle netma ghatanaharu heriraheka chhan) chiyalai bachaunaka lagi bhayanak wyaktigat balidan garna prerit gardacha. rez rar blackwell aipugda ghatanaharu druta rupma taukoma aunchhan. lanile detastrymma ghatanaharu bhairaheko (rar huna lageko) dekhcha rar lo/rejko samarthan dalsanga prem hotelma daudchha. euta samjhauta hunchha, rar adhikansh pakshaharulai samayojan garinchha. uniharule prapta gareko nano teknolojisanga rez/rei union sambhawa bhaeko chha kii chhaina bhanne antim samadhan khula chha.

idoru idoru heuchhi william gibsanka brij trajira dwiteeja pustaka . "idoru" heuchhi eka bigyana-kalpanika upenyas jaahaa eka uttara-adhunika, dystopian, cyberpanka bhabishyataku nei aadharita. mukhya charitramananka madhyaru jane, collin laninkara, gibasanka nijaswa saha samaana nodal point chinhat karibare pratibha rahichhih plut saransha. ekabingsha shatabdir prarambhare tokio/shaan francisco bhukampa parabarti duniaare, collin laninku eka chakiri paain rock anded roll megastara rez (musical group loe/rez) rahr agent bhabare ullekha karajae, bisesh prasangikatara "nodal point" khojiba paain bipula parimanara sansarika tathya madhyamare chhanbhin karibara tankara adbhuta pratibha byabahara kare . rez daabi karichanti je shay title rahr idoru (japani murti) rei toi namaka eka synthetic byaktitwanku bibaha karibaku chahunchhanti, jaahaa sadharana apekhya eka aparichita daabi ebong tenu taanka biswasta karmachari, bisesh curry taanka surakhya mukhya, keith blackwel dwara prashna karajaithila . blackwell biswasa karanti je kehi jane rez ku herfer karuchhi, ebong lenny kie taaha janibaku chahanti . ekasangare, loe/rez fann clubber ceatle adhyaja manab ebong aai nirmanara abiswasaneeja bibahara thick samaana bishai upare alochana karuchhi . chaud barshija chia pett myakenjinku dala dwara tokio jibaku ebong prakrutare qa 'naa ghatuchi taaha janiba paain tokio adhyaja sahita sakhyata karibaku chayan karajae . bimanare shay marialis namaka jane mahilanku bhetithile, jie tanku tokiore seema shulka madhyamare eka nishidha samagri anajanare bahn karibaku thakithile. laani taanka nutan sthitiku nisthara saha grahan karanti, kintu eka shaktishali infotainment sangathana, "slitscan" sahita tankara ateeta sampruktata dwara upanyasara adhikansha samajare bibaadare achanti, jaahaa ganamadhyama byaktitwanku semananka rahasya unmochan curry nust karibare samruddha . ehi purba chakiri samajare shay eka nirdosha dalara mrutyu paain daie bolly anubhaba karanti . taanka pratibha tanku eka sambhabya aatmahatyara purbabhasa deithila, kintu slitscan leninka bhumikaku nishkriya parjyabekhyakanka madhyare seemita rakhibaku chesta karithile. tebe, leninka bibeka bhangigala-- shay shesh muhoorttare aatmahatya banda karibaku chesta karithile, kintu ehaa paribarte eka durneetire phasigale. anya eka sangathana jaahaa nijaku eka ganamadhyama parjyabekhyaka bolly daabi karuchhi, prabesha karichhi ebong beaina guptachar karjyare slitscanner sampruktataku ujagara kariba paain taanka kahaniku byabahara kariba paain laninku slitscanaru doorei nebaku chesta karuchhi. ehaa bhul hoijae ebong laani ekutia, uccha ebong shukhila rahe . laninka jeebanaku ahuri jatila kariba heuchhi je slitscanner taanka controller kyathi torrence, taanka barttamanara nijuktidata loe/rejnku biswasghatakata kariba paain mithya pramana sahita tanku blackmail karibaku chesta karuchanti, jaahaa shay jaahaa gopana karuchanti bolly bhabuchanti taaha prakash curry . marijalisanka premika edinka dwara parichalita klabaku anajiba parey, ca bipadare thiba clubra jane karmacharinka dwara khasi palaibare sahajya karajae. shay taanka byagare khasijaithiba nishidha samagreeku sangare neijae . jetebele shay loe/rez fann clubber sthaniah tokio adhyajaku bhetithanti, shay asanna "bibaha" prati semanankara aapatatah udasinata dwara nirash huanti, ebong semane tanku suchana dianti je ehaa kebala eka bhittihina gujab . abiswasi hoi, chia nije tadanta karibaku nishpatti nianti ebong taanka aajojaka mitasukonka bhai masahikonka sahajya nianti, jane otaaku jie hacker sampradayara sadasya-"wald city" (kaulun wald city upare aadharita eka virtual sampradai) . masahico ebong chia rez ebong reinka bibahara satyata khojiba paain sehi klabaku jaai arambha karanti jeunthare rez ehi event ghoshana karithile, jadio druta gatire badaluthiba tokio drushyare club aau bidyamana naahin . prachira ghera saharar anya adhibasimane masahikonku suchana dianti je tanku nett ebong taanka bhauneenka ghare sharirika bhabare nirikhyana karajauchhi. chia masahikonku sweekara karanti je shay taanka lagejare kichhi paichanti ebong huet agyata purushamane taaha khojuchhanti . nishidha samagreeti eka atyadhika beaina nanotech assembler bolly janapaduchhi-eka upakarana jaahaa uccha-bega samagri tiari paain byabahruta hue-jaahaa edi combinat tarapharu chorachalana karithila . chia ebong masahico khojakhoji karuthiba byaktinka thaaru luchibaku chesta karibaku eka prem hotelaku jaanti . sethare samasta dala ekathi huanti. jetebele chia ebong masahico netare jodi huanti, idoru (rei) nijaku chianka bhenis simulesanare prakash karanti jetebele shay anubhaba karanti je chia taanka bibarttanare eka bhumika grahan karuchanti . marialis niz taxie record jariaare hotelaku khoji paai niz kothari bhitaraku prabesha kallah. chorachalana karjyare truti hetu edinka saha tankara nikatare hoithiba bichhedaku nei duhkha prakash curry shay semananku kuhanti je upakaranaku pheraideba semananku sakhi bhabare hatya karibare atakaiba naahin. masahico ebong chia nett ku jaai chianka bandhu jonah rosanka sahajya nianti-spanian bhasare "redd john" paain.jonah rossa nijaku eka mexico sahara" "gearl gyang" "rahr neta bolly daabi karanti, jaahaa bitarana byabasthara adhibasinka dwara pathajaithila, prachira sahara . sankhipta kramare, myarielisnka premika edi nanotech upakaranaku punaruddhara karibaku combinatra jane sadasyanka saha dekha dianti . ehaa jonah rossa (jie nett ray event dekhuchhanti) nku chianku banchaiba paain eka bhajankara byaktigata balidana karibaku prabartaithae . rez ebong blackwell pahanchiba parey ghatana druta gatire munda tekithae . laani detastrimgudikare ghatuthiba ghatanagudiku (ebong ghatibaku jauchhi) dekhanti ebong loe/rejnka sahajaka dala sahita prem hotelaku dhaain jaanti . eka chuktinama hoichhi, ebong adhikansha pakhyanku sthana diajaichhi. semane bartamana hassel karithiba nano technology sahita rez/rei union sambhaba hoichhi kii naahin shay bishajare chudanta samadhan khola achhi .

idoru idoru viliam gibson dee brij tikdi dee duji kitaab haii. "idoru" ikk vigiaan-glup nawal haii joe ikk uttar-aadhunik, dystopian, cyberpunk bhavikh witch sathapat haii. mukkh patran vicchon ikk, collin lannie, witch nodal binduaan dee pachanh curran dee pratibha haii, joe gibson dey aapne samaan haiyav plaat daa sankhep. 21veen sadee dey shuru witch tokio/sainn francisco bhuchal toon baad dee dunia witch, collin lannie noon raak aind roll magastar rez (sangeet samooh loow/rez) dey agentan vajon ikk naukari laee janhiaa jaanda haii, jiss witch uhanan dee vishesh prasangikta dey "nodal binduaan" noon labbhan laee vaddi matra witch duniaavi ankadiaan dee padtal curran dee vilakkhan pratibha dee varton keeti jaandi haii. rez neey daava keeta haii kii uh rii toyi namak ikk synthetic shakhsiat naal viaah karna chahunda haii, sirlekh daa idoru (japani murti), ikk daava aam naalon ajnabi haii atey iss laee uss dey vafadar staff duaara, khaas karke uss dey surakhiaa mukhi, cath blackwell duaara puchgich keeti gaee haii. blackwell daa mannana haii kii koee rez witch heraferi qarr riha haii, atey uh chahunda haii kii lannie ih pataa lagaae kii kaunn haii. iss dey naal hii, loow/rez fain club daa seatle chapter manukh atey aaee nirman dey avishvashyog viaah dey bilkul use vishe 'teey charcha qarr riha haii. chaudan saala cheeaa pett mckenzie noon samooh duaara tokio jaanh atey tokio adhiaai naal milann laee chunhiaa jaanda haii taan joe ih pataa lagaiaa jaa sake kii asal witch qee hoow riha haii. udaann dauran uh marillis naam dee ikk aurat noon mildi haii, joe uss noon tokio witch customs raahin anjane witch ikk pabandishuda cheez lijaan laee thaggiaa kardi haii. lannie aapni naveen sathiti noon puurii tanzi naal savikar karda haii, parr ikk shaktishali enfotainment sangathan, "slitscan" naal aapni pichli shamuliat duaara nawal dey ziaadaatar hissiaan witch vivadpuran haii, joe media shakhsiatan noon unhan dey raazaan noon bencob karke tabah curran witch prafullat hunda haii. iss pichli naukari dauran uh ikk nirdosh party dee maut laee zimmevar mahisus karda haii. uss dee pratibha neey uss noon sambhavit aatam hattiaa daa purav-anuman lagaun dee aagiaa ditti see, parr slitscan neey lannie dee bhumika noon paisiv observer takk seemat curran dee koshish keeti see. halanki, lannie dee zamir tutt gaee-usne aakhri pall witch aatam hattiaa noon rokann dee koshish keeti, parr iss dee bajaae ikk ghutale witch phas giaa. ikk horr sangathan joe ikk media watchdog honn daa daava karda haii, kadam chukkda haii atey gair kanunni jasusi witch slitscan dee shamuliat daa pardafash curran laee aapni kahani dee varton curran laee slitscan toon door khicchan dee koshish karda haii. ih gadbad hoow jaandi haii atey lannie ikalli rahi jaandi haii, ucchi atey khushak hundi haii. lannie dee zindagi noon horr gunjhaldar banauna ih haii kii slitscan toon uss daa controller kaithi torrence, uss noon aapne maujuda malkan, loow/rez noon dhokha denh laee jhoothe saboot dey naal blackmail curran dee koshish qarr riha haii, joe vee raaz uh sochdi haii kii uh luka rahey hunn. marialis dey premi aidii duaara chalaae jaa rahey club witch liaaiaa jaanh toon baad, cheeaa noon club dey ikk karamchari duaara bhajjan witch madad keeti jaandi haii joe mahisus karda haii kii uh khatre witch haii. uh aapne naal uh pabandishuda padarath lae jaandi haii joe uss dey samaan witch phas giaa see. jadon uh loow/rez fain club dey sathanak tokio chapter naal mildi haii, taan uh aaunn vaale "viaah" pratee unhan dee udasinta toon nirash hundi haii, atey uh uss noon dassde hunn kii ih siraf ikk bebuniaad afwah haii. beey-vishwas, cheeaa aapne aap jaanch curran daa faisla kardi haii atey aapne mezban mitsuko dey bharaa masahiko dee madad mangadi haii, ikk otaku joe hacker bhaichare daa member haii-"kandh vaala shehar" (colloon kandh vaala shehar 'teey adharat ikk virtual community). masahiko atey cheeaa uss club witch jaa keey rez atey reyee dey viaah dee sachchai dee bhaal shuru karde hunn jitthe rez neey program dee ghoshna keeti see, halanki club hunn tezi naal badal rahey tokio drish witch maujood naheen haii. masahiko noon diwar vaale shehar dey horr nivasiaan duaara soochit keeta jaanda haii kii uss noon nett utte atey sarirak taur utte uss dey atey uss dee bhainn dey gharr dekhiaa jaa riha haii. cheeaa neey masahiko noon savikar keeta kii uss noon aapne samaan witch kujh miliaa haii atey shayed ih uh haii joe anjaan aadmi labbh rahey hunn. pabandishuda ikk bahut hii gair kanunni nanotech assembler saabat hunda haii-ikk upkaran joe tez raftar samaggari nirman laee vartiaa jaanda haii-jiss noon aidii neey combinate dee tarfon taskari keeti see. cheeaa atey masahiko khojkartavan toon lukaun dee koshish curran laee ikk piaar hotel witch jaande hunn. utthe hii saariaan partiaan ikkathiaan hundiaan hunn. jadon cheeaa atey masahiko nett witch judade hunn, taan idoru (rii) aapne aap noon cheeaa dey venis simulation witch pragat karda haii jadon usnoon ahsas hunda haii kii cheeaa aapne vikas witch ikk bhumika nibha rahee haii. marillis aapne taxi ricard raahin hotel noon labbhadi haii, aapne aap noon aapne kamre witch chhadd dindi haii. taskari dey asfal appression noon lae keey aidii naal aapne haal hii dey tuttan 'teey afsos pragtaunde hoye, uh unhan noon dassdi haii kii upkaran waps denh naal uh gawah vajon maare jaanh toon naheen roque sakde. masahiko atey cheeaa, cheeaa dey dosat zona rossa dee madad lainn laee nett utte jaande hunn-- spainy bhasha witch "redd zone" laee.zona rossa ikk mexico shehar dey" garal gaing "daa aagoo honn daa daava kardi haii joe vandann vaali pranali, diwar vaale shehar dey nagrikan duaara bhejiaa giaa haii. sankhep kram witch, marillis daa premi aidii nanotech upkaran noon mudd prapat curran laee combinate dey ikk member naal dikhai dinda haii. ih zona rossa (joe nett utte ghatnavan dekh riha haii) noon cheeaa noon bachaun laee ikk bhiaanak nijji balidan denh laee prerit karda haii. jadon rez atey blackwell pahunchade hunn taan ghatnavan tezi naal sir utte aaa jandiaan hunn. lannie detastreaman witch vaparan valiaan ghatnavan (atey honn valiaan) noon vekhadi haii atey loow/rez dey sahaik amale naal piaar hotel vall jaandi haii. ikk sauda keeta jaanda haii, atey ziaadaatar dhiran noon jagha ditti jaandi haii. antam hall khullah chhadd ditta giaa haii kii qee rez/reyee union naino technology naal sambhav hoow gaee haii joe unhan neey hunn prapat keeti haii.

idoru vilium gibson ityasya bridge trayam idoru iti dwiteeyam pustakam asti. "idoru" iti vijnaana-kaalpanik-upanyaasah uttar-aadhunikasy, dystopian-ityasya, saibarpank-ityasya bhavishye sthaapitah asti. mukhyapaatreshu anyatamah collin laanee, gibson ityasya swakeeyasya anuroopam, nodel-binduhu chinvati pratibhaam dharati. plyaat saaraamshaha. 21 shataabdyaah aarambhasy tokyo/saan-fraamsisko-bhukampa-anantaram jagate, collin-laanee ityeshah raak-end-roll-megastar-rez (low/rez iti sangeetasamoohasy) abhikartaah iti nirdishtah asti, yah swasya vishishta-pratibhayaha upayogena, vishesha-prasangikata-yuktaan "nodel-binduhu" anveshtum, vishaal-parimaana-laukika-dattamshan shodhayati. rez ityeshah, rey toyee iti namakam synthetic-vyaktitvam, namakam idoru (japanese-moortih), vivaaham icchati iti pratipaditavan, yah samanyat aparichitah iti abhishamsitah, ataha tasya nishtaavaan karmachaareebhih, visheshatah tasya surakshaa-pramukhena keeth blackwell ityanena prashnabaadhitah. blackwell-varyaha manayati yat kashchan rez-ityasya karacharanam karoti, tathaa cha lenny-varyam janayitum icchati yat kah iti. samantarale, low/rez-fyaan-club ityasya ciatal-adhyaye maanavasya aii-nirmanasya cha avishvasaneeya-vivaahasya samaanavishayam charchate. chaturdashawarsheeyah chia pett mckenzie ityeshah tokkiyo-nagaram gatvaa tokkiyo-adhyaayen saha militvaa vastutah kim ghatate iti dnyaatum samuhena chitah asti. vimaanayaane saa marialis namakiya mahilaam militavatee, yaa tokyo-nagare aachaar-vidhaanasya madhyamena anavadhaanen nishiddhavastum vahantum tam vanchayati. laanee swasya nootanam sthaanam dhairyena sweekaroti, parantu "slitscan" iti shaktishaalee-infotainment-samsthayaa saha tasya poorva-sahabhagitvena, sampoorne navalekheshu saha vipratishtitah asti, yat madhyamanam vyaktitvaan teshaam rahasyan prakatya nashvarya vardhate. asmin poorvakarmane saha ekaa nirdoshapakshasya mrutyoho krute uttaradaayi iti bhaavayati. tasya pratibhayaha karanat saha sambhaavyasya atmahatyayaha purvasuchanam anvabhavat, parantu slitscan ityanena laanee ityasya bhumikam nishkriya-nireekshake parimitam kartum prayatitam. parantu, laanee ityasya manassakshih kshiptah-- saha antimasamaye atmahatya nivaarayitum prayatat, parantu tasya sthaane durneetau vyaakulah abhavat. anyatama samsthaa, media vaachdaag iti udghoshanaa kurvan, aagaty, laanee ityenam slitskyaan ityatah doore taan apaayitum prayatate, yena avaidha-goodacharyaayaam slitscan ityasya samlagnataayaah vishaye tasya kathaa prayujyate. etat avyavasthitam bhavati, lenny ekaki, ucchah shushkah cha bhavati. laanee ityasya jeevanam itoapi jatilam karoti yat, slitskyaan ityasya tasya niyantrikaa, kaithee torrens, swasya vartamaan-niyoktrum, low/rez ityetam vanchayitum, yah rahasyah te lukoyanti iti chintayanti tatt udghaatya, mithyaapramaanaih tam blackmail kartum prayatate. maryaalis ityasya premikena eddie ityanena sanchaalitam club-club-madhye aanayan chia, club-ityasya ekaha karmachaarinah palaayanam kartum sahayyam karoti, yah saa apaayam avadat iti jaanaati. saa svavastooni madhye patitaa nishiddhavastum swena saha vahati. yadaa saa low/rez fyaan club ityasya sthaniya-tokyo-adhyaayen saha militavatee, tadaa asannasya "vivaahasya" vishaye teshaam udasinataya saa nirasham bhavati, te taan soochayanti yat eshaa kevalam niraadhaar-vadantee eva asti iti. avishvaasena, chia swasyaah anveshanam aarabhate, tathaa cha swa-aatitheyasy mitsuko ityasya bhrata maasaahiko ityasya sahayyam yaachati, yah otaaku iti hacker-samudaayasy sadasyah asti-"wald-city" (kauloon-wall-city ityasya aadhaaren aabhaasi-samudayah). maasaahiko tathaa chia, rez tathaa reyy ityetayoho vivaahasya satyataam anveshtum club-nagaram gatvaa aarabhant yatra rez ityanena karyakramasya udghoshanam krutam, yadyapi drutagatyaa parivartane tokyo-drushye club-samsthaa naa asti. maasaahiko ityeshah, prakarayuktanagarasya anyaih prajaihi soochitah yat saha nett-madhyamena, shaareerikaroopen cha swasya bhaginyaah gruhe nirikshitah asti iti. chia, maasaahiko ityasmai swasamagryam kimapi prapta iti angeekaroti, sambhawatah adnyaatapurushaah tatt eva anvishyanti iti. nishiddham padartham atyadhikam avaidham nyaanotek-samyojanam bhavati-- uccha-gatikormyasya saamagri-nirmanartham prayuktam yantram-yat eddie ityanena combinat ityasya pakshatah taskareekrutam. chia, masaahiko cha anweshakaih pracchannum prema-hotel-nagaram gacchanti. tatra eva sarve pakshaah ekaagacchanti. yadaa chia tathaa masaahiko jaalam prati sambaddhau tadaa idoru (ree) chia ityasya venis-anukarane prakatah bhavati yadaa saa janiti yat chia tasyaah vikaase bhumika nibhaaiti iti. maryaalis ityeshaa swasya taxie-abhilekhanasy madhyamena hotel iteedam anvishyati, swagruham prati swam anumanyate. asafalataayuktasya taskareekaaryasy karanat eddie ityanena saha sadyah eva vicchedam vilaapayan saa taan kathayati yat yantram pratidatum te saaksheeroopen maaritum naa rodhante iti. maasaahiko tathaa chia cha jaalam gatvaa chia ityasya mitrasya zonaa rosaa ityasya sahayyam graheeshyanti-spanish bhashayam "redd-zone" iti.jonaa rosaa" ityeshaa meksiko-nagarasya "gearl-gyang" ityasya netaa iti pratipaadayati, yaa vitaritavyavasthaayaah, prachirayuktasya nagarasya, nivaasinah preshitavantah. alpakramena, marialis ityasya premikah eddie, combinat ityasya sadasyena saha naanotek-yantram punah praaptum drushyate. etena jonaa rosaa (yah jaalasy madhyamena karyakraman pashyati) chia-varyasya rakshanarthm bhayanakam vyaktigatam balidaanam kartum prerayati. yadaa rez tathaa blackwell ityetaani aagacchanti tadaa ghatanaah sheeghram parinataah bhavanti. lenny dattaamshapravaaheshu ghataan (tathaa cha bhavitum arhati) pashyati, low/rez ityasya sahayakadalena saha prema-hotel prati dhaavati. ekam samjhautaa bhavati, adhikaamshaah pakshaah api yojitaah bhavanti. adhunaa praapten nanotechnologina saha rez/reyy-union sambhawah asti vaa iti antimah sankalpah muktah asti.

idoro viliyam kipson bridge muththoguppil irandaavathu puththagam idoro aagum. "idoro" enbathu oru ariviyal punaikathai naaval, idhu oru pinnaveenaththuva, dystopian, saiparbang ethirkaalaththil amaikkappattullathu. mukiya kathaapaaththiranggalil ontraana kolin laeni, kipson sonthap paaththiraththirku oththa noadal pulligalai adaiyaalam kaanum thiranaik kondullar kadhai surukkam. 21 aam noottraandin murpaguthiyil tokyo/chaan francisco poogampaththirkup pinththaiya ulagil, kolin laeni raak andd roll megastar resin (loow/rez endra isaik kuzhuvin) mugavargal endru kurippidapadugiraar, avar thanathu thaniththuvamaana thiramai vaaintha aeraalamaana ulagalaaviya tharavugalai aaraaynthu kuripitta porutthamaana "noadal pulligalaik" kandupidippaar. rez, valakkaththai vida anniyamaanavar endru urimai koarum, peyarin idoro (japanian silai) endra seyarkai aalumaiyaana raey doy endra nabarai tirumanam seithu kolla virumbuvathaagak kooriyullaar, enavae avarathu visuvaasamaana oozhiyargalaal, kurippaaga avarathu paathukaapputh thalaivar keeth blackwellal kaelvi ezhuppappattaar. yarro oruvar rezai kaiyaalugiraar endru blackwell nambukiraar, maelum laeni yaar enbathaik kandupidikka virumbukiraar. athae neraththil, loow/rez rasikar mandraththin seatal aththiyayam manithanin nambamudiyaatha tirumanam mattrum aii kattamaippin athae thalaippaip pattri vivaathikkirathu. pathinaanku vayathu siyaa bett mckensey tokyovukkuch sendru unmaiyil enna nadakkirathu enbathaik kandariya tokyo aththiyaayatthai santhikka kuluvaal thaernthedukkappadukiraar. vimanaththil aval meralis endra pennai santhikkiraal, aval ariyaamalaeyae tokyovil sungaththin moolam thadaiseiyappatta porulai eduththuch sella avalai aemaattrukiraal. laeni thanathu puthiya nilaiyai theeviramaaga aetrtrukkolkiraar, aanaal naavalin perumbaguthi muzhuvathum oru sakthivaaintha infotainment amaipaana "slitscane" udan thanathu kadanthakaala eedupaattaal muranpadugiraar, idhu uudaga piramukarkalin ragasiyangkalai ambalappaduththuvathan moolam aliththu sezhiththu valarkirathu. inththa munththaiya vaelaiyin poathu oru appavi katchiyin maranaththirku avar poruppaaka unarkiraar. avarathu thiramai avarukku thartkolaikkaana saaththiyakkoorukalai munnarivippatharku anumathiththathu, aanaal slitscane laeniyin pangai seyalattra paarvaiyaalaraaka mattuppaduththa muyantraar. iruppinum, laeniyin manasaatchi norungiyathu-- kadaisi neraththil avar thartkolai seivathai niruththa muyantraar, aanaal adharku pathilaaka oru oozhalil sikkik kondaar. oru uudaga kankaanippuk kuzhu endru koorikkollum mattroru amaippu nadavadikkai eduththu, sattaviroatha ulavu paarppathil slitscon eedupaattai ambalappaduththa avarathu kadhaiyaip payanpaduththa laniyai slitsconilirunthu vilakka muyarchikkirathu. idhu kuzhappamaaga poakirathu mattrum laeni thaniyaaga vidappadugirathu, uyaramaagavum ularvaagavum ullathu. laeniyin vaazhkkaiyai maelum sikkalaakkuvathu ennaventraal, slitsconil irunthu avarathu kattuppaattaalaraana keththi dorrence, thanathu tharpoothaiya muthalaaligalai, loow/resaik kaattikodukkum thavaraana aathaarangkaludan avarai blackmail seiya muyarchikkiraar, avarkal maraikkiraargal endru aval ninaikkum endha ragasiyaththaiyum ambalappaduththuvathan moolam. marialisin kaathalan edii nadaththum kilapukku siyaa kondu varapatta piragu, kilappin oozhiyargalil oruvaraal thappikka udhavugiraar, avar aapaththil iruppathai unarkiraar. thanathu saamaangalil nazhuviyiruntha thadaiseiyappatta porulai avaludan eduththuch selkiraal. loow/rez rasikar mandraththin ulloor tokyo aththiyaayatthai aval santhikkum poathu, varavirukkum "tirumanam" meethu avarkal kaattum alatchiyatthaal aval aemaattramadaikiraal, maelum idhu verum aathaaramattra vadhanthi endru avarkal avalukkuth therivikkiraarkal. nambaamal, siyaa thaanaagavae visaarikka mudivu seithu, thanathu puravalan mitskoavin cakootharar masahikovin udhaviyai naadugiraar, avar hacker samoogaththin uruppinaraana ottaagu, "suvar nagaram" (couloon suvar nagaraththai adippadaiyaagak konda oru meinigar samoogam). vaekamaaka maarivarum tokyo kaatchiyil kilap inii illai entraalum, rez mattrum raeyin thirumanaththirkaana unmaiyaith thaeduvathai masaahikoavum siyaavum thodangkukiraarkal, angku rez nigazhvai ariviththa kilappukkuch selvathan moolam. masahikovai suvar nagaraththin pira kudimakkalaal therivikkappadukirathu, avar valaiyilum, avarathu sagoathariyin veettilum udal reethiyaagavum kankaanikkappadugiraar. siyaa thanathu saamaangalil ethaiyaavathu kandupidiththadhaagavum, athaithaan ariyappadaatha aangal thaeduvathaagavum masahikovidam oppukkolkiraar. thadaiseiyappatta porul migavum sattaviroatha nanotech asemblaraaga maarukirathu-athivaeka porul punaiyuthalukkup payanpaduththappadum oru saathanam-idhu etty kombinat saarbaaga kadaththappattathu. siyaa mattrum masahiko oru kaathal hoattalukkuch sendru thaedupavarkalidamirunthu maraikka muyarchikkiraarkal. angkuthaan anaiththuk katchigalum ontrinaikkappadugindrana. siyaa mattrum masahiko valaiyil inaikkumpoathu, siyaa thanathu parinaama valarchchiyil oru pangaik kondiruppathai unarnththavudan, idoro (raey) siyaavin venis uruvagappaduthuthalil thannai velippaduthukiraar. marialis avarkalin taxi pathivu moolam hootalaik kandupiditthu, avarkalin araikkul thannai anumathitthaar. kadaththal nadavadikkaiyil thoalviyadainthathaal edii udanaana thanathu sameepathiya pirinthatharku pulambiya avar, saathanaththai thiruppik koduppadhu avarkal saatchigalaaka kollappaduvadhaith thadukkaathu endru avarkalidam koorukiraar. masaahikoavum siyaavum valaiyil sendru siyaavin nanbar joanaa rosavin uthaviyaip perukiraarkal-spanish mozhiyil "sivappu mandalam".viniyoagikkappatta amaippin kudimakkalaal anuppapatta mexico nagara" "penn kumbalin" "thalaivar endru joanaa roasaa koorukiraar, suvar nagaram". kurugiya varisaiyil, marialisine kaathalan edii nanotech saathanaththai meettedukka kombinaattin uruppinarudan varukiraar. idhu soonaa roasaavai (valaiyil nigazhvugalaip paarththu varum) siyaavaik kaappaattra oru payankaramaana thanipatta thiyaagam seiyath thoondugirathu. rez mattrum blackwell varumpoathu nigazhvugal viraivaaga thalaikeezhaaga varukintrana. tatastreamgalil nigazhvugal nadappathai (nadakkaviruppathai) laeni paarkkiraar mattrum loow/resin aatharavu kuzhuvudan kaathal hotelukku viraikiraar. oru oppantham kaiyezhuththidappadugiradhu, maelum perumpaalaana tharapinarukku idamalikkappadukirathu. avarkal ippoathu pettrulla nano tholilnutpaththudan rez/ree union saathiyamaa enbathu kuriththa iruthith theermaanam thirantha nilaiyil ullathu.

idoru vilium gibson yokka bridge trayam loe idoru rendava pustakam. "idoru" anedi post madern, dystopian, cyberpunk bhavishyattu nepathyamlo roopondinchina sains fiction navala. pradhana paatralalo okataina collin laanii, gibson swantha paatralaku saaruupyamaina nodal paayintlanu gurtinchadamlo pratibhanu kaligi unnaru katha saaraamsam. 21va sataabdam praarambhamlo tokyo/shaan francisco bhookampaanantara prapanchamlo, collin laaneeni rock und roll megastar rez (sangeeta brundam loe/rez) yokka agentluga suuchistaaru, pratyaekamaina auchityam kaligina "nodal paayintlu" kanugonadaaniki vistaaramaina praapanchika daetaanu pariseelinchae thana vilakshanhamaina pratibhanu upayoginchi udyogam kosam. rez, thana synthetic vyaktitvam ayina rii thoyi anae perunna, eedoru (japanese vigraham) anae birudunu vivaham chesukovalanukuntunnani paerkonnaadu, athanu maamuulu kante aparichitudu, anduvalla athani viswasaneeya sibbandi, mukhyamgaa athani bhadrata adhipati keeth blockwell chetha prasninchabaddaadu. evaro rejnu taarumaaru chestunnarani blockwell nammutaadu, mariyu laanii evaru anie telusukovalani korukuntadu. adhe samayamlo, loe/rez fyaan club yokka seatal adhyayam maanava mariyu ii nirmaanam yokka nammasakyam kaani vivaham yokka sarigga adhe amsaanni charchistondi. padnaalugu yella chia pett mckenzeeni tokyo velli nijamgaa emi jarugutundo telusukovadaaniki tokyo adhyayanni kalavadaniki samuuham empika chestundi. vimaanamlo aame maryalis anae mahilanu kalustundi, aame tokyo looni customs dwara teliyakundaane nishedhita vastuvunu mosukellela aamenu mosam chestundi. laanii thana kotta sthaanaanni jagrattagaa angeekaristaadu, conny oka saktivantamaina infotainment samstha "slitscon" thoo thana gatha prameyam dwara navala antataa chaalaa varaku vibhedistaadu, idhi media vyaktula rahasyalanu bahirgatam cheyadam dwara naasanam cheyadamlo vruddhi chendutundi. eee munupati udyogamlo oka amayaka party maranaaniki athanu baadhyata vahistaadani bhaavistaadu. athani pratibha ataniki aatmahatyaku avakaasam undani mundhe cheppadaniki veelu kalpinchindi, conny slitscon laanii paatranu nishkriyaatmaka pariseelakudiki parimitam cheyadaaniki prayatninchaadu. ayithe, laanii manassakshi debbatindi-athanu chivari kshanamlo aatmahatyanu aapadaniki prayatninchaadu, conny badulugaa oka kumbhakonamlo chikkukunnadu. media watchdog anie cheppukune maroka samstha adugu petti, chattaviruddha goodacharyalo slitscon prameyaanni bahirgatam cheyadaaniki thana kathanu upayoginchadaaniki laaneeni slitscon nundi dhooramgaa laagadaaniki prayatnistundi. idhi gandaragolamgaa maarutundi mariyu laanii ontarigaa migilipotundi, ettainadi mariyu podigaa untundi. laanii jeevitaanni marinta klishtataram chesedi emitante, slitscon nundi athani niyantrika ayina kaathee torrens, thana prastuta yajamaanulu, loe/rejnu mosam cheyadaaniki tappudu aadhaaraalatho atanni blockmail cheyadaaniki prayatnistunnaaru, vaaru daachipedutunnaarani aame bhaavinche yea rahasyanni bahirgatam cheyadam dwara. maryalis priyudu eddie naduputunna klabku teesukuvacchina taruvaata, aame pramaadamloo undani grahinchina club udyogulalo okaru tappinchukovadaaniki chia sahayam chestaadu. aame thana saamaanu loki jaarina nishedhita vastuvunu thanatho teesukuvelutundi. aame loe/rez fyaan club yokka sthaanika tokyoloni vibhaganni kalisinappudu, raboye "vivaham" patla vaari udasinatato aame niraasa chendindi, mariyu idhi kevalam niraadhaaramaina pukaarani vaaru aameku teliyajestaaru. nammakunda, chia thana sontamgaa daryaaptu cheyaalani nirnayinchukuntundi mariyu thana atidheyudu mitsuko sodarudu masahiko sahayam korutundi, athanu "godala nagaram" (couloon godala nagaram aadhaaramgaa oka vaastavika samajam) anae hacker communitylo sabhyudu. vaegamgaa maarutunna tokyo drushyamlo club ika laenappatikee, rez mariyu rii vivaahaaniki sambandhinchina nijam kosam reserchunu praarambhinchadaaniki, rez eeventnu prakatinchina klabku vellandi. maasaahikoku godalu gala nagaramloni itara nivaasitulu athanu thana mariyu thana sodari intlo nett loe mariyu saareerakamgaa gamanistunnarani teliyajestaaru. thana saamaanu loe edho dorikindani, teliyani vyaktulu vetukutunnadi adhe ayi undavacchani chia masahikotho angeekaristundi. nishedhita padaartham atyanta chattaviruddhamaina nanotech assembleer gaa maarutundi-adhika-vaega padaartha kalpana kosam upayoginche parikaram-idhi combinate tarapuna eddie akramamga ravana chesindi. chia mariyu masahiko shodhakula nundi daachadaaniki prayatninchadaaniki oka prema hotelku velataaru. akkade anni paarteelu kalustaayi. chia mariyu masahiko nett loki anusandhaaninchabadinappudu, chia thana parinaamamlo paatra poeshistoemdani grahinchina tarvaata idoru (rii) chia yokka venis anukaranalo tananu taanu vyaktam chesukuntundi. marialis vaari taxi rikaardu dwara hotelnu kanugoni, vaari gadiloki pravesistundi. akrama ravana operation kaaranamgaa eddeetho iteevala vidipovadampai vicharam vyaktam chestu, aaa parikaranni tirigi ivvadam valla vaaru sakshuluga champabadakunda aapalemani aame vaariki chebutundi. masahiko mariyu chia, spanish bhaashalo "redd john" kosam, chia snehituraalu zona rosa sahayam pondadaaniki nett loki velataaru.zona rosa, pampinhee vyavastha, godala nagaram yokka nivaasitulu pampina mexico nagara" "gurl muthaa" "kuu nayakudani paerkonnaadu". chinna kramamlo, maryalis priyudu eddie nanotech parikaranni tirigi pondadaaniki combinate sabhyuditho kanipistaadu. idhi jianu rakshinchadaaniki bhayankaramaina vyaktigata tyaagam cheyadaaniki zona rosanu (nett dwara eeventlanu chustunna) prerepistundi. rez mariyu blockwell vachinappudu sanghatanalu vaegamgaa talakindulavutaayi. dayta streamlalo sanghatanalu jaragadam (mariyu jaragabotondi) laanii chustadu mariyu loe/rez yokka sahayaka sibbandito kalisi love hotelku parugettatu. oka oppandam kudirindi, mariyu chaalaa paarteelaku vasati kalpistaaru. vaaru ippudu pondina nanotechnologytho rez/rii union saadhyamaindaa anae daanipai antima parishkaram terichi unchabadindi.

adoro advero waleem gibson kii barj taree mein dosri kitaab hay. "adoro" eek science fakshan naawal hay juu mabaad jadeed distopian saibar punk mustaqabil mein tartib diyaa gayaa hay. aham kirdaron mein say aike colan leenay nodal points kii shanakhat karnay kii salahiyat rakhta hay juu gibson kay apnay say mashabahat rakhta hay: plaat kaa khalasah. akiswein sadee kay awail mein tokiyo/saan francesco kay baad kay zalzalay kii duniya mein colan leeni kuu raak aind roll meega staar reez (musical grop low/reez) kay agenton kay toor parr eek nokari kay liye kahaa jaataa hay jiss mein wah apnee makhsus salahiyat kaa istemaal kartay hoay bury maqdar mein aam ddita kii chhaan beenn kartay hoay khaas mutabiqat kay "nodal points" talaash kartay haine. reez nay daawi kiyaa hay kahh wah ree toyee naami masnuyi shaqsiyat say shaadi karnaa chahta hay juu kahh anwaan kaa adoro (japani butt) hay juu kahh mamul say ziyadah ajnabi hay aur iss liye iss kay wafadar amley ney khaas toor parr iss kay security kay sarbarah keeth bleek weel kay zariye iss say pooch gachh kii. bleek weel kaa khayaal hay kahh koyee reez mein heera phairi kirr rehaa hay aur chahta hay kahh leenay yaha malum karay kahh coone hay. beek waqat low/reez faine kalb kaa settle chapter ansaan aur aayee kii tameer kii naqabil yaqeen shaadi kay balkal asee mozua parr bahas kirr rehaa hay. chodah saalah cheeh pait mechanezy kuu grop nay tokiyo jaanay aur tokiyo chapter say milnay kay liye muntakhib kiyaa hay taakah yaha malum kiyaa jaa sakay kahh waaqee kiyaa how rehaa hay. parwaz mein iss kii mulaqat maryalis naami eek khaatun say hoti hay juu asay tokiyo mein rawaj kay zariye nadanista toor parr mamnuah cheez lay jaanay kay liye dhokah deeti hay. leeni apnee nayee position kuu jaan bojh kirr qabool kartaa hay leakin eek taqatwar infotainment tanzeem "sultscane" kay saath apnee maazi kii shamoliyat kii wajah say naawal kay beshtar hasoon mein mutzad hay juu mediya kii shaqsiyat kuu inn kay raazon kuu bay nqab karkay tabaah karnay parr phulta phulta hay. iss sabqah mulazimat kay doraan wah eek bay gunah jamaat kii moth kaa zamah daar mahsus kartaa hay. iss kii salahiyaton nay asay mamkanah khudkashi kii paish goyee karnay kii ajazat dee thee leakin slatskin nay leenay kay kirdaar kuu ghair faal mubsir takk mahdud rakhnay kii koshish kii thee. tahim leenay kaa zameer toot gayaa-- iss nay aakhri lamhay khudkashi kuu roknay kii koshish kii leakin iss kay bajaye wah eek scandle mein phans gayaa. eek aur tanzim juu mediya waach ddaag honay kaa daawi karti hay qadm uthati hay aur leenay kuu slatscan say door karnay kii koshish karti hay taakah iss kii kahaani kuu ghair qanuni jasusi mein slatscan kay malus honay kuu bay nqab karnay kay liye istemaal kiyaa jaa sakay. yaha garbad how jaataa hay aur leenay akeela rahh jaataa hay ooncha aur khashak. leenay kii zindagi kuu mazeed paichidah banana yaha hay kahh kithi torrance juu iss kaa controller hay juu iss kay maujudah aajron low/reez kuu dhokah deenay kay liye jhootay shawahid kay saath asay bleek meel karnay kii koshish kirr rahee hay iss kay khayaal mein juu bhee raaz wah chhapa rahee hay asay bay nqab kirr rahee hay. maryalis kay bawaae friend aidy kay zeer intezam kalb mein laayi jaanay kay baad cheeh kuu kalb kay mulazimin mein say eek faraar honay mein madad kartaa hay juu samajhta hay kahh wah khatray mein hay. wah apnay saath wah mamnuah saamaan lay jaati hay juu iss kay saamaan mein phisal gayaa thaa. jabb wah low/reez faine kalb kay maqami tokiyo chapter say milti hay tuu wah aaney waali "shaadi" kay tayein inn kii bazahir bay hasee say mayus hoti hay aur wah asay matlaa kartay haine kahh yaha mahaz eek bay bunyaad afwah hay. bay aimaan how kirr cheeh khood hyee taftish karnay kaa faislah karti hay aur apnay mezban matsuko kay bhayee masahiko kii madad maangti hay juu eek otako hay juu hacker community "wald stee" (kovalon wald stee parr mubni eek virtual community) kaa rakan hay. masahiko aur cheeh iss kalb mein jaa kirr reez aur ree kii shaadi kii sachayi kii talaash kaa aaghaz kartay haine jehaan reez nay avent kaa aalaan kiyaa thaa halankah kalb abb teezi say badaltay hoay tokiyo kay manzar naamay mein mojud nahein hay. masahiko kuu dewaron waalay shehar kay dosray baashindon kii taraf say matlaa kiyaa jaataa hay kahh asay neet parr aur jasmani toor parr apnay aur apnee behan kay gahar parr dekha jaa rehaa hay. cheeh nay masahiko say aiteraf kiyaa kahh asay apnay saamaan mein kachh milaa hay aur shayed yahee wah cheez hay jiss kii namalum loag talaash kirr rahay haine. mamnuah eek intehayi ghair qanuni nanotech assembler saabat hotaa hay-eek aalah juu teez raftaar mawaad kii minn ghadat kaaree kay liye istemaal hotaa hay-jasay aidy nay combnet kii jaanib say asmagal kiyaa thaa. cheeh aur masahiko talaash karnay waalon say chhapnay kii koshish karnay kay liye eek mohabat kay hotal mein jaatay haine. yaha wahaan hay kahh tamaam jamaatein akthi hoti haine. jabb cheeh aur masahiko jaal mein jadtay haine tuu advero (ree) cheeh kay wens kay takhrupan mein khood kuu zahir kartaa hay jabb asay ahsaas hotaa hay kahh cheeh iss kay irtaqaa mein hasah lay rahee hay. mariols apnay taxie record kay zariye hotal kuu dhondti hay aur khood kuu apnay kamray mein daakhil honay deeti hay. smuggling kii nakaam kararwai parr aidy kay saath apnay haaliyah break app parr afsoos kaa izhaar kartay huay wah inhein bataati hay kahh aalah waps deenay say inhein gawah kay toor parr qatal honay say nahein rooka jaa sakay gaa. masahiko aur cheeh neet parr cheeh kii dost zona rosa kii madad leenay kay liye jaatay haine-- hispanvi mein "reed zoon" kay liye.zona rosa mexico kay eek shehar" "garal gaing" "kii rehnuma honay kaa daawi karti hay jasay taqsim shadah nazaam dewaron waalay shehar kay baashindon nay bheja thaa. mukhtasir tartib mein mariols kaa bawaae friend aidy nanotech device kuu dobarah haasil karnay kay liye combnet kay eek rakan kay saath aataa hay. yaha zona roza (juu neet parr waaqiaat deekh rahee hay) kuu cheeh kuu bachanay kay liye eek khufnaak zaati qurbani deenay parr aamadah kartaa hay. jabb reez aur bleek weel pahunchtay haine tuu waaqiaat teezi say sarr parr aaa jaatay haine. leenay ddita streams mein honay waalay waaqiaat (aur honay waalay) kuu dekhta hay aur low/reez kay maawan amley kay saath mohabat kay hotal kii taraf dodta hay. eek muahidah tay paaya hay aur ziyadah tarr fariqeen kuu jagah dee gayee hay. hatmi hall khilaa chhod diyaa jaataa hay kahh aayaa reez/ree union neeno technology kay saath mumkin how gayaa hay juu inhon nay abb haasil kii hay.

fffd8b14118b7d59052bfc3b1359b53294ff46f49081d666e1c0733feee1a5ed

https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki?curid=7709290

мөңге

мөңге Tuvan. Etymology. Reborrowing from , from . Cognate with , , .

moi tumar kotha koichu. byutpotti. poraa punor rino luwa. xoite gyat korok,.

aami tomay bhalobasi. byutpatti. theke, theke punra dhaar neoa. sange porichito,.

huun yuvan chhu. vyutpatti. maanthi, thee udhaar levu. saathe parichit thaao,.

main yuva huun. vyutpatti. seey, seey udhaar lena. key saath sangyaan lein,.

yuvan. vyutpatti. avarinda, rinda maru saala padeyuvudu. ,, nondige gurutisikolli.

yuvan. padavyuthpathishaasthram. athil ninnu thirichadaykkunnu. ariyuka,.

mea tujhyavar prem karato. vyutpatti. pasoon, pasoon parat ghene. saha parichit,.

mahm tuwan hun. wyutpatti. batt, batt punah udharo linu. sanga sangyan,.

mun tuban. byutpatti. ru, ru, ru runa neba. sahita parichita huantu,.

main tuhanun dassanga. shabdawali. toon, toon mudd udhaar laina. naal jaanhu hovo,,.

naan unnaip paarkkiraen. sorpirappiyal. irunthu, irunthu thiruppik cuddon vaangkuthal. udan arivaal,.

yuvan. vyutpatti. nundi, nundi tirigi runam teesukovadam. thoo gurtinchandi,.

mein aap kuu batata hoan. siftiyat. say say dobarah qarz leena. kay saath pehchanein.

fffd8d4d386a15f9ea3da09b68e45842207ab6d59e0a6f0be8a459e1286d0909

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6729498

Nová Lehota

Nová Lehota Nová Lehota (, ) is a village in Nové Mesto nad Váhom District in the Trenčín Region of western Slovakia. History. In historical records, the village was first mentioned in 1487. Historically, the village belongs to the Hauerland region in the Carpathian Mountains. The origins of the German settlement go as far as the 13th century when the necessity of colonization of regions devastated by the Mongolian invasion of 1240–1241 arose. During the late 13th century, there were many German habitats founded in the region by diverse German nationalities. The foundation of Neuhau is not primarily connected to the colonization after the Mongol invasion. It is being dated somehow later, maybe even more than hundred years later. It is also generally suggested that the first inhabitants of the place situated in the valley halfway from Handlová to Žiar nad Hronom in a rather hilly surrounding were actually Slavs. Supposedly there has been as much as 3 manors of the primary settlements of Slavs latter to become extinct and fully replaced by Germans from either Handlová or Janova Lehota. In 1945, the village had a population of approximately 1400 inhabitants, nearly all of them Germans. They were almost completely expelled and relocated to Germany in 1946. Geography. The municipality lies at an altitude of 620 metres and covers an area of 18.214 km². It has a population of about 236 people. External links. Media related to at Wikimedia Commons

nobo lehuta nubha lehuta (,) hoise poschim slovakier trensin oncholor nubhe mestu naad bhahom jilaar ekhon gaau. 1976 sonor poraa ee handlova pouroxobhar ongxo hoi aahise. itihax. oitihaxik tothyo onuxori, gaukhonor kotha prothombaror baabe 1487 sonot ullekh koraa hoisil. oitihaxikbhabe, gaukhon carpathian porbotor howerland oncholor ontorgoto. german boxotir utpotti 13xo xotikaloike yaay jetiya 1240-1241 ror mongulian aakromonor folot bidhwosto oncholxomuhor uponibexor proyujoniyotar udbhob hoisil. 13xo xotikar xexor faale, bibhinno german rastriyotar dwara oncholtut bohutu german baxosthan protistha koraa hoisil. nehuhaur vetitu prathomikbhabe mongul aakromonor pisot uponibexor xoite xongzukto nohoy. eitu kunumote pisot, hoyotu ex bosorotkoiu odhik pisotou koraa hoise. xadharonote eituu poramorxo diya hoy je upotyokatut owosthito thaikhonor prothom baxindaxokol handlover poraa jiyaar naad horunmoloike pahariya poriwexot owosthito aasil. onuman koraa hoy je slavor prathomik boxotir 3 taa maanor bilupto hoh 'boloi aaru xompurnorupe handlova baa janubha lehutar poraa germanxokole xoloni koriboloi hoise. 1945 sonot, gaukhonor jonoxongkhya aasil pray 1400 john baxinda, teulukor pray xokoluwei german. 1946 sonot teulukok pray xompurnorupe bohiskar koraa hoisil aaru germaniloi sthanantorito koraa hoisil. bhugul. pouroxobhatu 620 mitter uschotat owosthito aaru ee 18.214 borgo kilometer eleka aawori aase. iyar jonoxongkhya pray 236 john.

nova lehota nova lehota (,) poschim slovakier trainsin anchaler novey mesto naad vahom jelara ekti grama. 1976 saal theke etty handlova pourosobhar ekti ongsho. itihas. oitihasik nothite, gramti prothom 1487 saale ullekh koraa hoyechilo. oitihasikbhabe, gramti carpethian porbotmalar howerland anchaler ontorgoto. german bosotir utpotti 13shha shatabdi porjonto choley jokhon 1240-1241-err mangoliya akromoner foley biddhosto anchalgulir uponibesh sthaponer prayojaniyata dekha deyo. 13shha shatabdir shesher dike, eyi anchale bivinno german jatiyatar dwara protisthito onek german abashsthol chhilo. mongol akromoner porr uponibesher sange neuhau-err vitti prathomikbhabe jukto noy. etty konovabe porey tarikh deoa hachche, sombhoboto eksho bochorero beshi porey. etio sadharonoto bolla hoy jey, upottokai abosthito eyi jaigar prothom basindara handlova theke ziar naad haronam porjonto pahadi poribeshe abosthito chhilo. sombhoboto slaveder prathomik bosotir 3tii manor bilupto hoye geche ebong handlova baa janova lehota theke germanra sampurnarupe protisthapito hoyeche. 1945 saale, gramer jonosongkha chhilo pray 1400 john, jaader pray sobai german. 1946 saale taader pray sompurnobhabe bohishkar koraa hoy ebong germanyte sthanantorito koraa hoy. bhugol. pourosobhati 620 mitter uchchotai abosthito ebong etty 18.214 borgo kilometres elaka judey bistrito. err jonosongkha pray 236 john.

nova lehota nova lehota (,) aee pashchimi slovakiana trensin pradeshmaa noway mesto naad wahom jillaanu aek gaam chhe. 1976 thee teey handlovani nagarpalikano aek bhaag chhe. itihas. aitihasik dastavejoma, aaa gaamno pratham ullekh 1487maan karvaamaa aavyo hato. aitihasik reete, aaa gaam carpathian parvatomaa aavela hoerland pradeshnu chhe. german vasaahatni utpatti 13mee sadee sudhee jaay chhe jyaare mangolian aakraman dwara barbad thayela pradeshona vasahatikaranni jaruriyaat oobhi thaee hatee. 13mee sadeena antamaa, aaa pradeshmaa viveedh german raashtro dwara ghanaa german vasvaato sthapvama aavyaa hataa. newhouno paayo mukhyatve mongol aakraman pachhi vasahatikaran saathe jodaayelo nathee. teey koik reete pachhithi taarikh karvaamaa aavee rahee chhe, kadaach soow varsh pachhi pann. saamanya reete aevu pann suchavvama aave chhe keey kheenma aavela handlovathi ziar naad haronam sudhinaa adadhaa vistaarmaa aavela sthalnaa pratham rahevasio vaastavma slaav hataa. manvama aave chhe keey slaveni praathmeek vasaahatona 3 jetla mainers lupt thaee gayaa chhe aneey sampurnpane handlova athavaa genova lehotathi germano dwara badalvama aavyaa chhe. 1945maan, aaa gaamnee vastee aashre 1400 rahevasio hatee, jemathi lagbhag tamaam german hataa. temne lagbhag sampurnpane haankee kadhvama aavyaa hataa aneey 1946maan germanyma sthaanaantarit karvaamaa aavyaa hataa. bhugol. nagarpalika 620 meterni unchaiae aaveli chhe aneey teey 18.214 kimee2 vistaarne aavari leey chhe. tenee vastee lagbhag 236 lokonee chhe.

nova lehota nova lehota (,) paschimi slovakia key trains kshetra mein noway mesto naad wahom jile kaa ack gaanv haye. 1976 seey yeh handlova kii nagarpalika kaa hissa rhaa haye. itihas. aitihaasik abhilekhon mein, gaanv kaa pahali baar 1487 mein ullekh kiya gayaa thaa. aitihaasik roop seey, gaanv carpathian pahaadon mein hireland kshetra seey sambandhit haye. german basti kii utpatti 13veen shatabdi taka jaati haye jaba mangolian aakraman seey tabah kshetron key upanivesh kii aavashyakta utpann hui. 13veen shatabdi key anta mein, iss kshetra mein vividh german rashtriyataon dwara sthaapit kaee german awas they. nyoohaau kii neenv mukhya roop seey mangol aakraman key baad upanivesh seey judee naheen haye. yeh kissy tarah baad mein, shayed sou saal seey bhee adhik samay baad bhee kiya jaa rhaa haye. aam taur parr yeh bhee sujhaav diyaa jaataa haye kii ghaati mein sthit iss sthaan key pahale nivasi handlova seey ziyaar naad haronam taka ack pahaadi aspas key hisse mein vaastav mein slaav they. maanaa jaataa haye kii slaav kii praathamik bastiyon key 3 manore vilupt hoe gaye hain aur poori tarah seey handlova yaa janova lehota seey germans dwara pratisthaapit kiye gaye hain. 1945 mein, gaanv kii aabaadi lagbhag 1400 nivaasiyon kii thee, jinamen seey lagbhag sabhi german they. unhein lagbhag poori tarah seey nishkaasit curr diyaa gayaa aur 1946 mein germany mein sthanantarit curr diyaa gayaa. bhugol. nagarpalika 620 meater kii oonchaai parr sthit haye aur 18.214 varg kimmy key kshetra mein faili hui haye. isaki aabaadi lagbhag 236 logon kii haye.

hosa lehota nova lehota (,) paschima slovakiyada trensin pradeshada noveh mesto naad wahom jilleya ondu graamavaagide. 1976rinda idu handlova purasabheya bhagavagide. itihaasa. aitihaasika daakhalegalalli, ee graamavannu modalu 1487ralli ullekhisalaagide. aitihaasikavaagi, ee graamavu corpathian parvatagalalliruva howerland pradeshakke seride. german vasaahatugala moolavu 13neey shatamaanadavarege hoguttade, aaga mangolian akramanadinda dhvamsagonda pradeshagala vasaahatushaahi agatyavu huttikonditu. 13neey shatamaanada uttaraardhadalli, ee pradeshadalli vaividhyamaya german rashtriyategalinda sthapisalpatta aneka german aavaasasthaanagaliddavu. mangol aakramanada nantara vasaahatushaahige neuhou adipayavu prathamikavagi sambandhisilla. idu hegaadaroo nantara dinankavannu hondide, bahushah nooru varshagala nantaravoo saha. samanyavagi, kaniveyalli handlovadinda jhiyar naad hronomge ardhadaariyalle nelegondiruva pradeshada modala nivasigalu vaastavaagi guddagadu suttamuttalina slavgalagiddaru endu soochisalaaguttade. slaavgala praathamika vasaahatugala 3 myaanargalu alivinanchinallive mattu handlova athawa janova lehotagalinda germannaru sampoornavaagi badalaagiddaare endu bhaavisalaagide. 1945ralli, ee gramadalli sumaru 1400 nivasigaliddaru, avaralli bahuteka ellaroo germannare aagiddaru. avarannu bahuteka sampoornavaagi horahaakalaayitu mattu 1946ralli germanige sthalaantarisalaayitu. bhougolika. purasabheyu 620 meater ettaradallide mattu <aii. dii. 1> chadara kii. mea. vistirnavannu hondide. idu sumaru 236 janara janasankhyeyannu hondide.

nova lehota padinjaaran slovakiayile trensin mekhalayile noveh mestoo naad vaham jillayile oru graamamaan nova lehota (Коета лечота, оете лечота). 1976 muthal ithu handlova munisippaalittiyude bhagamaanu. charithram. charitraparamaaya rekhakalil, 1487 laanu eee graamathekkurichu aadyamaayi paraamarshikkappettath. charitraparamaayi, eee graamam carpathian parvathanirakalile houtlaand mekhalayilaanu. jarmman kudiyettatthinte uthbhavam pathimoonnaam noottaandil mangolian adhinivesham moolam takarnna pradeshangalude kolanivalkkaranatthinte aavasyakatha uyarnnuvannathu vare pookunnu. pathimoonnaam noottaandinte avasaanathil, vaividhyamaarnna jarmman deseeyathakal eee pradeshathu niravadhi jarmman aavaasavyavasthakal sthaapichu. nyoohouvinte adithara pradhaanamaayum mangolian adhiniveshathinu sheshamulla kolanivalkkaranavumayi bandhappettathalla. athu enganeyo pinneedu, orupakshe nooriladhikam varshangalkk sheshavum, theeyathi nischayikkappedunnu. thaazhvarayil handlova muthal siyar naad horonome vareyulla paathivazhiyil sthithi cheiyunna pradeshathe aadya nivaasikal yadhaarthathil malayora chuttupaadukalil adimakalaayirunnuvennum pothuve abhipraayappedunnu. adimakalude praadhamika vaasasthalangalil ekadesham 3 maanarukal vamshanasham sambhavikkukayum handlova allengil janova lehota ninnulla jarmmankaar poornnamaayum pakaram vaykkukayum cheythathayi karuthappedunnu. 1945ll graamatthil ekadesham 1400 nivaasikalundaayirunnu, avaril mikkavarum ellaavarum jarmmankaaraayirunnu. avare eathaandu poornnamaayum puratthaakkukayum 1946ll jarmmaniyilekku maattukayum cheythu. bhoomishaasthram. 620 meter uyarathil sthithi cheiyunna munisippaalitti, <aii. dii. 1> chathurashra kilometer visthruthiyil vyaapichukidakkunnu. ekadesham 236 aalukalaanu ivideyullathu.

nova lehota nova lehota (Коме лечота, оето, оето, оето, оето, о, о, о, о, о, о, о, о, о, о, о, о, о, о, о, о, о, о, о, о, о, о, о, о, о, о, о, о, о, о, о, о, о, о, о, о, о, о, о, о, о, о, о, о, о, о, о, о, о, о, о, о, о, о, о, о, о, о, о, о, о, о, о, о, о, о, о, о, о, о, о 1976 pasoon too handlova nagarpalikecha eka bhag aahe. itihas. aitihasik nondinmadhye, gavacha ullekh pahilyanda 1487 madhye karnyat aala hota. aitihasikdrushtya, heey gaav carpethian parvatanmadhil horland pradeshashi sambandhit aahe. german vasahatichi utpatti 13 vya shatkaparyant jaate jevha mangolian aakramanane nasht jhalelya pradeshanchya vasahatikaranachi aavashyakta nirman jhaali. 13vya shatkachya uttaradhat, yaa pradeshat vividh german rashtriyatandvare anek german adhivasanchi sthapana karnyat aalee hotee. nyoohaucha paya pramukhyane mangol aakramananantarchya vasahatikaranashi jodalela nahee. teey kahise nantar, kadachit shambhar varshanhun adhik kalanantarhi kele jaat aahe. samanyatah asey dekhil suchavale jaate qee dongral parisaratil handlovapasun ziar naad haronamparyantchya ardhya khonyat vasalele yaa thikanche pahile rahivasi pratyakshat gulam hote. asey manale jaate qee gulamanchya prathamik vasahatinpaiki 3 manor namshesh jhaale aahet aanee tyanchi jaaga handlova kinwa janova lehota yetheel german lock purnapane ghetil. 1945 saalee yaa gavachi loksankhya andaje 1400 hotee, jyapaiki jawaljawal serve german hote. 1946 madhye tyanna jawaljawal purnapane haddapar karnyat aale aanee germanyla sthalantarit karnyat aale. bhoogol. nagarpalika 620 meater unchivar aahe aanee 18.214 chauras kiimii kshetra vyapate. tyachi loksankhya sumare 236 aahe.

nova lehota nobha lehota (,) paschimi slobhakiako trensin kshetrako nobhe mesto naad wahom jillako euta gaaun how. sann 1976 dekhi yo handlova nagarpalikako hissa baneko chha. itihas. aitihasik abhilekhharuma, gaaun pahilo patak 1487 maa ullekha garieko thiyo. aitihasik rupma, yo gaaun carpathian pahadharuma raheko hourland kshetrako how. german bastiko utpatti 13 aun shatabdisamma janchha jab 1240-1241 ko mangolian akramanbata dhwasta kshetraharuko upaniweshko awashyakta utpanna bhayo. 13 aun shatabdiko uttarardhama, yass kshetrama vividh german rastriyataharudwara sthapit dherai german awasharu thie. nyuhauko jag mukhyataya mangol akramanpachhiko upaniweshwadsanga jodieko chhaina. yo kunai naha kunai rupma pachhi miti banainchha, sayed saya warsha bhanda pachhi pani. yo pani samanyataya sujhawa diinchha kii uptyakako hafwema awasthit yass thaunka pahilo basindaharu handlova dekhi ziar naad haronamsamma pahadi warpar wastawma dass thie. sambhawatah tyahan dasharuko prathamik bastiharuko 3 mannerharu pachhi vilupta huna rar handlova wa janobha lehotabata germanharule purna rupma pratisthapan gareka chhan. sann 1945 maa, gaaunko janasankhya lagbhag 1400 basindaharu thiyo, jasmadhye lagbhag sabai german thie. uniharulai lagbhag purna rupma nishkasana gariyo rar sann 1946 maa germanyma sarieko thiyo. bhugol. nagarpalika 620 mitterko uchaima awasthit chha rar 18.214 warga kilometerko kshetrafal ogateko chha. yasako janasankhya lagbhag 236 zana chha.

nobha lehota nobha lehota (Коме лечота, оете лечота, оете лечота, оете место место нато нат омом очом, оете оместо оместо омесом, оете оместо омом, оете омесом, оете омесом, оете омесом, оете оместо омо, оете омесом, оесоме омесом, оесоме омесом, оесоме омесомесо, оесомомесо 1976 masiharu ehaa handlova pourapalikara eka anshabisesha hoi rahichhi. itihas. aitihasika recordre, ehi gramm bishajare prathame 1487 masihare ullekha karajaithila. aitihasika bhabare, ehi gramati carpathian parbatamalara houserland anchalara atte. german bastira utpatti 13shaa shatabdi parjyanta jaithae jetebele 'aai. dii. 1' rahr mangoleeja aakraman dwara dhwansaprapta anchalagudikara upanibeshabadara abashyakata srusti hoithila. 13shaa shatabdir sheshabhagare, ehi anchalare bibhinna german jatijata dwara aneka german abasasthali pratistha karajaithila. nyuhaura muladua mukhyatah mangola aakraman parey upanibeshabada sahita jadita nuhen . ehaa kaunasi prakare parey tarikh karajauchhi, bodhahue shaha barsharu adhika parey madhya. sadharanatah ehaa madhya suchita karajae je upatyakare abasthita ehi sthanara pratham adhibasimane, jaahaa eka pahadia paribestaneere, handlova thaaru gr naad hronome parjyanta, prakrutare daasa thile. anumana karajae je dasmanankara prathamika bastira bastira manore bilupta hebaku jauchhi ebong sampurna bhabare handlova kimba janobha lehota thaaru germanamananka dwara pratisthapita hoichhi . 1945 masihare, ehi gaanra janasankhya pakhapakhi 1400 thila, jeunthire praiah samaste german thile. semananku praiah sampurna bhabe bahishkara karajaithila ebong 1946 masihare germanyku sthanantara karajaithila. bhugol. ehi pourapalika 620 mitter uchchatare abasthita ebong ehara khetraphala <aai. dii. 1> berg kii. mea... ehara janasankhya praiah 236.

nova lehta nova lehota (,) pachmi slovakia dey transin khetar witch novey mesto naad vahom zilhe daa ikk pind haii. 1976 toon ih handlova dee municipality daa hissa riha haii. itihaas. itihasak ricard witch, pind daa zikar pahili vaar 1487 witch keeta giaa see. itihasak taur utte, pind carpathian pahadan witch horland khetar naal sabandhat haii. german basti dee shuruat 13veen sadee takk jaandi haii jadon aaee. dee. 1 dey mangolian hamle naal tabah hoye khetran dey bastikaran dee zaroorat paida hoee see. 13veen sadee dey akheer witch, vibhinn german deshan duaara iss khetar witch bahut saare german nivas sathaan sathapat keete gaye sunn. nioohau dee neenh mukkh taur utte mangol hamle toon baad bastivad naal judee naheen haii. ih kise tarahan baad witch, shayed saun saal toon vee baad dee mitee haii. ih vee aam taur utte sujhaa ditta jaanda haii kii vaadi witch sathit iss sathaan dey pahile vasneek ikk pahadi aale duaale dey hindlova toon ziaar naad haronam takk asal witch gulam sunn. manniaa jaanda haii kii slaves deeaan muddhliaan bastiaan dey 3 manores alop hoow gaye hunn atey puurii tarahan handlova jaan janova lehota dey germanan duaara tabdil keete gaye hunn. sann 1945 witch, pind dee aabadi lagbhag 1400 vasnikan dee see, jinhan vicchon lagbhag saare german sunn. unhan noon lagbhag puurii tarahan kaddh ditta giaa atey 1946 witch germany witch tabdil qarr ditta giaa. bhugol. municipality 620 meeter dee uchaee 'teey sathit haii atey 18.214 varag kilometer dey khetar noon cover kardi haii. iss dee aabadi lagbhag 236 lokan dee haii.

novaa lehota novaa lehota (,) pashchim-slovakia-deshasya trensin-pradeshe nove mesto naad vaahom-mandale sthitah ekaha graamah asti. 1976 tamaat varshaat idam handlova-nagarasya nagarapalika-bhaagah asti. itihaasah. aitihaasika-abhilekheshu, asya gramasya prathamavaaram ullekhah 1487 tame varshe abhavat. aitihaasikadrushtyaa, ayam graamah carpethian-parvateshu sthitasya haur-lyand-pradeshasya antargatah asti. german-upaniveshasya utpattih 13 shataabdyaam yaavat asti, yadaa mongolian-akramanat nashtanam pradeshanam upanivesheekaranasya aavashyakataa utpannah. 13 shataabdyaah ante asmin pradeshe vividhaah german-raashtraah sthaapitaah anekaah german-nivasasthanani aasan. nyoohau ityasya adharaha mukhyataya mangola-aakramanasy anantaram upaniveshakaayen saha naa sambadhah asti. tasya kaalah kasyaapi anantaram, sambhawatah shatavarshaat api adhikam anantaram asti. samanyataha etat api suchitam yat, asya upatyakayam sthitanam sthananam prathamanivaasinah, hendlova-taha ziar-naad-hronom-paryantam, parvateeye parivesheshu, vastutah dasaha aasan iti. praayah, dasanam prathamikanivasanam 3 maanor ityete viluptaah abhavan, tathaa cha sampurnataya hendlova athavaa janova lehota ityetayoho german-janaah tasya sthaane nyastavantah iti manyate. 1945 tame varshe asya gramasya janasankhyaa praayah 1400 aasit, teshu praayah sarve german-janaah aasan. te praayah purnataya bahishkrutaah, 1946 tame varshe germany-desham prati sthaanaantaritaah cha abhavan. bhoogolah. nagarapalika 620 meater-parimitehe ucche asti, tasya kshetrafalam 18.214 vargakilomeetar-parimitam asti. asya janasankhyaa praayah 236 janaah santi.

nova lehota nova lehota (,) enbathu maerku slovakiavin trensin piraanthiyaththil ulla noavae mesto naat vagom maavattaththil ulla oru kiraamamaagum. 1976 muthal idhu handlova nagaraatchiyin oru paguthiyaaga irunthu varukirathu. varalaaru. varalaattru pathivukalil, inththa gramam muthanmuthalil 1487 aam aandil kurippidappattathu. varalaattru reethiyaaga, inththa gramam kaarbaththiyan malaikalil ulla howrland piraanthiyaththirku sonthamaanathu. mangoaliya padaiyeduppaal paerazhivirkullaana piraanthiyangkalin kaalaniththuvaththin thaevai aerpatta 13 aam noottraandu varai jerman kudiyaettraththin thoattram selkirathu. 13 aam noottraandin pirpaguthiyil, palvaeru jerman thaesiya inangkalaal ippaguthiyil pala jerman vaazhvidangkal niruvapattana. newhaavin adiththalam muthanmaiyaaga mangoal padaiyeduppukkup piragu kaalaniththuvaththudan inaikkappadavillai. adhu eppadiyoa pinnar thaethi nirnayikkappadukirathu, oruvaelai nooru aandugalukkum maelaaga irukkalaam. handlova muthal jiar naat hronome varai paathiyilaeyae ulla pallaththaakkil amainthulla idaththin muthal kudiyiruppaalargal unmaiyil slaavgal endrum podhuvaaga parinthuraikkappadukirathu. slaavgalin muthanmai kudiyaettranggalil 3 manoarkkal azhinththuvittana endrum, muzhumaiyaaga handlova allathu janova lehotavilirunthu germanigalaal maattrappattathaakavum koorappadugiradhu. 1945 aam aandil, inththa kiraamaththil sumar 1400 makkal vasiththu vanthanar, avarkalil kittatthatta anaivarum germaniyargal. avarkal kittatthatta muzhumaiyaaga veliyaettrappattu 1946 ill germanicu maattrappattanar. puviyiyal. inththa nagaraatchi 620 meettar uyaraththil amainthullathu mattrum idhu 18.214 sathura kilometer parappalavaik kondullathu. idhu sumar 236 makkal thogaiyaik kondullathu.

nova lehota nova lehota (,) paschima slovakialoni trensin praantamlooni nove mesto naad wahom jillaalooni oka graamam. 1976 nundi idhi handlova munisipaalitiiloo bhaagamgaa undhi. charitra. chaaritraka recordulalo, eee graamam modata modata prastaavinchabadindi. chaaritraatmakamgaa, eee graamam karpatian parvathaalaloni hourland praantaaniki chendinadi. 13va sataabdam varaku, mangolian dandayaatra dwara naasanam cheyabadina praantaala valasarajyala avasaram talettinappudu, german sthaavaram yokka muulaalu unnaayi. 13va sataabdam chivaralo, eee praantamloo vibhina german jaateeyatalache sthaapinchabadina aneka german aavasalu unnaayi. neuhou punaadi pradhanamgaa mangol dandayaatra taruvaata valasaraajyaalato mudipadi ledhu. idhi edho okavidhamgaa taruvaata thedhee cheyabadutondi, bahusha vanda samvatsaraala taruvaata kooda. saadhaaranamgaa kondapranta parisaraallooni handlova nundi ziar naad hronum varaku loyalo unna modati nivaasulu vaastavaaniki slaavlu anie kooda soochinchabadindi. slavla praathamika sthaavaraalalo 3 manorlu antarinchipooyaayani mariyu puurtigaa handlova ledhaa janova lehota nundi germanlu bharti chesaarani bhaavistunnaaru. bhaavistunnaaru, eee graamamlo sumaru 1400 mandhi nivaasitulu unnaaru, vaarilo daadaapu andaruu germanlu. vaaru daadaapu puurtigaa bahishkarinchabaddaaru mariyu mariyu germanyki marchabaddaru. bhougolikam. eee municipality 620 meterla ettulo undhi mariyu 18.214 chadarapu kilometres vistiirnamloo undhi. dheeni janabha sumaru 236 mandhi.

nowa lehota nowa lehota (angrezi: Nová lehota) maghrabi salowakia kay elaqay trenchan mein noow mesto naad waahoom zalaa kaa eek gaaon hay. 1976 say yaha handlova kii baldiyah kaa hasah rehaa hay. tareekh. tarikhi record mein iss gaaon kaa zakar pehli baar 1487 mein kiyaa gayaa thaa. tarikhi toor parr iss gaaon kaa taaluq karpethiyayi pahaadon mein waaqa howerland elaqay say hay. german bastee kii ibtada 13 wein sadee takk jaati hay jabb 1240-1241 kay mangol hamlay say tabaah shadah elaqon kii nawabadiyat kii zarurat paida hoyee. 13 wein sadee kay aakhir mein iss khatay mein matnua german qomiyaton kay zariah behat say german rehaish gaahein qayem kii gayein. neohau kii bunyaad kaa bunyadi toor parr mangol hamlay kay baad nawabadiyat say koyee taaluq nahein hay. yaha kasee tarah baad mein shayed sue saal say bhee ziyadah baad mein tareekh bundi kii jaa rahee hay. aam toor parr yaha bhee tajweez kiyaa jaataa hay kahh waadi mein waaqa iss jagah kay pehley baashinde juu handlova say ziyaar naad haronoom takk kay pahaadi ard gird waaqa thay darasil ghalaam thay. khayaal kiyaa jaataa hay kahh ghalamon kii ibtadayi bastiyon kay 3 manur madoom how gayey haine aur makmal toor parr handlova yaa janova leota kay germanon nay inn kii jagah lay lee hay. 1945 mein gaaon kii aabadi taqriba 1400 baashindon parr mushtamil thee jinn mein say taqriba sabhi german thay. inhein taqriba makmal toor parr nikaal diyaa gayaa aur 1946 mein germani muntaqil kirr diyaa gayaa. geografiya. baldiyah 620 metter kii bulandi parr waaqa hay aur 18.214 marbaa chlometer kay raqbe parr maheet hay. iss kii aabadi taqriba 236 afraad parr mushtamil hay.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39128343

Feasting with Panthers

Feasting with Panthers Feasting with Panthers is the sixteenth solo studio album by the British singer/songwriter Marc Almond. The album is credited to Almond and Michael Cashmore, of Current 93 and Nature and Organisation, with both given equal billing. The album was released by Strike Force Entertainment, part of Cherry Red Records, on 30 May 2011. Background. Marc Almond first worked with Michael Cashmore when Almond contributed guest vocals to the Current 93 album "Black Ships Ate the Sky". They next collaborated as Marc Almond & Michael Cashmore for the EP "Gabriel and the Lunatic Lover" in 2008 and continued to occasionally work together until they completed "Feasting with Panthers". The album is entirely composed of poetry set to music and was produced with both artists separate at all times with music and vocals being sent back and forth. "The Guardian" describes the album as "a sumptuous piano-driven collaboration with Michael Cashmore, featuring songs derived from the poetry of Jean Cocteau, Gérard de Nerval and Jean Genet", which Almond in the same article calls "decadent poetry translated by Jeremy Reed". The album was released as a gatefold digipak which included a 14-page booklet. Critical reception. "Feasting with Panthers" received mixed reviews from critics. Jon O'Brien in the "Record Collector" magazine states that it is an album of "tales of young boys and dark pleasure" but calls it "a sumptuous banquet". Ian Shirley in his "AllMusic" review states that "Feasting with Panthers" "is just too one-note to be considered as anything other than highbrow background music" but concedes that "Almond is in fine form, toning down his sometimes theatrical tendencies in favor of a more restrained vocal style". References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

sitabaghor xoite bhuj koraa pentharor xoite bhuj hoise britis gayok/gitikar mark elmondor xurox ekok studio 'elbam. elbamtur krititwo bortomanor 93 bosoror badam aaru michael kesmur aaru prokriti aaru xongothonok diya hoy, duyuke xoman billing diya hoy. 2011 sonor 30 mey 'too cheri redd recordsor ongxo strike pho' rcho entertainmentor dwara elbamtu mukoli koraa hoisil. potobhumi. mark badamoi prothome michael kesmuror xoite kaam korisil jetiya badamoi bortomanor 93 nong elbam "black swipche itt dyo skye" too otithi konthodan korisil. iyar pisot teuluke 2008 sonot "gabriel endo dyo wanetik laabhor" ror baabe mark badam aaru michael kesmur hisape xohojugita korisil aaru maaje maaje "pentharor xoite bhuj xompurno nokoraloike" ekeloge kaam kori aasil. elbamtu xompurnorupe xongitor xoite xonghoti koraa kobitare gothito aaru xongit aaru konthoxomuh aag-pisoloi pothiuwar xoite duyu xilpire xokolu xomoyote prithok hoi projujona koraa hoisil. "dyo guardiane elbamtuk" "michael kexmuror xoite ek rupali piyanu-salit xohojugita hisape bornona korise, zo 'too jinn koo' kteu, gerard di nervel aaru jinn jinetor kobitar poraa aahoron koraa gitxomuh aase", "jaak eketa probondhot badamore" "jeremi ride onubad koraa owonotixil kobita" "buli obhihito koraa hoise. elbamtu gatefold digipak hisape mukoli koraa hoisil zo "too 14 pristhar ekhon pustika ontorbhukto aasil. xomaluchonamulok aadoroni. "pentharor xoite bhuj"-e xomalusokxokolor poraa misrito xomaluchona laabh korisil. record collector" alusonikhonot john oh 'braine koy je ee "juwo lo" raar kahini aaru ondhokar aanondo "ror elbam jodiu iyak" ek rumanchokor bhuj "buli koy. ian swarliye teur "olmusic" ror porzaluchonat koy je "pentharor xoite bhuj" uscho-bru background xongitor baahire aan jikunu bostu hisape bibesona koribo nuwari oti ek-swor "kintu swikar kore je" badam xukhmo rupot aase, ketiyaba teur naatyo probonota odhik niyontrito kontho xoilir pokhyot tot 'noo kore.

chitabagher sange bhoj british gayak/geetikar marqa badamer shodash ekok studio album holl 'festing uith panthers'. albumtir krititto bortoman 93 ebong prokriti oo sangathaner badam ebong michael cashmoreke deoa hoy, ubhaykei soman billing deoa hoy. albumty 2011 saaler 30shhey meey cherry reeda recordser ongsho strike phorsa entertainment dwara mukti paay. patabhumi. marqa badam prothom michael cashmore saathe kaaj korechilen jokhon badam bortoman 93 album "black ships itt dya skye"-ayee atithi kontho diyechen. erpor taaraa 2008 saale "gabrielle anned dya paglate premik"-err jonno marqa badam oo michael cashmore hisabe sahojogita corren ebong "pyantharder saathe bhoj" shesh naa koraa porjonto majhe majhe eksange kaaj chaliye zaan. albumty sampurnarupe sangiter saathe seeta koraa kobita niye gothito ebong ubhoy shilpike sarbada prithak korey sangeet ebong kanthaswarer saathe egiye ebong pichhone pathano hoy. "dya guardian albumtike" "michael cashmore saathe ekti chamatkar piano-chaalito sahojogita hisabe bornona koreche, jekhane zina koketo, gerard dii nerval ebong zina jineter kobita theke udbhuto gaan royeche", "jaa ekoi nibondhe badam" "jeremi noll dwara anubadito abonomito kobita" "boley abhihito korey. albumty ekti gatefold digipuck hisabe mukti paay jaar modhye ekti 14 pristhar pustika antarbhukta chhilo. samalochanamulak abhyarthana. "pantherser sange bhoj" somalochokder kachh theke mishra porjalochona peyechilo. record collector" magazine john oo 'brine bolechen jey etty "alpavayasi chheleder golpo ebong ondhokar anander" ekti album tobey etike "ekti jankjomokpurno bhoj" boley abhihito korechen. iyana sherley taanr "oll music" porjalochonai bolechen jey "pyantharder saathe bhoj" uchcho-bhru background sangeet chhada onno kichhu hisabe bibechito howar jonno khub beshi ekok-note "tobey sweekar korechen jey" badam sukkho akare royeche, taar kokhono kokhono natyo probonotake arow songjoto kontho shailir pokkhe tone korey.

deepada saathe bhojan panthers saathe bhojan aee british gaayak/gitkaar marqa aalmandnu solmun solo studiyo album chhe. aaa aalbamne badaam aneey michael keshamorne shrey aapvama aave chhe, jeo vartmaan 93 aneey prakrutee aneey sangathannaa chhe, aneey bannene samaan billing aapvama aave chhe. aaa aalbamne strike phorsa entertainment dwara 30 meey 2011naa roj rajoo karvaamaa aavyu hatoo, jeey cherry reeda recordsno aek bhaag chhe. prushthbhumi. marqa almonde saupratham michael keshmore saathe kaama karyoo hatoo jyaare baadaame vartmaan 93 album "black ships eat dhaa skye" maan maheman gaayak tareeke yogdaan aapyu hatoo. tyarbad teoae 2008maan ee. pii. "gabriel anned dhaa venetic lover" maate marqa badaam aneey michael keshmore tareeke sahyog karyo aneey jyaan sudhee teo "chitta saathe bhojan" purn naa karey tyaan sudhee kyarek kyarek saathe kaama karvaanu chaalu raakhyu. aaa album sampurnpane sangeet parr aadharit kaveetaothi banelu chhe aneey banne kalakaro saathe darek samaye alag alag sangeet aneey gaayan saathe aagad aneey paachhal mokalvaamaa aavyu hatoo. "dhaa guardian" "aaa aalbamne" "michael keshmore saathe bhavya piyaano-sanchaalit sahyog tareeke varnave chhe, jemaa jiina cocteau, gerard dii nerval aneey jiina genetnee kavitaomathi melvelaa geeto darshavvama aavyaa chhe", "jene teey jaj lekhamaa badaam" "jeremi reed dwara anuvaadit adhogati kaveeta" "kahe chhe". aaa aalbamne gatfold digipac tareeke rajoo karvaamaa aavyu hatoo jemaa 14 paanaani pustika saamel hatee. vivechanaatmak swaagat. "chitta saathe bhojan" neey vivechako tarafthi mishra sameekshao malee hatee. reqorda collector" megezeenma joona oo 'bryan janaave chhe keey teey "yuvan chhokaraoni vaartao aneey shyaam aanand" noon album chhe parantu tene "aek bhavya bhojan samarambh" kahe chhe. ian sherley temnee "ola music" samikshaamaa janaavyu chhe keey "chitta saathe bhojan" aee khoob jaj aek-swar chhe jene uchch bhamar prushthbhumi sangeet sivaay anya kaneepan tareeke ganvaamaa aave chhe "parantu sweekaare chhe keey" badaam uttam swarupma chhe, jeey vadhu niyantrit gaayak shaileeni tarfenma temnee ketalikvaar naaty vruttione ghataade chhe ".

tenduon key saath dawat karna panthers key saath dawat british gaayak/geetkaar maark badam kaa solahavaan ekal studio album haye. album koo vartamaan 93 aur prakriti aur sangathan key badam aur michael cashmore koo shreya diyaa jaataa haye, donon koo samaan billing dee jaati haye. album koo 30 maee 2011 koo hadtaal bull manoranjan dwara jaari kiya gayaa thaa, joe cherry redd record kaa hissa thaa. prishthabhoomi. maark badam ney pahali baar michael cashmore key saath kaam kiya jaba badam ney vartamaan 93 album "black ships eat dha skye" mein atithi gaayan kaa yogdan diyaa. unhone 2008 mein ee. pee. "gabriel aind dha lunatic lover" key liye maark badam aur michael cashmore key roop mein sahyog kiya aur kabhi-kabhi taba taka ack saath kaam karna jaari rakhaa jaba taka kii way "panthers key saath dawat" puuraa naheen curr lete. album poori tarah seey sangeet key liye kavita seey banaa haye aur donon kalakaron key saath harr samay alag-alag sangeet aur gaayan key saath aage-peechhe bheja jaataa haye. "dha guardian" "album koo" "michael cashmore key saath ack shandar piano-sanchaalit sahyog key roop mein varnit kartaa haye, jisamen jeane coctau, gerard dee nerval aur jeane genet kii kavita seey praapt geet shamil hain, jise usee lekh mein badam" "jeremi reed dwara anuvaadit kshay kavita" "kahata haye. album koo ack gatefold digipak key roop mein jaari kiya gayaa thaa jisamen 14-prishth kii pustika shamil thee. aalochanatmak swaagat. "panthers key saath dawat" koo alochakon seey mishrit sameeksha millie. record collector" patrika mein johnn oh 'bryan kaa kahana haye kii yeh "yuva ladakon kii kahaaniyon aur gahare anand" kaa ack album haye, lekin ise "ack shandar bhoj" kahata haye. ian sherley ney apani "olmusic" sameeksha mein kahaa haye kii "panthers key saath dawat" koo hibro background sangeet key alawa kissy bhee anya cheez key roop mein maanaa jaanaa bahut adhik ack-nott haye "lekin yeh sweekaar kartaa haye kii" badam achche roop mein haye, joe kabhi-kabhi unaki naatakiya pravrittiyon koo adhik sanyamit mukhar shally key paksh mein kartaa haye.

chirategalondige outana pyaantharsnondige outanavu british gayaka/geetarachanekaara maark almondna hadinaarane ekavyakti studio album aagide. ee album annu prastuta 93rahra badami mattu micheal cashmore mattu prakruti mattu sanghatanege salluttade, ibbarigoo samaana billing nidalaagide. ee album annu strike force entertainment, cherry redd recordsna bhagavagi, 30 mayee 2011 randu bidugade maaditu. hinnele. maark almond modala baarige micheal cashmore avarondige kelasa maadidaru, prastuta 93 album "black ships eet dhii skye" ge almond atithi gaayanavannu niididaaga. avaru munde 2008 ralli "gabriel mattu huchhu premi" gaagi maark badami mattu micheal cashmore aagi sahakarisidaru mattu avaru "chirategalondige outana" vannu poornagolisuvavarege sandarbhikavagi ottige kelasa maaduvudannu munduvaresidaru. ee album sampoornavaagi sangeetakke hondisalaada kaviteyinda koodide mattu sangeeta mattu gaayanavannu hindakke mattu mundakke kaluhisuva moolaka eradoo kalavidarannu ellah samayadalloo pratyekavagi nirmisalaagide. "dhii guardian ee album annu" "micheal cashmore avarondigina bhavyavaada piano-chaalita sahayoga, zeane coctue, gerard dii narval mattu zeane genet avara kavitegalinda padeda haadugalannu olagondide" "endu vivarisuttade, adhe lekhanadalli badami" "jeremi reedninda anuvaadisalpatta avanati honduttiruva kavite" "endu kareyuttade". ee album annu gatefold digipac aagi bidugade maadalaayitu, idaralli 14 putagala kirupustakavoo serittu. vimarshaatmaka svaagata. "pyaantharsnondige outana" vimarshakarinda mishra vimarshegalannu padeyitu. record collector" niyatakaalikeyalli zaan oo 'brian idu "yuva hudugara kathegalu mattu gaadhavaada ananda" dha album endu heluttaane aadare idannu "ondu bhavyavaada autanakoota" endu kareyuttaane. eoin shirley tanna "almusic" vimarsheyalli "chirategalondige outana" vu hibro hinnele sangeetavannu horatupadisi bere yaavudoo endu pariganisalaagada ondu-tippani "endu heluttaane aadare" badami uttama roopadallide, idu avara kelavomme natakiya pravruttigalannu kadime maaduttade endu oppikolluttaane.

pullippulikalumayi virunnorukkal britiish gaayakan/gaanarachayithaav maarkk aalmandinte pathinaaraamatthe sooloo studiyo aalbamaan festing vithu paanthezhs. eee aalbathin nilavile 93-leeii badaam, maikkal kashmore, prakrithiyum samghadanayum ennivaykku thulya billing nalkiyittundu. 2011 meyy 30 nuu cherry redu recordsinte bhagamaaya strike fozhsu entertainmentaanu aalbam purathirakkiyathu. pashchaathalam. maarkk almond aadyamaayi maikkal kashmorinoppam pravarthichathu nilavile 93 aalbamaaya "black ships eett dhaa skye" ennathil badaam athidhi shabdam nalkiyappozhaan. 2008 ll "gabriel aandu dhaa lunatic lover" enna chithrathinaayi maarkk almond & maikkal cashmore enna peril avar aduthathaayi sahakarikkukayum "pullippulikalumayulla virunnukal" poortthiyaakkunnathuvare idaykkide orumichu pravartthikkunnathu thudarukayum cheythu. poornnamaayum samgeethathinanusarichulla kavithakal chernnathaanu eee aalbam, samgeethavum shabdavum angotum ingottum ayaykkukayum rund kalakaaranmaarum ellaayppozhum verittu nilkkukayum cheythaanu nirmmichathu. "jeane kooktoo, jerard dii nerval, jeane jenettu ennivarude kavithakalil ninnu uruthirinja ganangal ulkkollunna maikkal kashmorumaayulla manoharamaaya piano nayikkunna sahakaranamayi" guardian albathe visheshippikkunnu, athe lekhanathil badaam "" jeremi reed vivarthanam cheytha shayikkunna kavita "" ennu vilikkunnu ". 14 pejulla oru cherupusthakam ulppedunna gatefold dijippaakkaayi aalbam puratthirangi. vimarsanaathmakamaaya sweekaranam. "pullippulikalumayulla virunnukal" niroopakaril ninnu sammishra prathikaranangal nedi. record collector" maasikayil joonn obriyaan parayunnath "cheruppakkaarude kathakalum irunda anandavum" enna aalbamaanengilum ithine "oru adambara virunnu" ennu vilikkunnu. pullippulikalumayulla virunnukal" ennathu hibro pashchaathala samgeethamallaathe mattonnayi kanakkakkaan kazhiyaatha oru swaramaanennu iyaan shirley thante "olmyoosik" avalokanathil prasthaavikkunnu, ennaal "badaam mikacha roopathilaanennum chilappol addehathinte naadaka pravanathakale kooduthal niyantrithamaaya swarashailiykku anukoolamaayi toonn cheiyunnuvennum" sammathikkunnu.

chittyansah mejwani festing with panthers' haah british gayak/gitkar marqa almond yancha solava ekal studio album aahe. yaa dhvanimudrikeche shrey sadhyachya 93 aanee nisarg aanee sanghatanechya badam aanee michael cashmore yanna dile jaate, doghannahi samaan billing dile jaate. haah album, cherry reed recordscha bhag asalelya strike force entertainmentdware 30 meey 2011 roji prakashit karnyat aala. parshvabhoomi. marqa badam yanni pahilyanda michael cashmore yanchyasobat kaam kele, jevha badamanni sadhyachya 93 album 'black ships eat daad skye' madhye atithi gayan kele. tyanantar tyanni 2008 madhye 'gabriel andd daad vedatic lover' yaa eae. pii. sathee marqa badam aanee michael cashmore mhanoon sahkarya kele aanee tyanni 'chittyansah mejwani' purn kareparyant adhunmadhun ekatra kaam karane suru thewale. haah album purnapane sangitavar aadharit asalelya kavitanni banalela aahe aanee donhi kalakaranna nehmi vegale karoon sangeet aanee gayan pudhe-mage pathavun tayar kele gele hote. "daad guardianne yaa sangrahalayache varnan" "michael cashmoresobatcha eka bhavya piano-chalit sahyog, jyamadhye jeane cocteau, gerard dii nerval aanee jeane genette yanchya kavitanmadhun vyutpann keleli ganee aahet", "asey kele aahe, jyala tyach lekhat badam" "jeremi reedne anuvadit kelelya kshaysheel kavita" "asey mhanatat". haah album gatefold digipac mhanoon prakashit karnyat aala hota jyat 14 pananchi pustika hotee. samikshatmak swagat. "ving with panthers' yaa chitrapatala samikshakankadun sammishra pratisad midala. reecord collector' masikat johnn oo 'bryan mhanatat qee haah' tarun mulanchya katha aanee gadad anand 'yancha sangrah aahe parantu tyala' eka bhavya mejwani 'mhanatat. ian sherleyne tyachya 'almusic' punaravalokanat mhatale aahe qee 'chittyansah mejwani' hii atishay eka-swar aahe jee uchch bhoval parshvabhoomi sangitavyatirikt itar kahihi manali jaau shakat nahee 'parantu teey kabool karatat qee' badam uttam swarupat aahe, jyamule tyachya kadhikadhi natya pravrutti qamee hotat.

pyantharsit bhoj pantherssanga bhoj garne britis gayak/gitkar mark badamko sohraun ekal studio album how. albumlai badam rar micheal casmorelai shreya diinchha, halko 93 rar prakriti rar sangathan, duwailai saman billing diieko chha. album 30 mey 2011 maa chery redd recordko bhag strike force manoranjandwara jaari garieko thiyo. prishthabhumi. mark badamle pahilo patak micheal casmoresanga kaam gare jab badamle halko 93 album "black ships eat da skye" maa atithi gayan yogdan diyo. tiniharule tyasapachhi sann 2008 maa ep "gabriel anned da pagal premi" kaa lagi mark badam rar micheal casmoreko rupma sahakarya gare rar kahilekaahin sangai kaam garna jaari rakhe jabasamma uniharule "pantherssanga bhoj" pura garenan. album purna rupma sangitma sett garieko kawitale baneko chha rar duwai kalakarharu sabai samayama alag-alag sangit rar swarharu agadi-pachhadi pathainchha. "da guardian" "albumlai" "micheal casmoresangko bhawya piano-sanchalit sahakaryako rupma warnan gardacha, jasma zin kokteu, gerard day narbhal rar zin jinetko kawitabata wyutpanna githaru samawesh chhan", jaslai uhi lekhma badamle "" jeremi riddwara anuwad garieko kshaya kawita "" bhancha. albumlai gatefold digipakko rupma jaari garieko thiyo jasma 14 prishthako pustika samawesh thiyo. alochanatmak swagat. "pantherssanga bhoj" ley alochakharubata mishrit samiksha prapta prapta. record collector" patrikama john o 'bryanle yo "yuwa ketaharuko kathaharu rar andhyaro ananda" ko album how tara yasalai "ek bhawya bhoj" bhanchhan. ian sharlile afno "almusic" samikshama bhaneka chhan kii "pantherssanga bhoj" uccha bhuin prishthabhumi sangit bahek aru kunai pani kurako rupma manna sakine ek-note how "tara swikar gardacha kii" badam ramro rupma chha, kahilekaahin unko natakiya prawrittiharulai cum gardai adhik sanyamit swar shailiko pakshama.

chitabagh sahita bhoji fisting with panthers' heuchhi british gajaka/geetikara marck alamandanka dwara nirmita shodash ekaka studio album. ehi albummer shreya barttamanara 93 barshar badam ebong michael casmornku diajaichhi, ebong ubhajanku samaana biling diajaichhi. ehi album 30 meey 2011 ray cherry redd recorder anshabisesha strike force manoranjan dwara muktilabha karithila . prusthabhumi. marck badam prathame michael kyasmoranka saha kaama karithile jetebele badam barttamanara 93 album "kalaa jahaz aakash khaila" ray atithi kantha pradan karithile . ehapare semane 2008 ray ee. pii. "gabriel anded daa pagala premi" paain marck badam ebong michael casmore bhabare sahjog karithile ebong "chitabagh sahita bhoji" samapta kariba parjyanta belebele ekathi kaama jaari rakhithile. ehi album sampurna bhabe sangeeta aadharita kabitaku nei gathita ebong ubhaja kalakaranka madhyare sarbada alga alga sangeeta ebong kanthasangeeta sangeeta sahita prastuta karajaithila. "abhibhabaka ehi alabamku" "michael kyasmornka saha eka chamatkara piano-parichalita sahjog bhabare barnana karichanti, jeunthire zin kokteu, gerard dii narbhal ebong zin jenetnka kabitaru utpanna geeta rahichhi", jaahaaku sehi nibandhare badam "" jeremi ridd dwara anubadita abanati kabita "" bolly kahichanti. ehi album eka gatefold digipac bhabare muktilabha karithila jeunthire eka 14 prusthara pustika antarbhukta thila . samalochanamoolaka swagata. "chitabaghanka saha bhoji" samalochakamananka thaaru mishrit samikhya paithila . record collector" patrikare zohn oh 'brine kahichanti je ehaa "juba balakanka kahani ebong andhakara ananda" rahr eka album, kintu ehaaku "eka bhabya bhoji" bolly kahichanti. ian sherley taanka "almusic" samikhyare kahichanti je "chitabaghanka saha bhoji" kebala eka-note jaahaa haibru prusthabhumi sangeeta byatita anya kichhi bhabare bibechana karajae "kintu sweekara kare je" badam sukshma aakarare achhi, eka adhika sanjata kantha sailee sapakhyare tankara belebele theatre prabanataku hrass kare .

cheetiaan naal khaana panthers naal dawat british gaeek/geetkar maarak elmond dee solhvin solo studio album haii. album daa sihra badaam atey michael cashmore noon ditta jaanda haii, joe maujuda 93 atey kudrat atey sangathan dey hunn, dovan noon barabar billing ditti gaee haii. album noon 30 maee 2011 noon hadtal bull manoranjan duaara jaari keeta giaa see, joe kii sharry redd ricard daa hissa haii. pichokad. maarak badaam neey pahili vaar michael cashmore naal kamm keeta jadon badaam neey maujuda 93 album "black ships eet dha sakai" witch mehmann aavaaz daa yogdan paaiaa. uhanan neey baad witch 2008 witch ee. pee. "gabriel atey pagal premi" laee maarak badaam atey michael cashmore vajon sahiyog keeta atey kadey-kadayin ikkathe kamm karna jaari rakkhiaa jadon takk kii uh "paintharan naal khaana" poora naheen karde sunn. album puurii tarahan sangeet laee kavita sett naal bnee haii atey sangeet atey aavaaz noon agge-agge bhejan dey naal doven kalakaran noon harr samein vakkhre taur 'teey tiaar keeta giaa see. "guardian neey album noon" "michael cashmore naal ikk shandar piano-sanchalit sahiyog vajon darsaiaa haii, jiss witch jeane cocktow, gerard dee narval atey jeane genette dee kavita toon lae gaye geet shamal hunn, jiss noon use lekh witch badaam neey" "jairemi reed duaara anuvad keeti gaee ghatiaa kavita" "kiha haii. album noon ikk gatefold digipock dey roop witch jaari keeta giaa see jiss witch ikk 14-panniaan dee pustika shamal see. aalochnatmak suagat. "panthers naal khaana" noon aalochakan toon mishrat samikhiaavan miliaan. ricard colector" magazine witch john ou 'bryne kahinda haii kii ih "naujwan mundiaan deeaan kahaniaan atey kaale anand" dee ikk album haii parr iss noon "ikk shandar daawat" kahinda haii. iaan sharle neey aapni "aal music" samikhiaa witch kiha haii kii "paintharan naal khaana" ikk nott haii jiss noon ucch-bhunni pichokad sangeet toon ilava horr kujh vee manniaa jaa sakda haii "parr mannada haii kii" badaam vadhiaa roop witch haii, joe uss dey kaee vaar theatre dey rujhanan noon ghatt karda haii.

deepaih saha bhojah penthers ityanena saha bhojanam iti british-gayakasya/geetarachayitruh maark almond ityasya shanmasti solo studio aalbam asti. asya aalbam ityasya shreyam vartamaanasya 93 tathaa prakrutyaah tathaa sanghatanasy baadaamasy tathaa mckell-kyaashmor ityasya krute asti, ubhayoho samaan-billing deeyate. 2011 mey 30 dinaanke, cheree-redd-records ityasya strack-force-entertainment ityanena, asya aalbam ityasya vimochanam krutam. prushtabhoomau. maark almond ityayam prathamam mckell kyaashmor ityanena saha karyam krutavaan yadaa almond ityanena vartamaanasya 93 aalbam "blaak-sheeps eet da skai" ityasmin atithi-gayanasya yogadam krutam. tadanantaram te 2008 tame varshe "gabriel and da venaatik lover" iti ee. pi. ityasya krute maark almond tathaa mckell kyaashmor iti rupena sahakaaryam akurvan, tathaa cha yadaa kadaa "penthers ityanena saha bhojanam" samaaptam yaavat naa krutavantah, taavat yaavat te militvaa karyam kurwantah aasan. etat aalbam sampurnataya sangeetasy kaavyaih nirmitam asti, tathaa cha sangeetasy gayanasya cha agre cha preshanena saha sarvadaa kalaakaarau pruthak krutvaa nirmitam. "da guardian" iti granthasya varnanam yat "mckell kyaashmor ityanena saha bhavyam piano-chaalit-sahayogah, yasmin jeane kokte, gerard dii nerval, jeane genet ityetayoho kavyat nishpannani geetaani santi" iti, yat tasmin eva lekhasya badaam-granthah "jeremi reed ityanena anuvadita kshay-kaavyam" iti aahvayati. etat aalbam gatefold digipuc iti rupena pradarshitam, yasmin 14 prushtaani yukttam pustikaam aasit. vimarshaatmak-sweekaranam. "festing vith penthers" iti chalacchitram vimarshakaih mishra-samiksham praapnot. abhilekha-sangraahaka-patrikaayaam" jaan o 'bryan ityeshah vadati yat etat "balanam kathanam, krushna-anandasya cha" sangrahasya grantham asti, parantu tatt "bhavyam bhojah" iti kathyate. ian shirle varyaha swasya "aal-music" samikshayam vadati yat "deepapantaih saha bhojah" iti uccha-bhroo-paarshva-sangeetam atirichya anyat kimapi naa manyante iti kevalam eka-swaram asti "iti, parantu" badamaha uttama-rupena asti, tasya kadaachit naatyapravruttim adhika-sanyamita-gayanashailyaha anukoolam krutvaa nyooneekaroti "iti angeekaroti.

siruththaigaludan virunththu paantharkaludan virunththu enbathu british paadagar/paatalaasiriyar maark paathaam ezhuthiya pathinaaraavathu thanii studio aalbamaagum. inththa aalbam paathaam mattrum michael keshmore, tharpoothaiya 93 mattrum iyarkai mattrum amaippu, iruvarukkum samamaana billing vazhangkappadukirathu. inththa aalbam 30 mae 2011 andru cherri redd recortgalin oru paguthiyaana strike force entertainment moolam veliyidappattathu. pinnani. maark paathaam muthanmuthalil michael keshmorudan panipurinthaar, tharpoothaiya 93 aalbamaana "pilaak ships eed thii skai" kku paathaam virunththinar kuralai vazhangkiyapoathu. avarkal aduththathaaga 2008 aam aandil "capriyal mattrum paiththiyakkaara kaathalan" epi kkaana maark paathaam & michael keshmoaraaga oththuzhaiththanar, maelum avarkal "siruththaigaludan virunththu" mudikkum varai avvappoathu ontraaka vaelai seithanar. inththa aalbam muttrilum isaiyil amaikappatta kavidhaigalaal aanathu mattrum isai mattrum kuralgal munnum pinnumaaga anuppappaduvathoadu, iru kalaignargalum ellah nerangalilum thaniththaniyaaga thayaarikkappattanar. "thii cardian inththa aalpaththai" "michael keshmorudan oru aadambaramaana biano undhuthal oththulaippu, jeane cactio, jerard dii nerval mattrum jeane jenet aagiyoarin kavidhaigalilirundhu perappatta paadalkalaik kondullathu" "endru vivarikkirathu, athae katturaiyil paathaam" "jeremi reed mozhipeyarththa seerazhindha kavidhai" "endru azhaikkirathu". inththa aalbam cadefold dijibagh endra peyaril veliyidappattathu, idhil 14 pakka kaiyedu irunththathu. vimarsana reethiyaana varavaerpu. "paantharkaludan virunththu" vimarsagargalidamirunthu kalavaiyana vimarsanangkalaip pettrathu. pathivu sekarippaalar" idhazhil john ooo 'praiyan idhu "ilam siruvarkalin kadhaigal mattrum irunda inbam" aagiyavattrin aalbam endru koorukiraar, aanaal idhu "oru aadambaramaana virunththu" endru alaikkiraar. anaitthu isai" mathippaaivil, "" siruththaigaludan virunththu "" enbathu uyar purala pinnani isaiyaith thavira vaeru ethuvaagavum karudhappada mudiyaatha oru kurippu "endru koorukiraar, aanaal" paathaam sirantha vadivaththil ullathu, sila nerangalil avarathu naadagap poakkugalai migavum kattuppadutthappatta kural paanikku aatharavaakak kuraikkirathu "endru oppukkolkiraar.

chirutapululato vindu panthers thoo vindu anedi british gayakudu/paatala rachayita maark almond roopondinchina padahaarava solo studio album. eee album prastuta 93 mariyu prakruti mariyu samsthaku chendina baadam mariyu maikhel cashmoreku ghanata pondindi, rendintikee samaana billing ivvabadindi. eee albumnu 2011 mae 30naa cherry redd recordslo bhaagamaina strike fores entertainment vidudala chesindi. nepathyam. prastuta 93 album "block ships eet dhi skye" kuu baadam athidhi gaatraanni andinchinappudu maark baadam modatisaari maikhel cashmortho kalisi panicheesaaru. vaaru taruvaata taruvaata "gabriel und dhi verri lover" kosam maark baadam & maikhel cashmorga sahakarinchaaru mariyu vaaru "chirutapululato vindu" puurti chese varaku appudappudu kalisi panicheyadam konasaaginchaaru. eee album puurtigaa sangeethaaniki sett cheyabadina kavitvamtho koodi untundi mariyu sangeetam mariyu gaatram munduku venukaku pampabadatamtho iddaru kalaakaarulu anni samayaallo vaerugaa nirminchabaddaaru. "dhi guardian eee albumnu" "maikhel cashmore thoo vilaasavantamaina piano-aadhaarita sahakaram, zeane cactue, gerard dii nerval mariyu zeane genet kavitvam nundi udbhavinchina paatalanu kaligi undhi" "anie varninchindi, adhe vyaasamlo baadam" "jeremi reed anuvadinchina ksheenistunna kavitvam" "anie pilustundi". eee album 14 paejeela bookletnu kaligi unna gatepold digipakga vidudala cheyabadindi. vimarsanaatmaka spandana. "panthers thoo vindu" vimarsakula nundi mishrama sameekshalanu andukundi. record collector" patrikalo zaan oo 'brian idhi "yuvakula kathalu mariyu cheekati aanandam" yokka album anie paerkonnaadu, ayithe dheenini "vilaasavantamaina vindu" anie pilustaadu. eoin shirley thana "almusic" sameekshalo "chirutapululato vindu" anedi haibrau nepathya sangeetam kakunda maredainaa pariganinchaleni oka-swaram "anie paerkonnaadu, ayithe" baadam chakkati roopamlo undhi, konnisaarlu athani naatakeeya dhoranulanu marinta samyamana swara sailiki anukuulamgaa taggistundi "anie angeekarinchaadu.

paintharon kay saath ziyafat karnaa painthars kay saath ziyafat bartanvi gulukaar/naghmah nigaar maark almond kaa solahwan solo studio album hay. album kaa sehra maujudah 93 kay baadaam aur michael keshmor aur fitrat aur tanzim kuu diyaa jaataa hay donon kuu masawi blung dee jaati hay. yaha album strike force entertainment kay zariye jaari kiyaa gayaa thaa juu cheeri reed records kaa hasah hay 30 mayee 2011 kuu. piss manzar. maark almond nay pehli baar michael keshmor kay saath kaam kiyaa jabb almond nay maujudah 93 album "bleek shapes aett dee iskayi" mein mahman aawaz kaa taawan kiyaa. iss kay baad inhon nay 2008 mein ayee pee "gabriel aind dee paagal premi" kay liye maark almond aind michael keshmor kay toor parr taawan kiyaa aur kabhi kabhaar eek saath kaam kartay rahay jabb takk kahh inhon nay "paintharz kay saath ziyafat" makmal nahein kii. album makmal toor parr mausiqi parr mubni shayeri parr mushtamil hay aur asay donon funkaron kay saath harr waqat alg alg banaya gayaa thaa aur mausiqi aur aawazein aagay peeche bheji gayein thein. "dee guardine nay album kuu" "michael keshmor kay saath pyano say chalnay waala eek shandar taawan qaraar diyaa hay jiss mein jaine coctive jairard ddee narwal aur jaine gent kii shayeri say akhz kardah gaaney shaamil haine jasay asee mazmun mein baadaam" "gerimi reed kay zariye tarjumah kardah zawal pazeer shayeri" "kehta hay. album kuu gait fold degipic kay toor parr jaari kiyaa gayaa thaa jiss mein 14 safhaat kaa kitabcha shaamil thaa. tanqidi isteqbaliya. "painthars kay saath ziyafat" kuu naqdin kii taraf say milay jalay jaizay milay. record clector" megzin mein joone awo brine kaa kehna hay kahh yaha "naujawan ladkon kii kahaniyan aur tareek khushi" kaa eek album hay leakin asay "eek shandar ziyafat" kehtay haine. ayaan sharli nay apnay "aal music" jaizay mein kahaa hay kahh "painthars kay saath khaana" atnaa hyee eek nott hay kahh asay hayee brow beek ground music kay elawah aur kachh nahein samjha jaa saktaa "leakin tasleem kartay haine kahh" baadaam emdah shakal mein hay juu iss kay baaz auqaat theater kay rujhanat kuu kumm kartaa hay. ziyadah mahdud suutee andaaz kay haqh mein ".

fffd9037f6d2c523d14dea0f017fa647c28b57b1ea14a35bbe9e5e267125d353

https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki?curid=106627

claudication

claudication English. Etymology. Borrowed from , from . French. Etymology. From .

cloudication ingraji. byutpotti. ror poraa rino luwa. forasi. byutpotti. poraa.

claudication ingrezi. byutpatti. theke dhaar koraa. farasi. byutpatti. theke.

angrejeemaa claudication. vyutpatti. pasethi udhaar leedhu. french. vyutpatti. maanthi.

claudication angreji. vyutpatti. seey udhaar liya. francisi. vyutpatti. seey.

claudication inglish. vyutpatti. avarinda saala padediddene. french. vyutpatti. ninda.

klaudikkeshan engleesh. padavyuthpathishaasthram. kadam eduthathu, athil ninnu. franch. padavyuthpathishaasthram. ninnu.

claudication ingraji. vyutpatti. pasoon, pasoon karj ghetale. french. vyutpatti. pasoon.

claudication angreji. wyutpatti. batt udharo. francelli. wyutpatti. batt.

ingrajire claudication. byutpatti. thaaru, ru runa. farasi. byutpatti. ru.

angrezi claudication. shabdawali. toon udhaar liaa. franch. shabdawali. toon.

anglabhashayam bhashantaram. vyutpattih. runam, ityatah. french-bhashayam. vyutpattih. ityatah.

aangkilaththil olippu. sorpirappiyal. irunthu cuddon vaangkiyathu. pirenchu. sorpirappiyal. irunthu.

aanglamlo claudication. vyutpatti. nundi appuga teesukunnaru. french. vyutpatti. nundi.

claudication angrezi. siftiyat. say say qarz liyaa. francisi. siftiyat. say.

fffd917909cd69e8119d32736c95fc107062b758b339ceddd33378899c386796

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42513413

Ansaldi

Ansaldi Ansaldi was an Italian automobile manufacturer founded in Milan in 1904 by Michele Ansaldi an engineer, designer, and industrialist. The only car they produced was sold as the F.I.A.T. Brevetti after the company was taken over in 1905. In 1904 the Ansaldi automobile company in Milan manufactured a small car with a Fiat 10/12 HP engine. It featured the world's first 'pre-formed' chassis, plus a drive shaft and differential unit with bevelled gears and universal joints. In 1905 Fiat bought Ansaldi and launched the car as the Fiat-Ansaldi 10-12 HP. In 1906 it was renamed the Fiat Societa-Brevetti, and 1,600 were produced by 1912 with the Fiat Brevetti 2. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

unsuldy unsuldy aasil 1904 sonot milanot protistha koraa ek italy automobile nirmata, ji aasil ejon obhijonta, designor aaru udyugpoti michael unsuldy. teuluke utpadon koraa ekmatro gaari ef hisape bikri koraa hoisil.moi.e.ti. 1905 sonot companytur dayitwo luwar pisot bravet. 1904 sonot milanor unsuldy automobile companye etaa fiyat 10/12 aispi enginor xoite etaa xoru gaari nirman korisil. iyat biswor prothom 'purbo-gothon' sesis, logote beveld giyar aaru xarbojonin gaathir xoite drive xaft aaru differencial unit aasil. 1905 sonot fiyate unsuldy kinisil aaru garikhon fiyat-unsuldy 10-12 aispi hisape mukoli korisil. 1906 sonot iyak fiyat cho "siyeta-bravet naamor punor naamkoron koraa hoisil, aaru 1912 sonor bhitorot fiyat bravet 2 ror xoite 1,600 prostut koraa hoisil.

ansaldi unsuldy chhilo ekti italiya automobile prostutkarok jaa 1904 saale milane ekjon prakaushali, designer ebong shilpopoti mishela unsuldy dwara protisthito hoyechilo. taader utpadito ekmatro gaditi eff hisabe bikri hoyechilo.aaee.ayee.tii. 1905 saale companity adhigrahaner porr brevetir kaaj shuru hoy. 1904 saale milaner unsuldy automobile company ekti fiat 10/12 eichpi injina soho ekti chhoto gaadi toiri korey. etty bishwer prothom 'purbo-gothito' chessis, pashapashi ekti drive shuft ebong beveld gear ebong sarbojonin joint soho deferential unit baisistyajukta. 1905 saale fiat unsuldy kiney neyo ebong gaditi fiat-unsuldy 10-12 eichpi hisabe chaalu korey. 1906 saale etir naam poriborton korey fiat society-brevetir namkaran koraa hoy ebong 1912 saaler modhye fiat brevetir saathe 1,600 toiri koraa hoy.

ansaldi unsaldy aek italian automobile utpaadak hatee, jenee sthaapnaa 1904maan meelanma aek ijner, designer aneey udhyogpati mishel unsaldy dwara karvaamaa aavee hatee. temane banaavelee ekmatra kaar aef tareeke vechvaamaa aavee hatee.aaee.aee.tii. 1905maan companyno kabajo leedha pachhi brevetti. 1904maan meelanma unsaldy automobile kampaniae fiat 10/12 aechpee anginewali naanee kaarnu utpaadan karyoo hatoo. temaa vishwani pratham 'purv-rachaayeli' chassis, upraant drive shaft aneey bayweld gear aneey saarvtrik saandhao saathenu vibhedak aekam darshavvama aavyu hatoo. 1905maan fiyate unsaldy khareedi aneey kaarne fiat-unsaldy 10-12 aechpee tareeke lonch curry. 1906maan tenu naam badaline fiat societita-brevetti rakhvama aavyu hatoo aneey 1912 sudhimaa fiat brevetti 2 saathe 1,600noon utpaadan karvaamaa aavyu hatoo.

unsaldi unsaldi ack italvi automobile nirmaata thaa jisaki sthaapana 1904 mein milan mein ack engineer, designer aur udyogpati michel unsaldi dwara kii gaee thee. unake dwara utpaadit ekmatra kaar aff key roop mein bechi gaee thee.aaee.aeye.tii. 1905 mein company key adhigrahan key baad brevetti. 1904 mein milan mein unsaldi automobile company ney ack fiet 10/12 hp injan key saath ack chhoti kaar kaa nirmaan kiya. isamen duniya kii pahali 'poorv-nirmit' chessis key saath-saath ack drive shaft aur beveld gear aur saarvbhaumik jodon key saath vibhedak ikai thee. 1905 mein fiet ney ack saldi kharidi aur kaar koo fiet-ack saldi 10-12 hp key roop mein launch kiya. 1906 mein iska naam badalkar fiet societta-brevetti curr diyaa gayaa aur 1912 taka fiet brevetti 2 key saath 1,600 kaa utpaadan kiya gayaa.

ansaldi unsaldy 1904ralli milannalli enginiyar, designer mattu kaigarikodyami micheal unsaldy sthaapisida italian vaahana tayaaraka. avaru tayaarisida ekaika kaarannu eff endu marata maadalaayitu.aii.aa.tii. 1905ralli kampaniyannu swadhinapadisikonda nantara. 1904ralli milanina ansaldi automobile kampaniyu fiet <aii. dii. 1> etch. pii. enginnondige sanna kaarannu tayaarisitu. idu vishvada modala 'purva-rachita' chassis annu olagondittu, jotege drive shaft mattu beveld gergalu mattu saarvatrika kilugalondige bhedatmaka ghatakavannu hondittu. 1905ralli fiet unsaldiyannu khareedisi, kaarannu fiet-unsaldy 10-12 etch. pii. endu bidugade maaditu. 1906ralli idannu fiet societa-brevetti endu marunamakarana maadalaayitu mattu 1912rahra velege fiet brevetti 2nondige 1,600nnu utpaadisalaayitu.

ansaldi 1904ll milaanil enchineeyarum designer vyavasayiyumaaya mishel ansaldi sthaapicha oru itaaliyan automobile nirmmaathaavaayirunnu ansaldi. avar nirmmicha eaka kaar eph enna peril vittu.aii.eiii.tii. 1905ll kambani etteduthathinushesham. 1904ll milaanile ansaldi automobile kambani phiyatt <aii. dii. 1> echpi enchinulla oru cheria kaar nirmmichu. lokathile aadyathe 'munkootty roopappeduthiya' chesiyum oru drive shaafttum beveld gearukalum saarvathrika sandhikalumulla deferential yoonittum ithil ulppeduthiyirunnu. 1905ll phiyatt ansaldi vaangi phiyatt-ansaldi <aii. dii. 1> echpi enna peril kaar puratthirakki. 1906ll ithine phiyatt sosaita-brevetti ennu punarnaamakaranam cheyyukayum 1912 aayappozhekkum phiyatt brevetti 2 upayogichu 1,600 nirmmikkukayum cheythu.

unsaldi unsaldi hii eka italian vahan utpadak company hotee, jichi sthapana 1904 madhye milan yethe michel unsaldi yaa abhiyantyane, designerne aanee udhyogpatine kelee hotee. tyanni tayar keleli ekmev qaar eff mhanoon vikali gelee.aay.aaa.tii. 1905 madhye company tabyat ghetalyanantar brevetti. 1904 madhye milanmadhil unsaldi automobile companyne fiate 10/12 echpi engine asaleli eka chhoti qaar tayar kelee. tyat jagatil pahile 'purv-tayar' chesis, tasech eka drive shaft aanee beveld gears aanee sarvatrik sandhyansah vibhedak ekak hote. 1905 madhye fietne unsaldi vikat ghetali aanee fiate-unsaldi 10-12 echpi mhanoon qaar suru kelee. 1906 madhye tyache naav badaloon fiate societita-brevetti asey karnyat aale aanee 1912 paryant fiate brevetti 2 saha 1,600 tayar karnyat aale.

ansaldi ansaldi ek italian automobile nirmata thiyo june 1904 maa milanma ek engineer, designer rar udyogpati michel ansaldidwara sthapit garieko thiyo. uniharule utpadan gareko ek matra carr efko rupma bechieko thiyo.mahm.ae.tea. sann 1905 maa company kabja garepachhi brebheti. sann 1904 maa milanko ansaldi automobile companyle fiet 10/12 hp injin bhaeko sano carr nirman गऱ्यो।. yasale wishwako pahilo 'purva-nirmit' chesis, sathai ek drive shaft rar beweld gear rar vishwawyapi jorniharuko sath vibhedak ekai prastut garyo. sann 1905 maa fietle ansaldi kine rar karlai fiet-ansaldi 10-12 hpko rupma lunch garyo. sann 1906 maa yasalai fiet societa-brebheti naam diiyo, rar 1912 sammama fiet brebheti 2 sanga 1,600 utpadan gariyo.

ansaldi unsaldy eka italiah automobile nirmata thile jaahaa 1904 ray milanare jane engineer, designer ebong shilpapati mishel ansaldinka dwara sthapita hoithila . semane utpadana karithiba ekamatra kaaraku aif. bhabe bikri karajaithila.aai.aii.tii. 1905 masihare companyku niz haataku neba parey brebheti hoithila. 1904 masihare milanra ansaldi automobile company eka fiate <aai. dii. 1> echa. pii. injin sahita eka chhot kaara tiari karithila. ethire biswara pratham 'purba-gathita' chassis, sahita eka drive shaft ebong bevelda gear ebong sarbajaneena ganthi sahita differencial unit antarbhukta . 1905 masihare fiat unsaldy kini karatiku fiat-unsaldy <aai. dii. 1> echa. pii. bhabe lunch karithile. 1906 masihare ehara naama paribartana karajai fiat societta-brebheti rakhajaithila ebong 1912 masiha suddha fiat brebheti 2 sahita 1,600 utpadana karajaithila.

ansaldi unsaldi ikk italvi automobile nirmata see jiss dee sathapana 1904 witch milan witch ikk engineer, designer atey udyogpati michel unsaldi duaara keeti gaee see. uhanan duaara tiaar keeti gaee iklauti qaar eff vajon vechi gaee see.I.aii.tii. 1905 witch company dey sanchalan toon baad. sann 1904 witch milan witch ansaldi automobile company neey ikk fiate 10/12 hp injan vaali ikk chhoti qaar daa nirman keeta. iss witch dunia dee pahili 'pahilan toon bnee' chesis dey naal-naal ikk drive shaft atey beveld geear atey universal jodan dey naal defrential unit shamal see. sann 1905 witch fiate neey unsaldi kharidiaa atey qaar noon fiate-unsaldi 10-12 hp dey roop witch lanch keeta. sann 1906 witch iss daa naam badal keey fiate society-brevetti rakkhiaa giaa atey 1912 takk fiate brevetti 2 naal 1,600 daa utpadan keeta giaa.

anasaladi ansaldi iti italian-vaahan-nirmata aasit, yasya sthapana milan-nagare 1904 tame varshe abhiyantraa, vinyaasaken, udyogapatyaa cha mishel ansaldi ityanena krutaa. teshaam ekamaatram kaaram ef iti namna vikreetam.a.a.tea. 1905 tame varshe kampanee-samsthaayaah adhigrahananantaram brevetti iti samsthaa abhavat. 1904 tame varshe milan-nagarasya ansaldi-automobile-kampanee, fiyat-<aii. dii. 1> echa. pi.-angine yukttam laghu-kaar-yaanam nirmitavatee. asmin vishvasya prathamam 'poorva-nirmitam' chesisa, api cha drave shaft, beveld-gerr-yukttam vibhedaka-ekakam, saarwatrik-samyuktam cha aasit. 1905 tame varshe fiyat-samsthaa ansaldi iteedam kritva, fiyat-ansaldi <aii. dii. 1> echa. pi. iti namna kaaram praavartayat. 1906 tame varshe asya naam fiyat sosaita-brevetti iti punah namakaranam krutam, 1912 tame varshe fiyat brevetti 2 ityanena saha 1,600 utpaaditaah.

unsaulty unsaulty enbathu 1904 aam aandil milanil oru poriyaalar, vadivamaippaalar mattrum thozhilathibaraal niruvapatta oru itaaliya automobile urpaththiyaalaraakum. avarkal thayaariththa oray kaarr eff. aaga virkappattathu.aii.auuu.dii. virkappattathu.aii.auuu.dii niruvanam kaiyagappaduthappatta piragu brevetti. 1904 aam aandil milaanil ulla unsaulty automobile niruvanam fiet 10/12 ech. pii. enjinudan oru siriya kaarai thayaariththathu. idhu ulagin muthal 'muun-uruvaakkappatta' says, maelum oru trive shoft mattrum bewell kiyarkal mattrum ulagalaaviya moottugaludan vaerupatta alagu aagiyavattraik kondirundhadhu. 1905 aam aandil fiet unsaulty vaangki, kaarai fiet-unsaulty 10-12 ech. pii. aaga arimugappaduththiyathu. 1906 aam aandil idhu fiet societa-brevetti endru marupeyaridappattathu, maelum 1912 aam aandil 1,600 fiet brevetti 2 udan thayaarikkappattathu.

ansaldi ansaldi 1904loe milanlo injanir, designer mariyu paarisraamikavetta ayina maikhel ansaldi chetha sthaapinchabadina oka italian automobile tayaareedaaru. vaaru utpatti chesina ekaika kaaru eff gaa vikrayinchabadindi.ii.eah.tii. 1905loe companyni swaadheenam chesukunna taruvaata brevetti. 1904loe milanlooni ansaldi automobile company fiat 10/12 hechpi injinto oka chinna kaarunu tayaaru chesindi. idhi prapanchamlooni mottamodati 'mundugaa erpadina' chatram, alaage oka drive shaft mariyu beveld gerlu mariyu universal jaayintlatho kuudina differential unitnu kaligi undhi. 1905loe fiat unsaldini konugolu chesi, kaarunu fiat-unsauldy 10-12 hechpeegaa praarambhinchindi. 1906loe dheeniki fiat society-brevetti anie paeru maarchabadindi, 1912 natiki 1,600 fiat brevetti 2thoo utpatti cheyabaddaayi.

insaldi insaldi eek atalvi automobile bananay waali company thee jiss kii bunyaad 1904 mein milan mein eek engineer designar aur sanaat kaar masheel insaldi nay rakhee thee. inn kii tayaar kardah waahid kaar aif kay toor parr farokhat kii gayee thee.I.aey.tye. 1905 mein company kay iqtedar mein aaney kay baad brevity. 1904 mein milan mein insaldi automobile company nay fight 10/12 aich pee anjan waali eek chhoti kaar tayaar kii. iss mein duniya kii pehli 'pehley say tashkil shadah' cheesis kay elawah eek drive shaaft aur beauled gairz aur universal jodon kay saath tafriq yount shaamil thaa. 1905 mein fight nay insaldi kharidi aur kaar kuu fight-insaldi 10-12 aich pee kay toor parr laanch kiyaa. 1906 mein iss kaa naam badal kirr fight societa brevity rakh diyaa gayaa aur 1912 takk fight brevity 2 kay saath 1,600 tayaar kiye gayey.

fffd937f54a92da043c361e646681e026abd24d17ab171229bdb84dc39a52ce1

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=71041821

Harscamp villa

Harscamp villa The Harscamp villa is a municipal monument on the Ringlaan in the Dutch town of Baarn in de province Utrecht. The villa is in the Wilhelminapark, a villa neighborhood which is part of a Rijksmonument. The house was built in 1912 by shipping magnate L.P.D. Op ten Noort, co-founder of the Koninklijke Paketvaart Maatschappij. The slate-covered roof has a lantern on top, with a sailing vessel for a weather vane. The building's stained glass windows have sailing as a common motif. The symmetric front facade has a central porch with a curved roof. It had structures added on either side; a loggia on the right, and a sunroom on the left. Behind the building was a geometric garden. Since 1938 the Harscamp is owned by the Salvation Army; for a long time it was in use as a children's home. In 2000, the building was renovated to become a home for unhoused people. A report from the town of Baarn from 2015 noted that the building had served drug addicts but had recently been closed; preparations were underway to make it an assisted living facility. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

herscamp bhila herscamp bhila hoise di prodex utractor dusch sohor barnor ringlanot thoka ekhon pour smritixoudho. bhilatu wilhelminaparkot aase, jitu etaa bhila suburiya jitu etaa rejoxmunubmentor ongxo. 1912 sonot swipping magnet el-e ei ghortu nirman korisil.pi.di. upo tena noort, coningcolizoke paketvart matchapijor xoho-protisthapok. slatere abrito sador uporot etaa lonthon aase, zo "too botoror folokor baabe ekhon paltula jahaj aase. ottalikatur dagjukto kasor khirikiburot ek xadharon mutif hisape paal pori aase. xomomito xonmukhor mukhmondolot etaa bokro sador xoite etaa kendriyo pursa aase. iyar duyufale gathoni jug koraa hoisil; xufale etaa logojiya, aaru baufale etaa sanrum. ottalikatur pisfale etaa jyamitik bagisa aasil. 1938 sonor poraa herscamptu xalvesion aarmir malikanadhin; dirghodin dhori ee xixur ghor hisape byobohar koraa hoisil. 2000 sonot, ei bhowontu nirapod lukoxokolor baabe ghor hisape porigonito koriboloi nobikoron koraa hoisil. 2015 sonor barno sohoror ek protibedonot ullekh koraa hoisil je bhowontuwe drugs axoktoxokolok xewa aagborhaisil kintu xehotiyakoi bondho koraa hoisil; iyak ek xohayok jiwan-jaaponor xubidha hisape gorhi tular baabe prostuti soli aasil.

herscamp villa herscamp villa holl utrecht prodesher dutch shohor barner ringlaner ekti pour smritistambha. vilati wilhelminaparker ekti villa paday abosthito, jaa ekti rejoxmonuementer ongsho. baditi 1912 saale shipping magnet ell dwara nirmito hoyechilo.pii.dii. ope teena nourt, conincleaseke paketvart matshappijer soho-protisthata. slate-achchadito chhader upore ekti lanthan royeche, jaar modhye ekti paltola jahaz royeche jaa abhawa bhyane toiri koraa hoy. buildinger dagjukto kacher janalagulite ekti sadharan motif hisabe paltola royeche. samamit samoner sommukhbhage ekti bankano chhaad soho ekti kendriya baranda royeche. err ubhoy paashe kathamo jukto koraa hoyechilo; dandike ekti lagjia ebong baam dike ekti sanrum. bhabaner pichhone ekti jyamitik bagan chhilo. 1938 saal theke eyi herscampty poritran senabahinir malikanadhin; etty dirghadin dhorey shishuder baadi hisabe byabohrito hoto. 2000 saale, bhabanti anabrito manusher abashsthole porinoto korar jonno sangoskar koraa hoyechilo. 2015 saaler burn shohorer ekti protibedone ullekh koraa hoyeche jey bhabanti madokasoktoder poribeshon korechilo kintu samprati bondho korey deoa hoyechilo; etike ekti sahayak basosthan korar prostuti cholche.

harscamp veela harscamp veela aee praant utrektanaa dutch shaher barnma ringlen parr aavelu municiple smaarak chhe. aaa veela wilhelminparkma chhe, jeey aek veela padosh chhe jeey aek rexmonumentno bhaag chhe. aaa ghar ghar shipping magnet aela. dwara banavvama aavyu hatoo.pii.dii. opa teena noort, koninkalijake pucketwart matschapijna saha-sthaapak. slatthi dhankayeli chhatni toach parr fanas chhe, jemaa havaman falak maate sadhvaali jahaaj chhe. imaaratni rangeen kaachnee baareeo aek saamanya ruprekha tareeke suffer karey chhe. sampramantavala aagalnaa bhagma vakra chhat saathe kendriya mandap chhe. tenee banne bajuae maalkhaao umervaamaa aavyaa hataa; jamani bajuae logeeya aneey daabi bajuae sunroom. aaa imaaratni paachhal aek bhaumeetik bageecho hato. 1938 thee aaa harscamp moksh senaani malikinu chhe; laambaa samaythi teey baadakona ghar tareeke upyogmaa levaatu hatoo. hatoo, aaa imaaratnu navinikaran karvaamaa aavyu hatoo jethee teey loko maate ghar bunny shake. shake baarn nagarnaa aek ahevaalmaa nondhvaamaa aavyu hatoo keey aaa imaaratmaa maadak dravyonaa vyasneeone sevaa aapvama aavee hatee parantu taajetarma tene bundh curry devaamaa aavee hatee; tene sahaayit rahevani suveedha banaavvaa maate taiyario chaali rahee hatee.

harscamp vilaa harscamp vilaa dee praant utract key dutch shahar baarn mein ringlan parr ack nagarpalika smaarak haye. yeh vilaa wilhelminpark mein haye, joe ack vilaa pados haye joe ack rexmonument kaa hissa haye. yeh ghar 1912 mein shipping magnet ell dwara banaaya gayaa thaa.pee.dee. opp taine noort, koninkalijke pucketwart motschuppies key saha-sansthaapak. slate seey dhaki chhat key oopar ack lalten haye, jisamen mausam key liye ack naukaayan pott haye. imarat kii rangeen kaanch kii khidakiyon mein ack samanya rupankan key roop mein naukaayan haye. samamit saamane vaale agrabhag mein ack ghumaavdaar chhat key saath ack kendriya baramda haye. isake donon taraf sanrachanaaen jodee gaee theen; daaeen or ack loggia aur baain or ack sunroom. imarat key peechhe ack jyaamitiya udyaan thaa. 1938 seey iss shivir kaa swaamitva moksh senaa key paas haye; lambe samay taka yeh bachchon key ghar key roop mein upayog mein thaa. 2000 mein, imarat koo binaa kissy nuksan key rahane vaale logon key liye ack ghar banane key liye navinikrit kiya gayaa thaa. 2015 seey baarn shahar kii ack report mein kahaa gayaa haye kii imarat ney nashe kii lutt seey grast logon koo seva dee thee, lekin haal hii mein ise bund curr diyaa gayaa thaa; ise ack sahayak rahane kii suvidha banaane kii taiyari chala rahee thee.

harscamp villa harscamp villaavu utrect praantyada dutch pattanavaada baarnnalliruva ringlaannalliruva purasabheya smaarakavaagide. villaavu wilhelmina paarknallide, idu villa nerehoreyagide, idu rejexmonumentna bhagavagide. ee maneyannu 1912ralli shipping magnet ell. nirmisidaru.pii.dii. ope tenn noort, koninklijke pocketwart matshappiz naa saha-samsthaapaka. slate-aavruta chaavaniya mele lantern iddu, havaamaanada phalakakkagi naukaayaana hadagu ide. kattadada bannada gaajina kitakigalu naukaayaanavannu saamaanya lakshanavaagi hondive. samamitiya mumbhagada mumbhagavu baagida chaavaniyondige kendra mukhamantapavannu hondide. idu eradoo badigalli ranchanegalannu hondittu; balabhagadalli lagzia mattu edabhagadalli suryana koone. kattadada hinde jyaamitiya udyaanavittu. 1938rinda ee harcamp moksha seeneya odetanadallide; deerghakaaladavarege idu makkala maneyagi balakeyallittu. 2000ralli, vasati illada janarige neleyaguvante ee kattadavannu naveekarisalaayitu. 2015rahra baarn pattanada varadiyu, ee kattadavu maadaka vyasanigalige seve sallisuttittu aadare ittichege adannu muchchalaagittu; idannu sahayaka vasati soulabhyavannagi maadalu siddhategalu nadeyuttiddavu endu tilisitu.

harscamp villa harscamp villa heey utracht prantatil barn yaa dutch shaharatil ringlanvaril eka nagarpalika smarak aahe. villa wilhelminpark yaa villa parisarat aahe, joou eka rexmonumentcha bhag aahe. heey ghar 1912 madhye shipping magnet ell. yanni bandhale hote.pii.dii. aup teena noort, koninklijke pucketwart matshopiesche saha-sansthapak. slatene jhakalelya chhapparavar eka kandil aahe, jyat havamanasathi eka naukanayan jahaj aahe. imaratitil rangeet kachechya khidkyanmadhye eka samanya rachana mhanoon naukanayan aahe. samamiteey samoril darshani bajus vakr chhapparasah madhyavarti mandap aahe. tyachya donhi bajunna sanrachana jodalya gelya hotya; ujavikade eka logia aanee davikade eka surya kaksh. imaratimage eka bhaumitik udyan hote. 1938 pasoon haah harscamp moksh sainyachya malkicha aahe; too too kalapasoon balgruh mhanoon vaparla jaat hota. 2000 saalee, yaa imaratiche nutanikaran karoon teey beghar lokanche ghar banale. 2015 salchya barn shaharatil eka ahavalat namood kele aahe qee hii imarat amali padarthanchya vyasani lokanna seva dett hotee parantu alikadech bund karnyat aalee hotee; tee eka sahayyak nivasachi suvidha banavanyasathi tayari suru hotee.

harscamp bhila harscamp bhila day probhins yutrektako douch sahar barnako ringlanma raheko nagarpalika smarak how. bhila wilhelminparkma chha, euta bhila chhimek june rejexmonumentko bhag how. yo ghar sann 1912 maa dhuwani magnet ell dwara nirman garieko thiyo.pee.dee. ope tenne nort, coningcoliske pocketwart matschapizka saha-sansthapak. slatele dhakieko chhatma shirshama lalten chha, jasma mausam falakaka lagi palwahak jahaz chha. bhawanko dagdar kanchka jhyalharuma euta samanya ruparekhako rupma paal chha. samamit agadiko anuharma ghumauro chhatko sath kendriya porch chha. yasama duwai chheuma sanrachanaharu thapieka thie; dayantira lagajia rar bayantira sunroom thiyo. bhawanko pachhadi jyamitiya bagaincha thiyo. sann 1938 dekhi harscamp moksha senako swamitwama chha; lamo samayadekhi yo balbalikako gharko rupma prayogma thiyo. sann 2000 maa, bhawanlai khali manisharuko ghar bannaka lagi nawikaran garieko thiyo. sann 2015 dekhi barne saharko ek reportle bhawanle laguaushadhko latma pareko tara halai banda garieko ullekha gareko chha; yasalai ek sahayak basne suwidha banauna tayari bhairaheko thiyo.

harscamp bhila harscamp bhila heuchhi dii probhinsa utrechtara douch sahara barnra ringlanre eka poura smaraki . ehi bhila wilhelminaparkare abasthita, eka bhila padoshi jaahaa eka resksmomenter ansha . ehi gharati 1912 masihare siping magnet ell. nka dwara nirmita hoithila.pii.dii. koninkalijake pocketwart matschappieser saha-pratisthata, ope tenne noort. slate-aachadita chhaata upare eka lanthan achhi, jeunthire eka panipaga bhyan paain eka palatola jahaz achhi . kothara dagajukta catch jharaka eka sadharana motif bhabare nauchalana kare . samamita sammukh parsware eka bakra chhaata sahita eka kendriah baranda achhi . ehara ubhaja parsware sanrachana yoda jaithila; dahana pate eka lagajia ebong baama pate eka surya kaxa thila . kothati pachare eka jyamitika udyan thila. 1938 masiharu ehi harscamp paritrana senara malikanare rahichhi; dirgha samai dhari ehaa eka shishu gruha bhabare byabahruta heuthila . 2000 masihare, ehi attalikara nabikarana karajaithila, jaahaa anabruta lokanka paain eka basagruha thila. thila। barn saharar eka reportare ullekha karajaithila je ehi attalikati nishasaktamananku seba pradan karuthila kintu nikatare banda hoijaithila; ehaaku eka sahajaka jibanadharana subidha kariba paain prastuti chalithila.

harscamp vilaa harscamp vilaa dee province utract dey dutch shehar baaran witch ringlan utte ikk mioonspal smark haii. ih vilaa wilhelmina park witch haii, ikk vilaa guaandh joe ikk rejexmonument daa hissa haii. ih gharr 1912 witch shipping magnet aill duaara banaiaa giaa see.pee.dee. ope taine noort, conincluseke pucketwart metshoppies dey sahi-sansthapak. slate naal dhakki chhatt dey sikhar utte ikk lalten haii, jiss witch mausam dee vain laee ikk samundari jahaz haii. imaarat deeaan rangeen shishe deeaan khidkiaan ikk aam roop vajon samundari jahaz hunn. samamiti vaale sahmane vaale paase ikk curved chhatt dey naal ikk kendri porch haii. iss dey doven paase dhanche shamal keete gaye sunn; sajje paase ikk laugia atey khabbe paase ikk sunroom. imaarat dey pichhe ikk geometric baagh see. 1938 toon harscamp mukti saina dee malkiat haii; lambe samein toon ih bacchiaan dey gharr vajon vartiaa jaanda see. saal 2000 witch iss imaarat noon binan kise rukawat dey lokan laee ikk gharr banaun laee navinikaran keeta giaa see. 2015 toon baaran kasbe dee ikk report witch kiha giaa haii kii imaarat neey nashile padarthan dey aadee lokan noon seva ditti see parr haal hii witch bnd qarr ditti gaee see; iss noon ikk sahaik rahinn dee sahulat banaun laee tiaari chall rahee see.

harscamp-villaa harscamp-villaa iti dey-province-utrecht-nagarasya dutch-nagarasya baarn-nagarasya ringlaan-nagare sthitah nagarapalika-smaarakah asti. villah vilhelminaa paark ityatra asti, yat villaapraantasya asti, yat resksmonument ityasya bhaagah asti. gruhasya nirmanam 1912 tame varshe shipping-magnet-ell ityanena krutam.pee.dee. opa-tenne-noort, koninklijke-pocketwart-matshopies ityasya saha-samsthaapakah. slate-aacchaditasya chatasya upari deepah asti, yatra vayuguna-falakasya krute naukaayaan-naukaam asti. bhavanasya dagayuktanam kaach-jalanam naukaayanam saamaanyaroopen drushyate. samamitapramukhasy kendriya-dwaaram vakra-chhaaden saha asti. tasya paarshve ubhayoho samrachanaah yojitaah aasan; dakshinadishi lagzia, vaamabhaage sooryagruhah cha aasit. bhavanasya prushtabhaage jyaamiteey-udyaanam aasit. 1938 tamaat varshaat aarabhy, harscamp ityasya svaamitvam mokshasenaayaah asti, dirghakaalaat baalagruharoopen upayujyate sma. 2000 tame varshe asya bhavanasya naveekaranam abhyagatanam nivaasasthaanaroopen krutam. 2015 tame varshe baarn-nagarasya ekaa prativedanam ullikhat yat bhavanam madakadravyadhinam sevaam akarot, parantu sadyah eva bandhitam aasit; tatt sahaayak-niwaas-suvidhaa-rupena nirmaatum tayaareeh prachalanti sma.

harscamp villa harscamp villa enbathu udrect maagaanaththil ulla duchu nagaramaana barnil ulla ringlanil ulla oru nagaraatchi ninaivuchchinnamaagum. inththa villa wilhelminabarg endra villa suttruppuraththil ullathu, idhu oru rijksonumentin oru paguthiyaagum. inththa veedu 1912 aam aandil shipping magnet ell.puughal.dii. paththu noords, koninglijke baggedward matchappij inai niruvanar. slate moodappatta kooraiyin mael oru vilakku ullathu, vaanilai vaenukkaana paaimarak kappaludan. kattidaththin karai padintha kannadi jannalgal oru podhuvaana maiyakkaruththaaga paaimaraththaik kondullana. samachir muun mugappu oru valaintha kooraiyudan oru maiya mandapaththaik kondullathu. adhan irupuramum kattamaippugal serkkappattana; valathupuraththil oru marakkattaiyum, idathupuraththil oru sooriya olii araiyum irunththana. kattidaththin pinpuram oru vadiviyal thoattam irunththathu. 1938 muthal inththa harscamp iratchippu iraanuvaththirku sonthamaanathu; idhu neenda kaalamaaga kuzhandhaigal illamaaga payanpaduththappattu vanthathu. 2000 aam aandil, kattidam idamillah makkalin illamaaga maattruvatharkaaka pudhuppikkappattathu. 2015 aam aandu baarn nagaraththilirunthu vantha oru arikaiyil, inththa kattidam poathaikku adimaiyaanavargalukku saevai seithathaagak kurippidappattathu, aanaal sameepaththil moodappattathu; idhai oru udhavi vaazhkkai vasathiyaaga maattruvatharkaana aerpaadukal nadanthu varukintrana.

harscomp villa harscomp villa anedi utrecht provinceloni dutch pattanamaina baarnlooni ringlan meeda unna purapalaka smaaraka chihnam. eee villa wilhelmina park anae villa parisaraallo undhi, idhi resksmonumentlo bhaagam. eee intini intini shipping magnet ell. nirminchaaru.pii.dii. padhi mandhi nauta, koninklijke pocketwart matshopies saha vyavasthaapakudu. slate kappabadina paikappu paina oka laantaru untundi, vaataavarana veedhi kosam oka sailing nauka untundi. bhavanam yokka tadisina gaaju kitikeelu oka saadhaarana muulaamsamgaa prayaanaanni kaligi unnaayi. mundu bhaagamlo unna samaruupata mukhabhaagamlo vakra paikapputho kuudina madhya vaakili untundi. dheeniki iruvaipula nirmaanaalu jodinchabaddaayi; kudivaipuna lagzia mariyu edama vaipuna sunroom. bhavanam venuka oka rekhaganita udyaanavanam undhi. 1938 nundi eee harscamp moksha sainyam yajamanyamlo undhi; idhi chaalaa kaalam nundi pillala gruhamgaa upayogamlo undhi. undhi, eee bhavananni niraasrayulaina prajalaku nivasamga maarchadaaniki punaruddharinchaaru. 2015 nundi baarn pattanam nundi vacchina oka nivedika prakaram, eee bhavanam maadakadravyaala baanisalaku sevalu andinchindani, conny iteevala moosiveyabadindani, dheenini sahayaka jeevana sadupaayamgaa maarchadaaniki sannahalu jarugutunnaayi.

harscomp walaa harscomp walaa ddee subah atrichat kay dich qasbey baarn mein ranglan parr eek municiple yaadgaar hay. walaa walhelmina paark mein hay juu eek walaa pados hay juu eek rexmonment kaa hasah hay. yaha gahar 1912 mein shipping magnet eel kay zariye banaya gayaa thaa.pee.ddee. opee teen nort konklejke pakitwart motschipage kay shareek baanee. sleet say dahki chhat kay oopar eek laltin hay jiss mein mosami ween kay liye eek seeling jehaaz hay. emarat kii daghdar sheeshe kii khadkiyon mein eek aam nqsh kay toor parr jehaaz raani hay. matwazi saamney waalay agwade mein eek maray hoay chhat kay saath eek markazi porch hay. iss kay donon taraf dahanchay shaamil thay vovo daayein taraf eek laagiya aur bayein taraf eek sunn room. emarat kay peeche eek hindsi baagh thaa. 1938 say harscomp najaat foj kii malkiyat hay vovo eek taweel arsey say yaha bachon kay gahar kay toor parr istemaal hotaa thaa. 2000 mein emarat kii tazyeen woo aaraish kii gayee taakah baghair kasee rukawat kay logon kay liye gahar bunn jaaye. 2015 say baroon qasbey kii eek report mein bataya gayaa hay kahh emarat mein nashay kay aadi afraad kii khadmat kii gayee thee leakin haal hyee mein asay bund kirr diyaa gayaa thaa vovo asay eek maawan rehaish gaah bananay kii tayariyan jaari thein.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=935771

John Trevor (1626–1672)

John Trevor (1626–1672) Welsh politician, died 1672 Sir John Trevor III (1626 – 28 May 1672) was a Welsh politician who sat in the House of Commons at various times between 1646 and 1672. Biography. Trevor was a son of Sir John Trevor II (1596-1673) of Trevalyn Hall, Denbighshire and Plas Teg, Flintshire. His father was a member of parliament under James I and Charles I, and sat also in the parliaments of Oliver and of Richard Cromwell, and was a member of the council of state during the Commonwealth. In 1646, Trevor was elected Member of Parliament for Flintshire in the Long Parliament and sat until the Barebones Parliament of 1653. Thereafter he was re-elected MP for Flintshire in 1654 for the First Protectorate Parliament, in 1656 for the Second Protectorate Parliament and in 1659 for the Third Protectorate Parliament. After filling several public positions under the Commonwealth and Protectorate he was a member of the council of state appointed in February 1660 and under Charles II, he rose to a high position. Having purchased the office of secretary of state he was knighted and entered upon its duties towards the end of 1668, just after he had helped to arrange an important treaty between England and France. Trevor predeceased his father by a year, dying on 28 May 1672. Family. Trevor married Ruth Hampden, daughter of John Hampden and had a son Thomas who was created Baron Trevor in 1712. One of Trevor's great uncles was Sir Sackville Trevor (d. 1633), a naval officer, who was knighted in 1604; and another was Sir Thomas Trevor (1586–1656), one of the judges who decided in favour of the Crown in the famous case about the legality of ship money, and was afterwards impeached and fined. Notes. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

john travor (1626-1672) chaar john travor (1626-28 mey '1672) ejon welswo rajneetibid aasil ji 1646 sonor poraa 1672 sonor bhitorot bibhinno xomoyot house owo komonxot bohisil. jiwani. travor aasil chaar john traveror ejon putro (mrityu. 1673) travalin holl, denbighoswayaror. teur pitri james prothom aaru charls prothomor odhinot xongxodor xodosyo aasil, aaru olibhar aaru rechard kromowelor xongxodotu bohisil, aaru commonwealthor xomoyot rajyik porixodor xodosyo aasil. 1646 sonot travor digholiya xongxodot flinswire baabe xongxodor xodosyo nirbasito hoisil aaru 1653 sonor norom xongxodloike bohisil. taar pisot teu 1654 sonot prothom xurokhito xongxodor baabe, 1656 sonot dwitiyo xurokhito xongxodor baabe aaru 1659 sonot tritiyo xurokhito xongxodor baabe punor nirbasito hoisil. commonwealth aaru xurokhito rajyor odhinot keibatau rajohuwa podd puron korar pisot teu 1660 sonor februaryt nijukto rajyik porixodor xodosyo aasil aaru charls 2 ror odhinot teu ek uscho podoloi unnit hoisil. rajyik xosibor karzaloy kroy korar pisot teuk night upadhi prodan koraa hoisil aaru 1668 sonor xexor faale england aaru francer maajot ek guruttopurno suktir byowostha korat xohay korar thik pisote iyar kortobyot prowex korisil. travere teur deutakor ebosor purbe mrityu hoisil, 1672 sonor 28 mey 'too mrityu hoisil. poriyal. travere john hampdenor konya ruth hampdenor xoite bibahpaxot aabodho hoisil aaru 1712 sonot beron travor hisape sristi huwa ejon putro thomasor jonmo hoisil. traveror khurakxokolor bhitorot ejon aasil chaar sekbhil travor (mrityu. 1633), ejon nou bixoya, jaak 1604 sonot night upadhi diya hoisil; aaru aan ejon aasil chaar thomas travor (1586-1656), ejon nyayadhix jiye jahajor dhonor boidhotar bixoye bikhyat gusortut mukutor pokhyot xiddhanto loisil, aaru pisot teuk mohabhijug aaru jorimona diya hoisil. proxongo.

john travor (1626-1672) syara john travor (1626-28 meey 1672) ekjon welsh rajnitibid chhilen jini 1646 theke 1672 saaler modhye bivinno somoye house off commonse bosechilen. jeeboni. travor chhilen syara john traver putro (mrityu. 1673) trevalin holl, denbighshire. taanr baba prothom james oo prothom charleser adhine sangsad sadasya chhilen ebong oliver oo richarda chromeweller sangsadeo bosechilen ebong commonwealther somoy rashtro porishder sadasya chhilen. 1646 khristabde travor deergho sangsade flinshire jonno sangsad sadasya nirbachito hohn ebong 1653 khristabder khaali haader sangsad porjonto bosechilen. erpor tini 1654 khristabde prothom surokkhito sangsader jonno, 1656 khristabde dwitiya surokkhito sangsader jonno ebong 1659 khristabde tritiya surokkhito sangsader jonno punra nirbachito hohn. commonwealth ebong surokkhito rajyer adhine besh koyekti sarkari podo puron korar porr tini 1660 saaler februaryte nijukto rashtro porishder sadasya chhilen ebong dwitiya charleser adhine tini ekti uchcho podey unnito hohn. pororashtro sachiber podti kiney neoar porr 1668 khristabder shesher dike tini night upadhi laav corren ebong ingland oo francer modhye ekti guruttopurno chukti korte sahajyo korar thhik porei tini err dayitto grohon corren. travor taanr babar eka bochor agey maaraa zaan ebong 1672 khristabder 28shhey meey maaraa zaan. poribar. travor john hampdener konna rooth hampdenke biye corren ebong taanr ekti putro thomas hoy, jaake 1712 saale barron travor hisebe srishti koraa hoy. traver eka caca chhilen syara sackville travor (mrityu. 1633), ekjon nou officer, jaake 1604 saale night upadhi deoa hoyechilo; ebong onnojon chhilen syara thomas travor (1586-1656), ekjon bicharok jini jahajer orther boidhota somporke bikhyato mamla mukuter pokkhe siddhanta niyechilen ebong porey taake abhishangsito oo jarimana koraa hoyechilo. reference.

john traver (1626-1672) surr john traver (1626-28 meey 1672) aek velsha rajkarani hataa, jeo 1646 aneey aneey vachche viveedh samaye house off commonsma bethaa hataa. jivancharitra. traver surr john traver (dii. 1673) travelin holl, denbighshire. temnaa pitaa james aaee aneey charles aaee hethal sansadnaa sabhy hataa, aneey olivara aneey ritchard cromwellni sansadma pann bethaa hataa, aneey commonwealth darmiyan raajy parishadna sabhy hataa. hataa, traver laambi sansadma flintshire maate sansadnaa sabhy tareeke chuntaya hataa aneey aneey khaalee sansad sudhee bethaa hataa. tyarbad teo teo pratham sanrakshit sansad maate, maate beejee sanrakshit sansad maate aneey aneey triji sanrakshit sansad maate fareethi chuntaya hataa. commonwealth aneey sanrakshit raajy hethal anek jaaher hoddaao bharya pachhi teo februari februari niyukt raajy parishadna sabhy hataa aneey charles II hethal, teo uchch hodda parr pahonchya hataa. rajyanaa sacheevnu kaaryalay khareedhya baad, temane ingland aneey france vachche aek mahatvapurn sandhini vyavastha karvaamaa madad karyaa pachhi, pachhi antamaa temne nightni padvi aapvama aavee hatee aneey temnee farajo parr pravesh karyo hato. traver aek varsh pahelaa jaj tenaa pitaanu avsaan curry chookyo hato, aneey 28 meey meey roj tenu avsaan thayu hatoo. parivaar. traveroae john hampdenni putri, rooth hampden saathe lagna karyaa aneey temne aek putra thomas hato jene jene beron traver banavvama aavyo hato. travernaa kakaomathi aek surr sekavile traver (dii. 1633), aek naukadalna adheekari, jaimne jaimne nightni padvi aapvama aavee hatee; aneey anya surr thomas traver (1586-1656) hataa, jeey aevaa nyayadhishomana aek hataa jemane jahajna nananni kaaydesartaa vishe prasiddh kesamaa taajnee tarfenma nirnay leedho hato, aneey tyarbad temnaa parr mahabhiyog chalavvama aavyo hato aneey dund fatkarvama aavyo hato. sandarbho.

johnn traver (1626-1672) surr johnn traver (1626-28 maee 1672) ack velsh rajneta they joe 1646 aur 1672 key beach vibhinn samay parr house off commons mein baithe they. jeevani. traver surr johnn traver (dee. 1673) traveleen holl, denbighshire kaa. unake pitaa james pratham aur charles pratham key adheen sansad key sadasya they, aur oliver aur richard cromwell kii sansadon mein bhee baithe they, aur rashtramandal key dauran raajya parishad key sadasya they. 1646 mein, traver lambi sansad mein flintshire key liye sansad key sadasya chune gaye aur 1653 kii nangi sansad taka baithe. isake baad unhein 1654 mein pahali sanrakshit sansad key liye, 1656 mein doosari sanrakshit sansad key liye aur 1659 mein teesari sanrakshit sansad key liye phir seey saansad chunaa gayaa. rashtramandal aur sanrakshit raajya key tahat kaee saarvajanik padon koo bharane key baad way farwari 1660 mein niyukt raajya parishad key sadasya they aur charles dwiteeya key tahat, way ack uchch pada parr pahunch gaye. raajya sachiv kaa pada khareedane key baad unhein night kii upaadhi dee gaee aur 1668 key anta mein ingland aur france key beach ack mahatvapurna sandhi kii vyavastha karane mein madad karane key baad unhone isake kartavyon mein pravesh kiya. traver ney apane pitaa kii mrityu seey ack saal pahale 28 maee 1672 koo mrityu hoe gaee. parivaar. traver ney johnn hampden kii betty rooth hampden seey shaadi kii aur unakaa ack betaa thomas thaa jise 1712 mein bairan traver banaaya gayaa thaa. traver key chaachaon mein seey ack surr sackville traver (dee. 1633), ack nausena adhikaari, jinhen 1604 mein night kii upaadhi dee gaee thee; aur ack anya surr thomas traver (1586-1656) they, joe una nyayadhishon mein seey ack they jinhone jahaaj key dhana kii vaidhata key baare mein prasiddh mamle mein taaj key paksh mein faisala kiya, aur baad mein una parr mahaabhiyog chalaaya gayaa aur jurmana lagaaya gayaa. sandarbh.

zaan trever (1626-1672) surr zaan trever (1626-28 mayee 1672) obba velsh raajakaaraniyaagiddu, 1646 mattu 1672rahra naduve vividha samayagalli house off kaamansnalli kulitiddaru. jivanacharitre. trever surr zaan trever (dii. 1673) trevalin haal, denbighshire. avara tande james aii mattu charles aii avara adiyalli samsattina sadasyaraagiddaru mattu olivar mattu richard chromewelln samsattugalalli saha kulitiddaru mattu kamanveltna samayadalli raajya mandaliya sadasyaraagiddaru. 1646ralli, trever sudirgha samsattinalli flintshiregaagi samsattina sadasyaraagi aaykeyaadaru mattu 1653rahra bairbones samsattinavarege kulitaru. nantara avaru 1654ralli modala samrakshita samsattige, 1656ralli eradane samrakshita samsattige mattu 1659ralli moorane samrakshita samsattige maru chunaayitaraadaru. kamanwealth mattu samrakshita rajyada adiyalli halavaaru saarvajanika sthaanagalannu bharti maadida nantara avaru phebravari 1660 ralli nemakagonda raajya mandaliya sadasyaraagiddaru mattu charles II rahra adiyalli, avaru unnata sthanakke airidaru. raajya karyadarshiya kacheriyannu khareedisida nantara, aatanu inglend mattu france naduve pramukha oppandavannu airpadisalu sahaaya maadida nantara, 1668rahra koneyalli nait padaviyannu padedukondu adara kartavyagalannu vahisikondanu. trever tanna tandeyannu ondu varshadolage maranahondisidanu, 1672rahra mayee 28randu maranahondidanu. kutumba. trever zaan hampden magalaada ruth hampdennannu vivaahavaadanu mattu 1712ralli baaran trever emba maganannu hondidda thamasnannu padedanu. trevern chikkappandiralli obba surr sackville trever (dii. 1633), 1604ralli nait padavi padeda nauka adhikari; mattu mattobba surr thamus trever (1586-1656), hadagina hanada kaanunubaddhateya bagge prasiddha prakaranadalli kireetada paravagi nirdharisida nyaayaadheesharalli obbaru, mattu nantara avarannu dosharopane maadalaayitu mattu danda vidhisalaayitu. ullekhagalu.

joonn trevor (1626-1672) sarr joonn trevor (1626-28 meyy 1672) 1646 num 1672 num idayil vividha samayangalil house oof komansil irikkunna oru velsh raashtreeyakkaaranaayirunnu. jeevacharitram. sarr joonn trevorinte (maama. 1673) denbikshayarile trevalin haalil ninnu. addehathinte pithaav jaims onnaamanteyum chaals onnaamanteyum keezhil paarlament amgamaayirunnu, koodaathe olivarinteyum richard cromvelinteyum paarlamentukalilum irikkukayum komanveltthil kaunsil oof stettu amgamaayirunnu. 1646-ll trever neenda paarlamentil flinshareinaayi paarlament amgamaayi thiranjedukkappedukayum 1653-leeii berbons paarlament vare irikkukayum cheythu. athinusesham 1654-ll aadyathe protectorate paarlamentilekkum 1656-ll randaamathe protectorate paarlamentilekkum 1659-ll moonnaamathe protectorate paarlamentilekkum addeham veendum thiranjedukkappettu. komanveltthinum samrakshitha samsthaanathinum keezhil niravadhi pothu sthaanangal niravettiya sesham 1660 februvariyil niyamithanaaya kaunsil oof stettu amgamaayirunnu addeham, chaals randaamante keezhil addeham uyarnna sthaanathekku uyarnnu. stettu sekrattariyude oafees vangiya sesham englandum france thammil oru pradhana udambadi earppeduthaan sahaayichathin thottupinnaale 1668 avasaanathode addehathinu naitt padavi nalkukayum athinte chumathalakal ettedukkukayum cheythu. 1672 meyy meyy maricha trevor oru varsham munbu pithaavine upekshichu. kudumbam. trevor joonn hampdente makalaaya rooth hampdene vivaham kazhikkukayum 1712-ll baaran trevor aayi janicha thomasinu oru makan janikkukayum cheythu. trevorinte ammavanmaaril oraalaayirunnu sarr saakkvil trevor (maama. 1633), 1604ll naitt padavi labhicha oru naavika udyogasthan; matoraal kappal panatthinte niyamasaadhuthayekkurichu prashasthamaaya kesil kireedatthinu anukoolamaayi theerumaanikkukayum pinneedu impeach cheyyukayum pizha chumathukayum cheytha jadjimaaril oralaaya sarr thomas trevor (1586-1656) aayirunnu. paraamarshangal.

johnn traver (1626-1672) surr johnn traver (1626-28 meey 1672) heey eka velsh rajkarani hote, jeey 1646 teey 1672 darmyan vegvegalya velee haus auph commonsmadhye basale hote. charitra. traver haah surr johnn traver (maam. 1673) travelin holl, denbighshire. tyanche vadil james pahila aanee charles pahila yanchya netrutvakhali sansadeche sadasya hote aanee oliver aanee richard kromvelchya sansadetahi basale hote aanee rashtrakul kalat teey rajya parishadeche sadasya hote. 1646 madhye, traver lamb sansademadhye flintshiresathi sansadeche sadasya mhanoon nivadoon aale aanee 1653 chya nistej sansadeparyant basale. tyanantar teey 1654 madhye pahilya sanrakshit sansadesathi, 1656 madhye dusya sanrakshit sansadesathi aanee 1659 madhye tisya sanrakshit sansadesathi punha khasdar mhanoon nivadoon aale. rashtrakul aanee sanrakshit rajyakhali anek sarvajanik padey bharalyanantar teey februwari 1660 madhye niyukt jhalelya rajya parishadeche sadasya hote aanee charles II chya netrutvakhali teey uchch padavar pohochale. rajya sachivpad vikat ghetalyanantar, ingland aanee france yanchyat eka mahattvacha karar karnyat madat kelyanantar, 1668chya akheris tyanna nitechi padvi denyat aalee aanee tyanni tyachi kartavye sweekarli. traver tyachya vadilanchya eka varshapurvi maran pavala aanee 28 meey 1672 roji maran pavala. kutumb. traverne johnn hampdenchi mulgi rooth hampdenshey vivah keela aanee teela eka mulga thomas jhaala jyala 1712 madhye barren traver mhanoon nirman karnyat aale. traverche kaka surr sackville traver (maam. 1633), eka naudal adhikari, jyala 1604 madhye nitechi padvi denyat aalee; aanee dusra surr thomas traver (1586-1656) hota, jyane jahajachya paishachya kayadeshiratebaddal prasiddha prakaranat mukutchya bajoone nirnay ghetala aanee nantar tyachyavar mahabhiyog aanee dand thothavala gela. sandarbh.

john traver (1626-1672) sear john traver (1626-28 mey 1672) ek welsh rajnitigya thie jo 1646 rar 1672 ko bichma vibhinna samayama house aff kamansama baseka thie. jiwani. traver sear john traver (dee. 1673) trevalin hull, denbighsayarko. unka buba james pratham rar charles prathamko netritwama sansadka sadasya thie, rar oliver rar richard kromwelko sansadma pani base, rar rashtramandalko samayama rajya parishadka sadasya thie. sann 1646 maa, traver lamo sansadma flintshireka lagi sansad sadasya nirvachit bhae rar sann 1653 ko nange haddiko sansadsamma base. tyasapachhi uni sann 1654 maa pahilo sanrakshit sansadka lagi, sann 1656 maa dosro sanrakshit sansadka lagi rar sann 1659 maa tesro sanrakshit sansadka lagi punah nirvachit bhae. rashtramandal rar sanrakshitantargat dherai sarvajanik padaharu bharepachhi uni february 1660 maa niyukta rajya parishadka sadasya thie rar charles dwitiyako netritwama uni uccha padama puge. rajya sachibko karyalaya kharid garepachhi unlai nightko upadhi diiyo rar sann 1668 ko antyatira unle england rar francebichko mahatwapurna sandhi garna sahayog garepachhi yasako kartawyama prawesh gare. traverle 28 mey 1672 maa afno bubako mrityu bhaeko ek warsha aghi nai mrityu bhaeko thiyo. pariwar. traverle john hampdenki chhori rooth hampdensanga vivaha gare rar unko euta chhora thomas thiyo jaslai sann 1712 maa barren traver banaieko thiyo. treverka kaka madhye ek sear syakbhil traver (dee. 1633), ek nausena adhikari, jaslai 1604 maa nightko upadhi diieko thiyo; rar arko sear thomas traver (1586-1656) thie, nyayadhishharu madhye ek jasle jahajko paisako waidhaniktako barema prasidha muddama mukutko pakshama nirnaya gare, rar pachhi mahabhiyog rar jariwana gariyo. sandarbhaharu.

zohn traver (1626-1672) saar zohn traver (1626-28 meey 1672) jane welsh rajneta thile jie 1646 ru 1672 madhyare bibhinna samajare house off kamansare basithile. jeebani. traver saar zohn trevaranka pua thile (mru. 1673) trevalina hull, denbighashajar. taanka pita james pratham ebong charles prathamanka adheenare sansadara sadasya thile, ebong alivara ebong richard kromwelara sansadare madhya basithile, ebong rajyagosthi samajare rajya parisadara sadasya thile. 1646 masihare, traver dirgha sansadare flintshire paain sansadara sadasya nirbachita hoithile ebong 1653 masiha parjyanta khaali haada sansadare basithile. taa 'parey shay 1654 masihare pratham sanrakhita sansada paain, 1656 masihare dwiteeja sanrakhita sansada paain ebong 1659 masihare truteeja sanrakhita sansada paain flintshire paain emm. pii. bhabare punarbara nirbachita hoithile. rajyagosthi ebong sanrakhita rajya adheenare aneka sarbajaneena padabee purana kariba parey shay februari 1660 ray nijukta rajya parisadara sadasya thile ebong charles 2 nka adheenare shay eka uccha padabeeku unneet hoithile. rajya sachibanka karjyalaja kraiah kariba parey tanku night upadhi diajaithila ebong 1668 masiha shesh aadaku ehara karttabyare prabesha karithile, jetebele shay englanda ebong frances madhyare eka gurutwapurna chuktinama sthapana karibare sahajya karithile. traver taanka pitanka eka barsha purbaru mrutyubarana karithile, ebong 1672 masiha meey 28 tarikhare tankara dehant hoithila. paribara. traver zohn hampdenanka jhia rooth hampdenanku bibaha karithile ebong tankara eka pua thamas thile, jieki 1712 masihare barron traver bhabe srusti hoithile. trevaranka mamunka madhyaru jane thile saar sakbhil traver (mru. 1633), jane nausena adhikari, jieki 1604 masihare night upadhi paithile; ebong anya jane thile saar thamas traver (1586-1656), jane bicharapati jie jahajar arthara baidhata bishajare prasidha mamalare mukut sapakhyare nishpatti neithile, ebong parey tanku mahabhijoga ebong zarimana karajaithila. sandarbha.

john traver (1626-1672) sarr jauhan traver (1626-28 maee 1672) ikk welsch siasatdan see joe 1646 atey 1672 dey vichkaar vakkh-vakkh samiaan witch haaoos aaf commons witch baitha see. jeevani. traver sarr jauhan traver (aaa. 1673) traveleen haal, denbigshire daa. uss dey pitaa james I atey charles I dey adheen sansad dey member sunn, atey oliver atey richard cromwell deeaan sansdan witch vee baithe sunn, atey rashtarmandal dauran raaj consul dey member sunn. 1646 witch, traver lambi sansad witch flintshire laee sansad daa member chunhiaa giaa atey 1653 dee sansad takk baitha riha. iss toon baad uh 1654 witch pahili surakhiat sansad laee, 1656 witch duji surakhiat sansad laee atey 1659 witch tiji surakhiat sansad laee dubara chunhiaa giaa. rashtarmandal atey surakhiat raaj dey tehat kaee jantak ahudiaan noon bharan toon baad uh farvari 1660 witch niyukat raaj consul daa member see atey charles II dey adheen, uh ikk ucch ahude utte pahunch giaa. raaj dey sakattar daa daftar kharidan toon baad, uss noon night dee padvi ditti gaee atey 1668 dey ant witch, jadon uss neey england atey france darmiaan ikk mahattavpuran sandhi daa parbandh curran witch sahaita keeti see, taan uss neey aapniaan zimmevariaan nibhaiaan. traver neey aapne pitaa dee maut toon ikk saal pahilan 28 maee 1672 noon maut hoow gaee. parivaar. traver neey john hampdon dee dhee rooth hampdon naal viaah karvaiaa atey uss daa ikk puttar thamas see jiss noon 1712 witch bairan traver banaiaa giaa see. traver dey chaache vicchon ikk sarr secville traver (aaa. 1633), ikk jall saina adhikari, jiss noon 1604 witch night dee padvi ditti gaee see; atey ikk horr sarr thamas traver (1586-1656) see, ikk jajj jiss neey jahaz dey paise dee kanunnita baare prasidh mamle witch taaj dey huck witch faisla liaa, atey baad witch uss utte mahadosh lagaiaa giaa atey jurmana lagaiaa giaa. havale.

jaan traver (1626-1672) surr jaan traver (1626-28 mey 1672) ekaha velsh-raajaneetidnyah aasit yah 1646 taha 1672 paryantam vividhasamaye house aaf commons ityatra upavishyata. jeevanacharitram. traver ityeshah surr jaan traver ityasya putrah aasit (mru. 1673) travelin haal, denbighshair. tasya pitaa james-prathamasya, charles-prathamasya cha adheene samsadasya sadasyah aasit, olivar-nagarasya tathaa richard-cromwell-ityasya samsade api upavishyat, kaamanvelt-deshasya shasanakale rajya-parishadena sadasyah cha aasit. 1646 tame varshe traver dirghasamaisabhayam flintshair-krute samsadasya sadasyah nirwaachitah, 1653 tame varshe nargri-samsat yaavat upavishyata. tadanantaram saha prathama-samrakshita-samsadasya krute 1654 tame varshe, dwiteeya-samrakshita-samsadasya krute 1656 tame varshe, truteeya-samrakshita-samsadasya krute 1659 tame varshe cha punah nirwaachitah. kaamanvelt-samrakshita-rajyasya cha antargatam anekaan sarvajanikapadan purayitva saha 1660 februvari-maase niyuktasya rajya-parishadena sadasyah aasit, charles-dwiteeyasya adheenam ucchapadaveem praptavan. raajyasachivapadam kritva saha 1668 tamasya varshasya ante nait iti upaadhim praapya tasya kartavyam sveekrutavaan, yadaa saha england-france-deshayoho madhye mahattvapoornam sandhihi sthaapayitum sahayyam krutavaan. travor ityeshah swapituh ekavarsham poorvamev mrutah, 1672 mey 28 dinaanke mrutah. parivaarah. traver ityayam jaan hempdon ityasya putreem ruth hempdon ityenam parineetavaan, tasya thaamas iti putrah aasit yah 1712 tame varshe baaran traver ityanena srushtah aasit. traver ityasya pitrubhihi anyatamah surr syaakville traver (mru. 1633), ekaha nausenaa-adhikaari, yah 1604 tame varshe nait iti upaadhim praptavan; aparah surr thaamas traver (1586-1656) iti aasit, yah nyayadhishaha aasit, yah prasiddhasy prakarane, jahaaj-dhanasya vaidhataayaah vishaye, kireetasy pakshe nirnayam akarot, tadanantaram saha abhishamsanam krutvaa dandam cha praapnot. sandarbhah.

john trever (1626-1672) charr john trever (1626-28 mae 1672) oru velsh arasiyalvaathi aavaar, avar 1646 muthal 1672 varai palvaeru nerangalil havus off commons-ill amarnthirunthaar. suyasaridhai. trever charr john treverine magan aavaar (ii. 1673) trewallin haal, denbickshire. avarathu thanthai james I mattrum charles I inn keezh naadaalumandra uruppinaraaga irunthaar, maelum olivar mattrum richard gromwell naadaalumandranggalilum amarnthaar, maelum commonwealth kaalaththil maanila councilil uruppinaraaga irunthaar. 1646ill, trever neenda naadaalumandraththil flindshire naadaalumandra uruppinaraagath thernthedukkappattaar, maelum 1653aam aandu verungkarkal konda naadaalumandram varai amarnthaar. athanpiragu avar 1654aam aandu muthal paathukaakkappatta naadaalumantraththirkaagavum, 1656aam aandu irandaavathu paathukaakkappatta naadaalumantraththirkaagavum, 1659aam aandu moontraavathu paathukaakkappatta naadaalumantraththirkaagavum meendum thernthedukkappattaar. commonwealth mattrum paathukaakkappatta aatchiyin keezh pala podhu padhavigalai nirappiya piragu, pipravari 1660 ill niyamikkapatta maanila councilil uruppinaraaga irunthaar, maelum charles II inn keezh, avar oru uyar pathavikku uyarnthaar. maanilach seyalaalarin aluvalagaththai vaangkiya avar, englaanththukkum branskum idaiyae oru mukkiyamaana oppanthaththai aerpaadu seiya udhaviya piragu, 1668 aam aandin iruthiyil nite pattam pettraar mattrum adhan kadamaigalil nuzhainthaar. trever thanathu thanthaiyai oru varudaththirku munbae iranthaar, mae 28,1672 andru iranthaar. kudumbam. trever john hampton magalaana rooth haamptanai mananthaar, maelum 1712 aam aandil baron trever uruvaakkappatta thamas endra maganaip pettraar. treverine maamaakkalil oruvar charr sackville trever (ii. 1633), 1604ill nite pattam pettra oru kadarpadai adhigaari; mattroruvar charr thamas trever (1586-1656), kappalin panaththin sattapoorvathanmai kuritthu pirabalamaana vazhakkil kireedam meethu mudivu seitha neethipathigalil oruvar, pinnar kuttranjaattappattu abaraatham vithikkappattaar. kurippugal.

zaan trever (1626-1672) surr zaan trever (1626-28 mae 1672) 1646 mariyu 1672 madhya vividha samayaallo house off commonslo kuurchunna velsh raajakeeyavetta. jeevita charitra. trever surr zaan trever (d. 1673) trevalin haall, denbighshire. athani tandri james ii mariyu charless ii aadhvaryamlo paarlamentu sabhyudiga unnaaru, mariyu olivar mariyu richard cromwell yokka paarlamentlalo kooda kuurchunnaaru, mariyu commonwealth samayamlo rashtra mandalilo sabhyudiga unnaaru. unnaaru, trever sudeergha paarlamentulo flintshire kosam paarlamentu sabhyudiga ennikayyaaru mariyu mariyu barebones paarlamentu varaku kuurchunnaaru. aaa taruvaata athanu athanu modati rakshita paarlamentu kosam, kosam rendava rakshita paarlamentu kosam mariyu mariyu moodava rakshita paarlamentu kosam tirigi ennikayyaaru. commonwealth mariyu protectorate kinda aneka prabhutva sthaanaalanu bharti chesina taruvaata, athanu fibravari fibravari niyaminchabadina rashtra mandalilo sabhyudiga unnadu mariyu charless II aadhvaryamlo, athanu unnata sthaanaaniki edigaadu. rashtra karyadarshi karyalayanni konugolu chesina taruvaata, athanu ingland mariyu france madhya oka mukhyamaina oppandaanni erpaatu cheyadaaniki sahayam chesina ventane, 1668 chivarilo nait padavini pondhi, daani vidhulanu chepattadu. trever thana tandriki oka samvatsaram mundu maraninchaadu, 1672 mae 28naa maraninchaadu. kutumbam. trever zaan hampden kumarte rooth hampdennu vivaham chesukunnadu mariyu mariyu baaran trevernu srushtinchina thamus anae kumarudini kaligi unnadu. trever pinatandrulalo okaru surr sackville trever (d. 1633), 1633) nait padavi pondina naukaadala adhikari, mariyu marokadu surr thamus trever (1586-1656), ooda dabbu yokka chattabaddhata gurinchi prasiddha kesulo kiriitaaniki anukuulamgaa nirnayinchina nyaayamuurtulaloo okaru, taruvaata abhisamsana mariyu jarimana vidhinchabadindi. suuchanalu.

jaan trever (1626-1672) sarr jaan trever (1626-28 mayee 1672) eek velish seyasat daan thay juu 1646 aur 1672 kay darmiyan mukhtalif auqaat mein house aaf kaamanz mein bethay thay. sawanah umri. trever sarr jaan trever (daad. 1673) trewalen haall denbegshire kaa. inn kay waalid jaims awal aur charlis awal kay maatehat rakan parliament thay aur auliver aur richard crome weel kii parlimanon mein bhee bethay thay aur dolat mushtarkah kay doraan konsal aaf steat kay rakan thay. 1646 mein traver lambi parliament mein flin shayer kay liye rakan parliament muntakhib hoay aur 1653 kii bay hadiyon waali parliament takk bethay. iss kay baad wah 1654 mein pehli muhafiz parliament kay liyay 1656 mein dosri muhafiz parliament kay liye aur 1659 mein teesri muhafiz parliament kay liye flin shayer kay liye dobarah rakan muntakhib hoay. dolat mushtarkah aur muhafiz kay tahat kayee awami ahadon kuu parr karnay kay baad wah faroori 1660 mein muqarar kardah konsal aaf steat kay rakan thay aur charlis dom kay tahat wah eek aalee ahday parr pahunch gayey. secertry aaf steat kaa ahdah khareedne kay baad inhein night kaa khataab diyaa gayaa aur 1668 kay aakhir mein iss kay faraiz parr faiz huay jabb inhon nay england aur france kay darmiyan eek aham muahidah tay karnay mein madad kii thee. trever apnay waalid say eek saal pehley fout how gayey 28 mayee 1672 kuu inteqal kirr gayey. khaandaan. trever nay jaan hampden kii betty roth hampden say shaadi kii aur iss kaa eek betaa thamas thaa jasay 1712 mein biran trever banaya gayaa thaa. trever kay chachaon mein say eek sarr sakweel trever (daad. 1633)yee eek bahri afsar jasay 1604 mein night kaa khataab diyaa gayaa thaa vovo aur dosra sarr thamas traver (1586-1656) thaa juu inn jajon mein say eek thaa jiss nay mashhur moqhadhime mein jehaaz kii raqam kii qanuni haisiyat kay baaray mein taaj kay haqh mein faislah kiyaa aur baad mein iss kaa mawakhize aur jarmanah kiyaa gayaa. hawalah jaat.

fffd9728a7dc4781311b565d826dfceb84ba17db6275269000314ba29eff304b

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10250432

Brad Brownell

Brad Brownell American basketball coach Bradley Robert Brownell (born November 15, 1968) is an American college basketball coach at Clemson University. Prior to coming to Clemson, he held the same position at Wright State and UNC Wilmington. He most recently coached his 13th season at Clemson, losing in the first round of the NIT tournament to Morehead State. Early life. Born in Evansville, Indiana, Brownell played high school basketball at William Henry Harrison High School with current Indiana Pacers assistant of player development and Indiana University player Calbert Cheaney. Brownell graduated from DePauw University in 1991, where he was a member of the basketball team and the Sigma Chi fraternity. He immediately went into coaching after graduating. His junior year, Brownell helped lead the Tigers to the NCAA Division III National Championship game, where he missed a shot to win the title. He spent one season as an assistant to Jim Crews at the University of Evansville, then spent the next two seasons as an assistant on his former coach Royce Waltman's staff at the University of Indianapolis while earning his master's degree. Coaching career. Upon completing his master's degree in 1994, Brownell began his tenure at UNC Wilmington as an assistant to then-head coach Jerry Wainwright. Brownell helped guide the Seahawks to four postseason tournament berths while serving as an assistant, including a memorable upset win over the fourth-seeded USC Trojans in the first round of the 2002 NCAA tournament. UNC Wilmington. Following that season, Wainwright left Wilmington to take over at Richmond, and Brownell was promoted to head coach. During his time as the Seahawks' head coach, Brownell led the Seahawks to Colonial Athletic Association titles and NCAA Tournament berths in 2003 and 2006, narrowly losing in the First Round each season. For his efforts, Brownell was named CAA Coach of the Year in 2003 and 2006. In his four years, the Seahawks never finished below .500, and the 2005–2006 season produced a school-record 25 wins. Wright State. Following the 2006 season, Brownell left UNC Wilmington to take the head coach's job at Wright State, where he made an immediate impact. In his first season at Wright State, Brownell led the Raiders to their first-ever Horizon League title, beating out nationally ranked Butler, coached by fellow DePauw graduate Brad Stevens, to capture both the regular season and tournament titles. The Raiders earned the 14th seed in the West Region, and lost in the first round of the 2007 NCAA tournament to Pittsburgh. The team's 23 wins was a school record on the Division I level. He was named the NABC District 10 coach of the year for being the best college coach in Ohio and Indiana. Brownell remained head coach at Wright State through the 2010 season. His teams never finished lower than third in conference play, but he was unable to return the Raiders to postseason play. However, he did lead the team to three straight 20 win seasons. Clemson. On April 23, 2010, Brownell was named head coach at Clemson, replacing Oliver Purnell. Brownell led the Tigers to the NCAA tournament in his first year at the school. The Tigers defeated UAB in the First Four, but lost in the Second Round to West Virginia. After two subpar years, the Tigers returned to postseason play in 2014 earning an NIT bid and reaching the semifinals. The next three years saw the Tigers finishing within three games of .500 each year and in the lower half of the ACC, but they did receive an NIT bid in 2017, losing in the first round. On March 20, 2017, the school announced that Brownell would return as head coach for at least one more year. During the 2017–18 season, Brownell lead the Tigers to their first 20 win season since 2013–14. The Tigers finished 11–7 in ACC play, which left them tied for third in the ACC. The Tigers were selected as a #5 seed in the NCAA tournament, and made it to the Sweet 16, where they lost to #1 seed Kansas. On July 19, 2018, it was announced that Brownell and Clemson had agreed to a six-year, $15 million contract extension. This extension will keep Brownell at the school through 2024. On January 11, 2020 Brownell coached the Tigers to the program's first road victory at UNC after 59 attempts. The series between the two schools began in 1926. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

bread braunel breadle robert braunel (jonmo 15 novembor, 1968) egoraki aamerikan kolej busketball proxikhyok aaru xehotiyakoi clemson biswobidyaloyor purbor mukhyo busketball proxikhyok. clemsonor usoroloi ohaar aagote teu raait state aaru aan wilmingtonot eke podote odhisthito aasil. teu xehotiyakoi clemsionot teur 13tomo sijonor proxikhyon dise, night protijugitar prothom roundot morehead stator haatot porasto hoisil. prarombhik jiwan. indianer ivansovilot jonmogrohon koraa braunele bortomanor indiana pesorsor kheluwoi unnoyonor xohokari aaru indiana biswobidyaloyor kheluwoi calbert senir xoite uilium henori herison haiskulot haiskul busketball khelisil. braunele 1991 sonot depau biswobidyaloyor poraa snatok degree laabh korisil, zo 'too teu busketball doll aaru sigma chi bhatritwobudhor xodosyo aasil. snatok degree laabh korar loge loge teu proxikhyonoloi goisil. teur konistho borxot braunele baghxokolok eno. chi. e. e. tritiyo bibhagor rastriyo championswipot netritwo diboloi xohay korisil, zo 'too teu khelkhonot joylabh koriboloi etaa swot heruwaisil. teu etaa sijon evansville biswobidyaloyot jim krur xohokari hisape otibahito korisil, taar pisot poroborti dutaa sijon indianapolix biswobidyaloyot teur prakton proxikhyok royos waltmanor kormosarir xohayok hisape otibahito korisil aaru teu snatokuttor degree laabh korisil. proxikhyon jiwan. 1994 sonot snatokuttor degree xompurno korar pisot braunele totkalin mukhyo proxikhyok jeree weinrightor xohokari hisape aan wilmingtonot teur karjokal aarombho korisil. braunele xohokari hisape xewa aagborhuwar xomoyot sih 'kochok sarita poo' sto 'chenn turnamentor bartholoi nirdexona diboloi xohay korisil, jaar bhitorot 2002 sonor eno. chi. e. e. protijugitar prothom roundot soturtho-basaijukto eu. ess. chi. tro' jenor biruddhe ek smoroniyo biporit joy aasil. aan wilmington. xei sijonor pisot weinrighte wilmington eri rismondor dayitwo grohon kore aaru braunelok mukhyo proxikhyok hisape podunnoti diya hoy. sihokchor mukhyo proxikhyok hisape thokar xomoyot braunele 2003 aaru 2006 sonot ouponibexik ethletik ess "siyesyonor khitap aaru eno. chi. e. e. protijugitar sthanoloi sihokchor netritwo disil, protitu sijonor prothom roundot komkoi porasto hoisil. teur prochestar baabe, braunelok 2003 aaru 2006 sonot bosoror chi. e. e. proxikhyok hisape monunit koraa hoisil. teur chaari bosorot, sihok ketiyau. 500ror tolot xomapto huwa nasil, aaru 2005-2006 sijone bidyaloyor obhilekh 25taa joy prodan korisil. raait rajyo. 2006 sonor sijonor pisot braunele aan wilmingtonok eri raait stateot mukhyo proxikhyokor sakori loisil, zo 'too teu tatkhyonikbhabe probhab pelaisil. raait stateot teur prothom sijonot braunele redarxokolok teulukor prothombaror baabe horijun leeg khitapoloi loi goisil, niyomiya sijon aaru protijugita duyuta khitap dokhol koriboloi xotirtho dipau grejuwet bread stevensor dwara proxikhyonprapto rastriyo ranking batolorok porasto korisil. reiderxokole poschim oncholot 14tomo beej orjon korisil, aaru 2007 sonor eno. chi. e. e. protijugitar prothom roundot pitsbergor haatot porasto hoisil. doltur 23taa joy aasil prothom bibhagor storot ek schoolor obhilekh. uhiu aaru indianer shrestho mohabidyaloy proxikhyok huwar baabe teuk eno. e. bi. chi. jilaa 10 bosoror proxikhyok hisape monunit koraa hoisil. 2010 sonor sijonor xomoisuwat braunele raait stateot mukhyo proxikhyok hoi aasil. teur dolbur ketiyau xonmilon khelot tritiyotkoi komm sthan laabh koraa nasil, kintu teu reiderxokolok poriworti kheloloi ghurai aanibo nuwarile. obosye, teu doltuk tinibarkoi 20taa joyor sijonoloi netritwo disil. clemson. 2010 sonor 23 aprilot braunelok olibhar parnelor thait clemsionot mukhyo proxikhyok hisape nijukti diya hoisil. braunele bidyaloyot teur prothom bosorot baghxokolok eno. chi. e. e. protijugitaloi netritwo disil. baghbure prothom sarita khelot uwabok porasto korisil, kintu dwitiyo roundot west bharjiniyar haatot porasto hoisil. dutaa upo-xoman bosoror pisot, baghbure 2014 sonot etaa nitt bidd orjon kori semi finalot uponeet hoi poriworti kheloloi ubhoti aahisil. poroborti tini bosorot baghbure proti bosore. 500 ror tinita khelor bhitorot aaru esir tolor ongxot xomapto korisil, kintu teuluke 2017 sonot ek nitt bidd laabh korisil, prothom roundot porasto hoisil. 2017 sonor 20 marchot bidyaloikhone ghuxona korisil je braunele komeu aaru ebosoror baabe mukhyo proxikhyok hisape ubhoti ahibo. 2017-18 sijonor xomoyot, braunele baghxomuhok 2013-14 ror pisot teulukor prothom 20taa joy sijonoloi netritwo disil. baghbure AC play 'too 11-7 xomapto korisil, jaar folot teuluke AC-too tritiyo sthanot xoman hoi porisil. baghburok eno. chi. e. e. protijugitat <aai. di. 2> beej hisape basoni koraa hoisil, aaru mitha 16too sthan laabh korisil, zo 'too teuluke <aai. di. 1> beej kanchasor haatot porasto hoisil. 2018 sonor 19 julyte ghuxona koraa hoisil je braunel aaru clemsone choy bosoriya, 15 nijut dollar suktir xomproxaronot xonmot hoise. ei xomproxarone 2024 sonoloike bidyaloyot braunel rakhibo. 2020 sonor 11 januaryt braunele baghxokolok 59taa prochestar pisot aanot progremor prothom poth bijoyor baabe proxikhyon disil. duyuta bidyaloyor maajot sringkholatu 1926 sonot aarombho hoisil.

bradd braunel bradley robbert braunel (jonmo 15 navembar, 1968) ekjon american college basketball coach ebong samprati clemson bishwobidyaloyer purboborti prodhan basketball coach. clemsoner kachhe aasaar agey tini raita steta ebong aana wilmingtone ekoi podey adhisthito chhilen. tini samprati clemsone taanr taanr morshumer proshikkhon diyechen, night turnamenter prothom rounde morehead stater kachhe herey gechen. prathomik jeebon. indianar evansville jonmogrohonkari braunel uilium henry harrison haiskule bortoman indiana pacers sahokari kheload unnayan ebong indiana bishwobidyaloyer kheload calbert chinir saathe uchcho vidyalaya basketball khelten. braunel 1991 saale depau vishwavidyalaya theke snatok hohn, jekhane tini basketball doll ebong sigma chee bhratritter sadasya chhilen. snatok howar porpori tini kochingye choley zaan. taar junior bochor, braunel tigerder ncaa dibhishana III jatiya championshipe netritto ditey sahayata korechilen, jekhane tini khelati jetar jonno ekti shhata miss korechilen. tini eka morshum evansville bishwobidyaloye zima kruder sahokari hisabe katiechilen, tarpore poroborti duti morshum indianapolis bishwobidyaloye taanr praktan coach roys waltmaner karmider sahokari hisabe katiechilen ebong snatakottar degree orjon korechilen. coaching pesha. 1994 saale snatakottar degree somponno korar porr, braunel tatkalin prodhan coach jerry wenriter sahokari hisabe aana wilmingtone taanr meyad shuru corren. braunel sahokari hisabe kaaj korar somoy sihokder charti postsigion turnamenter barthe guide korte sahayata korechilen, jaar modhye 2002 ncaa turnamenter prothom rounde choturtho bachhai usc trojander biruddhe ekti smaraniya biporjoy joy chhilo. aana wilmington. seii morshumer porr, winerite wilmington chhede richmonder dayitto nene ebong brownelke prodhan kocher podey unnito koraa hoy. sihokser prodhan coach hisabe taanr somoye, braunel 2003 ebong 2006 saale ouponibeshik athletic association shiropa ebong ncaa turnamenter barthogulite sihokoske netritto diyechilen, protiti morshume prothom rounde sangkirnobhabe herechilen. taar prochestar jonno, braunel 2003 ebong 2006 saale caa coach off dya ear nirbachito hohn. taar chaar bochore, sihok kokhono. 500 err niche shesh hoyney, ebong 2005-2006 morsumti ekti school-record 25 tii joy toiri korechilo. sothik abostha. 2006 saaler morshumer porr, braunel dandike prodhan kocher chakri neoar jonno aana wilmingtonke chhede choley zaan, jekhane tini tatkhonik prabhab felechilen. raita rajye taar prothom morshume, braunel redarder taader prothom diganta leeg shiropa netritto deena, niyamita morshum ebong turnamenter shiropa ubhayi dokhol korar jonno sahakarmi dippau snatok bradd stevens dwara proshikkhito jatiya ranking butlerke porajito corren. redarra poschim anchale anchale bachhai orjon korey ebong 2007 saaler ncaa turnamenter prothom rounde pitsberger kachhe herey yaay. prothom bibhage doler 23tii joy chhilo ekti school record. ohio ebong indianar sera college coach howar jonno tini enn. ayee. bii. shee zela 10-err borshosera coach nirbachito hohn. 2010 saaler morshum judey braunel raita stater prodhan coach chhilen. taanr dalguli kokhono conferences plete tritiya sthaner niche shesh korte pareni, tobey tini redarder postsigion plete firiye aante parenni. tobey, tini dolke taanaa tinti 20tii morshume joy eney deena. clemson. 2010 saaler 23shhey april, oliver parneler poriborte clemsone brownelke prodhan coach nijukto koraa hoy. braunel schoole taanr prothom bochore tigerder ncaa turnamente netritto diyechilen. baghra prothom chartite uabke porajito korey, kintu dwitiya rounde oyesta virgineer kachhe herey yaay. dui bochorer qama somoyer porr, 2014 saale tigerra ekti nitt bidd orjon korey ebong semifinale pouchechilo. poroborti tinn bochore baghra proti bochor. 500-err tinti khelar modhye ebong essie-rawr nicher ardheker modhye shesh korte dekhechilo, kintu taaraa 2017 saale ekti nitt bidd peyechilo, prothom rounde herechilo. 2017 saaler 20shhey march school ghoshana korey jey braunel arow ontoto eka bochorer jonno prodhan coach hisabe firey asben. 2017-18 morshume, braunel baghder taader prothom 20 tii joyer morshume netritto deyo. baghguli ackie plete 11-7 shesh korey, jaa taader ackie teey tritiya sthane soman korey deyo. ncaa turnamente baghgulike #5 beej hisabe nirbachito koraa hoyechilo ebong mishti 16-ayee sthan korey niyechilo, jekhane taaraa #1 beej kansaser kachhe herechilo. 2018 saaler 19shhey julai ghoshana koraa hoy jey, braunel ebong clemson chhoy bochorer jonno 15 million dollar chuktir meyad badate sommoto hoyechen. eyi samprasaran 2024 saal porjonto schoole brownelke rakhbe. 2020 saaler 11ee januari, 59tii prochestar porr braunel tigerder eu. enn. shee-teey prothom road bijoyer jonno proshikkhon deena. 1926 saale duti bidyalayer modhye sirij shuru hoy.

bread braunel breadly roobert braunel (janm 15 november, 1968) aek american college basketball coach chhe aneey taajetarma claimson universityma agaauna mukhya basketball coach chhe. claimson paase aavtaa pahelaa, teo raita state aneey unn wilmingtonma samaan hodda parr hataa. tene taajetarma claimson khaate tenee tenee seasonne coaching aapyu chhe, jeey night tournamentna pratham roundma morehead state saame haaree gayo hato. praarambhik jeevan. evanceville, indianama janmela braunelle veeliyam henry harrison haai schoolma vartmaan indiana pacers sahayak khelaadi vikaas aneey indiana universityna khelaadi calbert chenee saathe haai school basketball ramyu hatoo. braunelle braunelle depo universitymathi snatakni padvi melvee hatee, jyaan teo basketball team aneey sigma chee biradarina sabhy hataa. snaatak thayaa pachhi teo tarat jaj kochingma gayaa. temnaa juniyar varsh, braunelle vaaghne ncaa division III raashtriy champiyanshipma laee javama madad curry, jyaan teo ramat jeetva maate aek shhota chooki gayaa. temane aek season evanceville universityma jima krunaa sahayak tareeke vitaavi, pachhi aagaami beey season indianapolis universityma temnaa bhutpurv coach royas voltmannaa staffma sahayak tareeke vitaavi, jyaare temnee master degree melvee. coaching karkirdi. karkirdi temnee anusnatakni degree purn karyaa pachhi, braunelle tatkalin mukhya coach jairie weinritenaa sahayak tareeke unn wilmington khaate temnaa kaarykaalni sharuaat curry hatee. braunelle sahayak tareeke sevaa aaptee vakhate seahoxne chaar postsision tournament berth sudhee margdarshan aapvama madad curry hatee, jemaa 2002 ncaa tournamentna pratham roundma chothaa kramaankit usc trojan parr yaadgaar upset jeetno samaavesh thaay chhe. unn wilmington. teey season pachhi, weinrite wilmington chhodine richmond khaate kaarybhaar sambhaalyo aneey braaunelne mukhya coach tareeke badhatee aapvama aavee. seahoxna mukhya coach tarikenaa temnaa samay darmiyan, braunelle 2003 aneey aneey seahoxne vasaahati athletic association khitaab aneey ncaa tournament berth sudhee pahonchaadyu hatoo, darek seasonna pratham roundma teey khoob jaj ochha antarthi haaree gayaa hataa. temnaa prayaaso maate, braaunelne 2003 aneey aneey caa coach off dhaa year tareeke pasand karvaamaa aavyaa hataa. temnaa chaar varshmaa, seahox kyaarey. kyaarey neeche samaapt thayaa nahota, aneey 2005-2006 seasonma shaala-vikram 25 jeet melvee hatee. yogya sthitee. sthitee season pachhi, braunelle unn wilmingtonne chhodine raita statemaa mukhya kochanee nokri leedhi, jyaan temane taatkaalik assar curry. raita state khaateni temnee pratham seasonma, braunelle reidersne temnaa pratham kshitij leag khitaab taraf doree gayaa, aneey niyameet season aneey tournamentna khitaab banne melavaa maate, saathee depo graduate bread stevens dwara prashikshit raashtriy kramaankit butlerne haraaveene. reidaroae pashchim pradeshmaa pradeshmaa sthaan melavyu hatoo aneey aneey ncaa tournamentna pratham roundma pitsberg saame haaree gayaa hataa. teamnee 23 jeet vibhag I star parr shaalano vikram hato. oheo aneey indianama shreshth college coach banvaa badal temne aena. aee. bii. see. district 10 coach off dhaa year jaaher karvaamaa aavyaa hataa. braunel braunel season darmiyan raita statemaa mukhya coach rahyaa hataa. temnee teamo kyaarey conferences ramatmaa trijaathi neeche naa rahee, parantu teo reidersne postsision ramatmaa parat karvaamaa asamarth rahyaa. jooe keey, temane teamne satat trana 20 jeetni seasonma doree hatee. claimson. 23 april, april roj, olivara parnelnee jagyae, claimson khaate braaunelne mukhya coach tareeke niyukt karvaamaa aavyaa hataa. braunelle shaalaama temnaa pratham varshmaa vaaghne ncaa tournamentma doree gayaa hataa. vaaghoae pratham chaarmaa uabne haraavyo hato, parantu beeja roundma vesta virginia saame haaree gayaa hataa. beey petaa varsh pachhi, vaagh vaagh postsision ramatmaa paachha faryaa aneey aek nishchit bollie melveene semifinalmaa pahonchya. pachhinaa trana varshomaa vaagh darr varshe varshe trana ramatomaa aneey aeseena neechala bhagma samaapt thataa jovaa malyaa, parantu temne temne pratham roundma haareene aek night bida malee hatee. 20 march, march roj shaalaae jaaherat curry hatee keey braunel ochhama ochha vadhu aek varsh maate mukhya coach tareeke parat farshe. 2017-18 season darmiyan, braunelle vaaghne temnee pratham 20 jeetni seasonma doree gayaa hataa. vaaghoae AC ramatmaa 11-7 purn karyoo hatoo, jenaa kaarane teo teo trija sthaane rahyaa hataa. ncaa tournamentma vaaghne #5 beej tareeke pasand karvaamaa aavyaa hataa, aneey teey sweet sweet sthaan melavyu hatoo, jyaan teo #1 beej cansas saame haaree gayaa hataa. 19 julai, julai roj jaaherat karvaamaa aavee hatee keey braunel aneey claimson chh varshnaa, 15 million dollarnaa karaarnaa vistaran maate sammat thayaa hataa. aaa vistaran 2024 sudhee shaalaama braunel rakhshe. 11 january, january roj braunelle 59 prayaaso pachhi unc khaate kaarykramni pratham maarg jeet maate vaaghne taaleem aapee hatee. banne shaalao vachcheni shrenee shrenee sharoo thaee hatee.

brad braun bradley robert braunal (janm 15 navambar, 1968) ack americi college basketball coach hain aur haal hii mein clemson vishvavidyalaya mein pichhale mukhya basketball coach hain. clemson key paas aaney seey pahale, unhone raait state aur unn wilmington mein ack hii pada sambhala thaa. unhone haal hii mein clemson mein apane 13vein satra koo prashikshit kiya haye, night tournament key pahale daur mein adhik sheersh sthiti seey haar gaye. praarambhik jeevan. evansville, indiana mein janme, brownell ney villium heinry harrison hyee school mein hyee school basketball khela, jisamen vartamaan indiana pacers sahayak khilaadi vikas aur indiana vishvavidyalaya key khilaadi calbert chenny they. brownell ney 1991 mein depo vishvavidyalaya seey snaatak kiya, jahan way basketball team aur sigma chee biradari key sadasya they. snaatak honey key turant baad way coaching mein chaley gaye. apane junier varsh, brownell ney baghon koo aine. see. aeye. aeye. division III rashtriya championship mein leey jaane mein madad kii, jahan vaha khel jeetane key liye ack shott chook gaye. unhone ack satra evansville vishvavidyalaya mein zim cru key sahayak key roop mein bitaaya, phir agale dou satron mein indianapolis vishvavidyalaya mein apane poorv coach royce waltman key karmchaariyon key sahayak key roop mein bitaaye, jabaki unhone apani master degree arjit kii. coaching currier. 1994 mein apani master degree poori karane key baad, brownell ney tatkalin mukhya coach jairi venerite key sahayak key roop mein unn wilmington mein apana karyakal shuru kiya. brownell ney ack sahayak key roop mein seva karate hue seahox koo chaar postseason tournament berth taka leey jaane mein madad kii, jisamen 2002 ncaa tournament key pahale daur mein chauthi vareeyata praapt usc trojan parr ack yadgar ulatafer jeet shamil thee. unn wilmington. usa satra key baad, venerite ney wilmington koo richmond mein padbhar sambhaalane key liye chhod diyaa, aur brownell koo mukhya coach key roop mein padonnat kiya gayaa. seahox key mukhya coach key roop mein apane samay key dauran, brownell ney 2003 aur 2006 mein aupaniveshik athletic association khitaab aur aine. see. aeye. aeye. tournament berth key liye seahox kaa netritva kiya, pratyek season key pahale daur mein sankeern roop seey haar gaye. unake prayason key liye, brownell koo 2003 aur 2006 mein varsh kaa caa coach naamit kiya gayaa thaa. unake chaar varshon mein, seahox kabhi bhee. 500 seey neeche naheen rahey, aur 2005-2006 season ney school-record 25 jeet hassil kii. thheek raajya. 2006 key satra key baad, braunal ney mukhya coach kii naukari lene key liye wilmington koo chhod diyaa, jahaan unhone tatkaal prabhaav daala. raait state mein apane pahale season mein, brownell ney redaron koo apane pahale kshitij leag khitaab taka pahunchaaya, niyamit season aur tournament donon khitaab jeetane key liye, saathi depo graduate brad stevens dwara prashikshit rashtriya star key butler koo harakar. hamlaavaron ney paschim kshetra mein 14veen vareeyata arjit kii, aur 2007 aine. see. aeye. aeye. tournament key pahale daur mein pitsburg seey haar gaye. team kii 23 jeet division I star parr ack school record thee. ohiyo aur indiana mein sarvshreshth college coach honey key liye unhein varsh kaa aine. aeye. bee. see. jilaa 10 coach naamit kiya gayaa thaa. brownell 2010 key satra key dauran raait state mein mukhya coach baney rahey. unaki teemen kabhi bhee sammelan khel mein teesare seey cumm naheen raheen, lekin way hamlaavaron koo post season khelane key liye vaapas karane mein asamarth they. haalaanki, unhone team koo lagaatar teen 20 jeet satron mein netritva kiya. clemson. 23 aprail, 2010 koo, brownell koo clemson mein oliver pernel kii jagah mukhya coach naamit kiya gayaa thaa. braunal ney school mein apane pahale varsh mein baghon koo aine. see. aeye. aeye. pratiyogita mein shamil kiya. baghon ney pahale chaar mein ueb koo haraaya, lekin dusare daur mein west virginia seey haar gaye. dou upa-samaan varshon key baad, bagh 2014 mein ack night bolly arjit karate hue aur semifinal mein pahunchane key baad season key baad key khel mein laut aae. agale teen varshon mein baghon ney pratyek varsh 500 key teen khelon key bheetar aur aeye. see. key nichale aadhe mein samaapt kiya, lekin unhein 2017 mein ack night bolly millie, joe pahale daur mein haar gaee. 20 march, 2017 koo school ney ghoshana kii kii braunal cumm seey cumm ack aur varsh key liye mukhya coach key roop mein lautenge. 2017-18 season key dauran, brownell ney baghon koo 2013-14 key baad seey apane pahale 20 jeet season mein netritva kiya. baghon ney ack khel mein 11-7 samaapt kiya, jisase way ack mein teesare sthaan parr baney rahey. baghon koo aine. see. aeye. aeye. pratiyogita mein ack #5 beej key roop mein chunaa gayaa thaa, aur way 16vein sthaan parr pahunch gaye, jahan way #1 beej kansas seey haar gaye. 19 julaai, 2018 koo yeh ghoshana kii gaee kii brownell aur clemson chhah saal key anubandh vistaar key liye sahmat hue they, 15 million dollar. yeh vistaar 2024 taka school mein braunal rakhega. 11 janwari, 2020 koo braunal ney 59 prayason key baad yuu. see. mein karyakram kii pahali sadak jeet key liye baghon koo prashikshit kiya. donon vidyaalayon key beach shrinkhala 1926 mein shuru hui.

broad brounell broadley robbert brounell (janana november 15,1968) americada kaaleju basketball tarabetudaararaagiddaare mattu ittichege clemson vishvavidyaalayadalli hindina mukhya basketball tarabetudaararaagiddaare. clemson bully baruva modalu, avaru rait state mattu ann wilmingtonnalli adhe sthaanavannu hondiddaru. avaru ittichege clemsonnelli tamma 13neey rtuvina tarabetudaararaagiddaru, nitt pandyavaliya modala suttinalli more head statege sotaru. arambhika jeevana. indiyaanaada evansvilleyalli janisida brounell, prastuta indiana pacers sahayaka atagarara abhivruddhi mattu indiana vishvavidyaalayada atagara calbert cheeni avarondige vilium henry harrison proudhashaaleyalli proudhashala basketball aadidaru. brounell avaru 1991ralli depow vishvavidyaalayadinda padavi padedaru, allie avaru basketball tanda mattu sigma chii bhratrutvada sadasyaraagiddaru. padavi padeda takshana avaru tarabetiyannu praarambhisidaru. avara kiriya varshada brounell avaru huligalannu enn. sii. aa. aa. vibhaga III rashtriya champiyanshipge munnadesalu sahaaya maadidaru, allie avaru aatavannu gellalu ondu hodetavannu tappisikondaru. avaru ondu rtuvannu evansville vishvavidyaalayadalli zim sibbandige sahayakaragi kaledaru, nantara mundina eradu rtugalannu tamma snatakottara padaviyannu galisuvaga indianapolis vishvavidyaalayadalli tamma maaji tarabetudaara roys waltman avara sibbandiyalli sahayakaragi kaledaru. tarabeti vrutti. 1994ralli snatakottara padaviyannu poornagolisida nantara, brounell avaru andina mukhya tarabetudaara jerri winerite avara sahayakaragi yuu. enn. wilmingtonnalli tamma adhikaravadhiyannu praarambhisidaru. brounell avaru sahayakanagi seve sallisuttiruvaaga seahoxge naalku nantarada rtumaanada pandyavaliya sthaanagalige margadarshana needalu sahaaya maadidaru, idaralli 2002rahra enn. sii. aa. aa. pandyavaliya modala suttinalli nalkane shreyankada yuu. ess. sii trojangala viruddha smaraneeya asamaadhaanada geluvu serittu. wilmington. aaa rtuvina nantara, wine rait wilmington annu toredu richmandnalli adhikara vahisikondaru, mattu brounell avarannu mukhya tarabetudaararaagi badti nidalaayitu. seahoxn mukhya tarabetudaararaagiddaaga, brounell avaru 2003 mattu 2006ralli vasaahatushaahi athletic association prashastigalu mattu enn. sii. aa. aa. pandyavaliya sthaanagalige seahox annu munnadesidaru, prati rtuvinalli modala suttinalli alpasvalpavagi sotaru. avara prayatnagaligaagi, brounell avarannu 2003 mattu 2006ralli varshada caa tarabetudaara endu hesarisalaayitu. avara naalku varsagalalli, seahox endigoo. 500kkinta kadime mugiyalilla, mattu 2005-2006 rtuvu shaala-daakhaleya 25 geluvugalannu galisitu. sariyaada sthiti. 2006rahra kridaartuvina nantara, brounell avaru wilmington avarannu toredu rait rajyadalli mukhya tarabetudaarara huddeyannu vahisikondaru, allie avaru takshanada prabhaavavannu beeridaru. rait statenallina tanna modala rtuvinalli, brounell raidargalannu tamma modala harizan leigh prashastiyannu talupisidaru, niyamita rtumaana mattu pandyavaliya prashastigalannu vashapadisikollalu, depow padavidhara broad stevensninda tarabeti padeda rashtriya shreyankada buttler avarannu solisidaru. raidargalu paschima pradeshadalli 14neey shreyankavannu galisidaru mattu 2007rahra enn. sii. aa. aa. pandyavaliya modala suttinalli pitsburg viruddha sotaru. tandada 23 geluvugalu vibhaga I mattadalli shaala daakhaleyaagide. ohiyo mattu indiyanaadalli atyuttama kaaleju tarabetudaararaagiddarinda avarannu varshada enn. aa. bii. sii. jilla 10 tarabetudaara endu hesarisalaayitu. 2010rahra kridaartuvinalli brounell rait rajyadalli mukhya tarabetudaararaagi ulidaru. avara tandagalu conferences aatadalli moorane sthaanakkinta kadime sthana galisalilla, aadare avaru nantarada rtumaanada aatakke raidargalannu maralisalu sadhyavagalilla. aadaagyoo, avaru tandavannu satatavagi mooru baari 20 geluvugala seesangalige munnadesidaru. clemson. 2010rahra april 23randu, olivar purnell badalige clemsonnelli brounell avarannu mukhya tarabetudaararaagi nemisalaayitu. brounell avaru shaleyalli tamma modala varshadalli huligalannu enn. sii. aa. aa. pandyavalige munnadesidaru. huligalu modala naalku pandyagalalli yuabannu solisidavu, aadare eradane suttinalli west virginia viruddha sotavu. eradu upa-samaana varshagala nantara, huligalu 2014ralli nantarada rtumaanada aatakke maralidavu mattu ondu nitt bid galisi semiphinal talupidavu. mundina mooru varsagalalli huligalu prati varsha. 500 rahra mooru atagalalli mattu aa. sii. yaya kelabhagadalli mugisidavu, aadare avaru 2017 ralli nitt bid annu padedaru, modala suttinalli sotaru. 2017rahra march 20randu, brounell kanishta ondu varshada kaala mukhya tarabetudaararaagi maraluttaare endu shaleyu ghoshisitu. 2017-18 rtuvinalli, brounell huligalannu 2013-14 nantara avara modala 20 geluvina rtuvige munnadesuttaare. huligalu AC aatadalli 11-7 annu poornagolisidavu, idu avugalannu ACyalli moorane sthanakke samanagisitu. enn. sii. aa. aa. pandyaavaliyalli huligalannu <aii. dii. 2> beejavaagi ayke maadalaayitu mattu sihi 16kke talupitu, allie avu <aii. dii. 1> beeja consas viruddha sotavu. julai 19,2018 randu, brounell mattu clemson aaru varshagala, $15 million oppandada vistaranege oppikondiddaare endu ghooshisalaayitu. ee vistaraneyu 2024ravaregoo shaleyalli brounell annu ulisikolluttade. 2020rahra janavari 11randu brounell avaru 59 prayatnagala nantara yuu. enn. sii. yalli kaaryakramada modala raste vijayakke huligalige tarabeti niididaru. ee eradu shalegala naduvina sarani 1926ralli praarambhavaayitu.

brad braunal bradley roobert braunal (jananam november 15,1968) oru american koleju basketball pariseelakanum aduthide klemson sarvakalaashaalayile muun head basketball pariseelakanumaanu. klemsante aduthekku varunnathinu munbu addeham raitt stettilum anku wilmingtonilum ithe sthaanam vahichirunnu. aduthide clemsonil thante 13-aamm seasonine parisheelippicha addeham naitt toornamentinte aadya roundil morehead stettinodu parajayappettu. aadyakaala jeevitam. indiaanayile evaansvilleyil janicha braunal, vilyam henry haarisan haiskoolil nilavile indian pacers asisttant oof player developmentinum indian yooniversitti kalikkaranaaya calbert cheenikkum oppam haiskool basketball kalichu. 1991ll depo sarvakalashaalayil ninnu birudam nediya braunal avide basketball teamil sigma chii saahodaryathilum amgamaayirunnu. birudam nediya udan thanne addeham parisheelanathilekku pooyi. juuniyar varshamaaya braunal kaduvakale enn. sii. eiii. eiii division III deseeya chaambyanshippilekku nayikkaan sahayichu, avide kalii vijayikkaan oru shoat nashtappettu. oru season addeham ivaansville sarvakalashaalayil jiim kroovinte asisttantaayi chelavazhichu, thudarnnu adutha rund seasonukal indianpolis sarvakalashaalayil thante muun coach roys waltmante staafil asisttantaayi chelavazhichu. coaching currier. 1994ll birudaananthara birudam poortthiyaakkiya sesham braunal annathe mukhya parisheelakanaayirunna jerry veyntaittinte sahayiyaayi ann wilmingtonil thante kaalavadhi aarambhichu. 2002 enn. sii. eiii. eiii toornamentinte aadya roundil naalam seedaaya yuu. ezz. sii trojansinethiraaya avismaraneeyamaaya upter vijayam ulppede, asisttantaayi sevanamanushtikkumbol seehokkukale naalu season toornament berthukalilekku nayikkaan braunal sahayichu. anku wilmington. aaa seasoninushesham, vaintait wilmington vittu richmondil chumathalayelkkukayum brounaline mukhya parisheelakanaayi sthaanakkayattam nalkukayum cheythu. seahoxinte mukhya parisheelakanaayirikke, braunal parajayappettu 2003lum colonial athlattik association kireedangalilekkum enn. sii. eiii. eiii tournament berthukalilekkum seahoxine nayichu, oro seasonilum aadya roundil parajayappettu. parajayappettu 2003lum braunal caa coach oof dhaa iyar aayi thiranjedukkappettu. naalu varshathinide seehokkukal orikkalum. orikkalum thaazhe avasaanichilla, koodaathe koodaathe season school record 25 vijayangal nedi. sariyaaya avastha. 2006 seasoninushesham, braunal ann wilmington vittu raitt stettile mukhya parisheelakante jolie etteduthu, avide addeham udanadi swaadheenam chelutthi. raitt stettile thante aadya seasonil, braunal raidezhsine avarude aadya horisoon leag kireedatthilekku nayichu, deseeya raankilulla buttlere paraajayappeduthi, saha dipa birudadhaariyaaya brad steevans parisheelippichu, pathiv season toornament kireedangalum nedi. rydermar padinjaaran mekhalayil 14-aamm seed nedukayum 2007 enn. sii. eiii. eiii toornamentinte aadya roundil pittsburghinode paraajayappedukayum cheythu. teaminte 23 vijayangal onnaam division levelil oru school recordaayirunnu. ohaayoyileyum indianayileyum mikacha koleju parisheelakanaayathin addeham enn. eiii. bii. sii distrikt 10 coach oof dhaa iyar aayi thiranjedukkappettu. 2010 seasoniludaneelam braunal raitt stettu mukhya parisheelakanaayi thudarnnu. konfarans kaliyil addehathinte teamukal orikkalum moonnaam sthaanathil thazheyaayirunnilla, pakshe raidermaare postseasonilekku thirike konduvaraan addehathinu kazhinjilla. ennirunnaalum, thudarchayaayi moonnu 20 vijaya seasonukalilekku addeham teamine nayichu. klemson. 2010 epril epril olivar parnalinu pakaram clemsonil brounaline mukhya parisheelakanaayi niyamichu. skoolile aadya varshathil braunal kaduvakale enn. sii. eiii. eiii toornamentilekku nayichu. kaduvakal aadya naalil kwabine paraajayappedutthiyenkilum randaam roundil vestt virjeeniyayod parajayappettu. rund varshathinusesham, 2014ll kaduvakal oru nischitha bid nedukayum semifinalilethukayum cheythu. adutha moonnu varshangalil kaduvakal oro varshavum 500 kalikalil finish cheyyukayum essy yude thaazhathe pakuthiyil finish cheyyukayum cheythuvenkilum 2017 ll avarkk oru nitt bid labhichu, aadya roundil parajayappettu. 2017 march march braunal kuranjathu oru varshamenkilum mukhya parisheelakanaayi madangivarumennu school prakhyaapichu. 2017-18 seasonil, braunal kaduvakale avarude aadya 20 vijaya seasonilekku nayikkunnu. kaduvakal AC playil 11-7 poortthiyaakki, ithu avare AC yill moonnaam sthaanathekku samanilayil nirtthi. enn. sii. eiii. eiii toornamentil kaduvakale oru aii. dii. 2 vithayi thiranjedukkukayum sweet 16-ll athikkukayum avide avar aii. dii. 1 vithu kansasinode paraajayappedukayum cheythu. 2018 juulai juulai brounalum clemson aarr varshathe 15 dasalaksham dollarinte karar vipuleekaranathinu sammathichathayi prakhyaapichu. eee vipuleekaranam 2024 vare schoolil braunal nilanirtthum. 2020 januvari 11 nuu 59 shramangalkk sesham yuu. enn. siyil paripaadiyude aadya rooad vijayathilekku braunal kaduvakale parisheelippichu. parisheelippichu rund schoolukalum thammilulla parambara aarambhichath.

brad braunel bradley robbert braunal (janm 15 november 1968) heey american mahavidhyalayin basketball prashikshak aahet aanee agadi alikadech clemson vidyapithatil mageel mukhya basketball prashikshak aahet. clemsonkade yenyapurvi, tyane rait steet aanee unn wilmington yethe samaan padd dharan kele hote. tyane alikadech clemson yethe tyachya 13 vya hangamala prashikshan dile aahe, nite spardhechya pahilya fereet too moerhead statecadoon parabhoot jhaala. prarambhik jeevan. evansville, indiana yethe janmalele braunel, sadhyache indiana vegwan golandaj, kheladu vikas sahayyak aanee indiana vidyapithache kheladu calbert chenee yanchyasobat, william heinry harrison highschoolmadhye hyschool basketball khelale. braunal yanni 1991 madhye depau vidyapithatun padvi prapt kelee, jithe teey basketball sangh aanee sigma chee bandhutvache sadasya hote. padvi ghetalyanantar lagechach too prashikshanat gela. tyachya kanishth varshatil braunelane vaghanna aine. see. aii. aii. vibhag III rashtriy ajinkyapad spardhet nenyat madat kelee, jithe too khel jinkanyasathi eka shaut chukala. tyane eka hangam evansville vidyapithat jiim kroocha sahayyak mhanoon ghalavala, tyanantar pudhil done hangam tyane padvyuttar padvi midvat indianapolis vidyapithat tyachya majee prashikshak royce waltmanchya waltmanchya sahayyak mhanoon ghalavale. prashikshan karkird. 1994 madhye padvyuttar padvi purn kelyanantar, braunal yanni tatkalin mukhya prashikshak jairie venerite yanche sahayyak mhanoon unn wilmington yethe tyancha karyakal suru keela. keela aine. see. aii. aii. spardhechya pahilya fereet chauthya manankit yuu. ess. see. trojanvar sansmaraniy upset vijaysah sahayyak mhanoon kaam kartana braunelane seahoxla chaar postsigen spardhechya birthwar margadarshan karnyat madat kelee. unn wilmington. tyaa hangamanantar, veneritene wilmington sodoon richmondchi jababdari sweekarli aanee braunelala mukhya prashikshak mhanoon badhati denyat aalee. seahoxche mukhya prashikshak asatana, braunal yanni seahoxche netrutva karoon 2003 aanee 2006 madhye vasahati ethletic associationchya vijetepadanvar aanee aine. see. aii. aii. spardhechya padanvar sthan midavale, pratyek hangamat pahilya fereet tyancha alpaswalp parabhav jhaala. tyachya prayatnansathi, braunelala 2003 aanee 2006 madhye see. aii. aii. prashikshak mhanoon varshatil sarvottam mhanoon nivadanyat aale. tyachya chaar varshant, seahox kadhihi. 500 peksha khalee gele naheet aanee 2005-2006 hangamane shaletil vikrami 25 vijay midavale. yogya sthitee. sthitee hangamanantar, braunalane unn wilmingtonla sodoon rait statemadhye mukhya prashikshakachi nokri ghetali, jithe tyane tatkal prabhav padala. rait statemadhil tyachya pahilya hangamat, braunalane redarna tyanchya pahilya kshitij leag vijetepadavar nele, niyamit hangam aanee spardha donhi vijetepade jinkanyasathi sahkari depo graduate brad stevensdware prashikshit rashtriy kramvarit asalelya butlerla parabhoot kele. redarna paschim pradeshat 14 weey manankan midale aanee 2007 chya aine. see. aii. aii. spardhechya pahilya fereet pitsburgkadoon parabhav patkarava lagla. sanghache 23 vijay heey pahilya vibhagatil shaletil vikram hote. ohayo aanee indianamadhil mahavidhyalayin sarvottam prashikshak mhanoon tyala aine. aii. bii. see. jilha 10 chey varshatil sarvottam prashikshak mhanoon nivadanyat aale. aale hangamat braunel rait statemadhye mukhya prashikshak rahile. tyache sangh conferences khelat kadhihi kadhihi qamee sthanavar rahile naheet, parantu too redarna postsigen khelat parat aanoo shakala nahee. matra, tyane sanghache netrutva salag teen vela 20 vela vijay midvanyachya hangamat kele. clemson. 23 april 2010 roji, braunelala clemson yethe mukhya prashikshak mhanoon niyukt karnyat aale, jyane oliver parnelchi jaaga ghetali. braunal yane shaletil tyachya pahilya varshat vaghanna aine. see. aii. aii. spardhet sahbhagi karoon ghetale. vaghanni pahilya charmadhye uaabala parabhoot kele, parantu parantu fereet west vharjiniyakadoon parabhav patkarla. done samatulya varshannantar, wagh 2014 madhye postsigen khelat paratale aanee tyanni eka niit boolii midavali aanee upantya fereet pravesh keela. pudhil teen varshant vaghanni darvarshi. 500 chya teen khelanmadhye aanee aii. see. chya khalchya ardhya bhagat shevat keela, parantu 2017 madhye tyanna pahilya fereet parabhoot houn niit boolii midali. 20 march 2017 roji, shalene jaheer kele qee braunel kiman aanakhi eka varsh mukhya prashikshak mhanoon parat yeil. 2017-18 hangamat, braunalane vaghanna tyanchya pahilya 20 vijay hangamat netrutva kele, jeey 2013-14 nantarche hote. vaghanni essie plemadhye 11-7 purn kele, jyamule teey esimadhye esimadhye sthanavar rahile. aine. see. aii. aii. spardhet vaghanchi nivad #5 biyane mhanoon karnyat aalee aanee tyanni sweet 16 madhye pravesh keela, jithe tyanna #1 biyane cansaskadoon parabhav patkarava lagla. 19 julai 2018 roji, braunel aanee clemson yanni sahaa varshanchya, 15 dashalaksh dollarschya kararachya vistaras sahmati darshavali aahe, asey jaheer karnyat aale. haah vistar 2024 paryant shalet braunel thevanar aahe. 11 janewari 2020 roji braunal yanni 59 prayatnannantar yuu. aine. see. yethe karyakramachya pahilya road vijayasathi vaghanna prashikshan dile. yaa done shalanmadhil malika 1926 madhye suru jhaali.

brad braunal bradley robert braunel (janma november 15,1968) ek americi college basketball prashikshak hun rar halasalai clemson vishwavidyalayama aghillo mukhya basketball prashikshak hun. clemsonma aunuaghi, unle right state rar unn wilmingtonma eutai pada samhaleka thie. unle bharkharai clemsonma afno 13 aun sijanko prashikshan dieka chhan, night pratiyogitako pahilo charanma morehead statesanga hareka chhan. prarambhik jiwan. ibhansabhil, indianama janmeka braunelle william heinry harrison hai schoolma hai schol basketball kheleka thie jasma wartaman indiana pacers sahayak kheladi vikas rar indiana vishwavidyalayaka kheladi calbert cheny thie. braunelle sann 1991 maa depau vishwavidyalayabata snatak gare, jahaan uni basketball tolly rar sigma chee bhratritwaka sadasya thie. snatak garepachhi uni turuntai kochingma gae. unko kanishtha warsha, braunelle baghaharulai nca division III rashtriya championshipma netritwa garna maddat gare, jahaan unle khel jitnaka lagi euta sutt gumae. unle ek sijan ibhansabhil vishwavidyalayama zim kruko sahayakko rupma bitae, tyasapachhi arko dui sijan indianapolis vishwavidyalayama afna purva prashikshak royas waltmanko stafma sahayakko rupma bitae jabki afno master degree kamae. coaching currier. sann 1994 maa afno master degree pura garepachhi, braunelle tatkalin mukhya prashikshak jery weneriteko sahayakko rupma unn wilmingtonma afno karyakal suru gare. braunelle sahayakko rupma sewa garda samudri haxlai chaar postsigen turnament birthaharuma margadarshan garna maddat gare, jasma 2002 nca pratiyogitako pahilo charanma chautho-wariyata prapta usc trojanharumathi smaraniya upset jiit samawesh thiyo. unn wilmington. tyas sijanpachhi, weneritele wilmington chhodera richmondma padabhar grahan gare, rar braunellai mukhya prashikshakko rupma padonnati gariyo. sihaksako mukhya prashikshakko rupma afno samayama, braunelle 2003 rar 2006 maa aupaniweshik athletic association upadhi rar nca turnament birthaharuma sihaksako netritwa gare, pratyek sijanko pahilo charanma thorai haare. unko prayaska lagi, braunellai 2003 rar 2006 maa warshako caa prashikshakko naam diieko thiyo. unko chaar warshama, samudri hocks kahilyai. 500 bhanda tall samapta bhaena, rar 2005-2006 sijanle schol-record 25 jitharu utpadan garyo. sahi rajya. sann 2006 ko sijanpachhi, braunelle unn wilmingtonlai right statema mukhya prashikshakko kaam lyne chhode, jahaan unle tatkal prabhawa parey. right statema afno pahilo sijanma, braunelle rederharulai uniharuko pahilo kshitij ligg upadhima netritwa gare, rashtriya starko buttlerlai harae, sathi depo snatak brad stevensdwara prashikshit, niyamit sijan rar pratiyogita duwai upadhi kabja garna. rederharule paschimi kshetrama 14 aun seed prapta gare, rar 2007 nca pratiyogitako pahilo charanma pitsbergsanga haare. toliko 23 wata jit division I starma schol record thiyo. ohayo rar indianama utkrishta college prashikshakka rupma unlai nbc zilla 10 ko koch aff da iyarko naam diieko thiyo. braunel sann 2010 ko sijansamma right statema mukhya prashikshak bane. unka toliharu sammelan khelma tesro bhanda tall kahilyai samapta bhaenan, tara uni rederharulai postsigen khelma firta garna asamartha thie. yadyapi, unle tolilai lagatar tinawata 20 jiit sijanma netritwa gare. clemson. 23 april 2010 maa, oliver parnelko sthanma, braunellai clemsonma mukhya prashikshak niyukta garieko thiyo. braunelle schoolma afno pahilo warshama baghaharulai nca pratiyogitama netritwa gare. baghaharule pahilo charma ueblai parajit gare, tara dosro charanma west bharjiniyasanga haare. dui upa-saman warsha pachhi, baghaharu 2014 maa postsigen khelma farkie rar ek night bolly kamaera semifinalma puge. arko tean warshama baghaharule pratyek warsha. 500 ko tean khelharubhitra rar esiko tallo adha bhagma samapta gareko dekhyo, tara uniharule 2017 maa pahilo charanma hareko night bolly prapta gare. 20 march 2017 maa, vidyalayale ghoshana garyo kii braunel kamtima ek warshaka lagi mukhya prashikshakko rupma farkanechhan. 2017-18 sijanma, braunelle baghaharulai 2013-14 pachhi uniharuko pahilo 20 jiit sijanma netritwa gare. baghaharule AC khelma 11-7 samapta gare, jasle uniharulai AC maa tesro sthanma barabar rakhyo. baghaharulai nca pratiyogitama #5 biuko rupma chayan garieko thiyo, rar yasalai sweet 16 maa parr gariyo, jahaan tiniharu #1 biu kansassanga haare. july 19,2018 maa, yo ghoshana garieko thiyo kii braunel rar clemson chha warshako, $15 million samjhauta vistarma sahamat bhaeka thie. yo wistarle sann 2024 samma vidyalayama braunel rakhnechha. janawari 11,2020 maa, braunelle 59 prayaspachhi anama karyakramko pahilo sadak vijayaka lagi baghaharulai prashikshan die. yee dui vidyalayabichko shringkhala sann 1926 maa suru bhaeko thiyo.

brad braunel bradley robert braunel (janma navember 15,1968) jane americae college basketball coach ebong nikatare clemson biswabidyalajare purba mukhya basketball coach . klemasananka pakhaku asiba purbaru shay rait state ebong aun wilmingtonre samaana padabeere rahithile. shay nikatare clemsion thaare nijara 13tama sijinre prasikhyana deichhanti, ebong nitt turnamenter pratham roundre morehead state thaaru harichhanti. prarambhika zeeban. indianara ivansabhilare janmagrahana karithiba braunel william henry harrison haiskulare haiskul basketball khelithile, jeunthire barttamanara indiana pacers assistant off player development ebong indiana biswabidyalajara khelali calbert cheny thile. braunel 1991 ray dipou biswabidyalajaru snataka hoithile, jeunthare shay basketball dala ebong sigma chee bhratrutwara sadasya thile. snataka heba parey shay turanta kochingre joga deithile. taanka kanistha barsha, braunel baghamananku ncaa divijana-3 jatiah championship ray netrutwa nebare sahajya karithile, jeunthare shay khela jitiba paain eka sutt haraile . shay gotie rutu evancevil biswabidyalajare zim krura sahajaka bhabare bitaithile, taa 'parey parabarti duiti rutu indianapolis biswabidyalajare taanka purbatana coach rais waltmanka karmacharinka sahajaka bhabare tankara snatakottara degree arjan karithile . koching kyariyara. 1994 ray snatakottara degree samapta kariba parey, braunel tatkaleena mukhya prashikhyaka jairie wenraitanka sahajaka bhabare aun wilmingtonre taanka karjyakala arambha karithile. braunel jane sahajaka bhabare karjya kariba samajare sihaksanku charoti postsigen turnament barthaku margadarshan karibare sahajya karithile, jeunthire 2002 ncaa turnamenter pratham roundre chaturtha manyata prapta usc trojanka upare eka smaraniah upts bijai antarbhukta . aun wilmington. sehi rutu parey, wenright wilmington chhadi richmondre dajitwa grahan karithile, ebong braunelnku mukhya prashikhyaka bhabare padonnati diajaithila. sihaksra mukhya prashikhyaka bhabe thiba samajare, braunel 2003 ebong 2006ray oupanibeshika athletic association title ebong ncaa turnament barthare sihaksra netrutwa neithile, pratyeka sijinra pratham roundre alpake harithile. tankara prayasa paain, braunel 2003 ebong 2006 ray caa coach off dee iyar bhabare manoneet hoithile. taanka chaari barshare, sihak kadapi. 500 ru talaku samapta hoinathila, ebong 2005-2006 rutu eka bidyalaja-record 25 bijai srusti karithila . thick abastha. 2006 sijin parey, braunel wilmingtonku chhadi rait state ray mukhya prashikhyakanka chakiri neithile, jeunthare shay turanta prabhaba pakaithile. rait state ray tankara pratham sijinare, braunel redarmananku semanankara pratham digaja ligg title ray netrutwa neithile, jatiah starare ranking batlarnku parasta karithile, saathee dipau grazuate brad stivensnka dwara prasikhita, ubhaja nijamita sijan ebong turnament title dakhal karibaku . aakramanakareemane paschima anchalare 14tama manyata arjan karithile ebong 2007 ncaa turnamenter pratham roundre pitsburgankatharu harithile. dalara 23tii bijai pratham divijana starare eka skula record thila. ohio ebong indianare sarbottama college coach hoithibaru tanku enn. aii. bii. sii. zillah 10 coach off dee iyar bhabare namit karajaithila. 2010 sijin parjyanta braunel rait state ray mukhya prashikhyaka rahithile. taanka dalagudika kebebi sammilani khelare truteejaru comm sthana hassel karinathile, kintu shay aakramanakareemananku parabarti parjyaja khelaku pheraibare asamartha hoithile. tebe, shay dalaku kramagata tinoti 20tii bijai ruture netrutwa deithile. clemson. 2010 masiha april 23 tarikhare, olivara parnelanka sthanare, clemsonthare braunelanku mukhya prashikhyaka bhabe nijukta karajaithila. braunel schoolre pratham barshare baghamananku ncaa turnamentaku nei jaithile. baghamane pratham charitire juebinku parasta karithile, kintu dwiteeja roundre paschima bharjiniatharu harithile. dui barsha parey, baghamane 2014 ray postsigen khelaku pherithile ebong eka nitt bida arjan karithile ebong semiphinalare pahanchithile. parabarti tini barsha madhyare baghamane pratibarsha. 500rahr tinoti khela madhyare ebong ac rahr nimnardhare shesh karithile, kintu semane 2017 ray eka nitt bida paithile, pratham roundre harithile. march 20,2017 ray, bidyalaja ghoshana kallah je braunel atikamre aau eka barsha paain mukhya prashikhyaka bhabare pheribe . 2017-18 ruture, braunel baghamananku semanankara pratham 20 bijai ruture netrutwa deithile, jaahaa parey 2013-14. baghamane aak plere 11-7 samapta karithile, jaahaa semananku aak ray truteeja sthanare barabar rakhithila. ncaa turnamentare baghamananku eka #5 beeja bhabare chayan karajaithila, ebong suite 16 ray sthana paithila, jeunthare semane #1 beeja kansasnkatharu harithile. july 19,2018 ray, ehaa ghoshana karajaithila je braunel ebong clemson chhaa barshar, $15 nijuta chukti samprasarana paain raaji hoithile. ehi samprasarana 2024 parjyanta bidyalajare braunel rakhiba . januari 11,2020 ray braunel 59 tii prayasa parey unc ray karjyakramara pratham sadaka bijai paain baghamananku talim deithile. 1926 masihare ehi dui bidyalaja madhyare shrunkhala arambha hoithila.

bradd braunal bradley robbert braunal (janam 15 navambar, 1968) ikk amriki kaalaj basketball coach haii atey haal hii witch clemson university witch pichle mukkh basketball coach haii. clemson cole aaunn toon pahilan, uh raeet state atey anak wilmington witch ikko ahude utte see. uss neey haal hii witch clemson vikhe aapne 13ven season dee coaching keeti haii, night tournament dey pahile daur witch morehead state toon haar giaa see. mudhla jeevan. evensville, indiana witch paida hoye, braunal neey viliam hannery harrison hyee school witch hyee school basketball khediaa, jiss witch maujuda indiana tez gendbazan dey khidari vikas dey sahaik atey indiana university dey khidari calbert cheeni neey hissa liaa. braunal neey 1991 witch depo university toon graduation keeti, jitthe uh basketball team atey sigma chee bhaichare daa member see. graduate honn toon turant baad uh coaching witch chaley gaye. aapne junier saal, braunal neey tigers noon ainn. see. aii. aii. division III rashtari championship witch agvai curran witch sahaita keeti, jitthe uh khed jittan laee ikk shaat guaa baithe. uss neey ikk season evensville university witch jimm karoo dey sahaik vajon bitaiaa, firr agle doou season indianapolis university witch aapne sabka coach raais waltman dey staff witch sahaik vajon bitaae jadon kii uss neey aapni maastar dee digri prapat keeti. coaching carrier. sann 1994 witch aapni maastar digri puurii curran toon baad, braunal neey uss vele dey mukkh coach jairi venerite dey sahaik vajon ann wilmington witch aapna karajkal shuru keeta. braunal neey sahaik vajon seva nibhaunde hoye seahox noon chaar postseason tournament berth takk lijaan witch sahaita keeti, jiss witch 2002 ncaa tournament dey pahile daur witch chauthe darja prapat usc trojanaz utte ikk yadgari ulat jitt shamal see. ann wilmington. uss season toon baad, venerite neey richmand witch ahuda sambhalan laee wilmington chhadd ditta, atey braunal noon mukkh coach vajon tarakki ditti gaee. seahox dey mukkh coach dey roop witch aapne samein dauran, braunal neey 2003 atey 2006 witch bastiwadi athletic association dey khitaban atey ainn. see. aii. aii. tournament deeaan seetan takk seahox dee agvai keeti, harr season dey pahile daur witch mamuli haar daa sahmana keeta. aapne yatnan laee, braunal noon 2003 atey 2006 witch see. aii. aii. coach aaf dha ear namzad keeta giaa see. aapne chaar saalan witch, seahox kadey vee. 500 toon hethan naheen rahey, atey 2005-2006 season neey school-ricard 25 jittan dittiaan. sahee sathiti. 2006 dey season toon baad, braunal neey sajje raaj witch mukkh coach dee naukari lainn laee ann wilmington noon chhadd ditta, jitthe uss neey turant prabhav paaiaa. raeet state witch aapne pahile season witch, braunal neey redders noon aapne pahile horizon leeg khitaab takk pahuncha ditta, rashtari paddhar dey buttler noon haraa keey, saathi depo graduate bradd stevens duaara coaching ditti gaee, niyamat season atey tournament dovan dey khitaab jitte. hamlavaran neey pachmi khetar witch 14vaan darja prapat keeta, atey 2007 ncaa tournament dey pahile daur witch pitsburg toon haar gaye. team deeaan 23 jittan division I paddhar utte ikk school ricard see. ohio atey indiana witch sarbottam kaalaj coach honn laee unhan noon ainn. aii. bee. see. zilha 10 daa saal daa coach namzad keeta giaa see. braunal 2010 dey season dauran raeet state witch mukkh coach rahey. uss deeaan teaman conferences play witch kadey vee teeje toon hethan naheen rahiaan, parr uh hamlavaran noon postseason play witch waps curran witch asamrath sunn. halanki, unhan neey team noon lagatar tinn 20 jittan dey season takk pahuncha ditta. clemson. 23 aprail, 2010 noon, braunal noon oliver parnel dee thaan climson vikhe mukkh coach niyukat keeta giaa see. braunal neey school witch aapne pahile saal witch tigers noon ainn. see. aii. aii. tournament witch agvai ditti. tigers neey pahile chaar witch quab noon haraiaa, parr dooje daur witch pachmi virginia toon haar gaye. doou sabpar saalan baad, tigers neey 2014 witch ikk nitt bollie haasal keeti atey semifinal witch pahunch keey postseason khed witch vaapsee keeti. agle tinn saalan witch baghan neey harr saal 500 dey tinn geman dey ander atey ac dey hethle addh witch ant keeta, parr unhan noon 2017 witch ikk nitt bollie millie, pahile daur witch haar gaye. 20 march, 2017 noon school neey ailaan keeta kii braunal ghatto ghatt ikk saal horr mukkh coach vajon waps aaa javega. 2017-18 season dauran, braunal neey tigers noon uhanan dey pahile 20 jitt season witch agvai ditti, jadon kii 2013-14 toon baad tigers neey AC play witch 11-7 noon khatam keeta, jiss naal uh AC witch teeje sathaan utte bnnhe rahey. baghan noon ainn. see. aii. aii. tournament witch ikk #5 beej dey roop witch chunhiaa giaa see, atey iss noon mitthe 16 witch jagha ditti gaee, jitthe uh #1 beej kansas toon haar gaye. 19 julai, 2018 noon, ih ailaan keeta giaa see kii braunal atey clemson chhe saal, 15 million dallar dey ikrarname dey vaadhe laee sehmat hoye sunn. ih vistaar 2024 takk school witch braunal noon rakhega. 11 janwari, 2020 noon braunal neey 59 koshishan toon baad yuu. ainn. see. vikhe program dee pahili sadak jitt laee tigers noon sikhlai ditti. dovan schoolan darmiaan luddy 1926 witch shuru hoee see.

brad braunel broadley rabert braunel (janma 15 november 1968) ekaha american-mahaavidyaalayasya basketball-prashikshakah asti, sadyah cha clemson-vishvavidyaalaye poorvasya mukhya-basketball-prashikshakah asti. clemson ityasya sameepam aagachanaat poorvam saha rait-state-madhye tathaa ank wilmington-ityatra cha samaanam sthaanam praptavan. saha sadyah eva clemson-nagare swasya 13 tamam satram prashikshita asti, nitt-pratiyogitaayaah prathama-charane morr-head-state-ityanena parajitah. praarambhikajeevanam. indiana-nagarasya evensville-nagare janma praapnot, braunel ityeshah, vartamaanasya indiana-pacers-sahayakasya, kridapatunam vikaasasya, indiana-vishvavidyaalayasya creedcain calbert-cheeni ityanena saha, vilium-heinry-harrison-ucchavidyaalaye ucchavidyaalayasya basketball-kreedaam abhyanayt. braunel ityeshah 1991 tame varshe depov-vishvavidyaalayaat snaatakapadaveem praptavan, yatra saha basketball-dalasya sigmaa-chee-bhraatrutvasya sadasyah aasit. snaatakapadaveem praapya saha tatkshanameva prashikshanm sveekrutavaan. tasya kanishtavarshe, braunel ityeshah vyaghran enn. see. e. e. vibhaga-III rashtriya-championship-kridaayaam nayitum sahayyam krutavaan, yatra saha kridaayaam vijayam praaptum ekam shaat apatravan. saha evansville-vishvavidyaalaye jim-kroo ityasya sahayakatvena ekam satram vyateetavaan, tatah agrimadwayam satram indianapolis-vishvavidyaalaye swasya poorva-prashikshakasya raays waltman ityasya karmacharinam sahaayakaroopen, snaatakottarapadaveem praapya, vyateetavaan. prashikshan vruttihi. 1994 tame varshe snaatakottarapadaveem samapya, braunel ityeshah ann wilmington-nagare tatkaaleenasy mukhya-prashikshakasya jeree venerate ityasya sahayakatvena swasya karyakalam aarabdhavaan. braunel ityeshah sahayakatvena karyam kurvan seahox-kreedaayaah krute postseason-tournament-sthanani cha pradadat, yasmin 2002 enn. see. e. e. spardhayaha prathamapande chaturtha-shrenyaah yoo. ess. see. trojans-kreedaayaah upari smaraniyah uptus-vijayah api antarbhavati. ana wilmington. tasmin rutoho anantaram, vain rait wilmington ityatah muktvaa richmond-nagarasya karyabharam sveekrutavaan, tathaa cha braunel ityeshah mukhya-prashikshakatvena padonnatah abhavat. seahox ityasya mukhya-prashikshakatvena swasya kaale, braunel 2003 tame varshe 2006 tame varshe cha seahox-kreedaayaah netrutvam akarot, aupaniveshika-athletik-sanghasya upaadhim, enn. see. e. e. pratiyogitaayaah sthanani cha praptavan, pratyekasmin rutau prathama-charane alpatayaa parajitah abhavat. tasya prayatnanam karanat, braunel 2003 tame varshe 2006 tame varshe cha see-haaks ityasya varshasya sarvashreshta-prashikshakah iti namankitaha abhavat. tasya chaturshu varsheshu see-haaks kadaapi. 500 taha adhah naa samaaptam, tathaa cha 2005-2006 creedaa-rutuhu vidyaalaya-abhilekha-25 vijayaan cha pradat. yathaarth-sthitihi. 2006 tamavarshasya kreedarutyaha anantaram, braunel ityeshah aank wilmington ityenam nyaveshya rait-raajye mukhya-prashikshakasya karyam sveekrutavaan, yatra saha tatkshanameva prabhaavam akarot. rait-raajye swasya prathama-kreedaarutuve, braunel ityeshah redar-ityeteshaam prathama-haarijon-leag-upaadhim praapya, niyamita-kreedaarutuve tathaa pratiyogitaayaah cha upaadhim praaptum, saha-depo-snaatak-brad stevens ityanena prashikshite rashtriya-shrenyaah buttler ityenam parajayata. akramanakarinaha pashchimakshetre 14 tamam beejam arjitavantah, 2007 tame varshe enn. see. e. e. pratiyogitaayaah prathamapande pitsburg-nagare parajitaha cha abhavan. prathamavibhaagasya stare dalasya 23 vijayaah vidyaalayasya abhilekhah aasit. ohiyo-indiana-nagarayoho mahaavidyaalayasya sarvottama-prashikshakah iti karanat saha e. e. bee. see.-mandalasya 10 prashikshakah iti namankitaha. 2010 tame varshe yaavat braunel ityeshah rait-raajye mukhya-prashikshakah aasit. tasya dalaani sammelan-kridaayaam kadaapi truteeyaat nyoonam naa krutavantah, parantu saha akramanakarinam postseason-kridaayaam punah gantum asamarthah abhavat. parantu saha dalasya netrutvam krutvaa, 20 vijaya-rutushu trayam praavishat. clemson. 2010 april 23 dinaanke, olivar-parnel ityasya sthaane clemson-nagare braunel-varyaha mukhya-prashikshakah iti namankitaha. braunel ityayam vidyaalaye prathamavarshe vyaghran enn. see. e. e. pratiyogitaam prati agruhnaat. vyaaghrah prathameshu chaturshushu kwaab-kreedaam parajayata, parantu dwiteeya-charane west-virginia-kreedayaa parajitaha. varshadvayaanantaram, vyaaghrah 2014 tame varshe post-season-kreedaam pratyaagatya nitt-bidam arjya semiphanel-madhye aagatavantah. agrimeshu varshatrayeshu vyaaghrah prativarsham. 500 iti kreedaayaah trishu kreedaasu eva, e. sii. ityasya nimnaardhe cha samaapyanta, parantu 2017 tame varshe te nitt-bidam praaptavantah, prathama-charane parajitaha abhavan. 2017 maarch 20 dinaanke vidyaalayen, braunel ityeshah nyunatinyoonam ekavarsham yaavat mukhya-prashikshakatvena punaraagamanam karishyati iti ghoshitam. 2017-18 kreedaarutuve, braunel ityanena vyaghranam prathama-20 vijayarutau netrutvam krutam, yat 2013-14 taha aarabhy. vyaaghrah e. sii. kridaayaam 11-7 iti samapya, yena te e. sii. madhye truteeyasthaane samaantaram abhavat. enn. see. e. e. spardhayam vyaaghraani <aii. dee. 1> beejaroopen chitaani, sweet 16 madhye sthaanam avaapnot, yatra te <aii. dee. 2> beej-cansas-ityanena parajitaha abhavan. 2018 julai 19 dinaanke, braunel tathaa clemson cha shut-varsha-$15 dashalax-anubandha-vistaaraay sahamatau iti ghoshitam. ayam vistaarah 2024 paryantam vidyaalaye braunel-vidyaalayam sthaapayishyati. 2020 janavaree 11 dinaanke braunel ityanena vyaghran 59 prayatnaam pashchat yu. enn. sii. ityatra karyakramasya prathamam maargavijayam prashikshanm dattam. vidyaalayayoh madhye shrunkhalaa 1926 tame varshe aarabhat.

broad pravunel broadly robbert pravunel (prappu navambar 15,1968) oru america kalluri koodaippandhu payirchiyaalar mattrum miga sameepaththil clemson palkalaikkazhagaththil munththaiya thalaimai koodaippandhu payirchiyaalar aavaar. clemsonidam varuvatharku munbu, avar raid state mattrum ank wilmingtonil athae padhaviyai vagiththaar. avar miga sameepaththil thanathu 13 vadhu seesanai clemsonil payitruviththullaar, nitt poattiyin muthal suttril morhead state aniyidam thoalviyadainthaar. aarambagaala vaazhkkai. indiyanaavin eevansvillil pirantha pravunel, uyarnilaip palli koodaippandhu vilayaattai villiyam hendri haarisan uyarnilaip pallyil tharpoothaiya indiana vaekappanththu veechchaalar udhaviyaalar mattrum indiana palkalaikkazhaga veerar calbert seeniyudan vilaiyaadinaar. pravunel 1991 aam aandil debav palkalaikkazhagaththil pattam pettraar, angku avar koodaippandhu anii mattrum sigma chii sagoatharaththuvaththil uruppinaraaga irunthaar. pattam pettra udanaeyae payirchikkuch sentraar. avarathu juuniyar aandu, pravunel puligal enn. chii. aee. aee pirivu III thaesiya saambiyanshippirku vazhinadaththa udhavinaar, angku avar vilayaattai vella oru shottai thavaravittaar. avar oru paruvatthai eevansvillae palkalaikkazhagaththil jiim kulukkalukku uthaviyaalaraagak kaliththaar, pinnar aduththa irandu paruvangkalai indianapolis palkalaikkazhagaththil thanathu munnaal payirchiyaalar roys waldman oozhiyargalukku uthaviyaalaraagak kaliththaar, athae neraththil thanathu muthukalaip pattam pettraar. payirchi vaazhkkai. 1994 aam aandil thanathu muthukalaip pattam mudiththa piragu, pravunel uunn wilmingtonil appoathaiya thalaimai payirchiyaalar jerri weinritin uthaviyaalaraaka thanathu pathavikkaalaththaith thodangkinaar. 2002 enn. chii. aee. aee poattiyin muthal suttril naankaavathu nilai yuu. ess. chii trojangalai marakkamudiyaatha aemaattra vettri udpada, oru uthaviyaalaraaka paniyaattrum poathu naanku pinththaiya nilai poatti perththugalukku seehaxai vazhinadaththa pravunel udhavinaar. wilmington. antha paruvatthaith thodarnthu, winerite wilmingtonai vittu veliyaeri richmandil poruppaettruk kondaar, maelum pravunel thalaimai payirchiyaalaraaka padhavi uyarvu pettraar. seahox thalaimai payirchiyaalaraaka irunththa kaalaththil, pravunel 2003 mattrum 2006 aam aandugalil kaalanitthuva thadagala sanga pattangkal mattrum enn. chii. aee. aee poatti perththugalukku seahox vazhinadaththinaar, ovvoru seasonilum muthal suttril kurugiya thoalviyadainthaar. avarathu muyarchigalukkaaga, 2003 mattrum 2006 aam aandugalil caa payirchiyaalaraaka pravunel peyaridappattaar. avarathu naanku aandugalil, seahox orupoathum. 500 kku keezhae mudikkavillai, maelum 2005-2006 season palli saathanai 25 vetrtrikalai uruvaakkiyathu. sariyaana nilai. 2006 seesanaith thodarnthu, pravunel wilmingtonai vittu veliyaeri raid maanilaththil thalaimai payirchiyaalarin vaelaiyai aetrtraar, angku avar udanadi thaakkatthai aerpaduththinaar. raid maanilaththil thanathu muthal seasonil, pravunel raidarsai avarkalin muthal adivaana leak pattaththirku vazhinadaththinaar, saga deba pattathaari broad stevensol payittruvikkappatta thaesiya tharavarisai pattalarai veelththi, valakkamaana season mattrum poatti pattangalai kaippatrinaar. raidarkal maerku piraanthiyaththil 14 vadhu vithaiyaip pettranar, maelum 2007 enn. chii. aee. aee poattiyin muthal suttril pitsperkidam thoalviyadainthanar. aniyin 23 vetrtrikal pirivu I mattaththil oru palli saathanaiyaaga irunththathu. oohiyoa mattrum indianaavil sirantha kalluri payirchiyaalaraaka irunththatharkaaka avar aandin enapc mavatta 10 payirchiyaalaraaka niyamikkappattaar. 2010 season muzhuvathum raid maanilaththil pravunel thalaimai payirchiyaalaraaka irunthaar. avarathu anigal maanattu vilaiyaattil moontraavathu idaththukkuk kuraivaaga orupoathum mudikkavillai, aanaal avaraal radersai pinththaiya kaala vilaiyaattukkuth tiruppith thara mudiyavillai. iruppinum, avar aniyai thodarchchiyaaga moontru 20 vettrip paruvangkalukku vazhinadaththinaar. clemson. aepral 23,2010 andru, olivar parnalukku pathilaaka clemsonil pravunel thalaimai payirchiyaalaraaka niyamikkappattaar. pallyil thanathu muthal aandil pravunel puligalai enn. chii. aee. aee poattikku vazhinadaththinaar. puligal muthal naanku poattikalil kawabai thoarkadiththanar, aanaal irandaavathu suttril maerku varjeeniyaavidam thoalviyadainthanar. irandu samamaana aandugalukkup piragu, puligal 2014 aam aandil pinththaiya kaala vilaiyaattirkuth thirumbi oru nitt aelaththaip pettru araiyiruthikku munnaerinar. aduththa moontru aandugalil puligal ovvoru aandum. 500 endra moontru vilaiyaattukalukkul mattrum aesi-yinn keezh paathiyil mudiththanar, aanaal avarkal 2017 ill oru nitt aelaththaip pettranar, muthal suttril thoalviyadainthanar. maarch 20,2017 andru, pravunel kurainthathu innum oru varudaththirku thalaimai payirchiyaalaraakath thirumbuvaar endru palli ariviththathu. 2017-18 paruvaththil, pravunel puligalai avarkalin muthal 20 vettri paruvaththirku vazhinadaththukiraar. puligal aesi plaeyil 11-7 aii mudiththana, idhu avarkalai aesi ill moontraavathu idaththirku saman seithathu. enn. chii. aee. aee poattiyil puligal oru #5 vithaiyaaka thernthedukkappattu, sweet 16 kku munnaerinar, angku avarkal #1 vidhai consosidam thoalviyadainthanar. juulai 19,2018 andru, pravunel mattrum clemson aagiyoar aaru aandu, $15 million oppantha neettipukku oppuk kondathaaga arivikkappattathu. inththa neettippu 2024 varai pallyil pravunalai vaiththirukkum. janavari 11,2020 andru, 59 muyarchigalukkup piragu yuu. enn. chii. yill thittaththin muthal saalai vettrikku pulikalukku pravunel payirchi aliththaar. iru palligalukkum idaiyilaana thodar 1926 ill thodangiyathu.

broad braunl broadley robbert braunl (jananam november 15,1968) oka american kalaasaala basketball coach mariyu iteevala clemson vishwavidhyaalayamlo munupati pradhana basketball coach. clemson vaddaku raakamundu, athanu rait state mariyu ann wilmingtonlo adhe padavini nirvahinchaaru. athanu iteevala clemsonlo thana 13va seasonku sikshana icchaadu, nitt tornament yokka modati roundloo more head state chetilo odipoyaadu. prarambha jeevitam. indianaloni ivansvillelo janminchina brounell, prastuta indiana pacers assistant off player development mariyu indiana vishwavidyaalaya aatagadu calbert cheeneetho kalisi vilium henry haarisan unnata paatasaalalo unnata paatasaala basketball aadadu. brounell 1991loe depa vishwavidyaalayam nundi pattabhadrudayyaadu, akkada athanu basketball jattulo mariyu sigma chii sodarabhaavamlo sabhyudiga unnadu. graduation puurti chesina ventane ayana coaching loki vellaaru. athani juuniyar samvatsaram, brounell pululanu ncaa division III jaateeya chhampiyanshipku nadipinchadamlo sahayapaddadu, akkada athanu aatanu gelavadaniki oka shotnu kolpoyadu. athanu oka seasonlo evansville vishwavidhyaalayamlo zim sibbandiki sahayakudiga gadipadu, taruvaata rendu seasonlalo thana masters degreeni sampaadistuunae indianapolis vishwavidhyaalayamlo thana maajee coach rais waltman sibbandiki sahayakudiga gadipadu. coaching kereer. 1994loe thana masters degreeni puurti chesina taruvaata, brounell appati pradhana coach jerrie wineriteku sahayakudiga yuu. sii. wilmingtonlo thana padaveekaalaanni praarambhinchaadu. brounell sahayakudiga panichestunnappudu seahoxnu naalugu post season tornament berthlaku maarganirdesam cheyadaaniki sahayapaddadu, 2002 NCAA tornament modati roundloo nalgava seed USC trojanlapai chirasmaraneeyamaina upset vijayamtho sahaa. wilmington. aaa season taruvaata, wine rait wilmington nuu vadili richmandlo baadhyatalu sweekarinchaadu, mariyu brounell pradhana kochga padoonnati pondaadu. seahox pradhana kochga unna samayamlo, brounell 2003 mariyu 2006loe valasavaada athletic association titles mariyu ncaa tornament berthlaku seahoxnu nadipinchaadu, prati seasonlo modati roundloo thrutilo odipoyaadu. athani prayatnaala kosam, brounell 2003 mariyu 2006loe caa coach off dhi iyarga empikayyaadu. athani naalugu samvatsaraalalo, seahox eppuduu. 500 kante takkuvagaa mugiyaledu, mariyu 2005-2006 season paatasaala-rikaardu 25 vijayaalanu saadhinchindi. saraina rashtram. 2006 season taruvaata, brounell pradhana coach udyogaanni teesukoovadaaniki wilmington nuu vidichipettadu, akkada athanu takshana prabhavanni chuupaadu. rait raashtramlo thana modati seasonlo, brounell raidarlanu vaari mottamodati horizone leag taitil kuu nadipinchaadu, thoti depa graduate broad stevens sikshana pondina jaateeya rank butler nuu oodinchi, regular season mariyu tornament titles rendintinee kaivasam chesukunnadu. raidarlu paschima praantamloo 14va seednu sampaadinchaaru, mariyu 2007 enn. sii. yea. yea tornament modati roundloo pitsburg chetilo odipoyaaru. jattu yokka 23 vijayalu division I sthaayilo paatasaala rikaardu. ohiyo mariyu indianalo uttama kalaasaala kochga unnanduku athanu nabc jilla 10 coach off dhi iyarga empikayyaadu. brounell 2010 season varaku rait raashtramlo pradhana kochga konasagaru. athani jatlu conferences aatalo moodava sthaanam kante takkuvagaa eppuduu muginchaledu, conny athanu raidarlanu post season aataku tirigi ivvalekapoyadu. ayithe, athanu jattunu varusaga moodu 20 vijaya seasonlaku nadipinchaadu. clemson. 2010 april 23naa, olivar purnell sthaanamlo clemson vadda pradhana kochga brownellnu niyaminchaaru. brounell paatasaalalo thana modati samvatsaramlo pululanu enn. sii. yea. yea tornamentku nadipinchaadu. pululu modati naalugu matchlalo yuaabnu oodinchaayi, conny rendava roundloo west virginia chetilo odipoyaayi. rendu upa samaana samvatsaraala taruvaata, pululu 2014loe post season aataku tirigi vacchi, oka nitt bid sampaadinchi semifinalku cherukunnayi. taruvaati moodu samvatsaraalalo pululu prati samvatsaram. 500 yokka moodu aatalalo mariyu AC yokka diguva bhaagamlo muginchaayi, conny vaaru 2017 loe oka nitt bidnu andukunnaru, modati roundloo odipoyaaru. marchi 20,2017naa, brounell kaneesam maroe edaadi paatu pradhana sikshakudigaa tirigi vastaadani paatasaala prakatinchindi. 2017-18 seasonlo, brounell pululanu 2013-14 tarvaata vaari modati 20 vijayala seasonku nadipinchaaru. pululu AC aatalo 11-7 nuu puurti chesaayi, idhi vaarini ACloe moodava sthaanamlo samamga unchindi. pululu enn. sii. yea. yea tornamentlo <ii. dii. 2> vittanamgaa empika cheyabaddaayi, mariyu sweet 16kii cherukunnayi, akkada avi <ii. dii. 1> vittana consas chetilo odipoyaayi. juulai 19,2018naa, brounell mariyu clemson aaru samvatsaraala, $15 millionla oppanda podigimpuku angeekarinchinatlu prakatinchaaru. eee podigimpu 2024 varaku paatasaalalo brownellnu unchutundi. janavari 11,2020naa brounell 59 prayatnaala tarvaata unc vadda karyakramam yokka modati road vijayaniki pululaku sikshana icchaadu. eee rendu paatasaalala madhya syries 1926loe praarambhamaindi.

bread brownil breadly raabart brownil (paidaish 15 nomber 1968) eek americi college basket baal coach hay aur haal hyee mein cleamson university mein sabqah head basket baal coach hay. cleamson kay paas aaney say pehley wah raait steat aur ink wilmington mein eek hyee ahday parr faiz thay. inhon nay haal hyee mein cleamson mein apnay 13 wein seezan kii coaching kii hay night tornament kay pehley round mein morr head steat say haar gayey. ibtadayi zindagi. aiwans wail indiyana mein paida hoay brownil nay waleem hunry herison hayee school mein hayee school basket baal kheela jiss mein maujudah indiyana paisarz assistent aaf player development aur indiyana university kay khilaadi calbert cheeni thay. brownil nay 1991 mein depo university say graduation kii jehaan wah basket baal team aur sagma chee baradari kay rakan thay. wah graduation kay baad foraa coaching mein chalay gayey. apnay juniyar saal brownil nay tigers kuu aine see aey aey devision III qomi champine ship mein lay jaanay mein madad kii jehaan wah kheel jeetnay kay liye eek shaat say mahroom rahay. inhon nay eek seezan evenswel university mein jumm kay amley kay assistent kay toor parr guzara phir aglay duu seezan apnay maaster digri haasil kartay hoay university aaf indiya police mein apnay saabiq coach raais walt meen kay amley mein assistent kay toor parr guzaray. coaching carrier. 1994 mein apnee maaster digri makmal karnay kay baad brownil nay ink wilmington mein iss waqat kay head coach jairi ween raait kay maawan kay toor parr apnee madat mulazimat kaa aaghaz kiyaa. brownil nay assistent kay toor parr khidmaat anjaam deetay hoay see hocks kuu chaar post seezan tornament barth takk pahunchanay mein madad kii jiss mein 2002 kay aine see aey aey tornament kay pehley round mein chothi seed waalay yuu aiss see trojanz parr yaadgaar apat jeeth bhee shaamil thee. ink wilmington. iss seezan kay baad ween raait nay wilmington kuu richmond kaa ahdah sanbhalne kay liye chhod diyaa aur brownil kuu head coach kay toor parr tarqi dee gayee. see hocks kay head coach kay toor parr apnay waqat kay doraan brownil nay 2003 aur 2006 mein nawabadiyati athletic aisosi aishan kay titles aur aine see aey aey tornament kii barth takk see hocks kii qayadat kii harr seezan kay pehley round mein behat kumm haar gayey. inn kii koshishon kii wajah say brownil kuu 2003 aur 2006 mein saal kaa behtareen coach namzad kiyaa gayaa. apnay chaar saalon mein see hocks kabhi bhee. 500 say neechey nahein rahay aur 2005-2006 seezan nay school kaa record 25 jeeth paida kein. theek haalat. 2006 kay seezan kay baad brownil nay ink wilmington kuu raait steat mein head coach kii nokari leenay kay liye chhod diyaa jehaan inhon nay fouri asar daala. raait steat mein apnay pehley seezan mein brownil nay readers kuu apnay pehley horizon leeg tytle takk pahunchaya aur baqayedah seezan aur tornament donon kay tytle haasil karnay kay liye qomi satah parr darjah bundi karnay waalay butler kuu shakast dee jiss kii coaching saathi depo graduate bread stevens nay kii thee. hamlah aawaron nay maghrabi khatay mein 14 waan beej haasil kiyaa aur 2007 kay aine see aey aey tornament kay pehley round mein patsburg say haar gayey. team kii 23 jeeth devision I kii satah parr school kaa record thaa. auhaiyo aur indiyana mein behtareen college coach honay kii wajah say inhein aine aey bee see distrikt 10 coach aaf dee aiyar namzad kiyaa gayaa. brownil 2010 kay seezan kay doraan raait steat mein head coach rahay. conference play mein inn kii teamein kabhi bhee teesre say neechey nahein rahein leakin wah hamlah aawaron kuu post seezan play mein waps karnay mein nakaam rahay. tahim inhon nay team kuu lagatar teen 20 jeeth kay seezan takk pahunchaya. cleamson. 23 apreel 2010 kuu brownil kuu auliver parneel kii jagah cleaman mein head coach namzad kiyaa gayaa. brownil nay school mein apnay pehley saal mein tigers kuu aine see aey aey tornament mein lay jayaa. tigers nay pehley chaar mein kawaab kuu shakast dee leakin dosray round mein vest warjiniya say haar gayey. duu zeeli saalon kay baad tigers 2014 mein post seezan kheel mein waps aayey aur eek night boli haasil kii aur seemi final takk pahunche. aglay teen saalon mein sheeron nay harr saal. 500 kay teen kheelon kay andar aur aey see kay nichley nasf mein khatam kiyaa leakin inhein 2017 mein eek night boli millie juu pehley round mein haar gayee. 20 maarch 2017 kuu school nay aalaan kiyaa kahh brownil kumm az kumm eek aur saal kay liye head coach kay toor parr waps aayen gay. 2017-18 seezan kay doraan brownil tigers kuu 2013-14 kay baad say inn kay pehley 20 jeeth kay seezan mein lay jaataa hay. tigers nay AC play mein 11-7 khatam kiyaa jiss kii wajah say wah AC mein teesre number parr baraabar rahh gayey. sheeron kuu aine see aey aey tornament mein #5 beej kay toor parr muntakhib kiyaa gayaa aur wah meethay 16 mein jagah banaa jehaan wah #1 beej kansaas say haar gayey. 19 jolayi 2018 cow yaha aalaan kiyaa gayaa kahh brownil aur cleamson nay chh saal 15 millin ddaalar kay muahide mein tausia parr ittefaq kiyaa hay. yaha tausia brownil kuu 2024 takk school mein rakhay gee. 11 januri 2020 kuu brownil nay 59 koshishon kay baad ink mein prograam kii pehli road jeeth kay liye tigers kuu tarbiyat dee. donon schoolon kay darmiyan silsilah 1926 mein sharoo hawaa.

fffd9ac685a8d70659f304003e4e759447c59e4f771305d1f54e6420a844a1a6

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48392503

RPL (Samurai Software)

RPL (Samurai Software)

aar. pi. el. (xamurai softwer)

aar. pii. aela. (samurai software)

aar. pee. ell. (samurai software)

aarr. pii. ell. (samuray software)

aar. pii. ell. (samurai software)

aarr. pii. ell. (samurai saphtawer)

aar. pee. aill. (samurai software)

aar. pee. ell. (samuraay-tantraamshah)

fffd9cd51e2c8df3995dfcbf230c327f259b4eb92279cc856b2adb5276e5b17e

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32213308

2001 New Year Honours

2001 New Year Honours Honours event in the Commonwealth The 2001 New Year Honours List is one of the annual New Year Honours, a part of the British honours system, where New Year's Day, 1 January, is marked in several Commonwealth countries by appointing new members of orders of chivalry and recipients of other official honours. Awards for 2001, announced on 30 December 2000, included the United Kingdom, New Zealand, the Cook Islands, Barbados, Grenada, Papua New Guinea, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Belize and Saint Christopher and Nevis. United Kingdom. Order of the Bath. Companion of the Order of the Bath (CB). "Military Division" "Civil Division" References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

2001 notun bosoror xonman 2001 sonor noboborxo xonman talika hoise barxik noboborxo xonmanxomuhor bhitorot etaa, britis xonman pronalir ek ongxo, zo 'too noboborxor dintu, 1 january, keibatau commonwealth dexot notun xodosyoxokolok birotwor aadex aaru onyanyo sorkari xonman laabh koraa lukoxokolok nijukti di sinhito koraa hoy. 2000 sonor 30 disemborot ghuxona koraa 2001 sonor botar bhitorot aasil juktorajyo, newzealand, rondhon dippunj, barbadus, grenada, papuwa niu giniya, saint vincent endo dyo grenadines, belij aaru saint christ 'faar endo nebhis. juktorajyo. snanor aadex. gaa dhuwar kromor xongi (chi. bi.). "xamorik bibhag" "oxamorik bibhag"

2001 noboborsher sommanona 2001 saaler noboborsho somman talika holl barshik noboborsho sommaner ekti, jaa british somman byabosthar ekti ongsho, jekhane noboborsher deane, 1 januari, besh koyekti commonwealth deshe birotter adesher notun sadasya ebong anyanno sarkari sommaner prapokder niyog korey chinnito koraa hoy. 2001 saaler jonno puraskar, jaa 30 december 2000-ayee ghoshito hoyechilo, taar modhye chhilo juktorajyo, newzealand, rannar dweeppunjo, barbados, grenade, papua neu ginny, seenta vincent ebong grenadine, belize ebong seenta christopher ebong nevis. juktorajyo. snaner order. baath order sangi (sibi). "samrik bibhag" "civille bibhag"

2001 navaa varshnaa sanmaan 2001naa navaa varshnee sanmaannee yaadee aee vaarshik navaa varshnaa sanmanomanu aek chhe, jeey british sanmaan pranaalino aek bhaag chhe, jyaan navaa varshno divas, 1 january, ketlaak commonwealth deshomaa navaa sabhyoni nimanook kareene aneey anya sattavaar sanmaan melavnaraoni nimanook kareene chinhit karvaamaa aave chhe. 2001 maate 30 december 2000naa roj jaaher karaayela puraskaroma united kingdom, newzealand, cook eyelands, barbados, grenada, papua nyu ginny, saint vincent aneey grenadines, ballies aneey saint christopher aneey naviceno samaavesh thaay chhe. united kingdom. snaanno krama. snaannaa kramnaa saathee (see. bii.). "lashkari vibhag" "nagrik vibhag"

2001 nava varsh sammaan 2001 key nae saal key sammaan kii soochi vaarshik nae saal key sammanon mein seey ack haye, joe british sammaan pranali kaa ack hissa haye, jahaan nae saal kaa dinn, 1 janwari, kaee rashtramandal deshon mein veerata key aadeshon key nae sadasyon aur anya aadhikarik sammanon key praaptakartaon kii niyukti karke chihnit kiya jaataa haye. 2001 key liye puraskar, 30 disambar 2000 koo ghoshit kiye gaye, jisamen united kingdam, newzealand, cook eyelands, barbados, grenada, papua nyu ginny, sent vincent aur grenadines, bellies aur sent christopher aur davis shamil they. united kingdam. snan kaa crum. snan key crum kaa saathi (see. bee.). "sainya vibhajan" "nagrik prabhaag"

2001rahra hosa varshada gouravagalu 2001rahra hosa varshada gouravagala pattiyu varshika hosa varshada gouravagalalli ondaagide, idu british gouravagala vevastheya ondu bhagavagide, allie halavaaru kamanwealth desagalalli hosa varshada dinavaada janavari 1nnu shouryada aadeshagala hosa sadasyarannu mattu itara adhikruta gouravagala svikarisuvavarannu nemisuva moolaka gurutisalaguttade. 2001rahra prashastigalalli united kingdom, newzealand, cook ilands, barbados, grenada, papuwa nyoo ginia, saint vincent mattu grenadines, belize mattu saint christopher mattu nevis seriddavu. united kingdom. snaanada adesha. snaanada kramada sahavarti (cb). "military vibhaga" "nagarika vibhaga"

2001 puthuvalsara bahumathikal 2001 leeii puthuvalsara bahumathikalude pattika britiish bahumathikal sanbradaayathinte bhagamaaya vaarshika puthuvalsara bahumathikalilonnaan, avide niravadhi komanvelthu rajyangalil puthuvalsaradinamaaya januvari 1 nuu dheerathayude oordarukalilum mattu audyogika bahumathikal sweekarikkunnavarilum puthiya amgangale niyamikkunnu. 2000 desember 30nuu prakhyaapicha 2001leeii puraskarangalil yunaittad kingdom, nyoosiland, paachaka dveepukal, barbados, grenada, pappuva nyoo ginia, sent vinsent aandu grenadines, belees, sent christopher aandu nevis enniva ulppedunnu. yunaittad kingdom. kulikkanulla oordar. kuliyude kramatthinte (sibi) koottaali. "sainika vibhaagam" "sivil division"

2001 navavarshache sanman 2001 salchi navavarsh sanman yadee hii varshik navavarsh sanmananpaiki eka aahe, jee british sanman pranalicha eka bhag aahe, jithe anek rashtrakul deshanmadhye navavarshacha divas, 1 janewari haah shaurya aadeshanche naveen sadasya aanee itar adhikrut sanman praptakartyanchi niyukti karoon chinhankit keela jaato. 2001 salchya puraskaranmadhye, 30 december 2000 roji ghoshit kelelya puraskaranmadhye united kingdam, newzealand, cook bete, barbados, grenada, papua nyu giinii, seent vincent aanee grenadines, bellies aanee seent christopher aanee navis yancha samavesh hota. united kingdam. snan aurder. aangholichya kramacha sahchar (see. bii.). "lashkari vibhag" "nagri vibhag"

2001 nutan barsha sammana 2001 nutan barsha sammana talika heuchhi barshika nutan barsha sammana madhyaru gotie, jaahaa british sammana byabasthara eka ansha, jeunthare nutan barsha dibasa, januari 1, aneka rajyagosthi deshare biratwara adeshar nutan sadasya ebong anyanya sarkari sammanara praptakartanku nijukta curry chinhita karajae . 2001 masiha paain, 30 december december ghoshita puraskaragudika madhyare britten, nyujilanda, randhan dwepapunja, barbado, grenada, papua nyu gini, cent vincent ebong grenadines, belija ebong cent christopher ebong nevisa antarbhukta thile. juktarajya. snanara adesh. snan kramara saathee (sibi). "samarika bibhaga" "nagarika bibhaga"

2001 navein saal dey sanman 2001 dey navein saal dey sanmanan dee suchi salana navein saal dey sanmanan vicchon ikk haii, joe british sanman pranali daa ikk hissa haii, jitthe navein saal daa dinn, 1 janwari, kaee rashtarmandal deshan witch shishtachar dey aadeshan dey navein memberan atey horr adhikarat sanmanan dey prapatkartavan dee niyukti duaara manaiaa jaanda haii. 2001 laee puraskar, 30 dasambar 2000 noon ailane gaye, jinhan witch united kingdom, newzealand, kukk tapu, barbados, grenada, papua nioo ginny, cent vincent atey grenadines, belize atey cent christopher atey davis shamal sunn. united kingdom. nahaun daa adesh. nahaun dey kram (see. bee.) daa saathi. "fauji division" "sival division"

2001 navavarshasya sammaanah 2001 tamavarshasya nootanavarshasya sammananam soochee vaarshik-navavarshasya sammaaneshu anyatama asti, yaa british-sammaan-pranaaleeh bhaagah asti, yatra nootanavarshasya diwasah, janavaree 1, anekeshu kaamanvelt-desheshu, shauryasya aadeshasy nutanasadasyanam, anyaanaam aadhikaarik-sammananam praptakartrunam cha niyuktyaa ankitah bhavati. 2001 tamavarshasya puraskaranam ghoshanayam 2000 december 30 dinaanke unated kingdam, newjeelyaand, da kuk-ailyaands, barbados, grenada, papuvaa nyoo ginee, sent vincent end da grenadance, beleej tathaa sent christopher tathaa nevis ityete aasan. samyuktaraajyam. snanasya adeshah. snanasya kramasya sahcharah (see. bee.). "sainyavibhaagah" "naagarikavibhaagah"

2001 putthaandu gowravangal 2001 putthaandu gowravap pattiyal varudaanthira putthaandu gowravangalil ontraakum, idhu british kaurava muraiyin oru paguthiyaagum, angku pala commonwealth naadugalil janavari 1 aam thaethi putthaandu thinam veeratheeraththin puthiya uruppinargalaiyum pira athikaarappoorva gowravangalaip perupavargalaiyum niyamippathan moolam kurikkappadugiradhu. 2001 aam aandukkaana viruthugal, 30 disambar 2000 andru arivikappattana, idhil aikkiya raachchiyam, newsilaandhu, samaiyal theevugal, parpatos, crenada, pappuva neu kinia, saint wincent mattrum crenadines, belees mattrum saint christopher mattrum nevis aagiyavai adangkum. aikkiya raachchiyam. kuliyal arder. kuliyal varisaiyin thunai (sibi). "iraanuvap pirivu" "sivil pirivu"

2001 noothana samvatsara gowravaalu 2001 noothana samvatsara gowrawala jabita vaarshika noothana samvatsara gowrawaalalo okati, idhi british gourava vyavasthalo oka bhaagam, ikkada aneka commonwealth deshaalalo noothana samvatsara dinotsavam, janavari 1, kotta sabhyulanu shourya aadesaala dwara mariyu itara adhikaarika gowrawala graheetalanu niyaminchadam dwara gurtinchabadutundi. 2001 samvatsaraaniki gaanu, 2000 december 30naa prakatinchina puraskaralalo united kingdom, newzealand, cook ilands, barbados, grenada, papuva nyuu ginia, seyint vincent und dhi grenadines, belize mariyu seyint christopher mariyu nevis unnaayi. united kingdom. snaanapu arder. snaanapu kramam yokka sahacharudu (sibi). "sainika vibhagam" "poura vibhagam"

2001 nayey saal kay aizazat 2001 kay nayey saal kay aizazat kii fehrist nayey saal kay aizazat mein say eek hay juu bartanvi aizazat kay nazaam kaa eek hasah hay jehaan dolat mushtarkah kay kayee mamalik mein nayey saal kay dunn 1 januri kuu bahadari kay nayey arakeen aur deegar sarkaari aizazat kay wasool kanandgan kaa taqrar karkay nashaan zad kiyaa jaataa hay. 2001 kay ewards jinn kaa aalaan 30 dasambar 2000 kuu kiyaa gayaa mein bartaniah newzi lend kick aayee lends barbadoz grenada papwa neo ganee sent vincent aur grenadines beliz aur sent christopher aur neos shaamil thay. bartaniah. ghasal kaa hakam. baath arder kaa saathi (see bee). "foji devision" "soul devision"

fffda7be8a5703d96c5df66670a7754608ff706b091996f6bddfa81fde36045d

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10228491

Chicopee River

Chicopee River The Chicopee River is an tributary of the Connecticut River in the Pioneer Valley, Massachusetts, known for fast-moving water and its extraordinarily large basin: the Connecticut River's largest tributary basin. The Chicopee River originates in a Palmer, Massachusetts village called Three Rivers as a confluence of the Ware, Quaboag and Swift rivers. It passes through Wilbraham, Ludlow, and the Indian Orchard neighborhood of Springfield. After forming the border between Springfield and Chicopee, Massachusetts for a short distance, the river then flows in a sharply curving path through the city of Chicopee and into the Connecticut River. (Chicopee was part of Springfield until 1848.) Watershed. Although the Chicopee River itself is only long, its drainage area is the largest in Massachusetts at , and the largest tributary area to the Connecticut River. The Chicopee River Watershed includes all or part of 32 cities and towns. Upstream of the Chicopee River on the Swift River, the Quabbin Reservoir provides drinking water to Eastern Massachusetts (MWRA service area) and Chicopee itself via the Chicopee Valley Aqueduct. Water power potential. During the Industrial Revolution, the Chicopee River became a particularly sought-after destination for hydropower, largely because it drops during its course to the Connecticut River. By comparison, the meandering Connecticut River drops just from Chicopee to Old Saybrook, Connecticut, where it empties into the Long Island Sound. For this reason, numerous mills were built along the Chicopee River; today, many of them can be found in various states of repurposing, with a particularly famous mill in Springfield Indian Orchard serving as artists' space. Dams and crossings. Due in part to its precipitous drop, as of 2011, there are six hydropower dams on the Chicopee River. The average flow of the Chicopee River is 900 cubic feet per second, or about 581,644,800 gallons per day. The Chicopee Falls Dam impounds the river near what is now Bridge Street / Massachusetts Route 33 in the city of Chicopee. There are five other dams on this river segment: Just downstream from the Chicopee Falls Dam is Dwight Dam, located off Grape and Front St. in Chicopee. The next dam upstream is the Indian Orchard Dam north of Route 141 adjacent to an old mill on Front Street. Putts Bridge Dam at Route 21 between Ludlow and the Indian Orchard section of Springfield, the Collins Hydro Dam at Chapin Street between Ludlow and Wilbraham, and the Red Bridge Dam off Red Bridge Road in Wilbraham. The Putts Bridge Dam was constructed in 1918 as a concrete gravity structure. It rises 22 ft (6.7 m) from the bed of the Chicopee River. The Indian Orchard Dam is a cut stone dam with 28 ft (8.53 m) of height above the river. Each of these dams generate hydroelectric power. The Dwight Dam is cut stone with height of 15 ft. There is the remnants of the Ames Sword Company Dam, just downstream from Dwight Dam, this is the last dam on the Chicopee River before it empties into the Connecticut. There also used to be a low-head dam just upstream of the Putts Bridge Dam alongside the old Ludlow Mills. A bridge across the river at what is now Springfield Street / Massachusetts Route 116 in Chicopee opened in 1783. It was replaced by a covered wooden bridge in 1846, and then the steel and concrete William F. Devitt Memorial Bridge in 1931. This was demolished and replaced by a modern bridge, along with the bridge over the Dwight Manufacturer’s Canal immediately to the south, in 2012-2013. Around 1900, the Spalding and Pepper Rubber Co. under Noyes W. Fisk constructed a pedestrian suspension bridge at Oak Street as a shortcut for workers. It was destroyed by the 1938 New England hurricane. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

sikupi nodee sikupi nodee hoise mesasusetsor pothoprodorxok upotyokar xongzugika nodir etaa uponodi, ji drutogotit goti koraa paanee aaru iyar oxadharonbhabe brihot owobahikah xongzugika nodir xorbobrihot uponodi owobahikar baabe jonajat. sikupi nodikhon mesasusetsor ekhon paamor gaont utponno hoy jaak tinita nodee buli kuwa hoy, jaak bheyar, kuwabug aaru suift nodir xongom hisape kuwa hoy. ee uilbraham, ludlu aaru springfieldor usoror bharotiyo bagisar maajere paar hoi yaay. kichu durotwor baabe sparringfield aaru chik 'pi, mesasusetsor maajot xeema gothon korar pisot, nodikhon chik' pi sohoror maajere aaru xongzugkari nodiloi tibrovabe bokro pothore boi yaay. (sikupi 1848 sonoloike springfieldor ongxo aasil.) jolobibhajika. jodiu sikupi nodikhon kewol dighol, iyar niskaxon onchol mesasusetsor xorbobrihot, aaru xongzug nodir xorbobrihot uponodi onchol. sikupi nodir jolobibhajikatut 32khon sohor aaru nogoror xokolu baa kichu ongxo ontorbhukto aase. suift nodir chik 'pi nodir uporot thoka kuwabin jolaxoituwe chik' pi upotyokar joloxesorar joriyote pubo mesasusets (em. waara xewa onchol) aaru chik 'pire nijei khuwa paanee prodan kore. paanee xoktir xombhawona. oudyugik biplowor xomoyot chik 'pi nodee jolobidyutro baabe ek bixexbhabe proyujoniyo gontobyosthan hoi porisil, mulotoh kaaron ee xongzugkari nodiloi juwar xomoyot pore. tulonamulokbhabe, beka-dhaala xongzug nodikhon sikupir poraa puroni chebruk, xongzugsthololoi naami aahe, zo 'too ee dighol dipor xobdot khaali hoy. ei karonot sikopi nodir paarot oxongkhyo koll nirman koraa hoisil; aaji, xeiburor bohutu punor nirmanor bibhinno rajyot puwa yaay, bixexkoi springfield bharotiyo bagisar etaa bikhyat koll xilpir sthan hisape xewa aagborhai. bandho aaru croching. iyar tibro hraxor baabe 2011 sonoloike sikopi nodit soikhon jolobidyut bandho aase. sikupi nodir gorh prowah proti sekendot 900 ghonphut, baa protidine pray 581,644,800 gaylon. sikupi fols bandhotuwe sikupi sohoror bortomanor breej street/mesasusets rut 33-ror usorot nodikhon dokhol kore. ei nodir ongxot aan pasta bandho aaseh chik 'pee fols bandhor thik tolor faale dawait bandho aase, ji aangur aaru front centor usorot owosthito. sikupito. poroborti bandhotu hoise xonmukhor pothot etaa puroni kolor kaxot thoka 141 nong pothor uttore thoka bharotiyo bagisa bandho. springfieldor ludlu aaru bharotiyo bagisa ongxor maajot 21 nong pothot putch breej bandho, ludlu aaru uilbrahamor maajot sepin streetot collins jolobondho, aaru uilbrahamor redd breej rudor redd breej bandho. 1918 sonot pots breej bandhotu ek concret madhyakorxon gathoni hisape nirman koraa hoisil. ee sikupi nodir tolor poraa 22 fut (6.7 mitter) uporoloi uthe. bharotiyo bagisa bandho hoise nodir uporot 28 fut (8.53 mitter) uschotar etaa kotaa xilor bandho. ei bandhoburor protituwe jolobidyut xokti utpadon kore. ei duwait bandhotu 15 fut uschotare kotaa xil. dowait bandhor thik tolmuwa dixot emes toruwal company bandhor owoxisto aase, ee xongzugito oncholot khaali huwar aagote sikupi nodir xex bandho. puroni ludlu kolxomuhor kaxot putch breej bandhor thik uporere etaa nimno tolor bandhou aasil. nodikhonor uporot ekhon dolong jitu bortoman sikupito springfield street/mesasusets rut 116too aase, 1783 sonot mukoli koraa hoisil. 1846 sonot iyak etaa abrito kaathor dolongro dwara xoloni koraa hoisil, aaru taar pisot steel aaru concret uilium ef. 1931 sonot debhit mem "real breejtu bhangi peluwa hoisil aaru iyar thait etaa aadhunik breej sthapon koraa hoisil, logote dokhyinoloi totkhyonat dewite prostutkarir khaalor uporot thoka breejtu 2012-2013 too sthapon koraa hoisil. 1900 sonor aaxe-paxe, spelding endo pepar robor company. noyes dobliu-ror odhinot. fiske sromikxokolor baabe chortcut hisape uk pothot etaa podojatrir nilombon dolong nirman korisil. 1938 sonor niu england harikenor folot ee dhongxo hoisil.

chikopi nodee chikopi nodee massachusetser agrani upottokai sangjogkari nadeer ekti uponodi, jaa druto-chalman joll ebong taar asadharanbhabe borh abobahikar jonno porichitoh sangjogkari nadeer brihottomo uponodi abobahika. chikopi nodee massachusetser ekti pamar grame utponno hoyeche, jaa tinti nodee naame porichito, jaa patro, quabog ebong suift nadeer sangamsthal. etty uilbraham, ludlo ebong springfielder bharatiya baganer padar modhyo diye geche. alpo durotter jonno massachusetser springfield ebong chikopir modhye seemana gathoner porey, naditi chikopi shohorer modhyo diye ebong sangjogkari nodiite ekti teebro bankano pothe probahito hoy. (1848 saal porjonto chikopi springfielder ongsho chhilo.) jalbibhajika. jodio chikopi naditi cable deergho, tobey err nishkashon elaka massachusetser brihottomo ebong sangjogkari nadeer brihottomo uponodi elaka. chikopi nadeer jalbibhajika 32tii shohor oo shohorer samasta baa kichhu ongshoke antarbhukta korey. suift nadeer upor chikopi nadeer ujane, quabin joladharti purbo massachusets (emwra porisheba elaka) ebong chikopi upottokar jolosecher madhyome chikopi nijei panian joll sarbaraha korey. joll shakti sombhabona. shilp biplober somoy, chikopi nodee jolobidyut utpadoner jonno ekti biseshbhabe kankhito gontobbo hoye othe, mulat kaaron etty sangjogkari nodiite probahito howar somoy porey yaay. tulonamulokbhabe, bankano sangjogkari naditi chikopi theke kanektikater old sebrook porjonto neme yaay, jekhane etty deergho dweeper shobde khaali hoye yaay. eyi karone, chikopi nadeer teere asankhya qala nirmito hoyechilo; aaz, taader modhye anekguli punornirmaner bivinno rajye pawa yaay, biseshoto springfielder bharatiya baganer ekti bikhyato qala shilpider sthan hisabe kaaj korey. baandh ebong crossing. err teebro potoner karone, 2011 saaler hisabe, chikopi nodiite chhoyti jolobidyut baandh royeche. chikopi nadeer garh probaho proti sekende 900 cubic foot, baa protidin pray 581,644,800 gallon. chikopi jolopropat bandhti chikopi shohorer brij strita/massachusets rutt 33-err kachhe noditike atke rakhe. eyi nodee ongshe arow panchti baandh royeche chikopi jolopropat bandher thhik nicher dike dawaita baandh royeche, jaa angur ebong samoner center kachhe abosthito. shikagote. poroborti bandhti holl samoner rastai ekti purano qala sanglagna 141 nong pother uttore bharatiya bagan baandh. springfielder ludlo ebong bharatiya bagan bibhager modhye 21 nong rutey pots brij baandh, ludlo ebong uilbrahamer modhye chappin streete collins jolobondho ebong uilbrahamer laal setu sadaker laal setu baandh. 1918 saale pots setu bandhti ekti concrete madhyakarshan kathamo hisabe nirmito hoyechilo. etty chikopi nadeer taldesh theke 22 foot (6.7 mitter) unchute uthhe eseche. bharatiya bagan bandhti ekti kaata pathorer baandh, jaar uchchota nadeer upore 28 foot (8.53 mitter). eyi bandhgulir prottekti jolobidyut utpadon korey. bandhti 15 foot uchchota soho pathor kaata. doait baandh theke thhik nicher dike ames toloar company bandher aboshistangsho royeche, etty sangjogsthale khaali howar agey chikopi nadeer shesh baandh. purno ludlo kolgulir pashapashi pots brij bandher thhik ujane ekti nimno-toler bandho chhilo. 1783 saale shikopite nadeer upor ekti setu jaa ekhon springfield strita/massachusets rutt 116-ayee khola hoy. etty 1846 saale ekti achchadito kaather setu dwara protisthapito hoy, ebong tarpore ispat ebong concrete uilium eff. 1931 saale devit memorial brizti venge fela hoy ebong ekti adhunik setu dwara protisthapito hoy, jaar saathe saathe dakkhine duit prostutkarker khaaler upor setuti 2012-2013-ayee abosthito. 1900 saaler dike, spulding anned pepper rabar koo. onder noyce dobleeu. shromikder jonno shortcut hisabe fisk oka rastai ekti pothchari jhulonto setu nirman korechilen. etty 1938 saaler neu ingland harikene dhongso hoye yaay.

chikopi nadee chikopi nadee agranee kheen, mesatusatesma aaveli connecticut nadeeni aek upanadi chhe, jeey zadapthi chaaltaa paanee aneey tenaa asadharan vishaal tatpradesh maate jaaniti chheh connecticut nadeenu sauthee motoo sahayak tatpradesh. chikopi nadee aek pamar, mesatusates gaammaan udbhave chhe, jene trana nadeeo kahevaay chhe, jeey vaasano, kwabog aneey swift nadeeona sangam tareeke odakhaay chhe. teey wilbraham, ludalo aneey springfieldna bhaartiy bagichaanaa padoshmathi pasaar thaay chhe. springfield aneey chikopi, mesatusates vachche tunkaa antar maate sarhad banaavya pachhi, nadee pachhi chikopi shahermathi aneey connecticut nadimaa teevra valaank maargmaa vahe chhe. (chikopi 1848 sudhee springfieldno bhaag hato.) jalvibhajak. joke chikopi nadee pote jaj laambi chhe, teno drainage vistaar mesatusatesma sauthee moto chhe, aneey connecticut nadeeno sauthee moto sahayak vistaar chhe. chikopi nadeena jalvibhajakma 32 shahero aneey nagarona tamaam athavaa amuk bhagno samaavesh thaay chhe. swift nadee parr chikopi nadeena uparnaa bhagma, kwabin jalashay purveey mesatusates (mwaraa sevaa vistaar) aneey chikopi kheennaa jalmaarg dwara chikopine pivaanu paanee purun paade chhe. jala shaktee kshamata. audhyogik kraanti darmiyan, chikopi nadee jalvidhyut maate khaas kareene maangnu sthal bunny gaee hatee, kaaran keey teey tenaa maarg darmiyan connecticut nadimaa padey chhe. tenee sarkhaamanimaa, valaankvaadi connecticut nadee chikopithi juunii sebrook, connecticut sudhee padey chhe, jyaan teey laambaa taapuna avaajmaa khaalee thaay chhe. aaa kaaranosar, chikopi nadeeni keenare sankhyaabandh meelo bandhvama aavee hatee; aaje, temaani ghanee punahutpadanna viveedh rajyoma malee shake chhe, jemaa khaas kareene springfield bhaartiy bagichaamaa aek prakhyaat mill kalaakaaroni jagya tareeke sevaa aape chhe. dame aneey crossing. tenaa teevra ghatadane kaarane, 2011 sudhimaa, chikopi nadee parr chh jalvidhyut bundh chhe. chikopi nadeeno sarerash pravaah 900 cubic foot pratee second athavaa darroj lagbhag 581,644,800 gaylan chhe. shikagopi dhodh bundh havey shikagopi shaherma brij street/mesatusates ruut 33 najik nadeene gheree leey chhe. aaa nadeena vibhagma anya paanch bundh chheh chikopi dhodh bandhthi neeche taraf jaj dwite bundh chhe, jeey draksh aneey front streethi door stheet chhe. shikagoma. aagalno dame uparnee taraf maarg 141nee uttare bhaartiy bagichaano bundh chhe, jeey aagalni shereemaa juunii meelne adeene aavelo chhe. springfieldna ludalo aneey bhaartiy bagichaanaa vibhag vachchena maarg 21 parr puts brij dame, ludalo aneey wilbraham vachche chappin street parr collins hydro dame aneey wilbraham reeda brij rooad parr reeda brij dame. puts brij bandhanu nirmaan 1918maan concrete gurutvakarshan maalkhaa tareeke karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. teey chikopi nadeena taliyethi 22 foot (6.7 meater) upar uthe chhe. bhaartiy bagichaano bundh aee nadeeni upar 28 foot (8.53 meater) nee unchai dharaavto pattharno baandh chhe. aaa darek bundh jalvidhyut urjaa utpann karey chhe. aaa dwite dame 15 footni unchai saathe pattharthi kapvama aavyo chhe. tyaan dwite demthi neeche taraf emes talvaar kampani demnaa avshesho chhe, aaa chikopi nadee parno chhello dame chhe jeey teey connecticutmaa khaalee thaay teey pahelaa chhe. juunii ludalo meeloni bajuma puts brij demnee uparnaa bhagma aek neechala maathano bundh pann hato. nadee parno aek pull jeey havey springfield street/mesatusates ruut 116 chhe teey 1783maan shikagopima kholvaamaa aavyo hato. tene 1846maan dhankayela lakadana pull dwara badalvama aavyo hato, aneey pachhi steel aneey concrete veeliyam aef. 1931maan devit memorial brij. tene todee padvama aavyo hato aneey tenaa sthaane aadhunik pull banavvama aavyo hato, saathe jaj dakshinma tarat jaj devit utpadakni naher parno pull, 2012-2013 maan. 1900nee aaspaas, spalding anned murry rubber kampani. noyas doubleu hethal. fiscay kaamdaaro maate shortcut tareeke oak street parr raahdaareeo maate latkaavelo pull banaavyo hato. teey 1938naa nyu ingland hariken dwara naash paamyu hatoo.

chikopi nadee chikopi nadee agrani ghaati, massachusets mein kanaikatikat nadee kii ack sahayak nadee haye, joe teji seey chalane vaale paani aur isake asadharan roop seey badey besin key liye jaani jaati haih kanaikatikat nadee kaa sabse badaa sahayak besin. chikopi nadee ack pamar, massachusets gaanv mein utpann hoti haye jise teen nadiyaan kahaa jaataa haye joe bartan, kwabog aur tej nadiyon key sangam key roop mein haye. yeh wilbraham, ludlo aur springfield key bhaaratiya baag pados seey hocker gujarati haye. springfield aur chikopi, massachusets key beach thodi doori key liye seema banaane key baad, nadee phir chikopi shahar key madhyam seey aur connecticut nadee mein ack teji seey ghumaavdaar maarg mein bahati haye. (chikopi 1848 taka springfield kaa hissa thaa.) jall-kshetra. halanki chikopi nadee apane aap mein kewal lambi haye, iska jall nikasi kshetra massachusets mein sabse badaa haye, aur connecticut nadee kaa sabse badaa sahayak kshetra haye. chikopi nadee key jalvibhaajak mein 32 shaharon aur kasbon key sabhi yaa kuchh hisse shamil hain. swift nadee parr chikopi nadee key oopar kii or, quabin jalaashay purvi massachusets (mwara seva kshetra) aur chikopi ghaati jalmarg key madhyam seey chikopi koo peene kaa paani pradaan kartaa haye. jall oorjaa kshamata. audyogik kranti key dauran, chikopi nadee panbijali key liye vishesh roop seey ack pasandida gantavya bunn gaee, mukhya roop seey isaliye kii yeh apane maarg key dauran kanaikatikat nadee mein girati haye. isaki tulanaa mein, ghumaavdaar kanaikatikat nadee chikopi seey purani sebrook, kanaikatikat taka girati haye, jahan yeh lambe dweep kii aavaaz mein khaali hoe jaati haye. iss kaaran seey, chikopi nadee key kinare kaee milon kaa nirmaan kiya gayaa thaa; aaj, unamen seey kaee punarnimaan key vibhinn raajyon mein paae jaa sakate hain, jisamen springfield bhaaratiya bageeche mein ack vishesh roop seey prasiddh mill kalakaron key sthaan key roop mein kaary karati haye. baandh aur crossing. 2011 taka, isaki bhaari girawat key kaaran, chikopi nadee parr chhah panbijali baandh hain. chikopi nadee kaa ausat pravaah 900 ghana feat prati sekand, yaa lagbhag 581,644,800 gallen prati dinn haye. shikagopi fauls baandh ney nadee koo roque diyaa haye joe abb shikagopi shahar mein brij street/massachusets maarg 33 haye. iss nadee khand parr paanch anya baandh hainh chikopi fauls baandh seey thheek neeche kii or dwite baandh haye, joe angur aur saamane street seey door sthit haye. shikago mein. agala baandh oopar kii or maarg 141 key uttar mein saamane kii sadak parr ack purani mill seey satey bhaaratiya baag baandh haye. springfield key ludlo aur bhaaratiya baag khand key beach maarg 21 parr putt pull baandh, ludlo aur wilbraham key beach chappin street parr collins hydro baandh aur wilbraham mein laal pull sadak parr laal pull baandh. puts pull baandh kaa nirmaan 1918 mein ack thhos gurutva sanrachana key roop mein kiya gayaa thaa. yeh chikopi nadee key tala seey 22 feat (6.7 meater) oopar uthati haye. bhaaratiya udyaan baandh nadee seey 28 feat (8.53 meater) kii oonchaai vaalaa ack cutt patthar kaa baandh haye. inmein seey pratyek baandh panbijali utpann kartaa haye. dwite baandh koo 15 feat kii oonchaai key saath patthar seey kaataa gayaa haye. dwite baandh seey thheek neeche kii or aims talwar company baandh key avashesh hain, yeh chikopi nadee parr antim baandh haye joe connecticut mein khaali honey seey pahale haye. purani ludlo milon key saath-saath puts brij baandh key thheek oopar kii or ack nichale sir vaalaa baandh bhee huaa kartaa thaa. nadee parr ack pull joe abb springfield street/massachusets maarg 116 haye, 1783 mein shikagopi mein khola gayaa thaa. ise 1846 mein ack dhake hue lakadi key pull dwara pratisthaapit kiya gayaa thaa, aur phir steel aur concreet villium aff. 1931 mein devit smaarak pull koo dhwast curr diyaa gayaa aur ack aadhunik pull dwara pratisthaapit kiya gayaa, saath hii dakshin mein turant dwite nirmaata kii nahar parr pull, 2012-2013 mein. 1900 key aspas, spaulding aind pepper rubber company. noyas doubleu key tahat. fisk ney shramikon key liye ack shortcut key roop mein oak street parr ack paidal yatri nilamban pull kaa nirmaan kiya. yeh 1938 key nyu ingland toofaan seey nasht hoe gayaa thaa.

chikopi nadhi chikopi nadiyu masachusetsna pravartaka kaniveyalliruva connecticut nadiya upanadiyaagiddu, vegavagi chalisuva neeru mattu adara asadharanavada dodda jalanayana pradeshakke hesaruvaasiyaagide connecticut nadiya atidodda upanadi jalanayana pradesha. chikopi nadiyu masachusetsna pamar gramadalli huttuttade, mooru nadigalu endu kareyalpaduva mooru nadigalu samanu, kwabog mattu swift nadigala sangamavagide. idu wilbraham, ludlo mattu springfieldna bhaaratiya totada nerehore moolaka haaduhoguttade. springfield mattu chikopi, masachusetsna naduvina gadiyannu swalpa dooradalli roopisida nantara, ee nadiyu chikopi nagarada moolaka mattu connecticut nadige tivravagi baguva haadiyalli hariyuttade. (chikopi (chikopi springfieldna bhagavagittu.) jalanayana pradesha. chikopi nadiyu kevala uddavagiddaroo, adara olacharandi pradeshavu masachusetsnalli atidoddadagide mattu connecticut nadige atidodda upanadi pradeshavaagide. chikopi nadiya jalanayana pradeshavu 32 nagaragalu mattu pattangala ellah athawa bhagavannu olagondide. swift nadiya chikopi nadiya meelbhaagadalli, quabin jalashayavu purva masachusetsge (mwra sewa pradesha) mattu chikopi kaniveya jalanayana pradeshada moolaka chikopige kudiyuva neerannu odagisuttade. neerina shakti samarthya. kaigarika kraantiya samayadalli, chikopi nadiyu jalavidyutge visheshavaagi bedikeya taanavaayitu, ekendare idu tanna maargadalli connecticut nadige beeluttade. holisidare, tiruguttiruva connecticut nadiyu chikopiyinda kanektikatna haleya sebrookge beeluttade, allie adhu uddaneya dveepada dhwaniyannu padeyuttade. ee karanakkagi, chikopi nadiya uddakkoo halavaaru giranigalannu nirmisalaayitu; indu, avugalalli anekavu maruuddeshada vividha rajyagalli kandubaruttave, visheshavaagi springfield bhaaratiya hannina totadalli prasiddha girani kalaavidara sthalavagi kaaryanirvahisuttade. anekattugalu mattu krasinggalu. adara teevra kusitadindagi, 2011 rahra hottige, chikopi nadiya mele aaru jalavidyut anekattugalive. chikopi nadiya sarasari harivu sekendige 900 ghana adigalu athawa dinakke sumaru <aii. dii. 1> gyalangalu. chikopi jalapaatada anekattu eega chikopi nagarada bridge streat/mastusets maarga 33rahra bully nadiyannu aavariside. ee nadhi vibhagadalli innoo aidu anekattugaliveh chikopi jalapaatada anekattina kelabhagadalliye drakshi mattu mumbhagada sentge sameepadalliruva dwite anekattu ide. chikopiyalli. mundina anekattu meelbhaagada daariyalli 141neey maargada uttarakke mumbhagada beediyalliruva haleya giraniya pakkadalliruva bhaaratiya totada anekattaagide. puts setuve anekattu 21neey maargadalli ludlo mattu springfieldna bhaaratiya hannina totada vibhagada naduve, collins jalavidyut anekattu ludlo mattu wilbraham naduvina chapin beediyalli mattu wilbrahamn kempu setuve rasteya kempu setuve anekattu. puts setuve anekattannu anekattannu concrete gurutva rachaneyaagi nirmisalaayitu. idu chikopi nadiya taladinda 22 addi (6.7 mea) ettaradallide. bhaaratiya hannina totada anekattu nadiya mele 28 addi (8.53 mea) ettaraviruva ondu kallina anekattaagide. ee pratiyondu anekattugalu jalavidyut annu utpaadisuttave. ee dwite anekattannu 15 addi ettarada kallinalli kattarisalaagide. dwite anekattina kelabhagadalli, ames sword kampani anekattina avasheshagalive, idu chikopi nadiya samparkakke seruva modalu iruva koneya anekattaagide. haleya ludlo giranigala pakkadalli puts setuve anekattina melmukhadalli kela-taleya anekattu kooda ittu. eega chikopiyalli springfield streat/mastusets maarga maarga nadige addalaagi ondu setuveyannu setuveyannu tereyalaayitu. idannu idannu muchchida marada setuveyinda badalaayisalaayitu, mattu nantara ukku mattu concrete vilium eff. eff devit smaaraka setuveyannu kedavalaayitu mattu adara badalige aadhunika setuveyannu nirmisalaayitu, jotege dakshinakke takshanave dwite tayaarakara kaaluveya mele setuveyannu nirmisalaayitu. 1900rahra sumaarige, spaulding mattu pepper rabbar kumm. nois doubleu adiyalli. fisk, kaarmikarige shortcut aagi ok beediyalli paadachaarigala toogu setuveyannu nirmisidaru. idu 1938rahra nyoo inglend chandamarutadinda naashavaayitu.

chikkoppi nadhi athivegam neengunna vellathinum asaadhaaranamaaya valia thadatthinum peruketta masaachyusetsile pioneer thaazhvarayile connecticut nadiyude poshakanadiyaanu chikkoppi nadhi connecticut nadiyude ettavum valia poshaka thadam. masaachyusetsile oru palmar graamatthil ninnu chikkoppi nadhi uthbhavikkunnu, moonnu nadikal, kwabog, swift nadikal ennivayude samgamasthaanamaayi vilikkunnu. vilbraham, ludlo, springfieldile indian oorkkard ayalpakkangal ennivayiloode ithu kadannupokunnu. masaachyusetsile springfieldin chicopic idayil kurachu dooram athirthi roopeekaricha sesham, nadhi pinneedu chikkoppi nagaratthiloode kuthane valanja paathayiloode connecticut nadiyilekku ozhukunnu. (1848 vare chikkoppi springfieldinte bhaagamaayirunnu.) neertthada. chikkoppi nadikku maathram neelamundengilum, athinte drainage eriya masaachyusetsile ettavum valuthum connecticut nadiyude ettavum valia poshakapradesavumaanu. 32 nagarangaludeyum pattanangaludeyum muzhuvan bhaagavum chikkoppi nadiyude neertthadatthil ulppedunnu. swift nadiyile chikkoppi nadiyude mukaliloode, kwabin reservoir kizhakkan masaachyusetsilekkum (mvra sarvees eriya) chikkoppi vaali akwadakt vazhi chikkoppiyilekkum kudivellam nalkunnu. jalavaidyuthiyude sheshi. vyaavasaayika viplavakaalath, chikkoppi nadhi jalavaidyuthiyude prathyeka aavasyamulla lakshyasthaanamaayi maari, kaaranam ithu connecticut nadiyilekku ozhukunnu. thaarathamyappeduthumbol, tiriyunna connecticut nadhi chikkoppiyil ninnu connectikkattile ooldu sebrookkilekku veezhunnu, avide athu long ailand shabdathilekku ozhukunnu. ekkaaranathaal, chikkoppi nadiyude theerathu niravadhi millukal nirmikkappettu; innu, avayil palathum punarnirmmaanatthinte vividha samsthaanangalil kaanam, springfield indian oorkkaardile oru mill kalakaaranmaarude sthalamaayi pravartthikkunnu. anakkettukalum crossingukalum. 2011 leeii kanakkanusarichu athinte kuthane idinjathinaal chikkoppi nadiyil aarr jalavaidyutha anakkettukal undu. chikkoppi nadiyude sharashari ozhukk secondil 900 cubic adii allengil prathidinam ekadesham <aii. dii. 1> gaalan aanu. chikkoppi nagaratthile bridge street/masaachyusets root 33 nuu sameepamaan chikkoppi falls anakkett eee nadiye thadasappeduthunnathu. eee nadeethadatthil mattu anchu anakkettukal undu chikkoppi falls anakkettil ninnu thaazhekku grapinum frond sentkkum sameepam sthithi cheiyunna dwait anakkett. chikkoppiyil. munvashathe theruvil oru pazhaya millinode chernnulla root 141 nuu vadakkulla indian oorcard anakkettaan adutha anakkett. springfieldile ludloik indian oorcard vibhaagathinum edayilulla root 21-leeii putts bridge daam, ludloik wilbrahamin edayilulla chaappin streettile collins hydro daam, wilbrahamile redu bridge roadle ninnulla redu bridge daam. 1918ll konkreett guruthwaakarshana gadanayaayittaanu putts bridge daam nirmmichathu. chikkoppi nadiyude adithattil ninnu 22 adii (6.7 meter) uyarathilaanu ithu uyarunnathu. nadiyil ninnu 28 adii (8.53 meter) uyaramulla oru kallu anakkettaan indian oorcard anakkett. eee anakkettukal oronnum jalavaidyuthi uthppaadippikkunnu. 15 adii uyaramulla kallu murichaanu dwait anakkett nirmmichirikkunnathu. dwait anakkettil ninnu thaazhekku varunna amez vaal kambani anakkettinte avashishtangal undu, ithu connectikkattil cherunnathinu munbu chikkoppi nadiyile avasana anakkettaan. pazhaya ludlo millukalkoppam putts bridge anakkettin thottumukalil oru thaazhnna daam undaayirunnu. 1783ll chikkopiyile springfield street/masaachyusets root 116ll nadikku kuruke oru paalam thurannu. 1846ll ithinu pakaram oru moodiya thadi paalavum pinneedu steel, konkreett vilyam eph. 1931-ll devitt memorial bridge. ithu polichumaattukayum pakaram oru aadhunika paalavum thekk bhaagathulla dwait nirmmaathaavinte kanalinu mukalilulla paalavum 2012-2013-ll sthaapikkukayum cheythu. 1900 oode, spalding aandu pepper rubber kambani. nois dablyu. thozhilaallikalkulla kurukkuvazhiyaayi ookku streettil phisk oru kaalnadayaathrakkaarude thookumara paalam nirmmichu. 1938leeii nyoo englandu chuzhalikkattil ithu nasippikkappettu.

chikopi nadee chikopi nadee hii massatucets agraganya khoyatil jodani nadichi upanadi aahe, jee vegane vahana panyasathi aanee tichya asadharan mothya khonyasathi olakhali jaateh jodani nadichi sarvat mothee upanadi khore. chikopi nadee massatucets eka pamar gavat ugam pavte, jyala teen nadya mhanatat, tee ware, kwabog aanee swift nadyancha sangam aahe. tee wilbraham, ludalo aanee springfieldchya bharatiy baganchya shejaratoon jaate. springfield aanee chikopi, massatusates darmyan thodya antaravar seema tayar kelyanantar, hii nadee nantar chikopi shaharatoon aanee connecticut nadeet tivra vakr margavar vahate. (chikopi 1848 paryant springfieldcha bhag hota.) panlot kshetra. jaree chikopi nadee swatach keval lamb asali taree tiche jalnissaran kshetra massatucetsmadhil sarvat mothe aanee connecticut nadiche sarvat mothe upanadi kshetra aahe. chikopi nadichya panlot kshetrat 32 shahare aanee shaharancha serve kinwa kahee bhag samavisht aahe. swift nadivaril chikopi nadichya varchya bajula, quabin jalashay purv massatusates (mvra seva kshetra) aanee chikopi khoyatil jalmargadware chikopila pinyache paanee puravato. jaal urja kshamata. audhyogik krantichya kalat, chikopi nadee jalvidhyutsathi visheshtah magani asalele thikan bunley, kaaran tee tichya pravahadarmyan jodani nadikade jaate. tyaa tulanet, tirkas jodanari nadee chikopipasoon junya sebrook, jodanikade jaate, jithe tee lamb betachya aavajat khalee padate. yaa karanastav, chikopi nadichya kathavar asankhya giranya bandhalya gelya; aaj, tyapaiki anek punarnirmitichya vividh rajyanmadhye aadhalu shakatat, springfield bharatiy bagetil eka visheshtah prasiddha girani kalakaranchi jaaga mhanoon kaam karate. dharane aanee crossing. kahee pramanat tyachya tivra ghasaranimule, 2011 paryant, chikopi nadivar sahaa jalvidhyut dharane aahet. chikopi nadicha sarasari pravah 900 ghanfoot prati sekand kinwa sumare 581,644,800 gallen prati divas aahe. chikopi fauls dharanane chikopi shaharatil brij street/massatusates marg 33 jawal nadila vedhale aahe. yaa nadee vibhagat aanakhi paach dharane aaheth chikopi fauls dharanachya agadi khalchya bajula dwite dharan aahe, jeey draksh aanee samoril streetwar aahe. shikagomadhye. pudhchya varchya bajula asalele dharan mhanje 141 vya margachya uttares asalele bharatiy baganche dharan, jeey samoril rastyavar junya giranila lagoon aahe. springfieldchya ludalo aanee bharatiy baganchya vibhagadarmyan marg 21 varr puts pool dharan, ludalo aanee wilbrahm darmyan chappin rastyavar collins jalvidhyut dharan aanee wilbrahmmadheel laal pulachya rastyavaril laal pool dharan. puts pool dharan 1918 madhye thos gurutvakarshanachi rachana mhanoon bandhanyat aale hote. tee chikopi nadichya talashi 22 phoot (6.7 mea.) varr aahe. bharatiy baag dharan heey nadipasoon 28 phoot (8.53 mea.) unchiche eka dagadi baandh aahe. yaa dharananpaiki pratyek dharan jalvidhyut urja nirman karate. heey dwite dharan 15 phoot unchiche dagadat kapalele aahe. dwite dharanapasun agadi khalchya dishene asalelya emes sward company dharanache avashesh aahet, chikopi nadivaril heey dharan jodanimadhye khalee yenyapurviche shevatche dharan aahe. junya ludalo girnyanchya bajula puts brij dharanachya varchya bajula eka nimn-tall dharan dekhil hote. sadhya springfield street/massatusates marg 116 asalelya chikopit nadivarcha eka pool 1783 madhye ughadala gela. 1846 madhye tyachya jaagi jhakalelya lakadi pulane aanee nantar steel aanee concreetcha william eff. 1931 madhye devit memorial pool padnyat aala aanee tyachya jaagi eka aadhunik pulane, tasech dakshinekade asalelya dwite utpadakachya kalvyavaril pulane, 2012-2013 madhye, tyachi jaaga ghetali. 1900 chya sumaras, spalding andd marich rubber company. noyce doubleu. chya antargat. kamgaransathi eka shortcut mhanoon fiskne oka rastyavar padchadhyansathicha eka latakata pool bandhala. 1938chya nyu ingland chakrivadalane teey nasht jhaale.

chikopi nadi chikopi nadi agrani upatyaka, massachusetsma raheko connecticut nadiko sahayak nadi how, june druta gatima chalne pani rar yasako asadharan rupma thulo besinka lagi parichit chhah connectict nadiko sabaibhanda thulo sahayak besin. chikopi nadi euta pamar, massachusets gaunma utpanna hunchha jaslai tean nadiharu bhaninchha jaslai weyar, kwabog rar swift nadiharuko sangamko rupma bhaninchha. yo wilbraham, ludlo rar springfieldko bharatiya bagainchako chhimekbata bagchha. springfield rar chikopi, massachusetsko bichko sima chhoto durika lagi banaepachhi, nadi tyasapachhi chikopi sahar hundai rar connecticut nadima tiwra ghumauro batoma bagchha. (chikopi 1848 samma springfieldko hissa thiyo.) watershed. yadyapi chikopi nadi afai matra lamo chha, yasako jaal nikasi khetra massachusetsma sabaibhanda thulo chha, rar connecticut nadiko sabaibhanda thulo sahayak khetra how. sikapi nadiko jalavibhajakma 32 wata sahar rar saharharuko sabai wa bhag samawesh chha. swift nadima raheko chikopi nadiko mathillo bhagma raheko quabin jalashayale purvi massachusets (mwra sewa khetra) rar chikopi afailai chikopi upatyaka aquaduct hundai piune pani pradan gardacha. jaal shakti kshamata. audyogik krantiko samayama, chikopi nadi jalavidyutka lagi vishesh rupma khojieko gantawya banyo, kinbhane yo connecticut nadima afno margama khascha. tulanatmak rupma, ghumauro connecticut nadi chikopibata purano sebrook, connecticutma jharchha, jahaan yo lamo tapuko awazma khali hunchha. yass karanle garda, sikapi nadiko kinarma dherai milharu nirman garieko thiyo; az, tiniharu madhye dherai punahuddeshyaka vibhinna rajyaharuma fela parne sakinchha, vishesh gari springfield bharatiya bagainchama prasidha mille kalakarharuko thaaunko rupma sewa gardacha. bandha rar krasingharu. yasako tiwra girawatko karan, 2011 samma, chikopi nadima chhawata jalavidyut baandhaharu chhan. sikapi nadiko ausat prawaha 900 ghan fitt prati second, wa lagbhag 581,644,800 gallen prati dina chha. sikapi fals baandhale sikapi saharma ahile brij street/massachusets marga 33 najikaiko nadilai kabja gareko chha. yass nadi khandama anya panchwata baandhaharu chhanh chikopi fals bandhabata taltira dwite bandha chha, june angur rar front streetbata awasthit chha. sikopma. arko bandha upstreama agadi sadakma purano milsanga jodieko marga 141 ko uttarma bharatiya bagainchako bandha how. springfieldko ludlo rar bharatiya bagaicha khanda bichko marga 21 maa poots brij bandha, ludlo rar wilbrahamko bichma chapin stritma collins hydro bandha rar wilbrahamma rato pull sadakbata rato pull bandha. poots brij bandha sann 1918 maa concreet gurutwa sanrachanako rupma nirman garieko thiyo. yo chikopi nadiko satahabata 22 fitt (6.7 mitter) mathi uthcha. bharatiya bagainchako bandha nadibata 28 fitt (8.53 mitter) uchaiko euta katieko dhungako bandha how. yee pratyek baandhale jalavidyut utpadan gardacha. dwite bandha 15 fitt uchaiko dhunga katieko chha. tyahan dwite bandhabata talatirama ames sword company bandhaka awasheshharu chhan, yo chikopi nadima connecticutma khasnuaghi antim bandha how. purano ludlo milharuko chheuma poots brij baandhako thik mathi euta lo-head bandha pani hunthyo. sann 1783 maa sikopima ahile springfield street/massachusets marga 116 maa raheko nadi parko pull kholieko thiyo. yasalai sann 1846 maa dhakieko kathko pulle pratisthapan gareko thiyo, rar tyasapachhi still rar concreet william ef. sann 1931 maa devit memorial pulalai dhwasta parieko thiyo rar yasalai adhunik pulle pratisthapan gareko thiyo, sathai dakshinma turuntai duit nirmatako naharmathi pull, 2012-2013 maa. sann 1900 ko asapas, spalding rar marich robber company. noyas w antargat. fiskle kamadarharuka lagi certcutko rupma ok sadakma paidal yatri nilamban pull nirman gare. yo sann 1938 ko nyu england aandhile nashta gareko thiyo.

chikopi nadee chikopi nadee heuchhi masachusetsara agrani upatyakare thiba sanjogakaree nadira eka upanadi, jaahaa druta gatire gati karuthiba jala ebong ehara asadharana bruhata ababahikah sanjogakaree nadira sarbabruhata upanadi ababahika paain janashuna . chikopi nadee masachusetsara eka pamara graamare utpanna hoichhi, jaahaaku tinoti nadee kuhajae, jaahaa paatra, kwaboga ebong druta nadira sangama . ehaa wilbraham, ludlo ebong springafieldara padoshi bharatiah udyan dei gati kare . alpa durata paain masachusetsara springfield ebong chikopi madhyare seema gathan kariba parey, nadeeti chikopi sahara dei eka tibra bakra pathare prabahita hoi sanjogakaree nadeere mishithae. (chikopi 1848 masiha parjyanta springafieldara anshabisesha thila.) jalabibhajika. jadio chikopi nadee kebala lamba, ehara jala nishkasana khetra masachusetsare sarbabruhata ebong sanjogakaree nadira sarbabruhata upanadi anchala . chikopi nadira jalabibhajika 32tii sahara ebong saharar samasta kimba kichhi anshaku antarbhukta kare . swift nadee upare chikopi nadira upara bhagare, quabin jalabhandara purba massachusets (emawra seba khetra) ebong chikopi upatyaka jalpath madhyamare chikopi ku paniah jala pradan kare . jala shakti sambhabana. shilpa biplaba samajare, chikopi nadee jalabidyuta paain eka bisesh-chahida gantabyastala palatithila, mukhyatah kaaran ehaa sanjogakaree nadeeku prabahita heba samajare khasithae . tulanatmaka bhabe, ghurnajamana sanjogakaree nadee chikopiru puruna sebrook, sanjogakareeku khasithae, jeunthare ehaa dirgha dwepa dhwanire khaali hoijae . ehi karanaru, chikopi nadee koolare aneka karkhana nirmana karajaithila; aaji, segudika madhyaru aneka punahuddeshyara bibhinna rajyare dekhibaku milithae, bisesh curry springfield bharatiah udyanare eka prasidha karkhana kalakaranka sthana bhabare karjya kare . dyam ebong krasing. ehara druta hrass hetu, 2011 suddha, chikopi nadeere chhaati jalabidyuta dyam achhi . chikopi nadira harahari prabaha second prati 900 cubic phuta, kimba pratidina praiah 581,644,800 gallon . chikopi falls dyam chikopi saharare bartamana brij street/massachusets rutt 33 nikatare nadeeku abarodh karichhi . ehi nadee bibhagare anya panchti dyam rahichhih chikopi falls dammer thick talaku dowite dyam rahichhi, jaahaa drakhya ebong sammukh statere abasthita. chikopire. parabarti dyam heuchhi aaga rastare thiba eka puruna mill nikatare thiba marga 141 rahr uttarare bharatiah udyan dyam . springafieldara ludlo ebong bharatiah udyan bibhaga madhyare marga 21 ray poot setu dyam, ludlo ebong wilbraham madhyare chappin street ray collins jalabhandara dyam ebong wilbrahamare redd brij roadre redd brij dyam . poots brij dyam 1918 ray eka concret madhyakarshana sanrachana bhabare nirmita hoithila . ehaa chikopi nadira talaru 22 phuta (6.7 mea.) uparaku uthithae. bharatiah udyan dyam heuchhi eka kataa pathara dyam jahara uchchata nadee upare 28 phuta (8.53 mea.) . ehi pratyeka dyam jalabidyuta shakti utpadana karithae. ehi dwite dyam 15 phuta uchchata bisista pathara kaati tiari karajaichi. dowite dyamru thick talaku ams swarda company dyamra abasistangsha rahichhi, ehaa chikopi nadee upare shesh dyam jaahaa sanjogakaree nadeere khaali heba purbaru. puruna ludlo milgudika sahita putt brij dyam rahr thick upara bhagare eka nimna-munda dyam madhya thila . nadee upare eka setu jaahaa bartamana chikopire springfield street/massachusets marga 116 ray kholithila . ehaa 1846 ray eka aachadita kaath setu dwara pratisthapita hoithila, ebong taa 'parey ispat ebong concret william aif . 1931 masihare devit smaraki setu. ehaaku bhangi eka adhunika setu dwara pratisthapita karajaithila, ebong turanta dakhinare, 2012-2013 ray, dowite nirmatanka kenal upare setu sahita . 1900 masiha pakhapakhi, spalding ebong pepara rabar company. noes wi adheenare. shramikamananka paain eka certcut bhabe fisk oak rastare eka padachari jhulanta setu nirmana karithile. 1938 masihar nyu englanda ghurnibatya dwara ehaa dhwansa hoijaithila.

chikopi nadee chikopi nadee pioneer ghaati, massachusets witch connect nadee dee ikk sahaik nadee haii, joe tezi naal chalde paanee atey iss dey asdharan taur 'teey vadde besin laee jaanhi jaandi haiyav connect nadee daa sabh toon vadda sahaik besin. chikopi nadee ikk pammer, massachusets pind witch utpan hundi haii jiss noon tinn nadiaan kiha jaanda haii joe kii ware, kabaog atey swift nadiaan dey sangam vajon haii. ih wilbrahm, ludlo atey springfield dey bharti baag dey guaandh vicchon langhda haii. basant khetar atey chikopi, massachusets dey vichkaar thodhi doori laee sarhadd banaun toon baad, nadee firr chikopi shehar vicchon langhdi hoee ikk tez ghumdi hoee raste witch atey connect nadee witch vahindi haii. (chikopi 1848 takk springfield daa hissa see.) watershed. halanki chikopi nadee aapne aap witch siraf lambi haii, parr iss daa drainage khetar massachusets witch sabh toon vadda haii, atey connect nadee daa sabh toon vadda sahaik khetar haii. chikopi nadee dey watershed witch 32 shahiran atey kasbiaan dey saare jaan hissa shamal hunn. swift nadee utte chikopi nadee dey uppar vall, kababin sarovar purbi massachusets (aim. dablioo. aar. aii. seva khetar) atey chikopi valley aquaduct raahin aapne aap noon chikopi noon peenn vaala paanee pardan karda haii. paanee dee shakti dee samratha. sanati kranti dauran, chikopi nadee pann-bijli laee ikk vishesh taur 'teey mangi jaanh vaali manzil bann gaee, mukkh taur' teey kiunki ih connect nadee witch aapne raste dauran dhigdi haii. iss dee tulna witch, ghumdi connect nadee chikopi toon purani sebrook, connect takk dhigdi haii, jitthe ih lambe tapu dee aavaaz witch khaali hoow jaandi haii. iss caarn karke, chikopi nadee dey kinare kaee millan banaiaan gaeeaan sunn; ajj, unhan vicchon bahut saariaan punar-udesh dey vakkh-vakkh raajan witch mill sakdiaan hunn, jiss witch ikk vishesh taur 'teey prasidh mill basant khetar bharti baag witch kalakaran dee jagha vajon kamm kardi haii. daim atey crossing. iss dee tezi naal girawat dey caarn, 2011 takk, chikopi nadee utte chhe pann-bijli bnnh hunn. chikopi nadee daa ausat pravaah 900 kioobik futt pratee skint, jaan lagbhag 581,644,800 gallen pratee dinn haii. chikopi falls daim neey nadee noon uss dey nede bnd qarr ditta haii joe hunn chikopi shehar witch brij street/massachusets ruut 33 haii. iss nadee hisse witch panj horr bnnh hann chikopi falls daim toon bilkul hethan vall dwitt daim haii, joe angur atey front street toon door sathit haii. chikopi witch. agla daim uppar vall haii bharti baag daim joe kii raste 141 dey uttar witch haii joe kii sahmane vaali glee witch ikk purani mill dey naal laggda haii. putt brij daim, joe kii ludlo atey springfield dey bharti baag bhaag dey vichkaar ruut 21 utte haii, ludlo atey wilbrahm dey vichkaar chappin street utte collin hydro daim atey wilbrahm witch laal pull sadak utte laal pull daim haii. putts brij daim daa nirman 1918 witch ikk thos gravity dhanche vajon keeta giaa see. ih chikopi nadee dey tall toon 22 futt (6.7 meeter) uccha haii. bharti baag bnnh ikk kattiaa hoiaa patthar daa bnnh haii jiss dee uchaee nadee toon 28 futt (8.83 meeter) haii. inhan vicchon harek daim pann-bijli paida karde hunn. dwitt daim 15 futt dee uchaee dey naal kattiaa hoiaa patthar haii. itthe dwite daim toon bilkul hethan vaale paase aims talwar company daim dey avshesh hunn, ih chikopi nadee utte aakhri daim haii joe iss dey connect witch khaali honn toon pahilan haii. purane ludlo millan dey naal-naal putts brij daim dey bilkul uppar vall ikk hethle sir vaala daim vee hunda see. nadee dey paar ikk pull joe hunn shakahari witch springfield street/massachusets ruut 116 haii, 1783 witch kholhiaa giaa see. iss noon 1846 witch ikk dhakkiaa hoiaa lakkad daa pull atey firr steel atey concreet viliam eff duaara badliaa giaa see. 1931 witch devit yadgar pull noon dhaah ditta giaa see atey iss dee thaan ikk aadhunik pull neey lae laee see, jiss dey naal-naal dakkhan vall turant dwitt nirmata dee nahir utte pull, 2012-2013 witch see. 1900 dey aas paas, spelding atey kaali mirch rubbed company. nois w dey tehat. fishak neey mazdooran laee ikk shortcut vajon oak street utte ikk paidal yaatari muattal pull daa nirman keeta. ih 1938 dey nioo england toofan duaara tabah hoow giaa see.

chikopee nadee chikopee-nadee, masaachusets-rajyasya agragaami-upatyakayam sthitasya kanektikat-nadyaah upanadee asti, yaa drutagatyaa pravahamaanasya jalasya, asadharanataya vishaalasya jalanayanasya cha krute prasiddha asti, kanektikat-nadyaah bruhattamasya upanadee-jalanayanah asti. chikopee-nadee masaachusets-rajyasya paamar-graame utpadyate, yatra tribhihi nadyah, kwabog, swift-nadyah cha sangamanti iti kathyate. ayam vilbraaham, ludlo, springfield ityasya samipasthasya bhaarateey-udyaanaat cha gacchati. springfield-chikopee-masaachusets-madhye alpadooram yaavat simayam nirmitvaa, iyam nadee tatah chikopee-nagaraat druta-vakra-margena, kanektikat-nadim cha pravishati. (chikopee 1848 paryantam springfield ityasya bhaagah aasit.) jala-vibhaajanam. yadyapi chikopee-nadee eva deerghah asti, tathaapi tasya jalanirgamanakshetram masaachusets-raajye bruhattamam, tathaa cha kanektikat-nadyaah bruhattamam upanadikshetram cha asti. chikopee-nadyaah jalavibhaajane 32 nagaranam, nagaranam cha sarvaani vaa bhagaha vaa santi. swift-nadyaah chikopee-nadyaah uparibhaage, quabin-jalashayah poorva-masaachusets-pradeshaay (mvraa-sevaa-kshetram) chikopee-upatyakaa-jalamaargasy madhyamena chikopee-kshetraya cha peyajalam pradadaati. jalashaktih. audyogikakraante, chikopee-nadee jala-vidyut-krute visheshatayaa apekshitam gantavyam abhavat, mukhyataya yatah iyam jalamaargasy pravaahakaale kanektikat-nadeem prati patati. tulanayaa, tiryaka-kanektikat-nadee chikopee-taha kevalam old sebrook, kanektikat-paryantam pravahati, yatra saa deerghadweepa-dhvanyaam rikttam bhavati. asmin eva karanena chikopee-nadyaah paarshve anekaani girani nirmitaani aasan; adyatve teshu bahavah punahutpaadanasy vividheshu raajyeshu drushyante, visheshatah springfield-bhaarateey-udyaanasya prasidhah giranah kalakaranam sthanarupena karyam karoti. jalabandha tathaa paarah. asya alpa-patanasya karanat, 2011 tamavarshaparyantam, chikopee-nadyaah upari shut jalavidyut-jalabandhah santi. chikopee-nadyaah maadhyapravaah 900 cubic-feet prati sekendah, athavaa pratidinam praayah 581,644,800 gyaalan asti. chikopee-jalaprapata-jalabandha, chikopee-nagare adhunaa bridge-street/massachusets-maargah 33 ityasya sameepe nadim baadhayati. asmin nadee-khande anye pancha jalabandhah santi-chikopee-faals-jalabandhat kevalam adhah, dwait-jalabandha asti, yah draakshaayaah, agrabhagasya, ess. tii. ityasya cha sameepe sthitah asti. shikaago madhye. agrimah jalabandha, margasya 141 ityasya uttare, agrabhaage sthitasya puraanaam giraneem prati anugatah bhaarateey-udyaana-jalabandha asti. puts-setu-jalabandha 21 maarge ludlo-bhaarateey-udyaana-vibhagayoho madhye, ludlo-vilbraaham-madhye chaapin-maarge collins-jala-jalabandha, vilbraam-nagare rakta-setu-maarge rakta-setu-jalabandha cha asti. puts-setu-jalabandha 1918 tame varshe drudha-gurutva-samrachanaayaah rupena nirmitah. chikopee-nadyaah talaat 22 feet (6.7 mee.) oordhvataayaam asti. bhaarateey-udyaana-jalabandha ekaha prastar-nirmitah jalabandha asti yasya oordhvataa nadeetah 28 feet (8.53 mee.) asti. eteshu pratyekam jalabandha jalavidyut-utpaadanam karoti. dwait-jalabandha 15 feet-ucchataayaah shilaalekh-nirmitah asti. dwait-jalabandhat kevalam adhah, ames-sword-kampanee-jalabandhasy avasheshaah santi, ayam chikopee-nadyaah antimah jalabandha asti, yah samyogasthale patati. poorvam puts-setu-jalabandhasy uparibhaage puraataneshu ludlo-girani-sangatah nimna-tala-jalabandha api aasit. adhunaa shikagopi-nagare springfield-street/masaachusets-maargah 116 iti sthaane nadyaah upari ekaha setuhu udghaatitah, tasya sthaane 1846 tame varshe aacchadita-kaashta-setuhu sthaapitah, tatah steel-concreet-vilium-ef cha nirmitah. 1931 tame varshe devit-smaarak-setuhu dhwamsah abhavat, tasya sthaane aadhunik-setuhu sthaapitah, tatkshanameva dakshinadishi sthitasya devit-nirmaatru-naharasya upari setuhu api aasit, yat 2012-2013 ityatra aasit. 1900 tame varshe, da spalding and paper rubber ko. noyis doubleu ityasya adheene. fisk ityanena karmacharinam krute laghu-maargaroopen ok-maarge padachari-zulana-setuhu nirmitah. 1938 tame varshe nyoo-england-chakravaaten ayam nashtah abhavat.

sigobi aaru sigobi aaru enbathu massusetsin munnoadi pallaththaakkil ulla inaikkum aattrin thunai nadhiyaagum, idhu vaekamaaka nagarum neer mattrum adhan asaathaaranamaana periya vadinilaththirku peyar pettrathu inaikkum aattrin migapperiya thunai vadinilam. sigobi aaru massusets massachusets kiraamaththil ulla oru paamar kiraamaththil uruvaagirathu, moontru aarukal endru azhaikkappadukirathu, idhu porutkal, gwabok mattrum viraivaana aarukal sangamikkum idamaagum. idhu vilprakaam, lutlo mattrum springfieldin inthiya palaththoattam suttruppuram vazhiyaaga selkirathu. sirithu thooraththirku massusetsin springfieldukkum sikoappikkum idaiyilaana ellaiyai uruvaakkiya piragu, inththa nadhi pinnar sigobi nagaram vazhiyaaga koormaiyaana valaivu paathaiyil paainthu inaikappatta aattril kalakkirathu. (sikobi 1848 varai springfieldin oru paguthiyaaga irunththathu.) neerppaasanap pakuthi. sigobi nadhi mattumae neelamaaga irunththaalum, adhan vadikaal pakuthi maasoosetsil migapperiyathu, maelum inaikappatta aattrin migapperiya thunaip paguthiyaagum. sigobi aattrin neervaraththu 32 nagarangal mattrum nagarangalin anaitthu allathu oru paguthiyaiyum ulladakkiyathu. seift aattril ulla sigobi aattrin mael paguthiyil, gwabin neerththekkam kilakku massusets (mvra saevai pakuthi) mattrum sigobi pallatthaakku neerppidippu vazhiyaaga sikoapikku kudineer valangkukirathu. neer aattral thiran. thozhilthurai puratchiyin poathu, sigobi nadhi kurippaaga neermin thevaiyai poorthi seiyum idamaaga maariyathu, aenenil idhu inaikappatta aattrukku sellum poathu vizhugirathu. oppidugaiyil, valainththu kodukkum inaikkum nadhi sigoabiyilirunthu pazhaiya chae brooke, inaikkum pakuthikku vizhugirathu, angku adhu neenda theevu oliyil kaaliyaagiradhu. inththa kaaranaththirkaaga, sigobi aattrin kurukkae aeraalamaana aalaikal kattappattana; intru, avattril palavattrai palvaeru maanilangkalil meendum uruvaakkak kanalaam, kurippaaga springfield inthiya pazhaththoattaththil ulla oru pirabalamaana aalai kalaignargalin idamaaga seyalpadugirathu. anaikal mattrum kurukkuvettugal. 2011aam aandu nilavarappadi, adhan thideer veelchchiyin kaaranamaaga, sigobi aattril aaru neermin anaikal ullana. sigobi aattrin sarasari oottam vinaadikku 900 kana addii allathu oru naalaikku sumar 581,644,800 kaelangal aagum. sigobi aruvi anai ippoathu sigobi nagaril bridge street/massusets ruud 33 kku arugil ulla aattrai adaikkirathu. inththa aattril maelum ainthu anaikal ullanah sigobi neerveelchchi anaiyilirunthu sattru keezhae dwite anai ullathu, idhu thiraatchai mattrum muun theruvil amainthullathu. sigobiyil. aduththa anai maelnoakkiya paathaiyil ulla paathai 141 kku vadakkae ulla inthiya palaththoatta anai, munpura theruvil ulla oru pazhaiya aalaiyai ottiyullathu. springfieldin lutlo mattrum inthiya pazhaththoattap pakuthikku idaiyilaana paathai 21 ill boods paalam anai, lutlo mattrum vilprakaam idaiyae ulla saabin theruvil ulla collins neer anai mattrum vilprakaam sivappu paalam saalaiyil ulla sivappu paalam anai. boods paalam anai 1918 aam aandil concreed eerppu kattamaippaaga kattappattathu. idhu sigobi aattrin adiththalaththilirunthu 22 addii (6.7 mee) uyaraththil ullathu. inthiya palaththoatta anai enbathu aattrin uchchiyil 28 addii (8.53 mee) uyaraththil ulla oru vettu cull anaiyaagum. inththa anaikal ovvondrum neermin urpaththiyai seigindrana. inththa dwite anai 15 addii uyaraththudan vettapatta kallil kattappattullathu. dwite anaiyilirunthu sattru keezhae ulla amaze vaal kambeni anaiyin echchangkal ullana, idhu sigobi aattril ulla kadaisi anaiyaagum, idhu inaippil kalappatharku munbu. pazhaiya lutlo aalaikalin arugae boods paalam anaiyin mael paguthiyil oru thaalvaana anai irunththathu. aattrin kurukkae tharpoothu springfield theru/massusets paathai 116 ill oru paalam 1783 aam aandil thirakkappattathu. idhu 1846 aam aandil oru moodappatta maraa baalaththaal maattrappattathu, pinnar efku mattrum concreed villiyam eff. 1931ill devit ninaivu paalam idikkappattu adharku pathilaaka oru naveena paalam, udanadiyaaga therkae ulla divit urpaththiyaalarin kaalvaain meethu ulla paalam, 2012-2013 ill maattrappattathu. 1900 aam aandil, spaulting mattrum milagu rubber coow. nois doublue. thozhilaazhargalukkaana kurukkuvazhiyaaga oak theruvil oru bhadasari thongku baalaththai fisk kattinaar. idhu 1938 aam aandu neu englaanthu sooraavaliyil azhikkappattathu.

chikopi nadhi chikopi nadhi masaachusetslooni maargadarsaka loyalo connecticut nadiki upanadi, idhi vaegamgaa kadile neeru mariyu daani asaadhaaranamaina pedda pareevaahaka praantaaniki prasiddhi chendindihi connecticut nadhi yokka atipedda upanadi pareevaahaka praantam. chikopi nadhi masachusets looni moodu nadulu anie piluvabade oka pamar graamamlo ware, kwabog mariyu swift nadula sangamam gaa udbhavistundi. idhi wilbraham, ludlo mariyu springfield looni bharatiya pandla thota parisaraala gundaa velutundi. springfield mariyu chikopi, masachusets madhya swalpa dhooram sarihaddu erpadina taruvaata, eee nadhi chikopi nagaram gundaa mariyu connecticut nadiloki vaegamgaa vampu maargamlo pravahistundi. (chikopi 1848 varaku springfieldlo bhaagamgaa undedi.) pareevaahaka praantam. chikopi nadhi matrame podavugaa unnappatikee, daani paarudala praantam masachusetslo atipeddadi mariyu connecticut nadiki atipedda upanadi praantam. chikopi nadhi pareevaahaka praantamloo 32 nagaralu mariyu pattanaalannii ledhaa kontha bhaagam unnaayi. swift nadipai chikopi nadiki eguvana, quabin reservoir thoorpu masachusets (mwra servies area) mariyu chikopi loya kaaluva dwara chikopeeki taaguneetini andistundi. neeti shakti saamarthyam. paarisraamika viplavam samayamlo, chikopi nadhi jalavidyut kosam pratyaekamgaa korabadina gamyasthanamgaa maarindi, endukante idhi connecticut nadiki daani pravaahamlo padipotundi. polchi choosthe, vankaragaa connecticut nadhi chikopi nundi connecticut looni old saybrook varaku padipotundi, akkada adhi podavaina dveepam sabdamlo khaalii avutundi. eee kaaranamgaa, chikopi nadhi vembadi aneka millulu nirminchabaddaayi; nedu, vaatilo chaalaa varaku vividha punaraavruta rashtraalalo chudavachu, mukhyamgaa springfield bharatiya pandla thotalo oka prasiddha millu kalaakaarula sthalamgaa panichestundi. aanakattalu mariyu crossinglu. kontavaraku daani athi takkuva taggudala kaaranamgaa, 2011 natiki, chikopi nadipai aaru jalavidyut aanakattalu unnaayi. chikopi nadhi sagatu pravaham sekanuku 900 cubic adugulu ledhaa rojuku 581,644,800 gaalanlu. chikopi jalapaatam anakatta ippudu chikopi nagaramlo bridge streat/masachusets ruut 33 sameepamlo unna nadini bandhistundi. eee nadhi vibhaagamlo maroe aidu aanakattalu unnaih chikopi jalapaatam anakatta nundi diguvaku dwite anakatta undhi, idhi draksha mariyu mundu streat vadda undhi. chikopilo. tadupari anakatta eguva bhaagamlo mundu veedhiloo paatha milluku prakkane unna maargam 141kii uttaraana unna bharatiya pandla anakatta undhi. springfieldloni ludlo mariyu indian pandla thota vibhagam madhya maargam 21 vadda puts vantena anakatta, ludlo mariyu wilbraham madhya chaapin veedhiloo callins jala anakatta mariyu wilbraham looni erra vantena rahadaaripai erra vantena anakatta. puts vantena aanakattanu 1918loe concreat gurutvakarshana nirmaanamgaa nirminchaaru. idhi chikopi nadhi adugu nundi 22 adugula (6.7 mea) ettulo undhi. bharatiya pandla anakatta nadipai 28 adugula (8.53 mea) ettutoe oka raathi anakatta. eee aanakattalalo prati okkati jalavidyut saktini utpatti chestaayi. eee dwite aanakattanu 15 adugula ettutoe raathi kosinadi. dwite anakatta nundi diguvaku ames sword company anakatta avasheshaalu unnaayi, idhi chikopi nadipai kanektikatlo kalusukune mundu chivari anakatta. paatha ludlo millula pakkana puts vantena aanakattaku eguvana loe-head anakatta kooda undedi. prastutam chikopilo springfield streat/masachusets maargam 116 vadda nadipai oka vantena 1783loe praarambhinchabadindi. dheeni sthaanamlo 1846loe kappabadina chekka vantena, aapai ukku mariyu concreetu vilium eff. 1931loe devit smaaraka vantenanu koolchivesi, daani sthaanamlo dakshinaana unna dwite tayaareedaarula kaaluvapai vantenatho paatu, oka aadhunika vantenanu 2012-2013 loe erpaatu chesaaru. 1900 loe, spalding und pepper rabbaru koo. nois doubleu kinda. fisk kaarmikula kosam satvaramaargamgaa ook veedhiloo paadachaarula suspension vantenanu nirminchaaru. idhi 1938 nyuu ingland tuphaanu dwara naasanam cheyabadindi.

cheekopi daryaa cheekopi daryaa misachosts kii aham waadi mein kanektikt daryaa kii eek maawan nadee hay juu teezi say chalnay waalay paani aur iss kay ghair mamuli toor parr baday taas kay liye jaana jaataa hay: kanektikt daryaa kaa sabb say badaa maawan taas. cheekopi daryaa misachosts kay eek paamar gaaon say nikalta hay jasay teen daryaa kahaa jaataa hay juu kahh bartan kobog aur teez driyaon kay sangam kay toor parr jaana jaataa hay. yaha will ibrahim ladlo aur spring feld kay hindustani baagh kay pados say guzarta hay. spring feld aur cheekopi misachosts kay darmiyan mukhtasir fasilay kay liye sarhad bananay kay baad daryaa phir cheekopi shehar say hotay hoay aur kanektikt nadee mein teezi say manhani raastay say behta hay. (shakapi 1848 takk spring feld kaa hasah thaa.) watersheed. agarcha khood chakopi daryaa sarf lamba hay leakin iss kaa nikasi aab kaa elaqah misachosts mein sabb say badaa hay aur kanektikt daryaa kaa sabb say badaa maawan elaqah hay. cheekopi nadee kay watersheed mein 32 shehron aur qasbon kay tamaam yaa kachh hasay shaamil haine. teez daryaa parr daryaae cheekopi kay oopar kii taraf cobin reservire mashriqi misachosts (meura saros airiya) aur khood cheekopi kuu cheekopi veeli aabi guzargah kay zariye pinay kaa paani farahim kartaa hay. paani kii taaqat kii salahiyat. sanaati inqilaab kay doraan cheekopi daryaa punn bajli kay liye khaas toor parr eek matlubah manzal bunn gayaa jiss kii bury wajah yaha hay kahh yaha apnay raastay kay doraan kanektikt daryaa kii taraf girtaa hay. iss kay muqabilay mein madta hawaa kanektikt daryaa sarf chakopi say paraaney sayey broke kanektikt takk girtaa hay jehaan yaha lambay jazeeray kii aawaz mein khaali how jaataa hay. iss wajah say daryaae chakopi kay kinaray mutadid milain tameer kii gayein vovo aaj inn mein say behat see dobarah maqsad kii mukhtalif riyasaton mein payee jaa sakti haine khaas toor parr spring feld hindustani baagh mein eek mashhur mill funkaron kii jagah kay toor parr kaam karti hay. ddaim aur crossing. jazwi toor parr iss kii teez girti hoyee kamee kii wajah say 2011 takk cheekopi nadee parr chh punn bajli ddaim haine. cheekopi daryaa kaa ausat bahao 900 cubic fitt phee second yaa taqriba 581,644,800 gailan phee dunn hay. shakapi faalz ddaim nay iss daryaa kuu rook diyaa hay juu abb shakapi shehar mein barj strait/misachosts roat 33 hay. iss daryaa kay hasay parr paanch deegar ddaim haine: shakapi faalz ddaim say balkal neechey kii taraf devet ddaim hay juu angor aur frunt sent say door waaqa hay. shakapi mein. aglaa ddaim app stream parr eek praani mill say mutsil roat 141 kay shamaal mein hindustani archard ddaim hay. puts barj ddaim juu loadlo aur spring feld kay hindustani baagh kay hasay kay darmiyan roat 21 parr hay colance hydro ddaim juu loadlo aur walbaraham kay darmiyan cheepan strait parr hay aur walbaraham mein reed barj road say door reed barj ddaim. putz barj ddaim 1918 mein eek thoos kashash saql kay dahanchay kay toor parr tameer kiyaa gayaa thaa. yaha daryaae shakapi kay kinaray say 22 fitt (6.7 metter) buland hay. hindustani archard ddaim eek kataa hawaa pathar kaa ddaim hay jiss kii oonchayi daryaa say 28 fitt (8.53 metter) hay. inn demon mein say harr eek punn bajli paida kartaa hay. devet ddaim 15 fitt kii oonchayi kay saath kataa hawaa pathar hay. devet ddaim say balkal neechey kii taraf emis talwaar company ddaim kii baqiyat mojud haine yaha kanektikt mein khaali honay say pehley daryaae cheekopi parr aakhri ddaim hay. praani ladlo milon kay saath puts barj ddaim kay balkal oopar eek nichley sarr kaa ddaim bhee hawaa kartaa thaa. daryaae paar eek pull juu abb shakapi mein spring feld strait/misachosts roat 116 hay 1783 mein khola gayaa. iss kii jagah 1846 mein eek dahkay hoay lakdi kay pull nay lay lie aur phir steel aur concret waleem aif. 1931 mein deute memorial pull. asay manhadam kirr kay eek jadeed pull say tabdil kirr diyaa gayaa jiss kay saath saath janub mein fouri toor parr devite bananay waalay kii nehar parr pull 2012-2013 mein. 1900 kay aas paas spalding aind merch rabad company. nois dabliyo kay tahat. fisk nay karkanon kay liye shaart cutt kay toor parr baloot kii glee mein paidal chalnay waalon kay liye eek suspension pull tameer kiyaa. yaha 1938 kay neo england samandari toofan say tabaah how gayaa thaa.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1635913

KEKB (accelerator)

KEKB (accelerator) Particle accelerator at the High Energy Accelerator Research Organisation, Tsukuba, Japan KEKB was a particle accelerator used in the Belle experiment to study CP violation. KEKB was located at the "KEK" ("High Energy Accelerator Research Organisation") in Tsukuba, Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan. It has been superseded by its upgrade, the SuperKEKB accelerator (located at the same site). The SuperKEKB is a luminosity upgrade of KEKB. SuperKEKB had its first particle collisions in 2018. The SuperKEKB accelerator produces particle beams for the Belle II experiment, which is an upgrade of the Belle experiment (located at the same site as Belle). The Belle experiments studied b-quark hadrons to research CP violation. KEKB was called a B-factory for its copious production of B-mesons which provide a golden mode to study and measure the CP violation due to its property of decaying into other lighter mesons. KEKB was basically an asymmetric electron–positron collider, with electrons having the energy of 8 GeV and positrons having the energy of 3.5 GeV, giving 10.58 GeV centre-of-mass energy, which is equal to the mass of the Υ(4S) meson. There are basically two rings for accelerating electrons and positrons. The ring for electrons, having energy of 8 GeV, is called the high-energy ring (HER), while the ring for positrons, having energy of 3.5 GeV, is called low-energy ring (LER). The HER and LER are constructed side by side in the tunnel, which has been excavated already in the past for the former TRISTAN accelerator. TRISTAN was the first site to confirm vacuum polarization around an electron and operated at center-of-mass energies between 50 and 61.4 GeV. There were three experiments at the old TRISTAN accelerator: Venus, Topaz, and AMY. The RF cavities in the HER use superconducting RF (SRF) technology, whereas the RF cavities in the LER use a normal conducting design denoted ARES. The circumference of each ring is 3016 m, having four straight sections. In the KEKB, there is only one interaction point in the "Tsukuba area", where the Belle experiment is located. The other areas (called "Fuji", "Nikko" and "Oho") are currently not actively used by an experiment. Since the energy of the electrons and positrons is asymmetric, the B meson pairs are created with a Lorentz boost βγ of 0.425, allowing measurements of the B meson decay times via the distance from the (known) collision point. KEKB's leading finite crossing angle interaction design provides its high luminosity. In the last upgrade, KEKB installed crab cavities on each of its accelerating beams to rotate the bunches of accelerating electrons or positrons, hoping to further increase its luminosity. However, the improvement is not clear and currently under tuning. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

kekwo (tworok) kekwo aasil bail porikhyat chi. pi. ulonghon odhyoyon koriboloi byobohar koraa etaa konaa tworok. kekwo japanor ibaraki proxaxonik oncholor tosubar "kek" ("uscho xokti tworok gowexona xongstha") too owosthito aasil. iyar unnit korar dwara iyak xoloni koraa hoise, suparkekob excelator (eke sthanot owosthito). xuporkekob hoise kekbor ujjwolotar ek unnot koron. suparkekor 2018 sonot prothom konikar xonghorxo hoisil. suparkekob tworoke bele II porikhyar baabe konikar bim utpadon kore, jitu bele porikhyar ek unnit koraa (beler dore eke sthanot owosthito). bele porikhyaxomuhot bi-kuwark hedronor uporot gowexona kori chi. pi. ulonghonor bixoye odhyoyon koraa hoisil. kekbok bi-mesonor prosur utpadonor baabe bi-factory buli kuwa hoisil jiye onyanyo paatol mesonoloi khyoy huwar boixistyor baabe chipi ulonghon odhyoyon aaru porimap koriboloi ek xunali mode prodan kore. kekwo mulotoh etaa oxomomatra electron-positron xonghorxokari aasil, zo 'too 8 ji. ee. bhi. xokti thoka electron aaru 3.5 ji. ee. bhi. xokti thoka positron aasil, ji <aai. di. 1> ji. ee. bhi. kendro-bhor-xokti prodan korisil, ji y (4s) mesonor bhoror xoman. electron aaru positron tworanwito korar baabe mulotoh dutaa boloy aase. 8 ji. ee. bhi. xokti thoka electronor boloytuk uscho-xokti boloy (teur) buli kuwa hoy, aanhate 3.5 ji. ee. bhi. xokti thoka pojitronor boloytuk nimno-xokti boloy (el. ee. aar.) buli kuwa hoy. xurongotut iyar aaru ler ekeloge nirman koraa hoise, jitu purbor tristan exceleratoror baabe itimodhye khonon koraa hoise. tristane etaa electronor sariufale bhekuwam poralaijeson nischito koraa prothom sthan aasil. aaru 50 aaru 61.4 ji. ee. bhi.-ror maajot kendro-bhor-xoktir uporot porisalito hoisil. puroni tristan exceleratorot tinita porikhya-nirikhya koraa hoisiloh venoch, tupaz aaru emi. teur ref gohborbure superconducting rf (srf) projukti byobohar kore, aanhate lerot thoka rf gohborbure eres buli sinhito koraa ek swabhabik porisalona nokoxa byobohar kore. protitu boloyor porixor 3016 mitter, sarita pune ongxo aase. kekot, "tosuba onchol" too kewol etaa antohkriya bindu aase, zo 'too bele porikhyatu owosthito. aan oncholbur (jaak "fuji", "nikku" aaru "uhu" buli kuwa hoy) bortoman kunu porikhyamulok poddhotit xokriyobhabe byobohar koraa nohoy. jihetu electron aaru pojitronor xokti oxom, xeyehe bi meson zurabur 0.425 ror lo "rentz busto βγ ror xoite sristi koraa hoy, jaar folot bi meson khyor xomoy (gyat) xonghorxo bindur poraa durotwor joriyote porimap koraa hoy. kekbor aagxarir ximito croching engel aantohkriyar designoi iyar uscho ujjwolota prodan kore. xexor upgradot, kekebe iyar protitu tworanwito koraa bimot crab gohbor sthapon korisil jaate tworanwito koraa electron baa pojitronor guschobur ghurai diya hoy, iyar ujjwolota aaru briddhi korar aaxa kore. obosye, unnotitu sposto nohoy aaru bortoman xur korar odhinot aase.

kekebi (twarak) kekwa chhilo ekti konaa twarak jaa bell porikkhai sipi langghan adhyayaner jonno byabohrito hoyechilo. kekab japaner ibaraki prefecturer tasububa "keeka" ("uchcho shakti twarankari gobeshona sangostha")-ayee abosthito chhilo. etty taar upgraded, supercakeb accelerator (ekoi saite abosthito) dwara protisthapito hoyeche. supercakeb holl keker ekti ujjolota briddhi. 2018 saale superkeker prothom konar sangharsha hoy. supercakeb accelerator bell dwitiya porikkhar jonno konaa rashmi toiri korey, jaa bell porikkhar ekti upgraded (beler moto ekoi sthane abosthito). bell porikkha-nirikkha sipi langghan niye gobeshona korar jonno bii-quarq hadron adhyayan korechilo. kekobke bii-messiongulir prachur utpadoner jonno bii-factory bolla hoto jaa anyanno halka mesongulite kshay howar karone sipi langghan adhyayan ebong porimap korar jonno ekti sonara mode sarbaraha korey. kekwa mulat ekti osomo electron-positron sangharshakari chhilo, jekhane 8 gev shakti somponno electron ebong 3.5 gev shakti somponno positron chhilo, jaa 10.58 gev kendra-bhor shakti pradan korey, jaa y (4s) messon bhorer soman. electron ebong positron twarannito korar jonno mulat duti boloy royeche. 8 zii. ee. vee-rawr shakti somponno electrongulir boloyke uchcho-shakti boloy (taar) bolla hoy, onnodike 3.5 zii. ee. vee-rawr shakti somponno positrongulir boloyke nimno-shakti boloy (ell. ee. arr) bolla hoy. taar ebong lear sudanger pashapashi nirmito hoyeche, jaa atite praktan tristan accelerator jonno khonon koraa hoyeche. tristan chhilo prothom sthan jekhane ekti electroner charpashe vacuum merukaran nischito koraa hoyechilo. ebong 50 theke 61.4 gev-err modhye bhor-kendra shoktite porichalito hoy. purno tristan acceleratore tinti porikkha-nirikkha koraa hoyechiloh venus, topaz ebong ammy. taar modhye rf gahbarguli superconducting rf (esrf) prajukti byabohar korey, jekhane lr-err rf gahbarguli ekti swabhabik poribahi naksha byabohar korey jaa arres bojhai. protiti boloyer poridhi 3016 mitter, jaar charti soja bibhag royeche. kekebe, "sukuba elaka" shudhumatra ekti mythscrea bindu royeche, jekhane beley porikkhati abosthito. anyanno khetroguli (jaake "fuji", "nikko" ebong "oho" bolla hoy) bortomane ekti porikkha dwara sokriyobhabe byabohrito hoy naa. jehetu electron ebong positroner shakti osomo, taai bii messon jodaa 0.425 err ekti laurentz bust βγ diye toiri koraa hoy, jaa (porichito) sangharsha bindu theke durotter madhyome bii messon kshayer somoy porimap korte deyo. keker shirshosthaniyo seemaboddho crossing koona mythscrea naksha taar uchcho ujjolota pradan korey. shesh upgrade, kekeb taar twarannito bimer protiti ongshe crab gahbar sthapon korey twarannito electron baa positroner guchchogulike ghoranor jonno, taar ujjolota arow badanor ashay. tobey, unnoti sposhto noy ebong bortomane surer adhine royeche.

cacb (pravegak) cacb aee aek kana pravegak hatoo jeno upyog bail prayogmaa see. pii. ullanghanno abhyaas karvaa maate karvaamaa aavyo hato. cacb japanna ibaraki praantnaa tsukubama "keek" ("uchch urjaa pravegak sanshodhan sanstha") khaate stheet hatoo. tenaa upgraded, supercakeb pravegak (teey jaj site parr stheet) dwara tenu sthaan leedhu chhe. supercakeb aee kekabnu tejasvita upgraded chhe. supercakebe supercakebe tenee pratham kana athadaaman curry hatee. supercakeb pravegak bele II prayog maate kana beam utpann karey chhe, jeey bele prayognu upgraded chhe (bele tareeke samaan sthale stheet). bele prayogoae see. pii. ullanghan parr sanshodhan karvaa maate bii-kwark hedronno abhyaas karyo hato. kekabne bii-mesannaa vipul utpaadan maate bii-factory kahevama aavtu hatoo, jeey anya hadvaa mesanmaa suddy javaana gunadharmane kaarane see. pii. ullanghanno abhyaas karvaa aneey maapvaa maate suvarn paddhati pradaan karey chhe. cacb mulbhoot reete asampraman electron-positron athadaaman hatee, jemaa electron 8 gevni urjaa dharaavtaa hataa aneey positron 3.5 gevni urjaa dharaavtaa hataa, jeey 10.58 gev kendra-dravyamaan urjaa aape chhe, jeey y (4s) mesannaa dalnee barabar chhe. electron aneey positrone veeyg aapvaa maate mulbhoot reete beey rings chhe. 8 gevni urjaa dharaavtaa electron maate ringne uchch-urjaa ring (tenee) kahevama aave chhe, jyaare 3.5 gevni urjaa dharaavtaa positron maate ringne ochhi-urjaa ring (ler) kahevama aave chhe. tenee aneey lair tunnelma bajuma bandhvama aavyaa chhe, jeey agaauna tristana pravegak maate pahelethee jaj khodvaamaa aavyaa chhe. electronni aaspaas vacuum polarization pushti karnaar pratham sthal tristana hatoo. aneey 50 aneey 61.4 gev vachche kendra-dravyamaan urjaa parr sanchaalit. junaa tristana pravegak parr trana prayogo hataah venus, topaz aneey aemee. tenaa rf polanma superconducting rf (srf) takneekno upyog thaay chhe, jyaare keey lrma rf polaan arres darshaavati saamanya vaahak designno upyog karey chhe. darek vinteeno parigh 3016 meater chhe, jemaa chaar seedha vibhago chhe. kekbamaa, "tsukuba vistaar" maan maatra aek jaj kriyapratikriya bindu chhe, jyaan bele prayog stheet chhe. anya kshetro (jene "fuji", "nikko" aneey "oho" kahevaay chhe) haalmaa prayog dwara sakreey reete upyogmaa levaata nathee. electron aneey positronni urjaa asampramantavali hovathi, bii messon jodee 0.425 naa laurentz boost βγ saathe banavvama aave chhe, jeey (jaanita) athadaaman binduthi antar dwara bii mesannaa kshaynaa samaynaa maapanne manjuri aape chhe. kekabnee agranee maryadit crossing angle kriyapratikriya design tenee uchch tejasvita pradaan karey chhe. chhella upgrademaa, kekebe tenee darek pravegak beam parr zadpi electron athavaa positrone guchchhane feravvaa maate karchalaa polaan sthaapit karyaa, tenee tejasvitama vadhu vadhaaro karvaanee aashaa rakheene. joke, sudhaaro spasht nathee aneey haalmaa tuning hethal chhe.

kkb (twarak) keckb ack kann twarak thaa jiska upayog bell prayog mein see. pee. ullanghan kaa adhyayan karane key liye kiya jaataa thaa. keckb japan key ibaraki praant key tsukuba mein "keck" ("uchch oorjaa twarak anusandhaan sangathan") mein sthit thaa. ise isake unnayan, supercakeb twarak (usee sthaan parr sthit) dwara pratisthaapit kiya gayaa haye. supercakeb kekeb kaa ack chamak unnayan haye. supercakeb mein 2018 mein pahali baar kanon kii takkar hui thee. supercakeb twarak belle II prayog key liye kann beam kaa utpaadan kartaa haye, joe belle prayog kaa ack unnayan haye (belle key samaan sthaan parr sthit). bell prayogon ney see. pee. ullanghan parr shodh karane key liye bee-kwark hadron kaa adhyayan kiya. kekab koo bee-messon key prachur utpaadan key liye bee-factory kahaa jaataa thaa joe anya halke messon mein kshay honey key kaaran cp ullanghan kaa adhyayan karane aur maapane key liye ack sunhara mode pradaan kartaa haye. kkb mool roop seey ack asmamit electron-positron takaraane vaalaa thaa, jisamen 8 jee. ee. vee. kii oorjaa vaale electron aur 3.5 jee. ee. vee. kii oorjaa vaale positron they, joe 10.58 jee. ee. vee. kendra-dravyamaan oorjaa dete they, joe y (4s) messon key dravyamaan key barabar haye. electrons koo gati dene key liye mool roop seey dou valay hain aur dhanaatmak. 8 jee. ee. vee. kii oorjaa vaale electrons key liye valay koo uchch-oorjaa valay (uska) kahaa jaataa haye, jabaki 3.5 jee. ee. vee. kii oorjaa vaale dhanaatmak electrons key liye valay koo nimn-oorjaa valay (ell. ee. aar.) kahaa jaataa haye. usake aur layer kaa nirmaan surang mein ack saath kiya gayaa haye, jise poorv triston twarak key liye pahale seey hii khudai kii jaa chuki haye. triston ack electron key chaaron or vacuum dhruvikaran kii pushti karane vaalaa pahala sthal thaa. aur 50 aur 61.4 jee. ee. vee. key beach dravyamaan oorjaa key kendra mein sanchaalit kiya. puraane triston twarak mein teen prayog theh venus, topaaz aur ammy. usake aar. aff. guhaaon mein superconducting aar. aff. (aiss. aar. aff.) takneek kaa upayog kiya jaataa haye, jabaki ell. ee. aar. mein aar. aff. guhaaen ack samanya sanchaalan design kaa upayog karati hain jise aares kahaa jaataa haye. pratyek valay kii paridhi 3016 meater haye, jisamen chaar seedhe khand hain. keckb mein, "sukuba kshetra" mein kewal ack hii antahkriya bindu haye, jahan belle prayog sthit haye. anya kshetron (jinhen "fuji", "nikko" aur "oho" kahaa jaataa haye) kaa vartamaan mein ack prayog dwara sakriya roop seey upayog naheen kiya jaataa haye. choonki electrons aur positron kii oorjaa asmamit haye, isaliye bee messon jode koo 0.425 key laurentz boost βγ key saath banaaya jaataa haye, jisase (gyaat) takkar bindu seey doori key madhyam seey bee messon kshay key samay koo maapane kii anumati milati haye. kekab kaa agrani seemit paar konn antahkriya design isaki uchch chamak pradaan kartaa haye. antim unnayan mein, kekab ney apani chamak koo aur badhaane kii ummeed mein, twaran karane vaale electrons yaa positron key guchhe koo ghumaane key liye apane pratyek twaransheel beam parr kekade kii guhaaon koo sthaapit kiya. haalaanki, sudhaar spasht naheen haye aur vartamaan mein tuning key tahat haye.

keckb (vegavardhaka) keckb embudu sii. pii ullanghaneyannu adhyayana maadalu belle prayogadalli balasalaada kana vegavardhakavagittu. keckb japanina ibaraki praantyada tsukubaadalliruva "keck" ("hye energy accelerator research organisation") nallide. adara unnatikarana, suuper keckb accelerator (adhe sthaladalli ide) idannu meeriside. suuper keckb embudu keckbna prakashamanavada unnatikaranavagide. suuper keckb tanna modala kana gharshanegalannu 2018 ralli hondittu. suuper keckb vegavardhakavu belle II prayogakkagi kana kiranagalannu utpaadisuttade, idu belle prayogada unnatikaranavagide (belle iruva adhe sthaladalli ide). belle prayogagalu sii. pii ullanghaneyannu samshoodhisalu bii-quark hadrongalannu adhyayana maadidavu. keckb annu bii-mesangala samruddha utpaadanege bii-factory endu kareyalaaguttittu, idu itara haguravaada mesangalaagi koleyuva gunalakshanadindagi sii. pii ullanghaneyannu adhyayana maadalu mattu aleyalu suvarna vidhaanavannu odagisuttade. keckb moolatah asamamita electron-pacitron gharshakavaagiddu, electraangalu 8 gev shaktiyannu hondiruttave mattu paasitraangalu 3.5 gev shaktiyannu hondiruttave, idu 10.58 gev center-off-maas shaktiyannu niiduttade, idu y (4s) messon dravyaraashige samaanavaagiruttade. electraangalu mattu paasitraangalannu vegagolisalu moolatah eradu unguragalive. 8 jev shaktiyannu hondiruva electraangala unguravannu hye-energy ring (avala) endu kareyalaaguttade, aadare 3.5 jev shaktiyannu hondiruva paasitraangala unguravannu loow-energy ring (eler) endu kareyalaaguttade. hindina tristan aaksilaretargaagi eegaagale utkhanana maadalaagiruva surangadalli avala mattu larnannu pakkadalli nirmisalaagide. electron sutta nirvaata dhruvikaranavannu drudhikarisida modala taanavendare tristan. mattu 50 mattu 61.4 gev naduve dravyarashiya shaktiya kendradalli kaaryanirvahisuttade. haleya tristan acceleratornalli mooru prayogagaliddavuh venus, topaz mattu amii. avala rf kuligalu suuper conducting rf (esrf) tantragyaanavannu balasuttave, aadare larnalliruva rf kuligalu saamaanya vaahaka vinyaasavannu soochisuttave. prati ungurada suttalate 3016 mea aagiddu, naalku nera vibhagagalannu hondide. kekbnalli, belle prayogavu iruva "sukuba pradeshadalli" kevala ondu paraspara krieya binduvu ide. itara pradeshagalannu ("fuji", "nikko" mattu "oho" endu kareyalaaguttade) prastuta prayogadinda sakriyavagi balasalaaguttilla. electraangalu mattu paasitraangala shaktiyu asamavagiruvudarinda, bii messon jodigalannu 0.425 naa lorentz boost βγ nondige rachisalaaguttade, idu (tilidiruva) gharshane binduvininda dooradalli bii messon koleyuvikeya samayada alategalannu anumatisuttade. kekna pramukha seemita adda koona paraspara krieya vinyaasavu adara hecchina prakashavannu odagisuttade. koneya upgradenalli, vegavardhita electraangalu athawa paasitraangala guchchagalannu tirugisalu adara vegavardhita kiranagala mele keckb aidi kuligalannu sthaapisitu, adara prakaashamaanateyannu mattashtu hechchisuva aashayavannu hondittu. aadaagyoo, sudhaarane spashtavagilla mattu prastuta tuning hantadallide.

keckb (aaksilarettar) sii. pii lamghanathekkurichu padikkaan belle pareekshanatthil upayogichirunna oru kanika acceleratoraayirunnu keckb. jappaanile ibraki prefectureile sukubayile "keck" ("hye energy aaksilarettar research oorganaiseshan") yilaanu keckb sthithicheyyunnathu. athinte naveekaranam, supercakeb aaksilarettar (athe saittil sthithicheyyunnu) athine marikadannu. kekkinte thilakkamaarnna naveekaranamaanu supercakeb. supercakebinu athinte aadyathe kanika koottiyidi 2018-ll undaayi. supercakeb aaksilarettar belle II pareekshanatthinaayi kanika kiranangal nirmmikkunnu, ithu belle pareekshanatthinte naveekaranamaanu (belle athe sthalathu sthithicheyyunnu). sii. pii lamghanathekkurichu gaveshanam cheiyunnathinaayi bellie pareekshanangal bii-kwark hadronukale padichu. bii-mesonukalude samriddhamaaya ulppaadanathinu kekkine bii-factory ennu vilichirunnu, ithu mattu bharam kuranja mesonukalaayi shayikkunna swabhaavam kaaranam sii. pii lamghanathe padikkaanum alakkaanum oru suvarnna reethi nalkunnu. keckb adisthaanaparamaayi oru asamamaya electron-poositroon koottiyidi aayirunnu, electronukalkku 8 gev oorjjavum positronukalkku 3.5 gev oorjjavumundu, ithu 10.58 gev sentar-oof-maas oorjjam nalkunnu, ithu y (4s) mesoninte pindatthinu thulyamaanu. electronukaleyum positronukaleyum thwarithappeduthunnathinna adisthaanaparamaayi rund valayangalundu. 8 gev oorjjamulla electronukalude valayathe uyarnna oorjja valayam (aval) ennum 3.5 gev oorjjamulla positronukalude valayathe loow-energy ring (lerr) ennum vilikkunnu. muun tristaan acceleratorinaayi munbu khananam cheytha thurankathil avaludeyum lerinteyum nirmmaanam arikil vechaanu. oru electroninu chuttumulla vaakvam dhruveekaranam sthireekaricha aadyathe sthalamaanu tristaan. 50 muthal 61.4 gev vare pindatthinte kendra oorjjathil pravartthikkunnu. pazhaya tristaan aaksilarettaril moonnu pareekshanangal undaayirunnu veenas, pulkkazhiv, aami. avalude arakalile rf arakal superconducting rf (srf) saankethikavidya upayogikkunnu, athesamayam lerile rf arakal oru saadhaarana contecting design upayogikkunnu. oro valayathinteyum chuttalav 3016 meteraanu, naalu nerttha vibhaagangalund. kekkil, bellie pareekshanam sthithicheyyunna "sukuba eriya" yill oru prathipravartthana pooyint maathrameyulloo. mattu mekhalakal ("fuji", "nico", "oohoo" ennu vilikkunnu) nilavil oru pareekshanatthiloode sajeevamaayi upayogikkunnilla. electronukaludeyum positronukaludeyum oorjjam asamamayathinaal, bii mesoon jodikal srishtikkappedunnathu 0.425 nte laurents boost βγ upayogichaanu, ithu (ariyappedunna) koottiyidi pooyintil ninnulla dooratthiloode bii mesoon kshayathinte samayangal alakkaan anuvadikkunnu. kekkinte pramukha parimitha crossing angle interaakshan design athinte uyarnna prakasham nalkunnu. avasaanathe naveekaranatthil, keckb athinte oro accelerating beemukalilum crab arakal sthaapichu, accelerating electronukaludeyo positronukaludeyo gulikakal karakkan, athinte prakasham kooduthal vardhippikkumennu prathekshikkunnu. ennirunnaalum, mechappeduthal vyakthamalla, nilavil tuning ghattathilaanu.

kekebi (pravegak) kekeb haah eka kann pravegak hota joou see. pii. ullanghanacha abhyas karnyasathi bele prayogat vaparla gela. keckb heey japanmadhil ibaraki prantatil sukuba yetheel "keek" ("uchch urja pravegak sanshodhan sanstha") yethe sthit hote. tyachya supercakeb pravegak (tyach thikani sthit) yaa unnatikaranachya madhyamatoon tyache sthan ghetale gele aahe. supercakeb haah kekabcha eka tejasweeta sudharana aahe. superkekabchi pahili kann takkar 2018 madhye jhaali. supercakeb pravegak bele II prayogasathi kann beam tayar karato, joou bele prayogcha eka unnatikaran aahe (belechya tyach thikani sthit aahe). see. pii. ullanghanache sanshodhan karnyasathi bele prayoganni bii-kwark hadroncha abhyas keela. kekabala bii-messionchya vipul utpadanamule bii-factory mhatale jaat asey, jeey itar halakya mesanmadhye kshay honyachya tyachya gunadharmamule see. pii. ullanghanacha abhyas aanee mojmap karnyasathi eka suvarn paddhati pradan karate. kekeb haah mulat eka asamamiteey electron-positivron takkar denara hota, jyamadhye 8 jee. eae. vhee. chee urja asalele electron aanee 3.5 jee. eae. vhee. chee urja asalele positron, 10.58 jee. eae. vhee. kendra-vastuman urja detat, jee y (4s) messionchya vastumanachya barobarichi asate. electron aanee positron yanna gatee denyasathi mulat done ring aahet. 8 jee. eae. vhee. chee urja asalelya electronchya ringla uchch-urja ring (tee) mhanatat, tarr 3.5 jee. eae. vhee. chee urja asalelya positronchya ringla qamee-urja ring (ell. eae. aar.) mhanatat. tiche aanee layer bogdyamadhye shejari bandhale gele aahet, jeey purvichya triston pravegkasathi aadhich utkhanan kele gele aahe. electronbhovati nirvat dhruvikaranachi pushti karnare triston heey pahile thikan hote aanee 50 teey 61.4 jee. eae. vhee. darmyan vastuman urjechya kendrasthani karyarat hote. junya triston pravegkavar teen prayog jhaleh shukra, pukhraj aanee emee. tichya aar. eff. pokali superconducting aar. eff. (ess. aar. eff.) tantradnyan vapartat, tarr ell. eae. aar. madheel aar. eff. pokali darshavilelya eres darshavilelya samanya vahak rachana vapartat. pratyek ringcha parigh 3016 meater aahe, jyat chaar saral vibhag aahet. kekbmadhye, "sukuba kshetra" madhye keval ekach parasparsanvad bindu aahe, jithe bele prayog sthit aahe. itar kshetre (jyala "fuji", "nikko" aanee "oho" mhanatat) sadhya prayogadvare sakriyapane vaparali jaat naheet. electron aanee positronchi urja asamam asalyane, bii messon jodya 0.425 chya laurentz boost βγ saha tayar kelya jaatat, jyamule (dnyat) takkar bindupasoonchya antaradvare bii messionchya kshay vela mojata yetat. kekabchi agraganya maryadit paar coone parasparsanvad rachana tyachi uchch chamak pradan karate. shevatchya adyayavatikaranat, kekebne tyachi chamak aanakhi vadhavanyachya aashene, vegwan electron kinwa positronchya guchchanna firavanyasathi tyachya pratyek vegwan kirananvar khekadyanchya pokalya basavalya. matra, sudharana spasht nahee aanee sadhya tuning suru aahe.

kkb (accelerator) kekba euta kana twarak thiyo june bayle prayogma sip ullanghanko adhyayan garna prayog garieko thiyo. kekba japanko ibaraki prantako sukubama "kek" ("uccha urja gatiwardhak anusandhan sangathan") maa awasthit thiyo. yasako upgraded, superkekab accelerator (uhi cytema awasthit) dwara yasalai kharez garieko chha. superkekab bhaneko kekabko luminocity upgraded how. suparkekabko pahilo kana takkar sann 2018 maa bhaeko thiyo. superkekab acceleratorle bele II prayogka lagi kana bimharu utpadan gardacha, june bele prayogko upgraded how (beleko rupma uhi cytema awasthit chha). bele prayogharule cp ullanghanko anusandhan garna bee-kwark hadronharuko adhyayan gare. kekablai bee-messionko prashasta utpadanka lagi bee-karkhana bhaninchha jasle anya halka messionharuma kshaya hune gunka karan sip ullanghanko adhyayan rar mapan garna sunaulo mode pradan gardacha. kekba mulatah ek asamamit electron-positron collider thiyo, jasma 8 jiibhiko urja bhaeka electronharu rar 3.5 jiibhiko urja bhaeka pajitronharu thie, jasle 10.58 gev centre-aff-mass urja dinchha, june y (4s) messionko drawyaman barabar hunchha. tyahan mulatah electron rar positronharu gati dina duiwata ringharu chhan. 8 jiibhiko urja bhaeka electronharuka lagi ringlai uccha-urja ring (unko) bhaninchha, jabki 3.5 jiibhiko urja bhaeka positronharuka lagi ringlai cum-urja ring (ler) bhaninchha. unko rar lazer surungama chheuma nirman garieko chha, june pahile nai purva triston acceleratorka lagi utkhanan garieko chha. electron waripari bhyakum dhruwikaran pushti garne pahilo sthal triston thiyo. rar 50 rar 61.4 gebhi bichko kendra-drawyaman urjama sanchalan gariyo. purano triston acceleratorma tinawata prayogharu thieh bhenas, pukhraj rar ammy. unko rf guhaharule superconducting rf (srf) prawidhi prayog gardacha, jabki lerma rf guhaharule samanya conducting design sanketit aris prayog gardacha. pratyek ringko paridhi 3016 mitter chha, jasma chaar sidha khandaharu chhan. kekbama, "sukuba khetra" maa euta matra antarkriya bindu chha, jahaan bele prayog awasthit chha. anya kshetraharu (jaslai "fuji", "nikko" rar "oho" bhaninchha) hall prayogdwara sakriya rupma prayog garindainan. electron rar positronharuko urja asamamit bhaekale, bee mession jodiharu 0.425 ko lorenz busta awah sanga sirjana garinchha, jasle (gyat) takkar bindubata duriko madhyambata bee mession kshaya samaya mapan garna anumati dinchha. kekabko agrani simit crussing angle antarkriya designle yasako uccha chamak pradan gardacha. antim upgradema, kekle yasako tej garne electron wa positronharuko guchchhaharu ghumauna yasako pratyek gati badhaune bimharuma kryab guhaharu sthapana garyo, yasako chamaklai thap badhaune ashama. yadyapi, sudhar spashta chhaina rar hall tuning antargat chha.

kekb (twaranakaree) kekb eka kanika twaranakaree thila jaahaa bail parikhyanare sipi ullanghana adhyajana karibaku byabahruta hoithila . kekb japanara ibaraki prefecture sukubare "keck" ("uccha shakti twaranakaree gabeshana sangathana") ray abasthita thila. ehara unnatikarana, supercakeb accelerator (samaana sthanare abasthita) dwara ehaaku sthanita karajaichi. supercakeb heuchhi kekwara eka alokikarana unnatikarana. 2018 ray supercakwar pratham kanika sangharsha hoithila. supercakeb accelerator bail II parikhyana paain kanika bima utpadana kare, jaahaa bail parikhyanara eka upgraded (bail bhabare samaana sthanare abasthita) . bail parikhyanagudika sii. pii. ullanghana upare gabeshana kariba paain bii-quark hadron adhyajana karithile. kekb ku bii-factory kuhajauthila kaaran ehara prachur bii-mession utpadana, jaahaa anya haluka mession ray khyaja hebara guna hetu sipi ullanghanaku adhyajana ebong mapa kariba paain eka subarna mode pradan kare . kekb moolatah eka asama-electron-positron sangharshakaree thila, jeunthire 8 jii. ee. bhi. shakti thiba electron ebong 3.5 jii. ee. bhi. shakti thiba positron thila, jaahaa <aai. dii. 1> jii. ee. bhi. kendra-bastutwa shakti pradan karuthila, jaahaa y (4s) mesanra bastutwa sahita samaana. electron ebong pajitranaku twaranwita kariba paain mukhyatah duiti chakra achhi . 8 jii. ee. bhi. shakti thiba electrongudikara chakraku uccha-shakti chakra (hear) kuhajae, jetebele kii 3.5 jii. ee. bhi. shakti thiba pajitranagudikara chakraku nimna-shakti chakra (ler) kuhajae. taanka ebong ler sudangare parsware nirmita hoichhi, jaahaa purbaru purbatana tristan accelerator paain khanan karajaichi . eka electron charipakhare shunyasthana merukaranaku nischita karibare tristan pratham sthana thila . ebong 50 ru 61.4 jii. ee. bhi. madhyare kendra-bhara shaktire parichalita . puruna tristan acceleratorre tinoti parikhyana karajaithilaha bhenas, pokhraj ebong aami . tankathare thiba aarr. aif. gahwaragudika superconducting aarr. aif. (ess. aarr. aif.) technology byabahara karanti, jetebele kii lere thiba aarr. aif. gahwaragudika eka sadharana paribahi design byabahara karanti jaahaa arres ku suchita kare . pratyeka ringara paridhi 3016 mea., jahara charoti sidha bibhaga achhi . kekb ray, "sukuba anchala" ray kebala gotie parasparika kriya bindu achhi, jeunthare bail parikhyana abasthita . anya khetragudika (jaahaaku "fuji", "nicco" ebong "oho" kuhajae) bartamana eka parikhyana dwara sakriya bhabare byabahruta heunahin. jehetu electron ebong pajitranagudikara shakti asama, tenu bii mession jodigudika 0.425 rahr eka lorentz bust βγ sahita srusti hue, jaahaa (janashuna) sangharsha binduru durata madhyamare bii mession khyaja samaira mapaku anumathi die . kekra agrani seemita krasing kone parasparika kriya design ehara uccha ujjwalata pradan kare . shesh unnatikaranare, kekb ehara pratyeka twaranwita bimare crab gahwara sthapana karithila jaahaa twaranwita electron kimba positron guchhaku ghunchaiba paain, ehara ujjwalata ahuri brudhi kariba ashare . tebe, unnati spust hoinahin ebong bartamana ehara samadhan karajauchhi.

kekab (accellator) kekab ikk kann accellator see joe see. pee. ulanghna daa adhiaen curran laee baile prayog witch vartiaa jaanda see. kekab japaan dey ibaraki prefecture dey sukuba witch "cake" ("ucch shakti accellator khoj sangathan") vikhe sathit see. iss noon iss dey upgraded, supercakeb accellator (use site 'teey sathit) duaara hataa ditta giaa haii. supercakeb kekab daa ikk chamakdar sudhar haii. supercakeb dee pahili kann takkar 2018 witch hoee see. supercakeb accellator baile II prayog laee kann beam paida karda haii, joe kii baile prayog (baile dey samaan sathaan utte sathit) daa ikk upgraded haii. baile prayogan neey see. pee. ulanghna dee khoj curran laee bee-quarq hadron daa adhiaen keeta. kekab noon bee-messon dey bharpur utpadan laee bee-factory kiha jaanda see joe horr halke messon witch sdun dee visheshta dey caarn see. pee. ulanghna daa adhiaen curran atey maapan laee ikk sunhiri mode pardan karda haii. kekab mool roop witch ikk asamamit electron-skaratmak takraun vaala see, jiss witch electron 8 jee. ee. vee. dee oorja rakkhde hunn atey skaratmak 3.5 jee. ee. vee. dee oorja rakkhde hunn, joe kii 10.58 jee. ee. vee. center-aaf-maas oorja dinda haii, joe kii y (4s) meesan dey punj dey barabar haii. electronan atey positronan noon tez curran laee mool roop witch doou ring hunn. 8 jee. ee. vee. dee oorja vaale electranan laee ring noon ucch-oorja ring (uss) kiha jaanda haii, jadon kii 3,5 jee. ee. vee. dee oorja vaale positronan laee ring noon ghatt-oorja ring (ail. ee. aar.) kiha jaanda haii. uss atey layer surang witch naal-naal banaae gaye hunn, joe kii pahilan hii sabka tristan accellator laee khudai keeti jaa chukki haii. tristan ikk electron dey duaale vacuum polarization dee pushti curran vaali pahili site see. atey 50 atey 61.4 jee. ee. vee. dey vichkaar kendra-maas oorjavan utte chalaiaa jaanda haii. purane tristan accellator utte tinn prayog sanauu weins, pukhraaz atey aimee. uss witch aar. eff. gufavan superconducting aar. eff. (aiss. aar. eff.) technology dee varton kardiaan hunn, jadon kii lear witch aar. eff. gufavan ikk aam conducting design dee varton kardiaan hunn joe kii eres noon darsaundiyan hunn. harek ring daa ghera 3016 meeter haii, jiss dey chaar siddhe bhaag hunn. kekab witch, "sukuba khetar" witch siraf ikk persper prabhav bindu haii, jitthe baile prayog sathit haii. horr khetar (jinhan noon "fuji", "nikko" atey "oho" kiha jaanda haii) varatman witch ikk prayog duaara sargarmi naal naheen varte jaande hunn. kiunki electronan atey positronan dee oorjavan asamam hundiaan hunn, iss laee bee maisan jode 0.425 dey lorenz boost βγ naal banaae jaande hunn, jiss naal (jaane jaande) takkar bindu toon doori raahin bee maisan dey sdun dey samein noon maapiaa jaa sakda haii. kekab daa pramukh seemat crossing angle interaction design iss dee ucch chamak pardan karda haii. pichle upgraded witch, kekab neey iss dee chamak noon horr vadhaun dee umeed witch, tez curran vaale electronan jaan positronan dey gucchan noon ghummaun laee iss dey harek tez curran vaale beam utte kekade deeaan gufavan sathapat keetiaan. halanki, sudhar spasht naheen haii atey iss vele tuning adheen haii.

keckb (tvaraka) keckb iti kana-twarakah aasit yasya upayogah see. pee.-ullamghanasya adhyayanartham bele-prayoge krutah. keckb-nagaram japan-deshasya ibaraaki-prantasya tsukubaa-nagare "keck" ("uccha-oorjaa-tvaraka-anusandhaana-samsthaa") ityatra sthitam aasit. tasya unnatena, superkecb-tvarakena (tasmin eva sthale sthitah) tasya sthaanam apasaaritam. superkecb iti keckb ityasya prakashata-unnayanam asti. superkecb ityasya prathamam kana-takkaram 2018 tame varshe abhavat. superkecb-twarakah bele-II prayogasya krute kana-kiranaani utpadyate, yat bele-prayogasya unnateekaranam (bele-rupena eva sthite) asti. bele-prayogaah see. pee.-ullamghanasya shodhaay bee-kwaark-hadron-ityetaan adhyayanm akurvan. keckb-ityasya bee-mession-ityasya prachur-utpadanasya karanat bee-factory iti namna prasidhah aasit, yat see. pee.-ullamghanasya adhyayanartham mapanartham cha suvarna-paddhatim pradadaati, yatah tasya anyeshu laghu-mession-madhye kshayasy gunah asti. keckb moolatah asamamita-lactron-positron-gharshana-yantram aasit, yatra 8 jee. ee. vee. oorjaa yuktaani electron-dravyamaanaani, 3.5 jee. ee. vee. oorjaa yuktaani positron-dravyamaanaani cha santi, yena 10.58 jee. ee. vee. dravyamaan-kendra-oorjaa bhavati, yaa y (4s) mession ityasya dravyamaanasya samatulyam asti. moolatah alectron-ityetayoho, positron-ityetayoho tvaranaartham valayadvayam asti. 8 jee. ee. vee. oorjaa yuktasya alectron-ityasya valayam uccha-oorjaa-valayam (hear) iti kathyate, tathaa cha 3.5 jee. ee. vee. oorjaa yuktasya positron-ityasya valayam nimna-oorjaa-valayam (ler) iti kathyate. tasyaah ler cha surgasya prayena nirmitau, yat poorvamev poorvasya tristan-tvarakasya krute utkhanitam asti. electron ityasya paritah nirvaata-dhruveekaranam pushteekartum tristan iti prathamam sthalam aasit. tathaa 50 taha 61.4 jee. ee. vee. madhye dravyaraashiroopen shaktimadhye karyam karoti. puraatane tristan-tvarakasya trayah prayogaah aasan-weins, pufaaj, amee cha. tasyaah aar. ef. guhaah soopar-conducting aar. ef. (ess. aar. ef.) tantradnyaanam upayunjanti, ler-madhye aar. ef. guhaah samanya-conducting-vinyaasam upayunjanti, yaani aares iti soochayanti. pratyekasya vruttasya paridhihi 3016 mee. asti, yasya chatwaarah saralavibhaagaah santi. keckb-madhye "sukubaa-kshetre" kevalam ekaha eva parasparakriya-binduhu asti, yatra bele-prayogah asti. anye kshetraani ("fujee", "nikko", "oho" iti cha namna prasidhaah) samprati prayogena sakriyaroopen naa upayujyante. yato hii electron-ityetayoho positron-ityetayoho oorjaa asamamiti bhavati, ataha bee-messan-jodihi, 0.425 ityasya lorentz-boost-βγ ityanena saha nirmeeyante, yena (dnyaatah) gharshana-bindunah duraat bee-messan-kshayah samayaparimapyate. keckb ityasya pramukhah parimita-paarakoneey-antarakriya-vinyaasah tasya uccha-prakaasham pradadaati. antima-unnatikaare, keckb-varyaha twaranam kurvataam alectron-ityetaanaam athavaa positron-ityetaanaam gucchaan paribhramayitum pratyekasmin tvarana-kiranasya upari kryaab-guhaah sthapitavan, yena tasya prakaashah itoapi vardhate iti ashaya. parantu, sudhaarah naa spashtah asti, samprati cha sameekaranam bhavati.

keckp (mudukki) keckp enbathu sibi meeralaip padikka belle parisoathanaiyil payanpaduththappatta oru thugal mudukki aagum. keckp jappan ibaaraagi maagaanaththin sugubaavil ulla "keck" ("uyar aattral mudukki aaraaichi amaippu") ill amainthullathu. adhan maempaduththal, supercakep mudukki (athae thalaththil amainthullathu) moolam idhu maattrappattullathu. suuppar keck enbathu keckin olirum maempaduththalaagum. supercakep adhan muthal thugal moathalkalai 2018 ill kondirundhadhu. supercakep mudukki belle II parisoathanaikku thugal peemgalai uruvaakkukirathu, idhu belle parisoathanaiyin maempaduththalaagum (belle athae idaththil amainthullathu). belle soathanaigal sibi meeralai aaraaichi seiya pii-gwark haetraangalai aaivu seithana. keckp adhan aeraalamaana pii-mesaangalin urpaththikkaaga pii-thozhirchaalai endru azhaikkappattathu, idhu mattra ilaguvaana mesaankalaaka sithainthupoanathaal sibi meeralai aaivu seivatharkum alaviduvatharkum oru thanga muraiyai valangkukirathu. keckp adippadaiyil oru samachcheerattra electron-paasitraan moathal aagum, electraangal 8 jeev aattralaik kondullana mattrum paacitraankal 3.5 jeev aattralaik kondullana, idhu 10.58 jeev maiya-nirai aattralaik kodukkirathu, idhu y (4s) messon vegujanaththirku samam. electraangal mattrum paacitraankalai mudukkividuvatharku adippadaiyil irandu valaiyangkal ullana. electraankalukkaana valaiyam, 8 jeev aattralaik konda, uyar aattral valaiyam (aval) endru azhaikkappadukirathu, athae neraththil 3.5 jeev aattralaik konda paachitraankalukkaana valaiyam, kuraindha aattral valaiyam (eler) endru azhaikkappadukirathu. munnaal tristan oxyleratorukkaaga aerkanavae agazhvaaraaichchi seiyappatta surangappaathaiyil avalum lerum arugarugae kattappattullana. oru electronich suttri vetrtrida thuruvamunaippai uruthippaduththiya muthal thalam tristan aagum. 50 muthal 61.4 gev varai maiya-nirai aattralkalil iyakkappattathu. pazhaiya tristan mudukkiyil moontru soathanaigal irunthanah venus, tobas mattrum amii. avarathu rf kuzhigal suuppar contacting rf (esrf) tholilnutpaththaip payanpaduththukintrana, athae neraththil leryl ulla rf kuzhigal oru saathaarana kadaththal vadivamaippaip payanpaduththukintrana. ovvoru valaiyaththin suttralavu 3016 mee aagum, idhu naanku neraana pirivugalaik kondullathu. keckle, belle parisoathanai amainthulla "suguba paguthiyil" oray oru thodarbu pulli mattumae ullathu. mattra pakuthikal ("fuji", "nico" mattrum "oohoo" endru azhaikkappadugindrana) tharpoothu oru parisoathanaiyaal theeviramaaga payanpaduththappadavillai. electraangal mattrum paacitraankalin aattral samachcheerattrathaaga iruppathaal, b messon joadigal 0.425 inn lorends boost βγ udan uruvaakkappadugindrana, idhu b messon sidhaivu nerangalai (ariyapatta) moathal pulliyilirunthu thooram vazhiyaaga alavida anumathikkirathu. keckin munnani varaiyarukappatta kurukku koana thodarbu vadivamaippu adhan uyar olirum thanmaiyai valangkukirathu. kadaisi maempaduththalil, keckp adhan vaekappaduththum peemgalil ovvondrilum nandu thuvaarangalai niruviyathu, adhan olirum thanmaiyai maelum athikarikkum nambikkaiyil, mudukkividum electraangal allathu paacitraankalin kuzhigalai suzhattrukirathu. iruppinum, munnaettram thelivaaga illai mattrum tharpoothu tuningin keezh ullathu.

keckb (accelerator) keckb anedi sii. pii ullanghananu adhyayanam cheyadaaniki belle prayogamlo upayoginchina kana tvaranam. keckb japaanlooni ibaraki prefectureloni tsukubalo "keck" ("hye energy accelerator research organization") vadda undhi. daani upgraded, suupar keckb accelerator (adhe saitlo undhi) dwara idhi bharti cheyabadindi. suupar keckb anedi keckb yokka prakaasavantamaina merugudala. suupar keckb 2018loe daani modati kana guddukovadalanu kaligi undhi. suupar keckb accelerator belle II prayogam kosam kana kiranaalanu utpatti chestundi, idhi belle prayogam yokka upgraded (belle adhe pradaesamloe undhi). belle prayogaalu sii. pii ullanghananu parisoedhinchadaaniki bii-quark hadronlanu adhyayanam chesaayi. kekbnu bii-mesanla yokka samruddhiga utpatti kosam bii-factory anie pilicheevaaru, idhi itara telikapati mesanlugaa ksheeninche daani lakshanam kaaranamgaa sipi ullanghananu adhyayanam cheyadaaniki mariyu kolavadaniki bangaaru vidhananni andistundi. keckb praathamikamgaa oka asymmetric electron-positron collider, electronlu 8 jeeevi saktini kaligi untaayi mariyu positronlu 3.5 jeeevi saktini kaligi untaayi, idhi 10.58 jeeevi center-off-maas saktini istundi, idhi y (4s) messon dravyaraasiki samanam. electronlu mariyu positronlanu vegavantam cheyadaaniki praathamikamgaa rendu valayalu unnaayi. 8 jeev saktini kaligi unna electronla ringnu hye-energy ring (aame) anie pilustaaru, ayithe 3.5 jeev saktini kaligi unna positronla ringnu loe-energy ring (ler) anie pilustaaru. aame mariyu laer sorangamlo pakkapakkane nirminchabaddaayi, idhi gatamlo maajee tristan accelerator kosam tavvabadindi. electron chuttoo vacuum dhruvanaanni nirdhaarinchina modati pradaesam tristan mariyu 50 mariyu 61.4 gev madhya dravyarashi shakti kendramgaa panichestundi. paatha tristan accelerator vadda moodu prayogaalu jarigaih veenus, topaz mariyu amee. aameloni rf kuharalu suupar conducting rf (srf) saanketikatanu upayogistaayi, ayithe lerloni rf kuharalu eres anie soochinche saadhaarana conducting designu upayogistaayi. prati ring yokka chuttukolata 3016 mea, naalugu neerugaa vibhagalu kaligi untundi. keckb loe, belle prayogam unna "sukuba praantamloo" oke oka paraspara charya sthaanam undhi. itara praantaalu ("fuji", "nikko" mariyu "oho" anie pilustaaru) prastutam oka prayogam dwara churukuga upayoginchabadavu. electronlu mariyu positronla shakti asamanamga unnanduna, b messon jatalalo 0.425 yokka lorentz boost βγ thoo srushtinchabadataayi, idhi (telisina) gharshana binduvu nundi dhooram dwara b messon kshayam samayaalanu kolichenduku veelu kalpistundi. keckb yokka pramukha parimita crossing angle paraspara charya roopakalpana daani adhika prakaasaanni andistundi. chivari naveekaranalo, vegavantam chese electronlu ledhaa positronla guchchaalanu tippadaaniki, daani prakaasaanni marinta penchaalani aasistuu, keckb daani vegavantam chese kiranaalapai peetha kuharaalanu vyavasthaapinchindi. ayithe, merugudala spashtamgaa ledhu mariyu prastutam tuning loe undhi.

kekab (accelerator) kekab eek zarah accelerator thaa juu see pee kii khalaaf warzi kaa mutalah karnay kay liye belay kay tajarbay mein istemaal hotaa thaa. kekab japaan kay subah ibrocki kay sokuba mein "keek" ("hayee inraji accelerator recerch organization") mein waaqa thaa. iss kii jagah iss kay app grade supercakeb accelerator (asee jagah parr waaqa) nay lay lee hay. supercakeb kekab kii bright app grade hay. supercakeb kaa pehla zarah tasadam 2018 mein hawaa thaa. supercakeb accelerator baili II tajarbay kay liye zarah beam tayaar kartaa hay juu baili tajarbay kaa app grade hay (baili kay toor parr asee jagah parr waaqa hay). baili tajarbaat nay see pee kii khalaaf warzi parr tehqeeq karnay kay liye bee-kawarik headron kaa mutalah kiyaa. kekab kuu bee-mession kii waafar paidawar kii wajah say bee-factory kahaa jaataa thaa juu deegar halkay mession mein sadnay kii wajah say see pee kii khalaaf warzi kaa mutalah karnay aur iss kii paimaish karnay kay liye eek sunhari tariqah farahim kartaa hay. kekab bunyadi toor parr eek ghair mutnasib electron-positoran colloider thaa jiss mein electron 8 jee ayee wee kii tawanayi rakhtay haine aur positoran 3.5 jee ayee wee kii tawanayi rakhtay haine juu 10.58 jee ayee wee center aaf maas tawanayi deeta hay juu y (4s) mession kii kameet kay baraabar hay. electranon aur positoranon kuu teez karnay kay liye bunyadi toor parr duu halqay haine. electranon kay liye wah rung jiss kii tawanayi 8 jee ayee wee hay hayee inraji rung (iss) kahalata hay jabkah positoranon kay liye wah rung jiss kii tawanayi 3.5 jee ayee wee hay low inraji rung (eel ayee aar) kahalata hay. iss kay aur lair sarang mein shanah bahh shanah tameer kiye gayey haine juu maazi mein saabiq trustan accelerator kay liye khood kirr nikalay gayey haine. trustan electron kay ard gird vacuum polarization kii tasdiq karnay waala pehla maqaam thaa aur 50 aur 61.4 jee ayee wee kay darmiyan markaz kii baday paimanay parr tawanayi parr kaam kiyaa. paraaney trustan accelerator parr teen tajarbaat thay: wens popaz aur amee. iss kay andar mojud aar aif kiriyan spir conducting aar aif (aiss aar aif) technology kaa istemaal karti haine jabkah eel ayee aar mein mojud aar aif kiriyan eek aam conducting design kaa istemaal karti haine jiss kii nishandahi airz say hoti hay. harr angothi kaa dairah 3016 metter hay jiss kay chaar seedhay hasay haine. kekab mein "sokuba airiya" mein sarf eek taamil naqtah hay jehaan belay kaa tajarbah waaqa hay. deegar elaqay (jinhein "foji"yee "nakoo" aur "auho" kahaa jaataa hay) phee alhaal kasee tajarbay kay zariye faal toor parr istemaal nahein kiye jaatay haine. chonkah electranon aur positoranon kii tawanayi ghair mutnasib hoti hay iss liye bee mession joday 0.425 kay laurentz boast βγ kay saath banaye jaatay haine jiss say (maruf) tasadam kay maqaam say fasilay kay zariye bee mession kii kharaabi kay auqaat kii paimaish kii jaa sakti hay. kekab kaa maruf mahdud crossing angle interaction design iss kii aalee chamak farahim kartaa hay. aakhri app grade mein kekab nay teez raftaar electranon yaa positoranon kay gachhon kuu ghoomnay kay liye apnee harr teez raftaar beam parr kekday kii khopdi nasb kii iss ameed parr kahh iss kii chamak mein mazeed izafah hoga. tahim behtari waazah nahein hay aur phee alhaal teuning kay tahat hay.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12777004

Administrator of Veterans Affairs

Administrator of Veterans Affairs Head of VA before it was a Department The Administrator of Veterans Affairs was the head of the Veterans Administration, a United States Government agency responsible for military veterans benefits. The administrator was appointed by the President. In 1989, the Veterans Administration was replaced by the United States Department of Veterans Affairs, with the Secretary of Veterans Affairs (a member of the cabinet) as its head. The last VA administrator, Derwinski, went on to become the first Secretary of Veterans Affairs. Directors of Veterans Bureau. Before the VA was established on July 21, 1930, its functions were carried out by the U.S. Veterans’ Bureau, the Bureau of Pensions of the Interior Department, and the National Home for Disabled Volunteer Soldiers. The director of the Veterans' Bureau corresponds somewhat with the later position of Administrator.

prakton proxaxokor bixoixomuhor proxaxok prakton proxaxokxokol prakton proxaxonor murobbi aasil, jitu aamerika juktorastror sorkaror etaa xongstha ji xamorik prakton proxaxokxokolor xubidhar baabe daybodho. proxaxokgorakik rastropotiye nijukti disil. 1989 sonot, prakton proxaxonor thait aamerika juktorastror prakton porikroma bibhagor dwara protisthapon koraa hoisil, jaar murobbi hisape prakton porikroma xosibo (kebinetor ejon xodosyo) aasil. darwinsky prakton protinidhir prothom xosibo hoisil. veterance byurur xonsalok. 1930 sonor 21 julyte bha protistha huwar aagote iyar karjyoxomuh eu. e.-ror dwara xomponno koraa hoisil.ess. prakton xenar byuru, abhyontorin bibhagor penson byuru, aaru okhyomotapurno sessaxewok xoinikxokolor baabe rastriyo griho. prakton xenar byurur xonsalokjon proxaxokor poroborti podor xoite kichu porimane mill aase.

probinder bishoyer proshashok probinder bishoyer proshashok chhilen probin proshashoner prodhan, jaa markin juktorashtrer ekti sarkari sangostha jaa samrik probinder subidhar jonno dayabaddha. rashtrapati proshashokke niyog corren. 1989 saale, probin proshashon markin juktorashtrer probin vishayak bibhag dwara protisthapito hoy, jaar prodhan hisabe probin vishayak sachib (montriporishder ekjon sadasya) chhilen. darouinsky probinder prothom sachib hohn. veterance beuro porichalok. 1930 saaler 21shhey julai vaa protisthito howar agey, err kajguli eu dwara porichalito hoto.esha. probinder bureau, abhyantarin bibhager penashana bureau ebong protibondhi swechchasebok sainyader jonno jatiya home. probinder beuro porichalok poroborti proshashok poder sange kichuta mill rakhen.

nivrutt adhikarioni babtonaa vahivatkartaa nivrutt saineekoni babtonaa vahivatkartaa nivrutt saineekona vahivatnaa vadaa hataa, jeey lashkari nivrutt saineekona laabho maate jawabdar united states sarkaarni agency hatee. vahivatkartani nimanook rashtrapati dwara karvaamaa aavee hatee. hatee, nivrutt saineekona vahivatitantrane united statesnaa nivrutt saineekona babtonaa vibhag dwara badalvama aavyu hatoo, jemaa nivrutt saineekona babtonaa sacheev (kebinetnaa sabhy) tenaa vadaa hataa. durwinsky nivrutt saineekoni babtonaa pratham sacheev banyaa. nivrutt adheekariona vibhagna nirdeshako. 21 julai, julai roj vaa nee sthaapnaa thaee teey pahelaa, tenaa kaaryo yuu. aesa. dwara haath dharvaamaa aavtaa hataa.aesa. nivrutt saineekoni kacheree, aantarik vibhagna pensionni kacheree aneey viklang svayamsevak sainiko maatenu raashtriy gruh. nivrutt saineekona beurona nirdeshak vahivatitantranaa pachhinaa hodda saathe kaneek anshe mela khaay chhe.

poorv sainikon key mamalon key prashaasak poorv sainikon key mamalon kaa prashaasak poorv sainikon key prashaasan kaa pramukh thaa, joe sainya diggajon key laabhon key liye jimmedaar ack sanyukt raajya sarkaar kii agency thee. prashaasak kii niyukti rashtrapati dwara kii gaee thee. 1989 mein, poorv sainikon key prashaasan koo sanyukt raajya america key poorv sainikon key mamalon key vibhaag dwara pratisthaapit kiya gayaa thaa, jisake pramukh key roop mein poorv sainikon key mamalon key sachiv (cabinet key ack sadasya) they. durwinsky diggajon key mamalon key pahale sachiv baney. poorv sainikon key beuro key nideshak. 21 julaai, 1930 koo vaa kii sthaapana seey pahale, isake karyon koo yuu dwara kiya jaataa thaa.aiss. poorv sainikon kaa beuro, aantarik vibhaag kaa pension beuro aur viklang swayamsevi sainikon key liye rashtriya grih. poorv sainikon key beuro kaa nideshak kuchh hudd taka prashaasak key baad key pada seey mell khaata haye.

anubhavi vevahaaragala nirvaahakaru anubhavigala vevahaaragala nirvaahakaru anubhavigala aadalitada mukhyastharagiddaru, idu military parinatara prayojanagalige javabdariyutavada united states sarkari samstheyaagide. aadalitagaararannu rashtrapatigalu nemisidaru. nemisidaru, anubhavigala aadalitavannu united statesna anubhavigala vevahaaragala ilaakheyinda badalaayisalaayitu, adara mukhyastharaagi anubhavigala vevahaaragala karyadarshi (samputada sadasya) iddaru. darwinsky avaru anubhavi vevahaaragala modala kaaryadarshiyaadaru. anubhavigala byooroda nirdeshakaru. 1930rahra julai julai vaa samsthaapisuva modalu, adara kaaryagalannu yuu. ess. yuu nirvahisuttittu.ess. parinatara beuro, aantarika ilaakheya pinchani beuro mattu angavikala svayamsevaka sainikarige rashtriya maney. parinatara byooroda nirdeshakaru nantarada aadalitagaarara sthanakke svalpamattige hondikeyaguttare.

vettarans afayezhs administrettar sainika vettarans aanukoolyangalkku utharavaadikalaaya yunaittad stetts gavanment ejansiyaaya vettarans administreshante thalavanaayirunnu vettarans afayezhs administrettar. bharanadhikariye niyamichathu rashtrapathiyaanu. 1989-ll, vettarans administreshane yunaittad stetts department oof vettarans afayezhs maatti, vettarans afayezhs secretory (kaabinat amgam) athinte thalavanayi niyamichu. derwinsky pinneedu vettarans afayezhsinte aadya sekrattariyaayi. vettarans beuroyude directormaar. 1930 juulai 21 nuu vaa sthaapikkunnathinu munbu, athinte pravartthanangal yuu. eiii. yuu. aayirunnu.ezz. vettarans beuro, interior departmentinte beuro oof pensions, vikalaamgaraaya sannadha sainikarkkulla deseeya bhavanam. vettarans beuroyude director pilkkala administrettar sthaanavumaayi oru paridhivare poruthappedunnu.

majee sainikanchya kamkajache prashasak majee sainikanchya vyavharancha prashasak haah majee sainik prashasanacha pramukh hota, joou lashkari majee sainikanchya fayadhyansathi jababdar asaleli united stateschee sarkari sanstha hotee. prashasakachi niyukti rashtrapatinni kelee hotee. 1989 madhye, majee sainik prashasanachya jaagi united stateschya majee sainik vyavhar vibhagane, majee sainik vyavhar sachiv (mantrimandalacha sadasya) yachya pramukhpadi ghetale. darwinsky pudhe jaaun majee sainikanchya vyavharanche pahile sachiv banale. majee sainik karyalayache sanchalak. 21 julai 1930 roji vaa sthapan honyapurvi, tyachi karye yuu. dwara kelee jaat hotee.ess. majee sainikanche karyalay, antargat vibhagache nivruttivetan karyalay aanee apang svayamsevak sainikansathiche rashtriy gruh. majee sainikanchya karyalayacha sanchalak prashasakachya nantarchya padashi kahee pramanat julato.

purva sainik mamilaka prashasak bheterance affairska prashasak bheterance prashasanka pramukh thie, sainya diggajharuko labhka lagi jimmewar sanyukta rajya sarkarko agency. prashasak rashtrapatile niyukta gareka thie. sann 1989 maa, bheterance prashasanlai sanyukta rajya americako bheterance mamila vibhagle pratisthapan gareko thiyo, yasako pramukhko rupma bheterance mamila sachiva (cabinetko sadasya) thie. derwinsky bheterance mamilaka pratham sachiva bane. bheterance byuroka nirdeshakharu. 21 july, 1930 maa wa sthapana hunuaghi, yasako karyaharu yu dwara sanchalit thie.ess. bheterance byuro, antarik vibhagko penson byuro, rar ashakta swayamsewak sainikharuka lagi rashtriya ghar. bheterance byuroka nirdeshak prashasakko pachhillo padasanga kehi hadasamma mail khanchhan.

veterance byaparara prashasaka veterance byaparara prashasaka veterance prashasanara mukhya thile, eka juktarastra sarkari agency jaahaa samarika veterance subidha paain daie . prashasakanku rastrapatinka dwara nijukta karajaithila. 1989 masihare veterance prashasanaku americara veterance byapara bibhaga dwara pratisthapita karajaithila, jeunthire veterance byapara sachiba (cabinet sadasya) ehara mukhya thile. darwinsky veterance byaparara pratham sachiba hoithile. veterance byurora nirdeshakamane. 1930 masiha july 21 tarikhare bhaa pratistha heba purbaru ehara karjya jayu. aii. dwara parichalita heuthila.ess. veterance bureau, aabhyantareen bibhagara penson bureau, ebong dibyanga swechasebee sainikanka paain jatiah gruha. veterance byurora nirdeshaka parabarti prashasaka padabee sahita kichhi matrare mela khaanti .

sabka fauji mamlian daa parbandhak sabka fauji mamlian daa parshasak sabka fauji parshasana daa mukhi see, joe kii ikk sanyukat raaj dee sarkari agency haii joe fauji sabka fauji laabhan laee zimmevar haii. parshasak dee niyukti rashtarpati duaara keeti gaee see. sann 1989 witch, sabka fauji parshasana dee thaan sanyukat raaj dey sabka fauji mamlian dey vibhag neey lae laee, jiss witch sabka fauji mamlian dey sakattar (mantri mandal dey ikk member) iss dey mukhi sunn. derwinsky sabka fauji mamlian dey pahile sakattar baney. veterans beoro dey director. 21 julai, 1930 noon vaa dee sathapana toon pahilan, iss dey kaaraj yuu duaara keete jaande sunn.aiss. veterans beoro, andruni vibhag daa pensionan daa beoro atey apahaj volunteer sainikan laee rashtari gharr. sabka faujiaan dey daftar daa director kujh hadd takk parshasak dey baad dey ahude naal mail khanda haii.

purvasainikanam karyanam prashaasakah veterance-vyavahaarasya prashaasakah veterance-prashasanasya pramukhah aasit, yat samyuktarajyamerika-sarvakaarasya samsthaa asti yaa sainya-veterance-labhanam krute uttaradaayi asti. prashaasakah rashtrapatina niyuktah aasit. 1989 tame varshe, veterance-prashasanasya sthaane samyuktarajyamerika-deshasya veterance-vyavahaaravibhaagah pratisthaapitah, yasya pramukhah veterance-vyavahaarasachivah (mantrimandalasy sadasyah) aasit. derwinsky ityeshah agre purvasainikanam karyanam prathamah sachivah abhavat. veterance byooro ityasya nirdeshakaah. 1930 julai 21 dinaanke vaa ityasya sthaapanaapoorvam tasya karyani yu. e. ityanena sampaaditaah aasan.ess. vayovruddhaanaam karyalayaha, aantarikavibhaagasy nivruttivetanavibhaagah, vikalaamgaanaam svayamsevakasainikaanaam raashtriyagruham cha. purvasainikanam karyalayasya nirdeshaka prashasake pashchat sthityaa saha kinchitkalam anuroopah bhavati.

munnaal raanuva veerargalin vivagaarangkalin nirvaagi munnaal veerargalin vivagaarangkalin nirvaagi munnaal veerargalin nirvaagaththin thalaivaraaga irunthaar, idhu iraanuva veerargalin nalangalukku porupaana america arasaangka niruvanamaagum. nirvaagiyai kudiyarasuth thalaivar niyamitthaar. 1989 aam aandil, munnaal nirvaagaththirku pathilaaka america munnaal veerargal vivagaarangkal thurai maattrappattathu, munnaal veerargal vivagaarangkalin seyalaalar (amaicharavai uruppinar) adhan thalaivaraaga irunthaar. derwinsky munnaal veerargalin vivagaarangkalin muthal seyalaalaraaga aanaar. munnaal padaiveerargal paniyagaththin iyakkunarkal. juulai 21,1930 andru vaa niruvappaduvatharku munbu, adhan seyalpaadugal yuu. ess. aall maerkollappattana.ess. munnaal veerargalin paniyagam, ullthurai thuraiyin oaivoothiya paniyagam mattrum uunamutrtra thannaarva veerargalukkaana thaesiya illam. munnaal veerargalin paniyagaththin iyakkunar nirvaagiyin pirkaala pathavikku oralavu othirukkiraar.

anubhavagnula vyavahaaraala nirvahakudu anubhavagnula vyavahaaraala nirvahakudu anubhavagnula paripalanaku adhipatigaa undevaaru, idhi sainika anubhavagnula prayojanaalaku baadhyata vahinche united states prabhutva samstha. paripaalakudini rashtrapati niyaminchaaru. 1989loe, anubhavagnula paripalananu united states department off veterance affires bharti chesindi, dheeniki karyadarshi off veterance affires (cabinet sabhyudu) adhipatigaa unnaaru. derwinsky anubhavagnula vyavahaaraala modati karyadarshi ayyadu. veterance beuro directorlu. 1930 juulai 21naa vaa sthaapinchabadataaniki mundu, daani vidhulanu yuu nirvahinchindi.ess. anubhavagnula beuro, antargata vibhagam yokka pensionla beuro, mariyu vikalaangula swachchanda sainikula jaateeya gruham. anubhavagnula beuro director kontavaraku taruvaati administrator sthaanaaniki anugunamgaa untaaru.

saabiq fojiyon kay amoor kaa muntazim saabiq fojiyon kay amoor kaa muntazim saabiq fojiyon kii intezamiya kaa sarbarah thaa juu kahh riyasathaye muthadah kii eek sarkaari agency hay juu saabiq fojiyon kay foji fawaid kay liye zamah daar hay. muntazim kaa taqrar sadr nay kiyaa thaa. 1989 mein saabiq fojiyon kii intezamiya kii jagah riyasathaye muthadah kay mohkamah saabiq fojiyon kay amoor nay lay lie jiss kay sarbarah saabiq fojiyon kay amoor kay secertry (kabinah kay eek rakan) thay. dravensky saabiq fojiyon kay amoor kay pehley secertry banay. saabiq fojiyon kay beuro kay director. 21 jolayi 1930 kuu waa kay qayaam say pehley iss kay kaam yuu kay zariye anjaam diye jaatay thay.aiss. saabiq fojiyon kaa beuro mohkamah daakhlah kaa beuro aaf pension aur maazur razakar fojiyon kay liye qomi gahar. saabiq fojiyon kay beuro kaa director kachh hadd takk muntazim kay baad kay ahday say mutabiqat rakhta hay.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2109009

Neil Simon Theatre

Neil Simon Theatre Broadway theater in Manhattan, New York The Neil Simon Theatre, originally the Alvin Theatre, is a Broadway theater at 250 West 52nd Street in the Theater District of Midtown Manhattan in New York City. Opened in 1927, the theater was designed by Herbert J. Krapp and was built for Alex A. Aarons and Vinton Freedley. The original name was an amalgamation of Aarons's and Freedley's first names; the theater was renamed for playwright Neil Simon in 1983. The Neil Simon has 1,467 seats across two levels and is operated by the Nederlander Organization. Both the facade and the auditorium interior are New York City landmarks. The facade is divided into two sections: the six-story stage house to the west and the five-story auditorium to the east. The ground floor is clad with terracotta blocks and contains an entrance with a marquee. The upper stories of both sections are made of brick and terracotta; the auditorium facade has arched windows, niches, and a central pediment, while the stage house has a more plain design. The interior is designed in the Adam style and includes two lobbies and a mezzanine-level lounge. The auditorium consists of a ground-level orchestra and one balcony with boxes. The theater interiors are decorated with paneling and plasterwork, and the auditorium has a domed ceiling. Above the auditorium were three stories of offices. Alexander Pincus and M. L. Goldstone developed the Alvin Theatre, which opened on November 22, 1927, with "Funny Face". Aarons and Freedley initially operated the theater and owned it from 1930 to 1932. In the theater's early years, it hosted musicals such as "Anything Goes", "Lady in the Dark", and "Something for the Boys", as well as plays. CBS took over in 1946 and continued to operate the theater until 1959, when Max and Stanley Stahl bought it. The Alvin was further sold in 1967 to Rock-Time Inc. and in 1975 to the Nederlanders. Through the 1960s and 1970s, the Alvin hosted long runs of shows such as "A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum", "High Spirits", "The Great White Hope", "Company", "Shenandoah", and "Annie". After the theater was renamed for Neil Simon, it hosted several of his plays during the 1980s and 1990s, as well as the musical "Hairspray" during much of the 2000s. Site. The Neil Simon Theatre is on 250 West 52nd Street, on the south sidewalk between Eighth Avenue and Broadway, in the Midtown Manhattan neighborhood of New York City. The rectangular land lot covers , with a frontage of on 52nd Street and a depth of . The Neil Simon shares the block with the Mark Hellinger Theatre and Gallagher's Steakhouse to the east. Other nearby buildings include the August Wilson Theatre to the north; the Broadway Theatre and 810 Seventh Avenue to the northeast; Axa Equitable Center to the east; the Winter Garden Theatre to the southeast; and Paramount Plaza (including Circle in the Square Theatre and the Gershwin Theatre) to the south. Design. The Neil Simon Theatre, originally the Alvin Theatre, was designed by Herbert J. Krapp and was constructed in 1927. The exterior is designed in the neo-Georgian style, while the interior is designed in the Adam style typical of most of Krapp's designs. Facade. The facade consists of two sections, which are connected to each other. The five-story-tall eastern section is wider and is symmetrical, containing the auditorium entrance. The western section, which contains the stage house, is six stories high. On the upper stories, the facade is made of red brick in English bond, with terracotta trim. The Neil Simon is one of a few Broadway theaters with a neo-Georgian facade, along with the Belasco Theatre, Hayes Theater, and Stephen Sondheim Theatre. This was done to create the impression that theater-goers were "entering the producer's home". When the Alvin was built, one critic said the exterior design had "an appearance in keeping with the dignity of its neighbor" across the street, now the Wilson. Base. In both sections, the base is made of rusticated blocks of terracotta, designed to resemble marble. On the eastern side of the ground-floor facade is a pair of recessed metal doors. The center of the auditorium facade contains two sets of metal-and-glass doors. Six doors to the east connect with the inner lobby, while eight doors to the west connect with the box office lobby; there is a modern marquee above these doors. In the stage-house section of the facade, there are several recessed doorways, including a stage door. A horizontal frieze with panels and vertical grooves runs above the base. Upper stories. Above the base, vertical terracotta bands and quoins divide the auditorium facade into three sections. The central section has three vertical bays of windows. Each bay contains a double-height arched window at the second story, with terracotta imposts and keystones near the top of each arch. On the fourth story, each of the three central bays has a rectangular window with a terracotta frame, above which is a broken pediment with scrolls flanking an urn. The fifth-story windows also have rectangular terracotta frames; their sills are connected by a terracotta band course. A triangular gable rises above these windows; there is a terracotta oculus at the center of the gable, surrounded by wreaths and floral decorations. The outer sections of the auditorium facade are designed as pavilions, which are almost identical to each other except at the top. Both pavilions are flanked by fluted terracotta pilasters, which rest on the frieze that runs above the base. Between these pilasters are double-height niches at the second story, each surrounded by terracotta imposts and keystones. The niches contain terracotta urns, placed above seashell motifs. Above each niche, the fourth story contains two windows with rectangular terracotta frames. Each pair of pilasters supports a terracotta entablature and pediment on the fifth floor, as well as a cornice above that story. Whereas the eastern (left) pavilion is capped by a parapet, the western (right) pavilion rises for another story, the same height as the stage house. The stage house is to the right of the auditorium. Vertical terracotta bands and quoins split the stage house into sections with one, three, and one bays from left to right. The windows of the stage house are rectangular, with terracotta lintels above each window. The center bays of the stage house also have terracotta panels above the third and fourth floors. There is a cornice and paneling above the fifth floor, as well as a parapet with a balustrade above the sixth floor. The leftmost bay of the stage house, nearest the auditorium, rises to a seventh story. The stage house's rightmost bay has a vertical sign with the theater's name. Interior. Lobbies. The rectangular ticket lobby is directly inside the main entrance and has dark marble walls. The western (right) wall has ticket windows, while the eastern (left) wall has a recessed niche to the inner lobby, containing a glass-and-bronze double door flanked by small sconces. The eight glass-and-bronze doors on the north wall lead from the street, with panels above them, while the south wall contains paneled wooden doors to the auditorium's orchestra level. A cornice surrounds the ceiling. which is decorated with plasterwork in the Adam style. The middle of the ceiling has a pair of crystal lamps. The inner lobby is rectangular in plan. It is accessed by the niche on its western wall, which leads from the ticket lobby, as well as from the six glass-and-bronze doors on the north wall, which lead from the street. The south wall contains paneled wooden doors to the auditorium, while the east wall contains a staircase to the mezzanine lounge. The inner lobby's ceiling is decorated with plasterwork in the Adam style and contains a pair of crystal chandeliers. When the Alvin was built, the mezzanine lounge was designed as an English lounge measuring . The mezzanine lounge's walls are wainscoted and contain lighting sconces. The space also originally contained a fireplace. Four "retiring rooms" led off the lounge, which included men's and women's smoking rooms. The lounge's ceiling has an oval dome with plasterwork decorations; a central chandelier; and a cornice, which intersects with the dome. From the mezzanine lounge, staircases lead down to the north, connecting with the inner lobby, and south, connecting with the orchestra. There are rectangular coffers above either staircase, with crystal chandeliers and surrounding cornices. The southern staircase has a metal railing. These staircases were placed in the lounge, rather than within the auditorium itself, to minimize disruption from latecomers. Auditorium. The auditorium has an orchestra level, one balcony, boxes, and a stage behind the proscenium arch. The auditorium space is designed with plaster decorations and is nearly square in plan. According to the Nederlander Organization, the auditorium has 1,445 seats; meanwhile, The Broadway League cites a capacity of 1,467 seats and "Playbill" cites 1,380 seats. The theater originally had a capacity of 1,400 seats, with 702 in the orchestra, 674 in the balcony, and 24 in the boxes. An article from 1967 described the theater as having 1,363 seats for musicals and 1.334 seats for plays. The auditorium initially had a color scheme of ivory, blue, gray, and gold, with lavender or mulberry draperies. White paint covers many of the original interior decorations. Above the auditorium were three stories of offices. Seating areas. The orchestra level is raked, sloping down toward an orchestra pit in front of the stage. The rear of the orchestra contains a promenade with a paneled wall to the east, with sconces. The rear of the orchestra has a standing rail made of marble, separating the promenade from the rear rows of seats. The promenade and the orchestra seating are separated by two columns, designed to resemble marble pillars; they are topped by Doric-style capitals. The south (left) wall of the orchestra has metal doorways, alternating with paneled wall sections that contain sconces. The north (right) wall has two sets of paneled wooden doors, separated by a panel with a sconce; the doors in the rear lead to the inner lobby, while those in the front lead to the ticket lobby. The exit signs above each door are flanked by friezes that depict lyres and griffins. The balcony level is divided into front and rear sections by an aisle halfway across its depth, which in turn is delineated by a metal railing. The crossover aisle connects to exit doors on both of the side walls, which in turn are topped by friezes with lyres and griffins. Exit doors with similar friezes are also placed on the side walls next to the front balcony. The rest of the balcony's side walls are divided into sections by pilasters with Ionic capitals, which support an entablature around the auditorium. Each side-wall section contains crystal-and-brass lighting sconces. The front rail of the balcony contains swags, urns, and cameo patterns, which have been partly covered over with light boxes. The underside of the balcony has Adam-style panels with crystal light fixtures. The balcony's rear wall is divided into panels that contain lighting sconces. There are some air-conditioning vents on the walls. On either side of the stage is a wall section with three boxes at the balcony level. The boxes step downward toward the stage; the front box curves forward into the proscenium arch, while the rear box curves backward into the balcony. At the orchestra level, there is an opening on either wall, corresponding to the locations of the boxes above. The undersides of the boxes include crystal lamps and console brackets, while the front railings of the boxes contain swags, urns, and cameo patterns. Paneled piers separate the boxes from each other, supporting a smaller entablature directly above the boxes; each small entablature has a broken pediment with scrolls flanking an urn. Above the pediment, there are colonettes with female grotesques, which extend upward to the entablature that surrounds the auditorium. Other design features. Next to the boxes is a flat proscenium arch, which consists of fluted Ionic pilasters on either side of the opening, as well as an entablature above. The entablature contains an Adam-style frieze. Above the arch is a lunette panel with a mural, which shows a pastoral scene with mythological characters. When the theater was built, the proscenium opening was described as measuring wide. Behind the opening, the stage was 100 feet wide and 35 feet deep, with a gridiron tall. The orchestra pit in front of the stage could fit 48 people. Backstage were 20 dressing rooms capable of accommodating 150 performers, as well as a pair of chorus "rest rooms" and a rehearsal room. The ceiling contains groin vaults on the side walls, separated by ribs with plasterwork decorations. At the front of the auditorium is a recessed circular dome encircled by ornamental bands, with a crystal chandelier hanging from a central medallion. Behind the dome, the ceiling is divided into panels with Adam-style plasterwork decorations. Above the rear balcony is a half-dome with ornamental bands and technical-booth openings. Air-conditioning vents are placed in the ceiling. History. Times Square became the epicenter for large-scale theater productions between 1900 and the Great Depression. The Alvin Theatre was one of the later theaters to be built before the Depression. The theater's name was an amalgamation of the first names of its original operators: Alex A. Aarons (1891–1943) and Vinton Freedley (1891–1969). Both men hailed from Philadelphia. Aarons was a producer of musical comedies, while Freedley was "the only Broadway producer whose name was listed in the social register". The men had formed a partnership in 1923 or 1924, but they only worked together until 1933. Since 1983, it has been named for Neil Simon (1927–2018), one of Broadway's most prolific playwrights. The Neil Simon is operated by the Nederlander Organization. Development and early years. In January 1927, Alexander Pincus and M. L. Goldstone bought the sites at 244–254 West 52nd Street from the Lebanon Estates Corporation, with plans to develop a legitimate theater on the site. Pincus had previously developed the Longacre and Imperial theaters; he and Goldstone planned to fund the theater's $1.4 million cost. The same month, Pincus submitted plans to the New York City Department of Buildings for a theater at the site, designed by Herbert J. Krapp. Pincus and Goldstone awarded a general contract for the theater's construction to the O'Day Construction Company that March. By October 1927, Aarons and Freedley had leased the theater and planned to stage George and Ira Gershwin's musical "Funny Face", starring Fred and Adele Astaire. The Alvin opened on November 22, 1927, with "Funny Face"; that show ran for 250 performances. Brooks Atkinson, the theater critic for "The New York Times", wrote: "If "Funny Face" had been less engrossing, the audience might have had more time to appreciate the new theatre." The Alvin's first few musicals had relatively short runs. In 1928, the theater hosted the Gershwin musical "Treasure Girl" with Gertrude Lawrence. Though the musical charged a top admission of $6, then an unprecedented price, it managed 69 performances before it closed. Next was the Theatre Guild's production of "Wings Over Europe", which relocated from the Martin Beck Theatre. Aarons and Freedley received a $570,000 mortgage loan on the theater in January 1929. The Rodgers and Hart musical "Spring Is Here" opened at the Alvin that March and had 104 performances. Another Rodgers and Hart musical, "Heads Up!", opened at the Alvin that November for a 144-performance run. In 1930, Ethel Merman made her Broadway debut in the Gershwins' "Girl Crazy", which had 272 performances. Aarons and Freedley bought the Alvin and the land underneath it that April. Pincus and Goldstone operation. Pincus and Goldstone took over the Alvin's operations in May 1932 for unknown reasons. That year, the theater hosted a transfer of Eugene O'Neill's play "Mourning Becomes Electra", as well as Jerome Kern's musical "Music in the Air". The Players brought their production of "Uncle Tom's Cabin" to the Alvin in May 1933; the play was so popular that it was extended two weeks past its original one-week run. The same year saw the opening of the Maxwell Anderson play "Mary of Scotland" with Helen Hayes. Freedley next produced Cole Porter's musical "Anything Goes" at the Alvin in 1934, featuring Merman, William Gaxton, Victor Moore, and Vivian Vance; it ran for 420 performances. By the mid-1930s, the Alvin Theatre and the neighboring Guild (now August Wilson) Theatre were the northernmost venues in the Theater District that still hosted legitimate shows. The original production of the Gershwins' American folk opera "Porgy and Bess" opened at the Alvin in October 1935. While "Porgy and Bess" closed at the Alvin after 124 performances, its revivals proved more successful. This was followed in October 1936 by Porter's "Red, Hot and Blue" with Merman and Jimmy Durante, which lasted 181 performances. The Alvin hosted two musicals by Rodgers and Hart in the late 1930s. "I'd Rather Be Right" opened with George M. Cohan in 1937, running for 289 performances, and "The Boys from Syracuse" opened in 1938, lasting 235 performances. The Alvin's first production of the 1940s was a limited run of "The Taming of the Shrew" in February 1940, staged by acting couple Alfred Lunt and Lynn Fontanne for the Finnish Relief Fund. That April, Lunt and Fontanne appeared in Robert E. Sherwood's play "There Shall Be No Night", which ran for several months with a tour in mid-1940. The next year, the Alvin hosted Ira Gershwin, Moss Hart, and Kurt Weill's psychiatry-themed musical "Lady in the Dark"; featuring Gertrude Lawrence, it had 467 performances. The Alvin hosted Porter's musical "Something for the Boys" with Ethel Merman in January 1943, appearing for 422 performances. "Something for the Boys" closed to make way for the musical "Jackpot", which ran 67 performances. The Alvin's productions in 1944 and 1945 were mostly quick failures, including "Helen Goes to Troy", "The Firebrand of Florence", and "Hollywood Pinafore". More successful was Betty Comden, Adolph Green, and Morton Gould's musical "Billion Dollar Baby", which opened at the end of 1945 and lasted for 200 performances. CBS ownership, Cullman operation. By December 1945, broadcast network CBS was negotiating to buy the Alvin for use as a studio, as CBS's lease at the nearby Hammerstein's Theatre was about to expire. Howard S. Cullman, who owned Hammerstein's, intended to return that theater to legitimate use. CBS bought the Alvin for $825,000 in February 1946. That June, CBS agreed to lease Hammerstein's from Cullman for five more years, while Cullman agreed to lease the Alvin from CBS and present productions there instead. The same year, the Alvin hosted "Joan of Lorraine" with Ingrid Bergman, Sam Wanamaker, and Romney Brent. This was followed in 1947 by the play "Life with Father", which transferred from another theater to conclude its 3,224-performance run. George Bernard Shaw's play "Man and Superman" opened at the Alvin that October and relocated in February 1948. It was followed immediately afterward by Thomas Heggen and Joshua Logan's comedy "Mister Roberts" with Henry Fonda, which ran for 1,157 performances. Cullman and CBS decided in 1951 to swap Hammerstein's and the Alvin for another three years, allowing the former to be used as a studio and the latter to be used for legitimate plays. Three shows opened at the Alvin that year: the Sidney Kingsley play "Darkness at Noon", the musical "A Tree Grows in Brooklyn", and the Paul Osborn play "Point of No Return". "Point of No Return" was followed in December 1952 by the revue "Two's Company", with Bette Davis in her first Broadway appearance in 22 years, but it only lasted about 90 performances. The next year, Norman Krasna's comedy "Kind Sir" opened at the Alvin with Mary Martin and Charles Boyer. The musical "The Golden Apple" transferred to the Alvin from off-Broadway in April 1954, running for 173 total performances. The Harold Arlen and Truman Capote musical "House of Flowers" was booked before Cullman's lease came up for renewal that year, indicating that the leases of the Alvin and Hammerstein's would again be swapped. "House of Flowers" ultimately opened in December 1954 and ran for 165 performances. Ira Levin's comedy "No Time for Sergeants" opened the next year, running for 796 performances over two years. The theater hosted several moderately successful productions in the late 1950s, including the musicals "Oh, Captain!" in 1958 and "First Impressions" in 1959. In addition, Jerome Robbins choreographed his dance special "Ballet U.S.A." in 1958, and the musical "Bells Are Ringing" relocated from the Shubert to the Alvin that year. Stahl and Rock-Time ownership. CBS sold the Alvin in 1959 to Max and Stanley Stahl, who also owned the neighboring Hellinger Theatre. The Stahls quickly hired a new manager for the Alvin. In 1960, the theater hosted the musical "Greenwillow", the dance troupe Les Ballets Africains, and a transfer of the musical "West Side Story" from the Winter Garden. The Carolyn Leigh and Cy Coleman musical "Wildcat" opened that December with Lucille Ball, who made her only Broadway appearance there. The musical "Irma La Douce" transferred from the Plymouth to the Alvin in 1961. The next year, Stephen Sondheim, Burt Shevelove, and Larry Gelbart's musical "A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum" opened, running for 967 performances. During "A Funny Thing"'s run in October 1962, Lester Osterman (owner of the 46th Street and O'Neill theaters) leased the Alvin for five years. Hugh Martin and Timothy Gray's musical comedy "High Spirits", with Beatrice Lillie and Tammy Grimes, opened in 1964 and ran for 367 performances. Maurice Chevalier appeared at the Alvin in April 1965 for a month-long solo show, "Maurice Chevalier at 77". This was followed the next month by "Flora the Red Menace", in which Liza Minnelli made her Broadway debut. "Flora the Red Menace" and the next several shows had comparatively short runs. These shows included the musicals "The Yearling" (1965), "It's a Bird... It's a Plane... It's Superman" (1966), "Dinner At Eight" (1966), and "Sherry!" (1967). Rockefeller Center's development subsidiary Rock-Time Inc. bought the Alvin from Osterman in July 1967 through its agent, Konrad Matthaei. In exchange, Rock-Time sold the Playhouse Theatre near Rockefeller Center, which was to be demolished. The Tom Stoppard play "Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead" opened at the Alvin in October 1967, running for 421 total performances across two theaters. It was succeeded in 1968 by Howard Sackler's drama "The Great White Hope" with James Earl Jones and Jane Alexander, which had 557 performances. The Alvin next hosted the original production of the Stephen Sondheim/George Furth musical "Company", which premiered in 1970 and ran just over 700 performances during the next two years. A couple of short runs followed, including "Molly" (1973) and "The Freedom of the City" (1974). The Alvin's next success was the musical "Shenandoah", which opened in 1975 and stayed two years before transferring. By July 1974, Matthaei had defaulted on the theater's mortgage loan, and the Bowery Savings Bank acquired the Alvin in foreclosure. The theater was then placed for sale at $1.2 million. Nederlander ownership. 1970s and 1980s. The Nederlander Organization acquired the Alvin in 1975, and the venue became the family's fourth Broadway theater after the Palace, Uris, and Brooks Atkinson. The sale involved $100,000 in cash and a $1.16 million mortgage loan. The original Broadway production of "Annie" opened in 1977 and ran for five years before transferring. The next five musicals in 1981 and 1982 were short runs. "The Little Prince and the Aviator" closed during previews, while "Merrily We Roll Along", "Little Johnny Jones", "Do Black Patent Leather Shoes Really Reflect Up?", and "Seven Brides for Seven Brothers" each closed after less than two weeks. The producers of "The Little Prince", as well as those of "Little Johnny Jones" (which closed on opening night), successfully sued the Nederlanders in 1986, on the grounds that the company had unfairly evicted both shows. The Alvin's next non-flop was "Your Arms Too Short to Box with God" with Al Green and Patti LaBelle, which opened in September 1982. "Brighton Beach Memoirs", the first play in Neil Simon's Eugene trilogy, opened at the Alvin in March 1983. The Nederlanders renamed the theater for Simon shortly afterward on June 29, 1983. The renaming was unrelated to "Brighton Beach Memoirs"; the Nederlanders had offered to rename the theater after Simon in 1982, but the playwright had declined at the time. Neil Simon was the second playwright to have a Broadway theater named for him, after the late Eugene O'Neill, and the first living playwright so honored. Members of the theatrical community expressed that the Alvin should have been renamed for the Gershwins; that name had been applied to the Uris Theatre. Jerry Weintraub then purchased a stake in the operation of the Neil Simon Theatre in 1984. Concurrently, the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission (LPC) had started to consider protecting the Neil Simon as a landmark in 1982, with discussions continuing over the next several years. The LPC designated the facades of the Neil Simon, Ambassador, and Virginia (now August Wilson) theaters as landmarks in August 1985, along with the Ambassador's and Neil Simon's interiors, over the objections of the three theaters' owners. The New York City Board of Estimate ratified the landmark designations in December 1985. "Brighton Beach Memoirs" was followed by another play in the Eugene trilogy, "Biloxi Blues", in 1985. The next year, the musical "Into the Light" opened at the Neil Simon, closing after six performances. Noël Coward's play "Blithe Spirit" opened at the Neil Simon in March 1987; the theater also hosted a tribute to one of the play's stars, Geraldine Page, who died mid-run. Comedian Mort Sahl made a limited appearance that October, and the play "Breaking the Code" opened the next month. The Neil Simon hosted revivals of two O'Neill plays in June 1988, "Long Day's Journey into Night" and "Ah, Wilderness!" (both with Colleen Dewhurst and Jason Robards), as part of the First New York International Festival of the Arts. Later that year, Kenny Loggins played some concerts at the Neil Simon. Two musicals were announced for the Neil Simon in early 1989; "Senator Joe" closed during previews, and "The Tower of Babel" did not even have previews. The Tennessee Williams play "Orpheus Descending" was then presented in September 1989. Around that time, the LPC had held a hearing on whether a hotel developed by Silverstein Properties could be cantilevered over the Neil Simon. 1990s and 2000s. A dance troupe of Don Cossacks from Russia had a limited engagement at the Neil Simon in January 1990, That October, comedian Jackie Mason launched his solo series "Brand New", which ran for eight months. Another Simon play opened at his namesake theater in March 1992, "Jake's Women", which had 245 performances amid mixed reception. The next November, the Dutch production "" opened at the Neil Simon, lasting 137 performances. The hit West End musical "The Rise and Fall of Little Voice" opened at the Neil Simon in May 1994, only to close after one week. This was followed by concerts from musicians Basia in November 1994 and Laurie Anderson in May 1995, as well as a limited performance by Danny Gans in November 1995. The Rodgers and Hammerstein musical "The King and I" was revived in 1996. "The King and I" closed in early 1998 to make way for the Arthur Miller play "A View from the Bridge", which lasted through August 1998. The Neil Simon hosted the dance special "Swan Lake" in late 1998, as well as a concert by Natalie Merchant and a revised version of the musical "The Scarlet Pimpernel" in 1999. A revival of the musical "The Music Man" opened at the Neil Simon in early 2000, lasting until the end of 2001. During "The Music Man"'s run, the comedian Mandy Patinkin launched a U.S. tour on September 10, 2001, with a concert at the Neil Simon. Elaine Stritch's one-woman show "Elaine Stritch at Liberty" then premiered at the Neil Simon in February 2002. After the closure of "Elaine Stritch at Liberty", the Neil Simon was expanded from 1,328 seats to a potential 1,467 in preparation for its next engagement: the musical "Hairspray", which opened in August 2002. "Hairspray" set the house record for the theater, closing at the beginning of 2009. Robin Williams was to perform his comedy tour "Weapons Of Self-Destruction" at the Neil Simon in April 2009, but he canceled his engagement after undergoing surgery. A revival of "Ragtime" was booked instead, opening in November 2009. "Ragtime" failed to repeat the success it had enjoyed at the Kennedy Center in Washington, D.C., closing in January 2010 after 57 performances. 2010s to present. Musician Harry Connick Jr. had a limited performance at the Neil Simon in July 2010; his appearance was recorded for the 2011 album . The concert "" opened at the Neil Simon that October, relocating to the Brooks Atkinson at the beginning of 2011. The musical "Catch Me if You Can" opened in April 2011, running for 170 performances. A revival of "Jesus Christ Superstar" ran at the Neil Simon from March to July 2012, followed at the end of that year by the short-lived musical . The Andrew Lippa musical "Big Fish" was then booked for the Neil Simon in early 2013, but the theater stood dark for most of that year because "Big Fish" was performing elsewhere. "Big Fish" only ran from October to December 2013. This was followed by two similarly short runs: Robert Schenkkan's play "All the Way" from March to June 2014, and Sting's musical "The Last Ship" from October 2014 to January 2015. A revival of Frederick Loewe and Alan Jay Lerner's musical "Gigi" opened at the Neil Simon in April 2015, only for the show to close after two months. In July 2015, the Nederlanders sold of the unused air rights above the Neil Simon for $8.9 million. The buyers were a development consortium erecting a hotel several blocks away. At the end of that year, The Illusionists performed a magic show at the Neil Simon for a limited run. A revival of Andrew Lloyd Webber's hit musical "Cats" opened at the Neil Simon in August 2016 and ran until the end of the next year. Tony Kushner's play "Angels in America" then opened in March 2018 for a three-month run. The musical "The Cher Show" opened that December and ran until August 2019, and The Illusionists returned in late 2019 for their magic show, "Magic of the Holidays." After "The Cher Show" closed, "MJ the Musical" had been booked at the Neil Simon for mid-2020. The theater did not host another show for two years due to the COVID-19 pandemic in New York City. It reopened in December 2021 with previews of "MJ the Musical", which officially opened in February 2022. "MJ" broke the theater's box-office record ten times in 2022 and set the current record during the week ending January 1, 2023, when the musical grossed $2,223,069. Notable productions. Productions are listed by the year of their first performance. Alvin Theatre. <templatestyles src="Div col/styles.css"/> Neil Simon Theatre. <templatestyles src="Div col/styles.css"/> References. Notes. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> Citations. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> Sources. <templatestyles src="Refbegin/styles.css" />

neel saimon theater naail saimon theater, mulotoh elvin theater, nework sohoror midtown menhatonor theater jilaar 250 poschim 52 nong pothot thoka etaa broadway theater. 1927 sonot mukoli huwa ei theater design harbert je-ror dwara koraa hoisil. crape aaru alex e-ror baabe nirman koraa hoisil. aaronos aaru vinton friedly. mool naamtu aasil aaronos aaru friedlyr prothom naamor ek xongmisron; 1983 sonot theatertur naam natyokar nill saimonor naamere punor naamkoron koraa hoisil. nill saimonor dutaa storot 1,467 khon aaxon aase aaru ee nederlandor xongsthar dwara porisalito hoy. xonmukhbhag aaru auditoriumor bhitoror ongxo duyutai nework sohoror ullekhjugyo sthan. mukhmondoltu dutaa bhagot bibhoktoh poschimot choy moholar moncho griho aaru pube paas moholar milnayotone. tolor mojiyatu terakuta blokore abrito aaru iyat etaa markir xoite etaa probexdwar aase. duyuta ongxor uporor mojiya itaa aaru terakutare nirmito; auditoriumor xonmukhbhagor khilanjukto khiriki, kulungi aaru etaa kendriyo pediment aase, aanhate moncho grihor odhik xadharon design aase. obhyontorin ongxotu aadom xoilit design koraa hoise aaru iyat dutaa lobi aaru etaa magenine-storor lounge ontorbhukto aase. ei auditoriumot etaa bhu-storor orkestra aaru bakoch thoka etaa belkoni aase. theater bhitoror ongxobur paneling aaru plasterworkere xojuwa hoise, aaru auditoriumtut etaa gombujjukto saad aase. auditoriumor uporot karzaloyor tinita moholiya aasil. alekjendar pinkas aaru em. el. goldstone elvin theater bikoxito korisil, jitu 1927 sonor 22 novemborot "haisyorxatmok mukh" ror xoite mukoli hoisil. aaronos aaru freedliye prothomote theatertu porisalona korisil aaru 1930 sonor poraa 1932 sonoloike iyar maalik aasil. theater prarombhik bosorburot ee "jikunu yaay", "andharot mohila", aaru "lo" raar baabe kiba ", logote natokor dore xongit poriwexon korisil. 1946 sonot chi. bi. ess.-e dayitwo grohon korisil aaru 1959 sonoloike theatertur porisalona obyahot rakhisil, jetiya max aaru stanly stale iyak kroy korisil. 1967 sonot elvintu rok-time inokoloi bikri koraa hoisil. aaru 1975 sonot nederlandorxokololoi. 1960 aaru 1970-ror doxokot elvine "pho" ramoloi juwar pothot etaa haisyorxatmok ghotona ghotisil "," haai spirit "," dyo great huwait hoop "," company "," swenandu ", aaru" eni "ror dore digholiya porjyayor onusthan aayujon korisil. theater naam xoloni kori neel saimon rokhar pisot, iyat 1980 aaru 1990-ror doxokot teur keibakhonu natokor logote 2000-ror doxokor besibhag xomoyot xongitor "hairspray" ror aayujon koraa hoisil. sait. nework sohoror midtown menhaton suburit thoka ostom avenue aaru broadway 'ror maajor dokhyin pothor 250 poschim 52 nong pothot neel saimon theater aase. ayotakar bhumiye aawori aase, 52 nong rastat etaa xonmukhbhag aaru iyar gobhirota. neel saimone blocktu pubo dixot mark hellinger theater aaru gyalagheror steakhousor xoite bhag kore. usoror aan ottalikaxomuhor bhitorot aase uttor dixot august uilson theater; uttor-pubot broadway theater aaru 810 xoptom avenue; pube okhyo nyayxongot kendro; dokhyin-pubot xitkalin udyan theater; aaru dokhyine xorbuscho plaza (borgo theater aaru geroswouin theater brittoke dhori). design. neel saimon theater, mulotoh elvin theater, harbert je-ror dwara design koraa hoisil. crape aaru 1927 sonot nirman koraa hoisil. baahiror ongxotu nobyo-georgian xoilit design koraa hoise, aanhate obhyontorin ongxotu krepor besibhag designor xadharon edaam xoilit design koraa hoise. mukhmondol. mukhmondol dutaa ongxore gothito, jibur ijone xijonor xoite xongzukto. paas mohola ukh pubo ongxotu bohol aaru xomomitij, zo 'too auditoriumor probexdwar aase. moncho griho thoka poschim ongxotu choy mohola ukh. uporor moholaburot, mukhmondoltu ingraji bondhonot ronga itaare nirmito, terakuta trimor xoite. belasku theater, heyes theater aaru stephen sondheim theater logote nobyo-georgian mukhmondol thoka keikhonman broadway theater bhitorot neel saimon onyotomo. theateroloi juwaxokole "projujokor ghorot prowex korise" buli dharona sristi koriboloi eitu koraa hoisil. jetiya elvintu nirman koraa hoisil, ejon xomalusokoi koichil je rastatur uporere "iyar suburiyar morzada onuxori bahyik designtur etaa sehera aasil", etiya uilson. bhitti. duyuta ongxot, bhittitu marbolor dore design koraa terakutar rucitated blokore nirmito. maatir tolor mukhmondolor pubo faale etaa juraa dhaatur duwar aase. auditoriumor xonmukhbhagor majbhagot dhaatu aaru kasor duwaror dutaa set aase. pubo dixor soita duware bhitoror lobir xoite xongzug kore, aanhate poschim dixor aathta duware boxes ofisor lobir xoite xongzug kore; ei duwarburor uporot ekhon aadhunik markey aase. xonmukhbhagor moncho-griho ongxot monchor duwaroke dhori keibatau recessed duwargo aase. penel aaru ulombo khaaj thoka etaa onubhumik friz aadharor uporere sole. uporor kahinibur. aadharor uporot, ulombo terakuta bendo aaru kuyene auditoriumor xonmukhbhagtuk tinita bhagot bibhokto kore. kendriyo ongxot tinita ulombo khiriki aase. protitu upoxagorot dwitiyo moholat dugun uschotar khilanjukto khiriki aase, zo 'too protitu khilanor uporor faale terakuta imp' sto aaru kistun aase. soturtho moholot, tinita kendriyo upoxagoror protiture etaa terakuta framor xoite etaa ayotakar khiriki aase, jaar uporot etaa bhanga pediment aase jaar scrollbure etaa patrok aaguri aase. ponchom moholar khirikiburot ayotakar terakuta frame aase; teulukor silbur terakuta bendo korchor dwara xongzukto. ei khirikiburor uporot etaa trikuniyo gable uthe; gableor maajot etaa terakuta okulas aase, jaar sariufale maala aaru fulor xojja aase. auditoriumor xonmukhbhagor baahiror ongxobur pavillion hisape design koraa hoise, jibur uporor ongxor baahire ijone xijonor xoite pray eke. duyuta pavilionot bahijukto terakuta pilastar aase, ji aadharor uporot thoka frijot thaake. ei bhittistombhoxomuhor maajot dwitiyo moholat dugun uschotar sthan aase, protituwe terakuta impst aaru kistunore aaguri aase. ei sthanburot terakuta paatro thaake, jibur sixel mutifor uporot rokha hoy. protitu sthanor uporot, soturtho moholat ayotakar terakuta framor xoite dutaa khiriki aase. protitu juraa pilastare ponchom moholat etaa terakuta enteblesar aaru pedimentor logote xei kahinir uporot etaa corniz xomorthon kore. aanhate pubo (baau) pavilionok etaa perapetere abrito koraa hoise, poschim (xu) pavilionok aan etaa moholoi uporoloi uthaa hoise, jitu stage housor xoman uschota. moncho grihotu auditoriumor xufale aase. ulombo terakuta bendo aaru kuyene moncho grihok baufalor poraa xufale ek, tini aaru etaa bere bhagot bibhokto korisil. moncho grihor khirikibur ayotakar, protitu khirikir uporot terakuta lintel aase. moncho grihor kendriyo upoxagorburot tritiyo aaru soturtho mohor uporot terakuta penel aase. ponchom moholar uporot etaa corniz aaru paneling aase, logote xostho moholar uporot etaa belstrade thoka perapet aase. moncho grihor baufalor bey, auditoriumor usorot, xoptom moholoi uthi yaay. moncho grihor xufalor bey 'too theater naamor xoite etaa ulombo sinho aase. bhitorot. lobi. ayotakar tikot lobitu punpotiyakoi mool probexdwaror bhitorot aase aaru iyat daath marbolor dewal aase. poschim (xu) dewalot tikotor khiriki aase, aanhate pubo (baau) dewalot bhitoror lobir baabe etaa recessed nich aase, zo 'too xoru xoru sconisere aaguri thoka etaa kaas aaru bronjor daabol duwar aase. uttor dewalor aathta kaas aaru bronjor duware rastar poraa aagbarhi yaay, taar uporot penel thaake, aanhate dokhyin dewalot oh 'rt' rester storoloi peneljukto kaathor duwar thaake. sadtur sariufale etaa kornise. jaak aadom xoilit plasterworkere xojuwa hoy. sador majbhagot etaa zur sfotikor puhor aase. bhitoror lobitu porikolponat ayotkhetrakar. iyar poschim dewalor kulungir dwara iyat prowex koraa hoy, ji tikot lobir poraa yaay, logote uttor dewalor soita kaas aaru bronjor duwaror poraa, ji rastar poraa yaay. dokhyin dewalot auditoriumoloi peneljukto kaathor duwar aase, aanhate pubo dewalot mejanain launjoloi etaa chiri aase. bhitoror lobir sadtu aadom xoilit plasterworkere xojuwa hoise aaru iyat ekjura sfotikor jhorna aase. jetiya elvintu nirman koraa hoisil, mejanain loungetu ingraji launjor porimap hisape design koraa hoisil. magenine launjor dewalbur weinsk 'tot koraa aaru iyat puhoror sko' nes thaake. ei sthantut mulotoh etaa ognikundou aasil. sarita "owoxor grohon koraa kutha" launjor poraa ulai aahisil, zo 'too purux aaru mohilar dhumpanor kutha ontorbhukto aasil. launjor sadtut plasterworkor xojjar xoite etaa dimbakriti gombuj aase; etaa kendriyo jhorna aaru etaa corniz aase, ji gombujtur xoite ched kore. mejanain launjor poraa, siribur uttor dixoloi naami yaay, bhitoror lobir xoite xongzug kore, aaru dokhyine orkestrar xoite xongzug kore. jikunu sirir uporot ayotakar kuxagar aase, zo 'too sfotikor jhorna aaru sariufale thoka kornise aase. dokhyin siritut etaa dhaatur railing aase. ei siribur auditoriumor bhitorot nohoy, launjot sthapon koraa hoisil, jaate polomkoi ohaa lukoxokolor bighno hraax koribo paari. auditorium. auditoriumot etaa orkestra stor, etaa belkoni, bakoch aaru proseniyam khilanor pisfale etaa moncho aase. auditoriumor sthantu plaster xojjare design koraa hoise aaru porikolponar khetrot pray borgakar. nederlandor xongsthar mote, auditoriumot auditoriumot aaxon aase; ifale, broadway leege leege aaxonor khyomota ullekh korise aaru "plabyl"-e "plabyl"-e aaxon ullekh korise. theatertut mulotoh 1,400 aaxonor khyomota aasil, zo 'too orkestrat 702, belkonito 674, aaru bakchot bakchot aaxon aasil. 1967 sonor etaa probondhot theaterkhonot xongitor baabe baabe aaxon aaru natokor baabe 1.334 aaxon thoka buli bornona koraa hoisil. auditoriumtut prothomote hatidanto, neela, dhura aaru xunor rongor aasoni aasil, zo "too levender baa tutor kapur aasil. bogaa ronge bohutu mool obhyontorin xojja aawori raakhe. auditoriumor uporot karzaloyor tinita moholiya aasil. aaxonor sthan. monchor xonmukhot thoka etaa orkestra pitor faale naami orkestrar stortu rek koraa hoy. orkestrar pisfale pubo dixot peneljukto dewalor xoite sko 'nesor xoite etaa podojatra aase. orkestrar pisfale marbolore nirmito etaa thiyo rail aase, ji podojatrak aaxonor pisfalor xarir poraa prithok kore. podojatra aaru orkestra aaxon dutaa stombhor dwara prithok koraa hoise, marble stombhor dore design koraa hoise; xeiburor uporot dodd "rick-xoilir rajdhani aase. orkestrar dokhyin (baau) dewalot dhaatur duwarpoth aase, zo 'too peneljukto dewalor ongxoburor xoite xoloni hoy zo' too sconis thaake. uttor (xu) dewalot peneljukto kaathor duwaror dutaa set aase, jaak sko 'ncho thoka etaa penelor dwara prithok koraa hoise; pisfalor duwarbure bhitoror lobiloi loi yaay, aanhate xonmukhor duwarbure tikot lobiloi loi yaay. protitu duwaror uporor prosthan sinhobur freezor dwara bestit koraa hoy ji laair aaru griffinok sitrito kore. belkonir stortu iyar gobhirotar maajere etaa pothor dwara xonmukh aaru pisfalor ongxot bibhokto koraa hoise, jitu xoloni dhaatur railingor dwara sitrito koraa hoise. krocho "bhaar aaijoltu duyufalor dewalor prosthan duwaroroloi xongzug kore, jaar uporot laair aaru griffinor xoite friz thaake. xonmukhor belkonir kaxor dewalot ekedhoronor friz thoka prosthan duwaru sthapon koraa hoy. belkonir baaki kaxor dewalbur ayonik capital thoka pilastare bhagot bibhokto koraa hoise, jiye auditoriumor sariufale etaa enteblesarok xomorthon kore. protitu kaxor dewalor ongxot sfotik aaru brasor puhoror sconis thaake. belkonir xonmukhor railot xuyag, paatro aaru kemiu aarhi aase, jibur angxikbhabe light bokxore dhaaki rokha hoise. belkonir tolor faale sfotikor puhoror fixcheror xoite aadom-xoilir penel aase. belkonir pisfalor dewaltu panelot bibhokto koraa hoise zo 'too puhoror sconis thaake. dewalot kisuman xitatop niyontrito vent aase. monchor duyufale etaa dewalor ongxo aase zo 'too belkoni storot tinita bakoch aase. bakochbur monchor faale tolmuwa hoi yaay; xonmukhor bakochtu proseniyam khilanoloi aagoloi beka hoy, aanhate pisfalor bakochtu belkonit pisfale beka hoy. orkestra porzayot, uporor bakochburor owosthanor xoite xongoti raakhi, jikunu dewalot etaa duwar thaake. bakochburor tolor faale sfotikor lamp aaru konos 'lo breaket ontorbhukto thaake, aanhate bakochburor xonmukhor railingburot xuweg, paatro aaru kemio' autern thaake. peneljukto stombhoxomuhe bakochburok ijone xijonor poraa prithok kore, bakochburor uporot punpotiyakoi etaa xoru enteblesarok xomorthon kore; protitu xoru entablesarot etaa bhanga pediment thaake zo 'too scrollbure etaa patrok aaguri thaake. pedimentor uporot mohila bisitro bostur xoite coolnet aase, ji uporoloi auditoriumtur sariufale thoka entablesaroloike bistrito. onyanyo design boixistyo. bakochburor kaxot etaa xomotol proseniyam khilan aase, zo 'too mukhkhonor duyufale baahi ayonik pilestaror logote uporor etaa enteblesar thaake. entablesarot etaa aadom-xoilir friz aase. khilanor uporot etaa bhittisitror xoite etaa lonet penel aase, zo 'too pouranik soritror xoite etaa poxupalok drishyo dekhuuwa hoise. jetiya theatertu nirman koraa hoisil, tetiya proseniyamor mukoli ongxotu bohol buli bornona koraa hoisil. mukolir pisfale monchotu 100 fut bohol aaru 35 fut gobhir aasil, zo "too etaa gridiron ukh aasil. monchor xonmukhot thoka orkestra pitot 48 john luk thakibo paare. nepothyot 150 john prodorxokok sthan diboloi xokhyom 20 taa dressing rumor logote etaa juraa kuras "bisram kokhyo" aaru etaa rehearchel rum aasil. sadtut kaxor dewalot kujor bho 'lt aase, jibur plasterwork xojjar xoite kamiharor dwara prithok koraa hoise. auditoriumor xonmukhot alongkarik bendere aaguri thoka etaa brittakar gombuj aase, zo 'too etaa kendriyo podokor xoite etaa sfotikor jhornar xoite jhulai rokha aase. gombujor pisfale sadtu aadom xoilir plasterwork xojjar xoite panelot bibhokto koraa hoise. pisfalor belkonir uporot olongkari bendo aaru karikori-boot oh 'penningor xoite etaa aadha gombuj aase. sadtut xitatop niyontrito vent sthapon koraa hoy. itihax. 1900 sonor poraa mohaa-owonotir bhitorot times skwer brihot porimanor theater projujonar kendrobindu hoi porisil. nimnosapor aagote nirman koraa poroborti theaterxomuhor bhitorot elvin theater onyotomo aasil. theater naamtu iyar mool operatorxokolor prothom naamxomuhor xongmisronoh alex e. aaron (1891-1943) aaru vinton friedly (1891-1969). duyujon luk philadelphier baxinda aasil. aaronos xongitdhormi comedyr projujok aasil, aanhate friedly aasil "ekmatro broadway projujok jaar naam xamajik ponjiyonot talikabhukto koraa hoisil". ei lukoxokole 1923 baa 1924 sonot ongxidaritwo gothon korisil, kintu teuluke kewol 1933 sonoloike ekeloge kaam korisil. 1983 sonor poraa, iyak broadwer onyotomo proxidho natyokar nill saimonor (1927-2018) naamere naamkoron koraa hoise. nell saimon nederlandor xongsthar dwara porisalito hoy. bikax aaru prarombhik bosorxomuh. 1927 sonor januaryt alekjendar pinkas aaru em. el. goldstone lebanon istet korpuresonor poraa 244-254 poschim 52 nong pothor sthanbur kroy korisil, zo 'too xei sthanot etaa boidho theater bikoxito korar porikolpona koraa hoisil. pinkase purbe longekor aaru xamrajyobadi theaterxomuh bikoxito korisil; teu aaru goldstone theater 14 laakh dollar byoyor puji jugan dhorar porikolpona korisil. xei maahote, pinkase nework sohoror ottalika bibhagoloi harbert je-ror dwara design koraa sthanot ekhon theater baabe porikolpona daakhil korisil. crape. pinkas aaru goldstone monchokhon nirmanor baabe ek xadharon sukti oh 'day nirman companyk prodan korisil. 1927 sonor octoboror bhitorot, eronos aaru friedle theaterkhon liz disil aaru fred aaru edele estare obhinoy koraa jorjo aaru iraa geroswouinor xongitor "haisyorxatmok mukh" monchostho korar porikolpona korisil. 1927 sonor 22 novemborot "haisyorxatmok mukh" ror xoite elvin mukoli hoisil; xei onusthantu 250taa prodorxonor baabe solisil. dyo nework times" ror theater xomalusok brooks atkinsone likhisiloh "jodi" haisyorxatmok mukh "komm aakorxoniyo aasil, tente dorxokxokolor notun theatertuk proxongxa koriboloi odhik xomoy aasil." elvinor prothom keitaman xongitor tulonamulokbhabe komm xomoyor aasil. 1928 sonot theaterot gerswinor xongitor "trejar garl" gertrud lorenceor xoite onusthito hoisil. jodiu xongitor ei gittuwe xorbadhik 6 dollar prowex masul loisil, tetiya ek obhutpurbo mulyo aasil, bondho huwar aagote ee 69taa prodorxon porisalona korisil. iyar pisot aasil theater gildor "wings owaar euroop" ror projujona, ji martin bek theater poraa sthanantorito hoisil. 1929 sonor januaryt eronos aaru friedle theaterot 570,000 dollar bondhok rino laabh korisil. ror "dars aaru heartor xongitor" spring ij hoh "ror" xei elvinot mukoli hoisil aaru 104taa prodorxon korisil. aan ejon ror "dars aaru heart musical," uporoloi jauk! ", xei novembor maahot 144-prodorxonor douror baabe elvinot mukoli koraa hoisil. 1930 sonot ethel marmene geroswouinsor "garl kreji" too broadware aatmoprokax korisil, zo 'too 272taa prodorxon aasil. eron aaru freedliye xei april maahot elvin aaru iyar tolor maati kinisil. pinkas aaru goldstone opareson. pincus aaru goldstone 1932 sonor mey "maahot ogyat karonot elvinor karjyokolapor dayitwo grohon korisil. xei bosor, theaterot eugen oh 'nilor naatok "xuk electra hoi pore", logote jerum kernor xongitor "botahot xongit" ror sthanantor koraa hoisil. kheluoixokole 1933 sonor mey "maahot teulukor projujona" ankel toms kebin "elvinoloi loi aahisil; natokkhon imaan jonopriyo aasil je iyak iyar mool ek xoptahor douror pisot duxoptah briddhi koraa hoisil. xei bosorote maxwell endersone helen hey 'jor xoite "meree owo scotland" khelkhonor aarombhoni korisil. freedliye 1934 sonot elvinot kul poo 'rtaror xongitor "anithing guch" projujona korisil, zo' too marmen, uilium gexton, victor mur aaru vivian vench aasil; ee 420 taa prodorxonor baabe dourisil. 1930-ror doxokor majbhagoloike elvin theater aaru suburiya gild (bortoman aagosto uilson) theater aasil theater jilaar ataitkoi uttor dixor sthan ji etiyau boidho onusthan aayujon korisil. geroswouinsor aamerikan luk opera "porjee endo bes" ror mool projujona 1935 sonor octobor maahot elvinot mukoli hoisil. aanhate 124taa prodorxonor pisot "porjee endo bes" elvinot bondho hoisil, iyar punorujjibon odhik xofol promanito hoisil. iyar pisot 1936 sonor octobor maahot poo 'rtaror "redd, hott endo blue" aaru mermen aaru jimi durante 181taa prodorxon obyahot rakhisil. 1930-ror doxokor xexor faale elvine ror 'dars aaru heartor dutaa xongit poriwexon korisil. "moi thikei kou", jorjo em-ror xoite aarombho korisil. 1937 sonot kuhane 289taa prodorxonor baabe dourisil, aaru 1938 sonot "dyo boy 'jo from sirakuj" mukoli hoisil, ji 235taa prodorxon sthayi aasil. 1940 sonor elvinor prothom projujonatu aasil 1940 sonor februaryt obhinoy koraa dompoti alfred lant aaru linn fontene fins xahajyo pujir baabe monchostho koraa "dyo taming owo dyo shru" ror ek ximito raan. xei april maahot, lont aaru fonten robert ee-too prokax paisil. sweroudor naatok "dere ror 'dod nu night" 1940 sonor majbhagot ek bhromonor xoite keiba maah dhori solisil. poroborti bosorot elvine iraa geroswouin, moo' cho heart, aaru cart wilor monurug-bixoyok xongitor "leady inn dyo dark" aayujon korisil; iyat gertrud lorenceor boixistyo aasil, iyat 467 taa prodorxon aasil. elvine 1943 sonor januaryt ethale marmenor xoite 422taa prodorxonor baabe uposthito hoi poo 'rtaror xongitor "lo' raar baabe kiba" aayujon korisil. "lo" raxokolor baabe kiba "xongitor" jackpot "ror baabe poth proxosto koriboloi bondho koraa hoisil, ji 67 taa prodorxon solaisil. 1944 aaru 1945 sonot elvinor projujonaxomuh besibhagei drut bifolota aasil, jaar bhitorot aasil "helen guch tu troy", "dyo firebrand owo fluorence", aaru "hollywod pinafor". odhik xofol aasil beti comden, edolph green, aaru morton go 'ldor xongitor "billion dollar bebi", ji 1945 sonor xexor faale mukoli hoisil aaru 200taa prodorxonor baabe solisil. chi. bi. ess. malikana, kalmen opareson. 1945 sonor disemboror bhitorot, xomprosar network chi. bi. ess.-e studio 'hisape byobohar koriboloi elvintu kroy koriboloi alusona kori aasil, kiyonu usoror hemmersteinor theaterot chi. bi. ess.-ror lijor myad xex hoh' boloi goi aasil. haward ess. hemmersteinor maalik kulmene xei theatertu boidho byowoharoloi ghurai onaar issa korisil. 1946 sonor februaryt chi. bi. ess.-e 825,000 dolarot elvin kroy korisil. xei june maahot chi. bi. ess.-e kolmenor poraa hemmerstein aaru paas bosoror baabe liz diboloi xonmot hoisil, aanhate kolmene chi. bi. ess.-ror poraa elvin liz diboloi aaru taar poriworte taat projujona uposthapon koriboloi xonmot hoisil. xei bosorote elvine ingrid bergman, chem wanamekar aaru ror 'monee brentor xoite "juwan owo lo' rain" ror aayujon korisil. iyar pisot 1947 sonot "life uith fadar" natokhonor sristi hoisil, jikhon aan ekhon theater poraa sthanantorito hoi iyar 3,224-prodorxonor raan xomapto korisil. xei octoborot jorjo bernard swo 'ror naatok' menn endo superman 'elvinot mukoli hoisil aaru 1948 sonor februaryt sthanantorito hoisil. iyar thik pisote thomas hegen aaru jusuwa luganor comedy' mister roberts 'heniri fonder xoite, ji 1,157taa prodorxonor baabe solisil. 1951 sonot kulmen aaru chi. bi. ess.-e hemmerstein aaru elvin aan tini bosoror baabe xoloni korar xiddhanto loisil, jaar folot prothomtu studio 'hisape byobohar koraa hoisil aaru pisortu boidho natokor baabe byobohar koraa hoisil. xei bosor elvinot tinita swo 'aarombho hoisiloh sidney kingsoleye "duporiya ondhokar", xongitor "brooklinot goch etaa briddhi paay", aaru poll oh "soborno play" point owo nu return ". "point owo nu return" ror pisot 1952 sonor disembor maahot ribhiu "tu 'jo company" ye 22 bosoror bhitorot prothombaror baabe broadway "too dekha disil, kintu ee maatro 90taa prodorxonhe obyahot rakhisil. poroborti bosorot, normon krasnar comedy "kind chaar" meree martin aaru charls boyaror xoite elvinot mukoli hoisil. 1954 sonor aprilot off-broadwer poraa xongitor "dyo go" lden aapel "elvinoloi sthanantorito hoisil, ji muth 173taa prodorxonor baabe solisil. xei bosor kalmenor liz nobikoronor baabe ohaar aagote harrold arlen aaru trumen keput xongitor "house owo flowers" book koraa hoisil, ji ingito korisil je elvin aaru hemmersteinor lijxomuh punor xoloni koraa hoh 'bob. "house owo flowers" owoxexot 1954 sonor disembor maahot mukoli koraa hoisil aaru 165taa prodorxonor baabe solisil. iraa lebhinor comedy "nu time for chargents" poroborti bosorot mukoli hoisil, dubosor dhori 796taa prodorxonor baabe solisil. 1950-ror doxokor xexor faale theaterkhone keibatau modhyomiyabhabe xofol projujonar aayujon korisil, jaar bhitorot aasil "oh ', captain!"1958 sonot aaru 1959 sonot" "prothom probhab". iyar uporiu, jerum robinse teur nrityor bixex nrityo "" bele eu "" ror nrityo porisalona korisil. ess.e."1958 sonot, aaru xei bosor xongitor" "ghonta bojise" "swubertor poraa elvinoloi sthanantorito koraa hoisil. stall aaru rok-timor malikana. 1959 sonot chi. bi. ess.-e max aaru stanly stelok elvin bikri korisil, ji suburiya hellinger theateroru swotwadhikari aasil. staholxokole oti xunkale elvinor baabe ejon notun menezar niyug korisil. 1960 sonot theaterot xongitor "greenuil", nrityo doll lex beles africains, aaru xitkalin bagisar poraa xongitor "west side sto 'ree" ror sthanantoron onusthito hoisil. xei disembor maahot kerulin lei aaru saai collemanor xongitor "wildcate" luchil bolor xoite mukoli hoisil, jiye taat ekmatro broadware dekha disil. 1961 sonot plymouthor poraa elvinoloi sthanantorito huwa xongitor "iroma laa duch". poroborti bosorot stephen sondheim, bart swevelov, aaru leri gelbertor xongitor "pho" ramoloi juwar pothot etaa haisyorxatmok ghotona ghotisil "mukoli hoisil, ji 967taa prodorxonor baabe solisil. 1962 sonor octobor maahot soli thoka "etaa haisyorxatmok bostu" ror xomoyot lester osterman osterman poth aaru oh 'nill theater maalik)-e elvintu paas bosoror baabe ijora disil. hoog martin aaru timuthi grer bitris lilly aaru temi grimesor xoite xongitor comedy "haai sprits" 1964 sonot mukoli hoisil aaru 367taa prodorxonor baabe solisil. 1965 sonor aprilot "77 bosorot moo 'rich chevalier" naamor ek maah dhori soli thoka ekok onusthanor baabe moo' rich chevalier elvinot uposthito hoisil. iyar pisot poroborti maahot "udbhid ronga bipod" hoisil, zo "too liza minelliye broadway" too aatmoprokax korisil. "udbhid ronga bipod" aaru poroborti keibatau swo 'tulonamulokbhabe komm xomoyor aasil. ei onusthanxomuhor bhitorot "dyo irling" (1965), "its e bird" naamor xongitor gitbur ontorbhukto aasil... eyaa ekhon biman... ee 'cho superman "(1966)," dinor ett eit "(1966), aaru" sweri!"(1967). rockfelor centeror unnoyon xohayok rok-time inok. 1967 sonor julyte iyar agent kunrad methair joriyote ostermanor poraa elvintu kroy korisil. iyar binimoyot rok-time rockfelor centeror usoror playhouse theatertu bikri korisil, jitu dhongxo koribo lagisil. tomm stoppardor naatok "rochencrentz endo gildenstern aaru dead" 1967 sonor octobor maahot elvinot mukoli koraa hoisil, ji dukhon theaterot muth 421taa prodorxonor baabe solisil. iyar pisot 1968 sonot james aarl jones aaru zen alekjendaror xoite haward sekolaror naatok "dyo great huwait hoop"-e 557taa prodorxon korisil. elvine poroborti xomoyot stephen sondheim/jorjo farth musical "company" ror mool projujonar aayujon korisil, ji 1970 sonot primiyar hoisil aaru poroborti dubosorot maatro maatro odhik prodorxon solaisil. iyar pisot "molly" (1973) aaru "dyo friedom owo dyo chiti" (1974) xoho keitaman suti raan hoisil. elvinor poroborti xofolota aasil xongitor "xenanduh", ji 1975 sonot mukoli hoisil aaru sthanantorito huwar aagote dubosor aasil. 1974 sonor july maholoike, mothaiye theater bondhok rinot khelimeli korisil, aaru buweri xonchoy bengke aagotiyakoi elvintu odhigrohon korisil. taar pisot theatertu 12 laakh dolarot bikrir baabe rokha hoisil. netherlandor malikana. 1970 aaru 1980-ror doxok. nederlandor xongothone 1975 sonot elvintu odhigrohon korisil aaru rajproxad, eury aaru brooks atkinsonor pisot sthantu poriyalor soturtho broadway theaterot porinot hoisil. ei bikrit nogod 100,000 dollar aaru 1 kuti 16 laakh dollar bondhok rino ontorbhukto aasil. eni" ror mool broadway production 1977 sonot mukoli hoisil aaru sthanantor korar aagote paas bosor dhori solisil. 1981 aaru 1982 sonot poroborti pasta xongitmulok xongit aasil suti raan. "xoru rajkumar aaru biman salokjone purbodorxonor xomoyot bondho kori disil, aanhate" "aanondore aami ekeloge ghuri furu", "xoru johnny jones", "koo 'laa patent samorar jutaa xosakoiye protipholito hoy neki?", aaru" xatjon bhatrir baabe xatjon kokai "protyekei duxoptahotkoiu komm xomoyor pisot bondho kore. dyo little rajkumar" ror projujokxokolor logote "little johnny jones" ror (jikhon udwudhoni nixa bondho hoisil) projujokxokole 1986 sonot nederlandorxokolor biruddhe xofolotare gusor ruju korisil, ei bhittit je companytuwe duyuta swo 'onyaybhabe usched korisil. elvinor poroborti oh-flop aasil "bhogowanor xoite bakoch koriboloi aapunar bahubur oti suti" aaru aal green aaru petty label, jitu 1982 sonor septemborot mukoli hoisil. "neel saimonor eugene troyujir prothom naatok "bryton bischo memories" 1983 sonor march maahot elvinot mukoli hoisil. iyar kichu xomoyor pisote 1983 sonor 29 junot nederlandorxokole theater naam xoloni kori saimon rakhisil. punor naamkoronor xoite "bryton bischo memories" ror xomporko nasil; 1982 sonot nederlandorxokole theater naam xoloni korar prostab disil, kintu xei xomoyot natyokarjone oswikar korisil. neel saimon aasil teur naamere broadway theater naamkoron koraa dwitiyo natyokar, proyat eugen oh 'nilor naamere, aaru prothom jiwito natyokar hisape xonman laabh korisil. naatyo xomprodayor xodosyoxokole prokax korisil je elvintur naam geroswouinor naamere punor naamkoron koraa usit aasil; xei naamtu euris theaterot proyug koraa hoisil. iyar pisot jeree weintrabe 1984 sonot nill saimon theater karjyokolapor etaa ongxo kroy korisil. eke xomoyote, nework chiti landmarks protirokya aayuge (el. pi. chi.) 1982 sonot nill saimonok ek jugantokari hisape xurokhito korar kotha bibesona koriboloi aarombho korisil, jaar bixoye poroborti keibosorman dhori alusona obyahot aasil. el. pi. chi.-ye tinikhon theater malikxokolor aapottir baabe 1985 sonor aagosto maahot rastrodut aaru neel saimonor bhitoror ongxor logote neel saimon, embesedor, aaru virginia (bortoman aagosto uilson) theater xonmukhbhagok ullekhjugyo sthan hisape monunit korisil. nework chiti bob "rd owo astimate-e 1985 sonor disembor maahot ei jugantokari podobixomuh onumudon korisil. "bryton bischo memories" ror pisot 1985 sonot eugene troyujir aan ekhon naatok "biluxi blues" ror poraa mukti paisil. poroborti bosorot neel saimonot "intu dyo light" xongitor aarombhoni hoisil, aaru soita prodorxonor pisot bondho hoisil. 1987 sonor march maahot neel saimonot noo 'el cowardor naatok "blithe sprit" mukoli hoisil; theaterot natokhonor ejon taroka, geraldine pejor proti sroddhanjoliu aagborhuwa hoisil, jijonor mrityu hoisil. xei octoborot comedian mort saahe ximito uposthiti dekhuwaisil, aaru poroborti maahot "breaking dyo code" natokkhon mukoli hoisil. neel saimone 1988 sonor june maahot dutaa oh 'nill natokor punorujjibon aayujon korisil, "digholiya dinor nixar jatra" aaru "aah, morubhumi!"(kuleen dewharst aaru jeson robardsor xoite), prothom nework antohrastriyo kolaa utxowor ongxo hisape. xei bosoror xexor faale, keni loginse nill saimonot kisuman xongitanusthan poriwexon korisil. 1989 sonor aarombhonite neel saimonor baabe dutaa xongitor gaan ghuxona koraa hoisil; purbodorxonor xomoyot "senetar ju" bondho koraa hoisil, aaru "dyo tawar owo bable" too purbodorxonou nasil. 1989 sonor septembor maahot tenches uiliamsor naatok "orphius decending" uposthapon koraa hoisil. xei xomoyot, el. pi. chi.-ye silversteinor xompotir dwara bikoxito ekhon hotel neel saimonor uporot cantilever koribo paari neki taar uporot xunani onusthito korisil. 1990 aaru 2000ror doxok. rasiyar donn koo 'sexor etaa nrityo dole 1990 sonor januaryt nill saimonot ximito protibondhokota korisil, xei octoborot comedian jeki mesone teur ekok dharabahik "brend niu" mukoli korisil, ji aath maah dhori solisil. 1992 sonor march maahot teur naamor theaterot aan etaa saimon naatok "jekor mohila" mukoli koraa hoisil, zo "too misrito aadoronir maajot 245taa prodorxon koraa hoisil. poroborti novemborot, dusch production "" neel saimonot mukoli hoisil, ji 137 taa prodorxon obyahot rakhisil. hitt west endo xongitor "dyo raiz endo foll owo little bhois" 1994 sonor mey "maahot nill saimonot mukoli hoisil, maatro exoptahor pisote bondho hoisil. iyar pisot 1994 sonor novembor maahot besiya aaru 1995 sonor mey "maahot lo" ree endersonor xongitanusthanor logote 1995 sonor novembor maahot danny gaanor ximito poriwexon hoisil. 1996 sonot ror 'dars aaru hemmerstein xongitor "dyo king endo aai" punorujjibito hoisil. 1998 sonor aarombhonite "dyo king endo aai" bondho hoisil aarthar milaar naatok "e bhiu from dyo breej" ror baabe poth prostut koriboloi, jitu 1998 sonor aagosto maholoike solisil. 1998 sonor xexor faale nill saimone nrityor bixex "swaan lek" aayujon korisil, logote 1999 sonot natali bonikor ek xongitanusthan aaru xongitor "dyo scarlet pimpernal" ror ek xongxudhito xongskoron aayujon korisil. 2000 sonor aarombhonite neel saimonot mukoli huwa xongitor "dyo music menn" ror punorujjibon, 2001 sonor xexoloike solisil. "dyo music menn" ronor xomoyot, koutuk obhineta mendi pettinkine etaa eu mukoli korisil.ess. 2001 sonor 10 septemborot nill saimonot ek xongitanusthanor xoite bhromon korisil. iyar pisot 2002 sonor februaryt nill saimonot ilen strich ett liberty naamor ek mohilar onusthanor primiyar onusthito hoisil. "ilen strich ett liberty" bondho huwar pisot, nill saimonok iyar poroborti byostotar prostutir baabe baabe aaxonor poraa xombhabyo 1,467taa aaxonoloi xomproxarito koraa hoisiloh 2002 sonor aagostot mukoli huwa xongitor "hairspray". 2009 sonor aarombhonite bondho huwa "hairspray" ye theater baabe house record sthapon korisil. robin uiliamse 2009 sonor aprilot nill saimonot teur comedy tyur "aatmo-dhongxor ostro" poriwexon koribo lagisil, kintu ostrupsaror pisot teur bagdan baatil korisil. iyar poriworte 2009 sonor novembor maahot mukoli huwa "regtime" ror punorujjibonor baabe book koraa hoisil. "ragtime" ye waswingtonor kenedi centerot laabh koraa xofolotar punorabritti korat byortho hoisil.chi., 57taa prodorxonor pisot 2010 sonor januaryt bondho hoy. 2010ror poraa bortomanoloike. xongitogyo heri konik juniyor. 2010 sonor julyte nill saimonot teur ximito prodorxon aasil; teur uposthiti 2011 sonor elbamor baabe record koraa hoisil. xei octoborot nill saimonot "concert" mukoli hoisil, 2011 sonor aarombhonite brooks atkinsonok sthanantorito hoisil. 2011 sonor aprilot 170taa prodorxonor baabe xongitor "kes mii if eu kebh" mukoli hoisil. jixu khristo superstar" ror punorujjibon 2012 sonor marchor poraa july maholoike nill saimonot solisil, taar pisot xei bosoror xexot ei xongitor xongitor xongkhipto xomoy aasil. 2013 sonor aarombhonite endru lippa xongitor "big fis" neel saimonor baabe book koraa hoisil, kintu xei bosoror besibhag xomoy theatertu ondhokar hoi aasil kaaron "big fis" ee aan thait poriwexon kori aasil. "big fix" kewol octoboror poraa disembor 2013 loike solisil. iyar pisot dutaa ekedhoronor suti raan hoisiloh robert swenkanor naatok "ol dyo wey" marchor poraa june 2014 loike, aaru stingor xongitor "dyo lust swip" octobor 2014ror poraa january 2015 loike. frederic luwe aaru elaan je learner xongitor "giggy" ror punorujjibon 2015 sonor aprilot nill saimonot mukoli hoisil, maatro dumahor pisot onusthantu bondho hoh 'boloi. 2015 sonor julyte nederlandor lukoxokole nill saimonor uporor obyobohrito biman odhikar 8.9 nijut dolarot bikri korisil. kretaxokol aasil keibatau block durot ekhon hotel nirman koraa ek unnoyonmulok xongho. xei bosoror xexot, bibhrombadixokole ximito douror baabe nill saimonot ek jaadu prodorxon korisil. endru loyor webaror hitt xongitor "ketch" ror punorujjibon 2016 sonor aagosto maahot nill saimonot mukoli hoisil aaru poroborti bosoror xexoloike solisil. taar pisot 2018 sonor march maahot tini maahor baabe tonny kushnaror naatok "angels inn aamerika" mukoli koraa hoisil. xei disemborot xongitor "dyo cher swo" aarombho hoisil aaru 2019 sonor aagostoloike solisil, aaru bibhrombadixokole 2019 sonor xexor faale teulukor jaadu swo "," bondhor jaadu "ror baabe ubhoti aahisil." cher swo" bondho huwar pisot, emoje dyo musical "2020 sonor majbhagor baabe nill saimonot book koraa hoisil. obosye, nework sohorot koo" vid-19 mohamarir baabe neel saimone dubosor dhori aan etaa swo "aayujon koraa nasil. 2021 sonor disembor maahot "emoje dyo musical" ror purbodorxonor xoite theaterkhon punor khula hoisil, jitu anusthanikbhabe 2022 sonor februaryt mukoli hoisil. "emoje" ye 2022 sonot theater boxes ofisor obhilekh dohbar bhangisil, oti xehotiyakoi 2023 sonor 1 januaryt xex huwa xoptahot, jetiya xongitkhone $2,223,069 uparjon korisil. ullekhjugyo projujona. projujonaxomuh teulukor prothom prodorxonor bosor onuxori talikabhukto koraa hoy.

nill saimon theater neel saimon theater, mulat alvin theater, neu eork shohorer midtown manhatoner theater jelara 250 poschim 52 tomo rastai ekti broadway theater. 1927 saale khola theatertir naksha korechilen harbert jeey. crap ebong alex ayee-err jonno nirmito hoyechilo. aaron ebong vinton friedly. asol namti chhilo aaron ebong friedlyr prothom namgulir sangmishran; 1983 saale natyokar nill simoner naame theatertir namkaran koraa hoy. neel simoner duti store 1,467 tii asson royeche ebong etty netherlander sangostha dwara porichalito hoy. sammukhbhag ebong milnayatan abhyantar ubhayi neu eork shohorer landmark. sammukhbhagti duti bibhage bivoktoh poschime chhaytala moncho baadi ebong purbe panchtala milnayataner. nichtalai podamatir block royeche ebong ekti markey soho ekti probeshdwar royeche. ubhoy bibhager uporer talaguli itt ebong podamatir toiri; milnayataner sommukhbhage khilanjukto janala, kulungi ebong ekti kendriya padiment royeche, jekhane moncho baadir arow sorol naksha royeche. abhyantarti adam shoilite design koraa hoyeche ebong etey duti lobby ebong ekti mejanine-storer lounge royeche. milnayatane ekti sthol-storer orchestra ebong bucks soho ekti balcony royeche. theater abhyantarbhag panelling ebong plaster work diye sajjito koraa hoyeche ebong milnayataner ekti gombuj chhaad royeche. milnayataner upore tintala offices chhilo. alekjandar pincus ebong emm. ell. goldstone alvin theater toiri korechilo, jaa 1927 saaler 22shhey navembar "mojar mukh" diye khola hoyechilo. aaron ebong friedly prathomikbhabe theater porichalona koroto ebong 1930 theke 1932 saal porjonto etir malik chhilo. theater prathomik bochorgulite, etty "jey konao kichhu yaay", "ondhokare bhadramahila" ebong "chheleder jonno kichhu", pashapashi natoker moto sangiter ayojan koroto. cbs 1946 saale dayitto grohon korey ebong 1959 saal porjonto theater porichalona abyahoto rakhe, jokhon max ebong stanly stall etty kiney neyo. 1967 saale alvinti rock-time incorporateder kachhe bikri koraa hoy. ebong 1975 saale netherlandieder kachhe. 1960 ebong 1970-err doshke, alvin deergho somoy dhorey anusthanguli ayojan korechilen jemon "forame yawar pothe ekti mojar jinis ghotechilo", "hye spirit", "greta hoait hope", "company", "shenando" ebong "annie". theatertir naam poriborton korey neel saimon rakhar porr, 1980 ebong 1990-err doshke etty taanr besh koyekti natoker pashapashi 2000-err doshoker beshirbhag somoy sangitdharmi "hairspray"-rawr ayojan korey. saita. neel saimon theatrety neu eork shohorer midtown manhatton paday, 250 poschim poschim rastai, ashtam avenue ebong broadwayer modhye dakkhin footpathe abosthito. ayatkhetrakar jomiti 52 tomo rastar ekti sammukhbhag ebong ekti govirota soho achchadito. neel saimon blockti chinnito hellinger theater ebong purbe gallager stickhouser saathe bhag korey neyo. anyanno nikatbarti bhabangulir modhye royeche uttore august willson theater; uttor-purbe broadway theater ebong 810 saptam avenue; purbe akkho nyayasangata kendra; dakkhin-purbe shitkalin uddan theater; ebong dakkhine paramount plaza (borgakar theater ebong garshouin theater britto soho). design. neel saimon theater, mulat alvin theater, harbert jeey dwara design koraa hoyechilo. crap ebong 1927 saale nirmito hoyechilo. bairer ongshoti nobbo-georgian shoilite design koraa hoyeche, onnodike abhyantarti craper beshirbhag nakshar sadharan adam shoilite design koraa hoyeche. mukh. sammukhbhag duti bibhag niye gothito, jaa eke oporer saathe sangjukto. panchtala lomba purbo ongshoti proshosto ebong protisomo, jaar modhye milnayatan probeshdwar royeche. poschim ongsho, jekhane moncho ghor royeche, chhoy tolaa unchu. uporer tolay, sammukhbhagti laal itt diye toiri, ingrezi bonde, terracotta trima soho. neel saimon holl belasco theater, heiss theater ebong stephen sondheim theater pashapashi nobbo-georgian sammukhbhag soho koyekti broadway theater modhye ekti. theatrey yawa lokera "projojoker barite probesh korche" eyi dharona toiri korar jonno etty koraa hoyechilo. jokhon alvinti nirmito hoyechilo, tokhon ekjon somalochok bolechilen jey rastar opare bairer nakshati "taar protibeshider morjadar saathe samanjasya rekhe ekti chehara" chhilo, ekhon willson. vitti. ubhoy ongshe, bhittiti marbler anurup naksha koraa podamatir morche bhora block diye toiri. nichtalar sommukhbhager purbo dike ekjoda dhatob darja royeche. milnayatan sommukhbhager kendre dhatu oo kacher duti darja royeche. purbo dike chhoyti darja abhyantarin lobir saathe sangjukto, onnodike poschim dike atti darja boxes offices lobir saathe sangjukto; eyi darjagulir upore ekti adhunik markey royeche. sommukhbhager moncho-ghor bibhage, ekti moncher darja soho besh koyekti chhidrojukto darja royeche. panel ebong ullamba khanj soho ekti anubhumik freeze beser upore choley. uporer golpo. bhittir upore, ullamba terracotta banned ebong quenguli milnaytantir sommukhbhagke tinti bibhage bivokto korey. kendriya ongshe tinti ullamba janala royeche. protiti uposagore dwitiya tolay ekti dwi-uchchotar khilanjukto janala royeche, protiti khilaner shirshe terracotta impost ebong keystone royeche. choturtho tolay, tinti kendriya uposagorer prottektite ekti terracotta frame soho ekti ayatkhetrakar janala royeche, jaar upore ekti bhanga padiment royeche jaar scrollguli ekti collske ghire royeche. pancham tolar janalagulite ayatkhetrakar terracotta frame royeche; taader silguli ekti terracotta banned course dwara sangjukto. eyi janalagulir upore ekti trivuzakar gable uthhe aase; gabler kendre ekti terracotta akulas royeche, jaa maalaa ebong fuler sajja dwara beshtito. milnayatan sommukhbhager bairer ongshoguli pavillion hisabe design koraa hoyeche, jaa shirshe byatito eke oporer pray abhinno. ubhoy pavillion banshiwala terracotta bhittistambha dwara beshtito, jaa bhittir upore thaka freezer upor vishram korey. eyi bhittistambhagulir modhye dwitiya tolay dwigun uchchotar kulungi royeche, protiti terracotta impost ebong keystone dwara beshtito. eyi kulungite terracotta colls thaake, jaa samudrer kholer motifer upore sthapon koraa hoy. protiti kulungir upore, choturtho tolay ayatkhetrakar terracotta frame soho duti janala royeche. protiti jodaa bhittiprostor pancham tolay ekti terracotta entablature ebong padimenter pashapashi seii tolar upore ekti corniske samarthan korey. purbo (baam) pavillionti ekti parapet dwara abrito, poschim (dunn) pavillionti onno tolar jonno uthhe yaay, jaa moncho baadir soman uchchota. moncho ghorti milnaytantir dandike abosthito. ullamba terracotta banned ebong quen moncho ghortike eka, tinn ebong ekti beey soho bibhage bivokto korey. moncho baadir janala ayatkhetrakar, protiti janalar upore terracotta lintel royeche. moncho baadir majhkhane tritiya ebong choturtho tolar upore terracotta panel royeche. pancham tolar upore ekti cornis ebong panelling royeche, pashapashi shostho tolar upore ekti ballastrade soho ekti parapet royeche. milnaytantir nikatatama moncho baadir bamtama uposagorti saptam tolay uthhe geche. moncho baadir dandiker uposagore theater naam soho ekti ullamba chinno royeche. abhyantare. lobby. ayatkhetrakar ticket lobiti sarasari prodhan probeshdwarer vitore ebong etey gaadh marble prachir royeche. poschim (dunn) dewale tikiter janala royeche, onnodike purbo (baam) dewale abhyantarin lobite ekti chhidrojukto kulungi royeche, jaar ekti cutch ebong bronzer dwaito darja royeche jaa chhoto chhoto sconnis dwara beshtito. uttor dewaler atti kaanch oo bronzer darja rasta theke egiye yaay, taader upore panel royeche, onnodike dakkhin dewale auditorium orchestra storer pyaneljukto kaather darja royeche. chhadke ghire ekti cornis. jaa adom shoilite plaster work diye sajjito koraa hoy. chhader majhkhane eka jodaa sphotiker alo royeche. bhitorer lobiti porikolponai ayatkhetrakar. err poschim dewaler kulungi, jaa ticket lobby theke yaay, seisathe uttor dewaler chhoyti kaanch oo bronzer darja theke, jaa rasta theke yaay, etty probesh korey. dakkhin dewale milnayataner jonno pyaneljukto kaather darja royeche, ebong purbo dewale mejanine lounger jonno ekti sindi royeche. bhitorer lobir chhadti adam shoilite plaster work diye sajjito ebong etey eka jodaa sphotik jhadbati royeche. jokhon alvinti nirmito hoyechilo, tokhon mejanine loungeti ekti ingrezi lounge porimap hisabe design koraa hoyechilo. mejanine lounger deyalguli weinscoat koraa ebong etey alokito sconnis royeche. eyi sthane mulat ekti agnikundao chhilo. charti "abosar grohon kokkho" lounge theke beriye aase, jaar modhye purush ebong mohilader dhumpan kokkho antarbhukta chhilo. lounger chhade plasterwork sajja soho ekti dimbakriti gombuj royeche; ekti kendriya jhadbati; ebong ekti cornis, jaa gombujer saathe chhed korey. mejanine lounge theke, sindiguli uttor dike neme yaay, abhyantarin lobir saathe sangjog sthapon korey ebong dakkhine orchestra saathe sangjog sthapon korey. ubhoy sindir upore ayatkhetrakar koshagar royeche, sphotik jhadbati ebong ashepasher cornis soho. dakkhiner sindite ekti dhatob railing royeche. derite assa byaktider theke bighno hrass korar jonno eyi sindiguli milnayataner poriborte lounge sthapon koraa hoyechilo. milnayatane. milnayatane ekti orchestra stor, ekti balcony, bucks ebong prosenium khilaner pichhone ekti moncho royeche. milnayatan sthanti plaster sajja diye design koraa hoyeche ebong porikolponai pray borgakar. netherlander sangosthar motey, milnayatane 1,445tii asson royeche; edike, broadway leeg 1,467tii asson dharonkhomotar kotha ullekh koreche ebong "playbill" 1,380tii asson ullekh koreche. theater mulat 1,400 tii asson chhilo, orchestry 702 tii, balconyte 674 tii ebong baxe 24 tii asson chhilo. 1967 saaler ekti nibondhe theatrey sangiter jonno 1,363tii asson ebong natoker jonno 1.334 asson royeche boley bornona koraa hoyeche. milnayatane prathomikbhabe hatir daant, neel, dhusar ebong sonara ronger ekti binnas chhilo, jaar modhye lavender baa tunter poshak chhilo. saadaa rong anekguli mool abhyantar sajja judey deyo. milnayataner upore tintala offices chhilo. bosar jaiga. moncher saamone ekti orchestra piter dike ddhalu hoye orchestra storti req koraa hoy. orchestra pichoner dike ekti pyaneljukto prachir soho ekti podocharona royeche, jaar purbe sconnis royeche. orchestra pichoner dike marble diye toiri ekti dandiye thaka rail royeche, jaa asangulir pichoner saari theke podojatrake prithak korey. prominade ebong orchestra asson duti kolam dwara prithak koraa hoy, jaa marble stambher anurup naksha koraa hoyeche; egulir shirshe doric-shailir rajdhani royeche. orchestra dakkhin (baam) dewale dhatob probeshdwar royeche, jaa pyaneljukto prachir bibhaggulir saathe porjaykrome royeche jaa sconnis dharon korey. uttor (dunn) dewale pyaneljukto kaather darjar duti seeta royeche, jaa ekti scons soho ekti panel dwara prithak koraa hoyeche; pichoner darjati bhitorer lobite niye yaay, ebong samoner darjati ticket lobite niye yaay. protiti darjar uporer prosthan chinnoguli fraze dwara beshtito jaa lyre ebong griffin chitrito korey. balconyr storti taar govirota judey ekti aail dwara saamone ebong pichoner bibhage bivokto, jaa ekti dhatob railing dwara chitrito hoy. crossover ailti ubhoy pasher deyaler prosthan darjar saathe sangjukto hoy, jaa lyre ebong griffin soho freeze dwara shirshe thaake. samoner barander paashe pasher deyale anurup freeze soho prosthaner darjagulio sthapon koraa hoy. balconyr bucky parshoborti deyalguli ionic capital soho bhittistambha dwara bibhage bivokto, jaa milnaytantir charpashe ekti entablatureke samarthan korey. protiti parshwa-prachir bibhage sphotik-ebong-brass alo sconnis royeche. balconyr samoner railpothe soag, colls ebong cameo pattern royeche, jaa angshikbhabe halka bucks diye ddheke deoa hoyeche. balconyr nicher dike sphotik alor fixture soho adam-shailir panel royeche. balconyr pichoner deyalti panelle bivokto jaa alokito sconnis dharon korey. deyale kichhu shitatop niyantraner vent royeche. moncher ubhoy paashe ekti deyal bibhag royeche jaar balcony store tinti bucks royeche. buxguli moncher dike nicher dike yaay; samoner buxtee prosenium khilaner dike egiye yaay, ebong pichoner buxtee baranda pichhon dike banka. orchestra store, uporer buxgulir abosthaner saathe samanjasya rekhe ubhoy deyale ekti kholar byabostha royeche. buxgulir nicher dike sphotiker alo ebong console bandhani royeche, onnodike buxgulir samoner railingye soag, colls ebong cameo pattern royeche. pyaneljukto khuntiguli buxgulike eke oporer theke prithak korey, buxgulir upore sarasari ekti chhoto entablatureke samarthan korey; protiti chhoto entablature ekti bhanga padiment thaake jaar scrollguli ekti collske ghire thaake. pedimenter upore, mohila grotsk soho colnet royeche, jaa auditoriumke ghire thaka entablature porjonto prosarito. anyanno design baisishtya. buxgulir paashe ekti samtal prosenium khilan royeche, jaa kholar ubhoy paashe banshi ionic bhittistambher pashapashi upore ekti entablature niye gothito. entablature ekti adom-shailir freeze royeche. khilaner upore ekti mural soho ekti lonnet panel royeche, jaa pouranik choritrogulir saathe ekti jajok drishya dekhay. jokhon theatrety nirmito hoyechilo, tokhon proseniumer kholake porimap proshosto hisabe bornona koraa hoyechilo. kholar pichhone, monchti 100 foot chaoda ebong 35 foot govir chhilo, jaar uchchota chhilo ekti gridiron. moncher saamone orchestra pitt 48 joner jonno upojukto hotey paare. moncher pichhone 150 john shilpike jaiga ditey sokkhom 20tii dressing room, pashapashi eka jodaa corus "vishram kokkho" ebong ekti mahada kokkho chhilo. chhade parshwa dewale kunchkir volt royeche, jaa plasterwork sajja soho panjor dwara prithak koraa hoyeche. milnayataner saamone ekti brittakar gombuj royeche jaa alongkarik banned dwara beshtito, ekti kendriya podoker saathe ekti sphotik jhadbati jhulano royeche. gombujer pichhone, chhadti adam-shailir plasterwork sajja soho panelle bivokto. pichoner barander upore alongkarik banned ebong projuktigoto-booth kholar saathe ekti ordho-gombuj royeche. chhade shitatop niyantraner vent sthapon koraa hoy. itihas. 1900 saal theke mahamander modhye times scoir borh akarer theater projojonar kendrobindute porinoto hoy. alvin theater chhilo nimnochaper agey nirmito poroborti prekkhagrihogulir modhye ekti. theater namti chhilo err mool operatorder prothom namgulir sangmishranah alex ayee. aaron (1891-1943) ebong vinton friedly (1891-1969). dujonyi philadelphier basinda. arons chhilen sangitdharmi comedy chhobir projojok, onnodike friedly chhilen "ekmatro broadway projojok jaar naam samajik nibondhe talikabhukto chhilo". 1923 baa 1924 saale eyi dui byakti ekti angshidaritto gadey tolen, kintu 1933 saal porjonto taanra eksange kaaj corren. 1983 saal theke broadwayer onnotomo sofol natyokar nill simoner (1927-2018) naame err namkaran koraa hoyeche. neel saimon netherlander sangostha dwara porichalito hoy. unnayan ebong prathomik bochor. 1927 saaler januaryte, alekjandar pincus ebong emm. ell. goldstone lebanon esteta corporationer kachh theke 244-254 poschim 52 tomo rastar siteguli kinechilo, saite ekti boidho theater bikasher parikalpana soho. pincus err agey langakar ebong imperial theaterguli toiri korechilo; tini ebong goldstone theater 14 lokkho dollar byoy korar parikalpana korechilen. ekoi maase, pincus neu eork city department off buildingse harbert jeey dwara porikolpito ekti theater jonno parikalpana jomaa deyo. crap. pincus ebong goldstone theater nirmaner jonno ekti sadharan chukti pradan korey oo 'deey nirman sangosthake jey march korey. 1927 saaler octoborer modhye, aaron ebong friedly theatrety izara niyechilen ebong freda ebong adel astair abhineet george ebong ira garshouiner sangitdharmi "mojar mukh" monchostho korar parikalpana korechilen. alvin 1927 saaler 22shhey navembar "mojar mukh" diye khola hoy; seii anusthanti 250tii anusthan niye choley. dya neu eork times"-err theater somalochok brooks atkinson likhechenoh "" mojar mukh jodi qama akarshaniya hoto, tahle dorshokra notun theater proshongsha korar jonno arow beshi somoy peten. " alviner prothom koyekti sangeet tulonamulokbhabe swalpo somoyer jonno cholechilo. 1928 saale, theatrety gershouin sangitdharmi "treasure garla"-err saathe gertrude laurencer uposthapona korey. jodio sangitti sorbochcho 6 dollar kharach korey, tokhon ekti abhutopurbo mulya, etty bondho howar agey 69 tii anusthan porichalona korechilo. erpore chhilo theater gilled-err "wings over europe", jaa martin beck theater theke sthanantorito hoyechilo. 1929 saaler januaryte aaron ebong friedly theatrey 570,000 markin dollar bondhok rino peyechilen. rojar ebong heart musical "spring iza hear" alvine khola hoyechilo ebong 104tii anusthan hoyechilo. arekjon rojar ebong heart musical, "matha unchu korey!", 144-performance raner jonno seii novembore alvine khola hoyechilo. 1930 saale, ethel marman garshouinser "garla crazie"-teey taar broadway atmoprokash corren, jekhane 272tii abhinoy chhilo. seii april maase aaron ebong friedly alvin ebong err nicher jommy kiney neyo. pincus ebong goldstone apareshana. pincus ebong goldstone 1932 saaler meey maase ajana karone alviner operationguli grohon korey. seii bochor, theatrety eugene oo 'niler natok "shoke electra hoye yaay", pashapashi jerom curn-err sangeet "batase sangeet"-err sthanantarer ayojan korey. kheloadra 1933 saaler meey maase taader "ankel tomer kebin" alvine niye aase; natokti etotai janapriya chhilo jey etty taar asol eka saptaher dauder dui saptaha agey badano hoyechilo. ekoi bochor maxwell andersoner helen heiser saathe "merry off scotland" khelar suchona hoy. friedly 1934 saale alvine cole porter sangitdharmi "jekono kichhu yaay" prajojana corren, jaar modhye marman, uilium gaxton, victor moor ebong vivian vance chhilo; etty 420tii anusthane ongsho neyo. 1930-err doshoker majhamajhi somoye, alvin theater ebong parshoborti gilled (bortomane august willson) theater theater jelara uttorotomo sthan chhilo jaa ekhono boidho anusthan ayojan koroto. gershouinser american looka apera "porji anned bases"-err mool prajojana 1935 saaler octobore alvine shuru hoy. jokhon "porji anned bases" 124tii prodorshonir porey alvine bondho hoye yaay, tokhon err punarujjiban arow sofol promanito hoy. err porey 1936 saaler octobore porter "laal, gorom ebong neel" marman ebong jimmy durante soho, jaa 181 tii performance sthayi hoyechilo. 1930-err doshoker shesher dike alvin rojar ebong harter duti sangeet anusthan ayojan korey. "aami borong sothik hotey chaai" george emm-err saathe shuru. 1937 saale kohan, 289tii performancer jonno daudechila ebong 1938 saale "dya boyez from sirakuz" chaalu hoyechilo, jaa 235tii performance sthayi hoyechilo. 1940-err doshke alviner prothom prajojana chhilo 1940 saaler februaryte abhinoy dampati alfried lunt ebong lynne fontan dwara finish trano tohobiler jonno monchostho "dya taming off dya shru"-err ekti seemit raan. seii april maase, lont anned fontan robbert ee-teey prokashito hoy. sherouder natok "deyar uil bii noo night", jaa 1940 saaler majhamajhi somoye ekti soforer saathe besh koyek maas dhorey cholechilo. porer bochor, alvin ira garshouin, mose heart ebong curt oyeler monorog-thimjukto sangeet "lady inn dya darka"-err ayojan korechilo; jaar baisishtya chhilo gartrude laurence, etey 467 tii poribeshona chhilo. 1943 saaler januaryte elvin porter sangitdharmi "chheleder jonno kichhu" ayojan korey, jekhane 422tii anusthan uposthito hoy. "chheleder jonno kichhu" sangitdharmi "jackpot"-err jonno poth toiri korey, jaa 67tii anusthan porichalona korey. 1944 ebong 1945 saale alviner prajojanaguli beshirbhag druto byartho hoyechilo, jaar modhye chhilo "helen gosa too troy", "dya firebrand off florence" ebong "hollywood pinaphore". betty comden, adloff grin ebong morton golder sangitdharmi "billion dollar bebby" arow sofol hoyechilo, jaa 1945 saaler sheshe khola hoyechilo ebong 200 tii anusthan sthayi hoyechilo. cbs malikana, cullman apareshana. 1945 saaler december modhye, samprachar network cbs studio hisabe byaboharer jonno alvin kenara jonno alochona korchilo, kaaron kachakachi hammersteiner theatrey cbser izara meyad shesh hotey jachchilo. haward esha. coolman, jini hammersteiner malik chhilen, seii theatertike boidhobhabe byabohar korte cheyechilen. 1946 saaler februaryte cbs 825,000 markin dollare alvinti kiney neyo. seii june maase cbs kullmaner kachh theke hammersteiner jinis arow panch bochorer jonno izara ditey raji hoy, onnodike coolman cbs theke alvinti izara ditey ebong taar poriborte sekhane prajojana korte raji hoy. ekoi bochor, alvin ingrid bergman, syama wanamaker ebong romney brenter saathe "joann off laureine" ayojan korechilen. err porey 1947 saale "life uith fadar" natokti onno ekti theater theke sthanantorito hoye taar 3,224-performancer raan shesh korey. george bernard shha-err natok 'myana anned superman' seii octobor maase alvine mukti paay ebong 1948 saaler februaryte sthanantorito hoy. err porpori thomas hegen ebong joshua loganer comedy 'mister roberts' henry fonder saathe, jaa 1,157tii anusthan korey. 1951 saale coolman ebong cbs arow tinn bochorer jonno hammersteiner ebong alvin adalbadal korar siddhanta neyo, jaar foley prothomtike studio hisabe ebong porertike boidho natoker jonno byabohar koraa yaay. seii bochor alvine tinti shoe shuru hoyechiloh sidney kingsley "dupur ondhokare", sangeet "brookline ekti gaachh jonmai" ebong poll osborn "point off noo return" bajay. "point off noo return"-err porey 1952 saaler decembere review "too 'shha company" dwara anusaran koraa hoyechilo, jekhane 22 bochorer modhye prothom broadway uposthitite betty davies chhilen, tobey etty pray 90 tii performance sthayi hoyechilo. porer bochor, norman crussioner comedy "kind syara" marry martin ebong charles boyarer saathe alvine shuru hoy. 1954 saaler aprile off-broadway theke alvine sthanantorito haoya "dya golden apel" sangitti moat 173tii anusthan korey. seii bochor cullmaner izara nobayoner jonno aasaar agey harrold arlen ebong truman capoter sangitdharmi "house off flowers" book koraa hoyechilo, jaa ingito korey jey alvin ebong hammersteiner izara abar adalbadal koraa hobey. "house off flowers" shesh porjonto 1954 saaler decembere khola hoy ebong 165tii anusthan korey. ira leviner comedy "noo time phara surgents" porer bochor shuru hoy, jaa dui bochore 796tii anusthan korey. 1950-err doshoker shesher dike theatrety besh koyekti majhari safalyer projojonar ayojan korechilo, jaar modhye chhilo "oh, captain!"1958 saale ebong 1959 saale" "prothom chhaap" ". echhadao, jerom robbins taanr bishesh nrityo" "byale eu" "-err nrityonirdeshonar kaaj corren.esha.ayee."1958 saale, ebong seii bochor sangiter" "ghanta bajche" "schubert theke alvine sthanantorito hoy. stall ebong rock-time malikana. cbs 1959 saale max ebong stanly staler kachhe alvin bikri korey deyo, jini parshoborti hellinger theater maliko chhilen. stalra druto alviner jonno ekjon notun manager niyog korey. 1960 saale, theatrety shitkalin bagan theke sangitdharmi "greenauilo", nrityadal leesa balles africanes ebong sangitdharmi "oyesta side story" sthanantarer ayojan korey. caroline lei ebong saai collemaner sangitdharmi "wildcat" seii decembere lucil boll diye shuru hoyechilo, jini sekhane taanr ekmatro broadway uposthiti toiri korechilen. 1961 saale plymouth theke alvine sthanantorito sangitdharmi "irma laa doos". porer bochor, steffen sondheim, bart shevelov ebong larry gelberter sangitdharmi "forame yawar pothe ekti mojar ghotona ghote" 967tii anusthane choley. 1962 saaler octobore "ekti mojar jinis" chalakalin, lester austerman austerman strita ebong oo 'nill theater malik) panch bochorer jonno alvinti izara diyechilen. hiu martin ebong timothi gray-err musical comedy "hye spirits", bitris lilly ebong tammy grims soho, 1964 saale khola hoy ebong 367tii performancer jonno choley. 1965 saaler aprile, "77 bochor vayasi morris shevalier" naame eka masbyapi ekok anusthaner jonno morris shevalier alvine uposthito hohn. err porer maase "flora dya reeda herm" hoy, jekhane liza minelli broadwaite atmoprokash corren. "flora dya reeda herm" ebong poroborti besh koyekti shoe tulonamulokbhabe swalpo somoyer jonno hoyechilo. eyi anusthangulir modhye "dya earling" (1965), "eats ayaa bard" sangeet antarbhukta chhilo... etty ekti biman... eats superman (1966), dinner ayata eit (1966), ebong sherry!"(1967). rockfeller center unnayan sahayak rock-time incorporated. 1967 saaler julai maase austermaner kachh theke alvinti taar protinidhi kanrad mathier madhyome kiney neyo. binimoye, rock-time rockfeller center kachhe playhouse theatrety bikri korey deyo, jaa venge fela hobey. tomm stoppard natok "rosencrantz anned gildenstern arr deeda" 1967 saaler octobore alvine khola hoy, jaa duti prekkhagrihe moat 421tii performancer jonno choley. 1968 saale haward sackler natok 'dya greta hoait hope'-ayee james earl johns ebong zena alekjandar 557tii abhinoy corren. alvin poroborti somoye stephen sondheim/george farth musical "company"-err mool prajojana ayojan korey, jaa 1970 saale premiere hoy ebong poroborti dui bochore matro matro beshi anusthan chaalaay. molly" (1973) ebong "dya friedom off dya city" (1974) soho koyekti chhoto raan anusaran koraa hoy. alviner poroborti safalya chhilo sangitdharmi "shenando", jaa 1975 saale khola hoyechilo ebong sthanantarer agey dui bochor sthayi hoyechilo. 1974 saaler julaier modhye, myathai theater bondhok riner khelapi hoye porechilen ebong boari savings bank foreclosure alvin adhigrahan korechilo. theatrety tokhon 12 lokkho markin dollare bikrir jonno rakha hoyechilo. netherlandser malikana. 1970 ebong 1980-err doshok. netherlander sangostha 1975 saale alvin adhigrahan korey ebong prasad, uris ebong brooks atkinsoner porey sthanti poribarer choturtho broadway theatrey porinoto hoy. eyi bikroyer sange 1,00,000 markin dollar nagad ebong 11.6 lokkho markin dollar bondhok rino jorito chhilo. annyr" mool broadway prajojana 1977 saale khola hoy ebong sthanantarer agey panch bochor dhorey choley. 1981 ebong 1982 saale poroborti panchti sangeet swalpo somoyer jonno choley. "chhoto rajkumar ebong bimanchalok" "prakdarshan chalakalin bondho hoye yaay, jokhon" "anander saathe amra ghure bedai", "chhoto johnny johns," "kaalo patent chamdar juto kii sottii protifolito hoy?", ebong" shaat bhaiyer jonno shaat koney "doo 'saptahero qama somoyer porey bondho hoye yaay. dya little prince"-err projojok ebong "little johnny johns"-err (jaa udwodhoni raate bondho hoye yaay) projojokera 1986 saale netherlanderser biruddhe safalbhabe mamla corren, eyi vittite jey sangosthati anyaybhabe duti anusthanoi uchched korechilo. alviner poroborti nonn-flop chhilo all grin ebong patty lebel soho "upner bahuguli issorer saathe boxes korar jonno khub chhoto", jaa septembara 1982 saale khola hoyechilo. "neel simoner eugene trilogyr prothom natok "bryton bitch smritikatha" 1983 saaler march maase alvine khola hoy. err porpori 29shhey june, 1983-ayee netherlandbasira theatertir naam poriborton korey saimon rakhe. namkaraner sange "bryton saikat smritikatha"-rawr konao somporko chhilo naa; 1982 saale netherlandbasira theatertir naam poriborton korey simoner naam deoar prostab diyechilo, kintu seii somoy natyokar prottakhyan korechilen. nill saimon chhilen dwitiya natyokar jaar naame ekti broadway theater chhilo, prayat eugene oo 'niler naame, ebong prothom jeebito natyokar jini eyi somman peyechilen. natyo sampradayer sadasyara prakash korechilen jey alviner naam poriborton korey garshuinder naam deoa uchito chhilo; seii namti uris theatrey prayog koraa hoyechilo. jerry weintrob 1984 saale nill saimon theater porichalonar ekti angshidaritto kiney neyo. ekoi saathe, neu eork city landmarks preservation kamishana (lpc) 1982 saale neel simonke ekti landmark hisabe rakkha korar kotha bibechona korte shuru korey, ebong poroborti koyek bochor dhorey alochona abyahoto thaake. lpc 1985 saaler auguste tinti theater malikder apotti janiye rashtroduto ebong neel simoner ovyontorvager pashapashi nill saimon, ambasedor ebong virginia (bortomane august willson) theater sommukhbhagke landmark hisabe manoneet korey. neu eork city board off estimate 1985 saaler decembere landmark podobi anumodan korey. "bryton saikat smritikatha"-rawr porey 1985 saale eugene trilogyr arekti natok "biloxy blues" hoy. porer bochor, neel saimone "intu dya light" sangitti khola hoy, chhoyti poribeshoner porey shesh hoy. 1987 saaler march maase nill saimone noel kawarder natok "bleath spirit"-err udwodhon hoy; theatrety natoker ekjon tarka geraldine pejer proti shroddha jananor ayojan korey, jini majhpathe maaraa zaan. comedian morto sahel seii octobor maase seemit uposthiti toiri corren ebong porer maase "breaking dya code" natokti khola hoy. neel saimon 1988 saaler june maase duti oo 'nill natoker punorujjiboner ayojan korechilo, "raater modhye deergho diner jatra" ebong "aaho, marubhumi!"(collin deuherst ebong jesson roberts ubhoyer saathe), prothom neu eork antorjatik shilp utsaber ongsho hisabe. seii bochorer shesher dike, kennie loggins nill saimone kichhu concert bajiechilen. 1989 saaler godar dike neel simoner jonno duti sangeet ghoshana koraa hoyechilo; prakdarshan chalakalin "sinetara jooe" bondho hoye yaay ebong "dya tower off babel"-err prakdarshano chhilo naa. 1989 saaler septembore tennessi uiliamser natok 'orpheus decending' uposthapon koraa hoy. seii somoye, lpc ekti shunani korey jey silversteiner sampatti dwara nirmito ekti hotel neel simoner upor cantilever koraa jete paare kina. 1990 ebong 2000-err doshok. russier donn kasyakder ekti nrityadal 1990 saaler januaryte nill saimone seemit baghdan korechilo, seii octobore, koutukavineta jackie masson taar ekok sirij "branned neu" chaalu korechilen, jaa aatt maas dhorey cholechilo. 1992 saaler march maase taanr naam-sombolito prekkhagrihe arekti saimon natok "jacks uimen"-err suchona hoy, jaa mishra abhyarthanar modhye 245tii anusthan korey. porer novembore, neel saimone 'dutch prajojana' shuru hoy, jaa 137tii anusthan sthayi hoy. hitt oyesta enned musical "dya raiz anned foll off little voice" 1994 saaler meey maase nill saimone khola hoy, jaa eka saptaha porey bondho hoy. err porey 1994 saaler novembore besia ebong 1995 saaler meey maase laurie andersoner sangitanusthaner pashapashi 1995 saaler novembore danny gyander ekti seemit poribeshona. 1996 saale rojar ebong hammerstein sangitdharmi "dya king anned aaee" punorujjibito hoy. 1998 saaler godar dike arthar miller natok "ayee view from dya brij"-err jonno rasta toiri korar jonno king ebong aaee "bondho hoye yaay, jaa august 1998 porjonto sthayi hoy. 1998 saaler shesher dike neel saimon bishesh nrityo" soan lake "-err pashapashi natali bonik ebong 1999 saale sangitdharmi" dya scarlett pimpernale "-err ekti sangshodhito sangaskaraner ayojan korey. 2000 saaler godar dike neel saimone "dya music myana" sangiter punarujjiban shuru hoy, jaa 2001 saaler shesh porjonto sthayi hoy. "dya music myana" dauder somoy, koutuk abhineta mandy pattinkin ekti eu chaalu corren.esha. 10ee septembara, 2001-ayee neel saimone ekti concerter saathe sofor. 2002 saaler februaryte nill saimone elen stritch ayata liberty-rawr prothom prodorshoni hoy. "elen stritch ayata liberty"-rawr porr neel saimon 1,328tii asson theke 1,467tii asson porjonto prosarito hoy, jaa taar poroborti bagdaner prostutir jonnoh 2002 saaler auguste muktiprapto 'heyer sprey'. 2009 saaler shurute bondho hoye yawa 'heyer sprey' theater jonno record gadey. 2009 saaler aprile robin uiliamser neel saimone taanr comedy sofor 'swa-dhongser ostro' korar kotha chhilo, kintu ostropocharer porr tini taanr baghdan batil corren. poriborte 2009 saaler novembore "ragtime"-err punarujjiban shuru hoy. "ragtime" washingtoner kenedi centere jey safalya upobhog korechilo taar punorabritti korte byartho hoy.shee., 57tii performancer porr 2010 saaler januaryte shesh hoy. 2010 theke bortoman porjonto. sangitagya harry conic junior. 2010 saaler julai maase nill saimone taanr seemit performance chhilo; 2011 saaler albumer jonno taanr uposthiti record koraa hoyechilo. seii octobor maase neel saimone concerti shuru hoy, 2011 saaler shurute brook atkinsone sthanantorito hoy. 2011 saaler aprile 170tii anusthaner jonno 'catch mii iff eu kyana' sangitanusthanti shuru hoy. jeeshu khrishto superster"-err ekti punarujjiban 2012 saaler march theke julai porjonto nill saimone cholechilo, tarpore seii bochorer sheshe swalpasthayi sangeet dwara. 2013 saaler godar dike andru lippa musical "bigg phisha" nill simoner jonno book koraa hoyechilo, kintu seii bochorer beshirbhag somoy theatrety ondhokar chhilo kaaron "bigg phisha" onno kothao perform korchilo. "bigg phisha" shudhumatra octobor theke december 2013 porjonto cholechilo. err porey duti ekoi dharaner sangkhipto raan hoyechiloh robbert shenkaner natok "oll dya oye" march theke june 2014 porjonto, ebong stingyer sangitdharmi "dya lust shipa" octobor 2014 theke januari 2015 porjonto. frederic loye ebong alan jeey learner sangitdharmi "giggy"-rawr punarujjiban 2015 saaler aprile nill saimone khola hoy, jaa matro dui maas porey bondho hoy. 2015 saaler julai maase, netherlandbasira nill simoner upore abyabohrito bimaner adhikar 89 lokkho 90 hazar markin dollare bikri korey deyo. kretara chhilo ekti unnayan consortium jaa koyek block doore ekti hotel nirman korechilo. seii bochorer sheshe, bibhrambadira neel saimone ekti seemit dauder jonno ekti jadu prodorshon korey. andru lloyd webarer hitt musical "catt"-err punarujjiban 2016 saaler auguste nill saimone khola hoy ebong porer bochorer shesh porjonto choley. tonny kushner natok "angels inn america" tarpor 2018 saaler march maase tinn maaser jonno khola hoy. seii decembere "dya cherr shoe" naame ekti sangitdharmi anusthan shuru hoy ebong 2019 saaler august porjonto choley ebong 2019 saaler shesher dike eyi bibhrambadira taader "chhutir jadu"-rawr jonno firey aase." dya cherr shoe" bondho howar porr, emje dya musical "2020 saaler majhamajhi somoye nill saimone book koraa hoyechilo. tobey, neu eork sitite covid-19 mahamarir karone neel saimon dui bochor dhorey arekti shoe hosta koreni. 2021 saaler decembere "emje dya musical"-err prakdarshan diye theatrety punra khola hoy, jaa anusthanikbhabe 2022 saaler februaryte khola hoy. "emje" 2022 saale theater boxes-offices record dashbar venge deyo, samprati 2023 saaler 1laa januari shesh haoya saptahe, jokhon musicalty $2,223,069 aay korey. ullekhjoggo prajojana. prajojanaguli taader prothom performancer bochor onusare talikabhukto koraa hoy.

niil simone theatre niil simone theatre, mool elwin theatre, nyu york cityna midtown manhatannaa theatre jeellama 250 vesta pashchim street parr aek broadway theatre chhe. january kholvaamaa aavela aaa theatres rachnaa herbert jeey. dwara karvaamaa aavee hatee. crap aneey alex aee maate banavvama aavyu hatoo. aaron aneey winton friedly. mool naam aarance aneey friedlyna pratham naamonu mishran hatoo; march natyamahalnu naam badaline natyakar niil simen rakhvama aavyu hatoo. niil simenma beey stare 1,467 bethako chhe aneey teey nedaralendara sanstha dwara sanchaalit chhe. ravesh aneey sabhagruhno aantarik bhaag banne newyork shahernaa simachinho chhe. ravesh beey vibhagoma vahenchaayelo chheh pashchimma chh maalnun munch ghar aneey purvamaa paanch maalnun sabhagruh. ground flore terracotta blokthee dhankayelu chhe aneey temaa markey saathenu praveshdwaar chhe. banne vibhagoni uparnee maal int aneey terracotathi banelee chhe; sabhagruhna mukhamaa kamanvali baareeo, vishisht jagyaao aneey kendriya pediment chhe, jyaare stage house vadhu saadaa design dharaave chhe. aantarik bhaag edam shailima rachaayel chhe aneey temaa beey lobby aneey mazenine-starnaa loungeno samaavesh thaay chhe. aaa sabhagruhma ground leval orchestra aneey booaks saathe aek balknee chhe. theatres aantarik bhagone penal aneey plasterworkthi shangarvama aavyaa chhe, aneey sabhagruhma gumbajvali chhat chhe. sabhagruhni upar trana maalnee kachereeo hatee. alexander pincus aneey aema. aela. goldstone elwin theatre vikasaavyu, jeey 22 november, november roj "ramooji chahero" saathe kholvaamaa aavyu hatoo. aaron aneey friedly sharuaatmaa theatres sanchalan kartaa hataa aneey 1930 thee 1932 sudhee tenee maliki dharaavtaa hataa. theatres sharuaatnaa varshomaa, temaa "kaneepan jaay chhe", "lady ina dhaa darqa" aneey "chhokarao maate kaneek", temaj natako jevaa sangeetmay kaarykramonu aayojan karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. cbsa februari sattaa sambhaali aneey 1959 sudhee theatres sanchalan chaalu raakhyu, jyaare makes aneey stanly stahe tene khareedhyu. elwinne october roqa-time inkne vechvaamaa aavyu hatoo. aneey sansthaae natherlandersne. 1960 aneey 1970 naa daaykaa darmiyan, elvine "forumnaa maargmaa aek ramooji vastu bunny", "uchch utsaah", "mahaan safed aashaa", "kampani", "shenandoh" aneey "aenee" jevaa laambaa samay sudhee kaarykramonu aayojan karyoo hatoo. theatres naam niil simen rakhvama aavyu pachhi, temaa 1980 aneey aneey daaykaa darmiyan temnaa ghanaa natako temaj aneey daykana motabhagna samay darmiyan sangeetmay "hairsprey" noon aayojan karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. sthal. niil simone theatre 250 pashchim pashchim sheree parr, aathma aevanyu aneey broadway vachchena dakshin sidewalk parr, nyu york shahernaa midtown manhutton padoshmaa chhe. lambachoras jameen pashchim shereeni saamena bhagma aneey jameenni undaai saathe aavari leey chhe. niil simen blokne purvamaa marqa hellinger theatre aneey galagharna steakhouse saathe vahenche chhe. najikni anya imaaratomaa uttarmaa august willson theatre; uttarpurvmaa broadway theatre aneey 810 saatmo maarg; purvamaa exa nyaayi kendra; dakshinpurvma winter garden theatre; aneey dakshinma sarvopari plaza (choras theatre aneey gershavin theatrema vartool saheet) noow samaavesh thaay chhe. design. niil simone theatre, mool elwin theatre, herbert jeey. dwara design karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. crap aneey tenu nirmaan january karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. baahy bhaag niyo-georgian shailima design karvaamaa aavyo chhe, jyaare aantarik bhaag krepnee motabhagni designni lakshaneek aadam shailima design karvaamaa aavyo chhe. mukh. raveshmaa beey vibhago chhe, jeey aekbeeja saathe jodaayela chhe. paanch maal uncho purveey vibhag paholo chhe aneey sampramaan chhe, jemaa sabhagruhnu praveshdwaar chhe. pashchim vibhag, jemaa stage house chhe, teey chh maal uncho chhe. uparnee maal parr, agrabhaag angreji bondmaa laal intathi banelo chhe, jemaa terracotta tream chhe. niil simen aee belasco theatre, hays theatre aneey stephen sondhame theatre saathe niyo-georgian ravesh dharaavtaa ketlaak broadway theateromanu aek chhe. aaa aevee chhaap oobhi karvaa maate karvaamaa aavyu hatoo keey theatrema janarao "nirmatana gharmaa pravesh curry rahyaa chhe". jyaare elwin bandhvama aavyu hatoo, tyaare aek vivechakae janaavyu hatoo keey baahy design shereemaa "tenaa padoshina gauravne dhyanma rakheene dekhaav dharaave chhe", jeey havey willson chhe. aadhaar. banne vibhagoma, aadhaar terracotana katmalvala blokthee banelo chhe, jeey aaras jevo dekhaay chhe. ground florenaa raveshnee purv bajuae dhaatuna darvajani jodee chhe. sabhagruhna mukhnaa kendramaa dhaatu aneey kaachnaa darvajana beey seeta chhe. purv tarafnaa chh darvaja aantarik lobby saathe jodaay chhe, jyaare pashchim tarafnaa aath darvaja booaks offices lobby saathe jodaay chhe; aaa darvajani upar aek aadhunik markey chhe. manchana gharnaa bhagma, manchana darvaja saheet anek chhidrit darvaja chhe. penal aneey oobhi khancho saathenu aadee freeze aadhaarni upar chaale chhe. uparnee vaartao. aadhaarni upar, oobhi terracotta pattio aneey coin sabhagruhna raveshne trana vibhagoma vibhajit karey chhe. madhya bhagma baarionaa trana oobhi khaadeeo chhe. darek khaadimaa beeja maale bevadu unchai kamanvali baaree chhe, jemaa darek kamaannee tochnee najik terracotta impost aneey kistones chhe. chothee maal parr, trana madhya khadiomathi darekmaa terracotta frame saathe lambachoras baaree chhe, jenee upar aek tuteli pediment chhe, jemaa scrolls aek kalashnee bajuma chhe. paanchmaa maale aaveli baariomaa lambachoras terracotta frame pann chhe; temnee sills terracotta benned course dwara jodaayelee chhe. aaa baarioni upar trikonakar gable uthe chhe; gableni madhyamaa aek terracotta occulus chhe, jeey maalaa aneey phooloni sajavatthi gheraayelu chhe. sabhagruhna raveshnaa baahy vibhagone mandap tareeke design karvaamaa aavyaa chhe, jeey toach sivaay lagbhag aekbeeja saathe samaan chhe. banne mandapma vansalivala terracotta pilasters chhe, jeey aadhaarni uparnaa freeze parr aaraam karey chhe. aaa bhittistambho vachche beeja maale bevadu unchai dharaavtu sthaan chhe, darek terracotta impost aneey keystonesthi gheraayelu chhe. aaa vishisht sthalomaa terracotta kalash hoya chhe, jeey seeshelni rachanaaoni upar mukvaamaa aave chhe. darek jagyani upar, chothaa maale lambachoras terracotta frame saathe beey baareeo chhe. bhittistambhni darek jodee paanchmaa maale terracotta entablature aneey pedimentne teko aape chhe, temaj teey maalnee upar aek kaankareene pann teko aape chhe. jyaare purveey (daabe) mandapne aek aavaran dwara dhankvama aave chhe, tyaare pashchim (jamane) mandap beejee maal maate vadhe chhe, jeey stage houseni unchai jetali jaj chhe. stage house sabhagruhni jamani bajuae chhe. oobhi terracotta pattio aneey coin stage housene daabethi jamane aek, trana aneey aek khaadeeo saathe vibhagoma vibhajit karey chhe. munch gruhnee baareeo lambachoras chhe, jemaa darek baarinee upar terracotta lintals chhe. stage housena madhya khandma trija aneey chothaa maalnee upar terracotta panels pann chhe. paanchmaa maale upar aek kankari aneey penal chhe, temaj chhaththa maale upar aek bailstrade saathe aek parapet chhe. sabhagruhni najik stage houseni daabi bajuae aaveli khaadi saatmaa maale pahonche chhe. stage houseni jamani bajuae theatres naam saathe oobhi nishani chhe. aantarik. lobby. lambachoras ticket lobby seedha mukhya praveshdvaarni andar chhe aneey temaa gheraa aarasnee diwalo chhe. pashchim (jamani) diwalma tikitni baareeo chhe, jyaare purveey (daabi) diwalma aantarik lobby maate aek chhidravali jagya chhe, jemaa kaach aneey kaansaani bevado darvaajo chhe, jeey naana skoneesthee gheraayelo chhe. uttar diwal parnaa aath kaach aneey kaansaani darvaja sherimathi doree jaay chhe, temnee upar penal chhe, jyaare dakshin diwalma sabhagruhna orchestra star sudhee penalwala lakadana darvaja chhe. chhatni aaspaas aek kaanto chhe. jeey aadam shailima plasterworkthi shangarvama aave chhe. chhatni madhyamaa sfatiknaa divaaoni jodee chhe. aantarik lobby yojnaamaa lambachoras chhe. tenee pashchim diwal parnee jagya dwara, jeey ticket lobithee aagad vadhe chhe, temaj uttar diwal parnaa chh kaach aneey kaansaani darvajathi, jeey shereethi aagad vadhe chhe, tyaan pravesh karvaamaa aave chhe. dakshin diwalma sabhagruh maate penalwala lakadana darvaja chhe, jyaare purv diwalma mazenine loungeni seedee chhe. aantarik lobini chhatne aadam shailima plasterworkthi shangarvama aavee chhe aneey temaa sphatik zummarni jodee chhe. jyaare elwin bandhvama aavyu hatoo, tyaare mazenine loungene angreji lounge maapvaa tareeke design karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. mazenine loungeni diwalo weinscoat karelee chhe aneey temaa lighting sconis chhe. aaa jagyama mulroope aek sagadi pann hatee. chaar "nivrutti khand" loungemathi bahaar nikalyaa, jemaa purusho aneey mahilaaonaa dhumrapaan khandono samaavesh thato hato. loungeni chhatma plasterwork sajavat saathe andakar gumbaj chhe; aek kendriya zummar; aneey aek cornis, jeey gumbaj saathe chhede chhe. mazenine loungethi, seedee uttar taraf neeche taraf doree jaay chhe, aantarik lobby saathe jodaay chhe, aneey dakshin taraf, orchestra saathe jodaay chhe. sphatik zummar aneey aaspasna kankara saathe bannemathi koee pann cdni upar lambachoras tijori chhe. dakshin seedeema dhaatuni railing chhe. aaa cdo sabhagruhni andar jaj mukvaane badale loungemaa mukvaamaa aavee hatee, jethee modethee aavtaa lokothee vikshep ochho thaee shake. sabhagruh. aaa sabhagruhma orchestra star, aek balknee, boxes aneey rangbhumi kamaannee paachhal aek munch chhe. sabhagruhni jagya plaster sajavat saathe rachaayel chhe aneey yojnaamaa lagbhag choras chhe. netherlandnee sanstha anusaar, sabhagruhma 1,445 bethako chhe; teey darmiyan, broadway leag 1,467 bethakoni kshamataano ullekh karey chhe aneey "playbil" 1,380 bethakono ullekh karey chhe. theatrema mulroope 1,400 bethakoni kshamata hatee, jemaa orchestrama 702, balknima 674 aneey boxma 24 bethako hatee. hatee aek lekhamaa theatrema sangeet maate 1,363 bethako aneey natako maate 1.334 bethako hovaanu varnavama aavyu hatoo. aaa sabhagruhma sharuaatmaa hathidant, vaadadi, bhukharaa aneey sonaani rung yojnaa hatee, jemaa lavandara athavaa sheturnaa kapada hataa. safed rung ghanaa mool aantarik sajavatne aavari leey chhe. sabhagruhni upar trana maalnee kachereeo hatee. bethak vistaar. orchestranu star dhaalvaalu hoya chhe, jeey manchani saame orchestrana khaada taraf neeche dhholaayelu hoya chhe. orchestrana paachhalna bhagma purvamaa penalwali diwal saathe sahelgaah chhe, jemaa sconis chhe. orchestrana paachhalna bhagma aaraspahanni banelee sthaayi rail chhe, jeey sahelgaahne bethakoni paachhalni harolthee alag karey chhe. sahelgaah aneey orchestra bethak beey stambho dwara alag karvaamaa aave chhe, jeey aaraspahanna stambho jevaa dekhaay chhe; teo doric-shaileeni raajdhaanio dwara toach parr chhe. orchestrani dakshin (daabi) diwalma dhaatuna darvaja chhe, jeey penalwala diwal vibhago saathe vaarafarti aave chhe jemaa sconis hoya chhe. uttar (jamani) diwalma penalwala lakadana darvajana beey seeta chhe, jeey aek penal dwara alag karvaamaa aave chhe, jeey paachhalni bajuae aantarik lobby taraf doree jaay chhe, jyaare aagalnaa darvaja ticket lobby taraf doree jaay chhe. darek darvajani uparnaa bahaar nikalvaanaa sanketo parr doree aneey griffin darshaavtaa chitro chhe. balkneenu star tenee undaaini adadhi bajuae aek paankh dwara aagad aneey paachhalna vibhagoma vahenchaayelu chhe, jeey badalaama dhaatuni railing dwara chitrit karvaamaa aave chhe. crossover paankh banne baajuni diwalo parnaa bahaar nikalvaanaa darvaja saathe jodaay chhe, jeey badalaama lires aneey griffin saathe freeze dwara toach parr chhe. samaan freezvala bahaar nikalvaanaa darvaja pann aagalni balkneenee bajuma baajuni diwalo parr mukvaamaa aave chhe. balkneenee baakini baajuni divaalone aayneey capital saathe pilasters dwara vibhagoma vahenchvaamaa aavee chhe, jeey sabhagruhni aaspaas aek praveshne teko aape chhe. darek baajuni diwal vibhagma sphatik aneey brass lighting scones hoya chhe. balkneenee aagalni railma swags, kalash aneey nankadi pattern chhe, jeey aansheek reete prakashna boxthee dhankayeli chhe. balkneenee neeche sphatik prakaash fixer saathe aadam-shaileeni panels chhe. balkneenee paachhalni divaalne panelma vahenchvaamaa aavee chhe jemaa prakashna sconis hoya chhe. diwalo parr ketlaak air-conditioning vents chhe. manchani banne bajuae aek divaalno vibhag chhe jemaa balknee star parr trana peteeo chhe. boxes stage taraf neeche taraf aagad vadhe chhe; aagalnu booaks aagalnaa bhagma procanium kamaanmaa vale chhe, jyaare paachhalna boxma balknima paachhalni taraf vale chhe. orchestra stare, uparnaa boxna sthaanne anuroop, banne diwal parr aek chhidra hoya chhe. boxney neecheni bajuoma sfatiknaa deevaa aneey console kaunsano samaavesh thaay chhe, jyaare boxney aagalni railingma swag, kalash aneey nankadi pattern hoya chhe. penalwala thambhalaao boxene aekbeejathi alag karey chhe, boxney upar seedha naana entablaturene teko aape chhe; darek naana entablaturemaa tutelaa pediment hoya chhe jemaa scrolls aek kalashnee bajuma hoya chhe. pedimentnee upar, stree grotsk saathe colonuts chhe, jeey sabhagruhni aaspasna entablature sudhee upar taraf vistare chhe. anya design suveedhao. boxney bajuma aek sapaat proseniyama kamaan chhe, jemaa mukhnee banne bajuae vansalivala aayneey pilasters temaj uparnaa entablatureno samaavesh thaay chhe. entablaturemaa aadam-shaileenu cheetra chhe. kamaannee upar bhintchitra saathe aek lunette penal chhe, jeey pauranik paatro saathenu pashupaalannu drashya darshaave chhe. jyaare natyagruhanu nirmaan thayu hatoo, tyaare rangmancheey udghaatanne vishaal maap tareeke varnavama aavyu hatoo. udghaatanni paachhal, munch 100 foot paholo aneey 35 foot undo hato, jemaa gridiron uncho hato. manchani saame orchestra khaado 48 lokone fita curry shake chhe. manchana paachhalna bhagma 20 dressing room hataa jeey 150 kalakarone samavva maate saksham hataa, temaj samoohgit "aaraam khand" aneey rehearsal roomni jodee hatee. chhatma baajuni diwalo parr groin walts chhe, jeey plasterwork sajavat saathe paansali dwara alag padey chhe. sabhagruhni saame aek golaakaar gumbaj chhe jeey sushobhan pattaaothi gheraayelo chhe, jemaa kendriya chandrakthi sphatik zummar latkavvama aavyo chhe. gumbajni paachhal, chhatne aadam-shaileena plasterwork sajavat saathe panelma vahenchvaamaa aavee chhe. paachhalna balkneenee upar sushobhan pattaao aneey takneeki-booth openings saathe ardh-gumbaj chhe. air-conditioning vents chhatma mukvaamaa aave chhe. itihas. times square 1900 aneey mahamandi vachche motaa paaye theatre nirmannu kendra banyu hatoo. elwin theatre mandee pahelaa bandhvama aavela pachhinaa theateromanu aek hatoo. theatres naam tenaa mool sanchalakona pratham naamonu mishran hatuh alex aee. aaron (1891-1943) aneey winton friedly (1891-1969). banne filadelfiyana rahevasi hataa. aarance sangeetmay komedeena nirmata hataa, jyaare friedly "ekmatra broadway nirmata hataa jemnaa naam saamaajik rajistarmaa soochibaddh hataa". aaa purushoae 1923 athavaa athavaa bhagidarini rachnaa curry hatee, parantu teoae maatra 1933 sudhee saathe kaama karyoo hatoo. hatoo, tenu naam niil simen (1927-2018) naa naam parthee rakhvama aavyu chhe, jeey broadwayna sauthee safal natakomathi aek chhe. niil simen sanchalan netherlandnee sanstha dwara karvaamaa aave chhe. vikaas aneey praarambhik varsho. january january, alexander pincus aneey aema. aela. goldstone lebnon estate corporation pasethi 244-254 pashchim pashchim sheree khaateni sites khareedi hatee, jemaa site parr kaydesar theatre vikasaavavaani yojnaa hatee. pinakse agau longaekar aneey shaahee theatre vikasavya hataa; temane aneey goldstone theatres $14 laakhnaa kharch maate bhandol purun paadvaani yojnaa banaavi hatee. teey jaj maheene, pinakse herbert jeey. dwara design karaayel sthal parr theatre maate newyork ciity department off buildingsne yojnaao rajoo curry. kraap. pincus aneey goldstone theatres bandhkam maateno saamanya karaar march karatee oo 'deey bandhkam companyne aapyo hato. october 1927 sudhimaa, aarance aneey friedly theatre bhaade aapyu hatoo aneey phreda aneey edele astyre abhineet george aneey iraa gershveenna sangeetmay "ramooji chahero" noon munch banaavvaani yojnaa banaavi hatee. elwin 22 november, november roj "ramooji chahera" saathe sharoo thayo; teey shho 250 pradarshan maate chaalyo hato. dhaa newyork times" naa naaty vivechak brooks aetkinsane lakhyu "jooe" ramooji chahero "ochho manoranjak hota, too prexako paase navaa natyagruhani prashansa karvaa maate vadhu samay hota." elwinna pratham ketlaak sangeetmay geeto pramanma tunkaa gaalaana hataa. hataa, theatrema gershavin musical "trazer gerl" noon hosting gertrude laurence saathe karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. joke sangeetmay sangeetae $6 nee tochnee pravesh phii leedhi hatee, teey pachhi aek abhutpurv keemat, teey bundh thaay teey pahelaa 69 pradarshanonu sanchalan karyoo hatoo. tyarbad theatre gilled dwara "wings over europe" noon nirmaan karvaamaa aavyu hatoo, jeey martin beeka theatermathi sthaanaantarit thayu hatoo. aaron aneey friedlyne january january theatre parr parr geero loona malee hatee. elwin khaate rosers aneey haart musical "spring iz hear" noon udghaatan thayu hatoo aneey temaa 104 pradarshan thayaa hataa. anya aek laakadi aneey heart musical, "upar jaao!", jeey novemberma 144-pradarshan dod maate elwin khaate kholvaamaa aavyu hatoo. hatoo, ethel marmene gershvinsnee "gerl crezie" maan broadway padaarpan karyoo hatoo, jemaa 272 pradarshan thayaa hataa. aaron aneey friedly aprilma elwin aneey tenee neecheni jameen khareedi hatee. pincus aneey goldstone operation. pincus aneey goldstone agnaat kaaranosar meey meey elwinni kamgiri sambhaali hatee. teey varshe, theatrema yujeen oo 'neelnaa naatak "shoqa electra baney chhe", temaj jerom kernaa sangeetmay "havaamaa sangeet" noon sthaanantaran karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. khelaadeeo meey meey elwinma "uncle tooma cabin" noon utpaadan laavya; aaa naatak aetalu lokpreey hatoo keey tene tenaa mool aek saptaahnaa runn pachhi beey athvadiya sudhee lambavvama aavyu hatoo. teey jaj varshe maxwell enderson hellen heya saathe "meerii off scotland" natakni sharuaat jovaa malee hatee. friedly pachhi pachhi elwin khaate qola portarnu sangeetmay "kaneepan jaay chhe" noon nirmaan karyoo, jemaa mermain, veeliyam gaxton, victor moor aneey viviyan wens darshavvama aavyaa hataa; teey 420 pradarshan maate dodyaa hataa. elvine daykana madhya sudhimaa, elwin theatre aneey padoshi gilled (havey august willson) theatre theatre jeellama sauthee uttareey sthalo hataa jeey haju pann kaaydesarna kaarykramonu aayojan kartaa hataa. gershvinsnaa american loqa opera "porjee anned bases" noon mool nirmaan october october elwin khaate sharoo thayu hatoo. jyaare "porjee anned bases" 124 pradarshan pachhi elwin khaate bundh thayu hatoo, tyaare tenaa punrutthaan vadhu safal saabit thayaa hataa. aaa pachhi october october portarnu "laal, garam aneey vaadadi" saathe merman aneey jimmi durante rajuaato karvaamaa aavee hatee, jeey 181 pradarshan sudhee chaali hatee. elvine elvine daykana antamaa rodgers aneey haart dwara beey sangeetmay geetoni yajmani curry hatee. "huun saacho jaj raheesh", george aema. saathe sharuaat curry. curry kohan, 289 pradarshan maate dodataa hataa, aneey aneey "dhaa boys phroma syracuse" sharoo thayu, jeey 235 pradarshan sudhee chaalyu hatoo. jeey daykama elwinnun pratham nirmaan februari februari "dhaa tamming off dhaa shru" noon maryadit pradarshan hatoo, jenu pradarshan finish raahat bhandol maate abhinay dampati alfred lunt aneey lyne fontene karyoo hatoo. teey aprilma, lunt aneey fontene roobert ee maan dekhaaya hataa. sharewoodnu naatak "tyaan koee raat nahee hoya", jeey jeey madhyamaa pravaas saathe ghanaa maheenao sudhee chaalyu hatoo. pachhinaa varshe, elvine iraa gershavin, moosa haart aneey curt weilnaa manochikitsa-theem aadharit sangeetmay "lady ina dhaa darqa" noon aayojan karyoo hatoo; jemaa gertrude laurence darshavvama aavyu hatoo, temaa 467 pradarshan karvaamaa aavyaa hataa. elvine january january ethel mermain saathe portarnaa sangeetmay "chhokarao maate kaneek" noon aayojan karyoo hatoo, jemaa 422 pradarshan thayaa hataa. "chhokarao maate kaneek" sangeetmay "jackpot" maate maarg banaavvaa maate bundh thayu, jeey 67 pradarshan chalaavyu. 1944 aneey aneey elwinni rachnaao mote bhaage zadpi nishfal rahee hatee, jemaa "hellen goz too troy", "dhaa firebrand off florence" aneey "hollywood pinafore" noow samaavesh thaay chhe. vadhu safal betty comden, adolph green aneey morton goldnu sangeetmay "abaj dollar babby" hatoo, jeey jeey antamaa sharoo thayu aneey 200 pradarshan sudhee chaalyu hatoo. see. bii. aesa. maliki, kulman operation. december 1945 sudhimaa, broadcast network cbs studiyo tareeke upyog karvaa maate elwin khareedava maate vataghato curry rahyu hatoo, kaaran keey najiknaa hammerstein theatrema cbsni liz samaapt thavaani hatee. haward aesa. kulman, jeey hammersteinni maliki dharaavtaa hataa, teey theatres kaydesar upyog maate parat karvaano irado dharaavtaa hataa. cbsa februari februari elwinne 825,000 dollarmaa khareedhyu hatoo. teey junamaa cbs kulman pasethi hammersteinne vadhu paanch varsh maate bhaade aapvaa sammat thayu hatoo, jyaare kulman cbs pasethi elwinne bhaade aapvaa aneey tenaa badale tyaan utpaadan rajoo karvaa sammat thayaa hataa. teey jaj varshe, elvine ingrid bergman, same wanamaker aneey romnee brent saathe "joona off lorren" noon aayojan karyoo hatoo. aaa pachhi pachhi "life with fadhar" naatak aavyu, jeey beeja natyagruhmathi sthaanaantarit thaine tenee 3,224 pradarshanni dod purn thaee. george bernard shonu naatak "meena anned superman" teey octoberma elwin khaate sharoo thayu aneey februari februari sthalaantarit thayu. teey pachhi tarat jaj thomas hagen aneey joshua logannee henry fonda saatheni komedi "mister rooberts" aavee, jeey 1,157 pradarshan sudhee chaali hatee. kulman aneey cbsa cbsa hammerstein aneey elwinne anya trana varsh maate badalvaano nirnay leedho, jenaathi pahelaano upyog studiyo tareeke aneey pachhino upyog kaaydesarna natako maate thaee shake. teey varshe elwin khaate trana shho sharoo thayah sidnee kingsley "bapornaa samaye andhaaru" vagaadtaa, sangeetmay "brooklinma aek vruksh uge chhe" aneey poola osborne "point off noow return" vagaadtaa. "point off noow return" pachhi december december "toose kampani" dwara anusarvaamaa aavyu hatoo, jemaa 22 varshmaa pratham broadway dekhavma bette davis hatee, parantu teey maatra 90 jetla pradarshan sudhee jaj tucky hatee. pachhinaa varshe, norman kraasnaani komedi "kind surr" meerii martin aneey charles boyer saathe elwin khaate sharoo thaee. sangeetmay "dhaa golden apple" april december off-broadwaythi elwinma sthaanaantarit thayu hatoo, jeey coole 173 pradarshan maate chaali rahyu hatoo. teey varshe navikaran maate koolmanni liz aave teey pahelaa hayrold arlen aneey trumen kepot musical "house off flowers" book karvaamaa aavyu hatoo, jeey soochave chhe keey elwin aneey hammersteinni leaseni fareethi adlabadli karvaamaa aavashe. "house off flowers" aakhare december december kholvaamaa aavyu aneey 165 pradarshan maate chaalyu. iraa levinni komedi "noow time phora sargents" aagaami varshe sharoo thaee, jeey beey varshmaa 796 pradarshan maate chaali hatee. hatee daykana antamaa aaa natyamale ghanee sadharan safal prastutionu aayojan karyoo hatoo, jemaa sangeetmay "oh, capton!" noow samaavesh thaay thaay aneey cbsa" "pratham chhaap". vadhumaa, jerom robinse temnaa nrutya vishesh "" bele yuu "" noon nrutya nirdeshan karyoo hatoo hatoo, aneey teey varshe sangeetni" "ghantadi vaagee rahee chhe" "shuberthi elwinma sthaanaantarit thaee hatee". stall aneey roqa-time maliki. cbsa cbsa makes aneey stanly stahalne elwin vechee didhu hatoo, jeo padoshi hellinger theatres maaleek pann hataa. stahlse zadapthi elwin maate navaa managerni bhartee curry. curry, theatrema sangeetmay "greenvillo", nrutya jooth leesa ballays africans aneey sheeyalana bagichamathi sangeetmay "vesta side storry" noon hastaantaran karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. kerolin leii aneey saay colleman musical "wildcate" aee decemberma lucil boola saathe sharuaat curry, jene tyaan teno ekmatra broadway dekhaav karyo. karyo plymouthmanthi elwinma sthaanaantarit sangeetmay "irma laa doos". pachhinaa varshe, stephen sondhame, bert shevelov aneey lerii gelbertnu sangeetmay "forumnaa maargmaa aek ramooji vastu bunny", 967 pradarshan maate chaali rahyu hatoo. october october chaali rahelee "aek ramooji vastu" darmiyan, lester austerman austerman street aneey oo 'niil theatres maaleek) aee elwinne paanch varsh maate bhaade aapyu hatoo. hyug martin aneey teamothy grainy sangeetmay komedi "haai spirits", beatrice lillie aneey tammy grims saathe, saathe sharoo thaee hatee aneey 367 pradarshan maate chaali hatee. mauris sheveliyar april april elwin khaate aek maheena laambaa solo shho, "mauris sheveliyar aeta 77" maate dekhaaya hataa. aaa pachhinaa maheene "flora dhaa reeda verm" aavyu, jemaa liza minelli broadway parr padaarpan karyoo. "flora dhaa reeda verge" aneey pachhinaa ketlaak shho tulnaatmak reete tunkaa gaalaana hataa. aaa shoaoma sangeetmay "dhaa yearling" (1965), "itts aaa burd" noow samaavesh thaay chhe... teey aek vimaan chhe... itts superman' (1966), 'dinner aeta ait' (1966) aneey 'sheree!"(1967). rockfeller centerni vikaas sahayak kampani roqa-time ink. julai october austerman pasethi tenaa agent konrad mathaai dwara elwin khareedhyu hatoo. tenaa badalaama, roqa-timese rockfeller center najiknu playhouse theatre vechee didhu, jene todee paadvaanu hatoo. tooma stoppered naatak "rosencrantz anned gildenstern aar deeda" october october elwin khaate kholvaamaa aavyu hatoo, jeey beey theateroma coole 421 pradarshan maate chaali rahyu hatoo. teey teey james earl johns aneey jaine alexander saathe howard secklernu naatak "dhaa greta white hoopa" dwara safal thayu hatoo, jemaa 557 pradarshan karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. elvine pachhi stephen sondhame/george firth musical "kampani" naa mool nirmannu aayojan karyoo, jenu jenu premiere thayu hatoo aneey aagaami beey varsh darmiyan maatra maatra vadhu pradarshan thayu hatoo. tyarbad "mollie" (1973) aneey "dhaa friedam off dhaa ciity" (1974) saheet ketalik tunkee dod chaali hatee. elwinni aagaami safalataa sangeetmay "shenandoh" hatee, jeey sansthaae sharoo thaee hatee aneey transfer thataa pahelaa beey varsh rahee hatee. julai 1974 sudhimaa, methaaye theatres geero loona parr default curry hatee, aneey bowery savings benke geero mukeene elwin hastgat curry hatee. tyarbad theatres 12 laakh dollarmaa vechaan maate mukvaamaa aavyu hatoo. netherlandnee maliki. 1970 aneey aneey daykama. netherlandnee sansthaae sansthaae elwin hastgat karyoo hatoo aneey aaa sthal mahel, yuree aneey brook atkinson pachhi parivaarnu chothu broadway theatre banyu hatoo. aaa vechaanmaa 100,000 dollar rokad aneey 1.16 carode dollarni geero loona saamel hatee. aenee" noon mool broadway utpaadan utpaadan sharoo thayu hatoo aneey transfer kartaa pahelaa paanch varsh sudhee chaalyu hatoo. 1981 aneey aee aagaami paanch sangeetmay filmo tunkee hatee. "naana rajkumar aneey vimaanchaalak" "purvavlokan darmiyan bundh thaee gayaa, jyaare" "amey khushithi saathe chaaliae chhiae", "" "naana johnny johns", "shun kaalaa pattent chamadana jutaa kharekhar pratibimbit thaay chhe?", aneey" saat bhaaio maate saat kanyaao "darek beey athvaadiyaathi ochha samay pachhi bundh thaee gaee. dhaa little prince" naa nirmatao, temaj "little johnny johns" (jeey sharuaatni raatre bundh thayu hatoo) naa nirmataoae nirmataoae natherlanders saame safaltapurvak daavo maandyo hato, kaaran keey kampaniae banne shone ayogya reete bahaar kaadhya hataa. elwinni aagaami none-phlopa all green aneey patti label saathe "bhagvaan saathe booaks karvaa maate tamara haath khoob tunkaa" hataa, jeey september 1982 maan kholvaamaa aavyaa hataa. "niil simonni yujeen triologyma pratham naatak "bryton beach sansmarano" march march elwin khaate sharoo thayu hatoo. tyarbad toonk samayma 29 juuna, juuna roj netherlandnaa lokoae theatres naam badaline simen raakhyu hatoo. naam badalvani vaat "bryton beach sansmarano" saathe asambandhit hatee; netherlandnaa lokoae aee theatres naam badaline simen karvaanee rajuaat curry hatee, parantu teey samaye natyakare naa paadee deedhi hatee. niil simone beeja natyakar hataa, jemane temnaa naam parr broadway theatre raakhyu hatoo, svargeey yujeen oo 'neelnaa naam parthee, aneey pratham jivant natyakar hataa jaimne aaa sanmaan malyun hatoo. naaty samudaaynaa sabhyoae vyakt karyoo hatoo keey elwinnun naam gershavin maate badalvu joiae; teey naam uris theatres laagu karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. jairie weintrobe pachhi pachhi niil simen theatres kaamgirima hisso khareedhyo hato. saathe saathe, newyork ciity landmarks preservation commission (aela. pii. see.) aee aee niil simenne simachinh tareeke suraksheet karvaanu vichaarvaanu sharoo karyoo hatoo, jemaa aagaami ketlaak varshomaa charchaao chaalu rahee hatee. aela. pii. see. aee august pachhi trana theatres malikona vaandhaaone kaarane rajdoot aneey niil simennaa aantarik bhaago saathe niil simen, embassador aneey virginia (havey august willson) theatres agrabhagne simachinho tareeke niyukt karyaa hataa. newyork ciity booard off estimate december pachhi simachinharup hoddaane bahaali aapee hatee. "bryton beach sansmarano" pachhi pachhi yujeen triologyma anya aek naatak "biloxy blues" aavyu hatoo. pachhinaa varshe, niil simen khaate "intu dhaa light" sangeetmay geet kholvaamaa aavyu hatoo, jeey chh pradarshan pachhi bundh thayu hatoo. noel kaayarnu naatak "blith spirit" march march niil simen khaate sharoo thayu hatoo; theatrema natakna aek staar, geraldin pejne shraddhaanjali pann aapvama aavee hatee, jeey dodmaa mrutyu pamya hataa. haasy kalakar morta sahale teey octoberma maryadit haajari aapee hatee aneey pachhinaa maheene "breaking dhaa qoda" naatak sharoo thayu hatoo. niil simene juuna juuna beey oo 'niil natakona punrutthaannu aayojan karyoo hatoo, "raatmaa laambaa divasni musafari" aneey "aaha, jungle!"(collin deherst aneey jayson roobards banne saathe), pratham newyork aantarrashtriy qalaa mahotsavna bhaag rupe. teey varshnaa antamaa, kennie logginse niil simen khaate ketlaak sangeet jalsaao vagaadya hataa. hataa sharuaatmaa niil simen maate beey sangeetmay geetoni jaaherat karvaamaa aavee hatee; purvavlokan darmiyan "senator jooe" bundh karvaamaa aavyu hatoo, aneey "dhaa tower off bebel" maan purvavlokan pann nahotu. tyarbad tenacy viliyamsnaa naatak "orpheus decending" september september rajoo karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. teey samaynee aaspaas, aela. pii. see. aee silverstein properties dwara vikasavvama aaveli hotelne niil simen parr cantilever curry shakaay keey qema teey ange sunavani curry hatee. 1990 aneey aneey daykama. russiana doona cossexnee nrutya tukadiae january january niil simen khaate maryadit sagaai curry hatee, teey octoberma, haasy kalakar jackie mesane temnee solo shrenee "brand nyu" sharoo curry hatee, jeey aath maheena sudhee chaali hatee. march march temnaa naamnaa theatrema "jeknee maheelao" naamnu beeju simen naatak sharoo thayu, jemaa mishra swaagat vachche 245 pradarshan karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. aagaami novemberma, niil simen khaate dutch production "nee sharuaat thaee, jeey 137 pradarshan sudhee chaali hatee. hita vesta anned musical "dhaa rize anned phola off little voice" meey november niil simen khaate kholvaamaa aavyu hatoo, jeey maatra aek athvadiya pachhi bundh thayu hatoo. aaa pachhi november november sangeetkaar besiya aneey meey november lauree endersonna sangeet jalsaao, temaj november november denny gains dwara maryadit pradarshan. pradarshan rosers aneey hammerstein musical "dhaa king anned aaee" noon punrutthaan karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. august 1998 sudhee chaalela arther miller naatak "aee vyoo phroma dhaa brij" maate rasto banaavvaa maate maate sharuaatmaa king anned aaee "bundh thayu hatoo. niil simene simene antamaa nrutya vishesh" swan leeka "noon aayojan karyoo hatoo, temaj temaj natali vepaari dwara sangeet kaarykram aneey sangeetmay" dhaa scarlett pimpernale "noon sudhaarelu sanskaran pann yojaayu hatoo. hatoo sharuaatmaa niil simen khaate sharoo thayela sangeetmay "dhaa music meena" noon punrutthaan, jeey september anta sudhee chaalyu hatoo. "dhaa music meena" runn darmiyan, haasy kalakar mendy petinkine yuu sharoo karyoo hatoo.aesa. 10 september, september roj niil simen khaate aek sangeet kaarykram saathe pravaas. elein streachna vana-wooman shho "elen stritch aeta liberty" noon februari august niil simen khaate premiere thayu hatoo. "elen stritch aeta liberty" naa bundh thayaa pachhi, niil simenne tenee aagaami sagaaini taiyarima 1,328 bethakothi vadhaarine sambhaveet 1,467 bethako karvaamaa aavee hateeh musical "hairsprey", jeey august august sharoo thayu hatoo. "hairsprey" aee theatre maate gharno vikram sthaapit karyo, jeey jeey sharuaatmaa bundh thayo. robin viliyamse april april niil simen khaate temnee komedi tour "swa-vinaashnaa shastro" rajoo karvaanaa hataa, parantu shastrakriya baad temane temnee sagaai rada curry hatee. tenaa badale "ragtime" noon punrutthaan book karvaamaa aavyu hatoo, jeey november 2009 maan sharoo thayu hatoo. "ragtime" washington, dii. maan kenedi centermaa melveli safalataanu punraavartan karvaamaa nishfal rahyu hatoo.see., 57 pradarshan pachhi january julai bundh thayu. 2010 thee vartmaan. sangeetkaar herry conic juniyar. julai julai niil simen khaate temnu pradarshan maryadit hatoo; temno dekhaav dekhaav album maate reqorda karvaamaa aavyo hato. hato sharuaatmaa brook atkinsonma sthalaantar kareene, teey octoberma niil simen khaate "concert" sharoo thayo. april april 170 pradarshan maate chaali rahela sangeetmay "catch mee iff yuu qena" noon udghaatan thayu. isu kharist superstar" noon punrutthaan maarchthee julai 2012 sudhee niil simen khaate chaalyu hatoo, tyarbad teey varshnaa antamaa tunkaa gaadaanu sangeetmay pradarshan thayu hatoo. tyarbad tyarbad sharuaatmaa niil simen maate andrew lippa musical "bigg phisha" book karvaamaa aavee hatee, parantu teey varshnaa motabhagna samay maate theatre andhaaru hatoo kaaran keey "bigg phisha" anyatra pradarshan curry rahyu hatoo. "bigg phisha" maatra octoberthi december 2013 sudhee chaali hatee. aaa pachhi beey samaan tunkaa runn thayaa hataah roobert shenkannu naatak "ola dhaa weey" maarchthee juuna 2014 sudhee, aneey stingnu sangeetmay "dhaa laast shipa" october october january 2015 sudhee. frederic love aneey aelan jeey learnernaa sangeetmay "giggy" noon punrutthaan april 2015 maan niil simen khaate sharoo thayu hatoo, jeey maatra beey maheena pachhi bundh thavaa maate hatoo. julai julai, netherlandwasioae niil simen uparnaa binaupyogi havaai adheekaro 89 laakh dollarmaa vechee deedhaa hataa. khareedaaro aek vikaas sangh hataa, jemane ketlank bloqa door aek hottle oobhi curry hatee. teey varshnaa ante, bhramvadioae maryadit dod maate niil simen khaate aek jaadu pradarshan karyoo hatoo. andrew lloyd webarnee safal sangeetmay "bilaadeeo" noon punrutthaan august 2016 maan niil simen khaate sharoo thayu hatoo aneey teey pachhinaa varshnaa anta sudhee chaalyu hatoo. tonny kushnernu naatak "angels ina america" march march trana maheena maate kholvaamaa aavyu hatoo. sangeetmay "dhaa chair shho" teey decemberma khullo padyo aneey august 2019 sudhee chaalyo, aneey jadugaro 2019 naa antamaa temnaa jaadu shho, "rajaaono jaadu" maate paachha faryaa." dhaa chair shho" bundh thayaa pachhi, aemje dhaa musical "neey "neey madhyamaa niil simen khaate book karvaamaa aavyo hato. jooe keey, nyu york shaherma covid-19 rogchaalaane kaarane niil simen beey varsh sudhee anya shho hoosta curry shakyo naa hato. theatre december december "aemje dhaa musical" naa purvavlokan saathe pharii kholvaamaa aavyu hatoo, jeey sattavaar reete februari aee kholvaamaa aavyu hatoo. "aemje" aee aee theatres booaks offices reqorda dass vakhat todyo hato, taajetarma 1 january, january roj puuraa thataa saptah darmiyan, jyaare musically $2,223,069 nee kamaani curry hatee. nondhpaatra nirmaan. productions temnaa pratham pradarshanna varsh dwara soochibaddh karvaamaa aave chhe.

neel saiman theatre neel saiman theatre, mool roop seey alwyn theatre, newyork shahar key midtown mainhattan key theatre jile mein 250 paschim 52 veen sadak parr ack broadway theatre haye. 1927 mein khola gayaa, theatre koo herbert jey dwara design kiya gayaa thaa. crap aur alex aeye key liye banaaya gayaa thaa. aarons aur winton friedly. mool naam aarons aur friedly key pahale naamon kaa ack sanyojan thaa; 1983 mein theatre kaa naam badalkar natakkar neel saiman curr diyaa gayaa thaa. neel saiman mein dou staron mein 1,467 seeten hain aur yeh neetherland sangathan dwara sanchaalit haye. mukh aur sabhagar kaa aantarik bhaag donon newyork shahar key sthal hain. agrabhag koo dou khandon mein vibhajit kiya gayaa haih paschim mein chhah manjila munch ghar aur poorv mein paanch manjila sabhagar. bhootal terracotta blocks seey dhakaa huaa haye aur isamen ack markey key saath ack pravesh dwaar haye. donon khandon kii oopari manjilen eent aur terracotta seey bunny hain; sabhagar key agrabhag mein mehrabdar khidakiyan, aalaa sthaan aur ack kendriya pediment haye, jabaki munch ghar mein adhik saadaa design haye. interior koo addam shally mein design kiya gayaa haye aur isamen dou lobby aur ack mazenine-star kaa lounge shamil haye. sabhagar mein ack jamini star kaa orchestra aur dibbon key saath ack balkani haye. theatre key andaruni hisson koo paneling aur plasterwork seey sajaaya gayaa haye, aur sabhagar mein ack gumbaddar chhat haye. sabhagar key oopar karyalayon kii teen manjila imaaraten theen. alekjendar pincus aur aim. ell. goldstone ney alwyn theatre vikasit kiya, joe 22 navambar, 1927 koo "majakia chehare" key saath khola gayaa. aarons aur friedly ney shuru mein theatre kaa sanchaalan kiya aur 1930 seey 1932 taka iska swaamitva kiya. theatre key shuruati varshon mein, isane "kuchh bhee jaataa haye", "lady inn dha dark", aur "ladakon key liye kuchh" jaise sangeetmay karyakramon key saath-saath natakon kii mejbani kii. see. bee. aiss. ney 1946 mein padbhar sambhala aur 1959 taka theatre kaa sanchaalan jaari rakhaa, jaba max aur steinly stall ney ise khareed liya. alwyn koo 1967 mein rock-time ink koo betch diyaa gayaa thaa. aur 1975 mein neetherland key logon koo. 1960 aur 1970 key dashak key dauran, alwyn ney lambe samay taka kaee karyakramon kii mejbani kii jaise kii "munch key raaste mein ack mazedaar baat hui", "hyee spirits", "dha grate white hope", "company", "shenandoh" aur "annie". theatre kaa naam neel saiman key naam parr rakhe jaane key baad, isane 1980 aur 1990 key dashak key dauran unake kaee natakon key saath-saath 2000 key dashak key adhikansh samay key dauran sangeetmay "hairspray" kii mejbani kii. site. neel saiman theatre 250 paschim 52 veen sadak parr, newyork shahar key midtown mainhattan pados mein, aathven avenue aur broadway key beach dakshin footpath parr haye. aaytaakaar bhoomi 52 veen sadak key saamane aur gaharaai key saath aachchhaadit haye. neel saiman poorv mein maark hellinger theatre aur galaghar key steakhouse key saath block koo saajha kartaa haye. anya aas-paas kii imaraton mein uttar mein agast willson theatre; uttar-poorv mein broadway theatre aur 810 satwan avenue; poorv mein exa nyaaysangat kendra; dakshin-poorv mein sheetkaleen udyaan theatre; aur dakshin mein sarvopari plaza (vargakar theatre aur gershwin theatre mein vritt sahit) shamil hain. design. neel saiman theatre, mool roop seey alwyn theatre, herbert jey dwara design kiya gayaa thaa. crap aur 1927 mein banaaya gayaa thaa. baahari bhaag koo nava-georgia shally mein design kiya gayaa haye, jabaki interior koo crap key adhikansh designs kii vishisht adam shally mein design kiya gayaa haye. mukh. agrabhag mein dou khand hotey hain, joe ack dusare seey judey hotey hain. paanch manjila lamba purvi khand chauda haye aur samamit haye, jisamen sabhagar kaa pravesh dwaar haye. paschimi khand, jisamen munch grih haye, chhah manjila oonchaa haye. oopari manjilon parr, agrabhag terracotta trim key saath angreji bandhan mein laal eent seey banaa haye. neel saiman kuchh broadway theatres mein seey ack haye, jisamen belasco theatre, hays theatre aur stephen sondheim theatre key saath ack nava-georgia kaa mukhauta haye. yeh iss dhaarana koo paida karane key liye kiya gayaa thaa kii theatre jaane vaale "nirmaata key ghar mein pravesh curr rahey they. jaba alwyn kaa nirmaan kiya gayaa thaa, tou ack aalochak ney kahaa kii baahari design sadak key paar "apane padosi kii garima koo dhyaan mein rakhate hue" dikhaai detaa thaa, abb willson. aadhar. donon khandon mein, aadhar terracotta key jung vaale khandon seey banaa haye, jise sangamarmar key samaan design kiya gayaa haye. bhoo-tala key agrabhag key purvi hisse mein dhaatu key darvaajon kii ack jodee haye. sabhagar key agrabhag key kendra mein dhaatu aur kaanch key darvaajon key dou sett hain. poorv kii or chhah darwaaje aantarik lobby seey judate hain, jabaki paschim kii or aathh darwaaje boxes offices lobby seey judate hain; inn darvaajon key oopar ack aadhunik markey haye. agrabhag key munch-grih khand mein, ack munch dwaar sahit kaee chhidrit dwaar hain. panels aur urdhvaadhar khaanchon key saath ack kshaitij chitrafalak aadhar key oopar chalata haye. oopari kahaaniyan. aadhar key oopar, urdhvaadhar terracotta pattiyan aur quine sabhagar key agrabhag koo teen khandon mein vibhajit karate hain. madhya khand mein khidakiyon key teen urdhvaadhar khand hain. pratyek khaadi mein doosari manjil parr dohare oonchaai kii mehrab vaali khidki haye, jisamen pratyek mehrab key sheersh key paas terracotta impost aur keystone hain. chauthi manjil parr, teen kendriya khaadi mein seey pratyek mein ack terracotta frame key saath ack aaytaakaar khidki haye, jisake oopar ack toota huaa pediment haye jisamen ack kalash key saath scroll hain. paanchvin manjil kii khidakiyon mein aaytaakaar terracotta frame bhee hain; unaki sill terracotta baind course dwara judee hui hain. inn khidakiyon key oopar ack trikoniya gable ugataa haye; gable key kendra mein ack terracotta auculus haye, joe pushp maalaon aur foolon kii sajawat seey ghiraa huaa haye. sabhagar key agrabhag key baahari bhaagon koo mandap key roop mein design kiya gayaa haye, joe sheersh koo chhodkar lagbhag ack dusare key samaan hain. donon mandap bansuri vaale terracotta bhittistambhon seey ghire hue hain, joe aadhar key oopar chalane vaale chitrafalak parr sthit hain. inn bhittistambhon key beach doosari manjil parr dohare-oonchaai vaale sthaan hain, jinamen seey pratyek terracotta key dhalai aur pattharon seey ghiraa huaa haye. inn sthaanon mein terracotta kalash hotey hain, jinhen seashell rupankanon key oopar rakhaa jaataa haye. pratyek aalaa key oopar, chauthi manjil mein aaytaakaar terracotta frame key saath dou khidakiyan hain. bhittistambhon kii pratyek jodee paanchvin manjil parr ack terracotta pravesh aur pediment key saath-saath usa manjil key oopar ack cornis kaa samarthan karati haye. jabaki purvi (baaen) mandap koo ack parapet seey dhakaa gayaa haye, paschimi (daaen) mandap ack aur manjil key liye oopar badhata haye, joe munch ghar key samaan oonchaai haye. munch grih sabhagar key daaeen or haye. urdhvaadhar terracotta pattiyan aur quoins munch ghar koo ack, teen aur ack khand key saath khandon mein vibhajit karate hain. munch ghar kii khidakiyan aaytaakaar hain, jinamen pratyek khidki key oopar terracotta lintel hain. stage house key madhya khandon mein teesari aur chauthi manjil key oopar terracotta panel bhee hain. paanchvin manjil key oopar ack cornis aur paneling haye, saath hii chhathi manjil key oopar ack ballustrade key saath ack parapet haye. sabhagar key nikatatam munch ghar kii sabse baain or kii khaadi saatvin manjil taka badh jaati haye. munch ghar key sabse daahine hisse mein theatre key naam key saath ack urdhvaadhar chihn haye. ander. lobby. aaytaakaar tikat lobby seedhe mukhya pravesh dwaar key ander haye aur isamen gahare sangamarmar kii deevaaren hain. paschimi (daaen) deewaar mein tikat kii khidakiyan hain, jabaki purvi (baaen) deewaar mein aantarik lobby key liye ack chhidrit sthaan haye, jisamen ack kaanch aur kansya kaa dohra darwaja haye joe chhote scons seey ghiraa huaa haye. uttari deewaar parr aathh kaanch aur kansya darwaaje sadak seey aage nikalate hain, unake oopar panel hotey hain, jabaki dakshini deewaar mein sabhagar key orchestra star taka panel vaale lakadi key darwaaje hotey hain. chhat key chaaron or ack cornis haye. jise aadam shally mein plasterwork seey sajaaya gayaa haye. chhat key beach mein chrystal lamp kii ack jodee haye. aantarik lobby yojana mein aaytaakaar haye. isaki paschimi deewaar parr aalaa dwara pahuncha jaataa haye, joe tikat lobby seey jaataa haye, saath hii saath uttari deewaar parr chhah kaanch aur kansya darvaajon seey, joe sadak seey jaate hain. dakshini deewaar mein sabhagar key liye lakadi key darwaaje hain, jabaki purvi deewaar mein mezaanaain lounge key liye ack seedhi haye. bheetari lobby kii chhat koo aadam shally mein plasterwork seey sajaaya gayaa haye aur isamen chrystal jhoomar kii ack jodee haye. jaba alwyn kaa nirmaan kiya gayaa thaa, tou mazenine lounge koo ack angreji lounge maapane key roop mein design kiya gayaa thaa. mazenine lounge kii divaaron koo tarasha gayaa haye aur isamen prakaash key scons hain. iss sthaan mein mool roop seey ack chimani bhee thee. chaar "vishram kaksh" lounge seey baahar nikalate they, jisamen purushon aur mahilaaon key dhumrapan kaksh shamil they. lounge kii chhat mein plasterwork sajawat key saath ack andakar gumbad haye; ack kendriya jhoomar; aur ack cornis, joe gumbad key saath pratichhed kartaa haye. mazenine lounge seey, seedhiyaan uttar kii or jaati hain, joe aantarik lobby seey judati hain, aur dakshin mein, orchestra seey judati hain. donon seedhiyon key oopar aaytaakaar khajaane hain, jinamen chrystal jhoomar aur aspas key koney hain. dakshini seedhi mein ack dhaatu kii railing haye. dair seey aaney vaalon seey honey vaale vyavadhaan koo cumm karane key liye, inn seedhiyon koo sabhagar key bajaay lounge mein rakhaa gayaa thaa. sabhagar. sabhagar mein ack orchestra star, ack balkani, dibbe aur rangmanch key mehrab key peechhe ack munch haye. sabhagar kii jagah koo plaster sajawat key saath design kiya gayaa haye aur yojana mein lagbhag vargakar haye. neetherland sangathan key anusaar, sabhagar mein 1,445 seeten hain; iss beach, broadway leag 1,467 seeton kii kshamata kaa hawala detee haye aur "playbill" 1,380 seeton kaa hawala detee haye. theatre mein mool roop seey 1,400 seeton kii kshamata thee, jisamen orchestra mein 702, balkani mein 674 aur dibbon mein 24 seeten theen. 1967 key ack lekh mein theatre mein sangeet key liye 1,363 seeten aur natakon key liye 1.334 seeten honey kaa varnan kiya gayaa haye. sabhagar mein shuru mein hathidant, neela, bhura aur soney kii ack rung yojana thee, jisamen lavender yaa shahatoot key kapade they. safed rung kaee mool aantarik sajawat koo cover kartaa haye. sabhagar key oopar karyalayon kii teen manjila imaaraten theen. baithane kii jagah. orchestra star koo munch key saamane ack orchestra gaddhe kii or neeche jhukaaya jaataa haye. orchestra key peechhe poorv mein ack panel vaali deewaar key saath ack sair haye, jisamen scons hain. orchestra key peechhe sangamarmar seey bunny ack khadee rail haye, joe sairgah koo seeton kii pichhali panktiyon seey alag karati haye. sairgah aur orchestra kii baithak dou stambhon seey alag hoti haye, joe sangamarmar key stambhon key samaan design kiye gaye hain; way doric-shally kii rajdhaniyon seey sheersh parr hain. orchestra kii dakshin (baain) deewaar mein dhaatu key darwaaje hain, joe panel vaali deewaar key khandon key saath baari-baari seey hotey hain jinamen scons hotey hain. uttar (daaen) deewaar mein panel vaale lakadi key darvaajon key dou sett hain, joe ack scons key saath ack panel dwara alag kiye gaye hain; peechhe key darwaaje aantarik lobby kii or jaate hain, jabaki saamane vaale darwaaje tikat lobby kii or jaate hain. pratyek darwaaje key oopar nikas sanketon koo chitron seey gher diyaa gayaa haye joe veenaa aur griffin koo darshaate hain. balkani star koo isaki gaharaai key beach ack galiyare dwara aage aur peechhe key khandon mein vibhajit kiya gayaa haye, jise badale mein ack dhaatu railing dwara chitrit kiya gayaa haye. crossover galiyara donon taraf kii divaaron parr nikas darvaajon seey judataa haye, joe badale mein lyre aur griffin key saath freeze dwara sheersh parr hotey hain. saamane kii balkani key buggle kii divaaron parr samaan chitron vaale nikas darwaaje bhee rakhe gaye hain. balkani kii baaki paarshv divaaron koo ionic rajdhaniyon vaale bhittistambhon dwara khandon mein vibhajit kiya gayaa haye, joe sabhagar key chaaron or ack pravesh koo samarthan dete hain. pratyek paarshv-deewaar khand mein chrystal aur brass prakaash scons hotey hain. balkani key saamane kii rail mein swag, kalash aur cameo pattern hain, jinhen aanshik roop seey prakaash dibbon seey dhaka diyaa gayaa haye. balkani key neeche chrystal light fixture key saath aadam-shally key panel hain. balkani kii pichhali deewaar koo panels mein vibhajit kiya gayaa haye jisamen prakaash scons hotey hain. divaaron parr kuchh vatanukoolan dwaar hain. munch key donon taraf ack deewaar khand haye jisamen balkani star parr teen dibbe hain. dibbe munch kii or neeche kii or badhate hain; saamane kaa dibbe aage kii or praseniyam mehrab mein mudataa haye, jabaki peechhe kaa dibbe balkani mein peechhe kii or mudataa haye. orchestra star parr, donon divaaron parr ack udghaatan hotaa haye, joe oopar key dibbon key sthaanon key anuroop hotaa haye. dibbon key neeche chrystal lamp aur kansol bracket shamil hain, jabaki dibbon key saamane kii railing mein swag, kalash aur cameo pattern hotey hain. panel vaale khambhe dibbon koo ack dusare seey alag karate hain, dibbon key seedhe oopar ack chhote pravesh koo sahaara dete hain; pratyek chhote pravesh mein ack tooty hui pediment hoti haye jisamen ack kalash key saath scroll hotey hain. pediment key oopar, mahila grotesk key saath colnet hain, joe oopar kii or sabhagar key chaaron or key pravesh taka faile hue hain. anya design visheshataaen. dibbon key buggle mein ack sapaat praseniyam mehrab haye, jisamen udghaatan key donon taraf bansuri vaale ionic bhittistambh hotey hain, saath hii saath oopar ack praveshika bhee hoti haye. entablature mein ack aadam-shally kaa chitrankan hotaa haye. mehrab key oopar ack bhitti chitra key saath ack lunnet panel haye, joe pauranik paatron key saath ack charvaahe kaa drishya dikhaata haye. jaba rangmanch kaa nirmaan kiya gayaa thaa, tou praseniyam key udghaatan koo chaude maap key roop mein varnit kiya gayaa thaa. udghaatan key peechhe, munch 100 feat chauda aur 35 feat gahara thaa, jisamen ack gridiran lamba thaa. munch key saamane orchestra pitt 48 logon koo fitt curr sakata haye. munch key peechhe 20 dressing room they joe 150 kalakaron koo samaayojit karane mein saksham they, saath hii saath corus "rest room" aur ack rehearsal room kii ack jodee thee. chhat mein buggle kii divaaron parr groin walt hain, joe plasterwork sajawat key saath pasaliyon seey alag hain. sabhagar key saamane ack ghumaavdaar golakar gumbad haye joe sajawati pattiyon seey ghiraa huaa haye, jisamen ack kendriya padak seey ack chrystal jhoomar latka huaa haye. gumbad key peechhe, chhat koo aadam-shally key plasterwork sajawat key saath panels mein vibhajit kiya gayaa haye. peechhe kii balkani key oopar sajawati pattiyon aur takniki-booth opening key saath ack aadhaa gumbad haye. vatanukoolan dwaar chhat mein rakhe gaye hain. itihas. times squire 1900 aur mahamandi key beach badey paimaane parr theatre nirmaan kaa kendra bunn gayaa. alwyn theatre avasaad seey pahale banaae jaane vaale baad key theatres mein seey ack thaa. theatre kaa naam isake mool sanchalakon key pahale naamon kaa ack sanyojan thaah alex aeye. aaron (1891-1943) aur winton friedly (1891-1969). donon loga philadelphia key rahane vaale they. aarons sangeetmay haasya filmon key nirmaata they, jabaki friedly "ekmatra broadway nirmaata they jinka naam samajik register mein soochibaddh thaa. inn purushon ney 1923 yaa 1924 mein ack saajhedaari kii thee, lekin unhone kewal 1933 taka ack saath kaam kiya. 1983 seey, iska naam neel saiman (1927-2018) key naam parr rakhaa gayaa haye, joe broadway key sabse vipul natakkaron mein seey ack hain. neel saiman kaa sanchaalan neetherland sangathan dwara kiya jaataa haye. vikas aur praarambhik varsh. janwari 1927 mein, alekjendar pincus aur aim. ell. goldstone ney lebnan estate nigam seey 244-254 paschim 52 veen sadak parr saiton koo kharida, site parr ack vaidh theatre vikasit karane kii yojana key saath. pincus ney pahale longekar aur shaahi theatres koo vikasit kiya thaa; unhone aur goldstone ney theatre kii laagat $14 laakh koo nidhi dene kii yojana banaai. usee maheene, pincus ney newyork shahar key bhawan vibhaag koo site parr ack theatre key liye yojana prastut kii, jise herbert jey. dwara design kiya gayaa thaa. kraap. pincus aur goldstone ney march karane vaali oh 'day nirmaan company koo theatre key nirmaan key liye ack samanya anubandh pradaan kiya. octuber 1927 taka, aarons aur friedly ney theatre koo patte parr dey diyaa thaa aur fred aur edele astyre abhineet george aur iraa gershwin key sangeetmay "mazedaar chehare" kaa manchan karane kii yojana banaai thee. alwyn 22 navambar, 1927 koo "majakia chehare" key saath khola gayaa; vaha show 250 pradarshanon key liye chalaa. dha newyork times" key rangmanch aalochak brooks atkinson ney likhaah "aggar" majakia chehra "cumm manoranjak hotaa, tou darshakon key paas nae rangmanch kii sarahana karane key liye adhik samay hotaa." alwyn key pahale kuchh sangeetmay geet apekshaakrit cumm samay key liye chaley. 1928 mein, theatre ney gershwin sangeetmay "treasure gerl" kii mejbani gertrude laurence key saath kii. halanki sangeet ney $6 kaa sheersh pravesh shulk liya, phir ack abhootpoorv keemat, yeh bund honey seey pahale 69 pradarshanon kaa prabandhan kartaa thaa. isake baad theatre gilled kaa "wings over europe" kaa nirmaan thaa, joe martin beck theatre seey sthanantarit hoe gayaa. aarons aur friedly koo janwari 1929 mein theatre parr $570,000 kaa bandhak rinn milaa. rosers aur haart sangeetmay "spring ijj hear" usa march mein alwyn mein khola gayaa aur isamen 104 pradarshan hue. ack aur rosers aur haart musical, "sir oopar karo!", usa navambar mein 144-pradarshan daud key liye alwyn mein khola gayaa. 1930 mein, athel merman ney gershwins kii "gerl kreji" mein broadway kii shuruat kii, jisamen 272 pradarshan they. aarons aur friedly ney usa aprail mein alwyn aur usake neeche kii jameen khareed lii. pincus aur goldstone operation. pincus aur goldstone ney agyaat karanon seey maee 1932 mein alwyn key sanchaalan koo apane haath mein leey liya. usa varsh, theatre ney eugene oh 'neel key naatak "shoke electra bunn jaataa haye" key saath-saath jerom kern key sangeet "havaa mein sangeet" key hastaantaran kii mejbani kii. khilaadi maee 1933 mein alwyn mein "ankal tomm kebin" kaa apana utpaadan laae; yeh naatak itna lokpriya thaa kii ise apane mool ack saptah key daud seey dou saptah pahale badhaa diyaa gayaa thaa. usee varsh maxwell anderson ney helen hays key saath "mairi off scotland" kaa udghaatan kiya. friedly ney 1934 mein alwyn mein cole porter key sangeetmay "kuchh bhee jaataa haye" kaa nirmaan kiya, jisamen merman, villium gaxton, victor moor aur vivian vence shamil they; yeh 420 pradarshanon key liye chalaa. 1930 key dashak key madhya taka, alwyn theatre aur padosi gilled (abb agast willson) theatre theatre jile key sabse uttari sthaan they joe abhee bhee vaidh show kii mejbani karate they. gershwins key americi lock opera "porgi aind bases" kaa mool nirmaan octuber 1935 mein alwyn mein khola gayaa. jabaki "porgi aind bases" 124 pradarshanon key baad alwyn mein bund hoe gayaa, isake punruddhar adhik safal saabit hue. isake baad octuber 1936 mein porter kaa "laal, germ aur neela" marman aur jimmi durante key saath, joe 181 pradarshanon taka chalaa. alwyn ney 1930 key dashak key anta mein rosers aur haart dwara dou sangeetmay karyakramon kii mejbani kii. "main sahee rahoonga" george aim key saath shuru kiya. 1937 mein kohan, 289 pradarshanon key liye daud rahey they, aur 1938 mein "dha boys from syracuse" kaa udghaatan huaa, joe 235 pradarshanon taka chalaa. 1940 key dashak mein alwyn kaa pahala utpaadan farwari 1940 mein "dha taming off dha shru" kaa ack seemit pradarshan thaa, jiska manchan abhinay karane vaale jode alfred lunt aur linn fontaine ney finish raahat kosh key liye kiya thaa. usa aprail mein, lunt aur fontaine robbert ee mein dikhaai diye. sherwood kaa naatak "koee raat naheen hogi", joe 1940 key madhya mein ack daure key saath kaee maheenon taka chalaa. agale varsh, alwyn ney iraa gershwin, moss haart aur curt weill key manochikitsa-vishay parr sangeetmay "lady inn dha dark" kii mejbani kii; jisamen gertrude laurence kii visheshta thee, isamen 467 pradarshan they. alwyn ney janwari 1943 mein athel mermain key saath kulee key sangeetmay "ladakon key liye kuchh" kii mejbani kii, jisamen 422 pradarshan hue. "ladakon key liye kuchh" sangeetmay "jackpot" key liye raasta banaane key liye bund hoe gayaa, joe 67 pradarshanon koo chalaata thaa. 1944 aur 1945 mein alwyn kii prastutiyaan jyaadaatar twarit viphalataaen theen, jinamen "helen goz too troy", "dha firebrand off florence" aur "hollywood pinafore" shamil they. betty comden, adolph green aur morton gold kii sangeetmay "billion dollar bebi" adhik safal rahee, joe 1945 key anta mein kholi gaee aur 200 pradarshanon taka chully. see. bee. aiss. swaamitva, cullman sanchaalan. disambar 1945 taka, prasaran network see. bee. aiss. alwyn koo ack studio key roop mein upayog key liye khareedane key liye baatchit curr rhaa thaa, kyonki paas key hammerstein key theatre mein see. bee. aiss. kaa patta samaapt honey vaalaa thaa. haward aiss. kullman, joe hammerstein key malik they, usa theatre koo vaidh upayog mein vaapas laane kaa irada rakhate they. cbs ney farwari 1946 mein alwyn koo 825,000 dollar mein kharida. usa juuna mein, cbs ney kullman seey hammerstein koo paanch aur varshon key liye patte parr dene parr sahamati vyakt kii, jabaki kullman ney cbs seey alwyn koo patte parr dene aur usake bajaay vahaan utpaadan prastut karane parr sahamati vyakt kii. usee varsh, alwyn ney ingrid bergman, saim wanamaker aur romani brent key saath "johnn off lauren" kii mejbani kii. isake baad 1947 mein "life vid faadar" naatak aaya, joe ack anya theatre seey sthanantarit hocker 3,224 pradarshanon key saath samaapt huaa. george bernard shau kaa naatak "maine aind superman" usa octuber mein alwyn mein khula aur farwari 1948 mein sthanantarit hoe gayaa. isake turant baad thomas hegen aur joshua logan kii comedy "mister roberts" heinry fonda key saath aaee, joe 1,157 pradarshanon taka chully. cullman aur see. bee. aiss. ney 1951 mein hammerstein aur alwyn koo aur teen varshon key liye badalane kaa faisala kiya, jisase pahale vaale koo studio key roop mein upayog kiya jaa sakey aur baad vaale koo vaidh natakon key liye upayog kiya jaa sakey. usa varsh alwyn mein teen show shuru hueh sidney kingsley "dopahar mein andhera", sangeetmay "brooklin mein ack pedh ugataa haye", aur paul ausborne "point off noo return". "point off noo return" key baad disambar 1952 mein review "toose company" dwara kiya gayaa thaa, jisamen 22 varshon mein apani pahali broadway upasthiti mein bette davis theen, lekin yeh kewal lagbhag 90 pradarshanon taka hii chully. agale saal, norman krasna kii comedy "kind surr" mairi martin aur charles boyer key saath alwyn mein shuru hui. sangeetmay "dha golden apple" aprail 1954 mein off-broadway seey alwyn mein sthanantarit hoe gayaa, joe kull 173 pradarshanon key liye chalaa. usa varsh navinikaran key liye cullman key patte parr aaney seey pahale harrold arlen aur truman capot sangeetmay "house off flovers" book kiya gayaa thaa, joe ingit kartaa haye kii alwyn aur hammerstein key patte phir seey badal diye jaayenge. "house off flovers" antatah disambar 1954 mein khola gayaa aur 165 pradarshanon key liye chalaa. iraa levin kii comedy "noo time forr sargents" agale saal shuru hui, joe dou varshon mein 796 pradarshanon key liye chully. 1950 key dashak key anta mein theatre ney kaee madhyam roop seey safal prastutiyon kii mejbani kii, jisamen sangeet "oh, kaptan!" shamil they."1958 mein aur 1959 mein" "pahali chhaap" ". isake alawa, jerom robbins ney apane nritya vishesh" "baile yuu" "koo choreograph kiya.aiss.aeye."1958 mein, aur usa varsh sangeet kii" "ghantiyaan buzz rahee hain" "koo shubbert seey alwyn mein sthanantarit curr diyaa gayaa. stall aur rock-time swaamitva. see. bee. aiss. ney 1959 mein alwyn koo max aur steinly stall koo betch diyaa, joe padosi hellinger theatre key malik bhee they. staalon ney turant alwyn key liye ack nae prabandhak koo kaam parr rakhaa. 1960 mein, theatre ney sangeetmay "green vilo", nritya mandali less baile africance aur sheetkaleen udyaan seey sangeetmay "west side story" key hastaantaran kii mejbani kii. carolin leh aur saai colleman sangeetmay "wildcat" ney usa disambar mein lucil ball key saath shuruat kii, jisane vahaan apani ekmatra broadway upasthiti darj karaai. 1961 mein plymouth seey alwyn mein sthanantarit sangeetmay "irma laa doos". agale varsh, stephen sondheim, bert shevelov aur lairi gelbart kaa sangeetmay "munch key raaste mein ack majedar baat hui", 967 pradarshanon key liye chalaa. octuber 1962 mein chalane vaali "ack mazedaar cheez" key dauran, lester austerman (46 veen street aur oh 'neel theatres key malik) ney alwyn koo paanch saal key liye patte parr diyaa. hyug martin aur timothi gray kii sangeetmay comedy "hyee spirits", beatrice lilly aur tammy grims key saath, 1964 mein kholi gaee aur 367 pradarshanon key liye chully. mauris shavelier aprail 1965 mein alwyn mein ack maheene key ekal show, "77 parr mauris shavelier" key liye dikhaai diye. isake baad agale maheene "vanaspati laal khatra" aaya, jisamen lizaa minelli ney broadway parr apani shuruat kii. "vanaspati laal khatra" aur agale kaee show tulanaatmak roop seey cumm chaley. inn show mein sangeetmay "dha yearling" (1965), "itts aeye burd" shamil they... yeh ack vimaan haye... yeh superman haye (1966), ratribhoj aathh parr (1966), aur sherry!"(1967). rockfeller center kii vikas sahayak rock-time ink. julaai 1967 mein austerman seey alwyn koo usake agent, konrad mathai key madhyam seey kharida gayaa. badale mein, rock-time ney rockfeller kendra key paas playhouse theatre koo betch diyaa, jise dhwast kiya jaanaa thaa. tomm stoppered naatak "rosencrantz aind gildenstern aar dade" octuber 1967 mein alwyn mein khola gayaa, joe dou cinemagharon mein kull 421 pradarshanon key liye chalaa. isake baad 1968 mein james earl johns aur jaine alekjendar key saath howard sackler kaa naatak 'dha grate white hope' aaya, jisamen 557 pradarshan hue they. alwyn ney agale stephen sondheim/george firth sangeet "company" key mool nirmaan kii mejbani kii, jiska premiere 1970 mein huaa aur agale dou varshon key dauran 700 seey adhik pradarshan hue. isake baad kuchh chhoti dauden huin, jinamen "mauli" (1973) aur "dha friedam off dha city" (1974) shamil hain. alwyn kii agali safalata sangeetmay "shennandoh" thee, joe 1975 mein shuru hui aur sthanantaran seey pahale dou saal taka rahee. julaai 1974 taka, mathai ney theatre key bandhak rinn parr chook curr dee thee, aur bowery bachat baink ney foreclosure mein alwyn kaa adhigrahan curr liya thaa. taba theatre koo 12 laakh dollar mein bikri key liye rakhaa gayaa thaa. neetherland kaa swaamitva. 1970 aur 1980 key dashak. neetherland sangathan ney 1975 mein alwyn kaa adhigrahan kiya, aur yeh sthaan mahal, yuri aur brook atkinson key baad parivaar kaa chautha broadway theatre bunn gayaa. bikri mein 100,000 dollar nakad aur 11.6 laakh dollar kaa bandhak rinn shamil thaa. annie" kaa mool broadway utpaadan 1977 mein khola gayaa aur sthanantaran seey pahale paanch saal taka chalaa. 1981 aur 1982 mein agale paanch sangeetmay laghu pradarshan they. "chhota rajkumar aur vimaan chaalak" "purvavlokan key dauran bund hoe gaye, jabaki" "khushi seey humm saath chalate hain", "little johnny johns," "kyaa kaale patent chamade key joote vaastav mein pratibimbit hotey hain?", aur" saat bhaaiyon key liye saat dulhan "pratyek dou saptah seey bhee cumm samay key baad bund hoe gaee. dha little prince" key nirmaataon key saath-saath "little johnny johns" (joe shuruati raat koo bund huaa) key nirmaataon ney 1986 mein neatherlanders parr safaltapurvak mukadama daayar kiya, iss aadhar parr kii company ney donon show koo anuchit tareeke seey bedkhal curr diyaa thaa. alwyn kaa agala gair-flop all green aur patty label key saath "bhagwan key saath boxes karane key liye aapaki baahen bahut chhoti theen", joe sitambar 1982 mein khola gayaa thaa. "neel saiman kii eugene trayi mein pahala naatak "bryton beach sansmaran" march 1983 mein alwyn mein khola gayaa. neetherland key logon ney 29 juuna, 1983 koo jald hii theatre kaa naam saiman key liye badal diyaa. naam badalane kaa sambandh "bryton beach sansmaranon" seey naheen thaa; neetherland key logon ney 1982 mein theatre kaa naam saiman key naam parr badalane kii peshkash kii thee, lekin usa samay natakkar ney manaa curr diyaa thaa. neel saiman dusare natakkar they jinka naam unake naam parr ack broadway theatre thaa, swargiya eugene oh 'neel key naam parr, aur pahale jeevit natakkar they jinhen iss tarah seey sammaanit kiya gayaa thaa. naatya samudaay key sadasyon ney vyakt kiya kii alwyn kaa naam badalkar gershwin rakhaa jaanaa chaahiye thaa; yeh naam uris theatre parr lagu kiya gayaa thaa. jairi ventrob ney taba 1984 mein neel saiman theatre key sanchaalan mein ack hissedari kharidi. saath hii, newyork shahar key sthalchinh sanrakshan aayog (ell. pee. see.) ney 1982 mein neel saiman koo ack aitihaasik sthal key roop mein sanrakshit karane parr vichaar karna shuru curr diyaa thaa, aur agale kaee varshon taka charcha jaari rahee. ell. pee. see. ney teen theatres key maalikon kii apattiyon parr, rajdoot aur neel saiman key andaruni hisson key saath, agast 1985 mein neel saiman, rajdoot aur virginia (abb agast willson) theatres key agrabhag koo mahatvapurna sthalon key roop mein naamit kiya. newyork shahar key anuman mandal ney disambar 1985 mein aitihaasik padnaamon kii pushti kii. "bryton beach sansmaran" key baad 1985 mein eugene trayi, "biloxy blues" mein ack aur naatak huaa. agale saal, neel saiman mein sangeetmay "intu dha light" khola gayaa, joe chhah pradarshanon key baad bund huaa. noel kaayar kaa naatak "blith spirit" march 1987 mein neel saiman mein khola gayaa; theatre ney naatak key sitaaron mein seey ack, geraldine pays koo bhee shraddhanjali dee, jisaki daud key beach mein mrityu hoe gaee. comedian mort sahl ney usa octuber mein seemit upasthiti darj karaai, aur agale maheene "breaking dha code" naatak khola gayaa. neel saiman ney juuna 1988 mein dou oh 'neel natakon key punrutthan kii mejbani kii, "raat mein dinn kii lambi yatra" aur "aaha, jangal!"(donon collin deherst aur jayson robbards key saath), kalaa key pahale newyork antarrashtriya mahotsav key hisse key roop mein. usa varsh key anta mein, kenni loggins ney neel saiman mein kuchh sangeet karyakram bajaaye. 1989 kii shuruat mein neel saiman key liye dou sangeetmay geeton kii ghoshana kii gaee thee; purvavlokan key dauran "senator joe" bund hoe gayaa, aur "dha tower off bable" mein purvavlokan bhee naheen thaa. tenacy williams kaa naatak "orpheus avrohan" taba sitambar 1989 mein prastut kiya gayaa thaa. usa samay key aspas, ell. pee. see. ney iss baat parr sunavaai kii thee kii kyaa silverstein sampattiyon dwara vikasit ack hotal koo neel saiman key oopar seey oonchaa kiya jaa sakata haye. 1990 aur 2000 key dashak. roose key donn cosax kii ack nritya mandali ney janwari 1990 mein neel saiman mein seemit sagaai kii thee, usa octuber mein, haasya kalakar jackie messon ney apani ekal shrinkhala "brand nyu" launch kii, joe aathh maheene taka chully. march 1992 mein unake naam key theatre mein ack aur saiman naatak "jeck kii mahila" kaa udghaatan huaa, jisamen mishrit swaagat key beach 245 pradarshan hue. agale navambar mein, dutch production "neel saiman mein khula, joe 137 pradarshanon taka chalaa. hitt west aind sangeetmay "dha raiz aind faul off little voyce" maee 1994 mein neel saiman mein khola gayaa, joe kewal ack saptah key baad bund huaa. isake baad navambar 1994 mein sangeetkaar besiya aur maee 1995 mein laurie anderson key sangeet karyakram hue, saath hii navambar 1995 mein danny gans dwara ack seemit pradarshan kiya gayaa. rosers aur hammerstein sangeetmay "dha king aind aaee" koo 1996 mein punarjeevit kiya gayaa thaa. king aur aaee "arther miller naatak" aeye vyu from dha brij "key liye raasta banaane key liye 1998 kii shuruat mein bund hoe gayaa, joe agast 1998 taka chalaa. neel saiman ney 1998 key anta mein nritya vishesh" swan lake "kii mejbani kii, saath hii saath natali vyaapaari dwara ack sangeet karyakram aur 1999 mein sangeetmay" dha scarlett pimpernail "kaa ack sanshodhit sanskaran bhee aayojit kiya gayaa. 2000 kii shuruat mein neel saiman mein sangeetmay "dha music maine" kaa punruddhar shuru huaa, joe 2001 key anta taka chalaa. "dha music maine" daud key dauran, haasya kalakar mandy pattinkin ney ack yuu launch kiya.aiss. neel saiman mein ack sangeet karyakram key saath 10 sitambar, 2001 koo daura. elen stritch key ack-mahila show "elen stritch aitt liberty" kaa premiere farwari 2002 mein neel saiman mein huaa. "elen stritch aitt liberty" key bund honey key baad, neel saiman koo apani agali sagaai kii taiyari mein 1,328 seeton seey badhaakar sambhaavit 1,467 curr diyaa gayaah sangeetmay "hayer spray", joe agast 2002 mein khola gayaa. "hayer spray" ney theatre key liye ghar kaa record banaaya, joe 2009 kii shuruat mein bund huaa. robbin williams koo aprail 2009 mein neel saiman mein apane comedy tour "aatm-vinash key hathiyar" kaa pradarshan karna thaa, lekin sergery key baad unhone apani sagaai radd curr dee. isake bajaay "ragtime" kaa punrutthan book kiya gayaa thaa, joe navambar 2009 mein shuru huaa thaa. "ragtime" washington, dee mein kenedi kendra mein millie safalata koo doharaane mein whiffle rhaa.see., 57 pradarshanon key baad janwari 2010 mein bund huaa. 2010 seey vartamaan taka. sangeetkaar hairi conic junier. julaai 2010 mein neel saiman mein unakaa pradarshan seemit thaa; unaki upasthiti 2011 key album key liye record kii gaee thee. usa octuber mein neel saiman mein sangeet karyakram "kaa udghaatan huaa, 2011 kii shuruat mein brook atkinson mein sthanantarit hoe gayaa. sangeetmay" catch mee iff yuu caine "aprail 2011 mein shuru huaa, joe 170 pradarshanon key liye chalaa. yeeshu masih superstar" kaa punrutthan march seey julaai 2012 taka neel saiman mein chalaa, usake baad usa varsh key anta mein alpakaalik sangeetmay. andreau lippa sangeetmay "bigg fish" koo 2013 kii shuruat mein neel saiman key liye book kiya gayaa thaa, lekin usa varsh key adhikansh samay theatre mein andhera rhaa kyonki "bigg fish" kaheen aur pradarshan curr rhaa thaa. "bigg fish" kewal octuber seey disambar 2013 taka chully. isake baad dou samaan roop seey chhote runn hueh robbert shenkan kaa naatak "aul dha way" march seey juuna 2014 taka, aur sting kaa sangeetmay "dha last ship" octuber 2014 seey janwari 2015 taka. fredrick loway aur ellen jey learner key sangeetmay "giggy" kaa punruddhar aprail 2015 mein neel saiman mein khola gayaa, kewal dou maheene key baad show bund honey key liye. julaai 2015 mein, neetherland key logon ney neel saiman key oopar aprayukt havaai adhikaaron koo $89 laakh mein betch diyaa. kharidar ack vikas sangh they joe kaee blocks kii doori parr ack hotal kaa nirmaan curr rahey they. usa varsh key anta mein, jaadugaron ney neel saiman mein ack seemit daud key liye ack jaadoo kaa pradarshan kiya. andreau lloyd webber kii hitt sangeetmay "billiyon" kaa punruddhar agast 2016 mein neel saiman mein khola gayaa aur agale varsh key anta taka chalaa. tonny kushner kaa naatak "angels inn america" phir march 2018 mein teen maheene key liye khola gayaa. sangeetmay "dha chair show" usa disambar mein khula aur agast 2019 taka chalaa, aur jadugar 2019 key anta mein apane jaadoo show, "chhuttiyon kaa jaadoo" key liye laut aae." dha chair show" bund honey key baad, emje dha musical "koo 2020 key madhya key liye neel saiman mein book kiya gayaa thaa. haalaanki, neel saiman ney newyork shahar mein covid-19 mahamari key kaaran dou saal taka ack aur show kii mejbani naheen kii. theatre disambar 2021 mein "emje dha musical" key purvavlokan key saath phir seey khola gayaa, joe aadhikarik taur parr farwari 2022 mein khola gayaa thaa. "emje" ney 2022 mein theatre key boxes-offices record koo duss baar toda diyaa, haal hii mein 1 janwari, 2023 koo samaapt honey vaale saptah key dauran, jaba sangeet ney $2,223,069 kii kamai kii. ullekhaniya utpaadan. prastutiyaan unake pahale pradarshan key varsh key anusaar soochibaddh kii jaati hain.

niil saiman theatre niil saiman theatre, moolatah alvin theatre, newyork nagarada midtown manhatton theatre jilleya 250 west 52 neey beediyalliruva broadway theatre aagide. aagide praarambhavaada ee rangamandiravannu herbert zhe. vinyaasagolisidaru. crop mattu idannu alex egaagi nirmisalaagide. aarans mattu winton friedly. moola hesaru aarans mattu friedliyavara modala hesarugala samyojaneyagittu; rangamandiravannu rangamandiravannu natakakara niil saiman endu marunamakarana maadalaayitu. niil saiman eradu hantagalalli 1,467 aasanagalannu hondide mattu idannu netherlander samsthe nirvahisuttade. mumbhaga mattu sabhaanganada olaangana eradoo newyork nagarada heggurutugalaagive. mumbhagavannu eradu vibhaagagalaagi vingadisalaagideh paschimakke aaru antastina vedike maney mattu purvakke aidu antastina sabhangana. nela mahdiyu terracotta blaakgalinda muchchalpattide mattu marque hondiruva praveshadvaaravannu hondide. eradoo vibhagagala melina mahadigalannu ittige mattu terrakotadinda maadalaagide; sabhaanganada mumbhagavu kamanina kitakigalu, goodugalu mattu kendra pithavannu hondide, aadare vedike maney hecchu sarala vinyaasavannu hondide. olaanganavannu aadam shailiyalli vinyaasagolisalaagide mattu eradu laabigalu mattu mezzanine-mattada vishraanti kooneyannu olagondide. sabhaanganavu nelamattada vaadyavrunda mattu pettigegalondige ondu balkaniyannu olagondide. rangamandirada olaanganavannu phalakagalu mattu plaastar varkgalinda alankarisalaagide mattu sabhaanganavu gummataakaarada sealing annu hondide. sabhaanganada mele mooru antastina kacherigaliddavu. alexander pincus mattu emm. ell. goldstone alvin rangamandiravannu abhivraddhipadisitu, idu 1927rahra november november "tamaasheya mukha" dondige praarambhavaayitu. aarans mattu friedly aarambhadalli rangamandiravannu nirvahisuttiddaru mattu mattu 1930rinda adara malikatvavannu hondiddaru. rangabhumiya arambhika varsagalalli, idu "enaitu gose", "lady inn dhii dark" mattu "hudugarigaagi enaadaroo" mattu natakagalantaha sangeeta kaaryakramagalannu ayojisittu. cbs cbs adhikara vahisikonditu mattu cbs max mattu stanly stall adannu kharidisuvavaregu rangamandirada karyacharaneyannu munduvarisitu. munduvarisitu alvin annu rock-time inkge marata maadalaayitu. mattu samstheyu netherlandsge. 1960 mattu 1970 rahra dasakagalalli, alvin "vedikeya daariyalli ondu tamaasheya vishaya sambhaviside", "hye spirits", "grate white hoope", "kampani", "shenandoh" mattu "anni" nantaha sudirgha pradarshanagalannu ayojisidaru. rangamandiravannu niil saiman endu marunamakarana maadida nantara, idu 1980 mattu 1990 rahra dasakagalalli avara halavaaru natakagalannu mattu 2000 rahra dashakada hecchina avadhiyalli sangeetada "hair spray" annu ayojisitu. taana. niil saiman rangamandiravu 250 paschima 52neey beediyalli, newyork nagarada midtown manhatton nerehoreyalli entane avenue mattu broadway naduvina daksina padachari maargadallide. aayataakaarada bhoo pradeshavu 52neey beediya mumbhaga mattu aalavannu hondide. niil saiman ee block annu poorvadalli maark hellinger theatre mattu gallagharna steakhousenondige hanchikolluttare. hattirada itara kattadagalli uttaradalli august willson theatre; eeshaanyadalli broadway theatre mattu 810 elane avenue; poorvadalli axa samaana kendra; agneyadalli chaligaalada udyana theatre; mattu dakshinadalli permount plaza (chaukaakaarada theatre mattu gershwin theatren vrattavannu olagondante) serive. vinyasa. niil saiman rangamandira, moolatah alvin rangamandira, herbert zhe. vinyaasagolisidaru. crop annu 1927 ralli nirmisalaayitu. horabhagavannu neo-georgian shailiyalli vinyaasagolisalaagide, aadare olaanganavannu cropna hecchina vinyaasagala vishishtavaada aadam shailiyalli vinyaasagolisalaagide. mumbhaga. mumbhagavu eradu vibhagagalannu hondiddu, avu paraspara samparka hondive. aidu antastina ettarada purva bhagavu agalavagide mattu sabhaanganada praveshadvaaravannu hondiruva sammiteeyavaagide. vedikeyannu hondiruva paschima bhagavu aaru antastina ettaravannu hondide. melina mahadigalli, mumbhagavannu kempu ittigeyinda, inglish bandnalli, terracotta trimnondige maadalaagide. niil saiman, belasco rangabhoomi, hayes rangabhoomi mattu stephen sondhim rangamandiragala jotege, nava-georgian mumbhagavannu hondiruva kelavu broadway chitramandiragalalli ondaagide. rangabhoomige hoguvavaru "nirmapakara manege praveshisuttiddaare" emba abhiprayavannu srashtisalu idannu maadalaayitu. alvin annu nirmisidaaga, obba vimarshakanu, horagina vinyaasavu beediyalli "adara nerehoreyavara ghanatege anugunavagi kaanuttade", eega willson endu helidaru. bays. eradoo vibhagagalalli, nelavannu kallina kallannu holuvante vinyasagolisalada terrakotada tukku hidiyuva blaakgalinda maadalaagide. nela mahadia mumbhagada purva bhagadalli ondu jodie lohada bagilugalive. sabhaanganada mumbhagada madhyabhaagadalli eradu lohada mattu gaajina bagilugalive. purvakke aaru bagilugalu olagina laabiyondige samparkavannu hondiddare, paschimakke entu bagilugalu gallapettigeya laabiyondige samparkavannu hondive; ee bagilugala mele aadhunika markeyu ide. mumbhagada vedike-maney vibhagadalli, vedikeya baagilu seridante halavaaru olapadarada bagilugalive. phalakagalu mattu lambavaada todugalannu hondiruva samatalavaada chaukattu talada mele chalisuttade. unnata kathegalu. talada mele, lambavaada terracotta byandgalu mattu kvaayingalu sabhaanganada mumbhagavannu mooru vibhaagagalaagi vibhajisuttave. madhya bhagavu mooru lambavaada kitakigalannu hondide. prati kolliyu eradane mahadiyalli eradu ettarada kamanina kitakiyannu hondiddu, prati kamanugala meelbhaagadalli terracotta chapegalu mattu keystongalive. nalkane mahadiyalli, mooru kendra kolligalli pratiyondoo terracotta chaukattinondige aayataakaarada kitakiyannu hondide, adara mele ondu murida pediment iddu, suruligalu ondu kalashavannu suttuvaredive. aidane antastina kitakigalu aayataakaarada terracotta chaukattugalannu saha hondive; avugala hondagalannu terracotta byaand korsninda samparkisalaagide. ee kitakigala mele trikona gable meleruttade; gablena madhyadalli ondu terracotta aculus ide, idu hoomale mattu hoovina alankaaragalinda aavrutavaagide. sabhaanganada mumbhagada horabhagagalannu mantapagalaagi vinyaasagolisalaagide, meelbhaagavannu horatupadisi ivu bahuteka paraspara holuttave. eradoo mantapagalu talada mele iruva chaukattina mele ulidiruva kolalu terracotta bhittipatagalinda suttuvaredive. ee bhittipatragala naduve eradane mahadiyalli eradu ettarada goodugalive, pratiyondoo terracotta impostgalu mattu keystongalinda aavrutavaagide. ee goodugalu terracotta kalashagalannu hondiddu, seashelna aakaragala mele irisalaagide. prati goodina mele, nalkane mahadiyalli aayataakaarada terracotta chaukattugalondige eradu kitakigalive. prati jodie bhittipatragalu aidane mahadiyalli terracotta entablature mattu pediment annu bembalisuttave, jotege aaa mahadia mele cornis annu bembalisuttave. purva (eda) pavillion annu pyaarapetninda muchchalaagiddare, paschima (bala) pavillion mattondu mahadige airuttade, idu vedikeya maneya ettarakke samaanavaagide. vedikeyu sabhaanganada balabhagadallide. lambavaada terracotta byandgalu mattu kvaayingalu vedikeyannu wandarinda mooru mattu ondu kolligalondige vibhaagagalaagi vibhajisuttave. vedikeya maneya kitakigalu aayataakaaravaagiddu, prati kitakia meleyoo terracotta lintelgalive. vedikeya madhyada kolligalu moorane mattu nalkane mahadigala mele terracotta phalakagalannu saha hondive. aidane mahadia mele cornis mattu paneling ide, jotege aarane mahadia mele balastradenondige parapet ide. sabhaanganakke hattiradalliruva vedikeya edabhaagada kolli elane mahadige airuttade. rangamandirada balabhagada kadeyu rangabhumiya hesarinondige lambavaada chihneyannu hondide. olaangana. laabigalu. aayataakaarada ticket labiyu neravagi mukhya praveshadvaarada olabhaagadallide mattu gaadha amrutashileya godegalannu hondide. paschima (bala) godeyu ticket kitakigalannu hondiddu, purva (eda) godeyu olagina laabige ondu olaangana sthaanavannu hondiddu, sanna skonesgalinda suttuvarida gaaju mattu kanchina eradu bagilugalannu hondide. uttara godeya melina entu gaaju mattu kanchina bagilugalu beediyinda munnadesuttave, avugala mele phalakagalive, aadare daksina godeyu sabhaanganada vaadyavrundada mattakke phalakagalulla marada bagilugalannu hondide. ondu cornis chaavaniya suttaloo ide. idannu aadam shailiyalli plaastar varkninda alankarisalaagide. sealingna madhyadalli ondu jodie sphatika deepagaliwe. olagina labiyu aayataakaaradallide. ticket laabiyinda haaduhoguva adara paschima godeya meliruva goodu mattu beediyinda haaduhoguva uttara godeya aaru gaaju mattu kanchina bagilugalinda idannu praveshisabahudu. daksina godeyu sabhaanganakke phalakagalulla marada bagilugalannu hondiddare, purva godeyu mezzanine vishraanti koonege mettilugalannu hondide. olagina labiya meelchaavaniyannu aadam shailiyalli plaastar varkninda alankarisalaagide mattu idu ondu jodie sphatika gonchalugalannu hondide. alvin annu nirmisidaaga, mezzanine lounge annu inglish lounge alateyante vinyaasagolisalaagittu. mezzanine kooneya godegalu weinscoat aagive mattu belakina skonesgalannu hondiruttave. ee sthalavu moolatah ondu aggistike kooda hondittu. naalku "vishraanti kotadigalu" vishraanti kotadiyinda horabandavu, idaralli purushara mattu mahileyara dhumapana kotadigalu seriddavu. kooneya meelchaavaniyu plaastar work alankaaragalondige andaakaarada gummatavannu hondide; kendra gonchalu; mattu gummatadondige chedisuva cornis. mezzanine launjninda, mettilugalu uttarakke kelakke hoguttave, olagina laabiyondige samparkisuttave mattu dakshinakke aarkestraadondige samparkisuttave. eradoo mettilugala mele aayataakaarada khajaanegalive, sphatika gonchalugalu mattu suttamuttalina kaarnisgalive. daksina mettilu lohada beliyannu hondide. tadavagi baruvavara adetadegalannu kadime maadalu ee mettilugalannu sabhaanganadolage irisuva badalu vishraanti kooneyalli irisalaagittu. sabhangana. sabhaanganavu vaadyavrundada matta, ondu balkani, pettigegalu mattu rangabhumiya kamanugala hinde ondu vedikeyannu hondide. sabhaanganada sthalavannu plaastar alankaaragalondige vinyaasagolisalaagide mattu sumaru chaukaakaaradallide. netherlander samstheya prakara, sabhaanganavu 1,445 aasanagalannu hondide; etanmadhye, broadway leigh 1,467 asanagala saamarthyavannu ullekhisuttade mattu "playbill" 1,380 aasanagalannu ullekhisuttade. rangamandiravu moolatah 1,400 asanagala saamarthyavannu hondittu, idaralli vaadyavrundadalli 702, balkaniyalli 674 mattu pettigegalalli 24 asanagaliddavu. 1967rahra ondu lekhanavu rangamandiravu sangeetakke 1,363 aasanagalannu mattu natakagalige 1.334 aasanagalannu hondide endu vivariside. sabhaanganavu aarambhadalli danta, neeli, boodu mattu chinnada bannada vinyaasavannu hondittu, idaralli lavender athawa mulbury battegaliddavu. bili bannavu aneka moola olaangana alankaaragalannu olagondide. sabhaanganada mele mooru antastina kacherigaliddavu. aasana pradeshagalu. vaadyavrundada mattavannu vedikeya munde vaadyavrundada gundiya kadege ilijaaraagi jodisalaguttade. vaadyavrundada himbhagadalli purvakke phalakagalulla godeyondige, skonesgalondige ondu vaayuvihaaravide. vaadyavrundada himbhagadalli amrutashileyinda maadida nintiruva railu ide, idu vaayuvihaaravannu asanagala hindina saalugalinda berpadisuttade. vayuvihara mattu vaadyavrundada aasanagalannu eradu kambagalinda berpadisalaagide, amrutashileya kambagalannu holuvante vinyaasagolisalaagide; avugala mele doric-sailiya raajadhaanigalive. vaadyavrundada daksina (eda) godeyu lohada bagilugalannu hondiddu, phalakagalulla godeya vibhagagalondige paryayavagi skonesgalannu hondiruttade. uttara (bala) godeyu phalakagalulla marada bagilugala eradu setgalannu hondiddu, skaansnondige phalakadinda berpadisalaagide; himbhagadalliruva bagilugalu olagina laabige daari maadikoduttave, aadare mumbhagadalliruvavu ticket laabige daari maadikoduttave. prati bagilina meliruva nirgamana chihnegalu lairgalu mattu griffingalannu chithrisuva frejgalinda suttuvaredive. balkaniya mattavannu adara aalada ardhadaariyalle ondu hazaaradinda mumbhaga mattu himbhagada vibhaagagalaagi vingadisalaagide, idannu lohada beliyinda chithrisalaagide. addalaagi haadiyu eradoo badiya godegala nirgamana bagilugalige samparkisuttade, avugalige meelbhaagadalli lairgalu mattu griffingaliruva frejgalive. mumbhagada balkaniya pakkadalliruva pakkada godegala mele idhe reetiya chaukattugalannu hondiruva nirgamana bagilugalannu saha irisalaagide. balkaniya ulida pakkada godegalannu ionic capitalgalondige bhittipatragalinda vibhaagagalaagi vingadisalaagide, idu sabhaanganada suttaloo ondu praveshavannu bembalisuttade. prati badiya godeya vibhagavu sphatika mattu brass belakina skonesgalannu hondiruttade. balkaniya mumbhagada haligalu, kolaayigalu mattu atithi maadarigalannu hondiddu, avugalannu bhagashah belakina pettigegalinda muchchalaagide. balkaniya kelabhagadalli sphatika belakina jodanegalondige aadam sailiya phalakagalive. balkaniya himbhagada godeyannu belakina skonesgalannu hondiruva phalakagalaagi vingadisalaagide. godegala mele kelavu havaaniyantrana dwaaragaliwe. vedikeya eradoo badigalli balkani mattadalli mooru pettigegalannu hondiruva godeya vibhagavide. pettigegalu vedikeya kadege kelamukhavaagi hejje haakuttave; mumbhagada pettigeyu rangabhumiya kamanuge mundakke tiruguttade, aadare himbhagada pettigeyu balkaniyolage hindakke tiruguttade. vaadyavrundada mattadalli, melina pettigegala sthalagalige anugunavagi eradoo godegala mele ondu tereyuvikeyiruttade. pettigegala kelabhaagavu sphatika deepagalu mattu console brocketgalannu olagondiddare, pettigegala mumbhagada beligalu svaggalu, kalashagalu mattu atithi maadarigalannu hondiruttave. phalakagalulla hadagukattegalu pettigegalannu paraspara pratyekisuttave, pettigegala mele neravagi sanna praveshavannu bembalisuttave; prati sanna praveshavu murida pediment annu hondiddu, suruligalu kalashavannu suttuvarediruttave. pithada mele, stree kiridaada sthalagalondige kolonetgalive, idu sabhaanganavannu suttuvarediruva entablaturege melmukhavaagi vistarisuttade. itara vinyaasada vaishishtyagalu. pettigegala pakkadalli samathattaada prosenium kamanu ide, idu tereyuvikeya eradoo badigalli kolalu ionic bhittipatragalannu mattu melina entablature annu olagondide. ee entablature aadam sailiya chaukattannu hondide. kamanugala mele bhitticitraviruva lunet phalakavide, idu pouraanika patragalondige grameena drashyavannu torisuttade. rangamandiravannu nirmisidaaga, rangamandirada tereyuvikeyannu agalavaada alate endu vivarisalaagide. tereyuvikeya hinde, vedikeyu 100 addi agala mattu 35 addi aalaviddu, gridiron ettaravannu hondittu. vedikeya mumbhagadalliruva vaadyavrundada gundiyu 48 janarige hondikollabahudu. 150 kalaavidarige sthalavakasha kalpisuva saamarthyavannu hondiruva 20 dressing kotadigalu, jotege ondu jodie corus "vishraanti kotadigalu" mattu purvaabhyaasada kotadigalu teremareyalliddavu. meelchaavaniyu pakkada godegala mele todesandugala kamanugalannu hondiddu, pakkelubugalinda plaastar work alankaaragalondige berpadisalaagide. sabhaanganada mumbhagadalli alankaarika pattigalinda suttuvaridiruva ondu vrattakarada gummatavide, kendra padakakke sphatikada gonchalu tooguhaakalaagide. gummatada himbhagadalli, meelchaavaniyannu aadam sailiya plaastar work alankaaragalondige phalakagalaagi vingadisalaagide. himbhagada balkaniya mele alankaarika byandgalu mattu taantrika-booth tereyuvikeyondige ardha-gummatavide. havaaniyantrana dwaaragalannu chavaniyolage irisalaagide. itihaasa. 1900 mattu mahaa arthika kusitada naduve times square dodda pramanada rangabhoomi nirmaanagalige kendrabinduvaayitu. alvin rangamandiravu kusitada modalu nirmisalaada nantarada chitramandiragalalli ondaagittu. rangabhumiya hesaru adara moola nirvaahakara modala hesarugala samyojaneyagideh alex aa. aarans (1891-1943) mattu winton friedly (1891-1969). ibbaroo philadelfiyaadavaru. aarans sangeetamaya haasyachitragala nirmaapakaraagiddaru, aadare friedly "samajika nondaniyalli hesaru patti maadalaada ekaika broadway nirmaapakaraagiddaru". ee purusharu 1923 athawa athawa paaludaarikeyannu rachisiddaru, aadare avaru avaru maatra ottige kelasa maadidaru. maadidaru, broadway atyanta samruddha naatakaararalli obbaraada niil saiman (1927-2018) avara hesarannu idakke idalaagide. niil saiman annu netherlander samsthe nirvahisuttade. abhivruddhi mattu arambhika varshagalu. 1927rahra janavariyalli, alexander pincus mattu emm. ell. goldstone lebanon estatus kaarporeshanninda paschima 52 neey beediyalliruva sthalagalannu khareedisitu, aaa sthaladalli kanunubaddha rangamandiravannu abhivraddhipadisuva yojanegalive. pincus ee hinde langekar mattu saamraajyashahi chitramandiragalannu abhivraddhipadisittu; aata mattu goldstone rangamandirada $14 laksha vechchavannu bharisalu yojisiddaru. adhe tingalu, herbert zhe. vinyaasagolisida sthaladalli rangamandirakkagi newyork city department off buildingsge pincus yojanegalannu sallisitu. crop. rangamandirada nirmanakkagi pincus mattu goldstone avaru oo 'day nirmaana kampanige saamaanya oppandavannu niididaru. 1927rahra october velege, aarans mattu friedly rangamandiravannu guttigege padediddaru mattu fred mattu adele austire natisida georg mattu ira gershwin avara sangeetamaya "funny faces" annu pradarshisalu yojisiddaru. alvin november 22,1927 randu "tamaasheya mukha" dondige praarambhavaayitu; aaa pradarshanavu 250 pradarshanagalige nadeyitu. dhii newyork times" naa rangabhoomi vimarshaka brooks atkinson heege barediddaareh "" tamaasheya mukhavu kadime manaranjaneyannu hondiddare, prekshakaru hosa rangamandiravannu prashamsisalu hecchu samayavannu hondirabahudu." alvinne modala kelavu sangeetagalu tulanaatmakavaagi kadime avadhiya pradarshanagalannu hondiddavu. hondiddavu, ee rangamandiravu gershwin sangeetada "treaser gurl" annu gertrude laurence avarondige ayojisitu. sangeetavu $6 rahra garishta praveshavannu vidhisidaroo, adhu abhootapoorva beleyagittu, adhu muchchuva modalu 69 pradarshanagalannu nirvahisitu. mundinadu rangabhumiya sanghavu "wings ovar europe" annu nirmisitu, idu martin beck rangabhoomiyinda sthalaantaragonditu. 1929rahra janavariyalli aarans mattu friedly rangamandiradalli $570,000 adamana saalavannu padedaru. radjargalu mattu haart sangeetada "spring ees hear" alvinnalli praarambhavaayitu mattu 104 pradarshanagalannu hondittu. mattondu radjargalu mattu haart musical, "tale ettiri!", aaa novembernalli alvinnalli 144-pradarshanada otakkaagi tereyalaayitu. tereyalaayitu, ethel merman avaru 272 pradarshanagalannu hondidda gershwinsna "gurl kreji" nalli broadwayge paadaarpane maadidaru. aarons mattu friedly aaa aprilnalli alvin mattu adara kelagiruva bhoomiyannu khareedisidaru. pincus mattu goaled stone operation. pinacus mattu goldstone 1932rahra mayee tingalalli agnaata karanagaligagi alvinne karyacharanegalannu vahisikondavu. aaa varsha, rangamandiravu yujeen oo 'niil avara "shokacharane electra aguttade" emba naatakada vargaavaneyannu mattu gerom kern avara "gaaliyalli sangeeta" vannu ayojisitu. aatagaararu tamma "ankal toms cabin" annu mayee 1933 ralli alwinge tandaru; ee naatakavu eshtu janapriyavagittendare adannu adara moola ondu vaarada otada eradu vaaragala nantara vistarisalaayitu. adhe varsha maxwell anderson avaru helen hays avarondige "merrie off scotland" emba naatakavannu praarambhisidaru. friedly friedly alvinnalli cole portern sangeetamaya "ethinning gose" annu nirmisidaru, idaralli merman, vilium gaxton, victor moor mattu vivian wanns iddaru; idu 420 pradarshanagalige oditu. 1930rahra dashakada madhyada velege, alvin rangamandira mattu nereya gilled (eega august willson) rangamandiragalu rangabhoomi jilleya uttarada atyanta sthalagalaagiddavu, avu innoo kanunubaddha pradarshanagalannu ayojisuttiddavu. gershwinsna american jaanapada opera "porgi und bess" naa moola nirmaanavu 1935rahra octobernalli alvinnalli praarambhavaayitu. 124 pradarshanagala nantara "porgi und bess" alvinnalli muchchalpattitu, adara punarujjeevanagalu hecchu yashasviyaadavu. idara nantara 1936rahra octobernalli portern "kempu, bisi mattu neeli" merman mattu jimmi durantegalondige 181 pradarshanagalannu needitu. alvin 1930rahra dashakada koneyalli radjargalu mattu haart avara eradu sangeeta kaaryakramagalannu ayojisidaru. "naanu sariyagiye iddene" endu georg emm. emm kohan 289 pradarshanagalannu niididaru mattu mattu "dhii boys frum syracuse" praarambhavaagi 235 pradarshanagalannu niididaru. 1940rahra dasakadalli alvin avara modala nirmaanavu phebravari phebravari finnish parihara nidhigaagi nata dampatigalaada alfred lunt mattu linn fontaine avaru pradarshisida "dhii tomming off dhii shroo" naa seemita pradarshanavagittu. aaa aprilnalli, lunt mattu fontaine robbert ii nalli kanisikondavu. sherwood avara "dher will dha noow nait" naatakavu 1940rahra madhyabhaagadalli pravasadondige halavaaru tingalugala kaala nadeyitu. mundina varsha, alvin ira gershwin, maash haart mattu curt veyil avara manovaidyashastra-vishayada sangeeta "lady inn dhii dark" annu ayojisidaru; idu gertrude laurence annu olagondittu, idu 467 pradarshanagalannu hondittu. alvin avaru portern sangeetamaya "sumthing phaar dhii boys" annu 1943rahra janavariyalli ethel merman avarondige 422 pradarshanagalige atithya vahisidaru. "hudugara" sangeetada "jackpot" ge daari maadikodalu "hudugarigaagi enaadaroo", idu 67 pradarshanagalannu nadesitu. 1944 mattu mattu alvin avara nirmaanagalu "helen gose tuu troy", "dhii firebrand off florence" mattu "hollywood pinaphore" seridante bahuteka tvarita vaiphalyagalannu kandavu. betty comden, adolph green mattu marton gouldra sangeetamaya "billion dollar bebi" hecchu yashasviyaayitu, idu 1945rahra koneyalli praarambhavaayitu mattu 200 pradarshanagalavarege munduvareyitu. cbs malikatva, kullman karyacharane. december 1945 rahra hottige, broadcast network cbs alvin annu studiyovagi balasalu matukate nadesuttittu, ekendare hattirada hammerstein theaternalli cbsna guttige awadhi mugiyuttittu. hovard ess. hammerstein malikatvavannu hondidda kullman, aaa rangamandiravannu kanunubaddha balakege maralisalu uddeshisiddaru. cbs 1946rahra phebravariyalli alvin annu annu khareedisitu. aaa zoon tingalalli, cbs, kulmanninda hammerstein annu innoo aidu varshagala kaala guttigege needalu oppikonditu, aadare kullman cbsninda alvin annu guttigege needalu wappikondanu mattu adara badalige allie utpaadaneyannu prastutapadisidanu. adhe varsha, alvin avaru ingrid bergman, samm wanamekar mattu romney brent avarondige "zoan off loraine" annu ayojisidaru. idara nantara nantara "life vith father" emba naatakavu mattondu rangamandiradinda sthalaantaragondu tanna 3,224 pradarshanada pradarshanavannu muktaayagolisitu. georg bernard shaa avara "myaan und superman" naatakavu aaa october nalli alvinnalli praarambhavaayitu mattu phebravari 1948 ralli sthalaantaragonditu. adara nantara thamus heggen mattu joshuwa logan avara haasya "mister roberts" henry fonda avarondige 1,157 pradarshanagalannu needitu. needitu kullman mattu cbs hammerstein mattu alvin annu innoo mooru varshagala kaala vinimaya madikollalu nirdharisidaru, modalaneyadannu studiyovagi balasalu mattu eradaneyadannu kanunubaddha natakagalige balasalu avakasha maadikottaru. aaa varsha alvinnalli mooru pradarshanagalu praarambhavaadavuh sidney kingsley "madhyaahnada samayadalli kattale", sangeeta "brooklinnalli ondu marah beleyuttade" mattu paul osborne "point off noow return". "point off noow return" annu december 1952 ralli review "toose kampani" anusarisitu, bette davis 22 varsagalalli tanna modala broadway pradarshanadalli kanisikondaru, aadare idu kevala 90 pradarshanagalannu maatra ulisikonditu. mundina varsha, norman crossna avara haasya "kind surr" merrie martin mattu charles boyer avarondige alvinnalli praarambhavaayitu. sangeetamaya "dhii golden aapal" 1954rahra aprilnalli off-broadveyinda alwinge vargaavaneyaayitu, ottu 173 pradarshanagalige nadeyitu. aaa varsha navikaranakke kalman avara guttige baruva modalu harrold arlen mattu truman capot sangeetada "house off flovers" annu kaaydirisalaayitu, idu alvin mattu hammersteingala guttigegalannu matte badalaayisalaaguvudu endu soochisuttade. "house off flovers" antimavagi december 1954 ralli praarambhavaayitu mattu 165 pradarshanagalige oditu. ira levin avara haasya chitra "noow time phaar sargents" mundina varsha praarambhavaayitu, eradu varsagalalli 796 pradarshanagalannu needitu. 1950rahra dashakada koneyalli ee rangamandiravu "oh, capton!" emba sangeetamaya krutigalu seridante halavaaru madhyama yashassina nirmaanagalannu nirmaanagalannu mattu mattu "modala anisikegalu". jotege, gerom robbins tamma nrutya visheshavaada "" byale yuu "" nrutya samyojaneyannu maadidaru maadidaru, mattu sangeetada" "gantegalu ringanisuttive" "aaa varsha shoobartninda alwinge sthalaantaragondavu". stall mattu rock-time malikatva. cbs cbs alvinannu max mattu stanly stallge marata maaditu, avaru nereya hellinger theatre annu saha hondiddaru. stallgalu shighravagi alwinge hosa vyavasthapakarannu nemisikondaru. nemisikondaru, rangamandiravu sangeetamaya "green villo", nrutya tanda less byale africans mattu chaligaalada udyaanadinda sangeetamaya "west side story" yaya vargaavaneyannu ayojisitu. caroline leh mattu saie colleman sangeetamaya "wildcat" aaa decembernalli lucil chendinondige praarambhavaayitu, avaru allie tanna ekaika broadway notavannu maadidaru. maadidaru plymoutninda alwinge vargavaneyada sangeetamaya "irma laa douse". mundina varsha, stephen sondhim, burt shevelov mattu larry gelbert avara sangeetamaya "vedikeya daariyalli ondu tamaasheya sangati nadeyitu", 967 pradarshanagalige nadeyitu. 1962rahra octobernalli nadeda "aa funny thing" naa samayadalli, lester austerman (46neey beedi mattu oo 'niil chitramandiragala malikaru) alvin annu aidu varshagala kaala guttigege niididaru. hugg martin mattu timothy gray avara sangeetamaya haasya "hye spirits", beatrice lillie mattu tummy grimsnondige grimsnondige praarambhavaayitu mattu 367 pradarshanagalige oditu. maris chevalier 1965rahra aprilnalli alvinnalli ondu tingala kaala ekavyakti pradarshanavaada "maris chevalier aut 77" nalli kanisikondaru. idara nantara mundina tingalu "flora dhii redd herem" nadeyitu, idaralli liza minnelli broad vege paadaarpane maadidaru. "flora dhii redd herem" mattu mundina halavaaru pradarshanagalu tulanaatmakavaagi kadime rangalannu hondiddavu. ee pradarshanagalalli "dhii earling" (1965), "itts aa burd" emba sangeetamaya haadugalu seriddavu... adhu vimaana... itts superman (1966), dinner aut eet (1966), mattu sherry!"(1967). rockfeller centerna abhivruddhi angasamstheyaada rock-time ink. 1967rahra julainalli austermanninda adara agent konrad myatheyi moolaka alvinannu khareedisalaayitu. idakke pratiyagi, rock-time rockfeller kendrada baliya playhouse theatre annu marata maaditu, adannu kedavalaagittu. tomm stoppered nataka "rosencrantz mattu gildenstern aarr dead" 1967rahra octobernalli alvinnalli praarambhavaayitu, eradu chitramandiragalalli ottu 421 pradarshanagalannu needitu. idara nantara nantara james earl johns mattu jaine alexander avarondige howard sackler avara nataka "dhii grate white hoope" 557 pradarshanagalannu needitu. dhii alvin mundina stephen sondhim/georg farth musical "kampani" yaya moola nirmaanavannu ayojisitu, idu 1970 ralli prathama pradarshanagonditu mattu mundina eradu varsagalalli kevala 700 kkoo hecchu pradarshanagalannu needitu. mollie" (1973) mattu "dhii friedam off dhii city" (1974) seridante wanderadu kiru otagalu nadedavu. alvin avara mundina yashassu sangeetamaya "shenandoh" aagittu, idu 1975 ralli praarambhavaayitu mattu vargaavanege eradu varshagala modalu uliyitu. 1974rahra julai velege, myatheyiyu rangabhumiya adamana saalavannu marupavatisalu viphalanagiddanu mattu bowery ulitaaya bank svattumarusvadhinadalli alvin annu swadhinapadisikonditu. nantara ee rangamandiravannu 12 laksha dollarge maratakke idalaayitu. netherlandna malikatva. 1970 mattu 1980rahra dasakagalu. netherlander samstheyu samstheyu alvinannu swadhinapadisikonditu mattu aramane, yoori mattu brooks atkinson nantara ee sthalavu kutumbada nalkane broadway rangamandiravaayitu. ee maaraatavu $100,000 nagadu mattu $1.16 million adamana saalavannu olagondittu. anni" yaya moola broadway nirmaanavu nirmaanavu praarambhavaayitu mattu vargaavanege modalu aidu varshagala kaala nadeyitu. 1981 mattu (elpc) banda mundina aidu sangeetamaya chitragalu alpaavadhiyaddaagiddavu. "chikka rajakumara mattu vimaana chalaka" "purvavikshaneya samayadalli mucchalpattaru, aadare" "naavu santoshadinda suttikollutteve", "" "little johnny johns", "kappu paytent charmada bootugalu nijavagiyoo pratibimbisuttaveye?", mattu" elu sahodararige elu vadhugalu "talaa eradu vaaragaliginta kadime samayada nantara muchchalpattavu. dhii little prince" naa nirmapakaru mattu "little johnny johns" naa (idu arambhika ratriyalli muchchalpattitu) nirmapakaru, kampaniyu eradoo pradarshanagalannu anyaayavaagi horahaakide emba aadhaarada mele 1986 ralli netherlanders viruddha yashasviyagi mokaddame hoodidaru. alvinne mundina nonplop, aall green mattu patty lebalgalondige "devarondige pettigeyalli iralu tumba chikkadaagide", idu september 1982 ralli praarambhavaayitu. "niil saiman eugene trayamna modala naatakavaada "bryton beach memories" march 1983 ralli alvinnalli praarambhavaayitu. nedarlyaandnavaru swalpa samayada nantara zoon 29,1983 randu theatre annu saiman endu marunamakarana maadidaru. marunaamakaranavu "bryton beach memori" galige sambandhisilla; nedarlyaandnavaru 1982 ralli saiman hesarannu badalaayisalu mundaadaru, aadare aaa samayadalli natakakara nirakarisiddaru. diwangata yujeen oo 'niil avara hesarannu bradway theaterge ittidda eradane natakakara niil saiman, mattu antaha gouravakke patrarada modala jeevanta natakakara. alvin annu gershvingalendu marunamakarana maadabekaagittu endu rangabhumiya samudaayada sadasyaru vyaktapadisidaru; aaa hesarannu yoori rangabhoomige anvayisalaagide. jerri weintrab weintrab niil saiman rangamandirada karyacharaneyalli palannu khareedisidaru. adhe samayadalli, newyork city landmarks preservation commission (elpc) (elpc) niil saiman annu ondu heggurutaagi rakshisuvudannu pariganisalu praarambhisitu, mundina halavaaru varshagala kaala charchegalu munduvaredavu. mooru chitramandiragala malikara aakshepanegala mele, elpcu august nantara niil saiman, rayabhari mattu virginia (eega august willson) chitramandiragala mumbhagagalannu, rayabhari mattu niil saiman avara olaanganagalondige heggurutugalaagi gottupadisitu. newyork city board off estimate december 1985 ralli heggurutu padanaamagalannu anumodisitu. "bryton beach aatmacharitregalu" nantara nantara yujeen trayam "biloxy blues" nalli mattondu naatakavu nadeyitu. mundina varsha, niil saimannalli "intu dhii light" sangeetavu praarambhavaayitu, aaru pradarshanagala nantara muktaayagonditu. noel hedravara nataka "blith spirit" march 1987 ralli niil saimannalli praarambhavaayitu; naatakada taaregalalli obbaraada geraldine pejge gaurava sallisuva moolaka rangamandiravu pradarshanavannu ayojisitu, avaru odihoguva madhyadalli nidhanaraadaru. hasyanata mort sahl aaa october tingalalli simitavagi kanisikondaru mattu "breaking dhii code" naatakavu mundina tingalu praarambhavaayitu. niil saiman 1988rahra joonnalli "ratriyavaregina sudirgha hagalina prayana" mattu "aah, aranya!" emba eradu oo 'niil natakagala punarujjeevanagalannu ayojisitu."(colean deherst mattu jasson robbards ibbaroo), modala newyork antararashtriya kalaa utsavada bhagavagi. aaa varshada nantara, kenni loggins niil saimannalli kelavu sangeeta kacherigalannu nadesidaru. 1989rahra aarambhadalli niil saimangaagi eradu sangeetamaya haadugalannu ghooshisalaayitu; purvavikshaneya samayadalli "senator zoo" annu muchchalaayitu, mattu "dhii tower off babel" poorvavikshanegalannu saha hondiralilla. 1989rahra septembernalli tennisi villiams avara "arpheus decending" naatakavannu prastutapadisalaayitu. aaa samayadalli, sylverstein aastigalinda abhivraddhipadisalaada hotel annu niil saiman mele cantilever maadabahude embudara kuritu elpc vichaarane nadesittu. 1990 mattu 2000rahra dasakagalu. 1990rahra janavariyalli, rashyaada daan kosakgala nrutya tandavu niil saimannalli seemita nishchitaarthavannu hondittu, aaa octobernalli, hasyanata jaaki mayson tanna ekavyakti sarani "brand nyoo" annu praarambhisidaru, idu entu tingalugala kaala nadeyitu. march march aatana hesarina rangamandiradalli mattondu saiman nataka "jakes women" praarambhavaayitu, idu mishra svagatada naduve 245 pradarshanagalannu hondittu. mundina novembernalli, dutch nirmaanavu niil saimannalli praarambhavaayitu, idu 137 pradarshanagalannu needitu. hitt west end sangeetamaya "dhii rais und phaal off little voyce" mayee 1994 ralli niil saimannalli praarambhavaayitu, kevala ondu vaarada nantara muchchalaayitu. idara nantara 1994rahra novembernalli besia mattu 1995rahra mayee tingalalli lori anderson sangeetagaarara sangeeta kacherigalu, jotege 1995rahra novembernalli danny guns avara seemita pradarshana. radjargalu mattu hammerstein sangeeta "dhii king und aii" annu annu punarujjeevanagolisalaayitu. 1998rahra aarambhadalli orther miller nataka "aa vyoo frum dhii bridge" ge daari maadikodalu king mattu aii "muchchalaayitu, idu august august munduvareyitu. 1998rahra koneyalli niil saiman nrutya vishesha" swan lake "annu ayojisidaru, jotege natalie vyapari mattu mattu sangeeta" dhii scarlett pimpernell "naa parishkruta aavruttiyannu ayojisidaru. 2000dha aarambhadalli niil saimannalli praarambhavaada "dhii music myaan" emba sangeetada punarujjeevanavu 2001rahra antyadavarege munduvareyitu. "dhii music myaan" otada samayadalli, hasyanata mandy pattinkin yuu annu praarambhisidaru.ess. september 10,2001 randu niil saimannalli sangeeta kacheriyondige pravaasa. eline stritch avara one-women show "eline stritch aut liberty" nantara phebravari 2002 ralli niil saimannalli prathama pradarshanagonditu. "eline stritch aut liberty" annu muchchida nantara, niil saiman annu adara mundina nishchitaarthada tayaariyalli 1,328 sthaanagalinda 1,467 kke sambhaavyavaagi vistarisalaayituhu august 2002 ralli praarambhavaada sangeetada "hair spray". "hair spray" rangamandirakke maney daakhaleyannu nirmisitu, 2009 rahra aarambhadalli muchchitu. rabin villiams april 2009 ralli niil saimannalli tanna haasya pravaasa "swayam-vinaashada shastraastragalu" annu pradarshisabekagittu, aadare shastrachikitsege olagaada nantara avaru tamma nishchitaarthavannu raddugolisidaru. badalige "rogtime" naa punarujjeevanavannu kaaydirisalaayitu, november 2009 ralli praarambhavaayitu. washington, dii. yaya kennedi kendradalli adhu anubhavisida yashassannu punaraavartisalu "rogtime" viphalavaayitu.sii., 57 pradarshanagala nantara 2010rahra janavariyalli muktaayagonditu. 2010 rinda prastuta. sangeetagaara harry conic junier. 2010rahra julainalli niil saimannalli seemita pradarshanavannu hondiddaru; avara pradarshanavannu 2011rahra albangagi dhwanimudrisalaayitu. aaa october nalli niil saimannalli "sangeeta kachheri" praarambhavaayitu, 2011 rahra aarambhadalli brooks atkinson ge sthalaantaragonditu. sangeeta "catch mii iff yuu kyaan" april 2011 ralli praarambhavaayitu, 170 pradarshanagalige nadeyitu. jeesas christ superstar" naa punarujjeevanavu march ninda julai 2012 ravarege niil saimannalli nadeyitu, nantara aaa varshada koneyalli alpavadhiya sangeeta nadeyitu. andrew lippa sangeetada "bigg fish" annu 2013 rahra aarambhadalli niil saimangaagi book maadalaayitu, aadare "bigg fish" berede pradarshana niiduttidda kaarana aaa varshada bahupalu rangamandiravu kattaleyagittu. "bigg fish" october ninda december 2013 ravarege maatra oditu. idara nantara eradu idhe reetiya kiru rangalu bandavuh robbert shenkan avara nataka "aall dhii way" march ninda zoon 2014 ravarege, mattu stingna sangeetamaya "dhii laust ship" october 2014 rinda janavari 2015 ravarege. frederic love mattu alan jay learner avara sangeetamaya "gigi" yaya punarujjeevanavu april 2015 ralli niil saimannalli praarambhavaayitu, eradu tingala nantara maatra pradarshanavu muchchalpattitu. 2015rahra julainalli, nedarlyaandnavaru niil saiman melina balakeyagada vaayu hakkugalannu $89 lakshakke marata maadidaru. khareedidaararu halavaaru blaakgala dooradalli hotel annu nirmisuva abhivruddhi okkootavaagiddaru. aaa varshada koneyalli, bhramegaararu niil saimannalli seemita otakkaagi maantrika pradarshanavannu niididaru. andrew lloyd webber avara hitt musical "cats" naa punarujjeevanavu august 2016 ralli niil saimannalli praarambhavaayitu mattu mundina varshada antyadavarege nadeyitu. toney kushner avara nataka "angels inn america" nantara march 2018 ralli mooru tingala kaala praarambhavaayitu. sangeetamaya "dhii cherr show" aaa decembernalli praarambhavaayitu mattu august 2019 ravarege nadeyitu, mattu bhramegaararu 2019 rahra koneyalli tamma magic show, "rajadinagala magic" gaagi maralidaru." cherr show" "muchchida nantara, emm. zhe. dhii musical" annu 2020 rahra madhyabhaagadalli niil saimannalli book maadalaagittu. aadaagyoo, newyork nagaradalli covid-19 saankraamika rogadindagi niil saiman eradu varshagala kaala mattondu pradarshanavannu aayojisalilla. 2022rahra phebravariyalli adhikrutavaagi praarambhavaada "emm. zhe. dhii musical" naa purvavikshaneyondige 2021rahra decembernalli chitramandiravannu punah tereyalaayitu. "emm. zhe." zhe." chitramandirada gallapettigeya daakhaleyannu hattu baari muriyitu, teeraa ittichege 2023rahra janavari janavari konegonda vaaradalli, sangeetavu $<aii. dii. 1> galisitu. gamanarhavada nirmaanagalu. avara modala pradarshanada varshavannu aadharisi nirmaanagalannu patti maadalaaguttade.

niil sayman theater niil sayman natyagruh, moolche elwyn natyagruh, heey newyork shaharatil midtown manhattonchya natyakshetra jilhyatil 250 paschim 52 vya rastyavarche eka broadway natyagruh aahe. 1927 madhye ughadanyat aalelya yaa natyagruhachi rachana herbert jeey. yanni kelee hotee. crap aanee elex aaa sathee bandhale gele hote. aarons aanee winton friedly. mool naav aarons aanee friedlychya pahilya navanche mishran hote; 1983 madhye natyagruhache naav badaloon natakkar niil sayman asey karnyat aale. niil saymanmadhye done staranmadhye 1,467 jaaga aahet aanee teey netherlander sansthedvare chalavale jaate. samoril bajoo aanee sabhagruhacha aateel bhag hii newyork shaharachi khuna aahet. mukhavata done vibhaganmadhye vibhagalela aaheh paschimekade sahaa majali manchgruh aanee purvekade paach majali sabhagruh. talmajla terrakota bloxney jhakalela aahe aanee tyat markisah praveshdwar aahe. donhi vibhaganche varchya majale vitanni aanee terakotachya banalele aahet; sabhagruhachya samoril bajus kamandar khidakya, thikane aanee madhyavarti mandani aahe, tarr manchgruhachi rachana adhik sadhee aahe. aateel bhag aadam shailit tayar keela gela aahe aanee tyat done lobby aanee mazanine-stariy vishramgruh samavisht aahe. sabhagruhamadhye talagalatil vadyavrund aanee chaukatisah eka balkani aahe. natyagruhache aateel bhag puttle aanee plasterworkne sajavalele aahet aanee sabhagruhala ghumatyukt chhat aahe. sabhagruhachya varr teen majali karyalaye hotee. alekzandar pincus aanee emm. ell. goldstone elwyn natyagruh vikasit kele, jeey 22 november 1927 roji 'majedar 'majedar ughadale gele. aarons aanee friedly yanni suruvatila natyagruh chalavale aanee 1930 teey 1932 paryant teey tyanchya malakiche hote. natyagruhachya suruvatichya varshant, tyanni 'kahihi jaate', 'lady inn daad darqa' aanee 'mulansathi kahitari' tasech natkansarkhya sangitmay karyakramanche aayojan kele. see. bii. ess. neey 1946 madhye taba ghetala aanee 1959 paryant natyagruh chalvat rahile, jevha max aanee stanly stall yanni teey vikat ghetale. 1967 madhye rock-time ink. laa pudhe elwyn vikale gele. aanee 1975 madhye netherlandschya. 1960 aanee 1970 chya dashakat, alwinne "manchavar jaatana eka majedar gosht ghadali", "uchch utsah", "mahan pandhari aasha", "company", "shenandoh" aanee "enee" yasarkhya pradirgh karyakramanche aayojan kele. natyagruhache naav niil sayman asey badallyanantar, 1980 aanee 1990 chya dashakat tyane tyachya anek natakanche tasech 2000 chya dashkatil bahutansh kalat sangitmay 'hairspray' chey aayojan kele. sanketsthal. niil sayman natyagruh 250 paschim paschim rastyavar, aathvya margikechya aanee broadwaychya darmyan dakshin padapathavar, newyork shaharachya manhattonchya madhyabhagi aahe. aayatakruti jameen aachchhadit aahe, jyacha samorcha bhag 52 vya rastyavar aahe aanee kholee aahe. niil sayman haah block marqa hellinger theater aanee purvela gallagherchya steakhouseberober samayik karato. jawalchya itar imaratinmadhye uttares august willson natyagruh, ishanyes broadway natyagruh aanee 810 satva marg, purvela aksh nyayya kendra, aagneyela hiwali udyan natyagruh aanee dakshines sarvoch plaza (chauras natyagruh aanee gershwin natyagruhatil vartulasah) yancha samavesh aahe. rachana. niil sayman natyagruh, moolatah elwyn natyagruh, herbert jeey. yanni tayar kele hote. crap aanee 1927 madhye bandhanyat aale. bahereel rachana neo-georgian shailit kelee gelee aahe, tarr aateel rachana crapchya bahutek rachananchya vaishishtyapurn aadam shailit kelee gelee aahe. mukhavata. samoril bhagamadhye done vibhag asatat, jeey ekmekanshi jodalele asatat. paach majali unch purvekadil vibhag rund aahe aanee samamiteey aahe, jyat sabhagruhache praveshdwar aahe. paschim bhag, jyamadhye manchgruh aahe, too sahaa majali unch aahe. varchya majalyavar, mukhavata terrakota trims ingraji bandhamadhye laal vitanni banalela aahe. niil sayman heey belasco natyagruh, hays natyagruh aanee stephen sondheim natyagruhasaha, nava-georgian mukhavata asalelya kahee broadway natyagruhanpaiki eka aahe. natyagruhat jaanare lock "nirmatyachya gharat pravesh karat aahet" ashee dharana nirman karnyasathi heey kele gele. jevha elwyn bandhale gele, tevha eka samikshakane sangitale qee bahya rachana rastyavar "tyachya "tyachya pratishthenusar disate", aata willson. aadhar. donhi vibhaganmadhye, aadhar haah terakotachya kateri pattyanpasoon banavalela aahe, jyachi rachana sangamarvari rangashi julanari aahe. talmajalyachya purv bajula dhatuchya khidkyanchi eka jodee aahe. sabhagruhachya darshani bhagachya madhyabhagi dhatoo aanee kachechya darvajanche done sanch aahet. purvekade sahaa darvaje aateel lobbyshee jodale jaatat, tarr paschimekade aath darvaje tikitbari lobbyshee jodale jaatat; yaa darvajanchya varr eka aadhunik markey aahe. darshani bajuchya munch-gruh vibhagat, munch darvajasah anek chhidrayukt darvaje aahet. puttle aanee ubhya khambansah aadvya chaukatichya chaukati talapasoon varr jaatat. varchya katha. talapasoon varr, ubhya terrakota pattya aanee chaukoni pattya sabhagruhacha mukhavata teen vibhaganmadhye vibhagatat. madhya bhagat khidkyanche teen anulamb anulamb aahet. pratyek khadimadhye jeey majalyavar duheri unchichi kamanidar khidaki aahe, jyat pratyek kamanichya varchya bajula terrakota thase aanee kamani aahet. chauthya majalyavar, teen madhyavarti khadyanpaiki pratyekala terrakota chaukatisah aayatakruti khidaki aahe, jyachya varr eka tutalela paywata aahe, jyat eka kalash asalelya gundalya aahet. pachvya majlyavaril khidkyanmadhye aayatakruti terrakota chaukati dekhil aahet; tyanchya pattya terrakota pattyachya margane jodalelya aahet. yaa khidkyanchya varr eka trikoni gable ugavato; gablechya madhyabhagi eka terrakota auculus aahe, jyabhovati pushpahar aanee fulanchya sajavat aahet. sabhagruhachya darshani bhagache bahya bhag mandap mhanoon tayar kele aahet, jeey varche bhag vagalata jawaljawal ekmekansarkhech aahet. donhi mandapanna kathavar basariyukt terrakota bhittistambh aahet, jeey talapasoon varr rastyapasoon chaukativar aahet. yaa bhittistambhanchya darmyan jeey majalyavar duheri unchiche thikan aahe, pratyek majalyavar terrakota thase aanee keystones aahet. yaa thikananmadhye terrakota kalash asatat, jeey samudra kavchanchya aakarmananchya varr thewale jaatat. pratyek jagechya varr, chauthya majalyavar aayatakruti terrakota chaukati asalelya done khidakya aahet. bhittistambhanchya pratyek jodila pachvya majalyavar terrakota entablature aanee pediment tasech tyaa majlyavaril eka kanakopadi aadhar dete. purvekadil (davikadil) mandap parapetne jhakalela aahe, tarr pashchimekadil (ujavikadil) mandap jeey majalyasathi varr chadhato, joou manchgruhachya unchiitakach aahe. natyagruhache sabhagruh sabhagruhachya ujavikade aahe. ubhya terrakota pattya aanee queensney stage hausache vibhag kele asoon davikadoon ujavikade eka, teen aanee eka khaata aahet. manchgruhachya khidakya aayatakruti aahet, pratyek khidakichya varr terrakota lintel aahet. stage hausachya madhyabhagi madhyabhagi aanee chauthya majalyavar terrakota panel dekhil aahet. pachvya majalyavar eka sabhovatalachya aanee puttle aahet, tasech sahavya majalyavar eka parapet aahe. sabhagruhachya sarvat jawal asalelya manchgruhacha sarvat davikadil bhag satvya majalyavar chadhato. rangbhumichya sarvat ujavya bajula asalelya khadivar natyagruhachya navasah eka anulamb chinh aahe. aateel. lobby. aayatakruti tikit lobby thet mukhya praveshdvarat aahe aanee tyat gadad sangamarvari bhinti aahet. paschim (ujavya) bhintila tikit khidakya aahet, tarr purvekadil (davya) bhintila aateel lobysathi eka rikame sthan aahe, jyat kaach aanee kansya duheri darvaja aahe jyachya bajula lahan scons aahet. uttar bhintivaril aath kaach aanee kansya darvaje rastyapasoon pudhe jaatat, tyanchya varr puttle asatat, tarr dakshin bhintivar sabhagruhachya vadyavrund pataliparyant falakyukt lakadi darvaje asatat. chhatala eka sabhovatalachyat gheralele asate. jeey aadam shailit plasterworkne sajavale jaate. chhatavaril madhyabhagi sphatik divyanchi jodee aahe. aateel lobby yojnamadhye aayatakruti aahe. tikit lobymadhun rastyapasoon tyachya paschim bhintivaril jaaga, tasech rastyapasoon rastyapasoon uttar bhintivaril sahaa kachechya aanee kansya darvajanmadhun tithe pravesh keela jaato. dakshin bhintivar sabhagruhache lakadi darvaje falakbaddh aahet, tarr purv bhintivar mazanine vishramgruhachya yaa aahet. aateel lobbyche chhat aadam shailitil plasterworkne sushobhit kele aahe aanee tyat sphatik zendyanchi jodee aahe. jevha elwyn bandhale gele, tevha mazanine launjachi rachana ingraji lounge mojanyasathi kelee gelee hotee. mazanine launjachya bhinti weinscoat kelelya aahet aanee tyat prakash scons aahet. yaa jaaget mulat eka shekotihi hotee. chaar 'vishrantichya kholya' launjmadhun baher kadhalya gelya, jyat purush aanee mahilanchya dhoomrapan kholyancha samavesh hota. vishramgruhachya chhatavar plasterworkchya sajavatisah andakar ghumat aahe; eka madhyavarti zendu; aanee eka kanakopadi, jee ghumatala chhedate. mezanine launjmadhun, yaa uttarekade khalee jaatat, aateel lobbyshee jodalya jaatat aanee dakshinekade, vadyavrundashi jodalya jaatat. donhi yaanvarr aayatakruti khajina aahet, jyat sphatik zendare aanee sabhovatalachya sabhovatalachya aahet. dakshinekadil yaanvarr dhatuchi railing aahe. ushira ushira lokanpasoon honara vyatyay qamee karnyasathi yaa yaa sabhagruhachya aat thevanyaivaji vishramgruhat thevalya gelya. sabhagruh. sabhagruhamadhye vadyavrundachi patali, eka balkani, petty aanee natyagruhachya kamaan mage eka munch aahe. sabhagruhachi jaaga plasterchya sajavatine tayar keleli aahe aanee jawaljawal chaukor aahe. netherlander sanghatanenusar, sabhagruhamadhye 1,445 jaaga aahet; darmyan, broadway leegmadhye 1,467 jaganchi kshamata aahe aanee playbillmadhye 1,380 jaaga aahet. natyagruhachi kshamata mulat 1,400 aasananchi hotee, jyat vadyavrundamadhye 702, balkanimadhye 674 aanee chaukatimadhye 24 jaaga hotya. 1967 salchya eka lekhat natyagruhat sangitasathi 1,363 jaaga aanee natkansathi 1.334 jaaga asalyache varnan kele aahe. sabhagruhamadhye suruvatila hastidant, nila, rakhadi aanee sonyachi rangsangati hotee, jyat lavender kinwa tutiche kapade hote. hote rangane anek mool aateel sajavatincha samavesh hoto. sabhagruhachya varr teen majali karyalaye hotee. aasan kshetra. vadyavrundachi patali ranget bandhali jaate, tee rangmanchasamoril vadyavrundachya khaddyakade khalee sarakate. vadyavrundachya mageel bajus purvela falak asaleli bhint, scons sahalicha eka bhag aahe. vadyavrundachya mageel bajus sangamarvari dagadi rail aahe, jee sahalichya jagela mageel ranganpasoon vegale karate. sahaliche thikan aanee vadyavrundache aasan heey sangamarvari khambansarkhe disanyasathi tayar kelelya done stambhanni vegale kele aahe; tyanchya shirshasthani doric-shailichya rajdhani aahet. vadyavrundachya dakshin (davya) bhintivar dhatuche darvaje aahet, jeey panel asalelya bhintichya vibhagansah badaltat jyat scons asatat. uttar (ujavya) bhintivar puttle asalelya lakadi darvajanche done sanch aahet, jeey scons patalane vegale kele aahet; mageel darvaje aateel lobykade jaatat, tarr samoril darvaje tikit lobykade jaatat. pratyek darvajachya varchya baher padnyachya chinhanna fiti aanee griffin griffin pattyanni vedhalele asate. balkanichi patali tyachya kholichya ardhya bajoone eka galiyaredware samoril aanee mageel vibhaganmadhye vibhagali gelee aahe, jee tyaa badalyat dhatuchya railingdware rekhatali jaate. crossover galiyara donhi bajuchya bhintinvaril nirgaman darvajanshi jodala jaato, jyachya varr liers aanee griffins fraze asatat. samoril balkanichya bajuchya bhintinvar samaan fraze asalele baher padanyache darvaje dekhil thewale aahet. balkanichya urvarit bajuchya bhinti ionic capital asalelya bhittistambhandware vibhaganmadhye vibhagalya aahet, jyaa sabhagruhachya sabhovatalachya praveshala aadhar detat. pratyek bajuchya bhintivar sphatik aanee brass prakash scons asatat. balkanichya pudhchya railmadhye zot, kalash aanee chhotya aakarache namune aahet, jeey anshatah prakashpetine jhakalele aahet. balkanichya khalchya bajula sphatik prakash jodanisah aadam-shailiche puttle aahet. balkanichi mageel bhint pattyanmadhye vibhagaleli aahe jyat prakash scons asatat. bhintinvar vatanukoolan karnare kahee chhidra aahet. manchachya donhi bajunna eka bhint vibhag aahe, jyat balkani staravar teen petty aahet. chaukati manchakade khalchya dishene jaatat; samoril chaukati pudhe rangbhumichya kamanimadhye valate, tarr mageel chaukati mage balkanimadhye valate. vadyavrund staravar, vareel chaukatichya sthananshi sambandhit, donhi bhintinvar eka ughad aahe. chaukatichya khalchya bajus sphatik dive aanee console brackett asatat, tarr chaukatichya pudhchya relingmadhye swag, kalash aanee camio namune asatat. patalyukt khambhe boxna ekmekanpasun vegale karatat, boxchya thet varr eka lahan praveshas aadhar detat; pratyek lahan praveshas eka tutalela padiment asato jyamadhye eka kalash asalelya gundalya asatat. pedimentchya varr, mahilanchya grotesks colnet aahet, jeey varchya dishene sabhagruhachya sabhovatalachya entablatureparyant vistartat. itar rachana vaishishtye. chaukatichya shejari eka sapat rangbhumichi kamaan aahe, jyat ughadanyachya donhi bajunna basariyukt ionic bhittistambh tasech varchya bajus eka praveshika asate. entablaturemadhye aadam-shailiche chitrafit asate. kamanichya varr bhittichitrasaha eka lunnet panel aahe, jyamadhye pauranik patransah eka pashupalan drushya dakhavale aahe. jevha natyagruh bandhale gele, tevha rangbhumichya udghatanache varnan rund mojmap mhanoon kele gele hote. udghatanachya mage, munch 100 phoot rund aanee 35 phoot khol hota, jyat eka gadad unch hota. manchasamorcha vadyavrundacha khadda 48 lokanna basavoo shakat hota. 150 kalakaranna samavoon ghenyas saksham 20 dressing room, tasech eka jodee samoohageet "vishranti kaksh" aanee eka rehearsal room hotee. chhatavar bajuchya bhintinvar mandichya khidakya aahet, jyaa plasterworkchya sajavatisah bargadyanni vegalya kelya aahet. sabhagruhachya samore sajavatichya pattyanni vedhalela eka golakar ghumat aahe, jyat madhyavarti padkala sphatik zendyane latkavale aahe. ghumatachya mage, chhat aadam-shailichya plasterwork sajavat asalelya patalanmadhye vibhagale gele aahe. mageel balkanichya varr sajavatichya pattya aanee tantrik-booth openings ardha gumbad aahe. vatanukoolan chhidra chhatavar thewale aahet. itihas. times square heey 1900 aanee mahamandichya darmyan mothya pramanavar natyanirmitiche kendrabindu banale. alpavirampurv kalapurvi bandhanyat aalelya nantarchya chitrapatgruhanpaiki elwyn natyagruh heey eka hote. natyagruhache naav tyachya mool sanchalakanchya pahilya navanche ektrikaran hoteh elex aaa. aaron (1891-1943) aanee winton friedly (1891-1969). doghehi filadelfiyache rahivasi hote. aarons heey sangitmay vinodi chitrapatanche nirmate hote, tarr friedly heey "ekmev broadway nirmate hote jyanche naav samajik nondinmadhye soochibaddha hote". yaa purushanni 1923 kinwa 1924 madhye bhagidari kelee hotee, parantu tyanni fakt 1933 paryant ekatra kaam kele. 1983 pasoon, broadwaychya sarvat faldayi natakkaranpaiki eka asalelya niil sayman (1927-2018) yanchya navavarun tyache naav denyat aale aahe. niil sayman heey netherlander sansthedvare chalavale jaate. vikas aanee suruvatichi varshe. janewari 1927 madhye, alekzandar pincus aanee emm. ell. goldstone lebnon istet corporationkadoon 244-254 paschim paschim rastyavaril jaaga kharedi kelya, tyaa thikani vaidh natyagruh vikasit karnyachya yojnesah. pinakasane purvi longekar aanee shahee chitrapatgruhe vikasit kelee hotee; tyane aanee goldstone natyagruhachya $14 laakh kharchacha nidhi ubharanyachi yojana aakhali hotee. tyach mahinyat, pinksney newyork shahar imaratinchya vibhagakade tyaa thikani eka natyagruh tayar karnyasathi yojana sadar kelee, jyachi rachana herbert jeey. crap. pincus aanee goldstone yanni natyagruhachya bandhkamasathicha sarvasadharan karar march march oo 'day bandhkam companyla deela. aktoobar 1927 paryant, aarons aanee friedly yanni natyagruh bhadyane dile hote aanee fred aanee adel estyre abhineet george aanee iira gershwin yancha sangitmay "majedar chehara" sadar karanyachi yojana aakhali hotee. 22 november 1927 roji 'daad elwyn' haah karyakram 'majedar 'majedar suru jhaala; too karyakram 250 sadarikaranansathi chalala. daad newyork times' chey natya samikshak brooks etkinson yanni lihileh 'jarr' majedar chehara 'qamee manoranjak asata, tarr prekshakanna naveen natyagruhache kautuk karnyasathi adhik vel midala asata." alwinchya pahilya kahee sangitmay ganee tulanene qamee kaal chalaleli hotee. 1928 madhye, theatermadhe gershwin sangitmay 'trazer gerl' chey, gertrude laurensobat aayojan karnyat aale hote. jaree sangeetane $6 chee sarvoch pravesh shulk aakarle, nantar eka abhootpurv kimmat, too bund honyapurvi 69 sadarikaran vyavasthapit kele. tyanantar natya sanghachi 'wings over europe' chee nirmiti hotee, jee martin beeck natyagruhatun sthalantarit jhaali. janewari 1929 madhye aarons aanee friedly yanna natyagruhavar $570,000 gahan thev karj midale. rodgers aanee haart musical 'spring ij hear' heey tyaa marchmadhye elwyn yethe ughadale gele aanee 104 sadarikaran jhaale. aanakhi eka rodgers aanee haart musical, "varr jaa!", 144-kamgirichya dhavasathi tyaa novembermadhye elwyn yethe ughadale. 1930 madhye, ethel marmanane gershvinsachya 'gerl kreji' madhoon broadwaymadhye padarpan kele, jyat 272 sadarikaran hote. aarons aanee friedly yanni tyaa eprilmadhye elwyn aanee tyachya khalchi jameen vikat ghetali. pincus aanee goldstone operation. pincus aanee goldstone yanni adnyat karananmule meey 1932 madhye elwinche operation tabyat ghetale. tyaa varshi, natyagruhat yujeen oo 'nilche' shoke electra banato 'heey natak, tasech jerom kernche sangitmay' havet sangeet 'yanche hastantaran aayojit karnyat aale hote. kheladunni meey 1933 madhye 'ankal toms kebin' chey utpadan elwinmadhye aanale; heey natak itake lokpriy hote qee teey tyachya mool eka aathvadyachya dhavnyachya done aathvade pudhe vadhavanyat aale. tyach varshi maxwell andersonne helen heysah 'merrie auph scotland' haah khel khelala. friedlyne pudhe 1934 madhye elwyn yethe cole porterchya sangitmay 'anithing goj' chee nirmiti kelee, jyat merman, william gaxton, victor muur aanee vivian vance yancha samavesh hota; too 420 sadarikaranansathi chalala. 1930 chya dashakachya madhyaparyant, elwyn natyagruh aanee shejaril sangh (aata august willson) natyagruh hii natyakshetra jilhyatil sarvat uttarekadil thikane hotee, jithe ajunahi vaidh karyakram aayojit kele jaat hote. gershvinsachya american loknatya 'porgi andd bases' chee mool nirmiti aktoobar 1935 madhye elwyn yethe suru jhaali. tarr 'porgi andd bases' 124 sadarikaranantar elwinmadhye bund jhaali, tyache punarujjivan adhik yashasvi tharale. tyanantar aktoobar 1936 madhye portercha 'laal, garam aanee nila' aanee 'merman' aanee 'jimmi durante' haah 181 sadarikaranancha samavesh hota. 1930 chya dashakachya uttaradhat elwinne rodgers aanee haart yanni sangitbaddha kelelya done ganyanche aayojan kele. "mea barobar aahe", asey george emm. yanni sangitale. 1937 madhye kohan, 289 sadarikaranansathi dhawla aanee 1938 madhye 'daad boys fraum syracuse' suru jhaala, joou 235 sadarikaranansathi tikala. tikala dashkatil elwinchi pahili nirmiti februwari februwari 'daad taming auph daad shru' chee maryadit dhaav hotee, jee finnish madat nidhisathi abhinay jodape alfried lunt aanee lyne fontan yanni sadar kelee hotee. tyaa eprilmadhye, lunt aanee fontan heey robbert eae madhye disale. sherwoodche 'dear will daad noow nite' heey natak, jeey 1940 chya madhyat eka eka anek mahine chalale. pudhchya varshi, alwinne iira gershwin, moss haart aanee curt velchya mansopchar-theem asalelya sangitmay 'lady inn daad darqa' chey aayojan kele; jyat gertrude laurenceche vaishishtya hote, tyat 467 sadarikaran hote. elwinne janewari 1943 madhye ethel mermans porterchya 'sumthing phaur daad boys' yaa sangitmay karyakramache aayojan kele, jyat too 422 sadarikaranansathi disala. "67 sadarikaran chalavalelya sangitmay 'jackpot' sathee marg kadhanyasathi 'mulansathi kahitari' bund jhaale. 1944 aanee 1945 madheel elwinchya nirmitila bahutek vela yash aale nahee, jyat 'helen goj too trie', 'daad firebrand auph florence' aanee 'hollywood pinafore' yancha samavesh hota. betty comden, adolph green aanee morton goaled yancha sangitmay 'abj dollar bebby' haah chitrapat adhik yashasvi tharala, joou 1945 chya akheris suru jhaala aanee 200 sadarikarananparyant chalala. see. bii. ess. malki, cullman operation. december 1945 paryant, prasaran network see. bii. ess. studio mhanoon vaparasathi elwyn vikat ghenyasathi vataghati karat hote, kaaran jawalchya hammersteinchya natyagruhatil see. bii. ess. chaa patta sampanar hota. haward ess. hammersteinchya malkichya kulmancha tyaa natyagruhacha kayadeshir vapar karnyacha hetu hota. februwari 1946 madhye see. bii. ess. neey elwyn 825,000 dollarla vikat ghetale. tyaa junmadhye see. bii. ess. neey kulmankadoon hammerstein aanakhi paach varshansathi bhadepattivar denyas sahmati darshavali, tarr kulmanne see. bii. ess. kadoon elwyn bhadepattivar denyas aanee tyaeivaji tethe utpadane sadar karnyas sahmati darshavali. tyach varshi, elwinne ingrid bergman, samm vanamekar aanee romani brent yanchyasobat 'johnn auph lauren' chey yajmanpad bhushavale. tyanantar 1947 madhye 'life with father' heey natak aale, jeey jeey natyagruhatun hastantarit houn 3,224 sadarikaranansah tyache pradarshan sampavale. george bernard shau yanche 'mann andd superman' heey natak tyaa octobermadhye elwyn yethe ughadale gele aanee februwari 1948 madhye teey punha sthanantarit jhaale. tyanantar lagechach thomas hegen aanee joshua logan yancha heinry fonda sobatcha vinodi 'mister roberts' haah 1,157 sadarikaranansathi chalala. 1951 madhye kulman aanee see. bii. ess. yanni hammerstein aanee elwinchi adlabadal aanakhi teen varshansathi karnyacha nirnay ghetala, jyamule pahila studio mhanoon vaparla jaau shakala aanee dusra vaidh natkansathi vaparla jaau shakala. tyaa varshi elwyn yethe teen karyakram suru jhaleh sidney kingsley 'dupari andhar' vajavtat, sangitmay 'brooklinmadhye eka zaad ugavate' aanee paul ausborne 'point auph noow return'. "point auph noow return' nantar december 1952 madhye 'toose company' yaa punarujjivani sansthene, 22 varshannantarchya pahilya broadway sadarikaranat betty davis, kele, parantu tee keval 90 sadarikarananparyant tikali. pudhchya varshi, norman krasanacha vinodi chitrapat 'kind surr' haah merrie martin aanee charles boar yanchyasobat alwinmadhye pradarshit jhaala. april 1954 madhye ekoon 173 sadarikaranansathi dhavnara, 'daad golden safarchand' haah sangitmay chitrapat auph-broadwaveroon elwinmadhye hastantarit karnyat aala. tyaa varshi nutanikaranasathi kalmancha patta yenyapurvi harrold arlen aanee truman capot sangitmay 'haus auph flovers' book karnyat aale hote, jeey soochit karate qee elwyn aanee hammersteinche bhade punha badalale jaatil. "haus auph flovers' akheris december 1954 madhye ughadale gele aanee 165 sadarikaranansathi dhawale. iira levincha vinodi chitrapat 'noow time phaur sargents' pudhil varshi pradarshit jhaala, joou done varshant 796 sadarikaranansathi chalala. 1950 chya dashakachya uttaradhat yaa natyagruhane anek madhyam yashasvi nirmitiche aayojan kele, jyat 'oh, capton!' yaa sangitmay ganyancha samavesh hota."1958 madhye aanee 1959 madhye" "first impression". yavyatirikt, jerom robbinsne tyachya vishesh nrutya 'balley yuu' chey nrutya digdarshan kele ".ess.aaa."1958 madhye, aanee tyaa varshi sangitmay" "ghanta vajat aahet" "heey shubertmadhun elwinmadhye halavale gele". stall aanee rock-time malki. see. bii. ess. neey 1959 madhye max aanee stanly stall yanna elwyn vikale, jyanchyakade shejarchya hellinger theaterchi malki hotee. stallsney patkan elwinsathi naveen vyavasthapak niyukt keela. 1960 madhye, natyagruhat sangitmay 'green vilo', nrutya mandal leesa balley africans aanee hiwali udyanatoon sangitmay 'west side story' chey hastantaran aayojit kele gele. carolin leh aanee saay coleman sangitmay 'wildcat' chee suruvat tyaa decembermadhye lucil ballane jhaali, jyane tithe ticha ekmev broadway dekhava keela. 1961 madhye playmauthmadhun elwinmadhye hastantarit jhalela sangitmay 'irma laa doos'. pudhchya varshi, stephen sondheim, bert shevelov aanee larry gelbart yanche sangeet 'forumchya margavar eka majedar gosht ghadali' ughadale, jeey 967 sadarikaranansathi chalale. aktoobar 1962 madhye 'eka majedar gosht' chalatana, lester austerman (46 vya rastyache aanee oo 'niil chitrapatgruhanche malak) yanni elwyn paach varshansathi bhadepattivar dile. hugg martin aanee timothi grey yancha beatrice lilly aanee tammy grims 'hye spirits' haah sangitmay vinodi chitrapat 1964 madhye pradarshit jhaala aanee 367 sadarikaranansathi chalala. april 1965 madhye 'mauris shavelier ett 77' yaa eka mahinyabhar mahinyabhar ekal karyakramasathi mauris shavelier alwin yethe disali. tyanantar pudhchya mahinyat 'flora daad reed warm' aala, jyamadhye liza minelline broadwaver padarpan kele. "flora daad reed thress' aanee pudhil anek karyakramanchi kamgiri tulanene qamee hotee. yaa karyakramanmadhye 'daad yearling' (1965), 'itts aaa burd' yaa sangitmay ganyancha samavesh hota... teey viman aahe... itts superman' (1966), 'dinner ett aitt' (1966) aanee 'sherry!"(1967). rockfeller centerchi vikas sahayyak company rock-time ink. julai 1967 madhye austermankadoon tyacha agent konrad mathei yachya madhyamatoon elwyn vikat ghetale. tyaa badalyat, rock-timeney rockfeller centerjavalache plehaus theater vikale, jeey padale jaanar hote. tomm stoppardche natak 'rosencrantz andd gildenstern aar deed' aktoobar 1967 madhye elwyn yethe ughadale gele, jeey done chitrapatgruhanmadhye ekoon 421 sadarikaranansathi chalale. 1968 madhye james earl johns aanee jaine alekzandar yanchyasamvet howard sacklerche 'daad gret white hope' heey natak, jyat 557 sadarikaran hote, teey tyachya nantar aale. tyanantar daad elwinne stephen sondheim/george firth musical "company" chya mool nirmitiche aayojan kele, jyacha 1970 madhye pratham pradarshan jhaala aanee pudhil done varshant 700 hoon adhik sadarikaran jhaale. tyanantar 'molley' (1973) aanee 'daad friedam auph daad ciity' (1974) yasah kahee chhotya dhavancha samavesh hota. alwinche pudhil yash mhanje 1975 madhye suru jhalela aanee badali honyapurvi done varshe tikalela 'shennandoh' haah sangitmay chitrapat hota. julai 1974 paryant, mathaine natyagruhachya gahan karjachi thakbaki dilee hotee aanee bowery bachat bankene japtimadhye elwyn vikat ghetale. tyanantar natyagruh 12 laakh dollarla vikrisathi thevanyat aale. netherlanderchi malki. 1970 aanee 1980 chey dashak. netherlander sanghatnene 1975 madhye elwyn vikat ghetale aanee rajwada, yuri aanee brooks etkinson nantar heey thikan kutumbache chauthe broadway theater banale. yaa vikrimadhye $100,000 rokh aanee $1.16 dashalaksh gahan thev karjacha samavesh hota. enee' chey mool broadway utpadan 1977 madhye suru jhaale aanee hastantaran karnyapurvi paach varshe chalale. 1981 aanee 1982 madheel pudhil paach sangitmay chitrapat alpakalin hote. "chhota rajkumar aanee vimanchalak purvavalokan kartana bund jhaale, tarr" "aamhi anandane pudhe sarakato", "little johnny johns," kalya paytant chamadyache boot kharokhar pratibimbit hotat qaa? ", aanee" saat bhavansathi saat vadhoo "pratyeki done aathvadyanpeksha qamee kalanantar bund jhaali. daad little prince' chya nirmatyanni, tasech 'little johnny johns' chya nirmatyanni (jeey pahilya ratri bund jhaale), companyne donhi karyakram anyaykarakpane kadhoon takale yaa karanastav 1986 madhye netherlandswar yashasvipane khatala dakhal keela. alwinche pudhil naun-flop mhanje all green aanee patty labels 'tumche haat devachya chaukatisathi khoop lahan' hote, jeey september 1982 madhye ughadale gele. "niil saymanchya yujeen trayitil pahile natak 'bryton beach sansmarane' march 1983 madhye elwyn yethe ughadale gele. tyanantar 29 juuna 1983 roji netherlandsney theaterche naav badaloon sayman asey thewale. punarnamanacha sambandh 'bryton beach sansmarananshi' navhata; 1982 madhye netherlandschya lokanni theaterche naav badaloon sayman karnyacha prastav deela hota, parantu tyaa velee natakkarane nakar deela hota. niil sayman heey dusare natakkar hote, jyanche naav tyanchya navane broadway theater hote, divangat yujeen oo 'niil yanchya navavarun aanee itake sanmanit jhalele pahile jiwant natakkar. natya samudayachya sadasyanni vyakt kele qee elwinche naav gershwin asey thewale gele pahije; teey naav euris theaterla lagoo kele gele hote. jairie weintrobne tyanantar 1984 madhye niil sayman natyagruhachya karyat hissa vikat ghetala. tyach velee, newyork ciity landmark preservation kamishanane (ell. pii. see.) 1982 madhye niil saymanche sanrakshn eka mahattvachi baab mhanoon karnyacha vichar karnyas suruvat kelee hotee, pudhil anek varshe charcha suru hotee. ell. pii. see. neey teen chitrapatgruhanchya malakanchya aakshepanvarun, august 1985 madhye niil sayman, ambaseder aanee virginia (aata august willson) chitrapatgruhanchya agrabhaganna, rajdoot aanee niil saymanchya aateel bhagasah, khuna mhanoon niyukt kele. newyork shahar andaj mandalane december 1985 madhye aitihasik padnamanna manyata dilee. "bryton beach sansmarane" nantar 1985 madhye yujeen trayitil aanakhi eka natak, "biloxy blues", aale. pudhchya varshi, niil sayman yethe "intu daad light" heey sangeet ughadale gele, sahaa sadarikaranantar teey bund jhaale. march 1987 madhye niil sayman yethe noel kayarche natak 'blith spirit' ughadale gele; natkatil eka taara, geraldine pages, jyacha dhavnyachya darmyan mrutyu jhaala, tyala chitrapatgruhane shraddhanjali vahili. tyaa octobermadhye vinodi kalakar mort sahel maryadit pramanat disala aanee pudhchya mahinyat 'breaking daad code' heey natak suru jhaale. niil saymanne juuna 1988 madhye done oo 'niil natakanche punarujjivan aayojit kele, "ratricha dirgh divasacha pravas" aanee "aah, valvant!"(collin deherst aanee jayson robbards yaa doghansamvet), pahilya newyork aantarrashtriy qalaa mahotsavacha bhag mhanoon. tyaa varshachya uttaradhat, kennie loggins yanni niil sayman yethe kahee maifili sadar kelya. 1989 chya suruvatila niil saymansathi done sangitmay ganee jaheer karnyat aalee; purvavalokanadarmyan 'sinetara joou' bund karnyat aale aanee 'daad tower auph babell' madhye purvavalokanahi navhate. tyanantar september 1989 madhye tenacy vilyamsache natak 'orpheus desending' sadar karnyat aale. tyaa sumaras, ell. pii. see. neey sylversteinchya malmattanni vikasit kelelya hotelchi niil saymanchya varr cantilevering karata yeil qaa yavar sunavani ghetali hotee. 1990 aanee 2000 chey dashak. rashiyatil donn kosyaksachya eka nrutya pathakacha janewari 1990 madhye niil sayman yethe maryadit sahbhag hota, tyaa octobermadhye, vinodi kalakar jackie mesanane tyachi ekal malika 'brand nyu' suru kelee, jee aath mahine chalali. march 1992 madhye tyachya navachya natyagruhat aanakhi eka sayman natak, 'jekchya mahila' suru jhaale, jyat sammishra swagatadarmyan 245 sadarikaran jhaale. pudhil novembermadhye niil sayman yethe 'dutch nirmiti' suru jhaali, jee 137 sadarikarananparyant tikali. daad ries andd phaul auph little voice' haah hiit west end musical meey 1994 madhye niil sayman yethe ughadala gela, joou keval eka aathvadyanantar bund jhaala. tyanantar november 1994 madhye besiya aanee meey 1995 madhye laurie anderson yaa sangitkaranchya maifili, tasech november 1995 madhye danny ganschya maryadit sadarikaranane. 1996 madhye rodgers aanee hammerstein sangitmay 'daad king andd aay' chey punarujjivan jhaale. august 1998 paryant chalalelya arther miller natak 'aii view fraum daad brij' sathee marg tayar karnyasathi 1998 chya suruvatila 'daad king andd aay' bund jhaale. 1998 chya uttaradhat niil saymanne nrutya vishesh 'swan lake' aayojit kele, tasech 1999 madhye nataly merchantchi maifili aanee 'daad scarlett pimpernail' yaa sangitmay aavruttichi sudharit aavrutti aayojit kelee. 2000 chya suruvatila niil sayman yethe suru jhalelya 'daad music mann' yaa sangitmay chitrapatache punarujjivan, 2001 chya akheriparyant tikale. 'daad music mann' yaa dhavadarmyan, vinodi kalakar mandy pattinkinne 'yuu' haah chitrapat suru keela.ess. niil sayman yethe eka maifilisah 10 september 2001 roji daura. tyanantar februwari 2002 madhye niil sayman yethe elen stritch ett liberty yaa eka-mahila karyakramacha pratham pradarshan karnyat aale. 'elen stritch ett liberty' bund jhalyanantar, niil saymanla tyachya pudhil sahbhagachya tayarisathi 1,328 jaganpasoon sambhavya 1,467 paryant vadhavanyat aaleh august 2002 madhye ughadalele sangitmay 'hairspray'. 2009 chya suruvatila bund jhalelya 'hairspray' neey natyagruhasathi gharcha vikram keela. april 2009 madhye niil sayman yethe robbin williamsney tyachya vinodi vinodi 'swa-vinash shastre' sadar karnar hota, parantu shastrakriyenantar tyane tyacha sakharpuda radd keela. tyaeivaji 'ragtime' chey punarujjivan nondavale gele, november 2009 madhye prarambh jhaala. washington, dii. madheel kenedi centermadhye midalelya yashachi punaravrutti karnyat 'ragtime' ayashasvi tharale.see.57 sadarikaranantar janewari 2010 madhye bund jhaale. 2010 pasoon sadhyaparyant. sangitkar harry conic junier. julai 2010 madhye niil saymanmadhye tyacha maryadit abhinay hota; 2011 chya albamsathi tyacha dekhava reecord karnyat aala hota. 2011 chya suruvatila brooks etkinson yethe sthalantarit houn, tyaa octobermadhye niil sayman yethe maifil suru jhaali. april 2011 madhye 170 sadarikaranansathi suru jhaleli 'catch mea iff yuu cann' hii sangitmay maifil suru jhaali. march teey julai 2012 yaa kalavadhit niil sayman yethe 'yeshu khrist superstar' chey punarujjivan jhaale, tyanantar tyaa varshachya akheris alpakalin sangitmay karyakram jhaala. tyanantar 2013 chya suruvatila niil saymansathi andreau lippa sangitmay 'bigg phisha' book karnyat aala hota, parantu tyaa varshi bahutek kaal chitrapatgruh andharat hote kaaran 'bigg phisha' itaratra sadarikaran karat hote. "bigg phisha' haah chitrapat aktoobar teey december 2013 yaa kalavadhit chalala. tyanantar ashach prakare done chhotya dhavancha samavesh hotah robbert shenkan yanche march teey juuna 2014 yaa kalavadhit 'aul daad weey' heey natak aanee stingche aktoobar 2014 teey janewari 2015 yaa kalavadhit 'daad last shiip' heey sangitmay natak. frederic love aanee alaan jeey learner yanchya sangitmay 'giggy' chey punarujjivan april 2015 madhye niil sayman yethe ughadale gele, keval done mahinyanantar haah karyakram bund jhaala. julai 2015 madhye, netherlandschya lokanni niil saymanvaril naan vaparlele havai haqq $89 lakhanna vikale. kharedidar haah eka vikas sangh hota, jyane anek gatanchya antaravar eka hottel ubharale hote. tyaa varshachya akheris, jadugaranni maryadit dhavnyasathi niil sayman yethe jaaducha karyakram sadar keela. andreau lloyd vebarchya yashasvi sangitmay 'cats' chey punarujjivan august 2016 madhye niil sayman yethe ughadale gele aanee teey pudhchya varshachya akherparyant chalale. tyanantar toney kushnerche 'engels inn america' heey natak march 2018 madhye teen mahinyansathi ughadale gele. tyaa decembermadhye 'daad cher shhow' haah sangitmay karyakram suru jhaala aanee august 2019 paryant chalala aanee 2019 chya uttaradhat 'jaduchya suttyanchi jaadoo' yaa tyanchya jaduchya karyakramasathi jadugar paratale." daad cher shhow" bund jhalyanantar, emm. jeey. daad musical "2020 chya madhyaparyant niil saymanmadhye book karnyat aale hote. tathapi, newyork shaharatil covid-19 mahamarimule niil saymanne done varshe dusra karyakram aayojit keela nahee. februwari 2022 madhye adhikrutpane ughadanyat aalelya 'emm. jeey. daad musical' chya purvavloknasaha december 2021 madhye natyagruh punha ughadale gele. 'emm. jeey.' neey 2022 madhye chitrapatgruhacha tikit barivaril vikram daha vela modala, agadi alikade 1 janewari 2023 roji sampalelya aathvadyat, jevha sangeetane $2,223,069 chee kamai kelee. ullekhaneey nirmiti. tyanchya pahilya sadarikaranachya varshanusar nirmiti soochibaddha kelee jaate.

neel syman theater neel syman theater, muel rupma alwyn theater, newyork saharko midtauna manhattanko theater jillako 250 paschim 52 aun sadakma raheko broadway theater how. sann 1927 maa kholieko yo theater herbert jey dwara design garieko thiyo. crap rar alex ae kaa lagi banaieko thiyo. aarons rar winton friedle. muel naam aarons rar friedlyko pahilo namharuko sanyojan thiyo; thietarlai 1983 maa natakkar neel saimanko naam pariwartan garieko thiyo. neel saimanma dui tahama 1,467 sitharu chhan rar yo nederlander sangathandwara sanchalit chha. anuhar rar aditorium bhitri duwai newyork saharka sthalchinharu hun. anuharlai dui bhagma vibhajan garieko chhah paschimma chha tale stage house rar purvama paanch tale aditorium. bhutal terakota blockharule dhakieko chha rar yasama markey bhaeko praweshdwar chha. duwai khandaka mathillo tala inta rar terakotabata baneka chhan; sabhagarko agrabhagma kamandar jhyal, alah rar kendriya pediment chha, jabki stage hausako adhik sada design chha. bhitri bhag adom shailima design garieko chha rar yasama dui labiharu rar mejanin-starko launz samawesh chha. sabhagarma bhu-stariya archestra rar buxsahit euta balkani chha. thietarko bhitri bhag paneling rar plasterworkle sajaieko chha, rar sabhagarma gumbaj chhana chha. sabhagarko mathi karyalayaharuka tinn tala thie. alekjander pincus rar emm. ell. goldstonele alwyn thietarko vikas garyo, june 22 november 1927 maa "ramailo anuhar" sanga kholieko thiyo. aarons rar friedlyle suruma theater sanchalan gare rar sann 1930 dekhi 1932 samma yasako swamitwama thie. thietarko prarambhik warshaharuma, yasale "jey bhae pani", "leady inn da dark", rar "ketaharuka lagi kehi", sathai natakharu jasta sangitik karyakramharu ayojana गऱ्यो।. cbsle sann 1946 maa afno zimma leo rar sann 1959 samma theater sanchalan garna jaari rakhyo, jab max rar stanly stahalle yasalai kine. alwinlai sann 1967 maa ruck-time inklai thap bechieko thiyo. rar sann 1975 maa netherlandsma. sann 1960 rar 1970 ko dashakma, alwynle lamo samayasamma "forumma jaanda euta ramailo kura bhayo", "uccha atma", "mahan seto asha", "company", "senandoh", rar "annie" jasta karyakramharu ayojana gare. thietarko naam neel saimanko namama pariwartan bhaepachi, yasale 1980 rar 1990 ko dashakma unka dherai natakharu, sathai 2000 ko dashakko dherai bhagma sangitik "hairsprey" ko ayojana गऱ्यो।. site. neel syman theater 250 paschim 52 aun sadakma, newyork saharko midtauna manhattan chhimekma athaun avenue rar broadwayko bichma dakshin footpathma chha. ayatakar jaminle 52 aun sadakko agadiko bhag rar yasako gahirailai sametchha. neel saimanle purvama mark hellinger theater rar galagharko stickhousesanga block sajha gardacha. anya najikaka bhawanharuma uttarma august wilson theater; uttarpurvama broadway theater rar 810 sataun avenue; purvama exa nyayasangat kendra; dakshinpurvama shitkalin bagaincha theater; rar dakshinma permount plaza (warga theater rar gershwin thieterma circle sahit) samawesh chha. design. neel syman theater, muel rupma alwyn theater, herbert jey dwara design garieko thiyo. crap rar 1927 maa nirman garieko thiyo. bahiri bhag nav-georgian shailima design garieko chha, jabki bhitri bhag crapko adhikansh designharuko wishishta adom shailima design garieko chha. mukh. anuharma dui khandaharu hunchhan, june ekarkasanga jodieka hunchhan. paanch tale aglo purvi khanda chauda chha rar samamit chha, jasma sabhagarko praweshdwar chha. stage house bhaeko paschimi bhag chha tala aglo chha. mathillo kathaharuma, agrabhag terakota trimko sath angreji bandhanma rato intbata baneko chha. neel syman belasco theater, heya theater rar stephen sondheim thieterka sath nav-georgian anuhar bhaeko kehi broadway thietarharu madhye ek how. theater janeharu "nirmatako gharma prawesh gariraheka chhan" bhanne dharana sirjana garna yo garieko thiyo. jab alwyn nirman garieko thiyo, ekjana samikshakle bhane kii bahiri designma sadakbhari "yasako chhimekiko maryadalai dhyanma rakhdai ek upasthiti thiyo", ab wilson. adhar. duwai khandama, adhar terakottako jangle dhakieko khandabata baneko chha, sangamarmar jastai design garieko chha. bhutalko agrabhagko purvi chheuma dhatu dhokaharuko jody chha. sabhagarko agrabhagko kendrama dhatu rar gilasko dhokako dui setharu chhan. purvama chhawata dhoka bhitri labisanga jodinchha, jabki paschimma athawata dhoka bucks office labisanga jodinchha; yee dhokaharu mathi euta adhunik markey chha. anuharko stage-house khandama, stageko dhoka sahit dheraiwata chheuma raheka dhoka chhan. panelharu rar thado khadalharu bhaeko terso friz adharko mathi chalcha. uccha kathaharu. adharko mathi, thado terakota banned rar kwoinharule sabhagarko anuharlai tean bhagma vibhajan gardacha. madhya khandama jhyalka tinawata thado khandaharu chhan. pratyek khadima dosro talama dohoro uchaiko kamandar jhyal hunchha, jasma terakota impost rar pratyek kamanko shirsha najikai kunji pattharharu hunchhan. chautho talama, tinawata kendriya khadalharu madhye pratyekma terakota frameko sath ayatakar jhyal chha, jasko mathi bhaanchieko pediment chha jasma scralharu ek kalashma chhan. panchaun-tale jhyalharuma ayatakar terakota fremharu pani chhan; tiniharuko silharu terakota banned korsdwara jodieka chhan. yee jhyalharu mathi euta trikonatmak gable uthcha; gableko kendrama euta terakota oculus chha, pushpamalaharu rar fulko sajawatle gherieko chha. sabhagarko anuharko bahiri bhagharu mandapharuko rupma design garieko chha, june shirshama bahek ekarkasanga lagbhag saman chhan. duwai mandapharu bansuriyukta terakota bhittagharharule gherieka chhan, june adharbhanda mathi chalne freezma aram gardacha. yee bhitta stambhaharu bitch dosro talama dohoro uchai bhaeka thaaunharu chhan, pratyek terakota impost rar chabi dhungaharule gherieko chha. nikharuma terakota kalashharu hunchhan, june samudri kholko motifharu mathi rakhinchha. pratyek alah mathi, chautho talama ayatakar terakota fremharu bhaeka duiwata jhyalharu chhan. bhittapalakko pratyek jodile panchaun talama terakota antablature rar pedimentlai samarthan gardacha, sathai tyo kathako mathiko carnislai pani samarthan gardacha. jabki purvi (bayan) mandaplai pyarapetle dhakieko chha, paschimi (dayan) mandap arko talaka lagi uthcha, stage hausako uchai barabar. manch bhawan sabhagarko dayantira chha. thado terakota banned rar kwoinharule stage hausalai ek, tean, rar ek khandako sath bayanbata dayan bhagma vibhajan gardacha. manch gharko jhyalharu ayatakar chhan, pratyek jhyalko mathi terakota lintelharu chhan. stage hausako madhya bhagma tesro rar chautho talako mathi terakota panelharu pani chhan. panchaun talako mathi euta carnis rar paneling chha, sathai chhaitaun talako mathi euta ballstrade bhaeko pyarapet pani chha. manch bhawanko bayantirko khadi, sabhagarko najik, sataun talama pugchha. stage hausako sabaibhanda dayan kinarma thietarko namko sath thado chinha chha. bhitri. labiharu. ayatakar tikat lubby sidhai mukhya praweshdwarbhitra chha rar yasama gadha sangamarmarka parkhalharu chhan. paschimi (dayan) parkhalma tikatka jhyalharu chhan, jabki purvi (bayan) parkhalma bhitri labima euta chhidra bhaeko thaaun chha, jasma sano sconusle gherieko gillas rar kaansaako dohoro dhoka chha. uttari bhittama athawata kaanch rar kaansaako dhoka sadakbata niskanchha, tiniharuko mathiko panelharu chhan, jabki dakshini bhittama aditoriumko archestra starsamma panel garieko kathko dhoka chha. chhatlai euta carnisle gherieko chha. june adam shailima plasterworkle sajaieko chha. chhatko bichma crystal battiharuko jody chha. bhitri lubby yojanama ayatakar chha. yasalai yasako paschimi parkhalko alabata pahunch garinchha, june tikat labibata janchha, sathai uttari parkhalma chhawata gillas rar kaansaako dhokabata, june sadakbata janchha. dakshini parkhalma sabhagarka lagi panel garieko kathko dhoka chha, jabki purvi parkhalma mejanin launzko sindhi chha. bhitri labiko chhatlai adam shailima plasterworkle sajaieko chha rar yasama crystal jhyalko jody samawesh chha. jab alwyn nirman garieko thiyo, mejanin launjalai angreji launz mapanko rupma design garieko thiyo. mejanin launzka parkhalharu weinscoat garieka chhan rar prakash sconesharu samawesh chhan. yass sthanma suruma euta fireplaces pani thiyo. charawata "retiring room" loungebata bahira niskiyo, jasma purush rar mahilaharuko dhumrapan garne kotha samawesh thiyo. launzko chhatma plasterwork sajawatko sath andakar gumbaj chha; euta kendriya jhumar; rar euta carnis, june gumbajsanga chhutchha. mejanin loungebata, sindhiharu uttartira taltira janchha, bhitri labisanga joddachha, rar dakshinma, arkestrasanga jodchha. tyahan kunai pani sindhiko mathi ayatakar khajana chhan, crystal jhummar rar warparka carnisharu chhan. dakshini sindhima dhatuko railing chha. dhilo auneharubata hune awarodhlai cum garna yee sindhiharu sabhagarbhitrako satta launzama rakhieko thiyo. aditorium. sabhagarma archestra star, euta balkani, bucks rar rangamanchko chapko pachhadi euta manch chha. sabhagarko thaaun plaster sajawatko sath design garieko chha rar yojanama lagbhag wargakar chha. netherlander sangathanka anusar, sabhagarma 1,445 sitharu chhan; yasaibich, broadway ligle 1,467 sitharuko kshamata uddhrit gardacha rar "playbill" ley 1,380 sitharu uddhrit gardacha. thieterma suruma 1,400 sitharuko kshamata thiyo, archestrama 702, balkanima 674 rar buxharuma 24 wata thie. sann 1967 ko euta lekhle thieterma sangitka lagi 1,363 sitt rar natakka lagi 1.334 sitt raheko warnan gareko chha. sabhagarma suruma hattiko daant, nilo, khairo rar sunaulo rangko yojana thiyo, jasma lavender wa tutika kapada thie. seto rangle dherai muel bhitri sajawatharu sametchha. sabhagarko mathi karyalayaharuka tinn tala thie. basne thaaun. manchako agadi raheko archestra pitatira tall jhukeko archestra starlai rek garieko chha. arkestrako pachhadi purvama panel garieko parkhalko sath sconesharu bhaeko saira chha. arkestrako pachhadi sangamarmarko baneko khada rail chha, jasle sairlai sitharuko pachhadiko panktibata alag gardacha. sairgah rar archestra sitlai dui stambhaharule alag gareka chhan, sangamarmarka stambhaharu jastai design garieko chha; tiniharu dorick-shailika rajdhaniharule shirshama chhan. arkestrako dakshin (bayan) parkhalma dhatuko dhoka chha, panel garieko parkhal khandaharusanga vaikalpik rupma sconesharu samawesh chhan. uttar (dayan) parkhalma panel garieko kathko dhokaharuko dui setharu chhan, sconsko sath pyanaldwara alag garieko; pachhadiko dhoka bhitri labima janchha, jabki agadi raheka dhoka tikat labima janchha. pratyek dhokako mathika nicas chinhaharu lyre rar griffinharu chitran garne freezharule gherieka chhan. balkaniko starlai yasako gahiraiko adha batoko galiyara dwara agadi rar pachhadi khandaharuma vibhajit garieko chha, june badalama dhatu railingdwara chitran garieko chha. krasaobhar galiyara duwai chheuko parkhalharuma nicas dhokaharuma jodinchha, june badalama lyre rar griffinharu bhaeko frizharudwara shirshama hunchha. agadiko balkaniko chheuma chheuko parkhalharuma pani yastai friz bhaeka nicas dhoka rakhieka chhan. balkaniko baanki chheuko parkhalharu ayanik rajdhaniharu bhaeka bhittagharharudwara khandaharuma vibhajit chhan, jasle sabhagar waripari antablaturelai samarthan gardacha. pratyek chheuko parkhal khandama crystal rar brass prakash sconesharu samawesh chhan. balkaniko agadiko railma swag, kalash rar cameo dhancha samawesh chha, june anshik rupma light buxharule dhakieko chha. balkaniko tallo bhagma crystal light fixtureka sath adam-shailika panelharu chhan. balkaniko pachhadiko parkhallai panelharuma vibhajan garieko chha jasma prakash sconesharu hunchhan. bhittaharuma kehi watanukulan bhentharu chhan. manchako duwai chheuma balkani starma tinawata buxharu bhaeko bhitta khanda chha. buxharu stagetira taltira janchha; agadiko bucks prasenium chapma agadi bagchha, jabki pachhadiko bucks balkanima pachhadi bagchha. archestra starma, mathika buxharuko sthanharu anurup, kunai pani bhittama euta udghatan hunchha. buxharuko tallo bhagma crystal battiharu rar console koshthakharu samawesh chhan, jabki buxharuko agadiko railingma swyagharu, kalashharu rar cameo dhanchaharu hunchhan. panel bhaeka pairharule buxharulai ekarkadekhi alag garchhan, buxharuko sidhai mathi sano antablaturelai samarthan garchhan; pratyek sano antablaturema bhaanchieko pediment hunchha jasma scrolharu euta kalashma hunchhan. pedimentko mathi, tyahan mahila grotskharu bhaeka kolanetharu chhan, june aditoriumlai gherieko antablaturesamma mathi wistar hunchha. anya design wisheshtaharu. buxko chheuma euta samatal prosenium chap chha, jasma udghatanko duwai chheuma baansuri ayanik bhittipatharu, sathai mathiko antablature samawesh chha. antablaturema adam-shailiko friz samawesh chha. mehrabko mathi bhittichitra bhaeko lunette panel chha, jasle pauranik patraharu bhaeko pashupalan drishya dekhaunchha. jab theater nirman garieko thiyo, proseniumko udghatanlai chauda mapanko rupma warnan garieko thiyo. udghatanko pachhadi, manch 100 fitt chauda rar 35 fitt gahiro thiyo, jasma gridiron aglo thiyo. manchako agadi raheko archestra pitma 48 zana basna sakchhan. backstagema 150 zana kalakarharulai samayojan garna saksham 20 wata dressing rumharu thie, sathai corus "rest room" rar rehearsal rumko jody pani thiyo. chhatma chheuko parkhalharuma groin bhaltaharu chhan, plasterwork sajawatko sath pasalaharule alag gardacha. sabhagarko agadi sajawati bandharule gherieko euta golakar gumbaj chha, jasma kendriya padakbata jhundyaieko crystal jhumar chha. gumbajko pachhadi, chhatlai adam-shailiko plasterwork sajawatka sath panelharuma vibhajan garieko chha. pachhadiko balkaniko mathi sajawati banned rar prawidhik-booth openingharu bhaeko adha gumbaj chha. watanukulan bhentharu chhatma rakhieka chhan. itihas. times squire sann 1900 rar mahamanda bichma thulo-starko theater nirmanharuko kendrabindu banyo. awasadaghi nirman garieka thietarharu madhye alwyn theater euta thiyo. thietarko naam yasako muel aparetarharuko pahilo namharuko sanyojan thiyoh alex ae. aaron (1891-1943) rar bhinton friedle (1891-1969). duwai zana filadelfiaca thie. aarons sangitik kamedika nirmata thie, jabki friedly "ek matra broadway nirmata thie jasko naam samajik registerma suchibadha thiyo. yee purushharule 1923 wa 1924 maa sajhedari gareka thie, tara uniharule 1933 samma matra sangai kaam gare. 1983 dekhi, yasalai broadweka sabaibhanda safal natakakarharu madhye ek neel syman (1927-2018) ko nambata namkaran garieko chha. neel syman netherlander sangathandwara sanchalit chha. vikas rar prarambhik warshaharu. janawari 1927 maa, alekjander pincus rar emm. ell. goldstonele lebnan estate karporesanbata 244-254 paschim 52 aun sadakma siteharu kineko thiyo, cytema vaidha theater vikas garne yojanako sath. pinksle pahile langaekar rar imperial thietarharu vikas gareko thiyo; uni rar goldstonele thietarko $14 lakh kharcha garne yojana banaeka thie. sohi mahina, pinksle herbert jey dwara design garieko cytema thieterka lagi newyork city department aff buildingma yojanaharu pesh gare. crap. pincus rar goldstonele theater nirmanka lagi march garne o 'day nirman companylai samanya anubandha pradan gare. october 1927 sammama, aarons rar friedlyle theater bhadama lieka thie rar fred rar edele astyre abhinit george rar ira gerswinko sangitik "funny faces" manchama rakhne yojana banaeka thie. alwyn november 22,1927 maa "ramailo anuhar" ko sath kholieko thiyo; tyo karyakram 250 pradarshanharuka lagi chaleko thiyo. da newyork times" kaa theater samikshak brooks atkinsonle lekheka chhanh "yadi" ramailo anuhar "cum manoranjak bhaeko bhae, darshakharusanga nayan thietarko prashansa garna badhi samaya huna sakthyo." alwynka pahilo kehi sangitharu apekshakrit chhoto thie. sann 1928 maa, thieterle gerswin sangitik "trazer gearl" ko gertrude larensanga ayojana गऱ्यो।. yadyapi sangitikle $6 ko shirsha prawesh shulk leo, tyasapachhi ek abhutpurva mulya, yasale banda hunu aghi 69 pradarshanharu wyawasthit गऱ्यो।. arko thiyo theater gildko "europema wings" ko nirman, june martin beck thieterbata sthanantaran bhayo. aarons rar friedlyle janawari 1929 maa thieterma $570,000 dhito rina prapta gare. rudgers rar hart sangitik "spring iz hear" tyo marchma kholiyo rar 104 pradarshanharu thie. arko radgar rar hart musical, "head up!", tyo novemberma 144-pradarshan daudaka lagi alwinma kholieko thiyo. sann 1930 maa, ethel marmanle gerswinsko "gearl kreji" maa afno broadway debue garin, jasma 272 wata pradarshanharu thie. aaron rar friedlyle tyas aprilma alwyn rar yasako talko jagga kine. pincus rar goldstone operation. pincus rar goldstonele agyat karanharule mey 1932 maa alwinko sanchalanlai samhaleka thie. tyas warsha, thieterle yuzhen o 'nilko natak "shoke electra banchha", sathai jerom kernako sangitik "hawama sangit" ko sthanantaranko ayojana गऱ्यो।. kheladiharule mey 1933 maa alwinma "ankal tamko kebin" ko utpadan lyae; yo natak yati lokpriya thiyo kii yasalai yasako muel ek haptako daud bhanda dui hapta pachhi wistar garieko thiyo. sohi warsha maxwell endersonle heylen heysasanga "merry aff scotland" khelko udghatan dekhe. friedlyle arko patak sann 1934 maa alwinma cole porterko sangitik "jey pani janchha" utpadan gare, jasma merman, william gaxton, wictor murr rar bhibhian bhansa thie; yo 420 pradarshanharuka lagi daudyo. sann 1930 ko dashakko madhyasamma, alwyn theater rar chhimeki gild (ahile august wilson) theater theater jillako sabaibhanda uttari sthanharu thie jasle ajhai pani vaidha karyakramharu ayojana garthyo. gerswinsko americi lock opera "porgi anned bases" ko muel utpadan october 1935 maa alwinma kholieko thiyo. jabki "porgi anned bases" 124 pradarshanpachhi alwinma banda bhayo, yasako punarutthanharu adhik safal sabit bhayo. yo october 1936 maa porterko "rato, tato rar nilo" marman rar zimmi duranteko sath bhayo, june 181 pradarshanharu chalyo. sann 1930 ko dashakko antyama alwynle rudgers rar hartdwara duiwata sangitik karyakramharu ayojana gareko thiyo. "george emsanga "mahm sahi huna chahanchhu" kholiyo. sann 1937 maa kohan, 289 pradarshanharuka lagi daudiraheka thie, rar "da keta frum siracuse" sann 1938 maa kholiyo, 235 pradarshanharu chalyo. 1940 ko dashakko alwinko pahilo utpadan february 1940 maa "da taming aff da shru" ko simit runn thiyo, finis rahat koshka lagi abhinaya jody alfred lunt rar lyne fontandwara manchit garieko thiyo. tyo aprilma, lunt rar fontan robert ima dekha paryo. serwoodko natak "tyahan kunai raat hunechhaina", june sann 1940 ko madhyama bhramanko sath dherai mahinasamma chalyo. arko warsha, alwynle ira gershwin, mose hart, rar curt weilko manochikitsa-vishayavastu sangit "leady inn da dark" ko ayojana garyo; yasama gertrude larensko visheshta thiyo, yasama 467 pradarshanharu thie. alwynle janawari 1943 maa ethel marmansanga porterko sangitik "ketaharuka lagi kehi" ayojana garyo, 422 pradarshanharuka lagi dekha paryo. "ketaharuka lagi kehi" sangitmay "jackpot" kaa lagi bato banauna banda bhayo, jasle 67 wata pradarshanharu chalayo. sann 1944 rar 1945 maa alwinko nirmanharu prayaha druta asafal thie, jasma "heylen gos too troya", "da firebrand aff florence", rar "holywood pinafore" samawesh thie. betty comden, adolf green, rar morton goldko sangitik "billion dollar beby" adhik safal thiyo, june 1945 ko antyama kholieko thiyo rar 200 pradarshanharusamma chalyo. cbs swamitwa, kulman sanchalan. december 1945 samma, prasaran sanjal cbsle studioko rupma prayogka lagi alwyn kinna warta gariraheko thiyo, kinki najikaiko hammersteinko thieterma sibiesko patta samapta huna lageko thiyo. haward ess. kulman, jo hammersteinko malik thie, tyo thietarlai vaidha prayogma firta garne uddeshyale thie. cbsle february 1946 maa 825,000 dollarma alwyn kineko thiyo. junema cbsle kulmanbata hammersteinlai thap paanch warshaka lagi bhadama dina sahamat bhayo, jabki kulmanle cbsbata alwyn bhadama dina rar yasako satta tyahan utpadanharu prastut garna sahamat bhae. sohi warsha, alwynle ingrid bergman, saam wanamaker rar romani brentsanga "john aff loren" ko ayojana gare. yasapachhi sann 1947 maa "life whith father" natak aeko thiyo, june arko thieterbata yasako 3,224-pradarshan daudako samapan garnama sarieko thiyo. george bernard sawako natak "myan anned superman" tyo octoberma alwinma kholieko thiyo rar february 1948 maa sthanantaran garieko thiyo. yasako lagattai pachhi thomas hegen rar joshua loganko kamedi "mister roberts" heinry fondasanga, june 1,157 pradarshanharusamma chalyo. kulman rar cbsle sann 1951 maa arko tean warshaka lagi hammerstein rar alwyn adala-badali garne nirnaya gare, jasle pahilelai studioko rupma prayog garna rar pachhillolai vaidha natakharuka lagi prayog garna anumati diyo. tyas warsha alwinma tinawata karyakramharu kholieh sidney kingsle "diunsoko andhyaro", sangitik "brooklinma rookh badhcha", rar pall osborne play "point aff no return" bajaunchhan. "point aff no return" december 1952 maa rebhyu "toose company" dwara pachhyaieko thiyo, 22 warshama unko pahilo broadway upasthitima bette devisko sath, tara yo kewal lagbhag 90 pradarshanharu chalyo. arko warsha, norman krasnako kamedi "kind sear" merry martin rar charles boyarsanga alwinma kholiyo. sangitik "da golden apple" april 1954 maa aff-broadwebata alwinma sthanantaran bhayo, kull 173 pradarshanharuka lagi chalyo. tyo warsha kulmanko patta nawikaranka lagi aunuaghi harold arlen rar truman capot sangitik "house aff flavours" book garieko thiyo, jasle alwyn rar hammersteinko patta feri adala-badali hune sanket gardacha. "house aff flavours" antatah december 1954 maa kholieko thiyo rar 165 wata pradarshanka lagi chaleko thiyo. ira lebhinko kamedi "no time ferr sargent" arko warsha khulyo, dui warshama 796 pradarshanharu chalyo. thieterle sann 1950 ko dashakko uttarardhama dherai madhyam rupma safal utpadanharu ayojana garyo, jasma sangitikharu "oh, kaptan!"sann 1958 maa rar sann 1959 maa" "pahilo chhap" ". thap rupma, jerom robinsle unko nritya vishesh" "byale yu" "ko choreography gare.ess.ae."sann 1958 maa, rar sangitik" "belharu bajiraheka chhan" "tyas warsha subertbata alwinma sarieko thiyo. stall rar ruck-time swamitwa. cbsle sann 1959 maa max rar stanly stallai alwyn beche, jasle chhimeki hellinger thietarko pani swamitwa lieka thie. stalharule chaandai alwynka lagi nayan prabandhak niyukta gare. sann 1960 maa, thieterle sangitik "greenwillo", nritya tolly less byale africhance, rar shitkalin bagaichabata sangitik "west side story" ko sthanantaranko ayojana गऱ्यो।. caroline leh rar sai colleman sangitik "wildcat" tyo decemberma lucil balko sath kholiyo, jasle tyahan unko ekmatra broadway upasthiti banayo. sann 1961 maa plymouthbata alwinma sthanantaran garieko sangitik "irma lah dos". arko warsha, stephen sondheim, bert sebhlabh, rar leri jailbartko sangitik "forumko batoma bhaeko euta ramailo kura" kholiyo, 967 wata pradarshanka lagi daudiyo. october 1962 maa chaliraheko "ek ramailo kura" ko samayama, lester osterman (46 aun sadak rar o 'neel thieterka malik) ley alwinlai paanch warshaka lagi bhadama die. hug martin rar timothi greko sangitmay kamedi "hai spirits", beatrice lilly rar temmy grimsko sath, 1964 maa kholieko thiyo rar 367 pradarshanharuka lagi chalyo. mauris shevalier april 1965 maa alwinma ek mahina lamo ekal karyakram, "mauris shevalier att 77" kaa lagi dekha pare. yo arko mahina "flora da redd werm" dwara pachhyaieko thiyo, jasma liza minelile broadway debue garin. "flora da redd werz" rar tyasapachhika dherai karyakramharu tulanatmak rupma chhoto runn bhaeka thie. yee karyakramharuma "da yearling" (1965), "eat iz aha bird" namak sangit samawesh thiyo... yo euta viman how... eatus superman "(1966)," dinner att aitt "(1966), rar" shery!"(1967). rockfeller centreko vikas sahayak ruck-time ink. july 1967 maa ostermanbata yasako agent konrad mathayamarfat alwyn kineko thiyo. yasako satoma, ruck-timele rockfeller centre najikaiko playhouse theater beche, jaslai dhwasta parnu thiyo. tom stoppered natak "rosencrantz rar gildenstern mareka chhan" october 1967 maa alwinma kholieko thiyo, dui thietarharuma 421 wata kull pradarshanka lagi chaliraheko thiyo. yo sann 1968 maa james earl johns rar zen alekjanderko sath haward sacklerko natak "da great white hope" dwara safal bhayo, jasma 557 pradarshanharu thie. alwynle arko stephen sondheim/george forth musical "company" ko muel utpadanlai host garyo, june 1970 maa premiere bhayo rar arko dui warshama 700 bhanda badhi pradarshanharu chalyo. tyasapachhi "molly" (1973) rar "da friedom aff da city" (1974) sahit kehi chhoto ranharu ae. alwinko arko safalta sangitik "senandoh" thiyo, june 1975 maa kholieko thiyo rar sthanantaran hunu aghi dui warsha rahyo. july 1974 samma, mathayale thietarko dhito rinama chook gareko thiyo, rar bowari bachat bankley foreclosurema alwyn adhigrahan गऱ्यो।. tyasapachhi thietarlai 12 lakh dollarma bikrika lagi rakhieko thiyo. netherlandsko swamitwa. sann 1970 rar 1980 ko dashak. nederlander sangathanle sann 1975 maa alwyn adhigrahan गऱ्यो।, rar darbar, uris rar brook etkinsonpachhi yo sthan pariwarko chautho broadway theater banyo. bikrima $100,000 nagad rar $1.16 lakh dhito rina samawesh thiyo. annie" ko muel broadway utpadan 1977 maa kholieko thiyo rar sthanantaran garnu aghi paanch warshasamma chaleko thiyo. sann 1981 rar 1982 maa pachhilla panchwata sangitik githaru chhoto runn thie. "sano rajkumar rar vimanchalak" purwawalokanko samayama banda bhayo, jabki "" khushisath hammy sangai ghumchhaun "," sano johnny johns ", key callo patent chhalako juttale sanchchai pratibimbit gardacha?", rar" saat dajubhaiharuka lagi saat dulahiharu "pratyek dui hapta bhanda cum pachhi banda bhayo. da little prince" kaa nirmataharu, sathai "little johnny johns" (june udghatan ratma banda bhayo) kaa nirmataharule sann 1986 maa netherlandersmathi safalatapurwak mudda dayar gare, companyle anuchit rupma duwai karyakramharu bedkhal gareko adharma. alwinko arko gaira-flup all hariyo rar patti lebelko sath "bhagawansanga bucks garna tapainko hatharu dherai chhoto" thiyo, june september 1982 maa kholieko thiyo. "neel saimanko yuzhen trayima pahilo natak "bryton bitch sansmaran" march 1983 maa alwinma kholieko thiyo. netherlandersle thietarko naam saimanka lagi pariwartan gare june 29,1983 maa. naam pariwartan "bryton beach sansmaranharu" sanga sambandhit thiena; netherlandersle 1982 maa saimanko nambata thietarko naam pariwartan garne prastawa gareka thie, tara natakakarle tyas samayama aswikar gareka thie. neel syman swargiya yuzhen o 'nilko namama unko namama broadway theater rakhne dosro natakkar thie, rar pahilo jiwit natakkar thie jaslai yati sammanit garieko thiyo. natya samudayaka sadasyaharule alwinlai gerswinharuka lagi naam pariwartan garieko hunuparchha bhanne wyakta gare; tyo naam uris thieterma lagu garieko thiyo. jery weintrauble tyasapachhi sann 1984 maa nill syman thietarko sanchalanma hissedari kineka thie. yasasangai, newyork city landmark sanrakshan ayog (lpc) ley sann 1982 maa nill saimanlai landmarkko rupma sanrakshan garne vichar garna thaleko thiyo, rar chhalfalharu pachhilla dherai warshaharuma jaari rahyo. elpisile tinwata theater malikharuko apattima rajdut rar neel saimanko bhitri bhagsahit neel syman, rajdut, rar bharjinia (ahile august wilson) thietarharuko agrabhaglai august 1985 maa sthalchinhako rupma namit गऱ्यो।. newyork city board aff astimatele december 1985 maa aitihasik padanamharulai anumodan garyo. "bryton bitch sansmaranharu" pachhi 1985 maa yuzhen trayima arko natak, "biloxy blues", aeko thiyo. arko warsha, sangit "inatu da light" nill saimanma kholiyo, chhawata pradarshan pachhi banda bhayo. noel cowardko natak "blith spirit" march 1987 maa neel saimanma kholieko thiyo; thieterle natakka ek tara, geraldine pejlai pani shraddhanjali dieko thiyo, jasko daudako bichma mrityu bhayo. hasya kalakar mort sahelle tyo octoberma simit upasthiti die, rar arko mahina "breaking da code" natak kholiyo. neel saimanle june 1988 maa dui o 'neel natakharuko punarutthanko ayojana garyo, "ratma lamo dinko yatra" rar "aha, ujad!"(duwai collin deherst rar jayson robardssanga), kalako pahilo newyork antarrashtriya mahotsavko bhagko rupma. tyas warshako antyama, kenni lagaginsle nill saimanma kehi concertharu khele. sann 1989 ko suruma neel saimanka lagi dui sangitik githaru ghoshana garieko thiyo; purwawalokanko kramama "cineter jo" banda bhayo, rar "da tower aff bebel" maa purvavlokan pani thiena. tenessy williamsko natak "arpheus decending" tyasapachhi september 1989 maa prastut garieko thiyo. tyas samayatira, elpisile silverstein sampattiharudwara wiksit hotellai nill saimanmathi cantilever garna sakinchha kii bhanera sunuwaiko ayojana gareko thiyo. sann 1990 rar 2000 ko dashak. rasiyaka dunn kosyakharuko euta nritya tolile janawari 1990 maa neel saimanma simit sagai gareko thiyo, tyo octoberma, hasya kalakar jacky messionle afno ekal shringkhala "brand nyu" suru gare, june atha mahinasamma chaleko thiyo. march 1992 maa unko nemsec thieterma arko syman natak "jekko mahila" kholiyo, jasma mishrit swagatko bichma 245 pradarshanharu thie. arko novemberma, douch prodoxon "" neel saimanma kholiyo, 137 pradarshanharu chalyo. heat west anned musical "da rise anned fall aff little bhwaisa" mey 1994 maa nill saimanma kholieko thiyo, ek hapta pachhi matra banda bhayo. yasapachhi november 1994 maa besia rar mey 1995 maa lori andersonka sangitkarharuko concertharu, sathai november 1995 maa denny gansadwara simit pradarshan gariyo. 1996 maa rudgers rar hammerstein sangitik "da king anned aie" lai punarjiwit gariyo. raja rar aie "sann 1998 ko suruma arther miller play" brijbata ek drishya "ko lagi bato banauna banda bhayo, june august 1998 samma chalyo. neel saimanle sann 1998 ko antyama vishesh nritya" swan lake "ko ayojana garyo, sathai natali wyaparidwara concert rar 1999 maa sangitik" da scarlett pimpernel "ko sanshodhit sanskaran. sann 2000 ko suruma nill saimanma kholieko sangitik "da music myan" ko punarutthan, 2001 ko antyasamma chalyo. "da music myan" daudako samayama, hasya kalakar mandy pattinkinle ek yu suru gare.ess. september 10,2001 maa nill saimanma concertko sath bhraman. allen strichko ek-mahila karyakram "allen stritch att liberty" tyasapachhi february 2002 maa nill saimanma premiere bhayo. "allen stritch att liberty" ko banda bhaepachi, neel saimanlai 1,328 sitbata sambhawit 1,467 maa yasako arko sagaiko tayarima wistar garieko thiyoh sangitik "hairsprey", june august 2002 maa kholieko thiyo. "hairsprey" ley thieterka lagi ghar record sthapit garyo, june 2009 ko suruma banda bhayo. robin williamsle april 2009 maa nill saimanma afno kamedi bhraman "atma-winashko hatiyar" pradarshan garne thiyo, tara shalyakriya pachhi unle afno sagai radda gare. yasako satta november 2009 maa kholieko "ragtime" ko punarutthan book garieko thiyo. "ragtime" wassington, dee ko kenedy centrema prapta gareko safaltalai dohouyauna asafal bhayo.see., 57 wata pradarshanpachhi janawari 2010 maa banda bhayo. sann 2010 dekhi halsamma. sangitkar harry conic junier. july 2010 maa neel saimanma simit pradarshan thiyo; unko upasthiti 2011 albumka lagi record garieko thiyo. sann 2011 ko suruma brook atkinsonma sardai, tyo octoberma nill saimanma concert "kholiyo. april 2011 maa suru bhaeko sangitik" catch mea eaf yu kyan "170 wata pradarshanka lagi chaliraheko thiyo. yeshu khrishta superstar" ko punarutthan marchadekhi july 2012 samma nill saimanma chaleko thiyo, tyasapachhi tyas warshako antyama alpakalin sangitik pradarshan bhayo. tyasapachhi sann 2013 ko suruma endru lippa sangitik "bigg fish" nill saimanka lagi book garieko thiyo, tara theater tyas warshako adhikansh samaya andhyaro rahyo kinbhane "bigg fish" ley anyatra pradarshan gariraheko thiyo. "thula machha" octoberdekhi december 2013 samma matra chaleko thiyo. yasapachhi duiwata saman chhoto daudharu thieh robert senkanko natak "all da wey" marchadekhi june 2014 samma, rar stingko sangitik "da last ship" october 2014 dekhi janawari 2015 samma. fredrick lowe rar alan jey learnerko sangitik "giggy" ko punarutthan april 2015 maa nill saimanma kholiyo, kewal dui mahina pachhi show banda bhayo. july 2015 maa, netherlandsle nill syman mathiko aprayukta hawai adhikar $89.9 lakhma beche. kretaharu dherai block tadha hotel khada garne vikas consortium thie. tyas warshako antyama, bhramawadiharule simit daudaka lagi nill saimanma jaduko pradarshan gare. andrew lloyd weberko heat musical "cats" ko punarutthan august 2016 maa nill saimanma kholieko thiyo rar arko warshako antyasamma chaleko thiyo. tony kusanarako natak "angels inn america" tyasapachhi march 2018 maa tean mahinako daudaka lagi kholieko thiyo. sangitik "da chera show" tyo decemberma kholiyo rar august 2019 samma chalyo, rar bhramawadiharu 2019 ko antyama uniharuko jadu show, "bidaharuko jadu" kaa lagi farke." chera show" banda bhaepachi, emje da musical "2020 ko madhyaka lagi nill saimanma book garieko thiyo. yadyapi, newyork saharma covid-19 mahamariko karan neel saimanle dui warshasamma arko show host garenan. theater december 2021 maa "emje da musical" ko purwawalokanko sath feri kholieko thiyo, june adhikarik rupma february 2022 maa kholieko thiyo. "emje" ley 2022 maa thietarko bucks-office record das patak todyo, sabaibhanda bharkharai janawari 1,2023 maa samapta bhaeko haptama, jab musicalle $2,223,069 kamaeko thiyo. ullekhaniya utpadanharu. utpadanharu tiniharuko pahilo pradarshanko warshadwara suchibadha hunchhan.

nill symon theatre neel symon theatre, moolatah alvin theatre, nyujarka saharar midtaun myanhatanra theatre jillara 250 paschima 52 tama street ray eka broadway theatre . 1927 masihare kholajaithiba ehi theatrer design herbert jay. crap ebong alex aii paain nirmita hoithila . arrons ebong bhintan friedly. moola namati arrons ebong fridalinka pratham namara mishran thila; 1983 ray thietaraku natyakara nill symon paain punahnamakarana karajaithila. nill symon duiti starare 1,467 aasana achhi ebong ehaa netherlander sangathana dwara parichalita . ubhaja sammukhabhaga ebong auditorium aabhyantareen nyujarka saharar landmark . sammukhabhagaku duiti bhagare bibhakta karajaichihi paschimare chhaa mahla bisista mancha gruha ebong purbare pancha mahla bisista auditorium. tala mahalati terracotta blakare aachadita ebong ethire eka markey sahita eka prabesha dwara achhi . ubhaja bibhagara upara mahla ita ebong terracotta dwara nirmita; auditorium sammukhabhagare khilanajukta jharaka, sthana ebong eka kendriah pediment achhi, jetebele kii mancha gharara adhika sarala design achhi . aabhyantareen ansha adam saileere design karajaichi ebong ethire duiti labi ebong eka mazanine-stariah lounge antarbhukta . ehi auditoriyamare eka tala stariah arkestra ebong bucks sahita gotie balconi rahichhi. theatrer aabhyantareen anshaku pyaneling ebong plasterwarkre sajjit karajaichi, ebong auditoriyamare eka gambuja chhaata achhi . auditorium upare tini mahla karjyalaja thila . alekjandar pinkas ebong emm. ell. goldstone alvin theater bikash karithila, jaahaa 1927 masiha navember 22 tarikhare "mazadar chehera" sahita kholithila. arrons ebong friedly prathame theatre parichalana karuthile ebong 1930 ru 1932 parjyanta ehara malika thile. theatrer prarambhika barshagudikare, ehaa "ebhithing gos", "ledi inn daa andhara", ebong "puamananka paain kichhi", tatha nataka pari sangeeta paribeshana karithila . cbs 1946 ray dajitwa grahan kallah ebong 1959 parjyanta theatre parichalana jaari rakhila, jetebele max ebong stanly stall ehaaku kinithile . 1967 masihare alvin rock-time ink ku bikri karajaithila. ebong 1975 masihare netherlandermananku. 1960 ebong 1970 dashakare, alvin dirgha samai dhari shoe 'rahr ayojan karithile jepariki "phoramku jiba baatare eka mazadar ghatana ghatithila", "haai spirit", "great white hope", "company", "shenando", ebong "aani" . theatrer naama badalai nill symon rakhajiba parey, ehaa 1980 ebong 1990 dashakare tankara aneka nataka ayojan karithila, ebong 2000 dashkar adhikansha samajare sangitadharmi "hejaraspre" ayojan karithila. website. nyujarka saharar midtaun manhatton padoshire, astama aabhenyu ebong broadway madhyare dakhina phutapathare, 250 paschima 52 tama rastare nill symon theatre achhi . ajatakara jami aachadita, 52 tama rastare eka sammukhabhaga ebong eka gabhirata sahita . neel symon ehi blakaku purba digare marck helingara theatre ebong galagharnka stickhouse sahita anshidara karanti . anya nikatabartee attalika madhyare uttarare august wilson theatre; uttara-purbare broadway theatre ebong 810 saptama ebhiniu; purbare akhya samaana kendra; dakhina-purbare shitakalina udyan theatre; ebong dakhinare permount plaza (bargakara theatre ebong gersawina thietarare brutta sameth) antarbhukta . design. neel symon theatre, moolatah alvin theatre, herbert jay. nka dwara design karajaithila . crap ebong 1927 ray nirmita hoithila. bahyati neo-georgian saileere design karajaichi, jetebele kii aabhyantareenati krapra adhikansha design rahr sadharana adam saileere design karajaichi . mukhpat. sammukhabhaga duiti anshaku nei gathita, jaahaa paraspara sahita sanjukta. pancha mahla uchchata bisista purba bhagati prasasta ebong samamita, jeunthire auditorium prabesha dwara rahichhi. paschima bhaga, jeunthire mancha gruha rahichhi, chhaa mahla uccha. upara mahalare, sammukhabhaga ingraji bandhanare laal ita dwara nirmita, terracotta trim sahita . nell symon heuchhi keteka broadway theatre madhyaru gotie, jeunthire eka nabo-georgian sammukhabhaga, belasco theatre, haze theatre ebong stephen sondheim theatre sahita . theatre jauthiba lokamane "nirmatanka ghare prabesha karuchanti" bolly dharana srusti kariba paain ehaa karajaithila. jetebele alvin nirmana karajaithila, jane samalochaka kahithile je bahara design rasta parare "ehara padosheenka marjyada anujai eka roop thila", bartamana wilson . aadhara. ubhaja bibhagare, aadharati terracotta rahr rustic hoithiba blakare nirmita, marble pari design . tala mahla sammukhbhagar purba parsware eka yoda dhataba dwara rahichhi. auditoriumer sammukhbhagar kendrare dhaatu ebong catch dwarara duiti sett achhi . purba digaku chhaati dwara aabhyantareen labi sahita sanjukta hoithibabele paschima digaku athati dwara bucks offices labi sahita sanjukta; ehi dwaragudika upare eka adhunika markey achhi . sammukhbhagar mancha-gruha bibhagare, eka mancha dwara sameth aneka abarudha dwarapatha achhi . panel ebong ullamb khanja sahita eka aanubhumika friz aadhara upare chalithae . uccha kahani. aadhara upare, ullamb terracotta banned ebong quoin auditorium sammukhabhagaku tinoti bibhagare bibhakta kare . kendriah bhagare tinoti ullamb jharaka rahichhi. pratyeka upasagara dwiteeja mahalare eka dui-uchchata khilan jharaka dhaaran karithae, jeunthire pratyeka khilanara shirsha nikatare terracotta impost ebong chaabi pathara rahichhi. chaturtha mahalare, tinoti kendriah bay madhyaru pratyekare eka terracotta frame sahita eka ajatakhetrakara jharaka achhi, jaahaa upare eka bhangithiba pediment achhi jeunthire eka paatra parsware scroll achhi . pancham mahla jharaka gudikare ajatakhetrakara terracotta frame madhya rahichhi; semanankara seal eka terracotta banned course dwara sanjukta . ehi jharakagudika upare eka trikonian gable uthithae; gable majhire eka terracotta acculus achhi, jaahaa pushpamalare ebong phul sajja dwara gheri rahichhi . auditoriumer sammukhbhagar bahya bhagagudika pavilian bhabare design karajaichi, jaahaa sheershare byatita paraspara sahita praiah samaana . ubhaja pabhilianare bansheejukta terracotta pilaster rahichhi, jaahaa talabhaga upare thiba friz upare rahichhi. ehi bhittiprastaragudika madhyare dwiteeja mahalare dui-uchchata bisista sthana rahichhi, pratyekati terracotta impost ebong chaabi pathara dwara paribestita. ehi sthanagudikare terracotta paatra rahichhi, jaahaa samudrara khol upare rakhajaichhi. pratyeka sthana upare, chaturtha mahalare ajatakhetrakara terracotta frame sahita duiti jharaka achhi . pratyeka yoda bhittiprastara pancham mahalare eka terracotta antablature ebong pedimentaku samarthan kare, ebong sehi mahla upare eka cornis madhya . purba (baama) pavilian eka parapet dwara aachadita hoithibabele paschima (dahana) pavilian anya eka mahla paain uthithae, jaahaa stage houses sahita samaana uchchata . mancha gruhati auditoriumer dahana pate rahichhi. ullamb terracotta banned ebong quoin mancha gruhaku bamaru dahanaku gotie, tinoti ebong gotie bay sahita bibhagare bibhakta kare . mancha gruhara jharaka gudika ajatakara, pratyeka jharaka upare terracotta lintel rahichhi. mancha gruhara madhyabhagare truteeja ebong chaturtha mahla upare terracotta panel madhya rahichhi. pancham mahla upare eka carnis ebong pyaneling achhi, ebong shastha mahla upare eka ballstrade sahita eka paraphet achhi . mancha gruhara bamtam upasagara, auditorium nikatare, saptama mahla parjyanta uthithae . mancha gruhara dahantam bay ray theatre naama sahita eka ullamb chinha achhi . aabhyantareen. labi. ajatakara ticket labi sidhasalakha mukhya prabesha dwara bhitare achhi ebong ethire gadha marble kanth achhi . paschima (dahana) kanthare ticket jharaka thibabele purba (baama) kanthare aabhyantareen labi paain eka chhidrajukta sthana achhi, jeunthire eka catch ebong bronz double dwara achhi jaahaa chhot sconsey dwara parsware achhi . uttara kanthare thiba athati catch ebong bronz dwara rastaru baharithae, taa 'upare panel thiba bele dakhina kanthare auditoriumer arkestra staraku pyanelajukta kaath dwara rahichhi. chhaata charipate eka cornis achhi . jaahaa adam saileere plasterwarkre sajjit . chhaata majhire eka yoda sphatika deep rahichhi. aabhyantareen labiti ajatakhetrakara. ehara paschima kanthare thiba sthana dwara ehaa prabesha kare, jaahaa ticket labiru jaithae, ebong uttara kanthare thiba chhaati catch ebong bronz dwararu, jaahaa rastaru jaithae . dakhina kanthare auditorium paain panel kaath dwara thibabele purba kanthare mazanine launz paain eka sidi achhi . aabhyantareen labira chhaata adam saileere plasterwarkre sajjit hoichhi ebong ethire eka yoda sphatika jhumma achhi . jetebele alvin nirmana karajaithila, mazanine launz eka ingraji launz parimapa bhabare design karajaithila . mazanine launjra kanthagudika wenscoated ebong aloka sconesses dhaaran kare . ehi sthanare moolatah eka agnikunda madhya thila. chariti "absar grahan kaxa" launjru baharithila, jeunthire purush ebong mahilanka dhumpan kothari antarbhukta thila . launjra chhatare plasterwark sajja sahita eka dimbakruti gambuja achhi; eka kendriah jhumma; ebong eka cornis, jaahaa gambuja sahita chheda kare . mazanine launjru, sidigudika uttaraku talaku neijae, aabhyantareen labi sahita sanjoga kare, ebong dakhina, arkestra sahita sanjoga kare . ubhaja sidi upare ajatakara koshagara rahichhi, jeunthire sphatika jhumma ebong aakhapaakhare cornis rahichhi. dakhina siditire eka dhataba railing achhi . bilambare asuthiba lokanka dwara heuthiba badhaku hrass kariba paain, ehi sidigudika auditorium bhitare paribarte launjare rakhajaithila. auditorium. auditoriyamare eka arkestra stara, gotie balconi, bucks ebong prosenium arch pachare eka mancha achhi . auditorium sthanati plaster sajja sahita design karajaichi ebong jojanare praiah bargakara . netherlander sangathana anujai, auditoriyamare 1,445 tii aasana achhi; iti madhyare, broadway ligg 1,467 tii aasana khyamata ullekha karichhi ebong "playbil" 1,380 tii aasana ullekha karichhi . thietarare moolatah 1,400 aasana khyamata thila, jeunthire arkestrare 702, balakanire 674 ebong baxre 24 tii aasana thila . 1967 masihar eka nibandhare thietarare sangeeta paain 1,363tii aasana ebong nataka paain 1.334 aasana thiba barnana karajaithila. aadyare ehi auditoriyamare hatidant, neela, dhusara ebong subarna rangara eka ranga yojana thila, jeunthire lavender kimba tusharamara poshaka thila. dhalaa ranga aneka moola aabhyantareen sajja ku aachadana kare . auditorium upare tini mahla karjyalaja thila . aasana sthana. mancha sammukhare eka arkestra pitt aadaku talaku khasijaithiba arkestra staraku rek karajaichi . arkestrara pachapate eka padajatrara sthana rahichhi, jeunthire purba digare eka panel bisista prachira rahichhi, jeunthire sconess rahichhi. arkestrara pachapate marblere nirmita eka standing rela achhi, jaahaa padajatraku pacha dhadi aasanaru pruthaka kare . padajatrara sthana ebong arkestra aasana duiti stambha dwara pruthaka hoichhi, jaahaa marble stambha bhali design karajaichi; segudika upare doric saileera rajdhani rahichhi . arkestrara dakhina (baama) kanthare dhataba dwarapatha achhi, jaahaa sconess dhaaran karuthiba panel prachira bibhaga sahita bikalpa . uttara (dahana) kanthare duiti sett panel kaath dwara achhi, eka scones sahita eka panel dwara pruthaka; pachara dwara aabhyantareen labiku neijaithae, jetebele aaga parsware thiba dwara ticket labiku neijae . pratyeka dwarara upara parsware thiba prasthana sanketagudika fraze dwara bestita, jaahaa lair ebong griphingudiku chitrita karithae. balconi staraku ehara gabhiratara adhaa baatare eka isal dwara aaga ebong pacha bibhagare bibhakta karajaichi, jaahaa eka dhaatu railing dwara chitrita hoichhi . krasobhara ises ubhaja parswa kanthare prasthana dwara sahita sanjoga kare, jaahaa pratibadalare lair ebong griffin sahita friz dwara sheershare . samaana fraze thiba prasthana dwara madhya sammukh balconi parsware parswa kanthare rakhajaichhi . balaknira abasista parswa pracheeragudika ionic rajdhani sahita bhittiprastara dwara bibhagare bibhakta, jaahaa auditorium charipakhare eka prabeshaku samarthan kare . pratyeka parswa-kanth bibhagare sphatika ebong brass aloka sconesses achhi . balaknira sammukh relare swag, kalash ebong cameo dhancha rahichhi, jaahaa aanshika bhabare aloka baxre aachadita hoichhi . balaknira tala parsware sphatika aloka fixture sahita adam saileera panel achhi . balaknira pacha kanthaku pyanelare bibhakta karajaichi jeunthire aloka sconess rahichhi . kanthare kichhi shitatapa nijantrita bhenta rahichhi. manchara ubhaja parsware eka kanth bibhaga achhi jeunthire balconi starare tinoti backs achhi . baxgudika mancha aadaku talaku paada rakhithae; aaga baxti aagaku prosenium aarchaku bakra hoithae, jetebele kii pacha boxti balconi aadaku pachaku bakra hoithae . arkestra starare, ubhaja kanthare eka khol thaae, jaahaa upara baxgudikara abasthana sahita mela khauchhi . baxgudikara tala parsware sphatika deep ebong console bandhani antarbhukta thibabele buxgudikara sammukh relingare swag, kalasa ebong cameo dhancha rahichhi. pyanelajukta pyrgudika baxgudiku parasparatharu alga karidianti, buxgudika upare sidhasalakha eka chhot entablecharaku samarthan karanti; pratyeka chhot entablecharare eka bhangi jaithiba pediment thaae jeunthire eka patraku parsware scroll thaae . pediment upare, mahila grotsk sahita colnet achhi, jaahaa auditorium charipakhare thiba antablature parjyanta brudhi paichi . design rahr anyanya baisistya baxgudika nikatare eka samtal prosenium khilan rahichhi, jeunthire kholara ubhaja parsware bansheejukta ionic pilester ebong upara bhagare eka entablature rahichhi. ehi ntablature adam saileera eka fraze rahichhi. khilan upare eka bhitti chitra sahita eka lunet panel achhi, jaahaa pouranika charitra sahita eka pashupalaka drushya darshae . jetebele theatre nirmana karajaithila, setebele prosenium kholaku parimapa prasasta bhabare barnana karajaithila . udaghatani prusthare manchati 100 phuta chauda ebong 35 phuta gabhira thila, jahara uchchata eka gridiron thila. mancha sammukhare thiba arkestra pitare 48 john lock basiparibe. mancha prusthare 20tii dressing room thila jeunthire 150 john kalakara rahiparibe, ehaa sahita eka yoda courus "bishram kaxa" ebong eka rehearsal room thila. chhatare parswa kanthare groin valta achhi, jaahaa plasterwark sajja sahita pangu dwara pruthaka . auditoriumer sammukhare eka bruttakara gambuja rahichhi, jaahaa alankarika banned dwara paribestita, jeunthire eka kendriah padakare eka sphatika jhumma jhumma rahichhi. gambuja pachapate, chhataku adam saileera plasterwark sajja sahita pyanelare bibhakta karajaichi . pacha balconi upare eka ardha-gambuja rahichhi jeunthire alankarika banned ebong baishajika-booth kholajaichhi. chhatare shitatapa nijantrita ventagudika rakhajaichhi. itihas. 1900 ebong mahamanda madhyare times square bruhata-starar theatre nirmanara kendrasthali hoithila . abapata purbaru nirmita parabarti thietaragudika madhyaru alvin theatre anyatama thila. theatrer naama ehara moola parichalakanka pratham naama alex aii rahr mishran thila . arrons (1891-1943) ebong bhintan friedly (1891-1969). ubhaja philadelphiar basinda thile. arrons sangitadharmi kamedira jane nirmata thile, jetebele kii friedly "ekamatra broadway nirmata thile jahanka naama samajika panjikare talikabhukta hoithila". 1923 kimba 1924 masihare ehi dui purush eka bhagidari gathan karithile, kintu semane kebala 1933 parjyanta ekathi kaama karithile. 1983 masiharu, broadware anyatama saphala natyakara nill symon (1927-2018) nka naamare ehara namakarana karajaichi. nell symon netherlander sangathana dwara parichalita hoithae. bikash ebong prarambhika barsha. januari 1927 ray, alekjandar pinkas ebong emm. ell. goldstone lebanan estate karporesanaru 244-254 paschima 52tama streeter site kinithile, ehi saitare eka baidha theatre bikashita karibara yojana sahita . pinkas purbaru langaekara ebong imperial theatre bikashita karithile; shay ebong goldstone theatrer $14 lakhya kharcha paain panthi jogaiba paain yojana karithile. sehi maasare, pinkas nyujarka city department off buildingku sehi sthanare eka theatre paain yojana dakhal karithile, jaahaa herbert jay. nka dwara design karajaithila. crap. pinkas ebong goldstone theatre nirmana paain eka sadharana chuktinama sehi 'day' nirmana companyku pradan karithile. october 1927 suddha, arrons ebong friedly thietaraku lijre neithile ebong fred ebong aadele aastajaranka abhineet george ebong ira gersawinka sangitadharmi "fanny faces" manchasta karibaku yojana karithile. alvin navember 22,1927 ray "mazadar chehera" sahita kholila; sehi shoe 250 pradarshan paain chalithila . daa nyujarka times" rahr theatre samalochaka brooks atkinson lekhichhantih "jadi" mazadar chehera "comm aakarshaneeah hoithanta, tebe darshakamane nutan thietaraku prashansa karibaku adhika samai paithante ." aalabhinnka pratham kichhi sangeeta apekhyakruta swalpa samai dhari chalithila. 1928 masihare, thietarare gerswin musical "trazer gearl" rahr ayojan gertrud larensanka saha karajaithila. jadio ehi sangeetati $6 rahr sarbadhika prabesha shulka neithila, setebele eka abhutapurba mulya, ehaa banda heba purbaru 69 tii pradarshan parichalana karithila . parabarti thila theatre gildra "wingas ovara europe" rahr prajojana, jaahaa martin beck thietararu sthanantarita hoithila . 1929 masiha januari maasare, arrons ebong friedly thietarare $570,000rahr bandhaka runa paithile. sehi padajatra samajare, rudder ebong heart musical "springa ija hear" alabhinre kholithila ebong ethire 104tii pradarshan hoithila. aau jane rudder ebong heart musical, "munda uparaku uthantu!", sehi nabhembarare alabhinare 144-pradarshan runn paain kholajaithila . 1930 masihare, ethel merman jarswinsra "gearl kreji" ray broadway debyu karithile, jeunthire 272tii pradarshan hoithila. sehi april maasare arrons ebong friedly alvin ebong taa 'tale thiba jamiku kinithile. pinkas ebong goldstone operation. pincus ebong goldstone agyata karanaru meey 1932 ray alvin rahr aparesanaku grahan karithile . sehi barsha, theatre yujen oh 'nilnka nataka "shoke electra hoijae" rahr sthanantara ayojan karithila, ebong gerom karnanka sangeeta "pabanare sangeeta" madhya ayojan karithila. khelalimane meey 1933 ray alabhinku "aankela tamnka cabin" rahr utpadana aanithile; ehi nataka ete lokpriya thila je ehaaku ehara moola eka saptaha daudara dui saptaha brudhi karajaithila . sehi barsha maxwel anderson hellen hejnka saha "merrie off scotland" khela arambha karithile. friedly parabarti samajare 1934 masihare alabhinre kole portaranka sangitadharmi "ebhithinga gos" nirmana karithile, jeunthire merman, william gaxton, victor murr ebong vivian bhans abhinai karithile; ehaa 420 pradarshan paain chalithila. 1930 dashkar madhyabhaga suddha, alvin theatre ebong padoshi gilled (bartamana august wilson) theatre theatre jillara uttaratam sthana thila jaahaa eparjyanta baidha shoe ayojan karithila . gerswinsnka americae lock apera "porgi anded bases" rahr moola prajojana october 1935 ray alabhinare kholajaithila. jetebele "porgi anded bases" 124 pradarshan parey alabhinare banda hoithila, ehara punaruddhara adhika saphala pramanita hoithila . ehaa parey 1936 masiha october maasare portarnka "redd, hutt anded blue" sahita merman ebong zimmi durante 181tii pradarshan karithile. 1930 dashkar shesh bhagare alvin rodgers ebong hartanka dwara duiti musical ayojan karithila . "mun barang thick hebi", george emm nka saha arambha karithile. 1937ray kohan, 289tii pradarshan paain doudithile, ebong "daa boyce frum syracuse" 1938ray arambha hoithila, jaahaa 235tii pradarshan parjyanta chalithila. 1940 dashkar aalabhinnka pratham prajojana thila februari 1940 ray "daa teming off daa shru" rahr eka seemita runn, finnish releaf fund paain abhinai dampati alfried lunt ebong lyn phantanka dwara manchasta . sehi eprilare, lunt ebong funtan robert ee ray prakashita hoithila . sheraudnka nataka "derr dabb noe night", jaahaa 1940 masiha madhyabhagare eka gasta sahita aneka maasa dhari chalithila. parabarti barsha, alvin ira gerswin, moses hart, ebong court wilnka saikijatri-thim musical "ledi inn dee dark" rahr ayojan karithile; ethire gertrude larensanku darshajaithila, ethire 467 tii pradarshan hoithila . alvin januari 1943 ray ethel marmanka saha portaranka musical "puamananka paain kichhi" ayojan karithile, 422 pradarshan paain upasthita hoithile . "puamananka paain kichhi" sangeeta "jackpat" paain rasta tiari karibaku banda helah, jaahaa 67 tii pradarshan karithila . 1944 ebong 1945 ray aalabhinnka prajojana prajatah druta biphalata thila, jeunthire "hellen gos tuu troy", "daa firebrand off florence" ebong "hollywood pinaphore" antarbhukta . betty comden, adulph green ebong morton goldanka sangitadharmi "billion dollar bebi" adhika saphala hoithila, jaahaa 1945 masiha sheshare kholajaithila ebong 200 pradarshan parjyanta chalithila. cbs malikana, cullman operation. december 1945 suddha, prasarana netawarka cbs eka studio bhabare byabahara paain alvin kinibaku kathabartta karuthila, kaaran nikatasta hammerstein thietarare cbs rahr liz samapta hebaku thila . haward ess. hammerstein malika kulman sehi thietaraku baidha byabaharaku ferai aanibaku chahunthile. cbs 1946 masiha februari maasare alvin ku 825,000 dalaarare kinithila. sehi juna maasare cbs kalmyanka thaaru hammerstein ku aau pancha barsha paain lijre debaku raaji hoithila, jetebele kii cullman cbs thaaru alvin lijre debaku raaji hoithile ebong taa 'paribarte sethare utpada upasthapana karithile. sehi barsha, alvin ingrid bergman, saam wanamaker ebong romney brentanka saha "john off lauren" ayojan karithile. ehaa parey 1947 masihare "pitanka saha zeeban" natakati anya eka thietararu sthanantarita hoi ehara 3,224 pradarshan pradarshan samapta hoithila. george bernard shanka nataka 'myan anded superman' sehi octoberre alabhinre arambha hoithila ebong februari 1948ray sthanantarita hoithila. ehaa parey turanta thomas hegen ebong joshua logananka kamedi 'mister roberts' heinry phondanka saha chalithila, jaahaa 1,157 pradarshan karithila. 1951 masihare cullman ebong cbs hammerstein ebong alvin badalaibaku nishpatti neithile, jaahaa dwara aau tini barsha paain hammerstein ebong alvin badalai heba, prathamatiku eka studio bhabare byabahara karibaku ebong dwiteejatiku baidha nataka paain byabahara karibaku anumathi diajaithila. sehi barsha alabhinare tinoti shoe arambha hoithilah sidney kingasle "madhyahnare andhakara", sangeeta "brooklinre eka gacha badhithae" ebong pull osbourne "point off noe return". "point off noe return" december 1952 ray rebhu dwara anusarana karajaithila "dui company", bett devis 22 barsha madhyare pratham broadway pradarshanare, kintu ehaa kebala praiah 90 pradarshan parjyanta chalithila . parabarti barsha, norman krasnanka kamedi "kind saar" merrie martin ebong charles baernka saha alabhinre arambha hoithila . 1954 masiha april maasare, sangitadharmi "daa golden apple" off-bradaweru alabhinku sthanantarita hoithila, jaahaa mote 173tii pradarshan paain chalithila. sehi barsha nabikarana paain kalamyanka liz asiba purbaru harold arlen ebong truman kapot musical "houses off flowers" book karajaithila, jaahaa suchita kare je alvin ebong hammersteinka liz puni adalabadala karajiba . "sheshare 1954 decemberare 'houses off flowers "kholithila ebong 165tii pradarshan paain chalithila. ira lebhinnka kamedi "noe time pharr sargents" asanta barsha arambha hoithila, jaahaa dui barsha madhyare 796 pradarshan karithila. 1950 dashkar shesh bhagare thietarare aneka madhyama dharanara saphala prajojana ayojan karajaithila, jeunthire "oh, captain!"1958 ray ebong 1959 ray" "pratham impression". ehaa byatita, gerom robbins taanka nrutya swatantra "" baale jayu "" choreography karithile. ess.aii."1958 masihare, ebong sehi barsha sangeeta" "ghanti bajuchhi" "shubartaru alabhinaku sthanantarita hoithila . stall ebong rock-time malikana. cbs 1959 ray alvin max ebong stanly stalanku bikri karithila, jie padoshi helingara theatrer malika madhya thile . stallmane turanta alvin paain jane nutan myanejaranku nijukta karithile. 1960 masihare, thietarare sangitadharmi "greenbhilo", nrutya dala less balles africances ebong shitakalina udyanaru sangitadharmi "westa side story" rahr sthanantara ayojan karajaithila. carolin leey ebong saai coleman musical "wildcat" sehi decemberare lucil bull sahita arambha hoithila, jie sethare tankara ekamatra broadway upasthiti srusti karithile . 1961 masihare 'irma laa dos' namaka sangeeta plymouthru alabhinaku sthanantarita hoithila. taa 'para barsha, stephen sondheim, bert shevlabh ebong lyari jelbartanka sangitadharmi' phoramku jiba baatare eka mazadar ghatana ghatithila 'kholila, jaahaa 967tii pradarshan paain chalithila. october 1962 ray chalithiba "eka mazadar jinish" samajare, lester osterman (46 tama street ebong oh 'nill theatrer malika) alvin pancha barsha paain liz deithile. hugg martin ebong timothi grenka musical kamedi "haai spirits", beatrice lilly ebong tammy grims sahita, 1964 ray kholila ebong 367 pradarshan paain chalithila . 1965 masiha april maasare 'mauris shebhalijara ait 77' namaka eka maasa byapee ekaka shoe 'paain mauris shebhalijara alabhinre upasthita hoithile. ehaa parey parabarti maasare "flora daa redd bipada" hoithila, jeunthire liza minelli broadway debyu karithile. "udbhida-laal bipada" ebong parabarti aneka shoe 'tulanatmaka bhabare swalpa runn thila . ehi shoe 'gudika madhyare' daa ijarlinga '(1965),' eats aii bird 'bhali sangeeta antarbhukta thila..... ehaa eka biman..... eats superman (1966), 'dinner aut ait' (1966), ebong 'sheri!"(1967). rockfeller centrer bikash sahajaka company rock-time incorporated. 1967 masiha july maasare ehara agent konrad mathainka jariaare ostaramyanka thaaru alvin kinithile. ehara binimajare, rock-time rockfeller centre nikatare thiba playhouse thietaraku bikri karithila, jaahaaku bhangibaku thila. tomm stoppered nataka "rosencrantz ebong gildenstern mruta" october 1967 ray alabhinare kholajaithila, duiti thietarare mote 421 pradarshan paain chalithila . 1968 masihare james earl johnes ebong zen alekajandaranka saha haward saklaranka nataka 'daa great white hope "557tii pradarshan karithila. parabarti samajare alvin stephen sondheim/george forth musical "company" rahr moola prajojana ayojan karithila, jaahaa 1970 ray premiyara hoithila ebong parabarti dui barsha madhyare maatra 700 ru adhika pradarshan karithila . molley" (1973) ebong "daa friedom off daa city" (1974) sameth kichhi chhot runn parey. aalabhinnka parabarti saphalata thila sangitadharmi "shenandoh", jaahaa 1975 ray kholajaithila ebong sthanantara heba purbaru dui barsha rahila . july 1974 suddha, mathai theatrer bandhaka runare khilap karithile, ebong boweri sanchai byanka foreclosure alabhinaku adhigrahan karithila. ehapare thietaraku 12 lakhya dalaarare bikri karajaithila. netherlander malikana. 1970 ebong 1980 dashaka. netherlander sangathana 1975 masihare alabhinaku adhigrahan karithila, ebong prasad, uris ebong brooks atkinson parey ehi sthanati paribarara chaturtha broadway thietarare parinata hoithila. ehi bikrire $100,000 nagad ebong $1.16 nijuta bandhaka runa antarbhukta thila. aani" rahr moola broadway utpadana 1977 ray kholajaithila ebong sthanantara purbaru pancha barsha parjyanta chalithila . 1981 ebong 1982ray parabarti panchti sangeeta thila swalpa samai paain. "chhot rajkumar ebong bimanachalaka" "purbara drushyamana samajare banda hoigale, jetebele" "aame khusire chaali jaau", "chhot janii johnes", "kalaa patent chamada jota prakrutare pratiphalita hue kii?", ebong" saata bhainka paain saata kanya "pratyeka dui saptaharu comm samai parey banda hoigala . daa little prince" rahr nirmata tatha "little janii johnes" (jaahaa udaghatani raatire banda hoithila) nka nirmata 1986 ray nedaralyandarsanka birodhare saphalatara saha makaddama dair karithile, ehi aadhaarare je company anyaya bhabare ubhaja shoe uchheda karithila . alvin rahr parabarti anah-flop thila "bhagabananka sahita bucks kariba paain aapananka baahu bahuta chhot" all green ebong patti lebel sahita, jaahaa september 1982 ray kholajaithila . "bryton belabhumi smruti", nill saimanka yujen trajira pratham nataka, march 1983 ray alabhinare kholila. nedaralandabaseemane theatrer naama symon paain paribartana karithile, kichhi samai parey june 29,1983 ray. ehi naama paribartana "bryton belabhumi smruti" sahita jadita nathila; 1982 ray nedaralandabaseemane theatrer naama saimanka naamare paribartana karibaku prastaba deithile, kintu natyakara sehi samajare pratyakhyana karithile. nill symon dwiteeja natyakara thile jahanka naamare eka broadway theatre namit hoithila, swargata yujen oh 'nilanka naamare, ebong pratham jeebita natyakara bhabare sammanita . natya samudai sadasyamane prakash karithile je alvin ku gersawinka naamare punahnamakarana karajiba uchit; sehi naama uris thietarare prajoga karajaithila . ehapare jairie weintrub 1984ray nill symon theater parichalana paain eka anshadhana kinithile. ehaa sahita, nyujarka city landmarks prijarbhasan commission (elpisi) 1982ray nill saimnra surakhya eka gurutwapurna sthana bhabe bichara kariba arambha karithila, ebong parabarti aneka barsha dhari alochana jaari rahithila. lpc august 1985 ray tinoti theatre malikanka aapatti upare rastradoota ebong nill saimananka aabhyantareen sahita nill symon, ambasadara, ebong bharjinia (bartamana august wilson) theatrer sammukhabhagaku landmark bhabare manoneet karithila. nyujarka city board off prakkalan december 1985 ray aitihasika padabeeku anumodana karithila. "bryton belabhumi smruti" parey 1985 ray yujin trajira aau eka nataka, "biloxy blues", hoithila. parabarti barsha, neel saimanare "inatu dee light" sangeeta arambha hoithila, chhaati pradarshan parey banda hoithila . noel cowardnka nataka "blithe spirit" march 1987 ray nill saimanare kholajaithila; theatre madhya natkar jane tarka, geraldine prusthanku shradhanjali pradan karithila, jie dauda madhyare mrutyubarana karithile . sehi octoberre hasya abhineta mort sahl eka seemita upasthiti srusti karithile, ebong parabarti maasare "breking dee code" natakati kholila . neel symon june 1988 ray duiti oh 'neel natkar punaruddhara ayojan karithila, "ratiku dinara dirgha jatra" ebong "aah, jangala!"(ubhaja collin deworst ebong jasson rabardsanka saha), pratham nyujarka antarjatija kalaa mahostabara ansha bhabare . sehi barsha parey, kenni logjins nill saimanare kichhi sangeeta paribeshana karithile. 1989 rahr prarambhare nill saimananka paain duiti musical ghoshana karajaithila; pribhiu samajare "sinetara joe" banda hoijaithila, ebong "babel tawara" ray pribhiu madhya nathila . ehapare 1989 masiha september maasare tenesi wilijamsanka nataka 'orpheous decending "upasthapana karajaithila. sehi samajare, elpisi silverstein sampatti dwara bikashita eka hotelaku nill symon upare cantilever karajaipariba kii naahin shay bishajare eka shunani karithila. 1990 ebong 2000 dashaka. rushiaara donn kosakmanankara eka nrutya dala januari 1990 ray nill saimanare eka seemita nirbandha karithile, sehi octoberre, hasya abhineta jaaki mession tankara ekaka sirij "brand nyu" arambha karithile, jaahaa aatha maasa dhari chalithila . march 1992 ray taanka naama thietarare aau eka symon nataka, "jack 'shh wimen" kholila, jeunthire mishrit swagata madhyare 245 pradarshan hoithila . parabarti nabhembarare, douch prodoxon "nill saimanre arambha hoithila, jaahaa 137 pradarshan parjyanta chalithila. heat westa end musical "daa rises anded fall off little bhaes" meey 1994 ray nill saimanare kholila, maatra eka saptaha parey banda helah . ehaa parey 1994 nabhembarare besia ebong 1995 meey 'ray lori aandarasanka sangeeta karjyakram, ebong 1995 nabhembarare daani gansanka dwara seemita pradarshan karajaithila. 1996ray rodgers ebong hammerstein musical' dee kinga anded aai 'ku punarjeebita karajaithila. 1998 masiha prarambhare' dee kinga anded aai 'banda hoithila arther miller nataka' aii bhiu frum dee brij 'paain rasta tiari kariba paain, jaahaa august 1998 parjyanta chalithila. 1998 masiha sheshare nill symon nrutya swatantra' swan lake 'ayojan karithile, ehaa sahita natalie banikanka eka sangeeta karjyakram ebong 1999 masihare' dee scarlt pimprel 'rahr eka sanshodhita sanskarana ayojan karithile. 2000 masiha prarambhare nill saimanre 'daa music myan' namaka sangitadharmi chalachitrara punaruddhara arambha hoithila, jaahaa 2001 masiha shesh parjyanta chalithila. 'daa music myan' dauda samajare, hasya abhineta mandi patinkin eka jayu.ess. september 10,2001 ray, nill saimanare eka sangeeta karjyakram sahita gasta. ehapare februari 2002ray nill saimanre elean stritch ait liberty namaka eka-mahila shoe 'rahr premiyara hoithila.' elean stritch ait liberty 'banda heba parey, nill saimnra parabarti nirbandha prastuti paain 1,328tii aasanaru 1,467tii sambhabya aasanaku brudhi karajaithilaha august 2002ray kholithiba' hejaraspre 'namaka sangitadharmi chalachitrati, 2009 masiha prarambhare theatre paain houses record srusti karithila. april 2009ray rabin williams tankara kamedi tour' aatma-binashar astra 'nill saimanre pradarshan karibara thila, kintu astropachara parey shay taanka nirbandhaku batil karideithile. ehaa paribarte "ragtime" rahr punaruddhara book karajaithila, jaahaa navember 2009 ray kholajaithila. "ragtime" washington, dii. rahr kenedi sentarare upavoga karithiba saphalatara punarabrutti karibare biphal hoithila .sii., 57tii pradarshan parey januari 2010ray banda hoithila. 2010 thaaru bartamana parjyanta. sangeetagya harry conic juniara july 2010 ray nill saimanare eka seemita pradarshan thila; tankara upasthiti 2011 album paain record karajaithila . sehi octoberre nill saimanre 'concert' arambha hoithila, 2011 prarambhare brooks aatakinsanku sthanantarita hoithila. april 2011 ray 170 tii pradarshan paain chaluthiba musical 'catch mea eaf jayu cann' kholila . yeeshu khrista superstar" nka eka punaruddhara marcharu july 2012 parjyanta nill saimanare chalithila, taa 'parey sehi barsha sheshare swalpakaleena sangeeta paribeshana karajaithila. ehapare 2013 prarambhare andru lippa musical "bigg fish" nill symon paain book karajaithila, kintu sehi barshar adhikansha samai theatre andharare rahithila kaaran "bigg fish" anya sthanare pradarshan karuthila . "bigg fish" kebala octoberaru december 2013 parjyanta chalithila. ehaa parey duiti samaana swalpa runn hoithilah robert shenkanka nataka "all daa we" marcharu june 2014 parjyanta, ebong stingnka musical "daa last sip" october 2014 ru januari 2015 parjyanta . frederic lowe ebong alan jay larnaranka musical "gigi" rahr punaruddhara april 2015 ray nill saimanare kholajaithila, kebala dui maasa parey shoe banda karibaku . july 2015 ray, nedaralyandaramane nill symon upare byabahruta biman adhikaraku $89.9 nijutare bikri karithile. kretamane eka bikash sangha thile jaahaa aneka block doorare eka hotel nirmana karithila . sehi barsha sheshare, bibhramabadeemane eka seemita dauda paain nill saimanare eka jaadu pradarshan karithile. andru lloyd webarnka heat musical "bilei" rahr punaruddhara august 2016 ray nill saimanare kholajaithila ebong parabarti barshar shesh parjyanta chalithila . ehapare tony kushanarnka nataka "engels inn america" march 2018 ray tini maasa paain kholajaithila. sehi decemberare 'daa cherr shoe "arambha hoithila ebong august 2019 parjyanta chalithila, ebong ehi bibhramabadeemane 2019 shesh bhagare semananka jaadu shoe'," chhutidinara jaadu "paain pherithile." cherr shoe" banda heba parey, emm. jay. dee musical "2020 masiha madhyabhaga paain nill saimanre book karajaithila. tebe, nyujarka saharare kovida-19 mahamari karanaru dui barsha paain nill symon aau eka shoe 'ayojan karinathile. december 2021 ray theatre punarbara kholithila "emje dee musical" rahr pribhiu sahita, jaahaa februari 2022 ray aanusthanika bhabare kholajaithila. emje 2022 ray theatrer bucks-offices rekardaku dasha thara bhangithila, nikatare januari 1,2023 ray shesh hoithiba saptahare, jetebele musical $2,223,069 aaja karithila . ullekhaneeah utpadana. prajojanagudika semanankara pratham pradarshanara barsha anusare talikabhukta hoithae.

neel saiman theatre neel saiman theatre, mool roop witch elwin theatre, newyork shehar dey midtaoon manhattan dey theatre zilhe witch 250 pachmi 52 veen glee witch ikk broadway theatre haii. 1927 witch kholhiaa giaa, theatre herbert jey duaara design keeta giaa see. crap atey alex aii laee banaiaa giaa see. aaronas atey winton friedly. mool naam aaronas atey friedly dey pahile naavan daa sumel see; theatre daa naam 1983 witch natakkar neel saiman laee rakkhiaa giaa see. neel saiman deeaan doou padhran witch 1,467 seetan hunn atey ih nederlander sangathan duaara chalaiaa jaanda haii. andruni andruni atey andruni auditorium doven newyork shehar dey nishan hunn. iss daa moonh doou bhagan witch vandiaa hoiaa haiyav pachham vall chhe manzila stage haaoos atey purab vall panj manzila auditorium. hethli manzal terracotta blakan naal dhakki hoee haii atey iss witch ikk marcue dey naal ikk pravesh duaar haii. doven bhagan deeaan uparliaan manzalan ittaan atey terracotta deeaan baniaan hunn; auditorium dey chihre witch kamandar khidkiaan, sathaan atey ikk kendri pediment haii, jadon kii stage haaoos witch vadhere saada design haii. andruni hissa aadam shaili witch tiaar keeta giaa haii atey iss witch doou labian atey ikk mazinine-paddhar daa laaoonj shamal haii. auditorium witch ikk zamini paddhar daa archestra atey baksiaan dey naal ikk balconi haii. theatre dey andruni hissiaan noon paneling atey plasterwork naal sajaiaa giaa haii, atey auditorium witch ikk gumbaddar chhatt haii. auditorium dey uppar tinn manzila daftar sunn. alegzander pinks atey aim. aill. goldstone neey elwin theatre daa vikas keeta, joe 22 navambar, 1927 noon "mazakia chihre" naal khulhiaa. aaronas atey friedly neey shuru witch theatre daa sanchalan keeta atey 1930 toon 1932 takk iss dee malkiat rakkhi. theatre dey shuruati saalan witch, iss neey "kujh vee jaanda haii", "lady inn dha dark" atey "ladkiaan laee kujh" varge sangeetkan dey naal-naal natkan dee mezbani keeti. see. bee. aiss. neey 1946 witch sambhal liaa atey 1959 takk theatre daa sanchalan jaari rakkhiaa, jadon maikas atey stanly stall neey iss noon kharidiaa. elwin noon 1967 witch rock-time ink noon wetch ditta giaa see. atey 1975 witch needarlands noon. 1960 atey 1970 dey dahake dauran, elwin neey lambe samein takk shoa dee mezbani keeti jiven kii "forum dey raste witch ikk mazedar cheez vapri", "ucch aatmavan", "mahaan chitty umeed", "company", "shenandoh" atey "ainee". theatre daa naam neel saiman rakkhan toon baad, iss neey 1980 atey 1990 dey dahake dauran uss dey kaee natkan dey naal-naal 2000 dey dahake dey ziaadaatar samein dauran sangeetak "vaal sapre" dee mezbani keeti. site. neel saiman theatre 250 pachmi 52 veen glee utte, athven aivenioo atey broadway dey vichkaar dakkhni footpath utte, newyork shehar dey midtaoon manhattan guaandh witch haii. aaitakar zameen 52 veen glee dey sahmane atey iss dee dunghai dey naal cover kardi haii. neel saiman iss block noon purab vall maarak hellinger theatre atey glaghar dey steakhouse naal sanjha karda haii. horr nedley imaratan witch uttar witch agast wilson theatre; uttar-purab witch broadway theatre atey 810 sattvan aivenioo; purab witch exa barabar kendra; dakkhan-purab witch winter garden theatre; atey dakkhan witch sarvuch plaza (varag theatre atey garshwin theatre witch chakkar samet) shamal hunn. design. neel saiman theatre, mool roop witch elwin theatre, herbert jey duaara design keeta giaa see. crap atey 1927 witch banaiaa giaa see. baahari noon navv-georgian shaili witch design keeta giaa haii, jadon kii andruni noon crap dey ziaadaatar design dee vishesh adam shaili witch design keeta giaa haii. chihre. chihre witch doou bhaag hunde hunn, joe ikk dooje naal jude hunde hunn. panj manzila-uccha purbi bhaag chauda haii atey samroop haii, jiss witch auditorium daa pravesh duaar haii. pachmi bhaag, jiss witch stage haaoos haii, chhe manzila uccha haii. uparliaan manzalan utte, fersterocota trim dey naal angrezi bandhan witch laal ittaan daa baniaa hoiaa haii. neel saiman ikk navv-georgian chihre vaale kujh broadway theatran vicchon ikk haii, jiss witch belasco theatre, haze theatre atey stephen sondheim theatre shamal hunn. ih ih prabhav paida curran laee keeta giaa see kii theatre jaanh vaale "nirmata dey gharr witch dakhal hoow rahey sunn. jadon elwin banaiaa giaa see, taan ikk aalochak neey kiha kii baahari design witch sadak dey paar "aapne guandhi dee izzat noon dhiaan witch rakkhde hoye ikk dikkh see", hunn wilson. adhaar. dovan bhagan witch, adhaar terracotta dey jangli tukdiaan toon baniaa haii, joe sangamarmar dey samaan haii. zamini manzal dey purbi paase dhaat dey darwaziaan dee ikk jodee haii. auditorium dey chihre dey kendra witch dhaat atey shishe dey darwaziaan dey doou sett hunn. purab vall chhe darwaze andruni laabi naal judade hunn, jadon kii pachham vall atth darwaze boxes offices laabi naal judade hunn; inhan darwaziaan dey uppar ikk aadhunik marcue haii. munch dey agge vaale hisse dey stage-haaoos bhaag witch, ikk munch dey darwaze samet kaee khunjhe hoye darwaze hunn. painlan atey lambkari khambhiaan naal ikk harizotal freeze adhaar dey uppar chalda haii. ucchiaan kahaniaan. adhaar dey uppar, lambkari terracotta baind atey quin auditorium dey chihre noon tinn bhagan witch vandade hunn. kendri bhaag witch tinn lambkari khidkiaan hunn. harek khaadi witch duji manzal utte ikk dohri-uchaee vaali kamandar khidki haii, jiss witch harek kamaan dey sikhar dey nede terracotta dey dhakk atey keystone hunn. chauthi manzal utte, tinn kendri bays vicchon harek witch ikk terracotta frame dey naal ikk aaitakar khidki haii, jiss dey uppar ikk tuttiaa hoiaa pediment haii jiss witch ikk clush dey naal scroll hunn. panjvin manzal deeaan khidkiaan witch aaitakar terracotta frame vee hunn; uhanan dey sill ikk terracotta baind course duaara jude hoye hunn. ikk tikoni gable ihanan khidkiaan dey uppar uthhadi haii; gable dey kendra witch ikk terracotta oculus haii, joe fullan atey fullan dee sajawat naal ghiriaa hoiaa haii. auditorium dey chihre dey baahari hissiaan noon mandapan dey roop witch tiaar keeta giaa haii, joe sikhar noon chhadd keey ikk dooje dey lagbhag samaan hunn. doven mandapan dey naal-naal bansuri vaale terracotta pilester hunn, joe adhaar dey uppar challan vaale fariz utte rahinde hunn. inhan pilestaran dey vichkaar duji manzal utte dohre-uchaee vaale sathaan hunn, harr ikk terracotta dey dhangan atey keystone naal ghiriaa hoiaa haii. sathanan witch terracotta clush hunde hunn, joe samundari shell dey roopan dey uppar rakkhe jaande hunn. harek sathaan dey uppar, chauthi manzal witch aaitakar terracotta frames valiaan doou khidkiaan hunn. pilasteran daa harek jodda panjvin manzal utte ikk terracotta antablature atey pediment dey naal-naal uss kahani dey uppar ikk carnis daa samarthan karda haii. jadon kii purbi (khabbe) pavelian noon ikk parapet naal dhakkiaa giaa haii, pachmi (sajje) pavelian ikk horr manzal laee uthhada haii, joe stage haaoos dey barabar uchaee haii. stage haaoos auditorium dey sajje paase haii. lambkari terracotta baind atey quin stage haaoos noon khabbe toon sajje paase ikk, tinn atey ikk beey dey naal bhagan witch vandade hunn. stage haaoos deeaan khidkiaan aaitakar hunn, jiss witch harek khidki dey uppar terracotta lintel hunn. stage haaoos dey kendra bays witch tiji atey chauthi manzal dey uppar terracotta panel vee hunn. panjvin manzal dey uppar ikk carnis atey paneling haii, naal hii chhevin manzal dey uppar ikk ballstrade vaala ikk parapet haii. stage haaoos dee sabh toon khabbi khaadi, auditorium dey nede, sattvin manzal takk uthhadi haii. stage haaoos dey sajje paase dee khaadi witch theatre dey naam naal ikk lambkari nishan haii. andruni. lobbys. aaitakar ticket laabi siddhe mukkh pravesh duaar dey ander haii atey iss witch sangamarmar deeaan goodhiaan kandhan hunn. pachmi (sajje) kandh witch ticket deeaan khidkiaan hunn, jadon kii purbi (khabbe) kandh witch andruni laabi laee ikk khaali sathaan haii, jiss witch ikk kacch atey kaansi daa dohra darwaza haii jiss dey naal chhote scones hunn. uttri kandh utte atth shishe atey kaansi dey darwaze sadak toon lae keey, uhanan dey uppar panel dey naal, jadon kii dakkhni kandh witch auditorium dey archestra paddhar takk panel vaale lakkad dey darwaze hunn. chhatt dey duaale ikk carnis haii. jiss noon aadam shaili witch plaster varak naal sajaiaa giaa haii. chhatt dey vichkaar chrystal lampan dee ikk jodee haii. andruni laabi yojna witch aaitakar haii. iss takk pahunch iss dee pachmi kandh utte sathaan duaara keeti jaandi haii, joe ticket laabi toon jaandi haii, atey naal hii uttri kandh utte chhe shishe atey kaansi dey darwaziaan toon, joe sadak toon aaundi haii. dakkhni kandh witch auditorium laee panel vaale lakkad dey darwaze hunn, jadon kii purbi kandh witch mazinine laaoonj laee ikk paudi haii. andruni laabi dee chhatt noon aadam shaili witch plasterwork naal sajaiaa giaa haii atey iss witch chrystal jhandaliar dee ikk jodee haii. jadon elwin banaiaa giaa see, taan mazinine laaoonj noon ikk angrezi laaoonj maapan dey roop witch tiaar keeta giaa see. mazinine laaoonj deeaan kandhan noon weinscoat keeta giaa haii atey iss witch roshni dey sconis hunde hunn. iss jagha witch asal witch ikk agg vee see. chaar "retiring room" laaoonj toon bahr chaley gaye, jiss witch purshan atey aurtan dey tambakunoshi kamre shamal sunn. laaoonj dee chhatt witch plasterwork sajawat dey naal ikk andakar gumbad haii; ikk kendri jhandagar; atey ikk carnis, joe gumbad naal judada haii. mazinine laaoonj toon, paudiaan uttar vall hethan vall lae jandiaan hunn, andruni laabi naal judadiaan hunn, atey dakkhan, archestra naal judadiaan hunn. kise vee paudi dey uppar aaitakar khazane hunn, jiss witch chrystal jhandaliar atey aale duaale dey carnise hunn. dakkhni paudiaan witch ikk dhatu dee railing haii. dair naal aaunn valiaan dey vighan noon ghatt curran laee, ih paudiaan auditorium dey ander hii naheen, balki laaoonj witch rakkhiaan gaeeaan sunn. auditorium. auditorium witch ikk archestra paddhar, ikk balconi, bakse atey procenium kamaan dey pichhe ikk stage haii. auditorium dee jagha plaster sajawat naal tiaar keeti gaee haii atey yojna witch lagbhag vargakar haii. nederlander sangathan dey anusar, auditorium witch 1,445 seetan hunn; iss dauran, broadway leeg 1,467 seetan dee samratha daa havala dindi haii atey "playbil" 1,380 seetan daa havala dinda haii. theatre witch asal witch 1,400 seetan dee samratha see, jiss witch archestra witch 702, balconi witch 674 atey baksiaan witch 24 seetan sunn. 1967 dey ikk lekh witch theatre witch sangeet laee 1,363 seetan atey natkan laee 1.334 seetan dassiaan gaeeaan hunn. auditorium witch shuru witch haathi dand, neela, slaty atey sone dee ikk rung yojna see, jiss witch lavender jaan tuti dey kappde sunn. chitta rung bahut saariaan mool andruni sajawatan noon cover karda haii. auditorium dey uppar tinn manzila daftar sunn. baithan dee jagha. archestra daa paddhar raek keeta jaanda haii, stage dey sahmane ikk archestra toye vall hethan jhukda haii. archestra dey pichle hisse witch purab vall ikk panel vaali kandh dey naal ikk sair haii, jiss witch sconis hunn. archestra dey pichle paase sangamarmar dee bnee ikk khadhi rail haii, joe sair-spaate noon seetan deeaan pichliaan kataran toon vakkh kardi haii. sairgah atey archestra dee seet noon doou kalman duaara vakkh keeta giaa haii, joe sangamarmar dey thammhan naal milde julde hunn; uhanan dey sikhar 'teey doric-shaili deeaan rajdhaniaan hunn. archestra dee dakkhni (khabbi) kandh witch dhaat dey darwaze hunn, panel vaale kandh bhagan dey naal badalde hunn jinhan witch sconis hunde hunn. uttri (sajje) kandh witch panel vaale lakkad dey darwaziaan dey doou sett hunn, ikk panel duaara ikk sconnus naal vakkh keete gaye hunn; pichle darwaze andruni laabi vall jaande hunn, jadon kii sahmane vaale ticket laabi vall jaande hunn. harek darwaze dey uppar nikas dey sanketan noon fries duaara gheriaa jaanda haii joe lairan atey griffin noon darsaunde hunn. balconi daa paddhar iss dee dunghai dey addhe paase ikk galiyare duaara sahmane atey pichle bhagan witch vandiaa giaa haii, joe badle witch ikk dhatu dee railing duaara darsaiaa giaa haii. crossover galiyara doven paase deeaan kandhan dey nikas darwaziaan naal judada haii, joe badle witch lairan atey griffin naal fries duaara sikhar 'teey hunde hunn. samaan fries vaale nikas darwaze vee sahmane vaali balconi dey naal-naal paase deeaan kandhan 'teey rakkhe gaye hunn. balconi deeaan baaki paase deeaan kandhan noon ionic rajdhaniaan vaale pilestran duaara bhagan witch vandiaa giaa haii, joe auditorium dey duaale ikk antablature daa samarthan karde hunn. harek paase-kandh bhaag witch chrystal-atey-braas lighting sconis hunde hunn. balconi dey agle hisse witch swag, clush atey cameo pattern hunn, joe anshak taur 'teey light boxes naal dhakke hoye hunn. balconi dey hethan chrystal light fixture dey naal aadam-shaili dey panel hunn. balconi dee pichli kandh noon painlan witch vandiaa giaa haii jiss witch roshni dey sconis hunde hunn. kandhan utte kujh air conditioning vents hunn. stage dey doven paase ikk kandh daa hissa haii jiss witch balconi paddhar utte tinn bakse hunn. bakse stage vall hethan vall vadhade hunn; agla boxes procenium kamaan witch agge vagda haii, jadon kii pichla boxes balconi witch pichhe vall vagda haii. archestra paddhar 'teey, dovan kandhan' teey ikk khulhan vaala haii, joe uppar ditte baksiaan dey sathanan dey anusar haii. baksiaan dey hethan chrystal lamp atey console bracket shamal hunn, jadon kii baksiaan dey sahmane deeaan relingan witch swag, culls atey cameo pattern hunde hunn. panel vaale khambhe baksiaan noon ikk dooje toon vakkh karde hunn, baksiaan dey siddhe uppar ikk chhote antablature daa samarthan karde hunn; harek chhote antablature witch ikk tuttiaa hoiaa pediment hunda haii jiss witch scroll ikk clush dey naal hunda haii. pediment dey uppar, aurtan dey grotsk dey naal colonet hunn, joe kii auditorium dey aale duaale dey antablature takk uppar vall failde hunn. horr design visheshtavan baksiaan dey naal ikk flat procenium kamaan haii, jiss witch khulhan dey doven paase bansari vaale ionic pilaster hunde hunn, naal hii uppar ikk antablature vee hunda haii. antablature witch ikk aadam-shaili daa fries hunda haii. kamaan dey uppar ikk kandh chittar dey naal ikk lunet panel haii, joe mithihasak patran dey naal ikk pashu-paalan daa drish darsaunda haii. jadon theatre banaiaa giaa see, taan procenium dey udghatan noon maapan dey taur teey darsaiaa giaa see. udghatan dey pichhe, stage 100 futt chauda atey 35 futt dungha see, jiss witch ikk gridiron lamba see. stage dey sahmane archestra pitt 48 lokan noon fitt qarr sakda haii. baxtage witch 20 dressing room sunn joe 150 kalakaran noon rakkhan dey samrath sunn, naal hii course "aaram kamre" atey ikk rehearsal room vee see. chhatt witch paase deeaan kandhan utte groin walt hunde hunn, joe plasterwork sajawat naal passliaan duaara vakkh keete jaande hunn. auditorium dey sahmane ikk golakar gumbad haii joe sajawati baindan naal ghiriaa hoiaa haii, jiss witch ikk kendri tamge naal ikk chrystal jhumbrola latakda haii. gumbad dey pichhe, chhatt noon aadam-shaili dey plasterwork sajawat dey naal painlan witch vandiaa giaa haii. pichli balconi dey uppar sajawati baindan atey takniki-booth openingan dey naal ikk addha-gumbad haii. chhatt witch air conditioning vents lagaae gaye hunn. itihaas. times squair 1900 atey mahan mandee dey vichkaar vadde paddhar dey theatre productionan daa kendra bann giaa. elwin theatre depression toon pahilan banaae jaanh vaale baad dey theatran vicchon ikk see. theatre daa naam iss dey mool sanchalkan dey pahile naavan daa sumel seeuuu alex aii. aerons (1891-1943) atey winton friedly (1891-1969). doven fildelfia dey rahinn vaale sunn. aaronas sangeetak comedies daa nirmata see, jadon kii friedly "iklauta broadway nirmata see jisda naam smajik register witch suchibadh keeta giaa see. inhan aadmiaan neey 1923 jaan 1924 witch ikk bhaiwali banayi see, parr unhan neey siraf 1933 takk ikkathe kamm keeta. 1983 toon, iss daa naam neel saiman (1927-2018) dey naam utte rakkhiaa giaa haii, joe broadway dey sabh toon vadde natakkaran vicchon ikk haii. neel saiman noon needarland sangathan duaara chalaiaa jaanda haii. vikas atey shuruati saal. janwari 1927 witch, alegzander pinks atey aim. aill. goldstone neey lebnan astet corporation toon 244-254 pachmi 52 veen glee deeaan saitan kharidiaan, site 'teey ikk jaaiz theatre vikast curran dee yojna dey naal. pinks neey pahilan lambi ekad atey shaahi theatre vikast keete sunn; usne atey goldstone neey theatre dee laagat laee 14 lakkh dallar dee yojna banayi see. use maheene, pinks neey herbert jey duaara design keete gaye site 'teey ikk theatre laee newyork city vibhag deeaan imaratan noon yojnavan pesh keetiaan. crop. pinks atey goldstone neey march curran vaali ou 'day nirman company noon theatre dey nirman laee ikk aam theka ditta. aktubar 1927 takk, aaronas atey friedly neey theatre noon lease 'teey ditta see atey fred atey adel astair duaara abhinit jaaraj atey iraa garshwin dey sangeetak "mazakia chihre" noon stage curran dee yojna banayi see. elwin dee shuruat 22 navambar, 1927 noon "mazakia chihre" naal hoee see; ih shoa 250 pardarshanan laee challiaa. dha newyork times" dey theatre aalochak brooks atkinson neey likhiaao "jey" mazakia chihra "ghatt dilchsap hunda, taan darshakan cole navein theatre dee parshansa curran laee vadhere samaan hunda." elwin dey pahile kujh sangeet mukabaltan chhote sunn. sann 1928 witch, theatre neey gertrude laurence naal garshwin sangeetak "khazana ladki" dee mezbani keeti. halanki sangeet neey $6 daa sabh toon vaddh dakhla liaa, firr ikk bemisal keemat, iss neey bnd honn toon pahilan 69 pardarshan keete. iss toon baad theatre gilled daa "wings over yoorap" daa nirman see, joe martin beek theatre toon tabdil hoow giaa see. aaronas atey friedly noon janwari 1929 witch theatre utte $570,000 daa morgage loane miliaa. rodder atey haart sangeet "spring izz itthe" elwin vikhe kholhiaa giaa joe march see atey iss witch 104 pardarshan keete gaye sunn. ikk horr rajjar atey haart sangeet, "sir chukko!", uss navambar witch elwin vikhe 144-pardarshan daud laee kholhiaa giaa. 1930 witch, ethal merman neey gershwins dee "garal crazzy" witch aapni broadway dee shuruat keeti, jiss witch 272 pardarshan keete gaye sunn. aaronas atey friedly neey uss aprail witch elwin atey iss dey hethan dee zameen kharidi. pinks atey goldstone appression. pinks atey goldstone neey maee 1932 witch anjaan kaarnan karke elwin dey sanchalan noon aapne hatth witch lae liaa. uss saal, theatre neey eugene ou 'neel dey natak "sog electra bann jaanda haii" dey naal-naal jerom curran dey sangeet "havaa witch sangeet" dey tabadale dee mezbani keeti. khidari maee 1933 witch elwin witch "ankal toms cabin" daa aapna utpadan lae keey aae; ih natak inna prasidh see kii iss noon aapni asal ikk hafte dee daud toon doou hafte baad vadha ditta giaa see. use saal maxwell anderson neey hellen hays naal "mairi aaf scotland" khed daa udghatan keeta. friedly neey agli vaar 1934 witch elwin vikhe cole porter daa sangeetak "kujh vee jaanda haii" tiaar keeta, jiss witch merman, viliam gaxton, victor moor atey vivian wannes shamal sunn; ih 420 pardarshan laee challi. 1930 dey dahake dey maddh takk, elwin theatre atey guandhi gilled (hunn agast wilson) theatre theatre zilhe dey sabh toon uttri sathaan sunn joe ajey vee jaaiz shoa dee mezbani karde sunn. gershwins dey amriki lock opera "porgi aind bases" daa asal nirman aktubar 1935 witch elwin vikhe khulhiaa. jadon kii "porgi aind bases" 124 pardarshanan toon baad elwin vikhe bnd hoow giaa, iss dey punar-sanchalan vadhere safal saabat hoye. iss toon baad aktubar 1936 witch porter daa "laal, garam atey neela" merman atey jimmi durante dey naal keeta giaa, joe 181 pardarshanan takk challiaa. elwin neey 1930 dey dahake dey akheer witch rodders atey haart duaara doou sangeet dee mezbani keeti. "main sahee hovanga", jaaraj aim naal kholhiaa. 1937 witch kohan, 289 pardarshan laee daudada haii, atey "cyricus dey munde" 1938 witch khulleh, 235 pardarshan keete. 1940 dey dahake daa elwin daa pahila utpadan farvari 1940 witch "dha tamming aaf dha sharoo" daa ikk seemat runn see, jiss daa pardarshan adakari curran vaale jode elfried lunt atey linn fontain duaara finnish raahat fund laee keeta giaa see. uss aprail witch, lunt atey fontain robbert ee witch pragat hoye. sherwod daa natak "koee raat naheen hovegi", joe 1940 dey maddh witch ikk daure dey naal kaee mahiniaan takk challiaa. agle saal, elwin neey iraa garshwin, moses haart atey curt vail dey mano-vigiaan-theem sangeet "lady inn dha dark" dee mezbani keeti; jiss witch gertrude laurence dee visheshta see, iss witch 467 pardarshan keete gaye sunn. elwin neey janwari 1943 witch ethal merman naal kulee dey sangeetak "ladkiaan laee kujh" dee mezbani keeti, joe 422 peshkariaan laee dikhai ditti. "mundiaan laee kujh" sangeet "jackpot" laee raah banaun laee bnd hoow giaa, jiss neey 67 pardarshan keete. 1944 atey 1945 witch elwin deeaan productionan ziaadaatar tezi naal asafaltavan sunn, jinhan witch "hallen goz too troi", "florence daa firebrand" atey "hollywod pinafore" shamal sunn. batty comden, adolf green atey morton gauld daa sangeetak "billion dallar bebi" vadhere safal riha, joe 1945 dey ant witch khulhiaa atey 200 pardarshan takk challiaa. see. bee. aiss. malkiat, cullman appression. dasambar 1945 takk, prasaran network see. bee. aiss. ikk studio dey roop witch vartan laee elwin noon kharidan laee gallbat qarr riha see, kiunki nedley hammerstein dey theatre witch see. bee. aiss. daa lease khatam honn vaala see. haward aiss. kullman, joe hammerstein daa maalak see, uss theatre noon jaaiz varton witch waps liaun daa irada rakkhda see. cbs neey farvari 1946 witch elwin noon 825,000 dallar witch kharidiaa. uss juun witch, cbs neey kullman toon hammerstein noon panj horr saalan laee lease 'teey denh laee sehmati ditti, jadon kii kullman neey cbs toon elwin noon lease' teey denh atey iss dee bajaae utthe utpadan pesh curran laee sehmati ditti. use saal, elwin neey ingrid bergman, saim vanamaker atey romani brent naal "john aaf lorren" dee mezbani keeti. iss toon baad 1947 witch "pitaa naal jeevan" natak aaiaa, joe ikk horr theatre toon aapni 3,224-pardarshan dee daud noon khatam curran laee tabdil hoow giaa. jaaraj bernard shaa daa natak "maen aind superman" uss aktubar witch elwin witch khulhiaa atey farvari 1948 witch tabdil hoow giaa. iss toon turant baad thoms hegen atey joshua laugan dee kamedi "mister roberts" hannery fonda naal, joe 1,157 pardarshanan laee challi. kullman atey see. bee. aiss. neey 1951 witch horr tinn saalan laee hammerstein atey elwin noon badlan daa faisla keeta, jiss naal pahile noon ikk studio vajon vartiaa jaa sakda haii atey baad vaale noon jaaiz natkan laee vartiaa jaa sakda haii. uss saal elwin vikhe tinn shoa khulleh sidney kingsley "duphir vele hanera", sangeet "brooklin witch ikk rukkh uggda haii", atey paal osburn play "koee vaapsee naheen". "koee vaapsee daa bindu" dasambar 1952 witch "toose company" duaara apnaiaa giaa see, jiss witch 22 saalan witch aapni pahili broadway peshkari witch bete davis see, parr ih siraf lagbhag 90 pardarshanan takk challi. agle saal, norman krasna dee kamedi "kind sarr" mairi martin atey charles boer naal elwin vikhe khullhi. sangeetak "golden apple" aprail 1954 witch aaf-broadway toon elwin witch tabdil hoow giaa, joe kull 173 pardarshan laee chall riha see. uss saal navinikaran laee kullman dey lease toon pahilan harold arlen atey truman capot sangeetak "haaoos aaf fullan" noon book keeta giaa see, joe sanket karda haii kii elwin atey hammerstein dey lease noon dubara badliaa javega. "haaoos aaf floors" aakharkar dasambar 1954 witch kholhiaa giaa atey 165 pardarshan laee challiaa. iraa levin dee kamedi "noo time phaar sargents" agle saal shuru hoee, joe doou saalan witch 796 pardarshan laee challi. theatre neey 1950 dey dahake dey akheer witch kaee madham safal productionan dee mezbani keeti, jiss witch sangeet "oh, kaptan!" shamal hunn."1958 witch atey 1959 witch" "pahile prabhav". iss toon ilava, jerom robbins neey aapne dance vishesh "" baile yuu "" dee choreography keeti. aiss.aii."1958 witch, atey sangeet deeaan ghantiaan vajj rahiaan hunn" uss saal shubbert toon elwin witch tabdil qarr ditta giaa. stall atey raak-time malkiat. see. bee. aiss. neey 1959 witch alwyn noon maikas atey stanly stall noon wetch ditta, joe guandhi hellinger theatre dey maalak vee sunn. stahlan neey jaldi hii elwin laee ikk navaan manager niyukat keeta. 1960 witch, theatre neey sangeetak "green vilo", dance troop lais ballays africans atey sardiaan dey baagh toon sangeetak "pachmi paase dee kahani" dey tabadale dee mezbani keeti. carolin leh atey saaee colleman sangeetak "wildcat" neey uss dasambar witch lucilli baal naal shuruat keeti, jiss neey utthe aapni iklauti broadway dikkh banayi. sangeet "irma laa doss" noon 1961 witch plymouth toon elwin witch tabdil qarr ditta giaa. agle saal, stephen sondheim, bert shavlov atey lairi gelbart daa sangeet "forum dey raste witch ikk mazedar gall vapri" khullhi, joe 967 pardarshanan laee chall rahee see. aktubar 1962 witch challan vaali "ikk mazedar cheez" dauran, lester osterman (46 veen street atey ou 'neel theatre dey maalak) neey elwin noon panj saalan laee lease' teey ditta. hioo martin atey timothy grey dee sangeetak kamedi "hyee spirts", beatrice lillie atey tammy grimes naal, 1964 witch khullhi atey 367 pardarshan laee challi. mauris shavelier aprail 1965 witch elwin vikhe ikk maheene dey ikalle shoa, "mauris shavelier aitt 77" laee dikhai ditta. iss toon baad agle maheene "flora dha redd ware" aaiaa, jiss witch leeza minelli neey aapni broadway dee shuruat keeti. "flora dha redd vairaaz" atey agle kaee shoa mukabaltan ghatt challe sunn. inhan shoa witch sangeet "dha yeerling" (1965), "itz aii burd" shamal sunn... ih ikk jahaz haii... ih superman haii (1966), raat daa khaana atth 'teey (1966), atey sharry!"(1967). rockfeller center dee vikas sahaik raak-time ink. elwin noon uss dey agent, konrad maithai duaara julai 1967 witch osterman toon kharidiaa giaa see. badle witch, rock-time neey rockfeller center dey nede playhouse theatre noon wetch ditta, jiss noon dhahiaa jaanha see. tomm stoppard daa natak "rosencrentz atey gildenstern marr chukke hunn" aktubar 1967 witch elwin vikhe kholhiaa giaa, joe doou theatran witch kull 421 pardarshan laee chall riha see. iss toon baad 1968 witch james aral jonas atey jaine alegzander dey naal haward seckler daa drama "dha gret white hope" aaiaa, jiss witch 557 pardarshan keete gaye sunn. elwin neey agle padaa witch stephen sondheim/jaaraj ferth sangeetak "company" dey mool utpadan dee mezbani keeti, jiss daa premiere 1970 witch hoiaa atey agle doou saalan dauran 700 toon vaddh pardarshan keete gaye. iss toon baad "mauli" (1973) atey "city dee aazadi" (1974) samet kujh chhotiaan daudan baniaan. elwin dee agli safalta sangeetak "shenandoh" see, joe 1975 witch khullhi atey tabadale toon pahilan doou saal rahee. julai 1974 takk, mathei neey theatre dey morgage loane utte default qarr ditta see, atey bowery bacchat baink neey foreclosure witch elwin noon haasal qarr liaa see. theatre noon firr 12 lakkh dallar witch vikri laee rakkhiaa giaa see. needarland dee malkiat. 1970 atey 1980 dey dahake. nederlander sangathan neey 1975 witch elwin noon haasal keeta, atey ih sathaan mahil, yuri atey brooks atkinson toon baad parivaar daa chautha broadway theatre bann giaa. iss vikri witch 100,000 dallar nakad atey 11.6 lakkh dallar daa morgage loane shamal see. ainee" daa asal broadway utpadan 1977 witch kholhiaa giaa see atey tabadale toon pahilan panj saalan takk challiaa see. 1981 atey 1982 witch agle panj sangeetak chhote sunn. "chhota rajkumar atey havabazi curran vaala" "purvadarshan dauran bnd hoow gaye, jadon kii" "khushi naal aseen naal ghumde haan", "chhota johnny jonas", "qee kaale patent chamde dey jutte sachmuch pratibimbat hunde hunn?", atey" satt bharavan laee satt laadi "doou haftiaan toon vee ghatt samein baad bnd hoow gaeeaan. chhote rajkumar" dey nirmatavan dey naal-naal "chhote johnny jonas" (joe shuruat dee raat noon bnd hoiaa) dey nirmatavan neey 1986 witch needarlanders utte iss aadhar utte mukaddama chalaiaa kii company neey dovan shoa noon galat dhang naal bahr qarr ditta see. elwin daa agla gair-flaap all green atey paiti label dey naal "rabb dey naal boxes curran laee tuhadiaan baahan bahut chhotiaan sunn", joe satambar 1982 witch kholhi gaee see. "neel saiman dee eugene tikdi witch pahila natak "bryton beach yaadan" march 1983 witch elwin vikhe khulhiaa. needarland dey lokan neey 29 juun, 1983 noon theatre daa naam badal keey saiman rakkh ditta. naam badlan daa "bryton beach yaadan" naal koee sabndh naheen see; needarland dey lokan neey 1982 witch theatre daa naam badal keey saiman rakkhan dee peshkash keeti see, parr natakkar neey uss samein inkaar qarr ditta see. neel saiman dooje natakkar sunn jinhan daa naam uss dey naam utte ikk broadway theatre rakkhiaa giaa see, marhoom eugene ou 'neel dey naam utte, atey pahile jeevat natakkar noon iss tarahan sanmanit keeta giaa see. theatre bhaichare dey memberan neey pragat keeta kii elwin daa naam garshwin laee rakkhiaa jaanha chahida see; ih naam euris theatre utte lagu keeta giaa see. jairi ventrob neey firr 1984 witch neel saiman theatre dey sanchalan witch ikk hissedari kharidi. iss dey naal hii, newyork city landmarks sambhal commission (aill. pee. see.) neey 1982 witch neel saiman noon ikk meal patthar vajon surakhiat curran baare vichaar karna shuru qarr ditta see, jiss baare agle kaee saalan takk vichaar vatandre jaari rahey. ail. pee. see. neey tinn theatre malkan dey itraazaan 'teey agast 1985 witch neel saiman, umbasder atey virginia (hunn agast wilson) theatre dey andruni hissiaan dey naal-naal rajdoot atey neel saiman dey andruni hissiaan noon mahattavpuran sathanan vajon namzad keeta. newyork city board aaf astmission neey dasambar 1985 witch itihasak ahudiaan dee pushti keeti. "bryton beach yaadan" toon baad 1985 witch eugene tikdi witch ikk horr natak, "biloxy blues", aaiaa. agle saal, sangeet "intu dha light" neel saiman vikhe khulhiaa, chhe pardarshan toon baad bnd hoiaa. noel caord daa natak "blith spirit" march 1987 witch neel saiman vikhe khulhiaa; theatre neey natak dey ikk starr, geraldine pej noon vee shardhanjali ditti, jiss dee daud dey vichkaar maut hoow gaee. comedian mort sehal neey aktubar witch ikk seemat peshkari ditti, atey agle maheene "breaking dha code" natak khulhiaa. neel saiman neey juun 1988 witch doou ou 'neel natkan dee punar-shuruat dee mezbani keeti, "raat witch lambe dinn dee yaatra" atey "aah, ujaad!"(doven collin deverst atey jaisan robards naal), qalaa dey pahile newyork antarashtari utsav dey hisse vajon. uss saal baad witch, canny loggins neey neel saiman witch kujh samaroh khede. 1989 dey arambh witch neel saiman laee doou sangeetkan dee ghoshna keeti gaee see; previs dauran "senator joe" bnd hoow giaa, atey "tower aaf babble" witch previs vee naheen see. tensi villiams daa natak "aurphius desending" satambar 1989 witch pesh keeta giaa see. uss samein dey aas paas, ail. pee. see. neey iss gall 'teey sunwai keeti see kii qee silverstein propertiaan duaara vikast hotel noon neel saiman dey uppar contilever keeta jaa sakda haii. 1990 atey 2000 dey dahake witch. roos dey daan cosex dee ikk dance troop neey janwari 1990 witch neel saiman witch seemat rujheven witch kamm keeta see, uss aktubar witch, comedian jackie messon neey aapni ikalli luddy "bilkul naveen" lanch keeti, joe atth mahiniaan takk challi. march 1992 witch uss dey naam dey theatre witch ikk horr saiman natak, "jacks vimain" dee shuruat hoee, jiss witch mishrat swagat dey vichkaar 245 pardarshan keete gaye sunn. agle navambar witch, dutch production "neel saiman vikhe khullhi, joe 137 pardarshanan takk challi. hitt pachmi ant sangeetak "chhoti aavaaz daa ubhaar atey patan" maee 1994 witch neel saiman vikhe khulhiaa, siraf ikk hafte baad bnd hoiaa. iss toon baad navambar 1994 witch sangeetkaran besia atey maee 1995 witch lauri anderson dey sangeet samaroh dey naal-naal navambar 1995 witch danny gans duaara ikk seemat pardarshan keeta giaa see. rodders atey hammerstein sangeet "king atey aaee" noon 1996 witch mudd surjit keeta giaa see. king atey aaee "arther miller play" aii vioo fraum dha brij "laee raah banaun laee 1998 dey shuru witch bnd hoow giaa, joe agast 1998 takk challiaa. neel saiman neey 1998 dey akheer witch dance vishesh" swayne lake "dee mezbani keeti, naal hii natley vapari duaara ikk sangeet samaroh atey 1999 witch sangeet" laal pimpernal "daa ikk sodhiaa hoiaa sanskaran vee keeta giaa. sangeet "sangeet aadmi" daa punar-surjiti sann 2000 dey shuru witch neel saiman vikhe kholhiaa giaa, joe 2001 dey ant takk challiaa. "sangeet aadmi" daud dauran, comedian maindi pattinkin neey ikk yuu lanch keeta.aiss. neel saiman vikhe ikk sangeet samaroh dey naal 10 satambar, 2001 noon daura keeta. elen stritch daa ikk-mahila shoa "elen stritch aitt liberty" firr farvari 2002 witch neel saiman witch premiere keeta giaa. "elen stritch aitt liberty" dey bnd honn toon baad, neel saiman noon iss dee agli rujheven dee tiaari witch 1,328 seetan toon vadha keey sambhavit 1,467 seetan qarr ditta giaa seeuuu sangeetak "hairsprey", joe agast 2002 witch khulhiaa see. "hairsprey" neey theatre laee haaoos ricard kaaim keeta, joe 2009 dee shuruat witch bnd hoiaa see. robin villiams neey aprail 2009 witch neel saiman vikhe aapna kamedi tour "sway-vinash dey hathiaar" pesh karna see, parr sarjari toon baad usne aapni rujheven noon radd qarr ditta. iss dee bajaae "regtime" dee punar surjiti book keeti gaee see, jiss dee shuruat navambar 2009 witch hoee see. "regtime" uss safalta noon duhraun witch asfal riha joe iss neey washington, dee witch canady center witch prapat keeti see.see.57 pardarshan toon baad janwari 2010 witch bnd hoiaa. 2010 toon lae keey hunn takk. sangeetkar hairi conic junier julai 2010 witch neel saiman witch ikk seemat pardarshan keeta see; uss dee peshkari 2011 dee album laee ricard keeti gaee see. sangeet samaroh "uss aktubar witch neel saiman vikhe shuru hoiaa, 2011 dee shuruat witch brooks atkinson witch tabdil hoow giaa. sangeet" catch mee iff yuu caine "aprail 2011 witch khulhiaa, 170 pardarshan laee chall riha see. yisu masih superstar" daa punar-surjiti march toon julai 2012 takk neel saiman vikhe challi, uss saal dey ant witch thodeh samein laee sangeet duaara chalaiaa giaa. andreau lippa sangeetak "vaddi machhi" noon firr 2013 dey shuru witch neel saiman laee book keeta giaa see, parr uss saal dey ziaadaatar samein laee theatre hanera rahi giaa kiunki "vaddi machhi" kitey horr pardarshan qarr rahee see. "vaddi machhi" siraf aktubar toon dasambar 2013 takk challi. iss toon baad doou samaan chhotiaan daudan aaiaan march toon juun 2014 takk robbert shanken daa natak "aal dha weey", atey aktubar 2014 toon janwari 2015 takk sting daa sangeetak "aakhri jahaz". fredrik love atey alaan jey learner dey sangeetak "giggy" daa punar-surjiti aprail 2015 witch neel saiman vikhe khulhiaa, siraf doou mahiniaan baad shoa bnd honn laee. julai 2015 witch, needarland dey lokan neey neel saiman dey uppar anvarte havaai adhikaran noon $89 lakkh witch wetch ditta. khariddar ikk vikas sangh sunn jinhan neey kaee blakan door ikk hotel banaiaa see. uss saal dey ant witch, jaduian neey ikk seemat daud laee neel saiman vikhe ikk jadui pardarshan keeta. andreau lloyd webber dee hitt sangeetak "billiaan" daa punar-surjiti agast 2016 witch neel saiman vikhe khulhiaa atey agle saal dey ant takk challiaa. tonny kushner daa natak "angels inn amrica" firr march 2018 witch tinn mahiniaan laee khulhiaa. sangeetak "dha cherr shoa" uss dasambar witch khulhiaa atey agast 2019 takk challiaa, atey bharambaaj 2019 dey akheer witch aapne jadui shoa, "chhuttiaan daa jaadu" laee waps aae." cherr shoa" bnd honn toon baad, aimje sangeet "noon 2020 dey maddh laee neel saiman vikhe book keeta giaa see. halanki, neel saiman neey newyork shehar witch covid-19 mahamari caarn doou saalan laee ikk horr shoa dee mezbani naheen keeti. theatre dasambar 2021 witch "aimm. jey. dha musical" dey purvadarshan naal dubara khulhiaa, joe adhikarat taur 'teey farvari 2022 witch khulhiaa see. "aimm. jey." neey 2022 witch theatre daa boxes-offices ricard dass vaar todiaa, sabh toon haal hii witch 1 janwari, 2023 noon khatam hoye hafte dauran, jadon sangeet neey $2,223,069 dee kamai keeti. mahattavpuran production. production noon uhanan dey pahile pardarshan dey saal anusar suchibadh keeta jaanda haii.

neel simon natyashala neel simon-rangamanchah, moolatah alwyn-rangamanchah, nyuyaark-nagarasya midtown-manhattan-nagarasya rangamancha-mandale 250 pashchim-52 veethi-madhye sthitah ekaha broadway-rangamanchah asti. 1927 tame varshe udghaatitam, asya naatyagruhasya vinyaasah herbert jey. ityanena krutah. crap iti tathaa alex-e ityasya krute nirmitam. aarans tathaa vintan friedly. mulanama aarans tathaa friedly ityetayoho prathamanamanam samyojanam aasit; 1983 tame varshe naatyamanchasy naam naatyakaar-neel-saiman iti punahkaranam krutam. neel-saiman ityasmin dwayoh starayoho 1,467 asanani santi, tathaa naidar-lander-samsthayaa cha sanchaalyate. mukhabhaagah, sabhamandapam cha nyuyaark-nagarasya antahsthaani cha sthalachinhaani santi. mukhabhaagah vibhaagadvayena vibhaajitah asti-paschimadishi shut-mahadweepah manchagruham, poorvadishi pancha-mahadweepah prekshaagruhah cha. bhootalam terracota-khandaih aacchaaditam asti, tatra markey-yuktah praveshah asti. dwayoh vibhagayoho uparibhaagaah itaihi terracota-ityanena cha nirmitaah santi; sabhamandapasya sammukhabhage kamaanayuktaah jaalikaah, sthanani, kendriya-paadamudrah cha santi, manchagruhasya adhikah saadaa vinyaasah asti. antahbhaagah aadam-shailyaa parikalpitah asti, yasmin laabi-dwau, meznain-starasya vishraamagruhau cha antarbhavati. sabhaagruhe bhutalasthah vaadyavrundah, petikaayuktah ekaha balakani cha asti. natyashalayaha antahbhaagah falaka-vinyaasen plaastar-karyena cha alankrutah asti, api cha prekshaagruhe gumbadeeyah chhatah asti. sabhamandapam upari karyalayanam trayah mahalaah aasan. alekzaandar pincus tathaa emm. a. goldstone ityanena alwyn-rangamanchah vikasitah, yah 1927 tame varshe november-masasya 22 dinaanke "haasyapornamukhah" iti namna udghaatitah. aarans tathaa friedly ityeshaa praarambhe 1930 taha 1932 paryantam rangamanchasya sanchaalanam krutvaa tasya swaaminee cha aasan. rangamanchasya praarambhikavarsheshu "enneething gos", "leady inn da dark", "keshuchit balakanam krute" ityadinam sangeeta-karyakramanam, natakanam cha ayojanam krutavantah. see. bee. ess.-samsthayaa 1946 tame varshe adhikaarah sweekrutah, 1959 tame varshe yaavat rangamanchasya sanchaalanam anwawartat, yadaa max tathaa stanly stall ityeshaa tatt kreenan. 1967 tame varshe alwyn iteedam raak-taim-ink samsthaayai vikreeyat. 1975 tame varshe netherlands-deshah. 1960 tathaa 1970 tame dashakeshu, alwyn ityayam "forum-prati gacchan ekam haasyakrutyam abhavat", "hai spirits", "da gret vait hope", "kampanee", "shenandoh", "enee" ityadinam deerghaan pradarshana aayojayat. natakarangasya neel saiman iti namakaranam krutvaa, 1980 tathaa 1990 tame dashakeshu tasya anekaani naatakaani, tathaa cha 2000 tame dashake adhikaamshe "hersprey" iti sangeeta-naatakaani api aayojitaah. jaalasthalam. neel simon-natyashala 250 pashchim-52 tama-maarge, ashtame evanyoo-madhye tathaa broadway-madhye dakshina-padachari-maarge, nyuyaark-nagarasya midtown-manhatton-parisarasya madhye asti. ayatakaraha bhoo-khandah aacchaaditah asti, yasya agrabhaagah 52 tame maarge, gabheerah cha asti. neel-syman ityeshah poorvadishi maark-helinger-natyashalaya, gallaghar-ityasya steak-house ityanena cha saha khandam panktayati. sameepastheshu anyeshu bhavaneshu uttardishi august willson-naatyagruham, eeshanyadishi broadway-naatyagruham, 810 saptamm maargam, poorvadishi aksha-nyaayasangatah kendram, dakshinapoorvadishi shitkal-udyaana-naatyagruham, dakshinadishi parama-sthala-plaza (varga-naatyagruhasya, gershwin-naatyagruhasya cha vruttam antarbhavati) cha antarbhavanti. rachanaa. neel simon-natyashala, moolatah alwyn-natyashala, herbert jey. ityanena parikalpitaa aasit. crap ityasya nirmanam 1927 tame varshe abhavat, baahyabhaagasy vinyaasah nava-georgian-shailyaa asti, aantarikabhaagasy vinyaasah crap ityasya adhikamshanam vinyasanam vishishtatayaa aadam-shailyaa asti. mukhatah. mukhabhaagah dwayoh vibhagayoho yuktah asti, yah parasparm sambadhah asti. panchastareeyah oordhwah poorvabhaagah vishaalah, samamitah cha asti, yatra sabhamandapam praveshadvaaram vartate. pashchimabhaagah, yasmin manchagruham vartate, saha shut-mahaadwaarah unnatah asti. uparibhaage prushtabhaagah aanglabandhane rakta-ittibhihi nirmitah asti, yatra terracota-trim asti. neel-syman iteedam, belaasko-rangamanchah, hess-rangamanchah, stephen-sondaim-rangamanchah cha saha, nava-georgian-mukhabhaagayukteshu katipayeshu broadway-rangamancheshu anyatam asti. natyashalam gacchantah "nirmaatrugruham pravishanti" iti bhaavam janayitum etat krutam. yadaa alwyn-ityasya nirmanam jaatam, tadaa ekaha sameekshakah avadat yat baahya-vinyaasah "prativeshinah maryadayaha anuroopah drushyate" iti, idaaneem willson iti, veethihi param aasit. adharaha. dwayoh vibhagayoho adharaha mrunmaya-shilayaha sadrushaihi nirmitaih mrunmaya-shilayaha khandaih nirmitah asti. bhutalasya poorvabhaage agrabhaage dhaatu-dwaarayoh jodihi asti. sabhamandapasya agrabhagasya kendre dhaatu-kaach-dwaarayoh samoohau stah. poorvadishi shut dwaaraani aantarik-labya saha samyojayanti, paschimadishi ashta dwaaraani baaks-aafis-labya saha samyojayanti; etayoho dwaranam upari aadhunik-markey asti. mukhabhagasya mancha-gruha-khande, mancha-dwaarasahitam anekaani chhidrayuktaah dwaaraani santi. phalakaih oordhvaadhar-khanchibhih cha yuktah kshaitijah fraze iti aadhaarasy upari pravahati. ucchakathaah. aadhaarasy upari, oordhvaadhar-terracota-pattikaah, kwain-pattikaah cha sabhamandapasya mukhabhagam trishu vibhaageshu vibhaktavantah. madhyabhaage treeni oordhvaadhar-dwaara-khandaah santi. pratyekam upasaagare dwiteeyastare dvivruttehe kamaanayuktah jaalah asti, yatra pratyekasya kamanasya upari terracota-chapaha, keystones cha santi. chaturthastare, trishu kendriya-bey-madhye pratyekasmin, terracota-frame yuktah ayatakaraha jaalah asti, yasya upari bhagnah pediment asti, yatra scrolls-patrena prushtatah asti. panchame talasya jalakeshu ayatakara-terracota-frame-ityetaani api santi; teshaam sills-kshetraani terracota-bend-core-dwara sambadhaah santi. etayoho jalakanam upari trikonee gable utthaati; gable ityasya kendre pushpamaalaih pushpaalankaaraih cha pariveshtitam terracota oculus asti. sabhamandapasya bahyabhagaha mandaparoopen parikalpitaah santi, ye uparibhaagam atirichya praayah parasparm samaanaani santi. ubhayoho mandapayoho paarshve baansureeyuktaah terracota-bhittistambhaah santi, ye aadhaarasy upari pravahante fraze ityatra sthitaah santi. etayoho bhittistambhanam madhye dwiteeyastare dvivruttehe ucchataah sthanani santi, pratyekam terracota-imposts-keystones-ityanena cha pariveshtitam asti. sthalasthaaneshu samudra-kavacha-rupakanam upari sthaapitaah terracota-kalasah santi. pratyekasya sthanasya upari chaturthamahale ayatakara-terracota-frame-yukttau dvivaarau stah. pratyekam bhittistambha-yugmam panchame talasya terracota-antablature, pediment cha, tathaiva tasya prushtasya upari carnis cha aadhaarayati. poorveeyah (vaamaha) mandapah parapet ityanena aacchaaditah asti, pashchimah (dakshina) mandapah anyamahaadwayena utthaatah, manchagruhasya samaanah oordhwah. rangamanchah prekshaagruhasya dakshinadishi asti. oordhvaadhar-terracota-pattikaah, kwain-pattikaah cha manchagruham vaamatah dakshinam prati ekena, tribhihi, ekena cha khandaih vibhaageshu vibhaktavantah. manchagruhasya jaalikaah ayatakaraha santi, pratyekasya jaalasy upari terracota-lintels santi. manchagruhasya madhyabhaage truteeye chaturthastareshu terracota-phalakaani api santi. panchame talasya upari carnis, pyaanaling cha asti, tathaiva shashtame talasya upari ballstrade yuktah parapet api asti. sabhamandapasya sameepe sthitasya manchagruhasya vaamatamah upasaagarah saptamm talam yaavat vardhate. manchagruhasya dakshinatamasy bey ityatra rangamanchasya namna saha oordhvaadharam chihnam vartate. antarikam. labies. ayatakara-tiket-laabi pratyakshataya mukhyapraveshadvaaraa antah asti, krushna-marble-bhittayah cha santi. pashchim-(dakshina-) bhittyam tiket-jaalaani santi, poorva-(vaama-) bhittyam aantarik-laabi-krute chhidrayuktah sthaanah asti, yatra kaach-kaamsya-dwiwaargaah santi, ye laghuvrukshaabhihi prasthitani santi. uttar-bhitteh ashta-kaach-kaamsya-dwaaraani margat netrutve santi, teshaam upari phalakaani santi, dakshina-bhittau sabhamandapasya vaadyavrunda-staram prati phalakayuktaah kaashta-dwaaraani santi. chatasya paritah carnis asti. yat aadam-shailyaa plaastar-work ityanena alankrutaa asti. chatasya madhyabhaage chrystal-dipanam yugmah asti. antah laabi yojanaabaddharoopen ayatakaraha asti. tasya pashchim-bhittyam sthite, yat tiket-laabi-taha gacchati, tathaa cha uttar-bhittyam shut kaach-kaamsya-dwaaraih, ye margat aagacchanti, tena cha etat praapyate. dakshina-bhittau sabhamandapam prati phalakayuktaah kaashta-dwaaraani santi, poorva-bhittau meznain-vishraamagruham prati sopanam vartate. antah laabi ityasya uparibhaagah aadam-shailyaa plaastar-work ityanena alankrutah asti, chrystal-zummar-yugmah cha asti. yadaa alwyn-ityasya nirmanam jaatam, tadaa meznain-laaunj ityasya vinyaasah aangl-laaunj-maapanaroopen krutah. meznain-laaunj ityasya bhittayah vanscoated santi, prakasha-sconeys cha santi. asmin kshetre moolatah agnyuaa api aasit. chatwaarah "vishraamakakshaah" vishraamagruhaat bahihi nyastavantah, yeshu purushaanaam mahilanam cha dhumapanagruhani aasan. vishraamagruhasya uparibhaage plaastar-nirmita-alankaranaih yuktah andakara-gambujah asti; kendriya-zummaa, gambujena saha vibhajyamaanah carnis cha asti. meznain-vishraamagruhaat sopanani uttardishi, antah-labya saha, dakshinadishi cha, vaadyavrundena saha samyojayanti. sopanasya upari ayatakara-koshagarani santi, chrystal-zummaraihi, paritah carnis-ityetaih cha yuktaani. dakshina-sopanasya dhaatu-railing asti. ete sopanani sabhaamandape naa tu vishraamagruhe sthaapitaah aasan, yena vilambaihi aagantunaam vyavadhaanam nyooneekartum shakyate sma. sabhamandapam. prekshaagruhe vaadyavrundasya starah, ekaha balkani, petikaani, rangamanchasya kamanasya prushtabhaage ekam mancham cha asti. sabhamandapam plaastar-alankaranaih nirmitam asti, praayah chaturasraakaarasy cha asti. netherlander-samsthaayaah anusaaram, prekshaagruhe 1,445 asanani santi; etadatirichya, broadway-leag-madhye 1,467 asananam kshamata, "play-bill" ityasmin 1,380 asanani cha santi. natyashalayam moolatah 1,400 asananam kshamata aasit, yatra vaadyavrundasya 702, balkani-madhye 674, petikaasu 24 asanani aasan. 1967 tame varshe ekasmin lekhah, naatake sangeetasy krute 1,363 asanani, natakanam krute 1.334 asanani cha aasan iti varnayat. sabhaagruhe praarambhe hastidantuh, neelah, dhoosarah, suvarnavarnah cha aasit, yatra lavender athavaa tutfal-vastraani aasan. shwetawarnah aneke mool-aantarik-alankaranm aacchaadayati. sabhamandapam upari karyalayanam trayah mahalaah aasan. asanakshetrani. vaadyavrundasya starah prasturitah bhavati, manchasya sammukhe vaadyavrundasya pitt-prati adhah vataha bhavati. vaadyavrundasya prushtabhaage poorvadishi phalakayuktena bhittyaa saha, sconess-yuktah sairaha asti. vaadyavrundasya prushtabhaage marble-nirmitah sthayee-rail asti, yah padayatram peeta-pankteem aasan-pankteem pruthak karoti. saira-sthalam, vaadyavrundasya aasan-sthaanam cha stambhadvayena vibhaktaani santi, ye marble-stambhaan sadrushaani santi; te sheershe doric-shailyaah rajadhanya stah. vaadyavrundasya dakshina-(vaama-) bhittau dhaatu-dwaaraani santi, yatra phalakayukt-bhittiprabhaagaah cha santi, yatra sconeys-yukttaah santi. uttar-bhittau falakayuktaanaam kaashta-dwaarayoh dwau samoohau stah, ye scan-yukttaih phalakaih vibhaktau stah; prushtabhaagasya dwaarau antah laabim prati netum shaknuvanti, agrabhagasya dwaarau cha tiket-laabim prati netum shaknuvanti. pratyekam dwaarasya upari nirgamanachihnaani, lair-griffin-ityetaan chitrayantah fraze-chitraihi paritah santi. balkani-starah tasya gabhiratayaha madhyabhaage margadwara agrabhaageshu, pashchabhaageshu cha vibhaktaa asti, yat dhaatu-railing-dwara varnitam asti. cross-over-ail iti paarshva-bhittau ubhayoho nirgamana-dwaaraih saha samyojayati, yasya upari lair-griffin-yukttaah fraze-patraani santi. poorva-balkani-paarshve paarshva-bhittau api samaan-fraze-yukttaah nirgamana-dwaaraani sthaapitaah santi. balkani-paarshva-bhitteh sheshabhaagaah aayanik-rajadhanya saha bhittistambhaih khandeshu vibhaktaah santi, ye sabhamandapam paritah antahstham sthaapayanti. pratyekam paarshva-bhittimandale chrystal-brass-latting-sconeys ityetaani santi. balakani-nagarasya agra-rail-madhye swags, kalashani, atithi-pratiroopaani cha santi, ye aamshikaroopena prakasha-petikaih aacchaaditaah santi. balakani ityasya adhah chrystal-lait-ficture-yukttaah aadam-shailyaah phalakaani santi. balkani ityasya prushtabhittim falakaroopen vibhaktam asti yatra prakasha-sconeys ityetaani santi. bhittau kechan vaataanukoolan-dwaaraani santi. manchasya paarshve paarshve ekaha bhittiprabhaagah asti, yatra balakani-stare trayah petikaani santi. petikaani mancham prati adhah gacchanti; sammukhapetikam agrabhaage praseniyam-kamanam prati vakramati, pashchabhaagapetikaam paarshvam prati vakramati. vaadyavrundasya stare, upari petikanam sthananam anuroopam, bhittau ekam dwaaram bhavati. petikanam adhah chrystal-deepaani, console-koshtakaah cha santi, tathaa cha petikanam agrabhagasya railing-madhye swag-patraani, kalashani, atithi-pratiroopaani cha santi. phalakayuktaah stambhaah peticon parasparm pruthak kurvanti, petikanam upari sakshat laghu-pravesha-sthale aadharam kurvanti; pratyekam laghu-pravesha-sthale bhagna-pediment bhavati, yatra scroll-ityetaani kalashasy paarshve bhavanti. padasya upari, mahilaa-grotsk-yukttaah colonet-samoohah santi, ye oordhvatah sabhamandalam paritah sthitam antablature-kshetraparyantam vistrutaah santi. anyaani vinyaasavisheshaani. petikaayaah paarshve samatalapraskeniyam-kamaanah asti, yasmin dwaarasya ubhayapaarshveshu baamsureeyuktaah aayanik-bhittistambhaah santi, tathaiva upari antablature api asti. antableture madhye aadam-shailyaah fraze asti. kamanasya upari bhittichitrayuktah loonet-phalakah asti, yasmin pauraanika-paatraih saha pashupaalan-drushyam drushyate. yadaa rangamanchasya nirmanam jaatam, tadaa praseniyam-udghaatanasy parimanam vistrutam iti varnitam aasit. udghatana-prushtatah, manchah 100 feet-vistrutah, 35 feet-gabheerah cha aasit, yasya oordhwah gridiraan aasit. manchasya sammukhe sthite vaadyavrundasya pitt ityasmin 48 janaah yojayitum shaknuvanti sma. prushtatah 150 pradarshakebhyah sthaanam kalpayitum samarthah 20 vastradhaaran-kakshah, tathaiva "vishrama-kakshah" iti samuhasya yugalam, abhyasa-kakshah cha aasit. chatasya paarshvabhittau kundalikaah santi, ye plaastar-work-alankaranaih saha pakket-dwara vibhaktaani santi. sabhamandapam sammukhabhage alankaaramandalen pariveshtitam vruttaakaaram gambujam asti, yatra kendriya-padakasya upari chrystal-zummarah zulitah asti. gummatasy prushtabhaage, chhatah aadam-shailee-plaastar-work-alankaranaih yukteshu phalakeshu vibhaktah asti. prushtatalasya upari ardhagopuram alankaaramay-pattikabhih, taantrik-booth-dwaaraih cha yuktam asti. vaataanukoolan-dwaaraani chatasya upari sthaapitaah santi. itihaasah. 1900 tame varshe mahamanda-kaalasy cha madhye tams-square iti kshetram bruhad-starasya natya-nirmanasya kendrabinduhu abhavat. alpapidanaat poorvam nirmitanam chitrashaalaasu alwyn-natyashala anyatama aasit. natyashalayaha naam tasya mulachalakanam prathamanamanam samyojanam aasith alex e. aarans (1891-1943) tathaa vintan friedly (1891-1969). tau dwau api fildelfia-deshasya aasan. aarans ityayam sangeeta-hasya-chalacchitraanaam nirmata aasit, friedly ityeshah "ekamaatrah broadway-nirmata aasit yasya naam samajika-panjikaayaam soochitam aasit". 1923 tame varshe athavaa 1924 tame varshe cha ete purushaah sahabhaagitvam krutavantah, parantu 1933 tamavarshaparyantam eva te militvaa karyam krutavantah. 1983 tamaat varshaat, brad ve ityasya atyantam samruddhanam natyakareshu anyatamasy neel saiman (1927-2018) ityasya namna asya namakaranam krutam asti. neel-syman iteedam netherlander-samsthayaa sanchaalyate. vikaasah tathaa praarambhikavarshaani. 1927 janavaree-maase aleksaandar pincus tathaa emm. a. goldstone lebanan-estet-nigamaat 244-254 pashchim-52 tama-margasya sthalaani krinaat, yatra tatt sthaane vaidha-naatyagruhasya vikaasasya yojanaa aasit. pincus ityanena poorvam langekar-saamraajy-natyashalanam cha vikaasah krutah aasit; saha goldstone ityanena saha natyashalayaha $14 lakshasy vyayasya nidhim daatum yojanam krutavaan. tasmin eva maase, pincus-varyaha nyuyaark-nagarasya bhavanavibhaagam prati, herbert jey. ityanena parikalpitam, tatsthaane naatyagruhasya krute yojanam samarpayt. crap. pincus tathaa goldstone ityetau rangamanchasya nirmanartham samanyam anubandham, te maarch-krutasya o 'day-nirmaana-samsthaayai pradanam krutavantah. 1927 october-maasaparyantam, aarans tathaa friedly cha naatyagruham pattarupena dattavantah, tathaa cha jaarj tathaa iraa gershwin ityetayoho sangeetasy "fannie faces" iti fred tathaa adel estair ityetayoho abhineetasy chalacchitrasya manchanam kartum yojanam krutavantah. 1927 tame varshe navambaramaasasy 22 dinaanke "haasyapornamukhah" iti namna da-alwyn ityasya udghaatanam jaatam, tatt pradarshanm 250 pradarshanani yaavat praavartat. da nyuyaark tams" ityasya natya-sameekshakah brooks etkinson ityeshah likhati yat "yadi" haasyapradah mukham "nyooneekrutam syaat tarhi prekshakaah nutanasya natya-kshetrasya prashamsaam kartum adhikam samayam praapnuyuh." alwyn ityasya prathama-sangeeta-karyakrameshu alpakaalasy eva pradarshanam aasit. 1928 tame varshe, rangamanche gershwin-sangeetasy "trazer-gearl" iti geetam gertrude-laurence ityanena saha aayojitam. yadyapi sangeetasy praveshaartham $6 atyadhikam shulkam sweekrutam, tatah apoorvam moolyam, api cha samaapteh poorvam 69 pradarshanani prasthaapitam. tadanantaram naatakaroopen "wings over europe" ityasya nirmaanam abhavat, yat martin beck-naatakaroopen sthanantaritam. 1929 janavaree-maase aarans tathaa friedly cha natyashalayam $570,000 bandhaka-runam avaapnot. rodgers tathaa haart-sangeetasy "spring eej hayer" iti alwyn-nagare udghaatitam, yat maarch-nagare udghaatitam, tathaa cha 104 pradarshanani cha krutavantah. anyah rodger tathaa haart-musical, "headus up!"," alwyn-nagare tasmin november-maase 144-pradarshana-dhavanaya udghaatitam. 1930 tame varshe ethel-mermain ityeshaa gershwins ityasya "gearl-krejee" ityasmin chalachchitre brad-ve-rupena padaarpanam krutavatee, yasmin 272 pradarshanani aasan. aarons tathaa friedly cha tasmin eprile alwyn, tasya adhah bhoomih cha kreenan. pincus tathaa goldstone ityasya shalyakriya. pincus tathaa goldstone ityetau 1932 mey-maase adnyaatakaaranaih alwyn ityasya karyani swyakarot. tasmin varshe, naatake eugene o 'neel ityasya "shokah alectra bhavati" iti natakasya, tathaiva jerom-kern ityasya "vaayuve sangeetam" iti sangeetasy cha sthanantaranasya ayojanam krutam. kreedakaah 1933 tame varshe mey-maase "ankal tams cabin" ityasya utpaadanam alwyn-nagare aanayan; etat naatakam etaavat lokapriyam aasit yat tasya mool-eka-saptaah-yatrayaha anantaram saptaahadwayam vistrutaa abhavat. tasmin eva varshe maxwell-enderson-ityasya hellen-hess ityanena saha "merry-aaf-scatland" iti natakasya udghaatanam abhavat. tadanantaram friedly ityayam 1934 tame varshe alwyn-nagare kole-portarasya "enneething gos" iti sangeeta-krutim nirmitavaan, yasmin merman, vilium-gaxton, victor-moor, vivian-weins cha aasan; tatt 420 pradarshanani praapnot. 1930 tamasya dashakasy madhyabhaagaparyantam alwyn-natyashala, sameepasthah gilled (adhunaa august-willson) natyashala cha naatyamandale uttaratamasthanani aasan, ye adyaapi vaidha-pradarshanani aayojayanti sma. gershwins-ityasya american-jaanapad-natakasya "porgi end bess" ityasya mulanirmanam 1935 october-maase alwyn-nagare udghaatitam. yadaa "porgi end bess" ityasya pradarshanm 124 pradarshanam anantaram alwyn-nagare samapta, tadaa tasya punarujjeevanaani adhika-safalaani abhavan. tadanantaram 1936 october-maase porter ityasya "raktavarnah, ushnavarnah, neelavarnah" iti mermain tathaa jimmi duraante ityetaih saha 181 pradarshanani niranta. 1930 tame dashake alwyn-nagare rodgers tathaa haart ityetayoho sangeeta-dwayam upasthaapitam aasit. "aham samyak bhavitum icchaami" iti jaarj emm ityanena udghaatitam. 1937 tame varshe kohan-varyaha 289 pradarshanani krutavaan, 1938 tame varshe "da buys frum syracuse" iti cha udghaatitam, yat 235 pradarshanani yaavat aasit. 1940 tame varshe alwyn ityasya prathamam nirmaanam 1940 tame varshe februvari-maase "da teming aaf da shroo" iti seemitam pradarshanam aasit, yasya pradarshanm finnish-releaf-fund ityasya krute abhinaya-dampatee alfred lunt tathaa linn fontan ityetabhyam krutam. tasmin april-maase, lunt tathaa fontan iti pustakaani rabert ee ityasmin prakashitani. sherwood ityasya "der da no bee nait" iti naatakam 1940 tamavarshasya madhyabhaage anekamasan yaavat pravasena saha prachalati sma. agrime varshe alwyn ityayam iraa gershwin, mose haart, curt veyil ityasya manorogachikitsaavishayakasya sangeetasy "leady inn da dark" iti, yatra gertrude laurence iti sangeetasy pradarshanm krutam, tatra 467 pradarshanani aasan. alwyn ityayam porter ityasya "balakanam krute kimapi" iti sangeetasy aatitheyatvam 1943 janavareemaase ethel-merman ityanena saha 422 pradarshanani akarot. "67 pradarshanani krutasya "jackpot" iti sangeetasy krute "balakanam krute kimapi" iti geetam samaaptam. 1944 tame varshe 1945 tame varshe cha alwyn ityasya nirmaanaani praayah shighra-viphalataasu aasan, yathaa "hellen gos too troy", "da fairbraand aaf florence", "hollywood pinaphore" cha. betty kaamden, adalf green, morton gauld ityetayoho sangeeta-"billion daalar bebby" iti adhikam safalam aasit, yat 1945 tamasya varshasya ante udghaatitam, 200 pradarshanani yaavat avasaret. see. bee. ess. svaamitvam, kulman-sanchaalanam. 1945 december-maasaparyantam, prasaar-jaalasy see. bee. ess., alwyn-ityasya studio-rupena upayogaay krayanartham vaartaalaapam kurvan aasit, yatah samipasthasya hammerstein-ityasya natyashalayam see. bee. ess. ityasya pattaa samaaptah bhavitum arhati sma. haward ess. hammerstein ityasya maalikah kulman ityeshah tatt rangamancham vaidharoopen punah upayoktum icchati sma. see. bee. ess. ityanena 1946 februvari-maase $825,000 krute alwyn-dhaatuh kreenitam. tasmin joon-maase see. bee. ess. ityanena kulman-ityanena hammerstein-dhaatuh panchavarshebhyah pattarupena daatum sammatam praapnot, tathaa cha kulman ityanena see. bee. ess.-samsthayaa alwyn-dhaatuh pattarupena daatum tathaa tasya sthaane utpaadane prastuteekartum sammatam praapnot. tasmin eva varshe, alwyn-varyaha "john aaf loren" ityasya aatitheyatvam ingrid bergman, syaam vanamekar, romney brent ityetaih saha akarot. tadanantaram 1947 tame varshe "laif vit faadar" iti naatakam anyatrukebhyah sthanantaram krutvaa 3,224 pradarshana-pradarshana-pradarshanm samaapyat. jaarj bernard shaa ityasya "myaan end suparmyan" iti naatakam tasmin october-maase alwyn-nagare udghaatitam, 1948 februvari-maase punah sthaapitam. tadanantaram tatkshanaat thaamas hegan tathaa joshuvaa logan ityetayoho hasya-chitram "mister roberts" henry fondaa ityanena saha, yat 1,157 pradarshanani yaavat praavartat. 1951 tame varshe kulman tathaa see. bee. ess. ityeshaa hammerstein-alwyn-ityetayoho vinimayam varshatrayam yaavat kartum nishchitavantah, yena poorvam stoodiyoroopen, uttaram vaidha-natakartham cha upayoktum shakyate sma. tasmin varshe alwyn-nagare treeni pradarshanani udghaatitaah-sidney kingsle "madhyaahnasya andhakaram", sangeeta-"brooklin-madhye vrukshah vardhate", paal osborne-"no return-point" iti cha. "poyint aaf no return" ityasya anantaram 1952 december-maase "toos kampanee" iti rev-samsthaa abhavat, yatra 22 varsheshu prathamam broadway-pradarshanm bette davis ityetabhyam krutam, parantu tatt kevalam 90 pradarshanani eva yaavat aasit. agrime varshe, naarman krasna ityasya hasya-"kaind surr" iti merry martin tathaa charles boyer ityetaih saha alwyn-nagare udghaatitam. 1954 april-maase, "da golden aapal" iti sangeeta-chalacchitram aaf-broadway-taha alwyn-nagaram prati sthanantaritam, yat 173 pradarshanani yaavat prachalati sma. tasmin varshe kulman ityasya pattaa naveekaranaartham aagatah poorvam harold arlen tathaa truman kepot ityasya sangeetasy "house aaf flovers" iti pustakam arakshitam aasit, yat alwyn tathaa hammerstein ityetayoho pattaa punah parivartyate iti soochayati. "house aaf flovers" iti pustakam antatah 1954 december-maase udghaatitam, 165 pradarshanani cha abhavat. iraa levin ityasya hasya-chalacchitram "no taim faar saarjants" agrime varshe udghaatitam, yat varshadvaye 796 pradarshanani praapnot. 1950 tamasya dashakasy ante, naatake aneke madhyam-safal-nirmaanaani aayojitaani, yeshu "o, capton!" iti sangeetaani api aasan."1958 tame varshe, 1959 tame varshe cha" prathamaprabhaawaah "iti cha, tadatiriktam, jerom robbins ityayam swasya nrutyasya visheshasya" byaale yoo "iti nrutyanirdeshanam krutavaan.ess.a."1958 tame varshe, tathaa sangeetasy" ghantihi ghriyante "iti geetam tasmin varshe schubert-taha alwyn-nagaram prati sthanantaritam. stall tathaa raak-taim svaamitvam. see. bee. ess. ityanena 1959 tame varshe alwyn iteedam max tathaa stanly stall ityetayoho krute vikreeyat, ye samipasthasya helinger-natyashalayaha api swami aasan. stall-janaah sheeghramev alwyn-ityasya krute nootanam vyavasthaapakam niyuktavantah. 1960 tame varshe, naatake "green vilo" iti sangeetasy, "less byaales aafrikans" iti nrutyasamoohasya, tathaa shitkal-udyaanaat "vest said story" iti sangeetasy sthanantaranasya cha ayojanam krutam. carolin legh tathaa sai colleman ityetayoho sangeeta-"weldcat" ityasya aarambhah tasmin december-maase lucil-baal ityanena abhavat, yah tatra tasyaah ekamaatram broadway-roopam akarot. 1961 tame varshe plaimaut-nagaraat alwyn-nagaram prati sthanantaritam "irmaa laa dus" iti sangeetam. agrime varshe stephen sondheem, bert shevlov, tathaa cha lairee gelbart ityasya "ekam hasyakaram karyam forum-maargam abhavat" iti sangeetam udghaatitam, yat 967 pradarshanani yaavat praavartat. 1962 october-maase "a-fannie-thing" ityasya samaye lester osterman (46 veethihi o 'neel iti chitrashalayaha cha swami) alwyn-chitram panchavarshebhyah pattarupena dattavaan. hug martin tathaa timothy grey ityetayoho beatrice lillie tathaa temmy grims ityetaih saha "hai spirits" iti sangeeta-hasya-chalacchitram 1964 tame varshe udghaatitam, 367 pradarshanani cha pradadat. mauris shavelier 1965 april-maase alwyn-nagare "mauris shavelier ett 77" iti maasa-deerghasya ekala-pradarshanasy krute abhyanayt. tadanantaram agrimamaase "flora da redd verm" iti jaatam, yasmin lizaa minnelli brad ve ityasmin padaarpanam krutavatee. "flora da redd vaarm" iti, tadanantaram cha anekaani pradarshanani tu tu alpakalat eva aasan. eteshu pradarshaneshu "da earling" (1965), "itts e bird" iti sangeetaani antarbhavanti sma... vimaanam asti... itts suparmyan "(1966)," dinner att eit "(1966)," sherry!"(1967). rockfeller-kendrasya vikasa-sahaayak-raak-taim-ink. 1967 julai-maase osterman ityatah alwyn iteedam tasya abhikartru konaraad mattey ityanena dwara krinaat. tasya badalayam raak-taim ityanena raak-feller-kendrasya sameepe play-house-naatyagruham vikreeyat, yat dhvamsam bhavitum arhati sma. 1967 october-maase alwyn-nagare "rosenkraants and gildenstern aar daid" iti taam-stoppered-naatakam udghaatitam, yatra chitragruhadwaye 421 pradarshanani aasan. 1968 tame varshe, james earl johns tathaa zen alexander ityetaih saha haward saaklar ityasya "da gret vait hope" iti natakena, yasya 557 pradarshanani aasan, tasya uttaraadhikaari abhavat. tadanantaram da alwyn-ityanena stephen sondheem/jaarj farth-musical "kampanee" ityasya moolanirmaanasy ayojanam krutam, yasya prathamapradarshanm 1970 tame varshe abhavat, agrime varsheshu 700 taha api adhikam pradarshanani cha abhavan. tadanantaram "mollie" (1973), "da freedam aaf da city" (1974) ityadini laghu-dhaavanam jaatam. alwyn ityasya agrimam saafalyam "shenandoh" iti sangeeta-chalacchitram aasit, yat 1975 tame varshe udghaatitam, sthanantarat poorvam varshadvayam eva aasit. 1974 julai-maasaparyantam, matteyee iti naatyagruhasya bandhaka-runasya vyatikramam krutavaan, bowery sevings byaank cha poorvanirgame alwyn iteedam praptavan. tatah naatyagruham $12 lakshasy vikrayanaartham sthaapitam. netherlands-deshasya svaamitvam. 1970 tathaa 1980 tame dashake. netherlander-samsthaa 1975 tame varshe alwyn-nagaram praaptavatee, api cha prasadasya, uries-ityasya, brooks-etkinson-ityasya cha anantaram etat sthaanam parivaarasya chaturtham broadway-rangamancham jaatam. vikrayane $100,000 nagad-dhanam, $1.16 dashalakshasy bandhaka-runam cha aasit. enee" ityasya mool-broadway-utpaadanam 1977 tame varshe udghaatitam, sthanantarat poorvam panchavarshaani yaavat cha prachalati sma. 1981 tame varshe 1982 tame varshe cha agrimeshu pancha sangeetarachanaani alpakaalikaani aasan. "da litil prince and da aviator" iti poorvaavalokanasy samaye bandhitah, yadaa "anandena vayam saha gacchaamah", "litil jaanee johns", krushna-patent-ledar-shoos iti vastutah pratibimbayanti vaa?", tathaa" saptabhraatuh krute sapta vadhavaha "iti pratyekam saptaahadwayaanantaram samapta. da litil prince" ityasya nirmataraha, tathaa cha "litil jaanee johns" ityasya (yah udghaatanee-raatrau samapta abhavat) nirmataraha, 1986 tame varshe netherlands-deshasya viruddham safalatayaa abhiyogam krutavantah, yatah kampenee anuchitaroopen dwayoh pradarshanayoho nishkasanam krutavatee. alwyn ityasya agrimam naana-flaap "bhavatah baahavah eeshwaren saha patrartham ateeva laghavah" iti aasit, yatra aal-green tathaa pyaatee-label ityetaani aasan, yat 1982 september-maase udghaatitam. "neel saiman ityasya eugene trayee ityasya prathamam naatakam "bratton-beech-samsmaranaani" 1983 maarch-maase alwyn-nagare udghaatitam. tadanantaram kinchitkalat 1983 joon-masasya 29 dinaanke netherlands-deshah asya rangamanchasya naam saiman iti punah namakaranam krutavaan. namakaranam "bratton-beech-samsmaranaih" sambaddham naa aasit; 1982 tame varshe netherlands-deshah saiman ityasya namna rangamanchasya namakaranam kartum prastutah, parantu tasmin samaye natyakaraha niraakarot. neel simon ityayam dwiteeyah natakakaraha aasit yasya naam tasya naamnah broadway-rangamanchah aasit, swa. eugene o 'neel ityasya namna, prathamah jeevatah natakakaraha cha etaavat sammaanitah aasit. natya-samudaayasy sadasyaah uktavantah yat alwyn ityasya naam gershwins iti krutvaa punah namakaranam karaneeyam aasit; tatt naam uries-natya-kshetre prayuktam aasit iti. tatah jeree weintrab ityeshah 1984 tame varshe neel-saiman-natyashalayaha prachaalane amsham akrinaat. tatsamayee nyuyaark-nagar-sthalachihna-samrakshana-ayogah (ell. pi. sii.) 1982 tame varshe neel-saiman-ityasya rakshanm aitihaasikaroopena kartum aarabdhavaan, agamishu anekavarsheshu cha charchaah prachalanti sma. ell. pi. sii. ityanena, tribhihi natyashalanam malikanam akshepanam karanat, 1985 tame varshe august-maase, neel-saiman, amsader, virginia (adhunaa august-willson) iti natyashalanam agrabhaagaah, raajadootasy tathaa neel-saiman ityasya antarikabhagaihi saha, sthalachinharoopen nirdishtah. nyuyaark-nagar-anumanakandalam 1985 december-maase aitihaasikapadaveem anumodayat. "bratton-beech-samsmaranaani" ityasya anantaram 1985 tame varshe eugene-trayee "biloxy-blues" iti anyat naatakam abhavat. agrime varshe neel-saiman-nagare "intu-da-lait" iti sangeetasy udghaatanam, shut pradarshanam anantaram samaapyat. noyel-kayarasya "blith-spirit" iti natakasya udghaatanam 1987 maarch-maase neel-syman-nagare abhavat; naatake ekasya taraya, geraldain-page ityasya, yah madhyabhaage mrutah, tasya prati api shraddhaanjalih upasthapita. haasyanatah mort saahl ityeshah tasmin october-maase seemitaroopen upasthitah abhavat, agrimamaase "breaking da code" iti naatakam udghaatitam. neel-syman-samsthayaa 1988 joon-maase "raatrau deerghadivasasya yatra" tathaa "aaha, vanyabhoomih!" iti o 'neel-naatakayoh punarujjeevanasya ayojanam krutam."(collen deverst tathaa jaasan robards ityetayoho saha), prathamasya nyuyaark-antarashtriya-kalaa-mahotsavasya bhagarupena. tasmin varshe pashchat, kennie laggins ityeshah neel-saiman ityatra kechan sangeeta-karyakraman abhyanayt. 1989 tamavarshasya aarambhe neel-saiman ityasya krute sangeeta-dwau ghoshitaah aasan; poorvaavalokanasy samaye "senator-jo" iti samaaptah, tathaa cha "da-tower-aaf-bable" ityasya poorvaavalokanau api naa aasit. tenasee-viliums ityasya "arpheus decending" iti naatakam 1989 september-maase upasthaapitam. tasmin eva samaye, ell. pi. sii. ityanena silverstein-sampattihih vikasitam hotel-nagaram neel-saiman-ityasya upari kentileevar-rupena sthaapayitum shakyate vaa iti vishaye vichaaranaam krutam aasit. 1990 tathaa 2000 tame dashake. 1990 tame varshe janavareemaase, rashyaa-deshasya daan-cosacs-ityasya nrutyadalena neel-saiman-nagare seemitam vivaahanishchayah abhavat, tasmin october-maase, haasyanatah jaakee-mession ityayam swasya ekala-shrunkhalaa "bryaand-nyoo" iti aarabhat, yaa ashtamaasaparyantam prachalati sma. 1992 maarch-maase tasya naam-natyashalayam "jakes womens" iti anyam saiman-naatakam udghaatitam, yasya 245 pradarshanani mishra-swaagatasya madhye aasan. agrime november-maase neel-saiman-nagare "da dutch-production" iti "udghaatitam, yat 137 pradarshanani yaavat praavartat. hitt-vest-end-sangeeta-"da rais and faal aaf litil-vaays" iti geetam 1994 tame varshe mey-maase neel-saiman-nagare udghaatitam, ekasaptahabhyantare eva samaapyat. tadanantaram 1994 tame varshe november-maase besia-nagarasya, 1995 tame varshe mey-maase lauree enderson-ityasya cha sangeeta-kaaryakramaah, 1995 tame varshe november-maase danny-guns-ityasya seemitapradarshanaah cha aasan. 1996 tame varshe rodgers tathaa hammerstein-sangeetasy "da king and aii" ityasya punarujjeevanam jaatam. 1998 tame varshe august-maase 1998 tame varshe yaavat prachalite aarthar-miller-natakasya "e vyoo frum da bridge" ityasya krute maargah nirmaatuh iti hetuhu da king and aii "iti" 1998 tamasya varshasya aarambhe "bandhitam", 1998 tame varshe august-maase "e vyoo frum da bridge" iti nrutyasya krute "swaan leck" iti visheshasya nrutyasya neel-syman-ityanena ayojanam, 1999 tame varshe natali-vyaapaarinah sangeeta-karyakramena, tathaa 1999 tame varshe "da scarlett pimperlain" iti sangeetasy samshodhita-samskaranasya cha ayojanam abhavat. 2000 tamasya varshasya aarambhe neel-saiman-nagare udghaatite "da-music-myaan" iti sangeetasy punarujjeevanam 2001 tamasya varshasya antaparyantam yaavat aasit. "da-music-myaan" iti dhaavane haasyanatah maindee-petinkin naamakah yoo-iti sangeetasy arambham krutavaan.ess. 2001 september 10 dinaanke neel-saiman-nagare sangeeta-karyakramena saha bhramanam. elen stritch ityasya eka-mahilaa-kaaryakramah "elen stritch att liberty" ityasya tatah 2002 februvari-maase neel syman-nagare prathamapradarshanm jaatam. "elen stritch att liberty" ityasya samapananantaram, neel syman ityasya agrima-sahabhaagitvasya sajjayam 1,328 sthanat 1,467 sthaanaparyantam sambhaavyam yaavat vistaarah krutah, yat 2002 august-maase udghaatitam sangeeta-"hayer sprey" iti aasit. "hers sprey" iti 2009 august-masasya aarambhe samapya rangamanchasya krute gruha-abhilekham sthapitavan. rabin viliums ityayam 2009 april-maase neel syman-nagare swasya hasya-paryatanam "swa-vinasha-shastraani" pradarshayati sma, parantu shastrakriyeh anantaram saha swasya sahabhaagitvam niraakrutavaan. tasya sthaane "ragtaim" ityasya punarujjeevanam arakshitam, yat 2009 tame varshe november-maase udghaatitam. "ragtaim" iteedam washington-nagarasya kennedy-kendre praptam safalataam punaraavartayitum asaphalam abhavat.sii., 57 pradarshanam anantaram 2010 janavareemaase samaapyate. 2010 tamam varsham vartamaanam. sangeetajnah hyaari conic junier. 2010 julai-maase neel-saiman-ityasmin tasya pradarshanm seemitam aasit; tasya pradarshanm 2011 tame varshe aalbam-krute abhilekhitam aasit. da concert" "tatt october-maase neel-saiman-nagare udghaatitam, 2011 tamavarshasya aarambhe brooks-etkinson-nagaram prati sthanantaram krutam. 2011 april-maase 170 pradarshanani praapya" kyaach mee iff yoo keb "iti sangeeta-karyakramena udghaatanam krutam. jeesas crast soopar starr" ityasya punarutthaanam neel-saiman-nagare 2012 maarch-masat julai-maasaparyantam prachalat, tadanantaram tasmin varshasya ante alpakaalikam sangeetam abhavat. tatah 2013 tamavarshasya aarambhe neel-saiman ityasya krute endroo-lippa-sangeetasy "bigg-fish" iti pustakam arakshitam aasit, parantu tasmin varshe adhikaamsham kaalam rangamancham andhakaram yaavat aasit yatah "bigg-fish" iti geetam anyatra pradarshitam aasit. "bigg-fish" iti kevalam october-masat december-maasaparyantam eva prachalati sma. tadanantaram dwayoh samanayoho laghu-dhaawayoh, 2014 maarch-masat joon-maasaparyantam rabert shenkan ityasya "aal da ve" iti natakasya, 2014 october-masat 2015 janavaree-maasaparyantam sting ityasya "da laast-sheep" iti sangeetasy cha. fredrick love tathaa alan jey learner ityasya sangeetasy "gigee" ityasya punarujjeevanam 2015 april-maase neel saiman-nagare udghaatitam, kevalam masadvayanantaram pradarshanm samaapayitum. 2015 julai-maase, netherlands-deshah neel-syman-ityasya upari aprayuktaanaam vaayu-adhikaranam vikrayanam $89 laksham akarot. kretaarah vikasa-sanghah aasan, ye anekebhyah khandeshu doore hotel-gruham nirman. tasmin varshasya ante, bhramakaah neel-saiman-nagare seemita-dhaavane magic-sho-pradarshanm krutavantah. endroo-lloyd-webber ityasya hitt-musical "cats" ityasya punarujjeevanam 2016 august-maase neel-saiman-nagare udghaatitam, agrimavarshasya antaparyantam cha praavartat. toney kushner ityasya "angels inn america" iti naatakam tatah 2018 maarch-maase maasatrayam yaavat udghaatitam. saa. sha. december-maase "da cher sho" iti sangeetasy aarambhah abhavat, 2019 august-maasaparyantam yaavat prachalati sma, tathaa cha 2019 tamasya varshasya ante, "magic aaf da vides" iti swa-jaadu-pradarshanartham bhramakaah pratyaagataah." cher sho" samaaptasya anantaram, emm. jey. da musiclal "2020 tamavarshasya madhyabhaage neel-syman ityatra book krutam aasit. tathaapi, nyuyaark-nagare covid-19 mahamarya karanena neel-syman ityayam varshadvayam yaavat anyasya pradarshanasy aatitheyatvam naa krutavaan. 2021 december-maase "emm. jey. da musical" ityasya poorvaavalokanaih saha rangamanchah punah udghaatitah, yat aadhikaarikaroopen 2022 februvari-maase udghaatitam. "emm. jey." iti chalacchitram 2022 tame varshe dashavaaram rangamanchasya baaks-aafis-abhilekham bhangam akarot, sadyah eva 2023 janavaree-masasya 1 dinaanke samaptasaptahe, yadaa sangeetam $<aii. dii. 1> arjitam. ullekhaneeyaani utpadanani. utpadanani teshaam prathamapradarshanasy varshaanusaaram suchim deeyante.

neel saiman theater neel saiman theater, muthalil alvin theater, newyorg nagaraththil ulla mitt down manhaton theater maavattaththil 250 maerku 52 vadhu theruvil ulla oru broadway theater aagum. 1927 aam aandil thirakkapatta inththa thiraiyarangku herbert jay. avarkalaal vadivamaikkappattathu. grap mattrum alex aee-kkaaga kattappattathu. aarons mattrum winton friedly. asal peyar aarons mattrum friedly aagiyoarin muthal peyarkalin kalavaiyaagum; 1983 aam aandil naadaga aasiriyar neel saiman endru theater marupeyaridappattathu. neel saiman irandu nilaigalil 1,467 irukkaikalaik kondullathu mattrum netherlandhu amaippaal iyakkappadukirathu. mugappu mattrum auditorium udpuram irandum newyorg nagara adaiyaalangkalaagum. mugappu irandu pirivugalaaka prikkappattullathu maerkil aaru maadi maedai veedu mattrum kilakkil ainthu maadi auditorium. tharai thalam terracotta thoguthigalaal moodappattullathu mattrum oru maarkkiyudan oru nuzhaivaayil ullathu. irandu pakuthikalin mael thazhangalum sengal mattrum terracottawal seiyappattullana; auditoriaththin mugappil valaintha jannalgal, idangkal mattrum oru maiya pediment ullathu, athae neraththil maedai veedu migavum eliya vadivamaippaik kondullathu. udpuram aadam paaniyil vadivamaikkappattullathu mattrum irandu laapikal mattrum oru messanine-nilai oaivarai aagiyavattrai ulladakkiyathu. inththa auditoriyaththil tharai matta isaikkuzhu mattrum pettikaludan oru balcani ullathu. thiraiyarangkin utpurangkal palagaikal mattrum plaastar vaelaigalaal alangarikkappattullana, maelum auditoriyaththil kuvimaadam konda koorai ullathu. aadittoariyaththirku maelae moontru maadi aluvalagangkal irunththana. alexander pincus mattrum emm. ell. goldstone alvin theatre uruvaakkiyathu, idhu navambar 22,1927 andru "vaedikkaiyaana mugaththudan" thirakkappattathu. aarans mattrum friedly aarambaththil thiraiyarangai nadaththi 1930 muthal 1932 varai adhai sonthamaaga vaiththirunthanar. thiraiyarangkin aaramba aandugalil, idhu "ethuvaagavum selkirathu", "laedi inn thii dark", "siruvarkalukkaana ondru" mattrum naadagangal poantra isai nigazhchchigalai nadaththiyathu. cps 1946 ill poruppaettrathu mattrum 1959 varai thiraiyarangaith thodarnthu iyakkiyathu, appoathu makes mattrum stanly stall adhai vaangkinar. alvin 1967 aam aandil raak-time ink niruvanaththirku maelum virkappattathu. 1975ill netharlaanthiyarkalukku. 1960kall mattrum 1970kazhil, alvin "mandraththirkuch sellum vazhiyil oru vaedikkaiyaana vishayam nadanthathu", "uyar aavikal", "periya vellai nambikkai", "niruvanam", "shenando" mattrum "anni" poantra neenda nigazhchchigalai thoguththu valangkinaar. inththa thiraiyarangam neel saiman endru marupeyaridappatta piragu, 1980kall mattrum 1990kazhil avarathu pala naadagangalaiyum, 2000kazhil perumpaalaana nerangalil isai "haer spray" yaiyum adhu nadaththiyathu. thalam. newyorg nagaraththin mitt down manhaton suttruppuraththil, ettaavathu avenue mattrum broadvaekku idaiyilaana therku nadaipaathaiyil, 250 maerku 52 vadhu theruvil neel saiman theater ullathu. sevvaga nilaparappu 52 vadhu theruvin munpuram mattrum aazhaththudan moodappattullathu. neel saiman inththa thoguthiyai maark hellinger theater mattrum kizhakkae kallakarin steakhowse aagiyavattrudan pagirnthu kolgiraar. arugilulla pira kattidangalil vadakkae august willson theater, vadakizhakkil broadway theater mattrum 810 aezhaavathu avenue, kizhakkae aaksaa samamaana maiyam, thenkizhakkil kulirkaala thoatta theater, therkae paramavund blassa (sathura theater mattrum kershvin theateril vattam udpada) aagiyavai adangkum. vadivamaippu. neel saiman theater, muthalil alvin theater, herbert jay. grap mattrum 1927 ill kattappattathu. velippuram nava-jaarjiya paaniyil vadivamaikkappattullathu, athae neraththil udpuram grap vadivamaippugalil perumpaalaanavattrirku podhuvaana aadam paaniyil vadivamaikkappattullathu. mugappu. mugappu irandu pirivugalaik kondullathu, avai ondrudan ondru inaikkappattullana. ainthu maadi uyaramulla kilakku pakuthi agalamaanathu mattrum samachir kondadhu, auditorium nuzhaivaayilaik kondullathu. maedai maaligaiyaik konda merkaththiya pakuthi aaru maadi uyaramaanathu. mael kadhaigalil, mugappu sivappu sengal moolam aangkilap pinaippil, terracotta trim kondu seiyappattullathu. belasco theater, hayes theater mattrum stephen sontheim thiyaettarudan, neoo-jaarjiya mugappu konda oru sila agalamaana thiraiyarangukalil neel saiman ontraakum. thiraiyarangirkuch selvoar "thayaarippaalarin veettirkul nuzhaigiraargal" endra ennaththai uruvaakka idhu seiyappattathu. alvin kattappattapoathu, oru vimarsagar, velippura vadivamaippu theruvin kurukkae "adhan andai naattin kanniyaththirku aerpa oru thoattraththaik kondirundhadhu", ippoathu willson. adiththalam. irandu pirivugalilum, adiththalam palingku poantra vadivamaikappatta terracotavin thuruppidiththa thoguthigalaal aanathu. tharai thalaththin munpuraththin kizhakkup paguthiyil oru jody uloaga kadhavugal ullana. auditoriaththin mugappil irandu chett uloaga mattrum kannadi kadhavugal ullana. kizhakkae aaru kadhavugal ull laapiyudan inaikkintrana, athae neraththil maerkae ettu kadhavugal backs aapis laapiyudan inaikkintrana; inththa kadhavugalukku maelae oru naveena markey ullathu. mugappin maedai-veettu pirivil, oru maedai kadhavu udpada pala idaiveli kadhavugal ullana. paenalgal mattrum sengkuththu pallangkaludan oru kidaimatta fries adippaguthikku maelae oodukirathu. mael kadhaigal. adippaguthikku maelae, sengkuththu terracotta pattaikal mattrum kuvaayingal auditoriaththin mugappai moontru pirivugalaagap pirikkindrana. matthiyap paguthiyil moontru sengkuththu jannalgal ullana. ovvoru valaikudaavilum irandaavathu maadiyil irattai uyara valaivu jannal ullathu, ovvoru valaivin maerpuraththirkum arugil terracotta impoastkal mattrum keystonkal ullana. naankaavathu maadiyil, moontru matthiya virigudaigalil ovvondrum oru terracotta sattaththudan oru sevvaga jannalaik kondullana, adharku maelae oru surulgal oru kalasaththai suttri oru udainththa thuduppu ullathu. ainthaavathu maadi jannalgalum sevvaga terracotta piraemgalaik kondullana; avattrin sillugal oru terracotta paent course moolam inaikkappattullana. inththa jannalgalukku maelae oru mukkoana cable ezhugirathu; cablin maiyaththil oru terracotta kann ullathu, idhu malar mattrum malar alangaarangkalaal soozhappattullathu. auditorium mugappin velippura pakuthikal arangkugalaaka vadivamaikkappattullana, avai maelae thavira mattrondrukku kittatthatta othavai. irandu arangkugalum pullaangkuzhal terracotta pilaastarkalaal soozhappattullana, avai adivaaraththirku maelae iyangkum freezil ullana. inththa pilaastarkalukku idaiyil irandaavathu maadiyil irattai uyara idangkal ullana, ovvondrum terracotta impoastkal mattrum keystonkalaal soozhappattullana. inththa idangkalukku mael terracotta kalasangal ullana, avai kadal kavasa uruvangkalukku maelae vaikkappattullana. ovvoru idaththirkum maelae, naankaavathu maadiyil sevvaga terracotta piraemgaludan irandu jannalgal ullana. ovvoru jody pilaastarkalum ainthaavathu maadiyil oru terracotta entablature mattrum pediment mattrum antha maadikku maelae oru cornis aagiyavattrai aatharikkintrana. kilakku (idathu) bevillion oru parapettaal moodappattirukkum athae neraththil, maerku (valathu) bevillion mattroru maadikku uyarkirathu, maedai illaththin athae uyaram. arangkaththin valathu puraththil maedai maaligai ullathu. sengkuththu terracotta pattaikal mattrum kuvaayingal maedai illaththai ondru, moontru mattrum oru virigudaakkalai idamirunthu valamaaga pirivugalaagap pirikkindrana. maedai veettin jannalgal sevvaga vadivaththil ullana, ovvoru jannalukkum maelae terracotta lindalgal ullana. maedai illaththin maiya virigudaavil moontraavathu mattrum naankaavathu thalangalukku maelae terracotta paenalgal ullana. ainthaavathu maadikku maelae oru cornis mattrum banneling ullathu, athae poal aaraavathu maadikku maelae oru polestrate konda oru parabet ullathu. arangkaththirku arugilulla maedai maaligaiyin idathupuram ulla viriguda, aezhaavathu maadi varai uyarkirathu. maedai maaligaiyin valathupuraththil ulla viriguda thiraiyarangkin peyarudan sengkuththu adaiyaalatthaik kondullathu. udpuram. laapi. sevvaga dickett laapi pirathaana nuzhaivaayilukkul neradiyaaga ullathu mattrum irunda palingku suvarkalaik kondullathu. maerku (valathu) suvaril dickett jannalgal ullana, athae neraththil kilakku (idathu) suvaril ull laapikku oru idaiveli idam ullathu, idhil kannadi mattrum venkala irattai kadhavu siriya scaansugalaal soozhappattullathu. vadakkuch suvaril ulla ettu kannadi mattrum venkalak kadhavugal theruvilirunthu vazhinadaththukintrana, avattrin maelae palagaikal ullana, athae neraththil therkuch suvar auditoriaththin isaikkuzhuvin nilaikku palagaikal konda marak kadhavugalaik kondullathu. kooraiyai oru cornis soozhnthullathu. idhu aadam paaniyil plaastar ork moolam alangarikkappattullathu. kooraiyin naduvil oru jody padiga vilakkugal ullana. ull laapi sevvaga vadivil ullathu. dickett laabiyilirunthu sellum adhan merkaththiya suvaril ulla idamum, theruvilirunthu sellum vadakku suvaril ulla aaru kannadi mattrum venkala kadhavugalilirundhum idhai anugalaam. therkuch suvar aadittoariyaththirku palagaikal konda marak kadhavugalaik kondullathu, athae neraththil kizhakkuch suvar messanine oaivaraikku oru padikkattaiyum kondullathu. ull laapiyin koorai aadam paaniyil plaastar ork moolam alangarikkappattullathu mattrum oru jody padiga saravilakkugalaik kondullathu. alvin kattappattapoathu, messanine lavunjch oru aangkila lavunjch alaveedaaga vadivamaikkappattathu. messanine oaivaraiyin suvarkal weinscoat seiyappattullana mattrum vilakkugal konda scaansugalaik kondullana. antha idaththil muthalil oru neruppum irunththathu. aangal mattrum penkalin pugaipidikkum araikal udpada naanku "oaivu araikal" oaivaraiyilirunthu veliyae vanthana. oaivaraiyin kooraiyil plaastar vaelai alangaarangkaludan oru oval kuvimaadam ullathu; oru matthiya saravilakku; mattrum oru cornis, idhu kuvimaadatthudan vettukirathu. messanine oaivaraiyil irunthu, padikkattukal vadakkirku keezhae selkindrana, ull laapiyudan inaikkintrana, therkae isaikkuzhuvudan inaikkintrana. padiga saravilakkugal mattrum suttriyulla carniscaludan, irandu padikkattukalukkum maelae sevvaga karuvoolangal ullana. therku padikkattil oru uloaga thandavaalam ullathu. thaamathamaaga varubavargalin idaiyoorugalaik kuraippatharkaaga, inththa padikkattukal aadittoariyaththirkul iruppathai vida, oaivaraiyil vaikappattana. auditorium. auditoriyaththil oru isaikkuzhuvin nilai, oru balcani, pettikal mattrum thiraicheelai valaivukkup pinnaal oru maedai ullathu. auditorium idam plaastar alangaarangkaludan vadivamaikkappattullathu mattrum kittatthatta sathuramaaga ullathu. netherlandhu amaippin koottruppadi, auditoriyaththil 1,445 irukkaikal ullana; idharkidaiyil, broadway leak 1,467 irukkaikalin thiranaik kurippidugiradhu mattrum "blabyl" 1,380 irukkaikalai maerkoal kaattukirathu. thiraiyarangkil muthalil 1,400 irukkaikal irunththana, idhil isaikkuzhuvil 702, palkaniyil 674 mattrum pettikalil 24 irukkaikal irunththana. 1967 aam aandu veliyaana oru katturai, thiraiyarangkil isai nigazhchchigalukku 1,363 irukkaikalum, naadagangalukku 1.334 irukkaikalum iruppathaaka vivariththathu. auditoriyaththil aarambaththil thantham, neelam, saambal mattrum thangam aagiya vannath thittangalaik kondirundhadhu, idhil lavender allathu mulberry aadaikal irunththana. vellai vannappoochu asal udpura alangaarangkalil palavattrai ulladakkiyathu. aadittoariyaththirku maelae moontru maadi aluvalagangkal irunththana. irukkai idangkal. isaikkuzhuvin nilai maedaiyin muun oru isaikkuzhiyin kuzhiyai noakki keezhae saaikirathu. isaikkuzhuvin pinpuraththil kizhakkae palagaikal konda suvarudan oru nadaippayanam ullathu, idhil skaansugal ullana. isaikkuzhuvin pinpuraththil palingkuk karkalaal seiyappatta oru nirkum rayil ullathu, idhu nadaippayanaththai pinpura varisaigalil irunthu pirikkirathu. nadaippayanam mattrum isaikkuzhuvin irukkai irandu neduvarisaigalaal pirikkappadugindrana, avai palingku thoongalai oththathaaga vadivamaikkappattullana; avai doric paani thalainagarangalaal maelae ullana. isaikkuzhuvin therku (idathu) suvar uloaga kadhavugalaik kondullathu, avai scaansugalaik konda palagaikal konda suvar pirivugaludan maari maari ullana. vadakku (valathu) suvaril irandu chett paenalgal konda maraa kadhavugal ullana, avai oru scansudden oru palagaiyaal pirikkappattullana; pinpuraththil ulla kadhavugal ull laapikku vazhivagukkintrana, athae neraththil munpuraththil ullavai dickett laapikku vazhivagukkintrana. ovvoru kadhavukkum maelae ulla veliyaerum adaiyaalangkal lairkal mattrum criffingalai siththarikkum freeskalaal soozhappattullana. balcani nilai adhan aazhaththin paathiyilaeyae oru idaikazhiyaal muun mattrum pinpura pirivugalaaka pirikkappattullathu, idhu oru uloaga thandavaalathaal varaiyarukkappattullathu. kurukku idaikazhi irandu pakka suvarkalilum veliyaerum kadhavugaludan inaikkirathu, avai lairkal mattrum criffingaludan koodiya frieskalaal maelae ullana. muun balconicu aduththa pakka suvarkalil idhae poantra fries konda veliyaerum kadhavugalum vaikkappattullana. palkaniyil ulla mattra pakkach suvarkal ayani moolathanangkaludan koodiya pilaastarkalaal pirivugalaagap pirikkappattullana, avai aadittoariyaththaich suttri oru nuzhaivaayilai aatharikkintrana. ovvoru pakkach suvar pirivilum padiga mattrum piraas vilakkugal ullana. palkaniyin muun thandavaalaththil swaakkal, kalasangal mattrum cameo vadivangkal ullana, avai oralavu olii pettikalaal moodappattullana. palkaniyin adippaguthiyil padiga olii poruththigaludan aadam paani paenalgal ullana. palkaniyin pinpurach suvar vilakkugalaik konda palagaikalaakap pirikkappattullathu. suvarkalil sila aer conditioning ventkal ullana. maedaiyin irupuramum balcani mattaththil moontru pettikalaik konda oru suvar pirivu ullathu. pettikal maedaiyai noakki keelnoakki nagarkindrana; muun petti munnoakki thirai valaivukkul valaikirathu, athae neraththil pinpura petti palkaniyil pinnoakki valaikirathu. isaikkuzhuvin mattaththil, maelae ulla pettikalin iruppidangkaludan oththa oru tirappu suvaril ullathu. pettikalin adippaguthiyil padiga vilakkugal mattrum console adaippukkurigal ullana, athae neraththil pettikalin muun thandavaalangalil swaakkal, kalasangal mattrum cameo vadivangkal ullana. palagaikal konda kuzhaaigal pettikalai ontrilirunthu ondru pirikkindrana, pettikalukku maelae neradiyaaga oru siriya nuzhaivaayilai aatharikkintrana; ovvoru siriya nuzhaivaayilum oru surulgaludan oru udainththa pedimenttaik kondullathu. paedimenttukku maelae, penn cradescaludan kaalanettukal ullana, avai aadittoariyaththaich suttriyulla entablature varai melnoakki neettikkappadugindrana. pira vadivamaippu amsangkal. pettikalukku aduththathaaga oru thattaiyaana prosenium valaivu ullathu, idhu thirappin irupuramum pullaangkuzhal ayani pilaastarkalaiyum, maelae ulla oru entablaturaiyum kondullathu. inththa endablaturil aadam paani fries ullathu. valaivukku maelae oru suvaroaviyaththudan koodiya oru moothaatti palagai ullathu, idhu puraanak kathaapaaththirangaludan oru meichchal kaatchiyaik kaattukirathu. thiraiyarangam kattappattapoathu, thirai arangkin tirappu agalamaaga alavidappattathu endru vivarikkappattathu. thirappukkup pinnaal, maedai 100 addii agalamum 35 addii aazhamum, oru cridirone uyaramum kondadhu. maedaiyin muun ulla isaikkuzhiyil 48 paer amara mudiyum. pinnaniyil 150 kalaignarkalukku idamalikkakkoodiya 20 aadai araikal irunththana, athae poal oru jody corus "oaivaraikal" mattrum oru oththigai arai irunththathu. kooraiyil pakkach suvarkalil iduppuch suvarkal ullana, avai plaastar ork alangaarangkaludan vilaa elumbugalaal pirikkappattullana. auditoriaththin munpuraththil alangaara pattaikalaal soolappatta oru vattamaana kuvimaadam ullathu, oru padiga saravilakku oru maiya pathakkaththilirunthu thongkukirathu. kuvimaadaththin pinnaal, koorai aadam paani plaastar ork alangaarangkaludan paenalgalaaka pirikkappattullathu. pinpura balconicu maelae alangaara pattaikal mattrum thozhilnutpa-pooth thirappukaludan arai kuvimaadam ullathu. aer conditioning ventkal kooraiyil vaikkappadugindrana. varalaaru. 1900 mattrum perum manthanilaikku idaiyil periya alavilaana naadagath thayaarippukalukku times skoyar maiyamaaga maariyathu. alvin theater manachoarvukku munbu kattapatta pirkaala thiraiyarangukalil ontraakum. thiraiyarangkin peyar adhan asal aaparaettarkalin muthal peyarkalin kalavaiyaagum alex aee. aarons (1891-1943) mattrum winton friedly (1891-1969). iruvarum piladelpiyaavaich saernthavargal. aarons oru isai nagaichchuvai thayaarippaalaraaga irunthaar, athae neraththil friedly "samooga pathivaettil peyar pattiyalidappatta oray agalavazhi thayaarippaalar" aavaar. 1923 allathu 1924 aam aandugalil inththa aangal oru koottaniyai uruvaakkinar, aanaal avarkal 1933 varai mattumae ontraaka vaelai seithanar. 1983 muthal, broadwayin migavum sirantha naadaga ezhuththaalargalil oruvaraana neel saiman (1927-2018) peyaraal idhu peyaridappattullathu. neel saiman netherlandhu amaippaal iyakkappadukirathu. valarchi mattrum aaramba aandugal. janavari 1927 ill, alexander pincus mattrum emm. ell. goldstone lebanon estates kaarpparaeshanidamirunthu 244-254 maerku 52 vadhu theruvil ulla thazhangalai vaankinaar, antha idaththil oru muraiyaana theatre uruvaakka thittamittaar. pincus munbu langekar mattrum aekaathipaththiya thiraiyarangukalai uruvaakkiyirunthaar; avarum goldstone thiraiyarangkin $14 latcham selavai nidhiyalikka thittamittanar. athae maathaththil, herbert jay. vadivamaiththa idaththil oru thiyaettarukkaana thittangalai pincus newyorg nagara kattidath thuraikku samarpiththaar. grap. pincus mattrum goldstone theaterine kattumaanaththirkaana podhuvaana oppanthaththai anivaguththuch sendra ooo 'day kattumaana niruvanaththirku vazhangkinar. october 1927kkul, aarons mattrum friedly theatre kuththagaikku eduththu, fred mattrum adael astair nadiththa jaarj mattrum iraa kershvin isai "vaedikkaiyaana mugam" maedaiyil vaika thittamittanar. alvin navambar 22,1927 andru "vaedikkaiyaana mugaththudan" thirakkappattathu; antha nigazhchchi 250 nigazhchchigalukku oodiyathu. thii newyorg times" thiraippataththin naadaga vimarsagaraana brooks adkinson ezhuthinaar "vaedikkaiyaana mugam kuraivaana pozhuthupoakkaaga irunthirunththaal, paarvaiyaalarkal puthiya thiraiyarangaip paratta adhiga neram pettrirukkalaam." alvin muthal sila isai nigazhchchigal oppeettalavil kurugiya kaala oottangkalaik kondirunthana. 1928 aam aandil, kertruit laurensudden kershvin isai "pudhaiyal penn" naadagaththai inththa thiraiyarangku nadaththiyathu. inththa isai $6 endra adhigapatcha nuzhaivu kattanatthai vasooliththaalum, adhu oru munnoadiyillaatha vilaiyaaga irunththathu, adhu moodappaduvatharku munbu 69 nigazhchchigalai nirvagiththathu. aduththathaaga, martin beck theattarilirunthu idampeyarntha "iroappaavin meethu irakkaikal" endra naadaga sangaththin thayaarippu irunththathu. aerons mattrum friedly janavari 1929 ill thiraiyarangkil $570,000 adamaanak kadanaip pettranar. raatjargal mattrum haard isai "spring iss hiyar" alvinil thirakkappattathu, antha anivaguppu mattrum 104 nigazhchchigalaik kondirundhadhu. mattroru raatjargal mattrum haard isai, "thalaikuninthu!", alvinil antha novemberil 144 seyalthiran oottaththirkaaga thirakkappattathu. 1930 aam aandil, ethel merman kershvingalin "kaerl carrie" padaththil thanathu broadway arimugamaanaar, idhu 272 nigazhchchigalaik kondirundhadhu. aarons mattrum friedly aagiyoar aalvinaiyum atharkuk keezhae ulla nilaththaiyum aepral maatham vaangkinar. pincus mattrum goldstone aruvai sigichchai. pincus mattrum goldstone aagiyavai 1932 mae maatham ariyappadaatha kaaranangalukkaaga alvin seyalpaadugalai eduththuk kondana. antha aandu, yujeen ooo 'nailin "thukkam electra aagirathu" endra naadagaththin parimaattraththaiyum, jerom kernin isai "kaattril isai" yaiyum theater nadaththiyathu. veerargal mae 1933 ill alvinukku "maama dams cabin" endra thayaarippaik kondu vanthanar; inththa naadagam migavum pirabalamaaga irunththathu, adhu adhan asal oru vaara oottaththai irandu vaarangkalukku munbu neettikkappattathu. athae aandu maxwell anderson helen haeisudan "maeri off skaatlaanthu" endra naadagaththai thodangkinaar. friedly aduththathaaga 1934 aam aandil alvinil cole porterine isai "ethuvaagavum selkirathu", idhil merman, villiyam coxton, victor muur mattrum viviyan wanes aagiyoar idampettranar; idhu 420 nigazhchchigalukku oodiyathu. 1930 kalin naduppaguthiyil, alvin theater mattrum andai kilt (ippoathu august willson) theater aagiyavai theater maavattaththin vadakkae ulla idangkalaaka irunththana, avai innum muraiyaana nigazhchchigalai nadaththiyathu. kershvinsin america naattuppura ooparaa "poarki andd bess" october 1935 ill alvinil thirakkappattathu. athae neraththil "poarki andd bess" 124 nigazhchchigalukkup piragu alvinil moodappattathu, adhan puththuir peruthal migavum vetrtrikaramaaka niroopikkappattathu. idhaith thodarnthu 1936 octoberil porterine "sivappu, soodaana mattrum neelam" merman mattrum jimmi trandevudan 181 nigazhchchigal neediththana. alvin 1930 kalin pirpaguthiyil raatjargal mattrum haard aagiyoarin irandu isai nigazhchchigalai thoguththu valangkiyathu. "naan sariyaaga irukka virumbukiraen" endru jaarj emm udan thiranthaar. 1937 aam aandil gohan, 289 nigazhchchigalukku oodiyathu, mattrum "thii boys frum siracuse" 1938 ill thirakkappattathu, 235 nigazhchchigal neediththana. 1940kazhil alvin muthal thayaarippu pipravari 1940 ill finnish nivarana nidhiyaththirkaaga nadippu jody alfred lund mattrum linn fontane aakiyoaraal arangaettrappatta "thii daming off thii shru" endra varaiyarukappatta oottamaagum. antha aepral, lund andd fondane robbert eee ill thoantriyathu. sherwoodin naadagamaana "angkae iravu irukkaathu", idhu 1940 aam aandin naduppaguthiyil oru sutruppayanaththudan pala maathangkal oodiyathu. aduththa aandu, alvin eeraa kershvin, paasi haard mattrum curt weilin mananala maruththuva karupporul isai "laedi inn thii dark" aagiyavattrai thoguththu valangkinaar; idhu kertruit laurence idampettrathu, idhu 467 nigazhchchigalaik kondirundhadhu. alvin 1943 janavariyil ethel mermanudan porterine isai "siruvarkalukkaana ondru" 422 nigazhchchigalukku thoantriyathu. "siruvarkalukkaana ondru" 67 nigazhchchigalai nadaththiya isai "jagbad" kku vazhi vagukka moodappattathu. 1944 mattrum 1945 aam aandugalil alvin thayaarippukal perumpaalum viraivaana thoalvigalaagum, idhil "helen coses duu troy", "fayer brand off florence" mattrum "hollywood binafore" aagiyavai adangkum. 1945 aam aandin iruthiyil thirakkapattu 200 nigazhchchigalukku neediththa petti comton, adolph green mattrum marton goldin isai "billion dollar paepi" migavum vetrtrikaramaaka irunththathu. cps urimai, gullman seyalpaadu. disambar 1945kkul, arugilulla hammerstein theateril cps kuththagai galawatiyagi varuvathaal, oliparappu network cps alvinai oru studiyoavaagap payanpaduththa pechchuvaarththai nadaththik kondirundhadhu. haavard ess. hummersteinukkuch sonthamaana gullman, antha thiraiyarangaith thirumbap pera virumbinaar. cps alvinai pipravari 1946 ill 825,000 dollarukku vaangkiyathu. antha juun maatham, cps kulmaenidamirunthu hammersteinai maelum ainthu aandugalukku kuththagaikku edukka oppukkondathu, athae neraththil gullman cps-ilirunththu alvinai kuththagaikku edukka oppukkondaar, adharku pathilaaka angku thayaarippukalai vazhangka oppukkondaar. athae aandu, alvin incread bergman, saam vanamekar mattrum romney brent aakiyoarudan "joann off loraine" nigazhchchiyai thoguththu valangkinaar. idhaith thodarnthu 1947 aam aandil "thanthaiyudan vaazhkkai" endra naadagam mattroru thiraiyarangkilirunthu maattrappattu adhan 3,224 seyalthiran oottaththai niraivu seithathu. jaarj bernard shaavin naadagamaana "maen andd superman" antha octoberil alvinil thirakkapattu pipravari 1948 ill maattrappattathu. adhaith thodarnthu thamas hecken mattrum joshuva loganin nagaichchuvai "mister robberts" henry fondavudan saernthu 1,157 nigazhchchigalukku oodiyathu. 1951 aam aandil gullman mattrum cps aagiyoar hammerstein mattrum alvinai maelum moontru aandugalukku maattra mudivu seithanar, idhu muthal studiyoavaagavum, pinthaiyathu muraiyaana naadagangalukku payanpaduththavum anumathiththathu. antha aandu alvinil moontru nigazhchchigal thirakkappattanah sidney kingsley "mathiya neraththil irul", isai "brooklinil oru maram valarkirathu" mattrum paal asporn naadagam "thirumpaathu". "point off noow return" disambar 1952 ill review "toose kambeni" aall pinpattrappattathu, pette davis 22 aandugalil thanathu muthal broadway thoattraththil irunthaar, aanaal adhu sumar 90 nigazhchchigalai mattumae neediththathu. aduththa aandu, norman grosnavin nagaichchuvai "kind charr" alvinil maeri martin mattrum charles paayarudan thirakkappattathu. thii colton apple" endra isai 1954 aepralil off-broadwayil irunthu alvinukku maattrappattathu, idhu moththam 173 nigazhchchigalukku oodiyathu. haarold arlen mattrum truman capot isai "havus off plovers" antha aandu kulman kuththagai pudhuppikkappaduvatharku munbu pathivu seiyappattathu, idhu alvin mattrum hammerstein kuththagai meendum maattrappadum enbathaik kurikkirathu. "havus off plovers" iruthiyil disambar 1954 ill thirakkapattu 165 nigazhchchigalukku oodiyathu. eeraa levin nagaichchuvai "saarjendkalukkaana neram illai" aduththa aandu thirakkappattathu, irandu aandugalil 796 nigazhchchigalukku oodiyathu. 1950kalin pirpaguthiyil inththa thiraiyarangku "ooo capton!" endra isai nigazhchchigal udpada pala mithamaana vettrip padangkalaith thoguththu valangkiyathu."1958 ill mattrum 1959 ill" "muthal pathivukal". koodudhalaaga, jerom rabins thanathu nadana sirappu "" paalae yuu "" kku nadanamaadinaar ".ess.auuu."1958 aam aandil, isai" "manigal olikkindrana" "antha aandu shubertilirunthu alvinukku maattrappattathu". stall mattrum raak-time urimai. cps 1959 aam aandil alvinai makes mattrum stanly stalukku vitrtrathu, avar andai hellinger thiyaettarukkum sonthakkaarar. stallgal viraivaaga alvinukku oru puthiya maelaalarai niyamiththanar. 1960 aam aandil, thiraiyarangkil isai "greenvillo", nadanak kuzhu less ballets apricans mattrum kulirkaala thoattaththilirunthu isai "maerku pakkak kadhai" parimaattram aagiyavai nadaipettrana. caroline lae mattrum saii coleman isai "wild caded" antha disambaril loosil pandhudan thirakkappattathu, avar angku thanathu oray agalamaana thoattraththai velippaduththinaar. 1961 aam aandil isai "irma laa toose" pilaimavuththilirunthu alvinukku maattrappattathu. aduththa aandu, stephen sontheim, burt shevalov mattrum laurie jelbardin isai "mandraththirku sellum vazhiyil oru vaedikkaiyaana vishayam nadanthathu" thirakkappattathu, idhu 967 nigazhchchigalukku oodiyathu. october 1962 ill nadantha "oru vaedikkaiyaana vishayam" endra nigazhchchiyin poathu, lester austerman (46 vadhu theru mattrum ooo 'neel thiraiyarangkukalin urimaiyaalar) alvinai ainthu aandugalukku kuththagaikku eduththaar. huck martin mattrum demothy grayin isai nagaichchuvai "hye sprits", petrice lillie mattrum dummy kiraimgaludan, 1964 ill thirakkappattathu mattrum 367 nigazhchchigalukku oodiyathu. 1965 aepralil alvinil oru maatha kaala thanii nigazhchchiyaana "77 vayathil mouris sevaliyar" nigazhchchiyil mouris sevaliyar thoantrinaar. idhaith thodarnthu aduththa maatham "flora thii redd herem" uruvaanathu, idhil lissa minelli thanathu broadway arimugamaanaar. "flora thii redd herm" mattrum aduththa pala nigazhchchigal oppeettalavil kurugiya oottangkalaik kondirunthana. inththa nigazhchchigalil "thii earling" (1965), "idds aee bared" endra isai nigazhchchigalum adangkum... adhu oru vimaanam... idds superman (1966), 'dinner add edd' (1966), mattrum 'sherry!"(1967). rockfeller maiyaththin maempaattu thunai niruvanamaana raak-time ink. 1967 juulai maatham austermanidamirunthu alvinai adhan mugavaraana konrad maaththaai moolam vaankinaar. idharku eedaaga, raak-time rockfeller maiyaththirku arugilulla blaehavus theatre vitrtrathu, adhu idikkappada irunththathu. daam stabard naadagamaana "rosengrands mattrum kiltenstern iranththuvittanar" october 1967 ill alvinil thirakkappattathu, irandu thiraiyarangukalil moththam 421 nigazhchchigalukku oodiyathu. 1968 aam aandil james earl johns mattrum jaine alexandarudan hovard sacklerine naadagamaana "thii grade oyit hoop" 557 nigazhchchigalaik kondirundhadhu. alvin aduththathaaga stephen sontheim/jaarj farth isai "kambeni" inn asal thayaarippai nadaththiyathu, idhu 1970 ill thiraiyidappattathu mattrum aduththa irandu aandugalil 700 kkum maerpatta nigazhchchigalai nadaththiyathu. moali" (1973) mattrum "thii freedam off thii chitty" (1974) ullitta irandu kurugiya oottangkal thodarnthana. alvin aduththa vettri 1975 aam aandil thirakkapatta "shenando" endra isaip padamaagum, idhu idamaattraththirku munbu irandu aandugal irunththathu. juulai 1974kkul, maththey theaterine adamaanak kadanai seluththa thavarivittaar, maelum bowery saemippu vangki munkoottiyae alvinai vaangkiyathu. pinnar thiraiyarangam 12 latcham dollarukku virpanaikku vaikkappattathu. netherlandin urimai. 1970kall mattrum 1980kall. netherlandhu amaippu 1975 aam aandil alvinai vaangkiyathu, maelum aranmanai, euris mattrum aruvigal adkinsonukku aduththapadiyaaga inththa idam kudumbaththin naankaavathu agalavazhi thiraiyarangaaga maariyathu. inththa virpanaiyil 100,000 dollar rokkamum, 1.16 million dollar adamaanak kadanum adangkum. anni" endra asal broadway thayaarippu 1977 ill thirakkapattu, maattrappaduvatharku munbu ainthu aandugal oodiyathu. 1981 mattrum 1982 aam aandugalil aduththa ainthu isaip paadalkal kurugiya kaala oottangkalaaka irunththana. "siriya ilavarasarum vimaana oottunarum" "munnoattangkalin poathu moodiyirunththanar, athae neraththil" "magizhchchiyudan naangkal urundu selkiroam", "siriya johnny johns," "karuppu kaappurimai thoal kaalanigal unmaiyil pirathipalikkirathaa?", mattrum" aezhu cakoothararkalukku aezhu manappengal "ovvondrum irandu vaarangkalukkul moodappattana. thii little brins" mattrum "little johnny johns" (thodakka eravil moodappattathu) aagiya irandu thayaarippaalargalum, niruvanam irandu nigazhchchigalaiyum niyaayamattra muraiyil veliyaettriyathu endra adippadaiyil 1986 aam aandil netharlaantharkal meethu vetrtrikaramaaka vazhakku thodarnthanar. alvin aduththa thoalviyadaiyaathathu, septumber 1982 ill thirakkapatta all green mattrum patti lable konda "kadavuludan pettiyil poada ungkal kaikal migavum kurukiyavai". "neel saiman yujeen muththoguppin muthal naadagamaana "briton beach ninaivuk kurippugal" maarch 1983 ill alvinil thirakkappattathu. netharlaantharkal theatre saimanukku marupeyarittanar, sirithu neeraththirkup piragu juun 29,1983 andru. marupeyariduvathu "briton beach ninaivuk kurippugaludan" thodarpillaathathu; netharlaanthiyarkal 1982 ill theattarukku saiman peyarai maattra munvanthanar, aanaal naadaga aasiriyar antha neraththil marutthuvittaar. maraintha yujeen ooo 'nailin peyaraal broadway theattaraik konda irandaavathu naadaga aasiriyar neel saiman aavaar, maelum uyirudan irukkum muthal naadaga aasiriyar ivvaaru gowravikkappattaar. alvin jershvingalukkaaga marupeyaridappattirukka vaendum endru naadaga samoogaththin uruppinarkal theriviththanar; antha peyar euris theattarukku payanpaduththappattathu. jerri weyandraap pinnar 1984 aam aandil neel saiman theaterine seyalpaattil oru pangai vaankinaar. athae neraththil, newyorg nagara adaiyaalangkal paathukaappu aanaiyam (elphysi) 1982 aam aandil neel saimanaip paathukaappathai oru mailkallaaga pariseelikkath thodangiyathu, aduththa pala aandugalaaka vivaathangkal thodarnthana. moontru thiraiyarangkukalin urimaiyaalargalin aatchaepanaikalaik karuththil kondu, august 1985 ill neel saiman, thoothar mattrum virginia (ippoathu august willson) thiraiyarangkukalin mugappugalai thoothar mattrum neel saiman udpurangkaludan adaiyaalangkalaaka ell. pii. chii niyamiththathu. newyorg nagara mathippeettu vaariyam disambar 1985 ill milecal padhavigalai angkeekariththathu. "briton kadarkarai ninaivuk kurippugal" 1985 aam aandil yujeen muththoguppil mattroru naadagamaana "biloxy blues", aduththa aandu, neel saimanil "olikkul" isai thirakkappattathu, aaru nigazhchchigalukkup piragu moodappattathu. noel koazhai naadagamaana "pilith sprit" maarch 1987 ill neel saimanil thirakkappattathu; naadagaththin natchaththiranggalil oruvaraana jeraltin pakkaththirku anjali seluththum nigazhchchiyaiyum inththa thiraiyarangku nadaththiyathu, avar nadu oottaththil iranthaar. nagaichchuvai nadigar mort saahal antha octoberil oru varaiyarukappatta thoattraththai velippaduththinaar, maelum "braking thii code" naadagam aduththa maatham thirakkappattathu. neel saiman juun 1988 ill irandu ooo 'neel naadagangalin puththuir nigazhchchigalai nadaththiyathu, "iravukkul neenda pakal payanam" mattrum "aaa, vanappaguthi!"(coleen deverst mattrum jayson rabards aagiya iruvarum), muthal newyorg sarvadesa kalaith thiruvizhaavin oru paguthiyaaga. antha aandin pirpaguthiyil, kennie lockins neel saimanil sila kachchaerigalai nigazhththinaar. 1989 aam aandin thodakkaththil neel saimanukkaaga irandu isai nigazhchchigal arivikappattana; munnoattangkalin poathu "senattar joow" moodappattathu, maelum "babel koopuram" kooda munnoattangkalaik kondirukkavillai. dennessy villiams naadagamaana "arpheus irangku" septumber 1989 ill vazhangkappattathu. antha neraththil, sylverstein sothukkalaal uruvaakkappatta oru hotelai neel saimanukku mael contilever seiya mudiyumaa enbathu kuritthu ell. pii. chii visaaranai nadaththiyathu. 1990kall mattrum 2000kall. russiavaich saerntha dawn koasaakkugalin nadanak kuzhu 1990 janavariyil neel saimanil oru varaiyarukappatta nichchayathaarthaththaik kondirundhadhu, antha octoberil, nagaichchuvai nadigar jaakki maesan thanathu thanith thodaraana "brand neu" aith thodangkinaar, idhu ettu maathangkalukku oodiyathu. maarch 1992 ill avarathu peyarilaana thiraiyarangkil mattroru saiman naadagam thirakkappattathu, "jakes vuman", idhu kalavaiyana varavaerpukku matthiyil 245 nigazhchchigalaik kondirundhadhu. aduththa novemberil, duchu thayaarippu "neel saimanil thirakkappattathu, idhu 137 nigazhchchigalai neediththathu. hiid vest end isai "siriya kuralin ezhuchchi mattrum veelchchi" mae 1994 ill neel saimanil thirakkappattathu, oru vaaraththirkup piragu mattumae moodappattathu. idhaith thodarnthu 1994 novemberil basia mattrum 1995 mae maatham loari anderson aagiya isai nigazhchchigalum, 1995 novemberil danny canes oru varaiyarukappatta nigazhchchiyum nigazhththinar. raatjargal mattrum hammerstein isai "thii king andd aii" 1996 ill pudhuppikkappattathu. king andd aii "1998 aam aandin thodakkaththil aarthar miller naadagaththirku vazhi vagukka moodappattathu, idhu august 1998 varai neediththathu. neel saiman 1998 aam aandin pirpaguthiyil nadana sirappu" swan lake "aii nadaththiyathu, athae poal nadali vanigarin kacheriyum 1999 aam aandil" sivappu bimbernal "endra isaip pathippin thirutthappatta pathippum nadaipettrathu. 2000 aam aandin thodakkaththil neel saimanil thirakkapatta "thii music maen" endra isaip padaippin marumalarchi, 2001 aam aandin iruthi varai neediththathu. "thii music maen" oottaththin poathu, nagaichchuvai nadigar maandi paattinkin oru yuu-aii thodangkinaar.ess. septumber 10,2001 andru neel saimanil oru kacheriyudan suttruppayanam. eline stritchin oru penn nigazhchchi "eline stritch add liberty" pipravari 2002 ill neel saimanil thiraiyidappattathu. "eline stritch add liberty" moodappatta piragu, neel saiman adhan aduththa nichayathaarththaththirkaana thayaarippil 1,328 irukkaikalilirunthu 1,467 aaga vrivupaduththappattathu august 2002 ill thirakkapatta isai "haer spray". "haer spray" thiraiyarangirkaana veettu saathanaiyai amaiththathu, 2009 aam aandin thodakkaththil moodappattathu. raabin villiams thanathu nagaichchuvai suttruppayanaththai "suya azhivu aayuthangkal" aepral 2009 ill neel saimanil seiyavirunthaar, aanaal aruvai sikitchaikku udpaduththappatta piragu avar thanathu nichchayathaarthaththai rathu seithaar. adharku pathilaaka "ractime" inn marumalarchi pathivu seiyappattathu, idhu navambar 2009 ill thirakkappattathu. washingtonil ulla kennadi maiyaththil adhu anubaviththa vetrtriyai "ractime" meendum seiyath thavarivittathu.chii., 57 nigazhchchigalukkup piragu janavari 2010 ill mudivadainthathu. 2010 muthal tharpoothu varai. isaikkalainar haari koonik juuniyar. juulai 2010 ill neel saimanil oru varaiyarukappatta seyalthiran irunththathu; avarathu thoattram 2011 aalpaththirkaaga pathivu seiyappattathu. 2011 aam aandin thodakkaththil aruvigalil ulla adkinsonukku idampeyarnthu, antha octoberil neel saimanil "kacheri" thirakkappattathu. isai 2011 aepralil thirakkappattathu, 170 nigazhchchigalukku oodiyathu. iyaesu christhu superstar" inn marumalarchi maarch muthal juulai 2012 varai neel saimanil oodiyathu, adhaith thodarnthu antha aandin iruthiyil kurugiya kaala isai oodiyathu. andrew lippa isai "periya meane" pinnar 2013 aam aandin thodakkaththil neel saimanukkaaga munbathivu seiyappattathu, aanaal "periya meane" vaeru idangkalil nigazhththiyathaal antha aandin perumbaguthi thiraiyarangku iruttaaka irunththathu. "periya meane" october muthal disambar 2013 varai mattumae oodiyathu. idhaith thodarnthu irandu idhaepoandra kurugiya oottangkal vanthanah robbert shengan naadagam "aall thii vae" maarch muthal juun 2014 varai, mattrum stinkin isai "kadaisi kappal" october 2014 muthal janavari 2015 varai. frederic loav mattrum alan jay learnerin isai "kiji" inn marumalarchi aepral 2015 ill neel saimanil thirakkappattathu, irandu maathangkalukkup piragu mattumae nigazhchchi moodappattathu. juulai 2015 ill, netharlaanthiyarkal neel saimanukku maelae payanpaduththappadaatha vimaana urimaigalai 8.9 million dollarukku vitrtranar. vaangkubavargal pala thoguthigal tholaivil oru hotelai amaikkum oru maempaattu koottamaippaaga irunththanar. antha aandin iruthiyil, maayavaathigal neel saimanil oru varaiyarukappatta oottaththirkaaga oru mayajala nigazhchchiyai nigazhththinar. andrew lloyd webberin vettri pettra isai "poonaigal" august 2016 ill neel saimanil thirakkapattu aduththa aandu iruthi varai oodiyathu. donny kushnerine naadagamaana "aenjals inn america" pinnar maarch 2018 ill moontru maatha oottaththirku thirakkappattathu. isai "thii serr show" antha disambaril thodangi august 2019 varai oodiyathu, maelum maayakkaarargal 2019 aam aandin pirpaguthiyil thangal mandhira nigazhchchiyaana "vidumurai naatkalin mandhiram" kkaaga thirumbinar." serr show" moodappatta piragu, emje thii musical "2020 aam aandin naduppaguthiyil neel saimanil munbathivu seiyappattathu. iruppinum, newyorg nagaril koovit-19 thottrunoai kaaranamaaga irandu aandugalaaka neel saiman mattroru nigazhchchiyai nadaththavillai. pipravari 2022 ill athikaarappoorvamaaga thirakkapatta "emje thii musical" inn munnoattangkaludan thiraiyarangam disambar 2021 ill meendum thirakkappattathu. "emje" 2022 ill thiraiyarangkin backs aapis saathanaiyai paththu murai muriyadiththathu, miga sameepaththil janavari 1,2023 udan mudivadaintha vaaraththil, isai $2,223,069 aii vasooliththathu. kurippidatthakka thayaarippukal. thayaarippukal avattrin muthal seyalthiran aandin adippadaiyil pattiyalidappadugindrana.

neel saiman theatre neel saiman theatre, vaastavaaniki alwyn theatre, newyork nagaramloni midtown manhatton yokka theatre jillaalo 250 west 52 va veedhiloo unna broadway theatre. 1927loe praarambhamaina eee theatre nuu herbert zhe. roopondinchaaru. crop mariyu alex eah kosam nirminchabadindi. aarons mariyu winton friedly. asalu paeru aarans mariyu friedly modati paerla kalayika; 1983loe theatreku naataka rachayita neel saiman paeru maarchabadindi. neel saiman rendu sthaayilalo 1,467 seetlanu kaligi undhi mariyu netherlander samsthachae nirvahinchabadutundi. mukhabhagam mariyu auditorium lopali bhaagam rendoo newyork nagara mailuraallu. mukhabhagam rendu vibhagaluga vibhajinchabadindih paschimaana aaru antastula stage house mariyu thoorpuna aidu antastula auditorium. ground floor terrakota blaakulatoe kappabadi undhi mariyu marcuetho kuudina pravesha dwaaram undhi. rendu vibhagala eguva antastulu ituka mariyu terrakotatho tayaaru cheyabaddaayi; auditorium mukhabhaagamlo vampu kitikeelu, goollu mariyu kendra pediment unnaayi, ayithe stage house marinta saadaa designu kaligi undhi. lopali bhaagam aadam shaililo roopondinchabadindi mariyu indulo rendu laabeelu mariyu mezzanine-sthaayi lanz unnaayi. auditoriumlo ground-level archestra mariyu baxlatho kuudina oka balcony untundi. theatre lopali bhagalu panelling mariyu plaastar work thoo alankarinchabaddaayi, mariyu auditoriumlo gopuram paikappu undhi. auditorium paina moodu antastula karyalayalu undevi. alegzander pincus mariyu m. ell. goldstone alwyn theatre nuu abhivruddhi chesindi, idhi 1927 november 22naa "funny mukham" thoo praarambhinchabadindi. aarans mariyu friedly modatlo theatres nirvahinchi, 1930 nundi 1932 varaku daanini kaligi unnaaru. theatre prarambha samvatsaraallo, idhi "deeninainaa velutundi", "laedii inn dhi dark" mariyu "abbayila kosam edho" vanti sangeeta kaaryakramaalanu alaage naatakaalanu nirvahinchindi. cbs 1946loe baadhyatalu sweekarinchindi mariyu 1959loe maaks mariyu stanley stall daanini konugolu chese varaku theatre nirvahananu konasaaginchindi. alwyn 1967loe rock-time inkku vikrayinchabadindi. mariyu 1975loe netherlands kuu. 1960luu mariyu 1970laloe, alwyn "forumku velle maargamlo oka funny vishayam jarigindi", "hye spirits", "dhi grate white hope", "company", "shenandoh" mariyu "annee" vanti sudeergha pradarsanalanu nirvahinchaaru. theatre paeru neel saiman gaa marchabadina taruvaata, idhi 1980luu mariyu 1990laloe athani aneka naatakaalaku, alaage 2000laloe ekkuva bhaagam sangeeta "hair spray" kii aatidhyam ichindi. sait. neel saiman theatre 250 west 52 va veedhiloo, enimidava avenue mariyu broadway madhya dakshina kalibatapai, newyork nagaramloni midtown manhatton parisaraallo undhi. deerghachaturasraakaara bhoomi 52 va veedhiloo mundu bhaagamlo mariyu lothutho kappabadi untundi. neel saiman eee block nuu maark hellinger theatre mariyu thoorpuna gallaghar yokka steak housto panchukuntundi. sameepamloni itara bhavanaalalo uttaraana august willson theatre; eshaanyamlo broadway theatre mariyu 810 edava avenue; thoorpuna axa samaanamaina kendram; aagneyamlo winter garden theatre; mariyu dakshinaana paramount plaza (chadarapu theatre mariyu gershwin theatres vruttamtoe sahaa) unnaayi. design. neel saiman theatre, modata alwyn theatre, herbert zhe. roopondinchaaru. crop mariyu 1927loe nirminchabadindi. velupali bhaagam neo-georgian shaililo roopondinchabadindi, ayithe lopali bhaagam crop yokka chaalaa designlaku vilakshanhamaina aadam shaililo roopondinchabadindi. mukhabhagam. mukhabhagam rendu vibhaagaalanu kaligi untundi, ivi okadaanikokati anusandhaaninchabadi untaayi. aidu antastula podavaina thoorpu vibhagam vedalpugaa mariyu auditorium pravesha dwaranni kaligi unna samaruupamgaa untundi. stage house unna paschima vibhagam aaru antastula etthu kaligi undhi. eguva antastulalo, mukhabhagam aangla bandhamlo erra itukatho, terrakota trim thoo tayaaru cheyabadindi. neel saiman anedi belasco theatre, hays theatre mariyu stephen sondhim theatrelatho paatu neo-georgian mukhabhaagamto kuudina konni broadway theatres okati. theatreku vellevaaru "nirmaata intloki pravesistunnaru" anae abhiprayanni srushtinchadaaniki idhi jarigindi. alwyn nirminchinappudu, oka vimarsakudu bahya roopakalpana veedhiloo "daani poruguvaari gowravaaniki anugunamgaa kanipistundi", ippudu willson anie chepparu. bays. rendu vibhagalalo, bays palarayini pooli undela roopondinchina terrakota yokka tuppu pattina blaakulatoe tayaaru cheyabadindi. naela antastu mukhabhaagaaniki thoorpu vaipuna oka jatha loham talupulu unnaayi. auditorium mukhabhagam madhyalo rendu setla loha mariyu gaaju talupulu unnaayi. thoorpuna aaru talupulu lopali laabeetho anusandhanam avtayi, paschimaana enimidi talupulu baxafies laabeetho anusandhanam avtayi; eee talupula paina aadhunika marque undhi. mukhabhagam yokka stage-house vibhaagamlo, stage thaluputho sahaa aneka lopali talupulu unnaayi. panellu mariyu niluvu gaadulato kuudina kshitija samaantara fraze bays paina nadustundi. unnata kathalu. bays paina, niluvu terrakota byaandlu mariyu kwaayinlu auditorium mukhabhaganni moodu vibhagaluga vibhajistaayi. madhya vibhaagamlo moodu niluvu kitikeelu unnaayi. prati bay rendava antastulo rendu-etthu vampu kitikeeni kaligi undhi, prati vampu paibhaagaaniki sameepamlo terrakota impostlu mariyu keystonelu unnaayi. nalgava antastulo, moodu kendra baelaloe pratidaaniki terrakota frametho deerghachaturasraakaara kitikee undhi, dheeni paina oka kundanu chuttumutte scrollsto virigina pediment undhi. aidava antastula kitikeelu kooda deerghachaturasraakaara terrakota framelanu kaligi untaayi; vaati gattalu terrakota byaand course dwara anusandhaaninchabadi untaayi. eee kitikeela paina oka tribhujaakaara gable paiki lestundi; gable madhyalo oka terrakota okulas undhi, dheeni chuttoo pushpaguchchaalu mariyu puula alankaranalu unnaayi. auditorium mukhabhagam yokka bayati bhagalu mantapaluga roopondinchabaddaayi, ivi paibhagamlo tappa okadaanikokati daadaapu okela untaayi. rendu mantapaalu neelapai unna kanchepai unde venuvu terrakota pilasterlatho chuttabadi untaayi. eee stambhaala madhya rendava antastulo rendu etthu goollu unnaayi, prati okkati terrakota impostlu mariyu keystonelatho chuttabadi unnaayi. eee goollalo samudrapu kavachapu muulaamsaala paina unchina terrakota kalasaalu untaayi. prati samuchita sthaanam paina, nalgava antastulo deerghachaturasraakaara terrakota framelatho rendu kitikeelu unnaayi. prati jatha pilasterlu aidava antastulo terrakota entablature mariyu pedimenttoe paatu aaa antastu paina oka carnisnu kaligi untaayi. thoorpu (edama) pevillion oka paaraapetto kappabadi undagaa, paschima (kudi) pevillion maroka antastu kosam paiki lestundi, idhi stage house antha ettulo untundi. auditorianiki kudi vaipuna stage house undhi. niluvu terrakota byaandlu mariyu kwaayinlu vedikanu okati, moodu mariyu oka belatho edama nundi kudiki vibhagaluga vibhajinchaayi. stage house kitikeelanu deerghachaturasraakaaramlo, prati kitikee paina terrakota lintellu untaayi. stage house madhya bhaagamlo moodava mariyu nalgava antastula paina terrakota panellu kooda unnaayi. aidava antastu paina oka cornis mariyu panelling, alaage aarava antastu paina oka ballastrade thoo oka parapet undhi. auditorianiki sameepamlo unna stage house yokka edamavaipu unna bay edava antastuku perugutundi. stage house yokka kudi vaipuna unna bay theatre paerutoe niluvu gurtunu kaligi undhi. antargata. lobbys. deerghachaturasraakaara ticket lobby neerugaa pradhana dwaaram lopala undhi mariyu muduru palarayi godalanu kaligi undhi. paschima (kudi) godaku ticket kitikeelu undagaa, thoorpu (edama) goda lopali laabeeki oka lopali samuchita sthaanaanni kaligi undhi, chinna scanslatho kappabadina gaaju mariyu kaamsya double talupunu kaligi undhi. uttara godapai unna enimidi gaaju mariyu kaamsya talupulu veedhi nundi daari teestaayi, vaati paina panellu untaayi, dakshina godalo auditorium yokka archestra sthaayiki panel chekka talupulu untaayi. paikappu chuttoo oka cornis untundi. idhi aadam shaililo plaastar work thoo alankarinchabadindi. paikappu madhyalo oka jatha sphatika deepaalu unnaayi. lopali lobby pranaalikaloo deerghachaturasraakaaramgaa untundi. ticket lobby nundi vellae daani paschima godapai unna samuchita sthaanam, alaage veedhi nundi vellae uttara godapai unna aaru gaaju mariyu kaamsya talupula nundi dheenini cherukovacchu. dakshina godalo auditorianiki palakalu gala chekka talupulu undagaa, thoorpu godalo mezzanine lanz kii metlu unnaayi. lopali lobby paikappu aadam shaililo plaastar work thoo alankarinchabadindi mariyu oka jatha christal shandilierlanu kaligi undhi. alwyn nirminchinappudu, mezzanine lanz aangla lanz koliche vidhamgaa roopondinchabadindi. mezzanine lanz godalu weinscoat cheyabadi, laiting skaanaslanu kaligi untaayi. eee pradaesamloe modata poyyi kooda undedi. purushulu mariyu mahilala dhumapana gadulu sahaa naalugu "vishraanti gadulu" lanz nundi bayaludaeraayi. lanz paikappulo plaastar work alankaranalatho kuudina oval gopuram undhi; oka central shandlear; mariyu gopuram thoo kalustundi oka cornis. mezzanine lanz nundi, metlu uttaraana diguvaku daariteestaayi, lopali laabeetho kaluputaayi mariyu dakshinaana archestratho kaluputaayi. metla paina deerghachaturasraakaara khajanalu unnaayi, sphatika shandilearlu mariyu chuttupakkala carnislu unnaayi. dakshina metlapai lohapu railing undhi. aalasyamgaa vachhe vaari nundi antaraayaanni tagginchadaaniki eee metlu auditorium lopala kakunda lanzlo unchabaddaayi. auditorium. auditoriumlo archestra sthaayi, oka balcony, pettelu mariyu rangasthalam vampu venuka oka vedika unnaayi. auditorium sthalam plaastar alankaranalatho roopondinchabadindi mariyu pranaalikaloo daadaapu chadarapugaa untundi. netherlander samstha prakaram, auditoriumlo 1,445 seatlu unnaayi; adhe samayamlo, broadway leag 1,467 seetla saamarthyaanni perkontundi mariyu "playbill" 1,380 seetlanu perkontundi. theatre modata 1,400 seetla saamarthyaanni kaligi undhi, archestralo 702, balconylo 674 mariyu pettelalo 24 seatlu unnaayi. 1967 naati oka vyaasam eee theatres sangeethaaniki 1,363 seatlu mariyu naatakaalaku 1.334 seatlu unnayani vivarinchindi. auditoriumlo praarambhamlo dantaalu, neelam, buudida mariyu bangaaram rangula pathakam, lavender ledhaa mulbury vastraalatoe undedi. telupu paint aneka asalu antargata alankaranalanu kaligi untundi. auditorium paina moodu antastula karyalayalu undevi. koorchune sthalaalu. archestra sthaayini rake chesi, vedika mundu unna archestra pitt vaipu vangi untundi. archestra venuka bhaagamlo thoorpuna panel godatho kuudina vihaarayaatra undhi, indulo scaness unnaayi. archestra venuka bhaagamlo paalaraayitho chesina nilabadi unna railu undhi, idhi vihaarayaatranu venuka varusala seetla nundi vaeru chestundi. vihaarayaatra mariyu archestra seating rendu niluvu varusalatho vaeru cheyabaddaayi, ivi palarayi stambhaalanu pooli undela roopondinchabaddaayi; vaati paina doric-shaili raajadhaanulu untaayi. archestra yokka dakshina (edama) godalo lohapu talupulu unnaayi, ivi scanesslanu kaligi unna panel goda vibhaagaalato maarutuu untaayi. uttara (kudi) godalo rendu setla panel chekka talupulu unnaayi, veetini scansto kuudina panel vaeru chestundi; venukavaipu unna talupulu lopali laabeeki daariteestaayi, mundu vaipu unnavi ticket laabeeki daariteestaayi. prati talupu paina unna nishkramana sankethaalu lairlu mariyu griffinlanu varninche frazelatho chuttabadi untaayi. balcony sthaayi daani lothu antataa sagam nadava dwara mundu mariyu venuka vibhagaluga vibhajinchabadindi, idhi lohapu railing dwara varninchabadindi. crossover nadava rendu prakka godalapai nishkramana talupulaku kaluputundi, veeti paina lairlu mariyu griffinlatho kuudina frazelu untaayi. mundu balcony pakkana pakka godalapai ilanti frazelatho kuudina nishkramana talupulu kooda unchabadataayi. balcony yokka migilina prakka godalu ionic capitals thoo kuudina pilasterla dwara vibhagaluga vibhajinchabaddaayi, ivi auditorium chuttoo oka pravaesaaniki maddatu istayi. prati prakka goda vibhaagamlo christal-und-brass laiting skaanlu untaayi. balcony mundu bhaagamlo swags, kalasaalu mariyu atidhi namuunaalu unnaayi, ivi paakshikamgaa light baxlatho kappabadi unnaayi. balcony diguva bhaagamlo christal light ficturelatho aadam-shaili panellu unnaayi. balcony venuka goda laiting skaanaslanu kaligi unna panelluga vibhajinchabadindi. godalapai konni air conditioning dwaaraalu unnaayi. vedikaku iruvaipula balcony sthaayilo moodu pettelatho kuudina goda vibhagam undhi. pettelu vedika vaipu krindiki adugupedataayi; mundu pette munduku rangasthala vampu loki vangi untundi, venuka pette baalkaneeloki venukaku vangi untundi. archestra sthaayilo, paina unna pettela sthaanaalaku anugunamgaa, rendu godalapai oka tera untundi. pettela diguva bhaagamlo christal lamps mariyu console brocketlu untaayi, ayithe pettela mundu railinglalo swags, kalasaalu mariyu atidhi namuunaalu untaayi. panel cheyabadina stambhaalu pettelanu okadaanikokati vaeru chestaayi, pettela paina neerugaa oka chinna pravaesaaniki maddatu istayi; prati chinna pravaesaaniki oka virigina pediment untundi, oka kunda chuttoo scrolls untaayi. pediment paina, aada vintalu gala kolonetlu unnaayi, ivi auditorium chuttoo unna entablature varaku paiki vistarinchi untaayi. itara design lakshanaalu. pettela pakkana oka chadunaina prosenium vampu undhi, indulo teravadaaniki iruvaipula venuvu ionic pilasterlu, alaage paina unna entablature untaayi. eee entablaturelo aadam-shaili fraze untundi. vampu paina kudyachitramtho kuudina lunet panel undhi, idhi pouraanika paatralatho kuudina matasambandhamaina drushyaanni chooputundi. theatre nirminchinappudu, rangasthalam teravadam vedalpugaa kolichedigaa varninchabadindi. tera venuka, vedika 100 adugula vedalpu mariyu 35 adugula lothu, gridiron podavutho undhi. vedika mundu unna archestra pitt 48 mandiki saripoyela untundi. teravenuka 150 mandhi pradarsanakaarulaku vasati kalpinchagala 20 dressing gadulu, alaage oka jatha corus "rest roomlu" mariyu rehearsal room unnaayi. paikappulo pakka godalapai gajjala gadulunnaayi, veetini plaastar work alankaranalatho pakkatemukalu vaeru chestaayi. auditorium mundu bhaagamlo alankaara pattiilatoe chuttumuttabadina oka vruttaakaara gopuram undhi, oka christal shandlear kendra patakaaniki velaadutundi. gopuram venuka, paikappu aadam-shaili plaastar work alankaranalatho panelluga vibhajinchabadindi. venuka balcony paina alankaara byaandlu mariyu saanketika-booth openinglatho sagam-gopuram undhi. paikappulo air conditioning dwaaraalu unchabaddaayi. charitra. 1900 mariyu mahaa maandyam madhya pedda ettuna naataka nirmaanaalaku times square kendramgaa maarindi. maandyaaniki mundu nirminchina taruvaati theatres alwyn theatre okati. theatre paeru daani asalu nirvaahakula modati paerla sammelanam alex eah. aarons (1891-1943) mariyu winton friedly (1891-1969). iddaroo philadelphiaku chendinavaaru. aarans sangeeta haasya chitraala nirmaata kaga, friedly "saamaajika registerlo paeru jabita cheyabadina ekaika broadway nirmaata". 1923 ledhaa 1924loe eee purushulu bhagaswamyanni yerparachukunnaru, conny vaaru 1933 varaku matrame kalisi panicheesaaru. 1983 nundi, dheeniki broadway yokka atyanta phalavantamaina naataka rachayithalalo okaraina neel saiman (1927-2018) paeru pettaru. neel saimannu netherlander samstha nirvahistundi. abhivruddhi mariyu prarambha samvatsaraalu. janavari 1927loe, alegzander pincus mariyu emm. ell. goldstone lebanon estatela corporation nundi 244-254 paschima 52 va veedhi vadda unna pradaesaalanu konugolu chesindi, aaa pradaesamloe chattabaddhamaina theatres abhivruddhi cheyalane pranaalikalatoe. pincus gatamlo langekar mariyu imperial theatres abhivruddhi chesindi; athanu mariyu goldstone theatre yokka $14 laksala kharchuku nidhulu samakuurchaalani pranaalika vaesaaru. adhe nelaloo, herbert zhe roopondinchina aaa pradaesamloe oka theatre kosam newyork nagara bhavanala vibhaagaaniki pincus pranaalikalanu samarpinchindi. crop. pincus mariyu goldstone theatre nirmaanaaniki saadhaarana oppandaanni marchi vellae oo 'day nirmaana samsthaku pradaanam chesaaru. aktobaru 1927 natiki, aarans mariyu friedly theatre nuu leejuku teesukoni, fred mariyu adile austire natinchina georg mariyu iraa gershwin yokka sangeeta "funny faces" nuu pradarsinchaalani pranaalika vaesaaru. alwyn november 22,1927naa "funny faces" thoo praarambhamaindi; aaa show 250 pradarsanalaku nadichindi. dhi newyork times" kosam theatre vimarsakudu brooks atkinson ilaa vraasaaru "" funny mukham takkuva vinodabharitamgaa undi unte, kotta theatre nuu mechukovadaniki prekshakulaku ekkuva samayam undi undedi." alwyn yokka modati konni sangeeta rachanalu saapekshamgaa takkuva vyavadhilo nadichayi. 1928loe, eee theatre gershwin sangeeta "treaser gurl" nuu gertrude laurensto kalisi host chesindi. eee sangeeta kacheri $6 atyadhika pravesam vasoolu chesinappatiki, adhi apuurvamaina dhara, adhi mugiselopu 69 pradarsanalanu nirvahinchindi. taduparidi martin beck theatre nundi marchabadina "wings ovar eurup" yokka theatre gilled yokka utpatti. 1929 janavarilo aarans mariyu friedly theaterpy $570,000 tanakha runaanni andukunnaru. radgerlu mariyu haart sangeeta "spring eej hear" alwyn vadda praarambhinchabadindi mariyu 104 pradarsanalu ichindi. maroka raadarlu mariyu haart sangeeta, "talalu paiki!", aaa novemberlo alwyn vadda 144-paniteeru parugu kosam praarambhinchabadindi. 1930loe, ethel merman gershwins yokka "gurl crazie" loe thana broadway arangetram chesindi, indulo 272 pradarsanalu unnaayi. aarons mariyu friedly aaa eprillo alwyn mariyu daani kinda unna bhoomini konugolu chesaaru. pincus mariyu goaled stone operation. pinacus mariyu goaled stone teliyani kaaranaala valla 1932 maeloe alwyn karyakalapalanu swaadheenam chesukunnayi. aaa samvatsaram, theatre yujeen oo 'neel yokka natakam "santaapam electra avutundi", alaage gerom kern yokka sangeeta "gaalilo sangeetam" badileeni nirvahinchindi. aatagaallu mae 1933loe "ankul toms cabin" nuu alwinku teesukuvacchaaru; eee natakam entha prachuryam pondindante, daani asalu oka vaaram parugu kante rendu vaaralu podiginchabadindi. adhe samvatsaram maxwell anderson helen hesto kalisi "maerii off scatland" anae aatanu praarambhinchaadu. friedly taruvaata 1934loe alwyn vadda cole porter yokka sangeeta "ethening gose" nuu nirminchaadu, indulo merman, vilium goxton, victor moor mariyu vivian wyaans natinchaaru; idhi 420 pradarsanalaku nadichindi. 1930la madhya natiki, alwyn theatre mariyu poruguna unna gilled (ippudu augustu willson) theatre theatre theatre jillaalo uttaraana unna vaedikalugaa unnaayi, ivi ippatikee chattabaddhamaina pradarsanalanu nirvahistunnaayi. gershwins yokka american jaanapada opera "porgi und bess" yokka asalu utpatti october 1935loe alvinlo praarambhamaindi. 124 pradarsanala tarvaata "porgi und bess" alvinlo moosiveyabadindi, daani punarujjeevanaalu marinta vijayavantamayyaayi. dheeni taruvaata 1936 octoberulo porter yokka "erupu, vaedi mariyu neelam" merman mariyu jimmy durantetho paatu 181 pradarsanalu jarigaayi. alwyn 1930la chivaralo rodgers mariyu haart chetha rendu sangeeta kachereelanu nirvahinchindi. "neenu sarigga untaanu" anie georg emm thoo praarambhinchaadu. 1937loe kohan, 289 pradarsanalaku pootii paddadu, mariyu "dhi boys frum syracuse" 1938loe praarambhamai, 235 pradarsanalu konasaagindi. 1940laloe alwyn yokka modati utpatti fibravari 1940loe finnish releaf fund kosam natana janta alfred lunt mariyu linn fanton pradarsinchina "dhi tomming off dhi shru" yokka parimita pradarsana. aaa april loe, lunt mariyu fantaine robbert ii loe kanipinchaaru. sherwood yokka natakam "dher will noo nait", idhi 1940 madhyalo paryatanatho aneka nelala paatu nadichindi. marusati samvatsaram, alwyn iraa gershwin, mose haart mariyu curt veyil yokka manorogachikitsa-nepathya sangeeta "laedii inn dhi dark" nuu host chesindi; indulo gertrude laurence natinchaaru, idhi 467 pradarsanalanu kaligi undhi. alwyn janavari 1943loe ethel merman thoo kalisi porter yokka sangeeta "abbayila kosam edho" nuu 422 pradarsanalaku host chesindi. "abbayila kosam edho" 67 pradarsanalu nirvahinchina sangeeta "jackpot" kuu maargam sugamam cheyadaaniki moosiveyabadindi. 1944 mariyu 1945loe alwyn yokka nirmaanaalu chaalaavaraku tvaritagatina viphalamayyayi, veetilo "helen gose tuu troy", "dhi fair brand off florence" mariyu "hollywood pinaphore" unnaayi. betty comden, adolph green mariyu morton gouled yokka sangeeta "billion dollar baby" marinta vijayavantamayyaayi, idhi 1945 chivarilo praarambhamai 200 pradarsanalu konasaagindi. cbs yajamanyam, kulman operation. december 1945 natiki, sameepamloni hammerstein theatres cbs leeju gaduvu mugiyabotonnanduna, prasaara network cbs alvinnu studiyoga upayoginchadaaniki konugolu cheyadaaniki charchalu jaruputondi. howard ess. hammerstein yaajamaanyamloni kulman, aaa theatres chattabaddhamaina upayogaaniki tirigi teesukuraavaalani bhaavinchaadu. 1946 fibravarilo cbs alvinnu $825,000 kuu konugolu chesindi. aaa juunloo, cbs kulman nundi hammerstein maroe aidella paatu leejuku ivvadaaniki angeekarinchindi, ayithe kulman cbs nundi alvinnu leejuku ivvadaaniki mariyu daaniki badulugaa akkada utpattulanu andinchadaaniki angeekarinchaadu. adhe samvatsaram, alwyn ingrid bergman, saam vanamekar mariyu romney brentlatho kalisi "john off lorain" kuu aatidhyam icchaadu. dheeni taruvaata 1947loe "life vith father" anae natakam vachindi, idhi maroka theatre nundi badilee ayi daani 3,224 pradarsanalanu muginchindi. georg bernard shaa yokka natakam "myaan und superman" aaa octoberlo alwyn vadda praarambhamai, fibravari 1948loe maarchabadindi. aaa ventane thamus heggen mariyu joshuva logan yokka haasya chitram "mister roberts" henry fondaatho kalisi 1,157 pradarsanalu ichindi. 1951loe kulman mariyu cbs hammerstein mariyu aalvinlanu maroe moodu samvatsaraala paatu marchukovalani nirnayinchukunnaaru, modatidaanni studiyoga upayoginchadaaniki mariyu rendodaanni chattabaddhamaina naatakaalaku upayoginchadaaniki veelu kalpinchaaru. aaa samvatsaram alwyn vadda moodu pradarsanalu prarambhamayyayi sidney kingsley "madhyahnam cheekati", sangeeta "brooklinlo oka chettu perugutundi" mariyu paal osborne "point off noo return". "point off noo return" nuu december 1952loe review "toose company" anusarinchindi, 22 samvatsaraalalo bette davis thana modati broadway pradarsanalo kanipinchindi, conny idhi kevalam 90 pradarsanalu matrame konasaagindi. marusati samvatsaram, norman crossna yokka haasya chitram "kind surr" maerii martin mariyu charless boyerlatho alwyn vadda praarambhamaindi. sangeeta "dhi golden aapil" 1954 eprillo off-broadway nundi alwinku badilee cheyabadindi, mottam pradarsanalu 173 varaku nadichayi. aaa samvatsaram punaruddharana kosam kulman leeju raavadaaniki mundu harrold arlen mariyu truman kapot sangeeta "house off flovers" book cheyabadindi, idhi alwyn mariyu hammerstein leejulu mallee marutayani suuchistumdi. "house off flovers" chivariki december 1954loe praarambhinchabadindi mariyu 165 pradarsanalaku nadichindi. iraa levin yokka haasya chitram "noo time pharr sargents" marusati samvatsaram praarambhamaindi, rendu samvatsaraalalo 796 pradarsanalu ichindi. 1950la chivaralo eee theatre aneka madhyastamgaa vijayavantamaina nirmaanaalanu nirvahinchindi, veetilo "oh, kepten!" anae sangeeta rachanalu unnaayi."1958loe mariyu 1959loe" "modati mudralu". adanamgaa, gerom robbins thana nrutya pratyaekamaina "" ballet yuu "" kuu nrutya darsakatvam vahinchaadu ".ess.eah."1958loe, mariyu sangeeta" "gantalu mogutunnayi" "aaa samvatsaram shubert nundi alwinku marchabaddayi". stall mariyu rock-time yajamanyam. cbs 1959loe alvinnu maaks mariyu stanley stallku vikrayinchindi, vaaru poruguna unna hellinger theatreku kooda yajamani. aaa alwyn kosam staallu ventane kotta managernu niyaminchukunnaaru. 1960loe, theatre sangeeta "green villo", nrutya brundam less balles africans, mariyu siitaakaalapu thota nundi sangeeta "west side story" badileeni nirvahinchindi. carolin lae mariyu saie coleiman sangeeta "wildcat" aaa december loe lucil bantitoe praarambhamaindi, aame akkada thana ekaika broadway roopaanni choopinchindi. 1961loe plymouth nundi alwinku badilee cheyabadina sangeeta "irma laa douse". marusati samvatsaram, stephen sondhim, burt shevelov mariyu laurie gelbart yokka sangeeta "forumku velle maargamlo jarigina oka funny vishayam" praarambhamai, 967 pradarsanalaku nadichindi. 1962 octoberulo nadiche "oka funny vishayam" samayamlo, lester austerman (46va veedhi mariyu oo 'neel theatres yajamani) alvinnu aidella paatu leejuku teesukunnadu. hugg martin mariyu timothy gray yokka sangeeta haasya chitram "hye spirits", beatrice lillie mariyu tommy grims thoo 1964loe praarambhamai 367 pradarsanalu ichindi. maris chevalier 1965 eprillo alwyn vadda oka nela paatu solo show, "maris chevalier ett 77" kosam kanipinchindi. dheeni taruvaata marusati nelaloo "flora dhi redd herem" vachindi, dheenilo liza minnelli thana broadway pravesam chesindi. "flora dhi redd herem" mariyu tadupari aneka pradarsanalu saapekshamgaa takkuva parugulu chesaayi. eee pradarsanalalo "dhi earling" (1965), "itts eah burd" anae sangeeta rachanalu unnaayi... adhi oka vimanam... itts superman (1966), dinner ett ait (1966), mariyu sherry!"(1967). rockfeller center yokka abhivruddhi anubandha rock-time ink. 1967 joolailo austerman nundi daani agent konrad maathai dwara alvinnu konugolu chesindi. dheeniki badulugaa, rock-time rockfeller center sameepamloni playhouse theatres vikrayinchindi, daanini koolchiveyaalsi undhi. tomm stoppered natakam "rosencrantz und gildenstern aarr ded" 1967 octoberulo alwyn vadda praarambhinchabadindi, rendu theatres mottam 421 pradarsanalu jarigaayi. dheeni taruvaata 1968loe james earl johns mariyu jaine alegjaandarlatho kalisi howard sackler yokka natakam "dhi grate white hope" vachindi, indulo 557 pradarsanalu unnaayi. dhi alwyn tadupari stephen sondhim/georg farth musical "company" yokka asalu nirmaanaaniki aatidhyam ichindi, idhi 1970loe pradarsinchabadindi mariyu taruvaati rendu samvatsaraalalo 700 pradarsanalaku paiga nadichindi. mollie" (1973) mariyu "dhi friedam off dhi city" (1974) thoo sahaa konni chinna parugulu jarigaayi. alwyn yokka tadupari vijayam sangeeta "shenandoh", idhi 1975loe praarambhamai, badileeki mundu rendu samvatsaraalu konasaagindi. juulai 1974 natiki, maathai theatre yokka tanakha runampai egavetaku palpaddadu, mariyu bowery podupu byaanku japtulo alvinnu konugolu chesindi. aaa tarvaata theatre $12 laksalaku ammakaniki unchabadindi. netherlands yajamanyam. 1970luu mariyu 1980luu. netherlander samstha 1975loe alvinnu konugolu chesindi, mariyu eee vedika pales, euris mariyu brooks atkinson taruvaata kutumbam yokka nalgava broadway theatrega maarindi. eee ammakamlo $100,000 nagadu mariyu $1.16 millionla tanakha runam unnaayi. anee" yokka asalu broadway utpatti 1977loe praarambhinchabadindi mariyu badilee cheyadaaniki mundu aidu samvatsaraala paatu nadichindi. 1981 mariyu 1982loe vacchina tadupari aidu sangeeta chitraalu swalpakaalikamainavi. "chinna yuvaraju mariyu vimaana chodakudu" "previewla samayamlo moosiveyabaddaaru," "santoshamgaa memu venta tirugutamu", "chinna johnny johns", "nalla patent tholu bootlu nijamgaa pratibimbistaayaa?", mariyu" eduguru sodarulaku eduguru vadhuvulu "okkokkati rendu vaaraala kante takkuva samayam tarvaata moosiveyabaddaayi. dhi little prins", alaage "little johnny johns" (idhi prarambha raatri moosiveyabadindi) nirmaatalu, company rendu pradarsanalanu anyayamgaa tolaginchindani paerkontuu 1986loe netherlanders paie vijayavantamgaa daavaa vaesaaru. alwyn yokka tadupari naan-flap, aall green mariyu patty lebultho "devunito pette vaeyadaaniki mea chetulu chaalaa chinnavi", idhi september 1982loe praarambhinchabadindi. "neel saiman yokka eugene trayam loe modati natakam "bryton beach memorials" marchi 1983loe alwyn loe praarambhinchabadindi. nedarlaandarlu aaa theatre kuu saiman anie paeru marcharu, aaa taruvaata koddikaalaanike juun 29,1983naa. eee paeru marchadam "bryton beach memorials" kuu sambandham ledhu; nedarlaandarlu 1982loe theatre kuu saiman paeru maarchaalani pratipaadinchaaru, conny aaa samayamlo naataka rachayita niraakarinchaaru. divangata eugene oo 'neel paeru meeda broadway theatre nuu kaligi unna rendava naataka rachayita neel saiman, mariyu gowravinchabadina modati sajeeva naataka rachayita. alwyn paerunu gershvinlaku paeru marchalsi undani, aaa paeru euris theatreku vartimpajeyabadindani naataka samajam sabhyulu vyaktam chesaaru. jerrie weintrab 1984loe neel saiman theatre karyakalapalalo vatanu konugolu chesaaru. adhe samayamlo, newyork city landmarks preservation commission (elpisi) 1982loe neel saimannu oka mylurayiga rakshinchadaanni pariganinchadam praarambhinchindi, taruvaati aneka samvatsaraalugaa charchalu konasagayi. moodu theatres yajamaanula abhyantaraalapai, elpisi augustu 1985loe neel saiman, ambasider mariyu virginia (ippudu augustu willson) theatres mukhabhaagaalanu, ambasider mariyu neel saiman lopali bhaagaalato paatu, mailuralluga gurtinchindi. newyork city board off estimate december 1985loe mylurayi hodaalanu aamodinchindi. "bryton beach ghnaapakaalu" taruvaata 1985loe eugene trayam "biloxy blues" loe maroka natakam jarigindi. marusati samvatsaram, neel saiman vadda "intu dhi light" anae sangeeta natakam praarambhamai, aaru pradarsanala tarvaata mugisindi. noel piriki natakam "blithe spirit" marchi 1987loe neel saiman vadda praarambhinchabadindi; naatakamloni taaralalo okaraina geraldine paejeeki nivaaligaa theatre kooda nirvahinchindi, athanu madhyalo maraninchaadu. hasyanatudu mort sahl aaa octoberlo parimita pradarsana icchaadu, mariyu "breaking dhi code" natakam marusati nelaloo praarambhamaindi. neel saiman juun 1988loe rendu oo 'neel naatakaala punaruddharanalanu nirvahinchindi, "raatriloki sudeergha pagati prayaanam" mariyu "aah, aranyamu!"(colean deherst mariyu jasson robbards rendintitho), modati newyork international festival off dhi artslo bhaagamgaa. aaa samvatsaram taruvaata, kennie loggins neel saiman vadda konni kachereelu pradarsinchaadu. 1989 praarambhamlo neel saiman kosam rendu sangeeta kachereelu prakatinchabaddaayi; "senator jooe" previewla samayamlo moosiveyabadindi, mariyu "dhi tower off babel" loe previewlu kooda laevu. 1989 septembarulo tennisi villiams natakam "arpheus decending" pradarsinchabadindi. aaa samayamlo, sylverstein aastulu abhivruddhi chesina hotelnu neel saiman meeda cantilever cheyavacha anae daanipai elpisi vichaarana nirvahinchindi. 1990luu mariyu 2000luu. russiaku chendina daan kosakla nrutya brundam 1990 janavarilo neel saimanlo parimita nischitaartham chesukundi, aaa octoberlo, hasyanatudu jaakii masson thana solo syries "brand nyuu" nuu praarambhinchaadu, idhi enimidi nelala paatu nadichindi. marchi 1992loe athani namesake theatres maroe saiman natakam "jakes umen" praarambhamaindi, dheeniki mishrama spandana madhya 245 pradarsanalu vachayi. taruvaati navambarulo, dutch production "neel saiman vadda praarambhinchabadindi, idhi 137 pradarsanalu ichindi. hitt west end sangeeta "dhi raiz und phaal off little vois" mae 1994loe neel saiman vadda praarambhinchabadindi, oka vaaram tarvaata matrame moosiveyabadindi. dheeni taruvaata 1994 navambarulo besia mariyu 1995 maeloe laurie anderson sangeeta kachereelu, alaage 1995 navambarulo daanii guns parimita pradarsanalu chesaaru. rodders mariyu hammerstein sangeeta "dhi king und ii" 1996loe punaruddharinchabadindi. king und ii "1998 praarambhamlo orther miller natakam" eah view frum dhi bridge "kuu maargam sugamam cheyadaaniki moosiveyabadindi, idhi 1998 augustu varaku konasaagindi. neel saiman 1998 chivarilo pratyeka nrutya" swan lake "nuu, alaage natali vyapari kachereeni, 1999loe sangeeta" dhi scarlett pimpernel "yokka savarinchina samskarananu nirvahinchindi. 2000 praarambhamlo neel saiman vadda praarambhamaina "dhi music myaan" anae sangeeta chitram yokka punaruddharana, 2001 chivari varaku konasaagindi. "dhi music myaan" runn samayamlo, hasyanatudu mandy pattinkin oka yuu nuu praarambhinchaadu.ess. september 10,2001naa neel saiman vadda oka kachereetho paryatana. eline stritch yokka vann-umen show "eline stritch ett liberty" fibravari 2002loe neel saimanlo pradarsinchabadindi. "eline stritch ett liberty" moosivesina taruvaata, neel saiman daani tadupari nischitaartham kosam 1,328 seetla nundi 1,467 sthaanaalaku vistarinchabadindih sangeeta "hairspray", idhi augustu 2002loe praarambhinchabadindi. "hairspray" theatre kosam house rikaardunu nelakolpindi, idhi 2009 praarambhamlo mugisindi. rabin villiams thana haasya paryatana "sweeya-vidhvamsa aayudhalu" nuu april 2009loe neel saimanlo pradarsinchaalsi undhi, conny shastrachikitsa cheyinchukunna tarvaata athanu thana nischitaarthaanni raddu chesukunnadu. badulugaa "ragtime" yokka punaruddharana book cheyabadindi, november 2009loe praarambhinchabadindi. washington, dii looni kennedy centerlo "ragtime" saadhinchina vijayanni punaraavrutam cheyadamlo viphalamaindi.sii., 57 pradarsanala tarvaata 2010 janavarilo mugisindi. 2010 nundi prastutaaniki. sangeetakaarudu harry conic juuniyar. juulai 2010loe neel saimanlo parimita pradarsananu kaligi unnadu; athani pradarsana 2011 album kosam record cheyabadindi. aaa octoberlo neel saiman vadda praarambhamaina kacheri, 2011 praarambhamlo brooks atkinsonku maarindi. sangeeta kacheri "catch mea iff yuu kenn" april 2011loe praarambhinchabadindi, 170 pradarsanalaku nadichindi. jeesas christ suupar starr" yokka punarujjeevanam marchi nundi juulai 2012 varaku neel saiman vadda nadichindi, aaa samvatsaram chivarilo swalpakaalika sangeeta pradarsana jarigindi. andrew lippa sangeeta "bigg fish" 2013 praarambhamlo neel saiman kosam book cheyabadindi, conny "bigg fish" vaerae chota pradarsana istunnanduna aaa samvatsaramlo ekkuva bhaagam theatre cheekatigaa undipoyindi. "bigg fish" october nundi december 2013 varaku matrame nadichindi. dheeni taruvaata rendu saaruupya chinna parugulu jarigaih robbert shenkan yokka natakam "aall dhi vae" marchi nundi juun 2014 varaku, mariyu sting yokka sangeeta "dhi laast ship" october 2014 nundi janavari 2015 varaku. frederic love mariyu alan jay learner yokka sangeeta "gigi" yokka punaruddharana april 2015loe neel saimanlo praarambhamaindi, rendu nelala tarvaata matrame pradarsana mugisindi. juulai 2015loe, nedarlaandarlu neel saiman paina upayoginchani vaayu hakkulanu $8.9 millionlaku vikrayinchaaru. konugoludaarulu aneka blaakulaku dhooramgaa oka hotelnu nirminche abhivruddhi consortium. aaa samvatsaram chivarilo, bhramalu chesevaaru neel saiman vadda parimita parugu kosam oka magic show pradarsinchaaru. andrew lloyd webber yokka vijayavantamaina sangeeta "cats" yokka punaruddharana augustu 2016loe neel saimanlo praarambhinchabadindi mariyu marusati samvatsaram chivari varaku konasaagindi. toney kushner yokka natakam "angels inn america" marchi 2018loe moodu nelala paatu praarambhamaindi. sangeeta "dhi cherr show" aaa december loe praarambhamai augustu 2019 varaku nadichindi, mariyu bhranti vaadulu 2019 chivarilo vaari magic show, "selavula magic" kosam tirigi vacchaaru." cherr show" mugisina taruvaata, emje dhi musical "2020 madhyakaalamlo neel saimanlo book cheyabadindi. ayithe, newyork nagaramlo covid-19 mahammari kaaranamgaa neel saiman rendu samvatsaraalu maroka pradarsananu nirvahinchaledu. fibravari 2022loe adhikarikamga praarambhamaina "enje dhi musical" previewlatho december 2021loe theatre tirigi praarambhinchabadindi. "enje" 2022loe theatre yokka baxafies rikaardunu padhi saarlu baddalu kottindi, iteevala janavari 1,2023thoo mugisina vaaramlo, sangeeta $2,223,069 vasoolu chesindi. pramukha nirmaanaalu. vaari modati pradarsana samvatsaram aadhaaramgaa nirmaanaalu jabita cheyabadataayi.

neel saaiman theater neel saaiman theater asl mein alwan theater neoyork shehar kay mudd town meen heaton kay theater zalaa mein 250 vest 52 wein strait parr eek braad way theater hay. 1927 mein khola gayaa theater herbert jay nay design kiyaa thaa. crape aur aleks aey kay liye banaya gayaa thaa. aaronz aur winton friedly. asl naam aaronz aur friedly kay pehley naamon kaa imtazaaj thaa. theater kaa naam 1983 mein dramah nigaar neel saaiman kay naam parr rakh diyaa gayaa thaa. neel saaiman mein duu sathon parr 1,467 nashastein haine aur asay netherlander tanzim chalati hay. agwada aur auditorium kaa androni hasah donon neoyork shehar kay nishanaat haine. agwada duu hasoon mein taqsim hay: maghrab mein chh manzilah stage house aur mashriq mein paanch manzilah auditorium. nichli manzal terracota blocks say dahki hoyee hay aur iss mein eek maarki kay saath eek daakhlah hay. donon hasoon kii opri manzilein ainton aur terracota say bunny haine vovo auditorium kay agwade mein mehraab daar khadkiyan taaq aur eek markazi pediment hay jabkah stage house kaa design ziyadah saadah hay. daakhlah aadam andaaz mein design kiyaa gayaa hay aur iss mein duu laabi aur eek mizanain satah kaa lounge shaamil hay. auditorium eek zamini satah kay archistra aur bucks kay saath eek balkoni parr mushtamil hay. theater kay androni hasay kuu penling aur plaster wark say sajaya gayaa hay aur auditorium mein eek gunbad daar chhat hay. auditorium kay oopar dafatir kii teen manzilein thein. alegzender pankas aur ayem. eel. gold stone nay alwan theater tayaar kiyaa juu 22 nomber 1927 kuu "mazhakah khaiz chehrey" kay saath khola gayaa. aaronz aur friedly nay ibtadayi toor parr theater chalaya aur 1930 say 1932 takk iss kii malkiyat thee. theater kay ibtadayi saalon mein iss nay "kachh bhee jaataa hay"yee "leady inn dee daark"yee aur "ladkon kay liye kachh"yee neez dramon jeesay musical kii mezbani kii. see bee aiss nay 1946 mein iqtedar sanbhala aur 1959 takk theater kuu chalatay rahay jabb meks aur stenly stall nay asay kharida. alwan kuu 1967 mein raak tyme incorporated kuu mazeed farokhat kiyaa gayaa. aur 1975 mein netherlands kay liye. 1960 aur 1970 kii dahayiyon mein alwan nay taweel door kay shoz kii mezbani kii jeesay kahh "forum kay raastay mein eek mazhakah khaiz cheez waaqa hoyee"yee "hayee spirt"yee "dee great waait hoop"yee "company"yee "shinandoh"yee aur "ainee". theater kaa naam badal kirr neel saaiman rakhnay kay baad iss nay 1980 aur 1990 kii dahayiyon kay doraan inn kay kayee dramon kay saath saath 2000 kii dahayi kay beshtar hasay mein musical "hair spri" kii mezbani kii. saait. neel saaiman theater 250 vest 52 wein strait parr neoyork shehar kay mudd town meen heaton pados mein aathwein avenio aur braad way kay darmiyan janubi fitt paath parr hay. aaitakar zameen kaa ahatah kartaa hay jiss kaa muhaz 52 wein glee parr hay aur iss kii gahrayi hay. neel saaiman block kuu maark hellinger theater aur mashriq mein galagar kay steak house kay saath bantata hay. deegar qareebi emaraton mein shamaal mein agast walasan theater vovo shamaal mashriq mein braad way theater aur 810 saatwaan avenio vovo mashriq mein aiksa masawi markaz vovo janub mashriq mein sarmayi baagh theater vovo aur janub mein sabb say aham plazah (bashmol marbaa theater aur gairshon theater mein dairah) shaamil haine. design. neel saaiman theater asl mein alwan theater herbert jay nay design kiyaa thaa. crape aur 1927 mein tameer kiyaa gayaa thaa. beruni noow jarjiyayi andaaz mein design kiyaa gayaa hay jabkah androni hasah crape kay ziyadah tarr designon kay aam aadam andaaz mein design kiyaa gayaa hay. agwada. agwada duu hasoon parr mushtamil hay juu eek dosray say jaday hoay haine. paanch manzilah lamba mashriqi hasah wasee hay aur humm aahing hay jiss mein auditorium kaa daakhlah hay. maghrabi hasah jiss mein stage house hay chh manzilah ooncha hay. opri manzilon parr agwada angrezi baand mein sarkh ainton say banaa hay jiss mein terracota trum hay. neel saaiman chand braad way theaters mein say eek hay jiss kaa noow jarjiyayi agwada hay iss kay saath saath belasco theater hees theater aur stephan sandheem theater bhee haine. yaha iss taasir kuu paida karnay kay liye kiyaa gayaa thaa kahh theater jaanay waalay "producer kay gahar mein daakhil how rahay haine". jabb alwan banaya gayaa thaa tuu eek nqad nay kahaa kahh beruni design sadak kay paar "apnay padosi kay waqaar kuu madnazar rakhtay hoay" zahir hawaa thaa abb walasan. bunyaad. donon hasoon mein bunyaad terracota kay zing aalud blocks say bunny hay juu sing marmar say mashabahat kay liye design kii gayee hay. zamini manzal kay agwade kay mashriqi jaanib dhaat kay darwazon kaa eek jodaa hay. auditorium kay agwade kay markaz mein dhaat aur sheeshe kay darwazon kay duu seet haine. mashriq kii taraf chh darwazay androni laabi say jadtay haine jabkah maghrab kii taraf aath darwazay baaks aafs laabi say jadtay haine vovo inn darwazon kay oopar eek jadeed marco hay. agwade kay stage house section mein stage kay darwazay sameet kayee chheed darwazay haine. pinal aur amudi naali kay saath eek afqi freez bees kay oopar chalta hay. oopar kii kahaniyan. bees kay oopar amudi terracota bend aur quenz auditorium kay agwade kuu teen hasoon mein taqsim kartay haine. markazi hasay mein khadkiyon kay teen amudi khaleej haine. harr khaleej mein dosri manzal parr dogna oonchayi waali mehraab daar khidki hoti hay jiss mein harr mehraab kay opri hasay kay qareeb terracota kay daheer aur kaleedi pathar hotay haine. chothi manzal parr teen markazi khaleej mein say harr eek mein eek aaitakar khidki hay jiss mein terracota freem hay jiss kay oopar eek tutaa hawaa pediment hay jiss mein eek bartan kay saath tomaar haine. panchwen manzal kii khadkiyon mein aaitakar terracota freem bhee haine vovo inn kii salein terracota bend kors say jadee hoyee haine. inn khadkiyon kay oopar eek maslas gable uthta hay. gable kay wast mein eek terracota ocolus hay juu phulon kii maalaa aur phulon kii sajawat say gharaa hawaa hay. auditorium kay agwade kay beruni hasoon kuu povilin kay toor parr design kiyaa gayaa hay juu oopar kay elawah taqriba eek dosray say miltay jaltay haine. donon povilin bansari waalay terracota plaster say latkay hoay haine juu bees kay oopar chalnay waalay freez parr aaraam kartay haine. inn plaster kay darmiyan dosri manzal parr dogna oonchayi waalay taaq haine harr eek terracota kay thukanon aur kaleedi pathron say gharaa hawaa hay. taaqon mein terracota kay bartan hotay haine juu samandari sheel kay naqshon kay oopar rakhay jaatay haine. harr taaq kay oopar chothi manzal mein duu khidkiyan haine jinn mein aaitakar terracota freem haine. plaster kaa harr jodaa panchwen manzal parr terracota antablature aur pediment kay saath saath iss kahaani kay oopar eek carnis kuu sport kartaa hay. jabb kahh mashriqi (bayein) povilin kuu eek parapet say dahkaa hawaa hay maghrabi (daayein) povilin dosri manzal kay liye uthta hay juu stage house kii oonchayi kay baraabar hay. stage house auditorium kay daayein taraf hay. amudi terracota bend aur koen stage house kuu aike teen aur eek khaleej kay saath hasoon mein taqsim kartay haine. stage house kii khidkiyan aaitakar haine jinn mein harr khidki kay oopar terracota lantal haine. stage house kay markazi khaleej mein teesri aur chothi manzal kay oopar terracota pinal bhee haine. panchwen manzal kay oopar eek konay aur penling kay saath saath chhatti manzal kay oopar eek ballistrade kay saath eek parapet hay. stage house kaa sabb say bayein taraf kaa khaleej juu auditorium kay qareeb hay saatwein manzal takk uthta hay. stage house kay daayein jaanib kay khaleej mein theater kay naam kay saath eek amudi nashaan hay. androni. laabi. aaitakar ticket laabi braah raast markazi darwazay kay andar hay aur iss mein sing marmar kii gehri dewarein haine. maghrabi (daayein) dewaar mein ticket kii khidkiyan haine jabkah mashriqi (bayein) dewaar mein androni laabi kay liye eek khaali jagah hay jiss mein sheeshe aur kaansi kaa dohra darwazah hay jiss kay saath chhotay chhotay scones haine. shamali dewaar parr sheeshe aur kaansi kay aath darwazay glee say nikaltay haine jinn kay oopar pinal hotay haine jabkah janubi dewaar mein auditorium kay archistra kii satah takk pinal waalay lakdi kay darwazay hotay haine. chhat kay gird eek konay kaa dhandla hay. jasay aadam andaaz mein plaster wark say sajaya gayaa hay. chhat kay beach mein cristal lamp kaa eek jodaa hay. androni laabi mansubah mein aaitakar hay. iss takk rasayi iss kii maghrabi dewaar parr waaqa taaq kay zariye hoti hay juu ticket laabi say jaataa hay neez shamali dewaar parr sheeshe aur kaansi kay chh darwazon say juu glee say jaatay haine. janubi dewaar mein auditorium kay liye pinal waalay lakdi kay darwazay haine jabkah mashriqi dewaar mein mizanain lounge kii seedhiyan haine. androni laabi kii chhat kuu aadam andaaz mein plaster wark say sajaya gayaa hay aur iss mein cristal fanoos kaa eek jodaa hay. jabb alwan banaya gayaa thaa tuu mizanain lounge kuu angrezi lounge kii paimaish kay toor parr design kiyaa gayaa thaa. mizanain lounge kii dewarein bikhari hoyee haine aur roshni kay scones parr mushtamil haine. iss jagah mein asl mein eek chamni bhee thee. chaar "retiring romaz" lounge say nikaltay thay jinn mein mardon aur khwatin kay tambako noshi kay kamray shaamil thay. lounge kii chhat mein plaster wark kii sajawat kay saath eek indakar gunbad hay vovo eek markazi fanoos vovo aur eek kaarans juu gunbad say takra jaataa hay. mizanain lounge say seedhiyan shamaal kii taraf neechey kii taraf lay jaati haine androni laabi say jadti haine aur janub mein archistra say jadti haine. seedhiyon kay oopar aaitakar khazanay haine jinn mein cristal faseel aur aas paas kay konay haine. janubi seedhiyon mein dhaat kii reling hay. deer say aaney waalon kii rukawat kuu kumm karnay kay liyay yaha seedhiyan auditorium kay andar hyee nahein balkah lounge mein rakhee gayee thein. auditorium. auditorium mein eek archistra kii satah eek balkoni baaks aur procenium aarch kay peeche eek stage hay. auditorium kii jagah plaster kii sajawat kay saath design kii gayee hay aur mansubah bundi mein taqriba marbaa hay. netherlander tanzim kay mutabiq auditorium mein 1,445 nashastein haine vovo darein asnaa braad way leeg 1,467 nashaston kii gunjaish kaa hawalah deeti hay aur "play bull" 1,380 nashaston kaa hawalah deeta hay. theater mein asl mein 1,400 nashaston kii gunjaish thee jiss mein archistra mein 702yee balkoni mein 674 aur khaanon mein 24 nashastein thein. 1967 kay eek mazmun mein theater kuu mausiqi kay liye 1,363 nashastein aur dramon kay liye 1.334 nashastein honay kay toor parr biyaan kiyaa gayaa hay. auditorium mein ibtadayi toor parr haathi daanat neelay sarmayi aur sonay kay rangon kii eek schem thee jiss mein levender yaa shahtoot kay kapday thay. safed paint behat see asl androni sajawat kaa ahatah kartaa hay. auditorium kay oopar dafatir kii teen manzilein thein. bethnay kii jaghein. archistra kii satah kuu stage kay saamney eek archistra garhay kii taraf dhalwan lagaa kirr tayaar kiyaa jaataa hay. archistra kay pachlay hasay mein eek seer hay jiss kay mashriq mein eek pinal waali dewaar hay jiss mein scones haine. archistra kay pachlay hasay mein sing marmar say bunny eek khadee rail hay juu seer kuu nashaston kii pachli qataron say alg karti hay. seer kay raastay aur archistra kay bethnay kuu duu kalimon say alg kiyaa gayaa hay juu sing marmar kay satunon say mashabahat kay liye design kiye gayey haine. inn kay oopar dork tarz kay darulhukumat haine. archistra kii janubi (bayein) dewaar mein dhaat kay darwazay haine juu pinal waali dewaar kay hasoon kay saath baari baari hotay haine jinn mein scones hotay haine. shamali (daayein) dewaar mein pinal waalay lakdi kay darwazon kay duu seet haine jinhein eek pinal kay zariye alg kiyaa gayaa hay jiss mein eek scones hay vovo peeche waalay darwazay androni laabi kii taraf jaatay haine jabkah saamney waalay darwazay ticket laabi kii taraf jaatay haine. harr darwazay kay oopar baahir nikalnay kay nishanaat freez say lataktay haine juu lyer aur griffen kii akaasi kartay haine. balkoni kii satah kuu iss kii gahrayi kay aadhay raastay parr eek gulyaray kay zariye saamney aur peeche kay hasoon mein taqsim kiyaa gayaa hay jasay badlay mein dhaati reling kay zariye biyaan kiyaa gayaa hay. karaas auvar gulyarah donon taraf kii dewaron kay baahir nikalnay kay darwazon say jadta hay jinn kay natijay mein lyer aur griffen kay saath freez hotay haine. asee tarah kay freez waalay baahir nikalnay kay darwazay bhee saamney kii balkoni kay saath waali taraf kii dewaron parr rakhay gayey haine. balkoni kii baaqi taraf kii dewarein aainak captal kay saath plaster kay zariye hasoon mein taqsim haine juu auditorium kay ard gird eek antablature kuu sport karti haine. harr side waal section mein cristal aur braas lighting sconses hotay haine. balkoni kii agli rail mein soag bartan aur chemio pattern hotay haine juu jazwi toor parr light baaksaz say dahkay hoay haine. balkoni kay neechey cristal light fixture kay saath aadam tarz kay pinal haine. balkoni kii pachli dewaar kuu penals mein taqsim kiyaa gayaa hay jiss mein roshni kay scones hotay haine. dewaron parr kachh aiyar conditiong vent haine. stage kay donon taraf eek dewaar kaa hasah hay jiss mein balkoni kii satah parr teen khaaney haine. bucks stage kii taraf neechey kii taraf qadm rakhtay haine vovo saamney kaa baaks aagay kii taraf procenium aark mein madta hay jabkah peeche kaa baaks balkoni mein peeche kii taraf madta hay. archistra kii satah parr donon dewaron parr eek iftatahi hotaa hay juu oopar waalay khaanon kay maqamat kay mutabiq hotaa hay. bucks kay neechey kay hasoon mein cristal lamp aur kansol breaket shaamil haine jabkah bucks kay saamney kii reling mein sweeg bartan aur chemio pattern hotay haine. pinal waalay khambe bikson kuu eek dosray say alg kartay haine bikson kay oopar braah raast eek chhotay say antablature kii himayat kartay haine. harr chhotay antablature mein eek tutaa hawaa pediment hotaa hay jiss mein eek bartan kay saath scroll hotay haine. pediment kay oopar khwatin kay dewanay maqamat kay saath colonet haine juu oopar kii taraf auditorium kay ard gird kay antablature takk phailay hoay haine. deegar design khususiyat. khaanon kay saath eek chapta procenium mehraab hay juu iftatahi kay donon taraf bansari waalay aainak plaster kay saath saath oopar eek antablature parr mushtamil hay. antablature mein aadam tarz kaa freez hotaa hay. mehraab kay oopar eek dewaar kay saath eek lonait pinal hay jiss mein eek mazhabi manzar dikhaya gayaa hay jiss mein afsanvi kirdaar haine. jabb theater banaya gayaa thaa tuu procenium kay iftatahi hasay kuu chodaa paimaish kay toor parr biyaan kiyaa gayaa thaa. iftatahi kay peeche stage 100 fitt chodaa aur 35 fitt gehra thaa jiss mein gardiron lamba thaa. stage kay saamney mojud archistra kaa garhay 48 afraad kuu fitt kirr saktaa hay. beek stage parr 20 dressing room thay juu 150 funkaron kuu adjust karnay kay qaabil thay saath hyee saath eek jodaa kors "rest romaz" aur eek rehearsal room bhee thaa. chhat mein itraaf kii dewaron parr kamar kay walt hotay haine juu pasliyon say plaster wark kii sajawat kay saath alg hotay haine. auditorium kay saamney eek circler gunbad hay juu aaraishi bendon say gharaa hawaa hay jiss mein markazi tamghe say eek cristal fanoos latka hawaa hay. gunbad kay peeche chhat kuu aadam tarz kay plaster wark kii sajawat kay saath penals mein taqsim kiyaa gayaa hay. pachli balkoni kay oopar aaraishi bend aur takniki booth opening kay saath eek nasf gunbad hay. aiyar conditiong vents chhat mein rakhay gayey haine. tareekh. times squire 1900 aur great depression kay darmiyan baday paimanay parr theater production kaa markaz bunn gayaa. alwan theater baad kay theaters mein say eek thaa juu afsardagi say pehley banaya gayaa thaa. theater kaa naam iss kay asl operators kay pehley naamon kaa imtazaaj thaa: aleks aey. aaronz (1891-1943) aur winton friedly (1891-1969). donon afraad kaa taaluq fladelfia say thaa. aaronz musical comedies kay producer thay jabkah friedly "waahid braad way producer thay jinn kaa naam soshal register mein darj thaa". inn mardon nay 1923 yaa 1924 mein sharakat daari qayem kii thee leakin inhon nay sarf 1933 takk eek saath kaam kiyaa. 1983 say iss kaa naam neel saaiman (1927-2018) kay naam parr rakhaa gayaa hay juu braad way kay sabb say ziyadah shandar dramah nigaaron mein say eek haine. neel saaiman kuu netherlander tanzim chalati hay. tarqi aur ibtadayi saal. januri 1927 mein alegzender pankas aur ayem. eel. gold stone nay libanon steat corporation say 244-254 vest 52 wein strait parr sights khareedein jiss mein saait parr eek jayez theater tayaar karnay kaa mansubah hay. pankas nay pehley laang acker aur imperial theater tayaar kiye thay. iss nay aur gold stone nay theater kii 14 laakh ddaalar kii laagat kuu fund karnay kaa mansubah banaya. asee mahinay pankas nay neoyork stee department aaf buildings kuu iss jagah parr eek theater kay liye mansubay paish kiyay jasay herbert jay nay design kiyaa thaa. crape. pankas aur gold stone nay theater kii tameer kay liye eek aam muahidah awo day construction company kuu diyaa juu maarch karti hay. aktobar 1927 takk aaronz aur friedly nay theater kuu lease parr lay liyaa thaa aur jaarj aur airaa gairshon kay musical "fenny fees" kuu stage karnay kaa mansubah banaya thaa jiss mein fried aur edeal estair nay adakari kii thee. alwan 22 nomber 1927 kuu "mazhakah khaiz chehrey" kay saath khola gayaa vovo yaha show 250 performans takk chalaa. dee neoyork times" kay theater nqad broks atkansan nay likhaa: "agar" mazhakah khaiz chehrah "kumm dilkash hotaa tuu saamayin kay paas nayey theater kii tareef karnay kay liye ziyadah waqat hotaa." alwan kii pehli chand musicals nasbata mukhtasir thein. 1928 mein theater nay gairshon musical "treaser garal" kii mezbani gairtroad larns kay saath kii. agarcha musical nay sabb say ziyadah 6 ddaalar kaa daakhlah liyaa phir eek bay misaal qeemat iss nay bund honay say pehley 69 performans kaa intezam kiyaa. iss kay baad theater guild kii "europ parr wangaz" kii tayari thee juu maartan beek theater say muntaqil how gayee. aaronz aur friedly kuu januri 1929 mein theater parr 570,000 ddaalar kaa rehan qarz milaa. rodders aur haart musical "spring az hair" iss maarch mein ailon mein khola gayaa aur iss mein 104 performans hoyee. eek aur raadar aur haart musical "sarr uthao!"yee iss nomber mein 144 karkardgi kay runn kay liye alwan mein khola gayaa. 1930 mein aithal marmeen nay gairshoanz kii "garal kareez" say braad way mein apnaa aaghaz kiyaa jiss mein 272 performans thein. aaronz aur friedly nay iss apreel mein alwan aur iss kay neechey kii zameen khareed lee. pankas aur gold stone operation. pankas aur gold stone nay mayee 1932 mein namalum wajuhaat kii banaa parr alwan kay operations kaa iqtedar sanbhaal liyaa. iss saal theater nay yujeen awo neel kay dramay "soog bunn jaataa hay electra" kay saath saath jairom curran kii mausiqi "hawaa mein mausiqi" kii muntaqli kii mezbani kii. khilaadi mayee 1933 mein "ankal tomm keeban" kii apnee tayari kuu alwan mein lay aayey. yaha dramah atnaa maqbool thaa kahh asay iss kay asl eek haftay kay runn say duu haftay pehley badhaa diyaa gayaa. asee saal meks weel anderson kaa healen heez kay saath "meeri aaf scott lend" kaa aaghaz hawaa. friedly nay 1934 mein alwan mein cole porter kii musical "kachh bhee jaataa hay" tayaar kiyaa jiss mein marmeen waleem gexton victor morr aur viveen wens shaamil thay. yaha 420 performans kay liye chalaa. 1930 kii dahayi kay wast takk alwan theater aur padosi guild (abb agast walasan) theater theater distrikt kay shamaal kay maqamat thay juu abb bhee jayez shoz kii mezbani kartay thay. gairshoanz kay americi lock opera "porgi aind bees" kii asl production aktobar 1935 mein alwan mein sharoo hoyee. jabkah "porgi aind bees" 124 performans kay baad alwan mein bund hawaa iss kii bahaali ziyadah kamiyab saabat hoyee. iss kay baad aktobar 1936 mein porter kii "reed hott aind blue" kay saath marmeen aur jamee dorantay kii 181 performans jaari rahee. alwan nay 1930 kii dahayi kay aakhir mein rodgers aur haart kay duu musical kii mezbani kii. "mein theek bolon gaa" jaarj ayem kay saath khill kirr kahaa. 1937 mein kohaan 289 performans kay liye dodtay huay aur "dee boyez fraam cyracuse" 1938 mein kholi gayee juu 235 performans takk qayem rahee. 1940 kii dahayi mein alwan kii pehli production faroori 1940 mein "dee teaming aaf dee sharo" kaa eek mahdud runn thaa jiss kaa stage funsh releaf fund kay liye adakari karnay waalay joday alfared lint aur linn fontein nay kiyaa thaa. iss apreel mein lint aur fontein raabart ayee mein shaye hawaa. sharr wode kaa dramah "koyee raat nahein hogi"yee juu 1940 kay wast mein eek doray kay saath kayee maheenon takk chalaa. aglay saal alwan nay airaa gairshon mous haart aur curt weel kay nafsiyati theem waalay musical "leady inn dee daark" kii mezbani kii. iss mein gairtroad larns kii khususiyat thee iss mein 467 performans thein. ailon nay porter kay musical "ladkon kay liye kachh" kii mezbani januri 1943 mein aithal marmeen kay saath kii juu 422 performans mein nazar aayey. "ladkon kay liye kachh" mausiqi kay "jeek paat" kay liye raastah bananay kay liye bund hawaa jiss nay 67 performans chalayi. 1944 aur 1945 mein alwan kii production ziyadah tarr fouri nakamiyan thein jinn mein "healen goz tuu trayee"yee "dee fayer braand aaf fluorance"yee aur "haali wode peena four" shaamil haine. ziyadah kamiyab betty commedan adolf grain aur mortan gold kii musical "blain ddaalar beebi" thee juu 1945 kay aakhir mein kholi gayee aur 200 performans takk jaari rahee. see bee aiss kii malkit kalmeen operation. dasambar 1945 takk broadcast neet wark see bee aiss studio kay toor parr istemaal kay liye alwan khareedne kay liye baath cheet kirr rehaa thaa keunkah qareebi hammerstein kay theater mein see bee aiss kii lease khatam honay waali thee. howard aiss. kalmeen, juu hammerstein kaa maalik thaa iss theater kuu jayez istemaal mein waps karnay kaa aradah rakhta thaa. see bee aiss nay faroori 1946 mein 825,000 ddaalar mein alwan kharida. iss joone mein see bee aiss nay kalmeen say hammerstein kuu mazeed paanch saal kay liye lease parr deenay parr ittefaq kiyaa jabkah kalmeen nay see bee aiss say ailon kuu lease parr deenay aur iss kay bajaye wahaan production paish karnay parr ittefaq kiyaa. asee saal alwan nay ingered bergamin seem waana macker aur romani brent kay saath "joaan aaf laureen" kii mezbani kii. iss kay baad 1947 mein "life wad faadir" dramah aayaa juu dosray theater say muntaqil how kirr apnee 3224 performans runn kaa ikhtatam hawaa. jaarj bernard shaa kaa dramah "meen aind spir meen" iss aktobar mein alwan mein khola gayaa aur faroori 1948 mein muntaqil hawaa. iss kay foraa baad thamas haggen aur joshwa logan kii mazahiya "mister roberts" hunry fonda kay saath juu 1,157 performans takk chalee. kalmeen aur see bee aiss nay 1951 mein hammerstein aur alwan kuu mazeed teen saal kay liye tabdil karnay kaa faislah kiyaa jiss say pehley waalay kuu studio kay toor parr istemaal kiyaa jaa sakay aur dosray kuu jayez dramon kay liye istemaal kiyaa jaa sakay. iss saal alwan mein teen shoz khill gayey: sudney kangazli "dopahar kuu andhera" bajata hay musical "brokleen mein eek darkhat agtaa hay"yee aur paal osborn "point aaf noow return". "point aaf noow return" kay baad dasambar 1952 mein review "toz company" nay 22 saalon mein apnee pehli braad way paishi mein bait ddios kay saath leakin yaha sarf 90 kay qareeb performans takk jaari rahee. aglay saal naarman karasna kii mazahiya "coind sarr" meeri maartan aur charlis boir kay saath alwan mein khill gayee. musical "dee golden apple" apreel 1954 mein aaf braad way say alwan mein muntaqil hawaa juu kill 173 performans kay liye chull rehaa thaa. iss saal kalmeen kay lease kii tajdid say pehley herold aarlan aur tromin kipotay musical "house aaf flowers" buck kiyaa gayaa thaa jiss say yaha zahir hotaa hay kahh alwan aur hammerstein kay lease dobarah tabdil kirr diye jayein gay. "house aaf flowers" balaakhir dasambar 1954 mein khola gayaa aur 165 performans kay liye chalaa. airaa leone kii mazahiya film "noow tyme faar sargents" aglay saal sharoo hoyee juu duu saalon mein 796 performans parr chull rahee thee. theater nay 1950 kii dahayi kay aakhir mein kayee muatadil kamiyab productions kii mezbani kii jinn mein musical "awah kaptaan!"1958 mein aur 1959 mein" "pehley taasraat" ". iss kay alawah jairom rabanz nay apnay raqs kay khususi" "belay yuu" "kuu coreograph kiyaa.aiss.aey."1958 mein aur mausiqi kii" "ghantiyan bujj rahee haine" "iss saal shobert say alwan mein muntaqil kirr dee gayee. stall aur raak tyme malkiyat. see bee aiss nay 1959 mein alwan kuu meks aur stenly stall kuu farokhat kirr diyaa juu padosi hellinger theater kay maalik bhee thay. stalls nay jaldi say alwan kay liye eek nayey meniger kii khidmaat haasil kein. 1960 mein theater nay musical "grain velo"yee ddaans trope lees bails africanz aur sarmayi baagh say musical "vest side story" kii muntaqli kii mezbani kii. carolin lee aur sayee colman musical "wild cate" nay iss dasambar mein loseel baal kay saath sharoaat kii jiss nay wahaan apnee waahid braad way zahiri shakal banayi. 1961 mein musical "armaa laa dose" playee mouth say alwan mein muntaqil hawaa. aglay saal stephan sundheim bert shivilo aur leeri jail baart kaa musical "forum kay raastay mein eek mazhakah khaiz cheez waaqa hoyee" khill kirr 967 performans kay liye chull rehaa thaa. aktobar 1962 mein chalnay waali "eek mazhakah khaiz cheez" kay doraan lester osterman (46 wein strait aur awo neel theaters kay maalik) nay alwan kuu paanch saal kay liye lease parr diyaa. hugg maartan aur temothy giray kii musical comedy "hayee spirts"yee batterace lalee aur teamy grimes kay saath 1964 mein kholi gayee aur 367 performans kay liye chalayi gayee. mory shivilier apreel 1965 mein alwan mein eek maah taweel solo show "maarees shivilier aett 77" kay liye nazar aayey. iss kay baad aglay mahinay "flawara dee reed waarim" aayaa jiss mein leza mineli nay braad way parr apnaa aaghaz kiyaa. "flawara dee reed haarm" aur aglay kayee shoz nasbata kumm chull paaye. inn shoz mein musical "dee airling" (1965)yee "yaha eek parindah hay" shaamil thay... yaha eek tayarah hay... yaha spir meen hay "(1966)yee" dunner aett aett "(1966)yee aur" sheeri!"(1967). rockfeeler center kii tarqiyati zeeli company raak tyme incorporated. ailon kuu jolayi 1967 mein osterman say iss kay agent konrad methayi kay zariye kharida gayaa. badlay mein raak tyme nay rockfeeler center kay qareeb play house theater farokhat kirr diyaa jasay manhadam kiyaa jaana thaa. tomm stapard kaa dramah "rosenkrantz aind guldinistern aar deed" aktobar 1967 mein alwan mein khola gayaa juu duu theaters mein kill 421 performans kay liye chalaa. iss kay baad 1968 mein howard seckler kaa dramah "dee great waait hoop" jaims aral jonaz aur jaine alegzender kay saath aayaa jiss mein 557 performans thein. iss kay baad dee alwan nay stephan sondheim/jaarj farth musical "company" kii asl production kii mezbani kii jiss kaa premier 1970 mein hawaa aur aglay duu saalon kay doraan sarf 700 say ziyadah performans chalayi gayein. iss kay baad chand mukhtasir runn huay jinn mein "mauli" (1973) aur "dee fredam aaf dee stee" (1974) shaamil haine. alwan kii agli kamiyabi musical "shinandwah" thee juu 1975 mein kholi gayee aur muntaqli say pehley duu saal takk rahee. jolayi 1974 takk methayi nay theater kay rehan qarz parr default kirr diyaa thaa aur bowari seeving benak nay foreclosure mein alyon haasil kirr liyaa thaa. iss kay baad theater kuu 12 laakh ddaalar mein farokhat kay liye rakhaa gayaa. netherlander kii malkiyat. 1970 aur 1980 kii dahayi. netherlander tanzim nay 1975 mein alwan haasil kiyaa aur mahal yurees aur broks atkansan kay baad yaha maqaam khaandaan kaa chotha braad way theater bunn gayaa. iss farokhat mein 100,000 ddaalar nqd aur 1.16 millin ddaalar kaa rehan qarz shaamil thaa. ainee" kii asl braad way production 1977 mein kholi gayee aur muntaqli say pehley paanch saal takk jaari rahee. 1981 aur 1982 mein agli paanch musical mukhtasir thein. "chhota shahzadah aur hawaa baaz" "paish nizarah kay doraan bund how gayey jabkah" "khushi say humm saath chaltay haine"yee "chhota jaanee jonz" kiyaa seeyah pattent chamday kay jotay waaqee zahir hotay haine? "yee aur" saat bhayiyon kay liye saat dulhan "harr eek duu hafton say bhee kumm arsey kay baad bund how gayee. luttle prince" kay prodiosaron kay saath saath "luttle jaanee jonaz" (juu iftatahi raat kuu bund hawaa) kay prodiosaron nay 1986 mein netherlanders parr kamiyabi say moqhadhima dayer kiyaa iss bunyaad parr kahh company nay donon shoz kuu ghair munsifana toor parr bay dakhal kirr diyaa thaa. alwan kaa aglaa naan flaap "aap kay baazo khadaa kay saath baaks karnay kay liye behat chhotay thay" jiss mein ill grain aur peeti leebal thaa juu satambar 1982 mein khola gayaa. "neel saaiman kii yujeen taree mein pehla dramah "bryton beach memories" maarch 1983 mein alwan mein khola gayaa. netherlands kay logon nay 29 joone 1983 kuu jald hyee theater kaa naam badal kirr saaiman rakh diyaa. iss kaa naam badalnay kaa "bryton beach memories" say koyee taaluq nahein thaa. netherlands kay logon nay 1982 mein theater kaa naam badal kirr saaiman kay naam parr rakhnay kii paishkash kii thee leakin dramah nigaar nay iss waqat ankaar kirr diyaa thaa. neel saaiman dosray dramah nigaar thay jinn kay naam parr eek braad way theater thaa marhum yujeen awo neel kay naam parr aur pehley zindah dramah nigaar juu iss qadr muaziz thay. theater community kay arkaan nay izhaar kiyaa kahh alwan kaa naam garshuan kay naam parr rakhaa jaana chahiye thaa vovo iss naam kaa itlaaq yurees theater parr kiyaa gayaa thaa. iss kay baad jairi ventrob nay 1984 mein neel saaiman theater kay operation mein eek hasah kharida. asee kay saath neoyork stee landmarks preservation commission (eel pee see) nay 1982 mein neel saaiman kuu eek tarikhi maqaam kay toor parr tahfuz deenay parr ghoor karnaa sharoo kirr diyaa thaa jiss parr aglay kayee saalon takk baath cheet jaari rahee. eel pee see nay teen theaters kay maalkaan kay aiterazat parr agast 1985 mein neel saaiman ambasder aur warjiniya (abb agast walasan) theaters kay agwade kuu ambasder aur neel saaiman kay androni hasoon kay saath nishanaat kay toor parr namzad kiyaa. neoyork stee board aaf estimate nay dasambar 1985 mein tarikhi namzadgiyon kii tausiq kii. "bryton beach yaadein" kay baad 1985 mein yujeen taree mein eek aur dramah "beloksi blues"yee aayaa. aglay saal musical "into dee light" neel saaiman mein khola gayaa juu chh performans kay baad bund hawaa. noyal coward kaa dramah "bulth spirt" maarch 1987 mein neel saaiman mein khola gayaa. theater nay dramay kay sataron mein say aike geraldeen paij kuu kharaaj tehseen paish kiyaa juu dodh kay doraan hyee inteqal kirr gayey. comedian mort saahil nay iss aktobar mein mahdud paishi kii aur aglay mahinay dramah "breaking dee code" kaa aaghaz hawaa. neel saaiman nay joone 1988 mein duu awo neel dramon kay ahya kii mezbani kii "raat mein dunn kaa taweel safar" aur "aah bayaban!"(colin deversit aur jaisan rubardz donon kay saath)yee neo yark kay pehley beenn alaqwami festival aaf arts kay hasay kay toor parr. iss saal kay aakhir mein keenee logans nay neel saaiman mein kachh concert khelay. 1989 kay awail mein neel saaiman kay liye duu musicals kaa aalaan kiyaa gayaa thaa vovo "senitor juu" paish nizarah kay doraan bund how gayaa aur "dee tower aaf babble" mein paish nizarah bhee nahein thaa. iss kay baad tensi waleems kaa dramah "aarfiyas desending" satambar 1989 mein paish kiyaa gayaa. iss waqat kay aas paas eel pee see nay iss baaray mein samaat kii thee kahh aayaa slorestein kii jayedadon kay zariah tayaar kardah hotal kuu neel saaiman kay oopar say cantlever kiyaa jaa saktaa hay. 1990 aur 2000 kii dahayi. roos say taaluq rakhnay waalay ddaan kazakis kay eek ddaans grop nay januri 1990 mein neel saaiman mein mahdud mangani kii thee asee aktobar mein comedian jeeki mession nay apnee solo seerez "balkal nayee" kaa aaghaz kiyaa juu aath maah takk jaari rahee. maarch 1992 mein inn kay naam kay theater mein eek aur saaiman dramah "jaiks weeman" kaa aaghaz hawaa jiss mein milay jalay isteqbal kay darmiyan 245 performans hoyee. aglay nomber mein dich production "neel saaiman mein kholi gayee juu 137 performans takk jaari rahee. hutt vest aind musical "dee raiz aind faal aaf luttle waais" mayee 1994 mein neel saaiman mein kholi gayee juu sarf eek haftay kay baad bund hoyee. iss kay baad nomber 1994 mein besiya aur mayee 1995 mein lauri anderson kay mausiqaron kay concert kay saath saath nomber 1995 mein deaney gainz kii mahdud performans. rodders aur hammerstein musical "dee king aind aayee" kuu 1996 mein bahaal kiyaa gayaa. king aind aayee "aarthar miller kay dramay" aey view fraam dee barj "kay liye raah bananay kay liye 1998 kay awail mein bund hawaa juu agast 1998 takk jaari rehaa. neel saaiman nay 1998 kay aakhir mein raqs kay khususi" swaan leek "kii mezbani kii saath hyee saath natali merchant kay eek concert aur 1999 mein musical" dee scarlet pampral "kay nazar saani shadah warzan kii mezbani kii. 2000 kay awail mein neel saaiman mein musical "dee music meen" kaa ahya juu 2001 kay aakhir takk jaari rehaa. "dee music meen" runn kay doraan comedian mendy patkan nay eek yuu laanch kiyaa.aiss. neel saaiman mein eek concert kay saath 10 satambar 2001 kuu dorah karein. eline straich kaa winn weeman show "eline straich aett liberti" phir faroori 2002 mein neel saaiman mein premier hawaa. "eline straich aett liberti" kii bandash kay baad neel saaiman kuu iss kii agli masrufiyat kii tayari mein 1,328 nashaston say badhaa kirr mamkanah 1,467 kirr diyaa gayaa: musical "hair spri"yee juu agast 2002 mein kholi gayee. "hair spri" nay theater kay liye house record qayem kiyaa juu 2009 kay aaghaz mein bund hawaa. raaban waleems kuu apreel 2009 mein neel saaiman mein apnaa comedy torr "khood tabahi kay hathiyar" anjaam deena thaa leakin iss nay sarjari kay baad apnee mangani mansukh kirr dee. iss kay bajaye "raag tyme" kaa ahya buck kiyaa gayaa jiss kaa aaghaz nomber 2009 mein hawaa. "raag tyme" washington ddee kay canady center mein haasil kii gayee kamiyabi kuu dohranay mein nakaam rehaa.see.yee 57 performans kay baad januri 2010 mein bund hawaa. 2010 say lay kirr maujudah takk. mausiqar hairi konk juniyar. jolayi 2010 mein neel saaiman mein iss kii mahdud karkardgi thee. iss kii maujudgi 2011 kay album kay liye record kii gayee thee. concert "neel saaiman mein iss aktobar mein sharoo hawaa 2011 kay aaghaz mein broks atkansan mein muntaqil hawaa. musical" keach mee agar aap kirr saktay haine "apreel 2011 mein khola gayaa 170 performans kay liye chull rehaa thaa. yasua maseeh spir staar" kaa ahya maarch say jolayi 2012 takk neel saaiman mein chalaa iss kay baad iss saal kay aakhir mein qaleel madti musical chalaa. iss kay baad 2013 kay awail mein neel saaiman kay liye andrev leepa musical "bugg fash" buck kiyaa gayaa thaa leakin theater iss saal kay beshtar hasay kay liye tareek rehaa keunkah "bugg fash" kahein aur perform kirr rahee thee. "bugg fash" sarf aktobar say dasambar 2013 takk chalayi gayee. iss kay baad duu asee tarah kay mukhtasir runn hoay: raabart shenkin kaa dramah "aal dee way" maarch say joone 2014 takk aur sting kaa musical "dee laast ship" aktobar 2014 say januri 2015 takk. frederk laway aur ailaan jay learner kii musical "geegi" kaa ahya apreel 2015 mein neel saaiman mein sharoo hawaa sarf duu maah baad show bund honay kay liye. jolayi 2015 mein netherlands kay baashindon nay neel saaiman kay oopar ghair istemaal shadah fazayi haqoq 8.9 millin ddaalar mein farokhat kirr diye. kharidar eek tarqiyati consortium thay juu kayee blocks kay fasilay parr eek hotal tameer kirr rahay thay. iss saal kay aakhir mein jadogaron nay neel saaiman mein eek mahdud dodh kay liye eek jaduyi show paish kiyaa. andrev lyde webar kii hutt musical "cates" kaa ahya agast 2016 mein neel saaiman mein khola gayaa aur aglay saal kay aakhir takk jaari rehaa. tony kashnar kaa dramah "angels inn america" phir maarch 2018 mein teen maah kay liye khola gayaa. musical "dee cheer show" iss dasambar mein khola gayaa aur agast 2019 takk chalaa aur waham nigaar 2019 kay aakhir mein apnay jaduyi show "chhatiyon kaa jaado" kay liye waps aayey." dee cheer show" bund honay kay baad ayem jay dee musical "2020 kay wast kay liye neel saaiman mein buck kiyaa gayaa thaa. tahim neo yark shehar mein coved-19 wabayi amraz kii wajah say neel saaiman nay duu saal takk eek aur show kii mezbani nahein kii. theater dasambar 2021 mein "ayem jay dee musical" kay paish nizarah kay saath dobarah khola gayaa juu bazabtah toor parr faroori 2022 mein khola gayaa. "ayem jay" nay 2022 mein theater kaa baaks aafs record duss baar toad diyaa haal hyee mein yakam januri 2023 kuu khatam honay waalay haftay kay doraan jabb musical nay $2,223,069 kamayi. qaabil zakar production. productions kuu inn kii pehli karkardgi kay saal kay lahaaz say darj kiyaa jaataa hay.

fffdaf4ae6b454da68996d48a62a426ef7cd6277a337f0620ed68e5183d1c1b4

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28741243

Ulmu, Transnistria

Ulmu, Transnistria Ulmu (; ) is a commune in the Rîbnița District of Transnistria, Moldova. It is composed of three villages: Lîsaia Gora (Лиса Гора, Лысая Гора), Ulmu and Ulmul Mic (Мала Ульма, Малая Ульма). It has since 1990 been administered as a part of the self-proclaimed Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic. Notes. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

ulmu, transnistriya ulmu (;) aee transnistriya, moldovana ribnita jeellama aavelu aek samudaay chhe. teey trana gaamadaaothi banelu chheh lisa goraa (lisa goraa, lisa goraa), ulmu aneey ulmul mike (maalaa ulemaa, malaya ulemaa). 1990 thee teey swa-ghoshit prednestrovian moldevian prajasattak (pii. aema. aar.) naa aek bhaag tareeke sanchaalit karvaamaa aave chhe.

ulmu, transnistria ulmu (;) transnistria, moldova key ribnita jile mein ack samudaay haye. yeh teen gaanvon seey banaa haih lissa goraa (lissa goraa, lissa goraa), ulmu aur ulmul mike (mallah ulma, myala ulma). yeh 1990 seey swa-ghoshit prednestrovian moldwian ganarajya (pee. aim. aar.) key ack hisse key roop mein prashaasit kiya jaa rhaa haye.

ulmu, transnistriya ulmu (;) haah moldovachya transnistriyachya ribnita jilhyatil eka samuday aahe. heey teen gavanni banalele aaheh lisa gora (lisa gora, lisa gora), ulmu aanee ulmul mike (maalaa ulema, malaya ulema). 1990 pasoon swaghoshit prednestrovian moldavian prajasattakacha (pii. emm. aar.) eka bhag mhanoon yache prashasana kele jaat aahe.

ulmu, transnistria ulmu (;) transnistria, moldova dey ribnita zilhe witch ikk kamioon haii. ih tinn pindan naal baniaa haiyav lisa goraa (lisa goraa, lisa goraa), ulmu atey ulmul mike (maala ullam, maala ullam). iss noon 1990 toon sway-ghoshit prednestrovian moldevian ganraj (pee. aimm. aar.) dey ikk hisse vajon chalaiaa jaa riha haii.

ulmu, transnistria ulmu (;) iti moldova-rajyasya transnistria-nagarasya ribnita-mandale sthitah samudayah asti. asya trayah graamaah santi-lisaa goraa (lisaa goraa, lisaa goraa), ulmu, ulmul maik (maalaa ulemaa, maalaa ulemaa). 1990 tamaat varshaat swaghoshitasya prednestrovian-moldavian-ganarajyasya (pi. emm. aar.) bhagarupena asya prashasanam prachalati.

ulmu, transnistria ulmu (улму;) enbathu maldovavin transnistriavin ribnita maavattaththil ulla oru commune aagum. idhu moontru kiraamangalaik kondullathuh liza kooraa (liza kooraa, liza kooraa), ulmu mattrum ulmul maik (maalaa ulema, malaya ulema). idhu 1990 muthal suyamaaga bridenestrovian moltavian kudiyarasin (pii. emm. aarr) oru paguthiyaaga nirvagikkappadukirathu.

fffdaf55e974384a292bb6365acc9823b25e01845449dcfd88604f041e3ec9db

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24075595

Zbytiny

Zbytiny Zbytiny () is a municipality and village in Prachatice District in the South Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 400 inhabitants. Zbytiny lies approximately south of Prachatice, west of České Budějovice, and south of Prague. Administrative parts. Villages and hamlets of Blažejovice, Koryto, Skříněřov, Spálenec and Sviňovice are administrative parts of Zbytiny. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

jadebeatini jadebeatini () hoise chek gonorajyor dokhyin bohemian oncholor prastis jilaar ekhon pouroxobha aaru gaau. iyat pray 400 john baxinda aase. jebitini prakatisor pray dokhyine, cheske budejuvisor poschime aaru praguwer dokhyine owosthito. proxaxonik ongxo. blazezubhais, kuritu, scranyrov, spanek aaru swibhinubhaisor gaau aaru bostibur jwitinir proxaxonik ongxo.

jadebyteny jedbytini () check projatontrer dakkhin bohemian anchaler prachatis jelara ekti pourosobha ebong grama. ekhane pray 400 john basinda royeche. jedbytini prachtiser pray dakkhine, seske budezoviser poschime ebong prager dakkhine abosthito. proshashonik ongsho. blazezovis, corito, screenave, spelleneck ebong swinivicer grama ebong gramguli gbtnir proshashonik ongsho.

zbitini zbitini () aee check prajasattakna dakshin bohemian pradeshmaa pracatis jeellama aaveli nagarpalika aneey gaam chhe. aheen lagbhag 400 rahevasio rahe chhe. zbitini prakatisni lagbhag dakshinma, české české pashchimma aneey praagnee dakshinma aavelu chhe. vahivati bhaago. blazejovis, corito, scranerov, spaneck aneey swinovisnaa gaamo aneey gaamadao zbitini vahivati bhaago chhe.

zbitini zbitini () check ganarajya key dakshin bohemian kshetra mein prachatis jile mein ack nagarpalika aur gaanv haye. yahaan lagbhag 400 nivasi rahate hain. zbitini pracatis key lagbhag dakshin mein, české budéjovice key paschim mein aur praag key dakshin mein sthit haye. prashaasnik bhaag. blazezovis, corito, screnerov, spaneck aur swinovis key gaanv aur bastiyaan zbitini key prashaasnik bhaag hain.

jhbitani jhbitiniyu () jhek ganarajyada daksina bohemian pradeshada prachatise jilleya ondu purasabheyagide mattu graamavaagide. idu sumaru 400 nivasigalannu hondide. jhbitiniyu prachatisena sumaru dakshinakke, sike budejovisna paschimakke mattu pragna dakshinakke ide. aadalitaatmaka bhagagalu. blazezovis, corito, screenov, spaleneck mattu swinovisna gramagalu mattu gramagalu jhbitiniya aadalitaatmaka bhaagagalaagive.

zbitini zbitini () hii check prajasattakachya dakshin bohemian pradeshatil prachatis jilhyatil eka nagarpalika aanee gaav aahe. yethe sumare 400 rahivasi aahet. zbitini heey prakatisachya andaje dakshines, seske budejovischya paschimes aanee pragchya dakshines aahe. prashasakeey bhag. blazejovis, corito, screnerov, spaleneck aanee swinovis hii gave aanee vastya zbitiniche prashasakeey bhag aahet.

jhbitini zbytiny () check ganatantrako dakshin bohemian kshetrako prachatis jillako nagarpalika rar gaaun how. yahan karib 400 zana basobas garchhan. jhbitini prachatisko lagbhag dakshinma, seske budejobhisko paschimma rar pragko dakshinma awasthit chha. prashasanik bhagharu. blazejovis, corito, screenerov, spaneck rar sbhinobhiska gaaunharu rar bastiharu zbitinica prashasanik bhagharu hun.

jedbitinee Zbytiny () heuchhi check ganarajyara dakhina bohemian anchalara prachatis jillara eka pourapalika ebong gramm . ehara janasankhya pakhapakhi 400. jwitinee prachatisara praiah dakhinare, seske budejovisra paschimare ebong pragra dakhinare abasthita . prashasanika ansha. blejejovis, corito, screenerov, spellenic ebong swinobhis rahr gramm ebong bastibasi heuchhanti gbtnira prashasanika ansha .

zabitini zabitini (сетитини) check ganraj dey dakkhni bohemian khetar witch prechtis zilhe witch ikk nagarpalika atey pind haii. iss dey lagbhag 400 vasneek hunn. zabitini pracatis dey lagbhag dakkhan witch, sesk budejovis dey pachham witch atey praag dey dakkhan witch sathit haii. parshaski hisse. blazezovis, corito, screenrove, spellenek atey swinovis dey pind atey pind zabitini dey parshaski hisse hunn.

zbitiny zbitiny (сетитини) check-ganarajyasya dakshina-bohemian-pradeshasya prachatais-mandale sthitah nagarapalika, graamah cha asti. atra praayah 400 janaah nivasanti. zbitiny prachtais ityasya dakshinadishi, seske budejovis ityasya paschimadishi, praag ityasya dakshinadishi cha asti. prashaasanikabhaagaah. blazejovis, corito, screnerov, speleneck, swinovis ityete graamaah, graamaah cha zbitiny-pradeshasya prashaasanik-bhagaha santi.

jibitini Zbytiny () enbathu seck kudiyarasin therku bohemian piraanthiyaththil ulla prosatise maavattaththil ulla oru nagaraatchi mattrum kiraamamaagum. ingku sumar 400 paer vasikkintranar. jpittini thoaraayamaaga prosadisine therkae, seske pudejovisin maerkae mattrum piraaguvin therkae amainthullathu. nirvaagap pakuthikal. plagejovis, corito, skrinrov, spalenech mattrum swinovis aagiya kiraamangal mattrum kundrugal jpittiniyin nirvaagap paguthigalaakum.

zbitini zbitini () anedi check republickloni dakshina bohemian praantamlooni praachatais jillaalooni oka municipality mariyu graamam. ikkada sumaru 400 mandhi nivaasitulu unnaaru. zbitini praachataisku dakshinaana, sike budejovisku paschimaana mariyu praagku dakshinaana undhi. paripalana bhagalu. blazezovis, corito, skrinov, spaleneck mariyu swinovis gramalu mariyu gramalu zbitini yokka paripalana bhagalu.

zebitini zebitini () jamhuria cheek kay janubi bohemin elaqay mein waaqa zalaa prochtees kii eek baldiyah aur gaaon hay. iss kii aabadi taqriba 400 hay. zebitini taqriba prochtees kay janub mein seeske budyozwais kay maghrab mein aur prago kay janub mein waaqa hay. intezami hasay. blazijovis coreto screenof spallinic aur swinovees kay gaaon aur bastiyan zebitini kay intezami hasay haine.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=49469850

Kwun Tong Promenade

Kwun Tong Promenade Harbourfront park in Kwun Tong, Hong Kong Kwun Tong Promenade is an urban waterfront park in Kwun Tong, New Kowloon, Hong Kong. The first and second stages of the promenade, opened in 2010 and 2015 respectively, comprise the first open space project of the Kai Tak Development. The promenade is about one kilometre in length. It overlooks the Kwun Tong Typhoon Shelter and sits beneath the Kwun Tong Bypass. History. The site of the promenade was formerly occupied by the Kwun Tong Public Cargo Working Area, which was home to many waste paper recycling businesses. The cargo area was reduced in size in 2009 to make way for the first phase of the promenade, a 200-metre long section near the ferry piers. This section opened to the public on 16 January 2010. The existing Hoi Bun Road Sitting-out Area, south of the Kwun Tong Promenade, was built by the Urban Council in 1982. After the new promenade opened in 2010, this existing sitting-out area was reconstructed to adopt the same architectural style. In addition, a dry weather flow interceptor (DWFI) belonging to the Drainage Services Department was demolished and moved underground. This was completed in December 2013. The DWFI would have otherwise served as a barrier between the Kwun Tong Promenade and the Hoi Bun Road Sitting-out Area. The reconstruction of the sitting-out area was completed in 2014, effectively extending the promenade about 80 metres southward. The waste paper recyclers in Kwun Tong protested the closure of the public cargo working area. The government responded that there was adequate space at other cargo areas in Tuen Mun, Rambler Channel, and Chai Wan and encouraged them to relocate. The public cargo working area was fully decommissioned in December 2011. The promenade was subsequently extended by 750 metres to the north, to a total length of about one kilometre. This second stage opened on 27 May 2015. Musical fountain. A musical fountain opened on 22 April 2021. It was built under the Signature Project Scheme, under which the Hong Kong government provided grants for the implementation of projects recommended by district councils. The musical fountain was proposed by the fourth term of the Kwun Tong District Council. It was endorsed by the council in 2015. The HK$50-million cost of the fountain was widely criticised, and the project was called a "white elephant" by some residents and district councillors. A poll by the pro-Beijing political party DAB reported that 85 per cent of residents supported the project, while a 2015 poll by the Kowloon East Community Concern Group reported the opposite result, finding that 85 per cent of respondents opposed it. The government cited the DAB poll in seeking the project's approval from the Legislative Council (LegCo). Funding for the project was approved by LegCo in November 2018. The 2019 district council elections, which took place against the backdrop of the 2019–20 pro-democracy protests, saw the pro-democracy camp take control of 17 of the 18 councils, including Kwun Tong District Council. During its first meeting, the council passed a motion calling on the government to halt the project. The government's secretary for home affairs Lau Kong-wah refused an invitation to the council and refused to send representatives of his department, and stated that the project would go ahead as planned. Pro-democracy council members suggested that if the project could not be halted, the musical fountain could play "Glory to Hong Kong" and be surrounded by such features as a permanent Lennon Wall and a Speakers' Corner. However, the project was implemented by the government without any such changes. In addition to the fountain, the site includes "three interactive wet play zones equipped with sensory devices" and an "amenity lawn". Part of the fountain was closed for repairs a day after opening as "too many children came to play", thereby damaging the pavers. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

kuwun tong bhromon kuwan tong prominade hoise hongkongro niu kaulunor kuwan tongot thoka ekhon nogoriya jolaxoy udyan. krome 2010 aaru 2015 sonot mukoli koraa podojatrar prothom aaru dwitiyo porzayot kaai taak unnoyonor prothom mukoli sthan prokolpo ontorbhukto aase. ei podojatrar doirghyo pray ek kilometer. ee kuwan tong typhoon aasroyostholor faale soku furai aaru kuwan tong baipasor tolot owosthito. itihax. ei podojatrar sthantu purbote kuwun tong rajohuwa kargu kargur dwara dokhol koraa hoisil, zo 'too bohutu aworjona kagoj punor byowoxayor sthan aasil. 2009 sonot feri piyaror usorot 200 mitter dighol ongxotur baabe poth prostut koriboloi kargu elekatur aakar hraax koraa hoisil. ei khondotu 2010 sonor 16 januaryt jonoxadharonor baabe mukoli koraa hoisil. 1982 sonot nogor porixode kuwun tong podojatrar dokhyine thoka bidyoman hui bonn road sitting-out elekatu nirman korisil. 2010 sonot notun podojatra mukoli huwar pisot, ei bidyoman bohi thoka elekatu eke sthapotyo xoili grohon koriboloi punor nirman koraa hoisil. iyar uporiu, niskaxon xewa bibhagor ontorgoto etaa xukan botoror prowahor baadha (dwfi) bhangi bhupristholoi sthanantor koraa hoisil. eitu 2013 sonor disembor maahot xompurno hoisil. onyotha diwfiye kuwun tong podojatra aaru hui bonn road bohi thoka oncholor maajot ek baadha hisape kaam korisil. bohi thoka thaikhonor punor nirman 2014 sonot xompurno hoisil, pholoproxubhabe pray 80 mitter dokhyinoloi podojatra xomproxaron korisil. kuwun tongor aworjona kagoj punorbyowoharkarixokole rajohuwa kargu karjyokori eleka bondho korar protibad jonaisil. sorkare uttor disil je tuane muno, rembler senel aaru saai waanor onyanyo kargu oncholot porzapto thaai aase aaru teulukok sthanantor koriboloi utxahito korisil. 2011 sonor disembor maahot rajohuwa kargu karjyokori elekatu xompurnorupe bondho koraa hoisil. poroborti xomoyot ei podojatrar doirghyo 750 mitter uttoroloi briddhi koraa hoisil, muth doirghyo pray ek kilumeteroloi. ei dwitiyo porzaytu 2015 sonor 27 mey 'too mukoli koraa hoisil. xongitor fuwara. 2021 sonor 22 aprilot etaa xongitor fuwara mukoli koraa hoisil. iyak swakhyor prokolpo aasonir odhinot nirman koraa hoisil, jaar odhinot hongkong sorkare jilaa porixodor dwara poramorxo diya prokolpoxomuh rupayonor baabe onudan prodan korisil. kuwun tong jilaa porixodor soturtho karzokalot xongitor fuwarar prostab diya hoisil. 2015 sonot porixode iyak onumudon jonaisil. fuwaratur 50 nijut dollar byoyor byapok xomaluchona koraa hoisil, aaru kisuman baxinda aaru jilaa porixodor dwara ei prokolpotuk "bogaa haati" buli kuwa hoisil. beijingponthi rajnoitik doll daabor ek xomikhyat prokax paise je 85 xotangxo baxindai ei prokolpok xomorthon korisil, aanhate 2015 sonot kaulun isto community concerences groope koraa ek xomikhyat iyar biporit folafolor kotha ullekh koraa hoisil, zo "too dekha goisil je 85 xotangxo uttordatai iyar birudhita korisil. sorkare bidhan porixodor (legoku) poraa prokolpotur onumudon bisari daab poo 'lor uddhriti disil. 2018 sonor novembor maahot legokur dwara ei prokolpor baabe puji prodanor onumudon diya hoisil. 2019 sonor jilaa porixod nirbasonot, ji 2019-20 gonotontroponthi protibador potobhumit onusthito hoisil, gonotontroponthi xibire kuwun tong jilaa porixodoke dhori dhori porixodor bhitorot bhitorot niyontron grohon koraa dekha goisil. prothom boithokot porixode sorkarok prokolpotu bondho koriboloi aahban jonai ek prostab grihit kore. sorkaror griho porikroma xosibo laau kong-waahe porixodoloi aamontron nakoch korisil aaru teur bibhagor protinidhixokol pothiyaboloi oswikar korisil, aaru koichil je prokolpotu porikolpona onuxori aagbarhibo. gonotontroponthi porixodor xodosyoxokole poramorxo disil je jodi prokolpotu bondho koribo nuwari, tente xongitor fuwaratuwe "hongkongko gourob" dibo paare aaru iyak sthayi lenon dewal aaru boktaxokolor kunor dore boixistyore aaguri thakibo paare. obosye, sorkare ene kunu poriworton nuhuwakoi ei prokolpotu rupayan korisil. fuwarar uporiu, ei sthanot "xongbedonxil xojulire xojjito tinita antohkriyaxil bhija khelor onchol" aaru etaa "xubidhar lonn" ontorbhukto aase. bohut xixu kheliboloi aahisil" buli khular edinor pisot fuwarar etaa ongxo meramotir baabe bondho kori diya hoisil, jaar folot pebharbur khyotigrosto hoisil.

kuyun tong podocharona kuyun tong promenade hongkongyer neu kaulun-err kuyun tonge abosthito ekti shahure joladhar uddan. jothakrome 2010 ebong 2015 saale khola eyi podojatrar prothom ebong dwitiya porjaye kaai tuck unnoyoner prothom unmukto sthan prokolpo royeche. eyi podojatrar doirgho pray eka kilometres. etty kuyun tong typhoon ashrayasthalke upekkha korey ebong kuyun tong baipaser niche abosthito. itihas. prominader sthanti purbe kuyun tong public cargo working elaka dwara dokhol koraa hoyechilo, jaa onek borjyo kagaj punorbyoboharer byabosar abashsthol chhilo. 2009 saale ferry ghaater kachhe 200 mitter deergho ongsher prothom porjayer jonno rasta toiri korar jonno ponnosombharer elakati akare hrass koraa hoyechilo. 2010 saaler 16ee januari eyi bibhagti jonosadharoner jonno unmukto koraa hoy. kuyun tong podocharonar dakkhine vidyaman hui bonn road seat-out elakati 1982 saale nogor porishod dwara nirmito hoyechilo. 2010 saale notun podocharona kholar porey, eyi vidyaman seat-out elakati ekoi sthapotto shaili grohon korar jonno punarnirman koraa hoyechilo. echhadao, nishkashon porisheba bibhager ontorgoto ekti shushko abhawa probaho interceptor (dwfi) venge bhugorbhostho koraa hoy. etty 2013 saaler decembere somponno hoyechilo. onnothai dabludabluefai quan tong podocharona ebong hui bonn roader bosar jaigar modhye ekti badha hisabe kaaj koroto. 2014 saale bohirbibhager punarnirman somponno hoy, karjokorbhabe pray 80 mitter dakkhin dike prominade prosarito korey. kuyun tonger borjyo kagaj punorbyoboharkarira jonosadharoner ponnosombhar kormokkhetro bondho korar protibad korechilo. sarkar protikriya jaanaay jey tuen moone, rambler channel ebong chaay waner anyanno ponnobahi elaka porjapto jaiga royeche ebong taader sthanantorito hotey utsahito korey. 2011 saaler decembere public cargo working elakati sampurnarupe nishkriya koraa hoyechilo. porobortikale eyi podocharonati uttore 750 mitter prosarito koraa hoyechilo, moat doirgho pray eka kilometres. eyi dwitiya porjayti 2015 saaler 27shhey meey shuru hoy. sangiter jhorna. 2021 saaler 22shhey april ekti sangiter jhorna khola hoy. etty swakkhar prokolpo prokolper adhine nirmito hoyechilo, jaar adhine hongkong sarkar zela porishod dwara prostabito prokolpo bastobayoner jonno anudan pradan korechilo. kuyun tong zela porishder choturtho meyade eyi sangiter jhornati prostab koraa hoyechilo. 2015 saale council etty anumodan korey. jhornar 50 million markin dollar kharach byapokbhabe samalochito hoyechilo ebong kichhu basinda ebong zela councillor eyi prokolpotike "saadaa haati" boley abhihito korechilen. beijingponthi rajnaitik doll daaber ekti joripe bolla hoyeche jey 85 shotangsho basinda eyi prokolpoke samarthan korechen, onnodike 2015 saale kaulun east community udweg gosthir ekti joripe biporito folafol pawa geche, jekhane dekha geche jey 85 shotangsho uttordata err birodhita korechen. sarkar aain porishod (legco)-err kachh theke prokolper anumodan cheye dub poler uddhriti diyeche. 2018 saaler novembore legco eyi prokolper jonno arthayan anumodan korey. 2019 saaler zela porishod nirbachan, jaa ganatantrapanthi bikkhover prekkhapote onusthito hoyechilo, ganatantrapanthi shibirti kuyun tung zela porishod soho 18tii counciler modhye modhye niyantran niyechilo. prothom boithoke council prokolpoti bondho korar jonno sarkarer proti ahoban janiye ekti prostab pusses korey. sarkarer swarashtra sachib lau kong-oyah counciler amantran prottakhyan corren ebong taanr bibhager protinidhider pathate aswikar corren ebong bollen jey prokolpoti parikalpana anujayi egiye jaabe. ganatantrapanthi counciler sadasyara poramorsho diyechilen jey, jodi prokolpoti bondho naa koraa yaay, tobey sangiter jhornati "hongkongyer gaurab" boye aante paare ebong ekti sthayi lennon prachir ebong ekti boktader koner moto baisishtya dwara beshtito hotey paare. tobey, sarkar eyi dharaner konao poriborton chharai prokolpoti bastobayon korechilo. jhorna chharao, eyi sthane "sangbedanshil jontropati diye sajjito tinti interactive vija khelar anchal" ebong ekti "aramdayak lonn" royeche. onek beshi shishu khelte esechilo" boley kholar ekdin porr jhornar ekti ongsho meramoter jonno bondho korey deoa hoy, jaar foley peverguli khotigrosto hoy.

kwoon tong sahelgaah kwoon tong sahelgaah aee kwoon tong, nyu kauloon, hongkongma aek shaheri waterfront paark chhe. anukrame 2010 aneey jyaare kholvaamaa aavela sahelgaahnaa pratham aneey beeja tabakkama, kaai taka vikasna pratham khulla avkaash projectno samaavesh thaay chhe. sahelgaahnee lambai lagbhag aek kilometer chhe. teey kwoon tong typhoon aashrayne juae chhe aneey kwoon tong baypasni neeche bese chhe. itihas. sahelgaahnee jagya agau kwoon tong jaaher malvahak kaary vistaar dwara kabaje karvaamaa aavee hatee, jeey ghanaa kacharaana kaagalna recycling vyavasaayo maatenu ghar hatoo. pherii thambhalaao najik 200 meater laambaa bhaag, sahelgaahnaa pratham tabakka maate maarg banaavvaa maate 2009 maan malvahak vistaarnu qada ghatadvama aavyu hatoo. aaa vibhag 16 january january roj jaaher janata maate kholvaamaa aavyo hato. kwoon tong sahelgaahnee dakshine haalno hoi bunn rooad bethak vistaar, vistaar shaheri parishad dwara banavvama aavyo hato. hato navo sahelgaah kholyaa pachhi, aaa haalnaa bethak vistaarne samaan sthapatya shailee apnaavvaa maate punnirman karvaamaa aavyo hato. vadhumaa, drainage services department saathe sankalaayel dry vedhar flow interceptor (dwfi) neey todee padvama aavyu hatoo aneey bhugarbhma khasedvama aavyu hatoo. aaa december december purn thayu hatoo. anyatha aaa dwaffee kwoon tong sahelgaah aneey hoi bunn rooad bethak-bahaarnaa vistaar vachche avrodh tareeke kaama karatu hota. bethak-bahaarnaa vistaarnu punarnirmaan 2014 maan purn thayu hatoo, jeey asarkarak reete lagbhag 80 meater dakshin tarafnaa sahelgaahne vistare chhe. kwoon tongma kacharaana kaagalna recycleroae jaaher malvahak kaary vistaar bundh karvaano veerodh karyo hato. sarkaare javaab aapyo keey tuen muun, rambler chenal aneey chaai vaanmaa anya malvahak vistaroma puratee jagya chhe aneey temne sthalaantar karvaa maate protsaahit karyaa. december december jaaher malvahak kaary vistaarne sampurnpane nishkreey curry devaamaa aavyo hato. tyarbad sahelgaahne uttarmaa 750 meater sudhee lambavvama aavee hatee, jeey coole lagbhag aek kilometres lambai hatee. aaa beejo tabakko 27 meey meey roj sharoo thayo hato. sangeetmay fuvaaro. 22 april april roj aek sangeetmay fuvaaro kholvaamaa aavyo hato. teey hastakshar yojnaa hethal banavvama aavyo hato, jeey hethal hongkong sarkaare jilla parishado dwara bhalaaman karaayela projectnaa amalikaran maate anudaan purun paadyu hatoo. kwoon tong jilla parishadna chothaa kaarykaad dwara sangeetnaa fuvaaroni darkhaast karvaamaa aavee hatee. tene jyaare council dwara samarthan aapvama aavyu hatoo. aaa fuvaaraani 50 million dollarni keematni vyaapak teeka karvaamaa aavee hatee aneey ketlaak rahevasio aneey jilla councillaro dwara aaa projectne "safed haathee" kahevama aavyo hato. beijing tarafee raajkeey paksh daab dwara karvaamaa aavela aek sarvekshanmaa janavama aavyu chhe keey 85 takaa rahevasioae aaa projectne teko aapyo hato, jyaare jyaare kauloon purv samudaaynaa chinta juthe karelaa sarvekshanmaa vipareet parinam aavyu hatoo, jemaa jaanvaa malyun hatoo keey 85 takaa uttardataoae teno veerodh karyo hato. sarkaare aaa projectne vidhaan parishad (legako) pasethi manjuri melavaa maate daab polno havaalo aapyo hato. aaa project maate bhandolne november november legako dwara manjuri aapvama aavee hatee. hatee jilla parishadni chuntanio, jeey 2019-20 lokshaahi tarafee virodhni prushthbhumima thaee hatee, temaa lokshaahi tarafee shibirae kwoon tong jilla parishad saheet saheet 17 parishado parr niyantran melavyu hatoo. tenee pratham bethak darmiyan, parishade projectne rokvaa maate sarkaarne bolaavato prastaav pasaar karyo hato. sarkaarnaa gruh babtonaa sacheev laau cong-vaahe parishadne aamantran aapvaano incar karyo hato aneey temnaa vibhagna pratinidhione mokalvaano incar karyo hato aneey janaavyu hatoo keey project aayojan mujab aagad vadhashe. lokshaahi tarafee parishadna sabhyoae soochavyu hatoo keey jooe projectne roqee naa shakaay, too sangeetmay fuvaaro "hongkongnu gaurav" bhajvi shake chhe aneey kaayamee lennon diwal aneey vaktaona khoona jevee suvidhaothi gheraayelo hoi shake chhe. joke, aaa project sarkaar dwara aavaa koee ferfaro vinaa amalmaa mukvaamaa aavyo hato. fuvara upraant, aaa sthalmaa "samvednatmak upkaranothi sajj trana interactive veta play zoan" aneey "sukhaakaari lonn" noow samaavesh thaay chhe. fuvaaro kholyana aek divas pachhi samarkam maate bundh karvaamaa aavyo hato kaaran keey "ghanaa badhaa baadako ramvaa maate aavyaa hataa", jenaathi paversne nuksan thayu hatoo.

kwun tong sairgah kwun tong sairgah kwun tong, nyu kauloon, hangkang mein ack shahari tata udyaan haye. kramshah 2010 aur 2015 mein khole gaye sairgah key pahale aur dusare charan mein kaaee taka vikas kii pahali khuli antariksh pariyojana shamil haye. sairgah kii lambai lagbhag ack kilometres haye. yeh kwun tong typhoon aashray koo dekhta haye aur kwun tong bipass key neeche sthit haye. itihas. sairgah key sthaan parr pahale kwun tong saarvajanik malvahak kaary kshetra kaa kabja thaa, joe kaee apashisht kagaj punarchakran vyavsaayon kaa ghar thaa. nauka ghaaton key paas 200 meater lambe khand, sair key pahale charan key liye raasta banaane key liye 2009 mein malvahak kshetra koo aakar mein cumm curr diyaa gayaa thaa. yeh khand 16 janwari 2010 koo janata key liye khol diyaa gayaa. kwun tong sairgah key dakshin mein maujooda hoee bunn sadak baithane vaale kshetra kaa nirmaan 1982 mein shahari parishad dwara kiya gayaa thaa. 2010 mein nae sairgah key khulane key baad, iss maujooda baithane vaale kshetra kaa punarnirmaan usee vastukala shally koo apanaane key liye kiya gayaa thaa. isake alawa, jall nikasi seva vibhaag seey sambandhit ack shushk mausam pravaah avarodhak (dee. doubleu. aff. aaee.) koo dhwast curr diyaa gayaa aur bhoomigat curr diyaa gayaa. yeh disambar 2013 mein puuraa huaa thaa. anyatha yeh kwun tong sairgah aur hoee bunn sadak key baithane vaale kshetra key beach ack baadha key roop mein kaam kartaa. baithane vaale kshetra kaa punarnirmaan 2014 mein puuraa kiya gayaa thaa, joe prabhaavi roop seey lagbhag 80 meater dakshin kii or sair kaa vistaar kartaa haye. kwun tong mein apashisht kagaj recyclers ney saarvajanik malvahak kaary kshetra koo bund karane kaa virodh kiya. sarkaar ney jawab diyaa kii tuen munn, rambler channel aur chaay vaan mein anya malvahak kshetron mein paryaapt jagah haye aur unhein sthanantarit karane key liye protsaahit kiya. disambar 2011 mein saarvajanik malvahak kaary kshetra koo poori tarah seey bund curr diyaa gayaa thaa. sairgah koo baad mein uttar mein 750 meater taka badhaa diyaa gayaa thaa, jisaki kull lambai lagbhag ack kilometres thee. yeh doosara charan 27 maee 2015 koo khola gayaa. sangeet kaa fawwara. 22 aprail 2021 koo ack sangeetmay fawwara khola gayaa. ise hastakshar pariyojana yojana key tahat banaaya gayaa thaa, jisake tahat hangkang sarkaar ney jilaa parishadon dwara anushansit pariyojanaon key karyanvayan key liye anudan pradaan kiya thaa. sangeetmay fawware kaa prastaav kwun tong jilaa parishad key chauthe karyakal dwara kiya gayaa thaa. parishad ney 2015 mein iska samarthan kiya thaa. fawware kii 50 million dollar kii laagat kii vyaapak roop seey aalochana kii gaee thee, aur kuchh nivaasiyon aur jilaa parshadon dwara iss pariyojana koo "safed haathi" kahaa gayaa thaa. beijing samarthak raajneetik dall daib dwara kiye gaye ack sarvekshan mein bataaya gayaa kii 85 pratishat nivaasiyon ney pariyojana kaa samarthan kiya, jabaki kauloon purvi samudaay chinta samooh dwara 2015 key ack sarvekshan mein vipareet parinam saamane aaya, jisamen paaya gayaa kii 85 pratishat uttardaataon ney iska virodh kiya. sarkaar ney vidhaan parishad (legco) seey pariyojana kii manjuri lene mein dub poul kaa hawala diyaa. pariyojana key liye vitt poshan koo navambar 2018 mein legco dwara anumodit kiya gayaa thaa. 2019 key jilaa parishad chunaav, joe loktantra samarthak virodh pradarshanon kii prishthabhoomi mein hue they, mein loktantra samarthak kheme ney kwun tong jilaa parishad sahit 18 mein seey 17 parishadon parr niyantran curr liya. apani pahali baithak key dauran, parishad ney ack prastaav paarit kiya jisamen sarkaar seey pariyojana koo rokane kaa ahwan kiya gayaa. sarkaar key grih mamalon key sachiv laau kaang-vaah ney parishad koo nimantran dene seey incar curr diyaa aur apane vibhaag key pratinidhiyon koo bhejane seey incar curr diyaa, aur kahaa kii pariyojana yojana key anusaar aage badhegi. loktantra samarthak parishad key sadasyon ney sujhaav diyaa kii yadi pariyojana koo rokaa naheen jaa sakata haye, tou sangeet kaa fawwara "hangkang key liye gaurav" kii bhoomika nibha sakata haye aur ack sthaayi lennon deewaar aur ack vaktaaon key koney jaisi visheshtaon seey ghiraa hoe sakata haye. haalaanki, iss pariyojana koo sarkaar dwara binaa kissy badalaav key lagu kiya gayaa thaa. fawware key alawa, site mein "samvedi upkaranon seey lais teen paraspar mell khaane vaale geele khel kshetra" aur ack "suvidha lonn" shamil hain. fawware key ack hisse koo kholane key ack dinn baad marammat key liye bund curr diyaa gayaa thaa kyonki "bahut saare bachche khelane aae they", jisase pavers koo nuksan pahuncha.

kwun tong vayuvihara kwun tong vaayuvihaaravu, hosa kauloon, hangkangnalliruva nagara jalmukha udyaanavanavaagide. kramavagi 2010 mattu 2015ralli tereyalaada vaayuvihaarada modala mattu eradane hantagalu kaii tock abhivruddhiya modala mukta bahyakasha yojaneyannu olagondive. ee vihaaravu sumaru ondu kilometer uddavide. idu kwun tong chandamarutada aashrayavannu kadeganisuttade mattu kwun tong bipass kelage kulitiruttade. itihaasa. ee vaayuvihaarada sthalavannu hinde kwun tong saarvajanika saraku kaarya pradeshavu aakramisikondittu, idu aneka tyajya kagadada marubalake vyavahaaragalige neleyagittu. dooni hadagukattegala bully 200 meater uddada modala hantada vayuviharakke daari maadikodalu 2009ralli saraku pradeshavannu gatradalli kadime maadalaayitu. ee vibhagavannu 2010rahra janavari 16randu saarvajanikarige tereyalaayitu. kwun tong vaayuvihaarada dakshinadalliruva haali iruva hoy bunn raste kulitukolluva pradeshavannu 1982ralli nagara mandaliyu nirmisitu. 2010ralli hosa vaayuvihaaravannu tereda nantara, adhe vastushilpa sailiyannu alavadisikollalu ee haali kulitukolluva pradeshavannu punarnirmisalaayitu. idara jotege, olacharandi sevegala ilaakhege serida ona havamana harivina tadegode (dii. doubleu. eff. aii) yannu kedavi bhoogatakke sthalaantarisalaayitu. idannu december 2013 ralli poornagolisalaayitu. illadiddare ee dabfi kwun tong vayuvihara mattu hoyi bunn raste kulitukolluva pradeshada naduve tadegodeyagi kaaryanirvahisuttittu. kulitukolluva pradeshada punarnirmanavu 2014 ralli poornagonditu, idu sumaru 80 meater dakshinakke vaayuvihaaravannu parinamakariyagi vistarisitu. kwun tangnallina tyajya kagadada marubalakedaararu saarvajanika saraku kaarya pradeshavannu muchchiruvudannu pratibhatisidaru. tuen munn, rambler channel mattu chaay vaannalli itara saraku pradeshagalalli saakashtu sthalaavakaashavide endu sarkaaravu pratikriyisitu mattu avarannu sthalaantarisalu proothsaahisitu. 2011rahra decembernalli saarvajanika saraku sagane pradeshavannu sampoornavaagi sthagitagolisalaayitu. anantara vaayuvihaaravannu uttarakke 750 meetargalashtu vistarisalaayitu, ottu udda sumaru ondu kilometer aagittu. ee eradane hantavu 2015rahra mayee 27randu praarambhavaayitu. sangeetada karanji. 2021rahra april 22randu sangeetada karanji tereyalaayitu. idannu sahi yojane adiyalli nirmisalaayitu, idara adiyalli hong kong sarkaaravu jilla mandaligalu shipharasu maadida yojanegala anushtaanakke anudaanavannu odagisitu. ee sangeetada karanjige kwun tong jilla mandaliya nalkane avadhiya prastapavittu. idannu 2015ralli mandaliyu anumodisitu. karanjige $50 million vechchavagiruvudannu vyaapakavaagi tikisalaayitu, mattu ee yojaneyannu kelavu nivasigalu mattu jilla kaunsilargalu "bili aane" endu karedaru. beijing paravaada rajakiya pakshavaada dabna samiksheyu shekada 85rashtu nivasigalu ee yojaneyannu bembalisiddaare endu varadi maadide, aadare kauloon purva samudaayada kalajiya gumpu 2015ralli nadesida samiksheyu idakke viruddhavaada phalitaamshavannu varadi maadide, idaralli shekada 85rashtu janaru idannu virodhisiddaare endu kandubandide. sarkaaravu ee yojaneya anumodaneyannu shasakanga mandaliyinda (legco) koridda samiksheyannu ullekhiside. ee yojanege 2018rahra novembernalli legco anumodane niidittu. prajaprabhutva para pratibhatanegala hinneleyalli nadeda 2019rahra jilla mandali chunavanegalalli, prajaprabhutva para shibiravu kwun tong jilla mandali seridante 18 mandaligala paiki 17rahra mele niyantranavannu padedukonditu. tanna modala sabheyalli, mandaliyu yojaneyannu nillisuvante sarkaarakke karey needuva prastaavavannu angeekarisitu. sarkaarada gruha vevahaaragala karyadarshi lau kong-vaa avaru mandalige aahvaanavannu nirakarisidaru mattu tamma ilaakheya pratinidhigalannu kaluhisalu nirakarisidaru mattu yojaneyu yojisidante munduvariyuttade endu helidaru. ee yojaneyannu nillisalu saadhyavaagadiddare, sangeetada karanji "hangkangna vaibhavavannu" pradarshisabahudu mattu shaashvatavaada lennon gode mattu speekargala mooleyantaha vaishishtyagalinda suttuvaredirabahudu endu prajaprabhutva para council sadasyaru soochisidaru. aadaagyoo, antaha yaavude badalaavanegalillade sarkaaravu ee yojaneyannu jaarige tanditu. karanji jotege, ee taanavu "samvedanaa sadhanagalannu hondiruva mooru samvadatmaka ardra aatada valayagalu" mattu "soukaryada hulluhaasu" galannu olagondide. tumba makkalu aadalu baruttiddaru", idarindaagi karanjige haniyaguvudarinda, tereyuva ondu dinada nantara riperigaagi karanji bhagavannu muchchalaayitu.

kuun tong neenthal hongongile nyoo kauloonile kwun tongilulla oru nagara theerapradesha paarkkaan kwun tong promenade. yathaakramam yathaakramam 2010lum thuranna eee yaathrayude onnum randum gattangal kaii thaku vikasanathinte aadya ooppan space project ulkkollunnu. ekadesham oru kilometer neelamaanu eee neelam. ithu kuwan tong chuzhalikkaatt abhayakendrathe avaganikkukayum kuwan tong baippasinu thazheyaayi irikkukayum cheiyunnu. charithram. niravadhi maalinya paper recycling bisinasukalude aasthaanamaayirunna kuun tong public cargo working eriya munbu eee nadattham nadathiyirunna sthalamaayirunnu. 2009ll charakk pradesham valippam kurachukondu, ferry piyarukalkk sameepam 200 meter neelamulla oru bhagamaaya promenadinte aadya ghattathinu vazhiyorukki. 2010 januvari januvari eee vibhaagam pothujanangalkkayi thurannu. 1982ll nagara kaunsil nirmmichathaanu kuun tong promenadine thekkulla nilavilulla hoyi bunn rooad sitting outtu eriya. 2010ll puthiya promenade thurannathinushesham, athe vasthuvidyaa shaili sweekarikkunnathinaayi nilavilulla eee sitting outtu eriya punarnirmmichu. koodaathe, drainage sarveesas departmentinte oru dry vethar phloo interceptar (dii. dablyu. eph. aii) polichumaatti bhoogarbhathilekku maatti. 2013 desemberil ithu poortthiyaayi. allaathapaksham eee dabfi kuun tong promenadinum hooy bunn rooad sitting outtu eriyaykkum edayilulla oru thadassamaayi pravarthikkumaayirunnu. 2014ll sitting outtu eriyayude punarnirmmaanam poortthiyaakki, ekadesham 80 meter thekkott neettuka. kuun tongile vesttu paper recyclerukal pothu charakk pravartthana mekhala adachupoottunnathil prathishedhichu. tune muun, rambler chaanal, chaay vaan ennividangalile mattu charakk pradeshangalil mathiyaya sthalamundennu sarkkar prathikarikkukayum avare sthalam maattaan prolsaahippikkukayum cheythu. 2011 desemberil pothu charakk pravartthana mekhala poornnamaayum nirthalaakki. thudarnnu vadakkott 750 meter neelam, ekadesham oru kilometer vare neelam vyapippichu. eee randaam ghattam 2015 meyy meyy aarambhichu. sangeetha jaladhara. 2021 epril 22 nuu oru sangeetha jaladhara thurannu. jilla kaunsilukal shupaarsha cheiyunna padhathikal nadappaakkunnathinu hongong sarkkar graantukal nalkia signature project schemine keezhilaanu ithu nirmmichathu. kwan tong jilla kaunsilinte naalam temaanu sangeetha jaladhara nirddeshichathu. 2015ll kaunsil ithu amgeekarichu. jaladhaarayude 50 dasalaksham dollar chelavu vyaapakamaayi vimarshikkappedukayum chila thaamasakkaarum jilla kaunsilarmaarum eee padhathiye "velutha aanaa" ennu vilikkukayum cheythu. beijing anukoola rashtreeya party daabinte oru votteduppil 85 sathamaanam nivaasikalum padhathiye pinthunachathaayi report cheythu, athesamayam kauloon eest community kansar group 2015 ll nadatthiya votteduppil vipareeta phalam report cheythu, prathikarichavaril 85 sathamaanam perum ithine ethirthu. niyamanirmmaana samithiyil (legco) ninnu padhathiyude amgeekaaram thedunnathil sarkkar daab votteduppu udharichu. 2018 novemberil legco padhathikku dhanasahayam nalki. janaadhipathya anukoola prathishedhangalude pashchaathalatthil nadanna 2019 leeii jilla kaunsil thiranjeduppil, kwun tong jilla kaunsil ulppede 18 kaunsilukalil 17 ennathinteyum niyanthranam janaadhipathya anukoola camp etteduthu. padhathi nirthivekkanamennu aavasyappettu kaunsil aadya yogathil oru prameyam pasaki. sarkkaarinte aabhyantharakaarya sekrattari lau kong-vaa kaunsililekkulla kshanam nirasikkukayum thante vakuppile prathinidhikale ayaykkaan visammathikkukayum padhathi aasoothranam cheythathupole munnott pookumennu prasthavikkukayum cheythu. padhathi nirthaan kazhiyunnillengil, sangeetha jaladhaaraykk "hongonginu mahathvam" nalkaamennum sthiramaaya lennan mathilum speakerukalude moolayum polulla savisheshathakalaal chuttappedaamennum janaadhipathya anukoola kaunsil amgangal nirddeshichu. ennaal atharam maattangalonnumillaathe sarkkar padhathi nadappaakkiyathu. jaladhaaraykk purame, censory upakaranangal sajjeekarichirikkunna moonnu samvedanaathmaka eerppamulla kalisthalangalum oru sukhasoukaryamulla pultthakidiyum saittil ulppedunnu. valareyadhikam kuttikal kalikkaan vannathinaal" thurannitt oru divasam kazhinju jaladhaarayude oru bhagam attakuttappanikalkkayi adachu, athuvazhi peverukalkku kedupaadukal sambhavichu.

kwun tong sahalicha rasta kwun tong sahaliche thikan heey kwun tong, nyu kauloon, hongkong yetheel shahari tatavaril udyan aahe. anukrame 2010 aanee 2015 madhye ughadanyat aalelya sahalichya pahilya aanee dusya tappyat, kaee taka vikasachya pahilya mokalya jagechya prakalpacha samavesh aahe. sahalichi lambi sumare eka kilometer aahe. teey kwun tong chakrivadal aashraysthanakade pahate aanee kwun tong baypaschya khalee basate. itihas. sahaliche thikan purvi kwun tong sarvajanik malvahatuk kshetrane vyapale hote, jeey anek kachara kagadachya punarvaparache vyavasay karnare thikan hote. ferichya khambanjaval 200 meater lambichya bhagachya sahalichya pahilya tappyasathi marg tayar karnyasathi 2009 madhye malvahatuk kshetracha aakar qamee karnyat aala. haah vibhag 16 janewari 2010 roji janatesathi khula karnyat aala. kwun tong sahalichya dakshines vidyaman hoee bunn road baithakichya baherche kshetra 1982 madhye shahari parishadene bandhale hote. 2010 madhye naveen sahaliche thikan ughadalyanantar, tyach sthapatya shailicha avalamb karnyasathi yaa vidyaman baithakichya baherchya parisarachi punarrachana karnyat aalee. yavyatirikt, nichara seva vibhagashi sambandhit korada hawaman pravah avarodhak (dii. doubleu. eff. aay.) padnyat aala aanee bhoomigat karnyat aala. heey december 2013 madhye purn jhaale. anyatha haah doubleu. eff. aay. kwun tong sahalicha rasta aanee hoee bunn rodchya baithakichya baherchya bhagat adthala mhanoon kaam keela asata. 2014 madhye baithakichya jaagechi punarrachana purn jhaali, jyamule sumare 80 meater dakshinekade sahalicha vistar jhaala. kwun tongmadhil kachara kagadachya punarvaparkartyanni sarvajanik malvahatuk kshetra bund karnyacha nishedh keela. sarkarne uttar dile qee tuen muun, rambler channell aanee chay vanmadhil itar malavahu bhagat pureshi jaaga aahe aanee tyanna sthalantarit honyas protsahit kele. december 2011 madhye sarvajanik malvahatuk kshetra purnapane bund karnyat aale. tyanantar sahalicha vistar uttarekade 750 meetarparyant, ekoon lambi sumare eka kilometerparyant karnyat aala. haah dusra tappa 27 meey 2015 roji suru jhaala. sangitacha karanja. 22 april 2021 roji eka sangitmay karanjeche udghatan jhaale. teey swakshari prakalp yojneantargat bandhanyat aale hote, jyaantargat hongkong sarkarne jilha parishadanni shifaras kelelya prakalpanchya amalbajavanisathi anudan dile hote. kwun tong jilha parishadechya chauthya karyakalat sangitacha karanja prastavit karnyat aala hota. 2015 madhye parishadene tyala manyata dilee. karanjyachya 50 dashalaksh american dollarschya kharchavar mothya pramanavar teeka jhaali aanee kahee rahivasi aanee jilha nagarsevkanni yaa prakalpala 'pandhara hatti' mhatale. beijing samarthak rajkiy paksh dabchya sarvekshanat asey mhatale gele aahe qee 85 takke rahivashanni yaa prakalpala pathimba deela, tarr kauloon east community concern groupne 2015 madhye kelelya sarvekshanat ulat parinam nondavala, jyat 85 takke pratisadkartyanni yala virodh keela. sarkarne vidhan parishadekadun (legko) prakalpachi manjuri magtana dabb polcha hawala deela. november 2018 madhye legkone yaa prakalpasathi nidhi manjur keela hota. 2019 chya jilha parishadechya nivadanuka, jyaa lokshahi samarthak nidarshananchya parshvabhumivar jhalya, tyamadhye lokshahi samarthak shibirane kwun tong jilha parishadesah 18 paiki 17 parishadanvar niyantran midavale. aaplya pahilya baithakit, parishadene haah prakalp thambavanyachi magani karnara prastav manjur keela. sarkarchya gruh vyavhar sachiv laau kang-vaah yanni parishadeche aamantran nakarle aanee tyanchya vibhagache pratinidhi pathvanyas nakar deela aanee sangitale qee prakalp niyojit kelyapramane pudhe jaeel. lokshahi samarthak parishadechya sadasyanni suchavale qee jarr haah prakalp thambavata aala nahee, tarr sangeet karanjene 'hongkongche vaibhav' gajavale jaau shakate aanee kayamswarupi lennon bhint aanee vaktyancha kopra yasarkhya vaishishtyanni vedhale jaau shakate. matra, sarkarne asha konatyahi badalanshivay haah prakalp rabavala. karanjyabarobarach, yaa thikani "sanvedanatmak upkarananni susajj teen parasparsanvadi ole khelache kshetra" aanee "suvidha lonn" samavisht aahe. karanjecha kahee bhag ughadalyanantar eka divas durustisathi bund karnyat aala kaaran "khoop mule khelayala aalee", jyamule paversche nuksan jhaale.

kwun tong saira kwun tong sairgah kwun tong, nayan kauluna, hangkangma raheko euta sahari waterfront park how. kramashah 2010 rar 2015 maa kholieko sairako pahilo rar dosro charan, kai taak wikasko pahilo khula thaaun pariyojana samawesh gardacha. saira lagbhag ek kilometer lamo chha. yasale kwun tong typhune ashrayalai herchha rar kwun tong baipas muni baschha. itihas. sairako sthan pahile kwun tong sarvajanik cargo karya kshetradwara kabja garieko thiyo, june dherai fohor kagaj recycling wyawasayaharuko ghar thiyo. ferry ghatharu najikai 200 mitter lamo khanda, sairako pahilo charanko lagi bato banauna sann 2009 maa cargo kshetrako akar ghataieko thiyo. yo khanda 16 janawari 2010 maa janataka lagi kholieko thiyo. kwun tong sairagahako dakshinma awasthit hoi bunn road sitt-out khetra, 1982 maa sahari parishadle nirman gareko thiyo. 2010 maa nayan sairgah kholie pachhi, yo awasthit sitt-out kshetralai uhi wastukla shaili apanauna punarnirman garieko thiyo. yasabahek, jaal nikasi sewa vibhagsanga sambandhit sukhkha mausam prawaha awarodhak (didabluefai) dhwasta parieko thiyo rar bhumigat sarieko thiyo. yo december 2013 maa sampanna bhaeko thiyo. anyatha dabfile kwun tong sairgah rar hoi bunn road sitt-out khetra bichko awarodhko rupma kaam garne thiyo. baithak-bahira kshetrako punarnirman 2014 maa sampanna bhaeko thiyo, prabhawkari rupma lagbhag 80 mitter dakshintira saira wistar gariyo. kwun tongka fohor kagaj recycle garneharule sarvajanik cargo karya khetra banda gareko virodh gare. sarkarle tuena munn, rambler channel rar chaya wanka anya cargo kshetraharuma paryapta thaaun raheko bhandai uniharulai sthanantaran garna protsahit gareko thiyo. sarvajanik cargo karya khetra december 2011 maa purna rupma nishkriya garieko thiyo. pachhi sairlai uttarma 750 mitter wistar gari lagbhag ek kilometerko kull lambaima wistar garieko thiyo. yo dosro charan 27 mey 2015 maa kholieko thiyo. sangitko jharana. 22 april 2021 maa euta sangitik fohra kholieko thiyo. yo hastakshar pariyojana yojana antargat nirman garieko thiyo, jasantargat hangkang sarkarle zilla parishadle sifaris gareka pariyojanaharuko karyanwayanka lagi anudan pradan gareko thiyo. kwun tong zilla parishadko chautho karyakalle sangitik foharako prastawa gareko thiyo. yasalai sann 2015 maa parishadle anumodan gareko thiyo. foharako 50 million dollarko lagatko wyapak alochana garieko thiyo, rar yass pariyojanalai kehi basindaharu rar zilla councilorharule "seto hatti" bhaneka thie. beijing samarthak rajnitik dall dabko euta sarwekshanle 85 pratishat basindaharule yass pariyojanalai samarthan gareko report gareko chha, jabki kauluna purvi samudaya chinta samuhale sann 2015 maa gareko sarwekshanle yasako viparit parinam report gareko chha, jasma 85 pratishat uttaradataharule yasako virodh gareka chhan. sarkarle vidhan parishad (legko) batt pariyojanako swikriti magdai daab polalai uddhrit gareko chha. yass pariyojanaka lagi kosh november 2018 maa legkodwara swikrit garieko thiyo. sann 2019 ko zilla parishadko chunawa, june 2019-20 prajatantra samarthak virodhko prishthabhumima bhaeko thiyo, loktantra samarthak shivirle kwun tong zilla parishadsahit 18 wata parishadharu madhye 17 wata niyantranma lieko dekhyo. parishadko pahilo baithakma sarkarlai pariyojana rokna awhan gardai prastawa parit bhayo. sarkarka griha mamila sachiva lau kong-wahle parishadko nimantrana aswikar gare rar afno vibhagka pratinidhiharu pathauna aswikar gare rar yojanaanusar pariyojana aghi badhne batae. loktantra samarthak parishadka sadasyaharule yadi pariyojana rokna sakiena bhane, sangitik foharale "hangkangko mahima" khelna sakchha rar sthayi lennon parkhal rar waktaharuko kuna jasta suwidhaharule gherieko huna sakchha bhanera sujhawa die. tara, sarkarle kunai pani pariwartan nagari nai yo pariyojana karyanwayan gareko thiyo. foharako atirikta, cytema "sanvedi upkaranharule susajjit tean antarkriyatmak bhijeko khel kshetraharu" rar "suwidha lunn" samawesh chha. foharako euta bhag "dherai bachchaharu khelna aeka" karan kholieko ek dina pachhi marmatka lagi banda garieko thiyo, jasle garda pebharharulai kshati pugeko thiyo.

quan tonga padajatrare quan tonga promenade heuchhi quan tonga, nyu kaulun, hangakangara eka saharanchal jalapranta udyan . jathakrame 2010 ebong 2015 ray kholajaithiba padajatrara pratham ebong dwiteeja parjyajare kaai taak bikashar pratham khola sthana prakalpa antarbhukta . ehi padajatrara lumb praiah eka kilometer. ehaa quan tong typhoon aashrajasthalaku dekhuchhi ebong quan tong bipass tale basichhi . itihas. ehi padajatrara sthanati purbaru quan tonga sarbajaneena cargo karjya khetra dwara adhikruta thila, jaahaa aneka barjya kagaja punarbyabahara byabasajara ghara thila . 2009 masihare, ferry pair nikatare 200 mitter lumb eka bhaga, padajatrara pratham parjyaja paain rasta tiari kariba paain, mall paribahana khetraku aakarare hrass karajaithila. ehi bibhaga 2010 masiha januari 16 tarikhare janasadharananka paain kholajaithila. kuyun tonga padajatrara dakhinare thiba barttamanara hoi bunn road siit-out anchala 1982 ray saharanchal parishad dwara nirmita hoithila. 2010 ray nutan padajatrara kholiba parey, ehi bidyamana siit-out anchalaku samaana sthapatya sailee grahan karibaku punahnirmana karajaithila . ehaa byatita, jala nishkasana seba bibhagara eka shukhila panipaga prabaha interceptor (dwfi) ku bhangi bhugarddasthaku sthanantara karajaithila. ehaa december 2013 ray samapta hoithila. anyatha dwfi quan tonga padajatrare ebong hoi bunn road siit-out anchala madhyare eka pratibandhaka bhabare karjya karithanta . 2014 masihare basiba sthanara punahnirmana karjya sampurna hoithila, phalaswaroopa praiah 80 mitter dakhina digaku ehi padajatrara samprasarana karajaithila. quan tongare barjya kagaja punarbyabaharakareemane sarbajaneena cargo karjya khetraku banda karibaku birodha karithile. sarkar pratikrija deithile je tuen munn, rambler channell ebong chaa wanare anyanya cargo anchalare parjyapta sthana achhi ebong semananku sthanantara karibaku utsahita karithile. december 2011 ray sarbajaneena cargo karjya khetraku sampurna bhabare nishkriya karajaithila. parabarti samajare ehi padajatraku uttaraku 750 mitter brudhi karajaithila, mote dairghya praiah eka kilometer . ehi dwiteeja parjyaja 2015 masiha meey 27 tarikhare arambha hoithila. sangeeta fowaint. 2021 masiha april 22 tarikhare eka sangeeta fowaint kholajaithila, jaahaa swakhyara prakalpa yojana adheenare nirmana karajaithila, jaahaa adheenare zillah parishad dwara suparis karajaithiba prakalpagudiku karjyakaree kariba paain hangakanga sarkar anudan pradan karithile. quan tonga zillah parisadara chaturtha karjyakala dwara ehi sangeeta fowarenter prastaba diajaithila. ଦିଆଯାଇଥିଲା। parishad ehaaku anumodana karithila. ehi jharanara 50 nijuta americae dollar mulyaku byapaka bhabe samalochana karajaithila ebong keteka basinda ebong zillah kaunasilaramane ehi prakalpaku "dhalaa haatee" bolly kahithile. beijing samarthaka rajanaitika dala daab dwara karajaithiba eka sarbhe report karichhi je 85 pratishata basinda ehi prakalpaku samarthan karithibabele kaulun east community concerness group dwara 2015 ray karajaithiba eka sarbhe bipareet phalaphal report karichhi, jeunthire 85 pratishata uttaradata ehaaku birodha karichanti. sarkar ehi prakalpaku bidhan parishad (legco) thaaru anumodana magiba paain daab polaku uddhruta karithile. ehi prakalpa paain panthi navember 2018 ray legco dwara anumodita hoithila . 2019 zillah parishad nirbachana, jaahaa ganatantra samarthaka bikhyobha prusthabhoomire ghatithila, ganatantra samarthaka shibir quan tonga zillah parishad sameth 18 tii parishad madhyaru 17 tii nijantranaku neithibara dekhagala . ehara pratham baithakare, parishad prakalpaku banda karibaku sarakaranku aahwana curry eka prastaba parita karithila. sarakaranka gruha byapara sachiba laau konga-waa parishadaku nimantranaku pratyakhyana karithile ebong taanka bibhagara pratinidhimananku pathaibaku manah karideithile ebong kahithile je prakalpati yojana anujai aagaku badhiba. ganatantra samarthaka parisadara sadasyamane paramarsha deithile je jadi ehi prakalpaku banda karajaipariba naahin, tebe sangeeta fowarent "hangakangaku gauraba" pradan karipariba ebong eka sthajee lennon prachira ebong eka baktamananka kone pari baisistya dwara gheri rahiba . tebe, sarkar ehi prakalpaku kaunasi paribartana bina karjyakaree karithile. ehi fawara byatita, ehi saitare "tinoti interactive wait play john sambedanashila upakaranare sajjit" ebong eka "aaramadajaka lunn" antarbhukta . bahuta adhika pila khelibaku aasithile", jahaphalare jalaprabahara kichhi ansha maramati paain kholibara gotie deane parey banda hoijaithila, jaahaa pebhargudiku khyatigrasta karithila.

kuoon tong sair kuoon tong sairgah, kuoon tong, nioo colloon, haang kaang witch ikk shahiri waterfront park haii. kramvaar 2010 atey 2015 witch kholhe gaye sair-spaate dey pahile atey dooje padavan witch kaaee tock vikas daa pahila khullah pulad project shamal haii. sair-spaate dee lambai lagbhag ikk kilometer haii. ih kawan tong toofan panahgah noon vekhda haii atey kawan tong bipass dey hethan baithda haii. itihaas. sair-spaate dee jagha utte pahilan kuoon tong jantak cargo kaaraj khetar daa kabza see, joe kii bahut saare west paper recycling karobaran daa gharr see. saal 2009 witch samundari jahaz dey pahile padaa laee, kishti dey khambhiaan dey nede 200 meeter lambe hisse laee raah banaun laee maal khetar noon akaar witch ghataa ditta giaa see. ih section 16 janwari 2010 noon janata laee kholhiaa giaa see. maujuda hoee bunn road sitting-aaoot khetar, kuoon tong sairgah dey dakkhan witch, 1982 witch shahiri consul duaara banaiaa giaa see. 2010 witch navaan sairgah khulhan toon baad, iss maujuda baithe-bahr khetar noon use architectural shaili noon apnaun laee dubara banaiaa giaa see. iss toon ilava, drainage sevavan vibhag naal sabandhat ikk khushak mausam pravaah interceptor (dee. w. aif. aaee.) noon dhaah ditta giaa atey bhumigat qarr ditta giaa. ih dasambar 2013 witch poora hoiaa see. w. w. aif. aaee. horr taan kavun tong sairgah atey hoee bunn road dey bahr dey khetar dey vichkaar ikk rukawat vajon kamm karda. iss sairgah daa punar nirman 2014 witch poora keeta giaa see, jiss naal sairgah daa lagbhag 80 meeter dakkhan vall vistaar hoiaa see. kuoon tong witch west paper recycleran neey jantak cargo kaaraj khetar noon bnd curran daa virodh keeta. sarkaar neey jawab ditta kii tuen munn, rambler channel atey chaai vaan witch horr maal khetran witch lodindi jagha haii atey unhan noon tabdil curran laee utshahit keeta. dasambar 2011 witch jantak malvahak kaaraj khetar noon puurii tarahan bnd qarr ditta giaa see. sair-spaate noon baad witch uttar vall 750 meeter takk vadha ditta giaa see, joe kii lagbhag ikk kilometer dee kull lambai see. ih dooja padaa 27 maee 2015 noon shuru hoiaa see. sangeet daa jharna. 22 aprail 2021 noon ikk sangeetak jharna kholhiaa giaa see. ih dastkhat project yojna dey tehat banaiaa giaa see, jiss dey tehat haang kaang sarkaar neey zilha kaunsalan duaara sifarash keete projectan noon lagu curran laee grant pardan keeti see. sangeet dey jharne daa prastav kuoon tong zilha consul dey chauthe karajkal duaara ditta giaa see. iss noon consul duaara 2015 witch manzuri ditti gaee see. jharne dee 50 million dallar dee laagat dee viaapak taur 'teey alochna keeti gaee see, atey iss project noon kujh vasnikan atey zilha counselloran duaara "chitta haathi" kiha giaa see. beijing pakkhi rajneetak party daib duaara keete gaye ikk sarvekhan witch dassiaa giaa haii kii 85 pratishat vasnikan neey project daa samarthan keeta, jadon kii colloon east community chinta samooh duaara 2015 dey ikk sarvekhan witch ulat natija sahmane aaiaa, jiss witch paaiaa giaa kii 85 pratishat uttardatavan neey isda virodh keeta. sarkaar neey project dee manzuri laee vidhan parishad (legco) toon mung curran witch daib pole daa havala ditta. project laee funding noon navambar 2018 witch legco duaara manzuri ditti gaee see. 2019 deeaan zilha consul chonhan, joe kii loktantar pakkhi pardarshanan dey pichokad dey virudh hoiaan sunn, witch loktantar pakkhi camp neey 18 kaunsalan vicchon 17 daa controll aapne hatth witch lae liaa, jiss witch coon tong zilha consul vee shamal haii. aapni pahili meating dauran consul neey sarkaar noon project noon rokann dee mung kardiaan ikk mataa paas keeta. sarkaar dey grahi mamlian dey sakattar laaoo kaang-vaah neey consul noon sadda denh toon inkaar qarr ditta atey aapne vibhag dey numaindiyan noon bhejan toon inkaar qarr ditta atey kiha kii project yojna anusar agge vadhega. loktantar pakkhi consul dey memberan neey sujhaa ditta kii jey project noon rokiaa naheen jaa sakda, taan sangeet daa jharna "haang kaang dee shaan" dee khed khed sakda haii atey ikk sathayi lennon kandh atey ikk bulariaan dey coney vargiaan visheshtavan naal ghiriaa hoow sakda haii. halanki, iss project noon sarkaar duaara binan kise tabdili dey lagu keeta giaa see. jharne toon ilava, site witch "sanvedi upkarnan naal lais tinn interactive gille khed khetar" atey ikk "sahulat lyon" shamal hunn. jharne dey hisse noon kholhan dey ikk dinn baad murammat laee bnd qarr ditta giaa see kiunki "bahut saare bacche khedan aae sunn", jiss naal paivaran noon nuksan pahunchiaa see.

kwun-tong-sairaha kwun-tong-promenade iti, nyoo-kauloon-hong-kong-nagarasya kwun-tong-nagarasya nagar-jalaabhimukh-udyaanam asti. 2010 tame varshe 2015 tame varshe cha udghaatite padayatrayaha prathama-dwiteeya-charaneshu kai-taak-vikaasasya prathama-mukta-sthala-pariyojanaa antarbhavati. asya sairasya dirghata praayah ekakilomeetar asti. ayam kwun-tong-taifoon-ashrayasthanam drushtavaan, kwun-tong-baipas ityasya adhah sthitah asti. itihaasah. poorvamev kwun-tong-saarwajanik-maalavaah-karyakshetre, yatra aneke apashisht-kaagadaah punahprakriyaa-vyavasaayaah aasan, upavaasasthalam adhiniveshitam aasit. naukaayaan-dwaarasya sameepe 200 meater-deerghasya khandasya prathama-charanasya margasya nirmanartham 2009 tame varshe chara-kshetrasya parimanam nyunikrutam. ayam vibhaagah 2010 janavaree 16 dinaanke janaanaam krute udghaatitah. kwun-tong-viharasthanasya dakshinadishi vidyamaanah hoyee-bunn-margasya aasan-kshetram 1982 tame varshe nagar-parishadena nirmitam aasit. 2010 tame varshe nutanasya viharasthanasya udghaatanena anantaram, samanam vastushilpa-shaileem sveekrutya vidyamaanasya aasan-kshetrasya punarnirmanam krutam. tadatiriktam, jalanirgamanasevaavibhaagasya shushka-vaayu-pravaah-avarodhakah (dii. doubleu. ef. aii.) dhwamsah, bhoogantire cha nyavedayata. etat 2013 december-maase poornam abhavat. anyathaa, kwun-tong-viharasthanasya, hoy-bunn-margasya, upasthaanakshetrasy cha madhye, doub-fee-nadee avarodharoopen karyam karoti sma. 2014 tame varshe upavishyamaanakshetrasya punarnirmanam poornam abhavat, yena praayah 80 meater dakshinadisham yaavat pravaahe vistaarah abhavat. kwun-tong-nagare apashishtapatra-punahchakrak-udyamaah saarwajanik-maalavaah-karyakshetrasya bandhanam niraakrutavantah. tuyen-munn, rambler-chaanal, chayvan ityaadishu anyeshu maalavaahyakshetreshu paryaaptam sthalam vartate iti sarwakaarah pratyuttarm dattavaan, taan sthanantaram kartum protsaahayat. 2011 december-maase saarwajanik-maalavaah-kaaryakshetram purnataya nishkriyam abhavat. tadanantaram uttardishi 750 meater yaavat, praayah ekakilomeetar yaavat deergham yaavat, padayatrayaha vistaarah abhavat. idam dwiteeyam charanam 2015 mey 27 dinaanke udghaatitam. sangeetasy jaladhaarah. 2021 april 22 dinaanke ekam sangeeta-zarnaa udghaatitam. etat hastaakshar-pariyojanaayaah antargatam nirmitam, yasya antargatam haang-kaang-sarwakaarah mandal-parishadanam anushamsitebhyah pariyojanaayaah kaaryaanvayanaartham anudaanam pradadat. kwun-tong-mandal-parishadasya chaturtha-karyakalat sangeeta-zarnaa prastutah. 2015 tame varshe parishadena asya anumodanam krutam. zaranaayaah 50 dashalax-ech. key.-$vyayam vyaapakaroopen ninditam, tathaa cha kechan nivaasinah, mandal-councillar-ityete cha iyam pariyojanaa "shveta-gajaha" iti aahvayata. beejing-samarthak-raajanaitik-dalasya daab ityasya janamat-samikshayam 85 pratishatam nivaasinah pariyojanaayaah samarthanam krutavantah iti soochitam, kauloon-east-community-concern-group ityasya 2015 tame varshe janamat-samikshayam vipareetam parinamam praaptam, yat 85 pratishatam uttaradaatruh tasya virodham krutavantah iti. sarvakaarena vidhaanaparishadah (legko) ityanena pariyojanaayaah anumodanam praaptum daab-matadanam uddhrutya. 2018 tame varshe november-maase legko ityanena pariyojanaayaah vittaposhanasya anumodanam krutam. 2019 tame varshe janapadeey-nirvaachanam, yat 2019-20 ganatantra-samarthak-virodhasya prushtabhoomau abhavat, ganatantra-samarthak-shibiram 18 madhye 17 parishadanam niyantranam praapnot, yatra kwun-tong-mandal-parishadah api antarbhavati. prathamasabhayam parishadah pariyojanaayaah sthaganam kartum sarvakaaraay aahvaanam krutvaa prastaavam sveekrutavatee. sarvakaarasya gruhakaaryakaaryasachivah lau kong-vaahah parishadam prati nimantranm niraakrutavaan, svavibhaagasya pratinidhim preshayitum niraakarot, tathaa cha yojanaa yathaa yojanaa yathaa bhavishyati iti avadat. lokatantra-samarthak-parishadasya sadasyaah soochitavantah yat yadi iyam pariyojanaa sthagitaa naa bhavet tarhi sangeeta-srotah "haang-kaang-deshasya vaibhavam" pradadat, tathaa cha sthayee-lennon-bhittyaa, vaktru-mulaya cha etaadrushaah vaishishtyah pariveshtitum shaknoti iti. parantu, iyam pariyojanaa sarvakaarena etaadrushaah parivartanaah vinaa kaaryaanvitam. zaranaam atirichya asmin sthale "samvedanaa-upakaranaih susajjaani treeni paraspar-aardr-kridaakshetraani", "suvidhaa-udyaanam" cha santi. bahwyah baalakaah kreeditum aagataah" iti karanat, udghaatanaat ekadivasya anantaram, jaladharayaha bhaagah marammatartham bandhitah, yena paverse-kshetraani kshatigrastaah abhavan.

kuwan tung oorthip payanam kuwan tong ooduruval enbathu haangaangkin kuwan tong, neu couloonil ulla oru nagarppura neernilaip poongaa aagum. 2010 mattrum 2015 aam aandugalil muraiyae thirakkapatta inththa nadaipaathaiyin muthal mattrum irandaavathu kattangal kaii tock maempaattin muthal thiranthavezhi thittatthai ulladakkiyathu. inththa nadaipaathai sumar oru kilometer neelam kondadhu. idhu kuwan tong sooraavali thangkumidaththai kavanikkirathu mattrum kuwan tong puravalichchaalaikku keezhae amarnthullathu. varalaaru. inththa nadaipaathai munbu kuwan tong podhu sarakku panippaguthiyaal aakkiramikkappattathu, idhu pala kazhivu kaagitha marusuzharchi vanigangkalukku iruppidamaaga irunththathu. 2009 aam aandil sarakku pakuthi alavu kuraikkappattathu, idhu muthal kattamaaga nadaipaathaikku vazhi vaguththathu, idhu padaguk kambigalukku arugil 200 meettar neelamulla paguthiyaagum. inthap pirivu 2010 janavari 16 andru podhumakkalukku thirakkappattathu. kuwan tong nadaipaathaikku therkae tharpoothulla hooy punn saalai amarum pakuthi, 1982 aam aandil nagarppura councilaal kattappattathu. 2010 aam aandil puthiya nadaipaathai thirakkapatta piragu, athae kattidakkalai paaniyai pinpattruvatharkaaka tharpoothulla inththa amarum pakuthi punaramaikkappattathu. koodudhalaaga, vadikaal sevaigal thuraikku sonthamaana oru ular vaanilai oottam idaimarippu (dii. doublue. eff. aii) idikkappattu nilatthadikku maattrappattathu. idhu disambar 2013 ill mudikkappattathu. illaiyenil kuwan tong nadaipaathaikkum hooy punn saalai amarum pakuthikkum idaiyil oru thadaiyaaga irunththirukkum. amarnthirukkum paguthiyin punaramaippu 2014 aam aandil niraivadainthathu, thirampada sumar 80 meettar therku noakki nadaipaathaiyai virivupaduththiyathu. kuwan dungle ulla kazhivu kaagitha marusuzharchi seibavargal podhu sarakku panippaguthiyai mooduvathai ethirththanar. thuyen muun, rambler saenal mattrum saai vaan aagiya idangkalil ulla pira sarakku pakuthikalil poathumaana idam iruppathaaka arasaangkam pathilaliththathu mattrum avarkalai idamaattram seiya ookkuviththathu. 2011 disambaril podhu sarakku panii pakuthi muzhumaiyaaga niruththappattathu. pinnar inththa nadaipaathai vadakkae 750 meettar neelam varai neettikkappattathu, moththam oru kilometer neelam. inththa irandaavathu kattam 27 mae 2015 andru thirakkappattathu. isai neeroottru. 2021 aepral 22 andru oru isai neeroottru thirakkappattathu. idhu kaiyoppa thitta thittaththin keezh kattappattathu, idhan keezh hangaong arasaangkam mavatta kavunchilkalaal parinthuraikkappatta thittangalai seyalpaduththa maaniyangkalai valangkiyathu. kuwan tong mavatta councilin naankaavathu pathavikkaalaththaal isai neeroottru munmozhiyappattathu. idhu 2015 aam aandil councilaal angkeekarikkappattathu. inththa neeroottrin 50 million dollar selavu paravalaaka vimarsikkappattathu, maelum inththa thittatthai sila kudiyiruppaalargal mattrum mavatta kavunchilarkal "vellai yaanai" endru azhaiththanar. beijing saarbu arasiyal katchi topp nadaththiya oru karutthukkanippil 85 sathaveetha kudiyiruppaalargal inththa thittatthai aathariththathaaka therivikkappattathu, athae neraththil 2015 aam aandu couloon kilakku samooga akkaraik kuzhuvin karutthuk kanippil idharku ethiraana mudivu therivikkappattathu, pathilaliththavarkalil 85 sathaveetham paer adhai ethirththanar. inththa thittaththirku sattappaeravaiyil (leco) opputhal koorii nadatthappatta vaakkeduppai arasaangkam maerkoal kaattiyadhu. inththa thittaththirkaana nidhiyudhavi navambar 2018 ill legowal angkeekarikkappattathu. jananaayaga saarbu poaraattangkalin pinnaniyil nadaipettra 2019 mavatta council thaerthalkalil, jananaayaga saarbu mugaam kuwan tong mavatta council udpada 18 kavunchilkalil 17 paeraik kattuppaattukkul kondu vanthathu. adhan muthal koottaththin poathu, inththa thittatthai niruththumaaru arasaangkaththirku alaippu viduththa oru theermaanaththai sabai niraivaettriyathu. arasaangkaththin ullthurai seyalaalar laa cong-vaa councilukku azhaippai marutthaar, maelum thanathu thuraiyin pirathinithikalai anuppa marutthaar, maelum thittam thittamittapadi thodarum endru koorinaar. inththa thittatthai niruththa mudiaavittaal, isai neeroottru "haangkaangkirku perumai saerkkum" mattrum niranthara lennon suvar mattrum paechchaalarkalin moolaiyil poantra amsangkalaal soozhappadalaam endru jananaayaga saarbu council uruppinarkal parinthuraiththanar. eninum, aththagaiya maattrangkal ethuvum illaamal inththa thittatthai arasu seyalpaduththiyathu. neeroottrukku koodudhalaaga, inththa thalaththil "unarchchi saathanangaludan porutthappatta moontru uudaadum eeramaana vilayaattu mandalangkal" mattrum oru "vasathi pulveli" aagiyavai adangkum. pala kuzhandhaigal vilaiyaada vanthathaal" neeroottrin oru pakuthi thirakkapatta oru naall kaliththu pazhuthupaarppukkaaga moodappattathu, ithanaal bavers sethamatainthathu.

kwun tong vihaarayaatra kwun tong promenade anedi kwun tong, nyuu couloon, hangkangloni pattana jalaasayam. 2010 mariyu 2015loe varusaga praarambhinchina eee vihaarayaatra yokka modati mariyu rendava dasalu kaii tock abhivruddhi yokka modati bahiranga pradaesa prajectunu kaligi unnaayi. eee vihaarayaatra sumaru oka kilometre podavu untundi. idhi kwun tong tuphaanu aasrayaanni chustundi mariyu kwun tong baipas kinda untundi. charitra. eee vihara pradaesam gatamlo kwun tong public cargo working area dwara aakraminchabadindi, idhi aneka vyardha kaagitam recycling vyaapaaraalaku nilayam. 2009loe saruku ravana praantam parimaanamlo tagginchabadindi, idhi modati dasha vihaarayaatraku maargam sugamam cheyadaaniki, ferrie peers sameepamlo 200 meterla podavaina vibhagam. eee vibhagam 2010 janavari 16naa prajalaku terichaaru. kwun tong promenadeku dakshinaana unna hoyi bunn road sitting-avt praantaanni 1982loe pattana mandali nirminchindi. 2010loe kotta promenade praarambhinchina taruvaata, adhe nirmaana sailini avalambinchadaaniki ippatike unna eee sitting-avt praantaanni punarnirminchaaru. adanamgaa, paarudala sevala vibhaagaaniki chendina podi vaataavarana pravaaha nirodhakam (dwf) nuu koolchivesi bhoogarbhamloki taralinchaaru. idhi december 2013loe puurtayimdi. lekapothe eee dabfi kwun tong promenade mariyu hoyi bunn road sitting-avt praantam madhya avarodhamgaa panichesi undedi. kuurchunna praantam yokka punarnirmaanam 2014loe puurtayimdi, idhi daadaapu 80 meterla dakshinam vaipu promenadenu samarthavantamgaa vistarinchindi. kwun tongloni vyardha kaagitam recyclerlu praja saruku ravana pani praantaanni muusivaeyadaanni nirasinchaaru. tuen munn, rambler chaanal mariyu chaay vaan looni itara saruku ravana praantaalalo taginanta sthalam undani prabhutvam pratispandinchindi mariyu vaarini marchamani prothsahinchindi. 2011 decemberlo praja saruku ravana pani praantam puurtigaa nilipiveyabadindi. taruvaata eee vihaarayaatranu uttaraana 750 meterlu, mottam oka kilometre podavuku vistarinchaaru. eee rendava dasha 27 mae 2015naa praarambhamaindi. sangeeta founten. 22 april 2021naa oka sangeeta founten praarambhinchabadindi. idhi santakam project pathakam kinda nirminchabadindi, dheeni kinda jilla councils sifaarsu chesina prajectula amaluku hankong prabhutvam graantlanu andinchindi. eee sangeeta fountennu kwun tong jilla mandali naalugo padaveekaalam pratipaadinchindi. dheenini 2015loe council aamodinchindi. founten yokka 50 million dollarla kharchu vistrutamgaa vimarsinchabadindi, mariyu eee prajectunu kontamandi nivaasitulu mariyu jilla councillarlu "white elephant" anie pilicharu. beijing anukuula raajakeeya party dobb nirvahinchina oka pole prakaram 85 saatam mandhi nivaasitulu eee prajectuku maddatu icchaarani, ayithe couloon eest community aandolana brundam 2015loe nirvahinchina pole dheeniki viruddhamaina phalitaanni nivedinchindi, prativaadulu 85 saatam mandhi dheenini vyatiraekimchaaru. saasanamandali (legco) nundi project aamodam koorutuu prabhutvam dobb polnu udaharinchindi. eee prajectuku nidhulu 2018 novemberlo legco aamodinchindi. prajaasvaamya anukuula nirasanala nepathyamlo jarigina 2019 jilla mandali ennikalu, kwun tong jilla mandalitho sahaa 18 mandalulalo 17 mandalulanu prajaasvaamya anukuula shibiram swaadheenam chesukovadanni chushai. modati samavesamlo, eee prajectunu nilipiveyaalani prabhutvaaniki pilupunistuu oka teermaanaanni council aamodinchindi. prabhutva home vyavahaaraala karyadarshi lou kaang-vaa mandaliki ahvaanaanni tiraskarinchaaru mariyu thana saakha pratinidhulanu pampadaaniki niraakarinchaaru, mariyu pranaalika prakaram project munduku saagutundani paerkonnaaru. eee prajectunu nilipiveyakapothe, sangeeta founten "hangkangku keerti" nii andistundani, shaashwata lennon goda mariyu speakerla muula vanti lakshanaalatoo chuttumuttavachani prajaasvaamya anukuula mandali sabhyulu suuchimchaaru. ayithe, prabhutvam atuvanti maarpulu lekunda eee prajectunu amalu chesindi. fountenku adanamgaa, eee sait "indriya parikaraalatoe kuudina moodu paraspara tadi aata mandalaalu" mariyu "soukaryavantamaina pacchika bayallu" kaligi undhi. fountenlooni kontha bhaganni terichina oka roeju tarvaata marammatu kosam muusivaesaaru, endukante "chaalaa mandhi pillalu aadataaniki vacchaaru", tadwara pevarlu debbatinnaayi.

kowan tong seer kowan tong seer kaa raastah kowan tong neo coloon haang kaang mein eek shehri waater frunt paark hay. seer kay pehley aur dosray marahil juu baltarteeb 2010 aur 2015 mein kholay gayey thay kayee taak kii tarqi kay pehley khalay khalayi mansubay parr mushtamil haine. seer kaa raastah taqriba eek chlometer lamba hay. yaha kowan tong samandari toofan kii panah gaah kuu nazar andaaz kartaa hay aur kowan tong bayee paas kay neechey betha hay. tareekh. seer kay maqaam parr pehley coone tong publik kargo working airiya kaa qabzah thaa juu fazlah kaghiz kii ree cycling kay behat say karobar kaa gahar thaa. 2009 mein kargo kay elaqay kuu size mein kumm kirr diyaa gayaa thaa taakah seer kay pehley marhalay kay liye raastah banaya jaa sakay juu feeri kay gahaaton kay qareeb 200 metter lamba hasah hay. yaha section 16 januri 2010 kuu awaam kay liye khool diyaa gayaa. coone tong seer kay raastay kay janub mein maujudah hoyee bunn road kaa baahir bethnay kaa alaqah 1982 mein shehri konsal nay banaya thaa. 2010 mein nayey seer kay raastay kay khilnay kay baad iss maujudah baahir bethnay waalay elaqay kuu asee tamirati andaaz kuu apnanay kay liye dobarah tameer kiyaa gayaa thaa. iss kay alawah dranage sarosaz department say taaluq rakhnay waalay eek khashak mosami bahao interceptor (ddee dabliyo aif aayee) kuu manhadam kirr kay zeer zameen muntaqil kirr diyaa gayaa. yaha dasambar 2013 mein makmal hawaa thaa. basurat deegar yaha dabfayi kowan tong seer kay raastay aur hoyee bunn road kay baahir bethnay kay elaqay kay darmiyan rukawat kay toor parr kaam kartaa. bethnay waalay elaqay kii tameer noow 2014 mein makmal hoyee thee jiss say taqriba 80 metter janub kii taraf promenade kuu moasir tareeqe say badhaya gayaa thaa. kowan tong mein fazlah kaghiz kay ree cyclers nay awami kargo working airiya kuu bund karnay parr ahtajaj kiyaa. hukumat nay jawaab diyaa kahh taween munn rembler chinal aur chaye waan mein deegar kargo elaqon mein kaafi jagah hay aur inhein muntaqil honay kii targhib dee. dasambar 2011 mein publik kargo working airiya kuu makmal toor parr khatam kirr diyaa gayaa thaa. iss kay baad seer kuu shamaal kii taraf 750 metter takk badhaa diyaa gayaa jiss kii kill lambayi taqriba eek chlometer thee. yaha dosra marhalah 27 mayee 2015 kuu sharoo hawaa. mausiqi kaa chashmah. 22 apreel 2021 kuu eek musical fountein khola gayaa. asay dastakhti project schem kay tahat banaya gayaa thaa jiss kay tahat haang kaang kii hukumat nay zulayi konsalon kay zariye tajweez kardah mansubon kay nafaz kay liye grant farahim kii thee. musical fountein kuu coone tong distrikt konsal kii chothi madat kay zariye tajweez kiyaa gayaa thaa. konsal nay 2015 mein iss kii tausiq kii thee. fountein kii 50 millin ddaalar kii laagat parr baday paimanay parr tanqeed kii gayee aur iss mansubay kuu kachh rehaishiyon aur zulayi councillors nay "safed haathi" kahaa. beijing kii haami seyasi jamaat daab kay eek sarway mein bataya gayaa hay kahh 85 faisad rehaishiyon nay iss mansubay kii himayat kii jabkah coloon aist community concerence grop kay 2015 kay sarway mein iss kay barakas natijah saamney aayaa jiss say patah chalaa kahh 85 faisad jawaab dehandgan nay iss kii mukhalifat kii. hukumat nay qanoon saaz konsal (legco) say mansubay kii manzori maangnay mein daab poul kaa hawalah diyaa. iss mansubay kay liye maali aanat kuu nomber 2018 mein legco nay manzori dee thee. 2019 kay zulayi konsal kay intekhabat juu 2019-20 jamhuriyat nawaz muzahiron kay piss manzar mein huay mein jamhuriyat nawaz camp nay 18 mein say 17 konsalon kaa control sanbhaal liyaa jinn mein coone tong zulayi konsal bhee shaamil hay. apnay pehley ajlaas kay doraan konsal nay eek tehreek manzoor kii jiss mein hukumat say iss mansubay kuu roknay kaa mutalibah kiyaa gayaa. hukumat kay secertry baraye amoor daakhlah laao kaang waah nay konsal kuu daawat deenay say ankaar kirr diyaa aur apnay mohkamah kay numayende bhejnay say ankaar kirr diyaa aur kahaa kahh mansubah mansubah bundi kay mutabiq aagay badhay gaa. jamhuriyat nawaz konsal kay arakeen nay tajweez paish kii kahh agar iss mansubay kuu rooka nahein jaa saktaa tuu musical fountein "haang kaang kii shaan" kaa baais bunn saktaa hay aur iss kay gird mustaqil lenan waal aur speckers kaa konah jaisi khususiyat how sakti haine. tahim iss mansubay kuu hukumat nay iss tarah kii kasee tabdili kay baghair naafiz kiyaa. fountein kay alawah iss saait mein "teen intraikto gailay kheel kay zoon shaamil haine juu hasee aalat say lees haine" aur eek "sahulat kaa laan". fountein kay eek hasay kuu khoolnay kay eek dunn baad marmat kay liye bund kirr diyaa gayaa thaa keunkah "behat ziyadah bachay khelnay aayey thay"yee jiss say pevers kuu nqsan pahuncha.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6027183

Willie Brown (footballer, born 1950)

Willie Brown (footballer, born 1950) Scottish footballer William Brown (born 5 February 1950 in Falkirk) is a Scottish former professional footballer, who played as a centre forward. Willie Brown began his career as a junior at Burnley, turning professional in February 1967. His only league appearance for the Clarets came as a substitute for Dave Thomas in the 2–3 defeat away at West Bromwich Albion on 24 August 1968. In July 1969, he moved to Carlisle United on a free transfer, but was sent on loan to Barrow in September 1969, scoring once in 6 league games. He returned to Carlisle, scoring 8 goals in 19 league games that season, before leaving for Newport County in August 1970 for a fee of £1,500. He fitted into the Newport side and became a regular goalscorer, scoring 50 goals in 168 league appearances. Towards the end of the 1973–74 season, Brown found himself out of favour at Newport, joining Hereford United on loan in March 1974, scoring 6 goals in only 9 league games for the Bulls. In November 1974 he joined Brentford for a fee of £4,000, and although he scored 9 times in 16 league games he failed to settle in London and joined Torquay United in March 1975 for a fee of £5,000. His regular goalscoring soon made him a crowd favourite at Plainmoor, Brown scoring 47 goals in 139 league games before leaving league football in 1978. He was later commercial manager at Western League side Minehead, and owned a newsagents in Minehead.

willy braun (football kheluwoi, jonmo 1950) uilium braun (jonmo 5 february 1950 falkirkot) ejon scotlandor prakton pesadari football kheluwoi, ji ejon center forward hisape khelisil. 1967 sonor february maahot pesadari hoi poraa willy braune barnelir konistho hisape teur keriyar aarombho korisil. 1968 sonor 24 aagostot west bromuis elbiyonot 2-3ror porajoyot claretsor baabe teur ekmatro leeg uposthiti debh thomasor bikolpo hisape aahisil. 1969 sonor julyte, teu binamuliya sthanantorot carlis unitedoloi goisil, kintu 1969 sonor septemborot septemborot leeg khelot ebaar sko "ror kori rinot ber" loi pothiuwa hoisil. 1970 sonor aagosto maahot 1500 pound masulot niup 'rt countiloi juwar aagote, xei sijonor sijonor leeg khelot 8taa go' lo kori teu karlisoloi ubhoti aahisil. teu niup 'rtor dolot sthan laabh korisil aaru aaru leegot ongxogrohon kori 50taa go "lo kori niyomiya go" lo scorer hoi porisil. 1973-74 sijonor xexot braune niup "rtot nijoke onukulotar bahirot paisil, 1974 sonor march maahot earford unitedot rinot jugdan korisil, xaror baabe maatro maatro leeg khelot 6taa go" lo korisil. 1974 sonor novembor maahot teu brentfordot 4,000 pound masulot jugdan korisil, aaru jodiu teu teu leeg khelot khelot go "lo korisil, teu londonot sthayibhabe boxoti sthapon korat byortho hoisil aaru 1975 sonor march maahot 5,000 pound masulot torkyu unitedot jugdan korisil. teur niyomiya go" lo korar folot teu xunkalei plainmurot bhiror priyo hoi porisil, 1978 sonot leeg football eri juwar aagote aagote leeg khelot braunot 47taa go "lo korisil. pisot teu western leeg side mineheadot banijyik menezar aasil, aaru mineheadot etaa newzgentor maalik aasil.

uili braun (football kheload, jonmo 1950) uilium braun (jonmo 5 february 1950 saale falkarke) ekjon scottish praktan peshadar football kheload, jini center forward hisabe khelten. uili braun barnlete junior hisabe taanr karmajiban shuru corren, 1967 saaler februaryte peshadar hoye othen. 1968 saaler 24shhey august oyesta bromewich albione 2-3 porajoyer somoy clairtser jonno taanr ekmatro leeg uposthiti debha thomaser bikalpa hisabe esechilo. 1969 saaler julai maase, tini ekti phri transfere carlisel united-ayee choley zaan, tobey 1969 saaler septembore 6tii ligg khelay ekbar score korey riner vittite barrow-keey pathano hoy. 1970 saaler auguste 1,500 pound mulye newport kauntite yawar agey, tini seii morshume 19tii ligg khelay 8tii goal korey carlise firey asen. tini newport doley jog deena ebong 168tii lige 50tii goal korey niyamita goldata hoye othen. 1973-74 morshumer shesher dike, braun newporte nijeke pochonder baire khunje paan, 1974 saaler march maase riner upor uniteder saathe jog deena, shandder jonno matro 9 tii ligg khelay 6 tii goal corren. 1974 saaler novembore tini 4,000 pounder binimoye brentforde jog deena ebong jodio 16tii leeg khelay 9 barr goal corren, tini londone bosoti sthapon korte byartho hohn ebong 1975 saaler march maase 5,000 pounder binimoye torke united-ayee jog deena. taanr niyamita goal scoring shighroi plainmure dorshokder priya hoye othe, 1978 saale leeg football chhede yawar agey 139tii leeg khelay 47tii goal corren. porey tini western leeg side mineheade banijyik manager chhilen ebong mineheade ekti newz agenter malik chhilen.

veelee braaun (footballer, janm 1950) veeliyam braaun (janm 5 februari 1950, falkirkma) aek skotlendnaa bhutpurv vyaavsaayik footballer chhe, jeey center forward tareeke ramyaa hataa. veelee braaune temnee karkidrini sharuaat burnley khaate juniyar tareeke curry hatee, februari februari vyaavsaayik banyaa hataa. 24 august august roj vesta bromwich albian khaate khaate haarmaa clairs maate temno ekmatra leag dekhaav dave thomasna vikalp tareeke aavyo hato. julai september, teo mafat transfer parr carlisel unitedma gayaa hataa, parantu september september temne 6 leag ramatomaa aekvaar sqora kareene berone loona parr mokalvaamaa aavyaa hataa. august august 1970maan phii saathe newport kaauntii maate ravaana thataa pahelaa, teey seasonma 19 leag ramatomaa 8 goal kareene teey carlisle parat faryaa hataa. teey newport team jodaayo aneey 168 leag dekhavma 50 goal kareene niyameet goal karnaar banyo. 1973-74 seasonna anta taraf, braaun newport khaate potaani tarfenthi bahaar neekali gayo, march 1974 maan loona parr aheen jodaayo, bulls maate maatra 9 leag ramatomaa 6 goal karyaa. november november teo teo phii maate brantfordmaa jodaya hataa, aneey 16 leag ramatomaa 9 vakhat sqora karyaa hovaa chhataa teo londonma sthaayi thavama nishfal rahyaa hataa aneey march march 1975maan phii maate torke unitedma jodaya hataa. temnaa niyameet goalscoringe toonk samayma temne plainmore khaate bheedno preey banaavyo, banaavyo leag football chhodata pahelaa 139 leag ramatomaa 47 goal karyaa hataa. teo pachhithi westarn leag side mineheadma vyaapaari manager hataa, aneey mineheadma news agentnee maliki dharaavtaa hataa.

villie braun (footballer, janm 1950) villium braun (janm 5 farwari 1950 falkirk mein) ack scotish poorv peshevar footballer hain, joe ack center forward key roop mein khelate they. villie braun ney burnley mein ack junier key roop mein apane currier kii shuruat kii, farwari 1967 mein peshevar bunn gaye. 24 agast 1968 koo west bromwich albian mein 2-3 kii haar mein clairs key liye unaki ekmatra leag upasthiti dave thomas key vikalp key roop mein aaee. julaai 1969 mein, way ack muft hastaantaran parr carlisel united chaley gaye, lekin sitambar 1969 mein unhein 6 leag khelon mein ack baar score karate hue rinn parr bairo koo bheja gayaa. agast 1970 mein £1,500 key shulk parr newport county key liye ravaana honey seey pahale, vaha usa season mein 19 leag khelon mein 8 goal karke carlisley laut aae. vaha newport paksh mein fitt hoe gaye aur 168 leag pradarshanon mein 50 goal karke ack niyamit goal karane vaale bunn gaye. 1973-74 season key anta mein, braun ney newport mein khud koo paksh seey baahar paaya, march 1974 mein lone parr yahaan united mein shamil hue, bulls key liye kewal 9 leag khelon mein 6 goal kiye. navambar 1974 mein vaha £4,000 kii phees key liye brentford mein shamil hue, aur halanki unhone 16 leag khelon mein 9 baar score kiya, way landan mein basane mein whiffle rahey aur march 1975 mein 5,000 pound kii phees key liye torke united mein shamil hoe gaye. unake niyamit goal karane seey jald hii unhein plainmoor mein bheed kaa pasandida banaa diyaa, 1978 mein leag football chhodane seey pahale 139 leag khelon mein 47 goal karane vaale braun ney. way baad mein western leag side minehead mein vaanijyik prabandhak they, aur minehead mein ack samachar agent key malik they.

villie braun (football atagara, janana 1950) vilium braun (janana 5 phebravari 1950 falkirknalli) obba scottish maaji vruttipara football atagara, avaru center forward aagi aadidaru. villie braun avaru tamma vrattijeevanavannu bernlenalli junier aagi praarambhisidaru, phebravari 1967 ralli vrattipararaadaru. claretgalige avara ekaika leigh pradarshanavu august 24,1968 randu west bromwich albiyannalli 2-3 solinalli dave thamasge badaliyaagi banditu. julai 1969 ralli, avaru uchita vargaavaneya mele carlisley yunaitedge teralidaru, aadare september 1969 ralli 6 leigh atagalalli omme score maadi saalada mele byaaroge kaluhisalaayitu. avaru carlislege maralidaru, aaa rtuvinalli 19 leigh atagalalli 8 golugalannu galisidaru, august 1970 ralli £1,500 shulkakke newport kountige teraluva modalu. avaru newport tandakke serpadeyaadaru mattu 168 leigh pandyagalalli 50 golugalannu galisi niyamita golu galisidavaradaru. 1973-74 rtuvina antyada velege, braun newportnalli tannannu taanu ishtapadade, march 1974 ralli saalada mele illi yunaitedge seridaru, bulsgagi kevala 9 leigh atagalalli 6 golugalannu galisidaru. november 1974 ralli avaru £4,000 shulkakkagi brentfordge seridaru, mattu avaru 16 leigh atagalalli 9 baari score maadidaroo avaru landannalli nelegollalu viphalaraadaru mattu march 1975 ralli £5,000 shulkakkagi tarkway yunaitedge seridaru. avara niyamita golugalannu galisuvikeyu shighradalle plinemoornalli prekshakara nechchinavarannagi maaditu, 1978 ralli leigh football annu toreyuva modalu 139 leigh atagalalli 47 golugalannu galisitu. avaru nantara western leigh side mineheadnalli vanijya vevasthaapakaraagiddaru mattu mineheadnalli suddi agentgalannu hondiddaru.

villi braun (football kalikkaaran, jananam 1950) sentar forwade kalicha oru scotish muun professional football kalikkaranaanu vilyam braun (jananam 5 februvari 1950 faalkkirkkil). 1967 februvariyil professionalaayi marria villi braun, barnliyil juuniyaraayi thante currier aarambhichu. 1968 august 24 nuu vestt bromwich albionil 2-3 tholviyil dave thomasinu pakarakkaranaayi klaarettukalkkaayi addeham kalicha eaka leag malsaram. 1969 joolaiyil addeham oru free traansfaril carlisil yunaittadilekk maari, pakshe 1969 septambaril 6 leag geyimukalil orikkal score cheyth baroilek vaaypaykku ayachu. aaa seasonil 19 leag geyimukalil ninnu 8 golukal nediya addeham carlisililekku madangi, 1970 augustil 1,500 poundu feesumaayi newport kaundiyilekku purappettu. newport teamil idam nediya addeham 168 leag malsarangalil ninnu 50 golukal nedi oru saadhaarana goal scoreraayi. 1973-74 seasoninte avasaanathode, braun newportil svayam anukoolamallaathathaayi kandethi, 1974 maarchil lonil herford yunaitadil chernnu, bulsinu vendi 9 leag geyimukalil maathram 6 golukal nedi. 1974 novemberil addeham 4,000 poundinu bruntfordil chernnu, 16 leag geyimukalil 9 thavana score cheythenkilum landanil sthirathaamasamaakkunnathil paraajayappedukayum 1975 maarchil 5,000 poundinu torkway yunaitadil cherukayum cheythu. addehathinte pathiv goal scoring taamasiyaathe plainmooril janakkoottathinte priyappettathakki, 1978 ll leag football upekshikkunnathinu munbu 139 leag geyimukalil 47 golukal braun nedi. pinneedu addeham vestten leag side mineheadle vaanijya maanejaraayirunnu, koodaathe mineheadle oru nyoos ejantumaarudeyum udamayaayirunnu.

viilii braun (footballpatu, janm 1950) william braun (janm 5 februwari 1950, falkirk yethe) haah scottish majee vyavsayik footballpatu aahe, joou center forward mhanoon khelala. viilii braunane burnley yethe kanishth mhanoon aaplya karkirdichi suruvat kelee, februwari 1967 madhye vyavsayik banala. 24 august 1968 roji west bromwich albian yethe 2-3 assa parabhav jhalyanantar dave thomaschya jaagi claretsasathi tyancha ekmev leag samna aala. julai 1969 madhye, too vinamulya hastantaranavar carlisel unitedmadhye gela, parantu september 1969 madhye tyala 6 leag samnyanpaiki ekada guna midvoon barola karjavar pathvanyat aale. august 1970 madhye £1,500 shulk gheuun newport counteela jaanyapurvi, tyaa hangamatil 19 leag samnyanmadhye 8 goal karoon too karliselmadhye paratala. too newport sanghat sameel jhaala aanee 168 leag samnyanmadhye 50 goal karat niyamit goal karnara banala. 1973-74 hangamachya akheris, braunane newportmadhye swatahla napsant kele, march 1974 madhye lonvar harford unitedmadhye sameel houn, bailansathi keval 9 leag samnyanmadhye 6 goal kele. november 1974 madhye too brentfordmadhye 4,000 poundchya shulkane sameel jhaala aanee jaree tyane 16 leag samnyanmadhye 9 vela goal kele asale taree too londonmadhye sthayik honyas ayashasvi jhaala aanee march 1975 madhye 5,000 poundchya shulkasah torkey unitedmadhye sameel jhaala. tyachya niyamit goalscoringne lavkarach tyala plainmoor yethe prekshakanchi aavadati banavali, 1978 madhye leag football sodanyapurvi 139 leag samnyanmadhye 47 goal kele. nantar too western leag side mineheadmadhye vyavsayik vyavasthapak hota aanee mineheadmadhye eka news agent hota.

willy brauna (footballer, janma 1950) william brauna (janma 5 february 1950 falkirkma) ek scottish purva peshewar footballer hun, jasle centre farwardko rupma kheleka thie. willy braunle bernlyma juniyarko rupma afno currier suru gare, february 1967 maa peshewar bane. 24 august 1968 maa west bromwich albionma 2-3-harma debh thomasko wikalpako rupma clertska lagi unko ekmatra ligg upasthiti ayo. july 1969 maa, uni nih shulk sthanantaranma carlisal unitedma gae, tara september 1969 maa 6 ligg khelharuma ek patak score gardai byarolai rinama pathaieko thiyo. august 1970 maa £1,500 ko shulkama newport countyka lagi prasthan garnu aghi, uni tyas sijanma 19 ligg khelharuma 8 goal gardai carliselma farke. uni newport pakshama fitt bhae rar 168 ligg upasthitima 50 goal gardai niyamit goal scorer bane. 1973-74 sijanko antyatira, braunle newportma afulai pakshbata bahira fela parey, march 1974 maa rinama yahaanford unitedma samel bhaera, bulharuka lagi kewal 9 ligg khelharuma 6 goal gare. november 1974 maa uni £4,000 ko shulkama brentfordma samel bhae, rar yadyapi unle 16 ligg khelharuma 9 patak goal gare pani uni londonma basobas garna asafal bhae rar march 1975 maa £5,000 ko shulkama torke unitedma samel bhae. unko niyamit golaskoringle unlai chaandai plenmurma bhidko manaparne banayo, 1978 maa ligg football chhodnu aghi 139 ligg khelharuma braunle 47 goal gare. uni pachhi western ligg side mineheadma wyawasayik prabandhak thie, rar mineheadma news agentharuko swamitwama thie.

wili braun (football khelali, janma 1950) william braun (janma 5 februari 1950 phalkirkare) jane scottish purbatana pesadara football khelali, jie jane centre forward bhabare khelithile. wili braun barnlere jane juniara bhabare nijara kyariyara arambha karithile, februari 1967 ray pesadara hoithile. 24 august 1968 ray westa bromwich albian thaare 2-3 parajajare clairts paain tankara ekamatra ligg upasthiti debh thomasnka bikalpa bhabare asithila. july 1969 ray, shay eka magana sthanantarare carlisel united ku jaithile, kintu september 1969 ray baronku runare pathajaithila, 6 ligg game ray thare score karithile . shay karliselku pherithile, sehi ruture 19 tii ligg game ray 8 goal score karithile, august 1970 ray 1500 pound phis ray newport county jiba purbaru . shay newport dalare joga deithile ebong 168 tii ligg pradarshanare 50 goal score curry jane nijamita goal scorer hoithile. 1973-74 sijin sheshare, braun nyuportare nijaku pasanda karunathile, march 1974 ray runare hearford united ray joga deithile, bulls paain kebala 9 tii ligg game ray 6 goal score karithile . navember 1974 ray shay 4,000 pound dejare brentfordre joga deithile, ebong jadio shay 16 tii ligg game ray 9 thara score karithile, shay landanare sthira hebare biphal hoithile ebong march 1975 ray 5,000 pound dejare turkey junaitedare joga deithile. tankara nijamita goal scoring shighra tanku plenmurare darshakanka priya curry deithila, 1978 ray ligg football chhadiba purbaru 139 ligg game ray 47 goal score karithila. parey shay westarna ligg side mineheadre banijyika manager thile, ebong mineheadre eka nyuj agentnka malika thile .

villie baraoon (footballer, janam 1950) viliam baraoon (janam 5 farvari 1950 falkirk witch) ikk scottish sabka peshevar footballer haii, joe ikk center forward vajon khedada see. villie baraoon neey aapne carrier dee shuruat farvari 1967 witch ikk junier dey roop witch keeti, joe kii peshevar bann giaa. clerts laee uss dee iklauti leeg dee peshkari 24 agast 1968 noon pachmi bromwich albian vikhe 2-3 dee haar witch dave thoms dey badal vajon aaee. julai 1969 witch, uh ikk mufat transfer utte carlisal united chaley gaye, parr satambar 1969 witch bairo noon loane utte bhejiaa giaa, jiss witch 6 leeg geman witch ikk vaar goal keeta giaa. uh carlisal waps aaiaa, uss season witch 19 leeg geman witch 8 goal keete, agast 1970 witch £1,500 dee fees laee newport county laee ravana honn toon pahilan. uh newport team witch shamal hoow giaa atey 168 leeg maichan witch 50 goal karke ikk niyamat goal curran vaala bann giaa. season dey ant witch, braun neey newport witch aapne aap noon pasand toon bahr paaiaa, march 1974 witch loane utte itthe shamal hoow keey, baldan laee siraf 9 leeg geman witch 6 goal keete. navambar 1974 witch uh 4,000 pond dee fees naal brantford witch shamal hoiaa, atey halanki usne 16 leeg geman witch 9 vaar goal keete, uh london witch settle honn witch asfal riha atey march 1975 witch 5,000 pond dee fees naal torke united witch shamal hoow giaa. uss dey niyamat golscuring neey jaldi hii uss noon plainmoor witch bheed daa pasandida bnaa ditta, 1978 witch leeg football chaddan toon pahilan 139 leeg geman witch 47 goal keete. uh baad witch pachmi leeg side minehead witch vaparak manager see, atey minehead witch ikk news agent daa maalak see.

vilee braun (football-kreedakah, janma 1950) vilium braun (janma 5 februvari 1950 faalkirk-nagare) ekaha skaatish-poorva-vyaavasaayik-football-kreedakah asti, yah center-forward-rupena kreeditavaan. vilee braun varyaha bernley-kridaayaam kanishtaroopena swasya vruttijeevanam aarabhat, 1967 februvari-maase vyaavasaayikah abhavat. 1968 august-masasya 24 dinaanke vest bromwich albian-kridaayaam 2-3 parajaye dave thaamas ityasya vikalparupena clerts-kridaayaam tasya ekamaatrah leag-upasthitihi abhavat. 1969 julai-maase saha mukta-sthanantaranena carlisley-unated-nagaram gatavaan, parantu 1969 september-maase 6 leag-kreedaasu ekavaaram score krutvaa, baaro-kridaayaam runaroopena preshitah. 1970 tame varshe august-maase £1,500 shulken newport-kaunti-nagaram prati prasthanat poorvam, tasmin rutau 19 leag-kreedaasu 8 goals krutvaa saha carlisley-nagaram pratyagatavan. saha newport-pakshm api yojayitvaa niyamitah goal-scorer abhavat, 168 leag-pradarshaneshu 50 goal-ankaan praptavan. 1973-74 kridarutoonaam ante, braun-varyaha newport-nagare swapakshaat apreet abhavat, 1974 tame varshe maarch-maase runasya aadhaaren hairford-unated-madhye sammilitah, bulls-krute kevalam 9 leag-kreedaasu 6 goals krutavaan. 1974 tame varshe november-maase saha £4,000 shulkam praapya brentford-nagare sammilitah, yadyapi saha 16 leag-kreedaasu 9 praavashyam score krutavaan tathaapi saha landan-nagare sthaatum asaphalah abhavat, tathaa 1975 tame varshe maarch-maase 5,000 paund shulkam praapya tarkway unated-madhye sammilitah. tasya niyamita-goal-scoring ityanena saha sheeghramev plainmoor-nagare janasamoohasy priyah abhavat, 1978 tame varshe leag-football-kridaayaam 47 goal-ankitavaan, 1978 tame varshe leag-football-kridaayaam 47 goal-ankitavaan. pashchat saha western-leag-said-manhead-madhye vaanijya-prabandhakah aasit, manhead-madhye nyoos-agent-ityasya cha swami aasit.

villie pravun (kaalpandhu veerar, pirappu 1950) villiyam pravun (pipravari 5,1950 ill falkirkil piranthaar) oru skaatlaanthu munnaal thozhilmurai kaalpandhu veerar aavaar, avar oru center faarvardaaga vilaiyaadinaar. villie pravun burnleyil oru jooniyaraaga thanathu vaazhkkaiyaith thodangkinaar, pipravari 1967 ill thozhilmurai aanaar. august 24,1968 andru vest promvich albianil 2-3 thoalviyil dave thamasukku maattraaka claretsukkaana avarathu oray leak thoattram vanthathu. juulai 1969 ill, avar oru ilavasa parimaattraththil carlisley unitettukku sentraar, aanaal septumber 1969 ill 6 leak vilaiyaattukalil oru murai cole adiththu paarovukku kadanil anuppapattaar. avar carlislaketh thirumbinaar, antha paruvaththil 19 leak poattikalil 8 koolgalai adiththaar, august 1970 ill newboard kavundikku £1,500 kattanaththirku purappaduvatharku munbu. avar newboard aniyil inaikappattu, 168 leak thoattrangalil 50 koolgalai adiththu valakkamaana cole adiththa veeraraaga aanaar. 1973-74 paruvaththin mudivil, pravun newboarttil saathagamaaga illai, maarch 1974 ill cuddon meethu ingkae fordu unitetle saernthaar, kaalaikalukkaaga 9 leak vilaiyaattukalil mattumae 6 koolgalai adiththaar. navambar 1974 ill avar brendfordil 4,000 pavundugal kattanaththudan saernthaar, maelum 16 leak poattikalil 9 murai cole adiththa poathilum avar landanil kudiyaerath thavarivittaar, maarch 1975 ill 5,000 pavundugal kattanaththudan dorge unitetle saernthaar. avarathu valakkamaana cole scoring viraivil avarai blanemooril oru koottaththin viruppamaanavaraaga maattriyathu, 1978 ill leak kaalpandhai vittu veliyaeruvatharku munbu 139 leak vilaiyaattukalil 47 koolgalai adiththathu. pinnar avar merkaththiya leak pakka mineheatle vaniga maelaalaraaka irunthaar, maelum mineheatle oru seithi mugavargalai vaiththirunthaar.

villie braun (football kreedaakaarudu, jananam 1950) vilium braun (fibravari 5,1950naa falkirklo janminchaaru) oka scottish maajee professional football kreedaakaarudu, athanu center forwardga aadadu. villie braun thana vruttini burnleyloo juniyargaa praarambhinchaadu, fibravari 1967loe professionalga maaradu. clarets kosam athani ekaika leag pradarsana 24 augustu 1968naa west bromwich albian vadda 2-3 otamilo dave thamasku pratyamnaayamgaa vachindi. juulai 1969loe, athanu uchita badileepai carlisle unitedku vellaadu, conny 1969 septembarulo 6 leag aatalalo okasari score chesi baroku runampai pampabaddaadu. athanu carlisleku tirigi vacchaadu, aaa seasonlo 19 leag aatalalo 8 goals chesaadu, aagashtu 1970loe £1,500 feezu kosam newport kounteeki bayaludere mundu. athanu newport jattuloki pravesinchi, 168 leag pradarsanalalo 50 goals chesi, regular goal scorerga maaradu. 1973-74 season mugimpulo, braun newportlo anukuulamgaa laedu, marchi 1974loe runampai ikkada united ayina ford loe chaeri, bulls kosam kevalam 9 leag aatalalo 6 goals chesaadu. november 1974loe athanu £4,000 feezu kosam brentfordlo cheraadu, mariyu athanu 16 leag aatalalo 9 saarlu score chesinappatiki athanu londonlo sthirapadalekapoyadu mariyu marchi 1975loe £5,000 feezu kosam torke unitedlo cheraadu. athani regular goalscoring tvaralo plainmoorlo prekshakula abhimanamga maarindi, 1978loe leag futbaalnu vidichipettadaaniki mundu 139 leag aatalalo 47 goals chesaadu. athanu taruvaata westran leag side mineheadlo vaanijya nirvahakudiga unnadu mariyu mineheadlo nyuus agentlanu kaligi unnadu.

walee brown (fitt baalar paidaish 1950) waleem brown (paidaish 5 faroori 1950 falcrick mein) eek scotsh saabiq paishah warr fitt baalar hay juu center forward kay toor parr kheelta thaa. walee brown nay barnalay mein juniyar kay toor parr apnay carrier kaa aaghaz kiyaa faroori 1967 mein paishah warr bunn gayey. clarates kay liye inn kii waahid leeg kii maujudgi 24 agast 1968 kuu vest bromoch albiyon mein 2-3 say shakast mein ddio thamas kay muthbadil kay toor parr aayee. jolayi 1969 mein wah free transfer parr carlicil united chalay gayey leakin satambar 1969 mein inhein 6 leeg games mein eek baar score kartay hoay qarz parr bero kuu bhej diyaa gayaa. agast 1970 mein neoport county kay liye £1,500 kii fees parr rawanah honay say pehley iss seezan mein 19 leeg games mein 8 goal score kartay hoay wah carlisal waps aayey. wah neoport kii taraf fitt hoay aur 168 leeg mein sharkat mein 50 goal score kartay hoay baqayedah goal scorer bunn gayey. 1973-74 seezan kay ikhtatam parr brown nay neoport mein khood kuu haqh say baahir payaa maarch 1974 mein qarz parr hairford united mein shaamil how kirr bailon kay liye sarf 9 leeg games mein 6 goal score kiye. nomber 1974 mein inhon nay 4,000 pound kii fees parr brentford mein shamoliyat akhtiyar kii aur agarcha inhon nay 16 leeg games mein 9 baar score kiyaa wah landan mein aabaad honay mein nakaam rahay aur maarch 1975 mein 5,000 pound kii fees parr torco united mein shaamil hoay. inn kii baqayedah goal scoring nay jald hyee inhein plain morr mein hujum kaa pasandidah banaa diyaa brown nay 1978 mein leeg fitt baal chhodnay say pehley 139 leeg games mein 47 goal kiye. wah baad mein western leeg side maain head mein commercial maneejar thay aur maain head mein eek newz agents kay maalik thay.

fffdb7141d4b08befeef955be52173e232c1e00258efdf7baf34a6ab3738482c

https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki?curid=7913689

kaál

kaál Phalura. Etymology. From . Noun. Inflection. a-decl (Obl, pl): -á

kaal falura. byutpotti. poraa. bixesyo. probhab. e-dekol (u. el., pi. el.):-e

cull falura. byutpatti. theke. bishessho. sphitkaran. a-decl (ol, pl):-a

qaala falura. vyutpatti. maanthi. sangyaa. valaank. a-decl (ol, pl):-a

kaal falura. vyutpatti. seey. sangya. parivartan. aeye-decal (oh. ell., pee. ell.):-aeye

coll falura. vyutpatti. ninda. naamapada. pratiphalana. a-deckle (oo. ell., pii. ell.):-aaa

call falura. padavyuthpathishaasthram. ninnu. namam. inflection. a-deckle (ooo. ell., pii. ell.):-aaa

kaal falura. vyutpatti. pasoon. sandnya. phugwa. aaa-decle (oo. ell., pii. ell.):-aaa

call falura. wyutpatti. batt. sangya. inflexion. ae-decal (oel, pla):-aaa

call falura. byutpatti. ru. biseshya. prasphutita. a-decl (ol, pl):-a

qaal falura. shabdawali. toon. naam. sanchar. a-decl (ol, pl):-a

call falura. vyutpattih. ityatah. naam. parivarttanam. a-decla (o. ell., pl):-aa

kaall balura. sorpirappiyal. irunthu. peyarchchol. ooduruval. a-teckle (ooo. ell, pii. ell):-aaa

coll falura. vyutpatti. nundi. namavachakam. inflection. a-decle (ol, pl):-a

kaal falora. siftiyat. say. asm. inflection. a-decl (ol، pl):-a

fffdb84b6e79cd34dbb3cc71eebfca774150c0c96cd7f5591906ba11941e140f

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1174976

Aldermen Islands

Aldermen Islands The Aldermen Islands are a small group of rocky islets to the southeast of Mercury Bay in the North Island of New Zealand. They are located off the coast of the Coromandel Peninsula, east of the mouth of the Tairua River. The islands were named 'the Court of Aldermen' by Captain Cook and his crew on 3 November 1769 after previously naming Mayor Island. The Aldermen group consists of four main islands: Hongiora, Middle, Ruamahuanui, and Ruamahuaiti. The smaller islands include Big Hump, Little Hump, Nga Horo Island, Half Island and The Spire. Their combined area is . The islands are a forested nature reserve hosting rare species including the tuatara. Access is by permit only. The Aldermen Islands are the remains of eroded Pliocene or Early Pleistocene lava domes that form part of the Whitianga Group. Approximately 18,000 years ago during the Last Glacial Maximum when sea levels were over 100 metres lower than present day levels, the islands were hilly features surrounded by a vast coastal plain. Sea levels began to rise 7,000 years ago, after which the islands separated from the rest of New Zealand. When sea levels were lower, the Tairua River flowed south of the features, travelling eastwards towards the Pacific Ocean. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

elderman dippunj elderman dippunj hoise newzealandor uttor dipor paara upoxagoror dokhyin-pubot thoka xilamoy dippunjor etaa xoru gutt. xeibur toiruwa nodir mukhor pubo dixot coromondal upodipor upokulot owosthito. purbote meyor dipor naam rokhar pisot 1769 sonor 3 novemborot captain kuk aaru teur kormosarixokole dipxomuhok 'dyo koo' rt owo elderman 'buli naamkoron korisil. elderman guttu sarita mukhyo dipore gothitoh hongiyo "raa, middle, rumahuwanui aaru rumahuwaiti. teulukor xongzukto eleka hoise. dipbur hoise ek bonanchol prokriti xongrokhito bonanchol zo 'too tuwatarake dhori birol projatir baax kore. prowex kewol onumotir dwarahe hoy. elderman dippunj hoise hraax huwa pleochin baa prarombhik pliest 'chenn laabha gombujor owoxisto ji huwaitianga gutor ongxo gothon kore. pray 18,000 bosor aagote xexor himbahor xorbadhik xomoyot jetiya xagoror stor bortomanor storotkoi 100 mitarotkoi komm aasil, dipbur ek bixal upokuliyo xomobhumire aaguri thoka pahariya boixistyo aasil. 7, 000 bosor aagote xagoror stor briddhi paboloi aarombho korisil, jaar pisot dipbur newzealandor baaki ongxor poraa prithok hoisil. jetiya xagoror stor komm aasil, tetiya tyruwa nodikhon boixistyoxomuhor dokhyine boi goisil, pubo dixoloi proxanto mohaxagoror faale goti korisil.

alderman dweeppunjo alderman dweeppunjo holl newzealander uttor dweepe parod uposagorer dakkhin-purbe pathure dweeppunjer ekti chhoto gosthi. eguli toirua nadeer mohner purbe cormondall upodwiper upokule abosthito. err agey meyor dweeper namkaraner porr 1769 saaler 3raa navembar captain cook ebong taanr karmira dweepgulir namkaran corren 'dya court off alderman'. alderman group charti prodhan dweep niye gathitoh hongiora, modhyo, ruamahuanui ebong ruamahuaiti. taader sommilito elaka holl. dweepguli ekti bonovumi prakritik sanrakkhanagar jekhane tuatara soho biral prajati royeche. probesh shudhumatra anumati dwara hoy. alderman dweeppunjo holl khayaprapta pliocene baa prathomik pliestocene lava gombujer aboshistangsho jaa hoaitianga gosthir ongsho. pray 18,000 bochor agey shesh himbaher sorbochcho somoye jokhon samudraprishtha bortoman storer tulna 100 meterero beshi qama chhilo, tokhon dweepguli chhilo ekti bishal upokuliyo samabhumi dwara beshtito pahadi baisishtya. 7, 000 bochor agey samudraprishther uchchota briddhi petey shuru korey, jaar porey dweepguli newzealander bucky ongsho theke prithak hoye yaay. jokhon samudraprishther uchchota qama chhilo, tokhon tairua nodee baisistagulir dakkhine probahito hoyechilo, purbo dike proshanto mahasagar dike jatra korechilo.

alderman taapuo alderman taapuo aee newzealandna uttar taapu parr paaraani khaadini dakshinpurvma aavela khadkaal tapuonun aek naanu jooth chhe. teo coromondal dweepkalpna dariyakanthe, tairua nadeena mukhnee purvamaa stheet chhe. agau mayer taapunu naam rakhyaa baad 3 november november roj capton cook aneey temnaa cru dwara tapuone 'dhaa court off alderman' naam aapvama aavyu hatoo. alderman juthamaa chaar mukhya tapuono samaavesh thaay chheh hongiora, madhya, ruamahuanui aneey ruamahuiti. temno sanyukt vistaar chhe. aaa taapuo vanyukt prakrutee abhayaranya chhe, jemaa tuatara saheet durlabh prajaatio vase chhe. pravesh maatra parvangi dwara chhe. alderman taapuo aee ksheen thayela plyocene athavaa praarambhik plistocene laava gumbajnaa avshesho chhe jeey whitianga juthano bhaag chhe. aashre 18,000 varsh pahelaa chhella himnadinaa mahattam samaygaalaa darmiyan jyaare dariyani sapaati haalnaa star karataa 100 meterthi ochhi hatee, tyaare taapuo vishaal dariyakanthana medanothi gheraayela parvateey lakshano hataa. dariyani sapaati 7,000 varsh pahelaa vadhvaa laagee hatee, jeey pachhi taapuo baakinaa newzealandthi alag thaee gayaa hataa. jyaare dariyani sapaati ochhi hatee, tyaare tairua nadee tenee lakshaniktaoni dakshine vahetee hatee, jeey purv taraf prashant mahasagar taraf jatee hatee.

alderman dweep alderman dweep newzealand key uttari dweep mein paaraa khaadi key dakshin-poorv mein chattani dweepon kaa ack chhota samooh haye. way coromondal praaydweep key tata parr, tairua nadee key muhaane key poorv mein sthit hain. dweepon kaa naam kaptan cook aur unake chaalak dall dwara 3 navambar 1769 koo pahale mahapour dweep kaa naam rakhane key baad 'court off alderman' rakhaa gayaa thaa. alderman samooh mein chaar mukhya dweep hotey hainh hongiora, madhya, ruamahuanui aur ruamahuiti. unakaa sanyukt kshetra haye. dweep ack vann sanrakshit prakriti haye joe tuatara sahit durlabh prajaatiyon kii mejbani kartaa haye. pravesh kewal anumati dwara haye. alderman dweep ksharan pliocene yaa praarambhik plistocene laava gumbadon key avashesh hain joe whiteanga samooh kaa hissa hain. lagbhag 18,000 saal pahale antim himnad key dauran jaba samudra kaa star vartamaan star kii tulanaa mein 100 meater seey cumm thaa, dweep ack vishal tateey maidan seey ghire pahaadi lakshan they. samudra kaa star 7,000 saal pahale badhane lagaa thaa, jisake baad dweep baaki newzealand seey alag hoe gaye. jaba samudra kaa star cumm thaa, tou tairua nadee visheshtaon key dakshin mein bahati thee, poorv kii or prashant mahasagar kii or yatra karati thee.

alderman dweepagalu alderman dweepagalu newzealandna uttara dveepada padarasa kolliya aagneyadalliruva kallina dweepagala ondu sanna gumpagide. avu tairuwa nadiya mukhada purvakke koramandal paryaya dveepada karaavaliyalli nelegondive. ee hinde mayer dweepakke hesaritta nantara 1769rahra november november capton cook mattu aatana sibbandigalu ee dweepagalige 'dhii court off alderman' endu hesarittaru. alderman gumpu naalku pramukha dweepagalannu olagondideh hongiora, middle, ruyamahuyanui mattu rheumahuity. avugala samyojita pradesha. ee dweepagalu tuvatara seridante aparoopada prabhedagalannu hondiruva aranya prakruti meesalu pradeshagalaagive. praveshavu anumatiya moolaka maatra. alderman dweepagalu savetada pleocene athawa arambhika pliestocene lava gummatagala avasheshagalaagive, avu vitiyanga gumpina bhagavagive. sumaru 18,000 varshagala hinde koneya himanada garishta avadhiyalli, samudra mattavu indina mattakkinta 100 meetargalashtu kadimeyiddaaga, dweepagalu vishaalavaada karavali bayalu pradeshadinda suttuvarediruva guddagadu lakshanagalaagiddavu. 7, 000 varshagala hinde samudra mattavu hechchagalu praarambhisitu, adara nantara dweepagalu newzealandna ulida bhagagalinda berpattavu. samudra matta kadimeyaadaaga, tairuwa nadiyu adara vaishishtyagala dakshinakke hariyitu, purvakke peciphic sagarada kadege chalisitu.

aldermen dveepukal vadakkan dveepaaya nyoosilandile merkuri ulkkadalinte thekkukizhakkayi sthithicheyyunna paarakkettukalude oru cheria koottamaanu alderman dveepukal. thairuva nadiyude mukhathinu kizhakkayi koramaandal upadveepinte theerathaanu avaa sthithi cheiyunnathu. munbu mayer dweep ennu perittathinu sesham 1769 november 3 nuu kyapttan paachakakkaaranum samghavum eee dveepukalkku 'court oof alderman' ennu perittu. hongiora, middle, ruyamahuvanyi, ruyamahuyitti enningane naalu pradhana dveepukal ulkkollunnathaan alderman group. avarude samyojitha pradesham. thuvathara ulppedeyulla apoorva enangalkku aavasam nalkunna vanamekhalayaanu eee dveepukal. anumathi prakaram maathramaan praveshanam. vaittiyaanga grouppinte bhagamaaya kshayicha pleosene allengil aadyakaala plistoseen laava thaazhikakkudangalude avashishtangalaan alderman dveepukal. ekadesham 18,000 varshangalkk munbu avasaanathe himanadathil samudranirappu innathe jalanirappinekkaal 100 meter thaazheyaayirunnappol, vishalamaaya theeradesha samathalathal chuttapetta malayora savisheshathakalaayirunnu eee dveepukal. 7, 000 varshangalkk munbu samudranirappu uyaran thudangiyathinu sesham dveepukal nyoosilandinte mattu bhaagangalil ninnu verpirinju. samudranirappu thaazhnnappol, thairuva nadhi savisheshathakalude thekk ozhuki kizhakode pasaphik samudrathilekku sanjarichu.

ulderman bete ulderman bete haah newzealandchya uttar betavaril paryachya upasagarachya aagneyela asalelya khadkal betancha eka chhotasa samooh aahe. teey coromandal dweepkalpachya kinanyavar, tairua nadichya mukhachya poorves sthit aahet. purvi mahapour betala naav dilyanantar 3 november 1769 roji capton cook aanee tyachya karmchanyanni yaa betanna 'daad court auph ulderman' asey naav dile. ulderman samoohamadhye chaar mukhya bete aaheth hongiora, madhya, ruamahuanui aanee ruamahuiti. tyanche sanyukt kshetra aahe. hii bete vanyukt nisarg rakheev aahet, jithe tuvatara saha durmil prajati aadhaltat. pravesh keval parvanyane aahe. ulderman bete heey ksheen jhalelya pliocene kinwa suruvatichya plistocene lava ghumatanche avashesh aahet jeey vittianga samoohacha bhag aahet. andaje 18,000 varshanpurvi shevatchya himnadichya kamal kalat jevha samudrachi patali sadhyachya patalipeksha 100 meetarpeksha qamee hotee, tevha hii bete dongral vaishishtye hotee, jyachya bhovati eka vishal kinarpattiche maidan hote. 7, 000 varshanpurvi samudrachi patali vadhu lagali, jyanantar hii bete newzealandchya urvarit bhagapasoon vegale jhaali. jevha samudrachi patali qamee hotee, tevha tairua nadee vaishishtyanchya dakshinekade vahate aanee purvekade prashant mahasagarachya dishene jaate.

alderman tapuharu alderman tapuharu newzealandko uttari tapuma para khadiko dakshinpurvama chattanka tapuharuko sano samuha how. tiniharu koromandal prayadwipko tatama, tairuwa nadiko mukhko purvama awasthit chhan. yasaghi meyer tapuko naam rakhepachhi 3 november 1769 maa captain cook rar unka tolile tapuharulai 'court aff alderman' naam dieka thie. alderman samuhama chaar mukhya tapuharu chhanh hongiyora, madhya, ruamahuanui rar ruamahuiti. tiniharuko sanyukta khetra how. tapuharu wann prakriti araksha hun jasma tuwatara sahit durlabh prajatiharu chhan. pahunch anumatidwara matra hunchha. alderman tapuharu ksharan bhaeko pliocene wa prarambhik plistocin labha gumbajharuko awasheshharu hun june whiteanga samuhako bhag how. lagbhag 18,000 warsha pahile antim himanadiko adhikatam samayama jab samudrako sataha halko star bhanda 100 mitter bhanda cum thiyo, tapuharu vishal tatiya maidanle gherieko pahadi wisheshtaharu thie. 7, 000 warsha pahile samudrako sataha badhna thalyo, tyasapachhi tapuharu newzealandko baanki bhagbata alag bhae. jab samudrako sataha cum thiyo, tairua nadi prashanta mahasagartira purvatarfa yatra gardai wisheshtaharuko dakshinma bagdai gayo.

alderman dwepapunja alderman dwepapunja heuchhi nyujilyandara uttara dwepare parada upasagar dakhina-purbare thiba eka chhot pathara dwepapunja . segudika tairuaa nadira mukhar purba digare, koramandal upadweepara upakoolare abasthita. purbaru meyer dwepara namakarana parey captain cook ebong taanka karmacharimananka dwara 3 navember 1769 ray ehi dwepapunjaku 'court off alderman' namakarana karajaithila. alderman gosthi charoti mukhya dwepaku nei gathitah hongijora, madhya, ruamahuanui ebong ruamahuiti . semanankara milita khetra heuchhi. ehi dwepapunja eka jangalajukta prakrutika sanrakhyana jaahaa tuatara sameth birala prajatinku ashrai deithae . prabesha kebala anumathi dwara hoithae. alderman dwepapunja heuchhi khyajaprapta pleocene kimba prarambhika plystocene labha gambujara abasistangsha jaahaa whitianga gosthira ansha . pakhapakhi 18,000 barsha purbe shesh himbah sarbadhika samajare jetebele samudra pattan barttamanara stara tulanare 100 mitararu adhika talaku thila, ehi dwepagudika eka bishala upakula samatala dwara paribestita pahadia baisistya thila . 7, 000 barsha purbe samudra pattan brudhi paiba arambha hoithila, jaahaa parey dwepapunja nyujilyandara abasista bhagaru alga hoijaithila. jetebele samudra pattan comm thila, setebele tairuaa nadee ehara biseshatwara dakhina digaku prabahita hoi purba digaku prashanta mahasagar aadaku jatra karithila.

alderman tapu alderman tapu newzealand dey uttri tapu witch paara khaadi dey dakkhan-purab witch pathrile tapuan daa ikk chhota samooh haii. uh coromandal praideep dey tatt toon door, tairua nadee dey moonh dey purab witch sathit hunn. iss toon pahilan 3 navambar 1769 noon mayer tapu daa naam rakkhan toon baad, iss tapu noon 'alderman dee adalat' daa naam ditta giaa see. alderman samooh witch chaar mukkh tapu hann hongiora, middle, ruamahuanui atey ruamahuaiti. uhanan daa sanyukat khetar haii. ih tapu ikk janglan vaala kudrat reserve haii jiss witch tuatara samet durlabh prajatiaan hunn. pahunch siraf aagiaa duaara haii. alderman tapu sankat vaale pliocene jaan shuruati plystocene laava gumbad dey avshesh hunn joe whitianga samooh daa hissa hunn. lagbhag 18,000 saal pahilan aakhri glacial dey vaddh toon vaddh samein dauran jadon samunder daa paddhar maujuda paddhar naalon 100 meeter toon ghatt see, ih tapu ikk vishal tattvarti maidaan naal ghire pahadi visheshtavan sunn. samunder daa paddhar 7,000 saal pahilan vadhna shuru hoiaa see, jiss toon baad tapu baaki newzealand toon vakkh hoow gaye sunn. jadon samunder daa paddhar ghatt see, taan tairua nadee visheshtavan dey dakkhan vall vahindi see, purab vall parshant mahansagar vall jaandi see.

alderman dweepaah alderman-dweepaah newzealand-deshasya uttaradweepasya paarad-upasaagare dakshinapoorvadishi sthitaah shilaayug-dvipanam laghusamuhaha santi. te coromandal-dweepakalpasya tate, tairuvaa-nadyaah mukhasya poorvadishi sthitaah santi. poorvam meyar-dweepadasya namakarananantaram, 3 november 1769 dinaanke capton-kuk ityanena tasya chaalakadalen cha dweepaah 'da court aaf alderman' iti naamaankitaah. alderman-samoohe chatwaarah mukhyadweepah santi-hongiyora, middle, rumaahuaanuyi, rumaahuiti cha. teshaam samyuktakshetram asti. ete dweepaah vanayuktaah prakruti-samrakshita-pradeshah santi, yatra tuvatara-sahitaani durlabh-prajaatayah santi. kevalam anumatikramena eva abhigamyam bhavati. alderman-dweepaah kshayitanam pleocene athavaa prarambhikanam plistocene-lava-gambujanam avasheshaah santi ye vitiyanga-samuhasya bhagaha santi. praayah 18,000 varshaanaam poorvam antimasya himanadi-adhikatamasya samaye yadaa samudraprushtam vartamaanasya starasya apekshayaa 100 meater-taha nyoonam aasit, tadaa dweepaah vishaalen tateeya-samatal-kshetren pariveshtitaah parwateeyaah visheshaah aasan. 7, 000 varshaanaam poorvam samudrastarah vardhayitum aarabdhah, tadanantaram dweepaah newzealand-deshasya sheshabhagat pruthak abhavan. yadaa samudrastarah nyoonah aasit, tadaa tairuvaa-nadee dakshinadishi pravahat, poorvadishi prashantamahasagaram prati pravahat.

alterman theevugal alterman theevugal enbathu newzealaandhin vadakkuth theevil ulla paatharasa virigudaavin thenkizhakkil ulla paaraith theevugalin oru siriya kuzhuvaagum. avai tairuva aattrin mugaththuvaaraththirku kizhakkae, koramandal theepakarpaththin kadarkaraiyil amainthullana. munnathaaka mayer theevu endru peyaritta pinnar, capton samaiyalkarar mattrum avarathu kuluvinaraal 1769 navambar 3 andru theevugalukku 'alterman neethimandram' endru peyaridappattathu. alterman kuzhu naanku mukiya theevugalaik kondullathuh hongiora, naduththara, rumahuvaanui mattrum rheumahuity. avattrin orunginaintha pakuthi. inthath theevugal dwadara ullitta ariya inangkalai vaazhum vana iyarkai kaappagamaagum. anumathi moolam mattumae anuga mudiyum. alterman theevugal enbathu sithaintha ploaseen allathu aarambagaala ploaseen erimalai kuvimaadangalin echchangkalaakum, avai vitianga kuzhuvin oru paguthiyaagum. sumar 18,000 aandugalukku munbu kadaisi panippaarai adhigapatchaththin poathu, kadal mattam intraiya nilaigalai vida 100 meettarukkum kuraivaaga irunththapoathu, theevugal oru parantha kadaloara samaveliyaal soolappatta malaippaangkaana amsangkalaaka irunththana. 7, 000 aandugalukku munbu kadal mattam uyarath thodangiyathu, adhan piragu theevugal newzealaandhin pira paguthikalilirunthu pirinththana. kadal mattam kuraivaaga irunththapoathu, tairuva nadhi therkae paainthu, kilakku noakki pasipik perungadalai noakki payaniththathu.

alderman dheevulu alderman dheevulu newzealand uttara dveepamlo paadarasam samudraaniki aagneyamlo unna raathi dveepaala chinna samuuham. avi tairuva nadhi mukhadvaaraaniki thoorpuna koramandal dveepakalpam teeramlo unnaayi. gatamlo mayer dveepaaniki paeru pettina taruvaata kepten cook mariyu athani sibbandi 3 november 1769naa eee dveepaalaku 'dhi court off alderman' anie paeru pettaru. alderman samuuhamloo naalugu pradhana dveepaalu unnaih hangiora, middle, rumahuyuyi mariyu rumahuity. vaari ummadi praantam. eee dveepaalu tuvataratho sahaa arudaina jaatulaku nilayamaina atavee prakruti rakshita praantam. anumati dwara matrame pravesam untundi. alderman dheevulu anevi ksheeninchina pleocene ledhaa prarambha plistocene lava gopuraala avasheshaalu, ivi vitiyamgaa samuuhamloo bhaagamgaa unnaayi. sumaru 18,000 samvatsaraala kritam chivari himanadeeya garishta samayamlo, samudra mattalu prastuta sthaayila kante 100 meterlaku takkuvagaa unnappudu, eee dveepaalu vistaaramaina theera maidaanamtho chuttumuttabadina konda lakshanaalu. 7, 000 samvatsaraala kritam samudra mattalu peragadam praarambhinchaayi, aaa taruvaata eee dveepaalu newzealand nundi vidipoyaayi. samudra mattalu takkuvagaa unnappudu, tairuva nadhi dakshinaana pravahinchi, thoorpu vaipu pasiphik mahasamudram vaipu pravahinchindi.

ulderman jazair alderman jazair newzi lend kay shamali jazeeray mein khaleej paarah kay janub mashriq mein chatani jazair kaa eek chhota garwah hay. wah jazirah namaa cormandal kay saahil say door daryaae terwa kay manah kay mashriq mein waaqa haine. iss say qabal mear jazeeray kaa naam rakhnay kay baad 3 nomber 1769 kuu captin kick aur iss kay amley nay inn jazair kaa naam 'court aaf alderman' rakhaa thaa. ulderman grop chaar aham jazair parr mushtamil hay: hoonjiura muddle rawamahwani aur rawamahoiti. inn kaa mushtarkah raqbah hay. yaha jazair eek janglaat say bharaa qadarti zakhirah hay jiss mein tawatara sameet nayaab anwaa mojud haine. rasayi sarf ajazat naamay kay zariye hay. alderman jazair kataa hawaa pleocene yaa ibtadayi plistocene laawa gunbadon kii baqiyat haine juu waitiyanga grop kaa hasah haine. taqriba 18,000 saal pehley aakhri barfani toofan kay doraan jabb satah samandar maujudah satah say 100 metter say kumm thee yaha jazair pahaadi khususiyat thay juu eek wasee saahili medaan say gharaa hawaa thaa. 7, 000 saal pehley satah samandar mein izafah honaa sharoo hawaa jiss kay baad jazair newzi lend kay baaqi hasoon say alg how gayey. jabb satah samandar kumm thee tuu daryaae terwa khususiyat kay janub mein behta thaa mashriq kii taraf bahar alkahil kii taraf safar kartaa thaa.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43758396

Crossbelt Mani

Crossbelt Mani Indian film director and cinematographer (1935–2021) K. Velayudhan Nair, better known by his stage name Crossbelt Mani (22 April 1935 – 30 October 2021), was an Indian film director and cinematographer, who worked in the Malayalam cinema. He directed more than 40 Malayalam movies and worked as a cinematographer for ten movies. He became popular with his second movie "Cross Belt" in 1970 and adopted "Crossbelt" to his name. Veteran director Joshiy worked as an assistant director under him. Personal life. Velayudhan Nair with the stage name Crossbelt Mani hailed from Thiruvananthapuram. He was born to Valiyashalayil Madhavivilasathu Krishna Pillai and Kamalamma on 22 April 1935. He was married to Iranayil Bhagavathimandirathu Sreemathiyamma. They had a son, Krishnakumar, and a daughter, Roopa. Mani died on 30 October 2021, at the age of 86 at his home in Thiruvananthapuram. He was suffering from various illnesses associated with old age at the time of his death. Filmography. Direction. <templatestyles src="Div col/styles.css"/> References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

crossbelt moni key. monchor naam crossbelt moni (22 april 1935-30 octobor 2021) naamere odhik porisito velayudhon naair ejon bharotiyo solositro porisalok aaru cinematugrapher aasil, jiye malayalam chinemat kaam korisil. teu 40khonotkoiu odhik malayalam solositro porisalona korisil aaru dohkhon solositror baabe cinematugrapher hisape kaam korisil. 1970 sonot teur dwitiyokhon sobi "croch belt" ror joriyote jonopriyo hoisil aaru teur naamot "crossbelt" grohon korisil. probin porisalok jo 'siye teur odhinot xohokari porisalok hisape kaam korisil. byoktigoto jiwan. monchor naam crossbelt monir xoite velayudhon naair tirubonontopuror poraa aahisil. 1935 sonor 22 aprilot teu bhaliyaxolayil madhobilasu krishno pillai aaru komolammar ghorot jonmogrohon korisil. teu iranayil bhogowotimondirathu srimothiyammar xoite bibahpaxot aabodho hoisil. teulukor ejon putro aasil, krishnokumar, aaru egoraki konya aasil, rupa. 2021 sonor 30 octoborot 86 bosor boyoxot tirubonontopuromot thoka teur ghorot monir mrityu hoy. mrityur xomoyot teu briddho boyoxor xoite jorito bibhinno rugot akranto aasil.

crossbelt monee keey. velayudhan nair, jini taanr moncho naam crossbelt monee (22 april 1935-30 octobor 2021) naame beshi porichito, ekjon bharatiya cholochchitro porichalok ebong chitrograhok chhilen, jini malayalam cinema kaaj korechilen. tini tini beshi malayalam cholochchitro porichalona korechen ebong dashti cholochchitrer chitrograhok hisabe kaaj korechen. 1970 saale tini taanr dwitiya cholochchitro 'cross belt' diye janapriya hoye othen ebong taanr naame 'cross belt' grohon corren. probin porichalok joshi taanr adhine sahokari porichalok hisabe kaaj korechilen. byaktigato jeebon. moncher naam crossbelt monee soho velayudhan nair tiruvanantapuram theke esechilen. 1935 saaler 22shhey april tini bhaliashlayil madhavilasatu krishna pillai ebong kamalammar ghore jonmogrohon corren. tini iranayil bhagabatimandiratu srimatiammar saathe bibah bondhone aboddho hohn. taander eka putro, krishnakumar ebong eka konna, rupa chhilo. 2021 saaler 30shhey octobor 86 bochor boyse tiruvanantapurame taanr barite monee maaraa zaan. mrityur somoy tini bardhokyer sange jukto bivinno oshusthotai bhugchilen.

crossbelt manee keey. velayudhan nier, jeey temnaa manchana naam crossbelt maanee (22 april 1935-30 october 2021) thee vadhu jaanita hataa, aek bhaartiy film nirdeshak aneey cinematographer hataa, jemane malayalam cinemama kaama karyoo hatoo. temane 40thee vadhu malayalam filmonu nirdeshan karyoo hatoo aneey dass feelmoma cinematographer tareeke kaama karyoo hatoo. teo 1970maan temnee beejee film 'cross belt' thee lokpreey banyaa aneey temnaa naam parr 'cross belt' apnaavyu. anoobhavi nirdeshak joshi temnee hethal sahayak nirdeshak tareeke kaama karyoo hatoo. angat jeevan. manchana naam crossbelt maanee saathe velayudhan nier tiruvanantapuramna hataa. temno janm 22 april 1935naa roj valiyashalayal madhavvilasthu krushna pillai aneey kamalammaane tyaan thayo hato. temnaa lagna iranayil bhagvatimandirthu shrimatiyamma saathe thayaa hataa. temne aek putra, krishnakumar aneey aek putri, rupa hatee. 30 october 2021naa roj, 86 varshnee vaye, tiruvanantapuram temnaa ghare, maneenu avsaan thayu. mrutyu samaye teo vruddhaavasthaa saathe sankalaayelee viveedh bimariothi pidaataa hataa.

crossbelt munny key. velayudhan naayar, jinhen unake munch naam crossbelt munny (22 aprail 1935-30 octuber 2021) seey behtar jaanaa jaataa haye, ack bhaaratiya film nirdeshak aur chhayakar they, jinhone malayalam cinema mein kaam kiya thaa. unhone 40 seey adhik malayalam filmon kaa nirdeshan kiya aur duss filmon key liye ack chhayakar key roop mein kaam kiya. way 1970 mein apani doosari film "cross belt" key saath lokpriya hue aur unhone apane naam key liye "cross belt" koo apanaaya. anubhavi nirdeshak joshi ney unake adheen sahayak nirdeshak key roop mein kaam kiya. vyaktigat jeevan. munch naam crossbelt munny key saath velayudhan naayar thiruvanthapuram seey they. unakaa janm 22 aprail 1935 koo valiyashalayal madhavavilsathu krishna pillai aur kamalamma key ghar huaa thaa. unakaa vivaah iranayil bhagavatimandirathu srimatiyamma seey huaa thaa. unake ack betaa thaa, krishnakumar aur ack betty thee, rupa. 30 octuber 2021 koo 86 varsh kii ayu mein thiruvanthapuram mein apane ghar parr mani kaa nidhan hoe gayaa. mrityu key samay way vriddhavastha seey judee vibhinn beemariyon seey peedit they.

cross belt munny keey. cross belt mani (april 22,1935-october 30,2021) emba tamma ranganaamadinda prasiddharaada velayudhan nair, bhaaratiya chalanachitra nirdeshaka mattu chayagrahakaragiddaru, avaru malayalam chitrarangadalli kelasa maadidaru. avaru avaru hecchu malayalam chalanachitragalannu nirdeshisidaru mattu hattu chalanachitragalige chayagrahakaragi kelasa maadidaru. avaru 1970 ralli tamma eradane chalanachitra "cross belt" nondige janapriyaraadaru mattu avara hesarige "cross belt" annu alavadisikondaru. hiriya nirdeshaka joshi avara adiyalli sahayaka nirdeshakaragi kelasa maadidaru. vaiyaktika jeevana. vedikeya addabelt mani emba hesarinondige velayudhan naayar tiruvanantapuramninda bandavaru. aata 1935rahra april april valiashalayil maadhavivilasattu krishna pillai mattu kamalamma dampatige janisidaru. avaru iranayil bhagavatimandirattu srimatiyammarannu vivaahavaadaru. avarige krishnakumar emba maga mattu rupa emba magalu janisidaru. 2021rahra october october, tamma 86neey vayassinalli, tiruvanantapuramnalliruva tamma maneyalli mani nidhanaraadaru. avaru tamma maranada samayadalli vruddhaapyakke sambandhisida vividha kaayilegalinda balaluttiddaru.

cross beltt munny keey. cross beltt munny (22 epril 1935-30 october 2021) enna steju naamatthil ariyappedunna velaayudhan nair, malayaala sinimayil pravarthicha oru indian chalachithra samvidaayakanum chhaayaagraahakanum aayirunnu. 40-ladhikam malayaala sinimakal samvidaanam cheytha addeham patthu sinimakalil chhaayaagraahakanaayi pravarthichu. 1970-ll thante randaamathe chithramaaya cross belttiloode addeham janapriyanaavukayum thante perinu "cross beltt" sweekarikkukayum cheythu. muthirnna samvidaayakan joshi addehathinte keezhil asisttant director pravarthichu. vyakthiparamaaya jeevitam. cross beltt munny enna steju naamamulla velaayudhan nair thiruvananthapurath ninnullayalaayirunnu. 1935 epril 22nuu valiyashalayil maadhavivilasathu krishna pillaykkum kamalammaykkum addeham janichu. iraanayil bhaagavathimandirathu sreemathiyammaye addeham vivaham kazhichu. avarkk krishnakumaar enna oru makan roopa enna oru makalum undaayirunnu. 2021 october 30 nuu thiruvananthapurathe veettil vachu 86-aamm vayassil munny antharichu. maranasamayathu vaardhakyavumaayi bandhapetta vividha rogangalaal addeham budhimuttukayaayirunnu.

crossbelt munny keey. crossbelt munny (22 april 1935-30 aktoobar 2021) yaa tyanchya rangbhumichya navane adhik prasiddha asalele velayudhan nier heey eka bharatiy chitrapat digdarshak aanee chhayachitrakar hote, jyanni malayalam chitrapatat kaam kele. tyanni 40 hoon adhik malayalam chitrapatanche digdarshan kele aanee daha chitrapatansathi chhayachitrakar mhanoon kaam kele. 1970 madhye 'cross belt' yaa tyachya dusya chitrapatane too lokpriy jhaala aanee tyane tyachya nawala 'cross belt' sweekarle. anubhavi digdarshak joshi yanni tyanchya netrutvakhali sahayyak digdarshak mhanoon kaam kele. vaiyaktik jeevan. crossbelt munny yaa rangbhumivaril navasah velayudhan nier heey thiruvananthapuramche rahivasi hote. 22 april 1935 roji valyashalayil madhavivilasathu krishna pillai aanee kamalamma yanchya potee tyancha janm jhaala. tyanche lagn iranayil bhagvatimandirathu shrimatiyamma yanchyashi jhaale. tyanna krishnakumar navacha mulga aanee rupa navachi mulgi hotee. 30 aktoobar 2021 roji vayachya 86 vya varshi thiruvanthapuram yetheel tyanchya gharee manee yanche nidhan jhaale. mrutyuchya velee teey vruddhatvashi sambandhit vividh aajaranni grast hote.

crusbelt mani key. velayudhan nayar, afno stage naam crusbelt money (22 april 1935-30 october 2021) batt parichit, ek bharatiya film nirdeshak rar cinematographer thie, jasle malayalam cinemama kaam gare. unle 40 bhanda badhi malayalam chalchitraharu nirdeshan gare rar das chalchitraharuka lagi chhayakarko rupma kaam gare. uni sann 1970 maa afno dosro chalchitra "cruss belt" batt lokpriya bhae rar afno namama "cruss belt" apanae. anubhavi nirdeshak josile unko netritwama sahayak nirdeshakko rupma kaam gare. wyaktigat jiwan. manch naam crusbelt manika sath velayudhan nayar tiruwanantapuramka thie. unko janma 22 april 1935 maa waliyasalayil madhawiwilasatu krishna pillai rar kamalammasanga bhaeko thiyo. unko vivaha iranail bhagawatimandirathu shrimathiyammasanga bhaeko thiyo. uniharuka euta chhora krishnakumar rar aut chhori rupa thiin. maniko 30 october 2021 maa, 86 warshako umerma tiruwanantpuramasthit unko gharma nidhan bhayo. mrityuko samayama uni budhyaulisanga sambandhit vibhinna rogbata pidit thie.

crossbelt mani kee. bhelajudhana naira, taanka mancha naama crossbelt mani (22 april 1935-30 october 2021) dwara adhika janashuna, jane bharatiah chalachitra nirdeshaka ebong cinematographer thile, jie malayalam cinemare kaama karithile. shay 40 ru adhika malayalam chalachitrara nirdeshana deithile ebong dashati chalachitrare cinematographer bhabare karjya karithile. shay 1970 ray tankara dwiteeja chalachitra "cross belt" sahita lokpriya hoithile ebong taanka naamare "cross belt" grahan karithile. bheteran nirdeshaka joshi taanka adheenare sahakaree nirdeshaka bhabare karjya karithile. byaktigata zeeban. mancha naama crossbelt mani sahita bhelajudhana naira tirubanantapuramaru aasithile. shay 1935 masiha april 22 tarikhare balijashalajil madhabibhalasatu krishna pillai ebong kamalammanka ghare janmagrahana karithile. shay iranayil bhagabatimandiratu shreemathijammanku bibaha karithile. semanankara eka pua, krishnakumar ebong eka jhia, rupa thile. 2021 masiha october 30 tarikhare 86 barsha bajasare maninka dehant hoithila, tirubanantapuramastita taanka ghare. mrutyu samajare shay bardhakya janita bibhinna rogare peedita thile.

crossbelt munny keey. velyudhan naayar, joe aapne stage naam crossbelt munny (22 aprail 1935-30 aktubar 2021) naal jaane jaande hunn, ikk bharti film nirdeshak atey cinematographer sunn, jinhan neey malialam cinema witch kamm keeta. unhan neey 40 toon vaddh malialam filman daa nirdeshan keeta atey dass filman laee ikk cinematographer vajon kamm keeta. uh 1970 witch aapni duji film "karaas bellet" naal prasidh hoye atey aapne naam naal "karaas bellet" noon apnaiaa. tajarbekar nirdeshak joshi neey unhan dey adheen ikk sahaik nirdeshak vajon kamm keeta. nijji jeevan. stage naam crossbelt munny dey naal velayudhan naair thiruvananthapuram toon sunn. unhan daa janam 22 aprail 1935 noon valyashalayil madhavilasthu krishna pilayi atey kamalamma dey gharr hoiaa see. unhan daa viaah iranayal bhagwatimandirthu srimatiamma naal hoiaa see. uhanan daa ikk puttar, krishankumar atey ikk dhee, rupa see. munny dee maut 30 aktubar 2021 noon thiruvananthapuram witch aapne gharr witch 86 saal dee umar witch hoee. aapni maut vele uh budhape naal judiaan vakkh-vakkh bimariaan toon peedat sunn.

crossbelt mani key. cross-belt-mani iti manchanaamen prasidhah velaayudhan-nier (22 april 1935-30 october 2021), ekaha bharatiyaha chalachchitranirdeshakah, chhaayaagraahakah cha aasit, yah malayaalam-chalachchitre karyam krutavaan. saha 40 taha adhikaani malayaalam-chalacchitraani niramaat, dash-chalacchitraanaam chaayaagraahakaroopen cha kaaryam akarot. saha 1970 tame varshe "cross-belt" iti dwiteeya-chalacchitrena lokapriyah abhavat, tasya naam "cross-belt" iti sveekrutavaan. vayovruddhanirdeshakah joshie tasya adheene sahaayakanirdeshakaroopen karyam krutavaan. vyaktigatajeevanam. crossbelt mani iti manchanaamayuktah velaayudhan nier ityeshah tiruvanantapuram-nagarasya aasit. saha 1935 april 22 dinaanke valiyashalayil maadhavivilasattu krushnapillaay tathaa kamalamma ityetayoho putrena ajayata. saha iranayil bhaagavatimandirat shrimatiyammaya saha vivaahitah. teshaam krushnakumaarah iti putrah, roopaa iti putree cha aasan. mani 2021 october 30 dinaanke, 86 varsheeyah, tiruvanantapuram-nagare swagruhe mrutah. mrutyoho samaye saha vruddhaavasthayaa sambaddhaih vibhinnebhihi rogaihi peeditah aasit.

kurukku belt manii kae. crossbeld manii (aepral 22,1935-october 30,2021) endra thanathu maedaip peyaraal nanku ariyapatta vaelaayuthan naayar, oru inthiya thiraippada iyakkunar mattrum olippathivaalar aavaar, avar malaiyaala chinimaavil paniyaattrinaar. avar 40 kkum maerpatta malaiyaala thiraippatankalai iyakkinaar mattrum paththu thiraippatankalukku olippathivaalaraaka paniyaattrinaar. 1970 aam aandil thanathu irandaavathu thiraippatamaana "gross belt" moolam pirabalamaana avar, thanathu peyarukku "gross belt" endra thiraippataththai aetrtrukkondaar. mooththa iyakkunar joshi avarathu keezh udhavi iyakkunaraaka paniyaattrinaar. thanipatta vaazhkkai. thiruvananthapuraththaich saerntha crossbeld manii endra maedaip peyarudan vaelaayuthan naayar. avar 1935 aepral 22 andru valiyashalaayil maathavivaasaththu krishna pillai mattrum kamalamma aakiyoarukku piranthaar. avar iraanaayil pagavathimandiraththu srimathiyammaa enbavarai mananthaar. avarkalukku krishnakumar endra maganum, ruba endra magalum irunththanar. manii 2021 october 30 andru, thanathu 86 vayathil thiruvananthapuraththil ulla thanathu veettil iranthaar. avar irakkum poathu muthumaiyudan thodarpudaiya palvaeru noigalaal avathippattu vanthaar.

cross belt manhi keey. thana rangasthala paeru cross belt manhi (22 april 1935-30 october 2021) thoo baga telisina vellayudhan nair, malayaala cinemalo panichesina bharatiya chitra darsakudu mariyu cinematographer. ayana 40kii paiga malayaala chitraalaku darsakatvam vahinchaaru mariyu padhi chitraalaku cinematographer gaa panicheesaaru. 1970loe thana rendava chitram "cross belt" thoo prajaadarana pondaadu mariyu thana paeruku "cross belt" nuu sweekarinchaadu. anubhavagnudaina darsakudu joshi ayana aadhvaryamlo sahaya darsakudigaa panicheesaaru. vyaktigata jeevitam. vedika paeru cross belt manhi thoo vellayudhan nair tiruvanantapuraniki chendinavaadu. ayana 1935 april 22naa valiyasalayil maadhavivilasattu krishna pillai, kamalamma dampatulaku janminchaaru. ayana iranoil bhaagavatimandirattu srimatiyammanu vivaham chesukunnaru. vaariki oka kumarudu, krishnakumar, mariyu oka kumarte, rupa unnaaru. manhi 2021 october 30naa, 86 samvatsaraala vayasulo thiruvananthapuramloni thana intlo maraninchaadu. ayana maraninche samayaniki vruddhaapyamtho sambandham unna vividha anaarogyaalato baadhapadutunnaaru.

karaas bellet manee kay. veliyodhan nayer juu apnay stage naam karaas bellet maanee (22 apreel 1935-30 aktobar 2021) say mashhur haine eek hindustani film director aur cinematographer thay jinhon nay malyalim cinema mein kaam kiyaa. inhon nay 40 say ziyadah malyalim filmon kii hidayat kaaree kii aur duss filmon mein cenmatographer kay toor parr kaam kiyaa. wah 1970 mein apnee dosri film "karaas bellet" say maqbool hoay aur apnay naam parr "karaas bellet" kuu apnaya. tajarbah kaar hidayat kaar joshi nay inn kay maatehat assistent director kay toor parr kaam kiyaa. zaati zindagi. stage naam karaas bellet maanee kay saath veliyodhan nayer kaa taaluq tarovanant poram say thaa. wah 22 apreel 1935 kuu waliyashalayal madhvilasatu krishna palaee aur kamalamama kay haan paida hoay. inn kii shaadi iraneel bhagwathi mandrathu sarimathima say hoyee thee. inn kaa eek betaa krishan kamaar aur eek betty rupa thee. manee kaa inteqal 30 aktobar 2021 kuu 86 saal kii amar mein tarwanant poram mein apnay gahar parr hawaa. wah apnee moth kay waqat badhapay say waabistah mukhtalif beemariyon mein mubtala thay.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33023201

Devizes White Horse

Devizes White Horse Devizes White Horse, officially known as the Devizes Millennium White Horse, is a chalk hill figure of a horse located on Bank Field, an escarpment at Roundway Hill, on the outskirts of the town of Devizes above the hamlet of Roundway, Wiltshire, England; it is about ½mile north of Roundway. It was cut in 1999 to celebrate the forthcoming third millennium, and is based on a design of another white horse hill figure, which was also known as Devizes White Horse, or sometimes The Snobs Horse, which was very close to the present horse as it was also on Roundway Hill beneath the Oliver's Castle hill fort. Traces of the Snobs Horse can still be seen under the right conditions. Devizes White Horse is the eighth and latest major white horse hill figure cut in Wiltshire to be seen today, and is long by high. The horse, although sometimes viewed from a skewed angle when on nearby roads, can be seen from miles away, including from Bratton Castle on Bratton Downs, home to Westbury White Horse. It is also visible from the Vale of Pewsey, home to the Pewsey White Horse, where Devizes White Horse and Alton Barnes White Horse can be seen facing each other. Origins and history. Original Devizes White Horse. In 1845, local shoemakers cut a white horse into the west side of Roundway Hill, directly beneath the hill fort, Oliver's Castle. This was a good location for a hill figure, as it overlooked the valley on a steep slope about 600' above sea level, and could be seen from many miles away. It was known locally as the "Snobs Horse", the word "snobs" derived from the local word for shoemaker. It was fitting to cut a hill figure of a horse, as by its cutting date in 1845, there were already white horse hill figures visible in 1845 in Wiltshire at Westbury, Alton Barnes, Hackpen, Cherhill, near Inkpen, Marlborough and possibly at Broad Town, whose horse has an unknown origin but probably from the 19th century, and Rockley, whose horse was 'discovered' in 1945, prior to which it had resided under grass. Most of them still exist today, the exceptions being those at Inkpen and Rockley. The Devizes horse was neglected and was lost in about 1922, and no dimensions of the horse seem to have ever existed. However, different colouration of the grass could be seen. In 1954, James Smith, the head boy of the Devizes Grammar School of the time, was out cycling and believed he saw the outline of a horse on the Oliver Cromwell promontory. His observations were checked and indeed there was the faint outline of the head, neck and rump of a horse to be seen. This was the old Snobs Horse. A sketch of the design of the horse was drawn and was later used for the design of the modern 1999 Devizes Millennium White Horse, except reversed, as the Millennium White Horse faces the right (the only white horse in Wiltshire to do so), whilst the Snobs Horse sketch faced left. Attempts to remake the figure at this point in 1954 were unsuccessful, as were previous attempts in 1909, 1939 when the horse was also reported to be seen, 1977, 1987 and finally 1998 when its head and neck reappeared. In 1979, freak lighting conditions and fine snow brought the outline of the horse's neck and head into view for the first time since 1954. The head and neck have been seen regularly since, including in 1998, 2000 and 2005, the latter two times were since the creation of the Millennium White Horse. Whenever any part of it has reappeared it seems to suggest the horse was small, and roughly half the size of the Millennium White Horse. The reason for its regular reappearances is due to its method of construction, trenching, which is by far the most common method of hill figure construction. The underlying chalk was not near the surface so a trench was dug and chalk from another site was used to fill the trench. The reason this method of construction has led to the Snobs Horse occasionally revealing itself, is because trenching is invasive in the hillside and allows traces of the figure to be seen even when the figure has been overgrown for many years. Devizes Millennium White Horse. In 1998, a newcomer to Devizes, Sarah Padwick, who was presumably inspired by the other seven current white horses in Wiltshire, sent a letter to a local newspaper that there should be a white horse cut on Roundway Hill to celebrate the millennium. She was unaware of the very nearby Snobs Horse. The newspaper liked the idea and plans followed suit. Originally, the plan was to recut the Snobs Horse in its original location (the aforementioned 1998 attempt). This plan was unsuccessful due to the site being declared a Site of Special Scientific Interest. However a local farmer, Chris Combe, offered his part of land on Roundway Hill as an alternative site, provided permission was granted by the Crown Estates Commissioners, who own the land. Wiltshire County Council Tourism supported the project as did Roundway Parish Council who supported the planning application made to the Kennet District Council. This became the new location of the horse. The design of the horse was James Smith' design from 1954 except reversed so the horse faced right. The design was also a horse depicted as moving (the other Wiltshire White Horses are in a standing position). A committee was set up to oversee the project, the 'Cavaliers of the Devizes Millennium White Horse', and members of the public were invited to join. The group was also formed to support its future maintenance. Alan Truscott, of Sarsens Housing, joined the committee as the member in charge of the surveying and pegging out of the figure of the horse on the hill, alongside did Keith Saunders of Pearce Civil Engineering, who joined to provide the machinery and manpower to complete the clearing of the top soil and the infilling of the chalk following the cutting of the outline, the cutting of which was done by hand by various groups and individuals from the local community. Two hundred people helped cut the figure. It was anticipated that this project will promote Devizes, its ancient heritage and the attractive countryside surrounding it, as well as to be an additional feature to the tourist map of the area. The digging of the outline of the horse occurred over the weekend of 18/19 September 1999. The 200 people cutting were asked to dig one metre in length, the total length of the horse being 230m approx. On 20 September, the site became closed so that the sponsors of Pearce Civil Engineering could dig out the body of the horse for some several days. They also positioned the rocks used as the horse's eye and nostril. Devizes White Horse was completed on 29 September 1999. Scouring and maintenance. Devizes White Horse has occasionally fallen into states of disrepair, with the main threat to the site being the growth of weeds. A Beckhampton local, comparing the state of the Devizes horse in 2007 to the then-recently cleaned Westbury White Horse, was quoted by the "Gazette and Herald" as saying: "What a shame that the civic pride which led to this White Horse being created to celebrate the Millennium does not seem to have lasted longer than the first couple of years of that Millennium." Subsequently, the first major clean-up, or scouring of the horse occurred over a two-day period in April 2007, in which Padwick invited volunteers to join forces and remove weeds, grasses and moss from the horse. By September 2008, the horse had again become barely visible. The Devizes Millennium White Horse Committee began seeking funds to scour the horse. These scouring plans were then passed to the Probation Service Community Service Group who subsequently thoroughly cleaned the horse, a task they have been since repeated regularly. In August 2014, a writer for the "Wiltshire Times" complained about the then-current condition of the horse, bemoaning the badly overgrown chalk surface and how the horse appeared "grey and blotchy from a distance. Usually, in the dry of summer, the chalk looks lovely and white," as well as noting how "the gravel pathway leading to the mobility gate [was] so overgrown that no wheel or pushchair could go through to the seat in the field." The writer hoped Roundway Parish Council "would consider some urgent maintenance." Modern history. Devizes White Horse is affectionately nicknamed "Chalkie" by locals. Shortly after Devizes White Horse's completion, it was included alongside the other seven canonical Wiltshire white horses on the 90-mile walking tour 'Wiltshire's White Horse Trail', better known as simply the White Horse Trail, which visits all eight of the canonical white horses in Wiltshire. The tour was established in 2000 by the Wiltshire Tourism board. Padwick praised the trail, writing that "A lot of people are interested in doing recreational activities like this and taking on lesser and greater degrees of walking." Since 2006, Devizes White Horse has been the start point for an annual charity event known as the White Horse Challenge, where participants tour the full 52-mile walk around the eight canonical Wiltshire white horses to raise money for Wiltshire Air Ambulance. The horse featured at the centre of the logo for Roundway Parish Council, who were uncomfortable with Roundway being mistaken for "a mere adjacent for Devizes," and launched the logo for Roundway in 2011 to help distinguish the settlement from Devizes. Roundway Parish Council merged with Devizes Town Council in 2017, although Roundway's last chairman, Chris Callow, spoke proudly of the Roundway parish council's achievements, including helping with the cutting of Devizes White Horse. Peter Greed, who designed the millennium horse, died after a long period of sickness in November 2008 at the age of 73, and is commemorated with a plaque on the entrance gate to Bank Field. Celebrations. Further celebrating the millennium, a time capsule was buried beneath the horse on 31 December 1999, with help from Pearce Civil Engineering, and the horse was floodlit the same night from dusk into the dawn of 1 January 2000. The time capsule, co-donated by Wessex Water, was full of oddities of local interest, while the floodlighting of the horse could be seen from miles back. The horse was lit up again on 30 June 2012 when, as part of the Ageas Salisbury International Arts Festival, both Devizes White Horse and the nearby Alton Barnes White Horse were illuminated by lantern parades. Over 300 lanterns were placed around the Devizes horse and it was lit from 10pm to 12am. On 10 October 2009, to celebrate the horse's tenth anniversary, locals walked onto the horse, including the Mayor of Devizes, to form a human "10" figure. A light aircraft from GS Aviation flew over the "10" figure to take an aerial photograph of it. To celebrate the 13th birthday of the horse in autumn 2012, local residents Thelma and Colin Edwards decided to stage a picnic on the hill, inviting local community members and others who were involved in the cutting of the horse. The ceremony was hosted by Sarah Padwick as well as Kelvin Nash, the Mayor of Devizes, and also involved children bringing flowers to create a garland for the white horse's neck. A scout group in Devizes celebrated St. George's Day in 2017 by sprucing up and weeding the white horse. Replica. To celebrate its 10th anniversary in 2012, Nursteed School in Devizes unveiled a small replica of the Millennium Horse on its grounds. This horse was constructed over a period of months by volunteers, including staff and students, and is a tenth the size of the original. A small number 10 was initially placed on the horse, resembling the human "10" figure that volunteers formed on the original millennium white horse in 2009 to celebrate its tenth birthday. See also. Other white horses. Miles are road distances from a road near Roundway Hill Covert. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

bogaa ghura toiyar kore devises bogaa ghura, anusthanikbhabe devises millennium bogaa ghura naamere jonajat, hoise paar potharot owosthito ghurar ekhon sok paharor aakriti, englandor wiltswire roundwer gaonr uporot devises sohoror upokonthot roundway paharor etaa escarpment; ee roundwer poraa pray 1⁄2 maail uttore owosthito. aagontuk tritiyo xohosrabdo udjaponor baabe 1999 sonot iyak kaati diya hoisil, aaru ee aan etaa bogaa ghura paharor aakritir designor uporot aadharito, jaak devises bogaa ghura baa ketiyaba snobo ghura buliu jonaa goisil, ji bortomanor ghurar oti usorot aasil kiyonu ee oliveror kesol pahariya durgor tolot roundway paharotu aasil. snobo ghurar sinho etiyau xothik poristhitit dekha puwa yaay. bogaa ghura hoise aaji dekha puwa wiltswirot kotaa ostom aaru xehotiya prodhan bogaa ghura paharor aakriti, aaru ee dighol aaru ukh. ghuratu jodiu ketiyaba usoror pothot thokar xomoyot bokro kunor poraa dekha yaay, tothapiu breton daunot thoka breton kesolor poraa aaru westbari bogaa ghurar ghoroke dhori maail duror poraa dekha puwa yaay. iyak piuchi bogaa ghurar ghor, piuchi upotyokar porau dekha yaay, zo 'too bogaa ghura aaru elton barnes bogaa ghurak ijone xijonor xonmukhot mukh kori thoka dekha yaay. utpotti aaru itihax. multuwe bogaa ghurar udbhawon kore. 1845 sonot sthaniyo jutaa nirmataxokole etaa bogaa ghura ulbharor durgo pahariya durgor punpotiyakoi tolot roundway paharor poschim faale katisil. eitu etaa paharor aakritir baabe ek bhaal sthan aasil, kiyonu ee xomudropristhor poraa pray 600 fut uporot ek thiyo dhaalor uporot upotyokatur faale soku furai aasil, aaru bohu maail duror poraa dekha puwa goisil. iyak sthaniyobhabe "snobos ghura" buli jonaa goisil, "snobos" xobdotu jutaa nirmatar sthaniyo xobdor poraa udbhob hoisil. ghurar etaa pahariya aakriti katiboloi upojukto aasil, jihetu 1845 sonot iyar kotar tarikholoike 1845 sonot westbarir wiltswireot, elton barnes, hackpan, serhil, inkopenor usorot, marlbarut aaru xombhobotoh broad townot bogaa ghura paharor aakriti dekha goisil, jaar ghurar utpotti ogyat kintu xombhobotoh 19 xotikar poraa, aaru 1945 sonot rokoli, jaar ghura 'abiskar' koraa hoisil, jaar aagote ee ghaahor tolot baax korisil. iyare besibhag aajiu aase, byotikrom hoh "lo inkpain aaru rokoli. ei ghuratur designxomuh owohela koraa hoisil aaru pray 1922 sonot herai goisil, aaru ghuratur kunu matra ketiyau thoka nasil zen laage. obosye, ghaahor beleg rong dekha goisil. 1954 sonot xei xomoyor devises gramarmo schoolor prodhan saatro james smithe saikel solai ulaisil aaru biswax korisil je teu olibhar kromwel promontorit etaa ghurar ruprekha dekhisil. teur porzobekhyonxomuh porikhya koraa hoisil aaru prokritote ghura etaar muur, dingy aaru rampor khyin rup aasil. eitu puroni snobor ghura aasil. ghurar designor etaa scase aaka hoisil aaru pisoloi aadhunik 1999 sonor designor baabe byobohar koraa hoisil, jaar biporit hoh 'ley, haajar bosoriya bogaa ghuratu xufale mukh kori thokar baabe (wiltswirot ene koraa ekmatro bogaa ghura), aanhate snobor ghura scasetu baufale mukh kori aasil. 1954 sonot ei muhurtot ei xongkhyatu punor nirman korar prochesta bifol hoisil, jene 1909,1939 sonot purbor prochesta, jetiya ghuratu dekha puwa goisil, 1977,1987 aaru owoxexot 1998 sonot jetiya iyar muur aaru dingy punor dekha goisil. 1979 sonot, odbhut puhoror poristhiti aaru xukhmo borofe 1954 sonor pisot prothombaror baabe ghurar dingy aaru muror rupangkon drishyoman korisil. 1998,2000 aaru 2005 sonoke dhori, pisor dutaa baar niyomitbhabe muur aaru dingy dekha goise, xohosrabdor bogaa ghura sristi huwar pisore poraa. jetiyai iyar kunu ongxo punor dekha puwa yaay tetiya ghuratu xoru aasil aaru xohosrabdor bogaa ghurar aakaror pray aadha aasil buli onubhob hoy. iyar niyomiya punor dekha diyar kaaron hoise iyar nirman poddhoti, trensing, ji hoise paharor aakriti nirmanor ataitkoi xadharon poddhoti. ontornihito soktu pristhor usorot nasil xeyehe etaa khaaj khonon koraa hoisil aaru khajtu bhoraboloi aan etaa sthanor sok byobohar koraa hoisil. ei nirman poddhotiye maaje maaje snobe ghuratu nijoke prokax korar kaaron hoise, kaaron paharor paarot trensing aakromonatmok aaru bohu bosor dhori akrititu odhik briddhi huwar pisotu akrititur sinho dekha puwa yaay. xohosrabdor bogaa ghura toiyar kore. 1998 sonot, wiltswire aan xatota bortomanor bogaa ghurar dwara onupranito huwa ejon nowagoto, sarah peduike, sthaniyo baatori kakot ekhonoloi ekhon potro pothiyaisil je ei xohosrabdo udjapon koriboloi roundway paharot etaa bogaa ghura kotaa usit. taai usoror snobor ghuratur bixoye najanisil. baatori kakotkhone ei dharonatu bhaal paisil aaru porikolponaburu onuxoron korisil. mulotoh, snobo ghuratu iyar mool sthanot punor kaati diyar porikolpona aasil (uporukto 1998 sonor prochesta). ei sthantuk bixex boigyanik aagrohor sthan hisape ghuxona korar baabe ei porikolponatu bifol hoisil. obosye ejon sthaniyo krixok crich kumbeye roundway paharor uporot thoka nijor kichu ongxok bikolpo sthan hisape prodan korisil, jodihe bhumir maalik krauno istet commisionerxokole onumoti disil. wiltswire county porixode porjotonor logote roundway paris porixodeu prokolpotuk xomorthon korisil jiye kenet jilaa porixodoloi koraa porikolponar aabedonok xomorthon korisil. eitu ghurar notun owosthan hoi porisil. ghuratur design 1954 sonor poraa james smithor design aasil, kintu ghuratuwe xufale mukh kori thokar dore xoloni koraa hoisil. designtu etaa ghurau aasil jaak soli thoka hisape sitrito koraa hoisil (aan wiltswire bogaa ghurabur thiyo hoi aase). ei prokolpotur totwawodhan koriboloi ekhon xomiti gothon koraa hoisil, 'debhaij millennium swet ghurar keveliyarxokol', aaru jonoxadharonor xodosyoxokolok jugdan koriboloi aamontron jonuwa hoisil. iyar bhobisyotor rokhyonabekhyonot xohay koriboloi ei guttu gothon koraa hoisil. charchens housingor elaan truscote paharor uporot thoka ghurar aakritir joreep aaru poraa bahiroloi uliyai uliuwar dayitwoxil xodosyo hisape xomitit jugdan korisil, logote naxpat oxamorik obhijantrikor keith sondorsou jugdan korisil, jiye uporor maati poriskar koraa aaru rupangkon katiboloi sokkhon bhorai diya xompurno koriboloi jontropati aaru jonobol prodan koriboloi jugdan korisil, jaar kotatu sthaniyo xomprodayor bibhinno gutt aaru byoktixokole haatere korisil. duxjone ei xongkhyatu katiboloi xohay korisil. eitu onuman koraa hoisil je ei prokolpotuwe iyar prasin oitijyo aaru iyar sariufale thoka aakorxoniyo gramyo oncholor logote oncholtur porjoton manchitror ek otirikto boixistyo hoh 'bob. 1999 sonor septembor maahor 18/19 xoptahantot ghurar ruprekha khonon koraa hoisil. 200 john lukok katiboloi ek mitter doirghyo khonon koriboloi kuwa hoisil, ghurar muth doirghyo aasil pray 230 mitter. 20 septemborot, sthantu bondho hoi porisil jaate nurse sibhil engineeringor pristhopuxokole keiba dinor baabe ghurar xorirtu khonon koribo paare. teuluke ghurar soku aaru naakor chidro hisape byobohrito xilburu sthapon korisil. 1999 sonor 29 septemborot devises bogaa ghura xompurno hoisil. scouring aaru rokhyonabekhyon. bogaa ghura maaje maaje meramoti nuhuwa owosthat porise, zo 'too sthantur baabe mool bhabuki hoise opotrinor briddhi. 2007 sonot devised ghurar owosthak tetiyar poriskar koraa westbari bogaa ghurar xoite tulona kori etaa backhampton sthaniyo luke "gazett endo herald"-e eidore ullekh korisiloh "kiman lojjajonok je ei bogaa ghurar sristi huwa nagorik gourobtu xohosrabdo udjapon koriboloi sristi koraa hoisil xei xohosrabdor prothom dutaa bosorotkoi odhik xomoy dhori soli thoka zen nalage."poroborti xomoyot, 2007 sonor aprilot dudinor xomoisuwat ghuratur prothom dangor poriskar koraa baa suwa-chita koraa hoisil, zo" too peduike sessaxewokxokolok bahineet jugdan koriboloi aaru ghurar poraa opotrino, ghaah aaru xipa atoraboloi aamontron jonaisil. 2008 sonor septembor maholoike ghuratu punor dekha puwa nasil. debhijis millennium swet ghura xomitiye ghuratu suriboloi puji bisariboloi aarombho korisil. ei sko "ring porikolponabur tetiya probesion xewa xomproday xewa gutoloi preron koraa hoisil jiye poroborti xomoyot ghuratu bhaldore poriskar korisil, ji kaam tetiyar poraa niyomitbhabe punorabritti koraa hoise. 2014 sonor aagosto maahot "wiltswire times" ror ejon lekhoke ghuratur bortomanor owosthar bixoye obhijug korisil, beyabhabe briddhi puwa sokor pristho aaru ghuratu duror poraa kenedore "dhur aaru daath" zen lagisil taar baabe xuk prokax korisil. xadharonote, grishmokalor xukan dinot, soktu xundor aaru bogaa dekha yaay ", logote logote ullekh kore je kenekoi" gotixilotar gateloi juwa bojoriya poth imaan besi hoi porisil je kunu soka baa puxseyar potharor aaxonoloi jaabo nuware."lekhokjone aaxa korisil je roundway paris porixode" kichu joruri rokhyonabexonor kotha bibesona koribo." aadhunik itihax. bogaa ghurar design sthaniyo lukoxokole moromere "sok" buli daknam diye. bogaa ghurar kaam xompurno huwar kichu xomoyor pisote, iyak aan xatota kenn 'nikel wiltswire bogaa ghurar xoite 90 maail khuj karhiboloi juwa bhromon' wiltswire bogaa ghurar poth 'too ontorbhukto koraa hoisil, jitu kewol bogaa ghurar poth hisape odhik porisito, ji wiltswire aathta kenn' nikel bogaa ghurar xokolu bhromon kore. 2000 sonot wiltswire porjoton bob "rde ei bhromon protistha korisil. peduike trailtur proxongxa kori likhisil je "bohutu luke ene monuronjonmulok karzokolap koriboloi aaru komkoi odhik matrat khuj karhiboloi aagrohi."2006 sonor poraa, bogaa ghura prostut koratuwe bogaa ghura proityahban naamere jonajat ek barxik datobyo onusthanor aarombhoni bindu hoi aahise, zo 'too ongxogrohonkarixokole wiltswire eyar ambulanceor baabe dhon xongroho koriboloi aathta kenn' nikel wiltswire bogaa ghurar sariufale xompurno 52 maail khuj karhiboloi bhromon kore. roundway porix councilor baabe lugur maajot thoka ghuratu, jiye roundway 'koo "kewol xonglogno" buli bhul kori thokar baabe oswostito aasil, aaru 2011 sonot roundway' ror baabe lugu mukoli korisil jaate boxoti sthaponok devisor poraa prithok korat xohay koribo paari. roundway porix porixode 2017 sonot devises taaun councilor xoite ekotrito hoisil, jodiu roundwer xex odhyokhyo crich kalluwe roundway porix porixodor krititwor bixoye gourobere koichil, jaar bhitorot aase devises bogaa ghura katiboloi xohay koraa. haajar bosoriya ghurar design koraa pitter lubhor 2008 sonor novembor maahot 73 bosor boyoxot dirghodiniya oxusthotar pisot mrityu hoisil, aaru bankor potharor prowexdwarot etaa folokore iyak smoron koraa hoy. udjapon. xohosrabdotu udjapon kori, 1999 sonor 31 disemborot nurse sibhil engineeringor xohayot ghurar tolot etaa time kepsul xomadhistho koraa hoisil, aaru xei eke nixai ghuratu xondhiyar poraa 1 january 2000 ror ratipuwaloike flad light koraa hoisil. wesex panir dwara xoho-daan koraa time capsultu sthaniyo aagrohor odbhutotat bhori aasil, aanhate ghuratur flad laiting mileman aagor poraa dekha goisil. 2012 sonor 30 junot ghuratu punor jwoluwa hoisil, jetiya ejos chelixbari antohrastriyo kolaa utxowor ongxo hisape bogaa ghura aaru usoror elton barnes bogaa ghuratu lalten pareador dwara alukito koraa hoisil. ghuratur sariufale 300ru odhik lonthon rokha hoisil aaru iyak xondhiya 10 bojar poraa puwa 12 bojaloike jwoluwa hoisil. 2009 sonor 10 octoborot ghuratur doxom barxiki udjapon koriboloi sthaniyo lukoxokole ghurat uthi manob "10" aakriti gothon koriboloi devisor meyoroke dhori. ji. ess. aviationor etaa paatol bimanoi iyar etaa aakaxor photu lo "boloi" 10 "akrititur uporere uri goisil. 2012 sonor xorotkalot ghurar 13 xongkhyok jonmodin udjapon koriboloi sthaniyo baxinda thelma aaru kulin edwarde paharot bonbhujor aayujon korar xiddhanto loy, sthaniyo xomprodayor xodosyo aaru ghura kotar xoite jorito lukoxokolok aamontron jonay. ei onusthantur aayujon korisil sarah peduikor logote devisesor meyor kelvin naase, aaru logote xixuxokole bogaa ghurar dingir baabe maala toiyar koriboloi ful korhiyai onau jorito aasil. etaa scout dole bikhyat saint rup dhaaron kore. 2017 sonot bogaa ghuratu fulai aaru opotrino nirman kori jorjo dibox paalon koraa hoy. protilipi. 2012 sonot iyar doxom barxiki udjapon koriboloi, norsteed skool devisese iyar khelpotharot xohosrabdo ghurar etaa xoru protilipi unmuson korisil. ei ghuratu kormosari aaru xikhyarthixokolok dhori sessaxewokxokole keimahman dhori nirman korisil, aaru ee mool ghuratur doh bhagor ek bhagor. prothomote ghurat etaa xoru xongkhya 10 rokha hoisil, ji manob "10" aakritir xoite xadrisyopurno aasil, jitu sessaxewokxokole 2009 sonot mool xohosrabdor bogaa ghurat iyar doxom jonmodin udjapon koriboloi gothon korisil. logote sauk. aan bogaa ghura. maail hoise gulpoth paharor usoror pothor poraa pothor durotwo.

saadaa ghoda toiri korey saadaa ghoda, anusthanikbhabe davies sahasrabda saadaa ghoda naame porichito, ekti ghodar chock pahader murti jaa englander wiltshire roundway gramer upore davies shohorer upokonthe roundway pahade abosthito, jaa roundway theke pray 1⁄2 myle uttore abosthito. etty 1999 saale asonno tritiya sahasrabda udjapon korar jonno kaata hoyechilo ebong etty arekti saadaa ghodar pahader murtir nakshar upor vitti korey toiri koraa hoyechilo, jaa saadaa ghoda baa kokhono kokhono snobs ghoda nameo porichito chhilo, jaa bortoman ghodar khub kachakachi chhilo kaaron etty oliver durger pahadi durger neeche goalpather pahadeo chhilo. snob ghodar chinno ekhono sothik poristhitite dekha yaay. saadaa ghoda holl ashtam ebong sorboshesh prodhan saadaa ghodar pahader murti jaa wiltshirey kaata hoyeche jaa aaz dekha yaay, ebong lomba ebong unchu. jodio ghodatike kokhono kokhono parshoborti rastai tirjok koona theke dekha yaay, tobey myle door theke dekha yaay, jaar modhye royeche westbury saadaa ghodar baadi bratton downer bratton durgo. etty piusi saadaa ghodar abashsthol piusi upottoka thekeo drishyoman, jekhane saadaa ghoda ebong alton burness saadaa ghodake eke oporer mukhomukhi hotey dekha yaay. utpotti oo itihas. multi saadaa ghoda toiri korey. 1845 saale, sthaniya juto prostutkarira oliver durger pahader durger thhik neeche goalpath pahader poschim dike ekti saadaa ghoda ketey feley. etty ekti pahadi murtir jonno ekti vall abosthan chhilo, kaaron etty samudraprishtha theke pray 600 'upore ekti khada ddhaale upottokar dike nojor diyechilo ebong onek myle door theke dekha jeto. etty sthaniyobhabe "snobs horse" naame porichito chhilo, "snobs" shobdoti sthaniya shobdo juto prostutkarok theke udbhuto hoyeche. ekti ghodar pahader murti kaata upojukto chhilo, kaaron 1845 saale taar katia deoar tarikher modhye, westbury wiltshirey, alton burness, hackpain, cherhill, inkopener kachhe, marlboro ebong sombhoboto broad taaune 1845 saale saadaa ghodar pahader murti drishyoman chhilo, jaar ghodar ekti ajana utso royeche tobey sombhoboto 19 shotok theke, ebong rockley, jaar ghoda 1945 saale 'abishkrito' hoyechilo, jaar agey etty ghaser niche baas koroto. egulir beshirbhagi aajo vidyaman, byatikram holl inkpen ebong rockley. ghodar naksha abohelito chhilo ebong pray 1922 saale hariye yaay ebong ghodar konao matra kokhono chhilo boley money hoy naa. tobey, ghaser bivinno rongo dekha yaay. 1954 saale, seii somoyer devise byakaran bidyalayer prodhan james smith saikela chaliyechilen ebong biswas korechilen jey tini oliver chromeweller promontorite ekti ghodar ruprekha dekhechen. taanr porjobekkhonguli porikkha koraa hoyechilo ebong prokritopokkhe ekti ghodar matha, ghaad ebong jhankunir ksheen ruprekha dekha jachchilo. etaa chhilo purno snob ghoda. ghodar nakshar ekti sketch aanka hoyechilo ebong porey 1999 saaler adhunik designer jonno byabohrito hoyechilo sahasrabder saadaa ghoda, biporito chhada, sahasrabder saadaa ghodati dunn dike mukh korey (wiltshirey etty korar jonno ekmatro saadaa ghoda), jokhon snob ghodar sketchti baam dike mukh korey. 1954 saale eyi somoye eyi chitroti punornirmaner prochesta byartho hoyechilo, jemon 1909,1939 saale ager prochesta chhilo jokhon ghodati dekha giechilo, 1977,1987 ebong abosheshe 1998 saale jokhon err matha ebong ghaad abar dekha giechilo. 1979 saale, adbhuto alo ebong sukkho tushar 1954 saaler porr prothombarer moto ghodar ghaad ebong mathar ruprekha drishyoman korey toley. 1998,2000 ebong 2005 saale soho, mathar ebong ghaad niyomitovabe dekha geche, porer duti sahasrabda saadaa ghoda toirir porr theke chhilo. jokhoni err konao ongsho punra abirbhuto hoy tokhon money hoy jey ghodati chhoto chhilo ebong sahasrabder saadaa ghodar pray ardhek akarer chhilo. err niyamita punoprokasher kaaron holl err nirman poddhoti, parikha, jaa pahader murti nirmaner sabcheye sadharan poddhoti. antarnihito chokti pristher kachakachi chhilo naa taai ekti parikha khonon koraa hoyechilo ebong porikhati puron korar jonno onno sthan theke chock byabohar koraa hoyechilo. eyi nirmaner poddhotir foley snob ghoda majhe majhe nijeke prakash korey, kaaron pahader dhaare parikha akromonattok ebong bohu bochor dhorey murtiti atirikto bede yawar poreo chitrotir chinnoguli dekhte pawa yaay. sahasrabder saadaa ghoda toiri korey. 1998 saale, ekjon nobagoto, sarah padwick, jini sombhoboto wiltshire anyanno satti bortoman saadaa ghodar dwara anupranito hoyechilen, ekti sthaniya sangbadpatre ekti chitthi pathiyechilen jey sahasrabda udjapon korar jonno goalpath pahade ekti saadaa ghoda kaata uchito. seey khub kachher snob ghodatir kotha janoto naa. sangbadpatrati eyi dharonati pochondo korey ebong porikolponagulio anusaran korey. mulat, parikalpana chhilo snob ghodake taar asol abosthane (purbokto 1998 saaler prochesta) punoruddhar koraa. eyi sthantike bishesh boigyanik agroher sthan hisabe ghoshana korar karone eyi porikolponati byartho hoyechilo. tobey ekjon sthaniya krishak, criss combe, bikalpa sthan hisabe goalpath pahade taar jomir ongsher prostab diyechilen, jodi jomir malik krauna esteta commissionerder dwara anumati deoa hoy. wiltshire county council porjoton prokolpotike samarthan korechilo jemon roundway pyarisha council kennet zela porishode porikolponar abedonke samarthan korechilo. etty ghodar notun abosthane porinoto hoyechilo. 1954 saal theke ghodar nakshati james smither naksha chhilo, tobey ghodati thhik dike mukh korey chhilo. nakshati ekti ghodao chhilo jaa cholonto hisabe chitrito hoyechilo (anyanno wiltshire saadaa ghodaguli dandiye royeche). prokolpoti tadarkir jonno ekti committy gathon koraa hoyechilo, 'sahasrabder saadaa ghodar cavalier' ebong jonosadharoner sadasyader etey jog deoar jonno amantran janano hoyechilo. bhabishyater rokkhonabekkhoner jonnou eyi gosthiti gathon koraa hoyechilo. surcenses housinger allan truscott, pahader upor ghodar murti theke jorip oo berr korar dayitte thaka sadasya hisabe komitite jog deena, pashapashi nashpati civille engineeringyer keith sanders jog deena, jaaraa uporer mutty porishkar korar jonno jontropati ebong jonobol sarbaraha korte jog deena ebong ruprekha cutter porey chock bhorti corren, jaar kaata sthaniya sampradayer bivinno doll ebong byaktira haate korechilen. duisho manush eyi sankhyati katte sahajyo koreche. etty anuman koraa hoyechilo jey eyi prokolpoti naksha, err prachin oitijhyo ebong err charpasher akarshaniya gramanchalke prochar korbe, pashapashi eyi anchaler porjoton manchitre ekti atirikto baisishtya hobey. 1999 saaler september saptahante ghodar ruprekha khonon koraa hoy. 200 jonke eka mitter doirgho khonon korte bolla hoy, ghodar moat doirgho pray 230 mitter. 20shhey septembara, saitti bondho hoye yaay jaate nashpati civille engineeringyer sponsorra koyek diner jonno ghodar dehoti khonon korte paare. taaraa ghodar chokh ebong nasarandhra hisabe byabohrito pathargulio sthapon korechilo. 1999 saaler 29shhey septembara saadaa ghodar kaaj shesh hoy. scurring ebong rakkhanabekkhan. saadaa ghoda majhe majhe meramoter abosthai porey yaay, saiter jonno prodhan humki holl agachar briddhi. 2007 saale devised ghodar abosthar sange tatkalin soddo porishkar koraa westbury saadaa ghodar tulna korey ekti beckhampton sthaniya "gazette anned herald"-keey uddhrito korey boleche "qee lojjajonok jey nagrik gorbo jaa eyi saadaa ghodar sahasrabda udjaponer jonno toiri hoyechilo, taa seii sahasrabder prothom koyek bochorer beshi sthayi boley money hoy naa."porobortikale, 2007 saaler aprile doo 'diner samaykale ghodar prothom borh porichchonnota baa anusandhan ghote, jekhane padwick swechchasebokder bahinite jog ditey ebong ghoda theke agacha, ghas ebong shisa aposaroner jonno amantran zanan. 2008 saaler september modhye ghodati abar khub komoi drishyoman hoye othe. sahasrabder saadaa ghoda committy ghodake porikkha korar jonno tehbil chaite shuru korey. eyi anusandhan parikalpanaguli porey probeshon service community service grouper kachhe pathano hoyechilo jaaraa porobortikale ghodake punkhanupunkhobhabe porishkar korechilo, jey kaajti taaraa niyomitovabe punorabritti koreche. 2014 saaler auguste, "wiltshire times"-err ekjon lekhok ghodar tatkalin bortoman abostha somporke abhijog corren, kharapbhabe atirikto chock pristher jonno ebong kibhabe ghodar door theke "dhusar ebong dagjukto" dekhachchilo seey somporke shoke prakash corren. sadharonoto, grisser shushko somoye, chokti dekhte sundar ebong saadaa ", pashapashi ullekh korey jey kibhabe" gotishilotar geter dike yawar nudi pothti etotai beshi chhilo jey konao chaaka baa puscheyar matther asoner modhyo diye jete paroto naa."lekhok aasha korechilen jey roundway pyarisha council" kichhu joruri rakkhanabekkhan bibechona korbe." adhunik itihas. saadaa ghoda udbhaban sthanioder dwara sneher saathe "chock" ducknum deoa hoy. saadaa ghodar kaaj shesh howar porpori, etty 90 myle hantar sofor 'wiltshire saadaa ghodar poth'-ayee anyanno satti canonical wiltshire saadaa ghodar pashapashi antarbhukta koraa hoyechilo, jaa cable saadaa ghodar poth hisabe beshi porichito, jaa wiltshire canonical saadaa ghodar attiyi poridorshon korey. 2000 saale wiltshire tourism board dwara eyi safarti protisthito hoyechilo. padwick eyi pother proshongsha korey likhechen jey, "onek manush eyi dharaner binodonmulok kaaj korte ebong qama ebong beshi matra hantachala korte agrahi."2006 saal theke, saadaa ghoda udbhaban koraa saadaa ghoda challenge naame porichito ekti barshik datobbo anusthaner suchona bindu hoye dandiyeche, jekhane ongshogrohonkarira wiltshire aire ambulancer jonno ortho sangraher jonno atti canonical wiltshire saadaa ghodar charpashe puro 52 myle haanta bhromon korey. roundway pyarisha counciler logor kendre ghodati prodorshito hoyechilo, jaaraa roundwake "kebolmatro sanglagna" hisabe bhul korey aswastite chhilo ebong 2011 saale brittakar pother jonno logo chaalu korechilo jaate bosotitike naksha theke alada korte sahayata koraa yaay. roundway pyarisha council 2017 saale davises town counciler saathe ekibhuto hoy, jodio roundware shesh chairman, criss callo, saadaa ghoda cutter kaaje sahayata soho roundway pyarisha counciler krititter bishoye gorber saathe kotha bolechen. sahasrabder ghodar naksha koraa pitter love deergho somoyer oshusthotar porr 2008 saaler novembore 73 bochor boyse maaraa zaan ebong byanker matther probeshdware ekti folock diye smaran koraa hoy. udjapon. sahasrabda udjapon korar somoy, 1999 saaler 31shhey december nashpati civille engineeringyer sahayatai ekti time capsul ghodar niche somahito koraa hoy ebong ekoi raate sandhya theke 1laa januari 2000-err vore porjonto ghodake floodlight koraa hoy. oyeseksa joler soho-daan koraa time capsulty sthaniya agroher adbhutatai purno chhilo, jekhane ghodar floodliting mailguli theke dekha jeto. 2012 saaler 30shhey june jokhon ejas salisbury antorjatik shilp utsaber ongsho hisabe ghodati abar alokito koraa hoy, tokhon saadaa ghoda ebong nikatbarti alton burness saadaa ghoda ubhayi lanthan pared dwara alokito koraa hoy. ghodar charpashe 300tiro beshi lanthan sthapon koraa hoyechilo ebong raat 10taa theke sokal 12taa porjonto taa jalano hoyechilo. 10ee octobor 2009-ayee, ghodar dasham barshiki udjapon korte, sthaniya basindara ghodar upor uthhe zaan, jaar modhye chhilen deviser meyor, ekti manob "10" murti toiri korte. gs aviation theke ekti halka biman "10" chitrer upor diye udey giye err ekti bayaviya chhobi tuleche. 2012 saaler sharatkale ghodar 13tomo jonmodin udjaponer jonno, sthaniya basinda thelma ebong collin edwards pahade ekti picnicker ayojan korar siddhanta nene, sthaniya sampradayer sadasyader ebong ghoda cutter saathe jorito onnoder amantran zanan. anusthanti ayojan korechilen sarah padwick ebong seisathe deviser meyor kelvin naash ebong shishuder phul niye saadaa ghodar ghaade maalaa toiri korteo jorito chhilo. ekti scout group bikhyato seenta. 2017 saale saadaa ghodake sajiye ebong agacha ketey george dibos. protirup. 2012 saale taar 10maum barshiki udjaponer jonno, nursted school taar maathe sahasrabder ghodar ekti chhoto protirup unmochan korey. eyi ghodati karmi ebong chhatro soho swechchasebokder dwara koyek maas dhorey nirmito hoyechilo ebong etty multir doshomangsho akarer. prathomikbhabe ekti chhoto sankhya 10 ghodar upor rakha hoyechilo, jaa manusher "10" akritir anurup chhilo jaa swechchasebokra 2009 saale mool sahasrabder saadaa ghodar dasham jonmodin udjaponer jonno gathon korechilo. etao dekhun. onno saadaa ghoda. myle holl goalpath pahader kachakachi ekti rasta theke rastar durotto.

safed ghodo taiyar karey chhe davises white hoars, sattavaar reete davises millennium white hoars tareeke odakhaay chhe, teey ghodaani chaak hill aakruti chhe, jeey benk filled parr stheet chhe, jeey roundway tekri parr aek escarpment chhe, jeey devises shahernee bahaarnaa bhagma, roundway, wiltshire, englandnaa hamletnee upar chhe; teey roundwaythi lagbhag adadho mile uttarmaa chhe. teey aagaami triji sahastraabdini ujavani karvaa maate 1999maan kapvama aavyu hatoo, aneey teey anya safed ghodaani tekrini aakruti parr aadharit chhe, jene safed ghodo athavaa kyarek snobes ghodo tareeke pann odakhvaamaa aavto hato, jeey haalnaa ghodaani khoob najik hato kaaran keey teey oleevarnaa keellana pahaadi keellani neeche golmaargeey tekri parr pann hato. snobes ghodaana nishan haju pann yogya paristhitiomaa joee shakaay chhe. safed ghodo aee aaje jovaa malatee wiltshirema kapvama aaveli aathmee aneey naveentam mukhya safed ghodaani tekrini aakruti chhe, aneey teey unchaithi laambi chhe. ghodo, jooe keey najiknaa rastaao parr kyarek vakra khoonathi jovama aave chhe, parantu westbury safed ghodaana ghar brayton downes parnaa brayton kesal saheet mile durthi joee shakaay chhe. teey pucina khinmathi pann dekhaay chhe, jeey pucina safed ghodaanu ghar chhe, jyaan safed ghodo aneey elton barnno safed ghodo aekbeeja saame dekhaato jovaa maley chhe. mool aneey itihas. mool safed ghodo taiyar karey chhe. 1845maan, sthaaneek jutaa banavnaraoae safed ghodaane golmaargeey tekrini pashchim bajuae, seedha jaj oleevarnaa keellana pahaadi keellani neeche kaapee nakhyo hato. aaa aek tekrini aakruti maate saaru sthaan hatoo, kaaran keey teey dariyani sapatithi lagbhag 600 'unchaa dhholaav parr kheenni najarthi dekhaatu hatoo, aneey ghanaa mile durthi joee shakaatu hatoo. teey sthaaneek reete "snobes hoars" tareeke odakhaato hato, jeey shabd "snobes" schumaker maatena sthaaneek shabd parthee utaree aavyo chhe. ghodaani tekrini aakrutine kaapvee yogya hatee, kaaran keey 1845maan tenee kaapvani taarikh sudhimaa, westbury khaate wiltshirema 1845maan safed ghodaani tekrini murteeo, elton barnes, hackpan, chairhill, inkpain najik, marlboro aneey sambhavatah broad townma dekhaay chhe, jeno ghodo agnaat mool dharaave chhe parantu kadaach 19mee sadeeno chhe, aneey rokali, jeno ghodo 1945maan 'shodhayo' hato, jeey pahelaa teey ghaas hethal raheto hato. temaanna motabhagna aaje pann astitvamaa chhe, apvaado inkpain aneey rokalimaa chhe. aaa upkaranna ghodaani avgannaa karvaamaa aavee hatee aneey lagbhag 1922maan teey khovai gayo hato, aneey ghodaana koee parimaano kyaarey astitvamaa naa hovaanu janaay chhe. joke, ghaasno alag rung joee shakaay chhe. 1954maan, teey samaynee davises grammer skoolnaa mukhya chhokara james smith cycle chalaavtaa hataa aneey maantaa hataa keey temane olivara cromwell promontary parr ghodaani ruprekha joee hatee. temnaa avalokanoni tapaas karvaamaa aavee hatee aneey kharekhar ghodaana maatha, gardan aneey daandini zankhi ruprekha jovaa malee hatee. aaa juno snobes ghodo hato. ghodaani rachanaanu scatch dorvaamaa aavyu hatoo aneey paachhalthi teno upyog aadhunik 1999nee design maate karvaamaa aavyo hato, jemaa sahastraabdi safed ghodo taiyar karvaamaa aavyo hato, sivaay keey, jaim keey sahastraabdi safed ghodo jamani bajuae chhe (aama karvaa maate wiltshirema ekmatra safed ghodo), jyaare snobes ghodo scatch daabi bajuae chhe. 1954maan aaa samaye aaa aankadani punahrachnaa karvaanaa prayaaso asafal rahyaa hataa, jaim keey 1909,1939maan agaauna prayaaso hataa jyaare ghodo pann jovaa malyo hato, 1977,1987 aneey ante 1998maan jyaare tenu maathu aneey gardan pharii dekhaayo hato. 1979maan, vichitra prakashni sthitee aneey dund baraf 1954 pachhi pratham vakhat ghodaani gardan aneey maathaani ruprekha taraf doree gayo. 1998,2000 aneey 2005maan saheet, pachhinaa beey vakhat niyamitpane maathu aneey gardan jovaa malee chhe, jeey sahastraabdi safed ghodaani rachnaa pachhini hatee. jyaare pann teno koee bhaag fareethi dekhaato hoya tyaare aevu laage chhe keey ghodo naano hato aneey sahastraabdinaa safed ghodaana kadano lagbhag adadho bhaag hato. tenaa niyameet punraavartannu kaaran tenee bandhkamni paddhati, khaai, jeey atyaar sudhimaa tekrini aakrutina nirmanni sauthee saamanya paddhati chhe, tene kaarane chhe. antargat chaak sapatini najik naa hato tethee khaai khodvaamaa aavee hatee aneey khaaine bharvaa maate anya sthalnaa chaakno upyog karvaamaa aavyo hato. bandhkamni aaa paddhatinaa kaarane snobes ghodo kyarek kyarek potaane chhatee karey chhe, kaaran keey tekrini bajuma khaaio aakramak hoya chhe aneey ghanaa varshothi aakruti vadhu padatee hoya tyaare pann aakrutina nishan jovaa maley chhe. sahastraabdi safed ghodo taiyar karey chhe. 1998maan, aek navodit, sarah pedwick, jeey sambhavatah wiltshirema anya saat vartmaan safed ghodaaothi prereet hataa, temane aek sthaaneek akhbaarne patra mokalyo hato keey sahastraabdini ujavani karvaa maate golmaargeey tekri parr safed ghodo kaapavo joiae. teey najiknaa snobes ghodaathi ajaan hatee. akhbaarne aaa vichaar gamyo aneey yojnaao anusarvaamaa aavee. mulroope, snobes ghodaane tenaa mool sthaan (uparokt 1998noow prayaas) maan paachha khenchavaani yojnaa hatee. aaa sthalne vishesh vaignanik rus dharaavtu sthal jaaher karvaamaa aavyu hovathi aaa yojnaa asafal rahee hatee. jooe keey, aek sthaaneek khedoot, criss combay, vaikalpik sthal tareeke golmaargeey tekri parnee jameenno potaano hisso rajoo karyo hato, jooe keey jameenna maaleek kraaun estate commissionero dwara manjuri aapvama aavee hatee. wiltshire kaauntii council tourisme aaa projectne teko aapyo hato, jaim keey roundway pereesh councille cannet district councilne karvaamaa aaveli aayojan arjine teko aapyo hato. aaa ghodaanu navoo sthaan bunny gayoo. ghodaani rachnaa 1954thee james smithnee design hatee, sivaay keey ghodo jamani bajuae hato. aaa designma aek ghodo pann hato jene chaaltaa tareeke darshavvama aavyo hato (anya wiltshire safed ghodaao ubhaa sthitima chhe). aaa projectnee dekhrekh maate aek sameetini rachnaa karvaamaa aavee hatee, 'davies millennium white horsenaa cavaliers', aneey jaaher sabhyone jodava maate aamantrit karvaamaa aavyaa hataa. aaa juthnee rachnaa tenee bhaavi jalvanine teko aapvaa maate pann karvaamaa aavee hatee. sarsons housingna aelan truescoat, tekri parnaa ghodaani aakrutina sarvekshan aneey pegingnaa prabhaari sabhy tareeke sameetima jodaya, saathe saathe piers sivil angineeringna keath sonders pann jodaya, jeo upala maateene saaf karvaa aneey ruprekha kaapya pachhi chaak bharvaanu kaama purn karvaa maate machinary aneey manavbal pradaan karvaa maate jodaya, jenu kaapani viveedh jutho aneey sthaaneek samudaaynaa vyakteeo dwara haaththee karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. beso lokoae aaa aankado kapvama madad curry. aevee dhaarnaa karvaamaa aavee hatee keey aaa project saadhno, tenaa praachin vaarsa aneey tenee aaspasna aakarshak graamy vistaarone protsaahan aapshe, temaj teey vistaarnaa pravaasan nakshaamaa vadhaaraani visheshta banashe. ghodaani ruprekha khodvaanu kaama september 1999naa saptaahnaa ante thayu hatoo. 200 lokone kaapvaa maate aek meater lambai khodvaanu kahevama aavyu hatoo, ghodaani coole lambai aashre 230 meater hatee. 20 septembernaa roj, sthal bundh thaee gayoo jethee pirs sivil angineeringna prayojako ketlaak divaso sudhee ghodaana shareerne bahaar kaadhee shake. teoae ghodaani aankh aneey naskoraa tareeke upyogmaa levaata khadakone pann gothvyaa hataa. safed ghodaanu nirmaan 29 september 1999naa roj purn thayu hatoo. scaring aneey jaalvani. safed ghodo kyarek-kyarek samarkamni sthitima aavee jaay chhe, jemaa aaa sthal maate mukhya khataro nindanno vikaas chhe. 2007maan davises ghodaani sthitini sarkhaamani taajetarma saaf karvaamaa aavela westbury white hoars saathe kartaa, aek backhampton lokalne "gazette anned herald" dwara tankvama aavyu hatoo, jemaa kahevama aavyu hatoo keh "ketalo sharamjanak chhe keey nagrik gaurav keey jenaa kaarane aaa safed ghodo sahastraabdini ujavani maate banavvama aavyo hato teey sahastraabdinaa pratham beey varsh karataa vadhu samay sudhee chaalyo naa hoya tevu laage chhe."tyarbad, april 2007maan beey divasnaa samaygalama ghodaani pratham motee safai athavaa tapaas karvaamaa aavee hatee, jemaa pedvike svayamsevakone dalomaa jodava aneey ghodaa parthee nindan, ghaas aneey shevaal door karvaa maate aamantrit karyaa hataa. september 2008 sudhimaa, ghodo fareethi bhagye jaj dekhaato hato. davises millennium white hoars kamiteeae ghodaane shodhvaa maate bhandol maangvaanu sharoo karyoo. aaa tapaas yojnaao pachhi probation service community service groupne aapvama aavee hatee, jemane tyarbad ghodaane sampoorn reete saaf karyo hato, jeey kaary teo niyamitpane punraavartit karey chhe. august 2014maan, "wiltshire times" naa lekhake ghodaani teey samaynee vartmaan sthitee vishe fariyad curry hatee, kharaab reete ugadvama aaveli chaaknee sapaati aneey ghodo kevee reete "durthi bhukharaa aneey daghvalu" dekhaato hato tenaa parr shoqa vyakt karyo hato. saamanya reete, unalana shushk samayma, chaak sunder aneey safed dekhaay chhe, temaj nondhe chhe keey kevee reete "gatishilataa dwaar taraf doree jato kankarino maarg aetalo vadhaare hato keey koee wheel athavaa pushcher khetarni bethak sudhee jaee shaktee naa hatee."lekhake aashaa vyakt curry hatee keey roundway pereesh council" thodee taatkaalik jaalvani parr vichaar karashe." aadhunik itihas. sthaaneek loko dwara safed ghodaane premthi "chokee" upnaam aapvama aave chhe. safed ghodaani rachnaa purn thayaana thodaa samay pachhi, tene 90-milenaa walking tour 'wiltshire white hoars trail' parr anya saat canonical wiltshire safed ghodaao saathe saamel karvaamaa aavyo hato, jeey fakt safed ghodaani pagdandi tareeke vadhu saaree reete odakhaay chhe, jeey wiltshirema tamaam aath canonical safed ghodaaoni mulakat leey chhe. aaa pravaasnee sthaapnaa 2000maan wiltshire pravaasan booard dwara karvaamaa aavee hatee. pedvike pageraani prashansa kartaa lakhyu keey "ghanaa loko aaa prakaarnee manoranjak pravruttio karvaamaa aneey ochha aneey vadhu pramanma chalvama rus dharaave chhe."2006 thee, safed ghodo taiyar karvo aee safed ghodo padkaar tareeke odakhaata vaarshik charity kaarykramnu praarambhik bindu rahyu chhe, jyaan sahbhagio wiltshire air ambulance maate naanaa aektra karvaa maate aath canonical wiltshire safed ghodaaoni aaspaas sampoorn 52-mile chaalno pravaas karey chhe. roundway pereesh council maate logonee madhyamaa darshavvama aavel ghodo, jeey roundwayne "maatra yukteeo maate adeene" tareeke bhulthi asvasthata anoobhavtaa hataa, aneey 2011 maan settlementne yuktiothi alag padvama madad karvaa maate roundway maate logo sharoo karyo hato. roundway pereesh council 2017 maan davises taaun council saathe bhalee gaee, joke roundwayna chhella adhyaksh, criss keloae, roundway pereesh councilni seeddhio vishe garvthi vaat curry, jemaa davises white horsene kapvama madad karvaano samaavesh thaay chhe. sahastraabdi ghodo taiyar karnaar pieter lobh, laambaa samay sudhee mandgi pachhi november 2008maan 73 varshnee vaye mrutyu paamyo hato aneey banknaa khetarnaa praveshdwaar parr aek taktee saathe tene ujavvama aave chhe. ujavani. sahastraabdini ujavani karataa, 31 december 1999naa roj piers sivil angineeringni madadthi aek time capsulene ghodaani neeche dafnavvama aavyu hatoo aneey teey jaj raatre sanjthi 1 january 2000nee savaar sudhee ghodaane floodlight karvaamaa aavyo hato. wessex paanee dwara saha-daan karaayel time capsule sthaaneek rasnee vichitrataothi bharelu hatoo, jyaare ghodaani floodliting mile paachhalthi joee shakaati hatee. 30 juuna 2012naa roj ghodo fareethi prakashit karvaamaa aavyo hato, jyaare yug salisbury aantarrashtriy qalaa mahotsavna bhaag rupe, safed ghodo aneey najiknaa elton barnes safed ghodo bannene fanasni pareda dwara prakashit karvaamaa aavyaa hataa. aaa ghodoni aaspaas 300thee vadhu fanso mukvaamaa aavyaa hataa aneey tene raatre 10 vagyathi savaare 12 vaagyaa sudhee pragatavvama aavyo hato. 10 october 2009naa roj, ghodaani dasmee varshgaanthni ujavani karvaa maate, sthaaneek loko ghodaa parr chaalya gayaa, jemaa meiro off devisisno samaavesh thaay chhe, jeey manav "10" aakruti banaave chhe. jee. aesa. uddayanna hadvaa vimaane "10" aakruti parr udaan bharee hatee aneey teno havaai photograph leedho hato. 2012nee pankharma ghodaana 13maa janmadivasni ujavani karvaa maate, sthaaneek rahevasio thelma aneey collin edwardse tekri parr picnicnu aayojan karvaanu nakki karyoo, jemaa sthaaneek samudaaynaa sabhyo aneey ghodaana kaapanima saamel anya lokone aamantrit karvaamaa aavyaa hataa. aaa samarambhnu aayojan sarah pedwick temaj devizna mayer calvin naash dwara karvaamaa aavyu hatoo aneey temaa baadako safed ghodaani gardan maate maalaa banaavvaa maate phoolo laavtaa hataa. aek skaaut jooth prakhyaat saint. 2017 maan george deey safed ghodaane shangarva aneey nindan dwara. pratikruti. 2012maan tenee 10mee varshgaanthni ujavani karvaa maate, neursted school ina devizize tenaa medaan parr sahastraabdinaa ghodaani aek naanee pratikrutinu anaavaran karyoo hatoo. aaa ghodo karmchaareeo aneey vidhyarthio saheet svayamsevako dwara mahinaaonaa samaygalama banavvama aavyo hato aneey teey mool ghodaana kadano dasamo bhaag chhe. sharuaatmaa ghodaa parr aek naano number 10 mukvaamaa aavyo hato, jeey manav "10" aakruti saathe mela khaay chhe, jeey svayamsevakoae 2009maan tenaa dasmaa janmadivasni ujavani karvaa maate mool sahastraabdinaa safed ghodaa parr banaavyo hato. pann juo. anya safed ghodaao. mile aee golmaargeey tekrini najikno rasto chhe.

safed ghode koo taiyar kartaa haye safed ghode koo vikasit kartaa haye, jise aadhikarik taur parr sahasrabdi safed ghode key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye, ack ghode kii chaak pahaadi haye joe tata key maidan parr sthit haye, goal maarg pahaadi parr ack escorpment, goal maarg, wiltshire, ingland key basti key oopar shahar key baahari ilaake mein haye; yeh goal maarg seey lagbhag 1⁄2 meal uttar mein haye. ise 1999 mein agami teesari sahasrabdi kaa jashn manaane key liye kaataa gayaa thaa, aur yeh ack aur safed ghode kii pahaadi aakriti key design parr adharit haye, jise safed ghode key roop mein bhee jaanaa jaataa thaa, yaa kabhi-kabhi snobes ghodaa, joe vartamaan ghode key bahut karib thaa kyonki yeh oliver key mahal pahaadi kille key neeche goal pahaadi parr bhee thaa. snobbs ghode key nishan abhee bhee sahee paristhitiyon mein dekhe jaa sakate hain. safed ghode koo aaj wiltshire mein kaataa gayaa aathvaan aur navintam pramukh safed ghode kii pahaadi kaa aakar haye, aur yeh lamba aur oonchaa haye. ghode koo, halanki kabhi-kabhi paas kii sadakon parr ack tirchhe konn seey dekhaa jaataa haye, lekin ise meelon door seey dekhaa jaa sakata haye, jisamen bratton down parr bratton mahal seey laker westbury safed ghode taka shamil hain. yeh pyusi key ghaat seey bhee dikhaai detaa haye, joe pyusi key safed ghode kaa ghar haye, jahan safed ghode aur elton baarn key safed ghode koo ack dusare kaa saamana karate hue dekhaa jaa sakata haye. utpatti aur itihas. mool safed ghode koo taiyar kartaa haye. 1845 mein, sthaaniya jootaa nirmaataon ney ack safed ghode koo goal path pahaadi key paschim kii or, seedhe pahaadi kille, oliver key mahal key neeche kaat diyaa. yeh ack pahaadi aakriti key liye ack achchha sthaan thaa, kyonki yeh samudra tala seey lagbhag 600 'oopar ack khadee dhalaan parr ghaati koo dekhta thaa, aur kaee meal door seey dekhaa jaa sakata thaa. ise sthaaniya roop seey "snobbs horse" key roop mein jaanaa jaataa thaa, joe shabd "snobbs" sthaaniya shabd schumaker seey liya gayaa haye. ghode kii ack pahaadi aakriti koo kaatna upayukt thaa, kyonki 1845 mein isaki kataai kii tarikh taka, westbury mein wiltshire, elton barnes, hackpain, cherhill, inkpain key paas, marlbero aur sambhavatah broad town mein 1845 mein pahale seey hii safed ghode kii pahaadi kii aakritiyaan dikhaai dey rahee theen, jinake ghode kii utpatti agyaat haye lekin shayed 19 veen shatabdi seey, aur rockley, jiska ghodaa 1945 mein 'khoja' gayaa thaa, jisase pahale kii yeh ghaas key neeche rahata thaa. unamen seey adhikansh aaj bhee maujood hain, apavaad syaahi aur rockley mein hain. ghodon koo upekshit kiya gayaa thaa aur lagbhag 1922 mein khou gayaa thaa, aur ghode kaa koee ayam kabhi maujood naheen thaa. haalaanki, ghaas kaa alag rung dekhaa jaa sakata thaa. 1954 mein, james smith, usa samay key vyaakaran school key pramukh, saikil chalaa rahey they aur maanate they kii unhone oliver cromwell promontary parr ack ghode kii ruprekha dekhi thee. unake avalokan kii jaanch kii gaee aur vaastav mein ghode key sir, gardan aur gaanth kii mund ruprekha dekhi jaa sakati thee. yeh purana snobes ghodaa thaa. ghode key design kaa ack sketch kheencha gayaa thaa aur baad mein aadhunik 1999 key design key liye upayog kiya gayaa thaa, jisamen sahasrabdi safed ghode koo taiyar kiya gayaa thaa, sivaay isake kii sahasrabdi safed ghode kaa saamana daaeen or hotaa haye (aisaa karane key liye wiltshire mein ekmatra safed ghodaa), jabaki snobes ghode kaa sketch baain or hotaa haye. 1954 mein iss bindu parr aakriti koo phir seey banaane key prayaas asafal rahey, jaisa kii 1909,1939 mein pichhale prayaas they jaba ghode koo bhee dekhaa gayaa thaa, 1977,1987 aur anta mein 1998 mein jaba iska sir aur gardan phir seey dikhaai diyaa. 1979 mein, ajib roshni kii sthiti aur maheen burf ney 1954 key baad pahali baar ghode kii gardan aur sir kii ruprekha koo dekhaa. sir aur gardan niyamit roop seey dekhi gaee haye, jisamen 1998,2000 aur 2005 mein shamil hain, baad mein dou baar sahasrabdi safed ghode key nirmaan key baad seey they. jaba bhee iska koee hissa phir seey dikhaai detaa haye tou aisaa lagata haye kii ghodaa chhota thaa, aur sahasrabdi key safed ghode key aakar kaa lagbhag aadhaa thaa. isake niyamit roop seey phir seey prakat honey kaa kaaran isaki nirmaan vidhi, khaai, haye joe pahaadi aakriti nirmaan kii abb taka kii sabse aam vidhi haye. antarnihit chaak satah key paas naheen thaa isaliye ack khaai khodi gaee aur khaai koo bharane key liye dusare sthaan seey chaak kaa upayog kiya gayaa. nirmaan kii iss vidhi key kaaran kabhi-kabhi ghode key jhunjhuni khud koo prakat karati haye, kyonki pahaadi mein khaai aakramak hoti haye aur aakriti key nishan koo taba bhee dekhaa jaa sakata haye jaba aakriti kaee varshon seey adhik hoe gaee hoe. sahasrabdi safed ghode koo vikasit kartaa haye. 1998 mein, ack navagantuk, saaraa padwick, joe sambhavatah wiltshire mein anya saat vartamaan safed ghodon seey prerit they, ney ack sthaaniya samachar patra koo ack patra bheja kii sahasrabdi kaa jashn manaane key liye goal maarg pahaadi parr ack safed ghode kii kataai honey chaahiye. vaha paas key snobes ghode seey anjaan thee. akhbar koo yeh vichaar pasand aaya aur yojanaaen bhee isi key anuroop theen. mool roop seey, yojana snobes ghode koo usake mool sthaan (uparokt 1998 kaa prayaas) mein vaapas laane kii thee. yeh yojana iss site koo vishesh vaigyaanik ruchi kaa sthal ghoshit kiye jaane key kaaran asafal rahee. haalaanki ack sthaaniya kisan, criss combay ney ack vaikalpik sthal key roop mein goal maarg pahaadi parr apani bhoomi key hisse kii peshkash kii, basharte kii bhoomi key malik crown estate ayukton dwara anumati dee gaee hoe. wiltshire county council tourism ney pariyojana kaa samarthan kiya jaisa kii roundway parrish council ney kiya jinhone kennet jilaa parishad koo kiye gaye yojana aavedan kaa samarthan kiya. yeh ghode kaa nayaa sthaan bunn gayaa. ghode kii banaavat 1954 seey james smith kii thee, sivaay isake kii ghode kaa saamana sahee thaa. design mein ack ghode koo bhee chalati hui dikhaaya gayaa thaa (anya wiltshire safed ghode khade honey kii sthiti mein hain). pariyojana kii dekhrekh key liye ack samiti kaa gathan kiya gayaa thaa, 'sahasrabdi key safed ghode key cavaliers', aur janata key sadasyon koo shamil honey key liye aamantrit kiya gayaa thaa. samooh kaa gathan isake bhavishya key rakharkhaav mein sahaayata key liye bhee kiya gayaa thaa. sarsen awas key ellen truscott, pahaadi parr ghode key chitra key sarvekshan aur baahar nikalane key prabhaari sadasya key roop mein samiti mein shamil hue, saath hii nashpati sivil engineering key keath sonders bhee shamil hue, joe oopari mitty koo saaf karane aur ruprekha koo kaatane key baad chaak koo bharane key liye machinary aur maanav shakti pradaan karane key liye shamil hue, jisaki kataai vibhinn samoohon aur sthaaniya samudaay key vyaktiyon dwara haath seey kii gaee thee. dou sou logon ney iss sankhya koo kaatane mein madad kii. yeh anuman lagaaya gayaa thaa kii yeh pariyojana vikas, isaki pracheen viraasat aur isake aspas key aakarshak graameen ilaakon koo badhaava degi, saath hii kshetra key paryatak maanchitra key liye ack atirikt visheshta hogi. ghode kii ruprekha kii khudai 18/19 sitambar 1999 key saptahant mein hui. 200 logon koo kaatane key liye ack meater lambai khodane key liye kahaa gayaa thaa, ghode kii kull lambai lagbhag 230 meater thee. 20 sitambar koo, site bund hoe gaee taaki nashpati sivil engineering key praayojak kuchh dinon key liye ghode key shareer koo khod sakein. unhone ghode kii aankh aur nasika key roop mein upayog kii jaane vaali chattanon koo bhee tainaat kiya. safed ghode kaa vikas 29 sitambar 1999 koo puuraa huaa thaa. scurring aur rakharkhaav. safed ghodaa kabhi-kabhi kharaab sthiti mein gir jaataa haye, site key liye mukhya khatra kharpatwar kaa vikas haye. ack beckhampton sthaaniya ney 2007 mein ghodon kii sthiti kii tulanaa usa samay key haal hii mein saaf kiye gaye westbury safed ghode seey karate hue kahaa thaah "rajpatra aur herauld ney kahaah" kyaa sherm kii baat haye kii nagrik gaurav jisane iss safed ghode koo sahasrabdi kaa jashn manaane key liye banaaya thaa, vaha usa sahasrabdi key pahale kuchh varshon seey adhik samay taka naheen chalaa."baad mein, aprail 2007 mein dou dinn kii avadhi mein ghode kii pahali badee safai yaa khoj hui, jisamen padwick ney swayamsevakon koo senaa mein shamil honey aur ghode seey kharpatwar, ghaas aur kaaee koo hataane key liye aamantrit kiya. sitambar 2008 taka, ghodaa phir seey mushkil seey dikhaai dene lagaa thaa. sahasrabdi kii shwet ghode kii samiti ney ghode koo chodane key liye dhana kii maang shuru kii. inn khoj yojanaon koo taba pariveeksha seva samudayik seva samooh koo paarit kiya gayaa, jinhone baad mein ghode koo achchi tarah seey saaf kiya, ack aisaa kaary jise way niyamit roop seey dohrate rahey hain. agast 2014 mein, "wiltshire times" key ack lekhak ney ghode kii tatkalin vartamaan sthiti key baare mein shikayat kii, jisamen usane kharaab tareeke seey ugaaye gaye chaak kii satah parr shoke vyakt kiya aur kahaa kii ghodaa door seey "dhusar aur dhabbedar" kaise dikhaai diyaa. aamtaur parr, garmiyon key sookhe mein, chaak sunder aur safed dikhta haye, saath hii yeh bhee dhyaan mein rakhate hue kii kaise "gatishilata dwaar kii or jaane vaalaa bajari kaa maarg itna adhik thaa kii koee pahiya yaa pushchair maidan mein seat parr naheen jaa sakata thaa."lekhak ney ummeed jataai kii goal maarg paravarti parishad" kuchh tatkaal rakharkhaav parr vichaar karegi." aadhunik itihas. safed ghode koo sthaaniya logon dwara pyaar seey "chaak" upnaam diyaa jaataa haye. safed ghode key puuraa honey key turant baad, ise 90-meal key paidal daure 'wiltshire key safed ghode key raaste' parr anya saat canonical wiltshire safed ghodon key saath shamil kiya gayaa thaa, jise kewal safed ghode key raaste key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye, joe wiltshire mein sabhi aathh canonical safed ghodon kaa daura kartaa haye. iss daure kii sthaapana 2000 mein wiltshire paryatan board dwara kii gaee thee. padwick ney iss pagadandi kii prashansa karate hue likhaa kii "bahut seey loga iss tarah kii manoranjak gatividhiyon koo karane aur cumm seey cumm adhik paidal chalane mein ruchi rakhate hain."2006 seey, safed ghode koo taiyar karna ack vaarshik charity karyakram key liye praarambhik bindu rhaa haye jise safed ghode kii chunauti key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye, jahan pratibhaagi wiltshire air ambulance key liye dhana jutaane key liye aathh canonical wiltshire safed ghodon key chaaron or poore 52 meal kii sair karate hain. ghode koo goal maarg parishad key liye logo key kendra mein dikhaaya gayaa thaa, joe goal maarg koo "kewal ack aasann key liye" key liye galat honey seey asahaj they, aur 2011 mein goal maarg key liye logo launch kiya taaki basti koo alag karane mein madad mill sakey. roundway parrish council kaa 2017 mein davises town council key saath vilay hoe gayaa, halanki roundway key antim adhyaksh, criss callo ney roundway parrish council kii uplabdhiyon key baare mein garv seey baat kii, jisamen davises white horse kii kataai mein madad karna shamil thaa. sahasrabdi ghode koo design karane vaale peater lalach kii mrityu navambar 2008 mein 73 varsh kii ayu mein bimari kii ack lambi avadhi key baad hui, aur baink key maidan key pravesh dwaar parr ack pattika key saath manaaya jaataa haye. utsav. sahasrabdi kaa jashn manaane key liye, 31 disambar 1999 koo nashpati sivil engineering kii madad seey ghode key neeche ack time capsule dafnaya gayaa thaa, aur usee raat shaam seey 1 janwari 2000 kii subah taka ghode koo baadh seey prakaashit kiya gayaa thaa. wessex paani dwara saha-daan kiya gayaa time capsule, sthaaniya ruchi kii vichitrataon seey bharaa huaa thaa, jabaki ghode kii baadh kii roshni koo meelon peechhe seey dekhaa jaa sakata thaa. 30 juuna 2012 koo ghode koo phir seey rotion kiya gayaa thaa, jaba yug key salisbury antarrashtriya kalaa mahotsav key hisse key roop mein, donon safed ghode aur paas key elton baarn safed ghode koo lalten pared dwara rotion kiya gayaa thaa. ghode key chaaron or 300 seey adhik lalten rakhee gaee theen aur ise raat 10 baje seey subah 12 baje taka jalaaya gayaa thaa. 10 octuber 2009 koo, ghode kii dasavin varshgaanth manaane key liye, sthaaniya loga ghode parr chaley gaye, jisamen davies key meyer bhee shamil they, ack maanav "10" aakriti banaane key liye. jee. aiss. vimanan seey ack halke vimaan ney "10" aakriti key oopar seey udaan bharee aur isaki havaai tasveer lii. sharad ritu 2012 mein ghode key 13vein janmadin kaa jashn manaane key liye, sthaaniya nivaasiyon thelma aur collin edwards ney pahaadi parr ack picnic kaa ayojan karane kaa faisala kiya, jisamen sthaaniya samudaay key sadasyon aur anya logon koo aamantrit kiya gayaa joe ghode kii kataai mein shamil they. samaroh kii mejbani sarah padwick key saath-saath kelvin naish, davies key meyer ney kii thee, aur isamen bachche bhee shamil they joe safed ghode kii gardan key liye ack maalaa banaane key liye phool laate they. ack scout samooh ney prasiddh sent koo taiyar kiya. 2017 mein george kaa dinn safed ghode koo sajaakar aur niraai karke. pratikriti. 2012 mein apani 10veen varshgaanth manaane key liye, norstead school ney apane maidan parr sahasrabdi ghode kii ack chhoti pratikriti kaa anaavaran kiya. iss ghode kaa nirmaan karmchaariyon aur chhatron sahit swayamsevakon dwara maheenon kii avadhi mein kiya gayaa thaa, aur yeh mool ghode key aakar kaa dasvaan hissa haye. shuru mein ghode parr ack chhoti sankhya 10 rakhee gaee thee, joe maanav "10" aakriti seey milati-julati thee, joe swayamsevakon ney 2009 mein apane dasaven janmadin kaa jashn manaane key liye mool sahasrabdi safed ghode parr banaai thee. bhee dekhein. anya safed ghode. meal goal maarg pahaadi aavaran key paas ack sadak seey sadak kii doori haye.

bili kudureyannu roopisuttade devisus white haars, adhikrutavaagi devisus millennium white haars endu kareyalpaduttade, idu bankna maidaanadalli iruva kudureya chaak hill figure aagide, roundway bettada escorpment, roundway pattanada horavalayadalli, wiltshire, inglend; idu roundveninda uttarakke sumaru 1⁄2 maili dooradallide. mumbaruva moorane sahasramaanavannu acharisalu 1999 ralli idannu kattarisalaayitu, mattu idu mattondu bili kudure bettada aakrutiya vinyaasavannu aadhariside, idannu devisus white haars endoo kareyalaaguttittu, athawa kelavomme snabs haars, idu prastuta kudurege bahala hattiradallittu ekendare idu oliverna koteya bettada koteya kelagiruva roundway bettadallittu. snabs kudureya kuruhugalannu innoo sariyaada paristhitigalalli kaanabahudu. bili kudureyu indu kanisikolluva wiltshirenalli kattarisida entane mattu ittichina pramukha bili kudure bettada akrutiyagide, mattu idu ettaradinda uddavaagide. kudureyannu, kelavomme hattirada rastegalalli vakra koonadinda nodalaagiddaroo, west burry bili kudureya neleyaada bratton downsnalliruwa bratton kooteyinda seridante maili dooradinda nodabahudu. idu pucie bili kudureya neleyaada pucie kaniveyindaloo saha gocharisuttade, allie bili kudure mattu alton baarnegala bili kuduregalannu paraspara edurisuttiruvudannu kaanabahudu. moola mattu itihaasa. moolavu bili kudureyannu roopisuttade. velege, sthaliya padarakshe tayaarakaru bili kudureyannu roundway bettada paschima bhagakke, oliverna kooteyaada bettada koteya neravagi kelage kattarisidaru. idu bettada pratimege uttama sthalavagide, ekendare idu samudra mattadinda sumaru 600 addi ettarada kadidaada ilijaarinalli kaniveyannu kadeganisittu mattu idannu aneka maili dooradinda nodabahudu. idannu sthaliyavaagi "snabs haars" endu kareyalaaguttittu, "snabs" emba padavu schumaker emba sthaliya padadinda bandide. velege adara kattarisuva dinankada velege, velege westbariyalliruwa wiltshirenalli, alton barness, hackpen, cherhill, inkpen bully, marlbero mattu prayashah broad tounnalli bili kudure bettada pratimegalu kaanisuttiddavu, avara kudureyu agnaata moolavannu hondide aadare bahushah 19neey shatamaanadinda, mattu rockleya kudureyannu kudureyannu 'pattehachchalaayitu', adakkoo modalu adhu hullina adiyalli vaasisuttittu. avugalalli hechchinavu indigoo astitvadallive, inkpen mattu rakliyallinavugalu idakke horataagive. sadhanagala kudureyannu nirlakshisalaayitu mattu sumaru sumaru kaleduhoyitu, mattu kudureya yaavude ayamagalu astitvadalliralillavendu toruttade. aadaagyoo, hullina vibhinn bannavannu kaanabahudu. hantadalli, aaa kaalada vyakarana shaleya mukhyastha james smith, saikalnalli horatiddanu mattu oliver cromwell promontariyalli kudureya rooparekheyannu nodidanendu nambiddanu. avana avalokanagalannu parisheelisalaayitu mattu vaastavaagi kudureya tale, kuttige mattu dundina masukaada baahyarekhe kaanuttittu. idu haleya snabs kudureyagittu. kudureya vinyaasada rekhaachitravannu chithrisalaayitu mattu nantara aadhunika 1999 rahra vinyasakkagi balasalaayitu, sahasramaanada bili kudureyannu roopisuttade, aadare sahasramaanada bili kudureyu balakke eduraagiruvudarinda (wiltshirenalli haage maadida ekaika bili kudure), aadare snabs kudureya rekhaachitravu edakke eduraagide. ee hantadalli hantadalli ee anki amshavannu marunirmisuva prayatnagalu viphalavaadavu, haageye haageye kudureyannu nodida bagge varadiyadaga, 1977,1987 mattu antimavagi roopisuttade adara tale mattu kuttige matte kanisikondaga maadida hindina prayatnagalu viphalavaadavu. viphalavaadavu, vichitra belakina paristhitigalu mattu sookshmavaada himavu 1954rahra nantara modala baarige kudureya kuttige mattu taleya baahyarekheyannu kannige tanditu. 1998,2000 mattu mattu seridante, nantara eradu baari sahasramaanada bili kudureya srushti nantaravoo, tale mattu kuttigeyannu niyamitavagi nodalaguttide. adara yaavude bhagavu matte kanisikondagalella, kudureyu chikkadaagittu mattu sahasramaanada bili kudureya ardhadashtu gatraddagittu endu toruttade. adara nirmaana vidhana, kandaka, idu bettada aakrutiya nirmaanada atyanta saamaanya vidhaanavaagide, idu adara niyamita punaraavartanege kaaranavaagide. aadhaaravaagiruva chaak melmaige hattiradalliralillavadra kandakavannu agedu kandakavannu tumbalu innondu sthaladinda chaak annu balasalaayitu. ee nirmaana vidhaanavu kudureya kudureyu kelavomme tannannu taanu bahirangapadisikollalu kaaranavaagiddu, ekendare kandakavu bettada badiyalli aakramanakaariyaagide mattu aneka varshagalinda aaa aakrutiyu atiyagi belediddaroo saha adara kuruhugalannu nodalu anuvu maadikoduttade. sahasramaanada bili kudureyannu roopisuttade. roopisuttade, wiltshirenalliruwa itara elu prastuta bili kuduregalinda bahushah sphurti padeda hosabaraada saaraa padwick, sahasramaanavannu acharisalu roundway bettada mele bili kudureyannu kattarisabeku endu sthaliya patrikege patravondannu kaluhisidaru. aakege hattirada snabs kudureya bagge tilidiralilla. patrikeyu ee kalpaneyannu ishtapattitu mattu yojanegalu anusarisidavu. moolatah, snabs kudureyannu adara moola sthaladalli marubalake maaduva yojaneyu (mele tilisalaada 1998rahra prayatna) aagittu. ee taanavannu vishesha vaignaanika aasaktiya taanavendu ghoshisiddarinda ee yojaneyu viphalavaayitu. aadaagyoo, sthaliya raitanaada criss kambe, roundway bettada melina tanna bhagavannu paryaya taanavaagi niididanu, bhoomige malikatva hondiruva crown estatus aayuktaru anumati niididaru. wiltshire kaunti council pravasodyamavu ee yojaneyannu bembalisitu mattu roundway parish council kennet jilla mandalige maadida yojana arjiyannu bembalisitu. idu kudureya hosa sthalavaayitu. kudureya vinyaasavu vinyaasavu james smith avara vinyaasavaagittu, aadare kudureyu balakke mukha maadiruvudannu horatupadisi. vinyaasavu chalisuttiruva kudure endu chithrisalaagide (itara wiltshire bili kuduregalu nintiruva sthitiyallive). ee yojaneya melvichaaranegaagi ondu samitiyannu rachisalaayitu, 'sahasramaanada bili kudureya kudure vinyaasakaru' mattu saarvajanikara sadasyarannu seralu aahvaanisalaayitu. adara bhavishyada nirvahaneyannu bembalisalu ee gumpannu rachisalaayitu. sursense housingna alan truscott, bettada melina kudureya aakrutiyannu samikshe maaduva mattu horategeyuva ustuvaari sadasyaraagi samitiyannu seridaru, jotege piers sivil engineeringna keeth sanders, avaru meelbhaagada mannannu teravugolisalu mattu baahyarekheyannu kattarisida nantara chaak annu tumbalu yantropakaranagalu mattu maanavashaktiyannu odagisalu serikondaru, idannu sthaliya samudaayada vividha gumpugalu mattu vyaktigalu kaiyinda kattarisidaru. eradu nooru janaru ee anki amshavannu kaditagolisalu sahaaya maadidaru. ee yojaneyu sadhanagalu, adara praachina parampare mattu adara suttalina akarshaka grameena pradeshagalannu uttejisuttade mattu pradeshada pravasi nakshege hechchuvari vaishishtyavaagide endu nirikshisalaagittu. kudureya baahyarekheyannu ageyuvudu 1999rahra september 1rahra vaaraantyadalli nadeyitu. 200 janarannu ondu meater uddavannu ageyalu kelalaayitu, kudureya ottu udda sumaru 230 meater aagittu. piers sivil engineeringna prayojakaru kudureya dehavannu kelavu dinagalavarege ageyalu saadhyavaaguvante september september ee sthalavannu muchchalaayitu. avaru kudureya kannu mattu moogina holleyaagi balasuva bandegalannu saha irisidaru. 1999rahra september september bili kudureyannu roopisuva kaaryavu poornagonditu. scoring mattu nirvahane. bili kudureyu kelavomme durasti maadada sthitiyalli beeluttade, ee stalakke mukhya apayavendare kalegala belavanige. april, beckhampton sthaliya samstheyu, aaa kaalada ittichege svachchagolisalaada westbury bili kudurege holisidante, "gazette mattu herold" idannu ullekhisi heege helideh "sahasramaanavannu acharisalu ee bili kudureyannu srashtisalu kaaranavaada nagarika hemme aaa sahasramaanada modala eradu varshagaliginta hecchu kaala uliyalilla embudu eshtu nachikegedina sangati."taruvaaya, april april eradu dinagala avadhiyalli modala pramukha svachchagolisuvike athawa kudureyannu shodhane maadalaayitu, idaralli padwick svayamsevakarannu seralu mattu kudureyinda kalegalu, hullu mattu paachiyannu tegeduhakalu aahvaanisidaru. 2008rahra september velege, kudure matte kaanasiguttiralilla. sahasramaanada bili kudure samitiyu kudureyannu shodhisalu hanavannu koralu praarambhisitu. ee shodhana yojanegalannu nantara parivikshana sewa samudaaya sewa gumpige ravaanisalaayitu, avaru taruvaaya kudureyannu sampoornavaagi svachchagolisidaru, ee kelasavannu avaru niyamitavagi punaraavartisuttiddaare. august august, "wiltshire times" naa barahagararobbaru kudureya andina prastuta sthitiya bagge dooru niididaru, kettadaagi beleda chaak melmai mattu kudureyu dooradinda "boodu mattu masukaagi hege kaanuttittu" endu vishaadisidaru. samanyavagi, besigeya onabhagadalli, chaak sundaravagi mattu bili bannadalli kaanuttade, jotege "chalanasheelateya dwarakke hoguva jalli maargavu eshtu hechchaagittu endare yaavude chakra athawa push chair maidaanada asanakke hogalu sadhyavaguttiralilla" embudannu gamanisi."roundway parish council" kelavu turtu nirvahaneyannu pariganisuttade endu lekhakaru aashisidaru." aadhunika itihaasa. bili kudureyannu roopisuva ee kudurege sthaliyaru "chaakki" endu pritiyinda addahesariduttaare. bili kudureya poornagolisuvikeyannu roopisida swalpa samayada nantara, idannu 90-maili nadige pravaasavaada 'wiltshires white haars trial' nalli itara elu canonical wiltshire bili kuduregalondige serisalaayitu, idannu kevala bili kudure trial endu kareyalaaguttade, idu wiltshirenalliruwa ellah entu canonical bili kuduregalige bheti niiduttade. ee pravaasavannu pravaasavannu wiltshire pravasodyama mandaliyu sthaapisitu. padwick ee jaadu hidiyuvudannu shlaghisutta, "bahalashtu janaru ee reetiya manaranjana chatuvatikegalannu maadalu mattu kadime mattu hecchina mattada nadigegalannu maadalu asakti hondiddaare" endu endu, white haars challenge endu kareyalaaguva varshika chaariti eeventge white haars vinyaasavu arambhika hantavagide, allie bhagavahisuvavaru wiltshire air ambulensgagi hanavannu sangrahisalu entu canonical wiltshire white haarsgala suttaloo 52 mailigala purna nadige pravaasa maaduttaare. roundway parish councilna laanchanada madhyadalli kanisikonda kudure, roundway annu "kevala pakkada sadhanagalu" endu tappagi grahisuvudarinda ahitakaravagittu, mattu vasaahatugalannu saadhanagalinda pratyekisalu sahaaya maadalu 2011 ralli roundvegaagi laanchanavannu praarambhisitu. roundway parish council 2017 ralli divis town kaunsilnondige vileenagonditu, aadaagyoo roundway koneya adhyaksharaada criss calove, divis bili kudureyannu kattarisalu sahaaya maaduvudu seridante roundway parish councilna sadhanegala bagge hemmeyinda matanadidaru. sahasramaanada kudureyannu vinyaasagolisida peater durashe, deerghakaalada anarogyada nantara november 2008 ralli tanna 73 neey vayassinalli nidhanaraadaru mattu bank kshetrada pravesha dwaarada mele phalakadondige smarisalaaguttade. acharanegalu. sahasramaanavannu mattashtu acharisutta, 1999rahra december december piers sivil engineeringna sahayadinda kudureya kelage time capsul annu hoolalaayitu mattu adhe ratri sanjeyinda janavari 1,2000rahra munjaaneyavarege kudurege flood light nidalaayitu. wessex nirininda saha-daana maadida time capsul sthaliya aasaktiya vichitrategalinda tumbittu, aadare kudureya flood laiting annu mailigalashtu hindinindaloo nodabahudagittu. 2012rahra zoon zoon, yugus salisbury antararashtriya kalaa utsavada bhagavagi, bili kudure mattu hattirada alton baarnegala bili kudure eradannoo lantern meravanigegalinda belagisidaaga kudureyannu matte belagisalaayitu. sadhanagala kudureya suttaloo suttaloo hecchu lanterngalannu irisalaagittu mattu adannu ratri 10 ganteyinda beligge 12 ganteyavarege belagisalaagittu. 2009rahra october october, kudureya hattane vaarshikotsavavannu acharisalu, sthaliyaru kudureya mele nadedu, yantragala mayer seridante, manava "10" aakrutiyannu roopisidaru. gs aviation hagura vimaanavu "10" anki amshada mele harata nadesi adara vaimanika chayachitravannu tegedukonditu. 2012rahra sharatkaaladalli kudureya 13neey janmadinavannu acharisalu, sthaliya nivasigalada thelma mattu kolin edwardgalu bettada mele picnic nadesalu nirdharisidaru, sthaliya samudaayada sadasyarannu mattu kudureyannu kattarisuvalli todagisikondidda itararannu aahvaanisidaru. ee samaarambhavannu saaraa padwick mattu devicena mayer kelvin naash avaru ayojisidaru mattu makkalu bili kudureya kuttigege hoomaleyannu rachisalu hoovugalannu taruvudannu saha olagondittu. prasiddha saint scout annu roopisuva scout gumpu. bili kudureyannu alankarisuva mattu kale kattarisuva moolaka moolaka georg dina. pratikruti. pratikruti tanna 10neey vaarshikotsavavannu acharisalu, nursesteed school tanna maidaanadalli sahasramaanada kudureya sanna pratikrutiyannu anaavaranagolisitu. ee kudureyannu sibbandi mattu vidyaarthigalu seridante svayamsevakaru tingalugala avadhiyalli nirmisidaru mattu idu moola kudureya gatrakkinta hattane ondu bhagavagide. aarambhadalli kudureya mele 10neey sankhyeya ondu sanna sankhyeyannu irisalaagittu, idu idu adara hattane janmadinavannu acharisalu svayamsevakaru moola sahasramaanada bili kudureya mele rachisida manava "10" anki amshavannu holuttade. saha nodi. itara bili kuduregalu. mailugalu roundway bettada sameepada rasteyinda raste dooragalaagive.

velutha kuthiraye roopappeduthunnu audyogikamaayi devises millennium vaitt hozhs ennariyappedunna vaitt hozhs, englandile viltsheyarile roundway kugramathinu mukalilulla devises pattanatthinte praanthapradeshathulla roundway kunnin theerathu sthithicheyyunna oru kuthirayude chokku hill roopamaanu; ithu roundweyil ninnu ekadesham araa mile vadakkaayi sthithicheyyunnu. varaanirikkunna moonnaam sahasraabdam aaghoshikkunnathinaayi 1999 ll murichedutha ithu, devises vaitt hozhs ennum ariyappettirunna mattoru velutha kuthira kunnin roopathinte roopakalppanaye adisthaanamaakkiyullathaanu, allengil chilappol snobes hozhs, ithu innathe kuthirayodu valare aduthaayirunnu, kaaranam ithu olivarinte kottayude kunnin kottaykku thaazheyulla roundway kunnil aayirunnu. snobes kuthirayude adayaalangal ippozhum sariyaaya saahacharyangalil kaanaan kazhiyum. innu kaanunna wiltshireile ettaamatheyum ettavum puthiyathumaaya pradhana velutha kuthirakkunjaanu vaitt hozhs. aduthulla roadukalil chilappol vakra konukalil ninnu kuthiraye kaanaamenkilum, vestbari vaitt kuthirayude vaasasthalamaaya braattan daunukalile braattan kotta ulppede mailukal akale ninnu kuthiraye kaanaan kazhiyum. velutha kutirayum alton baarnukalum parasparam abhimukeekarikkunna pyusi vella kuthirayude vaasasthalamaaya pyusi thaazhvarayil ninnum ithu kaananakum. uthbhavavum charithravum. orijinal velutha kuthiraye roopakalppana cheiyunnu. 1845-ll praadeshika shhoo nirmmathaakkal olivar kottayaaya hill kottaykku thottaduthulla roundway kunninte padinjaaru bhaagathekku oru velutha kuthiraye murichu. samudranirappil ninnu 600 adii uyarathil kuthaneyulla charivil thaazhvaraye avaganikkukayum niravadhi mailukal akale ninnu kaanukayum cheythathinaal ithu oru kunnin roopathinu nalla sthalamaayirunnu. shhoo maker enna praadeshika padatthil ninnu uruthirinja "snobes hozhs" enna vaakk praadeshikamaayi "snobes hozhs" ennariyappettirunnu. 1845ll kuthirayude oru kunnin roopam murikkunnath uchithamaayirunnu, kaaranam 1845ll westbariyile viltsheyaril, alton baarnukalil, hackpen, cherhill, inkpenninu sameepam, marlberoyil, orupakshe broad tounil, anjjaathamaaya uthbhavamulla kuthirayude 19-aamm noottaandil ninnayirikkaam, koodaathe 1945ll 'kandethiya' kuthirayude rockley, athinumumbu pullinadiyil thaamasichirunnu. avayil bhooribhaagavum innum nilanilkkunnu, apavaadangal inkpen, rockley ennividangalilaanu. 1922ll kuthiraye avaganikkukayum nashtappedukayum cheythathinaal kuthirayude alavukalonnum orikkalum nilavilundaayirunnille thonnunnu. ennirunnaalum, pullinte vyathyastha nirangal kaanaan kazhinju. 1954-ll, akkaalathe devises grammer skoolinte thalavanaaya jaims smith saikkil chavittukayum olivar cromwell promontaryil oru kuthirayude rooparekha kaanukayum cheythathayi vishwasikkukayum cheythu. addehathinte nireekshanangal parishodhichu, oru kuthirayude thala, kazhuthu, koombaaram ennivayude mangiya rooparekha kaanaamaayirunnu. ithaayirunnu pazhaya snobes kuthira. kuthirayude roopakalppanayude oru rekhaachithram varaykkukayum pinneedu aadhunika 1999-leeii roopakalppanaykkaayi upayogikkukayum cheythu, sahasraabda velutha kuthira valathottu abhimukeekarikkumbol (angane cheiyunna viltshayarile oreyoru velutha kuthira), maruvashathu ozhike, sahasraabda velutha kuthira roopakalppana cheiyunnu. 1954-ll eee ghattathil eee chithram punarnirmmikkanulla sramangal parajayappettu, athupole thanne 1909,1939-lum kuthiraye kandathayi report cheyyappettappol, 1977,1987, oduvil 1998-lum athinte thalayum kazhuthum veendum prathyakshappettappol nadatthiya muun sramangal parajayappettu. 1979ll, vichitramaaya prakasha saahacharyangalum neriya manjum manjum sesham aadyamaayi kuthirayude kazhuthinteyum thalayudeyum rooparekha kaazhchayilekku konduvannu. 1998,2000,2005 ennee varshangalil ulppede, thalayum kazhuthum pathivayi kaanapedunnu, randaamathethu sahasraabdam velutha kuthirayude srishtikkushesham aayirunnu. athinte eathenkilum bhagam veendum prathyakshappedumbozhale kuthira cheruthum sahasraabdathile velutha kuthirayude pakuthiyolam valippamullathumaayirunnu ennu thonnunnu. kunnin aakruthiyude nirmmaanatthinte ettavum saadhaaranamaaya reethiyaaya athinte nirmmaana reethi, trenching ennivayaanu athinte pathiv punarroopakalppanaykku kaaranam. adisthaanam chokku uparithalathinaduthaayirunna, athinaal oru kuzhikal kuzhichu, mattoru sthalathu ninnulla chokku upayogichu kuzhikal nirachu. eee nirmmaana reethi snobes kuthira idaykkide svayam velippeduthaan kaaranamaayathinte kaaranam, kunninpuratthu trenching aakramanathmakamaayathinaal niravadhi varshangalayi aakruthi valarnnirikkumbozhum aakruthiyude adayaalangal kaanaan anuvadikkunnu ennathaanu. sahasraabda velutha kuthiraye roopappeduthunnu. 1998-ll, viltshayarile mattu ezhu velutha kuthirakalil ninnu prachodanam ulkkonda oru puthumukhamaaya saaraa padwick, sahasraabdam aaghoshikkaan roundway kunnil oru velutha kuthira murichirikkanamennu oru praadeshika pathratthinu oru kathu ayachu. aduthulla snobes kuthirayekkurichu avalkk ariyillaayirunnu. pathram eee ashayam ishtappedukayum padhathikal pinthudarukayum cheythu. thudakkathil, snobes kuthiraye athinte yadhaartha sthaanathu (melpparanja 1998 leeii sramam) thirichedukkuka ennathaayirunnu padhathi. eee sthalam prathyeka shaasthreeya thaalpparyamulla sthalamaayi prakhyaapichathinaal eee padhathi parajayappettu. ennirunnaalum, oru praadeshika karshakanaya kriss combe, roundway kunnin mukalilulla thante bhagika bhoomi oru badal sthalamaayi vaagdaanam cheythu, bhoomi svanthamaakkiya kraun estettu kammeeshanarmaar anumathi nalki. kennatt jilla kaunsilinu nalkia aasoothrana apekshaye pinthunacha roundway parish kaunsilineppole viltshayar kaundi kaunsil tourisavum padhathiye pinthunachu. ithu kuthirayude puthiya sthalamaayi maari. 1954 muthal jaims smithinte roopakalppanayil kuthira valathottu abhimukeekarikkunnathallaath mattonnayirunnu. chalikkunnathayi chithreekaricha oru kutirayum roopakalppana cheythirunnu (mattu viltshayar velutha kuthirakal nilkkunna sthaanathaanu). padhathiyude melnottathinaayi oru samiti roopeekarichu, 'devises millennium vaitt hozhs'-nte kavaleermar, pothujanangale cheraan kshanichu. bhaaviyile attakutappanikale pinthunaykkunnathinaayi group roopeekarichu. sursense housingile alaan truscoat, kunnin mukalilulla kuthirayude roopathil ninnu sarway nadathunnathinum puratthekku valikkunnathinum chumathalayetta amgamaayi samithiyil chernnu, piers sivil enchineeyaringinte keeth sondarukalkkoppam, avar chernnu yanthrangalum manushyasakthiyum nalki mukalile mannu vrithiyaakkukayum rooparekha vettiyathinethudarnnu chokku niraykkukayum cheythu, vividha grouppukalum praadeshika samoohathil ninnulla vyakthikalum kaikondu murichu. irunooru perr eee kanakk vettikkuraykkaan sahayichu. eee padhathi roopakalppanakaleyum athinte purathana paithrukatheyum chuttumulla aakarshakamaaya graamapradeshangaleyum prolsaahippikkumennum pradeshatthinte vinodasanjaara bhoopadatthinte oru adhika savisheshathayaayirikkumennum pratheekshichirunnu. 1999 septambar 1 vaaraanthyathilaanu kuthirayude rooparekha kuzhikkal nadannathu. 200 pere vettikkollan oru meter neelamulla kuthirayude motham neelam ekadesham 230 meter aanu. piers sivil enchineeyaringinte sponsermaarkku kurachu divasathekku kuthirayude mrithadeham kuzhikkaan kazhiyunnathinayi septambar 20 nuu saitt adachu. kuthirayude kannaayum mookkilum upayogikkunna paarakalum avar sthaapichu. 1999 septambar 29-nuu vaitt hozhs roopakalppana poortthiyaayi. scurring attakuttappanikalum. kalakalude valarchayaan eee sthalathinu pradhana bheeshaniyaayathinaal velutha kuthira idaykkide kedupaadukal sambhavicha avasthayilekku veezhunnu. 2007-leeii devised kuthirayude avasthaye aduthide vrithiyaakkiya vestbari vaitt hozhsumaayi thaarathamyam cheythukondu oru beckhampton local "gasattum herald" ingane udharichu "sahasraabdam aaghoshikkunnathinaayi eee velutha kuthiraye srishticha poura abhimaanam aaa sahasraabdathinte aadya rund varshangalekkaal kooduthal neenduninnathaayi thonnunnilla ennathu ethra naanakkedaanu."thudarnnu, 2007 eprilil rund divasathe kaalayalavil kuthirayude aadyathe valia vrithiyaakkal allengil scouring nadannu, athil padwick sannadhapravarthakare sainyathil cheraanum kuthirayil ninnu kalakal, pullukal, moss enniva neekkam cheyyaanum kshanichu. 2008 septambarode kuthira veendum kaanaanaakaathepoyirunnu. devices millennium vaitt hozhs kammitti kuthiraye vettayaadaan panam thedaan thudangi. eee scouring plaanukal pinneedu probation sarvees community sarvees groupinu kaimari, avar pinneedu kuthiraye nannayi vrithiyaakki, eee jolie avaa pathivayi aavarthikkunnu. 2014 augustil, "viltshayar timesy" leeii oru ezhuthukaaran kuthirayude annathe nilavile avasthayekkurichum moshamaayi valarnna chokku uparithalathekurichum kuthira "chaaraniratthilum mangiya" avasthayilum vilapikkukayum cheythu. saadhaaranayaayi, venalkkaalathe varanda samayat, chokku manoharavum veluthathumayi kaanapedunnu, athupole thanne "mobility gettilekku nayikkunna charal paatha violile seettilekku oru veelino push chairino kadannupokaan kazhiyaathavidham valarnnupoyathaayi" shradhikkunnu."roundway parish kaunsil" chila adiyanthira attakuttappanikal pariganikkumennu ezhuthukaaran pratheekshichu." aadhunika charithram. velutha kuthiraye nattukaar snehapoorvvam "chokki" ennu vilipperode vilikkunnu. velutha kuthirayude poorttheekaranam aasoothranam cheythathinu thottupinnaale, 90 mile nadattha yaathrayaaya 'viltshayarile vaitt hozhs trial' ennathil mattu ezhu canonical wiltshare vaitt kuthirakalkkoppam ithu ulppeduthi, ithu vaitt hozhs trial ennariyappedunnu, ithu viltshayarile canonical vaitt kuthirakalil ettu ennavum sandarshikkunnu. 2000ll viltshayar tourism bordaanu eee touur aarambhichath. padwick eee paathaye prashamsichu, "ithupolulla vinoda pravartthanangal nadatthaanum kooduthal kooduthal nadattham nadatthaanum dhaaraalam aalukalkk thaalpparyamund."2006 muthal, vaitt hozhs chalanchu ennariyappedunna oru vaarshika chaarity evantinte arambha poyintaanu vaitt hozhs, athil pankedukkunnavar viltshayar eyar aambulansinaayi panam swaroopikkunnathinaayi ettu canonical viltshayar vaitt hozhsukalkk chuttum 52 mile nadakkunnu. roundway edavaka kaunsilinte logoyude madhyathil pradharshippichirikkunna kuthira, roundwaye "kevalam upakaranagalkk aduthullava" ennu thettidharichathil aswasthatha prakadippikkukayum 2011 ll settilmentine upakaranagalil ninnu verthirichariyaan sahaayikkunnathin roundweyude logo purathirakkukayum cheythu. roundway parish kaunsil 2017 ll device taunn kaunsilumaayi layichu, ennirunnaalum roundweyude avasana chairman kriss callo, vaitt hozhs device vettunnathil sahaayikkunnath ulppede roundway parish kaunsilinte nettangalekkurichu abhimaanathode samsaarichu. sahasraabda kuthira roopakalppana cheytha peettar athyagraham, neenda asukhathinu sesham 2008 novemberil 73-aamm vayassil marichu, baank feeldilekkulla praveshana kavaadatthil oru phalakam upayogichu anusmarikkappedunnu. aakhoshangal. sahasraabdam aaghoshikkunna 1999 desember desember piers sivil enchineeyaringinte sahaayathode oru time capsule kuthirayude adiyil kuzhichidukayum athe ratri sandhya muthal 2000 januvari 1 nuu pularche vare kuthiraye flood laitt cheyyukayum cheythu. vessex vaattar saha-sambhavana cheytha time capsule praadeshika thaalpparyatthinte vichithrathakalaal niranjirunnu, athesamayam kuthirayude flood lighting mylukalkku munbu ninnu kaanaan kazhiyumaayirunnu. 2012 juun 30 nuu, yugus salisbury internaashanal arts festivalinte bhaagamaayi, velutha kutirayum aduthulla alton baarnukalude velutha kutirayum vilakku paredukalaal prakaashippichappol kuthira veendum prakaashippichu. ratri 10 munny muthal pularche 12 munny vare kuthiraykku chuttum 300 ladhikam vilakkukal sthaapikkukayum athu kathikkukayum cheythu. 2009 october 10 nuu kuthirayude patthaam vaarshikam aaghoshikkunnathinaayi, pradeshavaasikal kuthirappurathu kayari, metteeriyal mayer ulppede, oru manushya "10" roopam roopappeduthi. gs eviyeshanil ninnulla oru bharam kuranja vimanam "10" enna chithrathinu mukaliloode parannu athinte oru aakasha photoyedutthu. 2012 leeii sharathkaalathil kuthirayude 13-aamm janmadinam aaghoshikkunnathinaayi, praadeshika nivasikalaaya telma collin edwards kunnin mukalil oru picnic nadatthaan theerumaanichu, praadeshika community amgangaleyum kuthira vettunnathil earppettirunna mattullavareyum kshanichu. saaraa padwick devises mayer kelvin nash chernnu aathidheyathvam vahicha chadangil kuttikal pookkal konduvannu velutha kuthirayude kazhuthil oru maala nirmmikkukayum cheythu. oru scout group prashasthamaaya sent. 2017ll velutha kuthiraye poorttheekarikkukayum kalayukayum cheythukondu jorjju dinam. replication. 2012ll patthaam vaarshikam aaghoshikkunnathinaayi, noorsteed school athinte groundil sahasraabda kuthirayude oru cheria pakarpp anaachaadanam cheythu. jeevanakkarum vidyaarthikalum ulppedeyulla sannadhapravarthakaraanu masangalkkullil nirmmicha eee kuthiraykku yadhaartha kuthirayude patthilonnu valuppamund. 2009ll patthaam janmadinam aaghoshikkunnathinaayi yadhaartha sahasraabda velutha kuthirayil sannadhapravarthakar roopeekaricha manushya "10" roopathinu samaanamaayi 10 enna cheria nambar thudakkathil kuthirayil sthaapichu. athum kaanuka. mattu velutha kuthirakal. raundu way hill covertinu sameepamulla roadle ninnulla rooad dooramaanu mailukal.

pandhara ghoda tayar karato devises white horse, jyala adhikrutpane devises millennium white horse mhanoon olakhale jaate, hii ghodyachi khadoo tekadichi aakruti aahe jee kathavaril maidanavar sthit aahe, golmargachya tekadivar eka escorpment, devises shaharachya bahereel bhagat, raundave, wiltshire, englandchya hamletchya varr aahe; tee golmargachya uttares sumare deed mail aahe. 1999 madhye aagami tisari sahasrabdi sajari karnyasathi too kapla gela hota aanee too ghodyachya aanakhi eka sahasrabdichya dongarachya aakrutichya rachnevar aadharit aahe, jyala pandhara ghoda kinwa kadhikadhi snobbs ghoda asehi mhatale jaat asey, joou sadhyachya ghodyachya agadi jawal hota kaaran too oliverchya killyachya dongral killyachya khalee goalmargi tekadivar dekhil hota. snobbs ghodyache khuna ajunahi yogya paristhitit disu shakatat. pandhara ghoda haah wiltshiremadhye kapalela aathva aanee sarvat naveen pandhara ghodyachya tekadicha aakruti aahe joou aaj disato aanee unch aanee lamb aahe. ghodyala, jaree jawalchya rastyanvar asatana kadhikadhi tirkas konatoon pahile jaat asale, taree westbury sahasrabdichya ghodyache ghar asalelya bratton downsveril bratton killyasah mailan durpasoon pahile jaau shakate. heey pyusichya ghatatoon dekhil disate, jithe pucie sahasrabdichya ghodyache ghar aahe, jithe pandhara ghoda aanee elton barnes pandhara ghoda ekmekansamor ubha asalyache disu shakate. utpatti aanee itihas. mool pandhara ghoda tayar karato. 1845 madhye, sthanik padatrane padatrane lokanni eka pandhara ghoda goalmargi tekadichya paschim bajula, thet oliverchya killyachya dongral killyachya khalee kapla. dongarachya aakrutisathi heey eka changle sthan hote, kaaran samudraspatipasun sumare 600 phoot unchivar asalelya kadvya utaravar utaravar teey durlaksh karat hote aanee anek mailanpasoon teey pahile jaau shakat hote. too sthanik patalivar 'snobbs horse' mhanoon olakhala jaat asey, 'snobbs' haah shabd shoomekarsathichya sthanik shabdavarun aala aahe. ghodyachi dongral aakruti kapane yogya hote, kaaran 1845 madhye tyachya kapanichya tarkheparyant, westbury yetheel wiltshiremadhye, alton barnes, hackpain, cherhill, inkpenjaval, marlbero aanee bahudha broad townmadhye sahasrabdichya ghodyachya tekadichya pratima aadhich disat hotya, jyachya ghodyache mool adnyat aahe parantu bahudha 19 vya shatkatil, aanee rockley, jyacha ghoda 1945 madhye 'sapadala' hota, jyapurvi too gavatakhali rahat hota. tyapaiki bahutansh aajahi astitvat aahet, apavad mhanje inkpain aanee rockleymadheel aahet. yantramanav ghodyakade durlaksh karnyat aale aanee sumare 1922 madhye too haravala aanee ghodyache konatehi pariman kadhihi astitvat navhate asey disate. matra, gavatacha rung vegala disat hota. 1954 madhye, james smith, tyaa kalatil davise vyakaran shalecha pramukh mulga, cycle chalvayala baher hota aanee tyala vatale qee tyane oliver cromwell promontarivar ghodyachi ruparesha pahili aahe. tyachya nirikshanachi tapasani karnyat aalee aanee kharey tarr ghodyache doke, maan aanee danda yanchi aspasht ruparesha disat hotee. haah juna snobbs ghoda hota. ghodyachya rachaneche rekhachitra rekhatale gele aanee nantar aadhunik 1999 chya rachnesathi vaparale gele, jyat sahasrabdi pandhara ghoda tayar keela gela, ulatya bajula vagalata, sahasrabdi pandhara ghoda ujavikade (wiltshiremadheel ekmev pandhara ghoda asey karnyasathi), tarr snobbs ghodyache rekhachitra davikade tond kele. 1954 madhye yaa tappyavar yaa aakrutichi punarnirmiti karnyache prayatna ayashasvi tharale, jase qee 1909,1939 madhye, jevha ghoda disala hota, 1977,1987 aanee shevati 1998 madhye jevha tyache doke aanee maan punha disali tevha kelele mageel prayatna ayashasvi tharale. 1979 madhye, vichitra prakash paristhiti aanee bareek barfamule 1954 nantar prathamach ghodyachya manechi aanee dokyachi ruparesha najares aalee. 1998,2000 aanee 2005 madhye, tyanantarchya done vela sahasrabdi sahasrabdichya ghodyachya nirmitipasoon, tyanantarche done vela, tyanantarche doke aanee maan niyamitpane pahile gele aahet. jevha jevha tyacha konatahi bhag punha disu lagato tevha asey disate qee ghoda lahan hota aanee sahasrabdichya sahasrabdichya ghodyachya aakarachya andaje ardhya aakaracha hota. tyachya niyamit punragmanache kaaran tyachya bandhkamachya paddhatimule, khandak, jee dongral aakruti bandhkamachi aataparyantchi sarvat samanya paddhat aahe. antargat khadoo prushthbhagajaval navhata mhanoon khandak khodanyat aala aanee khandak bharnyasathi bharnyasathi thikancha khadoo vaparla gela. bandhkam yaa paddhatimule snobe ghoda adhunmadhun swatahla ughad karoo lagla aahe, kaaran dongarrangat khandak aakramanatmak aahe aanee anek varshanpasun aakruti jaast vadhali asali tarihi aakrutiche khuna disu shakatat. sahasrabdicha pandhara ghoda tayar karato. 1998 madhye, eka navodit, saara padwick, jee bahudha wiltshiremadheel itar saat sadhyachya sahasrabdichya ghodyanpasun prerit hotee, tine eka sthanik vruttapatrala patra pathavale qee sahasrabdi sajari karnyasathi goalmargi tekadivar pandhara ghoda kapla gela pahije. teela jawalchya snobe ghodyachi mahitee navhati. vruttapatrala hii kalpana aavadali aanee yojanannihi tiche anusaran kele. mulat, snobe ghodyala tyachya mool thikani (varr namood kelela 1998 chaa prayatna) punha khechanyachi yojana hotee. yaa sthalala vishesh vaidnyanik swarasya asalele sthal ghoshit kelyamule hii yojana ayashasvi tharali. tathapi, criss combay yaa sthanik sthanik goalmargi tekadivar tyachya jaminicha kahee bhag paryayi jaaga mhanoon deu keela, jarr jaminichya malkichya kraun istet aayuktanni parvanagi dilee asel tarr. wiltshire county council tourismne yaa prakalpala pathimba deela, tasech raundave parrish kaunsilane kennet jilha parishadela kelelya niyojan arjala pathimba deela. heey ghodyache naveen thikan banale. ghodyachi rachana 1954 pasoon james smithchi rachana hotee, parantu ghodyala ujavikade tond dyave lagale. yaa ghodyachi rachana dekhil halat chalalela ghoda mhanoon darshavili gelee hotee (itar wiltshire pandhare ghode ubhe asalelya sthiteet aahet). yaa prakalpachya dekharekhisathi eka samitee sthapan karnyat aalee, 'davise millennium white horseche cavaliers' aanee janatechya sadasyanna sameel honyasathi aamantrit karnyat aale hote. tyachya bhavishyatil dekhbhalisathi pathbal denyasathi dekhil yaa gatachi sthapana karnyat aalee hotee. sarsense housingche alaan truescott, dongaravaril ghodyachya aakrutiche sarvekshan aanee baher kadhanyache prabhari sadasya mhanoon samiteet sameel jhaale, tasech nashpati nagri abhiyantrikichya keath sonders, jeey varchya matichi safsafai purn karnyasathi aanee bahyaresha kaplyanantar khadoo bharnyasathi yantrasamagri aanee manushyabal pradan karnyasathi sameel jhaale, jyachi kapani vividh gatanni aanee sthanik samudayatil vyaktinni hatane kelee hotee. donashe lokanni haah aakada qamee karnyas madat kelee. haah prakalp sadhane, tyacha pracheen varsa aanee tyachya sabhovatalachya aakarshak grameen bhagala protsahan deil tasech tyaa bhagachya paryatan nakashasathi eka atirikt vaishishtya tharel assa andaj vartavanyat aala hota. ghodyachi ruparesha khodanyache kaam september 1999 chya aathvadyachya shevati jhaale. 200 lokanna kapanisathi eka meater lambi khodanyas sanganyat aale, ghodyachi ekoon lambi andaje 230 meater hotee. 20 september roji, heey thikan bund karnyat aale jenekarun nashpati nagri abhiyantrikiche prayojak kahee divas ghodyacha mrutdeh khodu shaktil. tyanni ghodyacha dolha aanee nasika mhanoon vaparale jaanare khadak dekhil thewale. 29 september 1999 roji sahasrabdichya ghodyache kaam purn jhaale. chhanani aanee dekhbhal. pandhara ghoda adhunmadhun kharab sthiteet padala aahe, tyaa thikanasathi mukhya dhoka mhanje tann vadhane. 2007 madheel davise ghodyachya sthitichi tulana, alikadech swachchh kelelya westbury sahasrabdichya ghodyashi kartana, 'rajpatra aanee ghoshak' neey 'rajpatra aanee ghoshak' chya havalyane mhatale aaheh 'sahasrabdi sajari karnyasathi haah pandhara ghoda nirman karnyat aalelya nagri abhimanachi kitee laaj vatate qee too tyaa sahasrabdichya pahilya done varshanpeksha jaast kaal tikala nahee."tyanantar, april 2007 madhye done divasanchya kalavadhit ghodyachi pahili mothee swachchata kinwa shodhmohim jhaali, jyamadhye padwickne svayamsevakanna sainyat sameel honyasathi aanee ghodyatoon tann, gavat aanee sheval kadhanyasathi aamantrit kele. september 2008 paryant, ghoda punha kvachitach disu lagla hota. davpech rachana sahasrabdichya sahasrabdichya ghodyachya samiteene ghodyala shodhanyasathi nidhi magnyas suruvat kelee. yaa shodh yojana nantar pariviksha seva samuday seva gatakade pathvanyat aalya, jyanni nantar ghodyachi purnapane safsafai kelee, heey kaam tevhapasoon niyamitpane kele jaat aahe. august 2014 madhye, 'wiltshire times' chya eka lekhakane ghodyachya sadhyachya sthitibaddal takrar kelee, kharabaritya vadhalelya khaduchya prushthbhagabaddal aanee ghoda durvaroon 'rakhadi aanee daglela kassa disat hota' yabaddal shoke vyakt keela. sahasa, unhalyachya koradya kalat, khadoo sunder aanee pandhara disato, tasech "halchal getkade jaanara kankaricha marg itka jaast kassa hota qee shetatil seatwar ekahi chaak kinwa pushchair jaau shakat navhate" heey dekhil lakshat ghetale."lekhkala aasha hotee qee goalmarg parrish parishad" kahee tatadichya dekhbhalicha vichar karel." aadhunik itihas. sahasrabdichya ghodyala sthanik lock premane 'chockie' asey topananav detat. sahasrabdichya ghodyache kaam purn jhalyanantar lagechach, 90 mailanchya 'wiltshire white horse trail' yaa chalanyachya chalanyachya itar saat canonical wiltshire sahasrabdichya ghodyansah tyacha samavesh karnyat aala, jyala fakt sahasrabdichya ghodyachya ghodyachya mhanoon olakhale jaate, jeey wiltshiremadheel serve aath canonical sahasrabdichya ghodyanna bhet dete. wiltshire paryatan mandalane 2000 saalee yaa yaa sthapana kelee hotee. padwickne yaa margachi prashansa karat lihile qee, qee lokanna asha prakarche manoranjak upkram karnyat aanee qamee aanee jaast pramanat chalanyat rus aahe."2006 pasoon, pandhara ghoda tayar karane haah pandhara ghoda aavhan mhanoon olakhalya jaanarya varshik dharmaday karyakramacha prarambh bindu aahe, jithe sahbhagi wiltshire air rugnavahikesathi paise gola karnyasathi aath canonical wiltshire sahasrabdichya ghodyambhovati purn 52 mail chalatat. golmargachya parrish parishadesathichya logochya madhyabhagi asalela ghoda, jyala goalmargachi 'keval sanlagn sadhane' mhanoon chukun samajalyabaddal aswasth vatat hote aanee tyanni 2011 madhye goalmargacha logo suru keela jenekarun vasahati aanee sadhane vegale karnyat madat hoil. raundave parrish council 2017 madhye devises nagarparishadet villin jhaali, jaree raundaveche shevatche adhyaksh, criss callo, raundave parrish councilchya kamgiribaddal abhimanane bolale, jyat devises sahasrabdichya ghodyachya kapanimadhye madat karane samavisht aahe. sahasrabdichya ghodyachi rachana rachana pieter lobhala dirghkal aajarpananantar november 2008 madhye vayachya 73 vya varshi nidhan jhaale aanee bankechya shetatil praveshdvaravar eka falak deuun tyache smaran kele jaate. utsav. pudhe sahasrabdicha utsav sajra kartana, 31 december 1999 roji nashpati nagri abhiyantrikichya madatine ghodyachya khalee eka time capsule puranyat aale aanee tyach ratri sandhyakalpasun 1 janewari 2000 chya pahateparyant ghodyala floodlight denyat aale. wessex panyane saha-daan kelele time capsule sthanik swarasya asalelya vichitratene bharalele hote, tarr ghodyache floodliting mailanvar mage pahile jaau shakat hote. 30 juuna 2012 roji jevha ejas salisbury aantarrashtriy qalaa mahotsavacha eka bhag mhanoon pandhara ghoda aanee jawalchya elton barnes pandhara ghoda yaa donhi goshti kandil sanchalanane prakashit karnyat aalya tevha ghodyala punha prakash denyat aala. yaa ghodyabhovati 300 hoon adhik kandil thevanyat aale hote aanee ratri 10 teey sakali 12 vajeparyant teey petavale gele. 10 aktoobar 2009 roji, ghodyacha dahava vardhapandin sajra karnyasathi, sthanik lock ghodyavar chadhale, jyat mavers auph devisescha samavesh hota, manvi '10' aakruti tayar karnyasathi. jee. ess. aviationchya halakya vimanane tyache havai chhayachitra ghenyasathi '10' aakrutivar uddan kele. 2012 chya sharad rututil ghodyacha 13 vaa vadhadivas sajra karnyasathi, sthanik rahivashanni thelma aanee collin edwards yanni tekadivar sahaliche aayojan karnyacha nirnay ghetala, sthanik samudayachya sadasyanna aanee ghoda kapanyat sahbhagi asalelya itaranna aamantrit kele. saara padwick tasech deviseche mahapour kelvin naash yanni yaa sohalyache aayojan kele hote aanee sahasrabdichya ghodyachya manesathi maal tayar karnyasathi mule phule aanat hotee. eka skaut gut prasiddha seent. sahasrabdichya ghodyala sajavoon aanee tann kadhoon 2017 madhye george day. pratikruti. 2012 madhye tyacha 10 vaa vardhapan deane sajra karnyasathi, nursted schoolne tyachya maidanavar sahasrabdichya ghodyachya chhotya pratikrutiche anavaran kele. haah ghoda karmchari aanee vidyarthyansah swayamsevakankadun kahee mahinyanchya kalavadhit bandhala gela hota aanee too mool ghodyapeksha dahava aakaracha aahe. suruvatila ghodyavar 10 haah eka lahan kramank thevanyat aala hota, joou manvi '10' aakrutisarkha hota, joou swayamsevakanni 2009 madhye mool sahasrabdichya sahasrabdichya ghodyavar tyacha dahava vadhadivas sajra karnyasathi tayar keela hota. hehee pahaa. itar pandhare ghode. mail mhanje golmargachya tekadijavalil rastyapasoonche rastyache antar.

seto ghodako vikas garchha devise seto ghoda, adhikarik rupma devise sahasrabdi seto ghoda bhanera chininchha, ghodako chak pahadi akriti how june kinarko maidanma awasthit chha, roundway pahadma ek escarpment, roundway, wiltsire, englandko debhaijako bastiko bahiri bhagma; yo roundwebata lagbhag 1⁄2 mile uttarma chha. yo agami tesro sahasrabdi manauna 1999 maa katieko thiyo, rar arko seto ghodako pahadi akritiko designma adharit chha, jaslai seto ghoda wa kahilekaahin snubs ghoda pani bhaninchha, june wartaman ghodako dherai najik thiyo kinki yo olibharko mahal pahadi killa muni goal bato pahadma pani thiyo. snubs ghodako nishan ajhai pani sahi awasthama dekhna sakinchha. seto ghodako vikas wiltsirema katieko athaun rar navinatam pramukh seto ghodako pahadi akriti how june az dekhna sakinchha, rar yo aglodekhi lamo chha. ghodalai kahilekaahin najikaika sadakharuma tirachha konbata herieko bhae pani, mile tadhabata dekhna sakinchha, jasma breton daunama raheko breton mahalbata westbury seto ghodako ghar pani samawesh chha. yo pyusiko ghatibata pani dekhinchha, pucy seto ghodako ghar, jahaan seto ghoda rar alton barnes seto ghoda ekarkako anuharma dekhna sakinchha. utpatti rar itihas. mulle seto ghodako vikas garchha. sann 1845 maa, sthaniya jutta nirmataharule olibharko mahal, pahadi killa muni, goal marga pahadko paschimatira seto ghoda kate. yo pahadi murtika lagi ramro sthan thiyo, kinki yasale samudra satahabata lagbhag 600 'mathi thado dhalanma upatyakalai bewasta maddat, rar dherai mile tadhabata dekhna sakinchha. yasalai sthaniya rupma "snubs hears" bhanera chininthyo, "snubs" shabda jutta nirmataka lagi sthaniya shabdabata aeko how. ghodako pahadi akriti katna upayukta thiyo, kinki sann 1845 maa yasako katne mitima, westburyko wiltsirema sann 1845 maa seto ghodako pahadi murtiharu, alton barnes, hackpain, cherhill, inkpain najikai, marlbero rar sambhawatah broad taunama dekhine thie, jasko ghodako agyat utpatti chha tara sambhawatah 19 aun shatabdibata, rar rakali, jasko ghoda sann 1945 maa 'patta lagaieko thiyo, june pahile yo ghansamuni basobas gareko thiyo. tiniharumadhe adhikansh az pani awasthit chhan, apawadharu inkpain rar rakalima chhan. yo upkaranko ghodalai bewasta garieko thiyo rar sann 1922 maa haraeko thiyo, rar ghodako kunai ayam kahilyai astitwama nabhaeko dekhinchha. tara, ghaansko farak rung dekhna sakinchha. sann 1954 maa, james smith, tyas samayaka devise wyakaran schoolka pramukh balak, cycle chalaundai thie rar unle oliver cromwell promontaryma ghodako ruparekha dekheko vishwas gare. unko awalokanharu jaanch gariyo rar wastawma tyahan ghodako tauko, ghaanti rar dhagoko kamjor ruparekha dekhna sakinchha. yo purano snubs ghoda thiyo. ghodako designko rekhachitra khichieko thiyo rar pachhi adhunik 1999 ko designka lagi prayog garieko thiyo, sahasrabdi seto ghodako design, ulto bahek, sahasrabdi seto ghodako dayan anuhar (wiltsirema tyaso garne ek matra seto ghoda), jabki snab ghodako rekhachitra bayantira thiyo. sann 1954 maa yass binduma yo aankada punah nirman garne prayasharu asafal bhae, jastai sann 1909,1939 maa aghillo prayasharu thie jab ghoda pani dekhieko thiyo, sann 1977,1987 rar antatah 1998 maa yasako tauko rar ghaanti feri dekha pareko thiyo. sann 1979 maa, sunn 1954 pachhi pahilo patak vichitra prakashko awastha rar ramro hiunle ghodako ghaanti rar taukoko ruparekha dekha paryo. 1998,2000 rar 2005 maa sahit, tauko rar ghaanti niyamit rupma dekhieko chha, pachhillo dui patak sahasrabdi seto ghodako sirjana pachhi thiyo. jab yasako kunai pani bhag feri dekha pareko dekhinchha bhane ghoda sano thiyo, rar sahasrabdi seto ghodako lagbhag adha akarko thiyo jasto dekhinchha. yasako niyamit punah upasthitiko karan yasako nirman vidhi, trenching how, june pahadi akriti nirmanko sabaibhanda samanya vidhi how. antarnihit chak satahako najik thiena tyasaile euta khand khopieko thiyo rar khand bharna arko sthanbata chak prayog garieko thiyo. nirmanko yass vidhile snab ghodalai kahilekaahin afulai prakat garna nimtyaeko karan, kinki pahadma paricchedan akramak hunchha rar dherai warshadekhi akriti badheko bhae pani akritiko nishan dekhna anumati dinchha. sahasrabdi seto ghoda vikas gardacha. sann 1998 maa, wiltsirema anya saat wartaman seto ghodaharubata prerit bhaeko nayan awishkarak, sara padawikle, sahasrabdi manauna roundway pahadma seto ghoda katnuparchha bhanera sthaniya akhabarlai patra pathae. uni najikaiko snubs ghodako barema anajan thiin. akhabarle yo vichar munn paraeko thiyo rar yojanaharu pani tyasaianusar pachhyae. muel rupma, snobe ghodalai yasako muel sthanma (mathi ullikhit 1998 ko prayas) punah prapta garne yojana thiyo. yo sthallai vishesh vaigyanik chasoko sthal ghoshana garieko karan yo yojana asafal bhayo. yadyapi ek sthaniya kissan, criss combele vaikalpik siteko rupma roundway hilma afno bhumiko bhag prastawa gare, yadi croun estate ayuktaharudwara anumati diieko thiyo, jo bhumiko malik thie. wiltsire county council paryatanle yass pariyojanalai samarthan garyo rar roundway pyarish councille kennet zilla parishadma garieko yojana awedanlai samarthan garyo. yo ghodako nayan sthan banyo. ghodako design 1954 dekhi james smithko design thiyo tara ghoda dayantira mukh gareko thiyo. designma ghoda pani chaliraheko rupma chitran garieko thiyo (anya wiltsire seto ghodaharu ubhieko sthitima chhan). pariyojanako nirikshan garna euta samiti gathan garieko thiyo, 'devise millennium white harsaka cavaliers', rar janataka sadasyaharulai samel huna amantrit garieko thiyo. yasako bhawishyako marmatsambharlai samarthan garna pani samuha gathan garieko thiyo. sarsons housingka alon truscott pahadma ghodako akritibata sarwekshan rar pegingko prabhari sadasyako rupma samitima samel bhae, sathai nashapati sibhil engineeringka keith sunders pani samel bhae, jasle mathillo mato safa garna rar ruparekha katne pachhi chak bharna messinary rar manawashakti pradan garna samel bhae, jasko katne kaam sthaniya samudayaka vibhinna samuha rar wyaktiharule hatle gareka thie. dui saya manisharule yo sankhya katauti garna sahayog gare. yo pariyojanale upkaranharu, yasako prachin sampada rar yasako warparko akarshak gramin kshetralai prawardhan garne sathai kshetrako paryatak manchitrama atirikta suwidha banne anuman garieko thiyo. ghodako ruparekha utkhanan september 1999 ko saptahantama bhaeko thiyo. 200 katne manisharulai ek mitter lambai khodna bhanieko thiyo, ghodako kull lambai lagbhag 230 mitter thiyo. 20 septemberma, pers sibhil engineeringka prayojakharule kehi dinasamma ghodako sharira khodna sakun bhanera site banda bhayo. tiniharule ghodako aankha rar nasako chhidraka rupma prayog hune chattanharu pani rakheka thie. devise seto ghoda 29 september 1999 maa sampanna bhaeko thiyo. scoring rar marmat. seto ghoda kahilekaahin marmatko awasthama pareko chha, siteko lagi mukhya khatara jharapatko wriddhi how. ek beckhampton sthaniyale sann 2007 maa tatkalin safa garieko westbury seto ghodasanga design garieko ghodako awasthako tulana gardai "rajpatra rar herald" ley uddhrit gareko chhah "yo nagarik garva jasle yo seto ghodalai sahasrabdi manauna sirjana gareko thiyo tyo sahasrabdiko pahilo dui warsha bhanda lamo samayasamma chaleko jasto lagdaina."pachhi, ghodako pahilo thulo safai, wa scoring april 2007 maa dui dinko awadhima bhayo, jasma padwickle swayamsewakharulai senama samel huna rar ghodabata jharapat, ghaans rar mose hatauna amantrit gare. september 2008 samma, ghoda feri dekhna gahro bhaeko thiyo. devis sahasrabdi seto ghoda samitile ghodalai scar garna kosh khojna thalyo. yee scoring yojanaharu tyasapachhi probation sewa samudayik sewa samuhalai pathaiyo jasle pachhi ghodalai ramrari safa gare, yo karya tiniharu niyamit rupma rupma chhan. august 2014 maa, "wiltsire times" kaa ek lekhakle ghodako tatkalin wartaman awasthako barema gunaso gare, kharab rupma badheko chakako sataha rar ghoda kasari "khairo rar tadhabata dhabba lageko" dekhinchha bhanera shoke wyakta gare. samanyataya, garmiko sukhkha samayama, chak sunder rar seto dekhinchha ", sathai" gatishilta gatema jaane bajariko bato kasari yati badhi bhayo kii kunai pangra wa pushchair khetko sitma zahn sakdaina."lekhakle roundway pyarish councille" kehi tatkal marmatsambharbare vichar garne asha gare." adhunik itihas. seto ghodalai sthaniyaharule prempurwak "choki" upanam dieka chhan. seto ghodako nirman pura bhaeko kehi samayapachi, yasalai 90 mile paidal yatra 'wiltsires white hears trail' maa anya saat canonical wiltsire seto ghodaharusangai samawesh garieko thiyo, jaslai kewal seto ghodako trail bhanera chininchha, jasle wiltsirema sabai atha canonical seto ghodaharu bhraman gardacha. yo bhraman sann 2000 maa wiltsire paryatan boardle sthapana gareko thiyo. padwickle trailko prashansa gardai lekheka chhan, "dherai manisharu yass prakarka manoranjanatmak gatiwidhiharu garna rar cum rar badhi degree paidal hindna icchuk chhan."sann 2006 dekhi, seto ghoda chunauti bhanera chinine warshik paropkari karyakramko suruwat bindu bhaeko chha, jahaan sahabhagiharule wiltsire air ambulanceka lagi paisa jutauna atha canonical wiltsire seto ghodaharu waripari purna 52 mile hindchan. roundway pyarish councilca lagi logoko kendrama chitrit ghoda, jo roundwellai "kewal devisharuka lagi chheuchau" bhanera galti garda asahaj thie, rar 2011 maa roundwayka lagi logo suru gare jasle bastilai devisharubata chhutyauna maddat maddat. roundway pyarish council 2017 maa devise tauna councilsanga merge bhayo, yadyapi roundwayka antim adhyaksha criss calole roundway pyarish councilko upalabdhiharuko barema garvaka sath bole, jasma devise seto ghodako katnama maddat garne samawesh chha. sahasrabdi ghodako design garne pieter lobhko november 2008 maa 73 warshako umerma lamo samayasamma birami parepachhi mrityu bhayo, rar bankko khetko praweshdwarma euta pattikale smaran garinchha. utsava. sahasrabdiko utsava manaundai, 31 december 1999 maa pierce sibhil engineeringko sahayogma ghodako muni euta time capsule gadiyo, rar tyahi raat sanjhadekhi 1 janawari 2000 ko bihansamma ghodalai flood light garieko thiyo. wessex panile saha-daan gareko time capsule sthaniya chasoko vichitrataharule bharieko thiyo, jabki ghodako flood light mileharu pachhadi dekhi dekhna sakinchha. 30 june 2012 maa ghodalai feri ujyalo parieko thiyo, jab ezas salisbury antarrashtriya kala mahotsavko bhagko rupma, seto ghoda rar najikaiko alton barnes seto ghoda duwailai lalten paredwara ujyalo parieko thiyo. ghodasako waripari 300 bhanda badhi lalten rakhieko thiyo rar yasalai raati 10 baje dekhi bihan 12 baje samma jalaeko thiyo. 10 october 2009 maa ghodako dashaun warshikotsawa manaunaka lagi sthaniyaharu manav "10" akriti banaunaka lagi deviska meyarsahit ghodama hinde. jies uddayanko halka vimanle yasako hawai foto lyne "10" ko akritima udeko thiyo. sharad ritu 2012 maa ghodako 13 aun janmadin manauna, sthaniya basindaharu thelma rar collin adwardsle pahadma picnick garne nirnaya gare, sthaniya samudayaka sadasyaharu rar ghoda katnama sanlagna anyaharulai amantrit gare. samarohako ayojana sara padawikaka sathai devijka meyer kelwyn nasle gareka thie rar seto ghodako ghantika lagi malah banaunaka lagi bachchaharule fulharu lyaunu pani samawesh thiyo. ek scout samuhale prasidha centko vikas gardacha. sann 2017 maa seto ghodalai fulera rar jharera george diwas manaincha. pratikriti. sann 2012 maa yasako 10 aun warshikotsawa manauna, neurstead schoole yasako maidanma sahasrabdi ghodako sano pratikriti anawaran garyo. yo ghoda karmachari rar vidyarthiharusahit swayamsewakharule mahinaharuko awadhima nirman gareka thie, rar mulko dashaun akar how. suruma ghodama sano sankhya 10 rakhieko thiyo, june manav "10" akriti jastai thiyo june swayamsewakharule 2009 maa yasako dashaun janmadin manauna muel sahasrabdi seto ghodama banae. pani hernuhos. anya seto ghoda. mileharu goal marga pahadko awaran najikaiko sadakbata sadak duri how.

dhalaa ghoda prastuta kare devise dhalaa ghoda, aanusthanika bhabare devise millennium dhalaa ghoda bhabare janashuna, eka ghodara chuck pahad chitra jaahaa byank phildare abasthita, roundway pahadare eka escarpment, devij saharar upakanthare, wiltshire, englandara roundway hamlet upare; ehaa roundway thaaru praiah 1⁄2 mile uttarare . agami truteeja sahasrabdi palana kariba paain 1999 ray ehaaku kaati diajaithila, ebong ehaa anya eka dhalaa ghoda pahad aakrutira eka design upare aadharita, jaahaa devise white hears bhabare madhya janashuna, kimba belebele snubs ghoda, jaahaa barttamanara ghodara bahuta nikatatar thila kaaran ehaa alibhar durga pahad durga tale goalpath pahadare madhya thila . snobe ghodara chinha ebe madhya sathik paristhitire dekhajaipare . wiltsajarare aaji dekhibaku miluthiba astama ebong sadyatama pramukh dhalaa ghoda pahad aakruti heuchhi dhalaa ghoda, ebong ehaa lamba ebong uccha . jadio ghodati belebele nikatasta rastare eka tirjaka konaru dekhajae, bratton down upare bratton durgaru, westbury dhalaa ghoda parjyanta mile dooraru dekhajaithae . ehaa piusi dhalaa ghodara ghara, piusi bheleru madhya drushyamana hue, jeunthare dhalaa ghoda ebong alton barn dhalaa ghodaku parasparaku samnah karuthiba dekhajaithae . utpatti ebong itihas. mulati dhalaa ghodaku prastuta karithae. 1845 masihare, sthaniah jota prastutakareemane eka dhalaa ghodaku goalpath pahadara paschima parsware, sidhasalakha alivara durga, pahad durga tale katithile. ehaa eka pahadia chitra paain eka bhal sthana thila, kaaran ehaa samudra prustharu praiah 600 'uchchare eka sidha dhalure upatyakaku aakhi aagare rakhithila, ebong aneka mile dooraru dekhajaipariba . ehaa sthaniah bhabare "snubs hears" bhabare janashuna, "snubs" shabdati jota prastutakareenka paain sthaniah shabdaru utpanna . eka ghodara pahad aakruti katiba upajukta thila, kaaran 1845 ray ehara katiba tarikh suddha, westabarira wiltsajarare, alton barnes, hockpain, cheryl, inkapen nikatare, marlbero ebong sambhabatah broad taaunare dhalaa ghodara pahad murti drushyamana hoithila, jahara ghodara eka agyata utsa achhi kintu sambhabatah 19shaa shatabdiru, ebong rockley, jahara ghoda 1945 ray 'aabiskruta' hoithila, jaahaa purbaru ehaa ghasa tale baasa karuthila . segudika madhyaru adhikansha aaji madhya bidyamana, byatikrama heuchhi inkapen ebong rockley. ehi jantramanaba ghodaku anadekha karajaithila ebong praiah 1922 masihare ehaa hajijaithila, ebong ghodara kaunasi aakaar kebe bii bidyamana nathiba pari manehue . tebe ghasara bhinna bhinna ranga dekhibaku milithila. 1954 masihare, sehi samaira devise byakarana bidyalajara mukhya james smith cycle chalaibaku baharithile ebong biswasa karuthile je shay alibhar kramwel promontoreere eka ghodara ruparekha dekhichhanti. tankara parjyabekhyana jancha karajaithila ebong bastabare eka ghodara munda, bekare ebong rumper durbala ruparekha dekhibaku milithila . ehaa thila puruna snobe ghoda. ghodara design rahr eka sketch ankana karajaithila ebong parey adhunika 1999 rahr design paain byabahruta hoithila, sahasrabdi dhalaa ghoda, bipareet byatita, sahasrabdi dhalaa ghoda dahana parsware muhn karichhi (wiltshire ray ekamatra dhalaa ghoda epari karibaku), jetebele snobe ghodara sketch baama parsware muhn karichhi . 1954 masihare ehi samajare ehi sankhyara punah nirmana karibara prayasa biphal hoithila, jepari 1909,1939 masihare purba prajasare hoithila, jetebele ghodati dekhibaku milithila, 1977,1987 ebong sheshare 1998 ray jetebele ehara munda ebong beck punarbara dekhajaithila . 1979 masihare, adbhuta aloka paristhiti ebong sukshma baraf 1954 masiha parey pratham thara paain ghodara bekare ebong mundare rooparekhaku drustigochara karithila. munda ebong bekare nijamita bhabare dekhibaku milichi, jeunthire 1998,2000 ebong 2005 masihare antarbhukta, parabarti dui thara sahasrabdi dhalaa ghodara srusti paratharu . jetebele ehara kaunasi ansha punarbara dekhajaithae, ehaa suchaithae je ghodati chhot thila, ebong sahasrabdi dhalaa ghodara praiah adhaa akarara thila . ehara nijamita punahprakashara kaaran heuchhi ehara nirmana paddhati, parikha, jaahaa pahad chitra nirmanara sabutharu sadharana paddhati . antarnihita chuck prustha nikatare nathila tenu eka parikha kholajaithila ebong parikha purana kariba paain anya sthanaru chuck byabahara karajaithila . ehi nirmana paddhatira kaaran heuchhi je snobes ghoda belebele nijaku prakash kare, kaaran pahad parsware trenching aakramanatmaka ebong aneka barsha dhari aakrutiti adhika brudhi paai sarithiba bele madhya aakrutira chinha dekhibaku anumathi die . sahasrabdi dhalaa ghoda prastuta kare . 1998 masihare, wiltsajarara anya satati barttamanara dhalaa ghoda dwara anupranita hoithiba jane nabagata, saaraa padwik, eka sthaniah khabarakagajaku eka chithi pathaithile je sahasrabdi palana kariba paain goalpath pahadare eka dhalaa ghoda katiba uchit . shay ati nikatabartee snobes ghoda bishajare agya thile . khabarakagajati ehi bicharaku pasanda kallah ebong jojanagudika anusarana kallah . moolatah, snobe ghodaku ehara moola sthanare (uparokta 1998 prayasa) punahsthapana karibara yojana thila. ehi sthanaku swatantra baigyanika agraha thiba sthana bhabe ghoshana karajiba karanaru ehi yojana biphal hoithila. tebe jane sthaniah krushaka, criss kombe, goalpath pahadare thiba taanka jamira eka anshaku eka bikalpa sthana bhabare pradan karithile, jadi jami malika crown estate commissioneranka dwara anumathi diajaithila. wiltsajara county council parjyatan prakalpaku samarthan karithila ebong kennet zillah parishadaku karajaithiba yojana abedanaku samarthan karithiba roundway parish council madhya samarthan karithila. ehaa ghodara nutan sthana hoigala . 1954 masiharu ghodara design james smithnka design thila, kintu ghodati dahana aadaku muhn curry thila . ehi design madhya eka ghoda thila jaahaa gatishila bhabare chitrita hoithila (anya wiltsajara dhalaa ghoda eka thia sthitire achhi) . ehi prakalpara tadarakh paain eka kamiti gathan karajaithila, 'sahasrabdi dhalaa ghodara cavaliers', ebong janasadharananku jogadebaku nimantran karajaithila . ehara bhabisyatara rakhyanabekhyanare sahajata kariba paain madhya ehi gosthi gathan karajaithila. sarcence hausingra alan truscott, pahad upare thiba ghodara chitraru sarbekhyana ebong peging dajitware thiba sadasya bhabare kamitire joga deithile, taanka sahita nashapati sibhil injinijaringra keith sanders madhya joga deithile, jeunmane upara maati sapha kariba ebong ruparekha katiba parey chuck bhartti kariba paain jantrapati ebong manab sambala pradan karibaku joga deithile, jahara katiba sthaniah sampradayara bibhinna gosthi ebong byaktinka dwara haatare karajaithila . dui shaha lock ehi sankhyaku hrass karibare sahajya karithile. ehaa anumana karajauthila je ehi prakalpati ehara pracheen aitihya, ebong ehara akhpakhar aakarshaneeah gramanchalaku prostahita kariba, ebong ehi anchalara parjyatan manachitrare eka atirikta baisistya heba. september 1999rahr saptaha sheshare ghodara ruparekha khanan karajaithila. 200 john lokanku katibaku eka mitter lumb kholibaku kuhajaithila, ghodara mote lumb praiah 230 mitter thila . september 20 ray, saitati banda hoijaithila jaahaa dwara pier sibhil injinijaringra prajojakamane kichhi deane paain ghodara shaba kholiparibe . semane ghodara aakhi ebong nasarandhra bhabare byabahruta patharagudika madhya abasthapita karithile . 29 september 1999 ray devise white hears sampurna hoithila . skoring ebong rakhyanabekhyana. dhalaa ghoda belebele maramati abasthare padithae, ehi sthana paain mukhya bipada heuchhi aagacha brudhi . | eka backhampton sthaniah, sehi samaira samprati sapha hoithiba westbury dhalaa ghoda sahita desize ghodara sthitiku tulana curry, gazet ebong herald dwara uddhruta karajaithilaha "kete lajjajanaka je nagarika garba jaahaa ehi dhalaa ghodaku sahasrabdi palana karibaku srusti karithila, sehi sahasrabdira pratham dui barsha apekhya adhika samai dhari tisthi nathila."parabarti samajare, 2007 masiha april maasare dui deane madhyare pratham budd dharanara saphei kimba ghodara anusandhana karajaithila, jeunthire padwik swechasebeemananku baahineere jogadebaku ebong ghodaru aagacha, ghasa ebong shasya bahara karibaku nimantran karithile. september 2008 suddha, ghodati puni kwachit drushyamana hoithila . sahasrabdi dhalaa ghoda kamiti ghodaku khojiba paain panthi magiba arambha kallah . ehi skoringa jojanagudika parey probation sarbhis community sarbhis grupku hastantara karajaithila, jeunmane parabarti samajare ghodaku sampurna sapha karithile, jaahaa parey segudika nijamita bhabare punarabrutti karajauchhi . august 2014 ray, "wiltsajara timeser" jane lekhaka ghodara tatkaleena barttamanara abastha bishajare abhijoga karithile, kharap bhabare brudhi paithiba chuck prustha ebong ghoda kipari dooraru "dhusara ebong dagajukta dekhajauthila . sadharanatah, grishma ruture, chuck sunder ebong dhalaa dekhajae, ebong ehaa madhya ullekha kare je "gatisheelata phatakaku jauthiba bajra path ete adhika thila je kaunasi chakia kimba pushachejara padiaare thiba aasanaku jaiparunathila."lekhaka aasha karithile je roundway parish parishad" kichhi jaruri rakhyanabekhyana upare bichara kariba." adhunika itihas. dhalaa ghodaku sthaniah lokamane snehar saha "chuck" daknam deichhanti. dhalaa ghodara karjya sampurna hebara kichhi samai parey, ehaaku anya satati canonical wiltsajara dhalaa ghoda sahita 90 mile chaliba jatra 'wiltshire white hears trail' ray antarbhukta karajaithila, jaahaa kebala dhalaa ghoda trail bhabare janashuna, jaahaa wiltsajarara samasta athati canonical dhalaa ghoda paridarshan kare . wiltsajara parjyatan board dwara 2000 masihare ehi gasta pratistha karajaithila. pyadawik ehi pathara prashansa curry lekhichhanti je "aneka lock ehipari manoranjan karjyakalapa karibaku ebong comm ebong adhika degree chaliba paain agrahi ."2006 masiharu, dhalaa ghoda design eka barshika databya karjyakramara arambha bindu hoi rahichhi jaahaa dhalaa ghoda challenge bhabare janashuna, jeunthare anshagrahanakareemane wiltsajara eyaara ambulance paain artha sangraha karibaku athati canonical wiltsajara dhalaa ghoda charipakhare sampurna 52 mile chaali jaanti . roundway parish parisadara logo majhire ghodati pradarshita hoithila, jeunmane roundwayku "kebala sanlagna paain eka upakarana" bhabare bhulare asahaja thile, ebong 2011 ray roundway paain logo lunch karithile jaahaa bastiku devise thaaru pruthaka karibare sahajya karithila . 2017 ray roundway parish council devises tauna council sahita mishran hoithila, jadio roundway rahr shesh chairman, criss callo, roundway parish kaunasilara saphalata bishajare garbara saha kahithile, jeunthire devises dhalaa ghoda katibare sahajya kariba antarbhukta . sahasrabdi ghodara design karithiba pieter lobha deerghakaleena asusthata parey navember 2008 ray 73 barsha bajasare mrutyubarana karithile ebong byanka khetrara prabesha dwarare eka phalaka sahita smarana karajae . utsaba. sahasrabdiku ahuri palana kariba paain, 1999 december december, pier sibhil injinijaring sahajatare, eka time capsulku ghoda tale poti diajaithila, ebong sehi raatire sandheah thaaru arambha curry 1 januari 2000 sakaala parjyanta ghodaku flood light karajaithila. wessex paani dwara saha-daana karajaithiba time capsule sthaniah agrahara adbhutatare paripurna thila, jetebele kii ghodara flad light mile pacharu dekhajaithila . 30 june 2012 ray ghodaku puni alokita karajaithila, jetebele aijas saliswari antarjatija kalaa mahostabara ansha bhabare, ubhaja dhalaa ghoda ebong nikatasta alton barn dhalaa ghodaku lanthan pareda dwara alokita karajaithila . ehi ghodara charipakhare charipakhare adhika lanthan lagajaithila ebong raati raati sakaala sakaala parjyanta ehaaku jalai diajaithila. 10 october 2009 ray, ghodara dasham barshiki palana karibaku, sthaniah lokamane eka manab "10" aakruti gathan karibaku devisor mejaranka sameth ghoda upare chaligale . jii. ess. biman chalachala sansthara eka haluka biman "10" chitra upare udaana bhari ehara eka akashmarg phato uthaithila. 2012 sharat ruture ghodara 13 tama janmadina palana karibaku, sthaniah basinda thelma ebong collin edwards pahadare eka picnic ayojan karibaku nishpatti neithile, sthaniah sampradayara sadasya ebong anyamananku nimantran karithile jeunmane ghoda katibare jadita thile . ehi samaroha saaraa padwik tatha deviser meyer kelvin nashnka dwara ajojita hoithila ebong ethire pilamane phul aani dhalaa ghodara bekare eka maala tiari karithile. eka scout gosthi prasidha St. 2017 masihare dhalaa ghodaku sajai ebong ghasa kaati jarjanka dibasa palana karajaithila. pratiroopa. 2012 ray ehara 10 tama barshiki palana karibaku, norsdeed skul ehara padiaare sahasrabdi ghodara eka chhot pratiroopa unmochan karithila . ehi ghodati karmachari ebong chatramananka sameth swechasebeemananka dwara maasa maasa dhari nirmita hoithila ebong ehaa moola ghodatira dashamansha. prathame 10 numberer eka chhot sankhya ghodare rakhajaithila, jaahaa manab "10" chitra sahita samaana thila, jaahaa swechasebeemane 2009 ray ehara dasham janmadina palana karibaku moola sahasrabdi dhalaa ghoda upare gathan karithile . madhya dekhantu. anya dhalaa ghoda. mile heuchhi goalpath pahad nikatabartee eka rasta thaaru sadaka durata .

chitta ghoda tiaar karda haii chitta ghoda, jiss noon adhikarat taur 'teey davies millinium white haars vajon janhiaa jaanda haii, ikk ghode dee chaak pahadi dee murti haii joe kii england dey roundway, wiltshire dey pind dey uppar davies shehar dey baharwar, roundway pahadi' teey sathit haii. iss noon 1999 witch aaunn vaali tiji hazaar saal daa jashan manaun laee kattiaa giaa see, atey ih ikk horr chitte ghode dee pahadi dee murti dey design 'teey adharat haii, jiss noon chitte ghode dee yojnabandi vee kiha jaanda see, jaan kaee vaar sanaub ghode, joe kii maujuda ghode dey bahut nede see kiunki ih olivar dey kilhe dey pahadi kille dey hethan goal pahadi' teey vee see. sanaub ghode dey nishan ajey vee sahee haaltan witch dekhe jaa sakde hunn. chitta ghoda ajj wiltshire witch kattiaa giaa athvan atey navintam pramukh chitta ghode dee pahadi dee murti haii, atey ih lamba atey uccha haii. ghode noon, halanki kaee vaar nedley sadkan 'teey ikk tirchhe konn toon dekhiaa jaanda haii, parr iss noon meal door toon dekhiaa jaa sakda haii, jiss witch bratton daaoon' teey bratton casal toon lae keey westbury chitte ghode takk shamal hunn. ih pioosi dey vaadi toon vee dikhai dinda haii, joe kii pioosi chitte ghode daa gharr haii, jitthe chitte ghode atey elton barnes chitte ghode noon ikk dooje daa sahmana karde hoye dekhiaa jaa sakda haii. mool atey itihaas. mool chitte ghode noon tiaar karda haii. 1845 witch, sathanak jutte banaun valiaan neey ikk chitte ghode noon goal maarag pahadi dey pachham vaale paase, siddhe pahadi kilhe, olivar dey kilhe dey hethan kattiaa. ih ikk pahadi chittar laee ikk changi jagha see, kiunki ih samunder tall toon lagbhag 600 'ucchi ucchi dhalaan utte ghaati noon vekhadi see, atey kaee meal door toon vekhiaa jaa sakda see. iss noon sathanak taur utte "snobs haars" vajon janhiaa jaanda see, joe kii "snobs" shabad jutti banaun vaale laee sathanak shabad toon liaa giaa haii. ghode dee ikk pahadi murti noon kattna dhukvan see, kiunki 1845 witch iss dee kattan dee mitee takk, 1845 witch westbury dey wiltshire witch, elton barnes, hackpain, cherhill, inkpain dey nede, marlbro atey sambhav taur 'teey broad taoon witch pahilan hii chitte ghode deeaan pahadi deeaan murtiaan dikhai dindiaan sunn, jiss dey ghode daa mool anjaan haii parr shayed 19 veen sadee toon, atey rockley, jiss dey ghode dee 1945 witch' khoj 'keeti gaee see, jiss toon pahilan ih ghaah dey hethan rahinda see. unhan vicchon ziaadaatar ajj vee maujood hunn, apvaad uh hunn joe inkpain atey rockley witch hunn. ghode noon angauliaa keeta giaa see atey lagbhag 1922 witch gumm hoow giaa see, atey ghode daa koee maap kadey maujood naheen japda see. halanki, ghaah daa vakkhra rung dekhiaa jaa sakda see. 1954 witch, uss samein dey devises grammer school dey mukkh munde james smith neey cycle chalaunde hoye manniaa kii uss neey olivar cromwell promontary utte ikk ghode dee roop rekha vekhi haii. uss dey nirikhanan dee jaanch keeti gaee atey asal witch ghode dey sir, gardan atey latt dee kamzor roop rekha vekhi jaa sakadi see. ih purana sanaub ghoda see. ghode dey design daa ikk scatch tiaar keeta giaa see atey baad witch aadhunik 1999 dey design laee vartiaa giaa see, jiss witch hazaran saalan dey chitte ghode noon tiaar keeta giaa see, parr ulat, kiunki hazaran saalan daa chitta ghoda sajje paase haii (ajiha curran laee wiltshire witch iklauta chitta ghoda), jadon kii sanaub ghode daa scatch khabbe paase haii. iss samein sann 1954 witch iss ankade noon dubara banaun deeaan koshishan asfal rahiaan, jiven kii 1909,1939 witch pichliaan koshishan sunn jadon ghode noon vee dekhiaa giaa see, 1977,1987 atey ant witch 1998 witch jadon iss daa sir atey gardan dubara dikhai ditti see. see। witch, ajib roshni deeaan sathitiaan atey vadhiaa baraf neey 1954 toon baad pahili vaar ghode dee gardan atey sir dee roop rekha noon vekhiaa. sir atey gardan niyamit taur 'teey vekhi gaee haii, jiss witch 1998,2000 atey 2005 witch shamal hunn, baad witch doou vaar hazaran saalan dey chitte ghode dee sirjana toon baad sunn. jadon vee iss daa koee hissa dubara pragat hunda haii taan ih japda haii kii ghoda chhota see, atey hazaran saalan dey chitte ghode dey aakaar daa lagbhag addha see. iss dey niyamat roop witch dubara pragat honn daa caarn iss dey nirman dey dhang, khaee, joe kii pahadi chittar nirman daa hunn takk daa sabh toon aam tarika haii, dey caarn haii. underlying chaak satah dey nede naheen see iss laee ikk khaee putti gaee see atey khaee noon bharan laee kise horr jagha toon chaak dee varton keeti gaee see. usari dey iss dhang caarn sanaub ghode kadey-kadayin aapne aap noon pragat karde hunn, kiunki pahadi witch khaee hamlawar hundi haii atey chittar dey nishan noon udon vee vekhiaa jaa sakda haii jadon chittar kaee saalan toon vaddh giaa howay. uh hazaran saalan daa chitta ghoda tiaar karda haii. sann 1998 witch, ikk naveen khoj curran vaali, sarah pedwick, joe sambhav taur utte wiltshire witch horr satt maujuda chitte ghodiaan toon prerit see, neey ikk sathanak akhbar noon ikk pattar bhejiaa kii hazaran saal daa jashan manaun laee goal maarag pahadi utte ikk chitta ghoda kattiaa jaanha chahida haii. uh nede dey sanaub ghode toon anjaan see. akhbar noon ih vichaar pasand aaiaa atey yojnavan neey vee iss daa paalan keeta. asal witch, yojna sanaub ghode noon iss dey asal sathaan (uppar dassi gaee 1998 dee koshish) witch waps curran dee see. ih yojna iss laee asfal rahee kiunki iss sathaan noon vishesh vigiaanak dilchaspi daa sathaan ailaniaa giaa see. halanki ikk sathanak kissan, criss kombe neey ikk badalvin jagha dey roop witch goal maarag pahadi utte aapni zameen dey hisse dee peshkash keeti, basharte kii zameen dey maalak kraoon astet commissioneran duaara aagiaa ditti gaee howay. wiltshire kaoonti consul tourism neey project daa samarthan keeta jiven kii roundway parish consul neey keeta jiss neey kennet zilha consul noon keeti yojnabandi arzi daa samarthan keeta. ih ghode dee naveen jagha bann gaee. ghode daa design 1954 toon james smith daa design see, parr ghode daa moonh sajja see. design witch ikk ghoda vee see jiss noon chalde hoye darsaiaa giaa see (horr wiltshire chitte ghode ikk khadhi sathiti witch hunn). project dee nigrani laee ikk kameti daa gathan keeta giaa see, 'davies millinium white haars dey cavaliers', atey janata dey memberan noon shamal honn laee sadda ditta giaa see. iss group daa gathan iss dey bhavikh dey rakkh-rakhaa witch sahaita laee vee keeta giaa see. sarcence housing dey ailan truscott, pahadi utte ghode dey chittar dey sarvekhan atey bahr kaddhan dey incharge member vajon kameti witch shamal hoye, naal hii peers sival engineering dey keath sonders vee shamal hoye, joe upparli mitty noon saaf curran atey roop rekha noon kattan toon baad chaak noon bharan laee machinary atey manukkhi shakti pardan curran laee shamal hoye, jiss dee kattan vakkh-vakkh samoohan atey sathanak bhaichare dey viaktiaan duaara hatth naal keeti gaee see. doou saun lokan neey ankade noon ghataun witch madad keeti. ih anuman lagaiaa giaa see kii ih project iss dey prachin virse atey iss dey aale duaale dey aakarshak pendu khetran noon utshahit karega, naal hii khetar dey sailani nakshe laee ikk vadhu visheshta vee banega. ghode dee roop rekha dee khudai satambar 1999 dey hafte dey ant witch hoee see. 200 lokan noon ikk meeter lambai dee khudai curran laee kiha giaa see, ghode dee kull lambai lagbhag 230 meeter see. 20 satambar noon, site bnd hoow gaee taan joe peers sival engineering dey spancer kujh dinan laee ghode dee laash noon bahr kaddh sakann. unhan neey ghode dee akkh atey nakk dey chhitte vajon vartiaan jaanh valiaan chattanan noon vee sathapit keeta. 29 satambar 1999 noon devises chitta ghoda poora keeta giaa see. scoring atey rakkh-rakhaa. chitta ghoda kadey-kadey murammat deeaan sathitiaan witch aaa jaanda haii, site laee mukkh khatra jangli booty daa vikas haii. ikk backhampton sathanak, 2007 witch uss samein dey haal hii witch saaf keete gaye westbury chitte ghode naal tiaar keete ghode dee sathiti dee tulna karde hoye, gazette atey harreld duaara kiha giaa seeuuu "kinni sharmindagi dee gall haii kii nagrik maann jiss caarn iss chitte ghode noon banaiaa giaa haii joe kii hazaar saal daa jashan manaun laee banaiaa giaa haii, uss hazaar saal dey pahile kujh saalan toon vaddh naheen challda japda."baad witch, ghode dee pahili vaddi safai, jaan khoj aprail 2007 witch doou dinan dee miaad witch hoee, jiss witch pedwick neey volunteeran noon fauj witch shamal honn atey ghode toon jangli booty, ghaah atey kaaee noon hataun laee sadda ditta. satambar 2008 takk, ghoda firr toon mushkil naal dikhai denh lagg piaa see. davies millinium white haars kameti neey ghode noon maaran laee fund mangna shuru qarr ditta. ih khoj yojnavan firr probation seva community service group noon dittiaan gaeeaan jinhan neey baad witch ghode noon changi tarahan saaf keeta, ikk kamm joe unhan noon niyamit taur 'teey duhraiaa giaa haii. agast 2014 witch, "wiltshire times" dey ikk lekhak neey ghode dee uss vele dee maujuda sathiti baare shikait keeti, jiss witch uss neey chaak dee satah utte dukkh pragat keeta atey dassiaa kii ghoda door toon "slaty atey dhabba" dikhai dinda see. aam taur utte, garmiaan dey khushak mausam witch, chaak sunder atey chitta dikhai dinda haii, naal hii ih vee nott keeta jaanda haii kii kiven "gatishilta gett vall jaanh vaala bajjari daa rasta inna vadhiaa hoiaa see kii koee vee chakkar jaan puschair khet witch seet takk naheen jaa sakda see."lekhak neey umeed pragtai kii roundway parish consul" kujh zaruri rakkh-rakhaa 'teey vichaar karegi." aadhunik itihaas. chitte ghode noon sathanak lokan duaara piaar naal "chaaki" upnam ditta jaanda haii. chitte ghode dey mukammal honn toon turant baad, iss noon 90 meal dey paidal yaatra 'wiltshire dey chitte ghode dey raste' 'teey horr satt canonical wiltshire chitte ghodiaan dey naal shamal keeta giaa see, jiss noon siraf chitte ghode dey raste vajon janhiaa jaanda haii, joe wiltshire witch saare atth canonical chitte ghodiaan daa daura karda haii. iss tour dee sathapana 2000 witch wiltshire tourism board duaara keeti gaee see. pedwick neey trail dee parshansa karde hoye likhiaa kii "bahut saare lock iss tarahan deeaan manoranjak gatividhiaan curran atey ghatt toon ghatt paidal challan witch dilchaspi rakkhde hunn."2006 toon, chitta ghoda tiaar karna ikk salana charity program laee shuruati bindu riha haii jiss noon chitta ghoda chunhauti vajon janhiaa jaanda haii, jitthe bhagidar wiltshire air ambulance laee paisa ikkatha curran laee atth canonical wiltshire chitte ghodiaan dey duaale poore 52 meal dee sair karde hunn. ghode noon roundway parish consul laee logo dey kendra witch pradarshit keeta giaa see, joe roundway noon "siraf upkarnan laee naal laggde" laee galat manne jaanh toon asuvidhajanak sunn, atey 2011 witch roundway laee logo lanch keeta giaa taan joe bandobast noon upkarnan toon vakkh curran witch sahaita keeti jaa sake. roundway parish consul daa 2017 witch devises taoon consul naal ralevan hoow giaa, halanki roundway dey aakhri chairman, criss kaalau neey roundway parish consul deeaan prapatiaan baare maann naal gall keeti, jiss witch devise chitte ghode noon kattan witch sahaita karna shamal haii. pieter lalch, jiss neey hazaar saal dey ghode noon design keeta see, dee 73 saal dee umar witch navambar 2008 witch lambe samein dee bimari toon baad maut hoow gaee see, atey iss noon baink feeled dey pravesh duaar utte ikk takhti naal yaad keeta jaanda haii. jashan manaunde hunn. iss hazaar saal daa jashan manaunde hoye, 31 dasambar 1999 noon peers sival engineering dee madad naal ghode dey hethan ikk time capsule noon dafnaiaa giaa see, atey use raat shaam toon 1 janwari 2000 dee sware takk ghode noon hadah naal roshan keeta giaa see. time capsule, joe kii vasex paanee duaara sahi-daan keeta giaa see, sathanak dilchaspi deeaan ajibtavan naal bhariaa hoiaa see, jadon kii ghode dee flood lighting noon meelan pahilan toon dekhiaa jaa sakda see. ghode noon 30 juun 2012 noon firr toon roshan keeta giaa see, jadon aijas salisbury antarashtari qalaa utsav dey hisse vajon, chitte ghode atey nedley elton barnes chitte ghode noon lalten pred duaara roshan keeta giaa see. ghode dey duaale 300 toon vaddh lalten rakkhiaan gaeeaan sunn atey iss noon raat 10 vaje toon savere 12 vaje takk jagaa ditta giaa see. 10 aktubar 2009 noon, ghode dee dasvin varehgandh manaun laee, sathanak lock ghode utte challe gaye, jiss witch devise dey mayer vee shamal sunn, ikk manukkhi "10" dee murti banaun laee. jee. aiss. havabazi dey ikk halke jahaz neey iss dee havaai foto lainn laee "10" chittar dey uppar uddiaa. patjhad 2012 witch ghode daa daa janamdin manaun laee, sathanak vasnikan thelma atey collin edwards neey pahadi utte ikk picnic daa ayojan curran daa faisla keeta, jiss witch sathanak bhaichare dey memberan atey horaan noon sadda ditta giaa joe ghode noon kattan witch shamal sunn. samaroh dee mezbani sarah pedwick dey naal-naal devise dey mayer calvin nash duaara keeti gaee see atey iss witch bacche vee shamal sunn joe chitte ghode dee gardan laee ikk maala banaun laee full liaunde sunn. ikk scout group prasidh cent dee yojna banaunda haii. 2017 witch chitte ghode noon sajaa keey atey booty lagaa keey jaaraj divas manaiaa giaa. pratikriti. saal 2012 witch aapni aapni varehgandh manaun laee, norstead school neey aapne maidaan witch hazaar saal dey ghode dee ikk chhoti jihi pratikriti daa pardafash keeta. ih ghoda karamchariaan atey vidiaarthiaan samet volunteeran duaara mahiniaan dee miaad witch banaiaa giaa see, atey ih mool ghode daa daswan hissa haii. shuru witch ghode utte ikk chhota jiha number 10 rakkhiaa giaa see, joe manukkhi "10" chittar naal milda julda see joe volunteeran neey 2009 witch aapne dasven janam dinn noon manaun laee mool hazaar saal dey chitte ghode utte banaiaa see. ih vee dekho. horr chitte ghode. meal goal maarag pahadi dey nede ikk sadak toon sadak dee doori haii.

shveta-ashvam kalpayati. devisies-shveta-ashwah, aadhikaarikaroopen devisies-millennium-shveta-ashwah iti namna prasidhah, ekaha chok-parvata-aakrutihi asti, yah tate kshetre sthitah asti, golmarg-parvatasya upari, golmarg-nagarasya bahihi, devisies-nagarasya, wiltshire-nagarasya, england-deshasya, gramasya upari sthitah asti; ayam golamargat praayah 1⁄2 mail uttardishi asti. 1999 tame varshe, agami-truteeya sahasraabdi-utsavaartham, etat kapya, anyasya shveta-ashva-parvata-aakrutyaah vinyaasasya aadhaaren nirmitam asti, yat devisies-vait-haars iti namna api prasidhah aasit, athavaa kadaachit snobes-haars iti namna api prasidhah aasit, yat vartamaan-ashvasya ateeva sameepe aasit, yatah alivar-durgasya parvatadurgasya adhah vrutta-parvatasya upari api aasit. snabs-ashvasya chihnaani adyaapi samyak sthitau drushyante. shveta-ashwah adyatve drushyamaanam, wiltshire-nagare kataah ashtamah naveenatamah pramukhah shveta-ashva-parwatah asti, deerghah cha asti. yadyapi sameepastheshu maargeshu yadaa kadaa kadaa tiryakakonen drushyate, tathaapi mail-duraat api drashtum shakyate, yatra bratton-downes ityatra sthitaat bratton-durgaat, westbury-shveta-ashvasya vaasasthanaat api drushyate. pyusee-shveta-ashvasya nivaasasthaanaat, pyusee-upatyakaatah api etat drushyate, yatra shveta-ashvasya, alton-barnes-shveta-ashvasya cha parikalpanam parasparm abhimukharoopen drushyate. utpattih itihaasah cha. moolah shveta-ashvam kalpayati. 1845 tame varshe, sthaaneeyaah paduka-nirmataraha golamaargaparvatasya paschimadishi, olivar-durgasya parvatadurgasya sakshat adhah, shveta-ashvam krutavantah. parvata-aakrutyaah krute etat uttamm sthaanam aasit, yatah samudratalaat praayah 600 'oordhvataayaam oordhva-vaalyaam upatyakayaha avadhaanam krutam, bahu mail-duraat api etat drashtum shakyate sma. etat sthaniyarupena "snobes haars" iti namna prasidhah aasit, "snobes" iti shabdah schumaker ityasya sthaniyashabdat vyutpannah. ashvasya parvata-aakrutihi karshayitum upayuktah aasit, yatah 1845 tame varshe tasya karshanayatrya, 1845 tame varshe westbury-nagarasya wiltshire-nagare, alton barnes-nagare, hackpain-nagare, cherhil-nagare, inkpen-sameepe, marlbero-nagare, sambhawatah vishaalanagare cha shveta-ashva-parvata-aakrutayah drushyante sma, yasya ashvasya utpattih adnyaatah asti, parantu sambhawatah 19 shataabdyaam, rockley iti ashvasya utpattih 1945 tame varshe abhavat, yasya ashwah poorvam trunasya adhah nivaasam krutavaan aasit. teshu adhikaamshaah adyapi santi, apavaadaah inkpen tathaa rockley ityatra santi. yantrayukta-ashwah upekshitah aasit, praayah 1922 tame varshe luptah abhavat, ashvasya parimanam kadaapi naa aasit iti drushyate. parantu, trunasya bhinnavarnam drushyate sma. 1954 tame varshe, tatkaaleenasy devises vyaakaranavidyaalayasya pramukhah james smit ityeshah sackling-kridaayaam bahihi aasit, alivar-cromwell-promontary ityatra ashvasya ruparekham drushtavaan iti vishvasitavaan. tasya nireekshanaani pareekshitaani, vastutah ashvasya shiraha, kamtah, gucchehe cha kshinaruparekha drushyate sma. ayam puratanah snobes-ashwah aasit. ashvasya vinyaasasya rekhaachitram ankitam, anantaram aadhunikasy 1999 tamavarshasya sahasraabdee-shveta-ashvasya vinyaasaartham prayuktam, vyatikramam vihaay, sahasraabdee-shveta-ashwah dakshinadishi (wiltshire-nagare ekamaatrah shveta-ashwah), yadaa snobes-ashvasya rekhaachitram vaamadishi abhimukham aasit. 1954 tame varshe asmin samaye asya aakrutim punarnirmayitum prayatnah asaphalah abhavat, tathaiva 1909,1939 tame varshe yadaa ashwah drushtah iti poorvaprayaasah api aasit, 1977,1987 tame varshe, ante 1998 tame varshe yadaa tasya shiraha, kamtah cha punah drushtaah. 1979 tame varshe, vichitra-prakasha-sthitihi, sukshma-himah cha 1954 tamaat varshaat prathamavaaram ashvasya ashvasya, shiraha cha drushtavantah. 1998,2000,2005 tame varshe cha, sahasraabdee-shveta-ashvasya nirmanat param, pashchat dvivaaram, shiraha, shiraha cha niyamitaroopen drushtaah. yadaa yadaa tasya kimapi bhaagam punah drushyate tadaa ashwah laghuhu aasit, sahasraabdi-shveta-ashvasya aakaarasy praayah ardhah aasit iti drushyate. asya niyamitaroopen punah prakatitasya karanam tasya nirmaanapaddhatih, pariveshtanam, yat parvata-aakrutisaushtasya nirmanasya ati samanya-paddhatihi asti. antarnihitah chaak-khandah prushtasya sameepe naseet, ataha parikhaa khoditaa, aparasthalat cha chaak-khandah pariveshtayitum upayujyate sma. asya nirmanapaddhatya yadaa kadaa snobes-ashwah atmaprakasham karoti, yatah parvate pariveshtanam akramanatmakam asti, tathaa cha yadaa aakrutihi bahubhyah varshaani yaavat adhikah bhavati tadaa api aakrutyaah chihnaani drashtum shakyate. sahasraabdika-shveta-ashvam kalpayati. 1998 tame varshe, wiltshire-nagarasya anyaih sapta vartamaanaih shvetagaatraihi preritaa, navaagatah saara paadwick naamakah, sahasraabdyaah utsavasya krute vruttaparvate shvetagaatrasya karshanm karaneeyam iti sthaniya-vruttapatraaya patram preshitavaan. saa samipasthasya snobes-ashvasya vishaye adnyaatee aasit. vruttapatram vichaaram rochat, yojanam cha tadanusrutya jaatam. moolatah, snobes-ashvasya mulasthane punah chaalayitum yojanaa aasit (1998 tame varshe poorvoktah prayaasah). etat sthalam vishesha-vaidnyaanik-ruchi-sthalam iti ghoshitam krutvaa iyam yojanaa asaphalah abhavat. parantu sthaaneeyah krushakah criss kombe ityeshah golamaargaparvate swasya bhoobhaagasy vaikalpikasthalaroopen prastaavayat, yadi bhoomih swaaminah kraun-estet-aayukttaih anumatihi dattaa aasit. wiltshire-kaunti-council-paryatanam api pariyojanaayaah samarthanam krutavaan, tathaa cha kenet-mandal-council-krute krutasya yojanaa-aavedanasya samarthanam krutavatee raund-ve-pyaarish-council-samsthaa api samarthayat. etat ashvasya nootanam sthaanam jaatam. 1954 tame varshe james smit ityanena nirmitasya ashvasya vinyaasah, vyatikramam krutvaa, ashwah samyak abhimukhah abhavat. asya vinyaasah ashwah api aasit yat gatimaanah iti chitritam aasit (anye wiltshire-shveta-ashwaah sthite sthitau santi). pariyojanaayaah nirikshanartham ekaa samitihi sthapita, 'da cavaliers aaf da devises millennium vait haars' iti, janaanaam sadasyan cha sammilayitum aamantritam. tasya bhavishyasya rakshanarthm api samoohah nirmitah. sarsense-aavaasasya alan truscott ityeshah, parvatasya upari ashvasya aakrutyaah sarvekshanasya tathaa cha nirgamasya prabhaari sadasyatvena samityaam sammilitah, api cha piers-sivil-angineering ityasya keeth-sonders ityanena saha, ye upapaadyamarmasya shuddheekaranam tathaa ruparekhayaha katingasya anantaram chaaka-ityasya pooranam cha poornam kartum yantram tathaa maanavashaktih pradadat, yasya cutting sthaniya-samudaayasy vividha-samoohaih tathaa vyaktayah hastena krutavantah. dwishatajanaah ankam nyooneekartum sahayyam krutavantah. iyam pariyojanaa, tasya prachinaparamparayaha, tasya paritah aakarshaneeyasy graminabhagasya cha vikaasam karishyati, api cha kshetrasya paryatan-manachitrasya atirikta-visheshataa bhavishyati iti anumaanitam aasit. 1999 september-masasya saptahante ashvasya ruparekhayaha utkhananm abhavat. 200 janaah karshayan eka meater deergham khanayitum prushtaah, ashvasya kula-dirghata praayah 230 meater aasit. 20 september dinaanke, sthalam bandhitam abhavat yena piers sivil-angineering ityasya praayojakaah katipayaani dinaani yaavat ashvasya shareeram khanayitum shaknuvanti sma. te ashvasya netrarupena naasikaacchadaroopen cha prayuktaan shilan api sthaapayan. 1999 september 29 dinaanke shveta-ashvasya vikaasah sampannah. nirikshanam tathaa rakshanm. shveta-ashwah kadaachit apooraneey-avasthaayaam patitah asti, yatra sthalasy krute mukhyah khatara nirakshaaranaam vruddhihi asti. 2007 tame varshe devised-ashvasya sthitim, sadyah swaccheekrutena vest -burry-shveta-ashvena saha tulanam kurvan, beck-hempton-sthaaneeyah, "rajapatram tathaa ghoshakah" ityanena uddhrutah, yat "sahasraabdee-utsavasya krute, shveta-ashvasya nirmanasya kaaranatah nagarika-garwah, tasya sahasraabdee-prathama-dvivarshaanaam apekshayaa adhikakalam yaavat naa sthaayat iti, kiyat lajjajanakam iti."tadanantaram 2007 april-maase divasadvaye ashvasya prathamam pramukham shucheekaranam athavaa pariveshanam jaatam, yasmin pedwick-varyaha svayamsevakaaha sainyasya sahabhaagitvam kartum, ashwaat vanaani, trunaani, shleshma cha nishkaasayitum cha aamantrayat. 2008 september-maasaparyantam ashwah punah viralaroopen drushtah aasit. sahasraabdika-shveta-ashva-samitihi ashvasya pariveshtanaaya dhanam yaachayitum aarabhat. ete scoring-yojanaah tatah pariveekshaa-sevaa-samudaay-sevaa-samoohaay preshitaani, ye pashchat ashvasya purnataya shuchitvam krutavantah, tatah param teshaam karyam niyamitaroopen punaraavrutam krutam. 2014 august-maase "wiltshire tams" ityasya lekhakah ashvasya tatkaaleenasy vartamaanasya sthityaah vishaye akshepam krutavaan, durdashayaa vardhamana chaaka-prushtabhaagasya vishaye vilaapam akarot, tathaa cha ashwah duraat katham "dhoosarah, dhabbaayuktah cha drushyate iti cha. samanyataya, grishmakaale shushkakaale, chaak sundaram shvetam cha drushyate ", tathaiva" gatishilatayaha dwaaram prati gacchatah grail-maargah kiyat atitaram vardhamaanah aasit, yena kshetrasya asanasya krute naa chakram vaa push-cher-sthaanam vaa gantum naa shakyate iti api avadat."lekhakah asham krutavaan yat raund ve-pyaarish-council" kimapi tatkalikam rakshanm vichaarayishyati." aadhunikah itihaasah. shveta-ashvasya vikaasah sthaaneeyajanaih snehapoorvakam "chaakee" iti upanamam asti. shveta-ashvasya nirmanasya samaapteh kinchitkalanantaram, 90 mail-yaavat chaalan-yatrayam 'wiltshire-shveta-ashva-maargah' iti anyeshu sapta canonical-wiltshire-shveta-ashwaih saha etat antarbhavati sma, yat kevalam shveta-ashva-maargah iti namna prasidham asti, yat wiltshire-nagarasya ashtaan canonical-shveta-ashwan cha sandarshayati. 2000 tame varshe wiltshire-paryatan-mandalena asya pravaasasya sthapana abhavat. paadwik-varyaha margasya prashamsaam krutvaa likhati yat "bahavah janaah etaadrushaah manoranjana-karyani kartum, alpam adhikam cha padayatram kartum cha rochante."2006 tamaat varshaat shveta-ashvasya vikaasah shveta-ashva-chaalanch iti namna prasiddhasy vaarshik-danakaryakramasya aarambhabinduh asti, yatra pratibhaaginah ashta-canonical-wiltshire-shveta-ashvanam paritah poornam 52-mail-yaavat yaavat yaavat gatvaa wiltshire-vaayu-rugnavaahikaa-krute dhanam sangruheetum pravaasam kurvanti. golmarg-paadari-parishadasya chihnasya kendre chitritah ashwah, yah golamaargasy "kevalam sameepasthah" iti bhramanen aswasthah aasit, tathaa cha 2011 tame varshe golamaargasy chihnam aarabhat yena vasantam, upaayaih cha pruthak kartum sahayyam bhavati sma. raund-ve-pyaarish-council 2017 tame varshe devisies-nagar-council ityanena saha vileeneekrutam, yadyapi raund-ve-ityasya antimah adhyakshah criss-kaalov ityeshah, raund-ve-pyaarish-council ityasya upalabdhikaam vishaye garvena uktavaan, yasmin devisies-shveta-ashvasya katinge sahayyam cha aasit. sahasraabdee-ashvasya vinyaasam krutah peater-lobhah dirghakalam yaavat rogaat anantaram 2008 tame varshe november-maase 73 varsheeyah mrutah, tathaa cha tatasya kshetrasya praveshadvaaraa falaken smaryate. utsavaah. sahasraabdim api utsavaatum, 1999 december 31 dinaanke, piers sivil-angineering ityasya saahaayyen, ashvasya adhah ekam taim-capsul nikshiptam, tasmin raatrau sayankale taha 2000 janavaree 1 dinaanke praatahparyantam ashvasya poora-deepah prakaashitah. wessex-jalasya saha-daanam, taim-capsul, sthaniya-ruchibhihi vibhedanaabhih pooritam aasit, ashvasya flood-latting mail-mitam yaavat poorvatah drashtum shakyate sma. 2012 joon 30 dinaanke yadaa ejaas-salisbury-antarashtriya-kalaa-mahotsavasya bhagarupena shveta-ashvasya vinyaasah, samipasthasya alton-barnes-shveta-ashvasya cha deepastambha-pared-dwara prakaashah krutah tadaa ashvasya punah prakaashah abhavat. yantrayukta-ashvasya paritah 300 taha adhikaani deepastambhaani sthaapitaah, aparaahne 10 vaadane praatah 12 vaadane yaavat prajjwalitaani. 2009 october 10 dinaanke, ashvasya dashamavaarshikam aacharitum, sthaanikaah ashvasya upari gatavantah, yatra davies-nagar-mahaapaurah api aasit, maanavasya "10" aakrutihi nirmaatum. jee. ess. eviyeshan ityasya laghuvimaanam "10" iti aakrutyaah upari uddiya tasya akashachitram sveekrutavaan. 2012 tamasya varshasya sharatkaale ashvasya 13 tamam janmadinam aacharitum, sthaaneeyanivaasinah thelmaa tathaa collin edwards cha parvatasya upari vihaaram kartum nishchitavantah, sthaniya-samudaay-sadasyan, ashva-katinge sanlagnaan anyaan cha aamantrayan. saara paadwick ityanena tathaa davis-nagarasya meyar kelvin naash ityanena api asya samarohasya ayojanam krutam, tathaa cha shveta-ashvasya kanthasya krute pushpam nirmaatum baalakaah api aasan. ekaha scott-samoohah prasidham ess. tii. iti parikalpayati. 2017 tame varshe jaarj-diwasah shveta-ashvasya pushpam cha krutvaa nirakshaya cha aacharyate. pratikrutihi. 2012 tame varshe swasya 10 tamam varshapoortim aacharitum, narsteed-vidyaalayah, davies-inn-samsthayaa sahasraabdee-ashvasya laghu-pratiroopam tasya kshetre anaavrutavaan. ayam ashwah maaseshu eva swayamsewakaih, karmachaaribhih, chhaatraih cha saha nirmitah aasit, tathaa cha mulasya dashamaamshah aakaarah asti. 10 iti laghusankhyaa praarambhe ashvasya upari sthapita aasit, yat maanavasya "10" akrutya sadrushee aasit, yat svayamsevakaaha 2009 tame varshe mool sahasraabdee-shveta-ashvasya dashama-janmadinam aacharitum nirmitavantah. api pashyatu. anye shveta-ashwaah. mail-mitam dooram vrutta-parvata-aavaranasya sameepe margat asti.

vellai kuthiraiyai vadivamaikkirathu devisij vellai kudhirai, athikaarappoorvamaaga devisij millinium vellai kudhirai endru azhaikkappadukirathu, idhu oru kuthiraiyin sunnaambu malai uruvam aagum, idhu karaiyil amainthullathu, roundway malaiyil oru escorpment, englaandhin wildshire, roundway, devisij nagaraththin puranagaril ullathu; idhu roundwake vadakkae sumar 1⁄2 mile tholaivil ullathu. varavirukkum moontraavathu millinium kondaaduvadharkaaga idhu 1999 ill vettappattathu, maelum idhu mattroru vellai kudhirai malai uruvaththin vadivamaippai adippadaiyaagak kondadhu, idhu dvvs vellai kudhirai endrum azhaikkappattathu, allathu sila nerangalil snaps kudhirai, idhu tharpoothaiya kuthiraikku migavum nerukkamaaga irunththathu, aenenil idhu olivarin koattai malai koattaiyin keezh vattamaana malaiyil irunththathu. snaps kuthiraiyin thadayangal innum sariyaana nilaimaigalin keezh kaanappadugindrana. vellai kudhirai enbathu intru wildshireil vettapatta ettaavathu mattrum sameepathiya mukiya vellai kudhirai malai uruvamaagum, maelum idhu neelamaagavum uyaramaagavum ullathu. kudhirai, sila nerangalil arugilulla saalaigalil irukkumpoathu valaintha koonaththil paarkkappattaalum, piraadan downgalil ulla piraadan koattaiyilirunthu, westbury vellai kudhirai varai mailgal tholaivil kanalaam. idhu beausi vellai kuthiraiyin thaayagamaana beausi pallaththaakkilirunthum kaanappadugiradhu, angku vellai kudhirai mattrum alton kazhanjiyangkal vellai kudhirai oruvarukkoruvar ethirkolluvathaik kanalaam. thoattram mattrum varalaaru. asal vellai kuthiraiyai vadivamaikkirathu. 1845 aam aandil, ulloor shuu thayaarippaalarkal oru vellai kuthiraiyai vattappaathai malaiyin maerkup paguthiyil, malai koattaiyin keezh, olivarin koattaiyin keezh vettinar. kadal mattaththilirunthu sumar 600 addii uyaraththil sengkuththaana sarivil ulla pallaththaakkaip paarthuvittu, pala mile thooraththilirunthu paarkka mudinthathu enbathaal, idhu oru malai uruvaththirku oru nalla idamaaga irunththathu. idhu ullnaattil "snaps haars" endru azhaikkappattathu, "snaps" endra soll schumaker enbatharkaana ulloor vaarththaiyilirunthu perappattathu. 1845 aam aandil adhan vettu thaethikkul, westburyil ulla wildshireil, alton barnus, hockben, serhil, inkben arugae, marlbero mattrum broad downill aerkanavae vellai kudhirai malai uruvangkal kaanappattana, adhan kudhirai ariyappadaatha thoattraththaik kondullathu, aanaal anegamaaga 19 aam noottraandilirunthu irukkalaam, mattrum rogley, adhan kudhirai 1945 ill 'kandupidikkappattathu', adharku munbu adhu puul keezh vasiththathu. avattril perumbaalaanavai intrum ullana, vithivilakkukal inkben mattrum rockleyil ullana. karuvigal konda kudhirai purakkanikkappattathu mattrum sumar 1922 ill izhakkappattathu, maelum kuthiraiyin parimaanangkal ethuvum irunththathaakath theriyavillai. iruppinum, puul vevvaeru nirangkalaik kaana mudinthathu. 1954 aam aandil, antha kaalaththin device ilakkanap palliyin thalaivaraana james smith, cycle oottikkondirunthaar, maelum aalivar gromwell promontaryil oru kuthiraiyin velippurak kaatchiyaik kandathaaga nambinaar. avarathu avathaanippukal saripaarkkappattana, unmaiyil oru kuthiraiyin thalai, kaluththu mattrum koombin mangalaana velippaadu kaanappattathu. idhu pazhaiya snaps kudhirai. kuthiraiyin vadivamaippin oru ooviyamaanathu varaiyappattathu, pinnar naveena 1999 aam aandin vadivamaippirkaaga payanpaduththappattathu, idhu thalaikeezhaagath thavira, millinium vellai kudhirai valathupuram (wildshireil ulla oray vellai kudhirai avvaaru seiya), athae neraththil snaps kudhirai scatch idathupuram irunththathu. 1954 aam aandil inththa kattaththil inththa ennikkaiyai maruu aakkam seivatharkaana muyarchigal thoalviyadainthana, 1909,1939 aam aandugalil kudhirai kaanappattathaagak koorappattapoathu, 1977,1987 mattrum iruthiyaaka 1998 aam aandugalil adhan thalai mattrum kaluththu meendum thoantriyapoathu munththaiya muyarchigal thoalviyadainthana. 1979 aam aandil, visithiramaana olii nilaimaigal mattrum nerththiyaana panii 1954 kkup piragu muthal muraiyaaga kuthiraiyin kaluththu mattrum thalaiyin velipaattaik konduvandhadhu. 1998,2000 mattrum 2005 aam aandugalil udpada, thalai mattrum kaluththu thodarnthu kaanappadugindrana, pinththaiya irandu murai millinium vellai kudhirai uruvaanathilirunthu. adhan endhap paguthiyum meendum thoantriya bothellaam, kudhirai siriyathaagavum, millinium vellai kuthiraiyin paathi alavaagavum irunththathu endru therikirathu. adhan valakkamaana meendum thoandralukkaana kaaranam adhan kattumaana murai, agazhigal, idhu malai uruva kattumaanaththin migavum podhuvaana muraiyaagum. adippadai sunnaambu maerparappukku arugil illai, enavae oru agazhi thoandappattathu mattrum mattroru idaththilirunththu sunnaambu agazhiyai nirappa payanpaduththappattathu. inththa kattumaana murai snaps kudhirai eppoathaavathu thannai velippaduththa vazhivaguththatharkaana kaaranam, aenenil agazhigal malaippaguthiyil aakiramippu mattrum pala aandugalaaka uruvam athigamaaga valarnthirunththaalum kooda uruvam thadayangalaik kaana anumathikkirathu. millinium vellai kuthiraiyai uruvaakkiyathu. 1998 aam aandil, wildshireil ulla mattra aezhu tharpoothaiya vellai kuthiraigalaal eerkkappatta oru puthumugamaana saaraa paatvik, milliniyatthaik kondaada roundway malaiyil oru vellai kudhirai vettappada vaendum endru oru ulloor seithiththaalukku oru kadidhaththai anupinaar. arugilaeyae irunththa snaps kudhirai pattri avalukku theriyaathu. seithiththaal inththa yoasanaiyai virumbiyathu mattrum thittangal pinpattrappattana. muthalil, snaps kuthiraiyai adhan asal idaththil (maerkooriya 1998 muyarchi) thirumbap peruvathae thittamaaga irunththathu. inththa thalam sirappu ariviyal aarvamulla thalamaaga arivikkappattathaal inththa thittam thoalviyadainthathu. iruppinum, ulloor vivasaayiyaana chriss kambe, roundway malaiyil ulla thanathu nilaththin oru paguthiyai oru maattru thalamaaga valangkinaar, antha nilatthai sonthamaaga vaiththirukkum kireedam thoatta aanaiyarkalaal anumathi vazhangkappattathu. wildshire kavundi council suttrulaa inththa thittaththirku aatharavaliththathu, athae poal kennet mavatta councilukku seiyappatta thittamidal vinnapaththai aathariththa roundway barish councilum aathariththathu. idhu kuthiraiyin puthiya idamaaga maariyathu. kuthiraiyin vadivamaippu 1954 muthal james smith vadivamaippil irunththathu, aanaal kudhirai valathupuram irunththathu. vadivamaippil oru kudhirai nagarvathaaga siththarikkappattathu (mattra wildshire vellai kuthiraigal nirkum nilaiyil ullana). inththa thittatthai maerpaarvaiyida oru kuzhu amaikkappattathu, 'develice millinium vellai kuthiraiyin cavaliers', mattrum podhu uruppinarkal saera azhaikkappattanar. adhan ethirkaala paraamarippai aatharippatharkaakavum kuzhu uruvaakkappattathu. sarsons veettuvasathi aalan truscott, malaiyil ulla kuthiraiyin uruvaththilirunthu kanakkeduppu mattrum veliyaerum porupaana uruppinaraaga kuzhuvil saernthaar, bears sivil injiniyaringin keeth sanders udan saernthu, iyanththirangkal mattrum manithavalaththai vazhangka inainthaar mael mannai suththam seivatharkum, sunnaambai nirappuvatharkum, avtlainai vettiyathaith thodarnthu, palvaeru kuzhukkal mattrum ulloor samoogaththaich saerntha thaninaparkalaal kaiyal vettappattathu. irunooru paer inththa ennikkaiyai kuraikka udhavinar. inthath thittam, adhan pandaiya paarambariyam mattrum athaich suttriyulla kavarchchigaramaana kiraamappurangalai ookkuvikkum endrum, athae poal ippaguthiyin suttrulaa varaipadaththil oru koodudhal amsamaaga irukkum endrum ethirpaarkkappattathu. kuthiraiyin velippuratthai thoanduvathu septumber 1999 vaara iruthiyil nadanthathu. 200 paer vettappattapoathu oru meettar neelam thoandumpadi kaetkappattathu, kuthiraiyin moththa neelam thoaraayamaaga 230 meettar aagum. septumber 20 andru, bears sivil injiniyaring spaancharkal sila naatkalukku kuthiraiyin udalai thoanda mudiyum vagaiyil antha thalam moodappattathu. kuthiraiyin kann mattrum naasit thulaiyaagap payanpaduththappadum paaraikalaiyum avarkal nilainiruththinar. divishise vellai kudhirai 29 septumber 1999 andru niraivadainthathu. scoring mattrum paramarippu. vellai kudhirai eppoathaavathu pazhuthupaarkkum nilaiyil ullathu, kazhaigalin valarchchiyae antha idaththirku mukiya achchuruththalaaga ullathu. 2007 aam aandil device kuthiraiyin nilaiyai appoathaiya sameepaththil suththam seiyappatta westbury vellai kuthiraiyudan oppitta oru beckhampton ulloor, "kesset mattrum herault" maerkoal kaattiyathu "inththa vellai kuthiraikku vazhivaguththa kudimai perumai milliniyatthaik kondaada uruvaakkappattathu antha milliniyaththin muthal irandu aandugalai vida neenda kaalam neediththathaagath theriyavillai."pinnar, kuthiraiyai suththam seivatharkaana muthal periya nadavadikkai allathu thaedum panii aepral 2007 ill irandu naall kaalappagudhiyil nadanthathu, idhil padaikaludan saeravum, kuthiraiyilirunthu kazhaigal, puul mattrum paasai agattravum paatvik thannaarvalargalai alaiththaar. septumber 2008kkul, kudhirai meendum arithaagavae kaanappattathu. aayirakkanakkaana vellai kuthiraik kuzhu kuthiraiyai thaedikkolla nidhi kaetkath thodangiyathu. inththa thaedal thittangal pinnar thaguthigaan saevai samooga sevaik kuzhuvirku anupappattana, avarkal pinnar kuthiraiyai muzhumaiyaaga suththam seithanar, idhu avarkal thodarnthu meendum meendum seiyum paniyaagum. august 2014 ill, "wildshire times" endra ezhuththaalarin koottruppadi, kuthiraiyin tharpoothaiya nilai kuritthu bugar aliththa avar, moasamaaga valarntha sunnaambu maerparappu mattrum kudhirai "saambal mattrum tholaithooraththil irunthu karaiyaaga" eppadi irunththathu endru varuttham therivitthaar. vazhakkamaaga, koadai varanda kaalaththil, sunnaambu azhagaagavum vellai niramaagavum irukkum, athae poal "nagarvu vaayilukkuch sellum saralai paathai evvalavu athigamaaga irunththathu enbathaik kurippidugiradhu, ithanaal endha chakkaramum allathu thalla naarkaaliyum violil irukkaikkuch sella mudiyaathu."roundway barish council" sila avasara paraamarippukalai pariseelikkum endru ezhuththaalar nambinaar." naveena varalaaru. vellai kudhirai vadivamaippai ulloor makkalaal anbudan "saakki" endru azhaikkappadukirathu. vellai kudhirai katti mudikappatta sirithu neraththilaeyae, 90 mile nadaippayanamaana 'wildshirein vellai kudhirai paathai' ill mattra aezhu canonical wildshire vellai kuthiraigaludan idhu serkkappattathu, idhu verumanae vellai kudhirai paathai endru azhaikkappadukirathu, idhu wildshireil ulla ettu canonical vellai kuthiraigalaiyum paarvaiyidukirathu. inththa suttruppayanam 2000 aam aandil wildshire suttrulaa vaariyatthaal niruvappattathu. paatvik inthap paathaiyaip paaraattinaar, "niraiya paer idhu poantra pozhuthupoakku nadavadikkaigalaich seivathilum, kuraindha alavilum adhiga alavilum nadaipayirchi seivathilum aarvamaaga ullanar."2006 muthal, vellai kudhirai sawal endru azhaikkappadum varudaanthira thondu nigazhvukkaana thodakka pulliyaaga vellai kudhirai vadivamaikkappattullathu, angku pankerpaalarkal wildshire aer aambulansukku panam thiratta ettu canonical wildshire vellai kuthiraigalaich suttri muzhu 52 mile nadaippayanaththai maerkolkiraargal. roundway barish councilin logovin maiyaththil idampettra kudhirai, roundway "verum arugilulla saathanangalukku" endru thavaraaga ennappaduvathil sankadamaaga irunththathu, maelum 2011 aam aandil roundwakena logovai arimugappaduththiyathu, idhu kudiyaetraththai saathanangalilirunthu vaerupaduththik kaatta udhavum. roundway barish council 2017 aam aandil device down counciludon inainthathu, iruppinum roundwayin kadaisi thalaivaraana chriss callo, roundway barish councilin saathanaigal kuritthu perumithaththudan paesinaar, idhil device vellai kuthiraiyai vetta uthavuvathu udpada. millinium kuthiraiyai vadivamaiththa piittar paeraasai, neenda kaala noaikalukkup piragu navambar 2008 ill thanathu 73 vayathil iranthaar, maelum vangki vayalin nuzhaivaayilil oru kalvettu kondu ninaivukoorappadukirathu. kondaattangal. millinium kondaadum vagaiyil, 1999 disambar 31 andru bears sivil injiniyaring uthaviyudan kuthiraikku adiyil oru time copsule pudhaikkappattathu, athae eravil anthi muthal janavari 1,2000 vidiyal varai kudhirai vellaththil olirappattathu. vessex thanneeraal inai nankodaiyaaga valangkappatta time copsule, ulloor aarvaththin viththiyaasangkalaal nirambiyathu, athae neraththil kuthiraiyin floodliting mailgal pinnaalum kaana mudinthathu. juun 30,2012 andru, ejaz salisbury sarvadesa kalai vizhaavin oru paguthiyaaga, vellai kudhirai mattrum arugilulla alton kazhanjiyangkal vellai kudhirai irandum vilakku anivaguppugalaal olirach seiyappattapoathu kudhirai meendum olirappattathu. kuthiraiyaich suttri 300kkum maerpatta vilakkugal porutthappattu iravu 10 manii muthal athikaalai 12 manii varai adhu olirum. october 10,2009 andru, kuthiraiyin paththaavathu aandu vizhaavaik kondaaduvadharkaaga, ulloor makkal kuthiraiyin meethu nadanthu sendranar, idhil deviskalin mayer udpada, oru manitha "10" uruvaththai uruvaakkinaar. gs aviationil irunthu oru ilaguvaana vimaanam "10" uruvaththin meethu paranthu adhan vaanvali pugaippadaththai eduththathu. 2012 ilaiyuthirkaalaththil kuthiraiyin 13 vadhu piranthanaalaik kondaada, ulloorvaasigal telma mattrum koolin edwards aagiyoar malaiyil oru suttrulaavai nadaththa mudivu seithanar, ulloor samooga uruppinargalaiyum kuthiraiyai vettuvathil eedupatta mattravargalaiyum azhaiththanar. inththa vizhaavai saaraa paatvik mattrum devisis maeyaraana kelvin naash aagiyoar thoguththu vazhangkinar, maelum kuzhandhaigal malarkalaik kondu vellai kuthiraiyin kaluththukku oru maalaiyai uruvaakkuvathaiyum ulladakkiyathu. oru saaranar kuzhu pirabalamaana saint. 2017 aam aandil jaarj thinam vellai kuthiraiyai poochchi mattrum kalaiyadippathan moolam. pirathi. 2012 aam aandil adhan 10 vadhu aandu niraivaik kondaaduvadharkaaga, noorstead palli adhan maithaanaththil millinium kuthiraiyin siriya pirathi ontrai veliyittathu. inththa kudhirai oozhiyargal mattrum maanavargal udpada thannaarvalargalaal sila maatha kaalappagudhiyil kattappattathu, idhu asal kuthiraiyin paththil oru pangku alavu aagum. 2009 aam aandil adhan paththaavathu piranthanaalaik kondaaduvadharkaaga asal millinium vellai kuthiraiyil thannaarvalargal uruvaakkiya manitha "10" uruvaththai oththa oru siriya enn 10 aarambaththil kuthiraiyin meethu vaikkappattathu. idhaiyum paarungkal. mattra vellai kuthiraigal. mailgal enbathu vattappaathai malai maraivukku arugilulla saalaiyilirunthu saalai thooramaagum.

tellani gurraanni roopondistundi adhikarikamga devises millennium white haars anie piluvabade white haars, oka choke hill gurram yokka bomma, idhi ingland looni wiltshire looni roundway kugramam paina unna devises pattana shivaarlalooni roundway konda vadda unna oka escorpment, idhi oka odduna unna oka gurram yokka chaak hill figure; idhi roundveki uttaraana sumaru 1⁄2 mailu dhooramlo undhi. idhi raboye moodava sahasraabdi vedukalanu jarupukovadaniki 1999loe kattirinchabadindi, mariyu maroka tellani gurrapu konda bomma roopakalpanapai aadharapadi undhi, dheenini white haars anie kooda pilustaaru, ledhaa konnisaarlu snabs haars, idhi prastuta gurraniki chaalaa daggaragaa undhi, endukante idhi oliver koota konda koota krinda roundway kondapai kooda undhi. snabs gurram yokka jaadalu ippatikee saraina paristhitulalo chudavachu. telupu gurram eee roeju wiltshirelo kanipinche enimidava mariyu taja pradhana tellani gurrapu konda bomma, mariyu idhi podavugaa untundi. gurraanni, konnisaarlu sameepamloni rahadaarulapai unnappudu vakra konam nundi chusinappatiki, westbury white haarsku nilayamaina bratton downslooni bratton kotatho sahaa mailla dhooram nundi chudavachu. idhi puicy tellani gurraniki nilayamaina puicy loya nundi kooda kanipistundi, ikkada telupu gurram mariyu alton barnes telupu gurraanni okadaanikokati edurugaa chudavachu. muulam mariyu charitra. asalu telupu gurraanni roopondistundi. 1845loe, sthaanika shoe tayaareedaarulu oka tellani gurraanni roundway kondaku paschimaana, konda koota, oliver koota krinda neerugaa kattirinchaaru. samudra mattaniki 600 adugula ettulo unna nitaruga unna vaalupai loyanu chudatam valla, idhi oka konda bommaku manchi pradaesam, mariyu aneka mailla dhooram nundi chudavachu. dheenini sthaanikamgaa "snabs haars" anie pilicheevaaru, "snabs" anae padam shumekar kosam sthaanika padam nundi udbhavinchindi. 1845loe daani kotha thedhee natiki, westburyloni wiltshire, alton barnes, hockpen, cherhill, inkpen sameepamlo, marlbero mariyu bahusha broad townloo tellani gurrapu konda bommalu kanipinchaayi, dheeni gurram teliyani muulaanni kaligi undhi, conny bahusha 19va sataabdam nundi, mariyu rockley, dheeni gurram 1945loe 'kanugonabadindi', dheeniki mundu adhi gaddi kinda nivasinchindi. vaatilo chaalaa varaku netikee unnaayi, minahaayimpulu inkpen mariyu rockley vadda unnaayi. parikaraala gurram nirlakshyam cheyabadindi mariyu sumaru 1922 loe poyindi, mariyu gurram yokka kolatalu eppuduu unikilo laenatlu anipistundi. ayithe, gaddi yokka vibhina rangulanu chudavachu. 1954loe, aaa kaalapu vyaakarana paatasaalaku adhipati ayina james smith, saikling cheyataaniki bayaludaeraadu mariyu oliver cromwell promontarypy gurram yokka roopurekhalanu chushanani nammadu. athani pariseelanalu tanikhi cheyabaddaayi mariyu nijaaniki gurram yokka thala, meda mariyu rampla yokka masakaga unna roopurekhalu kanipinchaayi. idhi paatha snabs gurram. gurram yokka roopakalpana yokka oka rekhaachitram geeyabadindi mariyu taruvaata aadhunika 1999 roopakalpana kosam upayoginchabadindi, sahasraabdi tellani gurraanni roopondistundi, tiragabadindi tappa, sahasraabdi tellani gurram kudi vaipuku (alaa chesina wiltshirelo unna ekaika tellani gurram), ayithe snabs gurram rekhaachitram edama vaipuku undhi. 1954loe eee samayamlo eee bommanu punarnirminche prayatnaalu viphalamayyayi, alaage 1909,1939loe gurram kanipinchinatlu nivedinchabadinappudu, 1977,1987 mariyu chivaraku 1998loe daani thala mariyu meda tirigi kanipinchinappudu chesina munupati prayatnaalu viphalamayyayi. 1979loe, vichitramaina kaanti paristhitulu mariyu chakkati manchu 1954 tarvaata modatisaarigaa gurram meda mariyu thala yokka roopurekhalanu drushtilo unchukunnaayi. 1998,2000 mariyu 2005loe sahaa, thala mariyu meda kramam tappakunda kanipistunnaayi, rendo rendu saarlu sahasraabdi tellani gurram srushtinchabadinappati nundi. daanilo edainaa bhaagam tirigi kanipinchinappudalla, gurram chinnadigaa, sahasraabdi tellani gurram kante sagam parimaanamlo unnatlu suuchistumdi. daani nirmaana paddhati, kandakam, idhi konda bommala nirmaanamloo atyanta saadhaarana paddhati, daani kramam tappakunda tirigi kanipinchadaaniki kaaranam. antarleena chaak uparitalaaniki sameepamlo ledhu kabatti oka kandakam tavvabadindi mariyu kandakaanni nimpadaaniki maroka pradaesam nundi chaaknu upayoginchaaru. eee nirmaana paddhati valla gurram appudappudu tananu taanu bahirgatam chesukovadaniki daariteesindi, endukante kondapai kandakam anedi hanikaram mariyu chaalaa samvatsaraalugaa aaa bommanu penchinappudu kooda aaa bomma jadalanu chuudataaniki veelu kalpistundi. sahasraabdi tellani gurraanni roopondistundi. 1998loe, wiltshireloni prastuta edu tellani gurraala nundi prerana pondina kotta vyakti saaraa padwick, sahasraabdi vedukalanu jarupukovadaniki roundway kondapai tellani gurraanni kattirinchaalani sthaanika vaartaapatrikaku oka lekha pampaadu. aameku sameepamloni snabs gurram gurinchi teliyadu. vaartaapatrikaku eee aalochana nachindi mariyu pranaalikalu anusarinchaayi. modata, snabs gurraanni daani asalu pradaesamloe tirigi kattirinchaalane pranaalika (paina perkonna 1998 prayatnam). eee sait pratyeka shaastreeya aasakti unna pradaesamgaa prakatinchabadatam valla eee pranaalika viphalamaindi. ayithe, oka sthaanika raitu, criss kambe, roundway kondapai thana kontha bhoomini pratyaamnaaya pradaesamgaa icchaadu, bhoomini kaligi unna crown estatela commissionerlache anumati manjuru cheyabadindi. kennet jilla mandaliki chesina pranaalika darakhaastuku maddatu icchina roundway parish council vale wiltshire county council paryatakam eee prajectuku maddatu ichindi. idhi gurraniki kotta pradaesamgaa maarindi. gurram yokka roopakalpana 1954 nundi james smith roopakalpana cheyabadindi, ayithe gurram sarigga edurugaa undela tippabadindi. eee roopakalpanalo kadulutunna gurram kooda undhi (itara wiltshire tellani gurralu nilabadi unnaayi). eee prajectunu paryaveekshinchadaaniki oka kamiteeni erpaatu chesaaru, 'sahasraabdi tellani gurram yokka kavalikala', mariyu prajala sabhyulanu chaeradaaniki aahvaninchaaru. daani bhavishyat nirvahanaku maddatugaa eee brundam kooda erpadindi. sursains housingku chendina alon truscott, kondapai gurram yokka bommanu survey cheyadam mariyu bayataku teeyadam baadhyata kaligina sabhyudiga kamiteelo cheraaru, piers sivil injaneeringku chendina keeth sanders, vaaru yantraalu mariyu maanavasaktini andinchadaaniki cheraaru, paie mattini subhraparachadam mariyu roopurekhalanu kattirinchina taruvaata chaaknu nimpadam puurti cheyadaaniki, dheeni kothanu sthaanika samaajaaniki chendina vividha samuuhaalu mariyu vyaktulu chethitho chesaaru. rendu vandala mandhi eee sankhyanu tagginchadaaniki sahayam chesaaru. eee project parikaraalu, daani puraatana vaarasatvam mariyu daani chuttoo unna aakarshanheeyamaina graameena praantaalanu prothsahistundani, alaage eee praantam yokka paryataka pataniki adanapu lakshanamgaa untundani anchanaa veyabadindi. gurram yokka roopurekhala tavvakam 1999 september vaaraantamlo jarigindi. 200 mandhi kotadaarulanu oka meater podavu tavvamani koraru, gurram yokka mottam podavu sumaru 230 meterlu. piers sivil injaneering spaansarlu konni rojula paatu gurram mrutadehaanni tavvagaligela september 20naa sait moosiveyabadindi. vaaru gurram yokka kannu mariyu nasika randhramgaa upayoginche raallanu kooda unchaaru. telupu gurraanni roopondinchadam 29 september 1999naa puurtayimdi. scoring mariyu nirvahana. tellani gurram appudappudu marammatu cheyani sthithilo padipoyindi, eee pradaesaaniki pradhana muppu kalupu mokkalu peragadam. 2007loe roopondinchina gurram yokka sthithini appati iteevala subhram chesina westbury white harsto polchina oka beckhampton lokal, "gazit und herold" ilaa paerkonnatlu utankinchindih "sahasraabdini jarupukovadaniki eee tella gurraanni srushtinchadaaniki daariteesina poura garvam aaa sahasraabdi modati rendu samvatsaraala kante ekkuva kaalam konasagaledu."tadanantaram, gurraanni modati pedda subhraparachadam ledhaa scoring april 2007loe rendu rojula vyavadhilo jarigindi, dheenilo padwick swachchanda sevakulanu dalaalalo chaeradaaniki mariyu gurram nundi kalupu mokkalu, gaddi mariyu naachunu tolaginchadaaniki ahvaninchadu. 2008 septembaru natiki, gurram mallee kanipinchaledu. devises millennium white haars kamitee gurraanni vetakadaaniki nidhulu koradam praarambhinchindi. eee scoring pranaalikalanu pariseelana seva community servies groupuku pampaaru, vaaru taruvaata gurraanni puurtigaa subhram chesaaru, eee pani appati nundi kramam tappakunda punaraavrutamavutundi. augustu 2014loe, "wiltshire times" kuu chendina oka rachayita gurram yokka prastuta paristhiti gurinchi firyadu chesaaru, baga perigina chaak uparitalam gurinchi mariyu gurram dhooram nundi "budidarangu mariyu macchalu" gaa elaa kanipinchindo baadhapaddaaru. saadhaaranamgaa, vesavi endalo, chaak andamgaa mariyu tellagaa kanipistundi, alaage "chalanasheelata getku velle kankara maargam entha ekkuvagaa perigindo, yea chakram ledhaa push chair polamlooni seetuku vellalevu" anie kooda perkondi."roundway parish council "kontha atyavasara nirvahananu pariseelistundani rachayita aasinchaaru." aadhunika charitra. tellani gurraanni roopondinchina vaariki sthaanikulu aapyayamgaa "chackie" anie maaruperu pettaru. tella gurram puurtayina ventane, 90-mailla nadaka paryatana 'wiltshire white haars trail' loe itara edu canonical wiltshire white gurraalato paatu idhi cherchabadindi, idhi kevalam white haars trail anie pilustaaru, idhi wiltshireloni canonical white gurraalalo enimiditini sandarsistundi. eee parytananu 2000loe wiltshire paryataka boardu sthaapinchindi. padwick eee marganni prasamsistuu, "chaalaa mandhi prajalu ilanti vinoda karyakalapalu cheyadaaniki mariyu takkuva mariyu ekkuva sthaayilo nadavadaniki aasakti chuuputunnaaru."2006 nundi, white haars chhalenj anie piluvabade vaarshika swachchanda kaaryakramaaniki white haars prarambha binduvugaa undhi, ikkada paalgonevaaru wiltshire air ambulance kosam dabbunu sekarinchadaaniki enimidi canonical wiltshire white haars chuttoo puurti 52 mailla nadakanu paryatistaaru. roundway parish council kosam logo madhyalo kanipinche gurram, roundvenu "kevalam prakkane unna parikaraalu" anie porapaatu cheyadam asoukaryamgaa undhi, mariyu sthaavaraanni parikaraala nundi vaeru cheyadamlo sahaayapadataaniki 2011loe roundway kosam logonu praarambhinchindi. roundway parish council 2017loe devises town councillo vileenam ayyindi, ayithe roundway yokka chivari chhairman criss kalov, roundway parish council saadhinchina vijayala gurinchi garvamgaa matladadu, indulo devises white haars kattirinchadamlo sahayapadatam kooda undhi. sahasraabdi gurraanni roopondinchina peater duraasa, sudeerghakaalam anaaroogyam taruvaata november 2008loe 73 samvatsaraala vayasulo maraninchaadu, mariyu byaanku polam pravesadvaaram meeda oka phalakamtho ghnaapakam cheyabadutundi. vedukalu. sahasraabdini marinta jarupukuntu, piers sivil injaneering sahayamtho 31 december 1999naa gurram kinda oka time capsulnu khananam chesaaru, adhe raatri saayantram nundi 1 janavari 2000 tellavaarujaamu varaku gurraanni flood light chesaaru. vessex water dwara saha-viraalamgaa ivvabadina time capsule, sthaanika aasakti yokka vichitratalatoe nindi undhi, ayithe gurram yokka flood laitingnu mailla venuka nundi chudavachu. 30 juun 2012naa, yugus solisbury antarjaateeya kalaa utsavamlo bhaagamgaa, tellani gurram mariyu sameepamloni alton barnes tellani gurram rendintinee laantaru kavaatulatoe prakasimpajesinappudu gurram mallee veliginchabadindi. parikaraala gurram chuttoo 300 kii paiga lantherlu unchabaddaayi mariyu raatri 10 gantala nundi udayam 12 gantala varaku veliginchaaru. 10 october 2009naa, gurram padava vaarshikotsavaanni jarupukovadaniki, sthaanikulu gurrampaiki nadicharu, indulo material mayer kooda unnaaru, maanava "10" bommanu roopondinchaaru. gs aviation nundi telikapati vimanam daani vaimanika chaayaachitram teeyadaaniki "10" bommapai egiripoyindi. 2012 saradrutuvulo gurram yokka 13va puttinarojunu jarupukovadaniki, sthaanika nivaasitulu thelma mariyu collin edwards kondapai picnic nirvahinchaalani nirnayinchukunnaaru, sthaanika community sabhyulanu mariyu gurraanni kattirinchadamlo palgonna itarulanu aahvaninchaaru. eee vedukanu saaraa padwick mariyu devises mayer kelvin naash nirvahinchaaru, mariyu pillalu tellani gurram medaku puulamaalanu roopondinchadaaniki puvvulu tecchevaaru. oka scout samuuham prasiddha seyint. tellani gurraanni alankarinchadam mariyu kalupu teeyadam dwara 2017loe georg day. pratiroopam. 2012loe daani 10va vaarshikotsavaanni jarupukovadaniki, neurstead school daani maidaanamlo sahasraabdi gurram yokka chinna pratiruupaanni aavishkarinchindi. eee gurraanni sibbandi mariyu vidyaarthulatho sahaa swachchanda sevakulu nelala vyavadhilo nirminchaaru, idhi asalu gurrapu parimaanam kante padava vanthu. 2009loe asalu sahasraabdi tellani gurrampai daani padava puttinarojunu jarupukovadaniki swachchanda sevakulu erpaatu chesina maanava "10" bommanu pooli unde chinna sankhya 10nii modatlo gurrampai unchaaru. kooda chudandi. itara tellani gurralu. maillu antey roundway hill covert sameepamloni rahadari nundi rahadari dhooram.

safed ghoda tayaar kartaa hay safed ghodaa jasay sarkaari toor parr devise millinium waait haars kay naam say jaana jaataa hay eek ghoday kii chaak pahaadi kii shakal hay juu kinaray kay medaan mein waaqa hay round way pahaadi parr eek escorpment juu round way wilt shayer england kii bastee kay oopar devise kay qasbey kay mazafat mein hay. yaha round way say taqriba 1⁄2 meel shamaal mein hay. asay 1999 mein aaney waali teesri sadee kaa jashan mananay kay liye kaataa gayaa thaa aur yaha eek aur safed haars hull kii shakal kay design parr mubni hay jasay devise waait haars yaa baaz auqaat asnobas haars kay naam say bhee jaana jaataa thaa juu maujudah ghoday kay behat qareeb thaa keunkah yaha auliver kay kesal hull fort kay neechey goal raastay waali pahaadi parr bhee thaa. asnobas ghoday kay nishanaat abb bhee saheeh halaat mein dekhay jaa saktay haine. safed ghoda aaj wilt shayer mein kaati gayee aathwein aur taazah tareen bury safed ghoday kii pahaadi kii shakal hay aur yaha oonchi aur lambi hay. ghoday cow agarcha baaz auqaat qareebi sadkon parr eek manhani zawiye say dekha jaataa hay leakin asay meel door say dekha jaa saktaa hay bashmol breaton ddaun parr waaqa breaton kesal say jiss mein westbry safed ghoda bhee shaamil hay. yaha piyosi kay waadi say bhee nazar aataa hay juu piyosi safed ghoday kaa gahar hay jehaan safed ghoday aur elton baarn kay safed ghoday kuu eek dosray kaa saamna kartay hoay dekha jaa saktaa hay. ibtada aur tareekh. asl safed ghoday kuu wazaa kartaa hay. 1845 mein maqami jotay bananay waalon nay eek safed ghoday kuu goal raastay waali pahaadi kay maghrab kii taraf seedhay pahaadi qalye auliver kay qalye kay neechey cott diyaa. yaha eek pahaadi shaqsiyat kay liye eek achhaa maqaam thaa keunkah iss nay satah samandar say taqriba 600 'oonchi dhalwan parr waadi kuu nazar andaaz kiyaa aur asay kayee meel door say dekha jaa saktaa thaa. asay maqami toor parr "snobus haars" kay naam say jaana jaataa thaa lafz "snobus" jotay bananay waalay kay maqami lafz say makhuz hay. ghoday kii pahaadi shakal kaatnay kay liye munasib thaa keunkah 1845 mein iss kii kaatnay kii tareekh takk westbry kay wilt shayer mein 1845 mein safed haars hull kii mortiyan altan barnes hackpain cheeral inkpeen kay qareeb marlboro aur mamkanah toor parr braad town mein safed haars hull kii murtiyan nazar aatee thein jinn kay ghoday kii asl namalum hay leakin ghaliba 19 wein sadee say hay aur rockley jiss kaa ghoda 1945 mein 'driyafat' hawaa thaa jiss say pehley wah gahaas kay neechey rehta thaa. inn mein say ziyadah tarr aaj bhee mojud haine mustasniyat inkpeen aur raakli mein haine. devise ghoday kuu nazar andaaz kirr diyaa gayaa thaa aur taqriba 1922 mein khoo gayaa thaa aur ghoday kii koyee jehat kabhi mojud nahein thee. tahim gahaas kaa mukhtalif rung dekha jaa saktaa thaa. 1954 mein iss waqat kay devise grimer school kay head bawaae jaims samath cycling kirr rahay thay aur inhein yaqeen thaa kahh inhon nay auliver crome weel promotry parr ghoday kaa khaakah dekha hay. iss kay mashahidat kii jaanch padtaal kii gayee aur darhaqiqat ghoday kay sarr girdan aur daheer kaa halka saa khaakah dekha jaa saktaa thaa. yaha praana sanbas ghoda thaa. ghoday kay design kaa eek khaakah tayaar kiyaa gayaa thaa aur baad mein asay jadeed 1999 kay design kay liye istemaal kiyaa gayaa thaa jiss mein hazaar saalah safed ghoday kuu tayaar kiyaa gayaa thaa sawaye iss kay kahh altaa keunkah hazaar saalah safed ghoda daayein taraf hay (aisa karnay waala wilt shayer mein waahid safed ghoda)yee jabkah asnobas ghoday kaa khaakah bayein taraf hay. 1954 mein iss waqat iss aidaad woo shamaar kuu dobarah bananay kii koshishein nakaam rahein jaisa kahh 1909yee 1939 mein pachli koshishein thein jabb ghoday kuu bhee dekha gayaa thaa 1977yee 1987 aur aakhir kaar 1998 mein jabb iss kaa sarr aur girdan dobarah namodar hoyee. 1979 mein ajeeb woo gharib roshni kay halaat aur barek barf nay 1954 kay baad pehli baar ghoday kii girdan aur sarr kaa khaakah manzar aam parr laaya. sarr aur girdan baqayedgi say dekhi gayee hay bashmol 1998yee 2000 aur 2005 mein baad mein duu baar hazaar saalah safed ghoday kii takhliq kay baad say. jabb bhee iss kaa koyee hasah dobarah zahir hotaa hay tuu aisa lagtaa hay kahh ghoda chhota thaa aur taqriba nasf size kaa thaa juu kahh hazaar saalah safed ghoday kaa thaa. iss kay baqayedah dobarah zahir honay kii wajah iss kii tameer kay tariqah kaar khandaq juu pahaadi shakal kii tameer kaa abb takk kaa sabb say aam tariqah hay hay. bunyadi chaak satah kay qareeb nahein thaa iss liye eek khandaq khoodi gayee aur khandaq kuu bharnay kay liye dosri jagah say chaak istemaal kiyaa gayaa. tameer kay iss tariqah kaar kii wajah say asnobas ghoda kabhi kabhaar khood kuu zahir kartaa hay iss kii wajah yaha hay kahh pahaadi mein khandaq kashee nagwar hay aur iss soorat mein bhee jabb yaha shakal kayee saalon say ziyadah how chaki how tubb bhee iss kay aasaar dekhay jaa saktay haine. hazaar saalah safed ghoda tayaar kartaa hay. 1998 mein eek nayee aijaad karnay waali saarah pedak juu mamkanah toor parr wilt shayer mein mojud deegar saat maujudah safed ghodon say mutasir thee nay eek maqami akhbaar kuu eek khath bheja kahh iss hazaar saalah jashan kay liye round way pahaadi parr eek safed ghoda kaataa jaana chahiye. wah qareeb hyee kay asnobas ghoday say bay khabar thee. akhbaar kuu yaha khayaal pasand aayaa aur iss kay baad mansubay bhee banaye gayey. asl mein mansubah asnobas ghoday kuu iss kay asl maqaam (1998 kii mazkurah baala koshish) parr waps laanay kaa thaa. yaha mansubah iss wajah say nakaam rehaa kahh iss jagah kuu khususi sciency dilchaspi kaa maqaam qaraar diyaa gayaa. tahim eek maqami kasaan curse kombe nay round way pahaadi parr apnee zameen kaa eek hasah muthbadil jagah kay toor parr paish kiyaa bashartikah karaon steat commissioners kay zariah ajazat dee gayee how juu zameen kay maalik haine. wilt shayer county konsal torazam nay iss mansubay kii himayat kii jaisa kahh round way peerish konsal nay kiyaa jiss nay caneet distrikt konsal kuu kii gayee mansubah bundi kii darkhwast kii himayat kii. yaha ghoday kaa neeya maqaam bunn gayaa. ghoday kaa design 1954 say jaims samath kaa design thaa sawaye iss kay kahh ghoday kaa rakh seedha how. design mein eek ghoda bhee thaa jasay harkat kartay hoay dikhaya gayaa thaa (dosray wilt shayer safed ghoday khaday honay kii position mein haine). iss mansubay kii nigrani kay liye eek committy tashkil dee gayee 'devise millinium waait haars kay culairs'yee aur awaam kay arakeen kuu shaamil honay kay liye madau kiyaa gayaa. iss grop kuu iss kii mustaqabil kii deekh bhaal mein madad kay liye bhee tashkil diyaa gayaa thaa. sarseen housing kay ailan trascoat nay committy mein sarway aur pahaadi parr ghoday kii shakal say baahir nikalnay kay incharge kay toor parr shamoliyat akhtiyar kii neez paiyar soul engineering kay keeth sanders bhee shaamil huay juu opri mutty kii safayi aur khaakah kaatnay kay baad chaak kuu bharnay kay liye machinary aur afraadi qoot farahim karnay kay liye shaamil huay jiss kii kaatnay kaa kaam maqami baradari kay mukhtalif gropon aur afraad nay haath say kiyaa thaa. duu sue logon nay iss taadad kuu kumm karnay mein madad kii. yaha toqaa kii jaa rahee thee kahh yaha mansubah sazosaman iss kay qadeem warsay aur iss kay aas paas kay parkashish deehi elaqon kuu farogh day gaa saath hyee saath elaqay kay seyahati naqshe mein eek izaafi khususiyat bhee banay gaa. ghoday kaa khaakah khoodna 18/19 satambar 1999 kay ikhtatam haftah parr hawaa. 200 logon kuu kaatnay kay liye kahaa gayaa kahh wah eek metter lambayi khood lein ghoday kii kill lambayi taqriba 230 metter hay. 20 satambar cow saait bund how gayee taakah pairs soul engineering kay sponsor kachh dunon takk ghoday kii laash khood sakein. inhon nay ghoday kii aankh aur naak kay khool kay toor parr istemaal honay waali chatanon kuu bhee position mein rakhaa. devise waait haars 29 satambar 1999 kuu makmal hawaa. jaanch aur deekh bhaal. safed ghoda kabhi kabhaar marmat kii haalat mein girr jaataa hay iss jagah kay liye sabb say badaa khatrah gahaas phus kii nashonuma hay. eek beek hampton maqami nay 2007 mein devise ghoday kii haalat kaa mawaznah iss waqat kay haal hyee mein saaf kiye gayey westbry safed ghoday say kartay huay "guzt aind herold" kay hawalay say kahaa: "katni sharm kii baath hay kahh shehri fakhar jiss kii wajah say iss safed ghoday kuu hazaar saalah jashan mananay kay liye banaya gayaa aisa lagtaa hay kahh iss hazaar saalah pehley duu saalon say ziyadah deer takk nahein rehaa."iss kay baad ghoday kii pehli bury safayi yaa talashi apreel 2007 mein duu dunn kay arsey mein hoyee jiss mein pedwake nay razakaron kuu foj mein shaamil honay aur ghoday say gahaas phus gahaas aur keechad kuu hatanay kii daawat dee. satambar 2008 takk ghoda dobarah bamashkal nazar aaney lagaa thaa. devise millinium waait haars committy nay ghoday kuu talaash karnay kay liye funds talab karnaa sharoo kirr diye. iss kay baad yaha talaash kay mansubay probation saros community saros grop kuu muntaqil kiye gayey jinhon nay baad mein ghoday kuu achhi tarah say saaf kiyaa yaha kaam wah baqayedgi say dohratay rahay haine. agast 2014 mein "wilt shayer times" kay eek masnaf nay ghoday kii iss waqat kii maujudah haalat kay baaray mein shikayat kii jiss mein iss nay chaak kii satah parr afsoos kaa izhaar kiyaa aur kahaa kahh ghoda kiss tarah "door say sarmayi aur dhandla" nazar aataa hay. aam toor parr mosam garma kay khashak mosam mein chaak khubsurat aur safed lagtaa hay "iss kay saath saath yaha bhee nott kiyaa kahh kiss tarah" nql woo harkat kay darwazay kii taraf jaanay waala bajri kaa raastah atnaa ziyadah badh gayaa thaa kahh koyee pahiye yaa pash chair medaan kii nashast takk nahein jaa saktaa thaa."masnaf nay ameed zahir kii kahh round way peerish konsal" kachh fouri deekh bhaal parr ghoor karay gee." jadeed tareekh. safed ghoday kuu maqami loag pyaar say "chaak" kaa arfiyat deetay haine. safed ghoday kii takmeel kuu wazaa karnay kay foraa baad asay 90 meel kay paidal safar 'wilt shayer kay safed ghoday kay raastay' parr deegar saat canonical wilt shayer safed ghodon kay saath shaamil kiyaa gayaa jasay sarf safed ghoday kay raastay kay naam say jaana jaataa hay juu wilt shayer mein canonical safed ghodon mein say tamaam aathon kaa dorah kartaa hay. yaha dorah 2000 mein wilt shayer torazam board nay qayem kiyaa thaa. pedwake nay trail kii tareef kartay hoay likhaa kahh "behat say loag iss tarah kii tafrihi sargarmiyan karnay aur kumm say kumm ziyadah dagriyon takk chalnay mein dilchaspi rakhtay haine."2006 say safed ghoda design karnaa eek salanah khairati taqrib kaa naqtah aaghaz rehaa hay jasay waait haars challenge kahaa jaataa hay jehaan sharkaa wilt shayer aiyar ambulance kay liye raqam aktha karnay kay liye aath canonical wilt shayer safed ghodon kay gird 52 meel kii makmal chehal qadmi kartay haine. round way peerish konsal kay logo kay wast mein ghoda dikhaya gayaa thaa juu round way kuu "mahaz malhaqah aalat" kay toor parr ghalti say samajhne say bay cheen thay aur 2011 mein round way kay liye logo laanch kiyaa taakah bastee kuu aalat say mamtaz karnay mein madad milay. round way peerish konsal 2017 mein devise town konsal kay saath zam how gayee halankah round way kay aakhri chairmeen curse kaalo nay round way peerish konsal kii kamyabiyon kay baaray mein fakhar say baath kii jiss mein devise waait haars kuu kaatnay mein madad karnaa bhee shaamil hay. petter lalch jiss nay hazaar saalah ghoday kuu design kiyaa thaa 73 saal kii amar mein nomber 2008 mein taweel arsey takk bemari kay baad inteqal kirr gayaa aur asay benak feld kay daakhli darwazay parr eek takhti kay saath yaad kiyaa jaataa hay. jashan. iss hazaar saalah jashan kuu mazeed manatay huay 31 dasambar 1999 kuu pairs soul engineering kii madad say eek tyme capsule kuu ghoday kay neechey dafan kiyaa gayaa aur asee raat shaam say yakam januri 2000 kii sabah takk ghoday kuu fild light kiyaa gayaa. tyme capsule jasay vesex waater nay mushtarkah toor parr atiyah kiyaa thaa maqami dilchaspi kii ajeeb woo gharib cheezon say bharaa hawaa thaa jabkah ghoday kii fild lighting kuu mailon peeche say dekha jaa saktaa thaa. ghoday kuu 30 joone 2012 kuu dobarah roshan kiyaa gayaa jabb aijas celesbury international arts festival kay hasay kay toor parr safed ghoday aur qareebi elton baarn safed ghoday donon kuu laltin kii pred say roshan kiyaa gayaa. devise ghoday kay ard gird 300 say ziyadah laltin lagayi gayein aur asay raat 10 bajay say sabah 12 bajay takk roshan kiyaa gayaa. 10 aktobar 2009 cow ghoday kii daswein salgrah mananay kay liyay maqami loag ghoday parr sawaar huay jinn mein devise kay mear bhee shaamil thay taakah eek insani "10" kii shakal tashkil dee jaa sakay. jee aiss aiwi aishan kaa eek halka tayarah iss kii fazayi tasveer leenay kay liye "10" kii shakal kay oopar say urh gayaa. 2012 kay mosam khazaan mein ghoday kii 13 wein salgrah mananay kay liyay maqami rehaishiyon thelma aur colan edwards nay pahaadi parr paknak kaa ahtamam karnay kaa faislah kiyaa jiss mein maqami community kay arkaan aur ghoday kuu kaatnay mein shaamil deegar afraad kuu madau kiyaa gayaa. taqrib kii mezbani saarah pedwake kay saath saath devise kay mear calone naas nay kii thee aur iss mein bachay bhee shaamil thay juu safed ghoday kii girdan kay liye maalaa bananay kay liye phul laatay thay. eek scout grop mashhur sent kuu wazaa kartaa hay. 2017 mein jaarj kaa dunn safed ghoday kuu phulon say aarasta karkay aur nikasi karkay. nql. 2012 mein apnee 10 wein salgrah mananay kay liyay nrusted school nay apnay medaan mein hazaar saalah ghoday kii eek chhoti see nql kii nqab kashayi kii. yaha ghoda razakaron kay zariah maheenon kay arsey mein banaya gayaa thaa bashmol emlah aur talbaa aur asl ghoday kaa daswaan hasah hay. ibtadayi toor parr ghoday parr eek chhota saa number 10 rakhaa gayaa thaa juu insani "10" kii shakal say milta jaltaa thaa jasay razakaron nay 2009 mein asl hazaar saalah safed ghoday parr iss kii daswein salgrah mananay kay liye banaya thaa. yaha bhee dekhein. dosray safed ghoday. meel round way pahaadi kay qareeb sadak say sadak kaa faaslah hay.

fffdc2b78cdbe02b6d0b4e4070ec41ae240480f7151189419576866e03e7d617

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24868509

Weldford Parish, New Brunswick

Weldford Parish, New Brunswick Weldford is a civil parish in Kent County, New Brunswick, Canada. For governance purposes it is divided between the villages of Five Rivers and Nouvelle-Arcadie, which are both members of the Kent Regional Service Commission, and the Richibucto 15 Indian reserve, which is not. Prior to the 2023 governance reform, all of the parish outside the Indian reserve formed the local service district of the parish of Weldford. Origin of name. Weldford was a portmanteau of the names of the two Kent County Members of the Legislative Assembly in 1835, John W. Weldon and John P. Ford. History. Weldford was erected in 1835 from Richibucto Parish. Boundaries. Weldford Parish is bounded: Communities. Communities at least partly within the parish; bold indicates an Indian reserve; "italics" indicate a name no longer in official use <templatestyles src="Div col/styles.css"/> Bodies of water. Bodies of water at least partly in the parish: <templatestyles src="Div col/styles.css"/> Islands. Islands at least partly in the parish: Other notable places. Parks, historic sites, and other noteworthy places at least partly in the parish. Demographics. Parish population does not include Richibucto 15 Indian reserve Religion. There are several Catholic churches in Weldford Parish, all belonging to the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Moncton: Also there are four Presbyterian churches, belonging to Bass River Pastoral Charge, The Presbytery of New Brunswick, Synod of the Atlantic Provinces: The United Church of Canada has two congregations, belonging to Rexton Pastoral Charge, Chignecto Presbytery, Maritime Conference: And there is one Anglican church, belonging to the Parish of Kent, Archdeaconry of Moncton, Diocese of Fredericton. Notes. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> External links. <br> <br>

weldford paris, niu branxouik weldford hoise kanadar niu branxuikor kent countyt thoka ek oxamorik poriyal. proxaxonor uddesye iyak kent ancholik xewa aayugor xodosyo pasta nodir gaau aaru nowel-archady, aaru rechiboct 15 bharotiyo xongrokhito oncholor maajot bibhokto koraa hoise, ji nohoy. 2023 sonor xaxon xongskaror purbe, bharotiyo xongrokhito oncholor baahiror xokolu poriyale weldford poriyalor sthaniyo xewa jilaa gothon korisil. naamor utpotti. 1835 sonot weldford bidhan xobhar dujon kent county xodosyor naamor ek poo 'rtmanteu aasil, john dobliu. weldon aaru john pi. ford. itihax. 1835 sonot rechiboctu parisor poraa weldford nirman koraa hoisil. ximabodhota. weldford paris ximabodhoh xomprodayxomuh. parisor bhitorot ontotoh angxikbhabe thoka xomprodaybur; garhobhabe etaa bharotiyo xongrokhito sthan xusay; "italik"-e ekhon naamtu aaru sorkari byoboharot naai buli xusay. panir xorir. parisot ontotoh angxikbhabe panir ongxoh dipxomuh. dipxomuh ontotoh angxikbhabe porixor bhitorot aaseh onyanyo ullekhjugyo sthanxomuh. udyan, oitihaxik sthan aaru onyanyo ullekhjugyo sthanxomuh ontotoh angxikbhabe porixor bhitorot. jonogathoni. porixor jonoxongkhyar bhitorot 15taa bharotiyo xongrokhito bonanchol ontorbhukto nohoy. jonoxongkhya. jonoxongkhyar probonota bhaxa. matrivaxa (2016) dhormo. weldford parisot keibatau ketholik girja aase, xokolubur montonor ruman ketholik arsdio "sisor ontorgotoh iyar uporiu taat sarita presbyterian girja aase, jibur bes nodir parch 'laar sarjor ontorgoto, niu branxuikor presbytari, aatlantik prodexor sinudoh united girja owo kanadat dutaa mondoli aase, jibur rekston parch 'laar charge, signectu presbytery, xamudrik xonmilonor ontorgotoh aaru kentor porixor ontorgoto etaa inglis girja aase, montonor archdek 'nori, frederictonor daaio "sis. bahyik xongzug. <bro.> <bro.>

weldford pyarisha, neu branswick weldford kanadar neu branswicker kent kauntir ekti civille pyarisha. proshashonik uddeshye etty panchti nadeer grama ebong kent anchalik porisheba kamishaner sadasya naovel-arcadi ebong 15 bharatiya sanrakkhito anchaler modhye bivokto, jaa noy. 2023 saaler shasson sangoskarer agey, bharatiya sanrakkhito anchaler bairer samasta pyarisha weldforder pyarisha-err sthaniya porisheba zela gathon korechilo. naamer utpotti. 1835 saale weldford ainsobhar dui kent county sadasyer naamer ekti portmanto chhilo, john dobleeu. weldon ebong john pii. phorda. itihas. 1835 saale richibukto pyarisha theke weldford nirman koraa hoyechilo. seemana. weldford pyarisha seemaboddho sampradai. ontoto angshikbhabe pyarisha-err modhye thaka sampradayguli; gaadh ekti bharatiya reserve nirdesh korey; "italic" ekti naam nirdesh korey jaa arr sarkaribhabe byabohrito hoy naa. joler deho. pyarishe ontoto angshikbhabe jalashayah dweeppunjo. dweeppunjo ontoto angshikbhabe pyarishah anyanno ullekhjoggo sthan. uddan, oitihasik sthan ebong anyanno ullekhjoggo sthanguli ontoto angshikbhabe pyarishe. jonosongkha. pyarisha jonosongkhar modhye 15 bharatiya sanrakkhito anchaler antarbhukta noy. jonosongkha. jonosongkhar probonota bhasha. matribhasha (2016) dhormo. weldford pyarishe besh koyekti catholic girja royeche, jaa soboi roman catholic archdiosis off montoner antargatah echhadao charti presbyterian girja royeche, jaa bases river jajok charge, neu branswicker presbytery, atlantik prodesher sinned-err antargatah kanadar united churche duti mandali royeche, jaa rexton jajok charge, chignecto presbytery, samudrik sommeloner antargatah ebong sekhane ekti anglican girja royeche, jaa kenter pyarisha, montoner archdeconry, frederictoner dioceser ontorgoto. bahyik link. <bii. arr> <bii. arr>

weldford pereesh, nyu brunswick weldford qenta kaauntii, nyu brunswick, kenedama aek nagrik parganu chhe. shaasan hetuo maate teey paanch nadeeo aneey nauvel-arcadyna gaamo vachche vahenchaayelu chhe, jeey qenta praadeshik sevaa aayogna sabhyo chhe, aneey 15 bhaartiy anaamatmaa jeey nathee. 2023 naa shaasan sudhara pahelaa, bhaartiy anaamatni bahaarnaa tamaam parganaae weldfordnaa parganaanaa sthaaneek sevaa jeellani rachnaa curry hatee. naamnee utpatti. 1835maan, weldford vidhansabhana beey qenta kaauntii sabhyona naamonu aek sanyojan hatoo, john doubleu. weldon aneey john pii. forad. itihas. 1835maan richibucto parganamathi weldford ubhoo karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. seemaao. weldford pereesh bandhaayel chheh samudaayo. ochhama ochha anshatah parganani andar samudaayo; bolled bhaartiy anaamat soochave chhe; "italik" sattavaar upyogmaa naam nathee soochave chhe paaninaa shareer. ochhama ochha anshatah parganama paaninaa jalashayoh taapuo. ochhama ochha anshatah parganama tapuoh anya nondhpaatra sthalo. udhyaano, aitihasik sthalo aneey anya nondhpaatra sthalo ochhama ochha anshatah parganama chhe. vastee vishhayak. parganani vastimaa 15 bhaartiy anaamatno samaavesh thato nathee. vastee. vasteeno trained bhaasha. matrubhasha (2016) dharm. weldford parganama ghanaa ketholik charcho chhe, jeey badhaa rooman ketholik archdiosis off monkton saathe sambandhit chheh tyaan chaar presbyterian charcho pann chhe, jeey baas nadeena pashupalan charge saathe sambandhit chhe, nyu brunswickni presbytory, atlantic praantona sinodah united church off kenedama beey mandalo chhe, jeey rexton pashupalan charge, chignecto presbytery, dariyai parishad saathe sambandhit chheh aneey tyaan aek anglican church chhe, jeey kentnaa parganu, montonnaa archdeconary, frederictone diosis saathe sambandhit chhe. baahy kadeeo. <bii. aar.> <bii. aar.>

weldford parrish, nyu brunswick weldford kent county, nyu brunswick, kanada mein ack nagrik parrish haye. shasson key uddeshyon key liye ise paanch nadiyon key gaanvon aur nauvel-arcadi key beach vibhajit kiya gayaa haye, joe donon kent kshetriya seva aayog key sadasya hain, aur 15 bhaaratiya reserve key beach, joe naheen haye. 2023 key shasson sudhaar seey pahale, bhaaratiya reserve key baahar sabhi parrish ney weldford key parrish key sthaaniya seva jile kaa gathan kiya. naam kii utpatti. 1835 mein weldford vidhaan sabhaa key dou kent county sadasyon key naamon kaa ack sanyojan thaa, johnn doubleu. weldon aur johnn pee. ford. itihas. 1835 mein richibucto parrish seey weldford kaa nirmaan kiya gayaa thaa. seemaaen. weldford parrish bandha huaa haih samudaay. cumm seey cumm aanshik roop seey parrish key bheetar samudaay; bolled ack bhaaratiya reserve koo ingit kartaa haye; "itailik" ack naam koo ingit kartaa haye joe abb aadhikarik upayog mein naheen haye jall nikaay. cumm seey cumm aanshik roop seey parrish mein jall nikaayah dweep. dweep cumm seey cumm aanshik roop seey parrish menh anya ullekhaniya sthaan. udyaan, aitihaasik sthal aur anya ullekhaniya sthaan cumm seey cumm aanshik roop seey parrish mein hain. jansankhyiki. parrish aabaadi mein 15 bhaaratiya aarakshit kshetra shamil naheen hain. jansankhya. jansankhya pravritti bhasha. matribhasha (2016) dharm. weldford parrish mein kaee catholic church hain, joe sabhi roman catholic archdiosis off monkton seey sambandhit hainh chaar presbyterian church bhee hain, joe baas nadee key dehaati prabhaar seey sambandhit hain, nyu brunswick kii presbytery, atlantic praanton kaa aaraadhanaalayh kanada key sanyukt church mein dou mandaliyaan hain, joe rexton paadari prabhaar, chignecto presbytery, samudri sammelan seey sambandhit hainh aur ack anglican church haye, joe kent key parrish, monkton key archdeconary, fredericton key diosis seey sambandhit haye. baahari link. <bee. aar.> <bee. aar.>

weldford parish, nyoo brunswick weldford kenadaada nyoo brunswickn kent kountiyalliruva ondu nagarika parish aagide. aadalitada uddeshagaligaagi idannu kent praadeshika sewa aayogada sadasyaraagiruva aidu nadigala gramagalu mattu nauvele-arkadi mattu 15 bhaaratiya meesalu aranyagala naduve vingadisalaagide, idu alla. 2023rahra aadalita sudhaaranege modalu, bhaaratiya meesalu pradeshada horagina ellah pyaarishgalu weldford parition sthaliya sewa jilleyannu rachisidavu. hesarina moola. itihaasa, weldford, shasakanga sabeya ibbaru kent kaunti sadasyara hesarugala ondu samyojaneyagittu, zaan doubleu. weldon mattu zaan pii. ford. itihaasa. itihaasa weldfordannu richibucto pyaarishninda nirmisalaayitu. gadigalu. weldford pyarishge suttuvaredideh samudaayagalu. kanishta paksha bhagashah pyarishnolagina samudaayagalu; dappavu bhaaratiya meesalu pradeshavannu soochisuttade; "italyx" adhikruta balakeyallillada hesarannu soochisuttade. neerina dehagalu. kanishta bhagashah paritionalli neerina moolagalu dweepagalu. dweepagalu kanishta bhagashah paritionallih itara gamanarha sthalagalu. udyaanavanagalu, aitihaasika taanagalu mattu itara gamanarha sthalagalu kanishta bhagashah paritionallive. janasankhyaashaastra. parish janasankhyeyu 15 bhaaratiya meesalu pradeshagalannu olagondilla. janasankhye. jansankhyeya pravrutti bhashe. matrubhashe (2016) dharma. weldford paritionalli halavaaru catholic charchugalive, ivellavoo monkton roman catholic archdiosisge seriveh baas river pastoral charjge serida naalku presbyterian charchugalu saha ive, nyoo brunswickn presbytory, atlantic praantyagala synode united church off kenadaavu rexton pastoral charge, chignecto presbytory, kadala sammelanakke serida eradu sabhegalannu hondideh mattu fredericton diasisna monkton archdikanri, kentna pyarishge serida ondu anglican church ide. baahya samparkagalu. <bii. aarr.> <bii. aarr.>

weldford parrish, nyu brunswick weldford heey canadatil nyu brunswick yetheel kent countymadhil eka nagri parrish aahe. prashasakeey karanansathi tee paach nadyanchi gave aanee nauvel-arcady, jee kent pradeshik seva aayogachi sadasya aahet aanee 15 bharatiy rakheev kshetranmadhye vibhagali gelee aahe, jee nahee. 2023 chya prashasakeey sudharananpurvi, bharatiy rakheev kshetrabaheril serve paritione weldford parishcha sthanik seva jilha tayar keela. navacha ugam. 1835 madhye, johnn doubleu., yaa vidhansabhechya kent kauntichya done sadasyanchya navancha eka sanyog mhanoon weldford haah eka samooh hota. weldon aanee johnn pii. phorda. itihas. 1835 madhye richibucto parishmadhun weldford ubharanyat aala. seema. weldford parishla seema ghataleli aaheh samuday. kiman anshatah parishmadhil samuday; thalak bharatiy rakheev soochit karate; "trikoni" aata adhikrut vaparat nasalele naav soochit karate panyache shareer. panyache srot kiman anshatah parishmadhyeh bete. parishmadhil kiman anshatah beteh itar ullekhaneey thikane. udyane, aitihasik sthale aanee itar ullekhaneey thikane, kiman anshatah parishmadhye. loksankhyashastra. parishchya loksankhyemadhye 15 bharatiy rakheev kshetrancha samavesh nahee loksankhya. loksankhyecha cull bhasha. matrubhasha (2016) dharm. weldford parishmadhye anek catholic church aahet, jee serve monktonchya roman catholic aarchdiosijashi sambandhit aaheth tasech, baas nadee pashupalan shulk, nyu brunswickchi presbytory, atlantic prantanche dharamsabha, yanchyashi sambandhit chaar presbyterian church aaheth canadachya united charchmadhye done mandalya aahet, jyaa rexton postoral charjashi sambandhit aahet, chignecto presbytery, sagari parishadah aanee tethe eka anglican church aahe, jeey kent parrish, monktonche archdeconary, frederictonche bishpakshetrashi sambandhit aahe. bahya duve. <bii. aar.> <bii. aar.>

weldford pyarish, nyu brunswick weldford kent county, nyu brunswick, canadako ek nagarik paris how. shasson uddeshyaka lagi yasalai panchwata nadi rar naubhele-arcadika gaaunharu, june kent khetriya sewa ayogka sadasyaharu hun, rar rechibuct 15 bharatiya rijarbha, june hoina, bitch vibhajit garieko chha. sann 2023 ko shasson sudharbhanda pahile, bharatiya araksha bahirka sabai parikshetraharule weldfordko parikshetrako sthaniya sewa zilla gathan gareka thie. namko utpatti. weldford sann 1835 maa vidhan sabhako dui kent county sadasyaharuko namko portmanteu thiyo, john w. weldon rar john pee. ford. itihas. weldford sann 1835 maa richibakto parishbata nirman garieko thiyo. simaharu. weldford pyarish abadha chhah samudayharu. samudayharu kamtima anshik rupma parish bhitra; boldle bharatiya rijarwalai sanket gardacha; "italic" ley namalai ab adhikarik prayogma nabhaeko sanket gardacha. paniko sharira. kamtima anshik rupma parishmabhitra paniko nikayaharuh tapuharu. tapuharu kamtima anshik rupma parisamah anya ullekhaniya sthanharu. parkharu, aitihasik sthalharu, rar anya ullekhaniya sthanharu kamtima anshik rupma parisma. janasankhyiki. parish janasankhyama 15 bharatiya araksha samawesh chhaina janasankhya. janasankhyako prawritti bhasha. matribhasha (2016) dharma. weldford parishma dherai catholic charchaharu chhan, sabai moktanko roman catholic archadayosisanga sambandhit chhanh tyahan chaar presbyterian charchaharu pani chhan, bass nadi postoral chargesanga sambandhit, nyu branswicko presbytory, atlantic prantaharuko sinadah united church aff canadama dui mandaliharu chhan, rexton postoral charge, chignecto presbytory, samudri sammelansanga sambandhitah rar tyahan euta angreji church chha, kentko parish, montonko archdeconary, frederictonko diosissanga sambandhit chha. bahya linkharu. <bra> <bra>

weldford parish, nyu branswick weldford heuchhi kanadara nyu bransawikra kent kauntire abasthita eka nagarika parish. shasson uddeshyare ehaa panchti nadee ebong nobhele-arcady gramm madhyare bibhakta, jaahaa ubhaja kent anchalika seba aajogara sadasya, ebong richibookt 15 bharatiah rijarbha, jaahaa nuhen . 2023 prashasanika sanskara purbaru, bharatiah rijarbha bahare thiba samasta parish weldford parishar sthaniah seba zillah gathan karithile. namara utpatti. weldford 1835 masihare bidhanasabhara dui kent county sadasyanka namara eka portmantio thila, zohn dablu. weldon ebong zohn pii. ford. itihas. 1835 masihare richibukto parisharu weldford nirmana karajaithila. seema. weldford parish seemarekhabhuktah sampradai. antatah aanshika bhabe parish madhyare thiba sampradai; gadha eka bharatiah sanrakhita sthanaku suchaithae; "italic" eka naamaku suchaithae jaahaa aau sarkari byabaharare naahin. jalara sharira. ati kamare aanshika bhabe parishre jalabhandarah dwepapunja. dwepapunja atikamre aanshika bhabare parish rehh anyanya ullekhaneeah sthana. park, aitihasika sthana ebong anyanya ullekhaneeah sthana atikamre aanshika bhabare parish ray . janasankhyika. parish janasankhyare 15 bharatiah rijarbha antarbhukta nuhen . janasankhya. janasankhya prabanata bhasha. matrubhasha (2016) dharma. weldford parishare aneka catholic church achhi, jaahaa samasta monkatanara roman catholic archdiosisara antarbhukta . ethaare charoti presbyterian church madhya achhi, jaahaa baas rivar pastral charges sahita jadita, nyu branswick rahr preswitery, atlantic pradeshar sainodah kanadara united churcher duiti mandali achhi, jaahaa rexton pastral charges, chignecto presbytary, samudrika sammilani sahita jadita . ebong sethare eka ingraji church achhi, jaahaa kent paris, monkatanara archidikanri, frederictner diocese sahita jadita . bahya linka. <bii. aarr.> <bii. aarr.>

weldford parish, nioo bernswick weldford cant kaoonti, nioo bernswick, canada witch ikk sival parish haii. shasan dey udeshan laee iss noon panj nadiaan dey pindan atey nauvel-arcady, joe kii kent khetri seva commission dey member hunn, atey 15 bharti reserve witch vandiaa giaa haii, joe kii naheen haii. 2023 dey shasan sudhar toon pahilan, bharti reserve toon bahr saare parish neey weldford dey parish daa sathanak seva zilha banaiaa. naam daa mool. weldford 1835 witch vidhan sabha dey doou cant kaoonti memberan dey naavan daa ikk portmento see, jauhan w. weldon atey john pee. ford. itihaas. weldford 1835 witch richibukto parish toon banaiaa giaa see. seemavan. weldford parish bnnhiaa hoiaa haiyav bhaichariaan. ghatto ghatt anshak taur 'teey parish dey ander communities; bould ikk bharti reserve noon darsaunda haii; "itailik" ikk naam noon darsaunda haii joe hunn adhikarat varton witch naheen haii paanee dey sareer. parish witch ghatto ghatt anshak taur 'teey paanee dey sariray tapu. tapu ghatto ghatt anshak taur 'teey parish witchea horr mahattavpuran sathaan. parkan, itihasak sathanan atey horr mahattavpuran sathanan noon ghatto ghatt anshak taur 'teey parish witch. jansankhiaa. parish dee aabadi witch 15 bharti reserve shamal naheen hunn. aabadi. aabadi daa rujhan bhasha. maat bhasha (2016) dharam. weldford parish witch kaee catholic church hunn, joe saare roman catholic archidiosis aaf monkton naal sabandhat hann itthe chaar presbyterian church vee hunn, joe baas river postral chaaraj naal sabandhat hunn, nioo bernswick dee presbytery, atlantic prantan daa sinode canada dey united church deeaan doou kalisiyavan hunn, joe rexton postral chaaraj, chignecto presbytery, samundari conferences naal sabandhat hann atey itthe ikk angrezi church haii, joe kii kent dey parish, monkton dey archdiconary, freedrickton dey diocese naal sabandhat haii. baahari link <bee. aar.> <bee. aar.>

weldford-paaris, nyoo brunswick weldford iti kent-kaunti-nagarasya, nyoo brunswick-deshasya, nagarika-paadari-kshetram asti. shasanartham pancha nadyoho gramayoho, kent-praadeshika-sevaa-ayogasya sadasyanam nauvel-arcadi-ityasya cha madhye, 15 bhaarateey-samrakshita-kshetre cha, yat naa asti, vibhaajitam asti. 2023 shaasan-sudharat poorvam, bhaarateey-arakshitakshetrat bahihi sarwaah paadari-mandalaah weld-ford-paadari-mandale sthaniya-sevaa-mandalam asthaapayan. namasya utpattih. 1835 tame varshe, weldford ityayam vidhaanasabhaayaah kent-kaunti-sadasyadwayoh, jaan doubleu. ityasya naamayoh samyojanah aasit. weldon tathaa jaan pee. ford. itihaasah. 1835 tame varshe richibakto-paadari-kshetraat weld-ford-nagaram nirmitam. seemaah. weldford-paaris iti parimitah asti. samudayaha. samudayah nyunatinyoonam aamshikaroopena parishe madhye; bold iti bhaarateey-aarakshit-pradesham soochayati; "italic" iti naam aadhikaarik-upayoge naasti iti soochayati. jalasya shareeram. paadap-mandale nyunataya aamshikaroopena jala-pindah. dweepaah. dweepah nyunatinyoonam aamshikaroopena paaris madhye santi. anye cha ullekhaneeyaani sthanani. udyaanaani, aitihaasikaani sthalaani, anye cha ullekhaneeyaani sthanani, nyunatinyoonam aamshikaroopena paadari-kshetre santi. janasaamkhyikee. paadari-janasankhyayam 15 bhaarateey-aarakshit-kshetraani naa antarbhavanti. janasankhyaa. janasankhyaa pravruttihi bhasha. matrubhasha (2016) dharmah. weldford-pyaarish-madhye anekaah catholic-churchs santi, ye sarve mocton-nagarasya roman-catholic-archdiosis-ityasya santi. atra cha chatwaarah presbyterian-charcha santi, ye baas-river-pastoral-chaarj ityasya santi, nyoo brunswick-ityasya presbytery, atlaantik-prantanam sainodh. unated charch aaf kenada ityasya dwau mandalyau stah, ye rexton-pastoral-chaarj ityasya santi, chignecto-presbattery, maritaim-conference iti. atra kent-paadri-mandale, mocton-mandale, fredericton-mandale, ekaha aangl-charcha asti. baahya-samparkah. <bee. aar.> <bee. aar.>

weldford barish, neu brunswick weldford enbathu kanadaavin neu brunswickle ulla kent kavundiyil ulla oru sivil barish aagum. nirvaaga nokkangkalukkaaga idhu ainthu aarukal mattrum cant piraanthiya saevai aanaiyaththin uruppinargalaana navel-arghadi kiraamangalukkum, receipact 15 inthiya reserveukkum idaiyil pirikkappattullathu, idhu illai. 2023 aatchi seerthiruththaththirku munbu, inthiya recerve veliyae ulla anaitthu paarishum weldford barishin ulloor saevai mavattaththai uruvaakkina. peyarin thoattram. 1835 aam aandil sattamandraththin irandu kent kavundi uruppinargalin peyarkalin poartmandaevaaga weldford irunththathu, john doublue. velton mattrum john pii. fordu. varalaaru. weldford 1835 aam aandil richibucto paarishil irunthu amaikkappattathu. ellaikal. weldford barish ellaikkutpattathu samoogangal. kurainthapatcham oralavu thiruchchabaiyin udpaguthiyil ulla samoogangal; thairiyamaanavai oru inthiya recerve kurikkirathu; "idalics" inii athikaarappoorva payanpaattil illaatha oru peyaraik kurikkirathu neernilaigal. kurainthapatcham oralavu thiruchchabaiyil ulla neernilaigal theevugal. theevugal kurainthapatcham oralavu paarishil pira kurippidatthakka idangkal. poongkaakkal, varalaattruth thalangal mattrum pira kurippidatthakka idangkal kurainthapatcham oralavu thiruchchabaiyil ullana. makkal thogai. barish makkal thogaiyil receipact 15 inthiya recerve adangkum illai makkal thogai. makkal thogai poakku mozhi. thaaimozhi (2016) madham. weldford paarishil pala catholica devaalayangal ullana, ivai anaiththum monton roaman catholica maraimaavattathaich sernthavai adlandic maakaanangkalin sinoadaagiya neu brunswickin prespitory, baas nadhi aayar kattanaththirku sonthamaana naanku prespidean devaalayangalum ullanah kanadaavin aikkiya devalayam rexton aayar poruppaich saerntha irandu sabaikalaik kondullathu, signecto prespiry, kadalsaar manadu maelum, kent thiruchchabaiyaich saerntha oru aangkila devalayam ullathu, idhu fredericton maraimaavattaththin monton archtiganri aagum. veli inaippugal. <pr> <pr>

weldford parish, nyuu brunswick weldford kenadaaloni nyuu brunswick looni kent counteeloo oka poura parish. paripalana prayojanaala kosam idhi aidu nadula gramalu mariyu kent praantiiya seva commission sabhyulu ayina nouvelle-arcaudy, mariyu 15 bharatiya reserve madhya vibhajinchabadindi, idhi kaadu. 2023 paalana samskaranaku mundu, bharatiya reserve velupala unna parish mottam weldford parish yokka sthaanika seva jillaanu erpaatu chesindi. paeru yokka muulam. 1835loe saasana sabhalooni iddaru kent county sabhyula paerla yokka portmanto weldford, zaan doubleu. weldon mariyu zaan pii. ford. charitra. 1835loe richibucto parish nundi weldford nirminchabadindi. sarihaddulu. weldford parish sarihaddulo undih sanghaalu. kaneesam paakshikamgaa parish lopala unna communitylu; bolled bharatiya rijarvnu suuchistumdi; "italyx" ikapai adhikaarika upayogamlo laeni paerunu suuchistumdi neeti sareeraalu. kaneesam paakshikamgaa paarishlo neeti vanarulu dveepaalu. kaneesam paakshikamgaa paarishlo dveepaalu itara mukhyamaina pradaesaalu. paarkulu, chaaritraka pradaesaalu mariyu itara mukhyamaina pradaesaalu kaneesam paakshikamgaa paarishlo unnaayi. janabha. parish janabhalo 15 bharatiya reserve loe richibuct ledhu janabha. janabha dhorani bhasha. matrubhasha (2016) matam. weldford paarishlo aneka catholic charchilu unnaayi, annee roman catholic archdiosisku chendinavi atlantic praavinsula synud ayina nyuu brunswick yokka presbytory, baas river pastoral chaarjku chendina naalugu presbyterian charchilu kooda unnaih united church off kenadaalo rexton pastoral chaarj, chignecto presbytory, samudra samavesaniki chendina rendu sanghaalu unnaih mariyu fredericton dioces, mankton yokka arch deconry, kent yokka paarishku chendina oka aangla charchi undhi. bahya linkulu. <br> <br>

weldford peerish neo brunsok weldford kent county neo brunsok canada mein eek soul peerish hay. hukmarani kay maqasid kay liye asay paanch driyaon kay dehaton aur noveel arcady kay darmiyan taqsim kiyaa gayaa hay juu donon kent elaqayi saros commission kay rakan haine aur rechibikt tuu 15 indeen rezro juu nahein hay. 2023 kii governans aslahaat say pehley indeen reserve say baahir kay tamaam peerish nay weldford kay peerish kaa maqami saros distrikt tashkil diyaa. naam kii asl. weldford 1835 mein qanoon saaz assembly kay duu kent county arakeen kay naamon kaa eek majmuah thaa jaan dabliyo. welden aur jaan pee. ford. tareekh. weldford 1835 mein rechibikto peerish say tameer kiyaa gayaa thaa. hadood. weldford peerish paband hay: communities. communities kumm az kumm jazwi toor parr peerish kay andar vovo bould hindustani reserve kii nishandahi kartaa hay vovo "atalik" eek naam kii nishandahi kartaa hay juu abb sarkaari istemaal mein nahein hay paani kii laashein. paani kay zakhayer kumm az kumm jazwi toor parr peerish mein: jazair. jazair kumm az kumm jazwi toor parr peerish mein: deegar qaabil zakar maqamat. parks tarikhi muqamat aur deegar qaabil zakar maqamat kumm az kumm jazwi toor parr peerish mein. aabadi. peerish kii aabadi mein 15 hindustani reserve shaamil nahein hay aabadi. aabadi kaa rajhaan zabaan. maadri zabaan (2016) mazhab. weldford peerish mein kayee catholic girja gahar haine jinn mein say sabhi kaa taaluq monkton kay roman catholic archdioces say hay: chaar presbyterian girja gahar bhee haine jinn kaa taaluq baas rever paadri chaarij say hay neo brunsok kii presbytery atlantik soobon kaa senod: united charch aaf canada kii duu jamaatein haine jinn kaa taaluq rexton paadri chaarij chagnekto presbytery meeri tyme conference say hay: aur eek angrezi charch hay jiss kaa taaluq peerish aaf cants aarch deconery aaf monktan ddaisis aaf fredrekton say hay. beruni rawabit. <bee aar> <bee aar>

fffdc3c1e6ce580b903950ac52cde5858528cf666d501a1219947cbad0e3fc0f

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26724033

Jean Casale

Jean Casale Sous Lieutenant Jean Pie Hyacinthe Paul Jerome Casale, was a French World War I flying ace credited with thirteen aerial victories. He was one of the few aces that survived the entire course of fighter aviation in the war. Early life. Jean Pie Hyacinthe Paul Jerome Casale, was born on 24 September 1893 in Olmeta-di-Tuda, Corsica. Early military service. The marquis joined the military on 1 October 1913. He was posted to the 8eme Régiment de Chasseurs as an enlisted soldier. When World War I began, he requested transfer to aviation duty, with his reassignment coming after exactly one year of service. He received Pilot's Brevet No. 837 on 20 April 1915. One month later, on 20 May, he was assigned to 1er Groupe d'Aviation. He quickly moved on to Escadrille 8 as a pilot flying Maurice Farmans, as he was promoted to "Caporal" there on 5 June. His fellow pilots gave him the nickname of "Marquis de Monferrato", in reference of the italian city of Casale Monferrato, but Jean Casale never had any nobility title, nor any link with this italian city. Success as a flying ace. He scored a pioneering aerial victory on 8 July 1915. He was posted to Escadrille 23 for a bit, and was promoted to Sergeant on 21 August 1915. He then switched to Escadrille 67 on 21 January 1916. He returned to Escadrille 23 on 1 March 1916. Casale was awarded the "Médaille militaire" on 19 May 1916. On 15 August, he was promoted to Adjutant. He scored his second win on 2 September 1916. By 10 December, he was an ace, with an observation balloon and four enemy planes shot down, including one shared with Maxime Lenoir. On 7 March 1917, Marquis Casale was honored with an appointment as Chevalier de la Légion d'honneur. On 24 June, he received a temporary commission as Sous Lieutenant. He also added four more aerial victories scattered through 1917, with his ninth coming on 21 September. Having been decorated with the "Légion d'honneur" and the "Médaille militaire", as well as commissioned, he transferred to Escadrille 156 on 6 March 1918 to fly a Spad. He had no success there, and was posted onwards to Escadrille 38, which was also equipped with Spads. There he shared a balloon with Georges Madon on his day of arrival, 1 June 1918; he was then credited with three more enemy airplanes, with the final victory on 1 November 1918. Postwar. Casale was killed in a flying accident on 23 June 1923 while flying a four-engine Blériot 115. Honors and awards. Chevalier de la Légion d'honneur "Pursuit pilot of exceptional strength and bravery. Since the battle of Verdun, he has had more than 90 combats, returning several times with his plane riddled by enemy bullets. Decorated with the Médaille militaire in May 1916, he has since downed five enemy aircraft. On 11 February 1917, he attacked a balloon, strafing it to a very low altitude. Pursued during the course of this attack by two enemy planes, he engaged them in the most violent combat at 10 kilometers behind their lines; he returned with his plane badly damaged. Two wounds, four citations in army orders." (Chevalier de la Légion d'honneur citation) Médaille militaire "Pilot of exceptional courage who, for more than a year, has rendered distinguished service in an Army Corps Escadrille, then in a pursuit Escadrille. Specializing in reconnaissances of long duration, he always executed these missions by having numerous and difficult aerial combats. On 26 April 1916, attacked by two enemy planes, he put them to flight successively and continued his reconnaissance although his plane was seriously hit by enemy bullets. Already cited in army orders." (Médaille militaire citation) Sources of information. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

jinn kesel cho 'cho leftenent jinn paai haisinthe poll jerum kesele aasil ejon france biswo juddhor prothom uronor dokhyo, jaak terta aakax bijoyor krititwo diya hoisil. juddhot jujaru biman solasolor xomogro gotipothtur poraa jiyai thoka keitaman esor bhitorot teu ejon aasil. prarombhik jiwan. jinn paai haisinthe poll jerum keseler jonmo hoisil 1893 sonor 24 septemborot korsikar olmetta-di-tudat. prarombhik xamorik xewa. markix 1913 sonor 1 octoborot xamorik bahineet jugdan korisil. teuk teuk rejiment di saseursot talikabhukto xoinik hisape nijukti diya hoisil. jetiya prothom biswojudho aarombho hoisil, teu biman poribohonor dayitwoloi sthanantor koriboloi onurudh jonaisil, thik ebosoror xewar pisot teur punor nijukti aahisil. teu pilotor bravet nong laabh korisil. 837 1915 sonor 20 aprilot. etaa maahor pisot, 20 mey 'too, teuk teuk groop di' ebhisyonoloi nijukti diya hoisil. teu 5 junot "caporal" hisape podunnoti laabh korar baabe teu drutogotit aglering mauris fermans hisape escadril 8 loi goisil. teur xotirtho pilotxokole teuk italyr sohor kesel monferatur xondorbhot "markix di monferatu" uponam disil, kintu jinn keselor ketiyau kunu obhijat upadhi nasil, baa ei italy sohoror xoite kunu xomporko nasil. uronor dokhyo hisape xofolota. 1915 sonor 8 julyte teu ek ogroni aakax bijoy laabh korisil. teuk kichu xomoyor baabe escadril 23 too nijukti diya hoisil, aaru 1915 sonor 21 aagostot sergent hisape podunnoti diya hoisil. taar pisot teu 1916 sonor 21 januaryt escadril 67 loi xoloni hoisil. 1916 sonor 1 marchot teu escadril 23 loi ubhoti aahisil. 1916 sonor 19 mey 'too keselok "medel militair" botaa prodan koraa hoisil. 15 aagostot teuk adjutant hisape podunnoti diya hoisil. 1916 sonor 2 septemborot teu dwitiyo joy laabh korisil. 10 disemboror bhitorot teu egoraki e 'cho aasil, etaa porzobekhyon belun aaru sarita xotru bimanor xoite, jaar bhitorot etaa maxim lenuaror xoite bhag koraa hoisil. 1917 sonor 7 marchot markix keselok chevalier di laa lijiyon di 'onor hisape nijukti diya hoisil. 24 junot teu cho "cho leftenent hisape ek osthayi commission laabh korisil. teu 1917 sonor bhitorot bikhyipto hoi thoka aaru sarita aakax bijoy jug korisil, 21 septemborot teur nowomtu aagomonor xoite. lejon di 'oh' nor" aaru "medel militair" ror xoite xojjito huwar logote commission huwar pisot, teu 1918 sonor 6 marchot etaa spade uruwaboloi escadril 156 loi sthanantorito hoisil. taat teur kunu xofolota nasil, aaru teuk escadril 38 loi nijukti diya hoisil, zo 'too spedor xoite xojjito aasil. taat teu 1918 sonor 1 june tarikhe teur aagomonor dinaa jorjos medonor xoite etaa belun bhag korisil; taar pisot teuk 1 novembor 1918-too suranto bijoyor xoite aaru tinita xotru bimanor krititwo diya hoisil. juddhor pisot. 1923 sonor 23 junot sarita enginor bleriot 115 uruwai thokar xomoyot ek uron durghotonat keselor mrityu hoisil. xonman aaru puroskar. rajyor xonmanor baabe rajohuwa porzayor "byotikromi xokti aaru xahoxikotar onuxoron koraa pilot. bhardunor juddhor poraa teu teu odhik juddho korise, xotrur guleere bhora teur bimanor xoite keibabaru ubhoti aahise. 1916 sonor mey "maahot medail militeyarore xojjito hoi teu tetiyar poraa pasta xotru biman bhupatit korise. 1917 sonor 11 februaryt teu etaa belun aakromon kori iyak oti komm uschotat bandhi disil. ei aakromonor xomoyot dutaa xotru bimanor dwara onuxoron koraa hoisil, teu teulukok teulukor lineor 10 kilometer pisfale ataitkoi hingxatmok juddhot lipto korisil; teu nijor bimantur beyabhabe khyotigrosto hoi ubhoti aahisil. dutaa aaghat, xenar aadexot sarita uddhriti."(chevalier dey laa lijiyon di 'haanor uddhriti) militair "ek bosorotkoiu odhik xomoy dhori xenar korpos escadrilot bixisto xewa aagborhuwa byotikromi xahoxor pilot, taar pisot escadril onuxoron kori. dirghomyadi punor nirmanot bixexogyo hoi teu xoday oxongkhyo aaru kothin aakax juddho kori ei obhijanxomuh xompadon korisil. 1916 sonor 26 aprilot dutaa xotru bimanor dwara aakromon kori teu teulukok kromanwoye uri jaboloi disil aaru nijor nirikhyon obyahot rakhisil jodiu teur bimankhon xotrur guleer dwara gurutorbhabe aaghat paisil. itimodhye xenar aadexot ullekh koraa hoise."(militair uddhriti)

zina cassel poll jerom cassel chhilen ekjon farasi bishwojuddhe teroti bayaviya bijoyer kritittoprapto flying esha. tini seii koyekti esher modhye ekjon chhilen jaaraa juddhe juddhobimaner puro gotipoth theke benche giechilen. prathomik jeebon. zina paai hayasinthe poll jerom cassel, 24shhey septembara 1893 saale korsikar olmeta-dii-tuday jonmogrohon corren. prathomik samrik porisheba. markis 1913 saaler 1 octobor senabahinite jog deena. tini talikabhukto sainik hisabe 8meey rejimenta dii chasiare nijukto hohn. prothom bishwojuddho shuru holey tini biman cholacholer kaaje bodli korar anurodh zanan, thhik eka bochorer chakrir porr taanr punarbasana hoy. tini piloter brevet nong peyechilen. 20shhey april 1915-ayee 837. eka maas porr, 20shhey meey, taanke 1ear group dii 'aviatione nijukto koraa hoy. 5 june tini sekhane "caporal" podey unnito howar karone tini druto ekjon pilot flying morris ferman hisabe escadril 8-ayee choley zaan. taar sahakarmi pilotra taake italian shohor cassel monferrato-rawr prosonge "markis dii monferrato" ducknum diyechilen, tobey zina casseler kokhono konao avijatto upadhi chhilo naa, baa eyi italian shohorer saathe konao sangjog chhilo naa. udanta esha hisabe safalya. 1915 saaler 8ee julai tini ekti aggragami biman bijoy orjon corren. tini kichhu somoyer jonno 23 nambar escadrille nijukto hohn ebong 1915 saaler 21shhey august surgente padonnati paan. tarpor tini 1916 saaler 21shhey januari 67 nambar escadrille firey asen. 1916 saaler 1laa march tini 23 nambar escadrille firey asen. 1916 saaler 19shhey meey casselke "medel military" sommane bhushito koraa hoy. 15ee august taanke adjutant podey padonnati deoa hoy. 1916 saaler 2raa septembara tini taanr dwitiya joy orjon corren. 10ee december modhye tini ekjon dokkho kheload hoye othen, ekti porjobekkhon belun ebong charti shatru biman gully korey namiye deena, jaar modhye ekti chhilo maxim lenoire saathe bhag korey neoa. 1917 saaler 7 march markis casselke shevalier deey laa ligion dii 'onar hisabe ekti niyog diye sommanito koraa hoy. 24shhey june, tini soosa leftenant hisabe ekti asthayi kamishana peyechilen. tini 1917 saale chhoriye chhitiye arow charti akash bijoy jog corren, jaar modhye taanr nobomti 21 septembara aase. legion dii 'onar" ebong "medele military" diye sajjito howar pashapashi tini 1918 saaler 6 march ekti spad udanor jonno escadril 156-ayee sthanantorito hohn. sekhane taanr konao safalya hoyney ebong taanke escadril 38-ayee pathano hoyechilo, jaa spad diyeo sajjito chhilo. sekhane tini taanr agmoner deane, 1 june 1918-ayee george maddoner saathe ekti belun bhag korey niyechilen; tarpor 1 navembar 1918-ayee chudanta bijoyer saathe arow tinti shatru bimaner krititto taanke deoa hoyechilo. juddhottor. 1923 saaler 23shhey june chaar enginer bleriot 115 udanta abosthai ekti udanta durghotonai cassel nihoto hohn. sommanona oo puraskar. sommaner jonno ekti shohor "byatikrami shakti ebong sahosikotar pilot anusaran. verdooner juddher porr theke, tini 90tiro beshi ladai korechen, shatrur gulite jorjorito taanr biman niye besh koyekbar firechen. 1916 saaler meey maase medele military diye sajjito hoye tini panchti shatru biman bhupatito korechen. 1917 saaler 11ee february tini ekti belun akraman corren ebong setike khub qama uchchotai bendhe deena. duti shatru biman dwara eyi akromoner somoy tini taader liner 10 kilometres pichhone sabcheye hingsro juddhe lipto hohn; tini taar bimanti kharapbhabe khotigrosto korey firey asen. senabahinir adeshe duti khoto, charti uddhriti."(sommansuchok uddhriti) samrik bahini "byatikrami sahoser pilot, jini eka bochorero beshi somoy dhorey ekti seena bahinite escadril, tarpor ekti escadriler sondhane bishishto porisheba pradan korechen. deergho somoyer punarbibechanar khettre biseshoggo hoye tini sarbada asankhya ebong kathin akash juddho korey eyi missionguli sampadan korechilen. 1916 saaler 26shhey april, duti shatru biman dwara akranto hoye, tini taader porpor udiye deena ebong taanr bimanti shatrur gulite gurutorvabe aghat peleo taanr nazardari chaliye zaan. itimadhye senabahinir adeshe uddhrito koraa hoyeche."(samrik bahinir uddhriti)

jiina kesele sosa leftnent jiina paai hysinthe poola jerom kesel, french vishvyuddh I flying aesa hataa, jaimne tera havaai jeetno shrey aapvama aave chhe. teey yuddhmaa ladaaku uddayanna samagr abhyaskramma bachee gayelaa ketlaak aesamaathi aek hataa. praarambhik jeevan. jiina paai hysinthe poola jerom kesaleno janm 24 september 1893naa roj olmeta-dii-tuda, coursicama thayo hato. praarambhik lashkari sevaa. markis 1 october 1913naa roj sainyamaa jodaya hataa. temne 8meey regiment dii chesarsma bhartee karaayela sainik tareeke niyukt karvaamaa aavyaa hataa. jyaare pratham vishvyuddh sharoo thayu, tyaare temane uddayan farajmaa transfer karvaanee vinanti curry, temnee punah sopani barabar aek varshnee sevaa pachhi aavee. temne payalotnu brewett nann. malyun hatoo. 20 april 1915naa roj 837. aek maheena pachhi, 20 menaa roj, temne 1 air group dii 'aviation sonpavama aavyaa hataa. teo zadapthi pylot flying mauris farmance tareeke escadril 8 taraf aagad vadhyaa, kaaran keey temne 5 junanaa roj tyaan "caporal" tareeke badhatee aapvama aavee hatee. temnaa saathee pylotoae temne italian shaher kaasel monferratona sandarbhma "markis dii monferrato" noon upnaam aapyu hatoo, parantu jiina kaaselne kyaarey koee umraavo khitaab nahoto, naa too aaa italian shaher saathe koee jodaan hatoo. udatee paasu tareeke safalataa. temane 8 julai 1915naa roj pioneer havaai vijay melvyo hato. temne thodaa samay maate escadril 23maan poosta karvaamaa aavyaa hataa, aneey 21 august 1915naa roj sargent tareeke badhatee aapvama aavee hatee. tyarbad teo 21 january 1916naa roj escadril 67maan fervaai gayaa hataa. teo 1 march 1916naa roj escadril 23maan parat faryaa hataa. keselne 19 meey 1916naa roj "medel military" enayat karvaamaa aavyo hato. 15 augustna roj, temne adjutant tareeke badhatee aapvama aavee hatee. temane 2 september 1916naa roj temnee beejee jeet melvee hatee. 10 december sudhimaa, teo aek pasadar hataa, jemaa aek nirikshan baloon aneey chaar dushman vimaanone neeche fenkvaamaa aavyaa hataa, jemaa aek maxim lenoir saathe vahenchaayelu hatoo. 7 march 1917naa roj, markis keselene sheveliyar dii laa lijan dii 'onara tareeke nimanook saathe sanmanit karvaamaa aavyaa hataa. 24 junanaa roj, temne saas leftnent tareeke kaamchalaau commission malyun. temane 1917maan vadhu chaar havaai jeet pann melvee hatee, jemaa temnee navmee jeet 21 septembernaa roj aavee hatee. lejan dii 'onara" aneey "medele military" saathe shangarvama aavyaa baad, temaj commissioned thayaa baad, temane 6 march 1918naa roj spade udaavvaa maate escadril 156maan transfer karyoo. temne tyaan koee safalataa malee naa hatee, aneey temne escadril 38 parr poosta karvaamaa aavyaa hataa, jeey spedsthee pann sajj hataa. tyaan temane 1 juuna 1918naa roj temnaa aagamanna divase georges maydon saathe aek baloon vahenchyu hatoo; tyarbad temne 1 november 1918naa roj anteem vijay saathe vadhu trana dushman vimaano saathe shrey aapvama aavyo hato. yuddh pachhi. 23 juuna 1923naa roj chaar angine blariot 115 udatee vakhate aek uddayan akasmatma keselenu mrutyu thayu hatoo. sanmaan aneey puraskaaro. sanmaannee ujavani "asadharan shaktee aneey bahadurino pylot. varduni ladaai pachhi, tene 90 thee vadhu ladaaio curry chhe, dushmanni goleeothee gheraayela tenaa vimaan saathe ghanee vakhat paachho faryo chhe. meey 1916maan medele lashkare shangarya pachhi, tene paanch dushman vimaanone todee paadya chhe. 11 februari 1917naa roj, temane aek baloon parr humalo karyo, tene khoob jaj ochhi unchai parr baandhi deedho. beey dushman vimaano dwara aaa humla darmiyan pichho karvaamaa aavyo, temane temnee rekhaao paachhal 10 kilometres sauthee hinsak ladaima temne rokyaa; teo temnaa vimanne kharaab reete nuksan pahonchaadeene parat faryaa. beey ghaa, sainyana aadeshma chaar taankano."(sanmaannaa sandarbhma) lashkari dada "asadharan himmatno pylot, jene aek varshthi vadhu samay sudhee armie corps escadrilma vishisht sevaa aapee chhe, pachhi escadrilni shodhamaa. laambaa samay sudhee punahpraaptini prakriyaamaa nishnaat, temane hammesha asankhya aneey mushkel havaai ladaaio kareene aaa missionne amalmaa mookyaa. 26 april 1916naa roj, beey dushman vimaano dwara humalo karvaamaa aavyo, temane temne krameek reete udaan bharee aneey temnu jasusi chaalu raakhyu, joke temnaa vimanne dushmanni goleeo dwara gambhir reete fatkarvama aavyu hatoo. sainyana aadeshoma pahelethee jaj tankvama aavyu chhe."(lashkari sandarbh)

jeane caselle saus leftinent jeane paaee hayasinthe paul jerom caselle, ack francisi vishva yuddh I flying aiss they jinhen terah havaai jeet kaa shreya diyaa jaataa thaa. vaha una kuchh aiss mein seey ack they joe yuddh mein ladaakoo vimanan key poore pathyakram mein butch gaye they. praarambhik jeevan. jeane paaee hysinthe paul jerom caselle kaa janm 24 sitambar 1893 koo olmeta-dee-tuda, corsica mein huaa thaa. praarambhik sainya seva. markis 1 octuber 1913 koo senaa mein shamil hoe gaye. unhein ack soochibaddh sanic key roop mein 8me resiment dee chassars mein tainaat kiya gayaa thaa. jaba pratham vishva yuddh shuru huaa, tou unhone vimanan shulk mein sthanantaran kaa anurodh kiya, aur thheek ack saal kii seva key baad unaki punarnirdharan kii gaee. unhein pilot kaa brewett number milaa. 20 aprail 1915 koo 837. ack maheene baad, 20 maee koo, unhein 1er group dee 'aviation key liye niyukt kiya gayaa thaa. vaha jaldi seey escadril 8 mein ack pilot flying mauris farman key roop mein chalaa gayaa, kyonki usey 5 juuna koo vahaan "caporal" key roop mein padonnat kiya gayaa thaa. unake saathi pilots ney unhein italvi shahar kaisale monferrato key sandarbh mein "markis dee monferrato" kaa upnaam diyaa, lekin jeane kaisale kaa kabhi bhee koee kuleenata khitaab naheen thaa, naa hii iss italvi shahar key saath koee sambandh thaa. ack udane vaale ikka key roop mein safalata. unhone 8 julaai 1915 koo ack agrani havaai jeet hassil kii. unhein thode samay key liye escadril 23 mein tainaat kiya gayaa thaa, aur 21 agast 1915 koo sargent key roop mein padonnat kiya gayaa thaa. phir unhone 21 janwari 1916 koo escadril 67 mein switch kiya. way 1 march 1916 koo escadril 23 mein laut aae. 19 maee 1916 koo caselle koo "medel millicier" seey sammaanit kiya gayaa thaa. 15 agast koo, unhein adjutant key roop mein padonnat kiya gayaa thaa. unhone 2 sitambar 1916 koo apani doosari jeet hassil kii. 10 disambar taka, way ack ikka they, ack avalokan gubbara aur chaar dushman vimaanon koo maar giraaya gayaa, jisamen seey ack maxime lenoire key saath saajha kiya gayaa thaa. 7 march 1917 koo, markis caselle koo shevelier dee laa lejan dee 'onar key roop mein niyukti key saath sammaanit kiya gayaa thaa. 24 juuna koo unhein ack asthaayi commission milaa joe kii ack saus leftinent key roop mein thaa. unhone 1917 mein chaar aur havaai vijayen bhee deen, jinamen seey nauvin 21 sitambar koo aaee. lejan dee 'onar" aur "medelle millicier" key saath-saath commission kiye jaane key baad, unhein 6 march 1918 koo ack spad udaane key liye escadril 156 mein sthanantarit curr diyaa gayaa. unhein vahaan koee safalata naheen millie, aur unhein escadril 38 mein tainaat kiya gayaa, joe kii spad seey bhee lais thaa. vahaan unhone apane aagaman key dinn, 1 juuna 1918 koo georges madden key saath ack gubbara saajha kiya; taba unhein 1 navambar 1918 koo antim jeet key saath teen aur dushman havaai jahaajon kaa shreya diyaa gayaa. yuddh key baad. 23 juuna 1923 koo chaar injan vaale blariot 115 koo udaate samay ack udaan durghatana mein caselle kii maut hoe gaee thee. sammaan aur puraskar. sammaan key liye sammaan "asadharan shakti aur bahaduri kaa peechha karane vaalaa pilot. vardun kii ladaai key baad seey, unhone 90 seey adhik ladaaiyaan kii hain, dushman kii goliyon seey ghire apane vimaan key saath kaee baar laut rahey hain. maee 1916 mein medelle millicier seey sajaae gaye, unhone taba seey paanch dushman vimaanon koo maar giraaya haye. 11 farwari 1917 koo unhone ack gubbare parr hamla kiya, aur usey bahut cumm oonchaai parr baandh diyaa. dou dushman vimaanon dwara iss hamale key dauran peechha kiya gayaa, unhone unhein unaki lines key peechhe 10 kilometres parr sabse hinsak ladaai mein lagaa diyaa; vaha apane vimaan koo buri tarah seey kshatigrast karke laut aaya. dou ghaav, senaa key adesh mein chaar uddharan."(sammaan key liye sammaan) sainya dall "asadharan saahas key pilot, jinhone ack varsh seey adhik samay taka, ack senaa core escadril mein vishisht seva pradaan kii haye, phir ack peechha escadril mein. lambe samay taka chalane vaale punarmilan mein visheshagyata rakhate hue, unhone hamesha kaee aur kathin havaai yuddhon key madhyam seey inn missions koo nishpaadit kiya. 26 aprail 1916 koo, dou dushman vimaanon dwara hamla kiya gayaa, unhone unhein kramik roop seey udaan bharane key liye rakhaa aur apani tohi jaari rakhee, halanki unake vimaan koo dushman kii goliyon seey gambhir roop seey maaraa gayaa thaa. pahale seey hii senaa key aadeshon mein uddhrit kiya gayaa haye."(sainya kaa uddharan)

zeane cassell paul gerom cassell, hadimuru vaimanika vijayagalannu galisida french vishwa samara I flying aise. yuddhadalli fighter aviation sampoorna korsninda badukulida kelave esasgalalli aata obbaraagiddaru. arambhika jeevana. zeane paie haisinthe paul gerom cassell, avaru 1893rahra september 24randu karsikada olmeta-dii-tudaadalli janisidaru. arambhika military seve. markvis 1913rahra october 1randu seenege seridaru. avarannu 8meey regiment dii chassersonalli serpadeyaada sainikanaagi niyojisalaayitu. modalaneya mahayuddha prarambhavadaga, avaru vayuyana kartavyakke vargaavaneyannu vinantisidaru, nikharavaagi ondu varshada seveya nantara avara maru niyojane banditu. aatanige vimaana chalakana brewett namm. 837 april 20,1915 randu. ondu tingala nantara, mayee 20 randu, avarannu 1er group dii 'aviationge nemisalaayitu. zoon 5randu aata "caporal" huddege badti padeda kaarana aata shighravagi escadril 8 vimaanadalli flying mauris formans aagi teralidaru. avana sahavarti vimaana chalakaru italian nagaravaada cassell monferratovannu ullekhisi avanige "markvis dii monferrato" emba addahesarannu niididaru, aadare zeane casselge endigoo yaavude kuleena birudu iralilla, athawa ee italian nagaradondige yaavude samparkaviralilla. flying aise aagi yashassu. aata 1915rahra julai 8randu vaimanika vijayavannu saadhisidaru. aata swalpa samayadavarege escadril 23kke niyojanegondaru, mattu 1915rahra august 21randu sargent aagi badti padedaru. nantara 1916rahra janavari 21randu escadril 67kke badalaadaru. 1916rahra march 1randu escadril 23kke maralidaru. 1916rahra mayee 19randu casselge "medile military" prashastiyannu nidalaayitu. august 15randu, aata sahayakanagi badti padedaru. avaru 1916rahra september 2randu tamma eradane jayavannu galisidaru. december 10rahra velege, avaru aise aagiddaru, ondu vikshane baloon mattu naalku shatru vimaanagalannu hodedurulisidaru, idaralli ondu maxim lenoyer jote hanchikondittu. 1917rahra march 7randu, markvis caselrannu chevalier deey laa legian dii 'aanar aagi nemisalaayitu. zoon 24randu, avaru souse leftinent aagi taatkaalika aayogavannu padedaru. aata 1917rahra avadhiyalli innoo naalku vaimanika vijayagalannu serisidaru, september 21randu aatana ombattane aagamanavaayitu. legian dii 'aanar" mattu "medile military" ninda alankarisalpatta nantara, avaru 1918 rahra march 6 randu escodril 156 ge spade haarisalu vargaayisidaru. allie aatanige yaavude yashassu sigalilla, mattu aatanannu escadril 38kke niyojisalaayitu, adhu kooda spadgalannu hondittu. allie aata 1918rahra zoon 1randu agamisida dina georges myaadannondige baloon hanchikondanu; nantara aatanige innoo mooru shatru vimaanagalu doretiddu, 1918rahra november 1randu antima vijayavannu saadhisida kirti avarige sallitu. yuddhaanantara. 1923rahra zoon 23randu naalku-engine bleriot 115 vimaanavannu haarisuvaaga sambhavisida vimaana apaghaatadalli cassell saavannappidaru. gouravagalu mattu prashastigalu. gouravada nagara "asadharana shakti mattu shouryada prayogika anveshane. verdun yuddhada nantara, aata 90kkoo hecchu yuddhagalannu nadesiddu, shatrugala gundugalinda tattarisida tanna vimaanadondige halavaaru baari hindirugiddaane. 1916rahra mayee tingalalli medile militarininda alankarisalpatta aata, andininda aidu shatru vimaanagalannu hodedurulisiddaare. 1917rahra phebravari 11randu, aata baloon mele daali maadi, adannu bahala kadime ettarakke eledaru. ee daaliya samayadalli eradu shatru vimaanagalu avarannu bennattidavu, avaru tamma rekhegala hinde 10 kilometergalashtu atyanta himsaatmaka horaatadalli todagisikondaru; avaru tamma vimaanavannu tivravagi haanigolagaagi maralidaru. eradu gayagalu, seenaa aadeshadalli naalku ullekhagalu."(gaurava prashasti) military "asadharana dhairyada chalaka, ondu varshakkoo hecchu kaala, seenaa padeya escadrilleyalli vishishta seveyannu niididdaane, nantara escadrille anveshaneyalli. deerghaavadhiya marusamyojanegalalli parinati hondidda aata, yavagalu halavaaru mattu kathina vaimanika yuddhagalannu nadesuva moolaka ee karyacharanegalannu kaaryagatagolisidaru. 1916rahra april 26randu, eradu shatru vimaanagalinda daaligolagaada aata, avugalannu anukramavagi haarisidaru mattu tanna vimaanavu shatrugala gundugalinda gambhiravagi hodediddaroo tanna behugaarikeyannu munduvaresidaru. eegaagale seenaa adeshagalalli ullekhisalaagide."(military ullekha)

jeane caselle saus leftnunt jeane paee hayasinthe paul jerom caselle haah pahilya mahayuddhatil tera havai vijayanche shrey midavanara french flying ess hota. yuddhatil ladhau vimanchalan sampoorn abhyaskramat tikoon rahilelya kahee esimpaiki too eka hota. prarambhik jeevan. jeane paee hayasinthe paul jerom caselle yancha janm 24 september 1893 roji corsicatil olmeta-dii-tuda yethe jhaala. prarambhik lashkari seva. markis 1 aktoobar 1913 roji lashkarat sameel jhaala. tyala tyala regiment dii chesarsmadhye eka bharati sainik mhanoon niyukt karnyat aale. jevha pahile mahayuddha suru jhaale, tevha tyanni vimanchalan kartvyat badalichi vinanti kelee, aanee tyanchi ferniyukti agadi eka varshachya sevenantar jhaali. tyala pilotcha brewett kra. 20 april 1915 roji 837. eka mahinyanantar, 20 meey roji, tyanna 1 air group dii 'aviationmadhye niyukt karnyat aale. 5 juuna roji tyala 'caporal' mhanoon badhati midalyane too lavkarach pilot flying mauris farman mhanoon escadril 8 kadey gela. tyachya sahkari vaimanikanni tyala italian caselle monferrato shaharachya sandarbhat 'markis dii monferrato' heey topananav dile, parantu jeane caselela kadhihi konatihi kuleen padvi navhati kinwa yaa italian shaharashi konatahi sambandh navhata. udanara eksa mhanoon yash. 8 julai 1915 roji tyanni havai vijay midvat agraganya kamgiri kelee. tyanna thodya kalasathi escadril 23 madhye tainat karnyat aale aanee 21 august 1915 roji tyanna sargent mhanoon badhati denyat aalee. tyanantar 21 janewari 1916 roji teey escadril 67 madhye gele. 1 march 1916 roji teey escadril 23 madhye paratale. 19 meey 1916 roji cassell yanna "medel miiliitary" puraskarane sanmanit karnyat aale. 15 august roji tyanna sahayak mhanoon padonnati denyat aalee. 2 september 1916 roji tyane dusra vijay midavala. 10 decemberparyant too eka paas hota, eka nirikshan phuga aanee chaar shatru vimane padali gelee, jyat eka maxim lenoars samayik hotee. 7 march 1917 roji markis caselle yanna shavalier daad laa lijan dii 'aunar mhanoon niyukti deuun sanmanit karnyat aale. 24 juuna roji tyanna saus leftnunt mhanoon tatpurati niyukti midali. tyane 1917 madhye aanakhi chaar havai vijayhi jodale, jyat tyacha navva vijay 21 september roji aala. lejan dii' aunar 'aanee' medele miiliitary 'neey sushobhit houn, tasech niyukt jhalyanantar, 6 march 1918 roji eka spad udavanyasathi tyachi escadril 156 madhye badali jhaali. tyala tithe yash midale nahee aanee tyanantar tyala escadril 38 madhye tainat karnyat aale, jeey spads dekhil susajj hote. tethe tyane 1 juuna 1918 roji tyachya aagmanachya divashi georges maddensobat eka phuga samayik keela; tyanantar tyala aanakhi teen shatru vimananche shrey denyat aale, jyat 1 november 1918 roji antim vijay jhaala. yuddhanantar. 23 juuna 1923 roji chaar injine asalele blariot 115 udavat asatana eka uddan apghatat casselcha mrutyu jhaala. sanman aanee puraskar. sanmananiy pradeshache sanman "apavadatmak shakti aanee shauryacha pathpurava karnara pilot. vardunachya yuddhanantar tyane 90 hoon adhik ladhaya kelya aahet, shatruchya golyanni bharalele tyache viman gheuun too anek vela paratala aahe. meey 1916 madhye medele millicierne sushobhit, tyane tevhapasoon paach shatru vimane padali aahet. 11 februwari 1917 roji tyane eka phugyavar hallah keela aanee tyala atishay qamee unchivar bandhale. yaa hallyachya darmyan done shatru vimananni pathlag keela, tyanni tyanchya reshanchya 10 kilometer mage sarvat hinsak ladhait tyanna guntavale; teey aapale viman kharabaritya kharab karoon paratale. done jakhama, lashkarachya aadeshanusar chaar sandarbh."(sanmananiy sandarbhatil sanmananiy sandarbh) lashkari adhikari "apavadatmak dhadsacha pilot, jyane eka varshahoon adhik kaal armi corps escadrilmadhye, nantar eka pathpurava escadrilmadhye vishisht seva dilee aahe. dirgh kalavadhichya punarrachanemadhye visheshatva asalelya tyanni nehmich asankhya aanee katheen havai ladhaya karoon yaa mohima amalat aanalya. 26 april 1916 roji, done shatru vimananni hallah keela, tyane tyanna salag udavoon dile aanee jaree tyachya vimanala shatruchya golyanni gambhir fatka basala asala taree tyane aapali hergiri suru thewali. lashkarachya aadeshat aadhich uddhrut kele aahe."(lashkari sandarbh)

zin casell sos leftinent zin pai hayasinthe pall jerom casell, ek francelli vishwayudha I flying ess thie jaslai tehrawata hawai vijayaharuko shreya diinchha. uni yudhama ladaku uddayanko sampurna pathyakramma bancheka kehi esharu madhye ek thie. prarambhik jiwan. zin pai hayasinthe pall jerom caselko janma 24 september 1893 maa olmeta-dii-tuda, korsikama bhaeko thiyo. prarambhik sainya sewa. markis 1 october 1913 maa senama samel bhae. unlai 8emm regiment day chessersma ek suchibadha sainikko rupma niyukta garieko thiyo. jab pahilo vishwayudha suru bhayo, unle uddayan kartawyama sthanantaranko anurodh gare, unko punah niyukti thik ek warshako sewa pachhi ayo. unle pilotko brebhet number prapta gare. 20 april 1915 maa 837. ek mahina pachhi, 20 mema, unlai 1 era group dee 'aviationma niyukta gariyo. uni chaandai escadril 8 maa ek pilot flying mauris farmanko rupma gae, kinki unlai 5 junema tyahan "caporal" maa padonnati gariyo. unka sathi pilotharule unlai italian sahar casell monferratoko sandarbhama "markis day monferrato" ko upanam die, tara zin caselko kahilyai kunai kuleen upadhi thiena, naha tata yass italian saharsanga kunai sambandha thiyo. ek udan esko rupma safalta. unle 8 july 1915 maa agragami hawai vijaya hasil gare. uni kehi samayaka lagi escadril 23 maa tainat bhae, rar 21 august 1915 maa sargentma padonnati bhae. tyasapachhi uni 21 janawari 1916 maa escadril 67 maa sare. uni 1 march 1916 maa escadril 23 maa farke. casellai 19 mey 1916 maa "medel militier" batt sammanit gariyo. 15 augustma, unlai adjutantma padonnati gariyo. unle 2 september 1916 maa afno dosro jit hasil gare. 10 decembersamma, uni ek ess thie, ek awalokan belun rar chaar shatru wimanharu goli hanera khasaleka thie, jasma ek maxim lenoyarsanga sajha garieko thiyo. 7 march 1917 maa, markis casellai shevalier day lah ligian dee 'anarko rupma niyuktiko sath sammanit gariyo. 24 junema, unle sos leftinentko rupma asthayi ayog prapta gare. unle sann 1917 maa chharieka thap charawata hawai vijayaharu pani thape, jasma unko nawaun september 21 maa ayo. ligian dee 'honor" rar "medele milicier"-ley sajaieko, sathai niyukta bhaepachi, uni 6 march 1918 maa spad udnaka lagi escadril 156 maa sthanantaran bhae. unlai tyahan kunai safalta bhaena, rar pachhi escadril 38 maa post gariyo, june spadharule pani susajjit thiyo. tyahan unle afno agamanko dina, 1 june 1918 maa george maddensanga euta belun sajha gare; tyasapachhi unlai 1 november 1918 maa antim vijayaka sath thap tean shatru hawaijahajharuko shreya diiyo. yuddhapachhiko. 23 june 1923 maa chaar injinko bleriot 115 udaundai garda bhaeko udan durghatanama caselko mrityu bhaeko thiyo. samman rar puraskar. sammanko lagi khetra "asadharan shakti rar bahaduriko khoji pilot. wardunko yuddhapachhi, unle 90 bhanda badhi ladainharu gareka chhan, dushmanko golile bharieko afno viman liera dherai patak farkeka chhan. mey 1916 maa medele milicierle sajaieko unle tyasapachhi panchwata shatru wimanharu khasaleka chhan. 11 february 1917 maa, unle euta belunlai dherai cum uchaima bandhera akraman gare. dui shatru wimanharule yass akramanko kramama pachhyae, unle uniharulai tiniharuko lineko 10 kilometer pachhadi sabaibhanda hinsatmak ladainma sanlagna gare; uni afno vimanlai naramrari kshatigrasta garera farke. dui chot, senako adeshma chaar uddharan."(sammanko lagi khetra) medele military "asadharan sahasko pilot jasle ek warshabhanda badhi samayadekhi armi corps ascadrilma wishishta sewa pradan gareka chhan, tyasapachhi ek khoj ascadrilma. lamo awadhiko punah samanwayama visheshagyata prapta gardai, unle sadhain dherai rar kathina hawai ladainharu garera yee missionharu karyanwayan gare. 26 april 1916 maa, dui shatru wimanharule akraman gare, unle tiniharulai kramik rupma udan garna lagae rar afno tohi jaari rakhe yadyapi unko viman shatru golile gambhir rupma prahar gareko thiyo. senako adeshma pahile nai uddhrit garieko chha."(mail militier uddharan)

zin cassel saus leftnant zin paai haisinthe pull gerom kasale, jane farasi pratham biswajudha udaana ess thile, jahanku terati aakash bijai paain shreya diajaithila. juddhare juddha biman chalachala samajare banchithiba alpa keteka ess madhyaru shay anyatama thile. prarambhika zeeban. zin paai haisinthe pull gerom cassel, 24 september 1893 ray olmeta-dii-tuda, korsikare janmagrahana karithile. prarambhika samarika seba. markis 1913 masiha october 1 tarikhare senare joga deithile. tanku tanku regiment dii chasarsare jane talikabhukta sainika bhabe nijukti diajaithila. jetebele pratham biswajudha arambha hoithila, shay biman chalachala karttabyaku sthanantara karibaku anurodha karithile, thick eka barshar seba parey tankara punahnijukti asithila . shay pailatnka brebhet nong. 20 april april 837. eka maasa parey, 20 meey 'ray, tanku tanku group dii' aabhiesanku nijukta karajaithila. shay turanta jane pilot flyng maris ferman bhabare escadril 8 ku jaithile, kaaran tanku june 5 ray sethare "caporal" bhabare padonnati diajaithila. taanka saathee pilotmane tanku italiah sahara kasale monferrato bishajare "markis dii monferrato" upanama deithile, kintu zin kaselra kebe kaunasi sambhranta upadhi nathila, kimba ehi italiah sahara sahita kaunasi samparka nathila. udaana ess bhabare saphalata . shay 8 july 1915 ray eka agrani aakash bijai hassel karithile. tanku kichhi samai paain escadril 23 ray nijukti diajaithila, ebong 21 august 1915 ray sargent bhabare padonnati diajaithila. taa 'parey shay 21 januari 1916 ray escadril 67 ku badalile . shay 1 march 1916 ray escadril 23 ku pherithile . cassel 19 meey 1916 ray "medel military" ray sammanita hoithile . 15 augustre, tanku adjutant bhabare padonnati diajaithila . shay 2 september 1916 ray tankara dwiteeja bijai hassel karithile. 10 december suddha, shay eka ess thile, eka parjyabekhyana belun ebong charoti shatru bimanaku guli curry khasai deithile, jeunthire gotie maxim lenoire sahita bhaga karajaithila . 1917 masiha march 7 tarikhare markis kaselanku shebhalijara dii laa ligion dii 'unner bhabe nijukti pradan karajaithila. june 24 tarikhare shay saus leftnant bhabe eka asthajee commission paithile. shay 1917 masihare ahuri chariti aakash bijai madhya jodithile, jeunthire tankara nabam bijai 21 septembarare hoithila. ligion dii 'unner" ebong "medel military" ray sajjit heba sahita nijukta heba parey, shay eka spad udaiba paain 6 march 1918 ray escadril 156 ku sthanantarita hoithile. sethare tankara kaunasi saphalata nathila, ebong tanku escadril 38 ray post karajaithila, jaahaa madhya spad dwara sajjit thila . sethare shay taanka agman deane, 1 june 1918 ray georges madannka saha eka belun anshidara karithile; ehapare tanku 1 navember 1918 ray antim bijai sahita aau tinoti shatru bimanara shreya diajaithila . juddha parabarti. 1923 masiha june 23 tarikhare chaari injin bisista bleriot 115 udaana karuthiba samajare eka udaana durghatanare kaselnkara mrutyu hoithila. sammana ebong puraskara. sammanara khetra "asadharana shakti ebong sahasikatara anusarana pilot . bhardun juddha paratharu, shay 90 ru adhika juddha karichanti, shatru guli dwara chhandi hoithiba taanka biman sahita aneka thara pherichanti . 1916 masiha meey maasare medel militareenka dwara sajjit hoi shay panchti shatru bimanaku bhupatita karichanti. 1917 masiha februari 11 tarikhare shay eka belun upare aakraman curry ehaaku ati nimna uchchatare bandhi deithile. duiti shatru biman dwara ehi aakraman samajare anusarana curry, shay semananka line pachaku 10 kilometer doorare sabutharu hinsatmaka ladheire nijojita hoithile; shay taanka bimanaku gurutara bhabare khyatigrasta curry pherithile. duiti khyata, sena aadeshare charoti uddhruti."(sammananiah sandarbha) samarika bahini "asadharana sahasara pilot, jie eka barsharu adhika samai dhari, eka armi corps eskadrilare, taa 'parey eka portute eskadrilare bisista seba pradan karichanti. deerghakaleena punahnishchitatare bisheshagya hoi, shay sarbada aneka ebong kathina aakash juddha curry ehi missiongudiku karjyakaree karithile. 1916 masiha april 26 tarikhare, duiti shatru biman dwara aakraman curry, shay segudiku kramagata bhabe udaana paain rakhile ebong nijara nazardari jaari rakhithile, jadio taanka biman shatru guli dwara gurutara bhabe aghataprapta hoithila. purbaru sena aadeshare ullekha karajaichi."(samarika bahineera eka udaharana)

jeane casal saus leftinent jeane paaee haisinthe paul jerom casal, ikk franch vishav yuddh I flying aiss see jiss noon teran havaai jittan daa sihra ditta jaanda haii. uh unhan kujh esaan vicchon ikk see joe yuddh witch ladaku havabazi dey poore course witch bach gaye sunn. mudhla jeevan. jeane paaee haisinthe paal jerom caselle daa janam 24 satambar 1893 noon olmeta-dee-tudda, corsica witch hoiaa see. shuruati fauji seva. markis 1 aktubar 1913 noon fauj witch shamal hoiaa. uss noon ikk suchibadh sipahi vajon vajon regiment dee chassers witch tayinat keeta giaa see. jadon pahila vishav yuddh shuru hoiaa, taan uss neey havabazi diooti witch tabadale dee benati keeti, atey uss dee mudd niyukti theek ikk saal dee seva toon baad hoee. uss noon pilot daa breevet nann. 20 aprail 1915 noon 837. ikk maheene baad, 20 maee noon, uss noon 1 air group dee 'aviation witch niyukat keeta giaa see. uh jaldi hii escadril 8 witch ikk pilot flying mauris farmans vajon chalaa giaa, kiunki uss noon 5 juun noon utthe "capral" vajon tarakki ditti gaee see. uss dey saathi pilotan neey uss noon italvi shehar caselle monferrato dey sandrabh witch "marquis dee monferrato" daa upnam ditta, parr jeane caselle daa kadey vee koee kuleen khitaab naheen see, naa hii iss italvi shehar naal koee sabndh see. ikk flying aiss vajon safalta. uss neey 8 julai 1915 noon ikk pioneering havaai jitt haasal keeti. uss noon thode samein laee escadril 23 witch tayinat keeta giaa see, atey 21 agast 1915 noon sargent vajon tarakki ditti gaee see. firr uh 21 janwari 1916 noon escadril 67 witch badal giaa. uh 1 march 1916 noon escadril 23 witch waps aaa giaa. 19 maee 1916 noon caselle noon "maidel miltriar" naal sanmanit keeta giaa see. 15 agast noon, uss noon adjutant vajon tarakki ditti gaee see. uss neey 2 satambar 1916 noon aapni duji jitt daraj keeti. 10 dasambar takk, uh ikk aiss see, jiss witch ikk nirikhan bailoon atey chaar dushman jahazan noon goli maar ditti gaee see, jiss witch ikk maxim lenoir naal sanjha keeta giaa see. 7 march 1917 noon, marquis casal noon shavelier dee laa lijian dee 'aanar vajon niyukti naal sanmanit keeta giaa see. 24 juun noon, uss noon saus leftinent vajon ikk asthai commission miliaa. unhan neey 1917 witch chaar horr havaai jittan vee dittiaan, jinhan vicchon unhan dee nauvin jitt 21 satambar noon hoee. leejan dee 'aanar" atey "maidel miltery" naal sajaae jaanh dey naal-naal commission keete jaanh toon baad, uh 6 march 1918 noon ikk spad udaun laee escadril 156 witch tabdil hoow giaa. uss noon utthe koee safalta naheen millie, atey uss noon escadril 38 witch tayinat keeta giaa, joe kii spedan naal lais see. utthe uss neey 1 juun 1918 noon aapne aaunn dey dinn georges madden naal ikk gubara sanjha keeta; firr uss noon 1 navambar 1918 noon antam jitt dey naal tinn horr dushman havaai jahazan daa sihra ditta giaa. yuddh toon baad. 23 juun 1923 noon chaar injan vaale blariot 115 noon udaunde hoye ikk udaann hadse witch casal dee maut hoow gaee see. sanman atey puraskar. sanman dey khetar daa parbandh "bemisal taakat atey bahadari daa pichha pilot. vardun dee ladai toon baad, uss neey 90 toon vaddh ladaiaan keetiaan hunn, uh kaee vaar aapne jahaz naal waps aaiaa haii jiss witch dushman deeaan goliaan laggiaan hoiaan hunn. maee 1916 witch maidel millishare naal sajaae gaye, uss neey udon toon panj dushman jahazan noon maar ditta haii. 11 farvari 1917 noon, uss neey ikk gubare utte hamla keeta, iss noon bahut ghatt uchaee utte bnnh ditta. iss hamle dauran doou dushman jahazan duaara pichha keeta giaa, usne unhan noon unhan deeaan lines toon 10 kilometer pichhe sabh toon hinsk ladai witch lagaiaa; uh aapne jahaz noon buri tarahan nuksane hoye lae keey waps aaiaa. fauj dey aadeshan witch doou zakham, chaar havale."(sanmanat khetar daa sanman) maidel miltery "bemisal himmat daa pilot, jiss neey ikk saal toon vaddh samein toon, ikk aarmi coor escadril witch vilakkhan seva pardan keeti haii, firr ikk peecho escadril witch. lambe samein dey punargathan witch muharat rakkhde hoye, unhan neey hamesha kaee atey mushkal havaai ladaiaan karke inhan missionan noon lagu keeta. 26 aprail 1916 noon, doou dushman jahazan duaara hamla keeta giaa, usne unhan noon lagatar udaann bharan laee rakkhiaa atey aapni jasusi jaari rakkhi, halanki uss dey jahaz noon dushman deeaan goliaan neey gambhir roop witch maariaa see. fauj dey aadeshan witch pahilan hii havala ditta giaa haii."(miltery daa havala)

jeane cassel saus-leftinent jeane-pee-hayaasinthe-paal-jerom-cassel, prathamavishvayuddhe trayodasha-vaayu-vijayanam shreyah praaptah french-deshasya uddayan-ess aasit. yuddhe yuddhavimaanayaanasy sampornakramam yaavat jivitanam katipayeshu ess-ityeteshu saha anyatamah aasit. praarambhikajeevanam. jeane pee hayaasinthe paal jerom cassel, 1893 september 24 dinaanke olmeta-dii-tuda, coursica ityatra ajayata. praarambhik-sainyasevaa. markis 1913 october 1 dinaanke sainye sammilitah. saha saha ityasmin soocheebaddh-sainikaroopen niyuktah. yadaa prathamavishvayuddham aarabdham, tadaa saha vimanayana-kartavyam prati sthaanaantaranam abhyartayat, tasya punah niyuktih ekavarshasya sewaayaah anantaram abhavat. saha vimanachalakasya brewett nam praptavan. 20 april 1915 dinaanke 837 tame dine. ekamasanantaram, 20 mey dinaanke, saha saha niyuktah. saha sheeghramev escadril 8 ityatra eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva eva tasya sahayoddhaah italian-nagarasya cassel-monferrato ityasya sandarbhat "marquis-day-monferrato" iti upanamam adadat, parantu jeane-cassel ityasya kadaapi kuleenapadaveem naseet, atha italian-nagaren saha kimapi sambandhah naseet. uddayan-ess iti rupena safalataa. saha 8 julai 1915 dinaanke agragaami-vaayu-vijayam akarot. saha alpakaalaay escadril 23 ityatra niyuktah, 1915 august 21 dinaanke saarjant-rupena padonnatah cha abhavat. tatah saha 1916 janavaree 21 dinaanke escadril 67 ityatra gatavaan. 1916 maarch 1 dinaanke escadril 23 ityatra pratyagatavan. 1916 mey 19 dinaanke cassel-ityasmai "medel militar" iti puraskaarah dattah. 15 august dinaanke saha sahaayak-rupena padonnatah. 1916 september 2 dinaanke saha dviteeyavijayam akarot. december 10 paryantam saha ess aasit, yatra ekaha nireekshan-baloon, chatwaarah shatru-vimaanaah cha patitaah, yeshu ekaha maxim lenoire ityanena saha bhaagitah aasit. 1917 maarch 7 dinaanke marquis cassel ityayam shavelier day laa legian dee 'aanar iti niyuktyaa sammaanitah. joon 24 dinaanke saha saus-leftinent-rupena asthayim niyogam praptavan. saha 1917 tame varshe cha cha chaturnam vimaanavijayaan api yojayat, tasya navamah vijayah 21 september dinaanke abhavat. legian dii 'haanar" tathaa "medel miliciare" ityanena alankrutah, api cha niyuktah, saha 1918 maarch 6 dinaanke escadril 156 ityatra sped-vimaanayaanaartham sthanantaritaha. tatra saha naa saphalah abhavat, tatah param escadril 38 ityatra niyuktah, yat sped-yuktam api aasit. tatra saha 1918 joon 1 dinaanke aagamanadine georges maadan ityanena saha gubbaarah vibhaktavaan; tatah saha 1 november 1918 dinaanke antimavijayena, shatrupakshasya vimaanatrayam cha praptavan. yuddhanantaram. 1923 joon 23 dinaanke chaturmudranayuktam bleriot 115 vimaanam uddiyamanaha cassel vimana-durghatanayam mrutah. sammanam cha puraskaarah. sammanasya krute rajyanam krute sammaanah "asadharanashaktehe, shauryasya cha anusarana-chaalakah. vardun-yuddhaat aarabhy, saha 90 taha adhikaani yuddhaani krutavaan, shatru-golikaih yuktena svavimaanena saha bahuvaaram pratyagatavan. 1916 mey-maase medel-miliciare ityanena alankrutah, tatah param saha shatrunam pancha vimaanaani patitavaan. 1917 februvari 11 dinaanke saha ekam baloon aakramy atyantam nyoon-oordhvataayaam tam baddhavaan. asya aakramanasy samaye shatru-vimaanadvayena anudhaatuh saha teshaam rekhayaha 10 kilometer doore atyantam himsaatmakayuddhe samlagnah, saha swasya vimanena saha ghorarupena kshatigrastah pratyagatavan. dwau vranaah, sainyaadesheshu chatwaarah ullekhah."(sammanasya krute sammanasya krute) sainikah "asadharanasahasyaha payalata yah ekavarshaat api adhikam kaalam yaavat senaa-carps-escadril ityasmin, tatah persuit-escadril ityasmin vishishtasevaa pradatta asti. dirghakalam yaavat punah samanvayasya vishaye visheshadnyah saha sarvadaa anekaani kathinaani cha vaayu-yuddhaani krutvaa eteshaam karyan nishpaadayat. 1916 april 26 dinaanke shatru-vimaanadvayena aakramitah saha taan kramashah uddiya, swasya nirikshanam cha nirantavaan yadyapi tasya vimaanam shatru-golikayaa gambhirataya prahaaritam aasit. senaadesheshu poorvamev uddhrutam."(sainyasya adhikarikam vivaranam)

jeane kesal sous leptinent jeane paii haisinde paal jerom cassell, pathinmoondru vaanvali vetrtrikalaip pettra perumaikuriya muthal pirenchu ulagap poar parakkum aes aavaar. poaril poar vimaanap payanaththin muzhu poakkum uyir pizhaiththa sila aesukalil ivarum oruvar. aarambagaala vaazhkkai. jeane paii haisinde paal jerom kazale, septumber 24,1893 andru olmetta-dii-duda, kaarsikaavil piranthaar. aarambagaala iraanuva saevai. markvis 1913 october 1 andru iraanuvaththil saernthaar. avar oru pattiyalidappatta sippaayaaga 8mae regiment dii sassersil paniyamarthappattaar. muthalaam ulagap poar thodangiyapoathu, avar vimaanap panikku maattrak koorinaar, sariyaaga oru varuda sevaikkup piragu avarathu maruseeramaippu vanthathu. avar vimaaniyin brevet enn pettraar. 837 aepral 20,1915 andru. oru maathaththirkup piragu, mae 20 andru, avar 1irr kuzhumaththirku niyamikkappattaar. juun 5 andru "caboral" aaga padhavi uyarvu pettrathaal, avar viraivaaga escottril 8 kku parakkum mouris faarmaenkalaaka sentraar. avarathu saga vimaanigal avarukku "markvis dii monferrato" endra punaippeyaraik koduththanar, idhu itaaliya nagaramaana cassell monferratovike kurikkirathu, aanaal jeane kaselukku endha pirabuththuva pattamum illai, inththa itaaliya nagaraththudan endha thodarbum illai. parakkum aes endra vagaiyil vettri. avar 8 juulai 1915 andru oru munnoadi vaanvali vetrtriyaip pettraar. avar escottril 23 kku sirithu neram paniyamarthappattaar, maelum 21 august 1915 andru saarjenttaaga padhavi uyarvu pettraar. pinnar avar 21 janavari 1916 andru escottril 67 kku maarinaar. avar 1 maarch 1916 andru escottril 23 kkuth thirumbinaar. 1916 mae 19 andru kesalukku "medail iraanuva veerar" vazhangkappattathu. august 15 andru, avar thunaikku padhavi uyarvu pettraar. septumber 2,1916 andru avar thanathu irandaavathu vetrtriyaip pettraar. disambar 10 aam thaethikkul, avar oru aes, oru kankaanippu baloon mattrum naanku ethiri vimaanangkal suttu veezhththappattana, idhil ondru maxim lenayarudan pagirnthu kollappattathu. maarch 7,1917 andru, markvis cassell sevaliyar dii laa lejian dii honner endra niyamanaththudan gowravikkappattaar. juun 24 andru, avar oru thartkaalika kamishanaip pettraar, avar oru thunaith thalapathiyaaga irunthaar. 1917 aam aandu muzhuvathum sithariya maelum naanku vaanvali vetrtrikalaiyum avar serththaar, septumber 21 aam thaethi avarathu onbathaavathu varugai. lejian dii 'honner" mattrum "medail iraanuvam" aagiyavattraal alangarikkappatta avar, maarch 6,1918 andru escottril 156 kku oru spate parakka maattrappattaar. angku avarukku endha vetrtriyum kidaikkavillai, maelum avar escottril 38 kku anuppapattaar, idhu spaatkaludan poruththappattathu. angku avar juun 1,1918 andru vantha naalil georges maedaanudan oru paloonaip pagirnthu kondaar; pinnar avar maelum moontru ethiri vimaanangkaludan, navambar 1,1918 andru iruthi vetrtriyaip pettraar. poarukkup pinththaiya. 1923 juun 23 andru naanku enjin plariot 115 aii parakkavidumpoathu oru parakkum vibaththil cassell kollapattaar. viruthugal mattrum viruthugal. podhu makkalin nalan karuthi "vithivilakkaana valimai mattrum thunichalin munnoadi. verdun poarukkup piragu, avar 90 kkum maerpatta sandaigalai nadaththiyullaar, ethiri thoattaakkalaal sikkiya thanathu vimaanaththudan pala murai thirumbinaar. 1916 mae maatham medail raanuvaththaal alangarikkappatta avar, adhan piragu ainthu ethiri vimaanangkalai veelththiyullaar. 1917 pipravari 11 andru, avar oru baloonaith thaakki, adhai migak kuraindha uyaraththirku iluththaar. irandu ethiri vimaanangkal inththa thaakkuthalin poathu pinthodarnthana, avar avarkalin varigalukkup pinnaal 10 kilometer tholaivil migavum vanmuraiyaana poaril eedupattaar; avar thanathu vimaanaththudan moasamaaga sethamatainthaar. irandu kaayangal, iraanuva uththaravugalil naanku maerkoalgal."(kelaravamaana maerkoal) iraanuvam "oru varudaththirkum maelaaga, oru iraanuvap padaiyil sirappumikka sevaiyai valangkiya vithivilakkaana thairiyaththin vimani, pinnar oru thaedal escottrillil. neenda kaala maruseeramaippugalil nibunaththuvam pettra avar, aeraalamaana mattrum kadinamaana vaanvali sandaigalaik kondiruppathan moolam inththa payanangkalai eppoathum niraivaettrinaar. 1916 aepral 26 andru, irandu ethiri vimaanangkalaal thaakkapatta avar, avattrai thodarchchiyaaga parakkavittaar, maelum avarathu vimaanam ethiri thoattaakkalaal kadumaiyaaga thaakkapatta poathilum thanathu ulavu paarthal thodarnthaar. aerkanavae iraanuva uththaravugalil maerkoal kaattappattullathu."(iraanuva maerkoal)

zeane cassel souse leftinent zeane paie hayasindhe paal gerom cassel, padamudu vaimanika vijayaalato ghanata pondina modati french prapancha yuddham flying aes. yuddhamlo yuddha vimanayana mottam course nundi bayatapadina konni eslalo athanu okadu. prarambha jeevitam. zeane paie hayasinthe paal gerom cassel, 1893 september 24naa olmetaa-dii-tuda, coursicalo janminchaaru. prarambha sainika seva. marquis 1913 aktobaru 1naa sainyamlo cheraadu. athanu 8mae regiment dii chassers loe oka sainikudiga niyaminchabaddaadu. modati prapancha yuddham prarambhamainappudu, athanu vimanayana vidhulaku badilee cheyamani abhyardhinchaadu, sarigga oka samvatsaram seva tarvaata athani punah niyamakam vachindi. athanu pilate yokka breevet nem. 20 april 1915naa 837. oka nela taruvaata, 20 mae naa, athanu 1 err group dii 'aviationku niyaminchabaddaadu. juun 5naa akkada "caporal" gaa padoonnati pondadamtho, athanu twaragaa escadril escadril egiripoye mauries formans gaa vellaadu. athani thoti pailatlu italian nagaramaina cassel monferrato gurinchi prastaavistuu ataniki "marquis dii monferrato" anae maaruperunu icchaaru, conny zeane kaaselku eppuduu yea prabhuvu birudu ledhu, ledhaa eee italian nagaramtho etuvanti sambandham ledhu. flying aes gaa vijayam. athanu 8 juulai 1915naa maargadarsaka vaimanika vijayanni saadhinchaadu. athanu konchem kaalam escadril escadril niyaminchabaddaadu, mariyu 21 augustu 1915naa sargentga padoonnati pondaadu. taruvaata athanu 21 janavari 1916naa escadril escadril maaradu. athanu 1 marchi 1916naa escadril escadril tirigi vacchaadu. kaaselku 19 mae 1916naa "medail military" avaardu labhinchindi. 15 augustu 1916naa, athanu adjutentga padoonnati pondaadu. athanu 1916 septembaru 2naa thana rendava vijayanni saadhinchaadu. december 10 natiki, athanu oka aes, oka pariseelana beloon mariyu naalugu shatru vimanalanu kalchi champaru, veetilo okati maxim lenoyartho panchukobadindi. 1917 marchi 7naa, marquis kaaselnu chevalier dii laa legian dii 'honner gaa niyaminchaaru. juun 24naa, athanu souse leftinentga taatkaalika commission andukunnadu. athanu athanu chellacheduruga maroe naalugu vaimanika vijayaalanu kooda jodinchaadu, septembaru 21naa athani tommidava vijayam vachindi. legian dii 'hohner" mariyu "medail military" thoo alankarinchabadi, alaage niyaminchabadina athanu 1918 marchi 6naa escadril escadril oka spad eguraveyadaaniki badilee cheyabaddaadu. athanu akkada vijayam saadhinchaledu, mariyu escadril escadril post cheyabaddaadu, idhi kooda spyaadlatoe amarchabadi undhi. akkada athanu thana raaka rojuna, juun 1,1918naa georges maadantho oka beloonnu panchukunnadu; appudu athanu 1 november 1918naa tudi vijayamtho maroe moodu shatru vimaanaalato ghanata pondaadu. yuddhaanantaram. 1923 juun 23naa naalugu enginela bleriot 115nuu eguravestunnappudu cassel oka vimaana pramaadamloo maraninchaadu. gowravaalu mariyu puraskaralu. gouravapradamaina nagaram "asaadhaaranamaina balam mariyu dhairyanni vembadinche pilate. verdun yuddham nundi, athanu 90 kante ekkuva pooraataalanu kaligi unnadu, satruvu bulletlatho nindina thana vimanamtho aneka saarlu tirigi vacchaadu. 1916 maeloe medail militareetho alankarinchabadina ayana appati nundi aidu shatru vimanalanu kuulchiveesaaru. 1917 fibravari 11naa, athanu oka belunpai daadi chesi, daanini chaalaa takkuva ettulo pattukunnadu. rendu shatru vimanalu eee daadi samayamlo vembadinchi, vaari shrenula venuka 10 kilometres dhooramlo atyanta himsaatmaka poraatamlo nimagnamai, athanu thana vimanam baga debbatinnatlu tirigi vacchaadu. rendu gayalu, sainika aadeshaalalo naalugu ullekhanaalu."(gouravapradamaina citation) sainikula brundam "asaadhaaranamaina dhairyangala pilate, oka samvatsaraaniki paiga, armi corps escadrillo vishishta sevanu andinchaadu, taruvaata escadrille anveshanhalo. sudeerghakaalam paatu punaraavrutamayye paniloo pratyekata kaligina ayana, ellappuduu aneka mariyu kashtataramaina vaimanika pooraataalanu nirvahinchadam dwara eee karyakalapalanu nirvahinchaadu. 1916 april 26naa, rendu shatru vimaanaala daadi, athanu vaatini varusaga egaravesi, thana nigha konasaginchadu, ayinappatikee athani vimanam satruvu bulletlatho teevramgaa debbatindi. ippatike sainika aadeshaalalo udaharinchabadindi."(sainikula prasamsaapatram)

jaine kisil sous leftinent jaine payee highsanth paal jairom kiseel pehli jung azeem kaa eek francisi flying aiss thaa jasay teerah fazayi fatohaat kaa sehra diyaa jaataa hay. wah inn chand aison mein say eek thay juu jung mein ladaka hawaa baazi kay puray kors mein zindah bach gayey. ibtadayi zindagi. jaine payee highsanth paal jairom kiseel 24 satambar 1893 kuu aulmeta-ddee-tudda courseca mein paida hoay. ibtadayi foji khidmaat. markise nay 1 aktobar 1913 kuu foj mein shamoliyat akhtiyar kii. inhein 8 ayee ayem regment ddee cheesors mein batoor darj shadah spahi tayinaat kiyaa gayaa. jabb pehli jung azeem sharoo hoyee tuu iss nay hawaa baazi kii deuty mein muntaqli kii darkhwast kii aur iss kii dobarah tafviz theek eek saal kii khadmat kay baad hoyee. asay pilot kaa brewait number milaa. 837 20 apreel 1915 kuu. eek maah baad 20 mayee cow inhein 1 air grop ddee aiwi aishan mein tafviz kiyaa gayaa. wah fouri toor parr eek pilot flying maarees formanz kay toor parr escodral 8 chalaa gayaa keunkah asay 5 joone kuu wahaan "caporal" kay ahday parr tarqi dee gayee. iss kay saathi piloton nay asay atalvi shehar kisil monferato kay hawalay say "marcois ddee monferato" kaa arfiyat diyaa leakin jaine kisil kaa kabhi koyee sharafat kaa khataab nahein thaa aur naha hyee iss atalvi shehar say koyee taaluq thaa. flying aiss kay toor parr kamiyabi. inhon nay 8 jolayi 1915 kuu eek aham fazayi fatah haasil kii. inhein thodi deer kay liye escodral 23 mein tayinaat kiyaa gayaa aur 21 agast 1915 kuu sargent kay toor parr tarqi dee gayee. phir inhon nay 21 januri 1916 kuu escodral 67 mein tabdili kii. wah 1 maarch 1916 kuu escodral 23 mein waps aayey. kisil kuu 19 mayee 1916 kuu "medial militair" say nawaza gayaa. 15 agast kuu inhein adjutant kay toor parr tarqi dee gayee. inhon nay 2 satambar 1916 kuu apnee dosri jeeth haasil kii. 10 dasambar takk wah eek akk thay jinn mein eek mashahidati ghabarah aur dashman kay chaar tayaray giraye gayey jinn mein say eek maxim lenor kay saath mushtarkah thaa. 7 maarch 1917 cow markise kisil kuu batoor shivilier ddee laa reejan ddee aanar taqriri say nawaza gayaa. 24 joone kuu inhein sous leftinent kay toor parr eek aarizi commission milaa. inhon nay 1917 mein bikhray hoay chaar mazeed fazayi fatohaat kaa bhee izafah kiyaa jinn mein inn kii nawein 21 satambar kuu aayee. legion ddee aanar" aur "medial milishiyayar" say sajaya jaanay kay saath saath commission honay kay baad wah 6 maarch 1918 kuu eek spod adaaney kay liye escodral 156 mein muntaqil how gayaa. asay wahaan koyee kamiyabi nahein millie aur asay escodral 38 mein tayinaat kiyaa gayaa juu kahh spod say bhee lees thaa. wahaan inhon nay apnee aamad kay dunn 1 joone 1918 kuu jarjaz meaden kay saath eek ghabarah baanta. iss kay baad inhein dashman kay mazeed teen hawai jehazon kaa sehra diyaa gayaa jinn kii hatmi fatah 1 nomber 1918 kuu hoyee. jung kay baad. kisil 23 joone 1923 kuu chaar anjan waalay bleriot 115 kuu udatay hoay eek parwaz kay haadise mein halaak how gayaa. aizazat aur aizazat. aizaz kay liye elaqah jaat "ghair mamuli taaqat aur bahadari kaa peecha karnay waala pilot. wardon kii jung kay baad say iss nay 90 say ziyadah ladaiyan kii haine dashman kii goliyon say bharaa hawaa apnaa tayarah lay kirr kayee baar waps aayaa hay. mayee 1916 mein medial milishiya say sajaya gayaa iss kay baad say wah dashman kay paanch tayaron kuu maar giraa chakaa hay. 11 faroori 1917 kuu iss nay eek ghabaray parr hamlah kiyaa asay behat kumm oonchayi parr baandh diyaa. dashman kay duu tayaron kay iss hamlay kay doraan iss nay inn kii linon say 10 chlometer peeche sabb say ziyadah pratashdad ladayi mein hasah liyaa. wah apnay tayaray kuu bury tarah say nqsan pahuncha kirr waps aayaa. duu zakham foji hakam mein chaar hawalah jaat."(awami aizazat kaa hawalah) meel militair "ghair mamuli hamat kaa pilot jiss ney eek saal say ziyadah arsey takk aarmi coor escodral mein phir eek taaqib escodral mein mamtaz khidmaat anjaam dee haine. taweel madat kay dobarah raabtah qayem karnay mein maharat rakhtay huay inhon nay hamishah mutadid aur mashkal fazayi ladaiyon kay zariye inn mashnon kuu anjaam diyaa. 26 apreel 1916 cow dashman kay duu tayaron kay hamlay kay baad iss nay inhein lagatar adaaney kay liye rakhaa aur apnee jasusi jaari rakhee halankah iss kay tayaray kuu dashman kii goliyon say shadeed nqsan pahuncha thaa. pehley say hyee foji ahkamat mein hawalah diyaa gayaa hay."(multier kaa hawalah)

fffdc400516eacc23d9c02c7c273196bbd929244b2a34ce53fd64abc776f63cb

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3037149

Nanocar

Nanocar <templatestyles src="Chembox/styles.css"/> Chemical compound The nanocar is a molecule designed in 2005 at Rice University by a group headed by Professor James Tour. Despite the name, the original nanocar does not contain a molecular motor, hence, it is not really a car. Rather, it was designed to answer the question of how fullerenes move about on metal surfaces; specifically, whether they roll or slide (they roll). The molecule consists of an H-shaped 'chassis' with fullerene groups attached at the four corners to act as wheels. When dispersed on a gold surface, the molecules attach themselves to the surface via their fullerene groups and are detected via scanning tunneling microscopy. One can deduce their orientation as the frame length is a little shorter than its width. Upon heating the surface to 200 °C the molecules move forward and back as they roll on their fullerene "wheels". The nanocar is able to roll about because the fullerene wheel is fitted to the alkyne "axle" through a carbon-carbon single bond. The hydrogen on the neighboring carbon is no great obstacle to free rotation. When the temperature is high enough, the four carbon-carbon bonds rotate and the car rolls about. Occasionally the direction of movement changes as the molecule pivots. The rolling action was confirmed by Professor Kevin Kelly, also at Rice, by pulling the molecule with the tip of the STM. Independent early conceptual contribution. The concept of a nanocar built out of molecular "tinkertoys" was first hypothesized by M.T. Michalewicz at the Fifth Foresight Conference on Molecular Nanotechnology (November 1997). Subsequently, an expanded version was published in Annals of Improbable Research. These papers were supposed to be a not-so-serious contribution to a fundamental debate on the limits of bottom-up Drexlerian nanotechnology and conceptual limits of how far mechanistic analogies advanced by Eric Drexler could be carried out. The important feature of this nanocar concept was the fact that all molecular component tinkertoys were known and synthesized molecules (alas, some very exotic and only recently discovered, e.g. staffanes, and notably – ferric wheel, 1995), in contrast to some Drexlerian diamondoid structures that were only postulated and never synthesized; and the drive system that was embedded in a ferric wheel and driven by inhomogeneous or time-dependent magnetic field of a substrate – an "engine in a wheel" concept. Nanodragster. The Nanodragster, dubbed the world's smallest hot rod, is a molecular nanocar. The design improves on previous nanocar designs and is a step towards creating molecular machines. The name comes from the nanocar's resemblance to a dragster, as its staggered wheel fitment has a shorter axle with smaller wheels in the front and a larger axle with larger wheels in the back. The nanocar was developed at Rice University’s Richard E. Smalley Institute Nanoscale Science and Technology by the team of James Tour, Kevin Kelly and other colleagues involved in its research. The previous nanocar developed was 3 to 4 nanometers which was a little over[the width of?] a strand of DNA and was around 20,000 times thinner than a human hair. These nanocars were built with carbon buckyballs as their four wheels, and the surface on which they were placed required a temperature of to get it moving. On the other hand, a nanocar which utilized p-carborane wheels moves as if sliding on ice, rather than rolling. Such observations led to the production of nanocars which had both wheel designs. The nanodragster is 50,000 times thinner than a human hair and has a top speed of 0.014 millimeters per hour (0.0006 in/h or 3.89×10−9 m/s). The rear wheels are spherical fullerene molecules, or buckyballs, composed of sixty carbon atoms each, which are attracted to a dragstrip that is made up of a very fine layer of gold. This design also enabled Tour’s team to operate the device at lower temperatures. The nanodragster and other nano-machines are designed for use in transporting items. The technology can be used in manufacturing computer circuits and electronic components, or in conjunction with pharmaceuticals inside the human body. Tour also speculated that the knowledge gained from the nanocar research would help build efficient catalytic systems in the future. Electrically driven directional motion of a four-wheel molecule on a metal surface. Kudernac "et al." described a specially designed molecule that has four motorized "wheels". By depositing the molecule on a copper surface and providing them with sufficient energy from electrons of a scanning tunnelling microscope they were able to drive some of the molecules in a specific direction, much like a car, being the first single molecule capable to continue moving in the same direction across a surface. Inelastic electron tunnelling induces conformational changes in the rotors and propels the molecule across a copper surface. By changing the direction of the rotary motion of individual motor units, the self-propelling molecular 'four-wheeler' structure can follow random or preferentially linear trajectories. This design provides a starting point for the exploration of more sophisticated molecular mechanical systems, perhaps with complete control over their direction of motion. This electrically driven nanocar was built under supervision of University of Groningen chemist Bernard L. Feringa, who was awarded the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 2016 for his pioneering work on nanomotors, together with Jean-Pierre Sauvage and J. Fraser Stoddart. Motor nanocar. A future nanocar with a synthetic molecular motor has been developed by Jean-Francois Morin "et al." It is fitted with carborane wheels and a light-powered helicene synthetic molecular motor. Although the motor moiety displayed unidirectional rotation in solution, light-driven motion on a surface has yet to be observed. Mobility in water and other liquids can be also realized by a molecular propeller in the future. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

nen 'kaar nenukar hoise 2005 sonot saul biswobidyaloyot odhyapok james tyuror netritwot etaa dole design koraa etaa onu. naamtu thokar pisotu mool nenukartut aanobik motor nathake, xeyehe ee prokritote ekhon gaari nohoy. iyar poriworte, iyak dhaatur pristhot fulrinbur kenekoi goti kore xei prosnor uttor diboloi design koraa hoisil; bixexkoi, xeibur ghure ney pisoli yaay (xeibur ghure). onutu etaa eis-aakritir 'sesis' rey gothito zo 'too sariufalor kunot xonglogno fulrin gotebure sakor hisape kaam kore. jetiya xunor pristhot bikhyipto hoy, onubure teulukor fulerin gutor joriyote pristhor xoite nijoke xongzukto kore aaru scanning tunneling maikro "scopyr joriyote sinakto koraa hoy. framor doirghyo iyar prosthotkoi olop komm huwar baabe iyar obhimukhikoron onuman koribo paari. pristhobhag 200 degree selsiyasoloi gorom korar pisot onubur teulukor fulrin "soka" too ghuri ohaar loge loge aagoloi aaru pisfale yaay. nenukartu ghuri furiboloi xokhyom hoy kiyonu carbon-carbon ekok bandhunor joriyote fulrin sokrotu alkine "excel" too loguwa hoy. suburiya karbonor uporot thoka hydro "zen mukto ghuronor khetrot kunu dangor baadha nohoy. jetiya tapmatra jothesto besi hoy, sarita carbon-carbon bandhun ghuri yaay aaru garikhon ghuri fure. ketiyaba onur pivotor dore gotir dix xoloni hoy. odhyapok kebhin keli, logote saulor khetrotu, onutu ess. ti. em.-ror tupulare tunny rolling karjyotu nischito korisil. swadhin prarombhik dharonagot obodan. aanobik "tinkertoy" ror poraa nirmito nenukaror dharonatu prothome m dwara onuman koraa hoisil.ti. aanobik nenu projuktir uporot ponchom durodorxon xonmilonot michaelwish (novembor 1997). poroborti xomoyot, ek xomproxarito xongskoron oxombhob gowexonar bornalit prokax paisil. ei gowexona potrobur bottom-aap draxlerian nenu projuktir xeema aaru irik drexoleror dwara unnot jantrik xadrisyoxomuh kiman duroloi xomponno koribo paari taar dharonamulok ximar uporot ek moulik bitorkot ek guruttopurno obodan nohoy buli dharona koraa hoisil. ei nenukar dharonar guruttopurno boixistyotu aasil je xokolu aanobik upadanor tinkertoyxomuh gyat aaru xongslexito onu aasil (haay haay, kisuman oti bidexi aaru xehotiyakoi abiskar koraa hoise, udaa.ji. staffen, aaru bixexkoi-ferik huil, 1995), kisuman draxlerian dimendoid gathonir biporite jibur kewol onuman koraa hoisil aaru ketiyau xongslexito koraa huwa nasil; aaru drive sistem jitu ferik huilot embed koraa hoisil aaru etaa substrator oxom baa xomoy-nirbhorxil soumbok khyetror dwara salit hoisil-etaa "huilot injin" dharona. nanodragster. biswor ataitkoi xoru gorom rodd buli obhihito koraa nanodragster hoise etaa aanobik nenukar. designtu purbor nenukar designor tulnat unnot hoise aaru ee aanobik jontro sristir dixot ek podokhyep. ei naamtu nen 'kaaror dregasteror xoite xadrisyor poraa aahise, kiyonu iyar steggard huil fitmentor xonmukhot xoru sokar xoite etaa suti excel aaru pisfale dangor sokar xoite etaa dangor excel aase. dhaan biswobidyaloyor rechard ee-too nenukartu bikoxito koraa hoisil. james tyur, kebhin keli aaru iyar gowexonar xoite jorito onyanyo xohokormixokolor dolor dwara smeli institut nenoscal bigyan aaru projukti. purbor nenukartu 3ror poraa 4 nanometer aasil jitu olop besi aasil [prostho?] di. eno. e.-ror etaa strend aaru manuhor sulir tulnat pray 20,000 guno paatol aasil. ei nenukarbur sarita chaak hisape carbon bakibolor xoite nirman koraa hoisil, aaru jibur pristhot xeibur rokha hoisil taak sthanantorito koriboloi taapmatrar proyujon hoisil. aanhate, pi-carburen sokro byobohar koraa etaa nenukare ghuri juwar poriworte borphor uporot pisoli juwar dore goti kore. ene porzobekhyonor folot dutaa sakor design thoka nenukar utpadon hoisil. nanodragstertu manuhor sulitkoi 50,000 guno paatol aaru iyar xorbuscho gotibeg proti ghontat 0.014 millimeter (0.0006 in/h baa 3.89 × 10−9 m/s). pisfalor sakabur hoise gulakar fulrin onu baa bakibol, protitu xathix carbon pormanure gothito, jibur xunor etaa oti xukhmo storor dwara gothito dragstripor proti aakorxito hoy. ei designtuwe bhromonor doltuk komm tapmatrat jontrotu porisalona koriboloi xokhyom korisil. nanodragster aaru onyanyo nenu-jontrobur xamogri poribohonot byoboharor baabe design koraa hoise. ei projukti computer charkit aaru electronic upadan nirmanot baa manob xoriror bhitorot pharmaceuticalsor xoite xongzug kori byobohar koribo paari. bhromone logote onuman korisil je nenukar gowexonar poraa laabh koraa gyane bhobisyote dokhyo onughotok pronali gorhi tulat xohay koribo. dhaatur pristhot sarisokiya onu etaar boidyutikbhabe salit dixgoto goti. kuderonak "ityadi."sarita motorjukto" "chaak" "thoka etaa bixexbhabe design koraa onur bornona koraa hoisil. onutu taamor pristhot jomaa kori aaru skaining tunneling microscoper electronor poraa porzapto xokti prodan kori teuluke kisuman onu ek nirdisto dixot solabo parisil, onekta garir dore, prothom ekok onu hisape eke dixot goti koriboloi xokhyom hoisil. sthitisthapok electron tunnele ror 'turburot gothonmulok poribortonor sristi kore aaru onutuk taamor pristhor uporere aguwai loi yaay. prithok motor unitor ghuroniya gotir dix xoloni kori, swo-salit aanobik 'sarisokiya' gathonituwe jadrischik baa ogradhikarmulokbhabe reniral trejectory onuxoron koribo paare. ei designtuwe odhik otyadhunik aanobik jantrik pronalir onwexonor baabe ek aarombhoni bindu prodan kore, xombhobotoh teulukor gotir dixor uporot xompurno niyontronor xoite. ei boidyutikbhabe salit nenukartu gro 'ningen biswobidyaloyor roxayonobid bernard el-ror totwawodhanot nirman koraa hoisil. jinn-piyer sabhej aaru je-ror xoite nen 'motoror uporot teur ogroni kaamor baabe 2016 sonot roxayon bigyanor nubel botaa laabh koraa feringak. frazer stodart. motor nenukar. jinn-frankuwis morin "ett ol"-e etaa xongslexito aanobik motoror xoite bhobisyotor nenukar bikoxito korise."iyat carburen soka aaru etaa puhor-salit helixin xongslexito aanobik motor loguwa hoy. jodiu motoror ongxotuwe drobyot ekmukhi ghuron prodorxon korisil, pristhot puhor-salit goti etiyau porzobekhyon koraa huwa naai. paanee aaru onyanyo torol podarthor gotixilotaku bhobisyote etaa aanobik propailoror dwara upolobdhi koribo paari.

nanocar nanocar holl ekti onu jaa 2005 saale raisa bishwobidyaloye adhyapak james tourer netritte ekti doll dwara design koraa hoyechilo. namti thaka sotteo, mool nanocare konao anobik motor nei, taai etty asle konao gaadi noy. borong, etty dhatob pristhe fuleringuli kibhabe chalachal korey eyi proshner uttor deoar jonno design koraa hoyechilo; biseshoto, taaraa roll baa slide (taaraa roll) korey kina. anuti ekti eich-akritir 'chassy' niye gothito jaar chaar koney purno-storer dalguli chaaka hisabe kaaj korar jonno sangjukto thaake. jokhon ekti sonara pristhe chhoriye porey, anuguli taader fulerine grouper madhyome pristher saathe sangjukto hoy ebong scanning tunnelling microscopy madhyome sonakto koraa hoy. kathamor doirgho prosther cheye kichuta chhoto howa taader abhijojon anuman koraa jete paare. pristhoke 200 degree celsiuse gorom korar porey anuguli taader fulerine "chaaka" teey ghurnayman howar saathe saathe egiye ebong pichhone choley yaay. nanocarti ghurte sokkhom kaaron fulerine chakati carbon-carbon ekok bondhoner madhyome alkine "axel"-ayee lagano hoy. parshoborti karboner upor hydrogen mukto ghurnaner jonno konao borh badha noy. tapmatra jotheshto beshi holey, charti carbon-carbon bondhon ghurnayman hoy ebong gaditi ghurte thaake. kokhono kokhono anur kendrobindute cholacholer dick poriborton hoy. adhyapak kevin kellie, chaaler khettreo, esha. tii. emm-err agrabhag diye anuti teney rolling kriyati nischito korechilen. swadhin prathomik dharonagoto abodan. anobik "tinkertoy" theke nirmito ekti nanocar dharonati prothom m dwara anuman koraa hoyechilo.tii. anobik nyanoprojukti somporkito pancham durodorshita sommelone michaelouise (navembar 1997). porobortikale, ekti somprosarito sanskaran aprotyashito gobeshonar itihase prokashito hoyechilo. eyi gobeshonapotroguli neecher-uporer drexlear nyanoprojuktir seema ebong erik drexler dwara kotota jantrik sadrishyaguli unnoto koraa jete paare taar dharonagoto seema somporke ekti moulik bitorke totota gurutoro abodan rakhar kotha chhilo naa. eyi nanocar dharonar guruttopurno baisishtya chhilo jey samasta anobik upadaner tinkertoiguli porichito ebong sangshleshito onu chhilo (haay haay, kichhu khub bohiragoto ebong samprati abishkrito, udaa.zii. staffen, ebong ullekhjoggobhabe-ferrick huil, 1995), kichhu drexlerian diamondoid kathamor biporite jaa cable anuman koraa hoyechilo ebong kokhono sangshleshito hoyney; ebong drive system jaa ekti ferrick huile embed koraa hoyechilo ebong ekti storer osomo baa somoy-nirbhar chaumbak khettro dwara chaalito hoyechilo-ekti "ekti chakay injina" dharona. nanodragoster. bishwer sabcheye chhoto gorom rodd naame abhihito nanodragoster holl ekti anobik nanocar. nakshati purboborti nanocar nakshar tulna unnoto hoyeche ebong anobik jontro toirir dike ekti podokkhep. namti ekti dragster saathe nanocar-err sadrishya theke eseche, kaaron err stambhito chaaka fitmente saamone chhoto chaaka ebong pichhone borh chaaka soho ekti borh akkho soho ekti chhoto akkho royeche. dhaan bishwobidyaloyer richarda ee-teey nanocar toiri koraa hoyechilo. james tour, kevin kellie ebong err gobeshonar saathe jorito anyanno sahokarmider doll dwara smally institute nanoscale bigyan oo prajukti. purboborti nanocarti 3 theke 4 nanometer chhilo jaa err prosther ektu beshi chhilo.] dii. enn. ayee-rawr ekti strand ebong manusher chuler tulna pray 20,000 guno patla chhilo. eyi nanocarguli carbon bakibolke taader chaar chaaka hisabe niye toiri koraa hoyechilo ebong jey pristhe eguli sthapon koraa hoyechilo taar jonno ekti tapmatrar prayojan chhilo. onnodike, pii-carboren chaaka byabohar koraa ekti nanocar emanbhabe chalachal korey jeno gadiye yawar poriborte borofer upor pichle yaay. eyi dharaner porjobekkhoner foley nano kaar toiri hoy jaar ubhoy chucker naksha chhilo. nanodragoster manusher chuler tulna 50,000 guno patla ebong err sorbochcho gotibeg proti ghontai 0.014 millimeter (0.0006 inchi/ghanta baa 3.89 × 10−9 mitter/second). pichoner chakaguli golakar fulerine onu baa bakibal, protiti shatti carbon paramanu niye gothito, jaa ekti dragstriper proti akrishto hoy jaa sonara ekti khub sukkho stor diye gothito. eyi nakshati soforer dolke qama tapmatrai jontroti porichalona korte sokkhom korechilo. nanodragoster ebong anyanno nano-meshinguli ponno poribohone byaboharer jonno design koraa hoyeche. eyi prajuktiti computer sarkita ebong boidyutin upadan toirite baa manabdeher abhyantare oshudher saathe ekotre byabohar koraa jete paare. safarti arow anuman korechilo jey nanocar gobeshona theke prapto gyan bhabishyate dokkho onughotok byabostha toirite sahayata korbe. ekti dhatob pristhe ekti chaar chucker anur boidyutikbhabe chaalito diknirdeshok goti. kudarnak "ebong anyanno."ekti biseshbhabe porikolpito anur bornona korechen jaar charti motor chaalito" "chaaka" "royeche. ekti tamar pristhe anuti jomaa korey ebong ekti scanning tunnelling microscoper electron theke porjapto shakti sarbaraha korey taaraa kichhu anuke ekti nirdishto dike chaalito korte sokkhom hoyechilo, anekta gaadir moto, prothom ekok onu hisabe ekti pristho judey ekoi dike cholte sokkhom. sthitisthapok electron tunnelling rotargulite gathanmulak poriborton ghotay ebong ekti tamar pristho judey anutike chaalito korey. prithak motor uniter ghurnoman gotir dick poriborton korey, swa-chaalito anobik 'chaar-chucker' kathamo elomelo baa agradhikargatobhabe roikhik gotipoth anusaran korte paare. eyi nakshati arow porishilito anobik jantrik byabosthar onusondhaner jonno ekti suchona bindu pradan korey, sombhoboto taader gotir diker upor sampurna niyantran soho. eyi boidyutik chaalito nanocarti groningen bishwobidyaloyer rasayanabid bernard ell-err tottabodhane nirmito hoyechilo. zina-piyer sabheja ebong jeey-err saathe nanomotor upor aggragami kaajer jonno 2016 saale rasayaner jonno nobel puraskar paan. frazer stoddart. motor nanocar. zina-francois morin ebong annannora ekti synthetic anobik motor soho ekti bhabishyater nanocar toiri korechen."etty carboren chaaka ebong ekti halka-chaalito helicin synthetic anobik motor diye sajjito. jodio motorer ongshoti drobone ekmukhi ghurnan prodorshon korey, tobey ekti pristhe alo-chaalito goti ekhono porjobekkhon koraa hoyney. joll ebong anyanno toroler gotishilota bhabishyate ekti anobik propeller dwarao upolobdhi koraa jete paare.

nenokaar nenokaar aee aek parmaanu chhe jeey 2005maan raisa universityma prophesara james tourni aagevani hethalnaa jooth dwara taiyar karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. naam hovaa chhataa, mool nenokarma molecular motara nathee, tethee, teey kharekhar kaar nathee. tenaa badale, teey dhaatuni sapaateeo parr fulrin kevee reete farey chhe teey prashnano javaab aapvaa maate rachvaamaa aavyu hatoo; khaas kareene, shun teo roll karey chhe athavaa slide karey chhe (teo roll karey chhe). parmaanu aech-aakaarni 'chassis' dharaave chhe, jemaa chaar khoonao parr purnariti jutho jodaayelee hoya chhe, jeey chakra tareeke kaama karey chhe. jyaare sonaani sapaati parr vikheraay chhe, tyaare anooo temnaa fulrin jutho dwara sapaati saathe jodaay chhe aneey scanning tunneling microscopy dwara shodhaay chhe. frameni lambai tenee paholai karataa thodee tunkee hovathi temnee disha nakki curry shakaay chhe. sapatine 200 degree celsius sudhee garam karyaa pachhi anooo temnaa fulrin "wheels" parr fartaa aagad aneey paachhal jaay chhe. nenokaar farvaa maate saksham chhe kaaran keey fulrin chakra carbon-carbon single bonned dwara alkine "axel" saathe feat thayel chhe. padoshi carbon parr hydrogen mukt paribhramanmaa koee moto avrodh nathee. jyaare taapmaan puratu unchu hoya chhe, tyaare chaar carbon-carbon bonned farey chhe aneey kaar faratee rahe chhe. kyarek anunaa kendramaa gatee badalaati rahe chhe. prophesara cavin kelee dwara pann chokha parr, anoone stmni tochthee khencheene rolling kreeyani pushti karvaamaa aavee hatee. swatantra praarambhik vaichaarik yogdaan. parmaanu "tinkertoy" maanthi banelaa nenokaarni vibhavnani pratham dhaarnaa m dwara karvaamaa aavee hatee.tii. molecular nanotechnology parnee paanchmee durdarshita parishadma mikeleviz (november 1997). tyarbad, aek vistrut sanskaran asambhavit sanshodhannaa itihaasmaa prakashit thayu hatoo. aaa kaagado taliyethi uparnee draxlarian nanotechnologyni maryadao aneey erick draxler dwara adhyatan yaantrik saamyatao ketali aagad vadhee shake chhe tenee vaichaarik maryadao parnee mulbhoot charchaama aetalu gambhir yogdaan naa hovaanu manvama aavtu hatoo. aaa nenokaar khyaalni mahatvapurn visheshta aee hatee keey tamaam parmaanu ghatak tinkertoy jaanita hataa aneey sanshlesheet anooo hataa (arey, ketlaak khoob jaj videshi aneey taajetarma jaj shodhaayel, ee.jee. staffens, aneey khaas kareene-ferric wheel, 1995), ketlaak draxlarian diamendoid maalkhaaothi vipareet keey jeey fakt purvanirdharit hataa aneey kyaarey sanshlesheet nahota; aneey drive system keey jeey ferric wheelma jadit hatee aneey substratenaa asamroop athavaa samay-aadharit chumbakeey kshetra dwara sanchaalit hatee-aek "wheelma angine" khyaal. neno dragster. neno dragster, jene vishwani sauthee naanee garam laakadi kahevama aave chhe, teey aek parmaanu nenokaar chhe. design agaauni nenokaar designma sudhaaro karey chhe aneey teey molecular masheeno banaavvaani dishaamaa aek pagalu chhe. aaa naam nenokaarni dragster saathe saamyata parthee aavyu chhe, kaaran keey tenaa astheer wheel fitmentmaa aagalnaa bhagma naana wheels saathe tunkee axel aneey paachhalna bhagma motaa wheels saathe motee axel hoya chhe. nenokaarno vikaas raisa universityna richard ee khaate karvaamaa aavyo hato. james tour, cavin kelee aneey tenaa sanshodhanmaa saamel anya sathidaro dwara smelly institute nanoscale science anned technology. agau vikasavvama aavel nenokaar 3 thee 4 nanometer hatoo jeey tenee paholai karataa thodu vadhaare hatoo.] dnano aek bhaag aneey manav vaad karataa lagbhag 20,000 gano paatalo hato. aaa nenokaar temnaa chaar paida tareeke carbon bakibol saathe banavvama aavyaa hataa, aneey jeey sapaati parr temne mukvaamaa aavyaa hataa tene khasedva maate taapmaanni jaroor hatee. beejee taraf, pii-carboren vhilsano upyog karatee nenokaar farvaane badale baraf parr sarkee jaay chhe. aavaa avaloknone kaarane neno kaarnu utpaadan thayu jemaa banne chakrani rachnaa hatee. neno dragster manav vaad karataa 50,000 ganoo paatalu hoya chhe aneey tenee tochnee zadap kalaak deeth 0.014 millimeter (0.0006 inch/kalaak athavaa 3.89 × 10−9 meater/second) hoya chhe. paachhalna chakro golaakaar fulrin parmaanuo athavaa buckyballs chhe, jeey darek 60 carbon anuothi banelaa hoya chhe, jeey sonaana khoob jaj bareek starthi banelee dragstrip taraf aakarshaay chhe. aaa design pravaasnee teamne neecha taapmaane upkaran chalaavvaa maate pann saksham banaave chhe. neno dragster aneey anya neno-masheeno vastuonaa parivahanmaa upyog maate rachaayel chhe. aaa takneekno upyog computer circuit aneey electronic ghatakona utpadanma athavaa manav shareerni andar pharmaceuticals saathe sanyojanmaa thaee shake chhe. pravaase aevu pann anumaan lagaavyu hatoo keey nenokaar sanshodhanmathi melvel gyaan bhavishyamaa kaaryaksham utprerak pranaalionu nirmaan karvaamaa madad karashe. dhaatuni sapaati parr chaar-chakrana anooni vidhyut sanchaalit dishaatmak gatee. kudarnaak "aneey anya."khaas design karelaa anoonu varnan karyoo jemaa chaar motarwala" "wheels" "chhe". taambaani sapaati parr parmaanu jamaa kareene aneey temne scanning tunnelling microscopena electronmathi puratee urjaa pradaan kareene teo ketlaak anuone chokkas dishaamaa chalavvama saksham hataa, kaarnee jaim, pratham aek anoo sapaati parr samaan dishaamaa aagad vadhvaa maate saksham hataa. astheer electron tunnelling rotarmaa rachnaatmak ferfaarone prereet karey chhe aneey parmaanune taambaani sapaati parr aagad dhapaave chhe. vyaktigat motara aekamoni rotarii gateeni disha badaline, swa-propelling molecular 'phora-wheeler' maalakhu random athavaa pradhanyma rekheey maargne anusari shake chhe. aaa rachnaa vadhu atyadhunik parmaanu yaantrik pranaalionaa sanshodhan maate praarambhik bindu pradaan karey chhe, kadaach temnee gateeni disha parr sampoorn niyantran saathe. aaa vidhyut sanchaalit nenokaar university off groningan rasaayanshaastri bernard aela. nee dekhrekh hethal banavvama aavyu hatoo. ferringa, jaimne jiina-piyare sovage aneey jeey. saathe maleene nanomotor parr temnaa agranee kaary maate 2016 maan rasayanshastra maate nobel puraskar enayat karvaamaa aavyo hato. fraser stoddart. motara nenokaar. krutrim parmaanu motara saathe bhavishyanu nenokaar jiina-francois morin aneey anya dwara vikasavvama aavyu chhe."teey carboren wheels aneey prakaash sanchaalit helicin synthetic molecular motorthi sajj chhe. motorno bhaag draavanmaa aek dishaatmak paribhraman darshaave chhe, tema chhataa sapaati parr prakaash sanchaalit gatee haju jovaa malee nathee. bhavishyamaa parmaanu propeller dwara paanee aneey anya pravaahimaa gatishilataano pann anoobhav curry shakaay chhe.

nainokaar nainokaar ack anu haye jise 2005 mein chawal vishvavidyalaya mein professor james tour key netritva vaale ack samooh dwara design kiya gayaa thaa. naam key bavjood, mool nainokaar mein aanvik motor naheen haye, isaliye, yeh vaastav mein ack kaar naheen haye. balki, ise iss sawal kaa jawab dene key liye design kiya gayaa thaa kii fulreen dhaatu kii satahon parr kaise chalate hain; vishesh roop seey, kyaa way roll karate hain yaa slide (way roll karate hain). anu mein aich-aakar kii 'chessis' hoti haye jisamen pahiyon key roop mein kaary karane key liye chaar konon parr poorna samooh judey hotey hain. jaba ack soney kii satah parr faila diyaa jaataa haye, tou anu apane poornarakt samoohon key madhyam seey satah seey khud koo jodate hain aur scanning tunneling microscopy key madhyam seey pataa lagaaya jaataa haye. koee bhee unake abhivinyas kaa anuman lagaa sakata haye kyonki frame kii lambai isaki chaudaai seey thodi cumm haye. satah koo 200 degree celsius taka germ karane parr anu aage aur peechhe badhate hain kyonki way apane fulreen "pahiyon" parr ludhakate hain. nainokaar ludhakane mein saksham haye kyonki fulreen chakr carbon-carbon ekal bandhan key madhyam seey alkine "axel" mein fitt hotaa haye. padosi carbon parr hydrogen mukt ghoornan mein koee badee baadha naheen haye. jaba tapman kaafee adhik hotaa haye, tou chaar carbon-carbon bandhan ghoomate hain aur kaar ghoomati haye. kabhi-kabhi anu dhuri key roop mein gati kii disha badal jaati haye. professor cavin kellie ney bhee chawal parr aiss. tii. aim. kii noke key saath anu koo kheenchkar rolling action kii pushti kii. swatantra praarambhik vaichaarik yogdan. aanvik "tinkertoy" seey nirmit ack nainokaar kii avadharana kii parikalpana pahali baar aim dwara kii gaee thee.tii. aanvik naino praudyogiki parr paanchven doordarshita sammelan mein michaelviz (navambar 1997). baad mein, ack vistaarit sanskaran asambhav shodh key itihas mein prakaashit kiya gayaa thaa. inn patron koo neeche seey oopar kii draxlerian nanotechnology kii seemaon aur erich drexler dwara unnat yantriki sadrishyon kii vaichaarik seemaon parr ack maulik bahas mein itna gambhir yogdan naheen maanaa jaataa thaa. iss nainokaar avadharana kii mahatvapurna visheshta yeh thee kii sabhi aanvik ghatak tinkertoy gyaat they aur sanshleshit anu they (kaash, kuchh bahut hii videshi aur haal hii mein khoje gaye, ee.jee. stuffen, aur vishesh roop seey-ferric wheel, 1995), kuchh draxlerian diamondoid sanrachanaon key vipareet joe kewal postulated they aur kabhi sanshleshit naheen they; aur drive system joe ack ferric wheel mein embedded thaa aur ack substrate key asamaroop yaa samay-nirbhar chumbakiya kshetra dwara sanchaalit thaa-ack "wheel mein injan" avadharana. nanodragster. nanodragster, jise duniya kii sabse chhoti germ chhad kahaa jaataa haye, ack aanvik nainokaar haye. design pichhale nainokaar designs mein sudhaar kartaa haye aur aanvik machines key nirmaan kii disha mein ack kadam haye. yeh naam nainokaar kii dragster seey samaantaa seey aataa haye, kyonki isake chaunkaae hue pahiye mein ack chhota axel hotaa haye jisamen saamane chhote pahiye hotey hain aur peechhe badey pahiye hotey hain. nainokaar koo chawal vishvavidyalaya key richard ee mein vikasit kiya gayaa thaa. james tour, cavin kellie aur isake shodh mein shamil anya sahyogiyon kii team dwara smally institute nanoscale vigyaan aur praudyogiki. pichla vikasit nainokaar 3 seey 4 nanometer thaa joe [kii chaudaai seey thodaa adhik thaa?] dna kaa ack strand aur maanav baalon kii tulanaa mein lagbhag 20,000 gunaa patala thaa. inn nanocars koo unake chaar pahiyon key roop mein carbon buckyball key saath banaaya gayaa thaa, aur jiss satah parr unhein rakhaa gayaa thaa, usey sthanantarit karane key liye tapman kii aavashyakta thee. doosari or, ack nainokaar joe pee-carboren pahiyon kaa upayog kartaa haye, vaha ludhakane key bajaay burf parr fisalane kii tarah chalata haye. iss tarah key avlokanon ney nanocars key utpaadan koo janm diyaa jisamen donon pahiyon key design they. naino drester maanav baalon kii tulanaa mein 50,000 gunaa patala hotaa haye aur isaki sheersh gati 0.014 millimeter prati ghante (0.0006 in/h yaa 3.89 × 10−9 m/s) hoti haye. peechhe key pahiye golakar fulreen anu yaa buckyball hotey hain, joe pratyek mein saath carbon parmaanuon seey baney hotey hain, joe soney kii ack bahut hii maheen parat seey bunny dragstrip kii or aakarshit hotey hain. iss design ney daure kii team koo cumm tapman parr upkaran koo sanchaalit karane mein bhee saksham banaaya. naino drester aur anya naino-masheenen vastuon key parivahan mein upayog key liye design kii gaee hain. takneek kaa upayog computer circuit aur electronic ghatakon key nirmaan mein yaa maanav shareer key ander pharmaceuticals key sanyojan mein kiya jaa sakata haye. daure mein yeh bhee anuman lagaaya gayaa kii nainokaar anusandhaan seey praapt gyaan bhavishya mein kushal utprerak pranaliyon key nirmaan mein madad karega. dhaatu kii satah parr chaar-pahiya anu kii vidyut chaalit dishaatmak gati. kudernak "aur anya."ack vishesh roop seey design kiye gaye anu kaa varnan kiya gayaa haye jisamen chaar motor chaalit" "pahiye" "hain. ack tambe kii satah parr anu koo jamaa karke aur unhein ack scanning tuneling microscope key electrons seey paryaapt oorjaa pradaan karke way kuchh anuon koo ack vishisht disha mein chalaane mein saksham they, bahut hudd taka ack kaar kii tarah, pahala ekal anu honey key naate ack satah parr ack hii disha mein aage badhane mein saksham thaa. asthir electron surang rotaron mein anuroop parivartan koo prerit karati haye aur tambe kii satah parr anu koo aage badhaati haye. vyaktigat motor ikaaiyon kii ghoornan gati kii disha koo badalkar, swa-pranodak aanvik 'chaar-pahiya' sanrachana yaadrichhik yaa adhimaantah raikhik prakshepavakra kaa paalan curr sakati haye. yeh design adhik parishkrit aanvik yaantrik pranaliyon key anveshan key liye ack praarambhik bindu pradaan kartaa haye, shayed unaki gati kii disha parr poorna niyantran key saath. iss vidyut chaalit nainokaar kaa nirmaan groningen vishvavidyalaya key rasaayanagya bernard ell kii dekhrekh mein kiya gayaa thaa. ferringa, jinhen 2016 mein rasayan vigyaan key liye nobel puraskar seey sammaanit kiya gayaa thaa, unake nanomotor parr agrani kaam key liye, jeane-piyare sauvage aur jey key saath. fraser stoddart. motor nainokaar. ack kritrim aanvik motor key saath ack bhavishya kaa nainokaar jeane-francois morin aur anya dwara vikasit kiya gayaa haye."yeh carboren pahiyon aur ack prakaash-sanchaalit helicin synthetic aanvik motor seey susajjit haye. halanki motor kaa hissa samadhan mein ack-dishaatmak ghoornan pradarshit kartaa haye, satah parr prakaash-sanchaalit gati abhee taka dekhi naheen gaee haye. bhavishya mein ack aanvik pranodak dwara paani aur anya taral padarthon mein gatishilata kaa bhee ehsas kiya jaa sakata haye.

nanocar nanocar 2005ralli rais vishvavidyaalayadalli professor james tour netrutvada gumpu vinyaasagolisida anuvagide. hesarina horataagiyoo, moola nanocar aanvika motor annu hondilla, aaddarinda, idu nijavagiyoo kaaru alla. badalige, lohada melmaigala mele phulereengalu hege chalisuttave emba prashnege uttarisalu idannu vinyaasagolisalaagide; nirdishtavagi, avu uruluttaveye athawa jaaruttaveye (avu uruluttave). ee anuvu etch-aakaarada 'chassis' annu hondiddu, chakragalaagi kaaryanirvahisalu naalku mulegalalli fulerine gumpugalannu jodisalagide. chinnada melmaiyalli haradikondaga, anugalu tamma fulerine gumpugala moolaka melmaige antikolluttave mattu scanning tunnelling microscopy moolaka pattehachchalpaduttave. chaukattina uddavu adara agalakkinta swalpa chikkadagiruvudarinda avugala drashtikonavannu uhisabahudu. melmaiyannu 200°seey. ge bisimaadida nantara anugalu tamma fulerine chakragala mele suttuttiruvaaga munde mattu hinde chalisuttave. nanocar suttalu saadhyavaaguttade ekendare fulerine chakravannu carbon-carbon eka bandhada moolaka alkine "axal" ge alavadisalaaguttade. nereya ingaalada melina jalajanakavu mukta tiruguvikege dodda adachaneyagilla. taapamaanavu saakashtu hecchaadaaga, naalku ingala-ingaalada bandhagalu tiruguttave mattu kaaru suttuttade. kelavomme anuvina kendrabinduvagiruvante chalaneya dikkinalli badalaavanegalu untaaguttave. professor kevin kelli, akkiyalloo saha, anuvannu ess. tii. emm. naa tudiyinda eleyuva moolaka rolling kriyeyannu drudhapadisidaru. swatantra arambhika parikalpana koduge. aanvika "tinkertoy" galinda nirmisalaada nanocar parikalpaneyannu modalu m ninda uhisalaagide.tii. aanvika nano tantragyaanada aidane dooradrushtiya sammelanadalli micheleviz (november 1997). taruvaaya, vistarita aavruttiyannu anireekshita samshoodhaneya itihaasadalli prakatisalaayitu. ee prabandhagalu talamattada drexlarian nano tantragyaanada mitigalu mattu erich drexler avaru yaantrika saadrushyagalannu eshtu doorakke munnadesabahudu embudara parikalpana mitigala kuritaada moolabhoota charchege ashtu gambhiravaada kodugeyagiralilla. ee nanocara parikalpaneya pramukha lakshanavendare ellah aanvika ghatakagala tinkartaaygalu tilidiruva mattu samshleshita anugalaagiddavu (ayyo, kelavu bahala vilakshanavaadavu mattu ittichege kanduhidiyalpattavu, udaa.zii. staffengalu, mattu mukhyavaagi-ferric wheel, 1995), kevala purvabhavi mattu endigoo samshleshisada kelavu drexlarian diamondoid ranchanegalige vyatiriktavagi; mattu ferric chakradalli hudugiruva mattu talaadhaarada ekaroopada athawa samaya-avalambita kantiya kshetradinda chaalitavaada drive system-"chakradalli engine" parikalpane. nano dragster. vishvada atyanta chikka bisi raad endu kareyalaaguva nanodragster, aanvika nyanokarnagide. vinyaasavu hindina nanocar vinyaasagaliginta sudhaarisuttade mattu aanvika yantragalannu rachisuva ondu hejjeyagide. nanocar dragsterge holikeyinda ee hesaru bandide, ekendare adara digbhramegonda chakrada hondaanikeyu mumbhagadalli sanna chakragalondige chikka axal annu mattu himbhagadalli dodda chakragalondige dodda axal annu hondide. nanocar annu rais vishvavidyaalayada richard ii. nalli abhivraddhipadisalaayitu. james tour, kevin kelli mattu adara samshoodhaneyalli todagiruva itara sahodyogigala tandadinda smally institute nanoscale vignaana mattu tantragyaana. hindina nanocar annu abhivraddhipadisiddu 3 rinda 4 nyaanomeetargalaagiddu, idu swalpa hecchu agalavagittu.] dii. enn. aa. yaya ondu ele mattu manavana koodaliginta sumaru 20,000 pattu teluvaagittu. ee nano kaarugalannu ingaalada bakibaalgalannu avugala naalku chakragalaagi nirmisalaayitu mattu avugalannu irisalaagiruva melmaige adannu chalisalu ushnaamshada agatyavittu. mattondede, pii-carborane chakragalannu balasuva nanocar, uruluva badalu manjugaddeya mele jaaruvantide. antaha avalokanagalu eradoo chakragala vinyaasagalannu hondidda nanocarn utpaadanege kaaranavaadavu. nano dragster manavana koodaliginta 50,000 pattu teluvaagiruttade mattu gantege 0.014 millimetergala garishta vegavannu hondiruttade (0.0006 inchu/gumm athawa 3.89 × 10−9 mea/seey). himbhagada chakragalu golaakaarada fulerine anugalu athawa bakibaalgalaagiddu, pratiyondoo aravattu ingaalada paramaanugalinda koodiruttave, ivu chinnada sukshma padaradinda madalpatta dragstripge aakarshisalpaduttave. ee vinyaasavu pravaasada tandakke kadime taapamaanadalli saadhanavannu nirvahisalu anuvu maadikottitu. nano dragster mattu itara nano-yantragalannu vastugalannu sagisalu vinyaasagolisalaagide. ee tantragyaanavannu computer sarkyootgalu mattu electronic ghatakagala tayaarikeyalli athawa manava dehadolagina aushadhigala samyojaneyalli balasabahudu. nanocar samshoodhaneyinda padeda gnaanavu bhavishyadalli parinamakari vegavardhaka vyavasthegalannu nirmisalu sahaaya maaduttade endu pravaasavu uhiside. lohada melmaiyalli naalku chakragala anuvina vidyut chaalita dikkina chalane. kudarnak "mattu itararu."naalku motaru chaalita" "chakragalannu" "hondiruva visheshavaagi vinyasagolisalada anuvannu vivarisalaagide". taamrada melmaiyalli anuvannu sangrahisuva moolaka mattu scanning tunnelling microscopena electraangalinda saakashtu shaktiyannu odagisuva moolaka avaru kelavu anugalannu ondu nirdishta dikkinalli odisalu saadhyavaayitu, kaarinanteye, melmaiyalli adhe dikkinalli chalisuva saamarthyavannu hondiruva modala ekaika anuvagide. asthira electron surangavu rotargalalli rachanaatmaka badalaavanegalannu prachodisuttade mattu taamrada melmaiyalli anuvannu munnadesuttade. pratyeka motaru ghatakagala rotary chalaneya dikkannu badalaayisuva moolaka, swayam-chaalita aanvika 'naalku-chakra' rachaneyu yaadruchchika athawa aadyateya rekheeya pathagalannu anusarisabahudu. ee vinyaasavu hecchu atyaadhunika aanvika yaantrika vyavasthegala anveshanege ondu arambhika hantavannu odagisuttade, bahushah avugala chalaneya dikkina mele sampoorna niyantranavannu hondiruttade. ee vidyut chaalita nanocar annu groningen vishvavidyaalayada rasaayanashaastragna bernard ell avara melvichaaraneyalli nirmisalaagide. zeane-pier savage mattu zhe. feringaarondige nanomotergala melina avara pravartaka kelasakkagi 2016 ralli rasaayanashaastrada nobel prashastiyannu padedaru. fraser stodardt. motor nanocar. samshleshita aanvika motor hondiruva bhavishyada nanocar annu zeane-francois morin mattu itararu abhivraddhipadisiddare."idu carborane chakragalu mattu hagura-chaalita helicine samshleshita aanvika motor annu hondide. motaru bhagavu draavanadalli eka dikkina tiruguvikeyannu pradarshisidaru, melmaiyalli belakina-chaalita chalaneyannu innoo gamanisalagilla. neeru mattu itara dravagalallina chalanasheelateyannu bhavishyadalli aanvika propeller moolaka aritukollabahudu.

nanokar 2005ll rais yooniversittiyil professor jaims toorinte neethrthwathilulla oru samgham roopakalppana cheytha oru thanmathrayaanu nanokar. peru undaayirunnittum, yadhaartha naanokaaril oru molecular motor adangiyittilla, athinaal ithu yadhaarthathil oru kaar allah. pakaram, loha prathalangalil fulreenukal engane neengunnu enna chodyathinu utharam nalkunnathinaanu ithu roopakalppana cheythirikkunnathu; prathyekichum, avaa uruttukayaano slide cheiyukayaano (avaa uruttunnu). chakrangalayi pravartthikkaan naalu konukalil gadippichirikkunna fulreen grouppukalulla echu aakruthiyilulla 'chassis' eee thanmathrayil adangiyirikkunnu. oru swarnna uparithalathil chitharikkidakkumbol, thanmathrakal avayude fulreen grouppukal vazhi uparithalathil gadippikkukayum scanning tunneling microscopy vazhi kandethukayum cheiyunnu. framinte neelam athinte veethiyinekkaal alpam cheruthaanu ennathinaal avayude ooriyanteshan oraalkk oohikkaam. uparithalam 200 digri selshyasilekku choodaakkumbol thanmathrakal avayude fulreen chakrangalil urundupokumbol munnottum pinnotum neengunnu. kaarban-kaarban single bondiloode alkine "axilil" fulren wheel gadippichirikkunnathil naanokaarin chuttikkarangaan kazhiyum. ayal carbonile hydrajan swatantra bhramanathinu valia thadassamalla. thaapanila mathiyaya uyarnnathaanengil, naalu kaarban-kaarban bondukal karangukayum kaar chuttikkarangukayum cheiyunnu. chilappozhokke thanmaathrayude pivottukal maarumbol chalanatthinte disha maarunnu. arikoppamulla professor kevin kellie, ezz. tii. emm.-nte attam upayogichu thanmatra valichukondu rolling aakshan sthireekarichu. swathanthramaaya aadyakaala aashayaparamaaya sambhavana. molecular "tinkertoikal" upayogichu nirmmicha oru nanokar enna ashayam aadyamaayi anumaanichathu m aanu.tii. molecular naano teknolajiyekkurichulla anchaamathe deerghaveekshana sammelanathil michelavics (november 1997). pinneedu, asaadhyamaaya gaveshanangalude charithratthil oru vipuleekritha pathipp prasidheekarichu. bottom-upp drexlarian naano teknolajiyude paridhikalekkurichum eric drexlerinu ethratholam vikasippichedutha mechanical saadrishyangal nadappilakkaan kazhiyumennathinte aashayaparamaaya paridhikalekkurichum oru adisthaana charchaykku eee prabandhangal athra gauravameriya sambhavana nalkiyittillenn karuthappedunnu. eee nanokar aashayathinte pradhana savisheshatha ellah tanmatra ghadaka tinkertoikalum ariyappedukayum thanmaathrakale samanvayippikkukayum cheythu ennathaayirunnu (kashtam, chilath valare vichithravum aduthide kandethiyathumanu, udha.jii. staafaanukal, prathyekichu-ferric wheel, 1995), chila drexlarian diamontoid gadanakalil ninnu vyathyasthamayi, avaa orikkalum samshleshithamallathavayum, oru ferric veelil ulcherthathum oru substratinte asamamaya allengil samayathe aasrayikkunna kaanthikakshethram nayikkunnathumaya drive sisttam-oru "chakratthile enchin" enna ashayam. naano draagstar. lokathile ettavum cheria choodulla vadi ennu vilikkappedunna nanodragstar oru tanmatra nanokar aanu. muun nanokar designukale apekshichu design mechappedukayum tanmatra yanthrangal srishtikkunnathinulla oru chuvaduveppaanithu. naanokaarin dragstarumaayulla saamyam kaaranam, athinte staggered wheel fitmentinu munnil cheria chakrangalum pinnil valia chakrangalulla valia axilum ulla oru cheria axilum undu. rais yooniversittiyile richard iii. yilaanu nanokar vikasippichath. jaims touur, kevin kellie, gaveshanathil earppettirikkunna mattu sahapravarthakar ennivarude samghamaanu smally instittyoott nanoscale sayans aandu teknolaji. munbathe nanokar vikasippichath 3 muthal 4 naanomeettar vareyayirunnu, athu alppam kooduthalaayirunnu.] oru dnaude oru charadum manushya mudiyekkaal 20,000 madangu kanamkuranjathumaayirunnu. kaarban bakkibolukal naalu chakrangalayi upayogichaanu eee naanokaarukal nirmmichirikkunnathu, avaa sthaapicha uparithalathinu athu neekkaan oru thaapanila aavasyamaanu. maruvashathu, pii-carboran chakrangal upayogikkunna oru nanokar urundupokunnathinuparam manjil slideucheyyunnathu pole neengunnu. atharam nireekshanangal iruchakra roopakalppanakalulla naanokaarukalude ulppaadanathilekku nayichu. manushyante mudiyekkaal 50,000 madangu kanamkuranja eee naano draagstarinu manikkooril 0.014 millimeter vegathayundu (0.0006 inch/echu allengil 3.89 × 10−9 meter/seey). pinchakrangal golaakrithiyilulla fulreen thanmathrakalaanu, allengil bakkibolukal, oronnum arupath kaarban attangal chernnathaanu, avaa valare nerttha swarnna paali kondu nirmmicha oru dragstriplake aakarshikkappedunnu. kuranja thapanilayil upakaranam pravarthippikkaan touur teamine eee roopakalppana praapthamakki. nanodragastarum mattu naano mesheenukalum roopakalppana cheythirikkunnathu saadhanangal kondupokunnathil upayogikkunnathinaayaan. computer sarkyoottukalum electronic gadakangalum nirmmikkunnathino manushyashareerathinullile faarmasyoottikkalsukalumaayi samyojippikkunnathino eee saankethikavidya upayogikkaam. nanokar gaveshanathil ninnu labhikkuna arivu bhaviyil kaaryakshamamaya kaattalatik samvidaanangal nirmmikkaan sahayikkumennum touur anumaanichu. oru loha uparithalathil naalu chakra thanmaathrayude vaidyuthamaayi nayikkunna dishasoochana. cudernack "thudangiyava."naalu motorised" "veelukal" "ulla prathyekamaayi roopakalppana cheytha oru thanmatra vivarichu". oru chembu uparithalathil thanmatra nikshepikkukayum oru scanning tunneling microscopinte electronukalil ninnu mathiyaya oorjjam nalkukayum cheiyunnathiloode avarkk chila thanmaathrakale oru kaar pole oru prathyeka dishayilekku nayikkaan kazhinju, oru uparithalathiludaneelam ore dishayil neengaan kazhivulla aadyathe eaka thanmathrayaanu ithu. asthiramaaya electron tunneling rottarukalil roopabhedam varuthukayum oru chembu uparithalathiludaneelam thanmatra nayikkukayum cheiyunnu. vyakthigatha motor yoonittukalude rottari chalanatthinte disha maattunnathiloode, svayam-propelling molecular 'phoor wheeler' gadanaykku kramarahithamo mungananayo aaya rekheeya sanjaarapathangal pinthudaraan kazhiyum. orupakshe avayude chalana dishayil poornnamaaya niyanthranathode kooduthal sankeernamaaya tanmatra mechanical samvidaanangalude paryaveshanathinu eee roopakalppana oru thudakkamaanu nalkunnathu. groningen sarvakalaashaalayile rasathanthranjanaaya bernard ell. yude melnottathilaanu eee vaidyuthiyil pravartthikkunna nanokar nirmmichathu. jeane-piyari savej, jeey ennivaykkoppam nanomottarukalekkurichu pioneering pravarthanangalkku 2016 ll rasathanthrathinulla nobal sammanam labhicha ferringa. fraser stodaartt. motor nanokar. synthetic molecular motorulla bhaaviyile nanokar jeane-francois morin thudangiyavar vikasippicheduthittundu."carborane veelukalum laitt power helisin synthetic molecular motor ithil gadippichirikkunnu. motor bhagam laayaniyil ekadishayilulla bhramanam pradharshippichuvenkilum, oru uparithalathil prakaashathaal nayikkappedunna chalanam ithuvare nireekshikkappettilla. bhaviyil oru molecular propeller vazhi vellathileyum mattu draavakangalileyum chalanathmakatha saakshaathkarikkaanum kazhiyum.

nanocar nanocar haah 2005 saalee tandul vidyapithat pradhyapak james tour yanchya netrutvakhalil gatane tayar kelela renu aahe. naav asoonahi, mool nanocarmadhye aanvik motor nasate, mhanoon tee kharokhar qaar nahee. tyaeivaji, fulrin dhatuchya prushthbhagavar kase firatat yaa prashnache uttar denyasathi tyachi rachana karnyat aalee hotee; visheshtah, teey sarakatat qee sarakatat (teey sarakatat). renumadhye etch-aakarache 'chesis' asate, jyat chaar kopyanvar fulrin gut jodale jaatat aanee chaak mhanoon kaam karatat. jevha sonyachya prushthbhagavar vikhurale jaatat, tevha renu tyanchya fulrin gatandware prushthbhagala jodale jaatat aanee scanning tunneling microscopydware shodhale jaatat. chaukatichi lambi tyachya rundipeksha thodi qamee asalyane tyanchi disha samajoo shakato. prushthbhag 200°seey. paryant garam kelyavar renu tyanchya fulrin "chake" varr saraktana pudhe aanee mage sarakatat. nanocar firanyas saksham aahe kaaran fulrin chaak carbon-carbon ekal bandhadvare alkine "excel" laa basavale jaate. shejarchya karbanvareel hydrogen haah mukt firanyasathi motha adthala nahee. jevha tapman purese jaast asate, tevha chaar carbon-carbon bandh firatat aanee qaar firat jaate. kadhikadhi renuche kendrabindu badalat asatana halchalichi disha badalate. professor kevin kelee yanni, bhatavar dekhil, ess. tii. emm. chya tokane renu khechoon, rolling krutichi pushti kelee. swatantra prarambhik sankalpanatmak yogdan. aanvik "tinkertoy" pasoon tayar kelelya nanocarchi sankalpana pratham m dware gruheet dharali gelee.tii. aanvik nanoe tantradnyanavaril pachvya doordrashti parishadet (november 1997) myclevies. tyanantar, eka vistarit aavrutti 'ennals auph improbable research' madhye prakashit jhaali. tall-varr drexlerian nanoe tantradnyanachya maryada aanee erich drexlerdware kitee pudhe nele gelele yantrik sadrushya kele jaau shakatat yachya sankalpanatmak maryadanvaril moolbhut vadavivadat heey shodhanibandh itake gambhir yogdan denar naheet asey manale jaat hote. yaa nanocar sankalpaneche mahattvache vaishishtya mhanje serve aanvik ghatak tinkertoy dnyat aanee sanshleshit renu hote (durdaivane, kahee atishay videshi aanee nuktech shodhale gele, udaa.jee. staffen, aanee visheshtah-ferrick vheel, 1995), kahee drexlerian diamendoid sanrachananchya ulat jeey keval gruheet dharale gele hote aanee kadhihi sanshleshit kele gele navhate; aanee ferrick chakamadhye antarbhut asaleli aanee tharanchya asamaroop kinwa velevar avalambun asalelya chumbakeey kshetradvare chalavali jaanari drive pranali-eka 'chakatil engine' sankalpana. nanodragster. jagatil sarvat lahan garam rodd mhanoon olakhala jaanara nanodragster haah eka aanvik nanocar aahe. mageel nanocar designchya tulanet rachana sudharate aanee aanvik yantre tayar karnyachya dishene takalele heey eka paul aahe. nanocarche naav dragstershee asalelya samyavarun aale aahe, kaaran tyachya asthir chakanchya fitmentmadhye samoril chakanmadhye lahan chakansah lahan excel aanee mageel chakanmadhye mothya excels motha excel asato. nanocar haah tandul vidyapithachya richard eae. yethe vikasit karnyat aala hota. james tour, kevin kelee aanee tyachya sanshodhanat sahbhagi asalelya itar sahkanyanchya chamoone smally institute nanoscale vidnyan aanee tantradnyan. purvi vikasit kelela nanocar 3 teey 4 nanometer hota joou rundipeksha thoda jaast hota.] dii. aine. aii. chaa eka bhag aanee manvi kesanpeksha sumare 20,000 putt patal hota. yaa nanoe qaar carbon buckyballs tyanchi chaar chake mhanoon bandhalya gelya hotya aanee jyaa prushthbhagavar tyaa thevalya gelya hotya, tyaa prushthbhagala halavanyasathi tapman aavashyak hote. dusarikade, pii-carboren chake vaparnara nanocar, sarkanyaivaji barfavar sarakato asey chalato. asha nirikshananmule nanoe karche utpadan jhaale jyat donhi chakee rachana hotya. nanodragster manvi kesanpeksha 50,000 putt patal asato aanee tyacha kamal veg 0.014 millimeter prati taas (0.0006 inch/taas kinwa 3.89 × 10−9 meater/sekand) asato. mageel chake golakar fulrin renu kinwa buckyball asatat, jeey pratyeki saath carbon anoonni banalele asatat, jeey sonyachya agadi bareek tharane banalelya dragstripkade aakarshit hotat. yaa rachanene tourchya chamoola qamee tapmanat upkaran chalavanyas dekhil saksham kele. nanodragster aanee itar nanoe-yantre vastoonchya vahatukisathi vaparnyasathi tayar kelee aahet. tantradnyanacha vapar sanganak paripath aanee electronic ghatakanchya nirmitimadhye kinwa manvi shariratil aushadhanchya sanyogane keela jaau shakato. nanocar sanshodhanatun milanare dnyan bhavishyat karyaksham utprerak pranali tayar karnyas madat karel assa andajahi yaa dauyane vartavala. dhatuchya prushthbhagavar chaar chakee renuchi vidyut chalit dishatmak gatee. kudernak "aanee itar."chaar motoryukt" "chake" "asalelya vishesh rachanechya renuche varnan kele". renu tambyachya prushthbhagavar jamaa karoon aanee scanning tunnelling microscopechya electronmadhun tyanna pureshi urja pradan karoon teey kahee renunna eka vishisht dishene chalvu shakale, agadi karpramanech, pahila ekal renu asalyane prushthbhagavar tyach dishene pudhe jaanyas saksham. asthir electron bogadi rotarmadhye sanrachanatmak badal ghadavun aanate aanee renula tambyachya prushthbhagavar chalavate. vaiyaktik motor unitschya firatya gatichi disha badaloon, swayam-chaalan aanvik 'chaar chakee' rachana yadruchchik kinwa pradhanyane resheey marganche anusaran karoo shakate. hii rachana adhik atyadhunik aanvik yantrik pranalinchya shodhasathi eka prarambhik bindu pradan karate, kadachit tyanchya gatichya dishene sampoorn niyantranasah. vidyut chalit nanocar heey groningen vidyapithatil rasayanshastradnya bernard ell. yanchya dekharekhikhali bandhanyat aale hote. jeane-piyare soways aanee jeey. saha nanomotervaril tyanchya agraganya karyasathi 2016 madhye rasayanshastratil nobel puraskarane sanmanit jhalelya ferringa. fraser stoddart. motor nanocar. jeane-francois morin aanee itaranni krutrim aanvik motors bhavishyatil nanocar vikasit kele aahe."tyat carboren chake aanee prakash-chalit helicin krutrim aanvik motor basavaleli aahe. jaree motorcha bhag dravanat eka-dishatmak paribhraman darshavit asala, taree prushthbhagavaril prakash-chalit gatee adyap pahili gelee nahee. bhavishyat aanvik pranodkadware paanee aanee itar dravpadarthanmadhil gatishilata dekhil lakshat yeu shakate.

nanokar nyanokar professor james turko netritwama raheko samuhale 2005 maa rais vishwavidyalayama design gareko anu how. namko bawajud, muel nanokarma anawik motor samawesh chhaina, tyasaile, yo wastawma carr hoina. baru, yo dhatuko satahaharuma fularinharu kasari sarchhan bhanne prashnako jawaf dina design garieko thiyo; vishesh gari, tiniharu roll wa slide (tiniharu roll). anuma etch-akarko 'chesis' hunchha jasma chaar kunama purnarini samuhaharu pangrako rupma karya garna sanlagna hunchhan. sunko satahama chharinda, anuharu tiniharuko fulerin samuhaharu marfat satahama sanlagna hunchhan rar scanning tunnelling microscopy marfat patta lagainchha. frameko lambai yasako chaudaibhanda alie chhoto bhaekale tiniharuko abhimukhikaran anuman garna sakinchha. satahalai 200 degree celciusma tato garepachhi anuharu agadi rar pachhadi sarchhan jab tiniharu afno fulerin "pangra" maa ghumchhan. nanokar waripari ghumna saksham chha kinbhane fulerin pangra carbon-carbon ekal bandhanko madhyambata alkine "excel" maa fitt garieko chha. chhimeki carbonma hydrogen mukta ghurnanma kunai thulo badha hoina. jab tapakram paryapta uccha hunchha, chaar carbon-carbon bandhanharu ghumchhan rar carr waripari ghumchha. kahilekaahin molecule paibhatsako rupma gatishiltako disha pariwartan hunchha. professor kebhin kelile pani bhatma, stmko tuppole anu tandai rolling karyako pushti gareka thie. swatantra prarambhik awadharanatmak yogdan. anawik "tinkertoy" batt baneko nanokarko awadharanalai pahilo patak emdwara parikalpana garieko thiyo.tea. anawik nano technology (november 1997) maa panchaun duradarshita sammelanma michaelweiss. pachhi, ek wistarit sanskaran asambhawa anusandhanko itihasma prakashit bhayo. yee kagajatharu buttom-up drexlerian nano technologyko simaharu rar erich drexlerdwara unnat yantrik samanataharu kati tadhasamma garna sakinchha bhanne awadharanatmak simaharuma maulik bahasma tyati gambhir yogdan nabhaeko manieko thiyo. yass nanokar awadharanako mahatwapurna visheshta yo tathya thiyo kii sabai anawik ghatak tinkertoyharu gyat thie rar sanshleshit anuharu thie (durbhagyawas, kehi dherai videshi rar bharkharai patta lagaieko, e.zee. stafenharu, rar vishesh gari-ferric pangra, 1995), kehi drexlerian diamendoid sanrachanaharuko viparit june kewal purwanirdharit thie rar kahilyai sanshleshit bhaenan; rar drive pranali june ferric pangrama imbed garieko thiyo rar substrateko asamarup wa samaya-nirbhar chumbakiya kshetradwara sanchalit thiyo-ek "pangrama injin" awadharana. nanodragster. wishwako sabaibhanda sano tato rudd bhanine nanodragster euta anawik nanokar how. designle aghillo nanokar designharuma sudhar gardacha rar anawik messinharu sirjana garne dishama ek kadam how. naam nanokarko dragstersanga mildojuldo chha, kinki yasako asthira pangra fitmentma agadi sanah pangraharu rar pachhadi thula pangraharu bhaeko thulo akshako sath chhoto aksha hunchha. nanokar rais universityko richard ima wiksit garieko thiyo. james tour, kebhin kelly rar yasako anusandhanma sanlagna anya sahakarmiharuko tolidwara smally institute nanoscale vigyan rar prawidhi. aghillo wiksit nanokar 3 dekhi 4 nanometer thiyo june thorai bhanda badhi thiyo [ko chaudai?] dieneko euta strand rar manav kapalbhanda lagbhag 20,000 guna patlo thiyo. yee nyanokarharu carbon bakibalharu chaar pangrako rupma nirman garieko thiyo, rar june satahama tiniharulai rakhieko thiyo yasalai sarnako lagi tapman awashyak thiyo. arkotarf, pee-carboren pangra prayog garne nanokar lukne satta barafma slide garne jasto chalcha. tyasta awalokanharule nyanokarharuko utpadan nimtyayo jasma duwai pangra designharu thie. nanodragster manav kapalbhanda 50,000 guna patlo hunchha rar yasako uccha gati 0.014 millimeter prati ghanta (0.0006 inn/ghanta wa 3.89 × 10−9 mitter/second) hunchha. pachhadika pangraharu golakar fulerin anuharu, wa bakibalharu hun, pratyek 60 carbon paramanuharule baneko hunchha, june sunko dherai ramro tahale baneko dragstripma akarshit hunchha. yass designle turko tolilai cum tapkramma upkaran sanchalan garna saksham banayo. nanodragster rar anya nano-messinharu wastuharuko dhuwanima prayogka lagi design garieko how. yo prawidhi computer circuit rar electronic componentharu nirman garna wa manav sharira bhitra pharmaceuticalsko sanyojanma prayog garna sakinchha. nanokar anusandhanbata prapta gyanle bhavishyama kushal utprerak pranali nirman garna maddat garne anuman pani turle gareko chha. dhatuko satahama chaar-pangra anuko vidyutiya rupma sanchalit dishatmak gati. kudernak "att all."vishesh rupma design garieko anu warnan gariyo jasma chaar motoryukta" "pangra" "chhan. tamako satahama anu jamma garera rar scanning tunnelling microscopeko electronharubata paryapta urja pradan garera tiniharule kehi anuharulai ek wishishta dishama chalauna saksham bhae, dherai carr jastai, pahilo ekal anu satahama saman dishama sarna saksham thiyo. asthira electron tunnelingle rotterharuma sanrachanatmak pariwartanharu nimtyaunchha rar tamako satahama anuharulai agadi badhaunchha. wyaktigat motor ekaiharuko rotary gatiko disha pariwartan garera, atma-pranodak anawik 'chaar-pangre' sanrachanale aniyamit wa adhimanatah raikhik prakshepawakraharu pachhyauna sakchha. yass designle adhik parishkrit anawik mechanical pranaliharuko anweshanka lagi ek suruwat bindu pradan gardacha, sayed tiniharuko gatiko dishama purna niyantranko sath. yo vidyutiya rupma sanchalit nanokar groningen vishwavidyalayaka rasayanshastri bernard elko paryawekshanma nirman garieko thiyo. feringalai zin-piyare sawej rar jey sanga milera nanomoterharuma unko agragami karyaka lagi 2016 maa rasayanshastrako nobel puraskar pradan garieko thiyo. fraser stoddart. motor nanokar. synthetic anawik motorko sath bhawishyako nanokar zin-francois morin "att all" dwara wiksit garieko chha."yo carboren pangra rar halka-sanchalit helicine synthetic anawik motorle susajjit chha. yadyapi motorko anshale samadhanma ek dishatmak ghurnan pradarshan garyo, satahama prakash-sanchalit gati ajhai awalokan huna sakeko chhaina. pani rar anya taral padarthaharuma gatishilta bhavishyama anawik propellerdwara pani mahasus garna sakinchha.

nanokara nanokara heuchhi eka anu jaahaa 2005 ray raisa biswabidyalajare professor james turanka netrutware eka gosthi dwara design karajaithila . naama satwe, moola nanokarare kaunasi anabika motor naahin, tenu ehaa prakrutare eka carr nuhen. barang, dhataba prusthare fulerin kipari gati kare, bisesh curry, segudika ghurnana heu kimba slide heu (segudika ghurnana heu), ehi prashnara uttara deba paain ehaa parikalpana karajaithila. anuti eka echa-aakrutira 'chassis' ray gathita, jeunthire chaari konare fulerin group sanlagna hoi chakia bhabare karjya kare . jetebele eka suna prusthare bichhurita hue, anugudika semanankara fulerin gosthi madhyamare nijaku prustha sahita sanlagna karanti ebong scanning tanelinga microscopy madhyamare chinhat huanti . framer lumb ehara osara thaaru tike chhot hoithibaru ehara abhimukhya anumana karajaipariba. prusthaku 200 degree celsius parjyanta garam kariba parey anugudika semanankara fulerin "chakia" upare ghuriba samajare aagaku ebong pachaku gati karanti . nanocarti ghuriba paain sakhyama kaaran fulerin chakiati eka carbon-carbon ekaka bandhan madhyamare alkine "axel" ray fitt hoithae . padoshi carbon upare thiba hydrogen mukta ghurnana paain kaunasi budd pratibandhaka nuhen . jetebele tapmatra yathesta adhika hoithae, setebele charoti carbon-carbon bandhan ghurithae ebong karati ghuripharithae. belebele anura kendrabindu heba sahita gatipathara diga badalithae . professor kebhin kelly, jaahaa madhya chaula upare, ess. tii. emm. rahr agrabhaga sahita anuku taani ehi roling kriya nischita karithile. swadheena prarambhika dharanagata yogdan. anabika "tinkarataja" ru nirmita eka nanokarer dharana prathame m dwara anumana karajaithila .tii. anabika nano technology upare pancham dooradrustisampana sammilaneere michelwicz (navember 1997). parabarti samajare, eka samprasarita sanskarana 'annals off improbable research' ray prakashita hoithila. tala-upara drexleriah nano technologyra seema ebong erich drexleranka dwara kete doora jantrika sadrushya karjyakaree karajaipariba tahar dharanagata seema upare eka moulika bitarkare ehi kagajapatragudika eka gurutara yogdan nuhen bolly anumana karajauthila . ehi nanokara dharanara gurutwapurna baisistya heuchhi je samasta anabika upadan tinkaratai janashuna ebong sanshleshita anu (duhkhara bishai, kichhi ati bideshi ebong nikatare aabiskruta, udaa.jii. staffen, ebong bisesh curry-ferric huil, 1995), keteka drexleriah dimondoid sanrachana jaahaa kebala anumana karajaithila ebong kadapi sanshleshita hoinathila; ebong drive system jaahaa eka ferric huilare jadita thila ebong eka substrator asama kimba samai-nirbharashila chumbakiah khetra dwara parichalita-eka "eka chakiaare injin" dharana . nanodragster. nanodragster, jaahaaku biswara sabutharu chhot garam rudd bolly kuhajae, eka anabika nanokara . purbabarti nanokara design tulanare ehi designre unnati hoichhi ebong ehaa anabika messin srusti digare eka padakhyepa. ehi namati nanokarra dragster sahita sadrushyaru aasichhi, kaaran ehara staggard huil fitamentare eka chhot excel rahichhi jeunthire samnare chhot chakia ebong pachare budd chakia sahita eka budd excel rahichhi. dhaana biswabidyalajara richard ee. ray nanokara bikashita hoithila. james tour, kebhin kelly ebong ehara gabeshanare jadita anya sahakarmeemananka dala dwara smally institute nanoscale bigyana ebong prajuktibidya . purba bikashita nanokara 3 ru 4 nanometer thila jaahaa [kete chauda?] dii. enn. aii. rahr eka strand ebong manab kesh tulanare praiah 20,000 guna patala thila . ehi nanokaragudika carbon bakibalgudiku semanankara chaari chakia bhabe nei nirmita hoithila, ebong jeun prusthare segudiku rakhajaithila, taahaaku gatishila kariba paain tapmatra 1.00 degree aabasyaka heuthila. anyapakhyare, pii-carboren chakia byabahara karuthiba eka nanokara ghurnajamana heba paribarte baraf upare khasijaithiba pari gati kare . ebhali parjyabekhyanagudika ubhaja chakia design thiba nanokar utpadanaku aagei neithila. nanodragster manab kesh tulanare 50,000 guna patala ebong ehara sarbadhika bega ghanta prati <aai. dii. 1> millimeter (<aai. dii. 2> inn/ghanta kimba 3.89 × 10−9 mea/second). pacha chakiagudika golakara fulerin anu, kimba bakibal, pratyeka shathie carbon paramanu dwara gathita, jaahaa eka dragg strip prati akarshita hue jaahaa eka ati sukshma suna stara dwara gathita . ehi design bhramanara dalaku comm tapamatrare upakaranaku parichalana karibaku sakhyama karithila. nanodragster ebong anyanya nano-mesinagudika samagri paribahanare byabahara paain design karajaichi . ehi prajuktiku computer circuit ebong electronic upadan utpadanare kimba manab sharira bhitare pharmaceuticals sahita sanjogare byabahara karajaipariba . ehi gasta madhya anumana karithila je nanokara gabeshanaru prapta gyaana bhabishyatare dakhya utpreraka pranali nirmana karibare sahajya kariba. eka dhaatu prusthare eka chaari-chakia anura baidyutika parichalita diggata gati . kudarnak "ebong anyamane."eka swatantra bhabare design hoithiba anuku barnana karichhi jeunthire charoti motorjukta" "chakia" "achhi . eka tamra prusthare anuku jamaa curry ebong eka scanning tunneling microscoper electronaru parjyapta shakti pradan curry semane kichhi anuku eka nirdista digare chalaibare sakhyama hoithile, eka carr pari, pratham ekaka anu bhabare eka prusthare samaana digare gati karibaku sakhyama . asthira electron tunneling rotargudikare gathanamulaka paribartanaku prabartaithae ebong anuku eka tamba prusthare aagei nie . byaktigata motor unitor ghurnana gatira diga paribartana curry, swajang-chalita anabika 'chaari-chakia' sanrachana jadruchhika kimba pradhanyapurna bhabare raikhika gatipath anusarana karipariba . ehi design adhika atyadhunika anabika jantrika pranalira anusandhana paain eka prarambhika bindu pradan kare, bodhahue semanankara gati diga upare sampurna nijantrana sahita . ehi bidyuta chalita nanokara groningena rasayan bigyani bernard ell. nka tatwabadhanare nirmita hoithila. pheringa, jieki zin-pier sawej ebong jay. nka sahita nanomotor upare tankara agrani karjya paain 2016 ray rasayan bigyana paain nobel puraskara pradan karajaithila. fraser stodard. motor nanokara. zin-phrankois morin ebong anyamane eka synthetic anabika motor sahita eka bhabisyata nanokara bikashita karichanti."ethire carboren chakia ebong haluka shakti chalita helicine synthetic molecular motor rahichhi. jadio motorer ansha drabanare ekmukhi ghurnana pradarshan kare, prusthare aloka-parichalita gati eparjyanta parjyabekhyana karajai naahin . bhabishyatare eka anabika pranodaka dwara jala ebong anyanya tarala padarthare gatisheelata madhya anubhaba karajaipariba .

nanocar nanocar ikk anoo haii joe 2005 witch raees university witch professor james tour dee agvai vaale ikk samooh duaara tiaar keeta giaa see. naam dey bavjood, mool nanocar witch anoo motor naheen haii, iss laee, ih asal witch ikk qaar naheen haii. iss dee bajaae, iss swal daa jawab denh laee tiaar keeta giaa see kii dhaat deeaan satahan 'teey fulreen kiven chalde hunn; khaas taur' teey, qee uh roll karde hunn jaan slide karde hunn (uh roll karde hunn). anoo witch ikk aich-aakaar dee 'chassy' hundi haii jiss witch chaar koniaan utte chakkran vajon kamm curran laee jude fullreen samooh hunde hunn. jadon sone dee satah utte khindaye jaande hunn, taan anoo aapne poore samoohan raahin aapne aap noon satah naal jodade hunn atey scanning tunneling microscopy duaara khoj keete jaande hunn. koee vee uhanan dey rujhan daa andaza lagaa sakda haii kiunki frame dee lambai iss dee chaudai naalon thodhi chhoti haii. satah noon 200 digri celsius takk garam curran 'teey anoo agge atey pichhe vadhade hunn kiunki uh aapne fulreen "pahiye"' teey ghumde hunn. nanocar ghumman dey yog hunda haii kiunki fulreen chakkar ikk carbon-carbon single baand raahin alkine "aiksal" witch fitt hunda haii. guandhi carbon utte hydrogen mukat rotation witch koee vaddi rukawat naheen haii. jadon tapman kaafi uccha hunda haii, taan chaar carbon-carbon bandhan ghumde hunn atey qaar ghumdi haii. anoo dey dhuriaan dey roop witch kadey-kadey gatee dee disha badaldi haii. professor kevin callie neey vee chawal 'teey, stm dey sire naal anoo noon khich keey, rolling action dee pushti keeti see. sutantar shuruati sankalpi yogdan. anoo "tinkertoys" toon baney ikk nanocar dee dharna noon sabh toon pahilan m duaara anumanat keeta giaa see.tii. anoo naino technology (navambar 1997) utte panjvin durandeshi conferences witch michelevics. baad witch, ikk vistrit sanskaran asambhav khoj dey itihaas witch prakashit keeta giaa see. ih pepran noon hethle-uppar drakeslerian naino technology deeaan seemavan atey sankalpi seemavan baare ikk buniaadi bahis witch inna gambhir yogdan naheen manniaa jaanda see kii erik drakeslayer duaara kinni door takk yantrik samantavan noon agge vadhaiaa jaa sakda haii. iss nanocar sankalap dee mahattavpuran visheshta ih tatth see kii saare anoo hisse dey tinkertoy jaane jaande sunn atey anuaan noon sanshleshit karde sunn (afsos dee gall haii, kujh bahut hii videshi atey siraf haal hii witch khoj keete gaye sunn, e.jee. staffen, atey vishesh taur 'teey-ferrick wheel, 1995), kujh drakeslerian diamondide dhanchiaan dey ulat joe siraf sway-anumanat sunn atey kadey sanshleshit naheen keete gaye sunn; atey drive system joe ikk ferrick chakkar witch shamal keeta giaa see atey ikk ghataona dey asamroop jaan samein-nirbhar chumbki khetar duaara chalaiaa jaanda see-ikk "injan ikk chakkar witch" sankalap. nanodragster. naino dragster, jiss noon dunia dee sabh toon chhoti garam dundy kiha jaanda haii, ikk anoo nanocar haii. design pichle nanocar design witch sudhar karda haii atey anoo machines banaun vall ikk kadam haii. ih naam nanocar dee ikk dragster naal samanta toon aaiaa haii, kiunki iss dey asthir chakkar fitment witch ikk chhota aiksal hunda haii jiss dey sahmane chhote chakkar hunde hunn atey pichhe vadde chakkar dey naal ikk vadda aiksal hunda haii. nanocar noon raees university dey richard ee vikhe vikast keeta giaa see. samali institute nanoscale science aind technology dee team duaara james tour, kevin callie atey iss dee khoj witch shamal horr sahiyogiaan duaara. pichla nanocar 3 toon 4 nanometer see joe kii [dee chaudai] toon thodah vaddh see?] dee. ainn. aii. daa ikk hissa atey manukkhi vaalan naalon lagbhag 20,000 gunna patla see. ih nanocar carbon bakibal naal aapne chaar pahiaan dey roop witch banaae gaye sunn, atey jiss satah utte uhanan noon rakkhiaa giaa see, uss noon hilaun laee tapman dee zaroorat see. dooje paase, ikk nanocar jiss witch pee-carboren chakkran dee varton keeti jaandi haii, uh rolling dee bajaae baraf utte khisakda haii. ajihe nirikhanan neey naino qaar dey utpadan noon janam ditta jiss witch doven chakkar design sunn. naino dragster manukkhi vaalan naalon 50,000 gunna patla hunda haii atey iss dee sikhar dee gatee 0.014 millimeter pratee ghanta (0.0006 inch/ghanta jaan 3.89 × 10−9 meeter/saii) hundi haii. pichle chakkar golakar fulreen anoo jaan bakibal hunde hunn, joe harek sathh carbon parmanuaan naal baney hunde hunn, joe sone dee ikk bahut hii vadhiaa parat naal bnee ikk dragstrip vall aakarshit hunde hunn. iss design neey tour dee team noon ghatt tapman 'teey upkaran noon chalaun dey yog vee banaiaa. naino dragster atey horr naino-machines noon vastan dee dhoa-dhuaai witch varton laee tiaar keeta giaa haii. iss takneek dee varton computer circut atey electronic hissiaan dey nirman witch jaan manukkhi sareer dey ander pharmaceutical dey naal keeti jaa sakadi haii. tour neey ih vee andaza lagaiaa kii nanocar khoj toon prapat giaan bhavikh witch kushal utprerak pranaliaan dey nirman witch sahaita karega. ikk dhaat dee satah utte ikk chaar-chakkar anoo dee bijli naal sanchalit dishawi gatee. kudernak "atey horr."ikk vishesh taur utte design keete anoo daa varnan keeta jiss witch chaar motor vaale" "chakkar" "hunn. anoo noon ikk tambe dee satah utte jamhan karke atey uhanan noon ikk scanning tunneling microscope dey electronan toon lodindi ooraj pardan karke uh kujh anuaan noon ikk khaas disha witch chalaun dey yog sunn, bahut kujh ikk qaar dee tarahan, pahila single anoo honn dey naate ikk satah utte use disha witch chalde rahinn dey samrath. inalestic electron tunnel rotaran witch anukool tabdiliaan noon prerit kardi haii atey anoo noon ikk tambe dee satah utte agge vadhaundi haii. viaktigat motor ikaiaan dee rotari gatee dee disha noon badal keey, sway-propelling anoo 'chaar-pahiaa' banatar betartibe jaan tarjihi taur 'teey rekhik transactoryan daa paalan qarr sakadi haii. ih design vadhere aadhunik anoo mechanical pranaliaan dee khoj laee ikk shuruati bindu pardan karda haii, shayed uhanan dee gatee dee disha utte poora niyantaran dey naal. ih bijli naal challan vaala nanocar university aaf groningen chemist bernard ail dee nigrani heth banaiaa giaa see. ferringa, jinhan noon jeane-peear savage atey jey. naal nanomotran utte unhan dey mohri kamm laee 2016 witch rasayan vigiaan laee nobal puraskar naal sanmanit keeta giaa see. fraser staudtart. motor nanocar. ikk synthetic anoo motor dey naal ikk bhavikh daa nanocar jeane-francois morin atey horaan duaara vikast keeta giaa haii."ih carboren pahiye atey ikk halke-sanchalit helicine synthetic anoo motor naal lais haii. halanki motor daa hissa ghol witch ikk-dishawi ghumman noon pradarshit karda haii, parr ikk satah utte parkash-sanchalit gatee daa nirikhan keeta jaanha baaki haii. paanee atey horr taral padarthan witch gatishilta noon bhavikh witch ikk anoo propeller duaara vee mahisus keeta jaa sakda haii.

nanokar nanokar iti anuhu 2005 tame varshe tandulavishvavidyaalaye praadhyaapakasy james-tour ityasya netrutve samuhena parikalpitah. naam satsu api moolena nanokar-madhye aanwik-motor naa asti, ataha vastutah etat kaar-yaanam naa asti. apitu, dhaatuprushteshu fullerines katham gatim kurvanti iti prashnasya uttarartham etat parikalpitam aasit; visheshatah, te urukanti vaa slide (te urukanti) vaa iti. anuve echa-aakaarasy 'chesee' bhavati, yatra chakrarupena karyam kartum chaturna kone poorna-samoohah samlagnah bhavati. yadaa suvarnaprushthe vikshiptam bhavati tadaa anuhu swasyaah fulerine-samoohaih prushtabhaagena saha samlagnam bhavanti, scanning-tunling-macroscopy-dwara cha dnyaatum shaknuvanti. tasya vistaarasya apekshayaa frame-dirghata alpaa bhavati iti karanat tasya abhimukheekaranam dnyaatum shakyate. prushtabhaagam 200 mase. yaavat ushnam krutvaa anuhu fulareen-chakreshu parikramayan agre pashchadeem cha gacchanti. nanokar-chakram paribhramayitum shaknoti yatah fulareen-chakram carbon-carbon-ekabandhasya madhyamena alkain "axil" ityanena saha yojyate. samipasthasya carbon-ityasya upari sthitah hadrogen-padarthah mukta-paribhramanasy krute mahatee baadhaa naasti. yadaa taapamaanam paryaaptam bhavati tadaa chatwaarah carbon-carbon-bandhaah paribhramanti, kaar-yaanaani cha paribhramanti. yadaa yadaa anavah kendrabinduhu bhavanti tadaa gatihi dishaya parivartate. pradhyapakaha kevin kelee ityanena api tandulasya vishaye ess. tii. emm. ityasya agrabhagena anum taan krutvaa, rolling-kriyayaha pushtihi abhavat. swatantrah prarambhikakalpanatmakah yogadaanah. aanwik-"tinkertoys" ityanena nirmitasya nanokar ityasya avadharana prathamam m ityanena parikalpitaa aasit.tea. aanawik-naano-praudyogikeevishaye panchame duradarshita-sammelane mclevics (1997 november). tadanantaram, ekam vistrutam samskaranam akalpaniya-samshodhanasya vruttaante prakaashitam. ete patraani, buttom-up-drexlerian-naano-technology ityasya simasam vishaye moolabhoot-vaadavivaade, rikk-drexler ityanena kiyat unnataani yantrika-saadrushyaani nishpaadyante iti avadhaaranaatmak-simasam cha atra gambheeram yogadam naa iti manyate sma. asya nanokar-parikalpanayaha mahattvapoornam lakshanm etat aasit yat sarvaani aanwik-ghatakaani tinkertoy-dhaatuh dnyaataani samshleshitaani cha anuhu aasan (durbhagyataya, kechan atyantam vilakshanaah, sadyah eva aavishkrutaah cha, udaa.jii. staffens, visheshatayaa-ferric-wheel, 1995), keshuchit drexlerian-damondoid-samrachanaah, ye kevalam purvanirdharitani, kadaapi samshleshitaani naa aasan, tathaa cha ferk-wheel madhye antarnirmitam, substrate ityasya asamaroop-athavaa samay-nirbhar-chumbakeeyakshetren chaalit-drave-pranaali-"chakrasya injin" iti avadhaaranaayaah vipareetam. nanodragster. vishvasya laghutamam ushna-dandam iti namna khyaatam nanodragster, ekaha aanwik-nyanokar asti. purvatananam nanokar-vinyasanam apekshayaa asya vinyaasasya unnatihi bhavati, tathaa cha aanwik-yantranam nirmanasya dishayam etat ekam sopaanam asti. naam nanokar ityasya dragster ityanena saha saadrushyaat asti, yatah tasya asthirachakrasya fitment ityasya laghutaram aaxal asti, yasya agrabhaage laghuchakraani santi, tathaa cha prushtabhaage bruhat chakraani cha santi. nanokar iteedam rais-vishvavidyaalayasya richard-ee ityatra vikasitam. smally institute nanoscale vidnyaanam tathaa praudyogikee james tour, kevin kelee tathaa anyaih samshodhaneshu samlagnaih sahakarmibhihi cha daladwara prasthaapitam. poorvam vikasitah nanokar-padarthah 3 taha 4 nanometer yaavat aasit, yah [asya prasthehe] apekshayaa alpaha aasit.] dee. enn. e. ityasya ekaha strand, tathaa cha maanav-keshasya apekshayaa praayah 20,000 gunitam patalam aasit. ete nyanokar-yaanaani carbon-bakibal-ityetaih chatushkonaih nirmitaani aasan, tathaa cha yasyaah prushthe te sthaapitaah aasan, tatt gatim praaptum taapamaanam aavashyakam aasit. aparam, pee-carboren-chakraan upayujyamaanah nanokar-yaanah, urukataam naa tu himasya upari patitah iva gatim karoti. etaadrushaah nireekshanaani nanokar-yananam utpaadanam krutavantah, yeshu ubhayachakr-vinyaasaah aasan. nanodragster maanavasya keshasya apekshayaa 50,000 gunitam patalam bhavati tathaa cha tasya adhikatamagatih pratighantaam 0.014 millimeter (0.0006 inn/haha athavaa 3.89 × 10−9 mee/se) bhavati. prushtachakraani golakarani fulareen-anuhu, athavaa bakibal-ityetaani santi, ye pratyekam shashta-carbon-paramaanubhih nirmeeyante, ye suvarnasya sukshma-staren nirmeeyamaanasy dragg-strip prati aakarshitaah bhavanti. anena vinyaasen paryatanasy dalam api nyoon-tapamatrayam yantrasya sanchaalanam kartum samartham abhavat. nanodragster tathaa anye nyanokarmikaha cha vastoonaam parivahanaartham upayoktum parikalpitaah santi. tantrajnaanasya upayogah sanganak-paripathanam, vidyunmaan-ghatakam cha nirmaaneshu, athavaa maanavashareerasy antah aushadha-padaarthaih saha samyogena vaa kartum shakyate. nanokar-samshodhanaat praaptam gyaanam bhavishye daksha-utpreraka-pranalinam nirmaane sahayyam karishyati iti api paryatanam anumanyata. dhaatuprushthe chatushkoneeyasy anunah vidyudvaahitaha dishaatmakagatih. kudarnaak "ityaadi."ekaha vishesharoopen parikalpitah anuhu varnitah yasya chaturnam yantrika-chakranam cha asti. taamraprushthe anum nikshiptvaa, scanning-tunling-macroscope ityasya electron-dwara paryaaptam shakttim pradaatum, te keshaanchan anunam vishishtam dishaam, kaar-sadrusham, chalayitum samarthah abhavan, prathamah ekala-anuhu aasit yah prushtasya upari samaan-dishaayaam nirantaram gatim kartum samarthah aasit. asthira-lactron-tunneling rotors madhye samrachanaatmakaparivartanaani prerepayati, tathaa cha anum taamraprushtam paritah praavartayati. vyaktigata-motaaru-ekakanam paribhramana-gati-dishaam parivartayitvaa, swa-pranodita-aanwik-'chatushkoneey-' samrachanaa yaadrucchikam vaa pradhanyena vaa raikhik-pathaan anusaranam kartum shaknoti. eshaa rachanaa, sambhawatah teshaam gati-dishaayaah poornaniyantranen, adhika-parishkruta-aanwik-yantrika-pranalinam anveshanaartham aarambhabinduh pradadaati. ayam vidyutvaahitah nanokar-yantrah groningen-vishvavidyaalayasya rasaayanashaastrajnasya bernard-ell ityasya paryavekshanaat nirmitah aasit. feringaa ityeshaa, jeane-piyare-saavej tathaa jey ityanena saha nanomotors vishaye pravartakaaryaartham 2016 tame varshe rasayanashastrasya nobel-puraskaram praapnot. fraser stodard. motor-nanokar. jeane-francois morin ityaadibhih bhavishye krutrima-aanwik-motor yuktah nanokar iti vikasitam asti."etat carboren-chakraihi, laghu-shaktiyuktena helicin-synthetic-motor-ityanena cha yuktam asti. yadyapi yantropakaranasy bhaagah draavanasya ekadishaatmak-bhramanam pradarshayati tathaapi prushtabhaage prakasha-chaalit-gatihi adyaapi naa nirikshita asti. jalasya anyeshu dravaanaam cha gatishilatam bhavishye anvikapranodakadvara api anubhavitum shakyate.

nanogarh nanogarh enbathu 2005 aam aandil arisi palkalaikkazhagaththil paeraasiriyar james door thalaimaiyilaana kuluvaal vadivamaikappatta oru moolakkooru aagum. peyar irunththapoathilum, asal nanogarh oru moolakkooru motoraik kondirukkavillai, enavae, idhu unmaiyil oru kaarr alla. maaraaga, fullerinegal uloaga maerparappugalil evvaaru nagarkindrana endra kaelvikku pathilalikkum vagaiyil idhu vadivamaikkappattullathu; kurippaaga, avai uruttukintranavaa allathu sarukkukinranavaa (avai uruttukintrana). moolakkooru oru ech-vadiva 'says' aik kondullathu, naanku moolaigalilum chakkarankalaaka seyalpada muzhuneela kuzhukkal inaikkappattullana. thanga maerparappil sitharadikkappadumpoathu, moolakkoorugal avattrin fullerine kuzhukkal vazhiyaaga maerparappil thangalai inaiththukkolgindrana, maelum scanning surangappaathai nunnoakki moolam kandariyappadugindrana. sattagaththin neelam adhan agalaththai vida sattru kuraivaaga iruppathaal avattrin nokkunilaiyai oruvar yookikka mudiyum. maerparappai 200 digiri selsiyasukku soodaakkumpoathu moolakkoorugal avattrin fullerine chakkarankalil urundu munnoakki mattrum pinnoakki nagarkindrana. nanogarh suzhala mudiyum, aenenil corbon-corbon ottraip pinaippu moolam fullerine chakkaram alkine "achil" poruththappadukirathu. andai carbonil ulla hydrajan sudhanthira suzharchikku periya thadaiyaaga irukkaathu. veppanilai poathumaana alavu athigamaaga irukkumpoathu, naanku corbon-corbon pinaippugal suzhandru kaarr suzhalgirathu. moolakkooru maiyamaaga iruppathaal eppoathaavathu iyakkaththin thisai maarukirathu. urulum seyalai paeraasiriyar kevin kellie uruthippaduthinaar, arisiyilum, moolakkoorai ess. dii. emm munaiyudan izhuththu. suyaatheenamaana aarambagaala karutthiyal pankalippu. moolakkooru "dinkerdaaigal" moolam kattapatta oru nanogarh endra karutthu muthalil m aall karudhappattathu.dii. moolakkooru nano thozhilnutpam kuriththa ainthaavathu tholainoakku maanaatil michelavics (navambar 1997). pinnar, oru virivaakkappatta pathippu saaththiyamattra aaraaychchiyin varalaattril veliyidappattathu. inththa aavanangkal paattam-app trexlarian nano thozhilnutpaththin varambugal mattrum erik trexlerol maempaduththappatta iyanththiraviyal oppumaigalai evvalavu thooram maerkolla mudiyum enbatharkaana karutthiyal varambugal kuriththa adippadai vivaathaththirku avvalavu theeviramaana bangalippaaga irukkakkoodaathu. inththa nanogarh karuththaakkaththin mukiya amsam ennaventraal, anaitthu moolakkooru kooru dinkardaaigalum ariyapattu moolakkoorugalai orunginaikkappattana (iyoa, sila migavum kavarchiyaanavai mattrum sameepaththil kandupidikkappattana, e.jii. staffankal, kurippaaga-ferrick chakkaram, 1995), sila trexlarian diamondoid kattamaippugalukku maaraaga, avai mattumae anumaanikkappattana mattrum orupoathum orunginaikkappadavilla; mattrum oru ferrick chakkaraththil utpothikkappatta mattrum oru addii moolakkoorin oray maathiriyaana allathu neraththai saarntha gandhappulaththaal iyakkappadum iyakki amaippu-oru "chakkaraththil iyanththiram" karutthu. nanotraster. ulagin migachchiriya soodaana kambiyaaga azhaikkappadum nanotraster, oru moolakkooru nanogarh aagum. munththaiya nanogarh vadivamaippugalaip poala inththa vadivamaippum maempattu moolakkooru iyanththirangkalai uruvaakkuvatharkaana oru padiyaagum. nanogarh oru izhuvai iyanththiraththudan othiruppathaal inththa peyar vanthathu, aenenil adhan thigaiththa sakkara poruththuthal munpuraththil siriya chakkarankaludan oru kurugiya achchaiyum, pinpuraththil periya chakkarankaludan oru periya achchaiyum kondullathu. nanogarh arisi palkalaikkazhagaththin richard ii. ill uruvaakkappattathu. james door, kevin kellie mattrum adhan aaraaychchiyil eedupattulla pira saga oozhiyargalin kuluvaal smally institute nano alavilaana ariviyal mattrum thozhilnutpam. munththaiya nanogarh 3 muthal 4 naanoameettarkal varai irunththathu, idhu sattru athigamaaga irunththathu.] dnavn oru izhaiyaagum, idhu manitha mudiyai vida 20,000 madangku melliyathaaga irunththathu. inththa nano kaarkal corbon pakpaalkalai avattrin naanku chakkarankalaakak kondu kattappattana, maelum avai vaikkapatta maerparappil adhai nagarththuvatharku oru veppanilai thevaippattathu. marupuram, pii-carborane chakkarankalaip payanpaduththiya oru nanogarh urundu selvathai vida, paniyil sarukkuvathu poal nagarkirathu. iththagaiya avathaanippukal iru sakkara vadivamaippugalaik konda nano kaarkalin urpathtikku vazhivaguththana. nanotraster manitha mudiyai vida 50,000 madangku melliyathaaga ullathu mattrum manikku 0.014 millimeter (0.0006 in/h allathu 3.89 × 10−9 m/s) endra adhigapatcha vaekaththaik kondullathu. pinpura chakkarankal koala fullerine moolakkoorugal allathu pakpaalkal aagum, avai ovvondrum arupathu corbon anukkalaal aanavai, avai migavum nunniya thanga adukkaal aana izhuvaip pattaikku eerkkappadugindrana. inththa vadivamaippu suttruppayanak kuzhuvirku kuraindha veppanilaiyil saathanaththai iyakka uthaviyathu. nanotraster mattrum pira nano iyanththirangkal porutkalai kondu selvathil payanpaduththa vadivamaikkappattullana. kanini suttrugal mattrum minnanu koorugalai urpaththi seivathiloa allathu manitha udalukkul ulla marunththugaludan inainthu tayaarippathiloa inththa tholilnutpaththaip payanpaduththalaam. nanogarh aaraaychchiyil irunthu perappatta arivu ethirkaalaththil tiramaiyaana vinaiyookki amaippugalai uruvaakka udhavum endrum suttruppayanam uukikkirathu. uloaga maerparappil naanku sakkara moolakkoorin minsaaraththaal iyakkappadum thisai iyakkam. gudernagh mattrum palar."naanku iyanthiramayamaakkappatta" "chakkarankalaik" "konda oru visaeshamaaga vadivamaikappatta moolakkooru pattri vivaritthaar". moolakkoorai oru sembu maerparappil deposit seivathan moolamum, scanning surangappaathai nunnoakkiyin electraankalilirunthu poathumaana aattralai vazhangkuvathan moolamum, oru kaaraip poalavae, sila moolakkoorugalai oru kuripitta thisaiyil iyakka mudinthathu, idhu oru maerparappil oray thisaiyil thodarnthu nagarum thiran konda muthal ottrai moolakkooru aagum. negizhvattra electron surangappaathai suzharchigalil inakkamaana maattrangkalaith thoondugirathu mattrum moolakkoorai sembu maerparappu muzhuvathum seluththukirathu. thanipatta motor alagugalin suzharchi iyakkaththin thisaiyai maattruvathan moolam, suya-undhuthal moolakkooru 'naanku sakkara' amaippu seerattra allathu munnurimai neriyal paathaikalaip pinpattra mudiyum. inththa vadivamaippu migavum athinaveena moolakkooru iyanththira amaippugalin aaivukku oru thodakka pulliyai valangkukirathu, oruvaelai avattrin iyakka thisaiyil muzhumaiyaana kattuppaattudan. inththa minsaaraththaal iyakkappadum nanogarh croningen palkalaikkazhaga vaethiyiyalaalar bernard ell. inn maerpaarvaiyin keezh kattappattathu. nanomotergal kuriththa avarathu munnoadi panikkaaga 2016 aam aandil vaethiyiyalukkaana noapal parisu pettra ferringa, jeane-piyar sawaj mattrum jay. fraser stodard. motor nanogarh. seyarkai moolakkooru moattarudan koodiya ethirkaala nanogarh jeane-francois moarin mattrum palar uruvaakkiyullanar."idhu carborane chakkarankal mattrum olii-iyangkum helisin seyarkai moolakkooru motor poruththappattullathu. motor pakuthi karaisalil oru thisai suzharchiyaik kaattiyirundhaalum, oru maerparappil oliyaal iyakkappadum iyakkam innum kavanikkappadavillai. neer mattrum pira thiravankalil ulla iyakkaththaiyum ethirkaalaththil oru moolakkooru undhusakthiyaal unara mudiyum.

nanokar nanokar anedi 2005loe rais vishwavidhyaalayamlo professor james tour netrutvamloni brundam roopondinchina anuvu. paeru unnappatikee, asalu nanokar loe molecular motaru ledhu, anduvalla, idhi nijamgaa kaaru kaadu. badulugaa, loha uparitalaalapai fulerinelu elaa kadulutaayi anae prasnaku samadhanam ivvadaaniki idhi roopondinchabadindi; pratyaekamgaa, avi roll chestaya ledhaa slide chestaya (avi roll chestaayi). anuvu chakraluga panicheyadaaniki naalugu moolallo jatacheyabadina fulerine samuuhaalatoe hetch-aakarapu 'chatram' kaligi untundi. bangaaru uparitalampai chedaragottinappudu, anuvulu vaati fulerine samuuhaala dwara uparitalaaniki jatacheyabadataayi mariyu scanning tunneling microscopy dwara gurtinchabadataayi. frame podavu daani vedalpu kante konchem takkuvagaa unnanduna vaati dhoranini oohinchavachhu. uparitalaanni 200 masim varaku vaedi chesinappudu anuvulu vaati fulerine chakraalapai tirugutuu munduku venukaku kadulutaayi. nanokar chuttoo tirugutundi endukante carbon-carbon single baand dwara alkine "axil" kuu fulerine chakram amarchabadi untundi. poruguna unna carbonpy unna hydrogen swechchaayuta bhramanaaniki pedda addanki kaadu. ushnograta taginanta ekkuvagaa unnappudu, naalugu carbon-carbon bandhaalu tirugutaayi mariyu kaaru chuttoo tirugutundi. anuvu irusugaa maarutunnappudu appudappudu kadalika dhisha maarutundi. professor kevin kellie, kooda biyyam vadda, anuvunu STM konatho lagadam dwara rolling charyanu dhruveekarinchaaru. swatantra prarambha sambhaavita sahakaram. paramaanu "tinkertoys" thoo nirminchina nanokar bhavananu modata m dwara oohinchabadindi.tii. molecular nanotechnologypy aidava dooradrushti samavesamlo maikhelvij (november 1997). tadanantaram, oka vistarinchina samskarana asambhavamaina parisoedhana yokka charitralo prachurinchabadindi. diguva-sthaayi drexlarian nanotechnology parimitulu mariyu eric drexler enthavaraku yaantrika saaruupyatalanu abhivruddhi cheyagaladane daanipai sambhaavita parimitulapai praathamika charchaku eee patraalu antha teevramaina sahakaram ivvaledani bhaavinchaaru. eee nanokar bhavana yokka mukhyamaina lakshanam emitante, anni paramaanu bhagala tinkertaylu telisinavi mariyu anuvulanu samslaeshanha chesaayi (ayyo, konni chaalaa anyadaesamainavi mariyu iteevala kanugonabaddayi, udhaa.zii. staffanelu, mukhyamgaa-ferrick wheel, 1995), konni drexlarian diamondoid nirmaanaalaku viruddhamgaa, avi kevalam oohinchabaddaayi mariyu eppuduu samslaeshanha cheyabadaledu; mariyu ferrick chakramlo ponduparachabadina mariyu uparitalam yokka sajatiya ledhaa samaya-aadhaarita ayaskanta kshetram dwara nadiche drive vyavastha-"chakramlo injin" bhavana. naano dragster. prapanchamlone atichinna vaedi radga piluvabade nanodragster, oka paramaanu nanokar. munupati nanokar designlapy design merugupadutundi mariyu paramaanu yantraalanu roopondinche disagaa oka adugu. nanokar dragsternu pooli undatam valla eee paeru vachindi, endukante daani asthira chakra amarika mundu bhaagamlo chinna chakraalatho chinna irusunu mariyu venuka bhaagamlo pedda chakraalatho pedda irusunu kaligi untundi. naanokaarnu rais vishwavidyaalayam yokka richard ii. loe abhivruddhi chesaaru. james tour, kevin kellie mariyu daani parisoedhanaloo palgonna itara sahacharula brundam dwara smally institute nanoscale sains und technology. munupati nanokar 3 nundi 4 nanometers abhivruddhi cheyabadindi, idhi konchem ekkuva [vedalpu?] idhi dna yokka oka strand mariyu maanava juttu kante 20,000 retlu sannaga untundi. eee nanokarlu carbon buckyballsnu vaati naalugu chakraluga nirminchabaddaayi, mariyu vaatini unchina uparitalampai daanini kadilinchadaaniki ushnograta avasaram. marovaipu, pii-carborane chakralanu upayoginche nanokar rolling kakunda manchupai jaarutunnatlugaa kadulutundi. ituvanti pariseelanalu rendu chakraala namuunaalanu kaligi unna nanocarla utpattiki daariteesaayi. naano dragster maanava juttu kante 50,000 retlu sannaga untundi mariyu gantaku 0.014 millimetres (0.0006 in/h ledhaa 3.89 × 10−9 m/s) garishta vegaanni kaligi untundi. venuka chakralu golaakaara fulerine anuvulu ledhaa buckyballs, okkokkati aravai carbon anuvulatho koodi untaayi, ivi chaalaa chakkati bangaaru poratho tayaaraina dragstrip vaipu aakarshinchabadataayi. eee design tour brundaaniki takkuva ushnogratala vadda parikaranni operate cheyadaaniki kooda veelu kalpinchindi. nanodraguster mariyu itara naano yantraalu vastuvula ravaanaalo upayoginchadaaniki roopondinchabaddaayi. eee saanketikatanu computer circuitlu mariyu electronic bhagala tayaareeloo ledhaa maanava sareeram lopala aushadhaalato kalipi upayoginchavacchu. nanokar parisoedhana nundi pondina ghnaanam bhavishyattulo samarthavanthamaina utpreraka vyavasthalanu nirminchadamlo sahaayapadutundani kooda paryatana oohinchindi. loha uparitalampai naalugu chakraala anuvu yokka vidyut aadhaarita disaatmaka kadalika. kudernack "mariyu itarulu."naalugu motaru chakralanu kaligi unna pratyaekamgaa roopondinchina anuvunu vivarinchindi. anuvunu raagi uparitalampai jama cheyadam dwara mariyu scanning tunnelling microscope yokka electronla nundi taginanta saktini andinchadam dwara vaaru konni anuvulanu oka nirdishta disalo nadapagaligaaru, chaalaa varaku kaaru laaga, modati oke anuvu uparitalam antataa adhe disalo kadulutuu undagala saamarthyam kaligi undhi. asthira electron tunnelling rotorlalo conformational maarpulanu prerepistundi mariyu anuvunu raagi uparitalam antataa nadipistundi. vyaktigata motaru unitla rotary kadalika disanu marchadam dwara, sweeya-chodaka paramaanu 'naalugu chakraala' nirmaanam yaadruchchika ledhaa pradhaanyamgaa sarala pathaalanu anusarinchavacchu. eee roopakalpana marinta adhunaatana paramaanu yaantrika vyavasthala anveshanaku prarambha binduvunu andistundi, bahusha vaati kadalika disapai puurti niyanthranatho. eee vidyut aadhaarita naanokaarnu groningen vishwavidyaalayam rasayana shaastravetta bernard ell paryaveekshanhaloo nirminchaaru. zeane-pier savage mariyu zhe thoo kalisi nanomoterlapy maargadarsaka krushiki gaanu 2016loe rasayana saastramlo nobel bahumatini andukunna feringaaku. frazer staddart. motaru nanokar. synthetic molecular motarutho bhavishyat naanokaarnu zeane-francois morin mariyu itarulu abhivruddhi chesaaru."idhi carborane chakralu mariyu telikapati saktitoe panichese helisin synthetic molecular motarutho amarchabadi untundi. motaru bhaagam draavanamloo ekadisaatmaka bhramanaanni pradarsinchinappatikii, uparitalampai kaanti-aadhaarita kadalikanu inca gamaninchaledu. neeru mariyu itara dravaalalo chalanaseelatanu bhavishyattulo molecular propeller dwara kooda grahinchavacchu.

nainokar nainokar eek anoo hay jasay 2005 mein raais university mein professor jaims torr kii sarbarahi mein eek grop nay design kiyaa thaa. naam kay bawajood asl nainokar mein salmati motor nahein hay iss liye yaha waaqee kaar nahein hay. balkah asay iss sawaal kaa jawaab deenay kay liye design kiyaa gayaa thaa kahh flreen dhaat kii sathon parr kisay harkat kartay haine vovo khaas toor parr chahay wah roll karein yaa slide (wah roll) karein. molecule aich kii shakal kay 'cheesis' parr mushtamil hotaa hay jiss mein pahiye kay toor parr kaam karnay kay liye chaar konoon parr flreen grop mansalk hotay haine. jabb yaha salmay sonay kii satah parr muntashir hotay haine tuu apnay flreen gropon kay zariye khood kuu satah say jodtay haine aur scaning tunling khurdbin kay zariye inn kaa patah lagaya jaataa hay. koyee bhee inn kii samat kaa andazah lagaa saktaa hay keunkah freem kii lambayi iss kii chodayi say thodi chhoti hay. satah kuu 200 digri centy grade takk garm karnay parr molecule aagay aur peeche badhtay haine jabb wah apnay flreen "pahiyon" parr ghoomtay haine. nainokar ghoomnay phirnay kay qaabil hay keunkah flreen waheel carbon carbon sangal baand kay zariye alkeen "aiksal" mein nasb hotaa hay. padosi carbon parr mojud hydrogen aazaad gardash mein koyee bury rukawat nahein hay. jabb darjah hararat kaafi ziyadah hotaa hay tuu chaar carbon carbon baand ghoomtay haine aur kaar ghomti hay. kabhi kabhaar harkat kii samat salmay kay mahur kay toor parr badal jaati hay. professor cune keeli nay bhee chawal parr aiss tye ayem kay saray say molecule kuu khainch kirr roling action kii tasdiq kii. aazaad ibtadayi tasvarati taawan. salmati "tunkertwaye" say banay nainokar kay tasavur kaa sabb say pehley m kay zariah mafruzah paish kiyaa gayaa thaa.tye. molecular neeno technology (nomber 1997) parr panchwen door andeshi conference mein michelwakes. baad mein eek tausiyi warzan namumkin tehqeeq kii tareekhon mein shaye hawaa. inn maqalay kuu bottom app drekslerin neeno technology kii hadood aur iss tasavur kii hadood parr eek bunyadi bahas mein atnaa sanjidah hasah nahein samjha jaataa thaa kahh airak dreksler kay zariah jadeed mikanki mashabahat kuu kiss hadd takk anjaam diyaa jaa saktaa hay. iss nainokar tasavur kii aham khususiyat yaha haqeeqat thee kahh tamaam salmati ajzaa kay tunkertwaye malum thay aur inn kii tarkib shadah molecules (afsoos kachh behat hyee ghair milki aur haal hyee mein driyafat huay misaal kay toor parr.jee. staffin aur khaas toor parr-feerak waheel 1995)yee kachh drekslerin diamondide dahanchon kay barakas juu sarf paish kiye gayey thay aur kabhi tarkib nahein kiye gayey thay vovo aur drive system juu feerak waheel mein sarayat kiyaa gayaa thaa aur substrait kay ghair yaksaan yaa waqat parr munhasir maqnatisi medaan say chalaya jaataa thaa-eek "pahiye mein anjan" tasavur. neeno dragger. neeno dragger jasay duniya kii sabb say chhoti garm chhadi kahaa jaataa hay eek salmati nainokar hay. design pachlay nainokar designon parr behatar hotaa hay aur salmati machinein bananay kii taraf eek qadm hay. yaha naam nainokar kii dragster say mashabahat say aayaa hay keunkah iss kay steggard waheel fitment mein eek chhota mahur hotaa hay jiss kay saamney chhotay pahiye hotay haine aur peeche baday pahiyon kay saath eek badaa mahur hotaa hay. nainokar kuu raais university kay richard ayee mein tayaar kiyaa gayaa thaa. jaims torr kii team cune keeli aur iss kii tehqeeq mein shaamil deegar saathiyon kay zariah ismeley insity teut neeno scale science aind technology. pichla nainokar 3 say 4 neeno metter thaa juu iss kii chodayi say thoda ziyadah thaa.] ddee aine aey kaa eek straind aur insani baalon say taqriba 20,000 ganaa patla thaa. yaha nainokar carbon bukky baal kay saath inn kay chaar pahiyon kay toor parr banaye gayey thay aur jiss satah parr inhein rakhaa gayaa thaa asay harkat deenay kay liye darjah hararat kii zarurat hoti thee. dosri taraf eek nainokar jiss mein pee-karborn pahiye istemaal hotay haine iss tarah harkat kartaa hay jeesay kahh barf parr phisalta how bajaye iss kay kahh wah ghomta how. iss tarah kay mashahidat neeno kaaron kii paidawar kaa baais banay jinn mein donon pahiye kay design thay. neeno dragger insani baalon say 50,000 ganaa patla hotaa hay aur iss kii sabb say ziyadah raftaar 0.014 milly metter phee ghantah (0.0006 in/h yaa 3.89 × 10−9 m/s) hoti hay. pachlay pahiye goal flreen molecules yaa bukky baalz hotay haine juu harr eek saath carbon atmon parr mushtamil hotay haine juu sonay kii eek behat hyee barek parat say bunny draig strip kii taraf raghib hotay haine. iss design nay torr kii team kuu kumm darjah hararat parr aalah chalanay kay qaabil bhee banaya. neeno dragger aur deegar neeno machinein ashyaa kii nql woo hamal mein istemaal kay liye design kii gayee haine. technology kuu computer circuits aur electronk ajzaa kii tayari mein yaa insani jasm kay andar dawasazi kay saath mill kirr istemaal kiyaa jaa saktaa hay. torr nay yaha bhee qayaas kiyaa kahh nainokar tehqeeq say haasil honay waala alam mustaqabil mein mosar atprerik nazaam kii tameer mein madad karay gaa. dhaat kii satah parr chaar pahiye waalay molecule kii barqi toor parr chalnay waali samti harkat. codernock "aur deegar."eek khaas toor parr design kardah molecule biyaan kiyaa gayaa hay jiss mein chaar motorized" "pahiye" "haine. taanbey kii satah parr molecule kuu jamaa karkay aur inhein scaning tunling microscope kay electranon say kaafi tawanayi farahim karkay wah kachh molecules kuu eek makhsus samat mein chalanay mein kamiyab how gayey balkal kaar kii tarah pehla waahid molecule honay kay naatay juu satah parr eek hyee samat mein harkat jaari rakhnay kay qaabil thaa. ghair lachakdar electron sarang rotarz mein tashkilati tabdiliyon kuu janam deeti hay aur molecule kuu taanbey kii satah parr aagay badhati hay. infiradi motor akayiyon kii rotari harkat kii samat kuu tabdil karkay khood say chalnay waala salmati 'chaar pahiyah' dahancha bay tartib yaa tarjihi toor parr lakiri raaston kii peervi kirr saktaa hay. yaha design ziyadah nafees molecular mechanical systems kii talaash kay liye eek naqtah aaghaz farahim kartaa hay shayed inn kii harkat kii samat parr makmal control kay saath. yaha barqi toor parr chalnay waala nainokar university aaf groningan kay chemist bernard eel kii nigrani mein banaya gayaa thaa. fringa jinhein 2016 mein jaine paiyar sewaj aur jay kay saath nanomoters parr inn kay aham kaam kay liye chemistry kaa nobal anaam diyaa gayaa thaa. freezer studidart. motor nainokar. masnuyi salmati motor kay saath mustaqabil kaa nainokar jaine-francois morin aur deegar nay tayaar kiyaa hay."yaha carborin pahiyon aur halkay taaqat waali helicine masnuyi salmati motor say lees hay. agarcha motor kaa hasah hall mein yakk tarfah gardash kaa mazahirah kartaa hay leakin satah parr roshni say chalnay waali harkat kaa mashahidah karnaa ubhee baaqi hay. paani aur deegar maayon mein nql woo harkat kaa ahsaas mustaqabil mein salmati propeller kay zariye bhee kiyaa jaa saktaa hay.

fffdcf1063b99eb6ce215beea571ab2e502da24f1f2234f4e74ab621699a0215

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17204277

Graham Moffat

Graham Moffat Scottish actor William Graham Moffat (21 February 1866 – 12 December 1951) was a Scottish actor, director, playwright and spiritualist. Moffat formed a Men's League for Women's Suffrage in Glasgow in 1907 after his wife Maggie Moffat was arrested at a protest in London and imprisoned for refusing to pay the fine. He is known for his 1910 comedy "Bunty Pulls the Strings" which was a hit on Broadway. Life and career. He was born on 21 February 1866 to William Moffat and Helen Dobson. The third of eight children, he was born in Glasgow, Scotland. There, he was exposed at an early age to the theatres and sixpenny galleries of the city and to numerous famous comedians and entertainers of the day. He was married in 1897 to the stage actress and costume designer, Margaret Liddell Linck (1873–1943). His wife was also a suffragist, and in 1907 Graham Moffat founded the Men's League for Women's Suffrage in Glasgow. He also penned a suffrage propaganda play, "The Maid and the Magistrate". A few years later his comic play "Bunty Pulls the Strings" was a huge hit in London's West End, his biggest success, running for 617 shows at the Haymarket Theatre in 1911. In reviewing the play when it debuted on Broadway late in 1911, the "New York Times" classed Moffat beside J. M. Barrie and wrote, "it is the freshest and most wholesome thing that the theatres in New York have housed since the days of "Peter Pan"." The Scottish actress Molly Pearson played the title role of Bunty in New York. The comic actor James Finlayson played Bunty's father both New York and in London. Moffat toured "Bunty Pulls the Strings" in New Zealand in 1914 The play was made into a (now lost) film in 1921. Moffat himself directed at least one film, "Till the Bells Ring", a 46-minute experimental sound film based on the comedy of the same name he mounted in 1908. The film starred Moffat, his wife and his daughter. He was living in Cape Town, South Africa, by 1950 and he died there in 1951, aged 85. Another of Moffat's works, "Susie Tangles the Strings", was staged by the Edinburgh Gateway Company as their New Year play in 1956. Publications. Besides his plays, he published at least three books: References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

graham mufat uilium graham mufat (21 february 1866-12 disembor 1951) ejon scotlandor obhineta, porisalok, natyokar aaru adhyatmikotabadi aasil. 1907 sonot londonot ek protibadot teur potni megi mufatok greptar korar pisot aaru jorimona diboloi oswikar korar baabe karagarot bondi korar pisot mufte glaxgut mohila bhutadhikaror baabe purux leeg gothon korisil. teu 1910 sonot broadway 'too xofol huwa comedy "bunty tunn dyo string" ror baabe jonajat. jiwan aaru keriyar. 1866 sonor 21 februaryt uilium mofet aaru helen dobxonor ghorot teur jonmo hoisil. aathta xontanor bhitorot tritiyojon, teur jonmo hoisil scotlandor glaxgut. taat, teu komm boyoxote sohoror theater aaru sikeni gallery aaru xei xomoyor oxongkhyo bikhyat comedian aaru monuronjonkarir usorot prodorxito hoisil. 1897 sonot teu moncho obhinetri aaru puchak designor margaret lidel linkor (1873-1943) xoite bibahpaxot aabodho hoisil. teur potniu egoraki bhutadhikari aasil, aaru 1907 sonot graham mufte glaxgut mohila bhutadhikaror baabe purux leeg protistha korisil. teu "dyo maid endo dyo magistrate" naamor ekhon bhutadhikaror prosarmulok natokou likhisil. keibosormanor pisot teur haisyorxatmok naatok "bunty tunn dyo strings" londonor poschim prantot ek brihot hitt hoisil, 1911 sonot hemarkeit theaterot 617 khon swo 'ror baabe soli thoka teur ataitkoi dangor xofolota. 1911 sonor xexor faale broadweat aatmoprokax korar xomoyot natoktur porzaluchona korar xomoyot "nework timese" je-ror kaxot mufat shrenibhukto korisil. em. beri aaru likhisil, "neworkor theaterxomuhot" pitter penn "ror dinor poraa eituwei ataitkoi xotej aaru ataitkoi swasthyokor bostu."scotlandor obhinetri molly parsone niuyorkot bantir xirxo soritrot obhinoy korisil. haisyo obhineta james finlesone nework aaru london duyutate bantir deutakor soritrot obhinoy korisil. mufte 1914 sonot newzealandot "bunty tunn dyo string" bhromon korisil, 1921 sonot natokkhon ekhon (etiya herai juwa) solositro hisape nirman koraa hoisil. moo 'faate nijei 1908 sonot teu nirman koraa eke naamor comedyr uporot aadharito 46 minutor porikhyamulok xobdo solositro "till dyo bels ring" naamor komeu ekhon solositro porisalona korisil. sobikhonot moo' faate, teur potni aaru teur konya obhinoy korisil. 1950 sonoloike teu dokhyin africar kep townot baax kori aasil aaru 1951 sonot 85 bosor boyoxot teur mrityu hoisil. mofetor aan etaa kaam, "susi tengles dyo strings", edinberg getwe companye 1956 sonot teulukor noboborxor naatok hisape monchostho korisil. prokax. teur natokor uporiu teu komeu tinikhon grontho prokax korisiloh

graham mofat uilium graham mofat (21 february 1866-12 december 1951) chhilen ekjon scottish abhineta, porichalok, natyokar ebong adhyattikotabadi. 1907 saale londone eka protibade taar stree maggy mofatke greptar korey jarimana ditey aswikar korar jonno kararuddho korar porr mofat glasgote mohilader bhotadhikarer jonno ekti purush leeg gathon corren. tini taanr 1910 saaler comedy 'bunty tunn dya string'-err jonno porichito, jaa broadwaite hitt hoyechilo. jeebon oo karmajiban. tini 1866 saaler 21shhey february uilium mofat ebong helen dobsoner ghore jonmogrohon corren. aatt santaner modhye tritiya, tini scotlander glasgote jonmogrohon korechilen. sekhane, tini alpo boyse shohorer prekkhagriho ebong sixpeni gallery ebong seii somoyer asankhya bikhyato koutukavineta ebong binodonkarider kachhe unmukto hoyechilen. 1897 saale tini moncho abhinetri ebong poshak designer margareta leadle linkke (1873-1943) biye corren. taanr strio ekjon bhotadhikarbadi chhilen ebong 1907 saale graham mofat glasgote mohilader bhotadhikarer jonno purushder leeg protistha corren. tini ekti bhotadhikar procharmulok natoko likhechilen, "dya meeda anned dya magistrate". koyek bochor porr taanr comic natok 'bunty tunn dya string' londoner oyesta ende ekti bishal hitt hoy, taanr sabcheye borh safalya, 1911 saale hemarketa theatrey 617 tii shoyer jonno cholechilo. 1911 saaler shesher dike broadwaite jokhon natokti atmoprokash korey tokhon porjalochonai, 'neu eork times' jeey err paashe mofatke shreniboddho korey. emm. barry ebong likhechen, "pitter pyaner deane theke newyorker prekkhagrihe etty sabcheye sotej ebong sabcheye swasthokor jinis."scottish abhinetri molly pierson neu iyarke bantir shironamer bhumikai abhinoy korechilen. comic abhineta james finleson newyork ebong london ubhoy jaigatei bantir babar bhumikai abhinoy korechilen. mofat 1914 saale newzealande "bunty tunn deyo" sofor corren ebong 1921 saale natokti ekti (ekhon hariye yawa) cholochchitre porinoto hoy. mofat nize ontoto ekti cholochchitro porichalona korechilen, "till dya bell ring", 1908 saale taanr nirmito ekoi naamer comedy abolambane 46 minuter ekti poriikkhamulok shobdo cholochchitro. eyi chhobite mofat, taanr stree ebong taanr meye abhinoy korechilen. 1950 saaler modhye tini dakkhin africar cape taaune bosobas korchilen ebong 1951 saale 85 bochor boyse sekhane tini maaraa zaan. mofater arekti kaaj, "susi tangles dya strings", 1956 saale edinberg getaoye company taader notun bochorer natok hisabe monchostho korechilo. prokashona. taanr natok chharao tini kompokkhe tinti boi prakash korechenoh

graaham mofat veeliyam graaham mofat (21 februari 1866-12 december 1951) skotisha abhineta, digdarshak, natyakar aneey aadhyatmikvadi hataa. mofte 1907maan glassgoma maheela matadhikar maate purushoni leegnee rachnaa curry hatee, jyaare temnee patnee megee mofaatnee londonma veerodh pradarshanmaa dharapkad karvaamaa aavee hatee aneey dund chukavavaano incar karvaa badal temne jailma dhakeli devaamaa aavyaa hataa. teo temnee 1910nee komedi 'bunty pools dhaa strings' maate jaanita chhe, jeey broadway parr safal rahee hatee. jeevan aneey karkirdi. temno janm 21 februari 1866naa roj veeliyam moffet aneey hellen dobsonnaa ghare thayo hato. aath balakomathi trija, temno janm skotlendnaa glassgoma thayo hato. tyaan, teo naanee ummare jaj shahernaa cinemagharo aneey sixpany galleryo aneey teey samaynaa asankhya prakhyaat haasy kalakaro aneey manoranjankaro samaksh khulla padvama aavyaa hataa. temane 1897maan munch abhinetri aneey poshaak designer margareta lidel link (1873-1943) saathe lagna karyaa hataa. temnee patnee pann matadhikarvadi hatee, aneey 1907maan graaham mofte glassgoma maheela matadhikar maate purushoni leegnee sthaapnaa curry hatee. temane matadhikar prachaar naatak "dhaa meeyd anned dhaa magistrate" pann lakhyu hatoo. thodaa varsho pachhi temnu haasy naatak 'bunty pools dhaa strings' londonna vesta andma khoob jaj safal rahyu hatoo, jeey temnee sauthee motee safalataa hatee, jeey 1911maan haymarket theatrema 617 shho sudhee chaali hatee. jyaare 1911naa antamaa broadway parr tenee sharuaat thaee tyaare "newyork times" aee jeey. nee bajuma moffetne vargikrut karyoo hatoo. aema. barry aneey lakhyu, "pieter pennaa divasothi newyorknaa theateroma aaa sauthee taajee aneey sauthee tandurast vastu chhe."skotisha abhinetri mollie piersne newyorkma banteeni mukhya bhoomika bhajvi hatee. haasy abhineta james finlessne newyork aneey london aema banne jagyae banteena pitani bhoomika bhajvi hatee. mofte 1914maan newzealandma "bunty pools dhaa strings" noow pravaas karyo hato, aaa natakne 1921maan (havey khovai gayelu) film banavvama aavyu hatoo. mofte pote ochhama ochhi aek film "till dhaa bails ring" noon nirdeshan karyoo hatoo, jeey 1908maan temane banaavelee komedi parr aadharit 46 minuteni prayogik dhvani film hatee. aaa filmmaan mofat, temnee patnee aneey temnee putriae abhinay karyo hato. teo 1950 sudhimaa dakshin africana cape townma raheta hataa aneey 1951maan 85 varshnee vaye temnu tyaan avsaan thayu hatoo. mofetnee anya kruteeo, "susee gunchavanma mooke chhe", noon pradarshan edinberg gateway kampani dwara 1956maan temnaa navaa varshnaa naatak tareeke karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. prakashno. temnaa natako upraant, temane ochhama ochha trana pustako prakashit karyaa hataah

graham mofat villium graham mofat (21 farwari 1866-12 disambar 1951) ack scotish abhineta, nirdeshak, natakkar aur aadhyatmiktavadi they. mofat ney 1907 mein glassgo mein mahilaaon key matadhikar key liye ack purush leag kaa gathan kiya, jaba unaki patni maggy mofat koo landan mein ack virodh pradarshan mein giraftar kiya gayaa aur jurmana dene seey incar karane key liye jail mein daal diyaa gayaa. unhein unaki 1910 kii comedy 'bunty pools dha strings' key liye jaanaa jaataa haye joe broadway parr hitt thee. jeevan aur currier. unakaa janm 21 farwari 1866 koo villium mofat aur helen dobson key ghar huaa thaa. aathh bachchon mein seey teesare, unakaa janm glassgo, scotland mein huaa thaa. vahaan, unhein cumm umr mein hii shahar key cinemagharon aur chhah penny deerghaon aur usa samay key kaee prasiddh haasya kalakaron aur manoranjankartaon key saamane pesh kiya gayaa thaa. unhone 1897 mein munch abhinetri aur poshak designer, margaret lidel linak (1873-1943) seey shaadi kii thee. unaki patni bhee ack matadhikarvadi theen, aur 1907 mein graham mofat ney glassgo mein mahilaaon key matadhikar key liye purushon kii leag kii sthaapana kii. unhone ack matadhikar prachaar naatak bhee likhaa, "naukarani aur magistrate". kuchh saal baad unakaa haasya naatak "bunty pools dha strings" landan key paschimi chhor parr ack bahut badee hitt thee, unaki sabse badee safalata, 1911 mein hemarket theatre mein 617 show key liye chala rahee thee. 1911 mein broadway parr shuru honey parr naatak kii sameeksha mein, "newyork times" ney jey key buggle mein mofat koo vargeekrit kiya. aim. bairi aur likhaa, "yeh sabse taaza aur sabse achchi baat haye kii newyork mein cinemagharon mein" peater paine "key dinon seey rakhaa gayaa haye."scotish abhinetri mauli pierson ney newyork mein bunty kii sheershak bhoomika nibhai. haasya abhineta james finleson ney newyork aur landan donon mein bunty key pitaa kii bhoomika nibhai. mofat ney 1914 mein newzealand mein "bunty pools dha strings" kaa daura kiya, iss naatak koo 1921 mein ack (abb khoya huaa) film mein banaaya gayaa thaa. mofat ney khud cumm seey cumm ack film kaa nirdeshan kiya, "till dha bell ring", ack 46 minut kii prayogaatmak dhwani film joe usee naam kii comedy parr adharit thee jise unhone 1908 mein sthaapit kiya thaa. film mein mofat, unaki patni aur unaki betty ney abhinay kiya thaa. way 1950 taka dakshin africa key cape town mein reh rahey they aur 1951 mein 85 varsh kii ayu mein unaki mrityu hoe gaee. mofat kii ack aur kriti, "soosi tengal dha strings", kaa manchan edinberg getway company dwara 1956 mein unake nae saal key naatak key roop mein kiya gayaa thaa. prakaashan. apane natakon key alawa, unhone cumm seey cumm teen pustaken prakaashit keenh

graham mofat vilium graham mofat (21 phebravari 1866-12 december 1951) scottish nata, nirdeshaka, natakakara mattu aadhyaatmikataavaadi. mofat mattu glasgodalli mahila matadaanada hakkugaagi purushara leigh annu rachisidaru, avara patni maggy mofat avarannu landannalli nadeda pratibhataneyalli bandhisalaayitu mattu dandavannu pavatisalu nirakarisiddakkagi jailinallidalaayitu. aata aata broad veyalli hitt aada haasya chitra 'bunty pulls dhii strings' ge hesaruvasiyagiddare. jeevana mattu vrutti. aata 1866rahra phebravari phebravari vilium mofat mattu helen doubson dampatige janisidaru. entu makkalalli mooraneyavaraagidda avaru scotlendna glasgodalli janisidaru. allie, avaru chikka vayassinalliye nagarada chitramandiragalu mattu aaru penni gallerigalige mattu andina halavaaru prasiddha haasyanataru mattu manaranjakarige parichayavaadaru. avaru avaru rangabhoomi nutty mattu veshabhushana vinyaasaki margarate lidel link (1873-1943) avarannu vivaahavaadaru. avara patni saha obba matadaararaagiddaru, mattu mattu graham mofat avaru glasgodalli mahila matadaanada hakkugaagi purushara leigh annu sthaapisidaru. aata "dha mide und dha magistrate" emba matadaanada hakkina prachara naatakavannoo baredaru. kelavu varshagala nantara avara haasya nataka "bunty pulls dhii strings" london paschima tudiyalli dodda yashassannu kanditu, 1911 ralli haymarket theaternalli 617 pradarshanagalige oditu. 1911 rahra koneyalli broadwayalli prarambhavadaga, "newyork times" zhe pakkadalli mofat annu vargeekarisitu. emm. byaari mattu barediddaare, "idu" peater pyaan "naa kaaladindalu newyorkna chitramandiragalalli iruva atyanta taja mattu atyanta aarogyakara vishayavaagide."scottish nutty mollie piyarsanravaru newyorknalli bunty patravannu nirvahisidaru. haasya nata james finlayson newyork mattu london eradaralloo bantiya tandeya patravannu nirvahisidaru. mofat mofat nyoojilendnalli "bunty pulls dhii strings" pravaasa kaigondaru, ee naatakavannu naatakavannu (eega kaleduhogide) chalanachitravannagi maadalaayitu. mofat swatah kanishta ondu chalanachitravannu nirdeshisidaru, "till dhii bells ring", idu 1908 ralli avaru nirmisida adhe hesarina haasyavannu aadharisida 46 nimishagala prayogika dhwani chalanachitravagide. ee chitradalli mofat, avara patni mattu avara magalu natisiddaare. avaru 1950rahra hottige daksina aafrikaada cape tounnalli vaasisuttiddaru mattu mattu tamma 85neey vayassinalli nidhanaraadaru. mofat avara mattondu kruti, "soosi tangles dhii strings" annu edinberg gateway kampaniyu 1956 ralli avara hosa varshada natakavagi pradarshisitu. prakatanegalu. tamma natakagala jotege, avaru kanishta mooru pustakagalannu prakatisiddaareh

graham mofat oru scotish nadanum samvidaayakanum naadakakrithum aathmeeyavisttumaayirunnu vilyam graham mofat (21 februvari 1866-12 desember 1951). 1907ll bhaarya maagi moophat landanil nadanna prathishedhatthil arastilaavukayum pizha adaykkaan visammathichathin jayililadaykkappedukayum cheythathinetthudarnnu moophat glassgoyil vanita vottavakaashathinaayi oru purusha leag roopeekarichu. 1910-ll broadwayil hittaaya 'bundy tags dhaa strings' enna komadi chithrathiloodeyaanu addeham ariyappedunnathu. jeevithavum thozhilum. 1866 februvari 21nuu vilyam mofaattinteyum helen dobson makalaayi addeham janichu. ettu makkalil moonnaamanaaya addeham skotlandile glassgoilaanu janichathu. avidevechu cheruppatthil thanne nagaratthile theaterukalilekkum six penni gaalarikalilekkum akkaalathe niravadhi prashastha haasyanadanmaarkkum vinodasanchaarikalkkum addeham parichayapettu. 1897ll steju nadiyum koostyoom designarumaaya maargarat lidel linkine (1873-1943) addeham vivaham kazhichu. addehathinte bharya oru vottarmaaraayirunnu, 1907-ll graham moophat glassgoyil vanita vottavakaashathinaayulla purusha leag sthaapichu. velakkariyum majistrettum" enna oru vottavakaasha prachaarana naadakavum addeham ezhuthi. kurachu varshangalkk sesham addehathinte haasya naadakamaaya "bundy puls dhii strings" landanile vestt endle vann vijayamayirunnu, 1911 ll heymarket thiyettaril 617 shokal oodicha addehathinte ettavum valia vijayamayirunnu. 1911 ll broadwayil arangettam kurichappol avalokanam cheyyumbol, "newyork times" jeey. kku aduthaayi mofaattine tharamthirichu. emm. barry ezhuthi, "peettar paan" kaalam muthal newyorkkile theaterukalil nilaninnirunna ettavum puthiyathum aarogyakaravumaya kaaryamaanith."scotish nadi mollie piyarsan newyorkkil bandiyude taittil roll cheythu. haasyanadanaaya jaims finleson newyorkkilum landanilum bandiyude pithavaayi abhinayichu. 1914ll mophat nyoosilandil paryadanam nadatthiya "bundy tags dhaa strings" enna naadakam 1921ll oru (ippol nashtappetta) chithramaayi nirmikkappettu. 1908ll thaan nirmmicha athe perilulla komadiye adisthaanamaakkiyulla 46 minitt dairkhyamulla pareekshanathmaka shabdachithramaaya "till dhaa bells ring" enna oru chithramenkilum mofat thanne samvidaanam cheythu. eee chithratthil mofattum bharya makalum abhinayichu. 1950 aayappozhekkum addeham dakshinaafrikkayile cape tounil thaamasikkukayum 1951 ll 85-aamm vayassil avide vachu marikkukayum cheythu. 1956ll eddinberg gateway kambani avarude puthuvalsara naadakamaayi avatharippicha "soosi tangles dhii strings" enna mofaattinte mattoru kruthiyaanu. prasidheekaranangal. thante naadakangalkku purame, addeham kuranjathu moonnu pusthakangalenkilum prasidheekarichu

graham mofat william graham mofat (21 februwari 1866-12 december 1951) heey scottish abhinete, digdarshak, natakkar aanee adhyatmavadi hote. 1907 madhye londonmadhye eka nidarshanant tyachi patni maggy mofatla atak karnyat aalee aanee dand bharnyas nakar dilyabaddal turungat taklyanantar mofatne glassgo yethe mahilanchya matadhikarasathi purush sanghachi sthapana kelee. too tyachya 1910 madheel vinodi chitrapat 'bunty pools daad strings' sathee olakhala jaato, joou broadwaver yashasvi tharala. jeevan aanee karkird. tyancha janm 21 februwari 1866 roji william mofat aanee helen dobson yanchya potee jhaala. aath mulanpaiki tisra, tyacha janm glassgo, scotland yethe jhaala. tithe, too lahan vayatach shaharatil chitrapatgruhe aanee sixpeny gallery aanee tyaa kalatil asankhya prasiddha vinodi kalakar aanee manoranjan manoranjan aala. 1897 madhye tyanni rangbhumivaril abhinetri aanee veshbhusha designer margaret lidel link (1873-1943) yanchyashi vivah keela. tyanchi patni dekhil eka matadhikarvadi hotee aanee 1907 madhye graham mofat yanni glassgo yethe mahilanchya matadhikarasathi purush sanghachi sthapana kelee. tyanni 'daad maid andd daad magistrate' heey matdanachya adhikaracha prachar karnare natakahi lihile. kahee varshannantar, tyache vinodi natak 'bunty pools daad strings' londonchya west endmadhye prachand yashasvi tharale, tyache sarvat mothe yash, 1911 madhye hemarket theatermadhe 617 shosathi chalale. 1911 chya uttaradhat broadwaver padarpan kartana natakache punaravalokan kartana, 'newyork times' neey jeey. chya bajula mofatche vargikaran kele. emm. barry aanee lihile, "pieter panchya kalapasoon newyorkmadheel chitrapatgruhanmadhye hii sarvat taje aanee sarvat aarogyadayi gosht aahe."scottish abhinetri molley piersonne newyorkmadhye bantichi pramukh bhoomika sakarli. vinodi abhineta james finlesonne newyork aanee london yaa donhi thikani bantichya vadilanchi bhoomika sakarli. mofatne 1914 madhye newzealandmadhye 'bunty pools daad strings' chaa daura keela aanee 1921 madhye yaa natakache (aata haravalelya) chitrapatamadhye rupantar karnyat aale. mofatne swatah kiman eka chitrapat, 'till daad bail ring' digdarshit keela, joou 1908 madhye tyane lavalelya tyach navachya vinodi chitrapatavar aadharit 46 minitancha prayogik dhwani chitrapat hota. yaa chitrapatat mofat, tyachi patni aanee tyachi mulgi yanni bhoomika sakarlya hotya. 1950 paryant teey dakshin aafriketil cape townmadhye rahat hote aanee 1951 madhye vayachya 85 vya varshi tyanche nidhan jhaale. mofatchya aanakhi eka kalakruti, 'susi tangle daad strings' chey, edinberg getway companyne 1956 madhye tyanche naveen varshache natak mhanoon sadarikaran kele. prakashne. tyanchya natkanvyatirikt tyanni kiman teen pustake prakashit keleeh

graham mofat william graham mofat (21 february 1866-12 december 1951) ek scottish abhineta, nirdeshak, natakkar rar adhyatmikwadi thie. mofatle sann 1907 maa glasgoma mahila matadhikarka lagi purush ligg gathan gare jab unaki shrimati maggy mofatlai londonma virodh pradarshanma pakrau gariyo rar jariwana tirna aswikar garekoma jailma rakhieko thiyo. uni afno 1910 ko kamedi "bunty tols da string" kaa lagi parichit chhan june broadwema heat thiyo. jiwan rar currier. unko janma 21 february 1866 maa william mofat rar heylen dobsonko gharma bhaeko thiyo. atha santanmadhye tesro, uni scotlandko glasgoma janmeka thie. tyahan, uni sano umerma saharka thietarharu rar sixpeny galleryharu rar tyas samayaka dherai prasidha comedianharu rar manoranjankartaharuka lagi pardafas bhae. unle sann 1897 maa manch abhinetri rar veshbhusha designer margaret lidel link (1873-1943) sanga vivaha gareka thie. unaki shrimati pani ek matadhikarwadi thiin, rar 1907 maa graham mofatle glasgoma mahila matadhikarka lagi purush ligko sthapana gare. unle matadhikar prachar natak "da maid anned da magistrate" pani lekhe. kehi warshapachhi unko hasya natak "bunty tols da strings" londonko west andma thulo heat bhayo, unko sabaibhanda thulo safalta, sann 1911 maa hemarket thieterma 617 shoharu chalyo. sann 1911 ko antyama broadwema suru bhaeko natakko samikshama, "newyork times" ley jey ko chheuma mofyatlai wargikrit गऱ्यो।. emm. barry rar lekhe, "yo sabaibhanda taja rar sabaibhanda swastha cheej how june newyorka thietarharule" pieter paan "kaa dinadekhi rakheko chha."scottish abhinetri molly pirsonle newyorkma bantiko shirshak bhumika nibhaeki thiin. hasya abhineta james finlationle newyork rar london duwaima bantiko bubako bhumika nibhaeka thie. mofatle sann 1914 maa newzealandma "bunty tols da string" ko bhraman gare, yo natak sann 1921 maa (ahile haraeko) chalchitrama banaieko thiyo. mofatle afai kamtima euta film "till da bayle ring" nirdeshan gare, june unle sann 1908 maa banaeko uhi namko kamedima adharit 46 minetko prayogatmak dhwani film thiyo. yass filmma mofat, unaki shrimati rar unaki chhorile abhinaya gareka thie. uni sann 1950 sammama dakshin africako cape taunama basdai aeka thie rar tyahan sann 1951 maa 85 warshako umerma unko mrityu bhayo. mofatko arko kriti, "susile tarharu ulajhaunchha", sann 1956 maa edinberg gateway companyle uniharuko nayan warshako natakko rupma manchan gareko thiyo. prakashanharu. afno natakharu bahek, unle kamtima tinawata pustakharu prakashit gareh

graham mofat william graham mofat (21 februari 1866-12 december 1951) jane scottish abhineta, nirdeshaka, natyakara ebong adhyatmikabadi thile. 1907 masihare, taanka patni maggy mophatanku landanare eka pratibadare girapha karajiba parey ebong zarimana debaku manah karithibaru tanku jail pathaideba parey, mofat glasgore mahila matadhikara paain eka purush ligg gathan karithile. shay tankara 1910 rahr kamedi 'bunty pool daa string' paain janashuna jaahaa bradawere heat hoithila . zeeban ebong brutti. shay 1866 masiha februari 21 tarikhare william mofat ebong helen dabasanka ghare janmagrahana karithile. aatha santanka madhyaru truteeja santan bhabe shay scotlander glasagore janmagrahana karithile. sethare, shay alpa bajasare saharar theatre ebong sixpeny gallery ebong dinara aneka prasidha comedian ebong manoranjanakareenka nikatare unmochita hoithile . shay 1897 ray mancha abhinetri ebong poshaka designer margaret lidel link (1873-1943) nku bibaha karithile. taanka patni madhya jane matadhikarabadi thile, ebong 1907 masihare graham mofat glasgore mahila matadhikara paain purush ligg pratistha karithile. shay eka matadhikara prachara nataka madhya lekhithile, "daa maid anded daa magistrate". kichhi barsha parey tankara hasyarasa nataka 'bunty pool daa string' londner paschima parsware eka birata heat hoithila, tankara sabutharu budd saphalata, 1911 ray hemarket thietarare 617 shoe paain chalithila. 1911 ray bradawere arambha heba samajare natakaku samikhya karibare, 'nyujarka times' jay parsware mofat shrenibhukta karithila . emm. byari ebong lekhichhanti, "pieter paan" dinatharu nyujarkara thietarare ehaa sabutharu sateja ebong sabutharu sustha jinish ."scottish abhinetri molley pierson nyujarkare bunty bhumikare abhinai karithile. hasya abhineta james finlation ubhaja nyujarka ebong landanare bantinka pita bhumikare abhinai karithile. mofat 1914 ray nyujilyandare "bunty drus daa string" gasta karithile, ehi nataka 1921 ray eka (bartamana hazigala) chalachitrare parinata hoithila . mofat nije ati kamare gotie chalachitra, "till daa bail ring" rahr nirdeshana deithile, jaahaa 1908 ray shay sthapita karithiba samaana namara kamedi upare aadharita 46 minitor eka parikhyamulaka sound chalachitra . ehi chalachitrare mofat, taanka patni ebong taanka jhia abhinai karithile . 1950 masiha suddha shay dakhina africar cape taunre rahuthile ebong sethare 1951 masihare 85 barsha bajasare tankara dehant hoithila. mophatanka anya eka kruti, "susi tongles daa strings", edinburgh getawe company dwara 1956 ray semanankara nutan barshar nataka bhabare manchasta hoithila . prakashan. taanka nataka byatita, shay atikamre tinoti pustaka prakash karithileh

graham mofat viliam graham mofat (21 farvari 1866-12 dasambar 1951) ikk scottish adakar, nirdeshak, natakkar atey adhiaatamvadi see. mofat neey 1907 witch mahilavan dey vott adhikar laee ikk purash leeg daa gathan keeta jadon uss dee patni maggy mofat noon london witch ikk virodh pardarshan witch griftar keeta giaa see atey jurmana adaa curran toon inkaar curran laee jailh witch paa ditta giaa see. uh aapni 1910 dee kamedi "bunty turns dha strings" laee jaane jaande hunn joe broadway utte hitt see. jeevan atey carrier. uss daa janam 21 farvari 1866 noon viliam moffet atey hellen dobson dey gharr hoiaa see. atth bacchiaan vicchon teeja, uh scotland dey glasgo witch paida hoiaa see. utthe, uh chhoti umar witch hii shehar dey theatre atey chhe paini galleries atey uss samein dey kaee prasidh comedianan atey manoranjak kalakaran dey sahmane aaa gaye sunn. uss daa viaah 1897 witch stage abhinetri atey castioom designer, margaret lidel link (1873-1943) naal hoiaa see. uss dee patni vee ikk vott paunh vaali see, atey 1907 witch graham mofat neey glasgo witch aurtan dey vott adhikar laee purash leeg dee sathapana keeti. unhan neey ikk vott adhikar prachar natak, "naukrani atey magistrate" vee likhiaa. kujh saalan baad uss daa hasohina natak "bunty tulls dha strings" london dey pachmi sire witch ikk vaddi hitt see, uss dee sabh toon vaddi safalta, 1911 witch hemarket theatre witch 617 shoa laee challi. jadon iss natak dee samikhiaa witch ih 1911 dey akheer witch broadway utte shuru hoiaa, taan "newyork times" neey jey dey naal moffet noon shrenibadh keeta. aim. bairi atey neey likhiaa, "ih sabh toon taaza atey sabh toon vadhiaa cheez haii joe newyork dey theatres witch" pieter paen "dey dinan toon haii."scottish abhinetri mauli pearson neey newyork witch bunty dee sirlekh bhumika nibhai. kamedi adakar james finleson neey bunty dey pitaa dee bhumika newyork atey london dovan witch nibhai. moffet neey 1914 witch newzealand witch "bunty khichdi haii" daa daura keeta, iss natak noon 1921 witch ikk (hunn gumm) film witch banaiaa giaa see. mofat neey khud ghatto-ghatt ikk film daa nirdeshan keeta, "till dha baill ring", ikk 46 mint dee prayogatmak sound film joe use naam dee kamedi 'teey adharat haii jiss noon usne 1908 witch banaiaa see. film witch mofat, usdi patni atey usdi dhee neey abhinai keeta see. uh 1950 takk dakkhni africa dey cape taoon witch rahi rahey sunn atey 1951 witch 85 saal dee umar witch unhan dee maut hoow gaee. moffet deeaan ikk horr rachnavan, "susi tungles dha strings", daa pardarshan edinberg getway company duaara 1956 witch unhan dey navein saal dey natak vajon keeta giaa see. parkashan. aapne natkan toon ilava, unhan neey ghatto ghatt tinn kitaban prakashit kitiaan

graham mofat vilium graham mofat (21 febravari 1866-12 december 1951) skaatish-deshasya abhinetaa, nirdeshaka, natakakaraha, aadhyaatmik-kavihi cha aasit. 1907 tame varshe glasgo-nagare mahilanam matadhikarartham mofat-varyaha purushaanaam leag-sangham niramaat, yadaa tasya patnee maigee mofat-ityeshaa landan-nagare virodha-pradarshanasy samaye gruheetaa, jarimana daatum niraakrutya kaaraavaase cha aasit. saha 1910 tame varshe "bunty-pools-da-strings" iti hasya-krutyaa prasidhah asti, yat broadway-ityatra safalam aasit. jeevanam tathaa vruttihi. saha 1866 februvari 21 dinaanke vilium mofat tathaa hellen dobson ityetayoho putrena ajayata. ashtasu putreshu truteeyah saha scatland-deshasya glasgo-nagare ajayata. tatra saha alpavayasi eva nagarasya natyashalasu, sixpeny-galleries madhye, tathaa cha tasmin kaale anekanam prasiddhanaam hasyakalakaranam, manoranjanakaranam cha krute prakatitah. saha 1897 tame varshe mancha-abhinetree, vastra-vinyasika cha margaret lidel link (1873-1943) ityanena saha vivaahitah. tasya patnee api matadhikarini aasit, 1907 tame varshe graham mofat ityayam glasgo-nagare mahilaa-matadhikarasya purusha-leag samsthaapayat. saha "da maid and da magistrate" iti matadhikaraprachara-naatakam api alikhat. katipayavarshanam anantaram tasya hasya-naatakam "bunty-pools-da-strings" landan-nagarasya pashchim-praante atyantam safalam aasit, tasya bruhattamaa safalataa, 1911 tame varshe hey-markett-natyashalayam 617 pradarshanani yaavat praavartat. 1911 tame varshe yadaa broadway-madhye tasya aarambhah abhavat tadaa "nyuyaark-tams" iti patrikaayaam jey ityasya paarshve mofat iti vargeekrutam. emm. bairee ityanena likhitam yat, "nyuyaark-nagarasya chitrashaalaasu" peater-paan "ityasya dinaat aarabhy etat naveenatamam, swaasthyakaram cha vastu asti."skaatish-abhinetree mollie piersonah nyuyaark-nagare bunty iti shirshapatram niravahat. haasyanatah james finleson ityeshah nyuyaark-nagare tathaa landan-nagare cha bunty ityasya pituhu paatram niravahat. mofat-varyaha 1914 tame varshe newzealand-deshe "bunty-pools-da-strings" iti kridaayaam paryatitavaan, 1921 tame varshe etat naatakam (adhunaa luptam) chalacchitraroopena nirmitam. mofat-varyaha svayameva nyunatinyoonam ekam chalacchitram nirdeshitavaan, "till da bails ring" iti, 1908 tame varshe sthaapitasya samaan-naamnah hasyasya aadhaaren 46 nimeshasya prayogaatmak-dhwani-chalacchitram. asmin chalachchitre mofat, tasya patnee, tasya putree cha abhyanayt. saha 1950 tame varshe dakshina-africa-deshasya kep-nagare nivasati sma, 1951 tame varshe 85 varsheeyah tatra mrutah. mofaat ityasya anyat krutihi "susi tangles da strings" iti 1956 tame varshe edinberg-gateway-kampanee ityanena nootanavarshasya naatakaroopen pradarshitam. prakaashane. swasya natakan atirichya saha nyunatinyoonam treeni pustakaani prakashitavan.

kiraham mofat villiyam kiraham mofat (21 pipravari 1866-12 disambar 1951) oru skaatlaanthu nadigar, iyakkunar, naadaga aasiriyar mattrum aanmeegavaathi aavaar. 1907 aam aandil claskovil penkal vaakkurimaikkaaga oru aangal leakey mofat uruvaakkinaar, avarathu manaivi maeki mofat landanil oru poaraattaththil kaithu seiyappattu abaraatham seluththa maruththatharkaaga siraiyil adaikkappattaar. avar 1910 aam aandu nagaichchuvaiyaana "pandi bulls thii strings" endra nagaichchuvaikkaaga ariyappadugiraar, idhu broadwayil vettri pettrathu. vaazhkkai mattrum thozhil. avar 1866 pipravari 21 andru villiyam mofat mattrum helen topson aakiyoarukku piranthaar. ettu kuzhandhaigalil moontraavathu kuzhandhaiyaana avar scatlandin claskovil piranthaar. angku, avar siru vayathilaeyae nagaraththin thiraiyarangkukal mattrum sixbenni kaelarigal mattrum andraiya pala pugazhpettra nagaichchuvai nadigargal mattrum pozhuthupoakku kalaignarkalukku velippattaar. avar 1897 aam aandil maedai nadigaiyum aadai vadivamaippaalarumaana margared lidal link (1873-1943) enbavarai mananthaar. avarathu manaiviyum oru vaakkurimai aarvalaraaga irunthaar, 1907 aam aandil kiraham mofat claskovil penkal vaakkurimaikkaaga aangal leakey niruvinaar. avar "panippen mattrum neethipathi" endra vaakkurimai prachchaara naadagaththaiyum ezhuthinaar. sila aandugalukkup piragu avarathu nagaichchuvai naadagamaana "pandi bulls thii strings" landanin maerku munaiyil migapperiya vetrtriyaip pettrathu, avarathu migapperiya vettri, 1911 aam aandil haymarket theateril 617 nigazhchchigalukku oodiyathu. 1911 aam aandin pirpaguthiyil broadwayil arimugamaanapoathu naadagaththai mathippaaivu seivathil, "newyorg times" jay kku arugil mofattai vagaippaduththiyathu. emm. paari mattrum ezhuthinaar, "idhu newyoarkil ulla thiraiyarangukalil" piittar paan "naatkalilirunthu vaikkapattulla miga puthiya mattrum migavum aaroakkiyamaana vishayam."skaatlaanthu nadigai moali bearson newyoarkil pandi endra thalaippu paaththiraththil naditthaar. nagaichchuvai nadigar james finlayson newyorg mattrum landanil panthiyin thanthaiyaaga naditthaar. mofat 1914 aam aandil newzealaandhil suttruppayanam maerkondaar, inththa naadagam 1921 aam aandil (ippoathu ilanththuvittathu) thiraippatamaaga uruvaakkappattathu. mofat thaanaagavae kurainthapatcham oru padaththaiyaavathu iyakkiyullaar, "dill thii bells ring", idhu 1908 aam aandil avar amaiththa athae peyaril nagaichchuvaiyai adippadaiyaagak konda 46 nimida soathanai olii padam. inththa padaththil mofat, avarathu manaivi mattrum avarathu magal nadiththanar. nadiththanar aandukkul avar thennaapirikkaavin cape downill vasiththu vanthaar, angku angku aandu thanathu thanathu vayathil iranthaar. mofatin mattroru padaippaana "susi sarangalai sikkalaakkukirathu", edinburgh nuzhaivaayil niruvanatthaal 1956 aam aandil avarkalin putthaandu naadagamaaga arangkaettrappattathu. veliyeedugal. avarathu naadagangalaith thavira, avar kurainthathu moontru puththagangkalai veliyittaar

graham mofat vilium graham mofat (21 fibravari 1866-12 december 1951) scottish natudu, darsakudu, naataka rachayita mariyu aadhyaatmikavetta. 1907loe londonlo jarigina nirasanalo athani bhaarya maagee mofatnu arrestu chesi, jarimana chellinchadaaniki niraakarinchinanduku jailulo pettina taruvaata, mofat glassgolo mahilala ootu hakku kosam purushula leagnu erpaatu chesaaru. athanu 1910loe broadvelo vijayavantamaina haasya chitram "bunty pulls dhi strings" kuu prasiddhi chendaadu. jeevitam mariyu vrutti. athanu 1866 fibravari 21naa vilium mofat mariyu helen dobson dampatulaku janminchaadu. enimidi mandhi pillalalo muudavavaadu, athanu skaatlaandlooni glassgolo janminchaadu. akkada, athanu chinna vayassulone nagaramloni theatres mariyu six pennie gallerylaku mariyu aaa roeju aneka mandhi prasiddha hasyanatulu mariyu vinodakaarulaku parichayam cheyabaddaadu. athanu 1897loe rangasthala nati mariyu castume designer margaret lidel link (1873-1943) nuu vivaham chesukunnadu. athani bhaarya kooda ootu hakku galadi, 1907loe graham mofat glassgolo mahilala ootu hakku kosam purushula leagnu sthaapinchaaru. athanu "panimanishi mariyu magistrate" anae ootu hakku prachara natakanni kooda rachinchaadu. konni samvatsaraala taruvaata athani haasya natakam "bunty pulls dhi strings" london yokka west endlo bhaarii vijayanni saadhinchindi, athani atipedda vijayam, 1911loe haymarket theatres 617 pradarsanalaku nadichindi. 1911 chivarilo broadvelo prarambhamainappudu, "newyork times" zhe pakkana mofatnu vargeekarinchindi. emm. peater paan" rojula nundi newyorkloni theatres unna taja mariyu atyanta aarogyakaramaina vishayam idhi "anie byaari raasaaru."scottish nati mollie pierson newyorklo bunty anae taitil roll pooshinchaaru. haasya natudu james finleson newyork mariyu londonlo bunty tandrigaa natinchaaru. mofat 1914loe nyoojilaandlo "bunty pulls dhi strings" paryatana chesaaru, eee natakam 1921loe (ippudu kolpoyina) chitramgaa roopondinchabadindi. mofat swayamgaa kaneesam oka chitraaniki darsakatvam vahinchaaru, "till dhi bells ring", idhi 1908loe ayana nirminchina adhe paerutoe haasya aadhaaramgaa 46 nimishala prayogaatmaka dhwani chitram. eee chitramlo mofat, athani bhaarya mariyu athani kumarte natinchaaru. athanu 1950 natiki dakshinaafrikaalooni cape townloo nivasistuu 1951loe 85 samvatsaraala vayasulo akkada maraninchaadu. mofat yokka maroka rachana, "suusii tangles dhi strings", 1956loe edinberg gateway company vaari noothana samvatsara natakamga pradarsinchabadindi. prachuranalu. thana naatakaalato paatu, athanu kaneesam moodu pustakaalanu prachurinchaaduh

graham mofaat waleem graham mofaat (21 faroori 1866-12 dasambar 1951) eek scotsh adaakaar hidayat kaar dramah nigaar aur maahir rohani thay. moft nay 1907 mein glassgo mein khwatin kay haqh raaye dahee kay liye mardon kii leeg tashkil dee jabb inn kii ahliyah meegi moft kuu landan mein eek ahtajaj mein giraftar kiyaa gayaa aur jarmanah adaa karnay say ankaar karnay parr jail bhej diyaa gayaa. wah 1910 kii apnee mazahiya film "bunty pulz dee strings" kay liye jaana jaataa hay juu braad way parr hutt rahee. zindagi aur carrier. wah 21 faroori 1866 kuu waleem moft aur healen dobson kay haan paida hoay. aath bachon mein say teesra wah scott lend kay glassgo mein paida hawaa thaa. wahaan wah kumm umri mein hyee shehar kay theaters aur siks peeni gallerion aur iss waqat kay mutadid mashhur commedinon aur tafrih kaaron kay saamney aaa gayey. inhon nay 1897 mein stage adakarah aur castiom designar margaret ladeel lunk (1873-1943) say shaadi kii. inn kii ahliyah bhee eek votar thein aur 1907 mein graham moft nay glassgo mein khwatin kay woat kay haqh kay liye mardon kii leeg kii bunyaad rakhee. inhon nay eek haqh raaye dahee kaa propaiganda dramah "nokarani aur majistrait" bhee likhaa. kachh saal baad inn kaa mazahiya dramah "bunty pulz dee strings" landan kay vest aind mein behat ziyadah maqbool hawaa juu inn kii sabb say bury kamiyabi thee juu 1911 mein hyee market theater mein 617 shoz takk jaari rahee. 1911 kay aakhir mein braad way parr iss dramay kaa jaizah leenay mein "neo yark times" nay jay kay saath mofet kii darjah bundi kii. ayem. barry aur likhaa "yaha sabb say taazah aur sabb say ziyadah sehat mund cheez hay juu neoyork kay theaters mein" petter peen "kay dunon say mojud hay."scotsh adakarah mauli pairson nay neoyork mein bunty kaa tytle roll adaa kiyaa. mazahiya adakaar jaims funleson nay neoyork aur landan donon mein bunty kay waalid kaa kirdaar adaa kiyaa. moft nay 1914 mein newzi lend mein "bunty pulz dee strings" kaa dorah kiyaa. iss dramay kuu 1921 mein eek (abb gumshidah) film mein banaya gayaa thaa. moft nay khood kumm az kumm eek film "tyle dee bails rung" kii hidayat kaaree kii juu asee naam kii comedy parr mubni 46 mint kii tajarbati sound film hay jasay inhon nay 1908 mein banaya thaa. iss film mein moft inn kii ahliyah aur inn kii betty nay adakari kii thee. wah 1950 takk janubi afriqah kay cape town mein rahh rahay thay aur 1951 mein 85 saal kii amar mein wahaan inn kaa inteqal hawaa. moft kay eek aur kaam "sosi taaron kuu aljhati hay"yee kuu edinberg gait way company nay 1956 mein apnay nayey saal kay kheel kay toor parr paish kiyaa thaa. ashaatein. apnay dramon kay alawah inhon nay kumm az kumm teen kitabein shaye kein:

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54019

Cuscuta

Cuscuta Genus of parasitic plants Cuscuta (), commonly known as dodder or amarbel, is a genus of over 201 species of yellow, orange, or red (rarely green) parasitic plants. Formerly treated as the only genus in the family Cuscutaceae, it now is accepted as belonging in the morning glory family, Convolvulaceae, on the basis of the work of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group. The genus is found throughout the temperate and tropical regions of the world, with the greatest species diversity in subtropical and tropical regions; the genus becomes rare in cool temperate climates, with only four species native to northern Europe. Folk names include strangle tare, scaldweed, beggarweed, lady's laces, fireweed, wizard's net, devil's guts, devil's hair, devil's ringlet, goldthread, hailweed, hairweed, hellbine, love vine, pull-down, strangleweed, angel hair, and witch's hair. Description. Cuscuta can be identified by its thin stems appearing leafless, with the leaves reduced to minute scales. In these respects it closely resembles the similarly parasitic, but unrelated genus, "Cassytha". From mid-summer to early autumn, the vines can produce small fruit that take the same color as the vine, and are approximately the size of a common pea. It has very low levels of chlorophyll; some species such as "Cuscuta reflexa" can photosynthesize slightly, while others such as "C. europaea" are entirely dependent on the host plants for nutrition. Dodder flowers range in color from white to pink to yellow to cream. Some flower in the early summer, others later, depending on the species. The seeds are minute and produced in large quantities. They have a hard coating, and typically can survive in the soil for 5–10 years, sometimes longer. Dodder seeds sprout at or near the surface of the soil. Although dodder germination can occur without a host, it has to reach a green plant quickly and is adapted to grow towards the nearby plants by following chemosensory clues. If a plant is not reached within 5 to 10 days of germination, the dodder seedling will die. Before a host plant is reached, the dodder, as other plants, relies on food reserves in the embryo; the cotyledons, though present, are vestigial. Parasitism. After a dodder attaches itself to a plant, it wraps itself around it. If the host contains food beneficial to dodder, the dodder produces haustoria that insert themselves into the vascular system of the host. The vestigial root of the dodder in the soil then dies. The dodder can grow and attach itself to multiple plants. In tropical areas, it can grow more or less continuously and may reach high into the canopy of shrubs and trees; in cold temperate regions, it is an annual plant and is restricted to relatively low vegetation that can be reached by new seedlings each spring. Dodder is parasitic on a very wide variety of plants, including a number of agricultural and horticultural crop species, such as alfalfa, lespedeza, flax, clover, potatoes, chrysanthemum, dahlia, helenium, trumpet vine, ivy and petunias. It is an ectoparasite and is categorized as holoparasitic plant, or a plant that is non-photosynthetic and is completely dependent on a host. Dodder ranges in severity based on its species and the species of the host, the time of attack, and whether any viruses are also present in the host plant. By debilitating the host plant, dodder decreases the ability of plants to resist viral diseases, and dodder can also spread plant diseases from one host to another if it is attached to more than one plant. This is of economic concern in agricultural systems, where an annual drop of 10% yield can be devastating. There has been an emphasis on dodder vine control in order to manage plant diseases in the field. Host location. A report published in "Science" in 2006 demonstrated that dodder use airborne volatile organic compound cues to locate their host plants. Seedlings of "C. pentagona" exhibit positive growth responses to volatiles released by tomato and other species of host plants. When given a choice between volatiles released by the preferred host tomato and the non-host wheat, the parasite grew toward the former. Further experiments demonstrated attraction to a number of individual compounds released by host plants and repellence by one compound released by wheat. These results do not rule out the possibility that other cues, such as light, may also play a role in host location. Host defenses. Less is known about host defenses against dodder and other parasitic plants than is known about plant defenses against herbivores and pathogens. In one study, tomato plants were found to employ complex mechanisms to defend against dodder. Two pathways, using jasmonic acid and salicylic acid, were activated in response to attack by "Cuscuta pentagona". Dodder attack was also found to induce production of volatiles, including 2-carene, α-pinene, limonene, and β-phellandrene. It is not known if or how these volatiles defend the host, but they could potentially interfere with the dodder's ability to locate and select hosts. Also, the presence of trichomes on the tomato stem effectively blocks the dodder from attaching to the stem. Prevention and treatment. Many countries have laws prohibiting import of dodder seed, requiring crop seeds to be free of dodder seed contamination. Before planting, all clothes should be inspected for dodder seed when moving from an infested area to a non-infested crop. When dealing with an infested area, swift action is necessary. Recommendations include planting a non-host crop for several years after the infestation, pulling up host crops immediately, particularly before the dodder produces seed, and use of preemergent herbicides such as Dacthal in the spring. Examples of non-host crops include grasses and many other monocotyledons. If dodder is found before it chokes a host plant, it may be simply removed from the soil. If choking has begun, the host plant must be pruned significantly below the dodder infestation, as dodder is versatile and able to grow back from its haustoria. Use in Chinese traditional medicine. "C. chinensis" seeds () have long been used for osteoporosis in China and some other Asian countries. "C. chinensis" is a commonly used traditional Chinese medicine which is believed to strengthen the liver and kidneys. Cuscuta species are also used as medicine in Himalayan regional medical traditions. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

kuskut xadharonote poxukhadyo baa aamorbel naamere jonajat kuskut () hoise hoise odhik projatir halodhiya, komola baa ronga (komkoi xeujiya) porojibi udbhidor etaa projati. purbote sasukyutesi poriyalor ekmatro gono hisape gonyo koraa hoisil, iyak etiya angio "spormo filugeny gutor kaamor bhittit ratipuwar gourob poriyal convolvulesir ontorgoto buli grohon koraa hoy. upo-krantiyo aaru krantiyo oncholot xorbadhik projatir boisitryor xoite ei gonotu biswor natixitusno aaru krantiyo oncholxomuhot puwa yaay; xitol natixitusno jolobayut ei gonotu birol hoi pore, zo "too uttor europor maatro sarita projatir sthaniyo udbhid aase. lukor naamburor bhitorot aase strenglo ter, scaledwid, beggerwid, ladys les, firewid, wizardor nett, devils gaat, devils suli, devils ringlet, goldthread, hailwid, hairwid, helbine, laabh bhain, pull-daaun, stranglowid, angel suli, aaru daineer suli. bornona. iyar patohin doli thoka patburere kuchkutak sinakto koribo paari, paatbur xukhmo skeloloi hraax koraa hoy. ei khetrot ee ekedhoronor porojibi, kintu xomporkito nohoy, "kesitha" gonor xoite xadrisyopurno. grishmokalor majbhagor poraa xorotkalor aarombhoniloike, lotar lotabure xoru foll utpadon koribo paare ji lotar dore eke rongor hoy, aaru pray etaa xadharon motoror aakaror hoy. iyat klo "ror" filor matra oti komm; kisuman projati jene "kuskut reflex"-e olop xaluk xongslexito koribo paare, aanhate aan kisuman jene "chi". europia "xompurnorupe pustir baabe puxok udbhidor uporot nirbhorxil. poxukhadyor fulburor rong bogar poraa gulapir poraa halodhiyar poraa krimoloike hoy. kisuman ful grishmokalor aarombhonite, aanbur pisot, projatir uporot nirbhor kori. bijbur xukhmo aaru brihot porimanot utpadon koraa hoy. teulukor etaa kothin aaworon thaake, aaru xadharonote maatit 5-10 bosor dhori jiyai thakibo paare, ketiyaba odhik xomoy. maatir pristhot baa usorot poxukhadyor beej ongkurito hoy. jodiu poxur puxok obihone poxur ongkuron hoh "bob paare, ee xunkale xeujiya udbhidot uponeet hoh" bob lagibo aaru chemochanchory xutro onuxoron kori usoror udbhidor faale briddhi koriboloi khaap khuwabo lagibo. jodi ongkuronor 5-10 dinor bhitorot etaa udbhidot uponeet nohoy, tente poxukhadyor beej moribo. etaa puxok udbhidot uponeet huwar aagote, onyanyo udbhidor dore poxukhadyotuu bhrunot thoka khadyo vandaror uporot nirbhor kore; jodiu uposthito thaake, cotildonbur vestigial hoy. porojibita. etaa poxukhadyo etaa udbhidor logot xonglogno huwar pisot, ee iyar sariufale nijoke abrito kore. jodi puxokot poxukhadyor baabe upokari khadyo thaake, tente poxukhadyoi poxukhadyor sristi kore ji puxokor bhaskular pronalit nijoke xumuwai. taar pisot maatit thoka poxukhadyor vestigial xipatu mori yaay. poxukhadyotu briddhi hoh "bob paare aaru ekadhik udbhidor xoite xonglogno hoh" bob paare. krantiyo oncholot, ee komm besi ekerahe briddhi paab paare aaru gulmo aaru gosor sador uschotaloi uponeet hoh 'bob paare; thanda natixitusno oncholot, ee ek barxik udbhid aaru proityek boxontokalot notun roxor dwara uponeet hoh' bob poraa tulonamulokbhabe komm udbhidor bhitorot ximabodho. poxukhadyo hoise bibhinno udbhidor porojibi, jaar bhitorot aase krixi aaru udyan xosyor keibatau projati, jene alfalfa, lespedija, flex, clover, aalu, chrysanthemum, dalia, hellenium, trumpet drakhyalota, iv aaru petunia. ee ek actoparazite aaru iyak hoh 'lo' parajaitik udbhid baa oh-photochinthetic udbhid hisape shrenibodho koraa hoy aaru ee xompurnorupe puxokor uporot nirbhorxil. iyar projati aaru puxokor projati, aakromonor xomoy, aaru puxok udbhidot kunu bhairas aase ney naai taar uporot bhitti kori poxukhadyor tibrotar porixor thaake. puxok udbhidok durbol kori, poxukhadyoi udbhidor bhairasjonit rug protirudh korar khyomota hraax kore, aaru jodi ekerahe udbhidor logot xonglogno koraa hoy tente poxukhadyoi udbhidor rugbur etaa puxokor poraa aan etaa puxokoloi biyopabo paare. krixi byowosthat eitu orthonoitik udwegor bixoy, zo "too barxik 10 xotangxo utpadon hraax huwatu bidhwongxi hoh" bob paare. potharot udbhidor rugxomuh niyontron koriboloi poxukhadyor aangura niyontronor uporot gurutwo diya hoise. ayujokor sthan. 2006 sonot "bigyan" too prokaxito ek protibedonot prodorxon koraa hoisil je poxukhadyoi teulukor puxok udbhidxomuhor owosthan koriboloi bayubahito udwayi joibik jougor xongket byobohar kore. chi" ror chaara. pentaguna "-e bilahi aaru onyanyo projatir puxok udbhidor dwara mukto huwa udwritto podarthor proti itibasok briddhir protikriya prodorxon kore. jetiya posondor puxok tometu aaru oh-puxok ghehur dwara mukoli koraa udwrittor maajot etaa basoni diya hoy, porojibitu prothomor faale briddhi paisil. odhik porikhyai puxok udbhidor dwara mukto huwa keibatau prithok jougor proti aakorxon aaru ghehur dwara mukto huwa etaa jougor dwara protirudh prodorxon korisil. ei folafolxomuhe ei xombhawonak nakoch nokore je puhoror dore onyanyo xongketxomuheu ayujokor sthanot bhumika paalon koribo paare. ayujokor protirokya. trinbhuji aaru rug sristikarokorokor biruddhe udbhidor protirokhyar bixoye jonaa juwatkoi poxukhadyo aaru onyanyo porojibi udbhidor biruddhe puxok protirokhyar bixoye komm jonaa yaay. etaa odhyoyonot, tometu gosbure poxukhadyor poraa rokhya paboloi jotil pronali byobohar koraa dekha goisil. kuskut pentaguna" ror aakromonor protikriyat jesmonik acid aaru celicilic acid byobohar kori dutaa poth xokriyo koraa hoisil. poxukhadyor aakromone 2-kerin, α-pinin, limunin, aaru β-fellandrinoke dhori udwritto podarthor utpadonor prerona juguwa dekha goisil. ei osthirbure puxokok rokhya kore ney baa kenekoi xeya jonaa nayay, kintu teuluke xombhabyobhabe puxokor owosthan aaru basoni korar baabe poxukhadyor khyomotat hostokhyep koribo paare. logote, bilahir kandot trike 'morr uposthitiye pholoproxubhabe khadyok kandor xoite xonglogno huwat baadha diye. protirudh aaru sikitsa. bohutu dexot poxukhadyor beej aamdani nixidho koraa aain aase, zo "too xosyor bijok poxukhadyor bijor produxonor poraa mukto korar proyujon. ruponor aagote, xongkromito oncholor poraa xongkromito nuhuwa xosyoloi sthanantorito korar xomoyot xokolu kapur poxukhadyor bijor baabe porikhya koraa usit. akranto oncholor xoite mukabila korute, drut podokhyep luwatu proyujoniyo. poramorxoxomuhor bhitorot aase xongkromonor pisot keiba bosor dhori oh-puxok xosyo rupon koraa, bixexkoi poxukhadyor beej utpadonor aagote totkhyonat puxok xosyoxomuh tuli luwa, aaru boxontokalot daktalor dore purbor udbhidnaxokor byobohar koraa. oh-puxok xosyor udahoronxomuhor bhitorot aase ghaah aaru aan bohutu monucotiledon. jodi etaa puxok udbhidor swax-proswax bondho huwar aagote poxukhadyo puwa yaay, tente iyak maatir poraa aatorai pelabo paari. jodi swoking aarombho hoise, tente puxok udbhidtu poxukhadyor xongkromonor tolot jothesto porimane kotaa usit, kiyonu poxukhadyo bohumukhi aaru iyar ghurar poraa punor briddhi hoh 'boloi xokhyom. china poromporagot ouxodhot byobohar korok. "chi. cheen aaru aan kisuman asier dexot ostio "por" sisor baabe cinencixor beej () dirghodin dhori byobohar koraa hoise. "chi. cinencies hoise xadharonote byobohrito ek poromporagot china ouxodh ji jokrito aaru brikko xoktixali kore buli biswax koraa hoy. himaloyor ancholik sikitsa poromporat kuskut projatik ouxodh hisapeu byobohar koraa hoy.

kuskut kuskut (), jaa sadharonoto poshukhaddo baa amarbel naame porichito, holl 201 tiro beshi projatir holud, komla baa laal (khub komoi sobuj) parajibi udbhider ekti prajati. purbe kaskutesi poribarer ekmatro prajati hisabe bibechito, etty ekhon angiosperm phylogeny grouper kaajer vittite sokaler gaurab poribar, convolvulacier ontorgoto hisabe grihito hoy. upokrantiyo ebong grissomondoliyo anchale sorbadhik projatir boichitro soho bishwer natishitoshna ebong grissomondoliyo anchalgulite eyi projatiti pawa yaay; sheetal natishitoshna jalbayute eyi projatiti biral hoye othe, jekhane uttor europer sthaniya matro charti prajati royeche. loker namgulir modhye royeche strungle teyara, scaldouid, bhikkhuk, bhadramahilar fite, fireuid, wizarder jaal, shayataner sahos, shayataner chull, shayataner ringlet, goldthread, haylouid, hairouid, helbine, laav vine, pull-daaun, stranglouid, angel chull ebong dainir chull. bornona. pataguli chhoto scalegulite hrass peye, patabihin dekhay emon patla cunned dwara kaskuta chinnito koraa jete paare. eyi dick theke etty ekoi dharaner parajibi, kintu samparkahin gono, "casitha"-rawr saathe sadrishyopurno. grisser majhamajhi theke sharatkaler godar dike, lataa chhoto foll utpadon korte paare jaa drakkhalotar moto ekoi rongo dharon korey ebong pray ekti sadharan motorer akarer hoy. etite chlorophiler matra khub qama; kichhu prajati jemon "kaskuta reflexa" samanno saloksangshleshan korte paare, onnora jemon "shee". europia "pushtir jonno sampurnarupe poshak udbhider upor nirbharshil. poshukhadder phul saadaa theke golapi theke holud theke crim porjonto ronger hoy. kichhu phul grisser shurute, onnoguli porey, projatir upor nirbhar korey. bijguli sukkho ebong prachur porimane utpadito hoy. taader ekti shokto aboron thaake ebong sadharonoto 5-10 bochor dhorey matite benche thakte paare, kokhono kokhono arow beshi somoy dhorey. maatir pristhe baa taar kachakachi poshukhaddo beej ankurito hoy. jodio poshukhadder ankurodgam konao poshak chharai ghotote paare, tobey etty druto ekti sobuj udbhide pouchate hobey ebong chemosensory sootro anusaran korey kachakachi udbhider dike bede othar jonno abhijojito hoy. jodi ankurodgamer 5 theke 10 diner modhye ekti udbhid pouchai naa, tahle poshukhadder chaara maaraa jaabe. ekti poshak udbhid pouchanor agey, anyanno udbhider moto poshukhaddo bhruner khaddo mojuter upor nirbhar korey; kotildonguli uposthito thakleo, vestigial. porojibibad. ekti poshukhaddo ekti udbhider sange sangjukto howar porey, etty taar charpashe nijeke moda deyo. jodi poshoker modhye poshukhadder jonno upokari khaddo thaake, tobey poshukhaddoti hustoria toiri korey jaa poshoker vascular systeme nijeder probesh koray. matite poshukhadder mool tokhon maaraa yaay. poshukhaddoti bede uthte paare ebong ekadhik udbhider sange nijeke sangjukto korte paare. grissomondoliyo anchale, etty kambeshi kromagoto briddhi petey paare ebong gulm oo gacher chaander modhye uchchotai pouchte paare; sheetal natishitoshna anchale, etty ekti barshik udbhid ebong tulonamulokbhabe qama gachpalar modhye seemaboddho jaa protiti bosonte notun chaara dwara pouchano jete paare. poshukhaddo bivinno dharaner udbhider upor parajibi, jaar modhye royeche besh koyekti krishi oo uddanjato fosol prajati, jemon alfalfa, lespedeza, flax, clover, alu, chrysanthemum, dalia, hellenium, trumpet wine, ivy ebong petunius. etty ekti ectoperasite ebong etty holoparasite udbhid hisabe shreniboddho koraa hoy, baa ekti udbhid jaa aaa-photosynthetic ebong sampurnarupe ekti hoster upor nirbharshil. poshukhadder tibrota taar prajati ebong poshoker prajati, akromoner somoy ebong poshak udbhide konao virus uposthito achhe kina taar upor vitti korey. poshak udbhidke durbal korey, poshukhaddo udbhider viral roga protirodh korar khomota hrass korey ebong jodi etty ekadhik udbhider saathe sangjukto thaake tobey poshukhaddo udbhid rogguli eka poshak theke onno poshoker modhye chhoriye ditey paare. krishi byabasthai etty orthonoitik udweger vishay, jekhane barshik 10 shotangsho follon hrass biddhongsi hotey paare. maathe udbhider rogguli porichalona korar jonno poshukhadder drakkhalota niyantraner upor jore deoa hoyeche. hoster abosthan. 2006 saale "sayensa"-ayee prokashito ekti protibedone dekhano hoyeche jey, poshukhaddo taader poshak udbhidguli sonakto korte bayubahito udwayi joibo jougo sangket byabohar korey. shee"-err chaara. pentagona "tometo ebong anyanno projatir poshak udbhid dwara mukto udwayider proti itibachak briddhir protikriya prodorshon korey. pochonder poshak tometo ebong aaa-poshak gomer dwara mukto udwayider modhye ekti pochondo deoa holey, porojibiti purbobortitir dike briddhi paay. arow porikkhaguli poshak udbhid dwara mukto haoya besh koyekti prithak jouger proti akarshan ebong gomm dwara mukto ekti jougo dwara bikarshan prodorshon korey. eyi falafalguli eyi sombhabonake udiye deyo naa jey alor moto anyanno ingitoo hosta abosthane bhumika palon korte paare. hosta protirokkha. trinobhoji prani ebong pathogender biruddhe udbhid protirokkhar tulna poshukhaddo ebong anyanno parajibi udbhider biruddhe poshak protirokkhar bishoye qama jaanaa yaay. ekti gobeshonai dekha geche, tometo gachguli poshukhadder biruddhe protirokkhar jonno jotil prokriya byabohar korey. kaskuta pentagona" dwara akromoner protikriyay, jasmonic assid ebong salycylic assid byabohar korey duti poth sakriya koraa hoyechilo. poshukhadder akraman 2-keren, α-pinin, limonin ebong β-fellandrin soho udwayi podarther utpadonke prorochito korteo pawa geche. eyi udwayira hostke rakkha korey kina baa kibhabe taa jaanaa yaay naa, tobey taaraa sombhabyobhabe hostguli sonakto ebong nirbachan korar jonno poshukhadder khomotake hostokkhep korte paare. echhadao, tometor kandey trichomer uposthiti karjokorbhabe kander saathe sangjukto haoya theke poshukhaddoke badha deyo. protirodh oo chikitsa. onek deshe poshukhadder beej amdani nishiddho korar aain royeche, jaar jonno fosoler beejke poshukhadder beej dushan theke mukto koraa prayojan. roponer agey, samasta jamakapad poshukhadder jonno porikkha koraa uchito jokhon ekti akranto elaka theke ekti aaa-akranto fosoler dike sthanantorito hoy. ekti akranto elakar sange mokabila korar somoy, druto podokkhep neoa prayojan. suparishgulir modhye royeche sankramaner porey besh koyek bochor dhorey ekti aaa-poshak fosol ropon koraa, biseshoto poshukhaddo beej utpadoner agey abilambe poshak fosolguli tante hobey ebong bosonte dactaler moto praka-udbhuto bheshjonashker byabohar. aaa-poshak fosoler udahorongulir modhye royeche ghas ebong anyanno onek monocotyldon. jodi ekti poshak udbhidke domm bondho korar agey poshukhaddo pawa yaay, tobey etty mutty theke sorano jete paare. jodi shwasrodh shuru hoye yaay, tobey poshak udbhidtike aboshyoi poshukhadder sankramaner niche ullekhjoggobhabe chhantai korte hobey, kaaron poshukhaddo bahumukhi ebong taar bhutude theke firey aste sokkhom. cheena oitijjobahi oushadh byabohar korun. "shee. chean ebong anyanno kichhu eshiya deshe asteoporosiser jonno chinensiser beej () dirghakal dhorey byabohrito hoye asche. "shee. chinensis holl ekti procholito cheena oshudh jaa libhara ebong kidnir shakti baday boley money koraa hoy. himalayer anchalik chikitsa oitijhye kuskutar prajatio oshudh hisabe byabohrito hoy.

kuskut cuscuta (), jene saamanya reete ghaschara athavaa amerbell tareeke odakhvaamaa aave chhe, teey pilaa, narangi athavaa laal (bhagye jaj leela) paropjivi chhodni 201 thee vadhu prajationi aek jaatee chhe. agau cuscutacy kutumbamaa ekmatra jaatee tareeke ganvaamaa aavtee, havey teey angiosperm filogeny juthanaa kaarynaa aadhare morning glory parivaar, convolvulasima saamel hovaanu svikarvama aave chhe. aaa jaatee vishvanaa samshitoshna aneey ushnkatibandhiy pradeshomaa jovaa maley chhe, jemaa uposhnkatibandhiy aneey ushnkatibandhiy pradeshomaa sauthee vadhu prajationi vividhataa chhe; aaa jaatee thandee samshitoshna aabohvama durlabh bunny jaay chhe, jemaa maatra chaar prajaatio uttareey europeni mool chhe. loqa naamoma galoon dabaavi devaanu, scaldweed, bhikhari, ladys leesa, fireweed, wizardnu jaalu, shetanni himmat, shetaannaa vaad, shetanni vintee, goldthread, hellweed, hairweed, hellbine, lava velo, pull-daaun, strangleweed, angel vaad aneey chudelnaa vaadno samaavesh thaay chhe. varnan. tenaa paatala daanda pandadavihin dekhaay chhe aneey pandada naana bhingada sudhee ghatee jaay chhe, tenaathi kaskutaane odakhee shakaay chhe. aaa babatoma teey samaan paropjivi, parantu asambandhit jaatee, "kesitha" saathe najikthi mela khaay chhe. unalana madhyathi pankharni sharuaat sudhee, velaao naana falonu utpaadan curry shake chhe jeey velo jetalo jaj rung leey chhe, aneey lagbhag saamanya vatanana qada jetla hoya chhe. temaa chlorophilnu star khoob jaj ochhu hoya chhe; ketalik prajaatio jaim keey "cuscuta reflexa" sahej prakashsanshleshan curry shake chhe, jyaare anya prajaatio jaim keey "see". europia poshan maate sampurnpane yajmaan chhod parr nirbhar chhe. ghaasnaa foolono rung safedthi gulaabithee pilothi cream sudheeno hoya chhe. ketlaak phoolo unaalaani sharuaatmaa, anya pachhithi, prajatina aadhare. beej sookshm hoya chhe aneey motaa pramanma utpann thaay chhe. teo sakhat aavaran dharaave chhe, aneey saamanya reete 5-10 varsh maate jameenma tucky shake chhe, ketalikvaar vadhu samay sudhee. ghaasnaa beej jameenni sapaati parr athavaa tenee najik ankureet thaay chhe. jooe keey ghascharanu ankuran yajmaan vinaa thaee shake chhe, teey zadapthi leela chhod sudhee pahonchavu padey chhe aneey chemosensor sanketone anusareene najiknaa chhod taraf vadhvaa maate anookool chhe. jooe ankurannaa 5 thee 10 divasni andar chhod naa pahonche, too ghaasnaa chhodna beej murry jashe. yajmaan chhod sudhee pahonche teey pahelaa, anya chhodni jaim, ghaschara garbhamaa khaadhy bhandar parr aadhaar raakhe chhe; cotilladone, haajar hovaa chhataa, avshesh chhe. paropjivi. ghaaschaaro chhod saathe jodai jaay pachhi, teey tenee aaspaas vintalai jaay chhe. jooe yajmanma ghaschara maate faydakarak khoraak hoya, too ghascharathi hostoriya utpann thaay chhe jeey yajmanni vaahinee pranaalimaa potaane dakhal karey chhe. jameenma ghascharanu avshesh mool pachhi murry jaay chhe. ghaaschaaro vadhee shake chhe aneey bahuveedh chhod saathe jodai shake chhe. ushnkatibandhiy vistaroma, teey vadhu keey ochhu satat vadhee shake chhe aneey zaadeeo aneey vrukshonaa chhatra sudhee pahonchi shake chhe; thandaa samshitoshna pradeshomaa, teey aek vaarshik chhod chhe aneey pramanma ochhi vanaspati sudhee maryadit chhe jeey darek vasantma navaa ropaao dwara pahonchi shakaay chhe. ghaschara aee chhodni khoob jaj vishaal vividhataa parr paropjivi chhe, jemaa sankhyaabandh krushee aneey bagayati paaknee prajaatio, jaim keey alfalfa, lespedeza, shana, clover, batata, chrysanthemum, dahlia, hellenium, trumpet velo, iv aneey petunia saamel chhe. teey aek ectoparasite chhe aneey tene holoparacetic plant tareeke vargikrut karvaamaa aave chhe, athavaa aek chhod jeey biin-photosynthetic chhe aneey sampurnpane yajmaan parr nirbhar chhe. ghascharani tivrataa tenee prajaatio aneey yajmanni prajaatio, humalaano samay aneey yajmaan chhodma koee viruses pann haajar chhe keey qema tenaa aadhare hoya chhe. yajmaan chhodne nabalaa paadvaathi, ghascharathi chhodni viral rogono pratikaar karvaanee kshamata ghatee jaay chhe, aneey jooe teey aekthee vadhu chhod saathe jodaayel hoya too ghaschara chhodna rogone aek yajmanthi beeja yajmanma felaavi shake chhe. krushee pranalioma aaa aarthik chintaano vishhay chhe, jyaan vaarshik 10 takaa upajmaa ghataado vinashkari bunny shake chhe. khetarma chhodna rogonu sanchalan karvaa maate ghascharana velaana niyantran parr bhaar mukvaamaa aavyo chhe. yajmaan sthaan. 2006maan "vigyaan" maan prakashit thayela aek ahevaalmaa darshavvama aavyu hatoo keey ghaschara temnaa yajmaan chhod shodhvaa maate havaamaa astheer carbonic sanyojan sanketono upyog karey chhe. see" naa ropaao. pentagona "tameta aneey yajmaan chhodni anya prajaatio dwara mukt thataa asthirtaamaa hakaaraatmak vrudhdhi pratisaad darshaave chhe. jyaare pasandaginaa yajmaan tameta dwara chhodvama aavtaa astheer aneey biin-yajmaan ghaun vachche pasandagi aapvama aave chhe, tyaare paropjivi pahelana taraf vadhyo hato. vadhu prayogoae yajmaan chhod dwara chhodvama aavela sankhyaabandh vyaktigat sanyojno taraf aakarshan darshaavyu aneey ghaun dwara chhodvama aavela aek sanyojan dwara vikarshan darshaavyu. aaa parinaamo aee shakyataane nakaari shaktaa nathee keey prakaash jevaa anya sanketo pann yajmaan sthaanmaa bhoomika bhajvi shake chhe. yajmaan sanraxan. ghaschara aneey anya paropjivi chhod saame yajmaan sanraxan vishe ochhi maahitee chhe, jeey shakahario aneey rogkaarak jeev saame chhodna sanraxan vishe ochhi jaanitu chhe. aek abhyasma, tametaana chhod ghaschara saame rakshan maate jatil paddhationo upyog kartaa hovaanu jaanvaa malyun hatoo. cuscuta pentagona" dwara humalana javabma gesmonic acid aneey cecilicylic acidno upyog kareene beey margo sakreey karvaamaa aavyaa hataa. 2-carrin, α-pinnin, limoneen aneey β-fellandrine saheet asthirtaanaa utpadanne prereet karvaa maate ghascharano humalo pann jovaa malyo hato. aaa astheer padaartho yajmanno bachaav karey chhe keey qema teey jaanee shakaayu nathee, parantu teo sambhaveet reete aashraydataone shodhvaa aneey pasand karvaanee ghascharani kshamtama dakhal curry shake chhe. upraant, tametana daanda parr tricomnee haajari asarkarak reete ghaaschaaraane daanda saathe jodaata atkaave chhe. nivaaran aneey saarvaar. ghanaa deshomaa ghascharana biyaranni aayaat parr pratibandh mookato kaayado chhe, jemaa paaknaa biyaranne ghascharana biyaranna dushanthi mukt rakhvani jaroor padey chhe. vaavetar kartaa pahelaa, jyaare chepgrast vistarmathi biin-chepgrast paak taraf sthalaantar karvaamaa aave tyaare ghascharana beej maate tamaam kapadaanni tapaas thavee joiae. jyaare chepgrast vistaar saathe vyavhaar karvaamaa aave chhe, tyaare zadpi kaaryvaahi jaroori chhe. bhalamanma chep lagyana ghanaa varsho pachhi biin-yajmaan paaknu vaavetar, yajmaan paakne tarat jaj khenchvaa, khaas kareene ghaschara beej utpann karey teey pahelaa, aneey vasantma dectal jevaa purvavarti jadibuttiono upyog saamel chhe. biin-yajmaan paakona udaharanoma ghaas aneey anya ghanaa monocotyldenno samaavesh thaay chhe. jooe ghaaschaaro yajmaan chhodne gungalaaman kartaa pahelaa malee aave, too tene jameenmathi saraltathi door curry shakaay chhe. jooe gungalaaman sharoo thaee gaee hoya, too yajmaan chhodni ghascharana updravni neeche nondhpaatra reete kaapani thavee joiae, kaaran keey ghaaschaaro bahumukhi chhe aneey tenaa ghaasnaa medanmathi paachha vadhvaa maate saksham chhe. chaaineez paramparagat davaoma upyog karoo. "see. chean aneey anya ketlaak aeshiyan deshomaa osteoporosis maate laambaa samaythi 'chinances' naa bijno upyog karvaamaa aave chhe. "see. chinensis" aee saamanya reete upyogmaa levaati paramparagat cheeni davaa chhe jeey yakrut aneey kidneyne majboot karey chhe. himalayni praadeshik tabibi paramparaoma kaskutani prajationo upyog davaa tareeke pann thaay chhe.

kuskuta kuskuta (), jise aamtaur parr chaara yaa amerbell key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye, peele, narangi yaa laal (shayed hii kabhi harey) parjivi paudhon kii 201 seey adhik prajaatiyon kaa ack vansh haye. pahale ise cuscutacy parivaar mein ekmatra genus key roop mein maanaa jaataa thaa, abb ise angiosperm phylogeny samooh key kaam key aadhar parr morning glory parivaar, convolvulacy seey sambandhit maanaa jaataa haye. yeh vansh duniya key samshitoshna aur ushnakatibandhiya kshetron mein paaya jaataa haye, uposhnakatibandhiya aur ushnakatibandhiya kshetron mein sabse badee prajaati vividhata key saath; yeh vansh thhandi samshitoshna jalavaayu mein durlabh hoe jaataa haye, jisamen kewal chaar prajaatiyan uttari europe kii mool nivasi hain. lock naamon mein galaa ghontana, scaldweed, bhikhaari, mahila key feete, aag, jadugar kaa jaal, shaitan kaa saahas, shaitan key baal, shaitan kaa angootha, goldthread, hailweed, hairweed, hellbine, lava well, pull-down, strangleweed, angel hayer aur diane key baal shamil hain. varnan. kuskuta kii pehchaan isake patale tanon seey kii jaa sakati haye joe patte rahit dikhaai dete hain, pattiyon koo chhote taraju taka cumm curr diyaa jaataa haye. inn mamalon mein yeh samaan roop seey parjivi, lekin asambandhit genus, "casitha" seey milata-julata haye. madhya garmi seey laker sharad ritu kii shuruat taka, belein chhote phal paida curr sakati hain joe bell key samaan rung letee hain, aur lagbhag ack aam mutter key aakar kii hoti hain. isamen chlorophil kaa star bahut cumm hotaa haye; kuchh prajaatiyan jaise "cuscuta reflexa" thodaa prakaash sanshleshan curr sakati hain, jabaki anya jaise "see. europia poshan key liye poori tarah seey mezban paudhon parr nirbhar haye. chaara phool safed seey laker gulabi seey laker peele seey laker cream taka rung mein hotey hain. kuchh phool garmiyon kii shuruat mein, anya baad mein, prajaatiyon key aadhar parr. beej sookshm hotey hain aur badee matra mein utpaadit hotey hain. unake paas ack kathor parat hoti haye, aur aam taur parr mitty mein 5-10 varshon taka jeevit reh sakate hain, kabhi-kabhi adhik samay taka. chaara key beej mitty kii satah parr yaa usake paas ankurit hotey hain. haalaanki chaara ankuran binaa mezban key hoe sakata haye, lekin ise jaldi seey ack harey paudhe taka pahunchana padata haye aur rasayan samvedi sanketon kaa paalan karke aas-paas key paudhon kii or badhane key liye anukoolit kiya jaataa haye. yadi ankuran key 5 seey 10 dinon key bheetar ack paudha naheen pahunchata haye, tou chaara ankur marr jaayega. ack mezban paudhe taka pahunchane seey pahale, chaara, anya paudhon kii tarah, bhroon mein khaadya bhandar parr nirbhar kartaa haye; halanki kotiledan maujood hain, vestigial hain. parjeeveevaad. ack chaara key ack paudhe seey judane key baad, yeh apane aap koo usake chaaron or lapet letaa haye. yadi mezban mein chaara key liye fayademand bhojan hotaa haye, tou chaara hostoria paida kartaa haye joe mezban kii samvahani pranali mein khud koo daaltaa haye. mitty mein chaara kii avashesh jarh taba marr jaati haye. chaara uga sakata haye aur kaee paudhon seey juda sakata haye. ushnakatibandhiya kshetron mein, yeh cumm yaa jyada lagaatar badh sakata haye aur jhaadiyon aur pedon kii chhat taka pahunch sakata haye; thhande samshitoshna kshetron mein, yeh ack vaarshik paudha haye aur apekshaakrit cumm vanaspati taka seemit haye joe pratyek vasant mein nae paudhon dwara pahuncha jaa sakata haye. chaara paudhon kii ack bahut hii vistrit vividhata parr parjivi haye, jisamen kaee krishi aur bagwani fasal prajaatiyan shamil hain, jaise kii alfalfa, lespedeza, flacks, clover, aaloo, chrysanthemum, dahaliya, hellenium, turah, iv aur petunia. yeh ack ectoparasite haye aur ise holoparacetic paudhe key roop mein vargeekrit kiya gayaa haye, yaa ack aisaa paudha joe gair-photosynthetic haye aur poori tarah seey ack mezban parr nirbhar haye. chaara apani prajaati aur mezban kii prajaati, hamale key samay aur mezban paudhe mein koee virus bhee maujood haye yaa naheen, isake aadhar parr gambhirta mein hotaa haye. mezban paudhe koo kamjor karke, chaara paudhon kii viral rogon kaa pratirodh karane kii kshamata koo cumm curr detaa haye, aur chaara bhee ack mezban seey dusare mezban mein paudhon kii beemariyon koo faila sakata haye yadi yeh ack seey adhik paudhe seey judaa huaa haye. yeh krishi pranaliyon mein aarthik chinta kaa vishay haye, jahaan 10 pratishat kii vaarshik girawat vinashkari hoe sakati haye. khet mein paudhon kii beemariyon key prabandhan key liye chaara bell niyantran parr jore diyaa gayaa haye. mezban sthaan. 2006 mein "vigyaan" mein prakaashit ack report ney pradarshit kiya kii chaara apane mezban paudhon kaa pataa lagaane key liye vaayujanit asthir carbonic yaugik sanketon kaa upayog kartaa haye. see" key paudhe. pentagona "tamatar aur mezban paudhon kii anya prajaatiyon dwara jaari vashpasheel key liye sakaratmak vikas pratikriya pradarshit kartaa haye. jaba pasandida mezban tamatar aur gair-mezban gehuun dwara jaari vashpasheel key beach ack vikalp diyaa jaataa haye, tou parjivi poorv kii or badhata haye. aage key prayogon ney mezban paudhon dwara jaari kiye gaye kaee alag-alag yaugikon key prati aakarshan aur gehuun dwara jaari ack yaugik dwara vikarshak kaa pradarshan kiya. yeye parinam iss sambhavana seey incar naheen karate hain kii prakaash jaise anya sanket bhee mezban sthaan mein bhoomika nibha sakate hain. mezban raksha. ghaas key chaare aur anya parjivi paudhon key khilaf mezban raksha key baare mein cumm gyaat haye, joe shakahari aur rogjanakon key khilaf paudhe kii raksha key baare mein gyaat haye. ack adhyayan mein, tamatar key paudhon koo chaara seey bachaav key liye jatil tantra kaa upayog karate hue paaya gayaa. jasmonic acid aur salycylic acid kaa upayog karke dou maarg, "cuscuta pentagona" dwara hamale key jawab mein sakriya kiye gaye they. chaara hamla 2-carren, α-pinin, limonin aur β-felandrine sahit vashpasheel padarthon key utpaadan koo prerit karane key liye bhee paaya gayaa thaa. yeh gyaat naheen haye kii yeye asthir mezban kii raksha kaise karate hain, lekin way sambhaavit roop seey mejbaanon kaa pataa lagaane aur chayan karane kii chaara kii kshamata mein hastakshep curr sakate hain. saath hii, tamatar key taney parr tricom kii upasthiti chaara koo taney seey judane seey prabhaavi roop seey rokti haye. roktham aur upchaar. kaee deshon mein chaara beej key ayaat parr pratibandh lagaane vaale kaanoon hain, jisamen fasal key beejon koo chaara beej sandushan seey mukt honey kii aavashyakta hoti haye. ropan seey pahale, jaba kissy prabhaavit kshetra seey gair-sankramit fasal mein sthanantarit kiya jaae tou sabhi kapadon kaa chaara beej key liye nireekshan kiya jaanaa chaahiye. jaba kissy prabhaavit kshetra seey nipatate hain, tou twarit kaarravaai aavashyak haye. sifaarishon mein sankraman key baad kaee varshon taka gair-mezban fasal lagaana, mezban fasalon koo turant lagaana, vishesh roop seey chaara key beej paida karane seey pahale, aur vasant mein dectal jaise poorv-ubharate jadee-bootiyon kaa upayog shamil haye. gair-mezban fasalon key udaharanon mein ghaas aur kaee anya monocotyledon shamil hain. yadi chaara ack mezban paudhe koo dabaa dene seey pahale paaya jaataa haye, tou ise mitty seey hataa diyaa jaa sakata haye. yadi dumm ghutana shuru hoe gayaa haye, tou mezban paudhe koo chaara key sankraman seey kaafee neeche kaataa jaanaa chaahiye, kyonki chaara bahumukhi haye aur apane bhoo-garbh seey vaapas badhane mein saksham haye. cheeni paaramparik chikitsa mein upayog karein. "see. chean aur kuchh anya asiai deshon mein austeoporosis key liye lambe samay seey chinensis key beejon kaa upayog kiya jaataa rhaa haye. "see. chinensis "ack aam taur parr upayog kii jaane vaali paaramparik cheeni dawa haye joe yakrit aur gurde koo majboot karati haye. himalaya kii kshetriya chikitsa paramparaon mein kuskuta prajaatiyon kaa upayog dawa key roop mein bhee kiya jaataa haye.

kuskuta samanyavagi mevu athawa amerbell endu kareyalaaguva kuskutavu (), haladi, kittale athawa kempu (aparoopavaagi hasiru) paravalambi sasyagala sasyagala hecchu prabhedagala ondu kulavagide. hinde cuscutacy kutumbada ekaika kulavendu pariganisalaaguttittu, eega angiosperm phylogeny gumpina kelasada aadhaarada mele idannu marning glory kutumbavaada convolvulasiakke seride endu angeekarisalaagide. upaushnavalayada mattu ushnavalayada pradeshagalalli atidodda prabheda vaividhyateyondige, ee prabhedavu vishvada samashitoshna mattu ushnavalayada pradeshagalaadyanta kandubaruttade; ee prabhedavu tampaada samashitoshna havaamaanadalli aparoopavaaguttade, uttara europge kevala naalku prabhedagalu maatra sthaliyavaagive. jaanapada hesarugalalli kattu seeluvudu, scaldweed, bhiksuka, ladys lays, fireweed, wijhards nett, devils guts, devils hair, devils ringlet, goldtread, hilewead, hairweed, helpine, love wine, pull-down, strangleweed, angel hair mattu matagatiya koodalu serive. vivarane. adara teluvaada kandagalu elegalilladante kaanuvudarinda, elegalu sookshmavaada maapakagalige iliyuvudarinda kuskutavannu gurutisabahudu. ee vishayagalalli idu idhe reetiya paravalambi, aadare sambandhavillada kulavaada "casitha" annu holuttade. besigeya madhyadinda sharatkaalada aarambhadavarege, balligalu balliyanteye adhe bannavannu tegedukolluva sanna hannugalannu utpaadisabahudu mattu sarisumaaru saamaanya batani gatraddagiruttave. idu chlorophylna kadime mattavannu hondide; "kaskuta reflexa" nantaha kelavu prabhedagalu svalpamattige dyutisamshleshane maadabahudu, aadare "sii" nantaha itara prabhedagalu. europia "poshanegaagi sampoornavaagi aatitheya sasyagala mele avalambitavagide. mevina hoovugalu bili bannadinda gulabi bannadinda haladi bannadinda kene bannakke iruttave. kelavu hoovugalu besigeya aarambhadalli, itararu nantara, jatigalannu avalambisiruttade. beejagalu sookshmavaagiruttave mattu dodda pramaanadalli utpattiyaguttave. avu gattiyaada lepanavannu hondiruttave, mattu samanyavagi 5-10 varshagala kaala, kelavomme hecchu kaala manninalli badukaballavu. mevina beejagalu mannina melmaiyalli athawa adara bully molakeyodeyuttave. mevina molakeyodeyuvikeyu aatitheyavillade sambhavisabahudaadaru, idu tvaritavagi hasiru sasyavannu talupabeku mattu chemosensory sulivugalannu anusarisuva moolaka hattirada sasyagala kadege beleyalu hondikolluttade. molakeyodeyuva 5 rinda 10 dinagalolage ondu sasyavannu talupadiddare, mevina molake saayuttade. aatitheya sasyavannu talupuva modalu, itara sasyagalante mevu bhrunadallina aahara nikshepagalannu avalambisiruttade; kootildaangalu astitvadalliddaroo, avu avasheshagalaagive. paravalambi. ondu mevu ondu sasyakke antikonda nantara, adhu tanna suttaloo suttikolluttade. aatitheyavu mevina prayojanakaari aahaaravannu hondiddare, mevu aatitheyada naaliya vyavastheyalli tammannu serisikolluva hastoriyavannu utpaadisuttade. nantara manninalli mevina avasheshada beru saayuttade. mevu beleyabahudu mattu aneka sasyagalige lagattisabahudu. ushnavalayada pradeshagalalli, idu hecchu kadime nirantaravagi beleyabahudu mattu podegalu mattu maragala melaavaranavannu talupabahudu; tampaada samashitoshna pradeshagalalli, idu varshika sasyavagide mattu prati vasantakaaladalli hosa molakegalinda talupabahudaada tulanaatmakavaagi kadime sasyavargakke simitavagide. mevu vividha sasyagala mele paravalambi, idaralli halavaaru krishi mattu totagaarike bele prabhedagalaada alfalfa, lespedeza, agase, clover, alugadde, chrysanthemum, dahlia, hellenium, tutturiya balli, aivi mattu petuniyagalu serive. idu ondu ectoperacite aagiddu, idannu holoparacetic sasya athawa photosynthetic allada sasya endu vargeekarisalaagide mattu idu sampoornavaagi aatitheyavannu avalambiside. mevina vyaaptiyu adara prabhedagalu mattu aatitheyada prabhedagalu, daaliya samaya mattu aatitheya sasyadalli yaavude vairasgalu iveye embudara aadhaarada mele tivrateyannu hondiruttade. aatitheya sasyavannu durbalagolisuva moolaka, mevu viral rogagalannu virodhisuva sasyagala saamarthyavannu kadime maaduttade, mattu mevu wandakkinta hecchu sasyagalige lagattisidare sasya rogagalannu ondu aatitheyadinda innondakke haradabahudu. idu krishi vevasthegalalli arthika kalajiya vishayavaagide, allie varshika 10 pratishata iluvari kusitavu vinaashakaariyaagabahudu. holadalli sasya rogagalannu nirvahisalu mevina balli niyantranakke ottu nidalaagide. atithya sthala. sthala "sains" nalli prakatavaada ondu varadiyu, mevu tamma aatitheya sasyagalannu pattehachchalu vayugami bashpasheela saavayava samyukta soochanegalannu balasuttade embudannu toriside. sii" naa molakegalu. pentagona "tometo mattu itara jaatiya aatitheya sasyagalinda bidugadeyaada aaviyaaguvikege sakaaraatmaka belavanigeya pratikriyegalannu pradarshisuttade. aadyateya aatitheya tometo mattu aatitheyavallada godhigalinda bidugadeyaada bashpashilagala naduve aaykeyannu niididaaga, paravalambi modalina kadege beleyitu. hecchina prayogagalu aatitheya sasyagalinda bidugadeyaada halavaaru pratyeka samyuktagalige akarshaneyannu mattu godhi bidugade maadida ondu samyuktadinda vikarshane torisidavu. ee phalitaamshagalu belakinantaha itara suchanegalu saha aatitheya sthaladalli patravahisabahudu emba saadhyateyannu tallihaakuvudilla. aatitheya rakshanegalu. sasyaahaarigalu mattu rogakarakagala viruddha sasyagala raksaneya bagge tilidiruvudakkinta mevu mattu itara paravalambi sasyagala viruddha aatitheya raksaneya bagge kadime tilidide. ondu adhyayanadalli, mevina viruddha rakshisalu sankeerna karyavidhanagalannu tometo sasyagalu balasuttave endu kandubandide. kuskuta pentagona" daalige pratikriyeyagi, jasmonic aamla mattu salycylic aamlavannu balasuva eradu maargagalannu sakriyagolisalaayitu. 2-carren, α-pineen, limoneine mattu β-felandreen seridante aavrutagala utpaadaneyannu prachodisalu mevina daaliyu kandubandide. ee asthiragalu aatitheyavannu hege rakshisuttave embudu tilidilla, aadare avu aatitheyagalannu pattehachchuva mattu ayke maaduva mevina saamarthyakke sambhaavyavaagi addipadisabahudu. allade, tometo kandada mele trichomgala upasthitiyu mevannu kandakke antikolluvudannu parinamakariyagi tadeyuttade. tadegattuvike mattu chikitse. aneka deshagalu mevina bijada aamadu nishedhisuva kaanunugalannu hondiddu, mevina beeja maalinyadinda muktavagalu bele bijagalannu balasabekaguttade. netta modalu, ellah battegalannu mevina beejakkaagi parishilisabeku, idu pidita pradeshadinda soonkitavallada belege sthalaantaragolluvaaga. pidita pradeshadondige vyavaharisuvaga, tvarita kramavu agatyavagiruttade. shipharasugalalli muttikolluvikeya nantara halavaaru varshagala kaala aatitheyavallada belegalannu neduvudu, aatitheya belegalannu takshanave eleyuvudu, visheshavaagi mevu beejavannu utpaadisuva modalu, mattu vasantakaaladalli dactalnantaha purvabhavi sasyanashakagala balake serive. aatitheyavallada belegala udaaharanegalalli hullu mattu itara aneka monokotaildangalu serive. aatitheya sasyavannu usirugattisuva modalu mevu kandubandare, adannu mannininda saralavagi tegeduhaakabahudu. usirugattuvudu praarambhavaadare, aatitheya sasyavannu mevina muttikolluvikeya kelage gamanarhavagi kattarisabeku, ekendare mevu bahumukhavaagide mattu adara haavugalinda matte beleyalu saadhyavaaguttade. cheenee saampradaayika aushadhadalli balasi. "sii. cheena mattu itara kelavu eshyaada desagalalli osteoporosisge () chienensis bijagalannu deerghakaaladinda balasalaaguttide. "sii. chinensis samanyavagi balasuva saampradaayika cheenee aushadhiyaagiddu, idu yakruttu mattu mootrapindagalannu balapadisuttade endu nambalaagide. himalayada praadeshika vaidyakeeya sampradaayagalalli kuskuta prabhedagalannu aushadhavaagiyoo balasalaaguttade.

kuskoota manja, ooranchu, chuvapp (apoorvvamaayi pacha) parannabhojikalaaya 201-ladhikam inam sasyangalude oru janussaanu dodder allengil amarbel ennariyappedunna kuskoota (). munbu cuscutase kudumbatthile eaka janussai kanakkaakkappettirunna ithu angiosper filogeny grouppinte pravartthanatthinte adisthaanathil konvolvulasee enna prabhatha mahatwa kudumbatthil pedunnathaayi ippol amgeekarikkappedunnu. lokamembaadumulla mitasheetoshna, ushnamekhalaa pradeshangalil eee januss kaanapedunnu, uposhnamekhalaa, ushnamekhalaa pradeshangalil ettavum kooduthal speeshees vaividhyamund; thanutha mitasheetoshna kaalaavasthayil eee januss apoorvamaayi maarunnu, vadakkan europil ninnulla naalu speesheesukal maathrame ulloo. naadan perukalil strunkle tair, scaldweed, bhikshakkaaran, ladys laseukal, fireweed, wisards nettu, devils guts, devils hair, devils ringlettu, goldthread, haleweed, hairweed, helbine, lavu wine, pull-daun, strunkleweed, eanjal hair, manthravaadiniyude mudi enniva ulppedunnu. vivaranam. elakal cheruthaayi churukki, elayillaathathaayi kaanapedunna nerttha thandukal kondu kuskoota thirichariyaan kazhiyum. eee kaaryangalil ithu samanamaaya parannabhojiyaaya, ennaal bandhamillaattha janussaaya "kasita" yumayi saamyamullathaan. venalkkaalathinte pakuthi muthal sharathkaalathinte arambham vare, munthirivalliyude athe niram edukkunna cheria pazhangal utppaadippikkaan munthirivallikku kazhiyum, avaa ekadesham oru saadhaarana payarinte valuppamaan. ithil chlorophyll valare kuravaanu; "kuskoota reflexa" polulla chila enangalkku cheruthaayi prakaashasamsleshanam cheyyaan kazhiyum, mattullava "sii" poleyaanu. europia "poshakaahaaratthinaayi poornnamaayum aathidheya sasyangale aasrayikkunnu. vella muthal pink muthal manja muthal cream vare niramulla pookkalkku edaykkidaykku pookkal undakam. chila pookkal venalkkaalathinte thudakkathil, mattullava pinneedu, inathe aashrayich. vithukal sookshumavum valia alavil uthppaadippikkappedunnathu. avaykku oru haard coating undu, saadhaaranayaayi 5-10 varshathekku mannil nilanilkkaan kazhiyum, chilappol kooduthal. thaine vithukal manninte uparithalathilo sameepatho mulaykkunnu. oru aathidheyan illaathe kaalitheetta mulaykkal sambhavikkaamenkilum, athu vegathil oru pacha chediyilekku athukayum keymosensory soochanakal pinthudarnnu aduthulla chedikalilekku valaraan anuyojyamaakkukayum venam. mulachu 5 muthal 10 divasathinullil oru chediyude aduthekku athiyillengil, kaalittheettayude thaikal nasikkum. oru aathidheya chediyilethunnathinumbu, mattu sasyangaleppole, kaalitheettayum bhroonathile bhakshya shekharathe aasrayikkunnu; kottildanukal undengilum avaa avashishtangalaan. paraannabhojithvam. oru theevandi oru chediyumaayi chernnukazhinjaal, athu athinu chuttum pothinjirikkunnu. aathidheyan kaalitheettaykku gunam cheiyunna bhakshanam adangiyirikkunnuvenkil, kaalitheetta hostoriya ulppaadippikkunnu, athu aathidheyarude rakthakkuzhalilekku svayam cherkkunnu. mannile theninte avashishta verukal pinneedu nashikkunnu. kaalitheettaykku valarukayum onniladhikam sasyangalumayi bandhippikkukayum cheyyaam. ushnamekhalaa pradeshangalil, ithu kooduthalo kuravo thudarchayaayi valarukayum kuttichedikaludeyum marangaludeyum melaappilekku uyarathil athukayum cheyyum; thanutha mitasheetoshna pradeshangalil, ithu oru vaarshika sasyamaan, koodaathe oro vasanthakaalathum puthiya thaikalkk athicheraan kazhiyunna thaarathamyena kuranja sasyangalil parimithappedutthiyirikku. alfalfa, lespedeza, flacks, clover, urulakkizhangu, krisanthimam, dahlia, hellenium, trumpet wine, aivi, pettooniya thudangiya niravadhi kaarshika, hortikalcharal vila enangal ulppede valare vaividhyamaarnna sasyangalil kaalitheetta paraannabhojiyaan. ithu oru ectoparasitaanu, holoparasitic plaant allengil photosynthetic allaathathum poornnamaayum oru hosttine aashrayikkunnathumaaya oru plaant ennu tharamthirickunnu. kaalittheettayude theevratha athinte speeshees aathidheyarude speeshees, aakramana samayam, aathidheya chediyil enthengilum virusukal undo ennathine adisthaanamaakkiyullathaanu. aathidheya chediye durbalappeduthunnathiloodu, vairal rogangale prathirodhikkanulla sasyangalude kazhivu kaalitheetta kuraykkunnu, koodaathe onniladhikam chedikalumaayi bandhippichittundel kaalitheetta oru aathidheyanil ninnu mattonnilekku sasya rogangal pakaraan kazhiyum. kaarshika samvidaanangalil ithu saambathika aashankayundaakkunnu, avide vaarshika vilavu 10 sathamaanam kurayunnathu vinaashakaramaan. violile sasyarogangal niyantrikkunnathinaayi kaalitheetta munthirivalliyude niyanthranathinu oonnal nalkiyittundu. aathidheya sthaanam. 2006ll sayansil prasidheekaricha oru report kaanikkunnath, kaalitheetta avayude aathidheya sasyangale kandethaan vaayuviloodeyulla asthira jaiva samyuktha soochanakal upayogikkunnu ennaanu. sii" yude thaikal. pentagona "" tomattoyum mattu inam aathidheya sasyangalum purathuvidunna volatailukalodu nalla valarchaa prathikaranangal prakadippikkunnu. ishtappetta aathidheya tomattoyum aathidheyamallaatha gothambum purathuvidunna volatailukalkkidayil oru thiranjeduppu nalkumbol, paraannabhojikal aadyathethilekku valarnnu. aathidheya sasyangal purathuvidunna niravadhi vyakthigatha samyukthangalodulla aakarshanavum gothamb purathuvidunna oru samyuktham vikarshikkunnathum kooduthal pareekshanangal theliyichu. velicham polulla mattu soochanakalum aathidheya sthaanathil oru punk vahikkaanulla saadhyatha eee phalangal thallikkalayunnilla. aathidheya prathirodham. sasyabhukkukalkkum rogakarikalkkumethiraaya sasya samrakshanathekkurichu ariyappedunnathinekkaal kooduthal vivarangal kaalitheettaykkum mattu paraannabhojikalkkumethiraaya aathidheya prathirodhathekkurichu ariyappedunnu. oru padanatthil, kaalitheettayil ninnu samrakshikkaan sankeernamaaya samvidaanangal upayogikkunnuvennu kandethi. kuskoota pentagona" yude aakramanathinu marupadiyaayi jasmonic assid salicylic assid upayogichu rund pathakal sajeevamakki. 2-carren, α-pineen, limone, β-fellandreen ennivayulppedeyulla volaattailukalude ulppaadanathinu edayaakkunnathum kaalitheetta akramanam kandethi. eee asthiratha aathidheyane engane prathirodhikkunnuvennu ariyilla, pakshe aathidheyare kandethaanum thiranjedukkaanumulla doderinte kazhivine avaa thadassappeduthiyekkaam. koodaathe, tomato thandil trichomukalude saannidhyam thandil cherunnathil ninnu thaine phalapradamaayi thadayunnu. prathirodhavum chikitsa. pala raajyangalilum kaalitheetta vithukalude irakkumathi nirodhikkunna niyamangalund, vila vithukal kaalitheetta vithukalude malineekaranathil ninnu mukthamaayirikkanamenn aavashyappedunnu. nattuvalarthunnathinumbu, rogabadhithamaaya pradeshathu ninnu rogabaadhithamallaatha vilayilekku maarumbol ellah vasthrangalum kaalitheetta vithinaayi parisodhikkanam. rogabadhithamaaya oru pradeshathe kaikaaryam cheyyumbol, vegathilulla nadapadi aavasyamaanu. kuthivayppinu sesham niravadhi varshathekku aathidheyamallaatha vilakal naduka, aathidheya vilakal udan thanne vilavedukkuka, prathyekichu kaalitheetta vithu uthppaadippikkunnathin munbu, vasanthakaalath dakthaal polulla munkootty uyarnnuvarunna kalanaashinikalude upayogam enniva shupaarshakalil ulppedunnu. aathidheyamallaatha vilakalude udaaharanangalil pullukalum mattu niravadhi monocotylidenukalum ulppedunnu. oru aathidheya chediye shwaasammuttikkunnathinna munbu theetta kandethiyaal, athu mannil ninnu neekkam cheyyaam. shwaasammuttal aarambhichittundenkil, aathidheya chedi kaalittheettayude kuthivayppinu thazheyaayi ganyamaayi murikkanam, kaaranam kaalitheetta vaividyamaarnnathum athinte hostoriyayil ninnu veendum valaraan kazhiyunnathumayathinaal. chainees parambaraagatha vaidyathil upayogikkuka. "sii. chainayilum mattu chila eshyan raajyangalilum austioporosisinu chainansis vithukal () valarekkaalamaayi upayogikkunnu. "sii. karalineyum vrukkakaleyum shakthippeduthumennu vishwasikkappedunna parambaraagatha chainees marunnaan chinensis. himalayan praadeshika vaidyashaasthra paarambaryangalil kuskoota inam marunnayi upayogikkunnu.

kuskut samanyatah dodder kinwa amerbell mhanoon olakhalya jaananya kuskyuta () hii pivalya, naringi kinwa laal (kvachitach hiravya) parjivi vanaspatinchya 201 hoon adhik prajatinchi eka prajati aahe. purvi cuscutacy kutumbatil ekmev vansh mhanoon manale jaanare heey aata angiosperm phylogeny gatachya kamachya aadhare morning glory kutumb, convolvulasishi sambandhit asalyache sweekarle jaate. hii prajati jagatil samshitoshna aanee ushnakatibandhiy pradeshanmadhye aadhalate, uposhnakatibandhiy aanee ushnakatibandhiy pradeshanmadhye sarvat jaast prajatinchi vividhata aahe; thund samshitoshna havamanat hii prajati durmil hote, uttar europemadhil keval chaar prajati moolchya aahet. loknamanmadhye galfas, scaldweed, bhikshuk, ladys lesses, fireweed, wizardche jaale, devils guts, devilsche cases, devils ringlet, goldthread, hellweed, hairweed, hellbine, love wine, pull-daun, strangleweed, engel cases aanee dianche cases yancha samavesh hoto. varnan. paaney lahan aakaraparyant qamee karoon, paaney nasaleli disanari patal deth kuskutala olakhoo shakate. yaa babatit teey samaan parjivi, parantu asambandhit vansh, "casitha" shhee jawalun samya aahe. unhalyachya madhyapasoon sharad rutuchya suruvatiparyant, yaa drakshanchya velanmule lahan fale tayar houu shakatat, jyaa velasarkhach rung ghetat aanee sadharan vatanyaitakach aakarachya asatat. tyat chlorophilchi patali khoop qamee asate; "cuscuta reflexa" sarkhya kahee prajati kinchit prakashsanshleshan karoo shakatat, tarr itar "see" sarkhya. europia heey poshanasathi purnapane yazman vanaspatinvar avalambun aahet. charyachi phule pandhya teey gulabi teey pivalya teey malai asha rangat asatat. kahee phule unhalyachya suruvatila, itar nantar, prajatinvar avalambun asatat. biya sookshm asatat aanee mothya pramanat tayar hotat. tyanchyakade eka kadak aavaran asate aanee samanyatah 5-10 varshe, kadhikadhi jaast kaal matimadhye tiku shakatat. charyachya biya matichya prushthbhagavar kinwa tyachya jawal ugavatat. jaree charyachi ankuran yajmananshivay houu shakate, taree tee lavkar hiravya vanaspatiparyant pohochavi lagate aanee chemosensory sanketanche anusaran karoon jawalchya vanaspatinchya dishene vadhanyasathi anukool aahe. ankurananantar 5 teey 10 divasanchya aat jarr ekhadya vanaspatiparyant pohochata aale nahee, tarr charyache rope marel. yazman vanaspatiparyant pohochanyapurvi, itar vanaspatinpramanech chaara, garbhatil annasathyavar avalambun asato; jaree cotiledon astitvat asale taree teey avashesh asatat. parjivivad. chaara zadala jodalyanantar too tyachya bhovati swatahla gundalato. jarr poshakamadhye charyasathi fayadeshir ann asel tarr charyamule hostoriya tayar hoto joou yajmananchya raktavahinyanchya pranalimadhye swatahla samavisht karato. tyanantar matitil charyache avashesh mool marate. chaara vadhu shakato aanee anek vanaspatinshi jodala jaau shakato. ushnakatibandhiy bhagat, teey qamee-adhik pramanat satat vadhu shakate aanee zudape aanee zadanchya chhatraparyant pohochu shakate; thund samshitoshna pradeshat, hii eka varshik vanaspati aahe aanee tulanene qamee vanaspatinparyant maryadit aahe jee pratyek vasant rutumadhye naveen rope pohochu shakatat. chaara haah vividh prakarchya vanaspatinvar parjivi aahe, jyat alfalfa, lespedeza, flacks, clover, batate, chrysanthemum, dahlia, hellenium, bigul well, ivy aanee petunia yasarkhya anek krishi aanee bagayati pikanchya prajatincha samavesh aahe. heey eka ectoparasite aahe aanee tyache vargikaran holoparacetic vanaspati kinwa eka vanaspati mhanoon kele jaate jee prakashsanshleshit nahee aanee purnapane yajmanavar avalambun aahe. charyachi tivrata hii tyachi prajati aanee yajmananchi prajati, hallyachi vel aanee yazman vanaspatimadhye konatehi vishanu dekhil aahet qee nahee yavar aadharit asate. poshak vanaspatila durbal karoon, chaara vishanujanya rogancha pratikar karanyachi vanaspatinchi kshamata qamee karato aanee chaara jarr ekapeksha jaast vanaspatinshi jodalela asel tarr too vanaspatinche rog eka poshakakadun dusya poshakamadhye dekhil pasaravu shakato. krishi vyavasthemadhye heey aarthik chinteche aahe, jithe varshik 10 takke utpannachi ghat vinashkari tharoo shakate. shetatil vanaspatinche rog hatalanyasathi charyachya velanvar niyantran thevanyavar bharr denyat aala aahe. yazman sthan. 2006 madhye 'science' madhye prakashit jhalelya eka ahavalat asey disun aale aahe qee chaara tyanchya yazman vanaspatincha shodh ghenyasathi havetoon bashpashil sendriya sanyug sanketancha vapar karato. see" chee rope. pentagona "heey tomato aanee yazman vanaspatinchya itar prajatinni sodananya asthiratesathi sakaratmak vadhiche pratisad darshavate. jevha pasantichya yajmanane sodalelya ushnataman aanee yazman nasalelya gahoo yanchyamadhye nivad dilee jaate, tevha parjivi pahilyakade vadhat gela. pudhil prayoganni yazman vanaspatinni sodalelya anek vaiyaktik sanyugankade aanee gahoone sodalelya eka sanyugane vikarshak honyavar aakarshan darshavile. heey parinam, prakashasarkhe itar sanket yazman sthanamadhye bhoomika bajavu shakatat, ashee shakyata nakarat naheet. yazman sanrakshn. shakahari aanee rogjankanviruddhachya vanaspatinchya sanrakshanabaddal jitke dnyat aahe, tyapeksha chaara aanee itar parjivi vanaspatinviruddhachya yazman sanrakshanabaddal qamee mahitee aahe. eka abhyasat, tomatochya vanaspati chaara talhanyasathi jatil yantrana vapartana aadhalalya. cuscuta pentagona" chya hallyala pratisad mhanoon jasmonic aaml aanee salycylic aaml vaparoon done marg sakriy kele gele. 2-carren, α-pinin, limonin aanee β-fellandrine yasah asthir padarthanche utpadan prerit karnyasathi chaara hallah dekhil aadhalala. heey asthir poshkala sanrakshn detat qee nahee heey maheet nahee, parantu teey sambhavyatah poshak shodhanyachya aanee nivadanyachya charachya kshamatet hastakshep karoo shakatat. tasech, tomatochya khodavar trichomschee upasthiti chaara khodala jodanyapasun prabhavipane rokhate. pratibandh aanee upchar. anek deshanmadhye chaara biyanyanchya aayativar bandee ghalanare kayade aahet, jyat pikanchya biyanyanna chaara biyanyanchya pradushanapasun mukt karane aavashyak aahe. lagwad karnyapurvi, sankramit bhagatoon sansarg nasalelya pikakade jaatana serve kapadyanchi chaara biyanyasathi tapasani kelee pahije. sankramit bhagacha samna kartana, twarit karvai karane aavashyak aahe. sansarganantar anek varshe yazman nasalele peak lavane, yazman pike tabadtob ghene, visheshtah chaara biyane tayar karnyapurvi aanee vasant rutumadhye daktalsarkhya purv-udayonmukh vanaushadhicha vapar karane, yaa shifarshinmadhye samavisht aahe. yazman nasalelya pikanchya udaharananmadhye gavat aanee itar anek monocotyldon samavisht aahet. ekhadya yazman vanaspaticha shwas gudamaranyapurvi chaara aadhalalyas, too fakt matitoon kadhala jaau shakato. jarr gudamarayala suruvat jhaali asel tarr poshak vanaspatichi chhatani chaara pradurbhavachya khalee lakshaniyaritya kelee pahije, kaaran chaara haah ashtapailu aahe aanee tyachya bhushiratoon punha vadhu shakato. chiinii paramparik aushadhanmadhye tyacha vapar. "see. chean aanee itar kahee ashiyai deshanmadhye austeoporosisasathi () chinensisachya biyanecha vapar dirghkalapasun keela jaat aahe. "see. chinensis' heey samanyatah vaparale jaanare paramparik chiinii aushadh aahe jeey yakrut aanee mutrapindanna balkat karate asey manale jaate. himalayin pradeshik vaidyakeey paramparanmadhye kuskutanchya prajatincha aushadh mhanoon dekhil vapar keela jaato.

kuskut kuskut (), jaslai samanyataya dodder wa amerbell bhaninchha, pahenlo, suntala, wa rato (wirlai hariyo) parajivi botabiruwaka 201 bhanda badhi prajatiharuko ek wansh how. pahile cuscutacy pariwarma ek matra wanshako rupma wyawahar garieko thiyo, yasalai ab angiosperm filogeny samuhako kamko adharma morning glory pariwar, kanbholbhulasisanga sambandhitko rupma swikar garieko chha. uposhnakatibandhiya rar ushnakatibandhiya kshetraharuma sabaibhanda thulo prajati vividhataka sath yo wansh wishwako samashitoshna rar ushnakatibandhiya kshetraharuma painchha; yo wansh chiso samashitoshna mausamma durlabh hunchha, uttari yuropka charawata prajatiharu matra muel niwasi hunchhan. lock namharuma strungle tayer, scaldweed, begarweed, ladys less, fireweed, wizardko nett, devilko himmat, devilko kapal, devilko ringlet, goldthread, hellweed, hairweed, helbine, labh bayle, pull-dauna, strongleweed, angel hair rar dianko kapal samawesh chhan. warnan. kuskutalai patwihin dekhine patlo tanabata chinna sakinchha, patharu sukshma scaleharuma jharchhan. yee sandarbhama yo saman parajivi, tara asambandhit wansh, "casitha" sanga mildojuldo chha. madhya garmidekhi sharad rituko surusamma, belaharule sanah falharu utpadan garna sakchhan jasle belko jastai rung linchha, rar lagbhag samanya matarko akar hunchha. yasama chlorofilko star dherai cum hunchha; "kuskut reflexa" jasta kehi prajatiharule alikati prakash sanshleshan garna sakchhan, jabki anyaharu jastai "see. europia "poshanka lagi purna rupma poshak biruwaharuma nirbhar chhan. dodder fulharu setodekhi gulabidekhi pahenlodekhi krimasamma rangma hunchhan. kehi fulharu garmiko suruma, aruharu pachhi, prajatiharuma nirbhar gardacha. biu sukshma hunchhan rar thulo matrama utpadan hunchhan. tiniharusanga kada coating hunchha, rar samanyataya 5-10 warshaharu, kahilekaahin lamo samayasamma matoma banchna sakchha. matoko satahama wa najikai charako biu ankurit hunchha. yadyapi charako ankuran poshak bina huna sakchha, yo chaandai hariyo botma pugnuparchha rar chemocencer sutraharu pachhyaera najikaika botabiruwaharuma badhna anukul chha. ankuranko 5 dekhi 10 dina bhitrama botma pugna sakena bhane, charako boat marnecha. euta poshak biruwama pugnuaghi, anya biruwaharu jastai, chara bhrunma raheko khadya bhandarma nirbhar hunchha; kotiledanharu, upasthit bhae tapani, awashesh hun. parajiwiwad. euta chara botasanga jodiepachhi, yasale afailai yasako waripari lapetcha. yadi poshakma charaka lagi labhadayak khana hunchha bhane, charale hustoria utpadan gardacha jasle afulai poshakko sanwahani pranalima ghusaunchha. matama raheko charako awashesh jara tyasapachhi marchha. chara badhna sakchha rar dherai botabiruwaharuma sanlagna huna sakchha. ushnakatibandhiya kshetraharuma, yo cum wa cum nirantar badhna sakchha rar jhadi rar rukhharuko chandoma pugna sakchha; chiso samashitoshna kshetraharuma, yo ek warshik boat how rar apekshakrit cum vanaspatima simit chha june pratyek wasantama nayan botabiruwaharudwara pugna sakinchha. chara dherai prakarka botabiruwaharuma parajivi how, jasma alfalfa, lespedeza, flacks, clover, alu, chrysanthemum, dahalia, hellenium, trumpet bayle, ibhi rar petunias jasta dherai krishi rar bagwani bally prajatiharu samawesh chhan. yo ek actoparacyte how rar yasalai holoparacetic botko rupma wargikrit garieko chha, wa ek boat june gaira-photosynthetic chha rar purna rupma hostma nirbhar chha. yasako prajati rar poshakko prajati, akramanko samaya, rar poshak botma kunai bhairas pani upasthit chha kii chhaina bhanne adharma charako gambhirtako dayara hunchha. poshak biruwalai kamjor pardai, charale biruwako bhairal rogharuko pratirodh garne kshamata ghataunchha, rar yadi yo ekbhanda badhi botabiruwama jodieko chha bhane charale botabiruwaka rogharu ek poshakbata arkoma pani failauna sakchha. krishi pranalima yo arthik chintako vishaya how, jahaan warshik 10 pratishat utpadanma girawat vinashkari huna sakchha. khetma biruwaka rogharu wyawasthapan garna charako bayle niyantranma jode diieko chha. host sthan. sann 2006 maa "sines" maa prakashit euta pratiwedanle dekhaunchha kii charale afna poshak biruwaharu patta lagauna hawama hune asthira jaivik yaugik sanketharu prayog gardacha. see" ko biruwa. pentagonale "tomater rar anya prajatiharuko poshak biruwaharudwara jaari garieko washpashilharuma sakaratmak wriddhi pratikriya pradarshan gardacha. jab manaparne host tomater rar gaira-host gahundwara jaari garieko washpashilharu bichko chhanauta diiyo, parajivi pahiletira badhyo. thap prayogharule poshak biruwaharudwara jaari garieka dherai wyaktigat yaugikharuma akarshan rar gahundwara jaari garieko euta yaugikdwara wikarshak pradarshan gare. yee natijaharule anya sanketharu, jastai prakashle pani host sthanma bhumika khelna sakne sambhawanalai aswikar gardaina. host defence. shakahari rar rogajanakharu viruddha botabiruwako rakshako barema thaha bhanda chara rar anya parajivi botabiruwaharu viruddha host sanrakshanko barema cum thaha chha. euta adhyayanma, tamatarka biruwaharule charabata jogauna jatil sanyantraharu prayog gareko fela pareko thiyo. kuskut pentagona" ko akramanko pratikriyama jasmonic acid rar salicylic acid prayog garera dui margharu sakriya gariyo. 2-carren, α-pinin, limonin, rar aaa-felandrin sahit washpashil padarthaharuko utpadanlai prerit garna pani dodder akraman fela pareko thiyo. yee asthirharule hostlai kasari raksha garchhan bhanne thaha chhaina, tara tiniharule sambhawit rupma hostharu patta lagaune rar chayan garne doderko kshamatama hastakshep garna sakchhan. sathai, tamatarko tanama trichomko upasthitile prabhawkari rupma dadarlai tanama tansnabata rokchha. rokatham rar upchar. dherai deshharuma charako biuko ayatma pratibandha lagaune kanunharu chhan, jasma baliko biu charako biu pradushanbata mukta huna awashyak chha. ropnuaghi, sankramit kshetrabata gaira-sankramit balima sarda sabai kapadaharu charako biuka lagi jaanch garnuparchha. sankramit kshetrasang wyawahar garda, druta karya awashyak chha. sifarisharuma sankramanpachhi dherai warshasamma gaira-poshak bally ropnu, vishesh gari charale biu utpadan garnuaghi turuntai poshak baliharu nikalnu, rar wasantama daktal jasta purwawarti jadibutinashakharuko prayog samawesh chha. gaira-host baliharuko udaharanharuma ghaans rar anya dherai monocotyladenharu samawesh chhan. yadi yasale poshak biruwalai damama halnuaghi charo fela paryo bhane, yasalai matobata hatauna sakinchha. yadi dam ghutan suru bhaeko chha bhane, poshak biruwalai chara sankramanko tall ullekhaniya rupma chharieko hunuparchha, kinki chara bahumukhi chha rar yasako hustoriabata firta badhna saksham chha. chiniyan paramparagat chikitsama prayog garnuhos. "see. chinensisko biu () lamo samayadekhi chean rar kehi anya asealy deshharuma osteoporosiska lagi prayog hundai aeko chha. "see. chinensis "samanyataya prayog hune paramparagat chiniyan aushadhi how jasle kalejo rar mrigaulalai baliyo banaunchha bhanne vishwas garinchha. himalayako khetriya chikitsa paramparama kuskutako prajati aushadhiko rupma pani prayog garinchha.

kuskut kuskut (Куссута), sadharanatah dodder kimba amerbell bhabare janashuna, haladia, kamala kimba laal (kwachit sabuja) parajibi udbhidara 201 ru adhika prajatira eka prajati . purbaru coscutacia paribarara ekamatra prajati bhabare bibechana karajauthila, ehaa bartamana angiosperm phylogeny groupra karjya aadhaarare marning glory paribara, convolvulasia sahita jadita bolly grahan karajae . upakranteeja ebong grishmamandalija anchalare sarbadhika prajati bibidhata sahita ehi prajati biswara samashitoshna ebong grishmamandalija anchalare dekhajae; shital samashitoshna jalabajure ehi prajati birala hoijae, jeunthire kebala charoti prajati uttara yuropara sthaniah . lock namagudika madhyare rahichhi strangala tear, scaldwid, bhikhyuka, ladys less, phajarawid, wizards nett, devilas gut, devilas heyara, devilas ringalet, goldthread, helwid, hairwid, helbine, labh bhail, pool-down, strangalwid, angel heyara ebong daininka heyara. barnana. kaskutaku ehara patala kandagudika patraheen dekhajauthiba dwara chinhat karajaipariba, ebong patragudika khudra skelku hrass paithae . ehi drustiru ehaa samaana parajibi, kintu asampurna prajati, "kasitha" sahita nikatatar bhabare mela khauchhi . grishma rutura madhyabhagaru arambha curry sharat rutu parjyanta, ehi drakhyalata chhot chhot phala utpadana karipare, jaahaa drakhyalata bhali samaana ranga dhaaran karithae ebong praiah eka sadharana mutter bhali akarara hoithae. ethire chlorophilra stara bahuta comm thaae; "kaskut reflexa" bhali keteka prajati samanya aloka sanshleshita kariparanti, jetebele kii anyamane "sii" bhali. europeah "pustisadhana paain sampurna bhabe poshaka udbhida upare nirbharashila. ghasa phulara ranga dhalaa thaaru golapi, haladiaaru cream parjyanta hoithae. keteka phul grishma rutura prarambhare, anyamane parey, prajati upare nirbhara kare . ehi manjigudika sukshma ebong prachur parimanare utpadita hoithae. semanankara eka kathina abaran thaae, ebong sadharanatah maatire 5-10 barsha parjyanta banchipare, belebele adhika . ghasa manji mruttikara prusthare kimba nikatare ankurita hue . jadio pashukhadya ankurodagama bina poshakare hoipare, tathapi ehaaku shighra eka sabuja gachare pahanchibaku padiba ebong chemocencer sutra anusarana curry nikatasta gacha aadaku badhiba paain khap khuaibaku padiba . jadi ankurodagama hebara 5 ru 10 deane madhyare kaunasi gachare pahanchinathae, tebe chaara chaara marijiba. eka poshaka udbhida pahanchiba purbaru, anya udbhida pari, pashukhadya bhrunare thiba khadya bhandara upare nirbhara kare; cotilidon, jadio upasthita, abashesh . parajibibada. eka chaara eka gacha sahita nijaku jodiba parey, ehaa nijaku ehara charipakhare bandhithae . jadi poshakare pashukhadya paain upakaree khadya thaae, tebe pashukhadyati hostoria utpadana kare jaahaa poshakanka raktabahi pranalire nijaku bhartti kare . taa 'parey maatire thiba ghasara moola mrutapraja hoijae. ehi ghasa aneka gacha sahita jodi hoi badhi pariba. grishmamandalija anchalare, ehaa kamabeshi kramagata bhabare brudhi paipare ebong gacha ebong gachara chhaata parjyanta uchchare pahanchipare; thanda samashitoshna anchalare, ehaa eka barshika udbhida ebong apekhyakruta comm udbhida madhyare seemita jaahaa pratyeka basanta ruture nutan chaara dwara pahanchi pariba . chaara aneka prakarara udbhida upare parajibi, jeunthire aneka krushi ebong udyan fasal prajati, jepariki alfalfa, lespedeza, flacks, clover, aalu, chrysantemum, dalia, hellenium, trumpet drakhyalata, aaivi ebong petunia antarbhukta . ehaa eka ectoparacyte ebong ehaaku holoparacytic udbhida bhabare bargeekruta karajaichi, kimba eka udbhida jaahaa anah-photosynthetic ebong eka poshaka upare sampurna nirbharashila . ehara prajati ebong poshakanka prajati, akramanara samai ebong poshaka udbhidare kaunasi jeebaanu madhya achhi kii naahin taaha upare aadhara curry pashukhadyara tibrata rahithae. poshaka udbhidaku durbala curry, pashukhadya udbhidara bhutanujanita rogaku pratirodha karibara khyamataku hrass karithae, ebong jadi ehaa ekadhika udbhida sahita sanjukta thaae tebe pashukhadya udbhida rogaku gotie poshakaru anya poshakaku madhya bistara karipare. krushi byabasthare ehaa arthika chintara bishai, jeunthare barshika 10 pratishata utpadana hrass atyanta bhajankara hoipare. khetare udbhidajanita roggudikar parichalana paain pashukhadya drakhyalata nijantrana upare gurutwa diajaichhi. aatithya sthana. 2006 masihare "sines" ray prakashita eka reportare darshajaichhi je pashu-pakhimane semananka poshaka udbhidagudiku chinhat kariba paain bajubahita asthira jaiba jougika sanketa byabahara karanti. sii" rahr chaara. pentagona "tomato ebong anya prajatira poshaka udbhida dwara mukta bashpibhuta padartha prati sakaratmaka abhibruddhi pratikrija pradarshan kare . jetebele pasandajogya poshaka tomato ebong anah-poshaka gaham dwara mukta bashpibhuta padartha madhyare eka chayan diajae, parajeebeeti purba aadaku badhithila . adhika parikhyanagudika poshaka udbhida dwara mukta hoithiba aneka pruthaka jougika prati akarshana ebong gaham dwara mukta hoithiba eka jougika dwara bikarshana pradarshan karithila. ehi phalaphalagudika ehi sambhabanaku agrahya karunahin je aloka pari anya sanketa madhya atitheah sthanare eka bhumika grahan karipare . atitheah pratirakhya. trinabhoji ebong rogajanakamananka biruddhare udbhida pratirakhya bishajare jetiki janaa, pashukhadya ebong anyanya parajibi udbhida biruddhare poshaka pratirakhya bishajare seteta janaa naahin. gotie adhyajanare, tomato gacha gudiku pashukhadyaru rakhya kariba paain jatila pranali byabahara karuthiba dekhibaku milithila. kuskut pentagona" rahr akramanara pratikrijare, jasmonic acid ebong salicylic acid byabahara curry duiti path sakriya hoithila. 2-carren, α-pinin, limonene ebong β-fellandrin sameth bashpibhuta padartha utpadanaku prarochita kariba paain madhya pashukhadya aakraman dekhibaku milithila. ehi asthiragudika aatithejanku rakhya karanti kii naahin taaha janaa naahin, kintu semane sambhabya bhabare aatithejanku chinhat ebong chayan karibara doderer khyamatare hastakhyepa kariparanti . ahuri madhya, tomato kandare trichomser upasthiti phalaprad bhabare charatiku kanda sahita sanlagna hebaru abarodh kare . pratirodha ebong chikitsa. aneka deshare pashukhadya manji amdani upare pratibandhaka lagaibaku ine rahichhi, jeunthire fasal manji pashukhadya manji pradooshanaru mukta heba aabasyaka. ropana kariba purbaru, eka sankramita anchalaru eka anah-sankramita phasalaku jiba samajare samasta poshakaku ghasa manji paain jancha karajiba uchit . eka sankramita anchalara mukabila kariba samajare, twarita karjyanusthana aabasyaka. suparisagudika madhyare sankramana parey aneka barsha parjyanta eka anah-poshaka fasal ropana, bisesh curry pashukhadya beeja utpadana kariba purbaru, turanta poshaka fasal uthaiba ebong basanta ruture dactal pari purba-udbhuta trunanashaka byabahara antarbhukta . anah-poshaka fasalara udaharana madhyare ghasa ebong anyanya aneka monocotyladon antarbhukta . jadi eka poshaka gachaku swasaruddha kariba purbaru ghasa milijae, tebe ehaaku kebala matiru hatai diajaipare . jadi swasaruddha heba arambha hoijaichhi, tebe poshaka udbhidaku pashukhadya sankramana tale yathesta chhanibaku padiba, kaaran pashukhadya bahumukhi ebong ehara hastoriaaru ferry badhibare sakhyama . chainij paramparika oushadhare byabahara karantu . "sii. chean ebong anya keteka asiah deshare osteoporosis paain dirgha deane dhari chinensis manji () byabahruta hoiasuchhi. "sii. chinensis heuchhi eka sadharana bhabare byabahruta paramparika chainij oushadha jaahaa jakruta ebong kidaneeku majboot kare bolly biswasa karajae . himalayara anchalika chikitsa paramparare kuskutara prajati madhya oushadha bhabare byabahruta hue .

kuskata kuskuta (Куссута), aam taur utte dodder jaan amerbel vajon janhiaa jaanda haii, peele, santri jaan laal (ghatt hii harey) parjivi paudiaan deeaan 201 toon vaddh kisman dee ikk jeanus haii. pahilan kuskatesi parivaar witch iklauti jeanus vajon manniaa jaanda see, hunn iss noon angiosperm phylogeny group dey kamm dey adhaar 'teey sware dey shaan parivaar, convolvulasi naal sabandhat manniaa jaanda haii. ih jeanus dunia dey samuche tapash atey tapash khetran witch paaee jaandi haii, jiss witch upp-khandi atey tapash khetran witch sabh toon vaddi prajati vibhinnta haii; ih jeanus thande tapash vaale mausam witch bahut ghatt hundi haii, jiss witch uttri yoorap deeaan siraf chaar prajatiaan hunn. lock naavan witch galle daa katt, scaldweed, bhikhari, ladys lesaan, fireweed, wizard daa jaal, shaitan dee himmat, shaitan dey vaal, shaitan daa ringlet, goldthread, helweed, vaal, helbine, lava well, pull-daaun, strangleweed, angel vaal atey dianey dey vaal shamal hunn. varnan. kuskata dee pachanh iss dey patle taney patte rahit dikhai denh naal keeti jaa sakadi haii, jiss dey patte chhote scale takk ghatt hoow jaande hunn. inhan sabandhan witch ih isey tarahan dey parjivi, parr asambandhit jeanus, "casitha" naal milda julda haii. garmiaan dey maddh toon lae keey patjhad dey shuru takk, anguran chhote fall paida qarr sakdiaan hunn joe anguran dey barabar rung laindiaan hunn, atey lagbhag ikk aam mutter dey aakaar deeaan hundiaan hunn. iss witch chlorophil daa paddhar bahut ghatt hunda haii; kujh prajatiaan jiven kii "kuskuta reflexa" thodhi jihi parkash sanshleshan qarr sakdiaan hunn, jadon kii horr jiven kii "see". yoorap "poshan laee puurii tarahan mezban paudiaan 'teey nirbhar haii. chaare dey fullan daa rung chitte toon gulabi toon peele toon kareem takk hunda haii. kujh full garmiaan dey shuru witch, horr baad witch, prajatiaan dey adhaar teey. beej sookham hunde hunn atey vaddi matra witch paida hunde hunn. uhanan cole ikk sakhat parat hundi haii, atey aam taur utte mitty witch 5-10 saalan takk, kaee vaar lambe samein takk rahi sakde hunn. chaare dey beej mitty dee satah utte jaan uss dey nede uggde hunn. halanki chaare daa ugann binan mezban dey hoow sakda haii, iss noon jaldi hii ikk harey paude takk pahunchana painda haii atey chemocencery dey suragan dee palna karke nedley paudiaan vall vadhan laee anukool hunda haii. jey koee pauda ugann dey 5 toon 10 dinan dey ander-ander naheen pahunchada haii, taan chaara dey paude marr jaange. ikk mezban paude takk pahunchan toon pahilan, chaara, horr paudiaan dee tarahan, bharun witch bhojan bhandaran 'teey nirbhar karda haii; cotiladen, halanki maujood hunn, parr avshesh hunn. parjivivad. ikk chaara aapne aap noon ikk paude naal joden toon baad, ih aapne aap noon iss dey duaale lapet lainda haii. jey mezban witch chaara laee labhdaik bhojan hunda haii, taan chaara hastoria paida karda haii joe aapne aap noon mezban dey naadi pranali witch dakhal karda haii. firr mitty witch chaare dee jadah marr jaandi haii. chaara vadh sakda haii atey aapne aap noon kaee paudiaan naal jode sakda haii. khandi khetran witch, ih ghatt jaan ghatt nirantar vadh sakda haii atey jhadiaan atey rukkhan dee chhatri takk uccha pahunch sakda haii; thande tapash vaale khetran witch, ih ikk salana pauda haii atey mukabaltan ghatt banaspati takk seemat haii jiss takk harr basant rutt witch navein paude pahunch sakde hunn. chaara bahut saare paudiaan utte parjivi haii, jiss witch khetibadi atey baghbani faslan deeaan kaee kisman shamal hunn, jiven kii alfalfa, lespideza, flex, clover, aaloo, chrysanthemum, dahilia, hellinium, trumpet well, iv atey petunia. ih ikk actoprocyte haii atey iss noon holoprositic paude, jaan ikk ajiha pauda joe gair-photosynthetic haii atey puurii tarahan ikk mezban utte nirbhar haii, dey roop witch shrenibadh keeta giaa haii. iss dee prajati atey mezban dee prajati, hamle dey samein atey qee mezban paude witch koee viruses vee maujood hunn, dey adhaar teey chaare dee gambhirta witch seema hundi haii. mezban paude noon kamzor karke, chaara paudiaan dee viruses deeaan bimariaan daa virodh curran dee samratha noon ghataunda haii, atey chaara ikk mezban toon dooje mezban witch paudiaan deeaan bimariaan noon vee faila sakda haii jey ih ikk toon vaddh paudiaan naal judiaa hoiaa haii. khetibadi pranaliaan witch ih aarthik chinta daa visha haii, jitthe 10 pratishat dee salana paidavar witch girawat vinashkari hoow sakadi haii. khet witch paudiaan deeaan bimariaan dey parbandhan laee chaare dee angur controll utte zor ditta giaa haii. mezban sathaan. 2006 witch "science" witch prakashit ikk report neey pradarshit keeta kii chaara aapne mezban paudiaan daa pataa lagaun laee havaa witch asthir jaivik mishrit sanketan dee varton karda haii. see" dey paude. pentagona "tmatter atey mezban paudiaan deeaan horr kisman duaara jaari keete gaye asthir pratee skaratmak vikas pratikriaavan daa pardarshan karda haii. jadon pasandida mezban tmatter atey gair-mezban kanak duaara jaari keete gaye asthirta vichkaar chonh ditti jaandi haii, taan parjivi pahile vall vadhiaa. horr prayogan neey mezban paudiaan duaara jaari keete gaye kaee viaktigat misharnan pratee aakarshan atey kanak duaara jaari keete gaye ikk mishran duaara pratirodhakta daa pardarshan keeta. ih natije iss sambhavna toon inkaar naheen karde kii horr sanket, jiven kii roshni, mezban sathaan witch vee bhumika nibha sakde hunn. mezban rakkhiaa. jadee-bootiaan khaann vaale janwaran atey roganuyan dey virudh paudiaan dee rakkhiaa baare jaane jaanh naalon chaara atey horr parjivi paudiaan dey virudh mezban rakkhiaa baare ghatt janhiaa jaanda haii. ikk adhiaen witch, tmatter dey paude chaare toon bachaa laee gunjhaldar vidhiaan dee varton karde paae gaye sunn. jasmonic acid atey celecilic acid dee varton karde hoye doou raste, "kuskuta pentagona" duaara hamle dey jawab witch sargaram keete gaye sunn. 2-carren, α-pinin, limonin atey β-felendrin samet volatile dey utpadan noon prerit curran laee vee chaare daa hamla paaiaa giaa see. ih pataa naheen haii kii ih asthirta mezban dee rakkhiaa kiven kardi haii, parr uh sambhavat taur 'teey mezbanan noon labbhan atey chunhan dee dadaar dee yogta witch dakhal dey sakde hunn. iss toon ilava, tmatter dey taney utte tricom dee maujudgi prabhavshali dhang naal daur noon taney naal juden toon rokadi haii. roktham atey ilaaj. bahut saare deshan witch chaare dey beejan dey daramad utte pabandi lagaun vaale kanoon hunn, jiss witch faslan dey beejan noon chaare dey beejan dey dooshit honn toon mukat curran dee zaroorat hundi haii. beej lagaun toon pahilan, saare kappdiaan dee jaanch keeti jaanhi chahidi haii jadon uh kise prabhavit khetar toon gair-prabhavit fasal vall jaande hunn. jadon kise prabhavit khetar naal najithiaa jaanda haii, taan turant karvai zaruri haii. sifarshan witch laag toon baad kaee saalan laee ikk gair-mezban fasal lagauna, mezban faslan noon turant lagauna, khaskar chaara beej paida curran toon pahilan, atey basant rutt witch dectol vargiaan pahilan toon ubhardiaan jadee-bootiaan dee varton shamal haii. gair-mezban faslan deeaan udaharnan witch ghaah atey kaee horr monocotyladen shamal hunn. jey ikk mezban paude daa damm ghuttan toon pahilan chaara milda haii, taan iss noon mitty vicchon hataa ditta jaa sakda haii. jey damm ghuttna shuru hoow giaa haii, taan mezban paude noon chaare dey sankraman toon kaafi hethan kattiaa jaanha chahida haii, kiunki chaara bahupakhi haii atey iss dey hostoria toon waps vadhan dey yog haii. cheeni ravaiti dawai witch varton. "see. cheen atey kujh horr aci deshan witch osteoprorosis laee chinsis dey beej () dee varton lambe samein toon keeti jaandi rahee haii. "see. chinensis ikk aam taur utte varti jaanh vaali ravaiti cheeni dawai haii joe manni jaandi haii kii jigar atey gurdiaan noon mazboot kardi haii. kuskata prajatiaan noon himalian khetri medical parampravan witch dawai vajon vee vartiaa jaanda haii.

kuskut kuskut (), samanyataya dodder athavaa amerbel iti namna prasidhah, peeta-naarang-varnasya, rakta-varnasya (viralatayaa harita-varnasya) parajeevee-sasyanam 201 taha adhikanam jaatayah asti. poorvam cuscutacy-kulasya ekamaatra-vamshaha iti manyate sma, adhunaa angiosperm-failojenee-samuhasya karyasya aadhaaren, morning-glory-parivaarasya, convolvulasi-ityasya sadasyah iti sweekrutah asti. vishvasya sampoorne samasheetoshn-ushnakatibandheey-pradesheshu ayam vamshaha drushyate, uposhnakatibandheey-ushnakatibandheey-pradesheshu cha sarvaadhika-prajaativyavyavastha asti; sheetal-samasheetoshn-vaayuguneshu ayam vamshaha durlabhah bhavati, uttar-europe-deshasya kevalam chatwaarah prajaatayah eva santi. lokanaameshu, straangalter, scaldweed, begarweed, ladys less, fireweed, wizards nett, devils guts, devils keyar, devils ringlet, goldthread, helveed, hairweed, helban, love vain, pull-down, strangleweed, angel hers, danix keyar cha santi. varnanam. kuskut iti pattirahitaroopen drushyamaanena patrena, paataih sukshma-scale-yaavat nyooneekruten, dnyaatum shakyate. eteshu vishayeshu etat samanataya parajeevee-jaatim, parantu asambaddh-jaatim "kaisitha" ityetam saadrushyam karoti. greeshmakaalasy madhyatah aarambhaparyantam, draakshaalukaah laghuphalaani utpaadayitum shaknuvanti, ye drakshaluka-varnasya samaanam varnam sweekaroti, praayah samanya-mutter-aakaarasy cha bhavanti. asmin chlorophil ityasya starah atyalpah asti; "kaskuta reflexa" ityadini kaanichan prajaatayah prakaashasamshleshanam kartum shaknuvanti, anye cha yathaa "see". europia "poshanartham sampurnataya atitheya-sasyaan ashritya asti. shvetavarnaat golapitaha peetavarnatah kreem-paryantam pushpanam varnaha bhavati. kechan pushpaah greeshmakaalasy aarambhe, anye pashchat, prajaatim ashritya pushpanti. vittaani sookshmaani santi, adhikamatrayam utpaadyante cha. teshaam katinapralepah bhavati, samanyataya 5-10 varshaani yaavat, kadaachit adhikakalam yaavat cha mruttikaayaam jeevitum shaknoti. pashubhakshanasy beejaani mruttikaayaah prushtabhaage vaa sameepe vaa ankurayanti. yadyapi pashu-poshana-vinaa pashu-pushpa-ankuranam bhavitum arhati tathaapi tatt sheeghram harita-sasyam praaptum arhati, tathaa cha chemosensorry-sanketaan anusrutya samipastha-sasyaan prati vardhayitum anukoolam bhavati. yadi ankuranasya 5 taha 10 divasaanaam madhye sasyam naa praapyate tarhi pashu-ropaah mriyante. atitheya-sasyasya agamanat poorvam, anya-sasyaan iva pashukhaadyam api bhrunasya khaadya-bhandaran aashrayati; kotilidaan-sasyaani yadyapi vidyamaanaani santi, tathaapi avasheshaani santi. parajeeveevaadah. yadaa pashuhu sasyena saha samlagnah bhavati tadaa tatt tasya paritah aavrutam. yadi poshakasya aharaha pashu-poshanartham labhadayakaha bhavati tarhi pashu-poshanam pashu-poshanam janayati, yat poshakasya raktavaahinyaam swasyaah antah pravishati. tatah mruttikaayaam pashukhaadyasya avasheshamoolam mriyate. pashukhaadyam vardhayitum shaknoti, bahwyah sasyaih saha api sanlagnum shaknoti. ushnakatibandheeyakshetresh, etat praayah nirantaram vardheta, tathaa cha gulmanam vrukshaanaam cha chhatram yaavat uccham gantum shaknoti; sheetal-samasheetoshnakshetreshu, etat vaarshikam sasyam asti, api cha apekshaakrutam nyoon-vanaspati-kshetreshu parimitam asti, yat prati vasantakaale nootan-ropaah praaptum shaknuvanti. pashukhaadyam bahuvidha-sasyeshu parajeevee asti, yasmin alfalfa, lespedeza, flex, clover, aaluh, chrysantimum, dahlia, hellenium, trumpet-draakshaavrukshah, aivee, petunias ityadini krushiprushiprushaani cha santi. ayam ectoperasat asti, tathaa cha holoparacetic-sasyah iti vargeekaritah asti, athavaa ekaha sasyah yah photosynthetic-rahitah asti, purnataya poshakasya upari avalambitah asti. pashu-pashuhu tasya jaatim, aatitheyasy jaatim, aakramanasy samayam, atitheya-sasye api kimapi vishaanuh asti vaa iti cha aadhrutya teevrataam vahati. atitheya-sasyasya durbalataayaah karanat, pashukhaadyasya vishanurogan pratirodhayitum sasyanam kshamata nyooneebhavati, yadi pashukhaadyam ekasmaat adhikena sasyena saha sambaddham bhavati tarhi sasyarogaan api ekaat atitheyat anyasmai prasaarayitum shaknoti. krushi-vyavasthaasu etat aarthik-chintaayuktam vartate, yatra vaarshikam 10 pratishatam utpaadanam nyooneekartum vinaashakaram bhavitum arhati. kshetre sasyaroganam nirvahanaartham pashubhakshanasy veli-niyantranasya vishaye mahattvam dattam asti. atithyasthanam. 2006 tame varshe "sains" madhye prakashitasya ekaa prativedanam darshayat yat pashuhu swaposhakaa-sasyaan dnyaatum vaayuvaahini-asthira-jaivika-yaugika-sanketaan upayujyate iti. sii" ityasya paadapaani. pentagona "iti" tametau tathaa anyaih atitheya-sasyaih utsarjitanam baashpeebhawebhyah sakaratmaka-vruddhi-pratikriyaah pradarshayati. yadaa ishta-atitheya-tometorus-dwara utsarjitanam baashpeebhawebhyah, atitheya-kaanichan godhoom-dhaanyebhyah cha madhye vikalpah dattah tadaa parajeevee poorva-prati vardhata. adhika-prayogaih atitheya-sasyaih nirgamitaah anekaani vyaktigata-samyuktaani prati aakarshanam api cha godhoom-nirgamitaah ekena samyuktena vikarshanam cha pradarshit. ete parinaamaah, prakaashah ityadini anyaani sanketaani api atitheyasthane bhumika nibhaaiyuh iti sambhaavyataam niraakaroti. aatithy-rakshakaah. trunabhakshee-rogakarakanam cha viruddham sasyasamrakshanasya apekshayaa pashubhakshanasy, anyaanaam parajeeveenaam cha viruddham poshakasamrakshanasya vishaye nyoonam dnyaatam asti. ekasmin adhyayanasya anusaaram, tametau sasyaani pashukhaadyaat rakshayitum jatil-tantraan upayoktum shaknuvanti iti dnyaatam. kaskuta pentagona" ityasya aakramanasy pratikriyaaroopen jaasmaonik-amlam, celecilic-amlam cha upayujya maargadwayam sakriyam jaatam. pashu-pashu-akramanam api 2-carren, α-pineen, limoneen, β-fellandrin ityadinam baashpeebhavanasya utpaadanam prerepayati iti dnyaatam. ete vashpashilani aatitheyasy rakshanm katham vaa kurvanti iti naa dnyaayate, parantu te aatitheyasy sthananirdharanasya chayanasy cha kshamatayam vikshepam kartum shaknuvanti. api cha, tametorakasya kaande trachom-ityasya upasthitihi, padapasya kandena saha samlagnataam prabhaawen avarodhayati. nivaaranam tathaa upachaarah. anekeshu desheshu pashu-bijasya ayatam nishedhayantah vidhihi santi, yatra sasya-beejaani pashu-beej-pradushanaat muktaani bhavitum arhanti. ropanaat poorvam, sankramitakshetraat sankramanamukta-sasyam prati gamanasamaye sarve vastraani pashukhaadyasya krute parikshaniyaha bhaveyuhu. sankramitakshetrasy vishaye druta-kaaryam aavashyakam asti. sankraamanen anantaram anekavarshaani yaavat atitheya-sasyam ropanam, atitheya-sasyaan tatkshanameva aharanam, visheshatah pashukhaadyasya bijasya utpadanat poorvam, vasantakaale daktaal ityadinam poorva-udbhuta-sasyanashakanam upayogah cha anushamsaasu antarbhavanti. atitheya-sasyanam udaaharaneshu trunaani, anye bahooni monocotaldence cha santi. yadi poshakavruksham shvasaneekartum poorvam pashukhaadyam drushyate tarhi tatt kevalam mruttikaayaah bahihi nishkaasayitum shakyate. yadi shwaasochchhwaasah arabhyate tarhi atitheya-sasyasya chachikaranam pashu-pashu-sankraamanen adhah avashyam karaneeyam, yatah pashu-pashuhu bahumukha asti, tasya pashu-praana-rogaat punah vardhayitum cha samarthah asti. chinadeshasya paaramparika-chikitsaayaam asya upayogah bhavati. "sii. cheenadeshe, anyeshu keshuchit asean-desheshu cha asteoporosis-rogaya cha cha chinensis ityasya vittaanaam () upayogah dirghakaalaat prachalati. "sii. chinensis "iti samanyataha prayuktah paaramparikah cheenaa-aushadhah asti yah yakrut-vrukkaan cha sudrudham karoti iti manyate. himalayasya praadeshika-chikitsaa-paramparasu kuskut-prajaatayah aushadharoopena api upayujyante.

kuskatta kuskatta (), podhuvaaga theevanam allathu amerbell endru azhaikkappadukirathu, idhu 201 kkum maerpatta inangkalin manjal, aaranjchu allathu sivappu (arithaaga pacchai) ottunni thaavarangalin oru paerinamaagum. munbu kaskatesi kudumbaththil ulla oray paerinamaaka karudhappatta idhu, ippoathu anchiosperm bilogeny kuzhuvin vaelaiyin adippadaiyil, kaalai magimai kudumbamaana convolvulosicu sonthamaanathu endru aetrtrukkollappadukirathu. inththa paerinam ulagin mithaveppa mattrum veppamandala pakuthikal muzhuvathum kaanappadugiradhu, mithaveppa mattrum veppamandala pakuthikalil migapperiya inap panmugaththanmai ullathu; kulirntha mithaveppa kaalanilaigalil inththa paerinam arithaanathu, vadakku iroappaavai poorveegamaagak konda naanku inangkal mattumae ullana. naattuppurap peyarkalil strunkle dair, scaldweet, pichchaikkaararkal, laedi 'sh laes, fireweed, mandhiravaathiyin valai, bisasin thyrium, bisasin mudi, bisasin moathiram, goldred, hailweet, hairweet, naragam, kaathal thiraatchai, izhukka-keezhae, kaluththai neriththa mudi, aenjchal haer mattrum sooniyakkaariyin mudi aagiyavai adangkum. vilakkam. guskudavai adhan melliya thandugal ilai illaamal thoandruvathan moolam adaiyaalam kanalaam, ilaikal nimida sethilgalaaga kuraikappattullana. inththa vishayangkalil idhu idhaepoandra ottunni, aanaal thodarpillaatha paerinam, "kasita" aii othirukkirathu. koadaikkaalaththin naduppaguthi muthal ilaiyuthirkaalaththin thodakkam varai, kodigal siriya pazhangkalai urpaththi seiya mudiyum, avai thiraatchaippazhaththin athae niratthai edukkum, maelum thoaraayamaaga oru podhuvaana pattaaniyin alavaik kondullana. idhu migavum kuraindha alavilaana chlorophylike kondullathu; "kaskatta reflexa" poantra sila inangkal olichcherkkai seiya mudiyum, athae neraththil "chii" poantra pira inangkal olichcherkkai seiya mudiyum. eurobia "uuttachchaththukkaaka muttrilum thaavarangalai saarnthullathu. theevana malarkal vellai muthal ilanjchivappu muthal manjal muthal gream varai niraththil irukkum. sila malarkal koadaiyin thodakkaththil, mattravai pinnar, inangkalaip porutthu. vithaigal siriyavai mattrum adhiga alavil urpaththi seiyappadugindrana. avai oru kadinamaana poochchu kondullana, maelum podhuvaaga 5-10 aandugal, sila nerangalil neenda kaalam mannil uyirvaazha mudiyum. theevana vithaigal mannin maerparappil allathu adharku arugil mulaikkintrana. theevana mulaippu oru puravalan illaamal nigazhalaam entraalum, adhu oru pacchai thaavaratthai viraivaaga adaiya vaendum mattrum chemosensory thadayangalaip pinpattruvathan moolam arugilulla thaavarangalai noakki valara aetrtrathu. mulaiththa 5 muthal 10 naatkalukkul oru thaavaratthai adayaavittaal, theevana vidhai iranththuvidum. oru puravalan thaavaratthai adaivatharku munbu, theevanam, mattra thaavarangalaip poalavae, karuvil ulla unavu iruppukkalai nambiyullathu; koadilaangal, irunththaalum, avai vestigial aagum. ottunni. oru theevanam oru thaavaraththudan thannai inaiththuk konda piragu, adhu athaich suttri thannaip pattrik kolgiradhu. puravalan theevanaththirku nanmai payakkum unavaik kondirundhaal, theevanam hoastin vascular amaippil thangalai serugum hastoriavai uruvaakkukirathu. mannil ulla theevanaththin vaer pinnar iranththuvidukirathu. theevanam valara mudiyum mattrum pala thaavarangaludan thannai inaiththuk kollalaam. veppamandalap pakuthikalil, idhu athigamaagavoa allathu kuraivaagavoa thodarnthu valara mudiyum, maelum putharkal mattrum marangkalin vithaanaththil uyaramaaga valarakkoodum; kulirntha mithaveppap pakuthikalil, idhu oru varudaanthira thaavaramaagum, maelum ovvoru vasantha kaalaththilum puthiya naattrukalaal adaiyakoodiya oppeettalavil kuraindha thaavarangalukku kattuppaduththappattullathu. albalfa, lespetiesa, aalii, clover, urulaikkizhangku, chrysandimum, dahlia, helanium, trumbett thiraatchai, aivi mattrum pettunia poantra pala vivasaaya mattrum thottakkalai payir inangkal udpada pala vagaiyaana thaavarangalil theevanam ottunniyaagum. idhu oru ectopharacite aagum, idhu holoparacetic thaavaram allathu olichcherkkai allaatha thaavaram mattrum muttrilum oru hoastai saarnthullathu. theevanam adhan inangkal mattrum puravalan inangkal, thaakkuthal neram mattrum puravalan thaavaraththil aethaenum vairaskal ullathaa enbathai adippadaiyaagak kondu theeviraththil maarupadum. puravalan thaavaratthai palaveenappaduththuvathan moolam, theevanam virus noaikalai ethirkkum thaavarangalin thiranaik kuraikkirathu, maelum theevanam ondrukku maerpatta thaavarangaludan inaikappattaal thaavara noaikalai oru puravalanilirunthu innoru thaavaraththirku parappalaam. idhu vivasaaya amaippugalil porulaathaara akkaraiyai aerpaduththukirathu, angku varudaanthira 10 sathaveetha vilaichchal veelchchi paerazhivukaramaanathaaka irukkum. violil thaavara noaikalai nirvagippatharkaaga theevana thiraatchaik kattupaattukku mukkiyathuvam alikkappattullathu. virunthoambal idam. 2006 aam aandil "ariviyal" idhazhil veliyidappatta oru arikaiyil, theevanam thangal puravalan thaavarangalaik kandariya kaattril paayum kondhalippaana karima kalavaik kurippugalaip payanpaduththukirathu enbathai niroopiththathu. chii" inn naattrukal. bentagona "enbathu, tomato mattrum pira vagaiyaana thaavarangalaal veliyidappadum nilaiyattra thanmaikku saathagamaana valarchi ethirvinaikalai velippaduththukirathu. viruppamaana puravalan koathumai mattrum puravalan allaatha koathumai aagiyavattraal veliyidappatta nilaiyattravattrukku idaiyae oru thaervu kodukkappattapoathu, ottunni munthaiyathai noakki valarnthathu. maelum soathanaigal hoast thaavarangalaal veliyidappatta pala thanipatta saermangkal mattrum koathumaiyaal veliyidappatta oru kalavaiyal virattum thanmaiyaik kaattina. olii poantra pira kurippugal, puravalan iruppidaththil oru pangai vagikkakkoodum endra saaththiyatthai inththa mudivugal niraagarikkavillai. hoast paathukaappu. thaavara unnigal mattrum noikkirumigalukku ethiraana thaavara paathukaappukalaip pattri ariyappattathai vida theevanam mattrum pira ottunni thaavarangalukku ethiraana puravalan paathukaappukalaip pattri kuraivaagavae ariyappadugirathu. oru aaivil, theevanaththilirunthu paathukaakka sikkalaana vazhimuraigalaip payanpaduththuvathu thakkaali thaavarangalil kandariyappattathu. jasmonic amilam mattrum solicylic amilatthaip payanpaduththi irandu paathaikal, "kuskatta bentagona" thaakkuthalukku pathilalikkum vagaiyil seyalpaduththappattana. 2-kaerin, α-pineen, limonene mattrum β-felendreen ullitta nilaiyattra porutkalin urpathtiyaith thoonduvatharkum theevanath thaakkuthal kandariyappattathu. inththa nilaiyattra thanmai kondavai puravalanai evvaaru paathukaakkintrana enbathu theriyavillai, aanaal avai puravalangalaik kandarindhu thaernthedukkum theevanaththin thiranil thalaiyidakkoodum. maelum, tomato thandil trichomgal iruppathu theevanam thandudan inaivathaith thadukkirathu. thaduppu mattrum sigichchai. pala naadugalil theevana vithaikalai irakkumathi seivathaith thadaiseiyum sattangal ullana, payir vithaigal theevana vithaigal maasupadaamal irukka vaendum. nadavu seivatharku muun, paathikkappatta paguthiyilirunthu paathikkappatta payir allaatha pakuthikku sellumpoathu anaitthu aadaikalaiyum theevana vithaikalukkaaga aaivu seiya vaendum. paathikkappatta pakuthiyaik kaiyaalum poathu, viraivaana nadavadikkai avasiyam. noaiththottrukkup piragu pala aandugalukku oru puravalan allaatha payirai nadavu seithal, puravalan payirkalai udanadiyaaga izhuththal, kurippaaga theevanam vithaikalai urpaththi seivatharku munbu, vasantha kaalaththil tactal poantra munkoottiya kazhaikkolligalaip payanpaduththuthal aagiyavai parinthuraigalil adangkum. puravalan allaatha payirkalin eduththukkaattukalil puul mattrum pala moanoakoadaildangal adangkum. oru puravalan thaavaratthai moochchuththinaral seivatharku munbu theevanam kandupidikkappattaal, adhu mannil irunthu agattrappadalaam. moochchuththinaral thodangkinaal, puravalan thaavaram theevanath thaakkuthalukkuk keezhae kanisamaaga seeramaikkappada vaendum, aenenil theevanam palthurai mattrum adhan hastoriyaavilirunthu meendum valara mudiyum. seena paarambariya maruththuvaththil payanpaduththappadukirathu. "chii. seenaavilum sila aasiya naadugalilum elumbupurai noaikku cinensis vithaigal () neenda kaalamaaga payanpaduththappattu varukintrana. "chii. cinensis enbathu podhuvaagap payanpaduththappadum paarambariya seena maruththuvamaagum, idhu kalleeral mattrum siruneeragangalai valuppaduththum endru nambappadugirathu. himalaya piraanthiya maruththuva marabukalil kuskatta inangkal marunththaagavum payanpaduththappadugindrana.

kuskuta saadhaaranamgaa pasugraasam ledhaa amerbell anie piluvabade kuskuta () anedi 201 kante ekkuva jaatula pasupu, narinja ledhaa erupu (arudugaa aakupaccha) paraannajeevi mokkala jaathi. gatamlo kuskyutesi kutumbamlo ekaika jaatigaa pariganinchabade idhi ippudu angiosperm phylogeny samuuham yokka pani aadhaaramgaa udayam keerti kutumbam, convolvulasiaku chendinadigaa angeekarinchabadindi. eee jaathi prapanchamlooni samasheetoshna mariyu ushnamandala praantaalalo kanipistundi, upaushnamandala mariyu ushnamandala praantaalalo goppa jaatula vaividhyam undhi; eee jaathi challani samasheetoshna vaataavaranaalaloo arudugaa maarutundi, uttara airopaku chendina naalugu jaatulu matrame unnaayi. jaanapada paerlaloo gonthu nokkadam, scaldweed, bicchagaallu, ladys laes, fireweed, visored nett, devils guts, devils hair, devils ringlet, goldtread, hairweed, hairweed, helpine, love wine, pull-down, strangleweed, angel hair mariyu mantragatte juttu unnaayi. vivarana. aakulu chinna poralaku tagginchi, aaku laeni daani sannani kaandam dwara kuskutanu gurtinchavacchu. eee vishayaalalo idhi idhe vidhamaina paraannajeevini pooli untundi, conny sambandham laeni jaathi, "kasitha". vesavi madhya nundi saradrutuvu prarambham varaku, teegalu wine maadirigaane rangu teesukune chinna pandlanu utpatti cheyagalavu mariyu sumaruga oka saadhaarana bathaanee parimaanamlo untaayi. idhi chaalaa takkuva sthaayi chlorophylnu kaligi untundi; "kaskata reflexa" vanti konni jaatulu koddigaa kiranajanya samyogakriya cheyagalavu, marikonni "sii" vantivi. europia "poeshanha kosam puurtigaa aatitheya mokkalapai aadharapadi untundi. pasugraasam puvvulu telupu nundi gulabi nundi pasupu nundi cream varaku rangulo untaayi. konni puvvulu vesavi praarambhamlo, marikonni taruvaata, jaatulanu batti untaayi. vittanaalu suukshmamgaa untaayi mariyu pedda parimaanamlo utpatti avtayi. avi kathinamaina puutanu kaligi untaayi, mariyu saadhaaranamgaa mattiloo 5-10 samvatsaraalu, konnisaarlu ekkuva kaalam jeevinchagalavu. pasugraasam vittanaalu matti uparitalampai ledhaa sameepamlo molakettutaayi. pasugraasam oka atidheya lekunda molakettavacchu, ayithe idhi twaragaa oka aakupaccha mokkaku cherukovali mariyu chemosensory aadhaaraalanu anusarinchadam dwara sameepamloni mokkala vaipu peragadaaniki anugunamgaa untundi. molakettina 5 nundi 10 rojullopu oka mokka cherukokapothe, pasugraasam vittanaalu chanipotayi. oka atidheya mokka cherukovadaniki mundu, itara mokkala maadirigaa, pasugraasam pindamlooni aahara nilvalapai aadhaarapadutundi; kotidenlu unnappatikee, avasheshaalu. paraannajeevi. oka pasugraasam oka mokkaku jatacheyabadina tarvaata, adhi daani chuttoo chutti untundi. atidheyalo pasugraasam kosam prayojanakaramaina aaharam unte, aaa pasugraasam atidheya yokka vascular vyavasthalo tamanu taamu choppinchukune hastorianu utpatti chestundi. neelalooni pasugraasam yokka avashesha muulaalu appudu chanipotayi. pasugraasam perugutuu, bahula mokkalaku jatacheyavachhu. ushnamandala praantaalalo, idhi ekkuva ledhaa takkuva nirantaramgaa perugutuu, podalu mariyu chetla pandiri varaku ettuku cherukovacchu; challani samasheetoshna praantaalalo, idhi vaarshika mokka mariyu prati vasantakaalamlo kotta molakalu cherukogala saapekshamgaa takkuva vrukshasampadaku parimitam cheyabadindi. pasugraasam anedi alfalfa, lespedeza, avise, clover, bangaalaadumpalu, chrysanthemum, dahlia, hellenium, buura wine, iv mariyu petunias vanti aneka vyavasaya mariyu udyaana panta jaatulato sahaa chaalaa rakaala mokkalapai paraannajeevi. idhi oka ectoparasite mariyu idhi holoparacetic mokkaga vargeekarinchabadindi, ledhaa photosynthetic kaani mokka mariyu puurtigaa host meeda aadharapadi untundi. daani jaatulu mariyu atitheya jaatulu, daadi samayam mariyu atitheya mokkalo edainaa vairaslu unnaya anae daani aadhaaramgaa pasugraasam teevratalo untundi. atitheya mokkanu balaheenaparachadam dwara, pasugraasam viral vyaadhulanu nirodhinche mokkala saamarthyaanni taggistundi, mariyu okati kante ekkuva mokkalaku jatacheyabadithe pasugraasam kooda oka atitheya nundi maroka mokkaku vyaadhini vyaapti chestundi. vyavasaya vyavasthalalo idhi aardhika aandolana kaliginche amsam, ikkada vaarshikamgaa 10 saatam digubadi taggadam vinaasakaramainadi kaavacchu. polamlo mokkala vyaadhulanu nirvahinchadaaniki pasugraasam wine niyantranaku praadhaanyata ivvabadindi. host sthaanam. sthaanam "sains" loe prachurinchabadina oka nivedika, pasugraasam vaati atidheya mokkalanu gurtinchadaaniki gaalilo unde asthira sendriya sammelana suuchanalanu upayogistundani niroopinchindi. sii" yokka molakalu. pentagona "tamota mariyu itara jaatula host mokkala dwara vidudalayye asthiratalaku saanukuula vruddhi pratispandanalanu pradarsistundi. ishtapade atidheya tamota vidudala chese asthirata mariyu atidheya kaani godhuma madhya empika icchinappudu, paraannajeevi modati vaipu perigindi. tadupari prayogaalu atitheya mokkalu vidudala chese aneka vyaktigata sammelanaalaku aakarshananu mariyu godhuma vidudala chese oka sammelanam dwara vikarshakatanu pradarsinchaayi. eee phalitaalu kaanti vanti itara sankethaalu kooda atitheya pradaesamloe paatra poeshinchae avakaasaanni thosipuchavu. host rakshana. saakaahaarulu mariyu vyadhikaaraka kaarakaalaku vyatiraekamgaa mokkala rakshana gurinchi telisina daanikante pasugraasam mariyu itara paraannajeevi mokkalaku vyatiraekamgaa atidheya rakshana gurinchi takkuva telusu. oka adhyayanamlo, tamota mokkalu pasugraasam nundi rakshinchadaaniki sanklishtamaina yantraamgaalanu upayogistaayani kanugonabadindi. kuskuta pentagona" daadiki pratispandanagaa jasmonic aamlam mariyu salycylic aamlam upayoginchi rendu margalu sakriyam cheyabaddaayi. 2-caren, α-pineen, limoneine mariyu β-fellandrine vanti asthira utpattula utpattini prerepinchadaaniki kooda pasugraasam daadi kanugonabadindi. eee asthiratalu atitheyaanni elaa rakshistaayo ledho teliyadu, conny avi atitheyaalanu gurtinche mariyu enchukune pasugraasam yokka saamardhyamlo jokyam chesukovacchu. alaage, tamota kaandam meeda trichoms undatam valla, thene kaandanki jodinchakunda nirodhistundi. nivaarana mariyu chikitsa. aneka deshaalalo pasugraasam vittanaala digumatini nishedhinche chattalu unnaayi, panta vittanaalu pasugraasam vittana kalushyam lekunda undaali. naatadaaniki mundu, vyaadhi sokina praantam nundi vyaadhi sokani pantaku velletappudu anni battalanu pasugraasam kosam tanikhi cheyali. prabhaavita praanthamtho vyavaharinchetappudu, vegavantamaina charya avasaram. sifaarsulalo muttadi tarvaata chaalaa samvatsaraalu aatitheya pantanu naatadam, atidheya pantalanu ventane lagadam, mukhyamgaa pasugraasam vittanaalanu utpatti cheyadaaniki mundu, mariyu vasantakaalamlo doctall vanti mundastu herbicidelanu upayoginchadam vantivi unnaayi. aatidhyam ivvani pantalaku udaaharanalalo gaddi mariyu aneka itara monocotyldonlu unnaayi. oka atidheya mokkanu ukkiribikkiri cheyadaaniki mundu pasugraasam kanugonabadithe, daanini matti nundi tolaginchavacchu. oopiraadaka modalayinatlayite, pasugraasam anedi bahumukhamainadi mariyu daani pasuvaidyamu nundi tirigi peragagala saamarthyam kaligi unnanduna, poeshaka mokkanu pasugraasam kante gananeeyamgaa takkuvagaa kattirinchaali. chainees saampradaaya vaidyamlo upayoginchandi. "sii. chainanis vittanaalu () chaina mariyu konni itara asea deshaalalo bolu emukala vyaadhiki chalakalamga upayoginchabadutunnaayi. "sii. chinensis anedi saadhaaranamgaa upayoginche saampradaaya chainees aushadham, idhi kaaleyam mariyu moothrapindaalanu balopetam chestundani nammutaaru. himalayan praantiiya vaidya sampradayalalo kuskuta jaatulanu kooda aushadhamgaa upayogistaaru.

kaskata cuscuta ()yee jasay aam toor parr doder yaa amarbal kay naam say jaana jaataa hay pailay naranji yaa sarkh (shaaz woo naadir hyee sabz) parjiviyon kay podon kii 201 say ziyadah anwaa kii eek jains hay. pehley kaskatesi khaandaan mein waahid jains kay toor parr samjha jaataa thaa abb asay engiosprum filogeny grop kay kaam kii bunyaad parr marning glory femli conolololisi say taaluq rakhnay kay toor parr qabool kiyaa jaataa hay. yaha jains duniya kay muatadil aur ashankatbandi elaqon mein payee jaati hay jiss mein zeeli madarini aur ashankatbandi elaqon mein sabb say ziyadah anwaa kaa tanoo hay. yaha jains thanday muatadil aab woo hawaa mein nayaab how jaati hay jiss mein sarf chaar anwaa shamali europ say taaluq rakhti haine. lock naamon mein ghonpnay kaa ghonp scholdwide bhakaari leadys lees fireweed wuzard neet shaitan kii himat shaitan kay baal shaitan kaa angotha gold thread helwead hairwead helbine low wine pull down struggleweed farishta kay baal aur ddaain kay baal shaamil haine. wazahat. kaskata kii shanakhat iss kay patlay tanon say kii jaa sakti hay juu baghair patoon kay dikhayi deetay haine patoon kuu chhotay paimanay takk kumm kirr diyaa jaataa hay. inn lahaaz say yaha asee tarah kay parjiwi leakin ghair mutaliqah jains "casitha" say qareeb say milta jaltaa hay. wast garmiyon say lay kirr mosam khazaan kay awail takk yaha beliyan chhotay phal paida kirr sakti haine juu bail kay rung kay baraabar hotay haine aur taqriba eek aam mutter kay size kay hotay haine. iss mein chlorophil kii satah behat kumm hoti hay. kachh anwaa jeesay "kaskata reflexa" qadray foto santhez kirr sakti haine jabkah deegar jeesay "see". europia "ghazaiyat kay liye makmal toor parr mezban podon parr munhasir hay. chaaray kay phulon kaa rung safed say gulaabi say pailay rung say lay kirr cream takk hotaa hay. kachh phul mosam garma kay awail mein dosray baad mein anwaa kay lahaaz say. beej chhotay hotay haine aur bury maqdar mein paida hotay haine. inn kii sakht coating hoti hay aur aam toor parr 5-10 saalon takk baaz auqaat ziyadah arsey takk mutty mein zindah rahh saktay haine. chaarah kay beej mutty kii satah parr yaa iss kay qareeb agtay haine. agarcha chaarah kaa agnaa mezban kay baghair how saktaa hay leakin asay teezi say sabz poday takk pahunchna padta hay aur chemo censory kay saraghon parr amal karkay qareebi podon kii taraf badhnay kay liye dahaal liyaa jaataa hay. agar kasee poday kuu anknay kay 5 say 10 dunn kay andar nahein pahunchaya jaataa hay tuu chaaray kaa podaa marr jaaye gaa. mezban poday takk pahunchnay say pehley chaarah dosray podon kii tarah janeen mein mojud ghazayi zakhayer parr inhasaar kartaa hay. agarcha cotelden mojud haine leakin wah baqiyat haine. parjiwiyat. eek chaarah kay poday say mansalk honay kay baad wah khood kuu iss kay gird lapet leeta hay. agar mezban mein chaarah kay liye fayedah mund khaana mojud hay tuu chaarah hostoria paida kartaa hay juu mezban kay sharyanon kay nazaam mein daakhil hotaa hay. iss kay baad mutty mein mojud chaarah kii judd marr jaati hay. chaarah agg saktaa hay aur khood kuu mutadid podon say joad saktaa hay. ashankatbandi elaqon mein yaha kumm woo baish muslisil badh saktaa hay aur jhaadiyon aur darkhaton kii chhatri takk pahunch saktaa hay. sard muatadil elaqon mein yaha eek salanah podaa hay aur nasbata kumm podon takk mahdud hay jiss takk harr mosam bahaar mein nayey poday pahunch saktay haine. chaaray podon kii eek behat wasee aqsaam parr parjiwi hay jiss mein zarayi aur baghbani kii faslon kii mutadid aqsaam shaamil haine jeesay alfalfa lespediza sunn clover aalu crecenthemum dehliya hellenium timpt wine aayivi aur patonia. yaha eek actopersite hay aur asay holopersitic plaant yaa eek aisa plant kay toor parr darjah bund kiyaa gayaa hay juu ghair foto santhetik hay aur makmal toor parr mezban parr munhasir hay. chaarah kii shadat iss kii anwaa aur mezban kii anwaa hamlay kay waqat aur aayaa mezban poday mein koyee wires bhee mojud hay iss kii bunyaad parr hoti hay. mezban poday kuu kamzor karnay say chaarah podon kii viral beemariyon kay khalaaf mazahimat karnay kii salahiyat kuu kumm kirr deeta hay aur agar yaha eek say ziyadah podon say mansalk how tuu chaarah podon kii beemariyon kuu eek mezban say dosray mezban mein bhee phaila saktaa hay. yaha zarayi nazaam mein maashi tashwesh kaa baais hay jehaan paidawar mein 10 faisad kii salanah kamee tabaah kunn how sakti hay. kheet mein podon kii beemariyon kay intezam kay liye chaaray kii bail parr qaabu paaney parr zoor diyaa gayaa hay. mezban kaa maqaam. 2006 mein "science" mein shaye honay waali eek report say patah chalta hay kahh chaarah apnay mezban podon kaa patah laganay kay liye hawaa say chalnay waalay ghair mustahkam namiyati markab asharay kaa istemaal kartaa hay. see" kay poday. pantagona "timater aur mezban podon kii deegar anwaa kay zariah jaari honay waalay ataar chadhao kay liye masbat namo kay radamil kaa mazahirah kartaa hay. jabb tarjihi mezban timater aur ghair mezban gandam kay zariah jaari honay waalay ataar chadhao kay darmiyan intekhaab diyaa jaataa hay tuu parjiviyon kaa izafah sabqah kii taraf hotaa hay. mazeed tajarbaat nay mezban podon kay zariah khaarij honay waalay mutadid infiradi markabaat kii taraf kashash aur gandam kay zariah jaari honay waalay eek markab kay zariah bikhar jaanay kaa mazahirah kiyaa. yaha nataij iss amkaan kuu mustarid nahein kartay kahh deegar asharay jeesay roshni mezban kay maqaam mein bhee kirdaar adaa kirr saktay haine. mezban dafaa. chaaray aur deegar parjiviyon kay podon kay khalaaf mezban dafaa kay baaray mein iss say kumm malum hay juu sabzi khooron aur pathogenes kay khalaaf podon kay dafaa kay baaray mein malum hay. eek tehqeeq mein timater kay poday chaarah say dafaa kay liye paichidah tariqah kaar istemaal kartay paaye gayey. kaskata pantagona" kay hamlay kay jawaab mein jaismonk assed aur celecilic assed kaa istemaal kartay hoay duu raastay chaalo kiye gayey. chaaray kaa hamlah bhee ghair mustahkam kii paidawar kuu mutharik karnay kay liye paaya gayaa jiss mein 2-carine α-painee lemonin aur β-felendrin shaamil haine. yaha malum nahein hay kahh yaha ataar chadhao mezban kaa dafaa kisay kartay haine leakin wah mamkanah toor parr mezbanon kaa patah laganay aur muntakhib karnay kii doder kii salahiyat mein madakhilat kirr saktay haine. neez timater kay tanay parr trichoms kii maujudgi moasir tareeqe say chaarah kuu tanay say mansalk honay say rokti hay. rook thaam aur alaaj. behat say mamalik mein chaaray kay beej kii daraamad parr pabandi laganay waalay qawanin haine jinn mein faslon kay bejon kuu chaaray kay beej kii aaludgi say paak honaa zaruri hay. poday laganay say pehley mutasirah elaqay say ghair mutasirah fasal kii taraf jaatay waqat tamaam kapadon kaa chaaray kay beej kay liye muainah kiyaa jaana chahiye. mutasirah elaqay say namatnay kay liye fouri kararwai zaruri hay. sfarshaat mein infection kay baad kayee saalon takk ghair mezban fasal lagaana mezban faslon kuu fouri toor parr khainchna khaas toor parr chaarah kay beej paida karnay say pehley aur mosam bahaar mein dakhtal jaisi pehley say ubharti hoyee jadee botiyon kaa istemaal shaamil hay. ghair mezban faslon kii misalon mein gahaas aur behat say dosray monocotylden shaamil haine. agar kasee mezban poday kaa dumm ghatnay say pehley chaarah mill jaaye tuu asay aasani say mutty say hataa diyaa jaa saktaa hay. agar dumm ghatna sharoo how gayaa hay tuu mezban poday kuu chaarah kay infection say numayan toor parr neechey kaatna chahiye keunkah chaarah versitile hay aur apnay hostoria say waps badhnay kay qaabil hay. cheeni rawayati adviyaat mein istemaal karein. "see. channences kay beej () taweel arsey say cheen aur kachh deegar aishiyayi mamalik mein osteoporosis kay liye istemaal hotay rahay haine. "see. channences "eek aam toor parr istemaal honay waali rawayati cheeni dawaa hay jiss kay baaray mein khayaal kiyaa jaataa hay kahh yaha jigar aur girdon kuu mazboot karti hay. kaskata kii anwaa kuu hamaliyayi elaqayi tabee rawayaat mein batoor dawaa bhee istemaal kiyaa jaataa hay.

fffdd5a54bf4a6998af8a5fa291a2b55ca55b0a69094bbeaad631f00bba4d248

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18432502

Filipe da Madre de Deus

Filipe da Madre de Deus Frei Filipe da Madre de Deus (Lisbon, c. 1630 – Seville, c. 1688 or 1690) was a Portuguese Baroque composer. Life. Filipe da Madre de Deus was born in Lisbon, about 1630. Although he lacked a deep knowledge of music theory, he was a skilled composer and vihuelist at the court of Philip IV of Spain (Philip III of Portugal until 1640). In 1654, John IV of Portugal heard about the notoriety of Madre de Deus and hired him for the Portuguese court. Two years later, John IV died and was succeeded by Afonso VI. Sometime between April 1660 and August 1661, Afonso VI nominated Madre de Deus as "mestre da câmara de música real" ("master of the royal chamber music"). In 1668, Peter II was appointed regent for Afonso VI, his insane brother, and all his former employees were taken off the royal payroll. Thus, Filipe da Madre de Deus had to return to Spain in 1668. He was succeeded by the renowned António Marques Lésbio as master of the royal chamber music of Portugal. Madre de Deus retired to the monastery of the barefooted Mercedarians of San Laureano in Seville. He continued as chapel master of this monastery until at least 1688, the year of his last known work. He probably died there about 1688 or 1690. Works. Filipe da Madre de Deus composed mainly "villancicos" and "tonos" for several occasions and holidays, including an 18th-birthday salute to Afonso VI, "Ostente aplausos festivos" ("Ostentate joyous applause", 1661), and the famous "negro villancico" for Christmas, "Antonya, Flaciquia, Gasipà". He also composed sacred choral works with continuo accompaniment. Recordings. The following recordings include works by Madre de Deus: References. in the Choral Public Domain Library (ChoralWiki)

phillip daa madre dey diuch frei phillip daa madre di diuch (lixbon, chi. 1630-sebhil, chi. 1688 baa 1690) ejon portugij baruk xurkar aasil. jiwan. phillip daa medre di diuchor jonmo 1630 sonor pray xomoyot liswonot hoisil. jodiu teur xongit totwor gobhir gyanor obhab aasil, tothapiu teu spainor phillip 4ror dorbarot (1640 sonoloike portugalor phillip phillip ejon dokhyo xurkar aaru vihualist aasil. 1654 sonot portugalor john soturthoi madre di diuchor kukhyatir bixoye xuni teuk portugij dorbaror baabe nijukti disil. dubosoror pisot john soturthor mrityu hoy aaru teur pisot efonsu xosthoi uttoradhikari hoy. 1660 sonor aprilor poraa 1661 sonor aagosto maahor maajor kunu xomoyot, aafonsu bhi-ye madre di diuchok "mestre daa kamara di musica real" ("royel chamber musicor master") hisape monunit korisil. 1668 sonot pitter dwitiyok teur unmad bhatri aafonsu VI-ror rajprotinidhi hisape nijukti diya hoisil aaru teur xokolu prakton kormosarik rajokiyo betonor poraa aatorai diya hoisil. eidore, phillip daa medre di diuche 1668 sonot spainoloi ubhoti ahibo logaa hoisil. teur pisot portugalor rajokiyo chamber xongitor prodhan hisape bikhyat antonio "marks lesbio"-ye uttoradhikar laabh korisil. medre di diuche savilor chaan lo 'renur khaali bhorir marchederianxokolor motholoi owoxor grohon korisil. teu komeu 1688 sonoloike ei mothor sepol master hisape obyahot aasil, jitu teur xex gyat kaamor bosor aasil. xombhobotoh 1688 baa 1690 sonor aaxe paxe teur mrityu hoisil. kaam kore. phillip daa medre di diuche keibatau onusthan aaru bondhor dinor baabe mulotoh "vilencicus" aaru "tonus" rosona korisil, jaar bhitorot aase ofonsu bhi-koo 18 xongkhyok jonmodinor obhibadon, "ostente applouses festival" cho ("austantete joyalias hattali"), aaru bordinor baabe bikhyat "nigru vilenciku", "antonia, flesika, gesipa". teu obirot xongotor xoite pobitro xongitor girjau rosona korisil. recording. nimnolikhito recordingburot medore di diuchor kaam ontorbhukto aaseh

phillip daa madre deey duce phri phillip daa madre deey duce (lisbon, shee. 1630-seville, shee. 1688 baa 1690) chhilen ekjon portugij barok surkar. jeebon. phillip daa madre dii duce 1630 khristabder dike lisbone jonmogrohon corren. jodio sangeet totto somporke taanr govir gyaner abhab chhilo, tini spener phillip choturther dorbare ekjon dokkho surkar ebong vihuelist chhilen (1640 khristabdo porjonto portugaler phillip tritiya). 1654 khristabde portugaler choturtho john madre dii ducer kukhyati somporke shunechilen ebong taanke portugij dorbare niyog korechilen. dui bochor porr, john choturtho maaraa zaan ebong taanr stholabhishikto hohn afonso shostho. 1660 saaler april theke 1661 saaler auguster modhye, afonso shostho madre dii duceke "mestre daa kamara deey musica real" ("rajakiya chembar sangiter muster") hisabe manoneet korechilen. 1668 khristabde dwitiya pieterke taanr unmad bhai afonso shosther rajprotinidhi nijukto koraa hoy ebong taanr samasta praktan kormocharider rajakiya beton theke sariye deoa hoy. eibhabe, phillip daa madre dii duceke 1668 saale spene firey aste hoy. taar porey portugaler rajakiya chembar sangiter muster hisabe bikhyato antonio markes lesbio taanr stholabhishikto hohn. madre dii duce seviler shaan laureanote khaali paye marcederiander motthe abosar grohon corren. tini ontotopokkhe 1688 saal porjonto eyi mother chappel muster hisabe abyahoto chhilen, jaa taanr shesh porichito kaajer bochor. tini sombhoboto 1688 baa 1690 khristabder dike sekhane maaraa zaan. kaaj korey. phillip daa madre dii duce besh koyekti anusthan ebong chhutir jonno mulat "villensicos" ebong "tonos" rachona korechilen, jaar modhye royeche afonso vike 18 tomo jonmodiner abhibadan, "ostente applousos festivalos" ("apat anandadayak hattali"), ebong chrismuser jonno bikhyato "nigro villensico", "antonia, flasikia, gassipa. tini dharabahikbhabe pobitro sangitanusthan rachonao korechilen. recording. nimnolikhito recordingulite madre dii ducer kaaj antarbhukta royeche

phillip daa medre dha duce free phillip daa madre dha duce (lisban, see. 1630-seville, see. 1688 athavaa 1690) portugies barok sangeetkaar hataa. jeevan. phillip daa medre dha duceno janm lisbanma lisbanma aaspaas thayo hato. joke temne sangeet siddhaantnu undun gyaan nahotu, teo spainnaa phillip IV (1640 sudhee portugalnaa phillip III) naa darbarma kooshal sangeetkaar aneey vihuelist hataa. hataa, portugalnaa john chothaae madre dha duceni kukhyaati vishe saambhalyu aneey tene portugies darbaar maate raakhyo. beey varsh pachhi, john chothu mrutyu paamyu aneey tenaa pachhi affonso chhaththae sattaa sambhaali. april 1660 aneey august august vachche, affonso veeae medre dii ducene "mestre daa kemra dha musica real" ("royal chamber musicna master") tareeke namankit karyaa hataa. ducene, pieter beejaane temnaa pagal bhaai affonso chhaththa maate kaarbhaari tareeke niyukt karvaamaa aavyaa hataa aneey temnaa tamaam bhutpurv karmcharione shaahee pagarpatrakmathi door karvaamaa aavyaa hataa. aama, phillip daa medre dha ducene ducene spain parat farvu padyu hatoo. temnaa pachhi portugalnaa shaahee chamber sangeetnaa master tareeke prakhyaat antonio marqasa lesbiyo dwara anugaamee banyaa hataa. medre dii duce sevilemaa seena lorenonaa ughaada page mercederiencena mathamaa nivrutt thayaa. temane ochhama ochha 1688 sudhee aaa mathnaa chappel master tareeke kaama chaalu raakhyu, jeey temnaa chhella jaanita kaaryanu varsh hatoo. teo kadaach 1688 athavaa athavaa aaspaas tyaan mrutyu pamya hataa. kaama karey chhe. phillip daa medre dii duce ghanaa prasango aneey rajaao maate mukhyatve "vilankikosa" aneey "tonos" nee rachnaa curry hatee, jemaa affonso veene veene janmadivasni salaami, "ostente applosos festival" ("austentate aanandkarak taaleeo"), aneey chrismus maate prakhyaat "nigro vilankiko", "antonia, flacicia, gassipa" noow samaavesh thaay chhe. temane satat saath saathe pavitra samooh rachnaao pann curry hatee. recordings. neechena recordingsmaa medre dii duceni kruteeono samaavesh thaay chheh

philippe daa madre day duce free phillip daa madre dee duce (lisban, see. 1630-seville, see. 1688 yaa 1690) ack purtagaali barok sangeetkaar they. jeevan. phillip daa madre dee duce kaa janm lisban mein lagbhag 1630 mein huaa thaa. haalaanki unake paas sangeet siddhant kaa gahara gyaan naheen thaa, way spen key phillip IV (1640 taka portugal key phillip III) key darbar mein ack kushal sangeetkaar aur vihuelist they. 1654 mein, purtagaal key johnn IV ney madre dee duce kii kukhyaati key baare mein sunaa aur unhein purtagaali darbar key liye kaam parr rakhaa. dou saal baad, johnn IV kii mrityu hoe gaee aur unake baad afonso vee ney padbhar sambhala. aprail 1660 aur agast 1661 key beach, afonso vee ney madre dee duce koo "mestre daa kamara dee musica real" ("shaahi kaksh sangeet key master") key roop mein naamit kiya. 1668 mein, peater dwiteeya koo unake pagal bhaai afonso vee key liye rajpratinidhi niyukt kiya gayaa thaa, aur unake sabhi poorv karmchaariyon koo shaahi vetan seey hataa diyaa gayaa thaa. iss prakaar, phillip daa madrey dee duce koo 1668 mein spen lautana padaa. unake baad prasiddh antonio markes lesbio ney portugal key shaahi kaksh sangeet key master key roop mein padbhar sambhala. medre dee duce seville mein saine laureno key nange pair mercederian key mathh mein sevaanivritt hue. unhone cumm seey cumm 1688 taka iss mathh key chappel master key roop mein kaam karna jaari rakhaa, joe unake antim gyaat kaary kaa varsh thaa. sambhavatah 1688 yaa 1690 key aspas unaki mrityu hoe gaee. kaam kartaa haye. phillip daa madrey dee duce ney kaee avsaron aur chhuttiyon key liye mukhya roop seey "vilancos" aur "tonus" kii rachana kii, jisamen afonso vee koo 18vein janmadin kii salami, "ostant applause festival" ("austent joyce taaliyan"), aur chrismus key liye prasiddh "nigro vilanco", "antonia, flackia, gassipa" shamil hain. unhone nirantarta key saath pavitra gaayan kritiyon kii rachana bhee kii. recording. nimnalikhit recording mein madre dee duce kii kritiyaan shamil hainh

phillip daa modrey dii duce free phillip daa modrey dii duce (lisban, sii. 1630-seville, sii. 1688 athawa 1690) portugees barok samyojakaraagiddaru. jeevana. phillip daa madrey dii duce avaru sumaru 1630ralli lisbannalli janisidaru. avarige sangeeta siddhaantada bagge aalavaada gnanaviradiddaroo, avaru spaine phillip IVrahra asthaanadalli nurita samyojaka mattu vihuelist aagiddaru (1640ravarege portugalna phillip III). 1654ralli, portugalna zaan IV, modrey dii duesna kukhyati bagge keli portugees asthaanakke avanannu nemisikondanu. eradu varshagala nantara, zaan IV nidhanaraadaru mattu avara nantara afonso VI adhikara vahisikondaru. 1660rahra april mattu 1661rahra august naduve, afonso VI, modrey dii duce avarannu "mestrey daa camera dii musica real" ("raayal chamber sangeetada master") endu namanirdeshana maadidaru. 1668ralli, eradane peater tanna huccha sahodara afonso VIಗೆ rajapratinidhiyagi nemakagondanu mattu avana ellah maaji udyogigalannu raaja vetanadinda tegeduhaakalaayitu. heegaagi, phillip daa madrey dii duce 1668ralli spainge maralabekaayitu. aatana nantara prasiddha antonio maark lesbio portugees rajamanetanada chamber sangeetada master aagi adhikara vahisikondaru. sevilleya syaan larenoda barigaalina marsideriyangala mathakke madrey dii duce nivruttaraadaru. aata kanishta 1688ravaregoo, andare aatana koneya krutiya varshavaguvavarege, ee mathadalli chappel master aagi munduvaredaru. aata bahushah 1688 athawa 1690rahra sumaarige allie nidhanaraadaru. kelasa maaduttaane. phillip daa madrey dii duce halavaaru sandarbhagalalli mattu rajadinagalalli mukhyavaagi "villansicos" mattu "tonos" annu rachisidaru, idaralli afonso vige 18 neey janmadinada cellute, "austente applousos festivalos" ("aadambarada santoshada chappale"), mattu krismasgagi prasiddha "neegro villansico", "antonia, flasikia, gassipa" serive. aata nirantaravaada jotegaarikeyondige pavitra gayana gitegalannu saha rachisidaru. recording. ee kelagina dhwanimudranagalu modrey dii duce avara krutigalannu olagondiveh

philipp dhaa madrey dhaa dues freey philipp daa madrey dii dues (lisbone, sii. 1630-sevil, sii. 1688 allengil 1690) oru porchugees barok samgeethasamvidhaayakanaayirunnu. jeevitam. 1630ll lisbanilaanu philipp daa madrey dii dues janichathu. sangeetha sidhaanthathekkurichu addehathinu aazhathilulla arivillengilum, speyinile philipp naalaamante kottaaratthile (1640 vare porchugalile philipp moonnaaman) vidagthanaaya samgeethasamvidhaayakanum vihuyalistumaayirunnu addeham. 1654-ll porchugalile joonn naalaaman madrey dii dyoosinte kuprasidhiyekkurichu kelkkukayum porchugees kottaratthilekku addehathe niyamikkukayum cheythu. rund varshathinu sesham joonn naalaaman marikkukayum addehathinte pingamiyaayi afonso araman adhikaaramelkkukayum cheythu. 1660 eprilinum 1661 augustinum idayil, afonso araman madrey dii duesine "mestre daa camera dii musica riyal" ("royal chamber myoosikkinte maasttar") aayi naamanirddesham cheythu. 1668-ll peettar randaaman thante bhranthanaaya sahodaranaaya afonso aaraamante reejantaayi niyamikkappedukayum addehathinte muun jeevanakkarellam rajakeeya shambalappattikayilninnu neekkam cheyyappedukayum cheythu. angane, 1668-ll philipp daa madrey dii ducinu spainilekku madangendivannu. addehathinte pingamiyaayi porchugalile rajakeeya chamber samgeethathil maastaraayi prashastha anthonio marcuse lesbio adhikaaramettu. madrey dii dues sevilleyile saan loranoyile nagnapada mersederiyanmaarude aashramathilekku viramichu. kuranjathu 1688 vare addeham eee aashramathinte chaappal maastaraayi thudarnnu, athu addehathinte avasaanathe kruthiyude varshamaayirunnu. 1688-lum 1690-lum addeham avidevechu marichirikkaam. jolie cheiyunnu. philippe daa madrey dii dues pradhaanamaayum niravadhi avasarangalilum avadhidinangalilum "villensicos", "tonos" enniva rachichu, ithil afonso wick 18-aamm janmadina salute, "oosttente applousos festivalos" ("aadambaramaaya santhoshakaramaaya kayyadi"), kristhumasinaayulla prashasthamaaya "neegro villensico", "antonia, flaasikkiya, gassipa" enniva ulppedunnu. thudarchayaaya anubhaavathode addeham vishudha gaayakasangha rachanakalum rachichu. recordingukal. thaazhepparayunna recordingukalil madrey dii dyoosinte kruthikal ulppedunnu

phillip daad mudder daad duce free phillip daa madre dii duce (lisban, see. 1630-seville, ii. 1688 kinwa 1690) heey portugij barok sangitkar hote. jeevan. phillip daa madrey dii duce yancha janm lisban yethe 1630 chya sumaras jhaala. jaree tyanna sangeet siddhantache sakhol dnyan nasale taree teey spainchya phillip chauthyachya darbarat (1640 paryant portugalache phillip tisra) eka kushal sangitkar aanee vihulist hote. 1654 madhye portugalchya johnn 4 neey madre dii ducechya kuprasiddhibaddal aikale aanee tyala portugij darbarasathi niyukt kele. done varshannantar, johnn chautha maran pavala aanee tyachya jaagi afonso sahava aala. april 1660 teey august 1661 darmyan, afonso viinee madre dii ducela 'mestrey daa camara dii musica real' ('master auph daad royal chamber music') mhanoon namankit kele. 1668 madhye, pieter dusra yala tyacha veda bhau afonso sahava hyasathi karbhari mhanoon niyukt karnyat aale aanee tyachya serve majee karmchanyanna shahee pagaratoon kadhoon taknyat aale. asha prakare, phillip daa madrey dii ducela 1668 madhye spenla paratave lagale. portugalchya shahee chamber sangitacha master mhanoon prasiddha antonio marks lesbiyone tyachya jaagi kaam kele. madrey dii duce sevile yetheel sann laurenochya anwani payanchya mercederiencechya mathat nivrutt jhaale. kiman 1688 paryant, tyachya shevatchya dnyat karyache varsh, too yaa mathacha prathanasthal guru mhanoon chaloo rahila. bahudha 1688 kinwa 1690 chya sumaras tethech tyacha mrutyu jhaala asava. kaam karate. phillip daa madrey dii duesney anek prasangi aanee suttyansathi pramukhyane 'vilancicos' aanee 'tonos' lihile, jyat afonso vhiila 18 vya vadhadivsachya salami, 'ostent applosos festivalos' ('ughadpane anandadayi talhya') aanee khrisamasasathi prasiddha 'nigro vilancico', 'antonia', 'flassiqvia', 'gassipa' yancha samavesh aahe. tyane akhand sangatisah pavitra gayangitanchi rachana dekhil kelee. nondi. khaleel dhvanimudrananmadhye madre dii duce yanchya kamancha samavesh aaheh

philipe daa madre day duce free phillip daa madre day duce (lisban, see. 1630-sebhil, see. 1688 wa 1690) ek portugali barok sangitkar thie. jiwan. phillip daa madre day duceko janma lisbanma lagbhag 1630 maa bhaeko thiyo. yadyapi unko sangit siddhantako gahiro gyan thiena, uni spainko phillip IV (1640 samma porchugalko phillip III) ko darbarma ek kushal sangitkar rar bhihuelist thie. sann 1654 maa, porchugalka john chaturthale madre day duceko kukhyati bare sune rar unlai portugiz darbarka lagi niyukta gare. dui warshapachhi, john chauthoko mrityu bhayo rar afonso vi dwara uttaradhikari banyo. april 1660 rar august 1661 ko bichma, afonso VI ley madre day ducelai "mestre daa camera day musica real" ("shahi kaksha sangitko master") ko rupma manonit gare. sann 1668 maa, pieter dwitiyalai unko pagal bhai afonso VI kaa lagi rajpratinidhi niyukta gariyo, rar unka sabai purva karmachariharulai shahi vetanbata hataiyo. yasari, phillip daa madre day duesle sann 1668 maa spain farkanuparyo. uni prasidha antonio marcus lesbiyodwara porchugalko shahi kaksha sangitko masterko rupma uttaradhikari bane. madre day duce sebhilko saan laranoka nange khutta mercederianharuko mathma sewaniwritta bhae. unle kamtima 1688 samma yass mathko chapel masterko rupma jaari rakhe, june unko antim gyat kamko warsha thiyo. unko tyahan sann 1688 wa 1690 ko asapas mrityu bhaeko huna sakchha. kaam garchha. phillip daa madre day duesle dherai awasarharu rar bidaharuka lagi mukhyataya "bhilenasikos" rar "tonos" rachana gare, jasma afonso vi lai 18 aun janmadinko salami, "ostente applausos festival" ("ostentet anandamaya taliyan"), rar krisamaska lagi prasidha "nigro bhilenasiko", "antonia, flasikia, gassipa" samawesh chhan. unle nirantar sath diera pawitra samuha rachanaharu pani rachana gare. recording. nimna recordingharuma madre day duceko kamharu samawesh chhanh

phillip daa madrey dii dius frei phillip daa madrey dii dius (liswan, sii. 1630-sebhila, sii. 1688 kimba 1690) jane portugeej barok sangeetakara thile. zeeban. phillip daa madrey dii dius praiah 1630 masihare lisbonre janmagrahana karithile. jadio taanka pakhare sangeeta siddhanta bishajare gabhira gyaana nathila, shay spainer phillip chaturtha (1640 masiha parjyanta portugalara phillip truteeja) nka darabarare jane kushali surakara ebong vhuelist thile. 1654 masihare, portugalara zohn zohn madrey dii diusra kukhyati bishajare sunithile ebong tanku portugeej darbar paain nijukta karithile. dui barsha parey, zohn chaturtha mrutyubarana karithile ebong taanka parey parey uttaradhikari hoithile. 1660 masiha april masaru 1661 masiha august maasa madhyare, madhyare madrey dii diusku "mestre daa kamara dee musika real" ("rajkiah chember sangeetara guru") bhabe manoneet karithile. 1668 masihare, masihare taanka pagala bhai bhai paain rajapratinidhi bhabe nijukta hoithile ebong tankara samasta purbatana karmacharinku rajkiah betanaru hatai diajaithila. tenu, phillip daa madrey dii diusanku 1668 masihare spenaku pheribaku padithila. taanka parey prasidha antonio marcus lesbio portugalara rajkiah chember sangeetara master bhabare karjya karithile. madrey dii dius sebhilra shaan laranonka khaali paada bisista marsederianka mathaku absar neithile. shay ati kamare 1688 parjyanta ehi mathar chappel master bhabare karjya jaari rakhithile, jaahaa tankara shesh janashuna karjyara barsha . sambhabatah 1688 kimba 1690 masiha belaku sethare tankara mrutyu hoithila. kaama kare. philipe daa madrey dii dius aneka absar ebong absar paain mukhyatah "vilankikos" ebong "tonos" rachna karithile, jeunthire offonso bhinku 18 tama janmadinara abhibadana, "ostente applausos festivalos" ("adentate anandadajaka talim"), ebong christmas paain prasidha "nigro bhilankiko", "antonia, flasiquia, gassipa" antarbhukta . shay nirantara sangare pabitra geetikara rachna madhya rachna karithile. recording. nimnalikhita recordingre madrey dii diusnka karjya antarbhukta .

philippe daa madar day deuce free philip daa madre dee diias (lisban, see. 1630-seville, see. 1688 jaan 1690) ikk puratgali barok sangeetkar see. jeevan. philip daa maadre dee diias daa janam lisban witch lagbhag 1630 witch hoiaa see. halanki uss noon sangeet sidhant daa dungha giaan naheen see, uh spain dey philip IV (1640 takk puratgaal daa philip III) dey darbar witch ikk kushal sangeetkar atey vihuelist see. sann 1654 witch, puratgaal dey john IV neey madar dee diias dee kujh kujh kujh suniaa atey uss noon puratgali adalat witch niyukat keeta. doou saal baad, john IV dee maut hoow gaee atey uss toon baad afonso VI neey raaj keeta. aprail 1660 atey agast 1661 dey vichkaar, afonso sharee neey madar dee diias noon "mester daa kamra dee musica real" ("shaahi chamber sangeet daa maastar") vajon namzad keeta. sann 1668 witch, pieter II noon uss dey pagal bharaa afonso VI laee regent niyukat keeta giaa see atey uss dey saare sabka karamchariaan noon shaahi tankhah toon hataa ditta giaa see. iss tarahan, philip daa maadre dee diias noon 1668 witch spain waps aauna piaa. uss toon baad puratgaal dey shaahi chamber sangeet dey maastar vajon prasidh antonio marks lesibio neey uss dee thaan laee. madrey dee diias seville witch sainn laurano dey nange pair vaale mercederiana dey matth witch sevamukt hoye. uh ghatto ghatt 1688 takk iss matth dey chappel maastar vajon jaari riha, joe uss dey aakhri jaane jaande kamm daa saal see. shayed 1688 jaan 1690 dey aas paas uss dee maut hoow gaee. kamm karda haii. philip daa madrey dee diias neey kaee maukiaan atey chhuttiaan laee mukkh taur 'teey "vilancicos" atey "tones" dee rachna keeti, jiss witch afonso vee noon noon janam dinn dee salami, "ostant applosos festivals" ("shaukin khushi dee taadiaan"), atey christmas laee prasidh "nigro vilancico", "antonia, flesikia, gassipa" shamal hunn. unhan neey nirantar sangat naal pavittar coral rachnavan dee rachna vee keeti. recording. heth likhiaan recordingan witch madar dee dus deeaan rachnavan shamal hann

phillip da madrey da duce free phillip daa madrey dee duce (lisban, c. 1630-sevile, c. 1688 athavaa 1690) ekaha portugees barok-sangeeta-rachanaakaarah aasit. jeevati. phillip daa madrey dee duce ityasya janma lisban-nagare praayah 1630 tame varshe abhavat. yadyapi tasya sangeetasiddhaantasy gahanajnaanasya abhaawah aasit, tathaapi saha spen-deshasya phillip-chaturthasya (1640 paryantam portugal-deshasya phillip-truteeyah) sabhayam kushala sangeetakaarah, vihuelist cha aasit. 1654 tame varshe, portugaalasya jaan-4, madrey-day-duce ityasya kukhyaativishaye shrutavaan, portugees-sabhayai tam niyuktavaan. varshadvayaanantaram jaan IV mrutah, tasya uttaraadhikaari afonso VI abhavat. 1660 april-masat 1661 august-maasaparyantam kasminshchit kaale, afonso-VI, madrey-day-duce-ityenam "mestre-daa-kamara-day-myusikaa-real" ("raaj-kaksh-sangeetasy guruhu") iti namakaranam krutavaan. 1668 tame varshe, peater-dwiteeyah tasya bhrata afonso-VI ityasya rajapratinidhihi niyuktah, tasya sarve poorvakarmachaarinah raaj-vetana-soocheetah nishkaasitaah. evam, phillip daa madrey dee duce 1668 tame varshe spen-desham pratyaagantavyam aasit. tasya uttaraadhikaari prasidhah antonio maark lesbio ityayam portugal-deshasya raaj-kaksh-sangeetasy guruhu abhavat. madrey dee duce sevile-nagarasya saan loriano-nagarasya nagnapaitanam mercederian-janaanaam matham prati nivruttah abhavat. saha asya mathasya chaapel-gururoopen, tasya antima-jnaata-karyasya varsham, antatah 1688 paryantam, anwawartat. saha praayah tatra praayah 1688 athavaa 1690 tame varshe amriyata. karyam karoti. phillip daa madrey dee duce ityayam anekeshu avasareshu viraamadineshu cha mukhyataya "vilancicos" tathaa "tonos" ityetaan rachayat, yasmin afonso vee ityasya 18 tamasya janmadinaankasya abhivaadanam, "ostente applousos festivalos" ("autsaahikasya harshollaasah"), chrismus ityasya prasidham "neegro vilaansiko", "antonia, flasikia, gyasipa" cha antarbhavanti. saha nirantarasahayogen pavitra-samooh-rachanaani api rachayat. abhilekhanam. nimnalikhiteshu abhilekheshu madrey day duce ityasya rachanaah santi.

philippe daa matrey dii deuse free philippe daa matrey dii deuse (lispen, chii. 1630-seville, kii. 1688 allathu 1690) oru poarththukeesiya barok isaiyamaippaalar aavaar. vaazhkkai. philip daa matrey dii deuse sumar 1630 aam aandil lispanil piranthaar. avarukku isaik koatpaattaip pattriya aalamaana arivu illai entraalum, avar spainin naankaam pilippin (1640 varai porchchugalin pilippu III) arasavaiyil oru tiramaiyaana isaiyamaippaalaraagavum, vihuyalistaagavum irunthaar. 1654 aam aandil, poarsugalin john IV, matrey dii ducine kukyadi pattri kelvippattu, poarththukeesiya arasavaikku avarai niyamitthaar. irandu aandugalukkup piragu, john IV iranthaar, avarukkup piragu afonso VII pathaviyaettraar. aepral 1660kkum august 1661kkum idaiyil, afonso VI, matrey dii ducy "mestrey daa kamara dii musica riyal" ("raayal samber isaiyin maastar") endru niyamitthaar. 1668 aam aandil, piittar II avarathu paiththiyakkaara cakootharar afonso VII kku aatchiyaalaraaka niyamikkappattaar, maelum avarathu munnaal oozhiyargal anaivarum arasa uuthiyap pattiyalil irunthu neekkappattanar. ithanaal, 1668 aam aandil pilippae daa matrey dii deuse speyinukkuth thirumba vaendiyirunththathu. avarukkup piragu pugazhpettra antonio maark lespio porchchugalin arasa arai isaiyin maastar aanaar. methre dii deuse sevillil ulla chaan laurenovin verungkaalgal konda mercederiyangalin madaalayaththirku oaivu pettraar. avar inththa madaalayaththin devalaya kuruvaaga kurainthathu 1688 varai thodarnthaar, idhu avarathu kadaisi ariyapatta padaippin aandu. avar anegamaaga 1688 allathu 1690 aam aandil angku iranthirukkalaam. vaelai seikirathu. philip daa matrey dii deuse pala santharppangkal mattrum vidumurai naatkalil mukkiyamaaga "villensicos" mattrum "tonos" aagiyavattrai iyatrtrinaar, idhil afonso vii-kku 18 vadhu pirantha naall vanakkam, "oostende ablasus festivalos" ("velippadaiyaana magizhchchiyaana kaithattal"), mattrum christhumas, "antonia, flassicia, kasippa" aagiyavattrirkaana pugazhpettra "neekro villensico" aagiyavai adangkum. avar punitha kuzhup padaippugalaiyum thodarchchiyaana thunaiyudan iyatrtrinaar. pathivukal. pinvarum pathivukal maadar dii ducine padaippugalai ulladakkiyavaih

phillip daa madrey dii dues free phillip daa madrey dii dues (lisban, c. 1630-seville, c. 1688 ledhaa 1690) portugees barok swarakarta. jeevitam. phillip daa madrey dii dues 1630 loe lisbanlo janminchaadu. ataniki sangeeta siddhaantam gurinchi lothaina ghnaanam laenappatikee, athanu speyin yokka phillip IV (1640 varaku porchugalku chendina phillip III) aasthaanamlo naipunhyam kaligina swarakarta mariyu vihuelist. 1654loe, porchugalku chendina zaan IV, madrey dii dues yokka apakeerti gurinchi vini, portugees aasthaanaaniki atanni niyaminchaadu. rendu samvatsaraala taruvaata, zaan IV maraninchaadu mariyu athani taruvaata afonso VI adhikaaramloki vacchaadu. april 1660 mariyu augustu 1661 madhya, afonso VI madrey dii duesnu "mestrey daa kamara dii musica real" ("raayal chhambar music yokka master") gaa nominate chesaadu. 1668loe, peater II thana picchi sodarudu afonso VI kosam regentga niyaminchabaddaadu mariyu athani maajee udyogulandarini raaja vaetana jabita nundi tolaginchaaru. aaa vidhamgaa, phillip daa madrey dii dues 1668loe speyinku tirigi ravalasi vachindi. athani taruvaata portugal yokka raayal chhambar sangeetamlo master gaa prakhyaata antonio maark lesbio vacchaadu. madrey dii dues sevilleloni shaan laureno yokka cheppulu laeni mercederianla mathaaniki padavee viramana chesaaru. athanu kaneesam 1688 varaku eee mathaaniki chappel masterga konasagaru, idhi athani chivari rachana. athanu bahusha 1688 ledhaa 1690 loe akkade maraninchaadu. pani chestundi. phillip daa madrey dii dues aneka sandarbhaalu mariyu selavulaku pradhanamgaa "villansicos" mariyu "tonos" nuu swaraparichaaru, veetilo afonso vii kii 18va puttinaroju selute, "ostent applousos festivalose" ("aadambaramaina santoshakaramaina chappatlu"), mariyu chrismus kosam prasiddha "neegro villansico", "antonia, flasikia, gassipa" unnaayi. ayana nirantara thodugaa pavitra brunda rachanalanu kooda rachinchaadu. recordinglu. eee krindi recordinglalo madrey dii dues rachanalu unnaih

flip daa madray dee ddios free flip daa medri ddee ddios (lisbon, c. 1630-seville c. 1688 yaa 1690) eek partagali barok mausiqar thaa. zindagi. flip daa medri ddee ddios 1630 kay aas paas lazban mein paida hoay. agarcha inn kay paas mausiqi kay nazariyah kaa gehra alam nahein thaa wah speen kay flip chaharam (1640 takk partagaal kay flip soam) kay darbaar mein eek maahir mausiqar aur vivailist thay. 1654 mein partagaal kay jaan chaharam nay madray ddee ddios kii badnami kay baaray mein sunaa aur asay partagali darbaar kay liye rakhaa. duu saal baad jaan chaharam kaa inteqal how gayaa aur iss kay baad afonso shasham nay iqtedar sanbhala. apreel 1660 aur agast 1661 kay darmiyan afonso shayee nay madray ddee ddios kuu "mestray daa kimara ddee musica riyal" ("maaster aaf dee raail chamber music") kay toor parr namzad kiyaa. 1668 mein petter dom kuu iss kay paagal bhayee afonso shasham kaa regent muqarar kiyaa gayaa aur iss kay tamaam saabiq mulazimin kuu shaahi tankhwah say hataa diyaa gayaa. iss tarah flip daa medri ddee ddios kuu 1668 mein speen waps aanaa padaa. iss kay baad mashhur intonio maark lesbio nay partagaal kii shaahi chamber mausiqi kay maahir kay toor parr kamiyabi haasil kii. medri ddee ddios seville mein saan laurano kay nangay paaon waalay mercederians kii khanqah mein retire hoay. wah kumm az kumm 1688 takk iss khanqah kay cheepal maaster kay toor parr jaari rahay juu inn kay aakhri maruf kaam kaa saal thaa. wah ghaliba 1688 yaa 1690 kay aas paas wahaan fout hawaa. kaam kartaa hay. flip daa medri ddee ddios nay kayee mawaqa aur tatilat kay liye bunyadi toor parr "vilancicos" aur "tonos" tartib diye jinn mein afonso wee kuu 18 wein salgrah kii salaami "austente applows festival" ("ajubah khushi taaliyan")yee aur karsams kay liye mashhur "neegro vilancico"yee "antonia fleekia gispa" shaamil haine. inhon nay muslisil saath kay saath muqadas koral kaam bhee tartib diye. recording. darj zeel recording mein mudar ddee ddios kay kaam shaamil haine:

fffdd7fa14e4fbedd9b36d2202797b6c5e5bd1a35190d66113a7e73eebb925f6

https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki?curid=1501

Ardabil

Ardabil Ardabil is a tourist and historical city in Ardabil (province) in Azerbaijan region of Iran. Talk. Azerbaijani or Azeri, a Turkic dialect, is the primary language spoken by most Ardabilis, although many people, especially the younger generation, can communicate in Farsi and English up to some level. Get in. By plane. </bdi>  </bdi> By train. Ardabil is not linked to the national railway network, however a line is under construction. Opening dates have been pushed forward several times, but as of 2022 the official date for opening the line is sometime around 2025. By bus. Extensive access to local spots are available through the bus station. Main destinations sorted by popularity are Tehran, Tabriz, Rasht, Mashhad as well as closer cities like Khalkhal, Astara, Meshkinshahr, Pars-abad in the bus station. You will find different companies in the main station serving transfer to different cities in the country. The cost does not chang highly between different companies, only you need to check about the timing of the departure. Don't be surprised if you find different buses heading same destination in the same time scheduled by different companies. Buses are in general very comfortable, as there is competition between companies to provide better services. You may be offered different options according to the comfortability of the buses, but don't worry if you are paying more as due to competition prices are fairly low and services are good. is located northeast of the city centre. By car. Unlike many countries you will find several taxi and private cars providing service to transfer passengers to cirties in the region. To explain it easier, it is very much similar to blablacar with no internet. You may find private car proposing ride to cities. They are usually safe as I did not hear any record of crime about that. Some of the providers are professional, if you want faster and more comfortable transfer, you may need to choose this option. Cities such as Tabriz, Astara, Khalkhal, Meshkin-shahr and Pars-Abad are the popular destinations, but you may find services towards Tehran as well. There is no main terminal for this purpose, as they are used to serve from four historical gates of the city (so called Astara gate, Meshkin-shahr gate, Tabriz gate and Khalkhal gate) so you might need to ask locals to find how to get access. Prices may vary according to destination and type of the car/taxi. Get around. Ardabil is a tourist city visited for several reasons such as its climate, historical significance, its geopolitical situation and its nature. Hence you will find variant spots according to the motivation. See. </bdi> (<bdi class="listing-lastedit">updated </bdi>)</bdi> Buy. The city is famous to have more hand-crafted products than industrial ones. You will find many artisanal products offered all along the city; different types of carpets, honey, different local sweets, stone jewelry, creme and dairy products famous as souvenirs from Ardabil. Eat. lots of good food Sleep. Arta hostel not far from the bazaar is cheap and clean but very simple Go next. The town Sarein, some 30km from Ardabil, has thermal springs. It is a popular vacation destination for Iranians, a bit crowded as well. There are several public swimming pools, even saunas and steam baths (of course, all gender segregated). <templatestyles src="Template:Routebox/style.css" /> <indicator name="i3-geo">38.2548.283333</indicator>

ardabil ardabil hoise iranor aajorbaijan oncholor ardabil (prodex) ror ekhon porjoton aaru oitihaxik sohor. kotha paatok. aajorbaijani baa aajori, etaa turkey upobhaxa, besibhag ardabilir dwara kuwa prathomik bhaxa, jodiu bohutu luke, bixexkoi juwo projonmoi, kichu porimane farsee aaru ingrajit jugajug koribo paare. bhitoroloi jauk. bimanor dwara. rey "lor dwara. ardabil rastriyo rey "lo networkor xoite xongzukto nohoy, obosye etaa line nirmanor kaam soli aase. mukolir tarikh keibabaru aagoloi theli diya hoise, kintu 2022 sonoloike linetu khular anusthanik tarikh 2025 sonor aaxe-paxe. basor dwara. baach stationor joriyote sthaniyo sthanxomuholoi byapok prowexadhikar upolobdho. jonopriyotar bhittit nirdharito mukhyo gontobyosthanxomuh hoh "lo tehran, tabrij, raast, maswador logote baach stationor khalkhal, ostara, meswokinxohor, parch-aabador dore usoror sohoriya sohorxomuh. aapuni mool stationot dexor bibhinno sohoroloi sthanantor koraa bibhinno company paab. bibhinno companyr maajot byoyor otyodhik poriworton nohoy, kewol aapuni prosthanor xomoyor bixoye porikhya koribo lagibo. jodi aapuni bibhinno companyr dwara nirdharito eke xomoyote eke gontobyoloi juwa bibhinno baach bisare tente aasorit noho 'bob. unnot xewa prodan koriboloi companyxomuhor maajot protijugita huwar baabe basxomuh xadharonote oti aramdayok. basxomuhor aramdayokota onuxori aapunak bibhinno bikolpo aagborhuwa hoh "bob paare, kintu protijugitar mulyo jothesto komm huwar baabe aaru xewa bhaal huwar baabe jodi aapuni odhik porixudh kori aase tente chinta nokoribo. ee sohoror kendror uttor-pubot owosthito. garire. bohutu dexor biporite aapuni oncholtur chartiloi jatrixokolok sthanantor korar baabe xewa prodan koraa keibatau texi aaru byoktigoto gaari paab. iyak xohojbhabe byakhya koriboloi, ee internet obihone blablacharor xoite bohut mill aase. aapuni hoyotu byoktigoto garire sohoroloi juwar prostab paab paare. xeibur xadharonote xurokhito hoy kiyonu moi xei bixoye kunu oporadhor tothyo xuna nasilu. kisuman prodankari pesadari, jodi aapuni drut aaru odhik aramdayok sthanantor bisare, aapuni ei bikolpotu basoni koribo lagibo paare. tabrij, ostora, khalkhal, meskin-swahor aaru parch-aabador dore sohorxomuh jonopriyo gontobyosthan, kintu aapuni tehranor faleu xewa paab paare. ei uddesyor baabe kunu mool terminal naai, kiyonu xeibur sohoror sarita oitihaxik get (tothakothito ostora get, meswokin-swahor get, tabrij get aaru khalkhal get) ror poraa xewa aagborhaboloi byobohar korr koraa hoy, xeyehe aapuni sthaniyo lukoxokolok kenekoi prowex korr xubidha paab laage janiboloi koo 'bob lagibo. gontobyo aaru gaari/texir prokar onuxori mulyo bhinno hoh "bob paare. sariufale jauk. ardabil hoise iyar jolobayu, oitihaxik gurutwo, iyar bhu-rajnoitik poristhiti aaru iyar prokritir dore keibatau karonot bhromon koraa ek porjoton sohor. xeyehe aapuni prerona onuxori bibhinno dhoronor daag paab. sauk. (update koraa hoise) kinibo. sohorkhon oudyugik xamogrir tulnat odhik hostoxilpo xamogrir baabe bikhyat. aapuni xomogro sohorkhonot aagborhuwa bohutu xilpokolar xamogri paab; bibhinno dhoronor carpet, mou, bibhinno sthaniyo mithai, xilor gohona, kreem aaru dugdhojat xamogri jibur aardabilor poraa smarok hisape bikhyat. khauk. bohut bhaal khadyo xuwa. bojaror poraa besi durot thoka arta hoh 'steltu xosta aaru poriskar kintu oti xorol. poroborti faale jauk. ardabilor poraa pray 30 kilometer durot thoka sohor sareinot taapiyo springs aase. iranor lukoxokolor baabe ek jonopriyo sutir gontobyosthol, logote olop bhiru aase. iyat keibatau rajohuwa suiming pull aase, aanoki sauna aaru baaspo snaan (obosye, xokolu lingo prithok).

ardabil ardabil iraner azerbaijan anchaler ardabil (pradesh)-err ekti porjoton oo oitihasik shohor. kotha bolun. azerbaijani baa azeri, ekti turkey upobhasha, beshirbhag ardavilles dwara kothito prathomik bhasha, jodio onek looka, biseshoto torun projonmo, kichhu stor porjonto farcy ebong ingrezite jogajog korte paare. vitore probesh korun. bimane. traine korey. ardabil jatiya rail networker saathe sangjukto noy, tobey ekti line nirmanadhin royeche. kholar tarikhguli besh koyekbar egiye deoa hoyeche, tobey 2022 saal porjonto line kholar anusthanik tarikh 2025 saaler kachakachi. baase. baas stationer madhyome sthaniya sthane byapok probeshadhikar pawa yaay. janapriyatar vittite sajano prodhan gontobyoguli holl tehran, tabriz, rashath, mashhad ebong baas stationer khalkhal, astara, meshkinshahr, purses-abader moto kachakachi shaharguli. upney desher bivinno shohore sthanantarer jonno prodhan statione bivinno sangosthake paben. bivinno sangosthar modhye kharach khub beshi poribortito hoy naa, shudhumatra aponake prosthaner somoy somporke porikkha korte hobey. upney jodi dekhen jey bivinno sangostha ekoi somoye ekoi gontobyer dike jachche, tahle abak hoben naa. basguli sadharonoto khub aramdayak, kaaron unnoto porisheba prodaner jonno sangosthagulir modhye protijogita royeche. baaser aramdaykata anujayi aponake bivinno bikalpa deoa hotey paare, tobey protijogitar daam motamuti qama ebong porishebaguli vall howar karone upney jodi beshi ortho pradan corren tobey chinta korben naa. etty shohorer kendrer uttor-purbe abosthito. gadite. onek desher moto noy, upney eyi anchaler bivinno jaiga jatrider sthanantarer jonno besh koyekti taxie ebong byaktigato gaadi paben. etike arow sahojbhabe byakhya korar jonno, etty internet chharai blablucker saathe anekta mill. upney hoyto shohore yawar jonno byaktigato gaadi khunje paben. taaraa sadharonoto nirapada thaake kaaron aami seey somporke konao aporadher record shunini. kichhu sorborahokari peshadar, upney jodi druto ebong arow aramdayak sthanantar chaan, tahle aponake eyi bikalpati beche nitey hotey paare. tabriz, astara, khalkhal, meshkin-shahr ebong purses-abader moto shaharguli janapriya gontobbo, tobey upney tehraner dikeo porisheba petey paren. eyi uddeshye konao prodhan terminal nei, kaaron eguli shohorer charti oitihasik geeta (tothakothito astara geeta, meshkin-shahr geeta, tabriz geeta ebong khalkhal geeta) theke poribeshon korar jonno byabohrito hoy, taai aponake sthanioder jigyasa korte hotey paare kibhabe probesh korte hoy. gaadi/taxir gontobbo ebong dharan anujayi daam poribortito hotey paare. ghure asun. ardabil ekti porjoton shohor jaa err jalbayu, oitihasik tatporjo, bhu-rajnaitik poristhiti ebong err prokritir moto bivinno karone poridorshon koraa hoy. taai upney anuprerana anujayi boichitromoy daag khunje paben. dekhun. (halnagad) kinun. shaharti shilper tulna beshi hostonirmito ponner jonno bikhyato. upney saaraa shohor judey bivinno dharaner karigar ponno paben; bivinno dharaner carpet, madhu, bivinno sthaniya mishti, pathorer gohona, crim ebong dugdhojato ponno jaa ardabil theke smritichinho hisabe bikhyato. khao. onek valo khabar ghumiye parh. bazar theke khub beshi doore noy, arta hostel sosta ebong porishkar-porichchonno kintu khub sahaj. porer dike zaan. ardabil theke pray 30 kilometres doore abosthito saren shohore tapiya jhorna royeche. etty iranider jonno ekti janapriya chhutir gontobbo, pashapashi kichuta bhidao. ekhane besh koyekti sorbojonin suiming pull royeche, emonki saona ebong bashpo snan (aboshyoi, samasta ling prithak).

ardebil ardabil aee irannaa azerbaijan pradeshmaa ardabil (praant) maan aavelu aek pravasi aneey aitihasik shaher chhe. vaat karoo. azarbaijani athavaa azeri, aek turkeek bollie, motabhagna ardabilio dwara bolaati praathmeek bhaasha chhe, jooe keey ghanaa loko, khaas kareene yuvaa pedhhi, amuk star sudhee farsi aneey angrejeemaa vaatchit curry shake chhe. andar aavo. vimaan dwara. train dwara. ardabil raashtriy railway network saathe jodaayel nathee, jooe keey aek line nirmanadhin chhe. sharuaatni taarikho ghanee vakhat aagad dhapavvama aavee chhe, parantu 2022 sudhimaa line kholvani sattavaar taarikh 2025 nee aaspaas chhe. bus dwara. bus station dwara sthaaneek sthalo sudhee vyaapak pahonch uplabdh chhe. lokpriyataa anusaar vargikrut mukhya sthalo tehran, tabriz, rashat, mashahad temaj bus station parr khalkhal, astara, meshkinshahr, pars-aabaad jevaa najiknaa shahero chhe. tamane deshnaa viveedh shaheroma transfer karatee mukhya station parr viveedh companyo malashe. viveedh companyo vachche kharchamaa vadhu ferfar thato nathee, maatra tamaare prasthaanna samay vishe tapaas karvaanee jaroor chhe. jooe tamane judee judee companyo dwara nirdharit aek jaj samaye aek jaj gantavya taraf jatee judee judee baso maley too aashchary naa karasho. baso saamanya reete khoob jaj aaramdayak hoya chhe, kaaran keey vadhu saaree sevaao puurii paadvaa maate companyo vachche spardhaa hoya chhe. tamane basonee aaramdayakta anusaar viveedh vikalpo aapvama aavee shake chhe, parantu jooe tame vadhu chukavani curry rahyaa hove too chinta karasho nahee kaaran keey spardhaatmak kimmato ekdam ochhi chhe aneey sevaao saaree chhe. teey shahernaa kendrani uttarpurvmaa stheet chhe. kaar dwara. ghanaa deshothi vipareet tamane aaa pradeshmaa musafarone parivahan maate sevaa puurii paadati ghanee taxie aneey khangi kaar malashe. tene saral reete samjavva maate, teey internet vagarnaa blablacar jevu jaj chhe. tamane shaheroma musafari karvaa maate khangi kaar malee shake chhe. teo saamanya reete salaamat hoya chhe kaaran keey meyn tenaa vishe koee gunaano reqorda saambhalyo nathee. ketlaak pradaatao vyaavsaayik chhe, jooe tame zadpi aneey vadhu aaramdayak sthaanantaran ichchhata hove, too tamaare aaa vikalp pasand karvaanee jaroor puddy shake chhe. tabriz, astara, khalkhal, meshkin-shahar aneey pars-ahmedabad jevaa shahero lokpreey sthalo chhe, parantu tamane tehran taraf pann sevaao malee shake chhe. aaa hetu maate koee mukhya terminal nathee, kaaran keey teno upyog shahernaa chaar aitihasik darvajao (kahevata astara geta, meshkin-shaahar geta, tabriz geta aneey khalkhal geta) thee sevaa aapvaa maate thaay chhe, tethee tamaare sthaaneek lokone kevee reete pahonchavu teey shodhvaa maate puchhvani jaroor puddy shake chhe. kaar/taxina gantavya aneey prakaar anusaar kimmato badlai shake chhe. aaspaas aavo. ardebil aee aek pravaasan shaher chhe jenee mulakat tenaa aabohva, aitihasik mahatv, tenee bhaugolik raajkeey paristhiti aneey tenee prakrutee jevaa ghanaa kaaranosar levaamaa aave chhe. tethee tamane prernaa anusaar viveedh follio malashe. juo. (update karel) khareedi karoo. aaa shaher audhyogik utpaadno karataa vadhu hastkalaa utpaadno maate jaanitu chhe. tamane samagr shaherma viveedh prakaarnaa carpet, madha, viveedh sthaaneek mithaaio, pattharnaa gharenaa, cream aneey darry utpaadno jevaa ghanaa kaarigaroni vastuo malashe jeey ardebilmathi tathaa tenaa jevee vastuo tareeke prakhyaat chhe. khaao. ghanoo saaru bhojan unghee jaao. bajaarthi bahoo door artaa hostell sastee aneey swachchh chhe parantu khoob jaj saral chhe aagad jaao. ardabilthi lagbhag 30 kimee door aavela shahar sarenmaa thermal zaranaa chhe. teey iranio maate aek lokpreey vacation destination chhe, thodee bheed pann chhe. tyaan ghanaa jaaher swimming pull chhe, saunaa aneey varaal snaan (albatt, tamaam jaatee alag) pann chhe.

utkat ardabil iran key azerbaijan kshetra mein ardabil (praant) mein ack paryatak aur aitihaasik shahar haye. baat karate hain. azerbaijani yaa azarari, ack turkey bolly, adhikansh ardbiliyon dwara bolly jaane vaali praathamik bhasha haye, halanki kaee loga, vishesh roop seey yuva peedhi, kuchh star taka farsi aur angreji mein samvaad curr sakate hain. ander aaa jaao. havaai jahaaj seey. train seey. ardabil rashtriya railway network seey judaa naheen haye, halanki ack line nirmanadhin haye. khulane kii taarikhon koo kaee baar aage badhaaya gayaa haye, lekin 2022 taka line kholane kii aadhikarik tarikh 2025 key aspas haye. buss seey. buss station key madhyam seey sthaaniya sthaanon taka vyaapak pahunch upalabdh haye. lokpriyata key aadhar parr vargeekrit mukhya gantavya tehran, tabriz, raasht, mashahad key saath-saath buss station mein khalkhal, astara, meshkinshahr, paras-ahmadabad jaise nikat shahar hain. aapako mukhya station mein desh key vibhinn shaharon mein sthanantaran kii seva dene vaali vibhinn companiyaan milengi. alag-alag companiyon key beach laagat bahut adhik naheen badalati haye, kewal aapako prasthaan key samay key baare mein jaanch karane kii aavashyakta haye. yadi aap alag-alag companiyon dwara nirdhaarit ack hii samay mein ack hii gantavya kii or jaane vaali alag-alag bason koo paate hain tou aashcharyachakit naa houn. basein aam taur parr bahut aramdayak hoti hain, kyonki behtar sevaaen pradaan karane key liye companiyon key beach pratispardha hoti haye. aapako bason kii aaraam key anusaar alag-alag vikalp diye jaa sakate hain, lekin yadi aap adhik bhugtan curr rahey hain tou chinta naa karein kyonki pratispardha kii keematen kaafee cumm hain aur sevaaen achchi hain. yeh shahar key kendra key uttar-poorv mein sthit haye. kaar seey. kaee deshon key vipareet aapako kaee taxi aur niji kaaren milengi joe iss kshetra mein yaatriyon koo parivahan karane key liye seva pradaan karati hain. ise aasaani seey samajhaane key liye, yeh bahut hudd taka binaa internet key blablaker key samaan haye. aapako shaharon mein jaane key liye niji kaar mill sakati haye. way aamtaur parr surakshit hotey hain kyonki maine isake baare mein koee aparaadh kaa record naheen sunaa thaa. kuchh pradaata peshevar hain, yadi aap teji seey aur adhik aramdayak sthanantaran chaahte hain, tou aapako iss vikalp koo chunane kii aavashyakta hoe sakati haye. tabriz, astara, khalkhal, meshkin-shahar aur pars-ahmadabad jaise shahar lokpriya gantavya hain, lekin aapako tehran kii or bhee sevaaen mill sakati hain. iss uddeshya key liye koee mukhya terminal naheen haye, kyonki unakaa upayog shahar key chaar aitihaasik dwaaron (tathaakathit astara gett, meshkin-shahar gett, tabriz gett aur khalkhal gett) seey seva dene key liye kiya jaataa haye, isaliye aapako sthaaniya logon seey yeh pataa lagaane key liye poochhana parh sakata haye kii kaise pahunch praapt karein. kaar/taxi key gantavya aur prakaar key anusaar keematen bhinn hoe sakati hain. idhar-udhar hoe jaao. ardable ack paryatan shahar haye jahan kaee karanon seey daura kiya jaataa haye jaise kii isaki jalavaayu, aitihaasik mahatva, isaki bhoo-raajneetik sthiti aur isaki prakriti. isaliye aapako prerana key anusaar vibhinn prakaar key dhabbe milenge. dekhein. (adyatan) khareedo. yeh shahar audyogik utpaadon kii tulanaa mein adhik hastanirmit utpaadon key liye prasiddh haye. aapako poore shahar mein pesh kiye jaane vaale kaee karigar utpaad milenge; vibhinn prakaar key kaaleen, shahad, vibhinn sthaaniya mithaaiyaan, patthar key gahane, cream aur dayeri utpaad joe ardable seey smriti chinh key roop mein prasiddh hain. khaao. bahut saaraa achchha bhojan sou jaao. bajar seey kuchh hii door artaa chhatrawas sastaa aur saaf-suthra haye lekin bahut saral haye. aage jaaen. ardabil seey lagbhag 30 kilometres door shahar saren mein taapiya jharane hain. yeh iraniyon key liye ack lokpriya chhutti gantavya haye, thodi bheed bhee haye. kaee saarvajanik swimming pool hain, yahaan taka kii sauna aur bhaap snan (nishchit roop seey, sabhi ling alag).

ardabil ardabil iranna azerbaijan pradeshada ardabil (prantya) nalliruva ondu pravasi mattu aitihaasika nagaravagide. maatanaaduttaare. azerbaijani athawa azeri, ondu turkick upabhaasheyaagiddu, hecchina ardabilis maatanaaduva praathamika bhasheyagide, aadaagyoo aneka janaru, visheshavaagi yuva piligeyu, forcy mattu inglishnalli swalpa mattakke samvahana nadesabahudu. olage bunny. vimaanada moolaka. railina moolaka. ordable rashtriya railway jalakke samparka hondilla, aadaagyoo ondu maargavu nirmaana hantadallide. tereyuva dinankagalannu halavaaru baari mundudalaagide, aadare 2022 rahra hottige maargavannu tereyuva adhikruta dinankavu 2025 rahra sumaarige ide. bus moolaka. bus nildaanada moolaka sthaliya sthalagalige vyapaka praveshavide. janapriyate aadhaarada mele vingadisalaada pramukha taanagalendare tehran, tabriz, raast, mashad mattu bus nildaanadalliruva khalkhal, astara, meshkinshahr, pars-abad muntaada hattirada nagaragalu. deshada vividha nagaragalige vargaavane maaduva vividha kampanigalannu mukhya nildaanadalli neevu kaanabahudu. vividha kampanigala naduve vechchavu hecchu badalaguvudilla, neevu nirgamanada samayada bagge maatra parishilisabekagide. vividha kampanigalu nigadipadisida onde samayadalli onde gamyasthanakke hoguva vibhinn bassugalannu neevu kandare ashcharyapadabedi. uttama sevegalannu odagisalu kampanigala naduve spardhe iruvudarinda bassugalu samanyavagi tumba aaraamadaayakavaagiruttave. basgala aaraamadaayakatege anugunavagi nimage vividha aaykegalannu niidabahudu, aadare spardhaatmaka belegalu saakashtu kadime mattu sevegalu uttamavaagiruvudarinda neevu hecchu paavatisuttiddare chintisabedi. idu nagara kendrada eeshaanyadallide. kaarina moolaka. aneka deshagaliginta bhinnavagi, ee pradeshada nagaragalige prayanikarannu vargaayisalu seve odagisuva halavaaru taxigalu mattu khasagi kaarugalannu neevu kaanabahudu. idannu sulabhavaagi vivarisalu, idu antarjaalavillada blablockerge holuttade. nagaragalige prayanisalu prastapisuva khasagi kaaru nimage kanisabahudu. adara bagge yaavude aparaadhada daakhaleyannu naanu kelada kaarana avu samanyavagi surakshitavagiruttave. kelavu pooraikedaararu vrattipararaagiddu, neevu vegavagi mattu hecchu aaramadaayakavaada vargaavaneyannu bayasidare, neevu ee aaykeyannu ayke maadabekaagabahudu. tabriz, astara, khalkhal, meshkin-shahar mattu pars-abad muntaada nagaragalu janapriya taanagalaagive, aadare neevu tehrange sevegalannu saha kaanabahudu. ee uddeshakkagi yaavude mukhya terminal illa, ekendare avugalannu nagarada naalku aitihaasika dwaaragalinda (astara gate, meshkin-shahar gate, tabriz gate mattu khalkhal gate endu kareyalpaduva) seve sallisalu balasalaaguttade, aaddarinda neevu sthaliyarige hege pravesha padeyuvudu endu kelabekaagabahudu. kaaru/taxia gamyasthana mattu prakarakke anugunavagi belegalu badalaagabahudu. suttaloo hogi. ordable tanna havamana, aitihaasika pramukhyate, bhougolika rajakiya paristhiti mattu adara svaroopadantaha halavaaru karanagaligagi bheti nidalaaguva pravasi nagaravagide. aaddarinda neevu preranege anugunavagi vibhinn taanagalannu kaanabahudu. nodi. (naveekarisalaagide) khareedisi. ee nagaravu kaigarika utpannagaliginta hecchu kaiyinda tayaarisida utpannagalannu hondalu hesaruvaasiyaagide. nagaradaadyanta vividha reetiya ratnagambaligalu, jenutuppa, vividha sthaliya sihitindigalu, kallina aabharanagalu, cream mattu dairi utpannagalu, ivugalannu smaranikegalaagi araluva padaarthagalendu kareyalaaguttade, ivugalannu neevu kaanabahudu. tinni. saakashtu olleya aahara nidde. arta vasatigruhavu bazarninda swalpa dooradallilladiddaru aggavaagide mattu svachchavaagide aadare tumba saralavagide munde hogi. ardaabilninda sumaru 30 kii. mea. dooradalliruva sarain pattanavu ushna buggegalannu hondide. idu iraaniyannarige janapriya razadinada taanavaagide, swalpa jananibidavagide. halavaaru saarvajanika eejukolagalive, sounaagalu mattu ugi snaanagruhagalu saha ive (sahajavagi, ellah lingagalannu pratyekisalaagide).

ardable iraanile azarbaijan mekhalayile ardable (pravishya) oru vinodasanjaara, charitra nagaramaan ardable. samsaarikkuka. palarkkum, prathyekichu yuvathalamuraykk, oru paridhi vare farsiyilum engleeshilum ashayavinimayam nadatthaan kazhiyumenkilum, mikka aardabilikalum samsaarikkunna praadhamika bhaashayaan azarbaijani allengil azeri enna turkeek bhasha. akathekku kayaruka. vimaanathil. trainil. deseeya railway shringalayumaayi ardable bandhippichittillengile oru line nirmmaanathilaanu. thurakkunna theeyathikal niravadhi thavana munnott maattiyittundengilum 2022 leeii kanakkanusarichu line thurakkunnathinulla audyogika theeyathi 2025 aanu. bassil. buzz steshan vazhi praadeshika sthalangalilekku vipulamaaya praveshanam labhyamaan. janapreeti anusarichu krameekarichirikkunna pradhana lakshyasthaanangal tehran, tabris, raash, mashad, buzz steshanile khaalkhal, asthara, meshkinshahr, paars -abad thudangiya aduthulla nagarangalaanu. raajyathe vividha nagarangalilekku kaimaattam cheiyunna vividha kambanikale pradhana steshanil ningal kandethum. vividha kambanikalkkidayil chelavu valareyadhikam marunnilla, purappedunna samayathekkurichu ningal parishodhikkendathundu. vyathyastha kambanikal shedule cheytha ore samayat ore lakshyasthaanathekku vyathyastha basukal pookunnuvenkil aashcharyappedaruthu. mechappetta sevanangal nalkunnathinu kambanikal thammil malsaramullathinaal basukal pothuve valare sukhakaramaanu. basukalude sukhasoukaryangalkkanusarich ningalkk vyathyastha oopshanukal vaagdaanam cheyyappettekkaam, ennaal malsara vila valare kuravum sevanangal mikachathumaayathinaal ningal kooduthal panam nalkunnundengil vishamikkenda. nagara madhyathinte vadakkukizhakkaayi sthithicheyyunnu. kaaril. pala rajyangalil ninnum vyathyasthamayi eee mekhalayile yaathrakkaare sirttikalilekku mattunnathinulla sevanam nalkunna niravadhi taxikalum swakaarya kaarukalum ningalkk kaanam. ithu eluppathil vishadeekarikkaan, ithu internettu illaatha blablackerinu valare saamyamullathaan. nagarangalilekku yaatra cheyyaan nirddeshikkunna swakaarya kaar ningalkk kandethaam. kuttakrithyangalude oru rekhayum njaan kettittillaathathinaal avaa saadhaaranayaayi surakshithamaan. chila daathaakkal professionalukalaanu, ningalkk vegathilullathum kooduthal sukhakaravumaaya kaimaattam venamenkil, ningal eee oopshan thiranjedukkendathundu. tabris, asthara, khalkhal, meshkin-shahar, paars-ahammadabad thudangiya nagarangalaanu janapriya lakshyasthaanangal, ennaal ningalkk tehranilekkum sevanangal kandethaam. nagaratthinte naalu charitraparamaaya kavaadangalil (asthara gettu, meshkin-shahar gettu, tabris gettu, khalkhal gettu ennu vilikkappedunna) ninnu sevanam nalkaan upayogikkunnathinaal eee aavashyathinaayi pradhana terminal illa, athinaal ningal engane praveshikkaamenn kandethaan pradeshavaasikalodu aavasyappedaam. kaar/taxi ennivayude lakshyasthaanavum tharavum anusarichu vilakal vyathyaasappedaam. chuttum nadakkuka. kaalavastha, charitraparamaaya praadhaanyam, bhoumaraashtreeya sahacharyam, swabhaavam thudangi niravadhi kaaranangalal sandarshikkappedunna oru vinodasanjaara nagaramaan ardable. athinaal prachodanathinanusarichu ningalkk vyathyasthamaaya paadukal kandethum. nokkoo. (update cheythu) vaanguka. vyaavasaayika uthppannangalekkaal kooduthal kaikondu nirmmicha uthppannangal ullathinaal eee nagaram prashasthamaan. nagaratthiludaneelam vaagdaanam cheiyunna niravadhi karakaushala uthppannangal ningal kandethum; vividha tharam paravathaanikal, thaine, vividha praadeshika madhurapalahaarangal, kallu aabharanangal, cream, paal uthppannangal enniva ardable ninnulla suvaneerukal ennariyappedunnu. kazhikkuka. nalla bhakshanam uranguka. basaaril ninnu valare akaleyallaatha arta hosttal vilakuranjathum vrithiyullathum ennaal valare lalithavumaanu aduthathaayi pookoo. ardabilil ninnu ekadesham 30 kilometer akaleyulla sareyin pattanatthil taapa neeruravakalundu. iraaniyakkaarkku oru janapriya avadhikkala lakshyasthaanamaanithu, alppam tirakkum undu. niravadhi pothu neenthalkkulangal undu, sounakalum neeravi kulangalum polum (theerchayaayum, ellah lingabhedangalum verthirichirikkunnu).

utkat ardabil heey iranchya azarbaijan pradeshatil ardabil (prant) madheel eka paryatan aanee aitihasik shahar aahe. booal. jaree anek lock, visheshtah tarun pidhi, kahee pataliparyant farsi aanee ingrajimadhye sanvad sadhu shakatat, taree azarbaijani kinwa azeri hii turkey bolibhasha, bahutek ardabilis bolatat tee prathamik bhasha aahe. aat jaa. vimanane. trainne. ardebil rashtriy railway jaalyashi jodalele nahee, matra eka marg nirmanadhin aahe. udghatanachya tarkha anek vela pudhe dhakalanyat aalya aahet, parantu 2022 paryant marg ughadanyachi adhikrut tarikh 2025 chya aaspas aahe. basane. bus sthanakachya madhyamatoon sthanik thikani vyapak pravesh upalabdh aahe. lokpriyatenusar kramvari lavaleli mukhya thikane mhanje tehran, tabriz, rashat, mashad tasech bus sthankamadhil khalkhal, astara, meshkinshahr, pars-ahmedabad yasarkhi jawalchi shahare. tumhala mukhya sthankavar deshatil vegvegalya shaharanmadhye hastantaran seva denanya vegvegalya kampanya aadhaltil. vegvegalya companyanmadhye kharch farsa badalat nahee, fakt tumhala prasthan velebaddal tapasanyachi aavashyakta aahe. vegvegalya kampanyanni niyojit kelelya ekach velee ekach gantvyasthanakade jaananya vegvegalya buses aadhalalyas aashcharyachakit houu nakaa. changlya seva puravanyasathi companyanmadhye spardha asalyane basgadya sarvasadharanpane khoop aaramdayak asatat. baschya soyinusar tumhala vegvegale paryay dile jaau shakatat, parantu spardhatmak kimmati byanpaiki qamee asalyamule aanee seva changlya asalyamule tumhi jaast paise dett asal tarr kalji karoo nakaa. heey shaharachya madhyabhagi ishanyela sthit aahe. gadine. anek deshanpramane tumhala anek taxie aanee khajgi qaar yaa pradeshatil shaharanmadhye pravashanche hastantaran karnyasathi seva puravinanya aadhaltil. heey adhik sope samajavun sanganyasathi, teey internet nasalele blablekarsarkhech aahe. tumhala shaharanmadhye pravas karnyacha prastav asaleli khajgi gaadee sapadel. teey sahasa surakshit asatat kaaran mea tyabaddal konatyahi gunhyachi nond aikali nahee. kahee puravathadar vyavsayik aahet, jarr tumhala jalad aanee adhik aaramdayak hastantaran havey asel tarr tumhala haah paryay nivadava lagel. tabriz, astara, khalkhal, meshkin-shahar aanee pars-ahmedabad yasarkhi shahare hii lokpriy thikane aahet, parantu tumhala tehranchya dishene dekhil seva miloo shakatat. yaa uddeshasathi konatehi mukhya terminal nahee, kaaran teey shaharachya chaar aitihasik darvajanpasun (tathakathit astara gett, meshkin-shahar gett, tabriz gett aanee khalkhal gett) seva denyasathi vaparale jaatat, tyamule tumhala sthanikanna pravesh kassa midvayacha heey vicharave lagel. gantvyasthan aanee qaar/taxichya prakaranusar kimmati badaloo shakatat. aajubajoola jaa. ardebil heey paryatan shahar aahe, jyala tyache hawaman, aitihasik mahatva, bhoo-rajkiy paristhiti aanee tyache swaroop yasarkhya anek karananmule bhet dilee jaate. tyamule tumhala prernenusar vividh thipke sapadtil. bagha. (adyayavat) kharedi qaraa. audhyogik utpadananpeksha hastanirmit utpadane jaast asalyamule heey shahar prasiddha aahe. tumhala sampoorn shaharat deu kelee jaanari anek karagir utpadane aadhaltil; vividh prakarchi galiche, madh, vividh sthanik mithai, dagadi dagine, cream aanee dugdhajanya padarth jeey ardebilpasoon smrutichinh mhanoon prasiddha aahet. khaa. khoop changle ann zope. bajarapasun phaar door nahee, tarr aart vasatigruh swast aanee swachchh aahe, parantu agadi sope aahe. pudhe jaa. ardabilpasoon sumare 30 kiimii antaravar asalelya saren shaharat aushnik zare aahet. irani lokansathi heey eka lokpriy suttiche thikan aahe, tasech thodi gardi dekhil aahe. yethe anek sarvajanik jaltaran talav aahet, agadi sauna aanee vafeche snangruh (arthat, serve ling vegale kelele).

ardebill ardabil iranko azerbaijan kshetrako ardabil (pranta) maa raheko euta paryatak rar aitihasik sahar how. bolnuhos. ajherbaijani wa ajeri, ek turkey bolly, dherai ardabilिसहrarूद्wararा boline prathamik bhasha how, yadyapi dherai manisharu, vishesh gari yuwa pustale, kehi starsamma farsi rar angrejima kurakani garna sakchhan. bhitra pase. vimanbata. railbata. ardebill rashtriya railway networksanga jodieko chhaina, yadyapi euta line nirmanadhin chha. udghatan mitiharu dherai patak agadi badhaieko chha, tara 2022 samma line kholne adhikarik miti 2025 ko asapas chha. basabata. bus stationmarfat sthaniya sthanharuma wyapak pahunch upalabdha chha. lokapriyataanusar kramabadha garieka mukhya gantawyaharu tehran, tabriz, rasta, masadka sathai bus stationma khalkhal, astara, meshkinशहrar, pars-abad jasta najikaka saharharu hun. tapainle mukhya stationma deshka vibhinna saharharuma sthanantaran garne vibhinna companyharu paunuhunecha. lagat vibhinna companyharu bitch atyadhik pariwartan hundaina, kewal tapainle prasthanko samayako barema jaanch garna awashyak chha. yadi tapainle vibhinna companyharudwara nirdharit ekai samayama eutai gantawyatarfa jaane vibhinna basharu fela parnubhayo bhane ashcharyachakit hunuhunna. basharu samanyataya dherai sahaj hunchhan, kinki companyharu bitch ramro sewaharu pradan garna pratispardha hunchha. tapainlai basharuko आrarामदायीताअनुसाrar vibhinna wikalpaharu prastawa garna sakinchha, tara pratispardhaka mulyaharu dherai cum rar sewaharu ramro bhaekale tapainle badhi bhuktani garirahanubhaeko chha bhane chinta nagarnuhos. yo saharko kendrako uttarpurvama awasthit chha. karbata. dherai deshharuko viparit tapainle yass kshetraka सिrar्टीहrarूmaa yatruharu sthanantaran garna sewa pradan garne dherai taxie rar niji karharu paunuhunecha. yasalai sajilosanga wyakhya garna, yo internet bina blablakarsanga dherai mildojuldo chha. tapainle saharharuma yatra garne prastawa rakhne niji carr fela parne saknuhunchha. tiniharu samanyataya surakshit hunchhan kinki maile tyas barema kunai aparadhko record suneko chhaina. kehi pradayakharu wyawasayik chhan, yadi tapain chhito rar adhik sahaj sthanantaran chahanuhunchha bhane, tapainle yo vikalpa chhanauta garna awashyak huna sakchha. tabriz, astara, khalkhal, meshkin-sahar rar pars-ahmedabad jasta saharharu lokpriya gantawyaharu hun, tara tapainle tehrantarf pani sewaharu fela parne saknuhunchha. yass uddeshyaka lagi kunai mukhya terminal chhaina, kinki tiniharu saharka chaar aitihasik getharu (tathakathit astara gett, meshkin-sahar gett, tabriz gett rar khalkhal gett) batt sewa garna prayog garinchha tyasaile tapainle sthaniyaharulai kasari pahunch prapta garne bhanera sodhna awashyak pardachha. gantawya rar carr/taxiko prakaranusar mulyaharu farak huna sakchhan. waripari januhos. ardebill yasako jalawayu, aitihasik mahatwa, yasako bhu-rajnitik awastha rar yasako prakriti jasta dherai karanharule bhraman gareko paryatak sahar how. tyasaile tapainle prerana anusar bhinna sthanharu fela parnuhunecha. hernuhos. (adyawadhik garieko) kinnuhos. yo sahar audyogik utpadanharubhanda badhi hastanirmit utpadanharuka lagi prasidha chha. tapainle saharbhari prastawa garieka dherai karigar utpadanharu paunuhunecha; vibhinna prakarka kaleen, maha, vibhinna sthaniya mithaiharu, dhungaka gahana, crim rar derry utpadanharu ardebilbata smriti chinhaka rupma prasidha chhan. khaan. dherai ramro khana nidra. bajarbata tadha nai raheko आrar्टाहस्टल sasto rar safa chha tara dherai saral chha. arko januhos. ardabilbata karib 30 kilometer tadha raheko sahar serenma thermal springharu chhan. yo iraniharuka lagi lokpriya chhutti gantawya how, thorai bhid pani chha. tyahan dherai sarvajanik swimming pulharu chhan, yahansamma kii sauna rar steam bathaharu (nissandeha, sabai laingik rupma alag).

ardabil ardabil heuchhi iranara aajerabaijana anchalara ardabil (pradesh) ray eka parjyatan ebong aitihasika sahara . kathaa huantu. adhikansha ardabilisnka dwara kuhajauthiba prathamika bhasha heuchhi aajerabaijani kimba azeri, eka turkeah upabhasha, jadio aneka lock, bisesh curry juba pidhi, kichhi stara parjyanta farcy ebong ingrajire jogajoga kariparibe . bhitaraku jaantu. bimanare. trainre. ardabil jatiah rela netawarka sahita sanjukta nuhen, tebe eka line nirmanadhina achhi . kholibara tarikhaku aneka thara aagaku badhai diajaichhi, kintu 2022 suddha line kholibara sarkari tarikh 2025 pakhapakhi. bus dwara. bus station madhyamare sthaniah sthanaku byapaka prabesha upalabdha . lokaprijata anusare shrenibhukta mukhya gantabyasthalagudika heuchhi tehran, tabrij, rust, mashad tatha bus stationre thiba khalkhal, astara, meshkinshahr, parces-abad bhali nikatatar sahara. apana deshar bibhinna saharaku sthanantara seba pradan karuthiba mukhya stationre bibhinna company paibe. bibhinna company madhyare mulya atyadhika paribartana hue naahin, kebala aapananku prasthana samai bishajare jancha karibaku padiba . jadi apana bhinna bhinna company dwara nirdharita samajare bhinna bhinna bus gotie gantabyasthalaku jauthiba dekhanti, tebe ashcharjya huantu naahin. basgudika sadharanatah bahuta aaramadajaka, kaaran unnat seba pradan kariba paain companygudika madhyare pratijogita achhi . basgudikara aaramadajakata anujai aapananku bibhinna bikalpa pradan karajaipare, kintu jadi apana adhika deiah deuchhanti tebe chinta karantu naahin kaaran pratidwandita mulya yathesta comm ebong seba bhal . ehaa saharar kendrasthalara uttara-purba digare abasthita. karare. aneka desh tulanare apana aneka taxie ebong gharoi kaara paibe jaahaa ehi anchalara sirtiku jatrimananku sthanantara kariba paain seba pradan kare . ehaaku sahajare byakhya kariba paain, ehaa internet bina blablacar sahita bahuta samaana . apana saharaku jatra kariba paain prastaba deuthiba gharoi kaara paiparibe. semane sadharanatah surakhita ruhanti kaaran mun shay bishajare kaunasi aparadha record shuni naahin. keteka pradanakari peshadara, jadi apana druta ebong adhika aaramadajaka sthanantara chahunchhanti, tebe aapananku ehi bikalpa chayan karibaku padipare. tabriz, astara, khalkhal, meshkin-sahara ebong parces-abad bhali saharagudika lokpriya gantabyastala, kintu apana tehran aadaku madhya seba paiparibe. ehi uddeshyare kaunasi mukhya terminal naahin, kaaran segudika saharar charoti aitihasika fataka (tathakathita astara gett, meshkin-sahara gett, tabrij gett ebong khalkhal gett) ru seba paain byabahruta hue, tenu aapananku sthaniah lokanku kipari prabesha karibe taaha khojibaku kahipare . gantabya ebong kaara/taxir prakara anujai mulya bhinna hoipare . chariade jaantu. ardabil heuchhi eka parjyatan sahara jaahaa ehara jalabaju, aitihasika gurutwa, ehara bhu-rajanaitika paristhiti ebong ehara prakruti pari aneka karanaru paridarshan karajae . tenu apana prerana anujai bhinna bhinna daaga paibe. dekhantu. (adyatana) kinantu. shilpa tulanare adhika hastnirmit utpada paain ehi sahara prasidha. apana saaraa saharare aneka karigara utpada paibe; bibhinna prakarara carpet, mahu, bibhinna sthaniah mitha, pathara alankara, cream ebong dugdha utpada jaahaa ardabil ru smaraki bhabare prasidha . khaantu. aneka bhal khadya shoi padanti. bajaratharu kichhi doorare thiba arta hustell shasta ebong sapha kintu ati sarala . aagaku jaantu. ardabil thaaru praiah 30 kilometer doorare thiba sahara sarenre tapiah jharana rahichhi. ehaa iranara lokamananka paain eka lokpriya chutidina gantabya, ebong ethire kichhita bhida madhya rahichhi. ethaare aneka sarbajaneena suiming pool, epariki sauna ebong bashpa snan (abashya, samasta linga pruthaka) achhi .

ardbill ardabil iraan dey azerbaijan khetar witch ardabil (prant) witch ikk sailani atey itihasak shehar haii. gall crow. azerbaijani jaan azrai, ikk turki bollie, ziaadaatar ardabili duaara bollie jaanh vaali muddhali bhasha haii, halanki bahut saare lock, khaas karke naujwan peedhi, farcy atey angrezi witch kujh paddhar takk sanchar qarr sakde hunn. ander jaao. jahaz duaara. rail raahin. ardabil rashtari railway network naal naheen judiaa hoiaa haii, halanki ikk line nirman adheen haii. khulhan deeaan tarikan noon kaee vaar agge vadhaiaa giaa haii, parr 2022 takk line kholhan dee adhikarat mitee 2025 dey aas paas haii. buss raahin. buss station raahin sathanak sathanan takk viaapak pahunch upalbadh haii. prasidhi dey adhaar utte krambadh mukkh manzilan tehran, tabriz, rusht, mashad dey naal-naal buss station witch khalkhal, astara, meshkinshahr, paras-aabad varge nedley shehar hunn. tuhanun mukkh station witch desh dey vakkh-vakkh shahiran witch transfer curran vaali vakkh-vakkh companyan milangiaan. vakkh-vakkh companyan darmiaan laagat bahut ziaada naheen badaldi, siraf tuhanun ravanagi dey samein baare jaanch curran dee zaroorat haii. jey tusin vakkh-vakkh companyan duaara nirdharat ikko samein witch ikko manzil vall jaanh valiaan vakkh-vakkh bassan noon labhde hoow taan hairan naa hovo. bassan aam taur utte bahut aaramdaik hundiaan hunn, kiunki bihtar sevavan pardan curran laee companyan vichkaar mukabala hunda haii. tuhanun bassan dee aaramyogta dey anusar vakkh-vakkh vikalpan dee peshkash keeti jaa sakadi haii, parr chinta naa crow jey tusin vadhere bhugtan qarr rahey hoow kiunki mukabale deeaan keematan kaafi ghatt hunn atey sevavan changiaan hunn. ih shehar dey kendra dey uttar-purab witch sathit haii. qaar duaara. bahut saare deshan dey ulat tuhanun kaee taxi atey private kaaran mill sakdiaan hunn joe yatrian noon iss khetar witch sartiaan witch tabdil curran laee seva pardan kardiaan hunn. iss noon assan samjhaun laee, ih binan internet dey blablacker dey bahut samaan haii. tuhanun shahiran witch jaanh daa prastav rakkhan vaali private qaar mill sakadi haii. uh aam taur utte surakhiat hunde hunn kiunki main iss baare koee apradh daa ricard naheen suniaa. kujh pradata peshevar hunn, jey tusin tez atey vadhere aramdaik transfer chahunde hoow, taan tuhanun iss wicklup noon chunhan dee zaroorat hoow sakadi haii. tabriz, astara, khalkhal, meshkin-shehar atey paras-ahmedabad varge shehar prasidh manzilan hunn, parr tuhanun tehran vall vee sevavan mill sakdiaan hunn. iss udesh laee koee mukkh terminal naheen haii, kiunki uh shehar dey chaar itihasak darwaziaan (akhauti astara gett, meshkin-shehar gett, tabriz gett atey khalkhal gett) toon seva curran laee varte jaande hunn, iss laee tuhanun sathanak lokan noon ih pataa lagaun laee puchhan dee zaroorat hoow sakadi haii kii pahunch kiven prapat keeti jaave. keematan manzil atey qaar/taxi dee kisam dey anusar vakkh-vakkh hoow sakdiaan hunn. aale-duaale jaao. ardabil ikk sair-spata shehar haii joe kaee kaarnan karke dekhiaa jaanda haii jiven kii iss dee jalvayu, itihasak mahatta, iss dee bhuu-rajneetik sathiti atey iss dee prakirti. iss laee tuhanun prerna dey anusar vakkh-vakkh sathaan milange. dekho. (update keeta giaa) khareed crow. ih shehar sanati utpadan naalon hatth naal baney utpadan laee mashur haii. tuhanun poore shehar witch pesh keete jaanh vaale bahut saare karigar utpaad milange; vakkh-vakkh kisman dey corpet, honey, vakkh-vakkh sathanak mathiaaiaan, patthar dey gahine, kareem atey dayeri utpaad joe kii ardbill toon chinnh vajon mashur hunn. khao. bahut saara changa bhojan saunn. baazaar toon door arta hostal sasta atey saaf-suthra haii parr bahut assan haii. agge jaao. ardabil toon lagbhag 30 kilometer door shehar saren witch taapiya chashme hunn. ih irani lokan laee ikk prasidh chhuttiaan daa sathaan haii, thodi bheed vee haii. itthe kaee jantak swimming pool hunn, ithon takk kii sauna atey bhaaf vaale ishnan (beshak, saare ling vakkhre).

ardabal iraan-deshasya azerbaijan-pradeshasya ardaabil (praantah)-pradeshe ardaabil-nagaram paryatak-aitihaasika-nagaram cha asti. bhaashate. ajarbaijaani athavaa ajeri iti turkik-upabhasha, adhikaamshaah ardabilis-bhaashakaih bhashita prathamikabhasha asti, yadyapi bahavah janaah, visheshatah yuvapidihi, faarsee-bhashayam anglabhashayam cha kinchitkalam yaavat samvaadam kartum shaknuvanti. pravishatu. vimaanadvaaraa. relamaargen. ardebil-nagaram rashtriya-rail-jaalena saha naa sambaddham asti, tathaapi ekam maargam nirmanadhinam asti. udghaatanaavadhih anekavaaram agre nyastah, parantu 2022 tamavarshaparyantam margasya udghaatanaavadih praayah 2025 varshaparyantam asti. bus-dwara. bus-sthanakena sthaniyasthanakebhyaha vistrutam praveshah upalabhyte. lokapriyataayaah aadhaaren kramabaddhaani mukhyaani gantavyasthaanaani tehraan, tabreej, rasht, mashaad ityetaani api cha bassthanakasya khalkhal, astara, meshkinshahar, pars-abad ityadini sameepasthaani nagaraani santi. mukhyasthaanake deshasya vibhinneshu nagareshu sthanantaranam kurwantah vividhaah kampenee-samsthah bhavantah pashyanti. bhinna-bhinna-kampenee-madhye vyayah naa adhikam parivartate, kevalam bhavaan nirgamanasya samayasya vishaye pareekshayet. yadi bhavaan bhinnaih kampaneebhih nirdhaaritasamaye eva samaan-gantavyam prati gacchantah bhinna-bhinna-bus-yaanaani pashyati tarhi ashcharya maa maa bhavantu. samanyataha bus-yaanaani ateeva sukhakarani bhavanti, yatah uttamasevaanaam krute kampanee-madhye spardhaa bhavati. bus-yananam saukaryasya anusaaram bhavantam bhinnani vikalpaani pradaasyante, parantu yadi bhavaan adhikam dhanam dadati tarhi chintaam maa karotu yatah pratispardhayaha moolyam atyalpam asti, sewaah cha uttamah asti. idam nagarakendrasy eeshanyadishi sthitam asti. karadwara. anekeshaam deshanam vipareetam, asmin pradeshe yatrikanam sthanantarartham sewaah pradadati bahavah taxie-yaanaani, nijee-yaanaani cha bhavantah pashyanti. asya spashteekaranam sulabhataram kartum, etat antarjaala-rahitena blablocker ityanena saha bahu samaanam asti. bhavaan nagaran prati yatram prastuyamanam nijee-kaar-yaanam anveshtum shaknoti. te praayah surakshitaah bhavanti yatah aham tasya vishaye aparaadhasy kimapi abhilekham naa shrutavaan. kechan pradaataarah vyaavasaayikaah santi, yadi bhavaan sheeghram adhikam cha saukaryapradam cha sthanantaranam icchati tarhi bhavaan etat vikalpam chinotu. tabriz, astara, khaalakhal, meshkin-shahar, pars-abad ityadini nagaraani lokapriyaah gantavyasthaanaani santi, parantu bhavaan tehraan-nagaram prati api sewaah praaptum shaknoti. asya prayojanartham mukhya-terminal naasti, yatah te nagarasya chaturnam aitihaasika-dwaranam (ashtara-dwaaram, meshkin-shahar-dwaaram, tabreej-dwaaram, khalkal-dwaaram cha iti namna khyaatah) sevaartham upayujyante, ataha bhavaan sthaniyan katham prapnuyat iti prucchatu. gantavyam, kaar/taxie prakaarah cha anusrutya moolyaani bhinnani bhavitum arhanti. paritah gacchatu. ardebil iteedam paryatan-nagaram, tasya vaayugunah, aitihaasika-mahattvam, bhoo-raajanaitik-sthitihi, prakrutihi ityadinam anekaih kaaranaih sandarshitam asti. ataha preranen bhavaan bhinna-bhinna-sthanani praapsyati. pashyatu. (adyataneekrutam) kreenaatu. audyogikanam apekshayaa hastanirmitanam utpadaha adhikam santi iti idam nagaram prasidham asti. bhavaan sampoorne nagare prastutah anekaani shilpakaar-utpadan praapsyati; vividhaprakaaraah carpets, madhuhu, vividhaah sthaniyani mithaayah, shilaajaushadhaani, kreem, dugdhotpaadaani cha ardebil ityasya smaarikaah iti namna prasidhaah. khaadatu. bahwyah uttamaani khaadyaani nidraam karotu. bajarat naa doore aartaa-vasatigruham sastaa, swacchah cha asti, parantu ateeva saralah asti. agrime. ardaabil-nagaraat praayah 30 kii. mee. doore sthitasya saaren-nagare taapeey-zarnaah santi. iranian-jananam krute etat lokapriyam viraamasthaanam asti, api cha alpam janasammardam asti. atra anekaah saarwajanik-tarana-pushkaraah santi, saunaa-snaanagruhaani api santi, vaafe-snaanagruhaani api santi (nishchaym, sarve lingavibhaajitaah).

aarvamullavar aradible enbathu eeraanin azarbaijan piraanthiyaththil ulla aradible (maagaanam) ill ulla oru suttrulaa mattrum varalaattru nagaramaagum. paesungkal. pala makkal, kurippaaga ilaiya thalaimuraiyinar, paarsi mattrum aangkilaththil oralavu thodarbu kolla mudiyum entraalum, azerbaijani allathu azeri, oru turkiya paechchuvalakku, perumpaalaana ardabilis paesappadum muthanmai mozhiyaagum. ullae poa. vimanaththil. rayilil. ardible thaesiya rayilway netvorkkudan inaikkappadavillai, iruppinum oru paathai kattumaanaththil ullathu. tirappu thaethigal pala murai thallapattullana, aanaal 2022 aam aandu nilavarappadi inththa paathaiyaith thirappatharkaana athikaarappoorva thaethi 2025 aam aandaich suttri ullathu. paerunththil. paerunthu nilaiyam moolam ulloor idangkalukku virivaana anugal ullathu. pirabalaththin adippadaiyil varisaippaduththappatta mukiya idangkal tehran, tabrees, raast, mashad mattrum paerunthu nilaiyaththil ulla kalkal, asthara, meshkinshahar, paars-abad poantra nerukkamaana nagarangal aagum. naattin palvaeru nagarangalukku maattrum sevaiyai vazhangkum mukiya nilaiyaththil vevvaeru niruvanangalai neengkal kaanpeerkal. vevvaeru niruvanangalukku idaiyae selavu athigamaaga maaraathu, purappadum neeraththaip pattri mattumae neengkal saribaarkka vaendum. vevvaeru niruvanangal tittamitta oray neraththil oray ilakkai noakki vevvaeru paerunththugal selvathai neengkal kandaal aachchariyappada vaendaam. sirantha sevaigalai vazhangka niruvanangalukku idaiyae poatti iruppathaal paerunththugal podhuvaaga migavum vasathiyaaga irukkum. paerunththugalin vasathiyaip porutthu ungkalukku vevvaeru viruppangkal valangkappadalaam, aanaal poatti vilaigal migavum kuraivaaga iruppathaal mattrum sevaigal nandraaga iruppathaal neengkal adhiga panam seluththukireerkal endraal kavalaippada vaendaam. idhu nagara maiyaththin vadakizhakkil amainthullathu. kaaril. pala naadugalaip poalallaamal, piraanthiyaththil ulla nagarangalukku payanigalai maattruvatharkaana sevaiyai vazhangkum pala taxi mattrum thaniyar kaarkalai neengkal kanalaam. idhai elithaaka vilakka, idhu inaiyam illaatha playblockerukku migavum othirukkirathu. nagarangalukkuch sella thaniyar kaarr munmozhivaik kanalaam. adhu pattri endha kuttrap pathivaiyum naan kaelvippadaathathaal avai podhuvaaga paathukaappaaka irukkum. sila vazhangkunargal thozhilmuraiyaanavargal, neengkal vaekamaana mattrum vasathiyaana parimaattraththai virumbinaal, neengkal inththa viruppatthaith thaervu seiya vaendiyirukkum. tabris, asthara, kalkal, meshkin-shahar mattrum paars-abad poantra nagarangal pirabalamaana idangkalaakum, aanaal tehranai noakkiya sevaigalaiyum neengkal kanalaam. nagarin naanku varalaattru vaayilgal (asthara caded, meshkin-shahar caded, tabrees caded mattrum kalkal caded endru azhaikkappadum) irunthu saevai seiya payanpaduththappaduvathaal, inththa nokkaththirkaaga mukiya munaiyam ethuvum illai, enavae neengkal ulloor makkalai anuguvathai evvaaru kandupidippadhu endru kaetka vaendiyirukkum. kaarr/taxiyin ilakku mattrum vagaiyaip porutthu vilaigal maarupadalaam. suttrip paarungkal. adhan kaalanilai, varalaattru mukkiyathuvam, adhan puvisaar arasiyal nilaimai mattrum adhan thanmai poantra pala kaaranangalukkaaga paarvaiyidappadum oru suttrulaa nagaramaaga ardable ullathu. enavae unthuthalukku aerpa maarupatta pulligalai neengkal kaanpeerkal. paarungkal. (pudhuppikkappattathu) vaangkip paarungkal. inththa nagaram thozhilthurai porutkalai vida kaivinaip porutkalaik kondathaaga pirabalamaaga ullathu. nagaram muzhuvathum vazhangkappadum pala kaivinaignargalin thayaarippukalai neengkal kaanpeerkal; palvaeru vagaiyaana tharaivirippukal, thaen, palvaeru ulloor inippugal, cull nagaikal, gream mattrum paalup porutkal aagiyavai ardebil irunthu ninaivuchchinnanggalaaga pirabalamaaga ullana. saappidungal. niraiya nalla unavu thoongkip poa. bajaaril irunthu vegu tholaivil ulla arta viduthi malivaanathu mattrum suththamaanathu, aanaal migavum elimaiyaanathu. aduththu sellungal. aardhaabil nagaraththilirunthu sumar 30 kii. mee. tholaivil ulla saerain nagaril veppa neeroottrukal ullana. idhu eeraaniyargalukku oru pirabalamaana vidumurai idamaagum, maelum idhu sattru nerisalaanathu. pala podhu neechal kulangkal ullana, saanaakkal mattrum neeravi kuliyal kooda ullana (nichchayamaaga, anaitthu paalinangkalum pirikkappattullana).

utsaahamgaa ordable anedi iraanlooni azerbaijan praantamlooni ordable (provins) loe unna oka paryataka mariyu chaaritraka nagaram. matladandi. chaalaa mandhi prajalu, mukhyamgaa yuva taram, kontha sthaayi varaku forcy mariyu aanglamlo communicate cheyagaliginappatiki, azerbaijani ledhaa ajeri, oka turkic mandalikam, chaalaa mandhi ordabilis matlade praadhamika bhasha. lopaliki vellandi. vimaanamlo. railu dwara. ordable jaateeya railway netvarkku anusandhaaninchabadaledu, ayithe oka line nirmaanamloo undhi. prarambha teedeelu chalasarlu munduku nettabaddayi, conny 2022 natiki line teravadaaniki adhikaarika thedhee 2025 kii daggaragaa undhi. bassulo. bus station dwara sthaanika pradaesaalaku vistrutamaina pravesam andubaatulo undhi. prajaadarana aadhaaramgaa kramabaddheekarinchabadina pradhana gamyasthanalu tehran, tabriz, raast, mashad alaage bus stationloni khalkhal, astara, meshkinshahr, pars-abad vanti sameepa nagaralu. desamloni vividha nagaralaku badileeni andinche vividha companylanu pradhana stationlo meeru kanugontaaru. vividha companyla madhya kharchu ekkuvagaa maaradu, meeru bayaludere samayam gurinchi matrame tanikhi cheyali. ververu companylu oke samayamlo oke gamyasthaanaaniki velle ververu bassulanu meeru kanugonte aascharyapadakandi. merugaina sevalanu andinchadaaniki companyla madhya pootii unnanduna bassulu saadhaaranamgaa chaalaa soukaryavantamgaa untaayi. bassula soukaryavantamaina paristhitula prakaram meeku vividha empikalu andinchabadavacchu, conny pootii dharalu chaalaa takkuvagaa undatam mariyu sevalu bagundatam valla meeru ekkuva chellistunnatlayite chintinchakandi. idhi nagara kendraaniki eesaanyamgaa undhi. kaaru dwara. aneka deshaala maadirigaa kakunda, eee praantamlooni nagaralaku prayaaneekulanu badilee cheyadaaniki sevalanu andinche aneka taxilu mariyu private kaarlu meeku kanipistaayi. deenni sulabhamgaa vivarinchadaaniki, idhi internet laeni blablocker thoo chaalaa pooli untundi. nagaralaku prayaaninchamani pratipaadinchae private kaarunu meeru kanugonavacchu. daani gurinchi neeraaniki sambandhinchina recordulu neenu vinananduna avi saadhaaranamgaa surakshitamgaa untaayi. kontamandi providerlu professional, meeru vaegamgaa mariyu marinta soukaryavantamaina badilee kavalanukunte, meeru eee empikanu enchukovalasi raavacchu. tabriz, astara, khalkhal, meshkin-shahar mariyu pars-hyderabad vanti nagaralu prasiddha gamyasthanalu, conny meeru tehran vaipu kooda sevalanu pondavacchu. eee prayojanam kosam pradhana terminal ledhu, endukante avi nagaramloni naalugu chaaritraka dwaaraala (astara gate, meshkin-shahar gate, tabriz gate mariyu khalkhal gate anie pilavabade) nundi sevalu andinchadaaniki upayoginchabadataayi, kabatti meeru sthaanikulanu elaa cherukovalo telusukovadaaniki adagalsi untundi. kaaru/taxi yokka gamyam mariyu rakanni batti dharalu maaravacchu. chuttoo tiragandi. ordable daani vaataavaranam, chaaritraka praamukhyata, bhougolika raajakeeya paristhiti mariyu daani swabhaavam vanti aneka kaaranaala valla sandarsinche paryataka nagaram. anduvalla meeru preranaku anugunamgaa vividha macchalanu kanugontaaru. chudandi. (naveekarinchabadindi) konugolu cheyandi. eee nagaram paarisraamika utpattula kante chethitho tayaaru chesina utpattulanu kaligi undataaniki prasiddhi chendindi. meeru nagaram antataa andinche aneka hastakalaakaara utpattulanu kanugontaaru; vividha rakaala tivaacheelu, thene, vividha sthaanika sweetlu, raathi aabharanaalu, cream mariyu paala utpattulu, ivi ardabil nundi smaaraka chihnaluga prasiddhi chendaayi. tinandi. chaalaa manchi aaharam nidrapotadu. bazar nundi chaalaa dhooramlo laeni arta vasati choukainadi mariyu subhramgaa untundi conny chaalaa sulabham tadupari vellandi. ordable nundi 30 kilometres dhooramlo unna sarain pattanamlo ushna neeti buggalu unnaayi. idhi iranianlaku oka prasiddha selavu gamyam, konchem raddiigaa kooda untundi. aneka bahiranga eetha kolanulu, aaviri snanalu mariyu aaviri snanalu kooda unnaayi (vaastavaaniki, anni lingaalu vaeru cheyabaddaayi).

ardible ardbil airaan kay aazarbaijan kay elaqay mein waaqa ardbil (subah) kaa eek seyahati aur tarikhi shehar hay. baath karein. aazarbaijan yaa ajree eek turk bouli bunyadi zabaan hay juu ziyadah tarr ardabiliyon kay zariye boli jaati hay halankah behat say loag khaas toor parr naujawan nasal faarsi aur angrezi mein kasee hadd takk baath cheet kirr saktay haine. andar daakhil how jayein. hawai jehaaz kay zariye. train kay zariye. ardbeel qomi railway neet wark say mansalk nahein hay tahim eek line zeer tameer hay. iftatahi tareekhon kuu kayee baar aagay badhaya gayaa hay leakin 2022 takk line khoolnay kii sarkaari tareekh 2025 kay aas paas hay. buss kay zariye. buss station kay zariye maqami maqamat takk wasee rasayi dastiyaab hay. maqboliyat kay lahaaz say tartib dee gayee aham manzilein tehraan tabriz raasht maashid kay saath saath buss station mein khalkhal istara mashkan shehar paars aabaad jeesay qareebi shehar haine. aap kuu markazi station mein milk kay mukhtalif shehron mein muntaqli kii khadmat karnay waali mukhtalif companiyan milain gee. mukhtalif companiyon kay darmiyan laagat ziyadah tabdil nahein hotee sarf aap kuu rawangi kay waqat kay baaray mein janchnay kii zarurat hay. agar aap kuu mukhtalif companiyan eek hyee waqat mein eek hyee manzal kii taraf jaanay waali mukhtalif basein milti haine tuu hairan naha hoan. basein aam toor parr behat aaraam dhah hoti haine keunkah behatar khidmaat farahim karnay kay liye companiyon kay darmiyan muqabilah hotaa hay. basoon kii aaraam dhah aur perscon honay kay mutabiq aap kuu mukhtalif options paish kiye jaa saktay haine leakin agar aap ziyadah adayegi kirr rahay haine tuu fakar naha karein keunkah musabiqti qeematein kaafi kumm haine aur khidmaat achhi haine. yaha shehar kay markaz kay shamaal mashriq mein waaqa hay. kaar kay zariye. behat say mamalik kay barakas aap kuu kayee taxie aur najee kaarein milain gee juu musafiron kuu khatay mein muntaqil karnay kay liye khidmaat farahim karti haine. iss kii wazahat aasaan bananay kay liyay yaha internet kay baghair blabelkar say behat milta jaltaa hay. aap kuu shehron mein safar karnay kii tajweez karnay waali najee kaar mill sakti hay. wah aam toor parr mahfuz hotay haine keunkah mein nay iss kay baaray mein jarm kaa koyee record nahein sunaa thaa. kachh farahim kanandgan paishah warr haine agar aap teez aur ziyadah aaraam dhah muntaqli chahtay haine tuu aap kuu iss option kuu muntakhib karnay kii zarurat parh sakti hay. tabriz istara khalkhal mashkan shehar aur paars aabaad jeesay shehar maqbool maqamat haine leakin aap kuu tehraan kii taraf bhee khidmaat mill sakti haine. iss maqsad kay liye koyee markazi terminal nahein hay keunkah wah shehar kay chaar tarikhi darwazon (naam nahaad istara gait mashkan shehar gait tabriz gait aur khalkhal gait) say khadmat kay liye istemaal hotay haine lehza aap kuu maqami logon say yaha jaannay kii zarurat parh sakti hay kahh rasayi kisay haasil kii jaaye. qeematein kaar/taxie kii manzal aur qasm kay mutabiq mukhtalif how sakti haine. ard gird jayein. ardbeel eek seyahati shehar hay jiss kaa dorah kayee wajuhaat kii banaa parr kiyaa jaataa hay jeesay kahh iss kii aab woo hawaa tarikhi ahmeet iss kii geografiyayi seyasi surathaal aur iss kii noiyat. iss liye aap kuu moharrik kay mutabiq mukhtalif dhabay milain gay. dekhein. (app ddait kiyaa gayaa) khareedein. yaha shehar sanaati masnuaat kay muqabilay mein ziyadah haath say tayaar kardah masnuaat kay liye mashhur hay. aap kuu puray shehar mein paish kii jaanay waali behat see karigaron kii masnuaat milain gee vovo mukhtalif qasm kay qaleen shehad mukhtalif maqami mithaiyan pathar kay zewaraat cream aur dodh kii masnuaat juu ardbeel say tahaif kay toor parr mashhur haine. khayein. behat achhaa khaana sue jayein. bazaar say ziyadah door nahein arta haastal sastaa aur saaf sthara hay leakin behat aasaan hay. aagay badho. shehar saareen juu ardbil say taqriba 30 chlometer door hay mein thermal chashme haine. yaha airaniyon kay liye chhatiyon kii eek mashhur manzal hay thoda hujum bhee hay. yahaan kayee awami swiming poul haine yahaan takk kahh sonaa aur bhaap kay ghasal khaaney (yaqeena tamaam sanfi toor parr alg).

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28576048

Hnamadawgyi

Hnamadawgyi Burmese nat (spirit) Hnamadawgyi (, ; lit. "Royal Sister"; also known as Shwemyethna) is one of the 37 nats in the Burmese pantheon of nats. She is the nat representation of Myat Hla, sister of Maung Tint De. According to tradition, she was a queen of the King of Tagaung. When she saw her brother Tintde being burned alive, she leapt into the fire, but only managed to save his head. She died of her burns and became a nat. She is portrayed standing on a dais upon a black elephant, her right hand on her chest with a plum between her thumb and index finger, and her left hand by her side. She is also known for having a monkey companion, Shwe Min Wun. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

honamadagyi honamadagyi (; aakhyorik orthot. "rajokiyo bhogni"; swowemeithona namereu jonajat) hoise naator barmij pandionor 37taa naator bhitorot etaa. teu maung tint der bhogni miyat hlaar naat protinidhitwo. porompora onuxori, teu tagaungor rojar egoraki rani aasil. jetiya taai taair bhatri tintek jiwitbhabe jwolai diya dekhisil, taai juit uri goisil, kintu kewol teur murtu rokhya koriboloi xokhyom hoisil. taai purar folot mrityuboron korisil aaru egoraki naat hoi porisil. teuk ekhon koo 'laa haatir uporot monchot thiyo hoi thoka, teur xu haattu teur bukur uporot teur aanguli aaru torjonee aangulir maajot etaa plumor xoite aaru teur baau haattu teur kaxot thoka sitrito koraa hoise. taai etaa bandoror xongi huwar babeu jonajat, swe minn uno.

hanamadogi hanamadogi (,; akkhorik orthe. "rajakiya boone"; jaa shwemeithona nameo porichito) holl natser barmiz panthioner 37tii nyater modhye ekti. tini mojang tint deey-err boone miat hollar nutt protinidhitto corren. oitijhyo onusare, tini tagaungyer rajar runny chhilen. jokhon seey taar bhai tintedke jeebito pudey jete dekhe, tokhon seey agune jhanpiye porey, kintu taar matha banchate sokkhom hoy. seey poda abosthai maaraa yaay ebong ekti nutt hoye othe. taake ekti kaalo hatir upor ekti monche dandiye, taar dunn hatti taar booke taar anguler angul ebong tarjanir anguler modhye ekti plum soho ebong taar baam hatti taar paashe chitrito koraa hoyeche. tini ekti banor sangi, shyu minn uner jonnou porichito.

hanamadagi hanamadogyi (; shaabdik. "shaahee bahen"; jene shvemyethnaa tareeke pann odakhvaamaa aave chhe) aee bermes nutsna 37 nutsmanthi aek chhe. teey mayat halaanu pratinidhitva karey chhe, jeey mung tint denny bahen chhe. parampara anusaar, teey tagungna raajaani raanee hatee. jyaare teneeae tenaa bhaai tintene jivant salagato joyo, tyaare tenee aagmaa koodee gaee, parantu maatra tenu maathu bachavvama safal rahee. tenee tenaa salgavathi mrutyu paamee aneey aek nett bunny gaee. teneene kaalaa haathee parr munch parr oobhi, teneeno jamano haath teneeni chhaati parr tenaa anguthaa aneey tarjani vachche plum saathe aneey teneeno daabo haath tenee bajuma darshavvama aavyo chhe. teey aek vandarana saathee, shwe miina vana maate pann jaaniti chhe.

hanamadogya hanamadogyi (,; shaabdik roop seey. "shaahi bahan"; jise shwemyethna key roop mein bhee jaanaa jaataa haye) nuts key bermi panthion mein 37 nuts mein seey ack haye. vaha mayat haalaa kii nutt pratinidhitva haye, joe mung tint dee kii bahan haye. parampara key anusaar, vaha tagung key raajaa kii raani thee. jaba usane apane bhaai tinde koo jinda jalate hue dekhaa, tou vaha aag mein kood gaee, lekin kewal uska sir bachaane mein kamyab rahee. vaha jalane seey marr gaee aur ack nutt bunn gaee. usey ack kaale haathi parr ack munch parr khadee, usake daahine haath koo usake angoothe aur tarjani key beach ack bair key saath usaki chhaati parr aur uska baayan haath usake buggle mein chitrit kiya gayaa haye. vaha ack bandar saathi, shwe minn vann key liye bhee jaani jaati haye.

namadogi namadogi (,; litt. "raayal cyster"; idannu schwemithna endoo kareyalaaguttade) idu barmees panthion off notsna 37 natgalalli ondaagide. aake moung tint deey avara sahodari mayat hlaa avara nyaat pratinidhiyagiddare. sampradaayada prakara, aake tagung rajana raniyagiddalu. tanna sahodara tinde jivantavagi suttuhogiruvudannu nodida aake, benkiyalli haari, aatana taleyannu ulisuvalli maatra yashasviyaadalu. aake suttagaayagalinda maranahondidalu mattu nutt aadalu. kappu aaneya mele vedikeya mele nintiruva avalannu chithrisalaagide, avala balagai avala edeya mele hebberalu mattu toruberalina naduve plum mattu avala edagai avala pakkadallide. avalu mangada sangaatiyannu hondiddakkagi hesaruvasiyagiddale, schway minn wunn.

hanamdavgi hanamdavgi (,; lii. "shahee baheen"; jyala shwemyethna asehi mhanatat) hii bermies natschya devatanmadhil 37 natspacky eka aahe. tee maung tint dechi baheen mayat hlatchi nutt pratinidhitva aahe. paramparenusar, tee tagongchya rajachi ranee hotee. jevha tine ticha bhau tinde jiwant jalatana pahila, tevha tee aagit udee marley, parantu fakt tyache doke vachavanyat tee yashasvi jhaali. tee tichya jalalyamule maran pavali aanee tee eka naag bunley. tee eka kalya hattivar eka vyaspithavar ubhi, ticha ujava haat tichya chhativar, tichya angatha aanee tarjanichya botat manuka aanee ticha dawa haat tichya bajula asalyache chitrit kele aahe. tee eka makad sathidar, shwe miin woon asanyasathi dekhil olakhali jaate.

hanamadogyi hanamadogyi (,; shabdik rupma. "shahi bahini"; jaslai swemeithna pani bhaninchha) bermi panthian aff natama 37 nataharu madhye ek how. uni mayung tint deki bahini myat halako nutt pratinidhitwa hun. paramparaanusar uni tagaungka rajaki rani thiin. jab unle afno bhai tindelai jiwit jaleko dekhe, uni agoma ufrin thalin, tara unko tauko matra bachauna safal bhain. uni jaleko karan marey rar nutt banin. unlai callo hattimathi manchama ubhieko, unko dahine haat unko chhatima unko aunlaa rar tarjaniko bichma plum rar unko bayan haat unko chheuma chitrit garieko chha. uni baandarko sathi, swe minn wanka lagi pani parichit chhin.

hanamadawagi hanamadaugi (,; aakhyarika arthare. "rajkiah bhaunee"; jaahaa swemeithana bhabare madhya janashuna) bermiz panthion off natsar 37 tii naat madhyaru anyatama . shay maang tint denka bhaunee myat hlanka naata pratinidhitwa karanti . parampra anujai, shay tagaungara rajanka raanee thile. jetebele shay taanka bhai tintenku jibanta jalijaithiba dekhile, shay niaan bhitaraku dein padithile, kintu kebala taanka mundaku banchaibare saphala hoithile. shay podi hoi mrutyubarana kale ebong eka naata hoigale . shay eka manchare eka kalaa haatee upare thia hoithiba chitrita hoichhi, taanka dahana haata taanka chhatire taanka anguli ebong tarjani anguli madhyare eka plum sahita, ebong taanka baama haata taanka parsware . shay eka mankada saathee, swe mean wann paain madhya janashuna .

hanamdavgi hanamdavgi (; litt. "shaahi bhainn"; jiss noon shwemethna vee kiha jaanda haii) barmeez panthian aaf nats dey 37 nats vicchon ikk haii. uh mong tint dee dee bhainn, mait haala dee nait numaindagi haii. parampra anusar, uh tagaoong dey raaje dee raanee see. jadon uss neey aapne bharaa tinde noon jinda sadade vekhiaa, taan uh agg witch chhaal maar gaee, parr siraf uss daa sir bachaun witch kamyab rahee. uh aapne jalann caarn marr gaee atey ikk nait bann gaee. uss noon ikk kaale haathi utte ikk munch utte khadhi, uss daa sajja hatth uss dee chhaati utte uss dey anguthe atey tarjani dey vichkaar ikk palam naal atey uss daa khabba hatth uss dey paase darsaiaa giaa haii. uh ikk bandar saathi, shave minn vann laee vee jaanhi jaandi haii.

hanaamadogyaa hanaamadaavagee (,; litt. "rajbhangi"; shvemyetnaa iti namna api prasiddha) barmees-naat-deva-mandale 37 naat-madhye anyatama asti. saa maung tint dey ityasyaah bhaginyaah maayat hlaa ityasyaah naat-pratinidhitvam asti. paramparanusaram saa tagang-raajnah raajnee aasit. yadaa saa svabhrata tinte ityenam jeevantvaa jwaalayitum vilokya, saa agnyaam udvelayat, parantu kevalam tasya shiraha rakshayitum samarthavatee. saa swajwalanaat mriyata, naat iti abhavat. saa krushnagandheh upari manche upasthitah, tasyaah dakshinahastah stanasya upari angushta-tarjaneeyoh madhye plum ityanena saha, tasyaah vaamahastah cha paarshve chitritam asti. saa shve minn vann iti vaanarasahacharasya krute api prasiddha asti.

hanaamadavgi hanaamadavgi (,; litt. "arasa chakoothari"; shwemetna endrum azhaikkappadugiraar) naattukalin parmiya paanthiyanil ulla 37 notsil ontraakum. avar mayung dint dii-yinn sagoathariyaana miat hlaa-vinn naat pirathinithiththuvam aavaar. bhaarambariyaththin puddy, avar tagaong mannarin raaniyaaga irunthaar. thanathu cakootharar dinte uyirudan erikkappattathaik kandapoathu, aval neruppil kuthiththaal, aanaal avarathu thalaiyai mattumae kaappaattra mudinthathu. aval theekkaayangkalaal iranththu oru naat aanaar. aval oru karuppu yaanaiyin meethu oru maedaiyil nindru, avaludaiya valathu kaii maarpil avarathu kattaiviral mattrum kuriyeettu viralukku idaiyil oru pilam mattrum avarathu idathu kaii pakkavaattil siththarikkappattullathu. aval oru kurangu thoazhar, shwe minn vunn kondiruppadharkum ariyappadugiraal.

namadogi hanamadogi (,; litt. "raaja sodari"; shwemitna anie kooda pilustaaru) nots yokka barmis panthionloni 37 naatlalo okati. aame mayang tint day sodari mayat hlaa yokka naata praatinidhyam. sampradaayam prakaram, aame tagung rajuku raani. thana sodarudu tinde sajeevamgaa kaalipovadaanni chusinappudu, aame mantaloki dhooki, athani talanu matrame rakshinchagaligindi. aame kaalina gaayaalato maraninchi naatayyindi. aame oka nalla enugu meeda vedikapai nilabadi, aame kudi chetini aame chaatiipai botanavelu mariyu chuupudu vaeliki madhya plum thoo, mariyu aame edama chetini aame pakkana chithreekarinchabadindi. aame oka kothi sahacharudini kaligi undataaniki kooda prasiddhi chendindi, shwe minn vunn.

hanamadawagai hamdawagayi (yee vovo lafzi. "shaahi behan" vovo jasay shomithna bhee kahaa jaataa hay) barmi painthiyon aaf neets kay 37 neets mein say eek hay. wah mong tint ddee kii behan miyat hallah kii nutt numaindagi karti hay. rawayat kay mutabiq wah tagong kay baadshah kii malkah thee. jabb iss nay apnay bhayee tanday kuu zindah jalatay dekha tuu wah aag mein chhalang lagaa dee leakin sarf iss kaa sarr bachanay mein kamiyab rahee. wah jalnay say marr gayee aur eek nutt bunn gayee. asay eek seeyah haathi parr eek stage parr khadee dikhaya gayaa hay iss kaa dayaan haath iss kay seenay parr angothay aur angli kay darmiyan bair kay saath aur iss kaa bayaan haath iss kay saath dikhaya gayaa hay. wah eek bandar saathi show minn winn kay liye bhee jaanee jaati hay.

fffdde1fbef0613d404ea69cacaafe039343adb88c33e19daddd93a5fb095e51

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20919490

Andreas Wank

Andreas Wank German ski jumper Andreas Wank (; born 18 February 1988) is a German former ski jumper who competed at World Cup level from 2004 to 2019. He currently works in a supporting role as part of the German national ski jumping team. Early career. Wank began early on with ski jumping. At only 12 years old, he won the 2000 German schools championship (Deutsche Schülermeisterschaft). In 2001, he reached 3rd place in the Schülercup in the overall standings. He also earned 3rd place in the overall standings of the Germany Cup. In 2002, he was on the team for the German Championships. He won the silver medal in the team competition. A year later he started again in junior ranking and became German Vice-Junior Champion. In addition, he again reached 3rd Place in the overall standings of the Germany Cup. Later career. From 2004, Wank started in the Continental Cup and achieved in his second jump in Rovaniemi, with his first podium place 3. Then Wank was in the National Group for World Cup jumping in Oberstdorf in the Four Hills Tournament 2004–05. In his first jump in the highest ski-series, he reached 45th Place. In 2005, he made German Junior Champion in singles and was also on the team. At the German Senior championships, he finished sixth overall. In 2007, his team won the gold medal at the German championships. On 27 February 2008 he placed 1st in Poland's Zakopane in the junior world champion in singles, the biggest success of his career. Two days later, he also won the title in the team jumping. In the season 2008–2009 he first belonged to the A-national squad for the World Cup ski jumping. In the end, he reached the 59th Place in the World Cup overall standings. On 19 July 2009 Wank won the individual competition of the German championship in ski jumping in Garmisch-Partenkirchen with complete surprise jumps of 135 meters and 139 meters in front of Michael Neumayer and Michael Uhrmann. His previous best finish in an individual jump, which he reached in the summer Grand Prix on 3 October 2009 in Klingenthal, was the 7th place. He announced he was retiring from Ski Jumping via his Instagram page. His final jump was on 27 July 2019. Personal life. Wank is originally from Domnitz in Saxony-Anhalt. Since the age of ten he has lived in Oberhof, where he graduated from a sports school in 2007. In March 2008, he enrolled at the university of Ansbach to study international management in a program that has been adapted to the HS Anspach and designed specifically for top athletes.

andreas wangko andreas wangko (; jonmo 18 february 1988) ejon german prakton ski jumpor jiye 2004 sonor poraa 2019 sonoloike biswokap porzayot protidondita korisil. teu bortoman german rastriyo ski jumping dolor ongxo hisape xohayok bhumikat kaam kore. prarombhik keriyar. wangko aarombho hoisil skee jumpingore. maatro 12 bosor boyoxot teu 2000 sonor german skool championswip (doiche swolermistersaft) joy korisil. 2001 sonot teu xamogrik storot schoolrokapot tritiyo sthanot uponeet hoisil. germany kaapor xamogrik storot teu tritiyo sthan laabh korisil. 2002 sonot teu german championswipor baabe dolot aasil. dolgoto protijugitat teu rupor podok laabh korisil. ebosoror pisot teu punor juniyor ranking aarombho korisil aaru german bhaix juniyor champion hoisil. iyar uporiu, teu germany kaapor xamogrik storot punor tritiyo sthanot uponeet hoisil. poroborti keriyar. 2004 sonor poraa wengke mohadexiyo kaapot aarombho kori rubhanimit teur dwitiyo jampot prothom podiyam sthan 3 ror xoite orjon korisil. taar pisot wengke sarita paahar protijugitakhonot oberstodorfot biswokap jumpingor baabe rastriyo dolot aasil. xorbuscho ski-sirijot teur prothom jampot teu teu sthanot uponeet hoisil. 2005 sonot teu ekok khelot german juniyor champion hoisil aaru logote doltutu aasil. german siniyar championswipot teu xamogrikbhabe xostho sthan laabh korisil. 2007 sonot teur doltuwe german championswipot sworno podok laabh korisil. 2008 sonor 27 februaryt teu ekok xakhat juniyor biswo champion hisape poo 'lendor jakupanet 1moo sthan laabh korisil, jitu teur karrier ataitkoi dangor xofolota aasil. dudinor pisot teu dolor jumpingor khitapou joy korisil. sijon 2008-2009 too teu prothome biswokap ski jumpingor baabe e-rastriyo dolor xodosyo aasil. xexot teu biswokapor xamogrik sthitir sthitir sthanot uponeet hoy. 2009 sonor 19 julyte wengke michael newmayer aaru michael urmenor xonmukhot 135 mitter aaru 139 mitaror xompurno aasorit jumpor xoite garmis-partenkirsenot ski jumpingor german championswipor byoktigoto protijugitat joylabh korisil. 2009 sonor 3 octoborot clingnethalot grand prix grishmokalot uponeet huwa byoktigoto jampot teur purbor shrestho xomapti aasil 7moo sthan. teu nijor instagram pejor joriyote skee jumpingor poraa owoxor grohon korar kotha ghuxona korisil. teur ontim laaf aasil 2019 sonor 27 julyte. byoktigoto jiwan. wangko mulotoh sexoni-enhultor dodd 'monitzor poraa aahise. doh bosor boyoxor poraa teu oh 'baaroh'foto baax kori aahise, zo 'too teu 2007 sonot ekhon krira bidyaloyor poraa snatok degree laabh korisil. 2008 sonor march maahot teu eis. ess. enspasor xoite khaap khuwa aaru bixexbhabe xirxo kheluoixokolor baabe design koraa ek karzoxusit antohrastriyo byowosthapona odhyoyon koriboloi unsbakh biswobidyaloyot naambhorti korisil.

andreus wank andreus wank (; jonmo 18 february 1988) ekjon german praktan skii jumper jini 2004 theke 2019 saal porjonto vishwakap porjaye protidwondita korechilen. tini bortomane german jatiya skii jumping doler ongsho hisabe sahayak bhumikai kaaj korchen. prathomik karmajiban. wank skii jumping diye shuru hoyechilo. matro 12 bochor boyse, tini 2000 german school championship (doyeche schullermistershift) jitechilen. 2001 saale, tini samogrik standingye schoolercupe 3yoy sthane pouchechilen. tini germany kaaper samogrik standingye tritiya sthan orjon corren. 2002 saale tini german championshiper jonno doley chhilen. tini dolgoto protijogitai roupyo podok jitechilen. eka bochor porr tini abar junior ranking shuru corren ebong german vice-junior champion hohn. echhadao, tini abar germany kaaper samogrik standingye 3yoy sthane pouchechen. poroborti karmajiban. 2004 saal theke, wank mahadeshiya kaape shuru corren ebong rovaniemite taanr dwitiya luff diye prothom moncho sthan 3 orjon corren. tarpor wank phore hills turnamente oberstdorfe vishwakap jumpingyer jonno jatiya doley chhilen. sorbochcho skii-sirije taanr prothom luff diye tini 45tomo sthane pouchechilen. 2005 saale, tini ekok bibhage german junior champion hohn ebong doleo chhilen. german senior championshipe tini samogrikbhabe shostho sthan adhikar corren. 2007 saale taanr doll german championshipe swarnapadak jitechilo. 2008 saaler 27shhey february polyander jakopanete ekok bibhage junior bishwa champion hisebe prothom sthan adhikar corren, jaa taanr kormojiboner sabcheye borh safalya. doo 'deane porr, tini team jumping-err shiropao jitechilen. 2008-2009 morshume tini prothom vishwakap skii jumpingyer jonno ayee-jatiya doler antarbhukta chhilen. shesh porjonto, tini bishwokaper samogrik standingye 59tomo sthane pouche zaan. 19 julai 2009-ayee wank german championshiper byaktigato protijogitai garmish-partenkirchene 135 mitter ebong 139 mitter sampurna ashchorjojonok luff diye michael neumair ebong michael urmaner saamone skii jumpingye joylav corren. byaktigato luff diye taanr ager sera samapti, jaa tini clingenthale 3 octobor 2009-ayee grissokalin granned prixe pouchechilen, chhilo 7maum sthan. tini taar instagram pejer madhyome skii jumping theke abosar neoar ghoshana deena. taanr shesh luff chhilo 2019 saaler 27shhey julai. byaktigato jeebon. wank mulat saxony-unhulte domnitz theke eseche. dosho bochor boyce theke tini oberhofe bosobas korchen, jekhane tini 2007 saale ekti sportasa school theke snatok hohn. 2008 saaler march maase, tini aechs unspatcher saathe khaap khaiye neoa ebong biseshbhabe sheersho kridavidder jonno design koraa ekti programe antorjatik byabosthapona adhyayaner jonno ansbakh bishwobidyaloye bhorti hohn.

andress wenk andress wenk (; janm 18 februari 1988) aek german bhutpurv skii jumper chhe, jemane 2004 thee 2019 sudhee vishva cup stare bhaag leedho hato. teo haalmaa german raashtriy skii jumping teamnaa bhaag rupe sahayak bhoomikama kaama karey chhe. praarambhik karkirdi. venknee sharuaat skii jumpingthi thaee hatee. maatra 12 varshnee ummare, temane 2000 german schools championship (duesh schullermeisterschaft) jeetee hatee. hatee, teey coole maleene schoolrakapma trija sthaane pahonchyo hato. temane germany kapnaa ekandar standingma pann triju sthaan melavyu hatoo. hatoo teo german championship maate team hataa. temane team spardhama rajat chandrak jeetyo hato. aek varsh pachhi tene fareethi juniyar rankingma sharuaat curry aneey german wies-juniyar champiyan banyo. vadhumaa, teey fareethi germany kapnaa ekandar standingma trija sthaane pahonchyo. pachhini karkirdi. 2004 thee, venke khandeey kapmaa sharuaat curry aneey rovanimima tenee beejee koodako maareene, tenaa pratham podiyam sthaan 3 saathe haansal karyoo. pachhi wenk phora hills tournament 2004-05 maan oberstdorfma vishva cup koodako maarvaa maate raashtriy juthamaa hato. sauthee vadhu skii-shreneema tenee pratham koodako marvama, teey 45 maa sthaane pahonchyo. pahonchyo, temane singlesma german juniyar champiyan banaavya aneey teey team pann hataa. german siniyara champiyanshipma, teo ekandare chhaththa sthaane rahyaa hataa. temane temnee teame german champiyanshipma suvarn chandrak jeetyo hato. 27 februari februari roj tene singlesma juniyar vishva champiyanma polendnaa zakopenma pratham sthaan melavyu hatoo, jeey tenee karkidrini sauthee motee safalataa hatee. beey divas pachhi tene team jampingno khitaab pann jeetyo hato. seasonma 2008-2009 teey pratham vakhat vishva cup skii jumping maate aee-raashtriy team saamel hato. ante, teey vishva kapnee ekandar sthitioma sthitioma sthaane pahonchi gayo. 19 julai october roj venke michael newmayer aneey michael uharmenni saame 135 meater aneey 139 meterni sampoorn aashcharyajanak koodako saathe garmish-partenkirchenma skii jumpingma german champiyanshipni vyaktigat spardhaa jeetee hatee. vyaktigat koodma temnu agaaunu shreshth pradarshan, jeey teo 3 october october roj clinganthalma summer grand preeksma pahonchya hataa, teey teey sthaan hatoo. tene tenaa instagram pej dwara skii jampingmathi nivrutti levani jaaherat curry hatee. temno chhello koodako 27 julai julai roj hato. angat jeevan. wenk mool reete sexoni-enhaultma domnitzmanthi chhe. dass varshnee umarthi teo oberhofma rahe chhe, jyaan temane temane aek ramatgamat shalamathi snatakni padvi melvee hatee. march march, temane aech. aesa. enspekma anookool aneey khaas kareene tochnaa ramatveero maate rachaayel karykrama aantarrashtriy vyavsthapanno abhyaas karvaa maate unsback universityma pravesh melvyo hato.

andreas wank andress wank (; janm 18 farwari 1988) ack german poorv skii jumper hain jinhone 2004 seey 2019 taka vishva cup star parr pratispardha kii. way vartamaan mein german rashtriya skii jumping team key hisse key roop mein sahayak bhoomika mein kaam karate hain. praarambhik carrier. wenk kii shuruat skii jumping seey hui. kewal 12 saal kii umr mein, unhone 2000 german school championship (duche schullermeisterschaft) jeeti. 2001 mein, vaha samagr standing mein schoolercup mein teesare sthaan parr pahunch gaye. unhone germany cup kii samagr sthiti mein bhee teesara sthaan arjit kiya. 2002 mein, vaha german championship key liye team mein they. unhone team pratiyogita mein rajat padak jeetaa. ack saal baad unhone phir seey junier ranking mein shuruat kii aur german wies-junier champion bunn gaye. isake alawa, vaha phir seey germany cup kii samagr sthiti mein teesare sthaan parr pahunch gaye. baad mein currier. 2004 seey, wenk ney mahadvipiya cup mein shuruat kii aur rovanimi mein apani doosari kood mein hassil kiya, apane pahale podium sthaan 3 key saath. phir wenk chaar hills tournament 2004-05 mein oberstdorff mein vishva cup kood key liye rashtriya samooh mein thaa. uchchatam skii-shrinkhala mein apani pahali kood mein, vaha 45vein sthaan parr pahunch gaye. 2005 mein, unhone ekal mein german junier champion banaaya aur team mein bhee they. german senior championship mein, vaha kull milakar chhathe sthaan parr rahey. 2007 mein, unaki team ney german championship mein swarn padak jeetaa. 27 farwari 2008 koo unhone ekal mein junier vishva champion mein polland key zacopen mein pahala sthaan hassil kiya, joe unake currier kii sabse badee safalata thee. dou dinn baad, unhone team jumping mein khitaab bhee jeetaa. season mein 2008-2009 vaha pahali baar vishva cup skii jumping key liye ack-rashtriya team seey sambandhit they. anta mein, vaha vishva cup kii samagr sthiti mein 59vein sthaan parr pahunch gaye. 19 julaai 2009 koo wenk ney german championship kii vyaktigat pratiyogita mein garmish-partenkirchen mein skii jumping mein michael neumair aur michael urman key saamane 135 meater aur 139 meater kii poori aashcharyajanak kood key saath jeet hassil kii. vyaktigat kood mein unakaa pichla sarvshreshth pradarshan, joe unhone 3 octuber 2009 koo clinganthal mein grishmakaaleen grand prix mein kiya thaa, 7vaan sthaan thaa. unhone apane instagram pays key madhyam seey ghoshana kii kii vaha skii jumping seey sevaanivritt hoe rahey hain. unaki antim chhalang 27 julaai 2019 koo thee. vyaktigat jeevan. wank mool roop seey saxony-enhault mein domnitz seey haye. duss saal kii umr seey vaha oberhoff mein reh rahey hain, jahan unhone 2007 mein ack khel vidyalaya seey snaatak kiya thaa. march 2008 mein, unhone ack karyakram mein antarrashtriya prabandhan kaa adhyayan karane key liye ensback vishvavidyalaya mein dakhila liya jise hs enspack key liye anukoolit kiya gayaa haye aur vishesh roop seey sheersh athletes key liye design kiya gayaa haye.

andreus wank andreas wank (janana 18 phebravari 1988) germany maaji skee jigitagaararaagiddu, 2004 rinda 2019 ravarege vishwakap mattadalli spardhisiddare. avaru prastuta germany rashtriya skee jumping tandada bhagavagi poshaka patradalli kelasa maduttiddare. arambhika vrattijeevana. munchitavaagi skee jampingnondige wank praarambhavaayitu. kevala 12 varshadavanagiddaga, aata 2000 german school championship (duche schoolermistershaft) annu geddaru. geddaru, avaru ottare shreyankagalalli schoolerkapnalli 3neey sthaanavannu talupidaru. avaru germany kapna ottare shreyankagalalli 3neey sthaanavannu galisidaru. galisidaru, avaru german champiyanshipgagi tandadalliddaru. avaru tanda spardheyalli belli padakavannu geddaru. ondu varshada nantara avaru matte junier shreyankadalli praarambhisidaru mattu germany vais-junier champiyan aadaru. idallade, avaru germany kapna ottare shreyankagalalli matte 3neey sthaanavannu talupidaru. nantarada vrutti. vrutti, wank continental kapnalli praarambhisi, rovaniyemiyalli eradane jigitadalli tamma modala vedikeya sthana sthana sadhane maadidaru. nantara wank phore hills pandyaavaliyalli oberstdorfnalli nadeda vishwakap jigitakkagi rashtriya gumpinalliddaru. athi hecchu skee-saranialli tamma modala jigitadalli, avaru 45neey sthaanavannu talupidaru. talupidaru, avaru singalsnalli german junier champiyan aadaru mattu tandadalliddaru. german hiriya champiyanshipgalalli, avaru ottaareyaagi aarane sthana galisidaru. galisidaru, avara tandavu german champiyanshipnalli chinnada padakavannu geddukonditu. 2008rahra phebravari julai avaru singalsnalli junier vishwa champiyanshipnalli polendna jakopaneyalli 1neey sthaanavannu padedaru, idu avara vrattijeevanada atidodda yashassaagide. eradu dinagala nantara, avaru team jampingnalloo prashastiyannu geddaru. rtuvinalli avaru modala baarige vishwakap skee jampinggagi aa-rashtriya tandakke seridavaraagiddaru. koneyalli, avaru vishwakapna ottare shreyankadalli 59neey sthaanavannu talupidaru. 2009rahra julai julai, german championshipna vaiyaktika spardheyalli, garmish-partenkirchennalli nadeda skee jampingnalli, micheal neumayor mattu micheal urman avara munde 135 meater mattu 139 meetargala sampoorna acchariya jigitagalondige wank geddukondaru. vaiyaktika jigitadalli avara hindina atyuttama sadhane, avaru clingenthalnalli october 3,2009 randu besige grand prixonalli 7 neey sthana galisidaru. avaru tamma instagram putada moolaka skee jampingninda nivruttaraaguttiruvudaagi ghoshisidaru. 2019rahra julai julai avara koneya jigitavagittu. vaiyaktika jeevana. wank moolatah saxony-unhaultn domnitjninda bandide. hattu varsha vayassinavanagiddagininda avaru oberhafnalli vasisuttiddare, allie avaru 2007 ralli creeda shaaleyinda padavi padedaru. march 2008 ralli, avaru hs anspaachge alavadisikonda mattu nirdishtavagi unnata kridaapatugaligaagi vinyasagolisalada kaaryakramadalli antararashtriya nirvahaneyannu adhyayana maadalu unsback vishvavidyaalayakke serikondaru.

andrea vank andris vank (; janm 18 februwari 1988) haah eka german majee skii jumper aahe, jyane 2004 teey 2019 yaa kalat vishvachashak staravar spardha kelee. too sadhya german rashtriy skii jumping sanghacha bhag mhanoon sahayyak bhoomiket kaam karato. prarambhik karkird. vonkachi suruvat skii jumpingne jhaali. vayachya keval 12 vya varshi tyane 2000 german shaala ajinkyapad spardha (duesh schullermisterschaft) jinkley. 2001 madhye, too ekoon kramvarit skoolrakapmadhye tisya sthanavar pohochala. tyane germany chashak spardhechya ekoon kramvarit dekhil tisare sthan midavale. 2002 madhye too german ajinkyapad spardhesathi sanghat hota. tyane sanghik spardhet raupyapadak jinkale. eka varshanantar tyane punha kanishth kramvarit suruvat kelee aanee german up-kanishth vijeta banala. yavyatirikt, too punha germany chashak spardhechya ekoon kramvarit tisya sthanavar pohochala. nantarchi karkird. 2004 pasoon, wankney khandiy chashak spardhet suruvat kelee aanee rovanimimadhye tyachya dusya udimadhye, tyachya pahilya podiyam sthanasah 3. nantar wank phoor hills spardhet oberstdorfmadhye vishvachashak udee marnyasathi rashtriy gatat hota. sarvoch skii-maliketil tyachya pahilya udimadhye, too 45 vya sthanavar pohochala. 2005 madhye, tyane ekereet german kanishth vijetepad patkavale aanee too sanghatahi hota. german varishtha ajinkyapad spardhet too ekoon sahavya sthanavar rahila. 2007 madhye, tyachya sanghane german ajinkyapad spardhet suvarnapadak jinkale. 27 februwari 2008 roji tyane polandachya zakopanemadhye ekeritil kanishth vishvavijetepadamadhye pratham sthan midavale, jeey tyachya karkirditil sarvat mothe yash hote. done divasannantar tyane team jumpingche vijetepadahi jinkale. 2008-2009 hangamat too pahilyanda vishvachashak skii jampingsathi aii-rashtriy sanghashi sambandhit hota. akheris, too vishvachashakatil ekoon kramvarit 59 vya sthanavar pohochala. 19 julai 2009 roji, wankney german ajinkyapad spardhetil vaiyaktik spardha, garmish-partenkirchenmadhye, 135 meater aanee 139 meterchya aashcharyakarak udisah, michael neumair aanee michael urman yanchyapudhe, jinkley. vaiyaktik udimadhye tyane yapurvi keleli sarvottam kamgiri, jee tyane 3 aktoobar 2009 roji clinganthal yethe jhalelya unhali grand prixmadhye gathali hotee, tee 7vya sthanavar hotee. tyane tyachya instagram pejdware skii jampingmadhun nivrutti ghet asalyachi ghoshana kelee. 27 julai 2019 roji tyachi shevatchi udee hotee. vaiyaktik jeevan. wank heey moolatah saxony-enhaltmadhil domnitzche aahe. vayachya dahavya varshapasoon too oberhoffmadhye rahat aahe, jithe tyane 2007 madhye creeda shaletoon padvi prapt kelee. march 2008 madhye, tyane etch. ess. unspackshee julavun ghetalelya aanee visheshtah avval kheladunsathi tayar kelelya karyakramat aantarrashtriy vyavasthapanacha abhyas karnyasathi unsback vidyapithat pravesh ghetala.

andrees wank andreas wank (; janma 18 februari 1988) jane german purbatana ski jampara jie 2004 ru 2019 parjyanta biswakap starare pratidwandita karithile. shay bartamana german jatiah ski jamping dalara ansha bhabare sahajaka bhumikare karjya karanti . prarambhika kyariyara. wanka ski jumping sahita arambha hoithila . maatra 12 barsha bajasare shay 2000 german skula championship (duche schoolermeisterschaft) jitithile. 2001 ray, shay samagrika standingre schoolerkpare truteeja sthanare pahanchithile. germany kapra samagrika manyatare madhya shay truteeja sthana hassel karithile. 2002 masihare shay german championship paain dalare thile. dalgat pratijogitare shay roupya padaka jitithile. eka barsha parey shay puni juniara rankingare arambha karithile ebong german bhais-junier champion hoithile. ehaa byatita, shay germany kapra samagrika manyatare puni truteeja sthanare pahanchithile. parabarti carrier. 2004 masiharu, wanka mahadeshiah kapre arambha karithile ebong rovaniemire tankara dwiteeja lamphare pratham podiam sthana 3 sahita hassel karithile. taa 'parey wanka chaari pahad turnament 2004-05 ray oberstdorfre biswakap lumph paain jatiah dalare thile. sarbocha ski-sirijare tankara pratham lamphare, shay 45 tama sthanare pahanchithile. 2005 ray, shay singalsare german juniara champion hoithile ebong dalare madhya thile . german siniara champianasipare shay samagrika bhabe shastha sthanare rahithile. ରହିଥିଲେ। taanka dala german championshipre swarna padaka jitithila. 27 februari 2008 ray shay singalsare juniara biswa champion bhabare polander jakopanere 1maha sthana paithile, jaahaa taanka carriara sabutharu budd saphalata . dui deane parey shay dala jampingre madhya title jitithile. ehi ruture, pratham thara paain shay biswakap ski jumping paain aii-jatiah dalare samil hoithile. sheshare shay biswakap samagrika manyatare manyatare sthanare pahanchithile. 19 july 2009 ray wanka german championshipra byaktigata pratijogitare garmish-partenkirchen ray ski jampingre michael neumair ebong michael uhramanka samnare 135 mitter ebong 139 meterer sampurna ashcharjyajanaka jump sahita jitithile. byaktigata lump ray tankara purba shrestha samapti, jaahaa shay 3 october 2009 ray klingenthalare grishma grand prick ray pahanchithile, 7maha sthana thila . shay taanka instagram pages jariaare ski jampingru absar ghoshana karichanti. tankara shesh lumph thila 2019 july 27 ray. byaktigata zeeban. wanka moolatah saxony-unhaultre domanitjaru aasichhi . dasha barsha bajasaru shay oberhofre rahuchanti, jeunthare shay 2007 masihare eka krida bidyalajaru snataka hassel karithile. march march shay unsback biswabidyalajare eka karjyakramare antarjatija parichalana adhyajana kariba paain naama lekhaithile jaahaa etch. ess. unspack sahita khap khuaichi ebong bisesh curry shirsha athaletmananka paain design karajaichi.

andreus vainak andreus vainak (; janam 18 farvari 1988) ikk german sabka skii jumper haii jiss neey 2004 toon 2019 takk vishav kapp paddhar 'teey hissa liaa. uh varatman witch german rashtari skii jumping team dey hisse vajon sahaik bhumika witch kamm karda haii. shuruati carrier. vainak dee shuruat skii jumping naal hoee. siraf 12 saal dee umar witch, usne 2000 german school championship (duesh schoolermistershaft) jitti. sann 2001 witch, uh samucchi sathiti witch schoolercup witch teeje sathaan utte pahunch giaa. uss neey germany kapp dee samucchi sathiti witch vee teeja sathaan haasal keeta. sann 2002 witch uh german championship laee team witch sunn. unhan neey team mukabale witch chaandi daa tagma jittiaa. ikk saal baad uss neey junier ranking witch dubara shuruat keeti atey german vice-junier champion bann giaa. iss toon ilava, uh germany kapp dee samucchi sathiti witch firr toon teeje sathaan 'teey pahunch giaa. baad witch carrier. 2004 toon, vainak neey mahandeepi kapp witch shuruat keeti atey rovanimi witch aapni duji chhaal witch aapna pahila podium sathaan 3 naal haasal keeta. firr vainak fore hills tournament 2004-05 witch oberstdorf witch vishav kapp chhaal laee rashtari samooh witch see. sabh toon ucchi skii-seereez witch aapni pahili chhaal witch, uh 45ven sathaan 'teey pahunch giaa. sann 2005 witch, uss neey singles witch german junier champion banaiaa atey uh team witch vee see. german senior championship witch, uh kull milaa keey chheven sathaan 'teey riha. sann 2007 witch, uss dee team neey german championship witch soone tagma jittiaa see. 27 farvari 2008 noon uss neey singles witch junier vishav champion witch poland dey zacopane witch pahila sathaan haasal keeta, joe uss dey crear dee sabh toon vaddi safalta see. doou dinan baad, unhan neey team jumping daa khitab vee jittiaa. season 2008-2009 witch uh pahili vaar vishav kapp skii jumping laee aii-rashtari team naal sabandhat see. ant witch, uh vishav kapp dee samucchi sathiti witch 59ven sathaan 'teey pahunch giaa. 19 julai 2009 noon vainak neey german championship daa viaktigat mukabala germisch-partenkirchen witch 135 meeter atey 139 meeter dee puurii heranijanak chhaal naal michael neumair atey michael urman dey sahmane jittiaa. viaktigat chhaal witch uss daa pichla sarbottam pardarshan, joe uh 3 aktubar 2009 noon clinganthal witch garmiaan dey grand prix witch pahunchiaa see, 7vaan sathaan see. uss neey aapne instagram pej raahin skii jumping toon sanyas lainn daa ailaan keeta. uss dee aakhri chhaal 27 julai 2019 noon see. nijji jeevan. venk mool roop witch donitz toon saxony-enhault witch haii. dass saal dee umar toon uh oberhof witch rahi riha haii, jitthe usne 2007 witch ikk khed school toon graduation keeti see. march 2008 witch, usne ikk program witch antarashtari parbandhan daa adhiaen curran laee ensback university witch dakhla liaa jiss noon hs enspatch dey anukool banaiaa giaa haii atey vishesh taur 'teey choti dey athleetan laee tiaar keeta giaa haii.

andreas vaank andreas vaank (; janma 18 februvari 1988) ekaha german-deshasya poorva-skee-jampar asti yah 2004 taha 2019 paryantam vishvakap-stare spardhaam akarot. saha samprati german-deshasya rashtriya-skee-jamping-dalasya bhagarupena sahaayak-bhumikaayaam karyam karoti. prarambhikam vruttijeevanam. vaank iti skee-jamping ityanena saha praarambham abhavat. kevalam 12 varshe eva saha 2000 tame varshe german-vidyaalaya-chaampiyanship (dueshley schoolermesterschaft) jitavaan. 2001 tame varshe saha samagra-sthanam schoolercup-kridaayaam trutiyasthanam praapnot. saha germany-cup-kreedaayaah samagra-sthanamkasya madhye api trutiyasthanam praptavan. 2002 tame varshe saha german-chaampiyanship-krute dale aasit. saha dalaspardhayam rajatpadakam praptavan. ekavarshaanantaram saha punah kanishtashrenyaam aarabhy german-deshasya upa-kanishta-vijeto abhavat. tadatiriktam, saha punah germany-cup-kreedaayaah samagra-sthanamkasya trutiyasthanam praapnot. pashchat vruttihi. 2004 tame varshe, vaank-varyaha mahadvipiya-cup-kridaayaam aarabhat, rovanimi-kridaayaam dwiteeya-jamp-kridaayaam prathama-podiyam-sthaanam 3 ityanena saha praptavan, tatah vaank-varyaha fore-hills-tournament-2004-05 ityasmin oberst-darf-nagare vishvakap-jamping-krute rashtriya-samoohe aasit. sarvoccha-skee-shrunkhalaayaam prathama-jamp-kridaayaam saha 45 tamam sthaanam praapnot. 2005 tame varshe saha german-deshasya kanishta-vijetam ekakeshu eva krutavaan, tathaa cha dale api aasit. german-varishta-pratiyogitaasu saha samagratayaa shashtam sthaanam praptavan. 2007 tame varshe tasya dalah german-chaampiyanship-kridaayaam swarnapadakam praapnot. 2008 februvari 27 dinaanke saha polyand-deshasya zaakopen-kridaayaam singles-kridaayaam kanishtavishvavijetru-rupena prathamastham praptavan, yat tasya vruttijeevanasya bruhattamaa safalataa aasit. divasadvayaanantaram saha da-jamping-ityasmin upaadhim api praapnot. 2008-2009 ityasmin rutau saha prathamam vishvakap-skee-jamping-krute e-rashtriya-dale aasit. ante saha vishvakap-samagra-sthanamkasya 59 tamam sthaanam praapnot. 19 julai 2009 dinaanke wark-varyaha german-chaampiyanship-kreedaayaah vyaktigataspardhaayaam gaarmish-partenakirchen-kridaayaam skee-jamping ityasmin 135 meater-yaavat, 139 meater-yaavat cha mckell newmayer tathaa mckell urman ityetayoho sammukhe cha purnataya aashcharyakar-jamp-dwara vijayam praapnot. vyaktigata-jamp-kridaayaam tasya poorvatamah sarwottamah samaaptih, yat saha 3 october 2009 dinaanke klingenthal-nagare greeshmakaaleen-grand-pricks-kridaayaam praptavan, saha 7 tamah aasit. saha swasya instagram-prushtasya madhyamena skee-jamping-taha nivruttah iti ghoshayat. tasya antimah koordanam 2019 julai 27 dinaanke aasit. vyaktigatajeevanam. vaank moolatah saxony-enhault ityasmin domnitz-ityasya asti. dashavarshaat aarabhy saha oberhoff-nagare nivasati, yatra saha 2007 tame varshe creedaa-vidyaalayaat snaatakapadaveem praptavan. 2008 tame varshe maarch-maase, saha ess ess-enn-spaach-krute abhiyojitam, visheshatayaa shirsha-kridapatunam krute parikalpitam cha kaaryakrame antarashtriya-vyavasthaapanasya adhyayanartham ess-baach-vishvavidyaalaye namankanam krutavaan.

andreas vaank andreas vaank (prappu pipravari 18,1988) oru jerman munnaal panicharukku jumber aavaar, avar 2004 muthal 2019 varai ulagak kooppai mattaththil poattiyittaar. avar tharpoothu jerman thaesiya panicharukku jumping aniyin oru paguthiyaaga thunaip paaththiraththil paniyaattrukiraar. aarambagaala thozhil. vaank aarambaththil panicharukku kudhiththe thodangiyathu. 12 vayathil, avar 2000 jerman palli saambiyanshippai ventraar (diyush schoolermistershoft). 2001 aam aandil, avar ottumoththa tharavarisaiyil schoolergappil 3 vadhu idaththai adainthaar. jermani kooppaiyin ottumoththa tharavarisaiyilum avar 3 vadhu idaththaip pettraar. 2002 aam aandil, avar jerman saambiyanshippukkaana aniyil irunthaar. avar anii poattiyil vellip pathakkam ventraar. oru varudam kaliththu avar meendum juuniyar tharavarisaiyil thodangi jerman thunai juuniyar saambiyanaanaar. koodudhalaaga, avar meendum jermani kooppaiyin ottumoththa tharavarisaiyil 3 vadhu idaththai adainthaar. pinnar thozhil. 2004 muthal, vaank kandak kooppaiyil thodangi, rovanimiyil thanathu irandaavathu jambil thanathu muthal maedaiyil 3 vadhu idaththudan saathiththaar. pinnar vaank naanku hills poattiyil ooparstoarppil ulagak kooppai jambingirkaana thaesiya kuzhuvil irunthaar. miga uyarnththa skai-thodaril thanathu muthal jambil, avar 45 vadhu idaththai adainthaar. 2005 aam aandil, avar ottraiyar pirivil jerman juuniyar saambiyanaaga aanaar, maelum aniyil irunthaar. jerman mooththa saambiyanshippil, avar ottumoththamaaga aaraavathu idaththaip pidiththaar. 2007 aam aandil, avarathu anii jerman saambiyanshippil thangap pathakkam ventrathu. pipravari 27,2008 andru avar poalanthin jagobanil juuniyar ulaga saambiyanaana ottraiyar pirivil 1 vadhu idaththaip pidiththaar, idhu avarathu vaazhkkaiyin migapperiya vetrtriyaagum. irandu naatkalukkup piragu, avar anii kuthiththathil pattaththaiyum ventraar. 2008-2009 paruvaththil avar muthalil ulagak kooppai panicharukku kuthiththalukkaana thaesiya aniyil irunthaar. iruthiyil, avar ulagak kooppaiyin ottumoththa tharavarisaiyil 59 vadhu idaththai adainthaar. juulai 19,2009 andru karmish-partenkisonil panicharukku kuthiththathil jerman saambiyanshippin thanipatta poattiyil vaank michael numair mattrum michael urman aakiyoarukku munnaal 135 meettar mattrum 139 meettar muzhu aachariyamaana jambkaludan ventraar. october 3,2009 andru clinkenthalil nadantha koadai grand brixil avar adaintha oru thanipatta kuthaththil avarathu munththaiya sirantha mudivu 7 vadhu idamaagum. avar thanathu instagram pakkam moolam panicharukku kuthiththalil irunthu oaivu peruvathaaka arivitthaar. avarathu kadaisi thaanduthal juulai 27,2019 andru irunththathu. thanipatta vaazhkkai. vaank muthalil saxony-unhaultil ulla tomnitzil irunthu varukirathu. paththu vayathilirunthae avar oberhoppil vasiththu varukiraar, angku avar 2007 aam aandil oru vilayaattu pallyil pattam pettraar. maarch 2008 ill, avar hs anspaakkirku aerpa maattriyamaikkappattu, kurippaaga sirantha vilayaattu veerargalukkaaga vadivamaikappatta oru thittaththil sarvadesa nirvaagaththaip padikka unsback palkalaikkazhagaththil saernthaar.

andrea wank andreas wank (jananam 18 fibravari 1988) 2004 nundi 2019 varaku prapancha cup sthaayilo pootii chesina german maajee skii jumper. athanu prastutam german jaateeya skii jumping jattulo bhaagamgaa sahayaka paatralo panicheestunnaaru. prarambha vrutti. wank praarambhamlo skii jumpingto praarambhamaindi. kevalam 12 samvatsaraala vayassulo, athanu 2000 german schools championship (dueshe schullermister shaft) nuu geluchukunnadu. geluchukunnadu, athanu mottam standingslo schoolercuploo 3va sthaanaaniki cherukunnadu. athanu germany cup mottam standingslo 3va sthaanaanni kooda sampaadinchaadu. sampaadinchaadu, athanu german championship jattulo unnadu. jattu pootiiloo rajata patakaanni geluchukunnadu. oka samvatsaram taruvaata athanu juuniyar rankinglo mallee praarambhinchi german vais-juuniyar chhampian ayyadu. adanamgaa, athanu germany cup yokka mottam standingslo mallee 3va sthaanaaniki cherukunnadu. taruvaata vrutti. 2004 nundi, wank continental kaplo praarambhinchi, rovanimilo thana rendava jump loe thana modati podium sthaanam 3 thoo saadhinchaadu. appudu wank phore hills tornament 2004-05 loe oberstdorflo prapancha cup jumping kosam jaateeya samuuhamloo unnadu. atyadhika skii-siriisloo thana modati jump loe, athanu 45 va sthaanaaniki cherukunnadu. cherukunnadu, athanu singleslo german juuniyar champiyanga nilichaadu mariyu jattulo kooda unnadu. german senior chhampiyanshiplo, athanu mottam meeda aarava sthaanamlo nilichaadu. athanu, athani jattu german chhampiyanshiplo bangaaru patakaanni geluchukundi. 27 fibravari 2008naa athanu singleslo juuniyar prapancha champiyanga polland jacopanelo 1va sthaanamlo nilichaadu, idhi athani kereerlo atipedda vijayam. rendu rojula taruvaata, athanu jattu jumpinglo taitil kooda geluchukunnadu. seasonlo 2008-2009 athanu modata prapancha cup skii jumping kosam eah-jaateeya jattuku chendinavaadu. chivariki, athanu prapancha cup mottam standingslo 59va sthaanaaniki cherukunnadu. 19 juulai 2009naa, german championship vyaktigata pootiiloo garmish-partenkirchenlo 135 meterlu mariyu 139 meterla puurti aascharyakaramaina jumpsto, maikhel neumayor mariyu maikhel urman mundu vaaktho vijayam saadhinchaadu. vyaktigata jump loe athani munupati uttama mugimpu, idhi athanu 3 october 2009naa clingenthallo jarigina summer grand prixlo 7va sthaanaaniki cherukunnadu. athanu thana instagram paejee dwara skii jumping nundi retair avutunnatlu prakatinchaadu. athani chivari jump 2019 juulai 27naa jarigindi. vyaktigata jeevitam. wank anedi modata saxony-unhaultlo domnitz nundi vachindi. padhi samvatsaraala vayassu nundi athanu oberhoflo nivasinchaadu, akkada athanu athanu oka creeda paatasaala nundi pattabhadrudayyaadu. marchi marchi, athanu hchs unspocku anugunamgaa mariyu pratyaekamgaa agrashreni athletla kosam roopondinchina oka kaaryakramamlo antarjaateeya nirvahananu adhyayanam cheyadaaniki unsbatch vishwavidhyaalayamlo cheraadu.

andress wank andress wank (vovo paidaish 18 faroori 1988) eek german saabiq iski jampar hay jiss nay 2004 say 2019 takk world cup kii satah parr hasah liyaa. wah phee alhaal german national iski jumping team kay hasay kay toor parr maawan kirdaar mein kaam kartaa hay. ibtadayi carrier. venk kaa aaghaz iski jumping say hawaa. sarf 12 saal kii amar mein inhon nay 2000 german school champine ship (deoshay sholermistershaft) jeeti. 2001 mein wah majmuyi toor parr stending mein scholarcup mein teesre maqaam parr pahunch gayey. inhon nay germani cup kii majmuyi haisiyat mein bhee teesri position haasil kii. 2002 mein wah german champine ship kay liye team mein thay. inhon nay team muqabilay mein chaandi kaa tamgha jeeta. eek saal baad inhon nay juniyar renking mein dobarah sharoaat kii aur german waais juniyar champine bunn gayey. iss kay alawah wah germani cup kii majmuyi haisiyat mein eek baar phir teesre maqaam parr pahunch gayey. baad mein carrier. 2004 say venk nay continental cup mein sharoaat kii aur rawanimi mein apnee dosri chhalang mein apnee pehli podium position 3 kay saath kamiyabi haasil kii. phir venk four hilz tornament 2004-05 mein oberstdorf mein world cup chhalang kay liye qomi grop mein thaa. sabb say ziyadah iski seerez mein apnee pehli chhalang mein wah 45 wein maqaam parr pahunch gayaa. 2005 mein inhon nay singles mein german juniyar champine banaya aur wah team mein bhee thay. german seniyar champine ship mein wah majmuyi toor parr chhatay number parr rahay. 2007 mein inn kii team nay german champine ship mein talayi tamgha jeeta. 27 faroori 2008 kuu inhon nay singles mein juniyar world champine mein poland kay zakopin mein pehla maqaam haasil kiyaa juu inn kay carrier kii sabb say bury kamiyabi thee. duu dunn baad inhon nay team jumping kaa khataab bhee jeeta. seezan mein 2008-2009 wah pehli baar world cup iski jumping kay liye aey-national schwad say taaluq rakhtay thay. aakhir mein wah world cup kii majmuyi haisiyat mein 59 wein maqaam parr pahunch gayey. 19 jolayi 2009 kuu wank nay german champine ship kaa infiradi muqabilah jeeta jiss mein garmisch-partenkerchan mein iski jumping mein michael numair aur michael eurman kay saamney 135 metter aur 139 metter kii makmal hairat angez chhalang kay saath jeeta. infiradi chhalang mein inn kaa pichla behtareen funsh juu wah 3 aktobar 2009 kuu klinganthaal mein summer grend perks mein pahuncha 7 waan maqaam thaa. inhon nay apnay instagram paij kay zariye aalaan kiyaa kahh wah iski jumping say retire how rahay haine. inn kii aakhri chhalang 27 jolayi 2019 kuu thee. zaati zindagi. venk asl mein sexoni-enhault mein dominates say hay. duss saal kii amar say wah obarhoof mein rahh rahay haine jehaan inhon nay 2007 mein eek sports school say graduation kii. maarch 2008 mein inhon nay eek aisey prograam mein beenn alaqwami intezam kaa mutalah karnay kay liye insabakh university mein daakhlah liyaa jasay aich aiss inspatch kay mutabiq dahaala gayaa hay aur khaas toor parr aalee khiladiyon kay liye design kiyaa gayaa hay.

fffddee357658df2e5746e759d332c50acfcf2b56d912b4bff2762603029002b

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=70198315

Hong Kong Songs

Hong Kong Songs Billboard Hong Kong Songs chart The Hong Kong Songs is a record chart that ranks the best-performing songs in Hong Kong since February 2022. Published by Billboard magazine, the data are compiled by MRC Data based collectively on each single's weekly digital streaming and download sales. It was announced on February 14, 2022, as part of "Billboard"'s Hits of the World chart collection, ranking the top 25 songs weekly in more than 40 countries around the globe. Every Tuesday, a new chart is compiled and officially released to the public on its website. Each chart is dated with the "week-ending" date of the Saturday four days later. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23065889

Forest floor

Forest floor Layer of the forest ecosystem above the soil composed of primarily non-living organic material The forest floor, also called detritus or duff, is the part of a forest ecosystem that mediates between the living, aboveground portion of the forest and the mineral soil, principally composed of dead and decaying plant matter such as rotting wood and shed leaves. In some countries, like Canada, forest floor refers to L, F and H organic horizons. It hosts a wide variety of decomposers and predators, including invertebrates, fungi, algae, bacteria, and archaea. The forest floor serves as a bridge between the above ground living vegetation and the soil, and thus is a crucial component in nutrient transfer through the biogeochemical cycle. Leaf litter and other plant litter transmits nutrients from plants to the soil. The plant litter of the forest floor (or L horizon) prevents erosion, conserves moisture, and provides nutrients to the entire ecosystem. The F horizon consists of plant material in which decomposition is apparent, but the origins of plant residues are still distinguishable. The H horizon consists of well-decomposed plant material so that plant residues are not recognizable, with the exception of some roots or wood. The nature of the distinction between organisms "in" the soil and components "of" the soil is disputed, with some questioning whether such a distinction exists at all. The majority of carbon storage and biomass production in forests occurs below ground. Despite this, conservation policy and scientific study tends to neglect the below-ground portion of the forest ecosystem. As a crucial part of soil and the below-ground ecosystem, the forest floor profoundly impacts the entire forest. Much of the energy and carbon fixed by forests is periodically added to the forest floor through litterfall, and a substantial portion of the nutrient requirements of forest ecosystems is supplied by decomposition of organic matter in the forest floor and soil surface. Decomposers, such as arthropods and fungi, are necessary for the transformation of dead organic matter to usable nutrients. The sustained productivity of forests is closely linked with the decomposition of shed plant parts, particularly the nutrient-rich foliage. The forest floor is also an important fuel source in forest fires. Variation. The amount of material in the forest floor depends on the balance between inputs from litter production and outputs from decomposition, and amounts also reflect the site's disturbance history. Both litter production and decomposition are functions of the site (e.g., wet versus dry; cold versus warm; nutrient rich versus nutrient poor) and the vegetation that occupies the site (e.g., conifer versus broadleaf). A site's forest floor is determined by its areal weight, depth, and nutrient content. Typically, forest floors are heaviest and deepest in boreal forests and mountain forests where decomposition rates are slow. In contrast, the lightest and thinnest forest floors usually occur in tropical forests where decomposition rates are rapid, except on white sands where nutrients could not be supplied from mineral weathering. Temperate forests. The organic layer is divided into three layers: on the surface is the leaf litter formed by undecomposed vegetable matter; underneath is humus which is the product of decomposed vegetable matter. Between litter and humus is a partially decomposed layer of organic matter ("F: fragmented organic materials"). Some specialists consider this zone to be equivalent to the soil horizon (O) whereas for others, this only includes the humus and the intermediate layer, excluding the litter. Woodland plants that inhabit this zone often have bulbs or rhizomes and include ferns such as bracken, monocots such as bluebells and dog's mercury. Tropical forests. In tropical rain forests, the soil itself is often very poor, in contrast to the soils of temperate forests which store nutrients in soil. The lush vegetation is made possible by the abundance and rapid action of termites, millipedes and other organisms, which break down organic matter and promptly consign it to the mycorrhizal network. Therefore, the leaf litter layer of tropical forests may be considerably less apparent, or virtually absent at certain times of the year. With up to three defined canopy layers above, relatively low levels of sunlight (as little as 2%) reach here. Examples of the wide range of plants adapted to this zone include: spike mosses, gingers and the parasitic "Rafflesia" spp. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

bonancholor maati oronyor mojiya, jaak detretus baa duff buliu kuwa hoy, hoise ek oronyo poriwex tontror ongxo ji oronyor jiwito, maatir uporor ongxo aaru khonij maatir maajot modhyosthota kore, mulotoh mrito aaru khyoyxil udbhid podartho jene posai juwa kaath aaru patburere gothito. kanadar dore kisuman dexot bonbhumir ortho hoise l, f aaru h joibik digonto. iyat omerudondi, sotrak, xoiboli, bacteria aaru aarkiyak dhori bibhinno dhoronor decomp "jaar aaru sikari puwa yaay. bonancholor tolbhagtuwe uporor maatir jiwito udbhid aaru maatir maajot etaa xetu hisape kaam kore, aaru xeyehe joibo-bhu-raxayonik sokror joriyote pusti sthanantoronor ek guruttopurno upadan. paator aworjona aaru onyanyo udbhidor aworjone udbhidor poraa maatir poraa puxokototwo preron kore. bonancholor mojiyar (baa el digonto) udbhidor aworjone khyoy protirudh kore, ardrota xongrokhyon kore, aaru xomogro poriwex tontrok pusti prodan kore. ef digonto udbhidor upadanore gothito zo 'too poson sposto hoy, kintu udbhidor owoxistor utpotti etiyau prithok koribo poraa yaay. eis digontot bhaldore khyoy huwa udbhidor xamogri thaake jaate kisuman xipa baa kaathor baahire udbhidor owoxisto sinakto koribo nuwari. maati aaru upadan" too thoka jibo-jontur maajor parthokyor prokriti bitorkito, kisuman luke ene parthokyo ekebare aasene naai xei bixoye prosno utthapon kore. oronyot besibhag carbon xongrokhyon aaru joibo-bhandar utpadon maatir tolot hoy. tothapiu xongrokhyon niti aaru boigyanik odhyoyone bonancholor poriwex tontror maatir tolor ongxotuk owohela korar probonota dekhuway. maatir ek guruttopurno ongxo aaru maatir tolor poriwex tontro hisape, bonancholor pristhoi xomogro bonancholor uporot gobhir probhab pelay. oronyor dwara nirdharito xokti aaru karbonor besibhag xomoy-xomoyor pisot aaborjonar joriyote oronyor mojiyaloi jug koraa hoy, aaru oronyor poriwex tontror pustir proyujoniyotar ek guruttopurno ongxo oronyor mojiya aaru maatir pristhot joibik podarthor posonor dwara jugan dhora hoy. mrito joibik podartho byowoharjugyo pustir faale rupantorit korar baabe aarthro 'podd aaru vekuror dore decomp' jarxomuh proyujoniyo. oronyor bohonkhyom utpadonxilotar xoite gosor ongxoxomuh, bixexkoi pusti-xomridho patxomuhor posonor ghonistho xomporko aase. oronyor mojiyau oronyor juir ek guruttopurno indhonor utxo. boisitryo. oronyor mojiyar xamogrir poriman aaborjona utpadonor poraa aahoron aaru posonor poraa aahoronor maajor bharxamyor uporot nirbhor kore, aaru porimanbure sthantur bisringkholotar itihaxoku protipholito kore. aaborjona utpadon aaru poson duyuta sthanor karjyo (udah.ji., bhija bonam xukan; thanda bonam gorom; pusti xomridho bonam pustikor durbol) aaru xei sthan dokhol koraa udbhid (udah.ji., xongkur bonam bohol paat). etaa sthanor bonancholor mojiya iyar ancholik ujon, gobhirota aaru pustir porimanor dwara nirdharon koraa hoy. xadharonote, bonor mojiya buriel oronyo aaru pahariya oronyot ataitkoi godhur aaru gobhir hoy zo 'too posonor haar monthor hoy. iyar biporite, ataitkoi paatol aaru paatol oronyor mojiya xadharonote krantiyo oronyot hoy zo 'too posonor haar drut hoy, bogaa baalir baahire zo' too khonij botoror poraa pusti jugan dhoribo nuwari. natixitusno bonanchol. joibik stortuk tinita storot bibhokto koraa hoyoh pristhot oxonghotit pasolir podarthor dwara gothito paator aworjona thaake; tolot hiumas thaake ji hoise posondo huwa pasolir podarthor utpadon. aaborjona aaru hiumasor maajot joibik podarthor etaa angxikbhabe posondo huwa stor ("soh khondito joibik podartho"). . kisuman bixexogyoi ei oncholtuk maatir digonto (oh) ror xomotulyo buli bibesona kore aanhate aanxokolor baabe iyat kewol hiumas aaru modhyoworti stor ontorbhukto thaake, aaborjona baad di. ei oncholot baax koraa bonbhumir udbhidburot praye balbo baa kaand thaake aaru iyat brekenor dore fern, bluebel aaru kukuror paarar dore monukut ontorbhukto thaake. krantiyo bonanchol. krantiyo borxunor oronyot maati praye oti durbol, aanhate natixitusno oronyor maatit pusti xonchoy koraa maatir biporite. ui, millipid aaru onyanyo jiwor prosurota aaru drut kriyar folot xeujiya udbhid xombhob hoy, jiye joibik podartho bhangi totkhyonat iyak michorisal networkot preron kore. xeyehe, krantiyo oronyor paator aaborjonar stor jothesto komm drishyoman hoh 'bob paare, baa bosoror nirdisto xomoyot pray onuposthito thakibo paare. uporot tinita porjyayor nirdharito sador storor xoite, iyat tulonamulokbhabe komm porimanor xurjyor puhor (2 xotangxor dore komm) uposthito hoy. ei oncholor xoite khaap khuwa bistrito udbhidor udahoronxomuh hoh "loh spike moo" cho, jinjar aaru porojibi "reflesia" ess. pi. pi.

boner mejhe boner mejhe, jaake detretus baa doffo bolla hoy, ekti bonn bastutantrer ongsho jaa boner jeebito, uporer mutty ongsho ebong khaniz maatir modhye modhyosthota korey, mulat pocha kaatth ebong patar patar moto mrito ebong kshayakari udbhid podartho dwara gothito. kanadar moto kichhu deshe, bonovumi bolte l, f ebong h joibo digontoke bojhai. etty amerudandi prani, chhatrak, shoibal, bacteria ebong archia soho bivinno dharaner decomposure ebong shikarider ashray deyo. boner mejhe uporer maatir jeebonto gachpala ebong maatir modhye ekti setu hisabe kaaj korey ebong eibhabe joibo-bhu-rasayanik chokrer madhyome pushti sthanantarer ekti guruttopurno upadan. patar aborjona ebong anyanno udbhider aborjona udbhid theke matite pushti preron korey. boner mejher (baa ell digvijaya) udbhider aborjona kshay rodh korey, ardrota sanrakkhan korey ebong somogro bastutontroke pushti sarbaraha korey. f diganta udbhid upadan niye gothito jekhane pochon drishyoman, tobey udbhid aboshistangsher utso ekhono parthokyogyo. eich digante shoo-khayaprapta udbhid upadan royeche jaate kichhu shikad baa kaatth baade udbhider aboshistangshoguli shonaktojoggo naa hoy. mutty ebong maatir upadan"-ayee jeeber modhye parthokyer prokriti bitorkito, keu keu proshno tolen jey eyi dharaner parthokyo adou vidyaman kina. bonanchole beshirbhag carbon sanchaya ebong joibobostupunjo utpadon maatir niche hoy. taa sotteo, sanrakkhan neeti ebong boigyanik gobeshona bonn bastutantrer neecher ongshoke abohela korey. mutty ebong maatir nicher bastutantrer ekti guruttopurno ongsho hisabe, boner mejhe somogro bonke govirbhabe probhabito korey. bonn dwara sthir shakti ebong karboner beshirbhagi porjaykrome aborjona potoner madhyome boner tolodeshe jog koraa hoy ebong bonn bastutantrer pushtir prayojaniyatar ekti ullekhjoggo ongsho boner toll ebong maatir pristhe joibo podarther pochon dwara sarbaraha koraa hoy. mrito joibo podarthoke byaboharjogyo pushtite rupantarita korar jonno arthropod ebong chhotraker moto decomposureguly prayojaniya. boner teksoi utpadonshilota udbhider ongsho, bishesh korey pushti samriddha patar pachanshil ongsher sange ghonisthobhabe jukto. dabanoler khettreo boner mejhe ekti guruttopurno jalanir utso. boichitro. boner mejhete upadaner poriman nirbhar korey aborjona utpadon theke input ebong pochon theke outputer modhye bharsamyer upor, ebong porimanguli saiter bishrinkhalar itihaskeo protifolito korey. aborjona utpadon ebong pochon ubhayi eyi sthaner kaaj (udahji.ardro bonam shushko; thhanda bonam ushno; pushti samriddha bonam pushtir abhab) ebong jey gachpala jaigati dokhol korey (jemon.zii., shanku bonam chaoda paata). ekti sthaner bananchal taar anchalik ozon, govirota ebong pushtir poriman dwara nirdharito hoy. sadharonoto, boreal bonn ebong parbotto bonanchole boner mejhe sabcheye bharee ebong govirotoro hoy jekhane pochon haar dheer hoy. onnodike, sabcheye halka ebong patla bonovumi sadharonoto grissomondoliyo bonanchole ghote jekhane pochon haar druto hoy, saadaa bully chhada jekhane khaniz abhawa theke pushti sarbaraha koraa yaay naa. natishitoshna bonn. joibo storti tinti store bivoktoh pristher upor oporishodhito udbhijjo podartho dwara gothito patar aborjona royeche; neeche humus royeche jaa pochono udbhijjo podarther ponno. aborjona ebong humuser modhye joibo podarther ekti angshikbhabe pochono stor royeche ("choh khandito joibo podartho"). . kichhu biseshoggo eyi anchaltike maatir diganter (oo) samatulya boley money corren, jekhane onnoder jonno, etey shudhumatra moyla ebong modhyoborti stor antarbhukta thaake, aborjona baade. eyi anchale bosobaskari bonovumir gachgulite prayashai balb baa kaando thaake ebong err modhye royeche bracken, bluebel ebong kukurer parder moto monokoter moto fern. krantiya bonn. krantiya borshar bonanchole mutty prayashai khub durbal hoy, natishitoshna bonancholer maatir biporite jaa matite pushti sanchaya korey. uipoka, millipid ebong anyanno jeeber prachurjo ebong druto crear foley sobuj gachpala sombhob hoy, jaa joibo podarthoke venge deyo ebong abilambe etike micorizal networke preron korey. ataeb, grissomondoliyo bonancholer patar aborjona storti bochorer nirdishto somoye jotheshto qama drishyoman baa karjoto onuposthito hotey paare. upore tinti sangyayita chaander stor soho, tulonamulokbhabe qama matrar surjalok (2 shotangsher moto qama) ekhane pouchai. eyi anchaler saathe khaap khaiye neoa udbhider bistrito porisorer udahorongulir modhye royeche spike shiyala, aadaa ebong parajibi "raffalasia" esha. pii. pii.

jangalni jameen jangalni sapaati, jene detreats athavaa duff pann kahevaay chhe, teey vana ecosystemno aek bhaag chhe jeey jangalnaa jivant, jameenni uparnaa bhaag aneey khaneej maatee vachche madhyasthi karey chhe, jeey mukhyatve suddy rahela laakada aneey paatala pandada jevaa mrut aneey suddy rahela chhodna padaarthothi banelo chhe. keneda jevaa ketlaak deshomaa, vana maal aee aela, aef aneey aech carbonic hadone sandarbhit karey chhe. teey aprushthvanshi, phoog, shevaal, bekteriya aneey archia saheet viveedh prakaarnaa vighatankartaao aneey shikarione aashray aape chhe. jungleno maal uparnee jameen parnee jivant vanaspati aneey maatee vachche setu tareeke kaama karey chhe, aneey aama jaiv-bhurasaynik chakra dwara poshak tatvonaa sthanantaranma nirnayak ghatak chhe. pandadano kacharo aneey anya chhodno kacharo chhodmathi poshak tattvone jameenma prasaarit karey chhe. jangalnaa maal (athavaa kshitij) noow chhodno kacharo dhovaan atkaave chhe, bhejnu sanraxan karey chhe aneey samagr ecosystemne poshak tattvo puuraa paade chhe. aef kshitijma chhodni saamgreeno samaavesh thaay chhe jemaa vighatan spasht chhe, parantu chhodna avsheshoni utpatti haju pann alag padey chhe. aech kshitijma saaree reete vighatit chhodni samagri hoya chhe jethee ketlaak mool athavaa lakadana apvaad sivaay chhodna avshesho odakhee naa shakaay. maatee aneey ghatakoma" "jameenna sajeevo vachchena tafavatni prakrutee vivaadit chhe, ketlaak loko prashna karey chhe keey shun aavo tafaavat astitvamaa chhe keey qema. jangaloma carbon sangrah aneey bayomasnun motaabhaagnu utpaadan jameenni neeche thaay chhe. aama chhataa, sanraxan neetee aneey vaignanik abhyaas vana ecosystemna jameenni neechena bhagni avgannaa karey chhe. jameen aneey jameenni neecheni ecosystemna nirnayak bhaag tareeke, jangalni sapaati samagr junglene undee assar karey chhe. jangalo dwara nirdharit motabhagni urjaa aneey carbon samayaantare kacharaana pravaah dwara jangalnaa maalmaan umervaamaa aave chhe, aneey vana ecosystemni poshak jaruriyaatono nondhpaatra hisso jangalnaa maal aneey jameenni sapatima carbonic padaarthona vighatan dwara puuro padvama aave chhe. mrut carbonic padaarthone upyogi poshak tattvomaa parivartit karvaa maate arthropods aneey phoog jevaa vighatankartaao jaroori chhe. jangaloni satat utpadakta chhodna bhagona vighatan saathe gaadh reete sankalaayelee chhe, khaas kareene poshak tattvothi samruddh parnsamuh. jangalni aagmaa jungleno maal pann aek mahatvapurn balatan strot chhe. vividhataa. jangalnaa maalmaan saamagreenu pramaan kacharaana utpadanmathi input aneey vighatanmathi output vachchena santulan parr aadharit chhe, aneey rakam pann sthalnaa vikshepna itihaasne pratibimbit karey chhe. kacharaanu utpaadan aneey vighatan banne sthalnaa kaaryo chhe (daa. taa.jee., bheenu viruddh sooku; thandee viruddh garam; poshaktatvothi samruddh viruddh poshaktatvoni nabalai) aneey teey sthal parr vaselee vanaspati (daa. taa.jee., shankudhari viruddh paholaa pandada). sthalnu jangalnu maal tenaa kshetreey vajan, undaai aneey poshak tattvo dwara nakki thaay chhe. saamanya reete, boriyal jangalo aneey parvateey jangaloma jangalnaa maal sauthee bhaare aneey sauthee undaa hoya chhe jyaan vighatan darr dheemo hoya chhe. tenaathi vipareet, sauthee hadvaa aneey sauthee paatala jangalnaa maal saamanya reete ushnkatibandhiy jangaloma jovaa maley chhe jyaan vighatan darr zadpi hoya chhe, sivaay keey safed retee parr jyaan khanij havamanmathi poshak tattvo puuraa paadee shakaata nathee. samshitoshna jangalo. carbonic starne trana staromaa vahenchvaamaa aave chheh sapaati parr biin-sajeevan vanaspati padaarth dwara rachaayel pandadano kacharo hoya chhe; neeche humous hoya chhe jeey vighatit vanaspati padaarthnu utpaadan chhe. kacharo aneey humous vachche carbonic padaarthonu aansheek reete vighatit star chhe ("aefah khandit carbonic padaartho") . ketlaak nishnato aaa zonne maatinaa kshitij (oo) nee samkaksh maane chhe jyaare anya loko maate, temaa maatra humous aneey madhyavarti starno samaavesh thaay chhe, jemaa kacharo bakaat chhe. aaa vistaarmaa raheta jangalnaa chhodma ghanivaar bulb athavaa prakand hoya chhe aneey temaa breaken, bluebels aneey kootarana paaro jevaa monocoat jevaa furno samaavesh thaay chhe. ushnkatibandhiy jangalo. ushnkatibandhiy varsadi jangaloma, jameen pote ghanee vaar khoob jaj nabalee hoya chhe, jeey samshitoshna jangaloni jameenthi vipareet hoya chhe jeey jameenma poshak tattvono sangrah karey chhe. deemak, millipid aneey anya sajeevoni vipulataa aneey zadpi kriyaa dwara lilaachham vanaspati shakya baney chhe, jeey carbonic padaarthone todee naakhe chhe aneey tene tarat jaj micorisal networkma mokale chhe. tethee, ushnkatibandhiy jangalona pandadana kacharaanu star nondhpaatra reete ochhu spasht hoi shake chhe, athavaa varshnaa chokkas samaye virtual reete gerhaajar hoi shake chhe. upar trana vyakhyayit chhatra staro saathe, suryprakashnu pramanma neechu star (2 takaa jetalu ochhu) aheen pahonche chhe. aaa vistaarne anookool chhodni vishaal shreneena udaharanoma spike shevaal, aadu aneey paropjivi "refalsia" sppno samaavesh thaay chhe.

vann kaa tala vann kaa tala, jise detreats yaa duff bhee kahaa jaataa haye, ack vann paaristhitiki tantra kaa hissa haye joe jangal key jeevit, jameen key oopar key hisse aur khanij mitty key beach madhyasthata kartaa haye, joe mukhya roop seey mrit aur kshayakaari paudhe key padaarth jaise sadatee hui lakadi aur patte seey banaa hotaa haye. kanada jaise kuchh deshon mein vann tala kaa arth haye ell, aff aur aich javic kshitij. yeh aksheruki, kavak, shaiwal, bacteria aur archia sahit vibhinn prakaar key apghatakon aur shikariyon kii mejbani kartaa haye. vann kaa tala oopar kii jameen parr rahane vaali vanaspati aur mitty key beach ack setu key roop mein kaary kartaa haye, aur iss prakaar jaiv bhurasayanik chakr key madhyam seey poshak tatvon key hastaantaran mein ack mahatvapurna ghatak haye. patti kaa kachra aur anya paudhe kaa kachra paudhon seey mitty mein poshak tatvon kaa sanchaar kartaa haye. vann key tala (yaa kshitij) kaa paudha kachra kataav koo rokta haye, namee koo sanrakshit kartaa haye, aur poore paaristhitiki tantra koo poshak tatva pradaan kartaa haye. aff kshitij mein paadap samagri hoti haye jisamen apghatan spasht hotaa haye, lekin paadap avasheshon kii utpatti abhee bhee alag haye. aich kshitij mein achchi tarah seey vighatit paudhe kii samagri hoti haye taaki kuchh jadon yaa lakadi key apavaad key saath paudhe key avashesh pahchaanane yogya naa houn. mitty aur mitty key ghatakon" mein jeevon key beach antar kii prakriti vivaadit haye, kuchh sawal key saath kii kyaa aisaa antar bilkul bhee maujood haye. jangalon mein adhikansh carbon bhandaran aur jaiv-dravya utpaadan jameen key neeche hotaa haye. isake bavjood, sanrakshan neeti aur vaigyaanik adhyayan vann paaristhitiki tantra key neeche key hisse kii upeksha karate hain. mitty aur jameen key neeche paaristhitiki tantra key ack mahatvapurna hisse key roop mein, vann kaa tala poore jangal koo gaharaai seey prabhaavit kartaa haye. vanon dwara nirdhaarit adhikansh oorjaa aur carbon koo samay-samay parr kachare key madhyam seey vann tala mein jodaa jaataa haye, aur vann paaristhitiki tantra kii poshak tatvon kii aavashyaktaon kaa ack badaa hissa vann tala aur mitty kii satah mein javic padarthon key apghatan dwara aapoorti kii jaati haye. mrit carbonic padarthon koo upayog karane yogya poshak tatvon mein badalane key liye sandhipaad aur kavak jaise apghatak aavashyak hain. vanon kii nirantar utpaadaktaa, vishesh roop seey poshak tatvon seey bharpur pattiyon key sadane vaale paudhon key bhaagon key apghatan seey nikatata seey judee hui haye. jangal kii aag mein jangal kaa tala bhee ack mahatvapurna eendhan srot haye. bhinnata. vann tala mein samagri kii matra kachra utpaadan seey input aur apghatan seey output key beach santulan parr nirbhar karati haye, aur matra bhee site key vikshobh itihas koo darshaati haye. kachra utpaadan aur apghatan donon hii sthal key kaary hain (udaa.jee., geeli banaam sookhi; thhand banaam germ; poshak tatvon seey bharpur banaam poshak tatvon seey bharpur) aur usa sthaan parr rahane vaali vanaspati (jaise.jee., shankudhari banaam chaudi patti). ack sthal kaa vann tala usake kshetriya vajan, gaharaai aur poshak tatvon kii matra seey nirdhaarit hotaa haye. aam taur parr, vann key farsh boreal vanon aur pahaadi vanon mein sabse bhaari aur sabse gahare hotey hain jahaan apghatan darr dheemi hoti haye. isake vipareet, sabse halke aur sabse patale vann key farsh aamtaur parr ushnakatibandhiya jangalon mein hotey hain jahaan apghatan darr teji seey hoti haye, sivaay safed rait key jahaan khanij mausam seey poshak tatvon kii aapoorti naheen kii jaa sakati thee. samshitoshna vann. carbonic parat koo teen paraton mein vibhajit kiya gayaa haih satah parr binaa sikude hue vanaspati padaarth dwara banaa patta kachra hotaa haye; neeche humous hotaa haye joe sikude hue vanaspati padaarth kaa utpaad haye. kachra aur humous key beach carbonic padaarth kii ack aanshik roop seey vighatit parat hoti haye ("chah khandit carbonic padaarth") . kuchh visheshagya iss kshetra koo mitty key kshitij (oh) key barabar maanate hain, jabaki anya key liye, isamen kewal humous aur madhyavarti parat shamil haye, jisamen kachra shamil naheen haye. iss kshetra mein rahane vaale vann key paudhon mein aksar bulb yaa prakand hotey hain aur inmein breaken jaise furn, bluebel aur kutte key paaraa jaise monocott shamil hotey hain. ushnakatibandhiya vann. ushnakatibandhiya varsha vanon mein, mitty aksar bahut kharaab hoti haye, isake vipareet samshitoshna vanon kii mitty joe mitty mein poshak tatvon koo sangraheet karati haye. deemak, millipied aur anya jeevon kii prachurta aur teji seey kaarravaai seey rasili vanaspati sambhav hoe jaati haye, joe carbonic padaarth koo todate hain aur ise turant micorrhisal network mein bhejate hain. isaliye, ushnakatibandhiya vanon kii patti kii kachra parat kaafee cumm spasht hoe sakati haye, yaa varsh key kuchh samay parr lagbhag anupasthit hoe sakati haye. oopar teen paribhaashit chandwa paraton key saath, soorya key prakaash kaa apekshaakrit cumm star (2 pratishat key roop mein cumm) yahaan pahunchata haye. iss kshetra key anukool paudhon kii vistrit shrinkhala key udaharanon mein shamil hainh spike kaaee, ginger aur parjivi "rafalsia" spp.

aranyada nela aranyada nelavannu detritus athawa duff endoo kareyalaaguttade, idu aranyada jeevanta, nelada melina bhaaga mattu khanija mannina naduve madhyasthike vahisuva aranya parisara vevastheya bhagavagide, idu mukhyavaagi koleyuttiruva marah mattu chellida elegalantaha satta mattu koleyuttiruva sasya padaarthagalinda koodide. kenadaadantaha kelavu desagalalli, aranya nelavu ell, eff mattu etch saavayava digantagalannu soochisuttade. idu akasherukagalu, shilindhragalu, pachigalu, bacteria mattu archia seridante vividha reetiya deekamposargalu mattu parabhaksakagalannu hondide. aranyada nelavu melina nelada sasyavarga mattu mannina naduvina setuveyagi kaaryanirvahisuttade, mattu aaddarinda jaivika bhurasayanika chakrada moolaka poushtikaamshada vargaavaneyalli idu nirnayaka amshavaagide. elegala kasa mattu itara sasyagala kasavu sasyagalinda poshakagalannu mannige ravaanisuttade. aranyada talada (athawa digantada) sasyada kasavu savetavannu tadeyuttade, tevaamshavannu samrakshisuttade mattu idee parisara vyavasthege poshakaamshagalannu odagisuttade. eff digantavu sasyada vastugalannu olagondiruttade, idaralli koleyuvike spashtavagiruttade, aadare sasyada avasheshagala moolavannu innoo pratyekisabahudu. etch digantavu chennagi koleta sasyada vastugalannu olagondiruttade, idarindaagi kelavu berugalu athawa maravannu horatupadisi sasyada avasheshagalannu gurutisalaaguvudilla. manninalliruva" jivigalu mattu "mannina ghatakagala" naduvina vyatyaasada svaroopavu vivaadaaspadavaagide, antaha vyatyaasavu astitvadallideye endu kelavaru prashnisuttaare. aranyagalli ingaalada sangrahane mattu jaivika dravyarashiya utpaadaneya bahupalu bhumiya kelabhagadallide. idara horataagiyoo, samrakshana neeti mattu vaignaanika adhyayanavu aranya parisara vevastheya kelabhaagada bhagavannu nirlakshisuttade. mannina nirnayaka bhagavagi mattu bhumiya kelabhaagada parisara vyavastheyagi, aranyada nelavu idee aranyada mele aalavaada parinama biruttade. aranyagalinda sthirapadisalaada hecchina shakti mattu ingaalavannu niyatakaalikavaagi kasa beeluvikeya moolaka aranya nelakke serisalaaguttade mattu aranya parisara vyavasthegala poushtikaamshada avashyakategala gananeeya bhagavannu aranyada nela mattu mannina melmaiyalli saavayava padaarthagala koleyuvikeyinda pooraisalaaguttade. satta saavayava padaarthagalannu balasabahudaada poshakaamshagalaagi parivartisalu sandhivaatagalu mattu shilindhragalantaha vighatanakaarigalu agatyavagive. aranyagala susthira utpaadakateyu sasyada bhagagala, visheshavaagi poshakaamshagalinda samruddhavaada elegala koleyuvikeyondige nikata sambandhavannu hondide. kaadina nelavu kadgichchugalalli pramukha indhana moolavaagide. vyatyaasa. aranya neladallina vastugala pramanavu kasa utpaadaneyinda baruva olaharivu mattu koleyuvikeyinda baruva utpaadaneya naduvina samatolanavannu avalambisiruttade mattu pramanagalu aaa sthalada adachaneya itihaasavannu saha pratibimbisuttave. kasa utpaadane mattu koleyuvike eradoo ee sthalada kaaryagalaagive (udaa.zii., aardrate mattu onate; sheeta mattu bechchage; poushtikaamsha samruddhate mattu poushtikaamshada korate) mattu aaa sthalavannu aakramisiruva sasyavarga (udaa.zii., conifer versus broad leaf). ondu pradeshada aranya nelavannu adara pradeshada tooka, aala mattu poshakaamshagalinda nirdharisalaaguttade. samanyavagi, aranyada nelagalu boreal kadugalu mattu parvata kadugalalli atyanta bharavagiruttave mattu aalavaagiruttave, allie koleyuvikeya pramanavu nidhaanavaagiruttade. idakke vyatiriktavagi, khanija havaamaanadinda poshakaamshagalannu puraisalu saadhyavaagada bili maralannu horatupadisi, ushnavalayada kadugalalli samanyavagi haguravaada mattu teluvaada aranya mahadigalu kandubaruttave, allie koleyuvikeya pramanavu vegavagiruttade. samashitoshna kadugalu. saavayava padaravannu mooru padaragalaagi vingadisalaagideh melmaiyalli koleyada tarakari padaarthadinda rupugonda elegala kasavide; kelabhagadalli koleta tarakari padaarthada utpannavaada humous ide. kasa mattu humous naduve bhagashah koleta saavayava padaarthada padaravide (eff vibhajita saavayava vastugalu) . kelavu tagnaru ee valayavannu mannina digantakke (oo) samaanavendu pariganisuttaare, aadare itararige, idu kasavannu horatupadisi humous mattu madhyantara padaravannu maatra olagondide. ee valayadalli vasisuva kaadu sasyagalu samanyavagi balbgalu athawa berukundagalannu hondiruttave mattu brocken, bluebelgalu mattu nayiya padarasadantaha monokatgalantaha jarigidagalannu olagondiruttave. ushnavalayada kadugalu. ushnavalayada malekadugalalli, manninalli poshakaamshagalannu sangrahisuva samashitoshna kadugala mannugalige vyatiriktavagi, mannu swatah tumba kalapeyagide. geddalugalu, milipeedgalu mattu itara jivigala samruddha mattu tvarita kriyeyinda sompaada sasyavargavu saadhyavaagide, idu saavayava padaarthagalannu wadeyuttade mattu adannu mykoraijhal jalakke tvaritavagi ravaanisuttade. aaddarinda, ushnavalayada kadugala elegala kasada padaravu gananeeyavaagi kadime gocharisabahudu athawa varshada kelavu samayagalli vaastavikavaagi kanisuvudilla. meliruva mooru vyaakhyaanita melaavarana padaragalondige, tulanaatmakavaagi kadime mattada suryana belaku (2 pratishatadashtu kadime) illige taluputtade. ee valayakke hondikolluva sasyagala vyapaka shreniya udaaharanegalalli spike pachigalu, shuntigalu mattu paravalambi "rafflesia" spp serive.

jangalatil majala jangalatil majala, jyala detreats kinwa duff asehi mhanatat, haah vann parisansthecha eka bhag aahe joou jangalachya jiwant, jaminivaril bhag aanee khanij matimadhye madhyasthi karato, pramukhyane mrut aanee sadalelya vanaspati padarthanni banalela asato, jase qee kujalele lakud aanee galaleli paaney. canadasarkhya kahee deshanmadhye, vanbhoomi mhanje ell, eff aanee etch sendriya kshitij. heey aprushthavanshi, burshi, shaiwal, jivanu aanee archaeas vividh prakarche vighatan karnare aanee shikari prani dharan karate. vanbhoomi vareel jaminivaril jiwant vanaspati aanee maatee yanchyatil pool mhanoon kaam karate aanee tyamule jaiv-bhurasayanik chakradware poshak hastantaranacha haah eka mahattvapoorn ghatak aahe. panancha kachara aanee itar vanaspatincha kachara vanaspatinmadhun poshak tatvancha matimadhye prasar karato. jangalatil jaminivaril (kinwa kshitij) vanaspatincha kachara dhoop rokhato, aadrata rakhoon thevato aanee sampoorn parisansthela poshak tatve pradan karato. eff kshitijamadhye vanaspati samagri asate jyamadhye vighatan spasht aahe, parantu vanaspatichya avasheshanchi utpatti ajunahi vegali aahe. etch kshitijamadhye changlya prakare vighatit vanaspati samagri asate jenekarun kahee mule kinwa lakud vagalata vanaspatinche avashesh olakhata yenar naheet. matichya 'maatee aanee ghatakanmadhye' asalelya jivanmadhil farkache swaroop vadgrast aahe, assa farak astitvat aahe qaa yavar kahijan prashna upasthit karatat. jangalatil bahutansh carbon sathavan aanee jaivbhar utpadan jaminikhali hote. asey asoonahi, sanwardhan dhoran aanee vaidnyanik abhyasamule vann parisansthechya jaminikhalil bhagakade durlaksh kele jaate. maticha aanee jaminikhalil parisansthecha eka mahattvacha bhag mhanoon, vanbhoomicha sampoorn jangalavar kholvar parinam hoto. jangalanni nishchit keleli bahutek urja aanee carbon veloveli kachara padalyamule jangalatil jaminivar jodale jaate aanee vann parisansthechya poshak garajancha motha bhag jangalatil jamini aanee matichya prushthbhagavaril sendriya padarthanchya vighatanadvare puravala jaato. mrut sendriya padarthanche vaparnyayogya poshak tattvanmadhye rupantar karnyasathi sandhivat aanee burshi yasarkhe vighatan karnare aavashyak aahet. jangalanchi shashvat utpadakta, visheshtah poshak tatvanni samruddha asalelya vanaspatinchya bhaganchya vighatanashi jawalun jodaleli aahe. jangalatil majala dekhil jangalatil aagisathi eka mahattvacha indhan srot aahe. bhinnata. jangalatil majlyavaril samagriche praman kachara utpadanatun milanare sahitya aanee vighatanapasun milanare utpadan yanchyatil santulan yavar avalambun asate aanee praman dekhil tyaa jaagecha adthala itihas pratibimbit karate. kachara utpadan aanee vighatan hii donhi tyaa jaagechi karye aahet (udaa.jee., ole viruddha korade; thund viruddha ubdar; poshak tatvanni samruddha viruddha poshak tatvanni kharab) aanee tyaa thikani asaleli vanaspati (udaa.jee., shanku viruddha rund paan). ekhadya jaagecha vanbhag tyachya kshetriy vajan, kholee aanee poshak tattvanvar avalambun asato. samanyatah, boriyal jangale aanee parvatiy jangalanmadhye jethe vighatanache praman mand asate, tethe jangalatil majale sarvat judd aanee khol asatat. yaulat, sarvat halake aanee sarvat patal vanbhag samanyatah ushnakatibandhiy jangalanmadhye aadhaltat, jethe vighatanache praman jalad asate, asate valoo vagalata, jethe khanij havamanatoon poshak tatvancha puravatha keela jaau shakat nahee. samshitoshna jangale. sendriya thurr teen tharanmadhye vibhagalela asatoh prushthbhagavar asanghatit vanaspati padarthane tayar jhalela panancha kachara asato; khalee humous asato joou vighatit vanaspati padarthache utpadan aahe. kachara aanee aadrata darmyan sendriya padarthancha anshatah vighatit thurr asato ("ephah khandit sendriya padarth") . kahee tadnya heey kshetra matichya kshitijachya (oo) samatulya asalyache manatat, tarr itaransathi, tyat kachara vagalata keval humous aanee madhyavarti thurr samavisht asato. yaa kshetrat kshetrat jangalatil vanaspatinmadhye anekada kand kinwa prakand asatat aanee tyat bracken, bluebels aanee kutryachya paaraa yasarkhya monocotsarkhya furncha samavesh asato. ushnakatibandhiy jangale. ushnakatibandhiy parjanyavananmadhye, matimadhye poshak tatvancha sanchay sanchay samshitoshna jangalantil matichya ulat, maatee swatach swatach khoop kharab asate. valvi, millipid aanee itar jivanchya vipul aanee vegwan krutimule hirvyagar vanaspati shakya hotat, jeey sendriya padarthanche vighatan karatat aanee teey tabadtob micorizal jaalyat pathavtat. tyamule, ushnakatibandhiy jangalatil panancha kachara thurr varshatil vishisht velee lakshaniyaritya qamee drishyaman kinwa aksharshah anupasthit asoo shakato. varr teen paribhashit chhatra tharans, tulanene qamee pramanat suryaprakash (2 takkyanitke qamee) yethe pohochato. yaa kshetrashi julavun ghetalelya vanaspatinchya vistrut shrenichya udaharananmadhye khaleel goshtincha samavesh hotoh spike moss, gingers aanee parjivi "rafflesia" spp.

wanko sataha wanko talla, jaslai detreats wa duff pani bhaninchha, wann paristhitiki pranaliko euta bhag how jasle jangalko jiwit, mathiko bhag rar khanij matoko bichma madhyasthata gardacha, mukhyataya sadeko kath rar patharu jharne jasta mrit rar sadeko botabiruwako padarthale baneko hunchha. canada jasta kehi deshharuma wanko satahale l, f rar h jaivik kshitijlai janaunchha. yasale amerudandi, dhusi, shaiwal, bacteria rar archaeasahit vibhinna prakarka apaghatak rar shikariharulai host gardacha. wanko bhuinle mathiko jaminma basne vanaspati rar mato bichko pulko rupma kaam gardacha, rar yasari jaiva-bhurasayanik chakra marfat poshak tatwa sthanantaranma ek mahatwapurna ghatak how. patko fohor rar anya botabiruwako fohorle botabiruwadekhi matoma poshak tatwaharu prasarit gardacha. wanko bhuin (wa kshitij) ko botabiruwako fohorle ksharan rokchha, ardrata sanrakshan gardacha, rar sampurna paristhitiki tantralai poshak tatwaharu pradan gardacha. ef kshitijma botabiruwako samagri hunchha jasma apaghatan spashta hunchha, tara botabiruwaka awasheshharuko utpatti ajhai pani chhutyauna sakinchha. etch kshitijma ramrosanga wighatit botabiruwako samagri hunchha taaki kehi jara wa kath bahek botabiruwaka awasheshharu chinna sakindaina. mato rar matoka ghatakharu" maa jiwaharu bichko bhinnatako prakriti vivadit chha, kehile yasto bhinnata awasthit chha kii chhaina bhanera prashna uthaunchhan. junglema adhikansh carbon bhandaran rar biomass utpadan jaminmuni hunchha. yasaka bawajud, sanrakshan niti rar vaigyanik adhyayanle wann paristhitiki pranaliko jaminbhanda talko bhaglai bewasta garne prawritti rakhchha. matoko mahatwapurna bhag rar jaminmuni paristhitiki pranaliko rupma, wanko satahale sampurna jangalai gahiro asar parchha. wanle taya gareko dherai urja rar carbon samaya-samayama fohorko madhyambata wanko bhuinma thapincha, rar wann paristhitiki pranaliko poshak awashyakataharuko ek mahatwapurna bhag wanko talla rar matoko satahama jaivik padarthako apaghatandwara apurti garinchha. mrit jaivik padarthalai prayogyogya poshak tatwaharuma rupantaran garna arthropod rar fangi jasta apaghatanharu awashyak chhan. wanko nirantar utpadakatwa biruwaka bhagharu, vishesh gari poshak tatwaharule bharieko patko wighatansanga najikbata jodieko chha. jangalko bhuin pani jangalko agoma mahatwapurna indhan srota how. bhinnata. wanko bhuinma samagriko matra fohor utpadanbata input rar apaghatanbata autaputharu bichko santulanma nirbhar gardacha, rar matraharule siteko wikshobhko itihas pani pratibimbit gardacha. fohor utpadan rar apaghatan duwai siteko karya how (uda.zee., bhijeko banam sukhkha; chiso banam tato; poshak tatwa samridha banam poshak tatwa kamjor) rar vanaspati jasle site ogateko chha (uda.zee., conifer banam broadlief). kunai siteko wanko talla yasako khetriya wazan, gahirai rar poshak tatwaharudwara nirdharan garinchha. samanyataya, boreal wann rar pahadi wanharuma wanka talla sabaibhanda bhari rar gahiro hunchhan jahaan apaghatan darr dhilo hunchha. yasako viparit, sabaibhanda halka rar patlo wann talla samanyataya ushnakatibandhiya wanharuma hunchha jahaan apaghatan darr druta hunchha, seto baluwa bahek jahaan khanij mausambata poshak tatwaharu apurti garna sakindaina. samashitoshna wann. jaivik tahalai tean tahaharuma vibhajan garieko chhah satahama asampadit tarkari padarthale banaeko patko fohor hunchha; tall humous hunchha june sadeko tarkari padarthako utpadan how. fohor rar humous bitch jaivik padarthako anshik rupma wighatit taha how ("chah khandit jaivik padartha") . kehi visheshagyaharule yass kshetralai matoko kshitij (o) barabar thanchhan jabki aruka lagi, yasama fohor bahek humous rar madhyawarti taha matra samawesh chha. yass kshetrama basobas garne vanbhumi biruwaharuma prayaha balba wa prakandaharu hunchhan rar yasama bracken, bluebels rar kukurko para jasta monokotharu jasta fernharu samawesh hunchhan. ushnakatibandhiya wanharu. ushnakatibandhiya warshawanharuma, mato afai prayaha dherai kamjor hunchha, samashitoshna wanko matoko viparit jasle matoma poshak tatwaharu bhandaran gardacha. dimak, millipid rar anya jiwaharuko prashastata rar druta karyale hariyo vanaspati sambhawa hunchha, jasle jaivik padarthalai todchha rar turuntai yasalai michorisal networkma dhuwani gardacha. tasartha, ushnakatibandhiya wanharuko patko fohor taha dherai cum spashta huna sakchha, wa warshako nishchit samayama wastutah anupasthit huna sakchha. mathika tinawata paribhashit chhana tahaharu, suryako prakashko apekshakrit cum star (2 pratishatko rupma thorai) yahan pugchha. yass kshetrama anukulit botabiruwaharuko wistrit shringkhalaka udaharanharuma samawesh chhanh spike mose, jinger rar parajivi "raflesia" spp.

jangala taliaa jangala tala, jaahaaku detreats kimba doff madhya kuhajae, eka jangala ecosystemer ansha jaahaa junglera jibanta, bhuprusthara upara bhaga ebong khanija mruttika madhyare madhyasthata kare, mukhyatah mruta ebong khyajashila udbhida padartha jepariki sankuchita kaath ebong jharithiba patra dwara gathita . kanada bhali keteka deshare, jangala tala heuchhi l, f ebong h jaiba digaku bujhae. ehaa amerudandi prani, kabaka, shaibala, bacteria ebong archaea sameth bibhinna prakarara apaghatitakaree ebong shikareenku ashrai deithae . jangala taliaa bhumi upare thiba jibanta udbhida ebong maati madhyare eka setu bhabare karjya kare, ebong ehipari jaiba-bhu-rasajanika chakra madhyamare pustikar sthanantaranare eka gurutwapurna upadan . patra abarjana ebong anyanya udbhida abarjana poshaka tatwaku udbhidaru mruttikaku prerana karithae. jangala prusthara (kimba diga) udbhida abarjana khyajaku pratirodha kare, ardrata sanrakhyana kare ebong samagra ecosystemku poshaka tatwa pradan kare . f digarekha udbhida padarthaku nei gathita jeunthire apaghatan spust, kintu udbhida abasistangshara utpatti tathapi prabhedajogya . echa digarekhare bhal bhabe sankuchita udbhida samagri rahichhi, jahadwara kichhi moola kimba kathaku chhadidele udbhidara abasistangsha chinhat hoipariba naahin. mruttika ebong mruttikara upadan" ray thiba jeebamananka madhyare parthakyara prakruti bibadiah, kichhi prashna sahita je epari parthakya aadou achhi kii naahin . jangalare adhikansha angarakamla sanchai ebong jaibabastupunja utpadana bhumi tale hoithae. ehaa satwe, sanrakhyana neeti ebong baigyanika adhyajana jangala parisangsthara tala-bhumi anshaku anadekha karithae. mruttika ebong bhuprustha talara parisangsthara eka gurutwapurna ansha bhabe, jangala prustha samagra jangalaku gabhira bhabe prabhabita karithae. jangala dwara sthira karajaithiba adhikansha shakti ebong angarakamla samai samajare abarjana padijiba dwara jangala prusthare mishijae, ebong jangala parisangsthara pustikar aabashyakataaku jangala prustha ebong mruttika prusthare jaibika padarthara apaghatan dwara jogai diajae . mruta jaibika padarthaku byabaharajogya poshaka tatware rupantarita kariba paain arthropod ebong phangai pari apaghatanakaree aabasyaka . junglera nirantara utpadakata, bisesh curry poshaka tatwa samruddha patrapatrika, gachara anshagudikara apaghatan sahita nibida bhabe jadita. jangala nianre jangala tala madhya eka gurutwapurna indhan utsa . bhinnata. jangala prusthare thiba samagrira parimana abarjana utpadanaru asuthiba samagri ebong apaghatanaru miluthiba samagri madhyare thiba santulana upare nirbhara kare, ebong parimana madhya citer bishrunkhala itihasaku pratiphalita kare . ubhaja abarjana utpadana ebong apaghatan heuchhi citer karjya (udaa.jii., ardra banam shukhila; thanda banam ushma; pustikar banam pustikar durbala) ebong sehi sthanare thiba udbhida (jathahji., conifer banam broadliff). kaunasi sthanara jangala prustha ehara anchalika ojana, gabhirata ebong pustikar upadan dwara nirdharita hoithae. sadharanatah, borial jangala ebong parbatya jangalare jangala taliaa maati sabutharu adhika bhaari ebong gabhira hoithae, jeunthare apaghatan haara manthara hoithae. aparapakhyare, sabutharu haluka ebong patala jangala talabhaga sadharanatah grishmamandalija jangalare dekhajae jeunthare apaghatan haara druta hoithae, kebala dhalaa baali byatita jeunthare khanija panipagaru poshaka tatwa jogai diajaiparinathae . samashitoshna jangala. jaiba staraku tinoti starare bibhakta karajaichihi prusthare aparishkara panipariba padartha dwara gathita patra abarjana achhi; tale humous achhi jaahaa apghatita panipariba padarthara utpada . abarjana ebong humous madhyare jaiba padarthara eka aanshika bhabe apghatita stara ("chah khandita jaiba padartha") rahichhi. .. keteka bisheshagya ehi anchalaku mruttika diga (oh) sahita samaana bolly bibechana karuthibabele anyamananka paain, ethire kebala humous ebong madhyabarti stara antarbhukta, aabarjanaku baada dei . ehi anchalare basabasa karuthiba jangala udbhidagudikare prajatah kanda kimba kanda thaae ebong ethire bracken bhali fern, bluebel bhali monokote ebong kukur parada bhali udbhida antarbhukta thaae. grishmamandalija jangala. grishmamandalija barsha jangalare, mruttika prajatah atyanta kharap, samashitoshna junglera mruttika tulanare jaahaa maatire poshaka tatwa sanchai kare . deem, millipid ebong anyanya jeebamanankara prachurata ebong druta kriya dwara sabuja udbhida sambhaba hue, jaahaa jaibika padarthaku bhangi turanta ehaaku michorisal netawarkaku pathaithae . tenu, grishmamandalija junglera patra abarjana stara barshar nirdista samajare yathesta comm spust hoipare, kimba bastabare anupasthita hoipare . upare tinoti nirdista chapara stara sahita, apekhyakruta comm suryaloka stara (2 pratishata parjyanta comm) ethaare pahanche . ehi anchala sahita khap khuaiba paain byapaka udbhidara udaharanagudika madhyare rahichhih spike mus, ginger ebong parajibi "raflesia" ess. pii. pii..

jangal daa farsh jangal daa farsh, jiss noon detreats jaan duff vee kiha jaanda haii, ikk jangal dey vatavaran pranali daa hissa haii joe jangal dey jeevat, zameen dey upparle hisse atey khanij mitty dey vichkaar vicholgi karda haii, mukkh taur 'teey murda atey sadade hoye paudiaan dey padarath jiven kii sadadi lakkad atey chadde patte naal baniaa hunda haii. canada varge kujh deshan witch, janglat daa tall l, f atey h jaivik dishavan noon darsaunda haii. ih kaee tarahan dey decomposure atey shikariaan dee mezbani karda haii, jiss witch invertebrates, fanjai, elgi, bacteria atey archia shamal hunn. jangal daa tall upparli dharti utte rahinn vaali banaspati atey mitty dey vichkaar ikk pull vajon kamm karda haii, atey iss tarahan biogeochemical chakkar raahin paushtik tattan dey tabadale witch ikk mahattavpuran hissa haii. patte daa kooda atey horr paude daa kooda paudiaan toon mitty witch paushtik tatt bhejda haii. jangal dey tall (jaan aill harizan) daa pauda kooda khor noon rokada haii, namee noon bachaunda haii, atey samuche vatavaran pranali noon paushtik tatt pardan karda haii. f kiutij witch paude dee samaggari hundi haii jiss witch sdun spasht hunda haii, parr paude dee rahind-khunhad dee shuruat ajey vee vakkhari haii. aich kiutij witch changi tarahan sangathit paude dee samaggari hundi haii taan joe kujh jadahn jaan lakkad noon chhadd keey, paude deeaan rahind-khunhad noon pachaniaa naa jaa sake. mitty dey "mitty atey hissiaan" witch jeevan dey witch antar dee prakirti vivadpuran haii, kujh lokan neey swal keeta haii kii qee ajiha antar bilkul maujood haii. janglan witch carbon bhandaran atey biomass daa ziaadaatar utpadan zameen dey hethan hunda haii. iss dey bavjood, sambhal neeti atey vigiaanak adhiaen janglat vatavaran pranali dey zamini hisse noon nazarandaz karde hunn. mitty atey zameen dey hethan vatavaran pranali dey ikk mahattavpuran hisse vajon, jangal daa tall poore jangal noon dungha prabhavat karda haii. janglan duaara nirdharat keeti gaee bahut saaree oorja atey carbon samein-samein 'teey kooda-karkat raahin jangal dey tall witch shamal keeti jaandi haii, atey jangal dey vatavaran pranaliaan deeaan paushtik zaruratan daa ikk vadda hissa jangal dey tall atey mitty dee satah witch jaivik padarthan dey sdun duaara saplai keeta jaanda haii. decomposure, jiven kii arthropods atey fanjai, marey hoye jaivik padarthan noon varton yog paushtik tattan witch badlan laee zaruri hunn. janglan dee nirantar utpadakta shedd paude dey hissiaan, khaas karke paushtik tattan naal bharpur pattiaan dey sdun naal nediyon judee hoee haii. jangal dee agg witch jangal daa farsh vee ikk mahattavpuran baalan daa sarot haii. bhinnta. jangal dey tall witch samaggari dee matra kooda utpadan toon input atey sdun toon output dey vichkaar santulan 'teey nirbhar kardi haii, atey matra site dey gadbadi dey itihaas noon vee darsaundi haii. kooda utpadan atey sdun doven site dey kaaraj hunn (udaharan vajon.jee., gilla banaam sukka; thanda banaam garam; paushtik tattan naal bharpur banaam paushtik tattan dee ghaat) atey banaspati joe site utte kabza kardi haii (udaharan vajon.jee., shanku banaam chaudi patti). kise site daa jangal daa farsh iss dey khetri bhaar, dunghai atey paushtik tattan dee samaggari duaara nirdharat keeta jaanda haii. aam taur utte, jangal dey farsh boreal janglan atey pahadi janglan witch sabh toon bhaari atey dunghe hunde hunn jitthe sdun dee darr hauli hundi haii. iss dey ulat, sabh toon halke atey sabh toon patle jangal dey farash aam taur utte khandi janglan witch hunde hunn jitthe sdun dee darr tezi naal hundi haii, chitty rait noon chhadd keey jitthe khanij mausam toon paushtik tattan dee saplai naheen keeti jaa sakadi. tapash vaale jangal. jaivik parat noon tinn partan witch vandiaa giaa haiyav satah utte patte daa kooda haii joe binan composed sabziaan dey padarath duaara banada haii; hethan humes haii joe kii sadde hoye sabziaan dey padarath daa utpaad haii. kooda atey humes dey vichkaar jaivik padarath dee ikk anshak taur utte sadadi parat hundi haii (f: tukde hoye jaivik padarath). . kujh mahr iss khetar noon mitty dey daire (ou) dey barabar mannade hunn jadon kii doojiaan laee, iss witch siraf humes atey vichkarli parat shamal haii, jiss witch kooda shamal naheen haii. iss khetar witch rahinn vaale jangli paudiaan witch aksar ballab jaan parkand hunde hunn atey iss witch furn jiven kii bracken, monocoat jiven kii bluebell atey kutte daa paara shamal hunda haii. khandi jangal. tapat-khandi varkha janglan witch, mitty aapne aap witch aksar bahut maadi hundi haii, iss dey ulat tapat-tapat janglan dee mitty joe mitty witch paushtik tatt store kardi haii. harey bharey banaspati deemak, millipead atey horr jeevan dee bharpurta atey tez karvai duaara sambhav hundi haii, joe jaivik padarthan noon todade hunn atey iss noon turant michorizal network witch bhejde hunn. iss laee, khandi janglan dee patti dee kooda parat kaafi ghatt spasht hoow sakadi haii, jaan saal dey kujh khaas samein 'teey lagbhag gairhazar hoow sakadi haii. uppar tinn paribhashit chhatri partan dey naal, suraj dee raushni daa mukabaltan ghatt paddhar (2 pratishat dey roop witch ghatt) itthe pahunchada haii. iss khetar dey anukool paudiaan dee vishal shreni deeaan udaharnan witch shamal hann spike kaaee, adrak atey parjivi "reflacia" spp.

vanabhoomih vana-prushtabhaagah, detreats athavaa duff iti api kathyate, vana-paryaawaranawyawasthaayaah bhaagah asti yah vanasya jeevantasya, uparitale bhagasya, khanija-mruttikaayaah cha madhye madhyasthah bhavati, mukhyataya mrutaihi kshayeebhih cha sasya-padaarthaih yathaa sakshamitaih kaashtaih, paataih cha nirmitah bhavati. kenada-desheshu, vana-bhoomeh soochayati l, f, h cha jaivika-kshitijaani. asmin akasheruk-jeevinah, kavaka-jeevinah, shaiwal-jeevinah, jeevaanavah, archaea ityadini vividhaani apaghatanakaarakaah, parabhakshakaah cha santi. vanabhoomih uparibhoome jivantanam vanaspati-mruttikaayaah cha madhye setuhu bhavati, ataha jaiva-bhooraasaayanik-chakrasya madhyamena poshaka-sthanantarane mahattwapoornah ghatakah asti. patra-apashishtah, anye cha sasya-apashishtah sasyaat poshakaan mruttikaayaam preshayanti. vanatalasya (athavaa kshitijasya) sasya-apashishtah ksharanam nivaarayati, ardratam samrakshayati, sampoorn-paryaavaranavyavasthaayai poshakaani cha pradadaati. ef-kshitijasya sasya-padarthah bhavati yasmin apaghatnam spashtam asti, parantu sasya-avasheshaanaam utpattih adyaapi vibhedyah asti. echa-kshitijasya sasya-saamagri su-vighatitah bhavati yena sasya-avasheshaah naa dnyaatum shaknuvanti, katipayaani mulani vaa kaashtaani vaa vihaay. mruttikaayaam, ghatakeshu cha" jivanam madhye bhedasya swaroopam vivaadaaspadam bhavati, kechan prashnaan prucchanti yat etaadrushah bhedah aadau asti vaa iti. vaneshu carbon-sanchayasya, jeeva-dravyasya cha utpadanasya adhikaamshah bhaagah bhoomyaah adhah bhavati. etadatirichya, samrakshananeetih vaidnyaanik-adhyayanm cha vana-paryaawaranawyawasthaayaah bhootalabhaagasy avahelanam karoti. mruttikaayaah, bhutalasya paryaawaranawyawasthaayaah cha mahattwapoornabhaagaroopen, vanabhoomih sampornavanasya upari gabhirataya prabhaavayati. vanaihi nishchita adhikaamshaah oorjaah carbon cha niyatakaalikaroopen vanabhoomau apashishtasy madhyamena yojyante, tathaa cha vana-paryaawaranawyawasthaayaah poshaka-aavashyakataanaam mahattvapoornam bhaagam vana-prushthe mruttikaastare cha jaivika-padarthanam apaghatanen pooryate. mrutaanaam jaivikaanaam upayogayogyanam poshakanam parivartanaay arthropods, fungis ityadini apaghatanani aavashyakaani santi. vanaanaam sthira-utpadakata, sasyanam bhaganam, visheshatah poshaka-samruddha-parnanam apaghatanen saha nikatayaa sambaddham asti. vanasya agnyutpaadanasy krute vanasya prushtabhaagah api mahattwapoornah indhanasrotah asti. bhinnatayam. vanabhoomau saamagreeh parimanam, apashishtotpaadanasy niveshasya apaghatanasy utpadanasya cha madhye santulanam ashritya bhavati, parimanam cha sthalasy vikshobhasya itihaasam pratibimbayati. apashishtotpadanam apaghatnam cha cha sthalasy karyani santi (udaa.jii.aardram shushkam, sheetalam ushnam, poshakam samruddham, poshakam nyoonam cha, tathaa cha tatt sthale nivasantee vanaspatihi (udaa.jii., conifer banama broadleaf). sthalasy vanabhoomih tasya kshetreeyabhaaren, gabhirataya, poshakaamshaih cha nirdhaaryate. samanyataya, boreal-vaneshu, parvata-vaneshu cha vana-talaani sarvaadhikaani gahanani cha bhavanti, yatra apaghatan-daraha mandah bhavati. asya vipareetam, laghutamaah patalaah cha vanastaraah praayah ushnakatibandheey-vanaani santi yatra apaghatan-daraha drutah bhavati, shveta-baalukaah vihaay yatra khanija-vaataavaran-prakriyaya poshakaani naa poorayitum shakyaani. samasheetoshnavanaani. jaivikastarah trishu stareshu vibhaktah asti-prushtabhaage asampeernaih shaak-padaarthaih nirmitah patra-apashishtah asti; adhah humous asti yah vighatita-shaak-padarthasya utpaadah asti. apashishtasy tathaa humous ityasya cha madhye jaivika-padarthasya aamshikaroopena vighatita-starah asti ("chah khandita-jaivika-padaarthaah"). . kechan visheshadnyaah etat kshetram mruttikaa-kshitijasya (o) samatulyam iti manyante, anyebhyah, asmin kevalam humous, madhyastareeyah cha antarbhavanti, apashishtam vihaay. asmin kshetre nivasantah vanavan-sasyeshu praayah kandah vaa prakandah vaa bhavanti, tathaa cha bracken-ityadini ferns, bluebels-sadrushaani monocots, shvaapakasya paaradah cha santi. ushnakatibandheeyavanaani. ushnakatibandheey-varshavananam kshetre, mruttikaa eva praayah atyalpaa bhavati, aparam samashitoshnavananam mruttikaasu mruttikaayaam poshakaani sanchayanti. dimakanam, millipeed-jeevinaam, anyaanaam jivanam cha vipulatayaa drutatayaa cha kriyaya samruddhaa vanaspatihi sambhavitaa, ye jaivika-dravyaan vighatayanti, tatt tatkshanameva macorazal-jaalam prati preshayanti. ataha ushnakatibandhiyavanaanaam patra-apashisht-starah bahu nyunataya drushyate, athavaa varshasya katipayasamaye vastutah anupasthitah bhavet. oordhvatah tribhihi paribhaashitaih chhatrastarebhyah saha, atra sooryaprakaashasy starah apekshaakrutam nyoonah (2 pratishatam yaavat nyoonah) bhavati. asmin kshetre anukulanam sasyanam vistrutaanaam shreneem udaaharanaani santi-spack-mose, gingers, parajeevee "raflesia" ess. pi. pi. cha.

vanath thalam vanaththin tharai, tetritus allathu tuff endrum azhaikkappadukirathu, idhu oru vana suttruchchoozhal amaippin oru paguthiyaagum, idhu kaadugalin uyirulla, tharaikku maelae ulla pakuthikkum kanima mannukkum idaiyil madhyastham seikirathu, idhu mukkiyamaaga azhugiya maram mattrum kottapatta ilaikal poantra iranththa mattrum sithaintha thaavara porutkalaal aanathu. kanada poantra sila naadugalil, vanath thalam enbathu l, f mattrum h karima ellaikalaik kurikkirathu. idhu muthukelumpattra uyirinangkal, poonjchaikal, paasigal, paakteeriyaakkal mattrum archia ullitta palvaeru vagaiyaana sidhaivu mattrum vaettaiyaadupavargalai valangkukirathu. kaattuth thalam maelae ulla nilaththil vaazhum thaavarangalukkum mannukkum idaiyilaana oru paalamaaga seyalpadugirathu, enavae uyiriyal vaethiyiyal suzharchiyin moolam uuttachchaththu parimaattraththil idhu oru mukkiyamaana angkamaagum. ilaik kuppai mattrum pira thaavarak kuppaith thaavarangalilirunthu mannukku uuttachchaththukkalai anuppukirathu. vanaththin tharaiyil (allathu adivaanaththil) ulla thaavarak kuppai arippaith thadukkirathu, eerappathaththaip paathukaakkirathu mattrum muzhu suttruchchoozhal amaippukkum uuttachchaththukkalai valangkukirathu. f adivaanam thaavarap porulaik kondullathu, idhil sidhaivu velippadaiyaagath therikirathu, aanaal thaavara echchangkalin thoattram innum vaerupadukirathu. ech adivaanam nanku sithaintha thaavarap porutkalaik kondullathu, ithanaal sila vaerkal allathu marangkalaith thavira, thaavara echchangkal adaiyaalam kaana mudiyaathu. mannil ulla uyirinangkalukkum" mannin koorugalukkum "ulla vaerupaattin thanmai sarchaikkuriyathu, aththagaiya vaerupaadu ullathaa endru silar kaelvi ezhuppukiraargal. kaadugalil corbon saemippu mattrum uyirpporul urpaththiyil perumbaalaanavai tharaikku adiyil nigazhkindrana. iruppinum, paathukaappuk kolgaiyum ariviyal aaivum vana suttruchchoozhal amaippin tharaikkuk keezhae ulla paguthiyai purakanikka munaigindrana. mann mattrum nilaththirkuk keezhae ulla suttruchchoozhal amaippin oru mukkiyamaana paguthiyaaga, vanaththin tharai muzhu kaadugalaiyum aazhamaaga paathikkirathu. kaadugalaal nirnayikkappadum aattral mattrum carbon perumbaguthi avvappoathu kuppaith thottikal moolam vanath tharaiyil saerkkappadukirathu, maelum vana suttruchchoozhal amaippugalin uuttachchaththu thevaikalil kanisamaana pakuthi vanath tharai mattrum mannin maerparappil ulla karimap porutkal sithaivathan moolam vazhangkappadukirathu. iranththa karimap porutkalaip payanpaduththakkoodiya uuttachchaththukkalaaka maattruvatharku keelvaathigal mattrum poonjchaikal poantra sidhaivu marunththugal avasiyam. kaadugalin neediththa urpathtiththiran kottapatta thaavara bhaagangkal, kurippaaga uuttachchaththu niraintha ilaikalaal sithaivathudan nerukkamaaga thodarpudaiyathu. kaattuth theekku kaattuth thalamum oru mukkiyamaana eriporul aathaaramaakum. maarupaadu. vanath thalaththil ulla porulin alavu kuppai urpaththiyil irunthu ulleedugal mattrum sidhaivu veliyeedugalukku idaiyilaana samanilaiyaip poruththathu, maelum alavugal thalaththin idaiyooru varalaattraiyum pirathipalikkintrana. kuppai urpaththi mattrum sidhaivu aagiya irandum thalaththin seyalpaadugalaagum (eeyee.jii.eerappatham mattrum varatchi; kulir mattrum veppam; uuttachchaththu niraintha mattrum uuttachchaththu kuraipaadu) mattrum antha idaththai aakiramiththulla thaavarangal (eeyee.jii., uusiyilai mattrum agalamaana ilai). oru thalaththin vanath thalam adhan piraanthiya edai, aalam mattrum uuttachchaththu ulladakkaththaal theermaanikkappadukirathu. podhuvaaga, sidhaivu vigithangkal methuvaaka irukkum poriyal kaadugal mattrum malaik kaadugalil kaadugalin thazhangal migavum kanamaagavum aazhamaagavum irukkum. idharku maaraaga, kanima vaanilai maattraththilirunthu uuttachchaththukkalai vazhangka mudiyaatha vellai manalaith thavira, veppamandala kaadugalil podhuvaaga ilaguraga mattrum melliya vana thazhangal nigazhkindrana, angku sidhaivu vigithangkal viraivaaga ullana. mithaveppa kaadugal. karima adukku moontru adukkugalaaga prikkappattullathu maerparappil sithaikkappadaatha kaaikari porutkalaal uruvaakkappatta ilai kuppai ullathu; keezhae kasindha kaaikari porutkalin vilaiporulaana humous ullathu. kuppai mattrum eerappathaththirku idaiyil karimap porutkalin oralavu sithaintha adukku ullathu ("f: thundu thundaana karimap porutkal") . sila nipunarkal inththa mandalathai mann adivaanaththirku (ooo) samamaaga karudhugindranar, mattravargalukku, idhil kuppaikalaith thavira, eerappatham mattrum idainilai adukku mattumae adangkum. inththa mandalaththil vasikkum vanappaguthith thaavarangal perumpaalum palbugal allathu vaerththottigalaik kondullana, maelum avai bracken poantra fernkal, bluebels poantra moanoakaattukal mattrum naayin paatharasam aagiyavattraik kondullana. veppamandala kaadugal. veppamandala mazhaikkaadugalil, mannil uuttachchaththukkalaich saemikkum mithaveppa kaadugalin mannukku maaraaga, mann perumpaalum migavum moasamaaga ullathu. karaiyaangal, millipeedugal mattrum pira uyirinangkalin miguthiyaana mattrum viraivaana seyalpaattaal pasumaiyaana thaavarangal saaththiyamaagum, avai karimap porutkalai udaiththu udanadiyaaga micorrhysal netvorkkirku anuppugindrana. enavae, veppamandala kaadugalin ilai kuppai adukku kanisamaaga kuraivaagath thoandralaam allathu aandin sila nerangalil kittatthatta illaamal irukkalaam. maelae moontru varaiyarukappatta vidhaanam adukkugaludan, oppeettalavil kuraindha alavilaana sooriya olii (2 sathaveetham varai kuraivaaga) ingku varukirathu. inththa mandalaththirku aetrtravaaru parantha alavilaana thaavarangalin eduththukkaattukal pinvarumaaru spike paasi, injchi mattrum ottunni "rafflesia" espipi.

atavee naela atavee naela, dheenini detritus ledhaa duff anie kooda pilustaaru, idhi atavee paryaavarana vyavasthalo bhaagam, idhi adavilooni sajeeva, bhoomi paina unna bhaagam mariyu khanija naela madhya madhyavartitvam vahistundi, pradhanamgaa kullipotunna kalapa mariyu chitlinche aakulu vanti chanipoyina mariyu ksheenistunna mokkala padaarthaalatho koodi untundi. kenada vanti konni deshaalalo, atavee naela anedi l, f mariyu h sendriya paridhulanu suuchistumdi. idhi akasherukaalu, sileendhraalu, algay, bacteria mariyu archaeatho sahaa aneka rakaala decomposerlu mariyu maamsaahaarulaku aatidhyam istundi. atavee naela paina unna bhoomipai nivasinche vrukshasampada mariyu matti madhya vantenagaa panichestundi, anduvalla jeeva bhuuraasaayanika chakram dwara poeshaka badileeloo idhi keelaka bhaagam. aaku chettha mariyu itara mokkala chettha mokkala nundi mattiki poeshakaalanu prasaram chestundi. atavee naela (ledhaa diguva) looni mokkala chettha kothanu nirodhistundi, temanu samrakshistundi mariyu mottam paryaavarana vyavasthaku poeshakaalanu andistundi. f kshitijamlo mokkala padaartham untundi, dheenilo kullipovadam spashtamgaa kanipistundi, conny mokkala avasheshaala muulaalu ippatikee gurtinchadaginavi. hetch horizone baga kullina mokkala padaarthaanni kaligi untundi, tadwara konni muulaalu ledhaa kalapa minaha mokkala avasheshaalu gurtinchabadavu. matti mariyu matti yokka bhagalalo" jeevula madhya vyatyaasam yokka swabhaavam vivadaspadamga undhi, alanti vyatyaasam undaa anie kondaru prasnistunnaaru. adavulalo carbon nilva mariyu jeevaraashi utpattilo ekkuva bhaagam bhoomi diguvana jarugutundi. ayinappatikee, parirakshana vidhanam mariyu shaastreeya adhyayanam atavee paryaavarana vyavastha yokka diguva bhaganni nirlakshyam chestaayi. matti mariyu naela diguva paryaavarana vyavasthalo keelakamaina bhaagamgaa, atavee naela mottam adavini teevramgaa prabhaavitam chestundi. adavulu sthirapariche shakti mariyu carbonlo ekkuva bhaagam kramaanugatamgaa chettatho kuudina chettha dwara atavee neelaku jodinchabadutundi, mariyu atavee paryaavarana vyavasthala poeshaka avasaraalalo gananeeyamaina bhaagam atavee naela mariyu matti uparitalamlo sendriya padaarthaala kullipovadam dwara sarafara cheyabadutundi. chanipoyina sendriya padaarthaanni upayogapade poshakaalagaa maarchadaaniki arthropods mariyu sileendhraalu vanti decomposerlu avasaram. adavula sthiramaina utpaadakata chetla bhagala kullipovadamto, mukhyamgaa poeshakaalu adhikamgaa unde aakula kullipovadamto daggari sambandham kaligi untundi. atavee mantalaku atavee naela kooda oka mukhyamaina indhana vanaru. vaividhyam. atavee neelalooni padaartham mottam chettha utpatti nundi vachhe inputlu mariyu kullina nundi vachhe avutputla madhya samatulyatapai aadharapadi untundi mariyu mottaalu sait yokka bhangam charitranu kooda pratibimbistaayi. chettha utpatti mariyu kullipovadam rendoo sait yokka vidhulu (udhaa.zii.tadi verses podi; challani verses vecchani; poeshakaalu samruddhiga mariyu poeshakaalu takkuvagaa unna) mariyu aaa pradaesaanni aakraminche vrukshasampada (udhaa.zii., sankhaakaaram verses visaalamaina aakulu). oka pradaesam yokka atavee naela daani areal baruvu, lothu mariyu poeshaka padaardhaala dwara nirnayinchabadutundi. saadhaaranamgaa, atavee antastulu boreal adavulu mariyu parvata adavulalo atyanta baruvainavi mariyu lotainavi, ikkada kullipoye raetlu nemmadigaa untaayi. dheeniki viruddhamgaa, khanija vaataavaranaala nundi poeshakaalu sarafara cheyaleni tellani isuka minaha, kullina raetlu vaegamgaa unna ushnamandala adavulalo thelikaina mariyu sannani atavee neelalu saadhaaranamgaa sambhavistaayi. samasheetoshna adavulu. sendriya pora moodu poralagaa vibhajinchabadindih uparitalampai kuurukupooni kuuragaayala padaartham dwara erpadina aaku chettha untundi; krinda kullina kuuragaayala padaartham yokka utpatti ayina humous untundi. chettha mariyu humous madhya sendriya padaartham yokka paakshikamgaa kullina pora ("f: vicchinnamaina sendriya padaarthaalu") . kontamandi nipunulu eee praantaanni matti kshitijaaniki (oo) samanamga bhaavistaaru, ayithe itarulaku, indulo chettanu minahayinchi, humous mariyu madhyantara pora matrame untaayi. eee praantamloo nivasinche atavee mokkalu tarachugaa gaddalu ledhaa dumpalanu kaligi untaayi mariyu brocken vanti fernlu, bluebels vanti monokatlu mariyu kukka paadarasam vantivi untaayi. ushnamandala adavulu. ushnamandala varshaaranyaalalo, mattiloo poeshakaalanu nilva chese samasheetoshna adavula mattiki bhinnamgaa, matti tarachugaa chaalaa takkuvagaa untundi. chedapurugulu, millipeedlu mariyu itara jeevula samruddhi mariyu vegavantamaina charya dwara pacchani vrukshasampada saadhyamavutundi, ivi sendriya padaarthaanni vichchinnam chesi ventane micorisal netvarkku pamputaayi. anduvalla, ushnamandala adavula aaku chettha pora gananeeyamgaa takkuvagaa kanipinchavacchu ledhaa samvatsaramlo konni samayaallo vaastavamgaa kanipinchakapovacchu. paina moodu nirvachinchina pandiri poralatho, saapekshamgaa takkuva sthaayi suuryarashmi (2 saatam kante takkuva) ikkadaku cherukuntundi. eee joneku anugunamgaa vistruta shreni mokkala udaaharanalu spike naachulu, allam mariyu paraannajeevi "rafflesia" esppi.

jangal kaa farsh jangal kaa farsh jasay detrates yaa diff bhee kahaa jaataa hay jangal kay mahuliyati nazaam kaa wah hasah hay juu jangal kay zindah zameen say oopar waalay hasay aur maadni mutty kay darmiyan saalisi kartaa hay juu bunyadi toor parr mardah aur sadtay hoay podon kay maaday jeesay sadti hoyee lakdi aur garnay waalay patoon parr mushtamil hotaa hay. kachh mamalik mein jeesay canada mein jangal kaa farsh say maraad l, f aur h namiyati afq haine. yaha mukhtalif qasm kay decomposers aur shikaari janwaron kii mezbani kartaa hay jinn mein invertebrates fungi tahaalib bacteria aur aarkiya shaamil haine. jangal kaa farsh zameen parr mojud podon aur mutty kay darmiyan eek pull kay toor parr kaam kartaa hay aur iss tarah baiyo jiyo chemical cycle kay zariye ghazaiyat kii muntaqli mein eek aham jazoo hay. patoon kaa fazlah aur podon kaa deegar fazlah podon say ghazayi ajzaa kuu mutty mein muntaqil kartaa hay. jangal kay farsh (yaa eel afq) kaa podon kaa kachra katao kuu rokta hay namee kuu mahfuz rakhta hay aur puray mahuliyati nazaam kuu ghazayi ajzaa farahim kartaa hay. aif afq podon kay mawaad parr mushtamil hotaa hay jiss mein sadna zahir hotaa hay leakin podon kay baqiyat kii ibtadaa abb bhee qaabil shanakhat hay. aich afq achhi tarah say garnay waalay podon kay mawaad parr mushtamil hotaa hay taakah kachh jadoon yaa lakdi kay elawah podon kay baqiyat kuu pehchana naha jaa sakay. mutty aur mutty kay ajzaa" mein mojud hayatiyat kay darmiyan farq kii noiyat mutnazah hay kachh logon nay sawaal uthaya hay kahh kiyaa aisa farq balkal mojud hay. janglaat mein carbon zakhirah karnay aur baiyo maas kii paidawar kii aksariyat zameen kay neechey hoti hay. iss kay bawajood tahfuz kii palisi aur sciency mutalah jangal kay mahuliyati nazaam kay neechey kay hasay kuu nazar andaaz kartay haine. mutty aur zameen kay neechey kay mahuliyati nazaam kay eek aham hasay kay toor parr jangal kaa farsh puray jangal kuu gehra mutasir kartaa hay. janglaat kay zariye tay shadah ziyadah tarr tawanayi aur carbon kuu waqta foqta kachray kay zariye jangal kay farsh mein shaamil kiyaa jaataa hay aur jangal kay mahuliyati nazaam kii ghazayi zaruriyat kaa eek kaafi hasah jangal kay farsh aur mutty kii satah mein namiyati maaday kay sadnay say farahim kiyaa jaataa hay. decoposure jeesay arthropodz aur fungi mardah namiyati maaday kuu qaabil istemaal ghazayi ajzaa mein tabdil karnay kay liye zaruri haine. janglaat kii mustaqil paidawariyat kaa podon kay hasoon khaas toor parr ghazaiyat say bharpur patoon kay sadnay say gehra taaluq hay. jangal kii aag mein jangal kaa farsh bhee aindhan kaa eek aham zariah hay. taghir. jangal kay farsh mein mawaad kii maqdar kaa inhasaar kachray kii paidawar say aaney waalay inn putt aur sadnay say honay waali paidawar kay darmiyan tawazan parr hotaa hay aur maqdar bhee saait kii khalal kii tareekh kii akaasi karti hay. kachray kii paidawar aur sadna donon saait kay afaal haine (misaal kay toor parr.jee.yee gaila bamuqablah khashak vovo sardi bamuqablah garm vovo ghazaiyat say bharpur bamuqablah ghazaiyat say naqis) aur podon kaa juu iss jagah parr qabzah kartaa hay (misaal kay toor parr.jee.yee shank bamuqablah chodi patee). kasee jagah kay jangal kay farsh kaa tayeen iss kay elaqayi wazan gahrayi aur ghazaiyat kay mawaad say hotaa hay. aam toor parr brail janglaat aur pahaadi janglaat mein jangal kay farsh sabb say ziyadah bhaari aur gehrey hotay haine jehaan sadnay kii sharah sast hoti hay. iss kay barakas jangal kii sabb say halki aur patli farsh aam toor parr ashankatbandi janglaat mein hoti haine jehaan sadnay kii sharah teez hoti hay sawaye safed reet kay jehaan maadni mosam say ghazayi ajzaa kii farahami nahein kii jaa sakti thee. muatadil janglaat. namiyati parat kuu teen tehon mein taqsim kiyaa gayaa hay: satah parr patee kaa kachra ghair composed sabzi kay maaday say bantaa hay vovo neechey humous hay juu sadnay waalay sabzi kay maaday kii paidawar hay. kachray aur hums kay darmiyan namiyati maaday kii jazwi toor parr sadnay waali parat hoti hay ("f: bikhray hoay namiyati mawaad") . kachh mahireen iss zoon kuu mutty kay afq (awo) kay baraabar samajhte haine jabkah dosron kay liyay iss mein sarf humous aur darmiyani parat shaamil hay sawaye kachray kay. iss zoon mein rehney waalay jangal kay podon mein aksar bulb yaa gaanth hotay haine aur inn mein farn jeesay breakin monocoat jeesay blue bails aur katay kaa paarah shaamil hotaa hay. ashankatbandi janglaat. ashankatbandi barsati janglaat mein mutty khood aksar behat kharaab hoti hay iss kay barakas muatadil janglaat kii mutty juu mutty mein ghazayi ajzaa jamaa karti hay. sarsabz podon kuu demak millipaid aur deegar hayatiyat kii kasrat aur teez raftaar amal say mumkin banaya jaataa hay juu namiyati maaday kuu toad deetay haine aur asay fouri toor parr micorisal neet wark mein bhej deetay haine. lehza ashankatbandi janglaat kii patoon kii kachray kii parat kaafi kumm zahir how sakti hay yaa saal kay makhsus auqaat mein emli toor parr ghair haazir how sakti hay. oopar teen mutayin chhatri tehon kay saath soraj kii roshni kii nasbata kumm satah (2 vovo takk kumm) yahaan pahunchti hay. iss zoon kay mutabiq dahaalnay waalay podon kii wasee renj kii misalon mein shaamil haine: spike moas janjar aur parjiviyon "raflisia" aiss pee pee.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55456161

Kazanskaya, Rostov Oblast

Kazanskaya, Rostov Oblast Kazanskaya () is a rural locality (a "stanitsa") in Verkhnedonskoy District of Rostov Oblast, Russia, located on the left bank of Don River from Rostov-on-Don. Population:  (2010 Census);  (2002 Census) It is also the administrative center of Verkhnedonskoy District. Geography. It is situated in northern part of Rostov Oblast on the left bank of Don River close to Vyoshenskaya stanitsa and border with Voronezh Oblast. History. А from Isaac Massa's book printed in 1638 indicates a crossing of the Don river called "Casanski Perevoos" (, lit. Kazan crossing) on the place of the present settlement. This was probably a crossing on a road from the Don Host to the city of Kazan. An explorer of the Don Host Oblast and an envoy of Peter I Rigelman referred to the village as being established in 1647. After the victory of Tsar Ivan the Terrible over the Kazan Khanate, where the Cossacks played a key role, he granted them Don lands. These territories were rich in fisheries, with agriculture, viticulture, and trade also being developed rapidly. In 1690, on the recommendation of Peter I, the Cossacks decided to move their settlement upstream along the Don. Yet at its present place the stanitsa of Kazanskaya was settled only in 1740. It is one of the oldest settlements in Don region. Kazanskaya was part of Donetsky District of Don Host Oblast. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

kazanskaya, ror 'stove ublasto kazanskaya () hoise rasiyar ror 'stove oh' blastor bharkhendonskoy jilaar etaa gramyo onchol (etaa "stanitsa"), ji ror 'stove-ono-donor poraa donn nodir baau paarot owosthito. jonoxongkhyah ee bharkhendonskoy jilaar proxaxonik kendrou. bhugul. ee ror 'stove ublastor uttor ongxot donn nodir baau paarot vyosenskaya stanitsar usorot aaru bho' runix ublastor xoite ximantor uporot owosthito. itihax. 1638 sonot sopa aaisak masar kitapor poraa "kasansky perebhus" (, aakhyorik orthot) naamor donn nodee paar huwar ingito diye. kajan croching) bortomanor boxotir sthanot. eitu xombhobotoh donn hostor poraa kajan sohoroloi juwa etaa pothor paar huwa aasil. donn host oh 'blastor ejon onwexonkari aaru pitter aai regailmanor ejon dute 1647 sonot gaukhonok protistha koraa buli ullekh korisil. kajan khanater uporot jaar ibhanor bhoyongkor bijoyor pisot, zo' too koo 'saake ek guruttopurno bhumika paalon korisil, teu teulukok donn bhumi prodan korisil. ei oncholbur mean paalonor khetrot xomridho aasil, krixi, viticolser aaru banijyoru drutogotit bikax hoisil. 1690 sonot, pitter aai-ror poramorxo onuxori, koo 'sekxokole teulukor boxoti dodd' nor xoite uporoloi sthanantor korar xiddhanto loisil. tothapiu bortomanor sthanot kazanskayar stanitos 1740 sonothe boxoti sthapon koraa hoisil. ee donn oncholor ataitkoi puroni boxotixomuhor bhitorot etaa. kazanskaya donn host ublastor ongxo aasil.

kazanskaya, rostove oblast kazanskaya () russier rostove oblaster varkhnedonskoy jelara ekti gramin elaka (ekti "stanitsa"), jaa rostove-ono-donn theke donn nadeer baam teere abosthito. jonosongkhah etty bharkhandonskoy jelara proshashonik kendrao. bhugol. etty rostove oblaster uttor ongshe donn nadeer baam teere vyoshenskaya stanitsar kachhe ebong voronish oblaster seemante abosthito. itihas. 1638 saale mudrito isak masser boi theke "kasansky perevos" (akkhorik orthe, akkhorik orthe,) naame donn nadeer ekti crossing nirdesh korey. bortoman bosotir jaiga kazan crossing). etty sombhoboto donn hosta theke kazan shohorer ekti rastar crossing chhilo. donn hosta oblaster ekjon abhijatri ebong pitter aaee regelmaner ekjon dooto 1647 saale gramtike protisthito boley ullekh korechilen. kazan khanater upor jaar evan-err bhayankar bijoyer porey, jekhane kasakra ekti mool bhumika palon korechilo, tini taader donn jommy diyechilen. eyi anchalguli motsyochasher khettre samriddha chhilo, krishi, viticolture ebong banijyao druto bikoshito hoyechilo. 1690 khristabde pitter aaee-err superishe, kasyakra donn borabor taader bosoti ujane sariye neoar siddhanta neyo. tobuo bortoman sthane kazanskier stanitsa 1740 saale bosoti sthapon korechilo. etty donn anchaler prachintama bosotigulir modhye ekti. kazanskaya donn hosta oblaster ongsho chhilo.

kazanskaya, rostove oblast kazanskaya () aee russiana rostove oblastna workhendonskoy jeellama aek graameen vistaar (aek "stanitsa") chhe, jeey rostove-ona-donthi doona nadeena daaba keenare stheet chhe. vasteeh teey workhendonkoy jillaanu vahivati kendra pann chhe. bhugol. teey doona nadeena daaba kaanthe rostove oblastna uttareey bhagma vyoshenskaya stanitsani najik aneey voronez oblastnee sarhad parr stheet chhe. itihas. itihas chhapayela isaq maasaana pustakmathi "kasansky parevos" (shaabdik arthamaa, shaabdik arthamaa) naamnee doona nadeenu paar karvaanu soochave chhe. vartmaan vasaahatni jagya parr kazan crossing). aaa kadaach doona hostathi kazan shaher sudhinaa rastaa parnoo crossing hatoo. doona hoosta oblastna aek sanshodhak aneey pieter ee regalmanna dute dute gaamno ullekh karyo hato. kazan khaanate parr zaar ivaannaa bhayanak vijay pachhi, jyaan kosekoae mukhya bhoomika bhajvi hatee, temane temne jameen aapee hatee. aaa pradesho matsyodhyogthi samruddh hataa, jemaa krushee, viticulture aneey vepaarno pann zadapthi vikaas thaee rahyo hato. hato, pieter pieter bhalaaman parr, kosekoae doona saathe temnee vasaahatne upar taraf khasedvaanu nakki karyoo. tema chhataa tenaa vartmaan sthaane kazanskayana stanitsa 1740 maan jaj sthaayi thayaa hataa. teey doona pradeshmaa sauthee juunii vasaahatomaani aek chhe. kazanskaya doona hoosta oblastno bhaag hato.

kazanskaya, rostov oblast kazanskaya () roose key rostov oblast key workhendonskoy jile mein ack graameen ilaka (ack "stanitsa") haye, joe rostov-onn-donn seey donn nadee key baaen kinare parr sthit haye. jansankhyaah yeh workhenonskoy jile kaa prashaasnik kendra bhee haye. bhugol. yeh rostove oblast key uttari bhaag mein donn nadee key baaen tata parr vyoshenskaya stanitsa key paas aur voronish oblast key saath seema parr sthit haye. itihas. 1638 mein mudrit isaq maas kii pustak seey "kasansky perevos" (, shaabdik roop seey) naamak donn nadee key paar honey kaa sanket milata haye. vartamaan basti key sthaan parr kazaan crossing). yeh shayed donn host seey kazaan shahar taka kii sadak parr ack crossing thee. donn host oblast key ack khojkarta aur peater aaee riggleman key ack doot ney 1647 mein gaanv koo sthaapit honey key roop mein sandarbhit kiya. kazaan khaanate parr zaar ivan kii bhayaanak jeet key baad, jahan cossex ney ack mahatvapurna bhoomika nibhai, unhone unhein jameen dee. yeye kshetra matsya paalan mein samriddh they, krishi, viticulture aur vyaapaar bhee teji seey vikasit hoe rhaa thaa. 1690 mein, peater aaee kii sifarish parr, cossex ney donn key saath apani basti koo oopar kii or leey jaane kaa faisala kiya. phir bhee apane vartamaan sthaan parr kazanskaya kaa stanitsa kewal 1740 mein basaaya gayaa thaa. yeh donn kshetra kii sabse purani bastiyon mein seey ack haye. kazanskaya donn host oblast kaa hissa thaa.

kazanskaya, rostove oblast kazanskaya () embudu rostove-aun-daanninda daan nadiya eda dandeyalliruva rashyaada rostove oblastna workhnedonskay jilleyalliruva ondu grameena pradeshavaagide (ondu "stanitsa"). jansankhyeh idu varkhnonskay jilleya aadalita kendravu aagide. bhougolika. idu rostove oblastna uttara bhagadalli daan nadiya eda dandeyalli vyoshenskaya stanitsakke hattiradallide mattu voronez oblastna gadiyallide. itihaasa. itihaasa mudritavaada isaq maasaada pustakavu "kasansky perevos" (, litt. kazan daatuvike) prastuta vasaahatu iruva sthaladalli. idu bahushah daan hostninda kazan nagarakke hoguva rasteya daatuvikeyaagittu. daan host oblastna parishodhaka mattu peater aii regelmanra rayabhariyu rayabhariyu ee graamavannu sthaapisalaayitu endu ullekhisidaru. kazan khanetna mele torsor ivan dhii bhayanaka vijayada nantara, allie kosakgalu pramukha patra vahisidaru, avaru avarige daan bhoomiyannu niididaru. ee pradeshagalu meenugaarikeyalli samraddhavaagiddavu, krishi, drakshi saakane mattu vyaapaaravu saha vegavagi abhivruddhi honduttiddavu. honduttiddavu, peater aii avara shifarasina merege, kosakgalu tamma vasaahatannu daan naa uddakkoo melmukhavaagi sthalaantarisalu nirdharisidaru. aadaroo adara prastuta sthaladalli kazanskayada staanitsaavannu staanitsaavannu maatra nelegolisalaayitu. idu daan pradeshada atyanta haleya vasaahatugalalli ondaagide. kazanskayavu daan host oblastna bhagavagittu.

kasanskaya, rostov oblaast russiayile rostov oblaasttile werkhnedonskoy jillayile oru grameena pradesamaanu kaasanskaaya (Касансссая), ithu rostov-oonn-donil ninnu doonn nadiyude idathu karayil sthithicheyyunnu. janasamkhya werkhnedonskoy jillayude bharana kendram koodiyaanithu. bhoomishaasthram. rostov oblaasttinte vadakkan bhaagath doonn nadiyude idathu karayil vayoshenskaaya staanitsaykk sameepavum voronesh oblaasttinte athirthiyilumaanu ithu sthithi cheiyunnathu. charithram. 1638ll achadicha isak maasayude pusthakatthil ninnulla eiii "kasansky perevos" (, littu. cassan crossing) ippozhathe vaasasthalathu. doonn aathidheyante cusson nagaratthilekkulla oru roadile chrosyngyricam ithu. doonn hoost oblaasttinte oru paryavekshakanum peettar aii rigalmaante prathinidiyum 1647ll sthaapithamaaya graamathe paraamarshichu. cusson khaanettinethiraaya saar ivante vijayathin sesham, kosaakkukal pradhana punk vahichathinaal addeham avarkk doonn lands nalki. krishi, vittikkalchar, vyapaaram ennivayum athivegam vikasippichukondirunna eee pradeshangal malsyabandhanathaal sambannamaayirunnu. 1690-ll, peettar onnaamante shupaarshaprakaaram, kosaakkukal avarude vaasasthalam doninatuthekku mukalilekku maattaan theerumaanichu. ennittum athinte ippozhathe sthalathu kasanskaayayile sthaanitsa 1740 ll maathramaan sthirathaamasamaakkiyathu. doonn mekhalayile ettavum pazhaya vaasasthalangalilonnaanith. doonn hoost oblaasttinte bhaagamaayirunnu kasanskaya.

kazanskya, rostov oblast kazanskya (Каzanskaya) haah russiachya rostove oblastchya workhendonskoy jilhyatil eka grameen parisar (eka "stanitsa") aahe, joou rostove-aun-donpasoon donn nadichya davya kathavar sthit aahe. loksankhyah heey workhedonskoy jilhyache prashasakeey kendra dekhil aahe. bhoogol. heey rostove oblastchya uttar bhagat donn nadichya davya kathavar vyoshenskaya stanitsa jawal v voronish oblastchya simevar aahe. itihas. 1638 madhye chhapalelya isaq masachya pustakatil aaa, donn nadee olandalyache soochit karate jyala "kasansky perevos" (, lii. sadhyachya vasahatichya thikani kazan crossing). donn hostpasoon kazan shaharaparyantchya rastyavaril haah kadachit eka crossing hota. donn hoost oblastcha eka shodhak aanee pieter ii regailmanchya dutane 1647 madhye gaav sthapan jhaale asey mhatale. kazan khantevar zaar ivan daad bhayanak vijay midvalyanantar, jithe kozakni mahattvachi bhoomika bajavali hotee, tyane tyanna donn jameen dilee. heey pradesh matsyavyavasayane samruddha hote, shetee, viticulture aanee vyapar dekhil vegane vikasit hott hota. 1690 madhye, pieter I chya shifarshinusar, kozakni tyanchi vasahat donchya bajoone varchya dishene halavanyacha nirnay ghetala. tarihi sadhyachya thikani kazanskayacha stanyang keval 1740 madhye sthayik jhaala. hii donn pradeshatil sarvat junya vasahatinpaiki eka aahe. kazanskya haah donn hoost oblastcha bhag hota.

kazanskaya, rostobh oblast kazanskaya () rusko rostobh oblastako warkhenonskoya jillako ek gramin ilaka (ek "stanitsa") how, june rostobh-unn-danbata dunn nadiko bayan kinarma awasthit chha. janasankhyah yo warkhenonskoya jillako prashasanik kendra pani how. bhugol. yo rostobh oblastako uttari bhagma dunn nadiko bayan kinarma bhyosenskaya stanitsa najikai rar bhoronez oblastako simanama awasthit chha. itihas. sann 1638 maa chhapieko isak masako pustakbata "kasansky perebhos" (, shabdik rupma) bhanine dunn nadi parr bhaeko sanket gardacha. kazan crussing) halko bastiko thaunma. yo sambhawatah dunn hostbata kazan saharsammako sadakma bhaeko crussing thiyo. dunn host oblastka ekjana anweshak rar pieter ei regelmanka dutle 1647 maa sthapit bhaeko gaunlai ullekha gare. kazahn khanatemathi zar iwanko bhayanak vijayapachhi, jahaan kosyakle pramukh bhumika kheleka thie, unle uniharulai dunn jaminharu die. yee kshetraharu matsyapalanma dhani thie, krishi, bhitikalchar rar wyapar pani druta gatima vikas bhairaheko thiyo. sann 1690 maa, pieter I ko sifarisma, kosyakharule afno basti dunko sath mathi sarne nirnaya gare. tara pani yasako wartaman sthanma kazanskayako stanitsa sann 1740 maa matra basobas garieko thiyo. yo dunn kshetrako sabaibhanda purano bastiharu madhye ek how. kazanskaya dunn host oblastako hissa thiyo.

kazanskaya, rostove oblast kazanskaya (Касансссая) heuchhi rushiaara rostove oblastra bharkhenadonskoya jillara eka grameena anchala (eka "stanitsa"), jaahaa rostov-aun-donn ru donn nadira baama koolare abasthita . janasankhya-ehaa madhya bharkendonskaya jillara prashasanika kendra. bhugol. ehaa rostova oblaster uttara bhagare donn nadira baama koolare bhajoshenskaja stanitsa nikatare ebong voroniz oblast sahita seemaare abasthita . itihas. 1638 masihare mudrita isaq masanka pustakaru 'kasanki perebhos' (, aakhyarika arthare) namaka donn nadee paara hebara sanketa milichi. kazan krasing) barttamanara basati sthanare . ehaa sambhabatah donn hostaru kazan saharaku jauthiba eka rastare eka krasing thila . donn host oblaster jane anusandhanakari ebong pieter ee rigelmyannka jane doota ehi gramaku 1647 ray sthapita hoithiba ullekha karithile. kazan khanate upare bhajankara tarr ibhananka bijai parey, jeunthare kosakmane eka pramukh bhumika grahan karithile, shay semananku donn jami pradan karithile. ehi anchalagudika matsyachashare samruddha thila, krushi, viticalture ebong banijya madhya druta gatire bikashita heuthila . 1690 masihare, masihare suparish krame, kosakmane donn sahita semananka basati upare sthanantara karibaku nishpatti neithile. tathapi ehara barttamanara sthanare kazanskazara stanitsa kebala 1740 ray basati sthapana karithila. ehaa donn anchalara sabutharu puruna basati madhyaru gotie . kazanskaya donn host oblaster anshabisesha thila.

kazanskaya, rostove oblast kazanskaya (Касонссая) roos dey rostove oblast dey workhendonskoe zilhe witch ikk pendu ilaka (ikk "stanitsa") haii, joe rostove-aana-done toon daan nadee dey khabbe kandhe utte sathit haii. abadia ih workhedenskoy zilhe daa parshaski kendra vee haii. bhugol. ih daan nadee dey khabbe kandhe uttri hisse witch rostove oblast dey uttri hisse witch sathit haii joe kii vayoshenskaya stanitsa dey nede haii atey voronez oblast naal laggda haii. itihaas. 1638 witch chhapi isaak maasa dee kitaab toon aii "kaisansky perevos" (Касансси πереvoos) namak daan nadee dey paar honn daa sanket dinda haii. kazan crossing) maujuda basti dey sathaan utte. ih shayed daan mezban toon kazan shehar takk dee sadak utte ikk langha see. daan mezban oblast dey ikk khoji atey pieter aaee riggleman dey ikk doot neey pind noon 1647 witch sathapit keeta giaa dassiaa. zaar ivaan dee kazan khaante utte bhiaanak jitt toon baad, jitthe cosack neey ikk mahattavpuran bhumika nibhai, usne unhan noon daan zaminan dittiaan. ih khetar machhi paalan naal bharpur sunn, khetibadi, angur paalan atey vapaar daa vee tezi naal vikas keeta jaa riha see. 1690 witch, pieter I dee sifarash utte, cosex neey aapni basti noon daan dey naal uppar vall lijaan daa faisla keeta. firr vee iss dey maujuda sathaan utte kazanskaya daa satambh 1740 witch hii vasiaa see. ih daan khetar deeaan sabh toon puraniaan bastiaan vicchon ikk haii. kazanskaya daan host oblast daa hissa see.

kazanskaya, rostove oblast kazanskaya (Касонсссая) iti rostove-aan-daan ityasya daan-nadyaah vaamatate sthitah, rashiyaadeshasy rostove-oblast ityasya varkhenonskoy-mandale sthitah graminapradeshaha ("stanitsa") asti. janasankhyaa-etat varkhenonskoy-mandalasya prashaasanikam kendram api asti. bhoogolah. rostove oblast ityasya uttarabhage daan-nadyaah vaamatate vyoshenskaayaa stanitsa ityasya sameepe, voronage oblast ityanena saha simayam cha asti. itihaasah. 1638 tame varshe mudritasya isaak-massa ityasya pustakaat "kasansky-perevos" (, litt) iti daan-nadyaah paragamanam soochayati. vartamaan-nivaasasthaane kazaan-paragamanam). sambhawatah daan-host-taha kazaan-nagaram prati margasya paragamanam aasit. daan-host-oblast ityasya anweshakah, peater-ee-rigel-myaan ityasya dootah cha 1647 tame varshe sthaapitah graamah iti ullekham akarot. kazaan-khaanet-ityasya upari zaar-ivaan-ityasya bhayanakavijayanantaram, yatra cosacs-janaah pramukham paatram niravahan, saha taan daan-bhoomim adadat. ete pradeshah matsyapaalan-kshetre samruddhaah aasan, krushihi, viticulture, vyaapaarah cha sheeghram vikasitaah aasan. 1690 tame varshe, peater-1 ityasya anushamsayaa, cosacs ityete daan-ityasya paarshve swasya nivaasam oordhvadishi gantum nishchitavantah. tathaapi vartamaanasthaane kazanskaya ityasya stanitsa 1740 tame varshe eva sthitaa aasit. eshaa daan-pradeshasya prachinatameshu janavaaseshu anyatama asti. kazanskaya iti daan host oblast ityasya bhaagah aasit.

kasanskaya, rostove oblast kasanskaya () enbathu russiavin rostove oblastin vergnedonskoy maavattaththil ulla oru graamappura vattaaramaagum (oru "stanitsa"), idhu rostove-aann-daanil irunthu dawn aattrin idathu karaiyil amainthullathu. makkal togaih idhu verkentonskoy maavattaththin nirvaaga maiyamaagavum ullathu. puviyiyal. idhu rostove oblastin vadakkup paguthiyil dawn aattrin idathu karaiyil viocenskaya stanitsavukku arugil amainthullathu mattrum voronesh oblastin ellaiyil amainthullathu. varalaaru. 1638 aam aandil achidappatta aisak maasaavin puththagaththilirunthu "kasansky perevos" (, litt. kajan crossing) tharpoothaiya kudiyaettraththin idaththil. idhu dawn hostilirunthu kajan nagaraththirku sellum saalaiyil oru kurukkuvettu vazhiyaaga irukkalaam. dawn hoast oblastin oru aaivaalar mattrum piittar aii rickleman thoothar 1647 aam aandil gramam niruvappattathaaga kuripittaar. kasaan kaanettaik kaippattriyathan pinnar, kasaakkugal mukiya pangku vagiththa idaththil, avar avarkalukku dawn nilangkalai valangkinaar. inththa pirathaesangkal vivasaayam, thaavara vaelaanmai mattrum varththagam aagiyavattril vaekamaaka valarchchiyadainthu meenvalaththil valamaanavaiyaaga irunththana. 1690 aam aandil, piittar i inn parinthuraiyin paeril, koasaakkugal thangal kudiyaetraththai dawn vazhiyaaga melnoakki nagarththa mudivu seithanar. iruppinum adhan tharpoothaiya idaththil kazanskayavin stanitcha 1740 aam aandil mattumae kudiyaeriyadhu. idhu dawn piraanthiyaththin palamaiyaana kudiyaettranggalil ontraakum. kasanskaya dawn hoast oblastin oru paguthiyaaga irunththathu.

kazanskaya, rostov oblast kazanskaya () anedi rostov-aann-daan nundi daan nadhi edama odduna unna rashyaalooni rostov oblastloni verkhnonskoy jillaalo unna oka graameena praantam (oka "stanitsa"). janabha idhi verkhnonskay jillaaku paripalana kendram kooda. bhougolikam. idhi rostov oblast yokka uttara bhaagamlo daan nadhi edama odduna vyoshenskaya stanitsa sameepamlo mariyu voronez oblast sarihaddulo undhi. charitra. 1638loe mudrinchina isak maas pustakam nundi "kasansky perevos" (, litt. prastuta sthaavaram unna pradaesamloe kazan crossing). idhi bahusha daan host nundi kazan nagaraniki velle rahadaaripai oka crossing. daan host oblast yokka anveshakudu mariyu peater ii regelman yokka rayabari 1647loe sthapinchabadinatlugaa gramanni paerkonnaaru. kazan khanet meeda bhayankaramaina taar evon vijayam taruvaata, kosaklu keelaka paatra pooshinchina taruvaata, athanu vaariki bhoomini manjuru chesaadu. eee bhuubhaagaalu vyavasayam, viticulture mariyu vaanijyam kooda vaegamgaa abhivruddhi chendadamtho, matsya sampadatho samruddhiga undevi. 1690loe, peater ii sifaarasu meraku, kosaklu tama sthaavaraanni daan venta paiki taralinchaalani nirnayinchukunnaaru. ayinappatikee daani prastuta pradaesamloe kazanskaya stanitsa 1740loe matrame sthirapadindi. idhi daan praantamlooni puraatana sthaavaraalalo okati. kazanskaya daan host oblastlo bhaagamgaa undedi.

kazanskia rastof oblist kazanskaya (qazaniskaya) roos kay rastof oblast kay zalaa warkhanedonskoe kaa eek deehi elaqah (eek "stentsa") hay juu rastof-aann-ddaan say daryaae ddaan kay bayein kinaray parr waaqa hay. aabadi: yaha zalaa workhednonskoe kaa intezami markaz bhee hay. geografiya. yaha rostof oblist kay shamali hasay mein daryaae ddaan kay bayein kinaray parr vieushenskaya stentsa kay qareeb waaqa hay aur waroneez oblist kay saath sarhad parr waaqa hay. tareekh. 1638 mein chhapi aizaak maasa kii kitaab say aey ddaan nadee kay abur honay kii nishandahi kartaa hay jasay "kasansky periovis" (yee lafzi toor parr. kazaan crossing) maujudah bastee kii jagah parr. yaha shayed ddaan mezban say qazaan shehar takk jaanay waali sadak parr eek crossing thee. ddaan mezban oblist kay eek mutlashi aur petter ayee regailman kay ailchi nay iss gaaon kuu 1647 mein qayem honay kaa hawalah diyaa. zaar aiwan kii qazaan khaantey parr khufnaak fatah kay baad jehaan kazakon nay kaleedi kirdaar adaa kiyaa iss nay inhein ddaan araazi ataa kii. yaha elaqay maahi geeri say maalaa maal thay zaraat watee culture aur tajarat bhee teezi say tarqi kirr rahay thay. 1690 mein petter awal kii sfarish parr kazakon nay apnee bastee kuu ddaan kay saath oopar kii taraf muntaqil karnay kaa faislah kiyaa. phir bhee apnee maujudah jagah parr qazniskaya kaa stentsa sarf 1740 mein aabaad hawaa thaa. yaha ddaan khatay kii qadeem tareen bastiyon mein say eek hay. kazanskia ddaan host oblist kaa hasah thaa.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21926976

Economy of Alaska

Economy of Alaska In a report compiled by the government of Alaska, the real GDP of Alaska was $51.1 billion in 2011, $52.9 billion in 2012 and $51.5 billion in 2013. The drop-off that occurred between 2012 and 2013 has been attributed to the decline in the mining sector, specifically the oil and gas sectors, a consequence of declined production. The state's economy has been described by University of Alaska Anchorage economist Scott Goldsmith as a "three-legged stool" - with one leg being the petroleum and gas industry, the second leg being the federal government and the third leg being all other industries and services. Between 2004 and 2006, the federal government was responsible for 135,000 Alaska jobs, the petroleum sector provided 110,000 jobs and all other industries and services combined for 122,000 jobs. Alaska's main export product after oil and natural gas is seafood, primarily salmon, cod, pollock, and crab. In the 2013 fishing season, Alaskan fishers were able to accumulate a total of 5.8 billion pounds of seafood, which equates to an evaluation of $1.9 billion, a small, but noticeable increase in comparison to 2012, which had a total of 5.3 billion and $1.7 billion respectively. Agriculture represents only a very small fraction of the Alaskan economy. Agricultural production is primarily for consumption within the state and includes nursery stock, dairy products, vegetables, and livestock. Manufacturing is limited, with most food and general goods imported from elsewhere. Employment is primarily in government and industries such as natural resource extraction, shipping, and transportation. Military bases are a significant component of the economy in both Fairbanks and Anchorage. Federal subsidies are also an important part of the economy, allowing the state to keep taxes low. Its industrial outputs are crude petroleum, natural gas, coal, gold, precious metals, zinc and other mining, seafood processing, timber and wood products. There is also a growing service and tourism sector. Tourists have contributed to the economy by supporting local lodging. History. Alaska's first cannery opened in 1878 to facilitate the selling of salmon. Economic sectors. Energy. Alaska has vast energy resources. Major oil and gas reserves are found in the Alaska North Slope (ANS) and Cook Inlet basins. According to the Energy Information Administration, Alaska ranks fourth in the nation in crude oil production. Prudhoe Bay on Alaska's North Slope is the highest yielding oil field in the United States and on North America, typically producing about . The Trans-Alaska Pipeline can pump up to of crude oil per day, more than any other crude oil pipeline in the United States. Additionally, substantial coal deposits are found in Alaska's bituminous, sub-bituminous, and lignite coal basins. The United States Geological Survey estimates that there are of undiscovered, technically recoverable gas from natural gas hydrates on the Alaskan North Slope. Alaska also offers some of the highest hydroelectric power potential in the country from its numerous rivers. Large swaths of the Alaskan coastline offer wind and geothermal energy potential as well. Alaska's economy depends heavily on increasingly expensive diesel fuel for heating, transportation, electric power and light. Though wind and hydroelectric power are abundant and underdeveloped, proposals for statewide energy systems (e.g. with special low-cost electric interties) were judged uneconomical (at the time of the report, 2001) due to low (<$0.50/Gal) fuel prices, long distances and low population. The cost of a US gallon of gasoline in urban Alaska today is usually $0.30–$0.60 higher than the national average; prices in rural areas are generally significantly higher but vary widely depending on transportation costs, seasonal usage peaks, nearby petroleum development infrastructure and many other factors. In 2012, Alaska accounted for 8.1% of American crude oil production, ranking behind Texas (30.6%), North Dakota (10.2%), and California (8.3%). Other resource extraction. See: Gold mining in Alaska Tourism. Tourism in Alaska is the second-largest private sector employer, accounting for one in eight Alaskan jobs, nearly 2 million visitors, and $2.42 billion in direct visitor spending including labor income. Nearly half the visitors arrive to Alaska through the cruise industry including Carnival Cruise Line, Celebrity Cruises, Crystal Cruises, Disney Cruise Line, Holland America Line, Norwegian Cruise Line, Oceania Alaskan Cruises, Princess Cruises, Regent Seven Seas Cruises, Royal Caribbean Cruises Ltd., Silversea Cruises, Seattle Alaskan Cruises, and Vancouver Alaskan Cruises. Other visitors arrive via the Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport, driving along the main road access to the state, the Alaska Highway, or aboard the Alaska Marine Highway. In his 2015 state of the State address, Alaska Governor Bill Walker referred to the tourism industry as a "healthy and vital industry which showcases a dynamic partnership between private enterprise and state and local government, one that has the potential of limitless growth and contribution to our economic well-being. Tourism is also a contributor to the state's general fund through various taxes, including a commercial passenger vessel excise tax rate of $34.50 per passenger, per voyage. Other taxes generated through tourism include a 10% tax on vehicle rentals, as well as local sales and bed taxes. According to a study prepared for the State of Alaska by the McDowell Group, "spending by Alaska visitors in 2014-15 was distributed widely throughout the state’s economy. Lodging, tours/activities, gifts/souvenirs, and food/beverage each accounted for about one-fifth of spending (18 to 20 percent)", while the remaining fifth includes packages and transportation. Visitors are attracted to Alaska by various experiences often tied to the natural and vast characteristics of the landscape, wildlife, and culture of the state. There are many guided activities that provide a way for visitors to access these experiences and for local and multi-national companies alike to conduct business. Guided activities include sightseeing tours, whale watching, glacier viewing, flightseeing, wildlife viewing, hiking, ziplining, kayaking/rafting, and fishing. Fishing alone accounts for $652,498,723 in annual spending by non-residents including purchases of licenses, guides, equipment, and repair. A top destination for tourism in Alaska includes the State's National Park system, featuring 24 units. Annually these national parks collectively are visited by 2.6 million people and contribute a $1.1 billion economic benefit. Agriculture. Due to the northern climate and steep terrain, relatively little farming occurs in Alaska. Most farms are in either the Matanuska Valley, about northeast of Anchorage, or on the Kenai Peninsula, about southwest of Anchorage. The short 100-day growing season limits the crops that can be grown, but the long sunny summer days make for productive growing seasons. The primary crops are potatoes, carrots, lettuce, and cabbage. Farmers exhibit produce at the Alaska State Fair. "Alaska Grown" is used as an agricultural slogan. Alaska has an abundance of seafood, with the primary fisheries in the Bering Sea and the North Pacific, and seafood is one of the few food items that is often cheaper within the state than outside it. Many Alaskans fish the rivers during salmon season to gather significant quantities of their household diet while fishing for subsistence, sport, or both. Hunting for subsistence, primarily caribou, moose, and Dall sheep is still common in the state, particularly in remote Bush communities. An example of a traditional native food is Akutaq, the Eskimo ice cream, which can consist of reindeer fat, seal oil, dried fish meat and local berries. Alaska's reindeer herding is concentrated on the Seward Peninsula where wild caribou can be prevented from mingling and migrating with the domesticated reindeer. Most food in Alaska is transported into the state from "Outside", and shipping costs make food in the cities relatively expensive. In rural areas, subsistence hunting and gathering is an essential activity because imported food is prohibitively expensive. The cost of importing food to villages begins at 7¢ per pound (15¢/kg) and rises rapidly to 50¢ per pound ($1.10/kg) or more. The cost of delivering a of milk is about $3.50 in many villages where per capita income can be $20,000 or less. Fuel cost can exceed $8.00 per gallon. Permanent Fund. The Alaska Permanent Fund is a legislatively controlled appropriation established in 1976 to manage a surplus in state petroleum revenues from the recently constructed Trans-Alaska Pipeline System. From its initial principal of $734,000, the fund has grown to $40 billion as a result of oil royalties and capital investment programs. Starting in 1982, dividends from the fund's annual growth have been paid out each year to eligible Alaskans, ranging from $331.29 in 1984 to $3,269.00 in 2008 (which included a one-time $1200 "Resource Rebate"). Every year, the state legislature takes out 8 percent from the earnings, puts 3 percent back into the principal for inflation proofing, and the remaining 5 percent is distributed to all qualifying Alaskans. To qualify for the Alaska State Permanent Fund one must have lived in the state for a minimum of 12 months, and maintain constant residency. Cost of living. The cost of goods in Alaska has long been higher than in the contiguous 48 states. This has changed for the most part in Anchorage and to a lesser extent in Fairbanks, where the cost of living has dropped somewhat in the past five years. Federal government employees, particularly United States Postal Service (USPS) workers and active-duty military members, receive a Cost of Living Allowance usually set at 25% of base pay because, while the cost of living has gone down, it is still one of the highest in the country. The introduction of big-box stores in Anchorage, Fairbanks (Wal-Mart in March 2004), and Juneau also did much to lower prices. However, rural Alaska suffers from extremely high prices for food and consumer goods, compared to the rest of the country due to the relatively limited transportation infrastructure. Many rural residents come into these cities and purchase food and goods in bulk from warehouse clubs like Costco and Sam's Club. Some have embraced the free shipping offers of some online retailers to purchase items much more cheaply than they could in their own communities, if they are available at all. Largest employers. According to the Alaska Department of Labor and Workforce Development, the following were the state's largest private sector employers in 2010: References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

alaskar orthoniti alaska sorkaror dwara xongkolit ek protibedonot, alaskar prokrito gdp 2011 sonot 51.1 billion dollar, 2012 sonot 52.9 billion dollar aaru 2013 sonot 51.5 billion dollar aasil. 2012 aaru 2013 sonor bhitorot huwa drop-ofok khoni khondo, bixexkoi tel aaru ges khondor hraxor folot dayee koraa hoise, jaar folot utpadon hraax paise. rajyokhonor orthonitik alaska biswobidyaloyor enkorej orthonitibid scott goldsmithe "tini bhorir stool" hisape bornona korise-etaa bhori petro "liam aaru ges udyug, dwitiyo bhori federal sorkar aaru tritiyo bhori aan xokolu udyug aaru xewa. 2004 sonor poraa 2006 sonor bhitorot federal sorkare 135,000 alaska sakorir baabe daybodho aasil, petro "liam khondoi 110,000 sakori aaru 122,000 sakorir baabe aan xokolu udyug aaru xewar baabe daybodho aasil. tel aaru prakritik gesor pisot alaskar mukhyo roptani xamogri hoise xagoriyo khadyo, prodhankoi salmon, codd, pulok aaru crab. 2013 sonor maach dhorar botorot, alaskar masmoriyaxokole muth 5.8 billion pound xagoriyo khadyo xongroho koriboloi xokhyom hoisil, ji ek xoru, kintu 2012 sonor tulnat lokhyoniyo briddhi, jaar muth mulyo aasil jothakrome 5.3 billion aaru 1.7 billion dollar. krixiye alaskar orthonitir maatro etaa oti xoru ongxokhe protinidhitwo kore. krixi utpadon prodhankoi rajyokhonor bhitorot byoboharor baabe aaru iyat nursery stock, dugdhojat xamogri, xaak-pasoli aaru poxudhon ontorbhukto aase. utpadon ximito, besibhag khadyo aaru xadharon xamogri aan thair poraa aamdani koraa hoy. nijukti prodhankoi sorkari aaru udyug jene prakritik xompod aahoron, jahaj poribohon aaru poribohonot aase. xamorik ghatibur fairbank aaru enkorej duyutate orthonitir ek guruttopurno upadan. federal rajsahajyoxomuhou orthonitir ek guruttopurno ongxo, jaar folot rajyokhone korr komm rakhibo paare. iyar oudyugik utpadonxomuh hoh "lo oxudhito petro" liam, prakritik ges, koyola, xun, mulyowan dhaatu, dosta aaru onyanyo khonon, xagoriyo khadyo prokriyakoron, kaath aaru kaathor xamogri. xewa aaru porjoton khondu briddhi paise. porjotokxokole sthaniyo baxosthanor xohay kori orthonitit orihona jugaise. itihax. 1878 sonot salmon bikrir xubidhar baabe alaskar prothom kenori mukoli koraa hoisil. orthonoitik khondoxomuh. xokti. alaskar bixal xokti xompod aase. alaskar uttor dhaal (aanos) too prodhan tel aaru gesor bhandar puwa yaay aaru inlet besinbur rondha hoy. xokti tothyo proxaxonor mote, alaska dexor oxudhito tel utpadonot soturtho sthanot aase. alaskar uttor dhaalor prudhu upoxagor hoise aamerika juktorastro aaru uttor aamerikar xorbadhik utpadonkari tel khyetro, ji xadharonote praay pray. trains-alaska pipelinetuwe protidine oxudhito tel poo 'mpo koribo paare, jitu aamerika juktorastror aan jikunu oxudhito tel pipelineotkoi odhik. iyar uporiu, alaskar bitumins, xaab-bitumins aaru lignite koyola owobahikat jothesto koyolar bhandar puwa yaay. aamerika juktorastror bhutatwik joripor onuman onuxori alaskar uttor dhaalot prakritik ges hydrator poraa abiskar nuhuwa, karikoribhabe punoruddharjugyo ges aase. alaskar bohutu nodir poraa dexor kichu xorbuscho jolobidyut xoktir xombhawonau aase. alascan upokulor brihot ongxoxomuhe bayu aaru bhu-taapiyo xoktir xombhawonau prodan kore. alaskar orthoniti gorom koraa, poribohon, boidyutik xokti aaru puhoror baabe kromanwoye byoybohul digel indhonor uporot jothesto nirbhorxil. jodiu bayu aaru jolobidyut xokti prosur aaru onunnot, rajyik xokti byowosthar baabe prostab (udahji. komm (<$0.50/gal) indhonor mulyo, digholiya durotwo aaru komm jonoxongkhyar baabe bixex komm khorsor boidyutik antohbyowosthar xoite) orthonoitik (protibedonor xomoyot, 2001) buli bisar koraa hoisil. aaji nogoriya alaskat ek aamerikan gaylon petro "lor mulyo xadharonote rastriyo gorotkoi 030-0.60 dollar besi; gramyo oncholot mulyo xadharonote ullekhjugyobhabe besi kintu poribohon byoy, ritugoto byoboharor xikhor, usoror petro" liam unnoyon antohgathoni aaru onyanyo bohutu karokor uporot nirbhor kori byapokbhabe prithok hoy. 2012 sonot aamerikar oxudhito tel utpadonor 8.1% alaskar aasil, ji texus (30.6%), uttor dokuta (10.2%), aaru california (8.3%) ror pisor sthanot aasil. onyanyo xompod aahoron. saukoh alaskat xunor khonon porjoton. alaskar porjoton hoise dwitiyo xorbobrihot byoktigoto khondor niyugkorta, ji aathta alaskar sakorir bhitorot etaa, pray 20 laakh dorxonarthi, aaru sromik aayoke dhori proityokhyo dorxonarthir khorsot 2.42 billion dollar byoy kore. carnival kruj line, celebrity kruj, christel kruj, dijoni kruj line, hoh 'lend aamerika line, norobejiyan kruj line, oh' seniya alascan kruj, regent sebhen chi kruj, royel keribiyan kruj aadir joriyote pray aadha dorxoke alaskaloi aahe., rupali kruj, siyatol alascan kruj, aaru venkuvar alascan kruj. aan dorxonarthixokole ted stevens enkorej antohrastriyo bimanbondoror joriyote rajyokhonoloi juwa mukhyo poth, alaska ghaipoth, baa alaska xamudrik ghaipothore gaari solai aahe. 2015 sonot rajyor xombudhonot alaskar gowornor bill wakare porjoton udyugok "swasthyokor aaru guruttopurno udyug" buli ullekh korisil, jiye byoktigoto udyug aaru rajyo aaru sthaniyo sorkaror maajot ek gotixil ongxidaritwo prodorxon kore, jaar oxim bikaxor xombhawona aase aaru aamar orthonoitik xusthotat orihona jugay. porjoton bibhinno koror joriyote rajyokhonor xadharon pujir baabe ek obodankari, jaar bhitorot aase proti jatrir baabe banijyik jatribahi jahajor excise korr haar 34.50. porjotonor joriyote sristi huwa onyanyo koror bhitorot aase baahonor bharar uporot 10 xotangxo korr, logote sthaniyo bikri aaru bisona korr. mcdowell gutor dwara alaska rajyor baabe prostut koraa ek odhyoyon onuxori, "2014-15 too alaska dorxonarthixokolor byoy rajyokhonor orthonitit byapokbhabe bitoron koraa hoisil. thoka-melaa, bhromon/karzokolap, upohar/smarok, aaru khadyo/paniyo protituwe byoyor pray ek-ponchomangxo (18ror poraa 20) ror baabe dayee. xotangxo), "aanhate baaki ponchomtut package aaru poribohon ontorbhukto aase. rajyokhonor prakritik drishyo, bonyoprani aaru xongoskritir prakritik aaru bixal boixistyor xoite jorito bibhinno obhigyotar dwara dorxonarthixokol alaskar proti aakorxito hoy. bohutu nirdexito karzokolap aase jiye dorxonarthixokolok ei obhigyotaxomuh laabh korar baabe aaru sthaniyo aaru bohujatik companyxomuhok ekedhorone byoboxai korar baabe ek poth prodan kore. nirdexito karzokolapxomuhor bhitorot aase dorxoniyo bhromon, timi suwa, himbah suwa, biman suwa, bonyoprani suwa, hiking, jiplining, kayaking/rafting, aaru maach dhora. onugyapotro, poth prodorxok, xojuli aaru meramotir kroyoke dhori onabaxixokolor barxik byoyor baabe kewol maach dhoratuwei $652,498,723. alaskar porjotonor baabe ek xirxo gontobyosthanor bhitorot rajyokhonor rastriyo udyan byowostha ontorbhukto aase, zo 'too 24taa gutt aase. bosori ei rastriyo udyanxomuh xamuhikbhabe 26 laakh luke bhromon kore aaru iyar folot 1 billion dollar orthonoitik lavalav hoy. krixi. uttor jolobayu aaru kharuwa bhukhondor baabe alaskat tulonamulokbhabe komm kheti koraa hoy. besibhag kheti pothar hoy engkorejor pray uttor-pubot matanska upotyokat, baa engkorejor pray dokhyin-poschimot kenai upodipot aase. 100 dinor komm xomoyor khetir botore kheti koribo poraa xosyoburok ximito kore, kintu digholiya ror 'dojukto grishmokalor dinbure utpadonxil khetir botor sristi kore. prathomik xosyoxomuh hoh "lo aalu, gaajor, letuch aaru bondhakobi. krixokxokole alaska rajyik melat utpadito xamogri prodorxon kore. "alaska projonon" krixi slogan hisape byobohar koraa hoy. alaskat prosur porimane xagoriyo khadyo aase, zo "too bering xagor aaru uttor proxanto mohaxagoriyo oncholot prathomik mean paalon koraa hoy, aaru xagoriyo khadyo hoise rajyokhonor bhitorot praye iyar bahirotkoi xosta huwa keitaman khadyo xamogrir bhitorot etaa. bohutu alaskane salmon ritur xomoyot nodiburot maach dhori jiwika, krira baa duyutar baabe maach dhorar xomoyot teulukor ghoruwa aaharor ullekhjugyo poriman xongroho kore. jiwikar baabe sikar koraa, prodhankoi keribou, muus aaru dyal bhera etiyau rajyokhonot xadharon, bixexkoi duroborti jhariya xomprodayxomuhot. poromporagot sthaniyo khadyor etaa udahoron hoh "lo aakutak, eskimu aaiskrim, zo" too raindieror sorbi, xeel tel, xukan maasor maangxo aaru sthaniyo foll thakibo paare. alaskar raindier harding xagoriyo upodipot kendribhut zo 'too bonyo keribouk ghoruwa raindieror xoite mihli huwa aaru probrojon korar poraa protirudh koribo paari. alaskar besibhag khadyo "baahiror" poraa rajyoloi poribohon koraa hoy, aaru roptanir khorse sohorxomuhot khadyo tulonamulokbhabe byoybohul kori tule. gramyo oncholot, jiwikar baabe sikar aaru xongroho koratu ek otyawosyokiyo karzokolap kiyonu aamdani koraa khadyo nixiddhobhabe byoybohul. gaonxomuhot khadyo aamdanir byoy proti poundot 7 xent (15 xent/keji) ror poraa aarombho hoy aaru drutogotit proti poundot 50 xentoloi ($1.10/kg) baa tatkoi odhikoloi briddhi paay. bohutu gaont etaa gakhir prodan korar byoy pray 3.50 dollar, zo 'too jonomuri aay 20,000 dollar baa tatkoi komm hoh' bob paare. indhonor mulyo proti galnot 8 dolarotkoi odhik hoh "bob paare. sthayi puji. alaska sthayi puji hoise xehotiyakoi nirman koraa trains-alaska pipeline byowosthar poraa rajyik petro "liam rajhor otirikto porisalona koriboloi 1976 sonot sthapito ek aaineebhabe niyontrito ek byoy. iyar prarombhik muldhon 734,000 dollar poraa, pujitu tel royelti aaru muldhon biniyug karzoxusir pholsworupe 40 billion dolaroloi briddhi paise. 1982 sonor poraa aarombho kori, pujir barxik briddhir poraa lavalav proti bosore jugyo alaskanxokolok porixudh koraa hoise, 1984 sonot $331.29 ror poraa 2008 sonot $3,269.00 (zo 'too ebarot $1200 "xompod rehai" ontorbhukto aasil). proti bosore rajyik bidhanxobhai uparjonor poraa 8 xotangxo loy, mudrasfiti promanor baabe 3 xotangxo muldhonot ghurai diye, aaru baaki 5 xotangxo xokolu jugyotaxomponno alaskanoloi bitoron koraa hoy. alaska rajyik sthayi pujir baabe jugyota orjon koriboloi ejon byokti nyuntomo 12 maah rajyokhonot baax koribo lagibo, aaru nirontor baxosthan bojai rakhibo lagibo. jiwan dharonor byoy. alaskat xamogrir mulyo dirghodin dhori xonglogno xonglogno rajyotkoi odhik hoi aahise. eitu longorot besibhag ongxor baabe xoloni hoise aaru fairbankot komm porimane, zo 'too juwa paas bosorot jiwan dharonor byoy kichu porimane hraax paise. federal sorkaror kormosarixokol, bixexkoi aamerika juktorastror daak xewa (usps) kormi aaru xokriyo kortobyo xamorik xodosyoxokole xadharonote jiwan dharonor byoy aadhar pey 'ror 25 xotangxot nirdharon koraa hoy kaaron jiwan dharonor byoy hraax huwar pisotu ee etiyau dexor bhitorot xorbadhik. enkorej, fairbanks (2004 sonor march maahot waal-mart), aaru junout big-boxes sto "roxomuhor aarombhonir folot mulyo hraax huwat bohukhini kaam hoisil. obosye, tulonamulokbhabe ximito poribohon antohgathonir baabe dexor baaki ongxor tulnat gramyo alaska khadyo aaru upobhukta xamogrir baabe otyonto uscho mulyor dwara khyotigrosto. bohutu gramyo baxinda ei sohorxomuholoi aahe aaru costoku aaru sems clubber dore gudamor clubber poraa brihot porimane khadyo aaru xamogri kroy kore. kisumane kisuman online khusura bikretaxokolor binamuliya swipping ofar grohon korise jaate teuluke nijor xomprodayor tulnat odhik xostat xamogri kroy koribo paare, jodi xeibur ekebare upolobdho hoy. xorbobrihot niyugkorta. alaska shrom aaru kormoxokti unnoyon bibhagor mote, 2010 sonot rajyokhonor xorbobrihot byoktigoto khondor niyugkortaxokol aasiloh

alaskar arthaniti alascan sarkar kortrik sangkalita ekti protibedone, alaskar prokrito gdp chhilo 2011 saale 51.1 billion dollar, 2012 saale 52.9 billion dollar ebong 2013 saale 51.5 billion dollar. 2012 theke 2013 saaler modhye jey poton ghoteche taar jonno khoni khaate, bishesh korey teela oo gyasa khaate, hraser falaswarup, hrass peyeche. rajyer orthonitike bishwobidyaloyer alaska anchorage orthonitibid scott swarnakar "tinn payer stool" hisabe bornona korechen-jaar ekti paa petroleum oo gyasa shilp, dwitiya paa federal sarkar ebong tritiya paa anyanno samasta shilp oo porisheba. 2004 theke 2006 saaler modhye, federal sarkar 135,000 alaska chakrir jonno dayee chhilo, petroleum sector 1,10,000 chakri ebong anyanno samasta shilp oo porishebaguli 122,000 chakrir jonno ekotrito korechilo. teela oo prakritik gasser porey alaskar prodhan roptani ponno holl samudrik khabar, prathomikbhabe sammon, codd, polock ebong kankda. 2013 saaler machh dhorar morshume, alaskar matsyajibira moat 5.8 billion pound samudrik khabar sangraha korte sokkhom hoyechilo, jaa $1.9 billion mulyayaner soman, jaa 2012 saaler tulna ekti chhoto, kintu lakshaniya briddhi, jaar moat poriman chhilo jothakrome 5.3 billion ebong 1.7 billion dollar. krishi alaskar orthonitir ekti khub chhoto ongsher protinidhitto korey. krishi utpadon mulat rajyer modhye byaboharer jonno ebong err modhye royeche nursery stock, dugdhojato ponno, shaksabji ebong gobadi poshu. utpadon seemit, beshirbhag khaddo ebong sadharan ponno onno kothao theke amdani koraa hoy. kormosongsthan mulat sarkar ebong shilpe jemon prakritik sompod uttolan, jahaz chalachal ebong poribohoner khettre hoy. fairbank ebong nongar ubhoy khettrei samrik ghantiguli orthonitir ekti ullekhjoggo upadan. yuktarashtriya bhartukio orthonitir ekti guruttopurno ongsho, jaa rajyoke corr qama rakhar anumati deyo. err shilp utpadonguli holl oporishodhito petroleum, prakritik gyasa, koyla, soona, mulyaban dhatu, dosta ebong anyanno khanir kaaj, samudrik khaddo prakriyakaran, kaatth ebong kaather ponno. porisheba oo porjoton khettroo briddhi pachche. porjotokra sthaniya basosthanke samarthan korey orthonitite abodan rekhechen. itihas. 1878 saale sammon bikrir subidharthe alaskar prothom cannery khola hoy. orthonoitik khettro. shakti. alasca bipul shakti sompod royeche. alaskar uttor ddhaale (uns) prodhan teela oo gasser mojud pawa yaay ebong probeshpother abobahikai ranna koraa hoy. jalani tothyo proshashoner motey, alaska oporishodhito teela utpadone desher modhye choturtho sthane royeche. alaskar uttor ddhaale prudho uposagor holl markin juktorashtro ebong uttor americar sorbochcho utpadonkari teela khettro, jaa sadharonoto pray pray pray utpadon korey. trance-alaska pipeline protidin oporishodhito teela pump korte paare, jaa markin juktorashtrer onno jey konao oporishodhito teela pipeliner cheye beshi. echhadao, alaskar bituminus, saab-bituminus ebong lignite koyla abobahikai jotheshto porimane koyla jomaa pawa yaay. markin juktorashtrer bhutattik jorip anuman korey jey alaskar uttor ddhaale prakritik gyasa hydrate theke anabishkrito, projuktigotobhabe punoruddharjoggo gyasa royeche. alaska taar asankhya nodee theke desher sorbochcho jolobidyut sombhabonao sarbaraha korey. alascan upokulrekhar borh ongsho bayu ebong bhu-tapiya shaktir sombhabonao sarbaraha korey. alaskar arthaniti gorom, poribohon, boidyutik shakti ebong alor jonno kromobordhoman byabahul digel jalanir upor byapokbhabe nirbhar korey. jodio bayu ebong jolobidyut shakti prachur ebong onunnoto, rajyabyapi shakti byabosthar jonno prostab (udaa.zii. qama (<$0.50/gal) jalanir daam, deergho durotto ebong qama jonosongkhar karone bishesh qama kharacher boidyutik interti soho) aaa-orthonoitik (reporter somoy, 2001) bitcher koraa hoyechilo. shahure alasca aaz eka markin gallon petroler daam sadharonoto jatiya gader tulna 030-0.60 dollar beshi; gramanchale daam sadharonoto ullekhjoggobhabe beshi tobey poribohon kharach, mousumi byaboharer shikhar, nikatbarti petroleum unnayan porikatthamo ebong anyanno onek karoner upor nirbhar korey byapokbhabe poribortito hoy. 2012 saale, alaska markin oporishodhito teela utpadoner 8.1% chhilo, jaa texus (30.6%), uttor dakota (10.2%) ebong californier (8.3%) pichhone chhilo. anyanno sompod uttolan. dekhunoh alasca swarna uttolan porjoton. alasca porjoton holl dwitiya brihottomo besarkari khaater niyogkarta, jaa atti alascan chakrir modhye ektir jonno, pray 2 million dorsonarthi ebong shrom aay soho sarasari dorsonarthider byeye 2.42 billion dollar. pray ardhek dorsonarthi carnival kruz line, celebrity kruz, christal kruz, disney kruz line, holland america line, norwegian kruz line, oshenia alascan kruz, princess kruz, regent seven shee kruz, rayyal carribean kruz limited soho kruz shilper madhyome alasca asen.sylversey kruz, sittle alascan kruz ebong vancouver alascan kruz. anyanno dorsonarthira teeda stevens nongar antorjatik bimanbandar madhyome rajyo, alaska mahasadak baa alaska samudrik mahasadke yawar prodhan rasta diye gaadi chaliye asen. 2015 saale taanr rashtriya bhashone alaskar governor bill waker porjoton shilpoke ekti "swasthokor ebong guruttopurno shilp" hisabe ullekh korechilen jaa besarkari uddog ebong rajyo ebong sthaniya sarkarer modhye ekti gotishil angshidaritto prodorshon korey, jaar seemahin probriddhi ebong abodaner sombhabona royeche. porjotono bivinno korer madhyome rajyer sadharan tohobile abodan rakhe, jaar modhye royeche proti jatrapothe proti jatrir jonno $34.50 err banijyik jatribahi jahajer abgari korer haar. porjotoner madhyome srishto anyanno korer modhye royeche janbahon bhada, pashapashi sthaniya bikroy oo shajya korer upor 10 shotangsho corr. mcdoell gosthi dwara alaska rajyer jonno prostuto ekti samikkha onusare, "2014-15-ayee alaska dorsonarthider dwara byoy rajyer arthaniti judey byapokbhabe bitoron koraa hoyechilo. thucker byabostha, bhromon/criacollup, upohar/smritichinho ebong khaddo/panian protiti kharacher pray eka-ponchomangsho (18 theke 20). shotangsho), "bucky panchamtite package ebong poribohon antarbhukta royeche. dorsonarthira prayashai rajyer prakritik drishya, bonnoprani ebong sangaskritir prakritik ebong bishal boisister saathe jukto bivinno obhiggotar dwara alaskar proti akrishto hoy. anekguli nirdeshito karjokolap royeche jaa dorsonarthider eyi obhiggotaguli axes korar ebong sthaniya ebong bohu-jatiya sangosthagulike ekibhabe byabosa porichalona korar ekti upay pradan korey. nirdeshito kriyakalapgulir modhye royeche darshaniya sthan bhromon, timi porjobekkhon, himbah darshan, biman bhromon, bonnoprani darshan, hiking, giplining, kayaking/rufting ebong machh dhora. licenses, guide, saranjam ebong meramoter croy soho anabasider barshik byeye shudhumatra machh dhorar jonno $652,498,723 kharach hoy. alasca porjotoner jonno ekti sheersho gontobyer modhye royeche rajyer jatiya uddan byabostha, jaar modhye 24tii unit royeche. proti bochor eyi jatiya uddanguli 26 lokkho manush poridorshon korey ebong err foley 1 billion markin dollar orthonoitik subidha hoy. krishi. uttor jalbayu ebong khada bhukhander karone alasca tulonamulokbhabe samanno chashabad hoy. beshirbhag khamar hoy matanska upottokai, nongar pray uttor-purbe, athoba nongar pray dakkhin-poschime kenai upodwipe royeche. 100 diner swalpo briddhir morshum fosoler utpadonke seemaboddho korey deyo, tobey deergho raudrojjal grisser dinguli utpadonshil briddhir morshum toiri korey. prathomik fosolguli holl alu, gajor, letus ebong bandhakapi. krishakra alaska rajyo melay utpadito ponno prodorshon korey. "alaska groto" ekti krishi slogan hisabe byabohrito hoy. alasca prachur porimane samudrik khabar royeche, jaar modhye berring samudra ebong uttor proshanto mahasagariya anchale prathomik motsyochash royeche ebong samudrik khabar holl koyekti khaddodrobber modhye ekti jaa rajyer baire theke prayashai sosta hoy. onek alascan jeebika, kheladhula baa ubhoyer jonno machh dhorar somoy taader grihosthalir khadder ullekhjoggo poriman sangraha korte salmon morshume nodiite machh dhorey. jeebika nirbaher jonno shicker, prathomikbhabe carribou, moos ebong dyala bheda ekhono rajye sadharan, bishesh korey prottonto jhopjhader sampradayer modhye. oitijjobahi sthaniya khabarer ekti udaharan holl akutak, eskimo icecream, jaa raindear phyata, seal teela, shukno machher mangs ebong sthaniya berry niye gothito hotey paare. alaskar horin paaler poshubhoji prani samudrer diker upodwipe kendribhuto jekhane bonno karibuke grihopalito hariner saathe mishe yawa ebong abhibasan koraa theke protirodh koraa jete paare. alaskar beshirbhag khabar "baire theke" rajye poribohon koraa hoy ebong shipping kharach shahargulite khabarke tulonamulokbhabe byabahul korey toley. gramanchale jeebika nirbaher jonno shicker oo sangraha ekti aporiharjo kaaj kaaron amdani koraa khaddo nishiddhobhabe byabahul. grame khaddo amdanir kharach proti pounde 7 seenta (15 seenta/keji) theke shuru hoy ebong druto proti pounde 50 seenta ($1.10/kg) baa taar beshi briddhi paay. onek grame jekhane mathapichu aay 20,000 dollar baa taar qama hotey paare, sekhane eka dudh sorboraher kharach pray 3.50 dollar. jalanir daam proti gallone 8 dollar chhadiye jete paare. sthayi tehbil. alaska sthayi tehbil holl ekti aainsommotobhabe niyantrita baradda jaa 1976 saale samprati nirmito trance-alaska pipeline byabostha theke rajyer petroleum rajaswer udwritto porichalona korar jonno protisthito hoyechilo. teela royalti ebong muldhan biniyog karmasuchir foley tohobilti prathomik muldhan 734,000 dollar theke bede 40 billion dollar hoyeche. 1982 saal theke shuru korey, tohobiler barshik briddhi theke labhyangsho proti bochor jogyo alaskander deoa hoy, 1984 saale $331.29 theke 2008 saale $3,269.00 porjonto (jaar modhye ekkalin $1200 "resource rebate" antarbhukta chhilo). proti bochor, rajyo ainsabha aay theke 8 shotangsho berr korey, mudrasfiti promaner jonno 3 shotangsho muldhan firiye deyo ebong bucky 5 shotangsho samasta jogyatasampanna alaskander modhye bitoron koraa hoy. alaska rajyer sthayi tohobiler jonno jogyata orjoner jonno ekjonke aboshyoi nyuntama 12 maas rajye thakte hobey ebong sthayibhabe bosobas bojay rakhte hobey. jeebonjatrar kharach. alasca ponner daam deergho somoy dhorey sanglagna 48tii rajyer tulna beshi. etty beshirbhag ongshe nongar deoar khettre ebong fairbankgulite kichuta qama porimane poribortito hoyeche, jekhane goto panch bochore jeebonjatrar kharach kichuta komeche. federal sarkari kormocharira, bishesh korey markin juktorashtrer duck porisheba (eu. esha. pii. esha) karmi ebong sakriya dayittoprapto samrik sadasyara sadharonoto jeebonjatrar kharach betoner 25 shotangsho nirdharan korey, kaaron jeebonjatrar kharach komey geleo etty ekhono desher sorbochcho. anchorage borh-buxer dokan, fairbanks (march 2004 saale oyala-mart) ebong juno-err probortono daam komate onek kichhu korechilo. tobey, tulonamulokbhabe seemit poribohon porikathamor karone desher anyanno ongsher tulna gramin alaska khaddo oo bhogyoponner jonno atyanta uchcho mulye bhugche. onek gramin basinda eyi shahargulite aase ebong costco ebong sams cluber moto gudamghar club theke prachur porimane khaddo oo ponno keney. keu keu kichhu online khuchro bikretar binamulye shipping afarguli grohon koreche jaate taaraa taader nijaswa sampradayer tulna onek beshi sostai jinisguli kinte paare, jodi seguli adou upolobdho thaake. sabcheye borh niyogkarta. alaska shrom oo karmashakti unnayan bibhager motey, 2010 saale nimnalikhitguli rajyer brihottomo besarkari khaater niyogkarta chhiloh

alaskanu arthtantra alascani sarkaar dwara sankaleet aek ahevaalmaa, alaskanu vaastavik gdp gdp 51.1 abaj dollar, chhe 52.9 abaj dollar aneey aneey 51.5 abaj dollar hatoo. 2012 aneey karchalaa vachche khankam kshetramaa, khaas kareene teela aneey gases kshetroma ghatadane kaarane ghataado thayo chhe, jeey utpadanma ghatadana parinaame thayo chhe. alaska universityna encourage arthshashtri sqota goldsmith dwara rajyanaa arthtantrane "trana pagvaalu stool" tareeke varnavama aavyu chhe-jemaa aek pug petroliyama aneey gases udhyog chhe, beejo pug sangheey sarkaar chhe aneey trijo pug anya tamaam udhyogo aneey sevaao chhe. 2004 aneey 2006 nee vachche, sangheey sarkaar 135,000 alaska nokareeo maate jawabdar hatee, petroliyama kshetre 1,10,000 nokareeo puurii paadee hatee aneey 122,000 nokareeo maate anya tamaam udhyogo aneey sevaao sanyukt hatee. teela aneey koodarti gases pachhi alaskanu mukhya nikas utpaadan seafood chhe, mukhyatve selmon, codd, pollock aneey karchalaa. karchalaa machhimarini mosammaa, alascana maachhimaaro coole 5.8 abaj pound seafood ekathaa karvaamaa saksham hataa, jeey $1.9 abajnu mulyankan karey chhe, jeey jeey sarkhaamanimaa aek naano, parantu nondhpaatra vadhaaro chhe, jemaa anukrame coole 5.3 abaj dollar aneey 1.7 abaj dollarno vadhaaro thayo hato. krushee alascana arthtantrano maatra aek naano hisso chhe. krushee utpaadan mukhyatve raajyani andar vapraash maate chhe aneey temaa nursory stock, darry utpaadno, shakbhaji aneey pashudhanno samaavesh thaay chhe. motabhagni khaadhy aneey saamanya chijavastuo anyatrathi aayaat karvaamaa aave chhe, aneey utpaadan maryadit chhe. rojgaari mukhyatve sarkaar aneey koodarti sansadhan nishkarshan, shipping aneey parivahan jevaa udhogoma chhe. lashkari mathako aee vaajbi benko aneey lunger bannemaa arthtantrano nondhpaatra ghatak chhe. sangheey subsidy pann arthtantrano aek mahatvapurn bhaag chhe, jeey raajyane karvera ochha rakhvani manjuri aape chhe. tenaa audhyogik utpadanma kaacha petroliyama, koodarti gases, kolaso, sonoo, kimmatee dhaatuo, zink aneey anya khankam, seafood processing, laakada aneey lakadana utpaadno chhe. sevaa aneey pravaasan kshetra pann vadhee rahyu chhe. pravasioae sthaaneek rahethanne teko aapeene arthtantramaa yogdaan aapyu chhe. itihas. alascani pratham kenarii kenarii salmanna vechaanne saral banaavvaa maate kholvaamaa aavee hatee. aarthik kshetro. urjaa. alaska paase vishaal urjaa sansadhno chhe. mukhya teela aneey gases bhandar alaska uttar dhholaav (ans) maan jovaa maley chhe aneey inlet besinmaa randhvama aave chhe. urjaa maahitee vaheevat anusaar, alaska kaacha telnaa utpadanma rashtrama chothaa krame chhe. alascana uttar dhholaav parr prudho khaadi aee united states aneey uttar americama sauthee vadhu upaj aapnaar teela kshetra chhe, jeey saamanya reete lagbhag lagbhag utpaadan karey chhe. trans-alaska pipeline darroj kaacha teela sudhee pump curry shake chhe, jeey united statesma anya koipan kaacha telnee pipeline karataa vadhu chhe. vadhumaa, alascana bituminus, sub-bituminus aneey lignite kolsaanaa tatpradeshomaa nondhpaatra kolsani thaapano jovaa maley chhe. united statesnaa bhustarshastriy sarvexano andaaj chhe keey alascana uttar dhholaav parr koodarti gases hydratesmanthi shodhaayel, takneeki reete punahpraapt curry shakaay tevaa gases chhe. alaska tenee asankhya nadiomathi deshnee ketalik sauthee vadhu jalvidhyut kshamata pann pradaan karey chhe. alascana dariyakinarana motaa pattaao pawan aneey bhuushmeey urjaa kshamata pann pradaan karey chhe. alaskanu arthtantra garamee, parivahan, vidhyut shaktee aneey prakaash maate vadhune vadhu mongha diszle indhan parr bhaare nirbhar chhe. pawan aneey jalvidhyut shaktee vipul pramanma aneey avikasit hovaa chhataa, rajyavyapi urjaa pranaalio maateni darkhaasto (ee.jee. indhannaa neecha (<$0.50/gal) bhaav, laambaa antar aneey ochhi vasteene kaarane khaas ochha kharche electric interti saathe) biin-aarthik (ahewal, (ahewal samaye) ganvaamaa aavyaa hataa. shaheri alaskama aaje yuu. aesa. gaylan petrolnee keemat saamanya reete raashtriy sarerash karataa 0:30-0.60 dollar vadhaare hoya chhe; graameen vistaroma kimmato saamanya reete nondhpaatra reete vadhaare hoya chhe parantu parivahan kharch, mosamee upyognaa shikharo, najiknaa petroliyama vikaas maalkhaa aneey anya ghanaa paribalonaa aadhare vyaapakpane badalaay chhe. chhe, alascano hisso americana kaacha telnaa utpadanma 8.1 takaa hato, jeey taxas (30.6%), uttar dakota (10.2%) aneey california (8.3%) paachhal chhe. anya sansadhan nishkarshan. juoh alaskama sonaanu khankam pravaasan. alaskama pravaasan aee khangi kshetranu beeju sauthee motoo rojgardata chhe, jeey aath alascan nokariomathi aek maate jawabdar chhe, lagbhag 20 laakh mulaakaatio aneey majur aavak saheet seedha mulakati kharchamaa 2.42 abaj dollar chhe. carnival cruze line, celebrity cruze, chrystal cruze, disney cruze line, holland america line, norwegian cruze line, oceania alascan cruze, princess cruze, regent sewen see cruze, royal kerebiyan cruze aela. tii. dii. saheet cruze udhyog dwara lagbhag adadhaa mulaakaatio alaska aave chhe.sylveracy cruze, ciatal alascan cruze aneey vancuver alascan cruze. anya mulaakaatio teda stevens encorage aantarrashtriy hawaimathak dwara aave chhe, rajyanaa mukhya maarg, alaska dhorimaarg athavaa alaska dariyai dhorimaarg parr vaahan chalaave chhe. temnaa temnaa rajyanaa sambodhanmaa, alascana governor bill vokare pravaasan udhyogne "swasth aneey mahatvapurn udhyog" tareeke ullekh karyo hato, jeey khangi saahas aneey raajy aneey sthaaneek sarkaar vachche gatisheel bhagidari darshaave chhe, jemaa amaryadit vrudhdhi aneey aapani aarthik sukhakarima yogdanni sambhavna chhe. pravaasan aee viveedh karveraao dwara rajyanaa saamanya bhandolma pann faalo aape chhe, jemaa passenger deeth $34.50 naa vyaapaari passenger jahajna excise taxeno darr saamel chhe. pravaasan dwara pedaa thataa anya karveraamaa vaahanaa bhaada parr 10 takaa qara, temaj sthaaneek vechaan aneey bayd taxeno samaavesh thaay chhe. mcdowell jooth dwara alaska raajy maate taiyar karvaamaa aavela aek abhyaas anusaar, "alaska mulaakaatio dwara 2014-15 maan kharch rajyanaa samagr arthtantramaa vyaapakpane vahenchvaamaa aavyo hato. aavaas, pravaaso/pravruttio, bheto/tathaa tenaa jevee vastuo aneey khoraak/pinaan darek kharchano lagbhag paanchmo bhaag (18 thee 20 takaa) hisso dharaave chhe. takaa), "jyaare baakinaa paanchmaa package aneey parivahanno samaavesh thaay chhe. mulaakaatio rajyanaa landscape, vanyajeevan aneey sanskrutini koodarti aneey vishaal lakshaniktao saathe jodaayela viveedh anoobhavo dwara alaska taraf aakarshaay chhe. ghanee maargdarshit pravruttio chhe jeey mulakatione aaa anoobhavo sudhee pahonchvaano maarg pradaan karey chhe aneey sthaaneek aneey bahurashtriy companyone vyavsaay karvaa maate eksarakho maarg pradaan karey chhe. maargdarshit pravruttiomaa farvaa farvaa, whale jovu, himnadi jovi, udaan jovi, vanyajeevan jovu, hiking, ziplining, kayaking/rafting aneey maachhimaareeno samaavesh thaay chhe. licenses, margdarshikao, saadhno aneey samarkamni khareedi saheet biin-rahevasio dwara vaarshik kharchamaa maatra machhimari $652,498,723 maate jawabdar chhe. alaskama pravaasan maate tochnaa sthalmaa raajyani raashtriy udhyaan pranaalino samaavesh thaay chhe, jemaa 24 aekamo chhe. aaa raashtriy udhyanoni vaarshik dhorane 26 laakh loko mulakat leey chhe aneey tenaathi 1.1 abaj dollarno aarthik laabh thaay chhe. khetee. uttareey aabohva aneey undaa bhupradeshne kaarane, alaskama pramanma ochhi khetee thaay chhe. motabhagna khetaro kaan too matanska kheenma, langarnee uttarpurvmaa athavaa langarnee dakshinpashchim kenai dweepkalp parr chhe. 100 divasni tunkee vrudhdhi mosam paakne maryadit karey chhe jeey ugaadi shakaay chhe, parantu unalana laambaa sunny divaso utpaadak vrudhdhi rutuo maate banaave chhe. praathmeek paako batata, gaajar, latties aneey kobij chhe. kheduto alaska raajy melaamaa utpaadannu pradarshan karey chhe. "alaska ugadvama aave chhe" noow upyog krushee sootra tareeke thaay chhe. alaskama seafoodni vipulataa chhe, jemaa bearing samudra aneey uttar prashaantmaa praathmeek matsyodhyog chhe, aneey seafood aee ketalik khaadhy chijomathi aek chhe jeey ghanivaar raajyani bahaarnee sarkhaamaniae rajyamaa sastee hoya chhe. ghanaa alascan loko salmanni mosam darmiyan nadiomaa maachhaleeo khaay chhe, jethee teo temnaa ghargaththu aahaarno nondhpaatra jaththo aektra curry shake aneey aajeevika, ramatgamat athavaa banne maate machhimari curry shake. nirvaah maate shikaar, mukhyatve karibou, moose aneey doll ghetaa haju pann rajyamaa saamanya chhe, khaas kareene durnaa zadva samudayoma. paramparagat mool khoraaknu udaaharan akutak chhe, eskimo iscream, jemaa sheet pradeshnu charbi, seal teela, sookie maachhalinu maans aneey sthaaneek tenaa rus zarataa faloni hoi shake chhe. alaskanu sheet pradeshnu pashupalan dariyakanthana dweepkalp parr kendrit chhe jyaan jungley kaariboone paalela sheet pradeshnu mishran aneey sthalaantar karvaathi atkavi shakaay chhe. alaskama motaabhaagnu bhojan "bahaarthi" rajyamaa parivahan karvaamaa aave chhe, aneey parivahan kharch shaheroma khoraakne pramanma mongho banaave chhe. graameen vistaroma, nirvaah shikaar aneey bhegee karvee aee aek aavashyak pravrutee chhe kaaran keey aayaat karel khoraak pratibandhit reete mongho chhe. gaamadaoma khoraaknee aayatno kharch 7 saint pratee pound (15 saint/keelo) thee sharoo thaay chhe aneey zadapthi vadheene 50 saint pratee pound ($1.10/kg) athavaa vadhu thaay chhe. ghanaa gaamadaoma jyaan mathadith aavak 20,000 dollar keey tethee ochhi hoi shake chhe tyaan dudh pahonchaadvaano kharch aashre 3.50 dollar chhe. indhanno kharch gaylan deeth 8 dollarthi vadhu hoi shake chhe. kaayamee bhandol. alaska kaayamee bhandol aee taajetarma bandhvama aaveli trans-alaska pipeline systemathi raajyani petroliyama aavakma vadharana sanchalan maate maate sthaapit kaayadaakiy reete niyantrit viniyog chhe. tenaa praarambhik muddal $734,000 thee, teela royalti aneey moody rokaan kaarykramonaa parinaame bhandol vadheene $40 abaj thayu chhe. chhe sharoo kareene, bhandolni vaarshik vrudhdhimathi dividend darr varshe paatra alascan lokone chukavvama aave chhe, jemaa jemaa $331.29 thee thee $3,269.00 (jemaa aek vakhatnee $1200 "sansadhan chhoot" noow samaavesh thaay chhe) noow samaavesh thaay chhe. darr varshe, raajy vidhansabha kamanimathi 8 takaa leey chhe, fugaavo atkavva maate 3 takaa mulmaan mooke chhe, aneey baakinaa 5 takaa tamaam laaykaat dharaavtaa alascan lokone vahenchvaamaa aave chhe. alaska raajy kaayamee bhandol maate laaykaat melavaa maate vyakteeae ochhama ochha 12 maheena sudhee rajyamaa rahevu joiae aneey satat rahethaan jalavvu joiae. jeevannirvaahno kharch. alaskama malsamanni keemat laambaa samaythi sanlagn 48 rajyoni sarkhaamaniae vadhaare chhe. aaa motabhagna bhagma langarmaa aneey fairbankma ochha pramanma badalaayu chhe, jyaan chhella paanch varshmaa jeevannirvaahno kharch kaneek anshe ghatyo chhe. sangheey sarkari karmchaareeo, khaas kareene united states postal service (yuu. aesa. pii. aesa.) kaamdaaro aneey sakreey faraj parnaa lashkari sabhyone saamanya reete bays penaa 25 takaa parr nirdharit jivannirvah bhaththu maley chhe kaaran keey, jyaare jeevannirvaahno kharch ghatyo chhe, tyaare teey haju pann deshmaa sauthee vadhu chhe. encourage, fairbanks (march (march wall-maart) aneey junauma motaa-booaks storseni rajuaat pann kimmato ghatadva maate ghanoo karyoo. joke, pramanma maryadit parivahan maalkhaane kaarane deshnaa baakinaa bhagoni sarkhaamanimaa graameen alaska khaadhy aneey upbhoktaa chijavastuona atyant unchaa bhaavthi pidaay chhe. ghanaa graameen rahevasio aaa shaheroma aave chhe aneey coastco aneey same club jevee warehouse clubmathi jaththaabandh khoraak aneey malsamanni khareedi karey chhe. ketlaak lokoae ketlaak online retaileroni mafat shipping ofarne sweekari chhe, jethee teo temnaa potaana samudayoma vastuo karataa vadhu sastee khareedi curry shake, jooe teey uplabdh hoya too. sauthee motaa nokaridatao. alaska shram aneey kaaryabal vikaas vibhag anusaar, anusaar rajyanaa sauthee motaa khangi kshetrana nokaridatao neeche mujab hataah

alaska kii arthavyavastha alaska sarkaar dwara sankalit ack report mein, alaska kaa vaastavik jee. dee. pee. 2011 mein 51.1 arab dollar, 2012 mein 52.9 arab dollar aur 2013 mein 51.5 arab dollar thaa. 2012 aur 2013 key beach hui girawat kaa kaaran khanan kshetra, vishesh roop seey tail aur gais kshetron mein girawat, utpaadan mein girawat kaa parinam haye. raajya kii arthavyavastha koo alaska vishvavidyalaya key anchorage arthashastri scott goldsmith ney "teen pair vaalaa stool" key roop mein varnit kiya haye-jisamen ack pair petroleum aur gais udyog haye, doosara charan sanghiya sarkaar haye aur teesara charan anya sabhi udyogon aur sevaaon kaa haye. 2004 aur 2006 key beach, sanghiya sarkaar 135,000 alaska naukariyon key liye jimmedaar thee, petroleum kshetra ney 1,10,000 naukariyan pradaan keen aur 122,000 naukariyon key liye anya sabhi udyogon aur sevaaon koo sanyukt roop seey pradaan kiya. tail aur praakritik gais key baad alaska kaa mukhya niryaat utpaad samudri bhojan haye, mukhya roop seey salmon, codd, pollock aur kekada. 2013 key machhali pakadane key mausam mein, alaska key machuaare kull 5.8 arab pound samudri bhojan jamaa karane mein saksham they, joe kii $1.9 arab key mulyankan key barabar haye, joe 2012 kii tulanaa mein ack chhoti, lekin dhyaan dene yogya vriddhi haye, jisamen kull kramshah 5.3 arab dollar aur 1.7 arab dollar thaa. krishi alaska kii arthavyavastha kaa kewal ack bahut hii chhota hissa haye. krishi utpaadan mukhya roop seey raajya key bheetar khapat key liye haye aur isamen nursory stock, dayeri utpaad, sabjiyan aur pashudhan shamil hain. vinirmaan seemit haye, adhikansh khaadya aur samanya vastuon kaa ayaat kaheen aur seey kiya jaataa haye. rojgar mukhya roop seey sarkaar aur udyogon jaise praakritik sansaadhan nishkarshan, nauvahan aur parivahan mein haye. sainya adde fairbank aur lunger donon mein arthavyavastha kaa ack mahatvapurna ghatak hain. sanghiya subsidy bhee arthavyavastha kaa ack mahatvapurna hissa haye, jisase raajya koo karon koo cumm rakhane kii anumati milati haye. isake audyogik utpaadan kachche petroleum, praakritik gais, koyla, sonaa, keemati dhaatu, jastaa aur anya khanan, samudri khaadya prasanskaran, lakadi aur lakadi key utpaad hain. seva aur paryatan kshetra bhee badh rhaa haye. paryatakon ney sthaaniya awas kaa samarthan karke arthavyavastha mein yogdan diyaa haye. itihas. alaska kii pahali cannery 1878 mein salmon kii bikri koo suvidhajanak banaane key liye kholi gaee thee. aarthik kshetra. oorjaa. alaska mein vishal oorjaa sansaadhan hain. pramukh tail aur gais bhandar alaska uttar dhalaan (ans) mein paae jaate hain aur inlet besinon mein pakaaye jaate hain. oorjaa soochana prashaasan key anusaar, alaska kachche tail key utpaadan mein desh mein chauthe sthaan parr haye. alaska kii uttari dhalaan parr prudho khaadi sanyukt raajya america aur uttari america mein sabse adhik utpaadan karane vaalaa tail kshetra haye, joe aamtaur parr lagbhag lagbhag utpaadan kartaa haye. trance-alaska pipeline prati dinn kachche tail taka pump curr sakati haye, joe sanyukt raajya america mein kissy bhee anya kachche tail pipeline seey adhik haye. isake alawa, alaska key bituminus, sub-bituminus aur lignite koyla besinon mein paryaapt koyla bhandar paae jaate hain. sanyukt raajya bhoovaigyaanik sarvekshan kaa anuman haye kii alaska key uttari dhalaan parr praakritik gais hydrate seey andekhe, takniki roop seey punarpraapt gais hain. alaska apani kaee nadiyon seey desh mein kuchh uchchatam panbijali kshamata bhee pradaan kartaa haye. alascan tatrekha key badey hisse pawan aur bhoo-taapiya oorjaa kshamata bhee pradaan karate hain. alaska kii arthavyavastha germ karane, parivahan, vidyut shakti aur prakaash key liye teji seey mahange deejal eendhan parr bahut adhik nirbhar karati haye. yadyapi pawan aur panbijali prachur matra mein aur avikasit hain, rajyavyapi oorjaa pranaliyon key liye prastaav (jaise.jee. cumm (<$0.50/gal) eendhan kii kimaton, lambi doori aur cumm aabaadi key kaaran vishesh cumm laagat vaale vidyut antaron key saath) koo gair-aarthik (report, 2001 key samay) maanaa gayaa thaa. shahari alaska mein aaj ack americi gallen petrol kii laagat aamtaur parr rashtriya ausat seey 0:30-0.60 dollar adhik hoti haye; graameen kshetron mein keematen aam taur parr kaafee adhik hoti hain lekin parivahan laagat, mausami upayog shikhar, paas key petroleum vikas buniyaadi dhaanche aur kaee anya karakon key aadhar parr vyaapak roop seey bhinn hoti hain. 2012 mein, alaska ney americi kachche tail utpaadan kaa 8.1% hissa liya, joe texas (30.6%), uttari dakota (10.2%) aur california (8.3%) key peechhe haye. anya sansaadhan nishkarshan. dekhiyeh alaska mein soney kaa khanan paryatan. alaska mein paryatan niji kshetra kaa doosara sabse badaa niyokta haye, joe aathh alaska naukariyon mein seey ack key liye jimmedaar haye, lagbhag 20 laakh agantuk, aur shram aaya sahit pratyaksh agantuk kharch mein $2.42 billion. lagbhag aadhe agantuk cruze udyog key madhyam seey alaska pahunchate hain jinamen carnival cruze line, celebrity cruze, chrystal cruze, disney cruze line, holland america line, norwey kii cruze line, oceania alascan cruze, rajkumari cruze, regent sevan see cruze, royal carribean cruze limitted shamil hain.silversi cruze, seatle alascan cruze aur vancouver alascan cruze. anya agantuk raajya, alaska rajmarg, yaa alaska samudri rajmarg parr mukhya sadak key saath gaadi chalaate hue taid stevens lunger antarrashtriya havaai adde key madhyam seey aatey hain. apane 2015 key raajya sambodhan mein, alaska key governor bill walker ney paryatan udyog koo ack "swasth aur mahatvapurna udyog key roop mein sandarbhit kiya joe niji udyam aur raajya aur sthaaniya sarkaar key beach ack gatishil saajhedaari koo pradarshit kartaa haye, jisamen aseem vikas aur hamaare aarthik kalyan mein yogdan kii kshamata haye. paryatan vibhinn karon key madhyam seey raajya key samanya kosh mein bhee ack yogadankarta haye, jisamen prati yatri $34.50 kii vaanijyik yatri pott utpaad shulk darr shamil haye. paryatan key madhyam seey utpann anya karon mein vaahan kiraaye parr 10 pratishat curr key saath-saath sthaaniya bikri aur bistar curr shamil hain. mcdowell samooh dwara alaska raajya key liye taiyar kiye gaye ack adhyayan key anusaar, "alaska agantukon dwara 2014-15 mein kharch raajya kii arthavyavastha mein vyaapak roop seey vitarit kiya gayaa thaa. awas, paryatan/gatividhiyaan, upahaar/smriti chinh, aur bhojan/peya pratyek kharch kaa lagbhag paanchvaan hissa (18 seey 20) thaa. pratishat), "jabaki shesh paanchven mein package aur parivahan shamil haye. agantuk vibhinn anubhavon seey alaska kii or aakarshit hotey hain joe aksar raajya key paridrishya, vanyajeev aur sanskriti kii praakritik aur vishal visheshtaon seey judey hotey hain. kaee nirdeshit gatividhiyaan hain joe agantukon koo inn anubhavon taka pahunchane aur sthaaniya aur bahu-rashtriya companiyon koo samaan roop seey vyavasaay karane kaa ack tarika pradaan karati hain. nirdeshit gatividhiyon mein darshaniya sthalon kii yatra, whale dekhana, glacier dekhana, udaan dekhana, vanyajeev dekhana, lambi paidal yatra, giplining, kayaking/rafting aur machhali pakadana shamil hain. gair-nivaasiyon dwara licenses, guide, upkaran aur marammat kii khareed sahit vaarshik kharch mein akele machhali pakadane kaa $652,498,723 kaa yogdan hotaa haye. alaska mein paryatan key liye ack sheersh gantavya mein raajya kii rashtriya udyaan pranali shamil haye, jisamen 24 ikaaiyaan hain. inn rashtriya udyaanon mein salana 26 laakh loga aatey hain aur inca aarthik laabh 1 arab 10 karod dollar hotaa haye. krishi. uttari jalavaayu aur khadee bhoomi key kaaran, alaska mein apekshaakrit cumm kheti hoti haye. adhikansh khet yaa tou matanska ghaati mein, lunger key lagbhag uttar-poorv mein, yaa lunger key lagbhag dakshin-paschim mein kenai praaydweep mein hain. 100 dinon kaa chhota ugane kaa mausam una fasalon koo seemit kartaa haye jinhen ugaaya jaa sakata haye, lekin lambe dhoop vaale garmiyon key dinn utpaadak ugane key mausam banaate hain. mukhya fasalen aaloo, gaajar, salad aur pattagobhi hain. alaska raajya melle mein kisan upaj kaa pradarshan karate hain. "alaska ugaaye gaye" kaa upayog krishi key naare key roop mein kiya jaataa haye. alaska mein samudri bhojan kii bahutaayat haye, jisamen berring samudra aur uttari prashant mein praathamik matsya paalan haye, aur samudri bhojan una kuchh khaadya padarthon mein seey ack haye joe aksar raajya key bheetar isake baahar kii tulanaa mein sastaa hotaa haye. kaee alascan salmon key mausam key dauran nadiyon mein machhali pakadate hain taaki way apane gharelu aahar kii mahatvapurna matra ekatra curr sakein aur aajeevika, khel yaa donon key liye machhali pakad sakein. raajya mein, vishesh roop seey dooradraj key jhaadidaar samudaayon mein, nirvaah key liye shikaar, mukhya roop seey caribo, moos aur doll bhed abhee bhee aam haye. paaramparik deshi bhojan kaa ack udaaharan akutak, eskimo icecream haye, jisamen raindear vasaa, seal tail, sookhi machhali kaa maans aur sthaaniya jamun shamil hoe sakate hain. alaska kaa raindear charwaha samudra key kinare vaale praaydweep parr kendrit haye jahan jangli caribau koo paltu raindear key saath milane aur palayan karane seey rokaa jaa sakata haye. alaska mein adhikansh bhojan koo "baahar seey" raajya mein leey jaaya jaataa haye, aur parivahan laagat shaharon mein bhojan koo apekshaakrit mahanga banaa detee haye. graameen kshetron mein, nirvaah shikaar aur ikattha karna ack aavashyak gatividhi haye kyonki aayatit bhojan nishedhaatmak roop seey mahanga haye. gaanvon mein bhojan key ayaat kii laagat 7 sent prati pound (15 sent/kilogram) seey shuru hoti haye aur teji seey badhkar 50 sent prati pound ($1.10/kg) yaa usase adhik hoe jaati haye. kaee gaanvon mein jahan prati vyakti aaya 20,000 dollar yaa usase cumm hoe sakati haye, vahaan ack doodh dene kii laagat lagbhag 3.50 dollar haye. eendhan kii laagat 8 dollar prati gallen seey adhik hoe sakati haye. sthaayi nidhi. alaska sthaayi nidhi ack vidhaayi roop seey niyantrit viniyog haye jise 1976 mein haal hii mein nirmit trance-alaska pipeline pranali seey raajya petroleum rajaswa mein adhishesh kaa prabandhan karane key liye sthaapit kiya gayaa thaa. tail royalty aur poonji nivesh karyakramon key parinamswarup yeh kosh 734,000 dollar key apane praarambhik mooldhan seey badhkar 40 arab dollar hoe gayaa haye. 1982 seey shuru hocker, nidhi kii vaarshik vriddhi seey labhansh kaa bhugtan pratyek varsh paatr alascan logon koo kiya jaataa haye, joe 1984 mein $331.29 seey laker 2008 mein $3,269.00 taka (jisamen ack baar key liye $1200 "sansaadhan chhoot" shamil thee). harr saal, raajya vidhanmandal aaya seey 8 pratishat nikaalata haye, mudrasfeeti koo rokane key liye 3 pratishat vaapas mooldhan mein daaltaa haye, aur shesh 5 pratishat sabhi yogya alascan logon koo vitarit kiya jaataa haye. alaska raajya sthaayi nidhi key liye arhata praapt karane key liye kissy koo nyuntam 12 maheene taka raajya mein rehna chaahiye, aur nirantar nivaas banaae rakhna chaahiye. rahane kii laagat. alaska mein vastuon kii laagat lambe samay seey 48 raajyon kii tulanaa mein adhik rahee haye. yeh lunger mein adhikansh bhaag key liye aur fairbank mein kuchh hudd taka badal gayaa haye, jahaan pichhale paanch varshon mein rahane kii laagat mein kuchh kamee aaee haye. sanghiya sarkari karmchari, vishesh roop seey sanyukt raajya daak seva (yuu. aiss. pee. aiss.) key karmchari aur sakriya-kartavya sainya sadasya, aamtaur parr aadhar vetan key 25 pratishat parr nirdhaarit jeevan yapan bhatta praapt karate hain kyonki, jabaki jeevan yapan kii laagat cumm hoe gaee haye, yeh abhee bhee desh mein sabse adhik haye. anchorage, fairbank (march 2004 mein wall-maart) aur junau mein badey-boxes stores kii shuruat ney bhee kimaton koo cumm karane mein bahut kuchh kiya. haalaanki, graameen alaska apekshaakrit seemit parivahan buniyaadi dhaanche key kaaran desh key baaki hisson kii tulanaa mein khaadya aur upabhokta vastuon key liye atyadhik uchch kimaton seey peedit haye. kaee graameen nivasi inn shaharon mein aatey hain aur costco aur saim club jaise godam clubon seey thoke mein bhojan aur saman khareedate hain. kuchh ney kuchh online khudra vikretaon key muft shipping prastaavon koo apanaaya haye taaki way apane samudaayon mein vastuon koo khareedane kii tulanaa mein bahut adhik saste mein khareed sakein, yadi way bilkul bhee upalabdh hain. sabse badey niyokta. alaska shram aur karyabal vikas vibhaag key anusaar, 2010 mein nimnalikhit raajya key sabse badey niji kshetra key niyokta theh

alaaskaada aarthikate alaaskaada sarkaaravu sangrahisida varadiyalli, alaaskaada nijavaada gdp 2011ralli $51.1 shatakoti, 2012ralli $52.9 shatakoti mattu 2013ralli $51.5 shatakoti aagittu. 2012 mattu 2013rahra naduve sambhavisida kusitakke ganigaarike valayadallina kusita, nirdishtavagi taila mattu anila valayagalu, utpaadaneya kusitada parinaamavendu helalaagide. rajyada aarthikateyannu alaska vishvavidyaanilayada anchorage arthashaastragna scott goldsmith "mooru-kaalina stool" endu vivarisiddaare-ondu kaalu petroleum mattu anila udyamavaagide, eradane kaalu federal sarkaaravaagide mattu moorane hantavu ellah itara kaigaarikegalu mattu sevegalaagive. 2004 mattu 2006rahra naduve, federal sarkaaravu 135,000 alaska udyogagalige javaabdaaravaagittu, petroleum valayavu 110,000 udyogagalannu mattu 122,000 udyogagalige ellah itara kaigaarikegalu mattu sevegalannu odagisitu. taila mattu naisargika anilada nantara alaaskaada mukhya raftu utpannavendare samudrahara, mukhyavaagi salmon, codd, polak mattu aidi. 2013rahra meenugaarike rtuvinalli, alaaskaada meenugaararu ottu 5.8 shatakoti poundgalashtu samudraahaaravannu sangrahisalu saadhyavaayitu, idu $1.9 shatakotiya moulyamaapanakke samanagiruttade, idu 2012kke holisidare ondu sanna, aadare gamanarhavada hechchalavaagide, idu kramavagi ottu 5.3 shatakoti mattu 1.7 shatakoti dollargalannu hondittu. krishi alaaskaada aarthikateya ondu sanna bhagavannu maatra pratinidhisuttade. krishi utpaadaneyu prathamikavagi rajyadolagina balakegagi mattu idaralli narsari stock, dairi utpannagalu, tarakaarigalu mattu jaanuvaarugalu serive. utpaadaneyu simitavagiddu, hecchina aahara mattu saamaanya sarakugalannu beredeyinda aamadu maadikollalaaguttade. udyogavu prathamikavagi sarkara mattu naisargika sampanmoolagala horategeyuvike, hadagu sagane mattu saarigeyantaha kaigarikegalalli ide. military nelegalu nyaayayutavaada mattu langaru haakuva eradoo vevasthegalalli aarthikateya mahatvada amshagalaagive. federal sabsidigalu saha aarthikateya pramukha bhagavagiddu, raajyavu terigegalannu kadime idalu anuvu maadikoduttade. kachcha petroleum, naisargika anila, kalliddalu, chinna, amoolya lohagalu, satuvu mattu itara ganigaarike, samudra aahara samskarane, marah mattu marada utpannagalu idara kaigarika utpannagalaagive. sewa mattu pravasodyama valayavoo beleyuttide. pravasigaru sthaliya vasati soukaryagalannu bembalisuva moolaka aarthikatege koduge niididdaare. itihaasa. salmon maratakke anukulavaguvante 1878ralli alaaskaada modala canariyannu tereyalaayitu. arthika valayagalu. shaktiya. alaskavu apaaravaada indhana sampanmoolagalannu hondide. pramukha taila mattu anila nikshepagalu alaska uttara ilijaaru (ans) nalli kandubaruttave mattu olaharivina jalanayana pradeshagalalli kandubaruttave. indhana mahiti aadalitada prakara, kachcha taila utpaadaneyalli alaska rashtradalli nalkane sthaanadallide. alaaskaada uttara ilijaarinalliruva prudho kolliyu united states mattu uttara americadalli athi hecchu iluvari needuva taila kshetravagide, idu samanyavagi sumaru sumaru. trans-alaska pipeline dinakke kachcha tailavannu pump maadabahudu, idu united statesna yaavude kachcha taila paiplainginta hecchu. hechchuvariyagi, alaaskaada bituminus, sub-bituminus mattu lignite kalliddalina jalanayana pradeshagalalli gananeeya pramanada kalliddalina nikshepagalu kandubaruttave. united statesna bhoovaignaanika samiksheyu alaaskaada uttara ilijaarinalli naisargika anilada jalasanchayanagalinda patteyagada, taantrikavaagi chetarisikollabahudaada anilagalive endu andajiside. alaska tanna halavaaru nadigalinda deshada kelavu athi hecchu jalavidyut saamarthyavannu saha odagisuttade. alaaskaada karavaliya dodda bhagagalu gaali mattu bhushakhada shaktiya saamarthyavannu saha niiduttave. alaaskaada aarthikateyu taapana, saarige, vidyut shakti mattu belakugaagi hecchu dubari deesal indhanada mele hecchu avalambitavagide. gaali mattu jalavidyut shakti heralavaagiddaroo mattu abhivraddhiyaagadiddaru, raajyavyaapi indhana vyavasthegalige (udaa.zii. kadime (<$0.50/gal) indhana belegalu, doorada mattu kadime jansankhyeya kaaranadindaagi vishesha kadime-vechchada vidyut antaragalannu (2001rahra varadiya samayadalli) aarthikavalladavendu nirnayisalaayitu. indu nagara alaskadalli ondu yuu. ess gallen gasoline bele samanyavagi rashtriya sarasariginta $030-$0.60 hechchaagide; grameena pradeshagalalli belegalu samanyavagi gamanarhavagi hechchagiruttave aadare saarige vechchagalu, rtumaanada balakeya uttungagalu, hattirada petroleum abhivruddhi moolasoukarya mattu itara aneka amshagalannu avalambisi vyaapakavaagi badalaaguttave. 2012ralli, americada kachcha taila utpaadaneyalli alaskavu shekada 8.1rashtu palannu hondiddu, texas (<aii. dii. 2>), uttara dakota (<aii. dii. 1>) mattu california (8.3%) nantarada sthaanadallide. itara sampanmoolagala horategeyuvike. nodih alaskadalli chinnada ganigaarike pravasodyama. alaaskaada pravasodyamavu eradane atidodda khasagi valayada udyogadaatanaagiddu, entu alascan udyogagalalli wandannu hondide, sumaru 2 million sandarshakaru mattu kaarmika aadaaya seridante nera sandarshakara vechchadalli $2.42 billion aagide. corneval croose line, celebrity kroosgalu, chrystal kroosgalu, disney croose line, hallend america line, narveya croose line, oshiania alascan croose, princess croose, regent seven sease croose, raayal caribean croose seridante croose udyamada moolaka sumaru ardhadashtu pravasigaru alaaskaage agamisuttare.sylver sea croose, ciatal alascan croose mattu vancouver alascan croose. itara sandarshakaru ted stevens langaru antararashtriya vimaana nildaanada moolaka agamisuttare, rajyada mukhya raste, alaska heddaari athawa alaska sagara heddaariyalli prayanisuttare. 2015rahra raajya bhashanadalli, alaska governor bill walker avaru pravasodyama udyamavannu "aarogyakara mattu pramukha udyama" endu ullekhisidaru, idu khasagi udyama mattu raajya mattu sthaliya sarkaarada naduvina kriyatmaka paaludaarikeyannu pradarshisuttade, idu namma arthika yogakshemakke mitiyillada belavanige mattu kodugeya saamarthyavannu hondide. prati prayanakke prati prayanikarige $34.50 naa vanijya prayanikara hadagina abakari terige daravannu olagondante vividha terigegala moolaka rajyada saamaanya nidhige pravasodyamavu koduge niiduttade. pravasodyamada moolaka baruva itara terigegalalli vaahanada baadigegala mele shekada 10rashtu terige, jotege sthaliya marata mattu haasige terigegalu serive. mcdowell gumpu alaska raajyakkaagi siddhapadisida adhyayanada prakara, "alaska sandarshakaru 2014-15 nalli kharchu maaduvudannu rajyada aarthikateyaadyanta vyaapakavaagi vitarisalaayitu. vasati, pravaasagalu/chatuvatikegalu, udugoregalu/smaranikegalu mattu aahara/paniyagalu pratiyondoo vechchada aidane ondu bhagavannu (18 rinda 20) olagondive. shekada), "ulida aidaneyadu pyakejugalu mattu sarigeyannu olagondide. rajyada bhoodrushya, vanyajeevi mattu samskrutiya naisargika mattu vishaalavaada gunalakshanagalondige anekavele besedukondiruva vividha anubhavagalinda pravasigaru alaaskaage akarshitaraguttare. sandarshakarige ee anubhavagalannu padeyalu mattu sthaliya mattu bahurashtriya kampanigalige vyapara nadesalu maargavannu odagisuva aneka margadarshi chatuvatikegalive. margadarshi chatuvatikegalalli drushyavikshane pravaasagalu, timingila vikshane, himanadi vikshane, vimaana vikshane, vanyajeevi vikshane, hiking, gyplining, kayaking/rafting mattu meenugaarike serive. paravaanagigalu, maargadarshigalu, upakaranagalu mattu durastigala khareedi seridante anivaasigala varshika vechchadalli kevala meenugaarikeyu $652,498,723 ge kaaranavaagide. alaskadalli pravasodyamakke ondu unnata taanavaagiddu, 24 ghatakagalannu hondiruva rajyada rashtriya udyaanavana vyavastheyannu olagondide. vaarshikavaagi ee rashtriya udyaanavanagalige 26 laksha janaru bheti niiduttaare mattu avugalinda $1.1 shatakoti arthika prayojanavannu padeyuttaare. krishi. uttarada havamana mattu kadidaada bhoopradeshadindaagi, alaskadalli tulanaatmakavaagi kadime krishi nadeyuttade. hecchina totagalu langaru haakuva sthalada eeshaanyadalliruva matanaska kaniveyallive athawa langaru haakuva sthalada nairtyadalliruva kenai paryaya dweepadalliwe. 100 dinagala alpavadhiya beleyuva rtuvu beleyabahudaada belegalannu mitigolisuttade, aadare deergha bisilina besigeya dinagalu utpaadaka beleyuva rtugalannu roopisuttave. alugadde, carrett, lettis mattu elekosu illina praathamika belegalaagive. alaska raajya meladalli raitaru utpannagalannu pradarshisuttare. "alaska groth" annu krishi ghoshaneyagi balasalaaguttade. alaskadalli samudraahaaravu heralavagiddu, baring samudra mattu uttara pecificnallina praathamika meenugaarikeyondige, samudraahaaravu rajyadolagina kelavu aahara padaarthagalalli ondaagide, idu rajyada horagina aahaarakkinta aggavaagide. aneka alaskannaru salmon rtuvinalli tamma maneya aahaarada gamanarha pramaanavannu sangrahisalu nadigalli meenu hidiyuttaare, aadare jeevanashaili, creede athawa eradakkoo meenu hidiyuttaare. mukhyavaagi caribou, moose mattu doll kurigalannu jivanopayakkagi beteyaaduvudu rajyadalli, visheshavaagi doorada bush samudaayagalalli innoo saamaanyavaagide. saampradaayika sthaliya aahaarada udaaharaneyendare akutak, eskimo ais cream, idu himasaarangada kobbu, seal enne, onagida meenu maamsa mattu sthaliya hannugalannu olagondiruttade. alaaskaada himasaarangada gidamoolikegalu samudrada dweepakalpadalli kendrikrutavagive, allie kaadu kaaribougalannu deshiya himasaarangadondige bereyuvudannu mattu valase hoguvudannu tadeyabahudu. alaaskaadallina hecchina aahaaravannu "horagininda" rajyakke saagisalaaguttade mattu rawane vechchagalu nagargalalli aahaaravannu tulanaatmakavaagi dubaariyaagisuttave. grameena pradeshagalalli, aamadu madikonda aahaaravu dubaariyaagiruvudarinda jeevanaadhaarada beteyaaduvudu mattu sangrahane maaduvudu atyagatya chatuvatikeyagide. halligalige aahaaravannu aamadu maadikolluva vechchavu prati poundige 7 centaru (15 centaru/keji) praarambhavaaguttade mattu prati poundige 50 centaru ($1.10/kg) athawa adakkinta hecchu vegavagi airuttade. prati vyakti aadaayavu $20,000 athawa adakkinta kadime irabahudaada aneka halligalli ondu haalannu talupisuva vechchavu sumaru $3.50 aagide. indhanada vechchavu prati gallenge $8 meerabahudu. shaashvata nidhi. alaska shaashvata nidhiyu ittichege nirmisalaada trans-alaska pipeline vyavastheyinda rajyada petroleum aadayadalli hechchuvari nirvahanege 1976 ralli sthaapisalaada shasanabaddhavagi niyantrita viniyogavagide. taila rayadhana mattu bandavaala hoodike karyakramagala parinaamavaagi ee nidhiyu tanna arambhika moola $734,000 rinda $40 shatakotige beledide. 1982rinda praarambhisi, nidhiya varshika belavanigeya laabhaamshavannu prati varsha arha alaskannarige paavatisalaaguttade, 1984ralli $331.29 ninda 2008ralli $3,269.00 varege (idaralli ondu baari $1200 "sampanmoola riyayiti" serittu). prati varsha, raajya shasakangavu galikeyinda shekada 8rashtannu tegedukolluttade, hanadubbaravannu tadegattalu shekada 3rashtannu moolakke hintirugisuttade mattu ulida shekada 5rashtannu ellah arha alaskannarige vitarisalaaguttade. alaska rajyada shaashvata nidhige arhate padeyalu obbaru kanishta 12 tingalugala kaala rajyadalli vasisirabeku mattu sthira nivaasavannu kapadikollabeku. jeevana vechcha. alaskadalli sarakugala vechchavu deerghakaaladinda 48 rajyagaliginta hechchaagide. idu langaru haakuvikeyalli hecchina bhagakke badalaagide mattu kaleda aidu varsagalalli jeevana vechchavu svalpamattige kusidiruva fairbankgalalli swalpa mattige badalaagide. samyukta samsthaanada sarkari naukararu, visheshavaagi united states anche seveya (yuu. ess. pii. ess) kaarmikaru mattu sakriya kartavyada military sadasyaru, jeevana vechcha bhatyeyannu samanyavagi moola vetanada shekada 25kke nigadipadisuttaare, ekendare, jeevana vechchavu kadimeyagiddaroo, idu innoo deshadalli athi hecchu. langaru, fairbanks (march 2004 ralli walmart) mattu junaugalalli dodda-pettige maligegala parichayavu belegalannu kadime maadalu bahalashtu sahaaya maaditu. aadaagyoo, tulanaatmakavaagi seemita saarige moolasoukaryadindaagi deshada ulida bhagagalige holisidare, grameena alaska aahara mattu grahaka sarakugalige atyanta hecchina belegalinda balaluttide. aneka grameena nivasigalu ee nagaragalige bandu castco mattu sams klabnantaha warehouse klabgalinda aahara mattu sarakugalannu dodda pramaanadalli khareedisuttaare. kelavaru kelavu anline chillare vyaapaarigala uchita shipping kodugegalannu sweekarisi, tamma swanta samudaayagalalli labhyaviddare, avugaliginta hecchu aggavaagi vastugalannu khareedisuttaare. atidodda udyogadataru. alaska kaarmika mattu karyapadeya abhivruddhi ilaakheya prakara, 2010ralli ee kelaginavugalu rajyada atidodda khasagi valayada udyogadataruhu

alaskayude sambadvyavastha alascan sarkkar samaaharicha oru reportil, alaskayude yadhaartha gdp 2011 ll 51.1 bilyan dollar 2012 ll 52.9 bilyan dollar 2013 ll 51.5 bilyan dollarumaayirunnu. 2012 num 2013 num idayil khanana mekhalayile, prathyekichu enna, vathaka mekhalakalile, uthpaadanam kuranjathinte anantharafalamaayi undaaya idivaanu eee idivinu kaaranam. samsthaanathinte sambadvyavasthaye alasca sarvakalashaala nankooramidunna saambathika shaasthranjanaaya scott goldsmith "moonnu kaalukalulla stool" ennaanu visheshippichathu-oru call petroleum, vathaka vyavasaayavum randaam call federal gavanmentum moonnaam call mattu ellah vyavasaayangalum sevanangalumaan. 2004num 2006num idayil 1,35,000 alasca thozhilavasarangalkk federal gavanmentum 110,000 thozhilavasarangal petroleum mekhalayum 122,000 thozhilavasarangalkk mattu vyavasaayangalum sevanangalum nalki. ennayum prakrithivaathakavum kazhinjaal alaskayude pradhana kayattumathi uthppannam kadalvibhavangalaanu, pradhaanamaayum saalman, coode, pollock, njandu ennivayaanu. 2013leeii malsyabandhana seasonil, alascan mathsyathozhilaalikalkk motham 5.8 bilyan poundu kadalvibhavangal shekharikkaan kazhinju, ithu 1.9 bilyan dollarinte moolyanirnayathinu thulyamaanu, ithu 2012 neey apekshichu cheria, ennaal sradheyamaaya vardhanavaanu, yathaakramam motham 5.3 bilyan dollar 1.7 bilyan dollar. alascan sambadvyavasthayude valare cheria oru bhagam maathramaan krishi prathinidheekarikkunnath. kaarshika uthppaadanam praadhamikamaayi samsthaanathinullile upabhogathinaayullathaan, athil nazhsari stokku, ksheera uthppannangal, pachakkarikal, kannukaalikal enniva ulppedunnu. uthppaadanam parimithamaanu, mikka bhakshyavasthukkalum pothuvaaya vasthukkalum mattidangalil ninnu irakkumathi cheiyunnu. thozhil pradhaanamaayum sarkkaarilum prakrithivibhavangal verthirichedukkal, shipping, gathagatham thudangiya vyavasaayangalilumaan. fairbankukalilum nankooramidunnathilum sainika thaavalangal sambadvyavasthayude oru pradhana gadakamaanu. federal subsidikal sambadvyavasthayude oru pradhana bhagamaanu, ithu nikuthikal kuraykkaan samsthaanathe anuvadikkunnu. asamskritha petroleum, prakrithivaathakam, kalkari, svarnnam, vilayeriya lohangal, sink, mattu khananam, kadal vibhava samskaranam, thadi, thadi uthppannangal ennivayaanu ividuthe vyaavasaayika ulppaadanangal. sevana, vinodasanjaara mekhalakalum valarukayaanu. praadeshika thaamasoukaryangale pinthunachukondu vinodasanchaarikal sambadvyavasthaykku sambhavana nalkiyittundu. charithram. saalman vilppana sugamamakkunnathinaayi 1878-ll alaskayile aadyathe kaannari thurannu. saambathika mekhalakal. oorjjam. alaskayil vipulamaaya oorjja srothassukalundu. alaskayude vadakkan charivukalil (aans) pradhana enna, vathaka shekharangal kaanapedunnu, koodaathe paachaka inlettu thadangalum kaanapedunnu. energy information administration anusarichu, asamskritha enna ulppaadanathil alasca rajyath naalam sthaanathaanu. alaskayude vadakke charivile prudo ulkkadal amerikkayilum vadakke amerikkayilum ettavum kooduthal vilavu nalkunna ennappaadamaanu, ithu saadhaaranayaayi ekadesham ekadesham uthppaadippikkunnu. trans-alasca pipeline prathidinam asamskritha enna pump cheyyaan kazhiyum, ithu amerikkayile mattethoru asamskritha enna pipelinekkaalum kooduthalaanu. koodaathe, alaskayile bituminus, sub-bituminus, lignite kalkari thadangalil ganyamaaya kalkari nikshepam kaanapedunnu. alaskayude vadakkan charivil prakrithivaathaka hydrateukalil ninnu kandethappedaathathum saankethikamaayi veendedukkaan kazhiyunnathumaaya vaathakam undennu yunaittad stetts geological sarway kanakkakkunnu. niravadhi nadikalil ninnu raajyathe ettavum uyarnna jalavaidyutha seshiyum alasca vaagdaanam cheiyunnu. alascan theerapradeshatthinte valia bhagangal kaattum bhootaapa oorjja seshiyum vaagdaanam cheiyunnu. alaskayude sambadvyavastha choodaakkal, gathagatham, vaidyuthorjjam, prakasham ennivaykkaayi vardhichuvarunna deesal indhanathe valareyadhikam aasrayikkunnu. kaattum jalavaidyuthiyum samriddhavum avikasithavumaanenkilum, samsthaanathala oorjja samvidaanangalkkulla nirddeshangal (udha.jii. kuranja (<$0.50/gal) indhanavila, deerghadooram, kuranja janasamkhya enniva kaaranam prathyeka kuranja chelavilulla electric intertikal) saambathikamallaathathayi (report samayat, 2001) vilayiruthappettu. innu nagara alaskayil oru us gaalan petrolinte vila saadhaaranayaayi deseeya saraashariyekkaal 030-0.60 dollar kooduthalaanu; graamapradesangalile vila saadhaaranayaayi ganyamaayi kooduthalaanengilum gathagatha chelavu, seasonal upayogathinte kodumudikal, aduthulla petroleum vikasana adisthaana soukaryangal, mattu pala gadakangal ennivaye aashrayich vyaapakamaayi vyathyaasappedunnu. 2012ll american crude oayil ulppaadanathinte 8.1 sathamaanam alaskayil ninnaan, texas (<aii. dii. 1>), north dakota (<aii. dii. 2>), california (8.3%) ennivaykku pinnilaanu. mattu vibhavangal verthirichedukkal. kaanuka alaskayile swarnna khananam vinodasanjaaram. alaskayile vinodasanjaaram svakaaryamekhalayile randaamathe valia thozhiludamayaanu, ettu alascan jolikalil onnu, ekadesham 2 dasalaksham sandarshakar, thozhil varumanam ulppede nerittulla sandarshaka chelavukalil 2.42 bilyan dollar. carnival cruis line, celebrity cruis, kristtal cruis, disney cruis line, holland america line, norwegian cruis line, ooshyaaniya alascan cruis, princes cruis, reejant seven zee cruis, royal caribean cruis limittad ennivayulppedeyulla cruis vyavasaayathiloodeyaanu sandarshakaril pakuthiyolam perum alaaskayilethunnathu.silversea cruisukal, siyaattil alascan cruisukal, vancouver alascan cruisukal. mattu sandarshakar tedu steevans aankarej anthaaraashtra vimaanathaavalam vazhiyo samsthaanathilekkulla pradhana rodiloodeyo alasca haiveyiloodeyo alasca maraine haiveyiloodeyo athunnu. 2015 leeii samsthaana prasamgatthil alasca govarnor bill wacker vinodasanjaara vyavasaayathe "aarogyakaramayathum supradhaanavumaaya oru vyavasaayamaayi paraamarshichu, ithu swakaarya samrambhangalum samsthaana, praadeshika sarkkaarukalum thammilulla chalanathmakamaaya pankaalittham pradarshippikkunnu, ithu nammude saambathika shemathinu paridhiyillaattha valarchaykkum sambhavanaykkum saadhyathayund. oro yaathrakkaranum oru yaathrakkaaran $34.50 enna vaanijya passenture kappal excise nikuthi nirakk ulppede vividha nikuthikaliloode samsthaanathinte pothunidhiyilekku vinodasanjaaram sambhavana cheiyunnu. vinodasanchaarathiloode labhikkuna mattu nikuthikalil vahana vaadakaykku 10 sathamaanam nikuthiyum praadeshika vilppana, kidakka nikuthiyum ulppedunnu. mcdowell group alasca samsthaanathinaayi thayyarakkiya oru padanamanusarichu, "alasca sandarshakarude 2014-15 leeii chelavu samsthaanathinte sambadvyavasthayiludaneelam vyaapakamaayi vitharanam cheyyappettu. thamasam, toorukal/pravartthanangal, sammanangal/suvaneerukal, bhakshanam/paaneeyam enniva oronnum chelavinte anjilonnu varum (18 muthal 20 vare). sathamaanam), backie anchil paakkejukalum gathagathavum ulppedunnu. samsthaanathinte prakrithidrishyangal, vanyajeevikal, samskaaram ennivayude swaabhaavikavum vishalavumaaya savisheshathakalumaayi bandhapetta vividha anubhavangalal sandarshakare alaskayilekku aakarshikkunnu. sandarshakarkku eee anubavangal axus cheyyaanum praadeshika, bahurashtra kambanikalkku orupole bisinesses nadatthaanum oru vazhi nalkunna niravadhi guided pravartthanangal undu. kazhchakal kaanuka, timingala nireekshanam, himanikal kaanal, vimaanayaatra, vanyajeevi kazhcha, kaalnadayaathra, siplining, kayaking/raafting, malsyabandhanam enniva guided pravarthanangalil ulppedunnu. licensukal, gaidukal, upakaranangal, attakuttappanikal enniva ulppede pravasi pouranmaarude vaarshika chelavil malsyabandhanam maathram $652,498,723 aanu. 24 yoonittukalulla samsthaanathinte desheeyodyaana samvidaanam ulppedunna alaskayile vinodasanchaarathinte ettavum mikacha lakshyasthaanamaan. prathivarsham 26 laksham aalukal eee desheeyodyaanangal sandarshikkukayum 1.1 bilyan dollarinte saambathika nettam sambhavana cheyyukayum cheiyunnu. krishi. vadakkan kaalaavasthayum kuthaneyulla bhoopradesavum kaaranam alaskayil thaarathamyena cheria krishiyaanu nadakkunnathu. mikka krishiyidangalum nankooratthinu vadakkukizhakkaayi madanaska thaazhvarayilo nankooratthinu thekkupadinjaraayi kenayi upadveepilo aanu. 100 divasathe hrasvamaaya valarchaa season valarthaan kazhiyunna vilakale parimithappedutthunnu, ennaal neenda sanni venalkkaalangal uthppaadanakshamamaaya valarchaa seasonukal undaakkunnu. urulakkizhangu, kaaratt, cheera, kaabej ennivayaanu praadhamika vilakal. alasca samsthaana melayil karshakar uthppannangal pradarshippikkunnu. "alasca grott" oru kaarshika mudraavaakyamaayi upayogikkunnu. alaskayil dhaaraalam kadalvibhavangalund, berring kadalilum vadakkan pasafikkilum praadhamika malsyabandhanam nadathunnu, koodaathe samsthaanathinakathu palappozhum vilakuranja chila bhakshyavasthukkalil onnaanu kadalvibhavangal. pala alaaskakkaarum upajeevanathin kaayikarangatthinum allengil randinum vendi malsyabandhanam nadathumbol avarude gaarhika bhakshanathinte ganyamaaya alavu shekharikkunnathinaayi saalman seasonil nadikalil malsyabandhanam nadathunnu. upajeevanathinaayi vettayaadal, pradhaanamaayum cariboo, moose, dall aadukal enniva samsthaanathu ippozhum saadhaaranamaanu, prathyekichu vidoora mulpadarppu samoohangalil. parambaraagatha thaddesheeya bhakshanathinte oru udaaharanam kaattukazhutha kozhuppu, seal oayil, unakkiya malsyam, praadeshika sarasafalangal enniva adangiyirikkunna eskimo iscream aaya akuttakkaanu. alaskayude kaattukazhutha mechilppaalam kadaltheera upadveepil kendreekarichirikkunnu, avide kaattupoochaye valarthumrigangalude kaattukazhuthayumayi layikkunnathum kudiyerunnathum thadayaan kazhiyum. alaskayile mikka bhakshanangalum "puratthu ninnu" samsthaanathekku kondupookunnu, shipping chelavukal nagarangalile bhakshanathe thaarathamyena chelaveriyathaakkunnu. irakkumathi cheytha bhakshanam vilakoodiyathinaal grameena mekhalakalil upajeevana vettayum shekharanavum oru pradhana pravarthanamaanu. graamangalilekku bhakshanam irakkumathi cheiyunnathinulla chelavu poundinu 7 sent (15 sent/kilogram) muthal aarambikkukayum athivegam poundinu 50 sent ($1.10/kg) allengil athil kooduthal aayi uyarukayum cheiyunnu. prathiseersha varumanam 20,000 dollaro athil kuravo aaya pala gramangalilum oru paal athikkunnathinulla chelavu ekadesham 3.50 dolaraanu. indhanavila oru gaalanin 8 dollaril kaviyunnu. sthiramaaya fund. aduthide nirmmicha trans-alasca pipeline samvidaanathil ninnulla samsthaana petroleum varumaanathile micham kaikaaryam cheiyunnathinaayi 1976 ll sthaapithamaaya niyamanirmmaana niyantritha viniyogamaanu alasca permanant fund. enna royaltikaludeyum mooladhana nikshepa paripaadikaludeyum falamaayi fund athinte prarambha mooladhanamaaya 734,000 dollaril ninnu 40 bilyan dollarayi uyarnnu. 1982 muthal, fundinte vaarshika valarchayil ninnulla labhavihitam oro varshavum arharaaya alaaskakkaarkk nalkiyittundu, 1984 ll $331.29 muthal 2008 ll $3,269.00 vare (athil ottathavana $1200 "resource rebate" ulppedunnu). ellah varshavum, samsthaana niyamasabha varumaanathil ninnu 8 sathamaanam edukkukayum panapperuppam thadayunnathinaayi 3 sathamaanam mooladhanathilekku thirike nalkukayum backie 5 sathamaanam ellah yogyathayulla alaskakkaarkkum vitharanam cheyyukayum cheiyunnu. alasca samsthaana sthiranidhiyil praveshikkunnathinu oraal kuranjathu 12 maasamenkilum samsthaanathu thaamasikkukayum sthiramaaya thaamasasthalam nilanirthukayum cheythirikkanam. jeevithachelavu. alaskayile charakkukalude vila valarekkaalamaayi aduthulla 48 samsthaanangale apekshichu kooduthalaanu. ithu mikkavarum nankooramidunnathil maariyittund, koodaathe kazhinja anchu varshathinide jeevithachelavu kuranju. federal gavanment jeevanakkar, prathyekichu yunaittad stetts poosttal sarvees (yuu. ezz. pii. ezz) thozhilaalikalkkum active duty milittari amgangalkkum adisthaana shambalathinte 25 shathamaanamaayi nischayichittulla jeevithachelavu alavans labhikkunnu, kaaranam jeevithachelavu kuranjuvenkilum athu ippozhum raajyathe ettavum uyarnnathaan. aankarej, fairbankukal (2004 maarchil walmart), juno ennivayil bigg boxes storukal avatharippikkunnathum vila kuraykkaan valareyadhikam sahayichu. ennirunnaalum, thaarathamyena parimithamaaya gathagatha adisthaana soukaryangal kaaranam raajyathinte mattu bhagangalumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol grameena alasca bhakshya, upabhokthru uthppannangalkk valare uyarnna vilayaanu anubhavikkunnath. niravadhi grameena nivaasikal eee nagarangalil ethi koostkoo, sams club thudangiya warehouse klabbukalil ninnu bhakshanavum charakkukalum mothatthil vaangunnu. chila oonlain retailermaar avarude swantham kammyoonittikalil labhyamaanengil avayekkaal valare kuranja vilaykk saadhanangal vaangunnathinaayi soujanya shipping oofarukal sweekarichu. ettavum valia thozhiludamakal. alasca department oof laber aandu workfozhs development parayunnathanusarichu, 2010 ll samsthaanathe ettavum valia svakaaryamekhalayile thozhiludamakal thaazhepparayunnavaraanu

alaskachi arthvyavastha alaska sarkarne sankalit kelelya ahavalat, alaskacha vastavik jee. dii. pii. 2011 madhye 51.1 abj dollars, 2012 madhye 52.9 abj dollars aanee 2013 madhye 51.5 abj dollars hota. 2012 aanee 2013 darmyan jhalelya ghasaraniche kaaran khaan kshetratil, visheshtah teel aanee vayoo kshetratil ghasaran, ghatalelya utpadanacha parinam aahe. alaska vidyapithache anchorage arthshastradnya scott goldsmith yanni rajyachya arthvyavastheche varnan 'teen payanchi stool' asey kele aahe-eka paay petroleum aanee vayoo udyog, dusra paay federal sarkar aanee tisra paay itar serve udyog aanee seva aahet. 2004 teey 2006 darmyan, alaskachya 1,35,000 nokyansathi sanghiy sarkar jababdar hote, petroleum kshetrane 1,10,000 nokya dilya aanee itar serve udyog aanee seva ektritpane 122,000 nokyansathi dilya. teel aanee naisargik vayunantar alaskache mukhya niryat utpadan mhanje sagari ann, pramukhyane salmon, codd, pollock aanee khekade. 2013chya masemarichya hangamat, alaskache machchimar ekoon 5.8 abj paund sagari khadyapadarth gola karoo shakale, jeey $1.9 abjachya mulyankanashi samatulya aahe, 2012chya tulanet eka chhoti, parantu lakshaniy vaadh, jyat anukrame ekoon $3.5 abj aanee $1.7 abj hotee. alaskachya arthvyavasthechya keval agadi thodya bhagache pratinidhitva shetee karate. krishi utpadan pramukhyane rajyatil vaparasathi aahe aanee tyat nursory satha, dugdhajanya padarth, bhajya aanee pashudhan yancha samavesh aahe. utpadan maryadit aahe, bahutek ann aanee samanya vastoo itaratrun aayat kelya jaatat. rojgar pramukhyane sarkar aanee naisargik sansadhananche utkhanan, nauvahan aanee vahtook yasarkhya udhyoganmadhye aahe. fairbank aanee anchorage yaa donhi thikani lashkari tall haah arthvyavasthecha eka mahattvacha ghatak aahe. federal anudan dekhil arthvyavasthecha eka mahattvacha bhag aahe, jyamule rajyala curr qamee thevanyas madat hote. kachchya petroleum, naisargik vayoo, kolasa, sone, maulyavan dhatoo, jast aanee itar khankam, sagari khadyapadarthanchi prakriya, lakud aanee lakadachi utpadane heey tyache audhyogik utpadan aahe. seva aanee paryatan kshetrahi vadhat aahe. sthanik nivassthanala aadhar deuun paryatakanni arthvyavasthet yogdan dile aahe. itihas. salmanchi vikri sulabh karnyasathi 1878 madhye alaskachi pahili cannery ughadali gelee. aarthik kshetre. urja. alaskamadhye prachand urja sansadhane aahet. teel aanee vayuche pramukh sathe alaska uttar utarat (aii. aine. ess.) aadhaltat aanee teey aatalya khonyanmadhye shijavatat. urja mahitee prashasananusar, kachchya telachya utpadanat alaska deshat chauthya kramankavar aahe. alaskachya uttar utaravaril prudhoi khadee heey sanyukt rajya america aanee uttar americetil sarvadhik utpadan denare teel kshetra aahe, jeey samanyatah sumare sumare utpadan karate. trans-alaska pipeline darroj kachchya telacha pump karoo shakate, jee united statesmadhil itar konatyahi kachchya telachya pipelinepeksha jaast aahe. yavyatirikt, alaskachya bituminus, sub-bituminus aanee lignite kolshachya khonyanmadhye kolashache lakshaniy sathe aadhaltat. amerikechya bhoogarbhiy sarvekshananusar, alaskachya uttar utaravar naisargik vayoo hydratesmadhun naan shodhala gelela, tantrikdrushtya punarprapt karata yenyajoga vayoo aahe. alaska aaplya asankhya nadyanmadhun deshatil sarvoch jalvidhyut kshamata dekhil pradan karate. alaskachya kinarpattichya mothya pattyanmadhun vaara aanee bhoo-aushnik urja kshamata dekhil upalabdh aahe. alaskachi arthvyavastha heating, vahtook, vidyut urja aanee prakashasathi vadhatya mahagadya dizzell indhanavar mothya pramanat avalambun aahe. pawan aanee jalvidhyut urja jaree mubalak pramanat aanee avikasit asali taree rajyavyapi urja pranalinsathi prastav (udaa.jee. indhanachya qamee (<$0.50/gal) kimmati, lambche antar aanee qamee loksankhya yamule vishesh qamee kimatichya vidyut madhyantaransah) aarthikdrushtya ayogya tharvanyat aale (ahavalachya velee, 2001). shahari alaskamadhye aaj eka american gallen petrolchi kimmat samanyatah rashtriy sarasaripeksha 0.3-0.60 dollar jaast asate; grameen bhagatil kimmati samanyatah lakshaniyaritya jaast asatat parantu vahtook kharch, hangami vaparache shikhar, jawalchya petroleum vikasachya payabhoot suvidha aanee itar anek ghatkanvar avalambun mothya pramanat badaltat. 2012 saalee amerikechya kachchya telachya utpadanat alaskacha vaataa 8.1% hota, joou texas (30.6%), uttar dakota (10.2%) aanee california (8.3%) yanchya mage hota. itar sansadhananche utkhanan. pahah alaskamadhil sonyache khankam paryatan. alaskamadhil paryatan heey khajgi kshetratil dusya kramankache sarvat mothe niyokta aahe, jeey aathpaiki eka alascan nokri, sumare 20 laakh abhyagat aanee kamgar utpannasah thet abhyagat kharchat $2.42 abj aahe. carnival cruze line, celebrity cruze, chrystal cruze, disney cruze line, holland america line, norwegian cruze line, oshiniya alascan cruze, princess cruze, regent saven see cruze, royal caribean cruze limited yasah cruze udhyogadvare jawaljawal ardhe abhyagat alaskala pohochatat., sylveracy cruze, ciatal alascan cruze aanee vancouver alascan cruze. itar abhyagat teed stevens anchorage aantarrashtriy vimantalavarun yetat, rajyachya mukhya rastyane, alaska mahamargavarun kinwa alaska sagari mahamargavarun vahan chalavatat. 2015 saalee alaskache governor biil walker yanni aaplya rajya bhashanat paryatan udhyogacha ullekh 'nirogi aanee mahattvacha udyog' assa keela, joou khajgi udyog aanee rajya aanee sthanik sarkar yanchyatil gatishil bhagidari darshavito, jyamadhye amaryad vikas aanee aaplya aarthik kalyanat yogdan denyachi kshamata aahe. paryatan heey vividh karanchya madhyamatoon rajyachya samanya nidhimadhye dekhil yogdan dete, jyat prati pravasi $34.50 chya vyavsayik pravasi jahaj utpadan shulk darasah, prati pravas. paryatanadvare nirman honanya itar karanmadhye vahan bhadyavar 10 takke curr, tasech sthanik vikri aanee khaat curr yancha samavesh aahe. mcdowell gatane alaska rajyasathi tayar kelelya abhyasanusar, "alaska abhyagatanni 2014-15 madhye kelela kharch rajyachya arthvyavasthet mothya pramanat vitarit keela gela. mukkam, sahali/upkram, bhetvastu/smrutichinh aanee ann/pey yancha kharch pratyeki sumare eka panchmansh (18 teey 20) hota. takkewari), tarr urvarit pachvya bhagat packages aanee vahatukicha samavesh aahe. rajyachya bhupradesh, vanyajeev aanee sanskratichya naisargik aanee vishal vaishishtyanshi jodalelya vividh anubhavanmule abhyagat alaskakade aakarshit hotat. anek margdarshit upkram aahet jeey abhyagatanna yaa anubhavanmadhye pravesh karnyacha aanee sthanik aanee bahurashtriy companyanna vyavasay karnyasathi samaan marg pradan karatat. margdarshit upkramanmadhye prekshaniy sthale pahane, vell pahane, himnadi pahane, uddan pahane, vanyajeev pahane, hiking, ziplianing, kayaking/rafting aanee masemari yancha samavesh hoto. parvane, margdarshak, upkarane aanee durustichya kharedisah anivasi lokanchya varshik kharchat keval masemaricha vaataa $652,498,723 aahe. alaskamadhil paryatanasathichya sarvoch gantvyasthanamadhye 24 ekake asalelya rajyachya rashtriy udyan vyavasthecha samavesh aahe. darvarshi yaa rashtriy udyananna 26 laakh lock ektritpane bhet detat aanee tyancha 1.1 abj dollarscha aarthik laabh hoto. shetee. uttarekadil hawaman aanee khadkal bhupradeshamule alaskamadhye tulanene qamee shetee hote. bahutek shete ektar matanska khonyat, langarchya ishanyes kinwa langarchya nairutyela, kenai dweepkalpavar aahet. 100 divasancha alp vadhicha hangam pikanna maryadit karato, parantu unhalyache lamb suryaprakash asalele divas utpadak vadhiche rutoo banavtat. batate, gajar, latice aanee gomans hii prathamik pike aahet. alaska rajya jatret shetkari utpadananche pradarshan karatat. "alaska groid' haah shabd sheticha naara mhanoon vaparla jaato. alaskamadhye samudrahar bharpur pramanat aahe, jyamadhye berring samudra aanee uttar prashant mahasagaratil prathamik matsyapalan aahe aanee seafood haah tyaa kahee khadyapadarthanpaiki eka aahe joou rajyamadhye bahereel khadyapadarthanpeksha swast asato. anek alascan lock udarnirvah, khel kinwa donhisathi masemari kartana tyanchya gharguti aaharacha lakshaniy pramanat gola karnyasathi salmon hangamat nadyanmadhye masemari karatat. pramukhyane caribo, moose aanee doll mendhyanchi udarnirvahasathichi shikar karane, rajyat, visheshtah durgam zudupanchya samudayanmadhye ajunahi samanya aahe. paramparik sthanik annache udaharan mhanje akutak, eskimo iscream, jyamadhye raindear charbi, seal teel, valalele maase maans aanee sthanik berries asoo shakatat. alaskache randukkar palane heey sagari dweepkalpavar kendrit aahe jithe jangali caribola paliv randukkaramadhye misalanyapasun aanee sthalantar karnyapasoon rokhata yete. alaskamadhil bahutek annapadarth "baheroon" rajyat aanale jaatat aanee pathvanicha kharch shaharanmadhil annapadarthanna tulanene mahag karato. grameen bhagat, udarnirvahasathi shikar aanee gola karane haah eka aavashyak upkram aahe kaaran aayat kelele ann heey nishiddhapane mahag aahe. gavanmadhye ann aayat karnyacha kharch 7 seent prati paund (15 seent/kilo) pasoon suru hoto aanee vegane 50 seent prati paund ($1.10/kg) kinwa tyahoon adhik hoto. jyaa gavanche dardoi utpann 20,000 dollar kinwa tyapeksha qamee asoo shakate asha anek gavanmadhye eka dudh pohochavanyacha kharch sumare 3.50 dollar aahe. indhanachi kimmat prati gallen 8 dollarpeksha jaast asoo shakate. kayamswarupi nidhi. alaska kayamswarupi nidhi haah alikadech bandhanyat aalelya trans-alaska pipeline pranalitoon rajyachya petroleum mahasulatil atirikt vyavasthapanasathi 1976 madhye sthapan karnyat aalela eka kayadeshir niyantrit viniyog aahe. teel royalty aanee bhandavali guntavanuk karyakramanmule haah nidhi tyachya 734,000 dollarschya suruvatichya muddalavarun 40 abj dollarsparyant vadhala aahe. 1982 pasoon, nidhichya varshik vadhitil labhansh darvarshi patra alascan lokanna deela jaato, 1984 madhye $331.29 teey 2008 madhye $3,269.00 paryant (jyat ekdach $1200 "sansadhan savalat" samavisht hotee). darvarshi, rajya vidhimandal kamaitoon 8 takke ghete, chalanvadhichya proofingsathi 3 takke muddalat parat thevate aanee urvarit 5 takke serve patra alascan lokanna vitarit kele jaate. alaska rajyachya kayamswarupi nidhisathi patra honyasathi, kiman 12 mahine rajyat vastavya kelele asave aanee kayamswarupi nivas rakhane aavashyak aahe. jaganyacha kharch. alaskamadhil vastunchi kimmat dirghkalapasun sanlagn 48 rajyanpeksha jaast aahe. heey bahutek vela langarchya kshetrat aanee kahee pramanat fairbankmadhye badalale aahe, jithe gelya paach varshant rahnimanacha kharch kahisa qamee jhaala aahe. federal sarkari karmchari, visheshtah united states postal service (yuu. ess. pii. ess.) karmchari aanee sakriy-kartavya lashkari sadasyanna, jivanmanacha kharch bhatta samanyatah mool pagarachya 25 takke nirdharit keela jaato, kaaran jaree jivanmanacha kharch qamee jhaala asala taree too ajunahi deshatil sarvochchanpaiki eka aahe. anchorage, fairbanks (march 2004 madhye wall-mart) aanee junomadhye mothya-boxchee dukane suru kelyanehi kimmati qamee honyas barech kahee jhaale. tathapi, tulanene maryadit vahtook payabhoot suvidhanmule grameen alaskala deshachya itar bhaganchya tulanet ann aanee grahakopayogi vastoonchya atyant uchch kimmatincha tras sahan karava lagato. anek grameen rahivasi yaa shaharanmadhye yetat aanee costco aanee sams klabsarkhya godam klabmadhun mothya pramanat ann aanee vastoo kharedi karatat. kahijananni kahee online kirkol vikretyanchya mofat pathvanichya prastavancha sweekar keela aahe, jenekarun teey jarr upalabdh asateel tarr tyanchya swatachya samudayanmadhye tyanchyapeksha khoopach swastat vastoo kharedi karoo shaktil. sarvat mothe niyokta. alaska kamgar aanee karyabal vikas vibhagachya matey, 2010 madhye rajyatil sarvat mothe khajgi kshetratil niyokta khalilpramane hoteh

alascako arthatantra alascako sarkarle sankalan gareko euta pratiwedananusar alascako wastawik gdp sann 2011 maa 51.1 arba dollar, sann 2012 maa 52.9 arba dollar rar sann 2013 maa 51.5 arba dollar thiyo. sann 2012 rar 2013 ko bichma bhaeko girawatlai khani kshetrama, vishesh gari tel rar gyaans kshetrama aeko girawatlai shreya diieko chha. rajyako arthatantralai alasca vishwavidyalayaka anchorage arthashastri scott goldsmithle "tinn khuttako stool" ko rupma warnan gareka chhan-ek khutta petroleum rar gyaans udyog, dosro charan sanghiya sarkar rar tesro charan anya sabai udyog rar sewaharu hun. sann 2004 rar 2006 ko bichma sanghiya sarkar 1,35,000 alasca rojgarika lagi jimmewar thiyo, petroleum kshetrale 1,10,000 rojgari rar anya sabai udyog rar sewaharu sanyukta rupma 122,000 rojgarika lagi pradan kaam. tel rar prakritik gyaspachhi alascako mukhya niryat utpadan samudri khana how, mukhyataya salmon, cudd, polak rar kryab. sann 2013 ko machha marney mausamma, alascaka machha marneharule kull 5.8 billion pound samudri khana jamma garna saksham thie, june $1.9 billionko mulyankan barabar chha, 2012 ko tulanama sano, tara ullekhaniya wriddhi, jasko kull kramashah $3.5 billion rar $1.7 billion thiyo. krishile alascako arthatantrako euta sano ansh matra pratinidhitwa gardacha. krishi utpadan mukhyataya rajyabhitra upabhogka lagi how rar yasama nursory stock, dugdha utpadan, tarkari rar pashudhan samawesh chhan. utpadan simit chha, dheraijaso khadya rar samanya samanharu anyatrabata ayat garinchha. rojgari mukhyataya sarkar rar udyogharu jastai prakritik srota nikasi, dhuwani, rar yatayatma chha. fairbank rar enker duwaima sainya adharharu arthatantrako mahatwapurna ghatak hun. sanghiya anudan pani arthatantrako euta mahatwapurna bhag how, jasle rajyalai curr cum rakhna anumati dinchha. yasako audyogik utpadanharu kachcha petroleum, prakritik gyas, koila, suna, bahumulya dhatu, zink rar anya khani, samudri khadya prashodhan, kath rar kathka utpadanharu hun. sewa rar paryatan khetra pani badhdai gaeko chha. paryatakharule sthaniya awaslai sahayog garera arthatantrama yogdan dieka chhan. itihas. salmanko bikrilai sahaj banauna alascako pahilo cannery sann 1878 maa kholieko thiyo. arthik kshetraharu. urja. alascama vishal urja srotharu chhan. pramukh tel rar gyaans bhandarharu alasca uttari dhalan (ans) maa painchha rar inlet besinharuma pakaunchha. urja suchana prashasanka anusar alasca kachcha tel utpadanma rashtrama chautho sthanma chha. alascako uttari dhalanma raheko prudo khadi sanyukta rajya america rar uttari americama sabaibhanda badhi utpadan garne tel khetra how, jasle samanyataya lagbhag lagbhag utpadan gardacha. trans-alasca pipelinele sanyukta rajya americako kunai pani anya kachcha tel pipelinebhanda badhi kachcha tel prati dina pampa garna sakchha. thap rupma, alascako bituminus, upa-bituminus rar lignite koila besinharuma paryapta koila bhandarharu painchha. sanyukta rajya americako bhugarbhiya sarwekshanle alascako uttari dhalanma prakritik gyaans hydratebata patta nalagaeko, prawidhik rupma punahprapta garna sakine gyaans raheko anuman gareko chha. alascale afna dherai nadiharubata deshko kehi uccha jalavidyut shakti sambhawana pani pradan gardacha. alascako tatarekhaka thula bhagharule hawa rar bhu-tapiya urja sambhawana pani pradan gardacha. alascako arthatantra tataune, yatayat, bijuli rar prakashka lagi badhdo mahango digel indhanma dherai nirbhar chha. yadyapi hawa rar jalavidyut prachur matrama rar awikasit chhan, rajyawyapi urja pranaliharuka lagi prastawharu (uda.zee. vishesh cum lagatko vidyutiya antaralharu) cum (<$0.50/gal) indhan mulya, lamo duri rar cum janasankhyaka karan (reportko samayama, 2001) arthik rupma nirnaya garieko thiyo. sahari alascama az petrolko ek americi gallenko lagat samanyataya rashtriya ausat bhanda $030-$0.60 badhi hunchha; gramin kshetraharuma mulyaharu samanyataya ullekhaniya rupma badhi hunchhan tara yatayat lagat, mausami prayog shikhar, najikaiko petroleum vikas purwadhar rar anya dherai karakharuma nirbhar gardai wyapak rupma bhinna hunchhan. sann 2012 maa, alascale americi kachcha tel utpadanko 8.1% hissa ogateko thiyo, texas (30.6%), uttari dakota (10.2%), rar california (8.3%) pachhi raheko thiyo. anya srota nikasi. hernuhosh alascama suna khanan paryatan. alascako paryatan dosro thulo niji kshetrako rojgardata how, jasle atha alascan rojgariharu madhye ek, lagbhag 20 lakh agantukharu, rar shram aya sahit pratyaksha agantuk kharchama $2.42 billion kharcha gardacha. carnival kruj line, celebrity kruj, crystal kruj, disney kruj line, halyand america line, nervegian kruj line, oceania alascan kruj, rajkumari kruj, regent sebhena see kruj, royal caribean kruj limited sahit kruj udyogbata lagbhag adha agantukharu alasca aipugchhan., silversi cruze, ciattle alascan cruze, rar bhyankobhar alascan cruze. anya agantukharu ted stevens anchorage antarrashtriya vimansthal hundai aipugchhan, rajya, alasca rajmarg, wa alasca samudri rajmargma mukhya sadak pahunchko sath driving garchhan. sann 2015 maa afno rajya sambodhanma, alascaka governer bill wakarle paryatan udyoglai "swastha rar mahatwapurna udyogko rupma ullekha gare jasle niji udyam rar rajya rar sthaniya sarkarbichko gatishil sajhedarilai pradarshan gardacha, jasma asimit wriddhi rar hamro arthik kalyanma yogdan garne sambhawana chha. paryatan pani vibhinna karharu marfat rajyako samanya koshma yogdan garne how, jasma prati yatrama prati yatru $34.50 ko wyawasayik yatri jahaz utpad curr darr samawesh chha. paryatanbata utpanna hune anya karharuma sawari bhadama 10 pratishat curr, sathai sthaniya bikri rar ochhyan karharu samawesh chhan. mcdowell samuhale alasca rajyaka lagi tayar gareko adhyayananusar, "alasca agantukharudwara 2014-15 maa kharcha rajyako arthatantrama wyapak rupma witaran garieko thiyo. awas, bhraman/gatiwidhiharu, upahar/smriti chinhaharu, rar khana/peya padartha pratyek kharchako lagbhag panchaun bhag (18 dekhi 20) ko lagi jimmewar chha. pratishat), "jabki baanki panchaunma package rar yatayat samawesh chha. agantukharu alascama vibhinna anubhawharudwara akarshit hunchhan june prayaha rajyako paridrishya, vanyajantu rar sanskritiko prakritik rar vishal wisheshtaharusanga jodieko hunchha. tyahan dherai nirdeshit gatiwidhiharu chhan jasle agantukharulai yee anubhawharu pahunch garna rar sthaniya rar bahurashtriya companyharulai wyawasaya sanchalan garna saman rupma marga pradan gardacha. nirdeshit gatiwidhiharuma darshaniya sthal bhraman, whell herne, glacier herne, udan garne, vanyajantu herne, padayatra, jiplining, kayaking/rafting, rar machha marney samawesh chhan. licence, guide, upkaran rar marmatko kharid sahit gaira-basindaharudwara warshik kharchama machha marney matra $652,498,723 ko lagi khata chha. alascama paryatanka lagi shirsha gantawyama rajyako rashtriya nikunj pranali samawesh chha, jasma 24 ekaiharu chhan. warshik rupma yee rashtriya nikunjharuma 26 lakh manisharule samuhik rupma bhraman garchhan rar yasale $11 arbako arthik labh pradan gardacha. krishi. uttari jalawayu rar thado bhubhagka karan alascama apekshakrit thorai kheti garinchha. dheraijaso khetharu yaa tata matanska upatyakama, langarko lagbhag uttarpurvama, wa kenai prayadwipma, langarko lagbhag dakshinapashchimma chhan. chhoto 100-dinko badhdo mausamle ubjauna sakine baliharulai simit gardacha, tara lamo ghamle garmika dinharule utpadak badhdo mausamharu banaundachha. alu, gajar, lates rar bandhakapi mukhya baliharu hun. alasca rajya melama kisanharule utpadanharu pradarshan garchhan. "alasca groid" krishi narako rupma prayog garinchha. alascama samudri khanako prashastata chha, bering sagar rar uttari prashantama prathamik matsya palanko sath, rar samudri khana kehi khadya padarthaharu madhye ek how june prayaha rajya bhitra bahirko tulanama sasto hunchha. dherai alaskanharule salmanko mausamma nadiharuma machha marchhan rar afno gharelu khanako mahatwapurna matra sankalan garchhan jabki jiwikoparjan, khel, wa duwaika lagi machha marchhan. jiwikoparjanka lagi sikar, mukhyataya caribo, muss rar dyal bheda ajhai pani rajyama, vishesh gari durgam jhadi samudayharuma samanya chha. paramparagat deshi khanako udaharan akutak, eskimo aiskrim how, jasma rendier fatt, sill tel, sukeko machhako masu rar sthaniya beriharu samawesh huna sakchhan. alascako rendier charai samudri prayadwipma kendrit chha jahaan jungley caribulai gharapaluwa rendiersanga misauna rar basain sarnabata rokna sakinchha. alascama adhikansh khana "bahira" batt rajyama dhuwani garinchha, rar dhuwani lagatle saharharuma khana apekshakrit mahango banaunchha. gramin kshetrama, nirvaha sikar rar sankalan euta awashyak gatiwidhi how kinbhane ayatit khana nishedhatmak rupma mahango chha. gaunharuma khadyanna ayat garne lagat 7 cent prati pound (15 cent/kilogram) batt suru hunchha rar druta gatima 50 cent prati pound ($1.10/kg) wa sobhanda badhi hunchha. pratiwyakti aya 20,000 dollar wa tyobhanda cum huna sakne dherai gaunharuma ek dudha dudha lagat lagbhag 3 lakh 50 dollar chha. indhanko lagat prati gallen $8 bhanda badhi huna sakchha. sthayi kosh. alasca sthayi kosh halai nirman garieko trans-alasca pipeline pranalibata rajyako petroleum rajaswama adhishesh wyawasthapan garna 1976 maa sthapit ek vaidhanik rupma niyantrit winiyog how. tel royalti rar punji lagani karyakramharuko parinamswarup yasako prarambhik muldhan $734,000 batt kosh badhera $40 billion pugeko chha. sann 1982 dekhi koshko warshik wriddhibata labhansh pratyek warsha yogya alaskanharulai 1984 maa $331.29 dekhi 2008 maa $3,269.00 samma (jasma ek patakko $1200 "srota chhuta" samawesh thiyo) bhuktan garieko chha. pratyek warsha, rajya vidhayikale amdanibata 8 pratishat nikalchha, mudrasfiti prashodhanka lagi muldhanma 3 pratishat firta rakhchha, rar baanki 5 pratishat sabai yogya alaskanharulai witaran garinchha. alasca rajya sthayi koshka lagi yogya huna kamtima 12 mahina rajyama baseko hunuparchha, rar nirantar niwas kayam rakhnuparchha. jiwanayapanko lagat. alascama samanko lagat lamo samayadekhi chheuchhauka 48 rajyaharuko tulanama badhi raheko chha. yo adhikansh bhagko lagi enkararejma rar fairbankharuma cum hadasamma pariwartan bhaeko chha, jahaan vigat paanch warshama jiwanayapanko lagat kehi hadasamma ghateko chha. sanghiya sarkarka karmachariharu, vishesh gari sanyukta rajya america hulak sewa (usps) kamadarharu rar sakriya-kartawya sainya sadasyaharule samanyataya adhar talabko 25 pratishatma sett garieko jiwanyapan bhatta prapta garchhan kinbhane, jiwanayapanko lagat ghateko bhae tapani yo ajhai pani deshma sabaibhanda uccha madhye ek how. anchorage, fairbank (march 2004 maa wall-mart), rar junauma thula-bucks storeharuko parichayale pani mulyaharu cum garna dherai kaam kaam. yadyapi, apekshakrit simit yatayat purwadharka karan deshka baanki bhagharuko tulanama gramin alascama khadyanna rar upabhokta wastuharuko mulya nikai uccha chha. dherai gramin basindaharu yee saharharuma aunchhan rar kostako rar sams club jasta godam clubharubata thokma khana rar samanharu kinchhan. yadi tiniharu upalabdha chhan bhane, kehi unline khudra vikretaharule afnai samudayharuma bhanda dherai sastoma wastuharu kinnaka lagi nihshulk dhuwani prastawharu angaleka chhan. sabaibhanda thulo rojgardata. alasca shram rar karyabal vikas vibhagka anusar, sann 2010 maa nimna rajyaka sabaibhanda thula niji kshetraka rojgardataharu thieh

alaskara arthaneeti alaskara sarakaranka dwara sankalita eka reportare, alaskara prakruta gdp 2011 ray $51.1 billion, 2012 ray $52.9 billion ebong 2013 ray $51.5 billion thila. 2012 ru 2013 madhyare ghatithiba drop-off khanan khetrare, bisesh curry taila ebong gas khetrare hrasaku daie karajaichi, utpadana hrasara parinam . rajyara arthabyabasthaku biswabidyalajara ankara arthaneetigya scott goldsmith eka "tini goda bisista stool" bhabe barnana karichanti-jahara gotie goda petroleum ebong gas udyoga, dwiteeja parjyaja sangheeah sarkar ebong truteeja parjyaja anya samasta shilpa ebong seba. 2004 ru 2006 madhyare, sangheeah sarkar 1,35,000 alasca chakiri paain daie thile, petroleum khetra 1,10,000 chakiri pradan karithila ebong anya samasta shilpa ebong seba milita bhabare 122,000 chakiri paain. taila ebong prakrutika gas parey alaskara mukhya raptani utpada heuchhi samudrika khadya, mukhyatah salmon, cudd, pollock ebong crab. 2013 machadhara ruture, alaskara matsyajeebeemane mote 5.8 koti pound samudrika khadya sangraha karibare sakhyama hoithile, jaahaa $1.9 koti mulyayan sahita samaana, jaahaa 2012 tulanare eka chhot, kintu ullekhaneeah brudhi, jeunthire jathakrame mote $3.5 koti ebong $1.7 koti thila. krushi alaskara arthabyabasthara eka khudra anshaku pratinidhitwa kare . krushi utpadana mukhyatah rajya madhyare upavoga paain ebong ethire nursory stock, dugdha utpada, panipariba ebong pashudhan antarbhukta . utpadana seemita, adhikansha khadya ebong sadharana samagri anya sthanaru amdani karajae . nijukti mukhyatah sarkari ebong shilpa jepariki prakrutika sambala uttolana, jahaz chalachala ebong paribahana khetrare rahichhi. samarika ghatigudika ubhaja phejarabyanka ebong nongarare arthabyabasthara eka gurutwapurna ansha. sangheeah sabasidi madhya arthabyabasthara eka gurutwapurna ansha, jaahaa rajyaku ticks comm rakhibaku anumathi deithae. ehara shilpa utpadana heuchhi ashodhita petroleum, prakrutika gas, koila, suna, mulyabana dhaatu, jinka ebong anyanya khani, samudrika khadya prakrijakarana, kaath ebong kaath utpada . seba ebong parjyatan khetrare madhya brudhi ghatuchi. parjyatakamane sthaniah aabasaku samarthan curry arthabyabasthare yogdan deichhanti. itihas. salmon bikri paain 1878 masihare alaskara pratham canary kholajaithila. arthika khetra. shakti. alaskare bishala shakti sambala rahichhi. pramukh taila ebong gas bhandara alasca uttara dhala (aii. enn. ess.) ray dekhibaku milithae ebong randhan inlet ababahikare milithae. shakti suchana prashasana anujai, ashodhita taila utpadanare alasca deshare chaturtha sthanare rahichhi. alaskara uttara dhalure thiba prudo upasagara heuchhi juktarastra america ebong uttara aamerikare sarbadhika utpadanakari taila khetra, jaahaa sadharanatah praiah praiah utpadana kare . trans-alasca pipeline pratidina ashodhita taila pump karipariba, jaahaa americara anya kaunasi ashodhita taila pipeline tulanare adhika. ehaa byatita, alaskara bitumins, sab-bitumins ebong lignite koila ababahikare yathesta koila bhandara dekhibaku milithae. juktarastrara bhutatwika sarbekhyana akalana karichhi je alaskara uttara dhalure prakrutika gas hydrateru anah-aabiskruta, baishajika bhabare punaruddharajogya gas achhi . alasca madhya ehara aneka nadeeru deshar sarbocha jalabidyuta shakti sambhabana pradan kare . alaskara upakulabarti anchalara bruhata ansha pabana ebong bhu-tapiah shakti sambhabana madhya pradan karithae. alaskara arthaneeti uttapa, paribahana, bidyuta shakti ebong aloka paain adhika mahanga digel indhan upare nirbhara kare . jadio pabana ebong jalabidyuta shakti prachur ebong anunnata, rajyabyapee shakti byabastha paain prastaba (udaa.jii. swatantra swalpa mulyara baidyutika interty sahita) comm (<$0.50/gal) indhan mulya, dirgha durata ebong comm janasankhya hetu (report, 2001 samajare) arthabyabastha biheena bolly bichara karajaithila. saharanchal alaskare aaji eka americae gallon petroller mulya sadharanatah jatiah harahari tulanare $0.3-$0.60 adhika; gramanchalare mulya sadharanatah ullekhaneeah bhabare adhika kintu paribahana kharcha, rutukaleena byabahara shikhar, nikatasta petroleum bikash bhittibhumi ebong anyanya aneka kaaran upare nirbhara curry byapaka bhabare bhinna hoithae . 2012 masihare americara ashodhita taila utpadanare alaskara yogdan 8.1% thila, jaahaa texas (30.6%), uttara dakota (10.2%), ebong california (8.3%) thaaru pachare rahithila. anyanya sambala uttolana. dekhantuhu alaskare suna khanan parjyatan. alaskare parjyatan heuchhi dwiteeja sarbabruhata gharoi khetrara nijuktidata, jie athati alascan chakiri madhyaru gotie, praiah 2 nijuta paridarshaka ebong shrama aaja sameth $2.42 billion sidhasalakha paridarshaka kharcha karanti . carnival kruja line, celebrity kruja, christal kruja, disney kruja line, holland america line, narawejiana kruja line, oceania alascan kruja, princess kruja, regent sebhen sii kruja, rayal caribean kruja limited sameth kruja shilpa madhyamare praiah adhaa parjyataka alaskare pahanchanti .silvarasi kruja, ceatle alascan kruja ebong bhanakyuvar alascan kruja. anya parjyatakamane ted stevens ankareja antarjatija bimanbandar dei pahanchanti, rajyara mukhya rasta, alasca rajpath, kimba alasca samudrika rajapathare gaadi chalai. 2015 masihare taanka rajya abhibhashanare, alasca gabharnara bill wakara parjyatan shilpaku eka "sustha ebong gurutwapurna shilpa" bhabe ullekha karithile, jaahaa gharoi udyoga ebong rajya tatha sthaniah sarakaranka madhyare eka gatishila bhagidariku pradarshita karithae, jeunthire aseem abhibruddhi ebong ammer arthika kalyanare jogadanara sambhabana rahichhi. parjyatan madhya bibhinna ticks madhyamare rajyara sadharana panthire eka jogadanakari, jeunthire prati jatra paain $34.50 rahr banijyika jatri jahaz excise ticks haara antarbhukta . parjyatan madhyamare utpanna heuthiba anyanya ticks madhyare rahichhi gaadi bhada upare 10 pratishata ticks, ebong sthaniah bikrai ebong shajya ticks. mcdowel gosthi dwara alasca rajya paain prastuta eka adhyajana anujai, "2014-15 ray alasca paridarshakanka dwara kharcha rajyara arthabyabasthare byapaka bhabare bunton karajaithila. rahiba, bhraman/karjyakalapa, upahara/smaraki, ebong khadya/paniah pratyeka kharchara praiah eka-panchamansha (18 ru 20) thila . pratishata), ", abasista panchamare packages ebong paribahana antarbhukta . parjyatakamane bibhinna anubhuti dwara alasca prati akarshita huanti jaahaa prajatah rajyara prakrutika ebong bishala baisistya, banyajantu ebong sanskrutira sahita jadita . aneka nirdeshita karjyakalapa achhi jaahaa paridarshakamananku ehi abhigyata hassel karibaku ebong sthaniah ebong bahurastriya companymananku samaana bhabare byabasai parichalana karibaku eka marga pradan kare . nirdeshita karjyakalapa madhyare parjyatan parjyatan, timi nirikhyana, glacier darshan, biman darshan, banyajantu darshan, haiking, gypline, kajaking/rafting ebong machadhara antarbhukta . licences, guide, upakarana ebong maramati kraiah sameth anah-basindanka barshika kharchare kebala machadhara $652,498,723 atte . alaskare parjyatan paain eka shirsha gantabyastala madhyare rajyara jatiah udyan byabastha antarbhukta, jeunthire 24tii unit rahichhi. pratibarsha ehi jatiah udyanagudiku samuhika bhabe 26 lakhya lock paridarshan karithanti ebong ehadwara $11 koti arthika laabh milithae. krushi. uttara jalabaju ebong urdhwastha bhubhaga karanaru, alaskare apekhyakruta comm chaash karajae . adhikansha chaash jami matanusca upatyakare, nongarara praiah uttara-purbare, kimba nongarara praiah dakhina-paschimare, kenai upadweepare rahichhi. 100 dinara swalpa samai paain chaash rutu sehi phasalagudiku seemita karithae, jaahaa chaash karajaipariba, kintu dirgha surjyalokajukta grishma dinagudika utpadanakhyama chaash rutu srusti karithae. prathamika phasalgudika heuchhi aalu, gajara, letus ebong bandhakabi. alasca rajya melare krushakamane utpada pradarshan karanti . "alasca groad" ku eka krushi slogan bhabare byabahara karajae . alaskare prachur parimanara samudrika khadya rahichhi, jeunthire bering samudra ebong uttara prashanta mahasagarare prathamika matsyachasha rahichhi, ebong samudrika khadya heuchhi sehi alpa keteka khadya samagri madhyaru gotie jaahaa rajya bahare tulanare prajatah shasta . aneka alascan jeebika nirbaha, krida kimba ubhaja paain maacha dhariba samajare salmon ruture semananka gharoi khadyara gurutwapurna parimana sangraha karibaku nadee maacha dharithanti . jeebika nirbaha paain shikara, mukhyatah karibou, muz ebong daal mendha rajyare, bisesh curry durgama bush sampradajare, ebe madhya sadharana kathaa. eka paramparika deshi khadyara eka udaharana heuchhi akutak, eschemo iscream, jeunthire rendiyara fatt, sil tell, shukhila maacha maansa ebong sthaniah berry antarbhukta hoipare . alaskara harina palanara kendrabindu heuchhi samudra pathare thiba upadweepa, jeunthare banya karibuku gruhapalita harina sahita mishijiba ebong sthanantararu rokajaipariba. alaskare adhikansha khadya "baharu" rajyaku paribahana karajae, ebong paribahana kharcha saharagudikare khadyaku apekhyakruta mahanga kare . gramanchalare jeebika nirbaha paain shikara ebong sangraha eka atyabashyaka karjya, kaaran amdani karajaithiba khadya atyadhika byajabahula. gramagudiku khadya amdani kharcha pound pichha 7 centru (15 cent/keji) arambha hoithae ebong druta gatire pound pichha 50 cent ($1.10/kg) kimba taa 'thaaru adhika parjyanta brudhi paithae. aneka graamare kheera pahanchaiba kharcha praiah 3.50 dollar, jeunthare munda pichha aaja 20,000 dollar kimba taa 'thaaru comm hoipare. indhan mulya gallon pichha $8 ru adhika hoipare . sthajee panthi. alasca sthajee panthi heuchhi eka aaingata nijantrita abunton jaahaa 1976 ray nikatare nirmita trans-alasca pipeline sistamaru rajya petroleum rajasware udwrutta parichalana karibaku sthapita hoithila . taila rayalti ebong punji nibesh karjyakram karanaru ehi panthi ehara prarambhika moola $734,000ru $40 bilijanaku brudhi paichi. 1982 masiharu, panthira barshika abhibruddhi thaaru labhansha pratibarsha jogya alaskabasinku pradan karajaichi, 1984 ray $331.29 ru 2008 ray $3,269.00 parjyanta (jeunthire eka thara $1200 "sambala rihati" antarbhukta). pratibarsha rajya bidhanasabha aajaru 8 pratishata neithae, mudrasfeeti rokibaku 3 pratishata muladhanaku ferai deithae ebong abasista 5 pratishata samasta jogya alaskabasinku bunton karajae. alasca rajya sthajee panthi paain jogyata hassel kariba paain jane sarbanimna 12 maasa paain rajyare baasa karithiba aabasyaka, ebong nirantara abas bajaiah rakhiba aabasyaka . jibanadharana kharcha. alaskare samagrira mulya dirgha deane dhari sanlagna 48 tii rajya tulanare adhika rahichhi . ehaa adhikansha anshare nongarare ebong kichhi matrare phejarabyankare badalichi, jeunthare gata pancha barsha madhyare jibanadharana mulya kichhi matrare hrass paichi. sangheeah sarkari karmachari, bisesh curry juktarastra americara daaka seba (jayu. ess. pii. ess.) karmachari ebong sakriya-karttabya samarika sadasyamane, jibanadharana bhatta mulya sadharanatah moola betner 25 pratishatare sthira karanti, kaaran jibanadharana mulya hrass paithiba bele, ehaa ebe madhya deshare sarbadhika madhyaru gotie. ankareja, phejarabyanka (march 2004 ray waala-mart) ebong junore bigg-bucks storer prabartana madhya mulya hrass karibare bahuta kichhi karithila . tebe, apekhyakruta seemita paribahana bhittibhumi karanaru deshar anya anchala tulanare grameena alasca khadya ebong upabhokta samagrira moolyare atyadhika brudhi paichi. aneka grameena basinda ehi saharagudiku aasi custoco ebong sams club bhali godam klabaru khadya ebong samagri kraiah karithanti. keteka niz sampradajare upalabdha thiba jinish tulanare adhika shasta bhabe jinish kiniba paain kichhi unline khuchura bikretanka magana siping apharaku grahan karichanti. sabutharu budd nijuktidata. alasca shrama ebong karjyabala bikash bibhaga anujai, 2010 ray nimnalikhita rajyara sarbabruhata gharoi khetrara nijuktidata thileh

alasca dee arthvivastha alasca sarkaar duaara sanklit ikk report witch, alasca daa asal jee. dee. pee. 2011 witch 51.1 billion dallar, 2012 witch 52.9 billion dallar atey 2013 witch 51.5 billion dallar see. 2012 atey 2013 dey vichkaar joe girawat aaee haii, uss daa caarn mining khetar, khaas karke tail atey gais khetran witch girawat noon manniaa jaanda haii, joe kii utpadan witch girawat daa natija haii. alasca university dey ancrej arthshastri scott goldsmith neey raaj dee arthvivastha noon "tinn-pair vaala stool" dassiaa haii-jiss witch ikk pair petroleum atey gais udyog haii, dooja padaa sanghi sarkaar haii atey teeja padaa horr saare udyog atey sevavan hunn. 2004 atey 2006 dey vichkaar, sanghi sarkaar 1,35,000 alasca deeaan naukariaan laee zimmevar see, petroleum khetar neey 1,10,000 naukariaan pardan keetiaan atey horr saare udyogan atey sevavan noon milaa keey 122,000 naukariaan dittiaan. tail atey kudrati gais toon baad alasca daa mukkh niryaat utpaad samundari bhojan haii, mukkh taur 'teey saiman, code, polak atey kekda. 2013 dey machhi fadan dey season witch, alascan machhere kull 5.8 billion pond samundari bhojan ikkatha curran dey yog sunn, joe kii $1.9 billion dey mulankan dey barabar haii, joe kii 2012 dey mukabale ikk chhota, parr dhiaan denh yog vaadha haii, jiss witch kramvaar kull 5.3 billion atey 1.7 billion dallar sunn. khetibadi alasca dee arthvivastha daa siraf ikk bahut chhota hissa haii. khetibadi utpadan mukkh taur utte raaj dey ander khapat laee haii atey iss witch narsari stock, dayeri utpaad, sabziaan atey pashu shamal hunn. nirman seemat haii, ziaadaatar bhojan atey aam vastan horr thaavan toon daramad keetiaan jandiaan hunn. rozgaar mukkh taur utte sarkaar atey udyogan jiven kii kudrati sarot kaddhan, jahazrani atey aavajai witch haii. fauji adde fairbank atey langar dovan witch arthvivastha daa ikk mahattavpuran hissa hunn. sanghi subsidiaan vee arthvivastha daa ikk mahattavpuran hissa hunn, jiss naal raaj noon taxes noon ghatt rakkhan dee aagiaa mildi haii. iss dey udyogik utpadan witch kaccha petroleum, kudrati gais, colla, soona, keemati dhaatan, zink atey horr mining, samundari bhojan processing, lakkad atey lakkad dey utpaad shamal hunn. seva atey sair-spata khetar vee vadh riha haii. sailaniaan neey sathanak rihaish daa samarthan karke arthvivastha witch yogdan paaiaa haii. itihaas. alasca dee pahili cannery 1878 witch saiman dee vikri dee sahulat laee kholhi gaee see. aarthik khetar. shakti. alasca witch vishal oorja sarot hunn. tail atey gais dey pramukh bhandar alasca uttri dhalaan (aii. ainn. aiss.) witch paae jaande hunn atey inlet besinan witch khaana banaunde hunn. energy information administration dey anusar, alasca kacche tail dey utpadan witch desh witch chauthe sathaan utte haii. alasca dee uttri dhalaan utte prudoy khaadi sanyukat raaj amrica atey uttri amrica witch sabh toon vaddh paidavar denh vaala tail khetar haii, joe aam taur utte lagbhag lagbhag paida karda haii. trance-alasca pipeline pratee dinn kacche tail noon pump qarr sakadi haii, sanyukat raaj witch kise vee horr kacche tail pipeline naalon vaddh. iss toon ilava, alasca dey bituminius, sabb-bituminius atey lignite colla besinan witch kaafi colla bhandar paae jaande hunn. sanyukat raaj dey bhuu-vigiaanak sarvekhan daa andaza haii kii alascan uttri dhalaan utte kudrati gais hydrates toon anjaan, takniki taur utte mudd prapat curran yog gais hunn. alasca aapniaan kaee nadiaan toon desh witch sabh toon vaddh pann-bijli samratha dee peshkash vee karda haii. alascan samundari kandhe dey vadde hisse havaa atey bhuu-taapiya oorja samratha vee pesh karde hunn. alasca dee arthvivastha heating, aavajai, bijli atey roshni laee vadh rahey mahinge deezel baalan utte bahut ziaada nirbhar kardi haii. halanki havaa atey pann-bijli shakti bharpur atey aviksit haii, raaj viaapi oorja pranaliaan laee prastav (jiven kii.jee. ghatt (<$0.50/gal) baalan deeaan keematan, lambi duriaan atey ghatt aabadi dey caarn vishesh ghatt laagat vaale bijli dey antralan dey naal) noon gair-aarthik (report, 2001 dey samein) manniaa giaa see. shahiri alasca witch ajj ikk amriki gallen gasoline dee keemat aam taur utte rashtari ausat naalon 0:30-0.60 dallar vaddh hundi haii; pendu khetran witch keematan aam taur utte kaafi vaddh hundiaan hunn parr aavajai deeaan lagtan, mausami varton dey sikhran, nedley petroleum vikas dey buniaadi dhanche atey horr bahut saare karkan dey adhaar utte viaapak taur utte bhinn hundiaan hunn. saal 2012 witch alasca daa amriki kacche tail dey utpadan witch 8.1% hissa see, joe taxas (30.6%), uttri dakota (10.2%) atey california (8.3%) toon pichhe haii. horr sarot kaddhana. vekhou alasca witch sone dee mining sair-spata. alasca witch sair-spata niji khetar daa dooja sabh toon vadda rozgardata haii, joe alasca deeaan atth vicchon ikk naukari, lagbhag 20 lakkh sailani atey laber aamdan samet siddhe visitor kharach witch 24 croad dallar daa hissa haii. lagbhag addhe sailani cruze udyog raahin alasca pahunchade hunn jiss witch carnival cruze line, mashur cruze, chrystal cruze, disney cruze line, halland america line, norwegian cruze line, oshenia alascan cruze, princess cruze, regent satt samundari cruze, shaahi carribean cruze limted shamal hunn.silversi cruze, seatle alascan cruze atey vancouver alascan cruze. horr sailani taed stevens ancrej antarashtari havaai adde raahin pahunchade hunn, raaj, alasca rajmarg, jaan alasca samundari rajmarg utte mukkh sadak pahunch dey naal-naal gaddi chalaunde hunn. aapne 2015 dey raaj dey sambodhan witch, alasca dey governor bill vaakar neey sair-spata udyog noon ikk "tandrust atey mahattavpuran udyog" vajon darsaiaa joe niji uddam atey raaj atey sathanak sarkaar darmiaan ikk gatishil bhaiwali noon darsaunda haii, jiss witch beant vikas atey saadi aarthik bhalai witch yogdan dee samratha haii. sair-spata vakkh-vakkh taxes raahin raaj dey aam fund witch vee yogdan paunda haii, jiss witch pratee yaatari pratee yaatari $34.50 dee vaparak yaatari jahaz excise taiks darr shamal haii. sair-spaate raahin paida keete gaye horr taxes witch vaahan kiraae utte 10 pratishat taiks dey naal-naal sathanak vikri atey bistre dey taiks shamal hunn. mcdowell samooh duaara alasca raaj laee tiaar keete gaye ikk adhiaen dey anusar, "alasca dey sailaniaan duaara 2014-15 witch kharach raaj dee aarthikta witch viaapak taur 'teey vandiaa giaa see. rihaish, sair-spaate/gatividhiaan, tohfe/chinnh atey bhojan/peenn vaale padarath harek kharach daa lagbhag panjwan hissa (18 toon 20) hunn. pratishat), "jadon kii baaki panjven witch package atey aavajai shamal haii. sailani alasca vall aakarshit hunde hunn joe aksar raaj dey landscape, jangli jeevan atey sabheyachar deeaan kudrati atey vishal visheshtavan naal jude vakkh-vakkh tazarbiaan duaara aakarshit hunde hunn. bahut saariaan guide keetiaan gatividhiaan hunn joe sailaniaan noon inhan tazarbiaan takk pahunchan atey sathanak atey bahu-rashtari companyan noon carobar curran daa ikk tarika pardan kardiaan hunn. guide keetiaan gatividhiaan witch sair-spaate, whale dekhan, glacier dekhan, udaann dekhan, jangli jeevan dekhan, hiking, ziplining, coiking/raftung atey machhi fadan shamal hunn. licences, guide, upkaran atey murammat dee khareed samet gair-vasnikan duaara salana kharche witch ikalle machhi fadan daa $652,498,723 daa hissa haii. alasca witch sair-spaate laee ikk choti dee manzil witch raaj dee rashtari park pranali shamal haii, jiss witch 24 ikaiaan hunn. salana inhan rashtari parkan daa 26 lakkh lock mill keey daura karde hunn atey ih 11 croad dallar dey aarthik laabh witch yogdan paunda haii. khetibadi. uttri jalvayu atey ucche khetar dey caarn, alasca witch mukabaltan ghatt kheti hundi haii. ziaadaatar farm jaan taan matanska ghaati witch, langar dey lagbhag uttar-purab witch, jaan kenai praideep utte, langar dey lagbhag dakkhan-pachham witch hunn. 100 dinan daa chhota vadhada mausam faslan noon seemat karda haii joe ugaiaan jaa sakdiaan hunn, parr lambi dhupp vaale garmiaan dey dinn utpadak vadhade mausam banaunde hunn. mukkh faslan aaloo, gaajar, salaad atey gaajar hunn. alasca raaj melle witch kissan upaj daa pardarshan karde hunn. "alasca ugaae" noon khetibadi dey naariaan vajon vartiaa jaanda haii. alasca witch samundari bhojan dee bharpurta haii, jiss witch berring samunder atey uttri parshant witch mukkh machhi paalan haii, atey samundari bhojan unhan kujh bhojan padarthan vicchon ikk haii joe aksar raaj dey ander iss dey bahr naalon sasta hunda haii. bahut saare alascan salmon dey mausam dauran nadiaan witch machhi fadade hunn taan joe aapni gharelu khurak dee mahattavpuran matra ikkathi keeti jaa sake jadon kii guzara, khed jaan dovan laee machhi fadadi haii. rozzy-rotty laee shikar, mukkh taur utte caribo, moos atey dall bhedan ajey vee raaj witch aam hunn, khaskar door-durade dey jhadiaan vaale bhaichariaan witch. ikk ravaiti mool bhojan dee ikk udaharan akutak haii, eschemo aaees kareem, jiss witch rendier charbi, seel tail, sukki machhi daa meat atey sathanak berry shamal hoow sakde hunn. alasca daa rendier pashu paalan samundari praideep utte kendrit haii jitthe jangli caribo noon paltu rendier naal milann atey parvas curran toon rokiaa jaa sakda haii. alasca witch ziaadaatar bhojan noon "baahron" raaj witch lijaiaa jaanda haii, atey shipping deeaan lagtan shahiran witch bhojan noon mukabaltan mahinga banaundiyan hunn. pendu khetran witch, guzara curran laee shikar atey ikkatha karna ikk zaruri gatividhi haii kiunki daramad keeta bhojan bahut mahinga haii. pindan witch bhojan daramad curran dee laagat 7 cent pratee pond (15 cent/kilogram) toon shuru hundi haii atey tezi naal vadh keey 50 cent pratee pond ($1.10/kg) jaan iss toon vaddh hoow jaandi haii. bahut saare pindan witch ikk dudh pahunchaun dee laagat lagbhag 3.50 dallar haii jitthe pratee viakati aamdan 20,000 dallar jaan iss toon ghatt hoow sakadi haii. baalan dee keemat 8 dallar pratee gallen toon vaddh hoow sakadi haii. sathayi fund. alasca sathayi fund ikk kanunni taur utte niyantrit viniyog haii joe 1976 witch haal hii witch bnee trance-alasca pipeline pranali toon raaj dey petroleum maaliye witch vadhu parbandhan laee sathapat keeta giaa see. tail rayalti atey poonji nivesh programan dey natije vajon ih fund 734,000 dallar dey shuruati mull toon vadh keey 40 billion dallar hoow giaa haii. 1982 toon shuru hoow keey, fund dey salana vaadhe toon labhansh harr saal yog alascan lokan noon adaa keete gaye hunn, 1984 witch $331.29 toon lae keey 2008 witch $3,269.00 (jiss witch ikk vaar dee $1200 "sarot chhot" shamal haii). harr saal, raaj vidhan sabha kamai vicchon 8 pratishat laindi haii, mahingai roku laee 3 pratishat mull witch waps rakkhdi haii, atey baaki 5 pratishat saare yog alascan lokan noon vandiaa jaanda haii. alasca raaj dey sathayi fund laee yog honn laee kise noon ghatto ghatt 12 mahiniaan laee raaj witch rahina chahida haii, atey nirantar nivas banayi rakkhna chahida haii. rahinn-sehann dee laagat. alasca witch vastan dee keemat lambe samein toon 48 raajan naalon vaddh rahee haii. ih langar witch ziaadaatar hisse laee atey fairbank witch ikk ghatt hadd takk badal giaa haii, jitthe pichle panj saalan witch rahinn-sehann dee laagat witch kujh qamee aaee haii. sanghi sarkari karamchari, khaas karke sanyukat raaj daak seva (yuu. aiss. pee. aiss.) karamchari atey sargaram-diooti fauji member, aam taur 'teey adhaar tankhah daa 25 pratishat nirdharat jeevan bhatta prapat karde hunn kiunki, jitthe jeevan-yapan dee laagat ghatt gaee haii, ih ajey vee desh witch sabh toon vaddh haii. langar, fairbank (march 2004 witch vaal-maart) atey juno witch vadde-boxes storan dee shuruat neey vee keematan noon ghatt curran witch bahut kujh keeta. halanki, pendu alasca mukabaltan seemat aavajai buniaadi dhanche caarn desh dey baaki hissiaan dee tulna witch bhojan atey khaptkaran deeaan vastan deeaan bahut ucchiaan keematan toon peedat haii. bahut saare pendu vasneek inhan shahiran witch aaunde hunn atey warehouse kalabban jiven kii costo atey saim club toon thoke witch bhojan atey samaan kharidade hunn. kujh neey aapne khud dey bhaichariaan naalon bahut sastiaan cheezan kharidan laee kujh online prachun vikretavan deeaan mufat shipping peshakshan noon apnaiaa haii, jey uh bilkul upalbadh hunn. sabh toon vadde maalak. alasca dey laber atey workforce development vibhag dey anusar, 2010 witch raaj dey sabh toon vadde private sector dey maalak heth likhe sanauu

alasca-deshasya arthavyavasthaa alasca-sarvakaarena sangruhite prativedanasya anusaaram, alasca-deshasya vaastavika-jee. dee. pee. 2011 tame varshe 51.1 billion daalar, 2012 tame varshe 52.9 billion daalar, 2013 tame varshe 51.5 billion daalar aasit. 2012 taha 2013 tame varshe khanankshetre visheshatah taila-vaatak-kshetreshu, utpadanasya kshatehe parinaamen, yat patanam abhavat, tatt eva kshayeenam iti kathyate. rajyasya arthavyavasthaam alasca-vishvavidyaalayasya enkarej-arthashaastradnyah scott goldsmith ityanena "tri-paadayukt-stool" iti varnitam asti-yatra ekaha paadah petroleum-vaayu-udyogah, dwiteeyah charanah sangha-sarwakaarah, truteeyah charanah cha anye sarve udyogah sewaah cha santi. 2004 taha 2006 paryantam, sangheeyasarwakaarah 135,000 alasca-udyogaanaam krute uttaradaayi aasit, petroleum-kshetren 1,10,000 udyogah, anye sarve udyogah sewaah cha samyuktaroopena 122,000 udyogaanaam krute pradeeyant. tailam praakrutikavaatakam cha anantaram alasca-deshasya mukhyam niryatotpadam samudraharam asti, mukhyataya salmon, kaad, polak, kryaab cha. 2013 tame varshe matsyapalanakale alaaskaadeshasy matsyapaalakaah aahaty 5.8 billion paund-paund-samudrabhojanam sanchayitum ashaknot, yat $1.9 billion-mulyanirdharanam, 2012 tame varshe kramashah $3.5 billion-$1.7 billion-mulyayuktasya laghuhu parantu lakshaneeyavruddhih aasit. krushihi alascan-deshasya arthavyavasthaayaah atyalpam amsham eva pratinidhayati. krushi-utpaadanam mukhyataya rajyasya antah upabhogartham bhavati, yatra nursory-stack, dugdhotpaadaani, shaakaani, pashavah cha antarbhavanti. utpaadanam seemitam asti, adhikaamshaah khaadyaani samanyani cha vastooni anyatrubhyah aamadaaniyaah santi. karmaniyuktih mukhyataya sarvakaareshu, udyogeshu cha yathaa praakrutika-samsaadhana-nishkarshanam, nauparivahanam, parivahanam cha bhavati. ferr-byaank-madhye, enkarej-madhye cha sainya-adharaha arthavyavasthaayaah mahattwapoornah ghatakah asti. sangheey-anudaanaani api arthavyavasthaayaah mahattvapoornam bhaagam santi, yena raajyam karaan nyoonam kartum shaknoti. asya audyogikotpaadaneshu ashodhita-petroleum-dhaatuh, praakrutika-vaayavah, angaara-dhaatuh, swarnam, bahumulya-dhaatuh, jink-dhaatuh, anye cha khananm, samudra-khaadya-samskaranam, kaashta-kaashta-utpaadanam cha santi. sevaa-paryatan-kshetram api vardhate. paryatakah sthaaneeyavaasasy sahayyam krutvaa arthavyavasthaam prati yogadam dattavantah. itihaasah. alasca-deshasya prathamam canary 1878 tame varshe salmon-sasyasya vikrayanam sulabham kartum udghaatitam. aarthikakshetraani. urjaayaah. alaskadeshe vishaalah oorjaa-samsaadhanah asti. alasca-nagarasya uttar-vaalukaayaam (e. enn. ess.) pramukhah taila-vaatak-bhandaarah drushyante, tathaa cha paaka-pravesha-tatapradeshah santi. oorjaa-suchana-prashasanasya anusaaram, alasca-pradesha ashodhita-taila-utpaadane deshe chaturthasthaane asti. alasca-deshasya uttar-vaalanasya prudho-bey-pradesham samyuktarajyamerikadesha, uttar-amerikaadeshe cha sarvaadhikam utpaadanam dadati tailakshetram asti, yat samanyataya praayah praayah utpaadanam karoti. traan-alasca-pipeline pratidinam aparishkrutatailam pump kartum shaknoti, yat samyuktarajyamerikadesha anyasya api aparishkrutatailam pipelinesya apekshayaa adhikam bhavati. tadatiriktam alasca-deshasya bituminus, sub-bituminus, lignat-angaara-jalkshetreshu cha paryaapt-angaara-nikshepa drushyate. samyuktarajyamerika-deshasya bhoovaidnyaanik-sarvekshanasya anumanam asti yat alascan-deshasya uttar-vaalane praakrutika-vaayu-jalamshat avishkrutaani, tantrikadrushtya punahpraaptaani vaayavah santi iti. alasca-pradesha api swasya aneka-nadyah deshasya sarvoccha-jalavidyut-kshamataam adadaati. alascan-samudratatasya vishaalaani bhobhaagaah vaayu-bhoo-taapeey-oorjaa-sambhaavanaam cha pradadaati. alasca-deshasya arthavyavasthaa taapeekaranasy, parivahanasya, vidyudutpaadanasya, prakashasya cha krute vardhamaan-mahatee deezal-indhanasya upari bahu avalambitaa asti. yadyapi pawan-jalavidyut-shakttih prachuratayaa avikasitah cha asti, tathaapi rajyavyapi-oorjaa-pranalinam krute prastaawaah (udaa.jii. nyoon-indhana-mulyasya (<$0.50/gal), deerghadoorasy, nyoon-janasankhyaayaah cha karanat, vishesha-nyoon-vyayayukta-vidyut-antara-yukttaah) arthikadrushtya (prativedanasya samaye, 2001) avikasitaani iti nirdhaaritaah. adyatve alasca-nagarasya nagare eka-yoo. ess.-gyaalan-gasoline ityasya moolyam samanyataya rashtriya-madhyasya apekshayaa $030-$0.60 adhikam asti; graminakshetreshu moolyaani samanyataya mahatee adhikam bhavanti parantu parivahana-vyayam, rutumaana-upayog-shikharam, samipastha-petroleum-vikasa-aadhaarabhotasamrachanaa, anyaani anekaani kaaranaani cha aadhrutya vyaapakaroopen bhinnani bhavanti. 2012 tame varshe alasca-deshasya amerikaadeshasy ashodhita-taila-utpaadane 8.1% bhaagah aasit, yat texas (30.6%), uttar-dakotaa (10.2%), california (8.3%) ityetayoho prushthe aasit. anyam samsaadhanam nirgamayatu. pashyatu alasca-deshe swarna-khananm paryatanam. alasca-deshasya paryatanam dwiteeya-bruhattamam nijee-kshetra-niyoktaa asti, yatra ashta-alasca-udyogeshu ekaha, praayah 20 laksh-aagantukaah, shrama-aayen saha pratyaksha-aagantuk-vyaye $2.42 billion cha asti. carnival-cruze-lain, celebrity-cruze, chrystal-cruze, disney-cruze-lain, halland-america-lain, norwegian-cruze-lain, oshinia-alascan-cruze, princess-cruze, regent-sevn-sees-cruze, rayal-caribean-cruze-limited ityadinam cruze-udyogasya madhyamena praayah ardha-aagantukah alasca-nagaram aagacchati.silversey cruze, ciatal alascan cruze, vaanakoovar alascan cruze cha. anye aagantukah tedd stevens-enkarej-antaaraashtriyavimaanastha madhyamena aagacchanti, rajyasya mukhyamaarge, alasca-rajamarge, athavaa alasca-mareen-haive-margena cha vaahanachaalanam kurvanti. 2015 tame varshe rajya-abhibhaashanasy raajye, alasca-deshasya governor bill vaakar ityeshah paryatan-udyogam "swasthah mahattwapoornah cha udyogah" iti ullekham akarot, yah nijee-udyamasya rajya-sthaniya-sarvakaarasya cha madhye gatisheel-sahabhagitam pradarshayati, yatra asmakam aarthik-kalyaanaay ananta-vikaasasya yogadanasya cha sambhavana asti. paryatanam rajyasya saamaanyanidhim vividhakaraih api pradadaati, yatra prati-yaatrikasya $34.50 iti vaanijya-yaatri-pota-utpaadakar-daraha api antarbhavati. paryatanasy madhyamena utpannanam anyeshu kareshu vaahan-bhatakanam 10 pratishatam karaha, sthaaneeyavikray-shayana-karaha cha antarbhavanti. macdowell-samuhena alasca-rajyasya krute praneetasy adhyayanasya anusaaram, "alasca-aagantukaih 2014-15 madhye vyayah sampoorne rajyasya arthavyavasthaayaam vyaapakaroopen vitaritah. nivaasah, paryatanam/kriyaakalaapah, upahaaraani/smaarakaah, bhojanam/peyam cha pratyekasya vyayasya panchamaamshah bhaagah (18 taha 20 paryantam) aasit. pratishatam), "iti, sheshapanchame bhaage package-parivahanam cha antarbhavati. praayah rajyasya praakrutika-vishaal-lakshanaih, vanyajeevaanaam, samskrutyaa cha saha sambadhaah vividhaani anubhawaih abhyaagatah alasca-nagaram prati aakarshitaah bhavanti. atra bahavah margadarshitaha karyani santi yaani agantukanam krute eteshaam anubhavanam praaptih, sthaniyanam bahurashtriyanam cha kampeninam krute samaanaroopen vyaapaarasy maargah pradadaati. maargadarshit-kaaryeshu darshaneey-paryatanani, timingal-nirikshanam, himanadi-darshanam, vimana-darshanam, vanyajeevaabhimukh-darshanam, padayatra, jiplaining, kayaaking/rafting, matsyapaalanam cha antarbhavanti. anujnaapatraanaam, margadarshakanam, upakaranaam, marammatasy cha krayanaihi saha anivasinam vaarshikavyaye kevalam matsyapaalanasy eva $652,498,723 bhavati. alasca-nagare paryatanasy shirshasthane rajyasya rashtriya-udyaana-vyavasthaa asti, yatra 24 ghatakaani santi. prativarsham ete rashtriyanikunjani saamohikaroopen 26 lakshaih janaah paryavakshyanti, tathaa cha $1.1 shatakoti-arthikalabham cha pradadaati. krushihi. uttar-vaayugunasya, teevra-bhoobhaagasy cha karanat alasca-pradeshe apekshaakrutam alpakrushihi bhavati. adhikaamshaah krushikshetraani, nankurasya praayah eeshanyadishi matanaska-upatyakayam, athavaa nankurasya nairrutyadishi kenai-dweepakalpe santi. alpakalam yaavat 100-divasaparyantam yaavat vardhamaanah rutuhu, utpaadane yogyaan sasyaan seemitam karoti, parantu dirghakalam yaavat sooryaprakaashayuktaah greeshmakaaladivasah utpaadaka-vruddhi-rutuhu nirmeeyante. aalookah, gaajarah, laties, gomaamsaani cha praathamik-sasyaani santi. alasca-rajya-melaayaam krushakaah utpadan pradarshanti. "alasca groad" iti krushi-ghosharupena upayujyate. alasca-pradeshe samudrabhojanasy prachuryam vartate, bering-samudre, uttar-prashaanta-kshetre cha praathamik-matsyapaalanam asti, samudrabhojanam cha katipayeshu khadyapadartheshu anyatam asti, yat praayah rajyasya bahihi apekshayaa raajye eva nyoonamoolye bhavati. aneke alascan-janaah salmon-rutau nadyah matsyam graheeyuh, jeevikaayaah, kreedaayaah, athavaa ubhayoho krute matsyam graheetum svagruhasya aahaarasy mahattvapoornam parimanam sangruheetum. raajye, visheshatah durastha-vrukshaah samudayeshu, jeevikopaarjanaartham mukhyataya kaaribau, moos, daal-mep ityetaani shikaaram adyaapi samanyam asti. paaramparikasy deshiyam bhojanasya udaaharanam asti akutaak, eskimo-aiskreem, yasmin rendir-medah, seal-tailam, shushka-matsya-maamsam, sthaniya-beri-sasyaani cha bhaveyuhu. alasca-deshasya rendir-pashupaalanam samudra-dweepakalpe kendreekrutam asti yatra vanya-kairibau-pakshinam rendir-pakshinam saha mishranm, pravaasam cha nivaarayitum shakyate. alasca-pradeshasya adhikaamsham bhojanam "bahihi" ityatah raajyam prati preshyate, tathaa cha preshana-vyayah nagareshu bhojanasya moolyam tulyena mahatee karoti. graamyakshetreshu, jeevikaayaah shikaarah, sangrahanam cha aavashyakam karyam bhavati yatah ayatitam bhojanam nishiddham moolyam bhavati. graameshu khadyapadarthanam aayaatasy vyayah 7 cent prati paund (15 cent/kii. graa.) taha aarabhy drutagatyaa 50 cent prati paund ($1.10/kg) athavaa tadadhikam yaavat vardhate. anekeshu graameshu, yatra prativyakti-aayah $20,000 athavaa nyoonah bhavet, tatra eka-kshirasya vitaranasya vyayah praayah $3.50 asti. indhanasya moolyam prati gyaalan $8 taha adhikam bhavitum arhati. sthaayeenidhim. alasca-sthayee-nidhihi iti, sadyah nirmitat traan-alasca-pipeline-vyavasthaayaah rajya-petroleum-raajaswasya adhisheshasya prabandhanaay 1976 tame varshe sthaapitah vidhaayee-niyantrita-viniyogah asti. taila-royalty-poonjee-nivesha-karyakramanam cha parinaamen, praarambhik-muladhanasya $734,000 taha $40 billion yaavat koshah vardhata. 1982 tamavarshaat aarabhy, nidhyaah vaarshikavruddheh laabhaamshah prativarsham paatra-alascan-janaan pradattam asti, yat 1984 tame varshe $331.29 taha 2008 tame varshe $3,269.00 paryantam asti (yasmin ekavaaram $1200 "samsaadhana-riyaayitih" antarbhavati). prativarsham rajya-vidhayika ayat 8 pratishatam sweekaroti, mudraasfeeti-nivaaranaartham 3 pratishatam muladhanam prati punah sthaapayati, shesham 5 pratishatam cha sarve arhataprapta-alascan-janebhyah vitaryate. alasca-rajyasya sthaayeenidhim praaptum vyaktihi nyunatamam 12 maasaani raajye nivasan, nirantaravaasam cha dhaarayat bhavet. jeevan-vyayah. alasca-deshe samananam moolyam samipasthanam 48 rajyanam apekshayaa dirghakaalaat adhikam vartate. etat adhikaamsham bhaagam enkarej-kshetre, api cha ferr-byaank-madhye, yatra gatapanchavarsheshu jeevan-vyayah kinchitkalam nyooneekrutah asti, tatra cha alpaparimitam yaavat parivartitam asti. samyuktaraajyasya sarvakaareey-karmachaarinah, visheshatah samyuktaraajyasya dakaseva (yoo. ess. pee. ess.) karmachaarinah, sakriya-kartavya-sainik-sadasyaah cha jeevan-vyaya-bhatteh praayah mool-vetanasya 25 pratishatam nirdhaaritaah bhavanti, yatah jeevan-vyayah nyooneekrutah asti, tathaapi deshe eva sarvochcheshu anyatama asti. enkarej, ferr-byaank (maarch 2004 tame varshe wall-maart), joono cha ityeteshu bigg-baaks-stores ityasya praavartanen api moolyaani nyooneekartum bahu karyam krutam. parantu, apekshaakrutam seemita-parivahana-mulasoukaryanam karanat, deshasya sheshabhagasya apekshayaa, alasca-pradeshasya graameen-pradesha khaadya-upabhoktru-vastoonaam cha atyadhikamoolyen peeditah bhavati. bahavah graameenanivaasinah eteshaam nagareshu aagacchanti, castco tathaa sams club ityadini warehouse-club-ityetebhyah aahar-vastooni cha bruhat-sankhyayam kreenanti. kechan kechan antarjaala-vikretrubhyah nihshulka-preshana-prastavan sveekrutya swa-samudayebhyah vastoonaam krayanm, yadi taani sarvathaa upalabhyante tarhi, tasya apekshayaa adhikamulyena kurvanti. bruhattamaah niyoktaarah. alasca-shrama-kaaryabal-vikasa-vibhaagasya anusaaram 2010 tame varshe rajyasya bruhattamaani nijeekshetrasy niyoktaarah aasanh

alaskavin porulaathaaram alaska arasaangkaththaal thogukkappatta oru arikaiyil, alaskavin unmaiyana jidibi 2011 ill 51.1 billion dollar, 2012 ill 52.9 billion dollar mattrum 2013 ill 51.5 billion dollar aagum. 2012 mattrum 2013 kku idaiyil aerpatta veelchchikku surangath thuraiyil sarivu, kurippaaga ennei mattrum erivaayu thuraikalil sarivu kaaranamaagum, idhu urpaththi sarivin vilaivaagum. maanilaththin porulaathaaraththai alaska nangooram porulaathaara nipunar scott thanga velaikkaarar palkalaikkazhagam "moontru kaall thoon" endru vivaritthullaar-oru kaall petrooliyam mattrum erivaayu thozhilthuraiyaagavum, irandaavathu kaall matthiya arasaagavum, moontraavathu kaall mattra anaitthu thozhilkal mattrum sevaikalaagavum ullathu. 2004 mattrum 2006 kku idaiyil, 135,000 alaska vaelaigalukku matthiya arasu poruppaaka irunththathu, petrooliyath thurai 110,000 vaelaigalaiyum, mattra anaitthu thozhilkal mattrum sevaigalaiyum 122,000 vaelaigalukku valangkiyathu. ennei mattrum iyarkai erivaayuvukkup piragu alaskavin mukiya aetrtrumathi thayaarippu kadal unavu, muthanmaiyaaga salmon, code, poalak mattrum nandu aagum. 2013 aam aandu meenpidi paruvaththil, alaskavin meenavargalaal moththam 5.8 billion pavundugal kadal unavaik kuvikka mudinthathu, idhu $1.9 billion mathippeettirku samam, idhu 2012 aam aandudan oppidumpoathu oru siriya, aanaal kurippidatthakka athikarippu, idhu muraiyae moththam 5.3 billion mattrum 1.7 billion dollarkalaik kondirundhadhu. vivasaayam enbathu alaskavin porulaathaaraththil oru siriya paguthiyai mattumae pirathinithiththuvappaduththu. vivasaaya urpaththi muthanmaiyaaga maanilaththirkul nugarvukkaaga ullathu mattrum idhil naattrangaal pangku, paal porutkal, kaaikarigal mattrum kaalnadaigal adangkum. perumpaalaana unavu mattrum podhup porutkal pira idangkalilirunththu irakkumathi seiyappaduvathaal, urpaththi kuraivaagavae ullathu. vaelaivaaippu muthanmaiyaaga arasu mattrum iyarkai valangkal piriththeduththal, kappal poakkuvaraththu mattrum poakkuvaraththu poantra thozhilkalil ullathu. iraanuvath thazhangal niyayamaana karaikal mattrum nangooram aagiya irandilum porulaathaaraththin kurippidatthakka angkamaagum. koottaatchi maaniyangkalum porulaathaaraththin oru mukiya paguthiyaagum, idhu maanilatthai varigalai kuraivaaga vaiththiruka anumathikkirathu. kacha petrooliyam, iyarkai erivaayu, nilakkari, thangam, vilaimathippattra uloagangkal, thuththanaagam mattrum pira surangangal, kadal unavu padhappaduththuthal, maram mattrum marap porutkal aagiyavai idhan thozhilthurai urpaththigalaagum. saevai mattrum suttrulaath thuraiyum valarnthu varukirathu. ulloor thangkumidangalai aatharippathan moolam suttrulaap payanigal porulaathaaraththirku bangaliththullanar. varalaaru. alaskavin muthal cannery 1878 aam aandil salmon virpanaikku vasathiyaaga thirakkappattathu. porulaathaarath thuraikal. aattral. alascavil parantha aattral valangkal ullana. alaska vadakku saaivil (uns) mukiya ennei mattrum erivaayu iruppukkal kaanappadugindrana mattrum nuzhaivaayil vadinilangkalil samaikkappadugindrana. erisakthi thagaval nirvaagaththin koottruppadi, kacha ennei urpaththiyil alaska naattileye naankaavathu idaththil ullathu. alaskavin vadakku saaivil ulla prudho valaikuda, americavilum vada americavilum miga adhiga magasool tharum ennei vayalaagum, idhu podhuvaaga sumar sumar urpaththi seikirathu. trans-alaska kuzhaai oru naalaikku kacha ennei varai pump seiya mudiyum, idhu americavil ulla vaeru endha kacha ennei kuzhaai paathaiyaiyum vida athigamaagum. koodudhalaaga, alaskavin pituminus, sapp-pituminus mattrum lignite nilakkari vadinilangkalil kanisamaana nilakkari vaippukkal kaanappadugindrana. alaskavin vadakku saaivil iyarkai erivaayu hytrategalilirunthu kandupidikkappadaadha, thozhilnutpa reethiyaaga meetkakkoodiya vaayu iruppathaaka america puviyiyal kanakkeduppu mathippidukirathu. alaska adhan aeraalamaana aarukalilirunthu naattin miga uyarnththa neermin thiranai valangkukirathu. alaskavin kadarkaraiyin periya pakuthikal kaattru mattrum puvi veppa aattral thiranaiyum vazhangkukintrana. alaskavin porulaathaaram veppam, poakkuvaraththu, minsaara sakthi mattrum olii aagiyavattrirku adhiga vilaiyuyarnththa deesalai perithum saarnthullathu. kaattru mattrum neermin aattral aeraalamaaka mattrum valarchiyadaiyavillai entraalum, maanilam thaluviya erisakthi amaippugalukkaana thittangal (eeyee.jii. kuraindha (<$0.50/gal) eriporul vilaigal, neenda thooram mattrum kuraindha makkal thogai kaaranamaaga sirappu kuraindha kattana minsaara idaippattangkaludan) porulaathaaramattrathaaka (arikkaiyin neraththil, 2001) theermaanikkappattathu. nagarppura alascavil intru oru america caylan petrolin vilai vazhakkamaaga thaesiya saraasariyai vida $030-$0.60 athigamaaga ullathu; kiraamappurangalil vilaigal podhuvaaga kanisamaaga athigamaaga ullana, aanaal poakkuvaraththu selavugal, paruvagaala payanpaattu uchchangkal, arugilulla petrooliya maempaattu ulkattamaippu mattrum pala kaaranigalaip porutthu paravalaaka maarupadum. 2012 aam aandil, alaska america kacha ennei urpaththiyil 8.1 sathaveethamaagak kondirundhadhu, idhu texas (30.6%), vadakku takota (10.2%) mattrum california (8.3%) aagiyavattrirku pinnaal ullathu. pira valangkal piriththeduththal. barke alascavil thanga surangam suttrulaa. alascavil ulla suttrulaa irandaavathu periya thaniyar thurai muthalaaliyaagum, idhu ettu alascan vaelaigalil ontraik kondullathu, kittatthatta 2 million paarvaiyaalarkal mattrum thozhilaazhar varumaanam udpada neradi paarvaiyaalar selavinangalil $2.42 billion aagum. cornival cruze line, pirabalangkal cruze, padiga cruze, disney cruze line, haaland america line, norwejian cruze line, oosiyaa alascan cruze, ilavarasi cruze, regent seven sease cruze, raayal caribean cruze limited ullitta payanath thozhil moolam paarvaiyaalargalil kittatthatta paathi paer alaskaavukku varukiraargal.silvar chee cruze, seatle alascan cruze mattrum vancouver alascan cruze. mattra paarvaiyaalarkal tett stevens nangooram sarvadesa vimaana nilaiyam vazhiyaaga varukiraargal, maanilatthirkaana mukiya saalai anugal, alaska nedunjaalai allathu alaska kadal nedunjaalaiyil vaaganam oottukiraargal. 2015 aam aandu maanila uraiyil, alaska covernor pill vaagar suttrulaath thuraiyai "aaroakkiyamaana mattrum mukiya thozhil" endru kuripittaar, idhu thaniyar niruvanaththirkum maanila mattrum ulloor arasaangkaththirkum idaiyilaana oru maarum koottaanmaiyai velippaduththukirathu, idhu varampattra valarchchiyaiyum namathu porulaathaara nalvaalvukku pankalippaiyum vazhangkuvatharkaana aattralaik kondullathu. oru payanaththirku oru payanikku $34.50 endra vaniga payanigal kappal kalaal varii vigitham udpada palvaeru varigal moolam maanilaththin podhu nidhikku suttrulaavum pankalippaakum. suttrulaa moolam uruvaakkappadum pira varigalil vaagana vaadagai meethaana 10 sathaveetha varii, ulloor virpanai mattrum padukkai varigal adangkum. mcdowell kuluvaal alaska maanilaththirkaaga thayaarikkappatta oru aaivinpadi, "alaska paarvaiyaalargalaal 2014-15 ill selavu seiyappattathu maanilaththin porulaathaaram muzhuvathum paravalaaka viniyoagikkappattathu. thangkumidam, suttruppayanangkal/seyalpaadugal, parisugal/ninaivuch chinnangal mattrum unavu/paanangkal ovvondrum selavinangalil ainththil oru pangaik kondirunthana (18 muthal 20 varai). sathaveetham), "meethamulla ainthaavathu thoguppukal mattrum poakkuvaraththu adangkum. paarvaiyaalarkal alaskaavukku palvaeru anubavangkalaal eerkkappadugiraargal, avai perumpaalum maanilaththin nilaparappu, vanavilangkugal mattrum kalaachaaraththin iyarkai mattrum parantha panbugaludan pinaikkapattullana. paarvaiyaalarkal inththa anubavangkalai anuguvatharkum, ulloor mattrum pala thaesiya niruvanangalukku vanigaththai nadaththuvatharkum oru vazhiyai vazhangkum pala vazhikaattappatta nadavadikkaikal ullana. vazhikaattappatta nadavadikkaigalil paarvaiyidum suttruppayanangkal, thimingilam kankaanippu, panippaarai paarvai, parakkaviduthal, vanavilangku paarvai, nadaipayanam, jiblining, kayaking/rafting mattrum meenpidiththal aagiyavai adangkum. urimangkal, vazhikaattikal, ubakaranangkal mattrum pazhuthupaarppu ullitta kudiyiruppaalargal allaathavarkalin varudaanthira selavinangalil meenpidi mattum $652,498,723 aagum. alascavil suttrulaavukkaana oru sirantha ilakku maanilaththin thaesiya poongaa amaippai ulladakkiyathu, idhil 24 alagugal ullana. aanduthoarum inththa thaesiya poongkaakkalukku 26 latcham makkal varugai tharugindranar maelum idhan moolam 1 billion dollar porulaathaarap palanum kidaikkum. vivasaayam. vadakku kaalanilai mattrum sengkuththaana nilaparappu kaaranamaaga, alascavil oppeettalavil siriya vivasaayam nadaiperukirathu. perumpaalaana pannaikal nangooraththin vadakizhakkil ulla madanesca pallaththaakkil allathu nangooraththin thenmaerkil ulla kenai theepakarpaththil ullana. kurugiya 100 naall valarum paruvam valarkakkoodiya payirkalai kattuppaduththukirathu, aanaal neenda veyil koadai naatkal urpaththi valarum paruvangkalai uruvaakkukintrana. muthanmai payirkal urulaikkizhangku, carett, keerai mattrum muttaikose aagum. vivasaayigal alaska maanila kankaatchiyil vilaiporutkalaik kaatchippaduththugiraargal. "alaska valarnthathu" enbathu oru vivasaaya muzhakkamaaga payanpaduththappadukirathu. alascavil aeraalamaana kadal unavugal ullana, berring kadal mattrum vadakku pasipik pakuthikalil muthanmai meenvalam ullathu, maelum kadal unavu enbathu maanilaththirkul perumpaalum malivaana unavu vagaikalil ontraakum. pala alascan makkal salmon paruvaththil thangal veettu unavin kurippidatthakka alavai sekarikka aarukalil meane pidikkiraarkal, athae neraththil vaazhvaathaaram, vilayaattu allathu irandirkaagavum meenpidiththuk kolgiraargal. vaazhvaathaaraththirkaaka vaettaiyaaduvathu, muthanmaiyaaga caribo, moose mattrum doll semmari aadugal maanilaththil, kurippaaga tholaithoora bush samoogangalil innum podhuvaanathu. paarambariya poorveega unavukku oru eduththukkaattu agudaak, eskimo iscream, idhu raindeer koluppu, seal ennei, ularntha meane iraichchi mattrum ulloor perrigalaik kondirukkalaam. alaskavin raindeer meichchal kadal theepakarpaththil kuvindhullathu, angku kaattu kaariboovai ullnaattu reyindeeyarudan kalappathilirunthum idampeyarvathilirunthum thaduka mudiyum. alascavil ulla perumpaalaana unavu "veliyil irunthu" maanilaththirku kondu sellappadugirathu, maelum kappal selavugal nagarangalil unavai oppeettalavil vilai uyarnththathaaka aakkukintrana. kiraamappurangalil, vaazhvaathaara vaettaiyaaduthal mattrum sekarippathu oru aththiyaavasiya nadavadikkaiyaagum, aenenil irakkumathi seiyappatta unavu vilaiyuyarnthathu. kiraamangalukku unavu irakkumathi seivatharkaana selavu oru pavundukku 7 central (15 central/kiloo) thodangi oru pavundukku 50 central ($1.10/kg) allathu adharku mael vaekamaaka uyarkirathu. thaninabar varumaanam 20,000 dollar allathu atharkum kuraivaaga irukkum pala kiraamangalil oru paal vazhangkuvatharkaana selavu sumar 3.50 dollar aagum. eriporul vilai oru kelanukku $8 aith thandalaam. niranthara nidhi. alaska niranthara nidhi enbathu sameepaththil kattapatta trans-alaska kuzhaai amaippil irunthu maanila petrooliya varuvaayil upari nirvagikka 1976 aam aandil niruvapatta oru sattappoorvamaaga kattuppadutthappatta odhukkeedaagum. adhan aaramba moolathanamaana 734,000 dollarilirunthu, ennei royalty mattrum moolathana muthaleettuth thittangalin vilaivaaga inththa nidhi 40 billion daalaraaga valarnththullathu. 1982 aam aandu thodangi, nidhiyin varudaanthira valarchchiyilirunthu eevuththogai ovvoru aandum thaguthiyaana alascan makalukku seluththappadukirathu, 1984 aam aandil $331.29 muthal 2008 aam aandil $3,269.00 varai (idhil oru murai $1200 "vala thallupadi" adangkum). ovvoru aandum, maanila sattamandram varumaanaththilirunthu 8 sathaveethaththai eduththukkolkirathu, panaveekkach saripaarppukkaaga 3 sathaveethaththai meendum asal thogaiyil vaikkirathu, meethamulla 5 sathaveetham anaitthu thaguthi vaaintha alaaskarkalukkum viniyoagikkappadugirathu. alaska maanila niranthara nidhikku thaguthi pera oruvar kurainthapatcham 12 maathangkal maanilaththil vaalnththirukka vaendum, maelum nilaiyaana vathividaththai paraamarikka vaendum. vaazhkkaich selavu. alascavil ulla porutkalin vilai neenda kaalamaaga 48 maanilangkalai vida athigamaaga ullathu. idhu nangkooramiduvathil perumpaalaana paguthiyilum, fair paangkugalil oru siriya alavirku maariyullathu, angku kadantha ainthu aandugalil vaazhkkaich selavu oralavu kurainthullathu. matthiya arasu oozhiyargal, kurippaaga america anjal saevai (yuu. ess. pii. ess) thozhilaazhargal mattrum seyalil ulla iraanuva uruppinarkal, vaazhkkaich selavu koduppanavai vazhakkamaaga adippadai uuthiyaththil 25 sathaveethamaaga nirnayikkiraarkal, aenenil vaazhkkaich selavu kuraindhuvittaalum, adhu innum miga uyarnththa ontraakum. nangooramidum periya-petti kadaigal, fairbanks (maarch 2004 ill walmard) mattrum junovum arimugappaduththappattathu vilaigalaik kuraikka perithum seithathu. iruppinum, oppeettalavil mattuppaduthappatta poakkuvaraththu ulkattamaippu kaaranamaaga naattin pira paguthigaludan oppidumpoathu, graamappura alaska unavu mattrum nugarvoar porutkalukkaana miga uyarnththa vilaigalaal paathikkappadukirathu. pala graamappura kudiyiruppaalargal inththa nagarangalukku vandhu castco mattrum sams kilap poantra kidangu kilappugalilirunthu moththamaaga unavu mattrum porutkalai vaangkukiraargal. silar sila anline sillarai virpanaiyaalargalin ilavasa shipping salugaigalai aetrtrukkondullanar, avai thangal sontha samoogangalil kidaitthaal, avattrai vida malivaana vilaiyil porutkalai vaangkukintrana. migapperiya muthalaalikal. alaska thozhilaazhar mattrum thozhilaazhar maempaattuth thuraiyin koottruppadi, 2010 aam aandil pinvarubavai maanilaththin migapperiya thaniyar thurai muthalaalikal

alaska aardhika vyavastha alaskaaloni prabhutvam sankalanam chesina oka nivedikalo, alaska yokka nijamaina gdp 2011loe 51.1 billion dollarlu, 2012loe 52.9 billion dollarlu mariyu 2013loe 51.5 billion dollarlu. 2012 mariyu 2013 madhya sambhavinchina ksheenataku ganula parisramalo ksheenata, mukhyamgaa chamuru mariyu gyaas rangaalalo ksheenata, ksheenata phalitamgaa kaaranamani cheppabadindi. rashtra aardhika vyavasthanu alaska vishwavidyaalayam anchorage aardhikavetta scott goldsmith "moodu kaalla balla" gaa abhivarninchaaru-oka kaalu petrolium mariyu gyaas parisrama, rendava kaalu samakhya prabhutvam mariyu moodava kaalu anni itara parisramalu mariyu sevalu. 2004 mariyu 2006 madhya, federal prabhutvam 135,000 alaska udyogaalaku baadhyata vahinchindi, petrolium rangam 110,000 udyogaalanu mariyu 122,000 udyogaalaku anni itara parisramalu mariyu sevalanu kalipi andinchindi. chamuru mariyu sahaja vayuvu taruvaata alasca yokka pradhana egumati utpatti samudrapu aaharam, pradhanamgaa salmon, codd, polak mariyu peetha. 2013 fishing seasonlo, alascon matsyakaarulu mottam 5.8 billion poundla samudrapu aaharaanni kuudabettagaligaaru, idhi $1.9 billionla muulyaankanaaniki samanam, idhi 2012 thoo poliste chinna, conny gamaninchadagga perugudala, idhi varusaga mottam 5.3 billion mariyu 1.7 billion dollarlu. alaskaaloni aardhika vyavasthalo vyavasayam chaalaa chinna bhaganni matrame suuchistumdi. vyavasaya utpatti pradhanamgaa raashtramlo viniyogam kosam mariyu indulo nursory stock, paala utpattulu, kuuragaayalu mariyu pasuvulu unnaayi. tayari parimitam, chaalaa varaku aahara mariyu saadhaarana vastuvulu itara praantaala nundi digumati chesukobadatayi. upaadhi pradhanamgaa prabhutvam mariyu sahaja vanarula velikiteeta, ravana mariyu ravana vanti parisramalalo undhi. fairbanklu mariyu langaru rendintiloonuu sainika sthaavaraalu aardhika vyavasthalo mukhyamaina bhaagam. samakhya raayiteelu kooda aardhika vyavasthalo oka mukhyamaina bhaagam, idhi rashtraanni pannulanu takkuvagaa unchadaaniki anumatistundi. mudi petrolium, sahaja vayuvu, boggu, bangaaram, viluvaina lohaalu, jink mariyu itara ganula tavvakam, samudrapu aahara prosessing, kalapa mariyu kalapa utpattulu dheeni paarisraamika utpattulu. sevala rangam, paryataka rangam kooda perugutunnaayi. paryatakulu sthaanika basaku maddatu ivvadam dwara aardhika vyavasthaku dohadapaddaru. charitra. salmon ammakalanu sulabhataram cheyadaaniki 1878loe alasca yokka modati cannery praarambhinchabadindi. aardhika rangaalu. shakti. alascalo vistaaramaina indhana vanarulu unnaayi. pradhana chamuru mariyu gyaas nilvalu alaska uttara vaalu (yans) loe kanipistaayi mariyu inlet besinlanu udikistaayi. indhana samachara paripalana prakaram, mudi chamuru utpattilo alasca desamlo naalugo sthaanamlo undhi. alasca uttara vaalupai unna prudho bay samyukta rashtraalalo mariyu uttara americalo atyadhika digubadinicche chamuru kshetram, idhi saadhaaranamgaa sumaruga utpatti chestundi. trans-alasca pipeline rojuku mudi chamurunu pampinchagaladu, idhi united statesloni itara mudi chamuru pipeline kante ekkuva. adanamgaa, alasca yokka bituminus, sub-bituminus mariyu lignite boggu pareevaahaka praantaalalo gananeeyamaina boggu niksheepaalu kanipistaayi. united states geological survey anchanaa prakaram alascon uttara vaalupai sahaja vayuvu hydratela nundi kanugonabadani, saanketikamgaa tirigi pondagalige vayuvu unnaayi. alasca daani aneka nadula nundi desamlo atyadhika jalavidyut saamarthyaanni kooda andistundi. alascan teerapraantamlooni pedda bhuubhaagaalu gaali mariyu bhuushna shakti saamarthyaanni kooda andistaayi. alaska aardhika vyavastha vaedi, ravana, vidyut shakti mariyu kaanti kosam perugutunna khareedaina deasle indhanampai ekkuvagaa aadharapadi untundi. gaali mariyu jalavidyut samruddhiga mariyu abhivruddhi chendanivi ayinappatikee, raashtravyaapta shakti vyavasthala kosam pratipaadanalu (udhaa.zii. takkuva (<$0.50/gal) indhana dharalu, suduuraalu mariyu takkuva janabha kaaranamgaa pratyeka takkuva-dhara vidyut madhyavartitvamtho) aardhikamgaa pariganinchabadaledu (nivedika samayamlo, 2001). pattana alascalo nedu us gallen gasoline dhara saadhaaranamgaa jaateeya sagatu kante $0:30-$0.60 ekkuvagaa untundi; graameena praantaallo dharalu saadhaaranamgaa gananeeyamgaa ekkuvagaa untaayi, ayithe ravana kharchulu, kaalaanuguna viniyoga sikharaalu, sameepamloni petrolium abhivruddhi moulika sadupayalu mariyu aneka itara kaarakaalanu batti vistrutamgaa maarutuu untaayi. 2012loe, america mudi chamuru utpattilo alasca vataa 8.1%, texas (30.6%), uttara dakota (10.2%), mariyu california (8.3%) venuka undhi. itara vanarula velikiteeta. chudandi alascalo bangaaru tavvakam paryatakam. alascalo paryatakam rendava atipedda private ranga yajamani, idhi enimidi alaskan udyogaalalo okati, daadaapu 2 millionla mandhi sandarsakulu mariyu kaarmika aadaayamtho sahaa pratyaksha sandarsakula kharchulo $2.42 biliyanlaku kaaranamavutundi. daadaapu sagam mandhi sandarsakulu corniwall cruiz line, pramukha cruiselu, christal cruiselu, disney cruiz line, halland america line, norwegian cruiz line, oshiyaniya alascon cruiselu, princess cruiselu, regent seven sea cruiselu, raayal carabian cruiselu eltidi vanti cruiz parisrama dwara alasca vastaaru.sylversey cruises, seatal alascan cruises mariyu vancouver alascan cruises. itara sandarsakulu ted stevens langaru antarjaateeya vimaanaasrayam dwara vastaaru, raashtraaniki pradhana rahadari dwara, alasca haive dwara ledhaa alasca samudra rahadaaripai prayaanistaaru. thana 2015 rashtra prasangamlo, alaska governor bill walker paryataka parisramanu "aarogyakaramaina mariyu keelaka parisrama" gaa paerkonnaaru, idhi private samstha mariyu rashtra mariyu sthaanika prabhutvaala madhya dynamic bhagaswamyanni pradarsistundi, idhi mana aardhika sreyassuku aparimita vruddhi mariyu sahakaram yokka saamarthyaanni kaligi undhi. prati prayaanikudiki $34.50 vaanijya prayaaneekula nauka excise pannu retutho sahaa vividha pannula dwara rashtra saadhaarana nidhiki paryatakam kooda dohadam chestundi. paryatakam dwara utpatti ayye itara pannulaloo vaahanaala addelapai 10 saatam pannu, alaage sthaanika ammakalu mariyu padakala pannulu unnaayi. mcdowell samuuham alasca rashtram kosam tayaaru chesina oka adhyayanam prakaram, "alasca sandarsakulu 2014-15 loe kharchu cheyadam rashtra aardhika vyavastha antataa vistrutamgaa pampinhee cheyabadindi. basa, paryatanalu/karyakalapalu, bahumatulu/smaaraka chihnalu, mariyu aaharam/paaneeyam okkokkati kharchulo aidava vanthu (18 nundi 20 varaku) gaa unnaayi. saatam), "migilina aidavadi packagelu mariyu ravaanaanu kaligi untundi. sandarsakulu tarachugaa prakruti drushyam, vanyapraanulu mariyu rashtra samskruti yokka sahaja mariyu vistaaramaina lakshanaalatoo mudipadi unna vividha anubhavaala dwara alasca aakarshinchabadataru. sandarsakulaku eee anubhavalanu pondadaaniki mariyu sthaanika mariyu bahula-jaateeya companylaku vyaparam nirvahinchadaaniki oka marganni andinche aneka maargadarsaka karyakalapalu unnaayi. maargadarsaka karyakalapalalo sandarsanaa paryatanalu, timingalam chudatam, himaninadam chudatam, vimaana sandarsana, vanyapraanula veekshanha, hiking, gyplining, kayaking/rafting mariyu chepalu pattadam vantivi unnaayi. licensulu, guidelu, parikaraalu mariyu marammatu konugollatho sahaa pravaasulu vaarshika kharchulo chepalu pattadam okkate $652,498,723 kuu khaataalu. alascalo paryaatakaaniki agra gamyasthanamgaa 24 unitlanu kaligi unna rashtra jaateeya udyaanavana vyavastha undhi. etaa eee jaateeya udyaanavanaalanu 26 laksala mandhi sandarsinchevaaru mariyu $1.1 billionla aardhika prayojanaanni andistaaru. vyavasayam. uttara vaataavaranam mariyu nitaruga unna bhuubhaagam kaaranamgaa, alascalo chaalaa takkuva vyavasayam jarugutundi. chaalaa polaalu mantanuska loyalo, langaruku eshaanyamlo ledhaa kenai dveepakalpamlo, langaruku nairuti disalo unnaayi. 100 rojula chinna pantala season pantalanu parimitam chestundi, conny sudeergha enda vesavi rojulu utpaadaka perugutunna seasonlanu tayaaru chestaayi. bangaalaadumpalu, carretlu, palakura mariyu cabage praathamika pantalu. alasca rashtra jaataralo raitulu tama utpattulanu pradarsistaaru. "alaska groth" nuu vyavasaya ninaadamgaa upayogistaaru. alascalo samudrapu aaharam samruddhiga undhi, berring samudram mariyu uttara pasifiklo praadhamika matsya sampada undhi, mariyu samudrapu aaharam rashtram lopala velupala kante choukaina konni aahara padaarthaalalo okati. chaalaa mandhi alaskanlu salmon seasonlo tama gruha aahaaramlo gananeeyamaina parimaanaanni sekarinchadaaniki, jeevanopaadhi, creeda ledhaa rendinti kosam chepalu pattadaniki nadulanu chepalu pattutaaru. jeevanaadhaaram kosam vaeta, pradhanamgaa caribou, moose mariyu doll gorrelu ippatikee raashtramlo, mukhyamgaa maarumuula bush communitylalo saadhaaranam. saampradaaya sthaanika aahaaraaniki udaaharana akutak, eskimo ice cream, indulo raine deer kovvu, seal ayil, endina chepala maamsam mariyu sthaanika berrylu untaayi. alasca yokka raine deer pasuvula pempakam samudrapu dveepakalpamlo kendrikrutamai undhi, ikkada adavi caribownu pempudu raine deertho kalisipokunda mariyu valasapokunda nirodhinchavacchu. alascalo chaalaa aaharaanni "bayati" nundi raashtraaniki ravana chestaaru, mariyu ravana kharchulu nagarallo aaharaanni saapekshamgaa khareedainavigaa chestaayi. graameena praantaallo, digumati chesukunna aaharam khareedainadi kabatti, jeevanopaadhi vaeta mariyu sekarana anedi oka mukhyamaina karyakalapam. graamaalaku aaharaanni digumati chesukune kharchu pound kuu 7 sentla (15 sentla/kilolu) nundi praarambhamai, vaegamgaa pound kuu 50 sentla ($1.10/kg) ledhaa anthakante ekkuvaku perugutundi. talasari aadaayam $20,000 ledhaa anthakante takkuva unde aneka gramalalo oka paalu pampinhee kharchu sumaru $3.50. indhana vyayam gaalanku $8 kante ekkuvagaa untundi. shaashwata nidhi. alasca shaashwata nidhi anedi iteevala nirminchina trans-alasca pipeline vyavastha nundi rashtra petrolium aadaayamlo migulu nirvahana kosam 1976loe sthaapinchabadina chattabaddhamgaa niyantrita ketayimpu. chamuru raayalteela mariyu muuladhana pettubadi kaaryakramaala phalitamgaa eee nidhi daani prarambha muuladhana viluva $734,000 nundi $40 biliyanlaku perigindi. 1982 nundi, fund yokka vaarshika vruddhi nundi dividendlu prati samvatsaram arhulaina alaskanlaku chellinchabaddaayi, 1984loe $331.29 nundi 2008loe $3,269.00 varaku (indulo okasari $1200 "vanarula raayitee" kooda undhi). prati samvatsaram, rashtra saasanasabha aadaayaala nundi 8 saatam teesukuntundi, dravyolbana nirodhaka kosam 3 saatam tirigi mooladhanamlo unchutundi, migilina 5 saatam arhata kaligina alaskaanlandarikii pampinhee cheyabadutundi. alasca rashtra shaashwata nidhiki arhata pondadaaniki okaru kaneesam 12 nelalu raashtramlo nivasinchi undaali mariyu sthiramaina nivasanni konasaaginchaali. jeevana vyayam. alascalo vastuvula dhara chaalaa kaalamgaa 48 raashtraala kante ekkuvagaa undhi. idhi chaalaa varaku langarulo mariyu gatha aidellalo jeevana vyayam kontavaraku taggina fairbanklalo kontavaraku maarindi. samakhya prabhutva udyogulu, mukhyamgaa united states postal servies (yuu. ess. pii. ess) kaarmikulu mariyu kriyaaseela-vidhulu nirvartinche sainika sabhyulu, jeevana vyayam bhatyam saadhaaranamgaa bays pae loe 25 saatam vadda nirnayinchabadutundi, endukante jeevana vyayam tagginappatikee, idhi ippatikee desamlo atyadhikam. anchorage, fairbanks (marchi 2004loe walmart), mariyu junaulo pedda-baaks dukaanaala parichayam kooda dharalanu tagginchadaaniki chaalaa chesindi. ayithe, saapekshamgaa parimita ravana moulika sadupayala kaaranamgaa desamloni migilina praantaalatoo poliste, graameena alaska aahara mariyu viniyoga vastuvula kosam chaalaa ekkuva dharalatho baadhapadutondi. chaalaa mandhi graameena nivaasitulu eee nagaraalloki vacchi castco mariyu saam club vanti giddangi clubbula nundi aaharaanni mariyu vastuvulanu peddamottamlo konugolu chestaaru. kontamandi online retailerla uchita shipping aafarlanu sweekarinchaaru, vaaru tama sonta communitylalo andubaatulo unte, vaati kante chaalaa choukagaa vastuvulanu konugolu chestaaru. atipedda yajamaanulu. alasca kaarmika mariyu sraamikasakti abhivruddhi vibhagam prakaram, 2010loe eee krindivi raashtramloni atipedda private ranga yajamanulu

alaska kii maeshat alaska kii hukumat kii martab kardah eek report mein alaska kii haqeeqi jee ddee pee 2011 mein 51.1 blain daalar 2012 mein 52.9 blain ddaalar aur 2013 mein 51.5 blain ddaalar thee. 2012 aur 2013 kay darmiyan juu kamee waaqa hoyee asay kaan kanee kay shobay khaas toor parr teel aur gees kay shoabon mein kamee paidawar mein kamee kay natijay mein mansub kiyaa gayaa hay. riyasat kii maeshat kuu alaska university kay ancrege maahir muashiyat scott gold asmath nay "teen taangon waala stole" qaraar diyaa hay-jiss mein eek taang patroleem aur gees kii sanaat hay dosra taang wafaqi hukumat hay aur teesra taang deegar tamaam sanaatein aur khidmaat haine. 2004 aur 2006 kay darmiyan wafaqi hukumat alaska mein 135,000 mulazimaton kii zamah daar thee patroleem kay shobay nay 110,000 mulazimatein farahim kein aur deegar tamaam sanaatein aur khidmaat 122,000 mulazimaton kay liye mushtarkah thein. teel aur qadarti gees kay baad alaska kii aham baraamadi masnuaat samandari ghazaa hay bunyadi toor parr saalman code polaak aur kekday. 2013 kay maahi geeri kay mosam mein alaskin kay maahi gair kill 5.8 blain pound samandari ghazaa jamaa karnay mein kamiyab rahay juu kahh 1.9 blain ddaalar kay jaizay kay baraabar hay juu 2012 kay muqabilay mein eek chhota leakin qaabil zakar izafah hay jiss kii kill baltarteeb 5.3 blain aur 1.7 blain ddaalar thee. zaraat alaska kii maeshat kay sarf eek behat hyee chhotay hasay kii numaindagi karti hay. zarayi paidawar bunyadi toor parr riyasat kay andar khipat kay liye hay aur iss mein narsari stock dodh kii masnuaat sabziyan aur maveshi shaamil haine. menofecturing mahdud hay ziyadah tarr khuraak aur aam saamaan kahein aur say daraamad kiye jaatay haine. rozgaar bunyadi toor parr hukumat aur sanaaton jeesay qadarti wasail kii khidayi jehaaz raani aur nql woo hamal mein hay. foji aday fair benak aur ancrege donon mein maeshat kaa eek aham jazoo haine. wafaqi subsidy bhee maeshat kaa eek aham hasah haine jiss say riyasat teks kuu kumm rakh sakti hay. iss kii sanaati paidawar khaam patroleem qadarti gees koilah sonaa qeemati dhaatein zank aur deegar kaan kanee samandari ghazaa kii processing lakdi aur lakdi kii masnuaat haine. khidmaat aur seyahat kaa shobah bhee badh rehaa hay. seyahon nay maqami rehaish kii himayat karkay maeshat mein apnaa taawan diyaa hay. tareekh. alaska kii pehli dabay 1878 mein saaman kii farokhat kuu aasaan bananay kay liye kholi gayee. iqtesadi shobay. tawanayi. alaska mein tawanayi kay wasee wasail haine. teel aur gees kay baday zakhayer alaska kay shamali dhalwan (aine aiss) mein paaye jaatay haine aur inlet besan kuu pakatay haine. inraji information administration kay mutabiq alaska khaam teel kii paidawar mein milk mein choothay number parr hay. alaska kii shamali dhalwan parr waaqa parodo bay riyasathaye muthadah aur shamali america mein sabb say ziyadah paidawar deenay waala teel kaa medaan hay juu aam toor parr taqriba taqriba taqriba paida kartaa hay. trans alaska pipe line yuu aiss mein kasee bhee dosri khaam teel kii pipe line say ziyadah rozanah khaam teel pump kirr sakti hay. mazeed baraan alaska kay butumens sabb batumens aur lagnaait koyale kay taason mein koyale kay kaafi zakhayer paaye jaatay haine. riyasathaye muthadah kay arziyati sarway kaa takhmina hay kahh alaskin kii shamali dhalwan parr qadarti gees hydrates say ghair driyafat shadah takniki toor parr qaabil baziyafat gees mojud hay. alaska apnay mutadid driyaon say milk mein sabb say ziyadah punn bajli kii salahiyat bhee paish kartaa hay. alaska kay saahili putty kay baday hasay hawaa aur jyotharmal tawanayi kii salahiyat bhee paish kartay haine. alaska kii maeshat kaa behat ziyadah inhasaar garmi nql woo hamal bajli aur roshni kay liye badhtay hoay mahunge ddezel aindhan parr hay. agarcha hawaa aur punn bajli kii taaqat waafar maqdar mein aur kumm tarqi yaaftah hay leakin riyasat bhar mein tawanayi kay nazaam kay liye tajaweez (misaal kay toor parr.jee. kumm (<$0.50/gal) aindhan kii qeematon taweel fasilay aur kumm aabadi kii wajah say kumm laagat waali barqi interti kay saath) kuu ghair iqtesadi (report 2001 kay waqat) qaraar diyaa gayaa. aaj shehri alaska mein eek americi gailan patrol kii qeemat aam toor parr qomi ausat say 0.30-0.60 ddaalar ziyadah hoti hay. deehi elaqon mein qeematein aam toor parr numayan toor parr ziyadah hoti haine leakin nql woo hamal kay akhrajat mosami istemaal kii chotiyon qareebi patroleem kii tarqi kay bunyadi dahanchay aur behat say deegar awamil kay lahaaz say wasee paimanay parr mukhtalif hoti haine. 2012 mein alaska nay americi khaam teel kii paidawar kaa 8.1 faisad hasah liyaa juu taxas (30.6%)yee naarth dakota (10.2%)yee aur california (8.3 vovo) kay peeche hay. deegar wasail kaa akhraaj. dekhein: alaska mein sonay kii kaan kanee seyahat. alaska mein seyahat najee shobay kaa dosra sabb say badaa aajar hay juu alaska kii aath mein say eek mulazimat taqriba 20 laakh zaireen aur 24.2 blain ddaalar kay braah raast zaireen kay ikhrajat bashmol mazdoor aamadni kay liye zamah daar hay. taqriba nasf zaireen karoz industry kay zariye alaska pahunchtay haine jinn mein carniol karoz line mashhur shaqsiyat kii karoz cristal karoz dazni karoz line holland america line naarway kii karoz line aushiyana alaskin karoz prences karoz regent seeyon seez karoz raail caribean karoz lameted shaamil haine.slorsi karoz settle alaskin karoz aur venkovar alaskin karoz. dosray zaireen tead stevens ancrege beenn alaqwami hawai aday kay zariye riyasat takk rasayi kay liye markazi sadak alaska hayee way yaa alaska mirian hayee way parr gaadi chalaa kirr pahunchtay haine. apnay 2015 kay riyasati khataab mein alaska kay governor bull waakar nay seyahat kii sanaat kuu eek "sehat mund aur aham sanaat" kay toor parr hawalah diyaa juu najee karobar aur riyasati aur maqami hukumat kay darmiyan mutharik sharakat daari kii numaish karti hay jiss mein lamahdud tarqi aur hamaari iqtesadi falaah woo behbood mein sharakat kii salahiyat hay. seyahat mukhtalif tekson kay zariye riyasat kay amumi fund mein bhee hasah daalti hay jiss mein tajarti musafir jehaaz excise teks kii sharah phee musafir $34.50yee phee safar shaamil hay. seyahat kay zariye paida honay waalay deegar tekson mein gaadiyon kay karaye parr 10 faisad teks kay saath saath maqami seils aur beedd teks shaamil haine. mcdwell grop kii taraf say alaska kii riyasat kay liye tayaar kardah eek mutalah kay mutabiq "alaska kay zaireen kay zariye 2014-15 mein honay waalay ikhrajat riyasat kii poori maeshat mein baday paimanay parr taqsim kiye gayey thay. qayaam doray/sargarmiyan tahaif/tahaif aur khaaney pinay kay mashrubaat harr eek kharch kaa taqriba panchwan hasah (18 say 20) hotay haine. faisad)yee "jabkah baaqi panchwen mein packages aur nql woo hamal shaamil haine. zaireen alaska kii taraf mukhtalif tajarbaat kii taraf raghib hotay haine juu aksar riyasat kii zameen kii tazyeen jangli hayaat aur saqafat kii qadarti aur wasee khususiyat say jaday hotay haine. behat see rehnumayi yaaftah sargarmiyan haine juu zaireen kuu inn tajarbaat takk rasayi haasil karnay aur maqami aur kaseer qomi companiyon kuu yaksaan toor parr karobar karnay kaa raastah farahim karti haine. rehnumayi yaaftah sargarmiyon mein seer woo seyahat kay doray waheel dekhna glasheer dekhna flyte seying wild life dekhna paidal safar ziplining kaiking/rafting aur maahi geeri shaamil haine. ghair rehaishiyon kay salanah ikhrajat mein sarf maahi geeri kaa hasah $652,498,723 hay jiss mein licenses guide saamaan aur marmat kii kharidari shaamil hay. alaska mein seyahat kay liye eek aalee maqaam mein riyasat kaa qomi paark kaa nazaam shaamil hay jiss mein 24 units haine. salanah inn qomi parkon kaa ijtemayi toor parr 26 laakh loag dorah kartay haine aur inn say 1.1 arb ddaalar kaa iqtesadi fayedah hotaa hay. zaraat. shamali aab woo hawaa aur khadee zameen kii wajah say alaska mein nasbata kumm kashtkari hoti hay. ziyadah tarr kheet yaa tuu waadi matanaska mein langar kay shamaal mashriq mein yaa jazirah namaa kinayi mein langar kay janub maghrab mein haine. 100 dunn kaa mukhtasir afzaish kaa mosam inn faslon kuu mahdud kartaa hay jinhein agaya jaa saktaa hay leakin garmiyon kay taweel dhop waalay dunn paidawari afzaish kay mosam banatay haine. bunyadi faslein aalu gaajar letos aur gobhi haine. alaska riyasati melay mein kasaan paidawar kii numaish kartay haine. "alaska agayee gayee" kuu zarayi naarah kay toor parr istemaal kiyaa jaataa hay. alaska mein samandari ghazaa kii kasrat hay jiss mein bunyadi maahi geeri barring samandar aur shamali bahar alkahil mein hay aur samandari ghazaa inn chand khaaney kii ashyaa mein say eek hay juu riyasat kay andar aksar iss say baahir kay muqabilay mein sastee hoti hay. alaska kay behat say loag salman kay mosam kay doraan driyaon mein machli pakadtay haine taakah wah rozee roty kheel yaa donon kay liye maahi geeri kartay hoay apnee gharilo khuraak kii kaafi maqdar jamaa kirr sakein. rozee roty kay liye shakaar bunyadi toor parr caribio moz aur ddaal bhed abb bhee riyasat mein aam hay khaas toor parr door daraaz jhaadiyon kii baradariyon mein. rawayati maqami khaaney kii eek misaal aakotik hay eschemo aais cream juu harran kii charbi maher kaa teel khashak machli kaa gosht aur maqami bair parr mushtamil how sakti hay. alaska kay harnon kaa charana jazirah namaa samandar parr markoz hay jehaan jangli caribue kuu gharilo harnon kay saath milnay aur hijrat karnay say rooka jaa saktaa hay. alaska mein ziyadah tarr khaana "baahir" say riyasat mein pahunchaya jaataa hay aur shipping kay ikhrajat shehron mein khaaney kuu nasbata mahunga banaa deetay haine. deehi elaqon mein rozee roty kaa shikaar aur jamaa karnaa eek lazmi srgarmi hay keunkah daraamad shadah khuraak mamnua toor parr mahungi hay. dehaton mein khuraak daraamad karnay kii laagat 7 sent phee pound (15 sent/clogram) say sharoo hoti hay aur teezi say badh kirr 50 sent phee pound ($1.10/kg) yaa iss say ziyadah how jaati hay. behat say dehaton mein jehaan phee kiss aamadni 20,000 ddaalar yaa iss say kumm how sakti hay eek dodh pahunchanay kii laagat taqriba 3.50 ddaalar hay. aindhan kii qeemat 8 ddaalar phee gailan say ziyadah how sakti hay. mustaqil fund. alaska mustaqil fund eek qanoon saazi kay zariye control shadah takhsis hay juu 1976 mein haal hyee mein tameer kardah trans alaska pipe line system say riyasati patroleem kii aamadni mein izaafi kay intezam kay liye qayem kiyaa gayaa thaa. teel kii rylity aur sarmayah kaaree kay programon kay natijay mein yaha fund 734,000 ddaalar kay ibtadayi asl say badh kirr 40 blain ddaalar how gayaa hay. 1982 say sharoo how kirr fund kii salanah tarqi say munafa harr saal ahal alaskanon kuu adaa kiyaa jaataa hay juu 1984 mein $331.29 say lay kirr 2008 mein $3yee 269.00 takk (jiss mein eek baar kii $1200 "resource rebet" shaamil hay). harr saal riyasati maqnanah aamadni say 8 faisad nikalti hay afraat zarr kii rook thaam kay liye 3 faisad asl mein waps daalti hay aur baaqi 5 faisad tamaam ahal alaskanon mein taqsim kiyaa jaataa hay. alaska steat mustaqil fund kay liye ahal honay kay liye kasee kuu kumm az kumm 12 maah takk riyasat mein rehna chahiye aur mustaqil rehaish barqarar rakhni chahiye. zindagi guzarnay kii laagat. alaska mein saamaan kii qeemat taweel arsey say malhaqah 48 riyasaton kay muqabilay mein ziyadah rahee hay. yaha ancrege mein ziyadah tarr hasay kay liye aur fair benkon mein kumm hadd takk tabdil hawaa hay jehaan guzashta paanch saalon mein zindagi guzarnay kii laagat mein kachh kamee aayee hay. wafaqi hukumat kay mulazimeen khaas toor parr riyasathaye muthadah postal saros (yuu aiss pee aiss) kay karknan aur faal deuty foji arakeen kuu aam toor parr bunyadi tankhwah kaa 25 faisad muqarar kardah laagat kaa alauns milta hay keunkah agarcha laagat zindagi kumm how gayee hay leakin yaha abb bhee milk mein sabb say ziyadah mein say eek hay. ancrej fair benak (maarch 2004 mein waal maart) aur jono mein bugg baaks stores kay taaruf nay bhee qeematon kuu kumm karnay mein behat kachh kiyaa. tahim nql woo hamal kay nasbata mahdud bunyadi dahanchay kii wajah say deehi alaska milk kay baaqi hasoon kay muqabilay mein khuraak aur saarfin kay saamaan kii intehayi ziyadah qeematon kaa shikaar hay. behat say deehi rehaishi inn shehron mein aatay haine aur coustico aur seem kalb jeesay godaam kalbon say khaaney pinay kaa saamaan aur saamaan khareedate haine. kachh nay kachh aann line khurdah faroshon kii mufta shipping kii paishkashon kuu qabool kiyaa hay taakah wah apnee baradariyon mein ashyaa kay muqabilay mein behat ziyadah sastee kharidari kirr sakein agar wah balkal dastiyaab hoan. sabb say baday aajar. alaska kay mohkamah mahnat woo afraadi qoot kii tarqi kay mutabiq 2010 mein riyasat kay najee shobay kay sabb say baday aajron kii fehrist darj zeel thee:

fffde6bf24d339c1a890950616b8ef0586481e9554362f4423289eef1802cf0f

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6726876

Niagara Square

Niagara Square Public square in Buffalo, New York Niagara Square is a public square located at the intersections of Delaware Avenue, Court Street, Genesee Street, and Niagara Street in Buffalo, New York. It is the central hub of Joseph Ellicott's original radial street pattern that he designed in 1804 for the then village of New Amsterdam. It continues to be the nexus of downtown Buffalo. History. Niagara Square's origins date back to the conclusion of the French and Indian War in 1763, which ended French domination of the Niagara Frontier and marked the advent of permanent settlement of the area. This trend increased after the Revolution, and in 1804 Joseph Ellicott (1760–1826) mapped a town on the banks of Lake Erie at the mouth of the Buffalo Creek. The site of the city was part of the vast land holdings of the Holland Land Company, a Dutch firm that had purchased most of western New York. Ellicott, who was the local Holland Land Company agent, had earlier in his career helped his brother Andrew survey Pierre L'Enfant's plan for the new capital at Washington. The influence of L'Enfant's Washington is readily apparent in Ellicott's design for Buffalo (first named New Amsterdam). Niagara Square, located near the lakefront, became the center from which eight streets radiated in several directions. Among the streets passing through Niagara Square was Delaware Street (after 1879 called Delaware Avenue), which Ellicott is said to have named for one of the Indian groups that frequented the portage road around nearby Niagara Falls. Despite Ellicott's lofty vision for the new city — he said that the site was "developed by nature for the grand emporium of the Western world" — Buffalo remained for the first quarter of the nineteenth century a small village. As Buffalo's wealth and population grew in the 19th century, Niagara Square became a desirable residential address. Mayor Samuel Wilkeson, whose efforts to build the Buffalo Harbor were rewarded when the State of New York selected Buffalo as the terminus of the Erie Canal, built his mansion on the west side of Niagara Square, presently the site of City Hall. 2020 Niagara Square police violence incident. On June 4, 2020, amid the George Floyd protests in New York state, police officers from the Buffalo Police Department pushed 75-year-old Martin Gugino during a confrontation in Niagara Square, causing him to fall to the ground which left him bleeding from the ear. He was brought to the hospital and was in "serious but stable condition." Two days later he was still listed as being in "critical condition" at Erie County Medical Center. He suffered a brain injury as a result of the fall and was still unable to walk nearly two weeks after the assault. The BPD claimed in their official statement that the man "tripped and fell". Following the incident, Buffalo mayor Byron Brown announced that the city would pause arrests for marijuana possession and ease restrictions on releasing police body camera footage. Buildings and monuments. The square's transformation from a residential neighborhood to the center of government began in the early 20th century, with the erection of Buffalo City Hall (1929–1931), Michael J. Dillon Memorial United States Courthouse (1935), and the Walter J. Mahoney State Office Building (1928–1932). This square is also home to the Statler Towers, Buffalo Athletic Club, the Buffalo City Court Building, the Robert H. Jackson United States Courthouse to the northwest side, and several other office buildings. Within the center of the modern square is a large monument commemorating the assassination of President McKinley, who was assassinated in Buffalo during the Pan-American Exposition of 1901. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

niyagara borgo niyagara scower hoise neworkor moo 'horr delawer avenue, koo' rt street, jenesi street aaru niyagara streetor sedokhyot owosthito etaa rajohuwa schwar. 1804 sonot teu tetiyar niu amsterdam gaonr baabe design koraa juxef elikotor mool radial street aarhir kendriyo kendro. ee etiyau downtown moo 'horr xongzug hoiyei aase. itihax. niyagar scoweror utpotti 1763 sonot forasi aaru bharotiyo juddhor xomaptir xomoyor poraa, ji niyagara ximantor uporot forasi aadhipotyor onto pelaisil aaru oncholtur sthayi boxotir aagmonok sinhito korisil. biplowor pisot ei probonota briddhi paisil, aaru 1804 sonot juxef elicot (1760-1826)-e moo 'horr khaarir mukhot thoka hrod irir paarot thoka ekhon sohoror manchitro nirman korisil. sohorkhonor sthantu poschim neworkor besibhag ongxo kroy koraa dusch protisthan hoh 'lend lend companyr bixal bhumir ongxo aasil. sthaniyo hoh 'lend lend companyr agent elikote teur karrier aarombhonite teur bhatri endrur joreep piyere el' enfentor waswingtonor notun rajdhanir porikolponat xohay korisil. moo 'horr baabe elikotor designot (prothome niu amsterdam naam diya) el' enfents waswingtonor probhab xohojei sposto hoy. hrodor xonmukhor usorot owosthito niyagara borgo kendrot porinot hoisil jaar poraa aathkhon poth keibatau dixot proxarito hoisil. niyagara squarer maajere juwa rastaxomuhor bhitorot aasil delaware street (1879 sonor pisot delaware avenue buli kuwa hoisil), jaak elikote usoror niyagara jolopropator sariufale portage rudot xoghonai ohaa bharotiyo gutor etaar naamere naamkoron koraa buli kuwa hoy. notun sohorkhonor baabe elikotor uscho dristibhongi thokar swotweu-teu koichil je ei sthantu "poschimiya biswor bixal emp" riyamor baabe prokritir dwara bikoxito koraa hoisil "-moo 'hoh unobingxo xotikar prothom soturthangxor baabe ekhon xoru gaau hoi aasil. 19 xotikat moo 'horr xompod aaru jonoxongkhya briddhi huwar loge loge niyagara scower ek akangkhyito awaxik thikona hoi porisil. nework rajyoi moo 'hock iree khaalor ontim sthan hisape basoni korar xomoyot moo' hoh bondor nirmanor prochestak puroskar diyar baabe meyor semuwel uilkeson-e niyagara scoweror poschim dixot teur bhowon nirman korisil, ji bortoman chiti holor sthan. 2020 niyagara schwar aarokhyi hingxatmok ghotona. 2020 sonor 4 junot nework rajyot jorjo floyedor protibador maajote moo 'hoh aarokhyi bibhagor aarokhyi bixoyaxokole 75 bosoriya martin guginuk niyagara scowarot huwa xonghorxor xomoyot theli disil, jaar folot teu maatit porisil jaar folot teur kaanor poraa roktokhyoron hoisil. teuk sikitsaloyoloi onaa hoisil aaru teur owostha "gurutor kintu xusthir" aasil."dudinor pisotu teuk iree county sikitsa kendrot" "xongkotjonok owosthat" "thoka hisape talikabhukto koraa hoisil. pori juwar folot teu mogojur aaghat paisil aaru aakromonor pray duxoptahor pisotu khuj karhibo poraa nasil. bi. pi. di.-ye teulukor sorkari bibritit daabi korisil je byoktijon "pisoli porisil aaru pori goisil". ghotonatur pisot, moo 'horr meyor byron braune ghuxona korisil je sohorkhone gaaja rokhar baabe greptar bondho koribo aaru aarokhyir body kemera phutej mukoli korar uporot nixedhagya xithil koribo. ottalika aaru smritixoudho. soturtur awaxik suburiyar poraa sorkaror kendroloi rupantor 20 xotikar aarombhonite moo 'hoh chiti holl (1929-1931), michael je nirmanor xoite aarombho hoisil. dealon mem "real united states courthouse (1935), aaru dyo walter je. maahoni rajyik karzaloy bhowon (1928-1932). ei soturtu statlor tawar, moo 'hoh ethletik club, moo' hoh sohoror aadalot bhowon, robert eis-ru baxosthan. uttor-poschim dixot jackchon aamerika juktorastror aadalot aaru aan keibatau karzaloy bhowon. aadhunik soturkhonor majbhagot 1901 sonor penn-aamerikan prodorxonir xomoyot moo 'horere hotya koraa rastropoti mackinolir hotyakandor smoronor baabe etaa dangor smritixoudho aase.

nayagra square niagra square holl neu iyarker mohisher delaoar avenue, court strita, jenesi strita ebong niagra streeter chhedosthole abosthito ekti public square. etty josepha elikoter mool radial rastar patterner kendriya kendra jaa tini 1804 saale tatkalin neu amsterdam gramer jonno design korechilen. etty shohorer kendrostholer mohisher sangjog hisabe abyahoto royeche. itihas. niagra chottorer utpotti 1763 saale farasi oo bharatiya juddher samapti theke, jaa niagra seemante farasi adhipotter abosan ghotay ebong eyi anchale sthayi bosoti sthaponer abirbhabke chinnito korey. biplober porr eyi probonota briddhi paay ebong 1804 saale josepha elicot (1760-1826) mohish khandir mukhe iri hroder teere ekti shohorer manchitro toiri corren. shohorer sthanti holland lanned companyr bishal jomir ongsho chhilo, ekti dutch sangostha jaa poschim newyorker beshirbhag ongsho kinechilo. elicot, jini sthaniya holland lanned companyr agent chhilen, taar kormojiboner shurute taar bhai andru survey piyere ell 'enfanter notun rajdhani washingtoner porikolponai sahayata korechilen. elikoter mohisher naksha (prothom naam deoa hoyeche neu amsterdam) ell 'enfanter washingtoner prabhab sahojei sposhto. lakefronter kachhe abosthito nayagra scoirty emon ekti kendre porinoto hoyechilo jekhan theke atti rasta bivinno dike bikiran koroto. nayagra scoir modhyo diye yawa rastagulir modhye chhilo delaoar strita (1879 saaler porr delaoar avenue naame porichito), jaa elicot bharatiya gosthigulir modhye ektir naame namkaran korechilo boley money koraa hoy jaaraa nikatbarti nayagra jolopropater charpashe portage rastai ghono ghono asoto. notun shahartir jonno elikoter uchcho drishtibhongi sotteo-tini bolechilen jey eyi sthanti "poschima bishwer bishal emporiumer jonno prokriti dwara unnoto"-unobingsho shatabdir prothom choturthangsho porjonto mohish ekti chhoto grama chhilo. 19 shotoke mohisher sompod oo jonosongkha briddhi pawa niagra chattor ekti kankhito abasik thikana porinoto hoy. meyor samuel wilkeson, jaar mohish bondor nirmaner prochesta puroskrito hoyechilo jokhon neu eork rajyo mohishke iri khaaler terminus hisabe beche niyechilo, nayagra scoir poschim dike taar prasad toiri korechilo, jaa bortomane city holer sthan. 2020 niagra scoir pulish sahingsatar ghotona. 2020 saaler 4thhaa june, neu eork rajye george floyder bikkhover modhye, mohish pulish bibhager pulish kormokortara niagra squarey sangharsher somoy 75 bochor vayasi martin guginoke dhakka deyo, jaar foley seey matite porey yaay jaar foley taar qaana theke raktakkharan hoy. taanke hospitale niye assa hoy ebong taanr abostha "gurutoro kintu sthitishil" chhilo."doo 'deane poreo taake iri county medicale centere" "gurutoro abosthai" "talikabhukto koraa hoyechilo. potoner foley tini mostishke aghat paan ebong akromoner pray dui saptaha poreo hantte parchilen naa. bpd taader sarkari bibritite daabi koreche jey lokti "porey giye porey yaay. ghotonar porr, mohisher meyor byron braun ghoshana corren jey shaharti ganja rakhar jonno greptar bondho korbe ebong pulish boddy camera footage prokasher upor nishedhagga sahaj korbe. bhobon oo smritisoudho. 20 shotoker godar dike abasik elaka theke sarkarer kendre borgokhetrer rupantar shuru hoy, mohish city holl (1929-1931), michael jeey nirmaner madhyome. dealon memorial united states courthouse (1935), ebong walter jeey. mahni rajyo karjaloy bhobon (1928-1932). eyi chottore statler tower, mohish athletic club, mohish shohorer court bilding, robbert eich royeche. uttor-poschim dike jackson markin juktorashtrer adalat ebong arow besh koyekti offices bhobon. adhunik chottorer majhkhane rashtrapati mckinlyr hotyar smarane ekti borh smritistambha royeche, jini 1901 saaler pyana-american prodorshonir somoy mohisher haate nihoto hoyechilen.

niyagra choras niyagra square aee aek jaaher choqa chhe jeey newyorknaa bhensamaa delaware aevanyu, court street, gency street aneey niyagra streetnaa aantarchhed parr stheet chhe. teey joseph elikotni mool radial street patternnu kendriya kendra chhe, jenee rachnaa temane aneey teey samaynaa navaa amsterdam gaam maate curry hatee. teey downtown bhensnee santhganth bunny rahee chhe. itihas. niyagra chorasnee utpatti utpatti french aneey bhaartiy yuddhnaa samapanni chhe, jene niyagra sarhad parr french varchasvano anta aanyo aneey aaa vistaarmaa kaayamee vasaahatnaa aagamanne chinhit karyoo. kraanti pachhi aaa valan vadhyu aneey aneey joseph elikot (1760-1826) aee bhensnee khaadinaa mukh parr leeka ireena keenare aavela aek shahernu naksha banaavyu. aaa shahernu sthal holland lanned companyna vishaal jameen malikino bhaag hatoo, jeey aek dutch pedhhi hatee jene pashchim newyorkno motaabhaagno hisso khareedhyo hato. elikot, jeey sthaaneek holland lanned companyna agent hataa, temane temnee karkidrini sharuaatmaa temnaa bhaai andrew survey pier lae 'enfantnee washington khaate navee raajdhaani maateni yojnaamaa madad curry hatee. elikotni bhens maateni rachnaamaa (pratham naam nyu amsterdam) lae 'enfantnaa washingtonno prabhaav sahelaithi spasht chhe. lakefront najik stheet niyagra square aee kendra bunny gayoo hatoo jyanthi aath shereeo ghanee dishaamaa felaati hatee. niyagra chorasmathi pasaar thatee shereeomaa delaware street (1879 pachhi delaware aevanyu tareeke odakhaati) hatee, jenu naam elikote bhaartiy juthomathi aek maate raakhyu hovaanu kahevaay chhe, jeey najiknaa niyagra dhodhni aaspasna portage rooad parr vaaramvaar aavtaa hataa. navaa shaher maate elikotni uchch drashti hovaa chhataa-temane kahyoo keey aaa sthal "pashchimi vishvanaa bhavya emporium maate prakrutee dwara vikasavvama aavyu hatoo"-oganismi sadeena pratham quarter sudhee bhens aek naanu gaam rahyu. rahyu sadimaa bhensnee sampatti aneey vastimaa vadhaaro thataa, niyagra choqa aek ichchhneey rahenank sarnaamu bunny gayoo. mayer semual wilkeson, jemnaa bhens bandar banavvana prayaasone puraskar malyo jyaare newyork raajyae bhensne iree nahernaa anteem anta tareeke pasand curry, temane niyagra squareni pashchim bajuae potaanu haveli banaavyu, jeey haalmaa ciity holanu sthal chhe. 2020 niyagra square police hinsani ghatnaa. 4 juuna, juuna roj, newyork rajyamaa george floidnaa veerodh vachche, bhens police vibhagna police adheekarioae niyagra chokma athadaaman darmiyan 75 varsheey martin guginone dhakeli deedho, jenaa kaarane teey jameen parr puddy gayo, jenaa kaarane tenaa kanmathi lohee vahee gayoo. temne hospitalma lavvama aavyaa hataa aneey temnee haalat gambhir parantu stheer hatee."beey divas pachhi pann teo aeree kaauntii medical centermaa" "gambhir sthitee" "maan hovaanu soochibaddh karvaamaa aavyu hatoo". puddy javaathi temne magajnee ijaa thaee hatee aneey humalana lagbhag beey athvadiya pachhi pann teo chaali shaktaa nahota. bii. pii. dii. aee temnaa sattavaar nivedanmaa daavo karyo hato keey teey maanas "lapsee gayo aneey puddy gayo". aaa ghatnaa pachhi, bhensnaa mayer byron braaune jaaherat curry hatee keey shaher gaanjaano kabajo raakhvaa badal dharapkad atkavshe aneey police bodee camerana footage jaaher karvaa parnaa pratibandhone hadvaa karashe. imaarato aneey smaarako. aaa chorasnu rahenank padoshmathi sarkaarnaa kendramaa parivartan parivartan sadeeni sharuaatmaa bhens ciity holl (1929-1931), michael jeey. naa nirmaan saathe sharoo thayu hatoo. dealan memorial united states courthouse (1935), aneey voltara jeey. mahonee raajy kaaryaalayni imaarat (1928-1932). aaa choqa statler towers, bhens athletic club, bhens ciity court building, roobert aechanu pann ghar chhe. uttarpashchim bajuae jaikson united states courthouse aneey anya ketalik offices imaarato. aadhunik choknee madhyamaa pramukh makinlyni hatyani yaadmaa aek motoo smaarak chhe, jaimnee jaimnee samagr-american pradarshan darmiyan bhensamaa hatyaa karvaamaa aavee hatee.

niyagra varg niyagra squire ack saarvajanik chauk haye joe newyork key bhains mein delaware avenue, court street, gency street aur niyagra street key chaurahon parr sthit haye. yeh joseph elecott key mool radial street pattern kaa kendriya kendra haye jise unhone 1804 mein nyu amsterdam key tatkalin gaanv key liye design kiya thaa. yeh shahar key madhya mein bhains kaa saanthgaanth banaa huaa haye. itihas. niyagra varg kii utpatti 1763 mein francisi aur bhaaratiya yuddh key samaapan taka hui, jisane niyagra seema parr francisi prabhutva koo samaapt curr diyaa aur kshetra key sthaayi basti key aagaman koo chihnit kiya. kranti key baad yeh pravritti badhee, aur 1804 mein joseph elecott (1760-1826) ney bhains kii khaadi key muhaane parr jheel key kinare ack shahar kaa maanchitran kiya. shahar kaa sthal holland bhoomi company kii vishal bhoomi kaa hissa thaa, ack dutch firm jisane paschimi newyork kaa adhikansh hissa kharida thaa. elecott, joe sthaaniya holland laind company agent they, ney apane currier kii shuruat mein apane bhaai andru sarve piyare ell 'enfant kii washington mein naee rajdhani key liye yojana mein madad kii thee. ll 'enfant key washington kaa prabhaav bhains (pahala naam nyu amsterdam) key liye elecott key design mein aasaani seey spasht haye. jheel key saamane sthit niyagra squire kendra bunn gayaa, jahan seey aathh sadaken kaee dishaaon mein vikiranit huin. niyagra chauk seey gujarane vaali sadakon mein delaware street (1879 key baad jise delaware avenue kahaa jaataa haye) thee, jise elecott ney bhaaratiya samoohon mein seey ack key naam parr rakhaa haye joe paas key niyagra fauls key aspas bandargah sadak parr aksar aatey they. nae shahar key liye elecott kii uchch drishti key bavjood-unhone kahaa kii yeh sthal "paschimi duniya key bhavya emporium key liye prakriti dwara vikasit kiya gayaa thaa"-bhains unnisvin shatabdi kii pahali timahi taka ack chhota saa gaanv bunny rahee. 19veen shatabdi mein jaise-jaise bhains kii sampatti aur aabaadi badhee, niyagra varg ack vaanchhaniya aavaasiya pataa bunn gayaa. meyer saimuel wilkson, jinake bhains bandargah key nirmaan key prayason koo puraskrit kiya gayaa jaba newyork raajya ney bhains koo arrie nahar key antim sthaan key roop mein chunaa, niyagra squire key paschim kii or apani haveli kaa nirmaan kiya, joe vartamaan mein city holl kaa sthal haye. 2020 niyagra squire pulis hinsa kii ghatana. 4 juuna, 2020 koo, newyork raajya mein george lloyd key virodh pradarshanon key beach, bhains pulis vibhaag key pulis adhikaariyon ney niyagra squire mein ack takraav key dauran 75 varsheeya martin gugino koo dhakka diyaa, jisase vaha jameen parr gir gayaa, jisase usake kaana seey khoon beh rhaa thaa. unhein aspatal laaya gayaa aur unaki haalat gambhir lekin sthir thee."dou dinn baad bhee unhein arrie county chikitsa kendra mein" "gambhir sthiti" "mein soochibaddh kiya gayaa thaa. girane key parinamswarup unhein mastishk mein chot luggy aur hamale key lagbhag dou saptah baad bhee way chalane mein asamarth they. bee. pee. dee. ney apane aadhikarik bayaan mein daavaa kiya kii vaha vyakti "fisal gayaa aur gir gayaa. ghatana key baad, bhains key meyer byron braun ney ghoshana kii kii shahar marizuana rakhane key liye giraftari koo rokega aur pulis boddy camera footage jaari karane parr pratibandhon koo cumm karega. imaaraten aur smaarak. ack aavaasiya pados seey sarkaar key kendra mein varg kaa parivartan 20 veen shatabdi kii shuruat mein bhains city holl (1929-1931), michael jey key nirmaan key saath shuru huaa. dillon memorial united states courthouse (1935), aur walter jey. mahoni raajya karyalaya bhawan (1928-1932). iss chauk mein statler tower, bhains athletic club, bhains shahar kii adalat kii imarat, robbert aich bhee hain. uttar-paschim kii or jackson united states courthouse aur kaee anya karyalaya bhawan. aadhunik chauk key kendra mein rashtrapati mckinley kii hatyaa kii yaad mein ack badaa smaarak haye, jinaki 1901 key paine-american pradarshani key dauran bhains mein hatyaa curr dee gaee thee.

niagra chauka niagra chaukavu newyorkna emmeya delaware avenue, court streat, genesi streat mattu niagra streetgala chedakagalalliruva saarvajanika chaukavagide. idu joseph ellikat avara moola radial streat maadariya kendra kendravagide, idannu avaru 1804 ralli andina nyoo amsterdam gramakkagi vinyaasagolisidaru. idu nagarada madhyabhaagada emmeya sambandhavaagi munduvaredide. itihaasa. nayagara chaukada moolavu 1763ralli french mattu bhaaratiya yuddhada muktaayakke hindinadu, idu nayagara gadiya french praabalyavannu konegolisitu mattu ee pradeshada shaashvata vasaahatugala agamanavannu gurutisitu. kraantiya nantara ee pravruttiyu hechchaayitu, mattu 1804ralli joseph ellikat (1760-1826) emmeya kolli mukhabhaagadalliruva sarovarada dadadalliruva ondu pattanavannu nakshe maadidaru. nagarada sthalavu paschima newyorkna hecchina bhagavannu khareedisida dutch samstheyaada hallend land kampaniya vishaalavaada bhoo hiduvaligala bhagavagittu. sthaliya hallend land kampaniya agent aagidda ellikat, tamma vrattijeevanada aarambhadalli tamma sahodara andrew survey pier ell 'enfant avara washingtonnallina hosa rajadhaniya yojanege sahaaya maadiddaru. ell 'enfantna washington prabhaavavu emmeya elikatna vinyaasadalli (modalu nyoo amsterdam endu hesarisalaayitu) sulabhavaagi spashtavaguttade. sarovarada mumbhagada sameepadalliruva niyagara chaukavu entu beedigalu halavaaru dikkugalalli haraduva kendravaayitu. nayagara chaukada moolaka haaduhoguva beedigalalli delaware streat (1879rahra nantara delaware avenue endu kareyalaayitu) ittu, idakke elecott hattirada nayagara jalapaatada suttaloo portez rastege aagaagge bheti needuva bhaaratiya gumpugalalli wandakke hesarittitu endu helalaaguttade. hosa nagarada bagge ellikaatna udaatta drashtikonada horataagiyoo-ee sthalavannu "pashchimatya prapanchada bhavyavaada emporiyangaagi prakrutiyinda abhivraddhipadisalaagide" endu avaru helidaru-hattombattane shatamaanada modala traimasikadalli emmeyu ondu sanna halliyaagi uliyitu. 19neey shatamaanadalli emmeya sampattu mattu janasankhyeyu hechchaadante, niagra chaukavu apekshaniya vasati vilaasavaayitu. newyork raajyavu emmeyannu erie kaaluveya antima sthalavagi ayke madidaga emmeya bandarannu nirmisuva prayatnagalige pratiphala needida mayer samuel wilkeson, prastuta city haalna sthalavagiruva niagra chaukada paschima bhagadalli tanna mahalu nirmisidanu. 2020 niyagara square police himsaachaarada ghatane. zoon 4,2020 randu, newyork rajyadalli georg floyd pratibhatanegala naduve, emme police ilaakheya police adhikaarigalu 75 varshada martin guginonannu nayagara chaukadalli mukhamukhiya samayadalli tallidaru, idarindaagi avanu nelakke biddanu, idarindaagi avana kiviyinda raktasraavaayitu. avarannu aaspatrege karetaralaayitu mattu avara sthiti gambhiravagittu aadare sthiravaagittu."eradu dinagala nantaravoo aata innoo erie kaunti vaidyakeeya kendradalli" "gambhira sthitiyalli" "iddaane endu patti maadalaagide". patanada parinaamavaagi aata medulige gaayavaayitu mattu daaliya nantara sumaru eradu vaaragalavarege nadeyalu sadhyavagalilla. aaa vyakti "jaari biddu biddaru" endu bpd tamma adhikruta helikeyalli helikondide. ghataneya nantara, emmeya mayer byron braun, nagaravu ganja hondiddakkagi bandhanagalannu nillisuttade mattu police baadi camera tunukannu bidugade maaduva nirbandhagalannu saragagolisuttade endu ghoshisidaru. kattadagalu mattu smarakagalu. vasati nerehoreyinda sarkaarada kendravagi chaukada parivartaneyu 20neey shatamaanada aarambhadalli emmele city haal (1929-1931), micheal zhe. nirmaanadondige praarambhavaayitu. dillon memorial united states court house (1935), mattu dhii walter zhe. mahoni raajya kacheri kattada (1928-1932). ee chaukavu statler gopuragalu, emmele athletic club, emmele nagarada aasthaanada kattada, robbert etch. jackson vayuvya dikkinalliruva united statesna nyayalaya mattu halavaaru itara kacheri kattadagalu. aadhunika chaukada madhyabhaagadalli 1901rahra pyaan-american pradarshanada samayadalli emmeyalli hatyegeedaada adhyaksha mckinley avara hatyeya smaranaarthavaagi ondu dodda smaarakavide.

nayagra square newyorkkile potthine delaware avanyoo, court street, jenees street, nayagra street ennivayude vibhajanagalil sthithi cheiyunna oru pothu squareanu nayagra square. 1804ll annathe nyoo aamstardaam graamathinaayi joseph ellikote roopakalppana cheytha yadhaartha radial street paatteninte kendra kendramaanithu. ithu nagarakendratthile potthinte koottukettu aayi thudarunnu. charithram. 1763-ll franch, indian yudhathinte samaapanathil nayagra squarinte uthbhavam, nayagra athirthiyile franch aadhipathyam avasanippikkukayum pradeshathe sthiramaaya vaasasthalathinte varavine adayaalappeduthukayum cheythu. viplavathinushesham eee pravanatha vardhikkukayum 1804-ll joseph ellikote (1760-1826) pothu kreekkinte theerathulla eree thadaakatthinte theerathulla oru pattanatthe mapp cheyyukayum cheythu. padinjaaran newyorkkinte bhooribhaagavum vangiya dutch sthaapanamaaya holland land kambaniyude vishalamaaya bhoovudamakalude bhaagamaayirunnu nagaratthinte sthalam. holland land kambaniyude praadeshika ejantaayirunna ellikote thante kariyarinte thudakkathil thante sahodaran andrew sarway piyar ell enfaantinte washingtonile puthiya thalasthaanathekkurichulla padhathiye sahaayichirunnu. pothinekkurichulla ellikkottinte roopakalppanayil (aadyam nyoo aamstardaam ennu namakaranam cheyyappettathu) ell 'enfaantinte washingtoninte swaadheenam eluppathil prakadamaanu. thadaakamukhathinaduthu sthithi cheiyunna nayagra square ettu theruvukal pala dishakalilekkum vikiranam cheiyunna kendramaayi maari. nayagra skvayariloode kadannupokunna theruvukalil delaware street (1879 nuu sesham delaware avanyoo ennu vilikkapettu) undaayirunnu, aduthulla nayagra vellachaattathin chuttumulla porteju roadle pathivayi vanna indian grouppukalil onninte perilaanu ellikote ithinu peru nalkiyathennu parayappedunnu. puthiya nagarathekkurichulla ellikkottinte uyarnna kaazhchappaad undaayirunnittum-"paashchaathyalokatthinte mahathaaya emporiyathinaayi prakrithi vikasippicheduthaanu eee sthalam" ennu addeham paranju-pathonpathaam noottaandinte aadya paadatthil pothu oru cheria graamamaayi thudarnnu. pathonpathaam noottaandil potthinte sambathum janasamkhyayum vardhichathode nayagra square oru abhikaamyamaaya thaamasthalamaayi maari. pothu thuramukham nirmmikkanulla shramangalkk prathiphalam labhicha mayer saamuval vilkson, newyork samsthaanam potthine erii kanaalinte terminasaayi thiranjedutthappol, nayagra squarinte padinjaaru bhaagath thante bhavanam nirmmichu, ippol sitti haalinte sthalamaanu. 2020 nayagra square police akramam. 2020 juun 4 nuu, newyork samsthaanathe jorjju floyd prathishedhangalkkidayil, pothu police departmentile police udyogasthar 75 kaaranaya martin gugino nayagra squareil oru ettumuttalinide thalliyittu, athu nilathu veezhaan kaaranamaayi, athu cheviyil ninnu raktham vaarnnuveenu. ashupathriyil athicha addehathe gurutharaavasthayil ennaal sthirathayulla avasthayilaayirunnu."rund divasathinu sheshavum addeham erii kaundi medical sentaril" "gurutharaavasthayil" "ennu pattikappeduthappettu". veezhchayude falamaayi addehathinu thalachorinu parikkettu, akramanam nadannu ekadesham randaazhcha kazhinjittum addehathinu nadakkaan kazhinjilla. aaa manushyan "vazhuthi veezhukayum cheythu" ennu bpd avarude audyogika prasthavanayil avakashappettu. sambhavathethudarnnu, kanjaavu kaivasham vachathinu arast nirtthumennum police body camera drishyangal purathuvidunnathinulla niyanthranangal laghookarikkumennum pothu mayer bairon braun prakhyaapichu. kettidangalum smaarakangalum. irupathaam noottaandinte thudakkathil pothu sitti haal (1929-1931), maikkal jeey. nirmmichathodeyaanu squarinte residential ayalpakkathu ninnu sarkkar kendrathilekkulla parivartthanam aarambhichath. dillan memorial yunaittad stetts kodathimuriyum (1935) walter jeey. mahoni stettu oafees kettidam (1928-1932). staatlar towerukal, pothu athlattik club, pothu sitti court kettidam, roobert echu ennivayum eee squareil undu. vadakkupadinjaaran bhaagathulla jaaksan yunaittad stetts kodathiyum mattu niravadhi oafees kettidangalum. 1901 leeii paan-american pradarshanatthinide pothu kondu kollapetta president mckinleyude kolapaathakatthinte smaranaykkaayi aadhunika squarinte madhyabhaagathu oru valia smaarakam undu.

niyagra chauras niyagra chauras haah newyorkmadheel mhashimadhil delaware avenue, court street, gency street aanee niyagra streetchya chhedanbinduvar sthit eka sarvajanik chauras aahe. joseph elecotchya mool radial street patternche heey madhyavarti kendra aahe, jyachi rachana tyane 1804 madhye nyu emsterdamchya tatkalin gavasathi kelee hotee. too ajunahi downtown mhashichya santhganth aahe. itihas. niyagra chaukanchi utpatti 1763 madhye french aanee bharatiy yuddhachya samaptiparyant aahe, jyane niyagra simevaril french varchasva sampavale aanee yaa bhagat kayamswarupi vasahat nirman jhaali. krantinantar haah cull vadhala aanee 1804 madhye joseph elecott (1760-1826) yane mhashichya khadichya mukhajavalil erii talavachya kathavaril eka shaharache nakashe kadhale. shaharache thikan holland land companychya vishal bhukhandacha bhag hote, dutch company jyane paschim newyorkcha bahutansh bhag vikat ghetala hota. elecott, joou sthanik holland land companycha agent hota, tyane tyachya karkirdichya suruvatila tyachya bhawala washington yetheel naveen rajdhanisathi andreau sarvekshan pier ell 'enfantchya yojnesathi madat kelee hotee. elecotchya mhashichya rachnet (pratham naav nyu amsterdam) laal 'enfantchya washingtoncha prabhav sahajpane spasht hoto. talavajaval asalela niyagra chauras, kendra banala jithun aath raste anek dishanni pasarat hote. niyagra chaukatoon chaukatoon rastyanmadhye delaware street (1879 nantar jyala delaware avenue mhanatat) hota, jyala elecotne jawalchya niyagra dhabdhabyachya sabhovatalachya portage rodvar varanvar varanvar bharatiy gatanpaiki ekache naav dile asey mhatale jaate. naveen shaharasathi elecotchi udatt drushti asoonahi-teey mhanale qee heey thikan "pashchimatya jagachya bhavya emporiumsathi nisargane vikasit kele hote"-ekonisavya shatkachya pahilya timahiparyant mhais eka lahan gaav rahili. rahili shatkat mhashinchi sampatti aanee loksankhya vadhat asatana, niyagra chauras haah eka vanchhaniy nivasi patta banala. newyork rajyane mayechi erii kalvyache antim sthan mhanoon nivad kelee tevha mahapour samuel wilkson, jyanchya mhashi bandar bandhanyachya prayatnanna bakshis midale, tyanni niyagra chaukchya paschim bajula, sadhya ciity hallche thikan asalelya, aapali haveli bandhali. 2020 niyagra square polis hinsachar ghatana. 4 juuna 2020 roji, newyork rajyatil george floydchya nidarshanandarmyan, mhashi police vibhagachya polis polis niyagra chaukat jhalelya sangharshadarmyan 75 varshiy martin guginola dhakalale, jyamule too jaminivar padala jyamule tyachya kanatoon raktastrav jhaala. tyala rugnalayat aananyat aale aanee tyachi prakruti gambhir parantu sthir hotee."done divasannantarhi tyala erii county vaidyakeey kendrat" "gambhir sthiteet" "mhanoon soochibaddha karnyat aale hote". padalyamule tyachya mendula dukhapat jhaali aanee hallyanantar sumare done aathvade tyala chalane shakya navhate. bii. pii. dii. neey tyanchya adhikrut nivedanat dawa keela qee too manus "ghasarala aanee padala". yaa ghatanenantar, mhashiche mahapour byron braun yanni jaheer kele qee shahar ganja balgalyabaddal atak thambwell aanee polis boddy camera footage jaaree karnyavaril nirbandh shithil karel. imarati aanee smarke. nivasi parisaratoon sarkarchya kendrasthani yaa chaukatil parivartanachi suruvat 20 vya shatkachya suruvatila, mhashi shahar sabhagruh (1929-1931), michael jeey. yanchya ubharanisah jhaali. dylan memorial united states courthouse (1935) aanee walter jeey. mahoni rajya karyalay imarat (1928-1932). yaa chaukat statler towers, mhashi ethletic club, mhashi ciity court building, robbert etch. heey dekhil aahet. vayavyekade jackson united states courthouse aanee itar anek karyalayin imarati. aadhunik chaukat madhyabhagi madhyabhagi panne-american pradarshanadarmyan mhashimadhye hatya jhalelya rashtradhyaksh mackinly yanchya hatyeche smaran karnare eka mothe smarak aahe.

niyagra squire niyagra squire euta sarvajanik squire how june nyu yorkako bhainsiko delaware avenue, court street, gency street rar niyagra streetko chheuma awasthit chha. yo josef elikotko muel radial sadak dhanchako kendriya kendra how june unle sann 1804 maa tatkalin nayan amsterdam gaunka lagi design gareka thie. yo downtown bhainsiko sambandha nai rahirahanchha. itihas. niyagra squayarko utpatti sann 1763 maa francelli rar bharatiya yuddhako samapanma bhaeko thiyo, jasle niyagra simama francelli prabhutwa samapta chihnit rar yass kshetrako sthayi basobasko agamanlai chihnit chihnit. krantipachhi yo prawritti badhyo, rar sann 1804 maa josef elikote (1760-1826) ley bhainsiko khadiko mukhma raheko eri talko kinarma raheko euta saharko naksa banae. saharko sthal halyand lanned companyko vishal jagga swamitwako hissa thiyo, ek douch ferm jasle paschimi newyorkko adhikansh bhag kineko thiyo. elikote, jo sthaniya halyand lanned companyka agent thie, afno kariyarko suruma afna bhai andreuko sarwekshan piyare ell 'enfantako wassingtonma nayan rajdhanika lagi yojana banauna maddat gareka thie. elikanko bhainsiko designma (pahilo naam nayan amsterdam) law 'enfantko wassingtonko prabhawa sajilai spashta dekhinchha. talko chheuchau awasthit niyagra squire, kendra banyo jahanbata athawata sadakharu dherai dishaharuma wikiranit bhae. niyagra squirebata gujrane sadakharu madhye delaware street (sann 1879 pachhi delaware avenue bhaninchha) thiyo, jaslai elikatle bharatiya samuhaharu madhye ekko nambata naam dieko bhaninchha june najikaiko niyagra jharna warparko portage roadma barambar aune gardathe. nayan saharka lagi elikotko uccha drishtikonko bawajud-unle bhane kii yo site "paschimi wishwako bhawya emporiumka lagi prakritidwara wiksit garieko thiyo"-unnaisaun shatabdiko pahilo chaumasiksamma bhainsi euta sano gaaun rahyo. 19 aun shatabdima bhainsiko sampatti rar janasankhya badhdai jaanda niyagra squire euta wanchhaniya awasiya thegana banyo. meyer samuel wilkeson, jasko bhainsi bandargah nirman garne prayaslai newyork rajyale bhainsilai iri naharko terminusko rupma chayan garda puraskrit gariyo, niyagra squayarko paschimatira afno haweli nirman gare, june hall city halko site how. 2020 niyagra squire police hinsa ghatana. june 4,2020 maa, newyork rajyama george floidko virodh pradarshanko bichma, bhainsi prahari vibhagka prahari adhikariharule niyagra squirema bhidantako kramama 75 warshiya martin guginolai dhakka die, jasle garda uni bhuinma khaseka thie jasle garda unko kanbata ragat bagiraheko thiyo. unlai aspatal lyaieko thiyo rar unko awastha gambhir tara sthira thiyo."dui dina pachhi uni ajhai pani eri county medical centrema" "gambhir awastha" "maa raheko rupma suchibadha thie. khasda garda unko mastishkama chot lageko thiyo rar akramanko lagbhag dui hapta pachhi pani uni hindna sakenan. bipidile afno adhikarik bayanma tee manis "trip rar khaskiyo" bhani dabi gareko chha. ghatanapachi, bhainsiko meyer byron braunle saharle ganja rakheko aropma giraftari rokne rar police buddy cameraco footage jaari garna pratibandhaharu sahaj banaune ghoshana gare. bhawan rar smarakharu. awasiya chhimekbata sarkarko kendrama wargako rupantaran 20 aun shatabdiko suruma bhainsi city hull (1929-1931), micheal jey ko nirmansanga suru bhayo. dylan memorial united states courthouse (1935), rar walter jey. mahoni rajya karyalaya bhawan (1928-1932). yo wargama stateler tower, bhainsi athletic club, bhainsi saharko court bhawan, robert etch pani chhan. jackson uttarpashchimatira sanyukta rajya americako courthouse, rar dherai anya karyalaya bhawanharu. adhunik chaukako kendrabhitra rashtrapati mckinlyko hatyako samjhanama euta thulo smarak chha, jaslai 1901 ko pyan-american pradarshaniko kramama bhainsima hatya garieko thiyo.

najagra berg najagra squara heuchhi nyujarkara mainshira delawejara aabhenyu, court street, genesi street ebong najagra street sanjogare abasthita eka sarbajaneena squara . ehaa joseph elikatnka moola radial street dhanchara kendriah kendra jaahaa shay 1804 ray tatkaleena nyu amsterdam gramm paain design karithile . ehaa saharar kendrastha mainshira sanjoga hoi rahichhi. itihas. najagra bargakhetrara utpatti 1763 masihare farasi ebong bharatiah juddhara samapti parjyanta, jaahaa najagra seemaare farasi aadhipatyaku samapta karithila ebong ehi anchalare sthajee basati sthapanara aagamanaku chinhita karithila. biplaba parey ehi dhaara brudhi paithila, ebong 1804 masihare joseph elecot (1760-1826) mainshi khadi mukhare eri hrada koolare thiba eka saharar manachitra prastuta karithile. saharar sthanati holland land companyra bishala jami malikanara anshabisesha thila, eka douch farm jaahaa paschima nyujarkara adhikansha ansha kinithila . sthaniah holland land companyra agent thiba elecot taanka kyariyara aarambhare taanka bhai andryu sarbhe pier ell 'enfantanka washington thaare nutan rajdhani paain jojanaku sahajya karithile. ell 'enfantra washington rahr prabhaba mainshi paain elecot rahr designre sahajare spust . hrada sammukh nikatare abasthita najagra squara eka kendra palatithila jeunthiru athati rasta bibhinna digare prabahita heuthila . najagra squaera dei jauthiba rastagudika madhyare thila delawejara street (1879 parey delawejara aabhenyu kuhajauthila), jahara naama elecot bharatiah gosthi madhyaru janenka naamare rakhithile, jie nikatabartee najagra prapata charipakhare portage rastaku barambar aasuthile. nutan sahara paain elecotra uccha drustikona satwe-shay kahithile je ehi sthanati "paschatya biswara bishala emporium paain prakruti dwara bikashita hoithila"-unabinsha shatabdir pratham chaturthansha parjyanta mainshi eka chhot gramm hoi rahithila . unabinsha shatabdire mainshira sampada ebong janasankhya brudhi paiba sahita, najagra berg eka basajogya abasic thikana hoigala . meyer samuel wilkeson, jahanka mainshi bandara nirmana udyamaku puraskruta karajaithila jetebele nyujarka rajya masheku eri kenalara termins bhabare chayan karithila, najagra skwejarara paschima parsware tankara prasad nirmana karithila, jaahaa bartamana city hull sthana . 2020 niyagra squara police hinsa ghatana. june 4,2020 ray, nyujarka rajyare george floyd bikhyobha madhyare, mainshi police bibhagara police adhikarimane 75 barsha bayaska martin guginoku najagra skwarare eka sangharsha samajare dhakka deithile, jaahaa tanku bhumire padibaku kaaran hoithila jaahaa taanka kanaru raktasraba karithila . tanku daktarakhana anajaithila ebong taanka abastha "gurutara kintu sthira" thila."dui deane parey madhya shay eri county medical sentarare" "gurutara abasthare" "thiba talikabhukta hoithile. padijiba karanaru tankara mastishkare aaghata lagithila ebong akramanara praiah dui saptaha parey madhya shay chalibare asamartha thile. bipidi semananka sarkari bibruttire daabi karichhi je byakti janaka "khasi padithile". ehi ghatana parey, mainshi meyer byron braun ghoshana karithile je ganja rakhiba abhijogare giraphadareeku sahara banda kariba ebong police buddy camera footages jaari kariba upare pratibandhakaku sahaja kariba. kotha ebong smaraki. eka abasic padoshiru sarakaranka kendraku bargatira paribartana 20shaa shatabdir prarambhare, mainshi city hull (1929-1931), michael jay. nirmana sahita arambha hoithila. dylan memorial united states courthouses (1935), ebong walter jay. mahani rajya karjyalaja kotha (1928-1932). ehi bargare statler tawara, mainshi athletic club, mainshi city court building, robert etch madhya achanti . uttara-paschima parsware jackson juktarastra americara courthouses ebong anyanya aneka karjyalaja kotha . adhunika chaukatira madhyabhagare rastrapati myakinlinka hatyara smaranare eka budd smaraki rahichhi, jieki 1901 masihar paan-americae pradarshani samajare mainshire hatya karajaithila.

niagra varag niagra varag ikk jantak varag haii joe majjh, newyork witch delaware aivenioo, court street, jenes street atey niagra street dey chaurahe 'teey sathit haii. ih joseph elikot dey mool radial street pattern daa kendri kendra haii jiss noon usne 1804 witch nioo amsterdam dey tatkali pind laee design keeta see. ih shehar dey majjh daa gathjod baniaa hoiaa haii. itihaas. niagra varag dee shuruat 1763 witch francisi atey bharti yuddh dey ant takk haii, jiss neey niagra sarhadd utte francisi dabdabe noon khatam qarr ditta atey khetar dee sathayi basti dey aagman noon darsaiaa. ih rujhan inqalaab toon baad vadhiaa atey 1804 witch joseph elikot (1760-1826) neey majjh dee khaadi dey moonh utte jheel airee dey kinare ikk shehar daa naksha banaiaa. shehar dee jagha halland lend company dee vishal zameen daa hissa see, ikk dutch ferm jiss neey pachmi newyork daa ziaadaatar hissa kharidiaa see. elikot, joe kii sathanak halland lend company agent see, neey aapne carrier dey shuru witch aapne bharaa aindrioo dey sarvekhan piar ail 'enfant dee naveen rajdhani laee yojna witch madad keeti see. ll 'enfant dey washington daa prabhav majjh (pahila naam nioo amsterdam) laee elikot dey design witch aasani naal spasht hunda haii. jheel dey sahmane sathit niagra varag, uh kendra bann giaa jithon atth sadkan kaee dishavan witch vikirat hundiaan sunn. niagra varag vicchon langhan valiaan sadkan witch delaware street (1879 toon baad jiss noon delaware aivenioo kiha jaanda haii) see, jiss daa naam elikot neey bharti samoohan vicchon ikk dey naam utte rakkhiaa see joe nedley niagra jharne dey aale duaale portage road utte aksar aaunde sunn. navein shehar laee elikot dey ucche drishtikon dey bavjood-unhan neey kiha kii ih sathaan "pachmi sansar dey shandar sanstha laee kudrat duaara vikast keeta giaa see"-majjh unhivin sadee dee pahili timahi takk ikk chhota jiha pind rahee. jiven kii kii sadee witch majjhan dee daulat atey aabadi witch vaadha hoiaa, niagra varag ikk vanchhniya rihaishi pataa bann giaa. mayer semual wilkeson, jinhan dey majjh bandargah banaun dey yatnan noon udon inam miliaa jadon newyork raaj neey majjh noon eeree nahir dey termins vajon chunhiaa, neey niagra varag dey pachham vaale paase aapni haveli banayi, joe iss vele city haal dee jagha haii. 2020 niagra squair pulis hinsa dee ghatna. 4 juun, 2020 noon, newyork raaj witch jaaraj floyd dey virodh pardarshanan dey vichkaar, majjh pulis vibhag dey pulis adhikariaan neey niagra varag witch ikk takraa dauran 75 saala martin gugino noon dhakka ditta, jiss naal uh zameen utte digg giaa jiss naal uss dey qann toon khoon vahi giaa. uss noon hospital lijaiaa giaa atey uss dee haalat gambhir parr sathir see."doou dinan baad vee uh airee kaoonti medical center witch" "gambhir haalat" "witch suchibadh see. dhiggan dey natije vajon uss dey dimag witch satt laggi atey hamle dey lagbhag doou hafte baad vee uh turan witch asamrath see. bee. pee. dee. neey aapne adhikarat biaan witch daava keeta kii uh viakati "digg giaa atey digg giaa. ghatna toon baad, majjh dey mayer byron braun neey ailaan keeta kii shehar bhang rakkhan laee griftariaan noon rokega atey pulis baadi camera footage jaari curran 'teey pabandiaan noon saukha karega. imaratan atey smark. varag daa rihaishi guaandh toon sarkaar dey kendra witch parivartan 20 veen sadee dey arambh witch majjh city haal (1929-1931), michael jey dey nirman naal shuru hoiaa. dillon memorial united states courthouse (1935), atey walter jey. mahoni raaj daftar dee imaarat (1928-1932). iss varag witch statler tower, majjh athletic club, majjh city court building, robbert aich vee hunn. uttar-pachmi paase jackson sanyukat raaj amrica dee adalat atey kaee horr daftar imaratan. aadhunik varag dey kendra witch ikk vadda smark haii joe rashtarpati mckinley dee hattiaa dee yaad witch haii, jiss dee 1901 dey paen-american pardarshani dauran majjh witch hattiaa qarr ditti gaee see.

niyagra vargah niyagra square iti saarwajanikah square asti yah nyuyaark-nagarasya bhaisah delaware-margasya, nyayalaya-margasya, gency-margasya, niyagra-margasya cha chhedanasthale sthitah asti. eshah joseph elikaat ityasya mulasya radial-veethi-vinyaasasya kendrabinduhu asti, yasya vinyaasah saha 1804 tame varshe tatkaaleenasy nyoo amsterdam-gramasya krute krutavaan. idam nagaramadhyasthasy masheh kootah eva asti. itihaasah. nayagara-square ityasya utpattih 1763 tame varshe french-bhaarateey-yuddhasya samaapteh dinaankah asti, yena nayagara-simayaha upari french-adhipatyam samaaptam, tathaa cha asya pradeshasya sthaayeenivaasasy agamanam cha soochitam. krantyaha anantaram eshaa pravruttihi vardhamana abhavat, 1804 tame varshe joseph elikaat (1760-1826) ityanena masheh creak ityasya mukhatah iri-sarovarasya tate sthitasya nagarasya manachitranam krutam. nagarasya sthalam, pashchim-nyuyaark-nagarasya adhikaamsham bhaagam krinaat dutch-samsthaayaah halland-lyand-kampenee ityasya vishaal-bhoo-svaamitvasya bhaagah aasit. elikaat, yah sthaaneeyah halyand-bhoomi-kampenee-pratinidhihi aasit, saha svavruttyaaha poorvam washington-nagare nootan-rajadhanyaha krute swabhraatuh endroo sarve piyare ell 'enfant ityasya yojanayam sahayyam krutavaan. ell 'enfant-ityasya washington-nagarasya prabhaawah, elikaat-ityasya bhaisah (prathamam nyoo amsterdam iti namakaranam krutam) vinyaase sahajataya spashtah asti. sarovarasya sameepe sthitah niyagara-square iti kendram abhavat, yasmaat ashtamargaha anekadisheshu vikiranam krutavantah. nayagara-square-dwara gacchantah veethishu delaware-veethihi aasit (1879 tamaat varshaat delaware-avanyoo iti namna prasidhah), yasya naam elikaat iti bhaarateey-samoohayoh ekasya krute aasit, yah niyagara-jalaprapaatasy sameepe praayah portage-maargam aagacchan iti kathyate. nutananagarasya vishaye elikaat ityasya ucchadrushtehe satsu api-saha uktavaan yat etat sthalam "paashchaty-vishvasya bhavya-emporium-krute prakrutyaa vikasitam" iti-19 shataabdyaah prathama-chaturthaamsham yaavat mashyaah laghunagaram eva aasit. 19 shataabdyaam yathaa-yathaa masheh sampattih, janasankhyaa cha vardhamana, niyagra-square vaamchhaneeyah niwaas-sanketah abhavat. meyar saamuyel wilkson, yasya bhaisha-naukaashrayasya nirmanasya prayatnaah puraskrutaah abhavan yadaa nyuyaark-raajyam bhaisham eeri-naharasya antimasthaanaroopen chitavaan, nayagara-square ityasya paschimadishi swasya bhavanam niramaat, yat samprati city-haal-sthalam vartate. 2020 niyagara square aarakshak himsaa ghatana. 2020 joon 4 dinaanke, nyuyaark-raajye jaarj-floyd-ityasya virodhasya madhye, bhaisha-aarakshak-vibhaagasya arakshakadhikarinaha niyagra-square-madhye sangharshasya samaye 75 varsheeyam martin-gugino-ityenam praavartayan, yena saha bhoomau patitah, yena tasya karnaat raktasraavam jaatam. saha chikitsaalayam aanitah, tasya sthitihi "gambheerah parantu sthirah" aasit."divasadvayaanantaram api saha eree-kauntee-chikitsaa-kendre" gambhir-avasthaayaam "asti iti soochitah aasit. patanen saha mastishkasya aghatam praapnot, aakramanasy praayah saptaahadwayaanantaram api saha chalitum asamarthah aasit. bee. pee. dee.-samsthaa swa-aadhikaarik-vaktavye uktavatee yat saha purushah "patitah patitah cha" iti. ghatanaayaah anantaram, bhaisah meyar bairan braun ityanena, nagaram marijuana-dharanartham bandhanam sthagayishyati, aarakshak-shareer-chitra-chitra-drushyaani nirgantum cha pratibandhaan sakshamaagruhet iti ghoshitam. bhavanaani smaarakaah cha. 20 shataabdyaah aarambhe, maikhel jey. ityasya, bhaisha-nagar-bhavanasya (1929-1931) nirmanena, aawaaseey-parisaraat sarvakaarasya kendram prati vargasya parivartanam aarabdham. dillan-smaarakam samyuktarajyamerika-nyayalayaha (1935), tathaa valter jey. mahonee-rajyakaryalaya-bhavanam (1928-1932). asmin chilekhe statler-gopuraani, bhaishaa-athletik-club, bhaishaa-nagar-nyayalaya-bhavanam, rabert-ech cha santi. vaayavyadishi sthitasya jaaksan-samyuktarajyamerika-nyayalayasya, anyeshu karyalaya-bhavananam cha. aadhunik-chaukasya madhyabhaage 1901 tame varshe paan-american-pradarshanikale mashyaah vadhasya smaranartham raashtrapati-makinley ityasya vadhasya smarakam vishaalam smarakam vartate.

niyagara sathuram niyagara sathukkam enbathu newyorkin erumaiyil ulla delaware avenue, court street, jeneesi street mattrum niyagara street aagiyavattrin kurukkuvettugalil amainthulla oru podhu sathukkam aagum. appoathaiya puthiya amsterdam kiraamaththirkaaga 1804 aam aandil avar vadivamaiththa josaph ellicatin asal radial theru vadivaththin maiya maiyamaaga idhu ullathu. idhu nagarap erumaiyin inaippaagath thodarkirathu. varalaaru. nayagara sathukkaththin thoattram 1763 aam aandil pirenchu mattrum inthiyap poarin mudivil irunthu thodangukirathu, idhu nayagara ellaiyil pirenchu maelaathikkaththai mudivukkuk konduvandhu ippaguthiyil niranthara kudiyaettraththin varugaiyaik kuriththathu. inthap poakku puratchikkup piragu athikariththathu, 1804 aam aandil josaph ellicott (1760-1826) erumai sittroadaiyin mugaththuvaaraththil ulla aeri eeri karaiyil ulla oru nagaraththai varaipadamaakkinaar. nagaraththin thalam maerku newyorkin perumbaguthiyai vaangkiya duchu niruvanamaana haaland nila niruvanaththin parantha nila udaimaigalin oru paguthiyaaga irunththathu. ulloor haaland nila niruvanaththin mugavaraaga irunththa elecott, thanathu thozhil vaazhkkaiyin thodakkaththil thanathu cakootharar andrew sarve piyarae ell 'enfantine washingtonil puthiya thalaynagarukkaana thittaththirku udhavinaar. ell 'enfantine washington selvaakku erumaigalukkaana elecatin vadivamaippil (muthalil puthiya amsterdam endru peyaridappattathu) udanadiyaagath therikirathu. aerikku arugil amainthulla niyagara sathukkam, ettu therukkal pala thisaikalil kathirveechchu seiyum maiyamaaga maariyathu. nayagara sathukkam vazhiyaaga sellum therukkalil delaware theru (1879 kkup piragu delaware avenue endru azhaikkappattathu) irunththathu, idhu arugilulla nayagara neerveelchchiyaich suttriyulla portage saalaikku adikkadi vantha inthiya kuzhukkalil ontrin peyaraal elecott peyaridappattathaagak koorappadugiradhu. puthiya nagaraththaip pattriya elecatin uyarnththa paarvai irunththapoathilum-inththa thalam "merkaththiya ulagin pirammaanda emboariyaththirkaaka iyarkaiyaal uruvaakkappattathu" endru avar koorinaar-erumaigal paththonpathaam noottraandin muthal kaalaandil oru siriya kiraamamaaga irunththana. irunththana noottraandil erumaip pasuvin selvamum makkalthogaiyum athikariththathaal, niyagara sathukkam oru virumbathakka kudiyiruppu mugavariyaaga maariyathu. mayer saamuvel wilkeson, erumaigal thuraimugaththaik kattuvatharkaana muyarchigalukku newyorg maanilam erumaiyai eeri kaalvaain munaiyamaaga thaerntheduththapoathu vegumathi aliththaar, niyagara sathukkaththin maerkup paguthiyil thanathu maaligaiyaik kattinaar, idhu tharpoothu nagara mandapaththin thalamaagum. 2020 niyagara sathukka bolees vanmurai sambavam. juun 4,2020 andru, newyorg maanilaththil jaarj floyd poaraattangkalukku matthiyil, erumaigal kaaval thuraiyaich saerntha bolees athikaarikal 75 vayathaana martin kukinovai niyagara sathukkaththil oru moathalin poathu thallinar, ithanaal avar tharaiyil vilunththaar, ithanaal avarukku kaathil irunthu raththam vadiththathu. avar maruthuvamanaikku kondu varappattaar, avar "aabaththaana aanaal nilaiyaana nilaiyil irunthaar."irandu naatkalukkup piragum avar innum eeri kavundi maruththuva maiyaththil" "aabaththaana nilaiyil" "iruppathaaka pattiyalidappattaar". veelchchiyin vilaivaaga avarukku moolai kaayam aerpattathu, maelum thaakkuthal nadanthu kittatthatta irandu vaarangkalukkup piragum avaraal nadakka mudiyavillai. pipidi thangal athikaarappoorva arikaiyil antha nabar "thavari vilunththu vittaar" endru kooriyadhu. inththa sambavaththaith thodarnthu, erumaiyin mayer byron pravun, marijuwana vaiththiruppatharkaana kaithugalai nagaram idainiruththuvathaagavum, bolees paadi camera kaatchigalai veliyiduvatharkaana kattuppaadugalai thalarththuvathaagavum arivitthaar. kattidangal mattrum ninaivuchchinnangal. kudiyiruppu suttruppuraththilirunthu arasaangkaththin maiyamaaga sathukkaththin maattram 20 aam noottraandin murpaguthiyil erumaigal nagara mandapam (1929-1931), michael jay. thillan ninaivu united states gordhows (1935), mattrum walder jay. mahoni maanila aluvalaga kattidam (1928-1932). inththa sathukkaththil statler koopurangal, erumaigal thadagala kilap, erumaigal nagara neethimandra kattidam, robbert ech aagiyavaiyum ullana. jackson vadamaerkup paguthiyil ulla america neethimandramum, pala aluvalaga kattidangalum ullana. naveena sathukkaththin maiyaththirkul 1901 aam aandin paan-america kankaatchiyin poathu erumaik kollapattu kollapatta janathipathi mckinley padukolai seiyappattathai ninaivukoorum oru periya ninaivuchinnam ullathu.

niagara square niagra square anedi newyorkloni gedeloni delaware avenue, kortu streat, genessy streat mariyu niagra streat koodalilo unna oka public square. idhi joseph ellikat yokka asalu radial veedhi namuunaaku kendramgaa undhi, dheenini athanu 1804loe appati nyuu amsterdam graamam kosam roopondinchaadu. idhi diguva gede yokka anubandhamgaa konasagutondi. charitra. niagara square yokka muulaalu 1763loe french mariyu bhaarata yuddham mugimpuku chendinavi, idhi niagara sarihaddupai french aadhipatyaanni antam chesi, eee praantamloo shaashwata sthaavaraala agamananni suuchistumdi. viplavam taruvaata eee dhorani perigindi, 1804loe joseph ellikat (1760-1826) gede creak mukhadwaram vadda unna erii sarassu odduna unna oka pattanaanni mapp chesaaru. nagaram yokka pradaesam paschima newyorklo ekkuva bhaganni konugolu chesina dutch samstha halland land company yokka vistaaramaina bhuswamulalo bhaagamgaa undedi. sthaanika halland land company agent ayina ellikat, thana kereer praarambhamlo thana sodarudu andrew survey pierry ell 'enfant yokka washingtonlo kotta rajadhani pranaalikaku sahayam chesaadu. gede kosam elikat roopondinchina roopakalpanalo (modata nyuu amsterdam anie paeru pettabadindi) ell 'enfant yokka washington prabhavam takshaname spashtamgaa kanipistundi. sarassu odduna unna niagara square, enimidi veedhulu aneka disalalo prasarinche kendramgaa maarindi. niagara square gundaa vellae veedhulalo delaware veedhi (1879 taruvaata delaware avenue anie piluvabadindi) undhi, dheeniki elikat sameepamloni niagara jalapaatam chuttoo portez rahadaarini tarachugaa sandarsinche bharatiya samoohaalalo okadaani paeru pettinatlu chebutaaru. kotta nagaram kosam ellikat yokka unnatamaina drushti unnappatikee-eee pradaesam "paaschaatya prapanchamlooni goppa emporium kosam prakrutichae abhivruddhi cheyabadindi" anie ayana annaru-gede pantommidava sataabdam modati traimasikam varaku oka chinna graamamgaa undipoyindi. 19va sataabdamloo gede sampada mariyu janabha peragadamtho, niagra square oka vaanchaneeya nivaasa chirunamaga maarindi. newyork rashtram gedenu erii kaaluva yokka antima sthaanamgaa enchukunnappudu gede naukaasrayaanni nirminchadaaniki chesina prayatnaalaku pratiphalam pondina mayer shamyul wilkeson, prastutam city haall unna niagra squareku paschimaana thana bhavananni nirminchaadu. 2020 niagra square pooliisu himsa sanghatana. juun 4,2020naa, newyork raashtramlo georg floyd nirasanala madhya, gede pooliisu saakhaku chendina pooliisu adhikarulu 75 yella martin guginonu niagara squarelo gharshana samayamlo nettivesi, neelapai padipovadaaniki kaaranamayyaaru, deenivalla athani chevi nundi raktasraavam ayindi. atanni aasupatriki teesukuvacchaaru mariyu "teevramaina conny sthiramaina sthithilo unnadu."rendu rojula taruvaata athanu inca erii county vaidya kendramlo" "klishtamaina sthithilo" "unnatlu jabita cheyabaddaadu". padipovadam valla athanu medaduku gayapaddadu mariyu daadi jarigina daadaapu rendu vaaraala tarvaata kooda nadavalekapoyadu. aaa vyakti "jaaripadi padipoyaadani" bipidi tama adhikaarika prakatanalo perkondi. eee sanghatana taruvaata, gede mayer byron braun ganjai kaligi unnanduku arrestlanu nilipivestaanani mariyu pooliisu boddy camera footageni vidudala cheyadampai aankshalanu sadalistamani prakatinchaaru. bhavanalu mariyu smaaraka chihnalu. nivaasa praantam nundi prabhutva kendraaniki chaturasram yokka parivartana 20va sataabdam praarambhamlo gede city haall (1929-1931), maikhel zhe. nirmaanamtho praarambhamaindi. dillon memorial united states court house (1935), mariyu dhi walter zhe. mahoni rashtra karyalaya bhavanam (1928-1932). eee square statler towerlu, gede athletic club, gede city kortu bhavanam, robbert hetch laku kooda nilayam. vaayuvya vaipuna jackson united states nyayasthaanam mariyu aneka itara karyalaya bhavanalu unnaayi. aadhunika square madhyalo 1901 paan-american exposition samayamlo gedelo hatyaku guraina adhyakshudu mckinley hatyaku gurthugaa oka pedda smaaraka chihnam undhi.

niyagara marbaa niyagara squire eek awami chook hay juu neoyork kay bafilo mein delaveer avenio court strait genesi strait aur niyagara strait kay chorahon parr waaqa hay. yaha jozaf elecoat kay asl redale strait pattern kaa markazi markaz hay jasay iss nay 1804 mein iss waqat kay gaaon neo amsterdam kay liye design kiyaa thaa. yaha shehar kay markaz mein mojud bhens kaa gath joad banaa hawaa hay. tareekh. niyagara chook kii ibtada 1763 mein francisi aur hindustani jung kay ikhtatam say hoyee jiss nay niyagara sarhad parr francisi taslat kaa khaatima kiyaa aur iss elaqay mein mustaqil aabaad kaaree kii aamad kuu nashaan zad kiyaa. inqilaab kay baad yaha rajhaan badh gayaa aur 1804 mein jozaf elecoat (1760-1826) nay bhens kii nadee kay manah parr jheel airee kay kinaray eek qasbey kaa nqsha banaya. shehar kaa maqaam holland lend company kay wasee araazi kaa hasah thaa juu eek dich farm thee jiss nay maghrabi neoyork kaa beshtar hasah kharida thaa. elikot juu holland lend company kay maqami agent thay nay apnay carrier kay sharoo mein apnay bhayee andrev kay sarway paiyar eel anfent kay washington mein nayey darulhukumat kay mansubay mein madad kii thee. eel anfent kay washington kaa asar elecoat kay bhens kay design mein aasani say zahir hotaa hay (pehley naam neo amsterdam). jheel kay kinaray kay qareeb waaqa niyagara marbaa wah markaz bunn gayaa jehaan say aath sadkein kayee samaton mein phailti thein. niyagara chook say guzarnay waali galiyon mein delaveer strait (jasay 1879 kay baad delaveer avenio kahaa jaataa hay) thee jiss kaa naam elecoat nay inn hindustani grohon mein say eek kay naam parr rakhaa hay juu qareebi niyagara aabshaar kay ard gird portage road parr aksar aatay thay. nayey shehar kay liye elecoat kay buland nazariye kay bawajood-inhon nay kahaa kahh yaha jagah "maghrabi duniya kay azeem alshaan umporium kay liye fitrat kii taraf say tayaar kii gayee thee"-bhens aneeswein sadee kii pehli sah maahi takk eek chhota saa gaaon rahee. jeesay jeesay 19 wein sadee mein bhens kii dolat aur aabadi mein izafah hawaa niyagara chook eek matlubah rehaishi patah bunn gayaa. mear simoil walkisan jinn kii bhens kii bandargah bananay kii koshishon kuu iss waqat anaam milaa jabb riyasat neoyork nay bhens kuu airee kinaal kay termins kay toor parr muntakhib kiyaa inhon nay niyagara squire kay maghrab kii taraf apnee haweeli tameer kii juu iss waqat stee haal kii jagah hay. 2020 niyagara squire police tashdad kaa waaqiah. 4 joone 2020 cow riyasat neoyork mein jaarj flyde kay muzahiron kay darmiyan mohkamah bhens police kay police afsaran nay niyagara chook mein tasadam kay doraan 75 saalah maartan gogino kuu dhakeel diyaa jiss kii wajah say wah zameen parr girr gayaa jiss kii wajah say iss kay kaan say khoon behah rehaa thaa. inhein hospital laaya gayaa aur inn kii haalat "sangeen leakin mustahkam" thee."duu dunn baad bhee wah airee county medical center mein" "tashweshnaak haalat" "mein darj thaa. garnay kay natijay mein inhein dimagh mein choot lagee aur hamlay kay taqriba duu haftay baad bhee wah chull nahein paa rahay thay. bee pee ddee nay apnay sarkaari biyaan mein daawi kiyaa kahh wah shaqs "phisal kirr girr gayaa". waaqiye kay baad bhens kay mear byron brown nay aalaan kiyaa kahh shehar chars rakhnay parr giraftariyon kuu rook day gaa aur police baadi kimray kii fotage jaari karnay parr pabandiyon mein narmi karay gaa. emaratein aur yaadgaarein. marbaa kii rehaishi mahley say hukumat kay markaz mein tabdili 20 wein sadee kay awail mein bhens stee haal (1929-1931)yee michael jay kii tameer kay saath sharoo hoyee. dlan memorial united steats court house (1935)yee aur walter jay. mehni riyasati daftar kii emarat (1928-1932). iss chook mein stateler towers bafilo athletic kalab bafilo stee court building raabart aich bhee haine. shamaal maghrab kii taraf jackson united steats court hows aur kayee deegar daftari emaratein. jadeed chook kay wast mein eek bury yaadgaar hay juu sadr meek kenlay kay qatal kii yaad mein hay jasay 1901 kii peen american numaish kay doraan bhens mein qatal kirr diyaa gayaa thaa.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52992563

Petroleum industry in Pakistan

Petroleum industry in Pakistan According to the United States Energy Information Administration (EIA), Pakistan may have over of petroleum oil and in natural gas (including shale gas) reserves. As per BP' Statistical Review of World Energy 2016, at the end of 2015 Pakistan had the following proved reserves of fuels: 0.9 Trillion cu m of natural gas and 2.07 Billion tons of coal (sub-bituminous and lignite). Oil industry. Discovery. Pakistan's first gas field was found in the late 1952 in Balochistan near a giant Sui gas field. The Toot oil field was not discovered until the early 1960s in the Punjab. The Most Rich resource in Khaur Company (Attock). It covers . Pakistan Petroleum and Pakistan Oilfields explored and began drilling these field with Soviet help in 1961 and activity began in Toot during 1964. History. The Toot area is one of the oldest oil producing regions in Pakistan with the first oilwell drilled in 1964 when President Ayub Khan encouraged a mineral development policy. It is located in Punjab Province, which area is located approximately 135 km southwest of the capital city of Islamabad. In 1964 the first well was drilled and commercial production started in 1967. There are about 60 million barrels of oil in place of which 12%-15% is recoverable. At its peak during 1986, the field was producing approximately 2,400 barrel of oil per day. It has grown steadily since then, producing both oil and, to a lesser degree, natural gas. Oil production was entirely confined to the Punjab till 1981, when Union Texas Pakistan discovered its first oil-field in Lower Sindh. By 1998-1999, the Lower Sindh gas-fields were producing more oil than the Punjab. Since then, new deposits have also been found here. Modern exploration. In 2005, the Vancouver-based 'International Sovereign Energy' signed a memorandum of understanding with the Oil and Gas Development Company Limited, Pakistan's national oil company, to develop the Toot field. Schlumberger Oilfield Services first started operations in early 2006. After favorable results, the Vancouver based 'Junior oil' and International 'Sovereign Energy Corp'. Oil and gas exploration companies signed a memorandum of agreement with the Oil and Gas Development Company Limited, Pakistan's national oil company, in mid-2005, to develop the Toot field in Punjab Province, near the capital city of Islamabad. The company is also providing electricity to locals living around the residential camps of Toot oil field and the neighbouring Missa Keswaal oil field. Oil refining industry. There are five main oil refineries in Pakistan with a combined capacity of approximately 450,000 barrels of crude oil per day (bpd), equivalent to 20 million tonnes per annum. Cnergyico PK Limited is the largest oil refiner, with its oil refining complex in the Balochistan province able to refine up to 156,000 barrels per day of crude oil. The country's five oil refineries process crude oil produced in Pakistan and from other countries to produce refined petroleum products such as High Speed Diesel (HSD), Motor Gasoline (MS), Furnace Oil (FO), Light Diesel Oil (LDO), High-Octane Blending Component (HOBC), Jet fuel (JP-1&JP-8), Kerosene, Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG), and Naphtha. The domestic oil refining industry typically meets 60% of Pakistan's diesel, 30% of motor gasoline, and 100% of jet fuel demand. The jet fuel is primarily used for defence purposes. Natural gas industry. Natural gas production is at a relatively high level and remaining reserves are estimated to be about 885.3 billion cu m (1 January 2009 est.). Pakistan's gas fields are only expected to last for about another 20 years at the most due to heavy industrial usage. The Sui gas field is the biggest natural gas field in Pakistan. It is located near Sui in Balochistan. The gas field was discovered in the late 1952 and the commercial exploitation of the field began in 1955. Sui gas field accounts for 6% of Pakistan's gas production. Remaining reserves are estimated to be at about 800 billion cubic feet (tcf) and the daily production is around of natural. The operator of the field is Pakistan Petroleum Limited. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

pakistanor petro "liam udyug aamerika juktorastror xokti tothyo proxaxon (ee. aai. e.) ror mote, pakistanot petro "liam tel aaru prakritik ges (xel gesoke dhori) ror bhandar thakibo paare. biswo xokti 2016ror bi. pi.-ror porixongkhyagot porzaluchona onuxori, 2015 sonor xexot pakistanot nimnolikhito indhonor bhandar aasiloh 0.9 trillion kiu. mii. prakritik ges aaru 2.7 billion tonn koyola (upo-bituminus aaru lignite). tel udyug. abiskar. pakistanor prothomtu ges khyetro 1952 sonor xexor faale beluchistanot etaa bixal sui ges khyetror usorot puwa goisil. 1960-ror doxokor aarombhonir aagoloike ponjawot tott tel khyetro abiskar koraa huwa nasil. saur company (aatuk) ror ataitkoi xomridho xompod. ee aawori raakhe. pakistanor petro "liam aaru pakistanor tel khetroxomuhe 1961 sonot subhiyetor xohayot ei khetrobur onwexon kori khonon aarombho korisil aaru 1964 sonot ei khetroburot kaam-kaaj aarombho hoisil. itihax. 1964 sonot rastropoti ayubo khaane khonij unnoyon nitik utxahito korar xomoyot prothom tel kuwa khonon korar xoite tut onchol pakistanor ataitkoi puroni tel utpadonkari oncholxomuhor bhitorot etaa. ee ponjab prodexot owosthito, ji oncholtu rajdhani sohor islamabador poraa pray 135 kilometer dokhyin-poschime owosthito. 1964 sonot prothom kuwa khon khonon koraa hoisil aaru 1967 sonot banijyik utpadon aarombho hoisil. pray 6 kuti berel tel aase jaar thait 12%-15% punoruddharjugyo. 1986 sonot iyar xirxot thoka xomoyot, ei khetrokhone protidine pray 2,400 berel tel utpadon kori aasil. tetiyar poraa ee tel aaru komm porimane prakritik ges duyuta utpadon kori kromanwoye briddhi paise. 1981 sonot jetiya union texus pakistane nimno xindhot prothom tel-khyetro abiskar korisil, tetiya tel utpadon xompurnorupe ponjawot ximabodho aasil. 1998-1999-ror bhitorot nimno xindhu ges-khetroxomuhe ponjawotkoi odhik tel utpadon korisil. tetiyar poraa iyat notun jomau puwa goise. aadhunik onwexon. 2005 sonot, venkuvar-bhittik 'antohrastriyo xarbobhoumo xokti' ye pakistanor rastriyo tel company tel aaru ges unnoyon company limitedor xoite tott khetrotur bikaxor baabe ek bujabujir suktit swakhyor kore. slumberger tel khyetro xewa prothombaror baabe 2006 sonor aarombhonite aarombho hoisil. onukul folafolor pisot, venkuvar bhittik 'juniyor oil' aaru antohrastriyo 'xarbobhoumo xokti nigom'. tel aaru ges onwexon companyxomuhe 2005 sonor majbhagot pakistanor rastriyo tel company tel aaru ges unnoyon company limitedor xoite rajdhani sohor islamabador usoror ponjab prodexot tott fieldtu bikoxito koriboloi ek sukti swakhyor korisil. companytuwe tut tel khyetror awaxik xibir aaru suburiya misa keswal tel khyetror aaxe-paxe baax koraa sthaniyo lukoxokolok bidyut jugan dhorise. tel xudhon udyug. pakistanot pasta mukhyo tel xudhnagar aase jaar doinik pray 4,50,000 berel (bipidi) muth khyomota aase, ji proti bosore 2 kuti tonor xomotulyo. conorgicu pike limited hoise xorbobrihot tel xudhok, beluchistan prodexot iyar tel xudhok porixore protidine 156,000 berel porjonto oxudhito tel poriskar koriboloi xokhyom. dexkhonor pasta tel xudhonagare pakistan aaru aan dexor poraa utpadito kharuwa tel prokriya kori uscho gotir digel (aissd), motor gexulin (ms), furness oil (efo "), light digel oil (eldiu), haai-octain blending component (hobsi), jett indhon (jepi-1 aaru jepi-8), kerasin, torol petro" liam ges (lpg), aaru nafthar dore porixudhito petro "liam xamogri utpadon kore. ghoruwa tel xudhnagar udyugtuwe xadharonote pakistanor digelor 60 xotangxo, motor petro "lor 30 xotangxo aaru jett indhonor sahidar 100% puron kore. jett indhon prodhankoi protirokhyar uddesye byobohar koraa hoy. prakritik ges udyug. prakritik gesor utpadon tulonamulokbhabe uscho storot aase aaru baaki bhandar pray 885.3 billion ghonomitar (1 january 2009 anumanik) hoh 'bob buli onuman koraa hoise.). pakistanor ges khetroxomuh prosur oudyugik byoboharor baabe xorbadhik maatro aaru pray 20 bosorhe thakibo buli aaxa koraa hoise. sui ges khyetro hoise pakistanor ataitkoi dangor prakritik ges khyetro. ee beluchistanor suir usorot owosthito. 1952 sonor xexor faale ges khetrotu abiskar koraa hoisil aaru 1955 sonot ei khyetror banijyik xuxon aarombho hoisil. sui ges khyetre pakistanor ges utpadonor 6 xotangxo bohon kore. baaki thoka bhandar pray 800 billion ghonphut (tcf) hoh 'bob buli onuman koraa hoise aaru doinik utpadon pray prakritik. ei khyetror porisalok hoise pakistan petro "liam limited.

pakistaner petroleum shilp markin juktorashtrer jalani tothyo proshashoner (ee. aaee. ayee) motey, pakistaner petroleum teela ebong prakritik gasser (shale gyasa soho) mojud thakte paare. 2016 saaler bishwa shaktir porisongkhangoto porjalochona anujayi, 2015 saaler sheshe pakistaner nimnolikhito jalanir proman majut chhiloh 0.9 trillion ghanamitar prakritik gyasa ebong 2.7 billion tonn koyla (saab-bituminus ebong lignite). teela shilp. abishkar. pakistaner prothom gaskhetro 1952 saaler shesher dike beluchistane ekti bishal sui gaskhetrer kachhe pawa yaay. 1960-err doshoker godar dike panjabe toot telkhetro abishkrito hoyney. khor companyr (attock) sabcheye samriddha sompod. etty ddheke deyo. 1961 saale sobhiyeter sahayatai pakistaner petroleum oo pakistaner telkhetroguli anusandhan korey khonon shuru korey ebong 1964 saale kaaj shuru hoy. itihas. 1964 saale rashtrapati ayyub khaan jokhon khaniz unnayan nitike utsahito korechilen, tokhon prothom teela koop khonon korey toot anchalti pakistaner prachintama teela utpadonkari anchalgulir modhye ekti. etty panjab prodeshe abosthito, jaa rajdhani shohor islamabad theke pray 135 kilometres dakkhin-poschime abosthito. 1964 saale prothom koop khonon koraa hoy ebong 1967 saale banijyik utpadon shuru hoy. pray 6 kotee barrell teela royeche jaar poriborte 12%-15% punoruddharjoggo. 1986 saale jokhon eyi khettroti sorbochcho porjaye chhilo, tokhon protidin pray 2,400 barrell teela utpadon korchilo. tarpor theke etty kromagoto briddhi peyeche, teela ebong kichuta holeo prakritik gyasa ubhayi utpadon korche. 1981 saal porjonto teela utpadon sampurnarupe panjabe seemaboddho chhilo, jokhon union texus pakistan nimno sindha-ayee taar prothom telkhetro abishkar korey. 1998-1999-err modhye, nimno sindhu gyasa-khetroguli panjaber tulna beshi teela utpadon korchilo. tarpor theke ekhane notun amanoto pawa geche. adhunik anusandhan. 2005 saale, vancouver-vittik 'antorjatik sarbobhoumo shakti' pakistaner jatiya teela sangostha teela oo gyasa unnayan sangostha limiteder saathe toot khettrer unnoyoner jonno ekti samajhota smarok swakkhar korey. 2006 saaler godar dike slumberger telkhetro porishebaguli prothom kaaj shuru korey. anukul folafoler porey, vancouver vittik 'junior oyela' ebong antorjatik 'sarbobhoumo shakti karporeshana'. teela oo gyasa anusandhan sangosthaguli 2005 saaler majhamajhi somoye pakistaner jatiya teela sangostha teela oo gyasa unnayan sangostha limiteder saathe rajdhani islamabader kachhe panjab prodeshe toot khettrer unnoyoner jonno ekti chukti swakkhar korey. companity toot telkhetrer abasik shibir ebong parshoborti missa casewall telkhetrer ashepashe bosobaskari sthanioder bidyut sarbaraha korche. teela shodhnagar shilp. pakistane panchti prodhan teela shodhnagar royeche jaar sommilito khomota protidin pray 4,50,000 barrell oporishodhito teela (bpd), jaa proti bochor 2 kotee toner samatulya. conergico pike limited holl brihottomo teela shodhak, jaar belochistan prodeshe teela shodhnagar protidin 156,000 barrell porjonto oporishodhito teela shodhnagar korte sokkhom. desher panchti teela shodhnagar pakistan ebong anyanno desh theke utpadito oporishodhito teela prakriyakaran korey jemon uchcho gotir digel (aechsd), motor petrol (ms), chulli teela (efo), halka digel teela (eldio), uchcho-octain mishran upadan (hobbs), jeeta jalani (jepi-1 ebong jepi-8), kerosin, torolikrito petroleum gyasa (lpg) ebong naftha. abhyantarin teela shodhnagar shilp sadharonoto pakistaner digeler 60 shotangsho, motor petroler 30 shotangsho ebong jeeta jalanir chahida puron korey. jeeta jalani mulat protirokkhar uddeshye byabohrito hoy. prakritik gyasa shilp. prakritik gasser utpadon tulonamulokbhabe uchcho store royeche ebong aboshishto mojud pray <aaee. dii. 1> billion cue. mii (1 januari 2009 anuman) boley anuman koraa hoy.). bharee shilp byaboharer karone pakistaner gyasa khetroguli arow pray 20 bochor sthayi hobey boley aasha koraa hachche. sui gyasa khettro pakistaner brihottomo prakritik gyasa khettro. etty beluchistaner suiyer kachhe abosthito. 1952 saaler shesher dike gyasa khettroti abishkrito hoy ebong 1955 saale eyi khettrer banijyik byabohar shuru hoy. sui gyasa khettro pakistaner gyasa utpadoner 6 shotangsho. aboshishto mojud pray 800 billion cubic foot (tii. shee. eff) boley anuman koraa hoy ebong daeenik utpadon pray prakritik. eyi khettrer porichalonakari holl pakistan petroleum limited.

pakistanma petroliyama udhyog united states energy infirmation administration (ee. aaee. aee.) anusaar, pakistan paase petroliyama teela aneey koodarti gases (shhale gases saheet) bhandar hoi shake chhe. vishva urjaa 2016nee bii. pii. aankadaakiy samiksha anusaar, 2015naa antamaa pakistan paase indhanno neecheno saabit bhandar hatoh 0.9 trillion ghanmeetar koodarti gases aneey 2.7 abaj tunn kolaso (sub-bituminus aneey lignite). teela udhyog. shodh. pakistannu pratham gases kshetra 1952naa antamaa baluchistaanmaa aek vishaal suee gases kshetra najik malee aavyu hatoo. punjabma 1960naa daaykaani sharuaat sudhee toot oil fieldnee shodh thaee naa hatee. khoor kampani (atak) maan sauthee samruddh sansadhan. teey aavari leey chhe. pakistan petroliyama aneey pakistanna teela kshetroae 1961maan soviyetni madadthi aaa kshetrani shodh curry aneey temaa khodkaam sharoo karyoo aneey 1964 darmiyan aaa pravrutee sharoo thaee. itihas. toot vistaar pakistanma sauthee junaa teela utpaadak pradeshomaano aek chhe, jemaa 1964maan pratham telnaa koova khodvaamaa aavyaa hataa, jyaare rashtrapati ayyub khaane khanij vikaas niteene protsaahan aapyu hatoo. teey punjab praantmaa stheet chhe, jeey vistaar raajdhaani shaher islamabadthi aashre 135 kimee dakshinpashchim stheet chhe. 1964maan pratham koovo khodvaamaa aavyo hato aneey 1967maan vyaapaari utpaadan sharoo thayu hatoo. lagbhag 6 carode beral teela chhe, jenee jagyae aaee. dii. 1 punahpraapt curry shakaay tevu chhe. 1986 darmiyan tenee toach parr, aaa kshetra darroj aashre 2,400 beral telanu utpaadan curry rahyu hatoo. tyaarthi teey satat vadhee rahyu chhe, teela aneey ochha pramanma koodarti gases bannenu utpaadan karey chhe. telanu utpaadan 1981 sudhee sampurnpane punjab sudhee maryadit hatoo, jyaare union taxas pakistane neechala sindhamaa tenu pratham teela kshetra shodhyu hatoo. 1998-1999 sudhimaa, neechala seendh gases-kshetro punjab karataa vadhu telanu utpaadan curry rahyaa hataa. tyaarthi aheen navee thaapano pann malee aavee chhe. aadhunik sanshodhan. 2005maan, vancouvor stheet 'aantarrashtriy saarvbhaum urjaa' aee pakistanni raashtriy teela kampani, oil anned gases development kampani limited saathe toot kshetra vikasavva maate samajooti karaar parr hastakshar karyaa hataa. sclumberger oilfield services saupratham 2006nee sharuaatmaa sharoo thaee hatee. anookool parinaamo pachhi, vancuver aadharit 'juniyar oil' aneey aantarrashtriy 'saarvbhaum urjaa nigam'. teela aneey gases sanshodhan companyoae 2005naa madhyamaa, raajdhaani islamabad najik punjab praantmaa toot kshetra vikasavva maate, pakistanni raashtriy teela kampani, oil anned gases development kampani limited saathe karaarnaa memorandum parr hastakshar karyaa hataa. kampani toot oil filled aneey padoshi missa keswal oil fieldnee rahenank chhavanioni aaspaas raheta sthaaneek lokone pann vijadee puurii paadee rahee chhe. teela shuddhikaran udhyog. pakistanma paanch mukhya teela refineryo chhe, jenee sanyukt kshamata darroj aashre 4,50,000 beral (bii. pii. dii.) chhe, jeey vaarshik 2 carode tunny samkaksh chhe. kanjiko peeke limited sauthee motoo teela refiner chhe, jenu teela refining sankul baluchistan praantmaa chhe, jeey darroj 156,000 beral sudhee kaacha telanu refining curry shake chhe. deshnee paanch teela refineryo pakistan aneey anya deshomathi utpaadit kaacha teela parr prakriyaa karey chhe, jethee hye speed diszle (aechaesadi), motara gasoline (ms), furness oil (aefao), light diszle oil (ldo), hye-octain blending component (hobsi), jett fuel (jepee-1 aneey jepee-8), carosine, liquified petroliyama gases (aela. pii. jee.) aneey naftha jevaa shuddh petroliyama utpadanonu utpaadan curry shakaay. sthaaneek teela shuddhikaran udhyog saamanya reete pakistanna 60 takaa diszle, 30 takaa motara gasoline aneey jett indhanni maangne purn karey chhe. jett indhanno upyog mukhyatve sanraxan hetuo maate thaay chhe. koodarti gases udhyog. koodarti gesanu utpaadan pramanma unchaa stare chhe aneey baakino bhandar aashre 885.3 abaj ghana meater (1 january 2009 andajit) hovaano andaaj chhe.). bhaare audhyogik upyogne kaarane pakistanna gases kshetro vadhune vadhu lagbhag 20 varsh sudhee jaj tucky rahevani dhaarnaa chhe. suee gases kshetra pakistannu sauthee motoo koodarti gases kshetra chhe. teey baluchistaanmaa suee najik stheet chhe. 1952naa antamaa gases kshetrani shodh thaee hatee aneey 1955maan aaa kshetranu vyaavsaayik shoshan sharoo thayu hatoo. pakistanna gases utpadanma suee gases kshetrano hisso 6 takaa chhe. baakino bhandar aashre 800 abaj ghanfoot (tii. see. aef.) hovaano andaaj chhe aneey dainik utpaadan koodarti chhe. aaa kshetranu sanchalan pakistan petroliyama limited karey chhe.

pakistan mein petroleum udyog sanyukt raajya oorjaa soochana prashaasan (ee. aaee. aeye.) key anusaar, pakistan key paas petroleum tail aur praakritik gais (shale gais sahit) bhandar hoe sakate hain. vishva oorjaa 2016 kii bee. pee. saankhyikiya sameeksha key anusaar, 2015 key anta mein pakistan key paas nimnalikhit eendhan key bhandar saabit hueh 0.9 trillion kyu. aim. praakritik gais aur 2.7 arab tunn koyla (upa-bituminus aur lignite). tail udyog. khoj. pakistan kaa pahala gais kshetra 1952 key anta mein ack vishal suee gais kshetra key paas balochistan mein paaya gayaa thaa. panjab mein 1960 key dashak kii shuruat taka toot tail kshetra kii khoj naheen hui thee. khurr company (attock) mein sabse samriddh sansaadhan. yeh cover kartaa haye. pakistan petroleum aur pakistan key tail kshetron ney 1961 mein soviyat sahaayata seey inn kshetron kii khoj kii aur khudai shuru kii aur 1964 key dauran inn kshetron mein gatividhi shuru hui. itihas. toot kshetra pakistan key sabse puraane tail utpaadak kshetron mein seey ack haye, jisamen 1964 mein pahala tail koop khoda gayaa thaa, jaba rashtrapati ayyub khaan ney khanij vikas neeti koo protsaahit kiya thaa. yeh panjab praant mein sthit haye, joe kshetra rajdhani shahar islamabad seey lagbhag 135 kimmy dakshin-paschim mein sthit haye. 1964 mein pahala kuaan khoda gayaa aur 1967 mein vaanijyik utpaadan shuru huaa. lagbhag 60 million bairal tail haye jisake sthaan parr 12%-15% punarpraapt kiya jaa sakata haye. 1986 key dauran apane charam parr, kshetra prati dinn lagbhag 2,400 bairal tail kaa utpaadan curr rhaa thaa. taba seey yeh tail aur cumm matra mein praakritik gais donon kaa utpaadan karate hue lagaatar badh rhaa haye. tail utpaadan poori tarah seey 1981 taka panjab taka hii seemit thaa, jaba union texas pakistan ney nichale sindh mein apane pahale tail kshetra kii khoj kii. aaee. dee. 1. key anusaar, nichale sindh gais-kshetra panjab kii tulanaa mein adhik tail kaa utpaadan curr rahey they. taba seey, yahaan naee jamaa bhee paaee gaee hain. aadhunik anveshan. 2005 mein, vancouver-adharit 'antarrashtriya samprabhu oorjaa' ney pakistan kii rashtriya tail company, tail aur gais vikas company limitted key saath toot kshetra koo vikasit karane key liye ack samjhauta gyaapan parr hastakshar kiye. slumberger tail kshetra sevaaon ney pahali baar 2006 kii shuruat mein parichaalan shuru kiya. anukool parinamon key baad, vancouver adharit 'junier oyal' aur antarrashtriya 'samprabhu oorjaa nigam'. tail aur gais anveshan companiyon ney 2005 key madhya mein pakistan kii rashtriya tail company, tail aur gais vikas company limitted key saath ack samjhaute key gyaapan parr hastakshar kiye, taaki rajdhani shahar islamabad key paas panjab praant mein toot kshetra koo vikasit kiya jaa sakey. company toot tail kshetra key aavaasiya shiviron aur padosi missa keswal tail kshetra key aspas rahane vaale sthaaniya logon koo bhee bijli pradaan curr rahee haye. tail shodhan udyog. pakistan mein paanch mukhya tail refineries hain jinaki sanyukt kshamata lagbhag 450,000 bairal prati dinn (bee. pee. dee.) haye, joe prati varsh 20 million tunn key barabar haye. synergico peeke limitted sabse badaa tail refiner haye, jiska tail shodhan parisar baluchistan praant mein prati dinn 156,000 bairal kachche tail koo parishkrit karane mein saksham haye. desh kii paanch tail refineries pakistan aur anya deshon seey utpaadit kachche tail koo uchch gati vaale deejal (hsd), motor gasoline (ms), bhatti tail (fo), halke deejal tail (ldo), uchch-octain sammishran ghatak (hobsey), jett eendhan (jp-1 aur jp-8), mitty kaa tail, taralikrit petroleum gais (ell. pee. jee.) aur naftha jaise parishkrit petroleum utpaadon kaa utpaadan karane key liye sansaadhit karati hain. gharelu tail shodhan udyog aamtaur parr pakistan key deejal kaa 60 pratishat, motor gasoline kaa 30 pratishat aur jett eendhan kii maang kaa 100% puuraa kartaa haye. jett eendhan kaa upayog mukhya roop seey raksha uddeshyon key liye kiya jaataa haye. praakritik gais udyog. praakritik gais kaa utpaadan apekshaakrit uchch star parr haye aur shesh bhandar lagbhag 885.3 billion kyu aim (1 janwari 2009 anuman) honey kaa anuman haye.). pakistan key gais kshetra kewal bhaari audyogik upayog key kaaran lagbhag agale 20 varshon taka chalane kii ummeed haye. suee gais kshetra pakistan kaa sabse badaa praakritik gais kshetra haye. yeh baluchistan mein suee key paas sthit haye. 1952 key anta mein gais kshetra kii khoj kii gaee thee aur 1955 mein kshetra kaa vaanijyik dohan shuru huaa. pakistan key gais utpaadan mein suee gais kshetra kaa yogdan 6 pratishat haye. shesh bhandar lagbhag 800 arab ghana phut (tii. see. aff.) honey kaa anuman haye aur dainik utpaadan lagbhag praakritik haye. iss kshetra kaa sanchaalak pakistan petroleum limitted haye.

pakistanadalli petroleum udyama united states energy information administration (iea) prakara, pakistanavu petroleum taila mattu naisargika anilada (shale anila seridante) nikshepagalannu hondirabahudu. 2016rahra vishwa shaktiya anki amshagala samiksheya prakara, 2015rahra koneyalli pakistanavu ee kelagina indhanagala nikshepagalannu hondittuh 0.9 trillion ghana meater naisargika anila mattu 2.7 billion tunn kalliddalu (upa-bituminus mattu lignite). taila udyama. avishkara. pakistanada modala anila kshetravu 1952rahra koneyalli baloochistaanadalli daitya sui anila kshetrada bully kandubanditu. 1960rahra dashakada aarambhadavarege panjabnalli ee togateya taila kshetravannu kanduhidiyalaagalilla. idu khaur kampaniya (attack) atyanta srimanta sampanmoolavaagide. idu aavarisuttade. pakistanada petroleum mattu pakistanada taila kshetragalu 1961ralli soviyat sahayadinda ee kshetravannu parishodhisi koreyalu praarambhisidavu mattu 1964ralli chatuvatikegalu aarambhavaadavu. itihaasa. 1964ralli adhyaksha ayyub khaan khanija abhivruddhi nitiyannu prootsaahisidaaga modala taila baaviyannu koreyuva moolaka toot pradeshavu pakistanada atyanta haleya taila utpaadisuva pradeshagalalli ondaagide. idu punjab praantyadallide, idu rajadhani islaamaabaadninda nairtyakke sumaru 135 kii. mea. dooradallide. 1964ralli modala baaviyannu koreyalaayitu mattu 1967ralli vanijya utpaadaneyannu praarambhisalaayitu. sumaru 60 dasalaksha barrell tailaviddu adara badalige aii. dii. 1 annu marupadeyabahudu. 1986ralli garishta mattadalliddaaga, ee kshetravu dinakke sumaru 2,400 barrell tailavannu utpaadisuttittu. andininda idu sthiravaagi beledu, taila mattu swalpa mattige naisargika anila eradannoo utpaadisuttide. 1981ralli union texas pakistanavu tanna modala taila kshetravannu sindh naa kelabhagadalli kanduhidiyuvavaregu taila utpaadaneyu sampoornavaagi panjabige simitavagittu. <aii. dii. 1] rahra hottige, kela sindh anila kshetragalu panjabginta hecchu tailavannu utpaadisuttiddavu. andininda, illi hosa thevanigalu saha kandubandive. aadhunika anveshane. 2005ralli, vancouver moolada 'antararashtriya saarvabhouma shakti' yuu pakistanada rashtriya taila kampaniyaada taila mattu anila abhivruddhi kampani limited nondige toot kshetravannu abhivraddhipadisalu tilivalike oppandakke sahi haakitu. slumberger tailakshetra sevegalu 2006rahra aarambhadalli modala baarige karyacharaneyannu praarambhisidavu. anukulakara phalitaamshagala nantara, vancouver moolada 'junier ayil' mattu antararashtriya 'saarvabhouma indhana nigama'. taila mattu anila parishodhaka kampanigalu 2005rahra madhyabhaagadalli pakistanada rashtriya taila kampaniyaada taila mattu anila abhivruddhi kampani limited jote oppandakke sahi haakidavu, rajadhani islamabad baliya punjab praantyadalli toot kshetravannu abhivraddhipadisalu. kampaniyu toot taila kshetra mattu nereya missa keswal taila kshetrada vasati shibiragala sutta vasisuva sthaliyarige vidyut odagisuttide. taila samskarane udyama. pakistanadalli aidu pramukha taila samskaranaagaaragaliddu, dinakke sumaru 450,000 byarelgalashtu kachcha tailavannu (bpd) ottugudisuva saamarthyavannu hondiddu, idu varshakke 20 dasalaksha tangalige samanagiruttade. sinjaiko pickay limited atidodda taila samskaranaagaaravaagiddu, baluchistana praantyadalliruva adara taila samskarana sankeernavu dinakke 156,000 byarelgalashtu kachcha tailavannu samskarisalu samarthavaagide. deshada aidu taila samskaranaagaaragalu pakistan mattu itara deshagalinda utpattiyaguva kachcha tailavannu samskarisi, hyspeed deesal (hsd), motaru gasoline (ms), furnace ayil (efo), light deesal ayil (ldo), hye-octain blending component (habsi), jett indhana (jp-1 mattu jp-8), seemeaenne, dravikruta petroleum anila (elpg) mattu naftha muntaada samskarisida petroleum utpannagalannu utpaadisuttave. deshiya taila samskarana udyamavu samanyavagi pakistanada shekada 60rashtu deesal, shekada 30rashtu motaru gasoline mattu jett indhanada bedikeyannu pooraisuttade. jett indhanavannu prathamikavagi raxana uddeshagaligaagi balasalaaguttade. naisargika anila udyama. naisargika anilada utpaadaneyu tulanaatmakavaagi hecchina mattadallide mattu ulida nikshepagalu sumaru 885.3 shatakoti ghana meater (1 janavari 2009rahra andaju) endu andaajisalaagide.). bhaaree kaigarika balakeyindaagi pakistanada anila kshetragalu innoo sumaru 20 varshagala kaala maatra uliyuva niriksheyide. sui anila kshetravu pakistanada atidodda naisargika anila kshetravagide. idu baloochistaanada sui bully ide. 1952rahra koneyalli anila kshetravannu kanduhidiyalaayitu mattu 1955ralli ee kshetrada vanijya balake praarambhavaayitu. pakistanada anila utpaadaneyalli sui anila kshetravu shekada 6rashtide. ulida misalugalu sumaru 800 shatakoti ghana addi (tii. sii. eff) endu andaajisalaagide mattu dainandina utpaadaneyu naisargikavagide. ee kshetrada nirvaahaka pakistan petroleum limited aagide.

paakkisthaanile petroleum vyavasaayam yunaittad stetts energy information administration (iii. aii. eiii) anusarichu, paakkisthaanil petroleum ennayudeyum prakruthivaathakathinteyum (sheyil vaathakam ulppede) shekharam undayirikkaam. 2016leeii loka oorjjathekkurichulla bii. pii. yude sthithivivarakkanakku avalokanam anusarichu, 2015 avasaanathode paakkisthaanil inipparayunna indhana shekharam theliyikkapettu 0.9 trilyan qm prakrithivaathakavum 2.7 bilyan tonn kalkary (sub-bituminus, lignite). enna vyavasaayam. kandethal. 1952 avasaanathode baloochisthaanil oru bheeman sui vathaka shethrathinu sameepamaan paakkisthaante aadyathe vathaka mandalam kandethiyathu. 1960kalude arambham vare panchaabil toot oayil feeld kandethiyirunnilla. khor kambaniyile (attokk) ettavum sambannamaaya vibhavam. athu ulkkollunnu. paakistaan petroleum, paakistaan ennappaadangal 1961ll soviyatt sahaayathode paryavekshanam cheyyukayum thurankam thottaan aarambikkukayum 1964ll pravartthanam aarambikkukayum cheythu. charithram. 1964ll president ayyub khaan dhaatu vikasana nayathe prothsaahippichappol aadyathe ennakkinar thurathiya paakkisthaanile ettavum pazhaya enna ulppaadana pradesangalilonnaanu toot pradesham. thalasthaana nagariyaya islaamaabaadil ninnu ekadesham 135 kilometer thekkupadinjaraayi sthithi cheiyunna panchab pravisyayilaanu ithu sthithi cheiyunnathu. 1964ll aadyathe kinner thurathukayum 1967ll vaanijya uthppaadanam aarambikkukayum cheythu. ekadesham 60 dasalaksham barrell ennayundu, athil aii. dii. 1 veendedukkaavunnathaanu. 1986ll ettavum uyarnna nilayilaayirunna eee vayalil prathidinam ekadesham 2,400 barrell enna uthppaadippikkappedukayi. athinusesham ithu kramanugathamaayi valarukayum ennayum oru paridhivare prakrithivaathakavum uthppaadippikkukayum cheythu. 1981ll union texas paakistaan thangalude aadyathe ennappaadam thaazhnna sindh mekhalayil kandethunnathuvare enna uthppaadanam poornnamaayum panchaabil mathramaayirunnu. <aii. dii. 1] aayappozhekkum thaazhnna sindh vaathakappaadangal panchaabinekkaal kooduthal enna uthppaadippikkayaayirunu. athinusesham puthiya nikshepangalum ivide kandethiyittundu. aadhunika paryavekshanam. 2005ll vancouver aasthaanamaayulla 'anthaaraashtra paramadhikaara oorjjam' paakkisthaante deseeya enna kambaniyaaya oayil aandu gyaas development kambani limittadumayi toot feeld vikasippikkunnathinayi oru dhaaranaapathrathil oppuvachu. 2006-nte thudakkathil schlumberger ooyilfeeld sevanangal aadyamaayi pravartthanam aarambhichu. anukoolamaaya falangalkku sesham, vancouver aasthaanamaayulla 'juuniyar oayil', anthaaraashtra 'soverine energy korppareshan' enniva pravartthanam aarambhichu. thalasthaana nagariyaya islaamaabaadinaduthulla panchab pravisyayil toot feeld vikasippikkunnathinayi 2005 madhyathil enna, vathaka paryaveshana kambanikal paakisthaante deseeya enna kambaniyaaya oayil aandu gyaas development kambani limittadumayi oru karar oppittu. toot oayil feeldinteyum ayal misa keswal oayil feeldinteyum residential campukalkku chuttum thamasikkunna pradeshavaasikalkkum kambani vaidyuthi nalkunnu. enna shudheekarana vyavasaayam. prathidinam ekadesham 450,000 barrell crude oayil (bpd) enna samyojitha sheshiyulla anchu pradhana enna shudheekaranashaalakal paakisthaanilundu, ithu prathivarsham 20 dasalaksham tunninu thulyamaanu. baluchistan pravishyayile enna shudheekarana samuchayathinu prathidinam 156,000 barrell asamskritha enna shudheekarikkaan kazhiyunna ettavum valia enna shudheekarana kambaniyaanu konjeriko pike limittad. raajyathe anchu enna shudheekaranashaalakal paakkisthaanilum mattu rajyangalil ninnum uthppaadippikkunna asamskritha enna samskarichu athivega deesal (echsd), motor gasoline (ems), furnace oayil (epho), laitt deesal oayil (eldo), hye-okdeyn blending ghadakam (hobsey), jettu indhanam (jepi-1 & jepi-8), mannenna, draveekritha petroleum vaathakam (elpiji), naphta thudangiya shudheekaricha petroleum uthppannangal uthppaadippikkunnu. aabhyanthara enna shudheekarana vyavasaayam saadhaaranayaayi paakisthaante deesalinte 60 sathamaanavum motor gyaasolinte 30 sathamaanavum jettu indhana aavashyathinte aii. dii. 1 umm niravettunnu. jettu indhanam pradhaanamaayum prathirodha aavasyangalkkaanu upayogikkunnathu. prakrithivaathaka vyavasaayam. prakrithivaathaka uthppaadanam thaarathamyena uyarnna nilayilaanu, backie shekharam ekadesham 885.3 bilyan qm (1 januvari 2009 esttimettu) aanennu kanakkaakkappedunnu.). kanatha vyaavasaayika upayogam kaaranam paakkisthaanile vaathakappaadangal kooduthal 20 varsham maathrame nilanilkkoo ennu prathekshikkunnu. paakkisthaanile ettavum valia prakrithivaathaka mekhalayaanu sui vathaka mandalam. baloochisthaanile suik sameepamaan ithu sthithi cheiyunnathu. 1952 avasaanathode eee vaathakakshethram kandethukayum 1955ll eee mekhalayude vaanijyaparamaaya chooshanam aarambikkukayum cheythu. paakkisthaante vathaka ulppaadanathinte 6 sathamaanam sui vaathakamekhalayaanu. bakkiyulla shekharam ekadesham 800 bilyan cubic adii (tii. sii. eph) aanennu kanakkaakkappedunnu, dainamdina uthppaadanam ekadesham prakrithidathamaanu. pakistan petroleum limittadaan feeldinte oopparettar.

pakistanatil petroleum udyog united states energy information administration (eae. aay. aii.) nusar, pakistankade petroleum teel aanee naisargik vayoo (shale vayusah) sathyanpeksha jaast asoo shakate. jaagtik urja 2016 chya bii. pii. chya sankhyikeey punravlokananusar, 2015 chya akheris pakistankade khaleel indhanancha satha siddha jhalah 0.9 trillion ghanmeter naisargik vayoo aanee 2.7 abj tunn kolasa (sub-bituminus aanee lignite). teel udyog. shodh. pakistanche pahile vayoo kshetra 1952 chya uttaradhat baluchistanmadhye eka vishal suee vayoo kshetrajaval sapadale. 1960 chya dashakachya suruvatiparyant panjabmadhye toot teel kshetra sapadale navhate. khurr company (attock) madheel sarvat samruddha sansadhan. too zakato. pakistan petroleum aanee pakistan telkshetranni 1961 madhye soviet sanghachya madatine yaa kshetracha shodh ghetala aanee khodkam suru kele aanee 1964 madhye yaa kshetrachi kaame suru jhaali. itihas. 1964 madhye rashtradhyaksh ayyub khaan yanni khanij vikas dhoranala protsahan dile tevha pahili teel vihir khodoon taknyat aalee, aanee toot kshetra haah pakistanmadhil sarvat junya teel utpadak pradeshanpaiki eka aahe. heey panjab prantat vasalele aahe, jeey kshetra rajdhanichya islamabad shaharachya nairutyela andaje 135 kiimii antaravar aahe. 1964 madhye pahili vihir khodanyat aalee aanee 1967 madhye vyavsayik utpadan suru jhaale. sumare 6 kotee baryl teel aahe jyachya jaagi 12%-15% punarprapt karnyayogya aahe. 1986 madhye tyachya shikharavar asatana, yaa kshetratun darroj andaje 2,400 baryl telache utpadan hott hote. tevhapasoon teey satatyane vadhat aahe, teel aanee kahee pramanat naisargik vayoo yaa donhinche utpadan karat aahe. 1981 saalee jevha union texas pakistanla sindhchya khalchya bhagat pahile telkshetra sapadale, toparyant telache utpadan purnapane panjabpurte maryadit hote. 1998-1999 paryant, khalchya sindh vayoo kshetranmadhye panjabpeksha jaast teel utpadan hott hote. tevhapasoon yethe naveen thevihi sapadalya aahet. aadhunik shodh. 2005 madhye, vancuver-aadharit 'aantarrashtriy sarvbhoum urja' neey pakistanchi rashtriy teel company, teel aanee vayoo vikas company limitedshee, toot kshetra vikasit karnyasathi samanjasya kararavar kararavar kelya. sclumberger telkshetra seva 2006 chya suruvatila suru jhalya. anukool nikalannantar, vancouver aadharit 'kanishth teel' aanee aantarrashtriy 'sarvbhoum urja mahamandal'. teel aanee vayoo shodh kampanyanni 2005 chya madhyat, rajdhani islamabadjavalil panjab prantat toot kshetra vikasit karnyasathi pakistanchi rashtriy teel company, teel aanee vayoo vikas company limitedshee kararavar kararavar kelya. company toot teel kshetrachya nivasi chhawani aanee shejarchya misa keswal teel kshetrachya aaspas aaspas sthanikanna veej dekhil puravat aahe. teel shuddhikaran udyog. pakistanmadhye paach mukhya teel shuddhikaran karkhane aahet, jyanchi ektrit kshamata andaje 4,50,000 baryl kachche teel prati deane (bii. pii. dii.) aahe, jee varshik 2 kotee tunn itaki aahe. knerjiko peeke limited heey sarvat mothe teel shuddhikaran kendra aahe, jyache teel shuddhikaran sankul baluchistan prantat darroj 156,000 barrelparyant kachche teel parishkrut karnyas saksham aahe. deshatil paach teel shuddhikaran karkhane pakistan aanee itar deshanmadhun utpadit kachchya telavar prakriya karatat, jyamadhye uchch gatiche dizzell (etch. ess. dii.), motor petrol (emm. ess.), bhatti teel (eff. oo.), halake dizzell teel (ell. dii. oo.), uchch-octain mishran ghatak (etch. oo. bii. see.), jett indhan (jeey. pii.-1 aanee jeey. pii.-8), kerosene, dravarup petroleum vayoo (ell. pii. jee.) aanee naftha yasarkhya parishkrut petroleum utpadananchi nirmiti kelee jaate. deshantargat teel shuddhikaran udyog samanyatah pakistanchya diselchya 60 takke, motar petrolchya 30 takke aanee jett indhanachya maganichya 100% chee purtata karato. jett indhanacha vapar pramukhyane sanrakshanasathi keela jaato. naisargik vayoo udyog. naisargik vayuche utpadan tulanene uchch patalivar aahe aanee urvarit satha sumare 885.3 abj ghanmeter (1 janewari 2009 andajit) asalyacha andaj aahe.). mothya pramanat audhyogik vaparamule pakistanchi vayoo kshetre aanakhi sumare 20 varshe tikanyachi apeksha aahe. suee vayoo kshetra heey pakistanatil sarvat mothe naisargik vayoo kshetra aahe. heey baluchistanmadhil suijaval aahe. 1952 chya uttaradhat vayoo kshetracha shodh lagla aanee 1955 madhye yaa kshetrache vyavsayik shoshan suru jhaale. pakistanchya vayoo utpadanat suee vayoo kshetracha vaataa 6 takke aahe. urvarit satha sumare 800 abj ghanfoot (tii. see. eff.) asalyacha andaj aahe aanee dainandin utpadan naisargik aahe. pakistan petroleum limited heey yaa kshetrache sanchalak aahet.

pakistanma petroleum udyog sanyukta rajya urja suchana prashasana (eia) kaa anusar pakistansanga petroleum tel rar prakritik gyas (cell gyassahit) bhandar huna sakchha. sann 2016 ko vishwa urjako bi. pie. 'tathyanka samikshaanusar sann 2015 ko antyama pakistansanga nimna pramanit indhanko bhandar thiyoh 0.9 trillion ghanmeter prakritik gyas rar 2.77 billion tunn koila (upa-bituminus rar lignite). tel udyog. khoj. pakistanko pahilo gyas khetra sann 1952 ko antyama baluchistanma vishal sui gyas khetra najikai fela pareko thiyo. sann 1960 ko dashakko prarambhasamma panjabma tott tel khetra fela pareko thiena. khur company (atak) maa sabaibhanda dhani srota. yasale sametchha. pakistan petroleum rar pakistanko tel kshetraharule sann 1961 maa sobhiyat sahayogle yee kshetraharuko anweshan rar utkhanan suru gare rar sann 1964 maa gatiwidhi suru bhayo. itihas. toot khetra pakistanko sabaibhanda purano tel utpadan garne kshetraharu madhye ek how jasma sann 1964 maa rashtrapati ayyub khanle khanij vikas nitilai protsahit garda pahilo telko kunwaa drill garieko thiyo. yo panjab prantama awasthit chha, june khetra rajdhani sahar islamabadbata lagbhag 135 kilometer dakshinapashchimma awasthit chha. sann 1964 maa pahilo kuwa drill garieko thiyo rar sann 1967 maa wyawasayik utpadan suru bhaeko thiyo. tyahan lagbhag 6 karod barrel tel chha jasko thaunma 12%-15% punah prapta garna sakinchha. sann 1986 maa yasako charamma, yass kshetrale prati dina lagbhag 2,400 barrel tel utpadan gariraheko thiyo. tel rar cum matrama prakritik gyas duwai utpadan gardai, tyasabeladekhi yo nirantar badheko chha. tel utpadan sann 1981 samma panjabma matra simit thiyo, jab union texas pakistanle tallo sindhama afno pahilo tel khetra patta lagayo. 1998-1999 samma, tallo sindha gyas-kshetraharule panjab bhanda badhi tel utpadan gariraheka thie. tyasabeladekhi yahan nayan jamma pani fela pareko chha. adhunik anweshan. sann 2005 maa, bhyankuwarma adharit 'antarrashtriya sarvabhauma urja' ley pakistanko rashtriya tel company, tel rar gyaans vikas company limitedsanga tott khetra vikas garna samajhdari patrama hastakshar garyo. slumberger tel khetra sewaharule pahilo patak sann 2006 ko suruma sanchalan suru gyoa. anukul parinamharu pachhi, bhyankobhar adharit 'junier tel' rar antarrashtriya 'sarvabhauma urja nigam'. tel rar gyaans anweshan companyharule sann 2005 ko madhyama pakistanko rashtriya tel company tel rar gyaans vikas company limitedsanga rajdhani islamabad najikaiko panjab prantama toot khetra vikas garna samjhautako gyapan patrama hastakshar gare. companyle toot tel khetra rar chhimeki missa keswal tel kshetrako awasiya shivir warpar basne sthaniyaharulai pani bijuli upalabdha garairaheko chha. tel prashodhan udyog. pakistanma panchwata mukhya tel prashodhan kendraharu chhan jasko sanyukta kshamata lagbhag 4,50,000 barrel kachcha tel prati dina (bipidi) how, june prati warsha 2 karod tunn barabar chha. kaneragiko pike limited sabaibhanda thulo tel refiner how, yasako tel refining complex belochistan prantama prati dina 156,000 barrel kachcha tel refine garna saksham chha. deshka paanch tel refineryharule pakistan rar anya deshaharubata utpadit kachcha telalai uccha gatiko digel (hsd), motor petrol (ms), bhatti tel (fo), halka digel tel (ldo), uccha-octain sammishran ghatak (hobsi), jett indhan (jappy-1 rar jappy-8), kerosin, taralikrit petroleum gyas (lpg), rar naftha jasta parishkrit petroleum utpadanharu utpadan garna prashodhan garchhan. gharelu tel prashodhan udyogle samanyataya pakistanko diselko 60 pratishat, motor petrolko 30 pratishat rar jett indhanko magko 100% pura gardacha. jett indhan mukhyataya raksha uddeshyaka lagi prayog garinchha. prakritik gyas udyog. prakritik gasko utpadan apekshakrit uccha starma chha rar baanki bhandar lagbhag 885.3 billion ghanmeter (1 janawari 2009 anuman garieko chha.). pakistanko gyas kshetraharu bhari audyogik prayogka karan thap 20 warshasamma matra rahane apeksha garieko chha. sui gyas khetra pakistanko sabaibhanda thulo prakritik gyas khetra how. yo baluchistanko sui najikai awasthit chha. gyas khetra sann 1952 ko antyama patta lageko thiyo rar yass kshetrako wyawasayik dohan sann 1955 maa suru bhayo. sui gyas kshetrale pakistanko gyas utpadanko 6 pratishat hissa ogateko chha. baanki bhandar lagbhag 800 billion cubic fitt (tii. sii. ef) hune anuman garieko chha rar dainik utpadan prakritik chha. yass kshetrako sanchalankarta pakistan petroleum limited how.

pakistanare petroleum shilpa juktarastrara shakti suchana prashasana (ee. aai. aii.) anujai, pakistan pakhare petroleum taila ebong prakrutika gas (shale gas sameth) bhandara adhika thaipare. 2016 masihar biswa shaktira bii. pii. parisankhyana samikhya anujai, 2015 masiha sheshare pakistan pakhare nimnalikhita indhan bhandara pramanita hoithilah 0.9 trillion ghanmeter prakrutika gas ebong 2.7 koti tunn koila (saba-bitumins ebong lignite). taila udyoga. abishkara. pakistanara pratham gas khetra 1952 masiha sheshabhagare baluchistanare eka bishala sui gas khetra nikatare milithila. 1960 dashkar prarambha parjyanta panjabare tott taila khetra aabiskruta hoinathila. khur company (attock) rahr sabutharu samruddha sambala . ehaa aachadita kare. pakistan petroleum ebong pakistan tailakhetra 1961 masihare sobhieta sahajatare ehi khetragudikara anusandhana ebong khanan arambha karithila ebong 1964 masihare ehi karjya arambha hoithila. itihas. 1964 masihare rastrapati aayuba khaana khanija bikash neetiku prostahita kariba samajare pratham taila koopa kholiba sahita, toot anchala pakistanara sabutharu puruna taila utpadanakari anchala madhyaru anyatama. ehaa panjab pradeshare abasthita, jaahaa rajdhani sahara islamabadar praiah 135 kilometer dakhina-paschimare abasthita. 1964 masihare pratham cooa kholajaithila ebong 1967 masihare banijyika utpadana arambha hoithila. pakhapakhi 60 nijuta barrell taila achhi jaahaa badalare 12%-15% punaruddharajogya . 1986 masihare ehara shikhar samajare, ehi khetra dainika praiah 2,400 barrell taila utpadana karuthila. sebetharu ehaa kramagata bhabe brudhi paichi, ubhaja taila ebong alpa matrare prakrutika gas utpadana karuchhi. 1981 masiha parjyanta taila utpadana sampurna bhabe panjab madhyare seemita thila, jetebele union texas pakistan nimna sindhare nijara pratham taila khetra abishkara karithila. 1998-1999 suddha, nimna sindha gas khetragudika panjab tulanare adhika taila utpadana karuthile. sebetharu ethaare nooa jamaa madhya milichi. adhunika anweshana. 2005 masihare, bhankuvara-bhittika 'antarjatija sarbabhouma shakti' pakistanara jatiah taila company taila ebong gas bikash company limited sahita tott khetrara bikash paain eka bujhamana patra swakhyara karithila. sclumberger tailakhetra seba prathame 2006 prarambhare karjya arambha karithila. anukula phalaphal parey, bhanakyuvar aadharita 'juniara taila' ebong antarjatija 'sarbabhouma shakti nigama' . taila ebong gas anusandhana companygudika 2005 masiha madhyabhagare pakistanara jatiah taila company taila ebong gas bikash company limited sahita eka bujhamana patra swakhyara karithile, jaahaa rajdhani sahara islamabad nikatare panjab pradeshare tott fielder bikash paain thila. company madhya tott taila khetra ebong padoshi missa keswal taila khetrara abasic sibirara aakhapaakhare rahuthiba sthaniah lokanku bidyut jogai deuchhi. taila bisodhana shilpa. pakistanare panchti mukhya taila bisodhanagara rahichhi, jahara milita khyamata dainika praiah 4,50,000 barrell ashodhita taila (bipidi), jaahaa barshika 2 koti tanra samatulya. conergico pike limited heuchhi sarbabruhata taila bisodhaka, jahara balochistan pradeshare thiba taila bisodhaka complexes dainika 156,000 barrell ashodhita taila bisodhita karibare sakhyama. deshar panchti taila bisodhanagara pakistan ebong anya desharu utpadita ashodhita tailaku prakrijakarana curry hyspeed digel (etch. ess. dii.), motor petrol (emm. ess.), furness taila (aif. oh.), haluka digel taila (ell. dii. oh.), haai-octain mishran upadan (hub. sii.), jett indhan (jay. pii.-1 ebong jay. pii.-8), kirosin, tarala petroleum gas (ell. pii. jii.) ebong naftha bhali parisodhita petroleum utpada utpadana karithae. gharoi taila bisodhana shilpa sadharanatah pakistanara digelor 60 pratishata, motor petroller 30 pratishata ebong jett indhan chahidara <aai. dii. 1> purana karithae. biman indhan mukhyatah pratirakhya uddeshyare byabahruta hue . prakrutika gas udyoga. prakrutika gas utpadana apekhyakruta uccha starare rahichhi ebong abasista bhandara pakhapakhi <aai. dii. 1> billion ghanmeter (1 januari 2009 aanumanika) heba bolly akalana karajaichi.). adhika shilpa byabahara karanaru pakistanara gas khetragudika kebala aau praiah 20 barsha parjyanta tisthiba bolly aasha karajauchhi. sui gas khetra heuchhi pakistanara sarbabruhata prakrutika gas khetra. ehaa baluchistanara sui nikatare abasthita. 1952 masiha sheshabhagare ehi gas khetra aabiskruta hoithila ebong 1955 masihare ehi khetrara banijyika upajoga arambha hoithila. sui gas khetra pakistanara gas utpadanara 6 pratishata atte. abasista bhandara pakhapakhi 800 billion cubic phuta (tii. sii. aif.) heba bolly akalana karajaichi ebong dainika utpadana praiah prakrutika atte. ehi khetrara parichalanakari heuchhi pakistan petroleum limited.

pakistan witch petroleum udyog sanyukat raaj dey energy information administration (ee. aaee. aii.) dey anusar, pakistan cole petroleum tail atey kudrati gais (shale gais samet) bhandar hoow sakde hunn. vishav oorja 2016 dee bee. pee. ankada samikhiaa dey anusar, 2015 dey ant witch pakistan cole balnan dey heth likhe saabat bhandar sanauu 0.9 trillion kioo meeter kudrati gais atey 2.7 billion tunn colla (sabb-bituminius atey lignite). tail udyog. khoj. pakistan daa pahila gais khetar 1952 dey akheer witch blochistan witch ikk vishal suee gais khetar dey nede miliaa see. punjab witch 1960 dey dahake dey arambh takk toot tail khetar dee khoj naheen keeti gaee see. khurr company (atak) witch sabh toon ameer sarot. ih cover karda haii. pakistan dey petroleum atey pakistan dey tail khetran neey 1961 witch soviat sangh dee madad naal inhan khetran dee khoj keeti atey khudai shuru keeti atey 1964 dauran gatividhiaan shuru hoow gaeeaan. itihaas. toot khetar pakistan dey sabh toon purane tail utpadak khetran vicchon ikk haii jiss witch 1964 witch pahila tail khooh khodiaa giaa see jadon rashtarpati ayyub khaan neey khanij vikas neeti noon utshahit keeta see. ih punjab soobe witch sathit haii, joe kii rajdhani shehar islamabad toon lagbhag 135 kilometer dakkhan-pachham witch sathit haii. 1964 witch pahila khooh drill keeta giaa see atey 1967 witch vaparak utpadan shuru hoiaa see. lagbhag 6 croad bairal tail haii jiss dee thaan 'teey 12%-15% mudd prapat keeta jaa sakda haii. 1986 dauran aapne sikhar 'teey, ih khetar pratee dinn lagbhag 2,400 bairal tail daa utpadan qarr riha see. udon toon ih nirantar vadhiaa haii, tail atey ghatt hadd takk kudrati gais dovan daa utpadan karda haii. tail daa utpadan puurii tarahan punjab takk hii seemat see, jadon sann 1981 witch union taxas pakistan neey hethle sindh witch aapna pahila tail khetar labhiaa. aaee. dee. 1. takk hethle sindh gais khetar punjab naalon ziaada tail daa utpadan qarr rahey sunn. udon toon, itthe naviaan jamhan rakman vee miliaan hunn. aadhunik khoj. 2005 witch, vancouver-adharat 'antarashtari prabhusatta vaali oorja' neey toot feeled noon vikast curran laee pakistan dee rashtari tail company, tail atey gais vikas company limted naal ikk samjhauta pattar 'teey dastkhat keete. schlumberger oilfield sevavan neey pahili vaar 2006 dey shuru witch kamm karna shuru keeta. anukool natijiaan toon baad, vancouver adharat 'junier aail' atey antarashtari 'prabhusatta vaali energy carp'. tail atey gais khoj companyan neey 2005 dey maddh witch pakistan dee rashtari tail company, tail atey gais vikas company limted naal ikk samjhaute dey memorandam 'teey hastakhar keete sunn taan joe punjab soobe witch rajdhani islamabad dey nede toot feeled noon vikast keeta jaa sake. company toot aail feeled dey rihaishi campan atey guandhi missa keswal tail khetar dey aale-duaale rahinn vaale sathanak lokan noon vee bijli pardan qarr rahee haii. tail refining udyog. pakistan witch panj mukkh tail refineryan hunn jinhan dee sanyukat samratha lagbhag 450,000 bairal pratee dinn (bee. pee. dee.) haii, joe kii pratee saal 2 croad tunn dey barabar haii. congico peeke limted sabh toon vadda tail refiner haii, jiss daa tail refining complexes blochistan soobe witch pratee dinn 156,000 bairal kacche tail noon refine curran dey yog haii. desh deeaan panj tail refineryan pakistan atey horr deshan toon paida hoye kacche tail noon process kardiaan hunn taan joe refined petroleum utpadan jiven kii hyee speed deezel (hsd), motor gasoline (ms), bhathi daa tail (aifo), halka deezel tail (ldo), hyee-octain blanding component (hobsey), jett baalan (jepi-1 atey jepi-8), mitty daa tail, taral petroleum gais (ail. pee. jee.) atey naiftha daa utpadan keeta jaa sake. gharelu tail refining udyog aam taur utte pakistan dey deezel daa 60 pratishat, motor gasoline daa 30 pratishat atey jett baalan dee mung daa 100% poora karda haii. jett baalan mukkh taur utte rakkhiaa udeshan laee vartiaa jaanda haii. kudrati gais udyog kudrati gais daa utpadan mukabaltan ucch paddhar 'teey haii atey baaki bhandar lagbhag 885.3 billion kioo meeter (1 janwari 2009 anumanat) honn daa anuman haii.). pakistan dey gais khetar bhaari sanati varton caarn siraf agle 20 saalan takk challan dee umeed haii. suee gais khetar pakistan daa sabh toon vadda kudrati gais khetar haii. ih blochistan witch suee dey nede sathit haii. gais khetar dee khoj 1952 dey akheer witch keeti gaee see atey khetar daa vaparak shoshan 1955 witch shuru hoiaa see. suee gais khetar pakistan dey gais utpadan daa 6 pratishat hissa haii. baaki bhandar lagbhag 800 billion kioobik futt (tii. see. eff.) honn daa anuman haii atey rozana utpadan lagbhag kudrati haii. iss khetar daa sanchalak pakistan petroleum limted haii.

pakistanasya petroleum-udyogah amerikaadeshasy oorjaa-suchana-prashasanasya (ee. aii. e.) anusaaram pakistanasya petroleum-tailam, praakrutika-vaayum (shell-vaayum saha) cha adhikam asti. bee. pee. 'vishva-oorjaa-2016 ityasya saankhyikeey-samikshanusaram, 2015 tamasya varshasya ante pakistanasya nimnalikhitaani indhanaani siddhaani aasan-0.9 trillion kyoo. mee. praakrutika-vaayavah, 2.77 billion tunn angaarah (upa-bituminus tathaa lignat) cha. taila-udyogah. aavishkaarah. pakistanasya prathamam anilakshetram 1952 tamasya varshasya ante balochistaan-pradeshe vishaalasya suyee-anilakshetrasy sameepe praaptam. 1960 tamasya dashakasy aarambhaparyantam panjaab-raajye toot-tailakshetrasy aavishkaarah naa abhavat. khaur kampanee (ataak) madhye sarvaadhikam samruddham samsaadhanam asti. tatt aacchaadayati. pakistanasya petroliumasya, pakistanasya cha tailakshetranam anveshanam aarabhy 1961 tame varshe soviyat-saahaayyen eteshu kshetreshu khananm aarabhat, 1964 tame varshe cha kaaryam aarabdham. itihaasah. toot-kshetram pakistan-deshasya prachinatameshu taila-utpaadaka-pradesheshu anyatam asti, yatra 1964 tame varshe prathamam taila-koopam khanitam, yadaa rashtrapatihi ayoob khaan ityeshah khanija-vikasa-neetim protsaahayat. ayam panjabaprante sthitah asti, yah pradesha islamabad-nagarasya rajadhanyaha dakshinapaschimadishi praayah 135 kii. mee. doore sthitah asti. 1964 tame varshe prathamam koopam trayam krutvaa 1967 tame varshe vaanijya-utpaadanam praarabdham. tatra praayah 60 dashalax-byaarel-tailam vartate, yasya sthaane 12%-15% punah praapyate. 1986 tame varshe yadaa asya kshetrasya utpaadanam uttarottaram aasit tadaa pratidinam praayah 2,400 byaarel-tailam utpaadate sma. tatah param tatt sthiratayaa vardhate, tailasya, alpamatrayam praakrutika-vaayoh cha utpaadanam karoti. 1981 tame varshe union-texas-pakistan-deshah swasya prathamam tailakshetram nimnasindh-pradeshe anvishya, yaavat taila-utpaadanam sampurnataya panjaab-deshe eva seemitam aasit. 1998-1999 dwara, nimna-sindha-vaatakakshetraani panjaab-deshasya apekshayaa adhikam tailam utpaadayanti sma. tatah param atra nootanaani nikshepaani api praaptaah. aadhunik-anveshanam. 2005 tame varshe, vaanakoovar-sthitena 'antarashtriya-saarvabhouma-urjaayaah' krute, pakistanasya rashtriya-taila-kampenee-tailam tathaa vaayoo-vikasa-kampanee-limited ityanena saha toot-kshetrasya vikasaya, samaanubhooti-patram hastaaksharitam. slumberger-tailakshetra-sewaah prathamavaaram 2006 tamavarshasya aarambhe arabdha. anukoolafalaanaam anantaram, vaanakoovar-aadharitam 'kanishta-tailam', antarashtriya-'saarvabhouma-oorjaa-nigamam' cha. taila-vaatak-anveshana-kampenee-ityete 2005 tamavarshasya madhyabhaage, islamabad-nagarasya rajadhanyaha sameepe panjaab-pradeshe toot-kshetrasya vikasaya pakistan-deshasya rashtriya-taila-kampanee-aayil-end-gyaas-development-kampanee-limited ityanena saha ekam anubandhapatre hastaaksharam krutavantah. kampanee tut-tailakshetrasy aawaaseey-shibirasya paritah, samipasthasya misaa-keswal-tailakshetrasy cha paritah nivasantah sthaniyan vidyut api pradadaati. tailashuddheekaran-udyogah. pakistanadeshe pancha mukhyaani tailashuddhikaranani santi, yanam samyukta-kshamata pratidinam praayah 450,000 byaarel-ashodhita-tailasya (bee. pee. dee.) asti, yat prativarsham 20 dashalax-tunn-yaavat bhavati. sinjiko pee. key. limited iti bruhattamah tailashuddheekaran-samsthaa asti, yasya tailashuddheekaran-parisarah baluchistan-pradeshe pratidinam 156,000 byaarel yaavat aparishkrutatailam parishkartum shaknoti. deshasya pancha tailashuddheekaran-karakhanani pakistana-deshe tathaa anyadesheshu utpadyamananam ashodhitatailam samskarayanti yena uccha-gati-deezel (ech. ess. dee.), motaaru-gasoline (emm. ess.), furness-tailam (ef. o.), laghu-deezel-tailam (ell. dii. o.), uccha-octain-sammishrana-ghatakah (hobk), jett-indhanam (jey. pi.-1 & jey. pi.-8), kerosin, draveekruta-petroleum-vaayuh (ell. pi. jii.), naafthaa ityadinam parishkruta-petroleum-utpadanam utpaadanam bhavati. deshiya-taila-shodhan-udyogah samanyataya pakistanasya deezel ityasya 60 pratishatam, motaaru-gasoline ityasya 30 pratishatam, vimana-indhanasya aavashyakataayah 100% cha poorayati. vimana-indhanasya upayogah mukhyataya rakshartham bhavati. praakrutika-vaayu-udyogah. praakrutika-vaayoo-utpaadanam apekshaakrutam ucchastare asti, avashishta-bhandaarah praayah 885.3 billion-kyoo. mee. (1 janavaree 2009 praakkalitam) iti anumaanitam asti.) iti. pakistanasya vayupadakshetrani adhikatayaa audyogika-upayogena praayah 20 varshaani yaavat eva tishtanti iti apekshitam asti. suyi-vaayukshetram pakistanasya bruhattamam praakrutika-vaayukshetram asti. ayam baluchistan-deshasya suyee-nagarasya sameepe sthitah asti. 1952 tamasya varshasya ante anilakshetrasy aavishkaarah abhavat, 1955 tame varshe asya kshetrasya vyaavasaayik-dohanam aarabdham. pakistanasya anil-utpaadane suyee-anilakshetrasy vata 6 pratishatam asti. avashishtaani bhandaaraani praayah 800 billion cubic-feet (tea. see. ef.) yaavat santi iti anumaanitam asti, pratidinam utpaadanam praayah praakrutikam bhavati. asya kshetrasya sanchaalakah pakistana-petroleum-limited asti.

paakisthaanil petrooliyath thozhil america erisakthi thagaval nirvaagaththin (eee. aii. aee) koottruppadi, paakisthaanil petrooliyam ennei mattrum iyarkai erivaayu (shale erivaayu udpada) iruppukkal athigamaaga irukkalaam. ulaga erisakthi 2016 inn pipi pullivivara mathippaaivinpadi, 2015 aam aandin iruthiyil paakisthaanil pinvarum niroopikkappatta eriporulgal irunthanah 0.9 trillion kana meettar iyarkai erivaayu mattrum 2.7 billion dunn nilakkari (thunai-piduminus mattrum paluppu nilakkari). ennei thozhil. kandupidippu. bagistan muthal erivaayu vayal 1952 aam aandin pirpaguthiyil palosistanil oru maaperum sui erivaayu vayalukku arugil kandupidikkappattathu. 1960kalin murpaguthi varai panjaabil parunthu ennei vayal kandupidikkappadavillai. kaur niruvanaththil (attak) migavum valamaana valam. adhu ulladakkiyathu. bagistan petrooliyam mattrum bagistan ennei vayalgal 1961 aam aandil soviyath uthaviyudan inththa vayalai aaraaynthu thulaiyidath thodangkina, 1964 aam aandil seyalpaadugal thuvakkapattana. varalaaru. 1964 aam aandil janathipathi ayyub qaan kanima maempaattuk kolgaiyai ookkuviththapoathu muthal ennei kinaru thoandappatta bagistan palamaiyaana ennei urpaththi pakuthikalil tood paguthiyum ontraakum. idhu panjaap maagaanaththil amainthullathu, idhu thalainagar islaamaapaaththilirunthu thenmaerkae sumar 135 kii. mee tholaivil amainthullathu. 1964 aam aandil muthal kinaru thoandappattu 1967 aam aandil vaniga urpaththi thodangiyathu. sumar 60 million peeppaaikal ennei ullathu, adharku pathilaaka aidi 1 meetkakkoodiyathu. 1986 aam aandil adhan uchchaththil irunththapoathu, inththa vayal oru naalaikku sumar 2,400 peeppaai ennei urpaththi seithu kondirundhadhu. appoathirunthu idhu seeraaga valarnthu, ennei mattrum kuraindha alavil iyarkai erivaayu aagiya irandaiyum urpaththi seikirathu. 1981 aam aandu union texas bagistan thanathu muthal ennei vayalai thaalvaana sinthil kandupidikkum varai ennei urpaththi muttrilum panjaabil mattumae irunththathu. 1998-1999 aaga, keezh sindhu erivaayu vayalgal panjaabai vida adhiga ennei urpaththi seithana. appoathirunthu, puthiya vaippuththogaigalum ingku kandupidikkappattullan. naveena aaivu. 2005 aam aandil, vaankoovarai thalamaagak konda 'sarvadesa iraiyaanmai aattral' bagistan thaesiya ennei niruvanamaana ennei mattrum erivaayu maempaattu niruvanaththudan purinthunarvu oppanthaththil kaiyezhuththittathu. sclumberger ennei vayal sevaigal muthanmuthalil 2006 aam aandin thodakkaththil seyalpaadugalaith thodangkina. saathagamaana mudivugalukkup piragu, vancouver adippadaiyilaana 'juuniyar aayil' mattrum sarvadesa 'iraiyaanmai erisakthi corb'. ennei mattrum erivaayu aaivu niruvanangal, thalainagar islaamaapaaththirku arugilulla panjaap maagaanaththil tood vayalai uruvaakkuvatharkaaka, 2005 aam aandin naduppaguthiyil bagistan thaesiya ennei niruvanamaana ennei mattrum erivaayu maempaattu niruvanaththudan oru oppanthaththil kaiyezhuththittana. tutt ennei vayal mattrum andai naadaana misa keswal ennei vayalin kudiyiruppu mugaamgalaich suttri vasikkum ulloor makalukku inththa niruvanam minsaaraththai vazhangki varukirathu. ennei suththigaripputh thozhil. paakisthaanil ainthu mukiya ennei suthikarippu aalaikal ullana, avai oru naalaikku sumar 450,000 peeppaaikal kacha ennei (pipidi) thiran kondavai, idhu aandukku 20 million dangalukku samam. connergico bigae limited migapperiya ennei suthikarippu niruvanamaagum, balosistan maagaanaththil ulla adhan ennei suthikarippu valaakaththaal oru naalaikku 156,000 peeppaaikal kacha enneyai suthigarikka mudiyum. naattin ainthu ennei suthikarippu aalaikal paakisthaanilum mattra naadugalilum urpaththi seiyappadum kacha enneyai padhappaduththukindrana, idhil athivaeka deesal (hst), motor petrol (ems), ulai ennei (efoo), ilaguraga deesal ennei (eldioo), uyar actain kalappu kooru (hoopsey), jedd eriporul (jaebi-1 & jaebi-8), mannennei, thiravappaduthappatta petrooliya erivaayu (elbiji) mattrum nafta poantra suththikarikkappatta petrooliyap porutkalai urpaththi seigindrana. ullnaattu ennei suththigaripputh thozhil podhuvaaga bagistan deesalil 60 sathaveethamum, motor petroalil 30 sathaveethamum, jedd eriporul thevaiyil 100% aii poorthi seikirathu. jedd eriporul muthanmaiyaaga paathukaappu nokkangkalukkaaga payanpaduththappadukirathu. iyarkai erivaayu thozhil. iyarkai erivaayu urpaththi oppeettalavil adhiga alavil ullathu mattrum meethamulla iruppukkal sumar 885.3 billion kana meettar (1 janavari 2009 mathippidappattullathu.). adhiga thozhilthurai payanpaadu kaaranamaaga bagistan erivaayu vayalgal innum sumar 20 aandugalukku mattumae needikkum endru ethirpaarkkappadukirathu. bagistan migapperiya iyarkai erivaayu vayal sui erivaayu vayal aagum. idhu palosistanil sui arugae amainthullathu. 1952 aam aandin pirpaguthiyil erivaayu vayal kandupidikkappattathu, 1955 aam aandil inththa vayalin vaniga surandal thodangiyathu. bagistan erivaayu urpaththiyil sui erivaayu vayal 6 sathaveetham aagum. meethamulla iruppukkal sumar 800 billion kana addii (dii. chii. eff) aaga irukkum endru mathippidappattullathu mattrum thinasari urpaththi iyarkaiyaagavae ullathu. inththa vayalin auperator bagistan petrooliyam limited aagum.

paakistaanlo petrolium parisrama united states energy information administration (eia) prakaram, paakistaanlo petrolium chamuru mariyu sahaja vayuvu (shale vaayuvutho sahaa) nilvalu undavacchu. prapancha shakti 2016 ganaanka sameeksha prakaram, 2015 chivarilo pakistan eee krindi niroopitamaina indhana nilvalanu kaligi undih 0.9 trillion cubic meater sahaja vayuvu mariyu 2.7 billion tannula boggu (sub-bituminus mariyu lignite). chamuru parisrama. aavishkarana. pakistan yokka modati gyaas feeled 1952 chivaralo baloochistaanlo oka pedda sui gyaas feeled sameepamlo kanugonabadindi. 1960la prarambham varaku punjablo eee tutt ayil feeled kanugonabadaledu. khaur company (attack) loe atyanta goppa vanaru. idhi cover chestundi. pakistan petrolium mariyu pakistan chamuru kshetraalu 1961loe soviet sahayamtho eee kshetraanni anveshinchi, travvadam praarambhinchaayi mariyu 1964loe karyakalapalu prarambhamayyayi. charitra. 1964loe adhyakshudu ayyub khaan khanija abhivruddhi vidhananni prothsahinchinappudu modati chamuru bavini travvadamtho paakistaanlooni puraatana chamuru utpatti praantaalalo toot praantam okati. idhi punjab provincelo undhi, eee praantam rajadhani nagaramaina islaamaabaadku nairuti disalo sumaru 135 kii. mea. la dhooramlo undhi. 1964loe modati baavi travvabadindi mariyu 1967loe vaanijya utpatti praarambhamaindi. sumaru 60 million byaarella chamuru undhi, daani sthaanamlo idi1 tirigi pondavacchu. 1986loe garishta sthaayiki cherukunnappudu, eee kshetram rojuku sumaru 2,400 byaarella chamurunu utpatti chestondi. appati nundi idhi sthiramgaa perigi, chamuru mariyu kontavaraku sahaja vayuvu rendintinee utpatti chestondi. 1981loe union texas pakistan diguva sindhlo thana modati chamuru kshetraanni kanugone varaku chamuru utpatti puurtigaa punjabku matrame parimitam cheyabadindi. 1998-1999 natiki, diguva sindh gyaas-kshetraalu punjab kante ekkuva chamurunu utpatti chestunnayi. appati nundi, ikkada kotta depositlu kooda kanugonabaddayi. aadhunika anveshana. 2005loe, vancouver aadhaarita 'antarjaateeya saarvabhouma shakti' pakistan jaateeya chamuru samstha ayina ayil und gyaas development company limitedtho toot feeldnu abhivruddhi cheyadaaniki avagahana oppandampai santakam chesindi. slumberger oilfield services modatisaarigaa 2006 praarambhamlo karyakalapalanu praarambhinchindi. anukuulamaina phalitaala taruvaata, vancouver aadhaarita 'juuniyar ayil' mariyu antarjaateeya 'savarin energy corp'. chamuru mariyu gyaas anveshana companylu rajadhani nagaram islamabad sameepamlo punjab provincelo toot feeldnu abhivruddhi cheyadaaniki 2005 madhyalo pakistan jaateeya chamuru samstha ayina ayil und gyaas development company limitedtho oppandam kudurchukunnayi. toot ayil feeled mariyu poruguna unna missa keswal ayil feeled nivaasa shibiraala chuttoo nivasistunna sthaanikulaku kooda company vidyuttunu andistondi. chamuru suddhi parisrama. paakistaanlo aidu pradhana chamuru suddhi karmagaralu unnaayi, veeti mottam saamarthyam rojuku sumaru 450,000 byaarella mudi chamuru (bipidi), idhi samvatsaraaniki 20 million tannulaku samanam. belochistan provinceloni daani chamuru suddhi samudaayam rojuku 156,000 byaarella mudi chamurunu suddhi cheyagala saamarthyam kaligi unna syngico pike limited atipedda chamuru suddhi samstha. desamloni aidu chamuru suddhi karmagaralu pakistan mariyu itara deshaala nundi utpatti cheyabadina mudi chamurunu hye speed deasle (hcsd), motaru gasoline (ms), furnace ayil (efo), light deasle ayil (eldo), hye-octain blending component (habsi), jett fuel (jp-1 & jp-8), kirosin, draveekruta petrolium gyaas (elpiji) mariyu nafta vanti suddhi chesina petrolium utpattulanu utpatti cheyadaaniki proses chestaayi. desheeya chamuru suddhi parisrama saadhaaranamgaa pakistan yokka deejillo 60 saatam, motaru gasolinelo 30 saatam mariyu jett indhana demandlo 100% nuu teerchutundi. jett indhanaanni pradhanamgaa rakshana prayojanaala kosam upayogistaaru. sahaja vayuvu parisrama. sahaja vayuvu utpatti saapekshamgaa adhika sthaayilo undhi mariyu migilina nilvalu sumaru 885.3 billion qm (1 janavari 2009 anchanaa) gaa anchanaa veyabaddaayi.). bhaarii paarisraamika viniyogam kaaranamgaa pakistan yokka gyaas kshetraalu maroe 20 samvatsaraalu matrame konasaagutaayani bhaavistunnaaru. sui gyaas feeled paakistaanlo atipedda sahaja vayuvu kshetram. idhi baluuchistaanlooni sui sameepamlo undhi. 1952 chivaralo eee gyaas feeled kanugonabadindi mariyu 1955loe eee feeled yokka vaanijya dopidi praarambhamaindi. pakistan gyaas utpattilo sui gyaas feeled vataa 6 saatam. migilina nilvalu sumaru 800 billion cubic adugulu (tii. sii. eff) gaa anchanaa veyabaddaayi mariyu rojuvaaree utpatti sahajamgaa untundi. pakistan petrolium limited eee kshetraanni nirvahistondi.

pakistan mein patroleem kii sanaat united steats inraji information administration (ayee aayee aey) kay mutabiq pakistan kay paas patroleum aayel aur qadarti gees (bashmol sheel gees) kay zakhayer how saktay haine. aalimi tawanayi 2016 kay bee pee kay shumariyati jaizay kay mutabiq 2015 kay aakhir mein pakistan kay paas aindhan kay darj zeel saabat shadah zakhayer thay: 0.9 trailin kiyo ayem qadarti gees aur 2.07 blain tunn koilah (zeeli batumens aur lagnaait). teel kii sanaat. driyafat. pakistan kaa pehla gees feld 1952 kay aakhir mein blochistan mein eek baday soyee gees feld kay qareeb paaya gayaa thaa. panjaab mein 1960 kii dahayi kay awail takk titt aayel feld driyafat nahein hawaa thaa. khoor company (attak) mein sabb say ziyadah ameer wasail. yaha ahatah kartaa hay. pakistan kay patroleem aur pakistan kay teel kay zakhayer nay 1961 mein soweet kii madad say inn kheeton kii khood aur khood sharoo kii aur 1964 kay doraan srgarmi sharoo hoyee. tareekh. titt airiya pakistan kay teel paida karnay waalay qadeem tareen elaqon mein say eek hay jiss mein 1964 mein pehla teel kaa kunwan khooda gayaa thaa jabb sadr ayob khaan nay maadniyaat kii tarqi kii palisi kii huslah afzayi kii thee. yaha subah panjaab mein waaqa hay juu elaqah darulhukumat islaam aabaad say taqriba 135 chlometer janub maghrab mein waaqa hay. 1964 mein pehla kanwein khooda gayaa aur 1967 mein tajarti paidawar sharoo hoyee. taqriba 60 millin biral teel mojud hay jiss kii jagah 12%-15% qaabil baziyafat hay. 1986 kay doraan apnay arooj parr yaha feld rozanah taqriba 2,400 biral teel paida kirr rehaa thaa. iss kay baad say yaha teel aur kumm hadd takk qadarti gees donon paida kartay hoay muslisil badh rehaa hay. teel kii paidawar 1981 takk makmal toor parr panjaab takk mahdud thee jabb union taxas pakistan nay nichli sandh mein apnaa pehla teel kaa medaan driyafat kiyaa. 1998-1999 takk nichley sandh gees kay kheet panjaab say ziyadah teel paida kirr rahay thay. tubb say yahaan nayey zakhayer bhee milay haine. jadeed tehqeeq. 2005 mein venkovar mein maqeem 'beenn alaqwami khudmukhtar tawanayi' nay titt feld kuu tayaar karnay kay liye pakistan kii qomi teel company aayel aind gees dwelopment company lameted kay saath eek mufahimati yaaddasht parr dastakhat kiye. shalambargar aayel feld sarosaz nay sabb say pehley 2006 kay awail mein kaam sharoo kiyaa. sazgaar nataij kay baad venkovar parr mubni 'juniyar aayel' aur beenn alaqwami 'sovern inraji corporation'. teel aur gees kii talaash karnay waali companiyon nay 2005 kay wast mein pakistan kii qomi teel company aayel aind gees development company lameted kay saath darulhukumat islaam aabaad kay qareeb subah panjaab mein titt feld tayaar karnay kay liye eek yaaddasht parr dastakhat kiye. company titt aayel feld kay rehaishi campon aur padosi masaa kiswal aayel feld kay aas paas rehney waalay maqami logon kuu bhee bajli farahim kirr rahee hay. teel kii refining kii sanaat. pakistan mein paanch aham aayel refineryan haine jinn kii mushtarkah salahiyat taqriba 450,000 biral khaam teel yumiah (bee pee ddee) hay juu salanah 2 karod tunn kay baraabar hay. kanarjeko pee kay lameted teel kii sabb say bury refinery hay jiss kaa subah blochistan mein teel kii refining complex rozanah 156,000 biral khaam teel kii refinery karnay kay qaabil hay. milk kii paanch aayel refineryan pakistan aur deegar mamalik say tayaar kardah khaam teel kuu teez raftaar ddezel (aich aiss ddee)yee motor patrol (ayem aiss)yee bhatee kaa teel (aif awo)yee halka ddezel teel (eel ddee awo)yee hayee octain markab jazoo (hoob see)yee jait fewal (jay pee-1 aur jay pee-8)yee mutty kaa teel maaye patroleem gees (eel pee jee)yee aur neeftha jaisi refined patroleum masnuaat tayaar karnay kay liye procees karti haine. gharilo teel kii refining kii sanaat aam toor parr pakistan kay ddezel kaa 60 faisad motor patrol kaa 30 faisad aur jait aindhan kii maang kaa 100% poraa karti hay. jait aindhan bunyadi toor parr dafayi maqasid kay liye istemaal hotaa hay. qadarti gees kii sanaat. qadarti gees kii paidawar nasbata aalee satah parr hay aur baqiyah zakhayer kaa takhmina taqriba 885.3 blain kiyo ayem (1 januri 2009 takhmina) hay.). pakistan kay gees felds kay ziyadah sanaati istemaal kii wajah say ziyadah say ziyadah sarf mazeed 20 saal takk rehney kii toqaa hay. soyee gees feld pakistan kaa sabb say badaa qadarti gees feld hay. yaha blochistan mein soyee kay qareeb waaqa hay. gees feld 1952 kay aakhir mein driyafat hawaa aur iss feld kaa tajarti istehsaal 1955 mein sharoo hawaa. soyee gees feld pakistan kii gees kii paidawar kaa 6 faisad hay. baqiyah zakhayer kaa takhmina taqriba 800 blain cubic fitt (tye see aif) hay aur rozanah kii paidawar qadarti hay. iss feld kaa operator pakistan patroleum lameted hay.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=963052

To Live and Die in L.A. (film)

To Live and Die in L.A. (film) 1985 film by William Friedkin To Live and Die in L.A. is a 1985 American neo-noir action crime thriller film directed and co-written by William Friedkin and based on the 1984 novel by former United States Secret Service agent Gerald Petievich, who co-wrote the screenplay with Friedkin. The film features William Petersen, Willem Dafoe and John Pankow among others. Wang Chung composed and performed the original music soundtrack. The film tells the story of the lengths to which two Secret Service agents go to arrest a counterfeiter. Plot. After foiling an assassination attempt on President Reagan, Secret Service agents Richard Chance and Jimmy Hart are assigned as counterfeiting investigators in the Los Angeles field office. Chance has a reputation for reckless, impulsive behavior and, unbeknownst to his superiors in the Service, is also corrupt. Hart is three days away from retirement. Alone, Hart stakes out a warehouse in the desert thought to be a print house of counterfeiter and artist Eric "Rick" Masters, and is killed by Masters and his bodyguard, Jack. Chance proclaims to his new partner, John Vukovich, that he will take Masters down no matter what. The two agents attempt to get information on Masters by putting one of his criminal associates, attorney Max Waxman, under surveillance. Vukovich falls asleep on watch, which allows Masters to murder Waxman, who had crossed him. While Vukovich wants to go by the book, Chance becomes increasingly reckless and unethical in pursuit of Masters. He relies on his sexual-extortion relationship with parolee/informant Ruth for information, while Vukovich meets privately with Masters' associates, including attorney Bob Grimes, whom he attempts to flip. Grimes, acknowledging a potential conflict of interest that could ruin his legal practice, agrees to set up a meeting between his client and the two agents, who pose as doctors from Palm Springs interested in Masters' counterfeiting services. Masters is reluctant to work with them, but ultimately agrees to print them $1 million worth of fake bills. In turn, Masters demands $30,000 in front money, which is three times the authorized agency limit for buy money. To get the cash, Chance persuades Vukovich to aid him in robbing Thomas Ling, a man whom Ruth previously told Chance is bringing in $50,000 cash to purchase stolen diamonds. Chance and Vukovich intercept Ling at Union Station and seize the cash in an industrial area under the Sixth Street Viaduct. Ling's cover people follow them and, while observing the robbery, open fire and accidentally kill Ling. Chance and Vukovich try to evade them through the streets, freeways and even one of the flood control channels, before a final escape by going the wrong way on the freeway. The next day, the end of their daily briefing includes a bulletin that Ling was an undercover FBI agent who was killed while engaging in a sting operation. Only a generic description of the assailants and their vehicle is given. While Chance and Vukovich did not kill Ling, Vukovich is nonetheless consumed by guilt, while Chance is apathetic and focused solely on getting Masters. Unable to persuade Chance to come clean about their role in Ling's death, Vukovich meets with Grimes, who advises him to turn himself in and testify against Chance in exchange for a lighter sentence. Vukovich refuses to implicate his partner. Chance sets up the buy with Masters, who seems to hint that he is aware of the heist. Chance and Vukovich meet with Masters for the exchange. After inspecting the counterfeit million, the agents attempt to arrest Masters and Jack, but Jack pulls a shotgun. Jack and Chance fatally shoot each other, and Masters escapes. Vukovich gives chase, going to a warehouse a previous informant had told him about. By the time he arrives, Masters has set fire to everything inside, destroying all evidence. Vukovich confronts Masters and during a brief struggle, Masters asks Vukovich why he did not take Grimes' advice to turn his partner in, revealing that Grimes was working on Masters' behalf all along. While Vukovich is stunned at the revelation, Masters grabs a board and knocks him unconscious. Masters then covers Vukovich with shredded paper and is about to set him on fire when Vukovich comes round and shoots Masters. Masters drops his lighter and accidentally sets himself ablaze. Vukovich shoots the burning man, continuing to pull the trigger of his empty gun as Masters burns alive. Dressed more casually, Vukovich visits Ruth as she packs up to leave Los Angeles. He mentions Chance's death, suggesting she had known all along that Ling was an FBI agent and she had played Chance. He knows Chance left her with the remaining cash, which the agency now wants back, but Ruth says she needed it to pay debts. Vukovich declares that Ruth is now working for him, turning into the same "whatever it takes" agent that Chance had been, and stopping her efforts to escape her shady life. Cast. <templatestyles src="Div col/styles.css"/> Production. Director William Friedkin was given Gerald Petievich's novel in manuscript form and found it very authentic. The filmmaker was also fascinated by the "absolutely surrealistic nature" of the job of a Secret Service agent outside Washington, D.C. When the film deal was announced, Petievich was investigated by a rival for a pending office promotion, and felt "a lot of resentment against me for making the movie" and "some animosity against me in the Secret Service" existed, exacerbated by the agent in the Los Angeles field office who suddenly resigned a few weeks after initiating the investigation. SLM Productions, a tribunal of financiers, worked with Friedkin on a ten-picture, $100 million deal with 20th Century Fox but when the studio was purchased by Rupert Murdoch, one of the financiers pulled the deal and took it to MGM. Casting. Friedkin had a $6 million budget to work with while the cast and crew worked for relatively low salaries. As a result, he realized that the film would have no movie stars in it. William Petersen was acting in Canada when asked to fly to New York City and meet with the director. Half a page into his reading, Friedkin told him he had the part. The actor was drawn to the character of Chance as someone who had a badge and a gun and how it not only made him above the law, but also "above life and death in his head". The actor found the experience of being this character and making the film "amazing" and "intoxicating". He called fellow Chicago actor John Pankow and brought him to Friedkin's apartment the day after being cast as Chance, recommending him for the role of Vukovich. The director agreed on the spot. Former Secret Service agent and author Gerald Petievich, who wrote the book the film is based on, appears in a cameo as a fellow Secret Service agent. Screenplay. The basic plot, characters, and much of the dialogue of the film is drawn from Petievich's novel, but Friedkin added the opening terrorist sequence, the car chase, and clearer, earlier focus on the showdown between Chance and Masters. Petievich said that Friedkin wrote a number of scenes but when there was a new scene or a story needing to be changed, that he, Petievich, wrote it. The director admits that Petievich created the characters and situations and that he used a lot of dialogue but that he wrote the screenplay, not Petievich. Principal photography. The director wanted to make an independent film and collaborate with people who could work fast, like cinematographer Robby Müller and his handpicked crew who were non-union members. Friedkin shot everything on location and worked quickly, often using the first take to give a sense of immediacy. He did not like to rehearse but would create situations where the actors thought they were rehearsing a scene when actually they were shooting a take. Friedkin did this just in case he got something he could use. To this end, he let scenes play out and allowed the actors to stay in character and improvise. For example, during the scene where Chance visits Ruthie at the bar where she works, Friedkin allowed Petersen and actress Darlanne Fluegel to devise their own blocking and told Müller, "Just shoot them. Try and keep them in the frame. If they're not in the frame, they're not in the movie. That's their problem." The shot of Petersen running along the top of the dividers between the terminal's moving sidewalk at the Los Angeles International Airport got the filmmakers into trouble with the airport police. The airport had prohibited this action, mainly for Petersen's safety, as they felt that their insurance would not have covered him had he hurt himself. The actor told Friedkin that they should do the stunt anyway so the director proposed that they treat it like a rehearsal but have the cameras rolling and shoot the scene, angering airport officials. The counterfeiting montage looks authentic because Friedkin consulted actual counterfeiters who had done time. The "consultant" actually did the scenes that do not show actor Willem Dafoe on camera to give this sequence more authenticity even though the actor learned how to print money. Over one million dollars of counterfeit money was produced but with three deliberate errors so that it could not be used outside the film. The filmmakers burned most of the fake money but some leaked out, was used, and linked back to the production. The son of one of the crew members tried to use some of the prop money to buy candy at a local store and was caught. Three FBI agents from Washington, D.C. interviewed 12–15 crew members including Friedkin, who screened the workprint for them. He offered to show the film to the Secretary of the Treasury and take out anything that was a danger to national security. That was the last he heard from the government. The wrong-way car chase on a Los Angeles freeway sequence was one of the last things shot in the film and it took six weeks to shoot. At this point, Friedkin was working with a very stripped-down crew. He came up with the idea of staging the chase against the flow of traffic on February 25, 1963 when he was driving home from a wedding in Chicago. He fell asleep at the wheel and woke up in the wrong lane with oncoming traffic heading straight for him. He swerved back to his side of the road and for the next 20 years wondered how he was going to use it in a film. He told stunt coordinator Buddy Joe Hooker that if they could come up with a chase better than the one in "The French Connection" then it would be in the film. If not, he would not use it. Petersen did a lot of his own driving during this sequence and actor John Pankow's stressed-out reactions were real. Three weekends were spent on sections of the Terminal Island Freeway near Wilmington, California that were closed for four hours at a time to allow the crew to stage the chaotic chase. With delays, the film ran a reported $1 million over budget. Adding to the chaotic feeling of the chase, Friedkin staged it so that the freeway traffic flow was reversed. That is that the normal traffic in the scene has the drivers driving on their left in the left hand lanes (as in Britain) while the cars driving against the flow were driving on their right (as would be usual in North America). In reference to a sex sequence between William Petersen and Darlanne Fluegel, director William Friedkin revealed to have told the actors to "make it as real as possible. Make it real". Post-production. As early as the day he cast Petersen, Friedkin thought about killing off Chance towards the end of the film, but according to editor Bud Smith, Vukovich was supposed to be the one who was killed. The climactic scene in which Chance is killed was not very well received by MGM executives, who found it to be too negative. To satisfy the studio heads, he shot a second ending, in which Chance survives the shotgun blast and, presumably as an internal punishment, he and Vukovich are transferred to a remote Secret Service station in Alaska, and watch their boss Thomas Bateman being interviewed on television. Friedkin previewed the alternate ending and kept the original. Reception. Box-office. "To Live and Die in L.A." premiered in the United States on November 1, 1985, in 1,135 screens where it grossed $3.6 million on its opening weekend behind "Death Wish 3". It went on to make $17.3 million in the United States and Canada, well above its $6 million budget. Critical response. On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds a score of 88% from 51 reviews, with an average rating of 7.3/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "With coke fiends, car chases, and Wang Chung galore, "To Live and Die in L.A." is perhaps the ultimate '80s action/thriller." Roger Ebert, film critic for the "Chicago Sun-Times", gave the film four out of four stars and wrote that "the movie is also first-rate. The direction is the key. Friedkin has made some good movies ... and some bad ones. This is his comeback, showing the depth and skill of the early pictures". He went on to praise Petersen, "a Chicago stage actor who comes across as tough, wiry and smart. He has some of the qualities of a Steve McQueen". Critic Janet Maslin was dismissive of the film, and wrote "Today, in the dazzling, superficial style that Mr. Friedkin has so thoroughly mastered, it's the car chases and shootouts and eye-catching settings that are truly the heart of the matter". David Ansen, critic for "Newsweek", wrote "Shot with gritty flamboyance by Robby Muller, cast with a fine eye for fresh, tough-guy faces, "To Live and Die in L.A." may be fake savage, but it's fun". The staff at "Variety" gave the film a mixed review and wrote that it was over the top: ""To Live and Die in L.A." looks like a rich man's "Miami Vice". William Friedkin's evident attempt to fashion a West Coast equivalent of his 1971 "The French Connection" is engrossing and diverting enough on a moment-to-moment basis but is overtooled ... Friedkin keeps dialog to a minimum, but what conversation there is proves wildly overloaded with streetwise obscenities, so much so that it becomes something of a joke". In his scathing review for the "Washington Post", Paul Attanasio wrote ""To Live and Die in L.A." will live briefly and die quickly in L.A., where God hath no wrath like a studio executive with bad grosses. Then again, perhaps it's unfair to hold this overheated and recklessly violent movie to the high standard established by "Starsky and Hutch"". Movie historian Leonard Maltin seemed to agree with Attanasio, giving "TLADILA" 1.5 stars out of a possible four: "Try to imagine "Miami Vice" on the West Coast ... here you have it. This picture is so gritty that it's hard to root for anybody—since the good guys are as foul-mouthed, avaricious, and sadistic as the bad guys! For a crack Secret Service agent and a master counterfeiter, both Dafoe and Petersen act pretty dumb; Friedkin delivers one of the most spectacular car chases since his own "French Connection", along with a galvanizing score by Wang Chung, but even that's not enough to counteract the bad taste this film leaves behind." Jay Scott, in his review for "The Globe and Mail", wrote "Pity poor Los Angeles: first the San Andreas fault and now this. The thing about it is, "To Live and Die in L.A.", for all its amorality and downright immorality, is a cracker-jack thriller, tense and exciting and unpredictable, and more grimy fun than any moralist will want it to be". "Time" criticized its "brutal, bloated car-chase sequence pilfered from Friedkin's nifty "The French Connection"", and called it "a fetid movie hybrid: Miami Vile". Almost two decades later, a review in "The Digital Fix" called the film "A sun-bleached study in corruption and soul-destroying brutality, this film by the notoriously erratic but sometimes brilliant William Friedkin is nasty, cynical and incredibly good." The film was voted as the 19th best film set in Los Angeles in the last 25 years by a group of "Los Angeles Times" writers and editors with two criteria: "The movie had to communicate some inherent truth about the L.A. experience, and only one film per director was allowed on the list". William Friedkin singled out the movie as one of his favorite movies: "I love the film, and I value my films or don’t value them in a different way. When I think of them in terms of success, I think of how close I came to my original vision of it. The two films where I came extremely close were To Live and Die in L.A. and Sorcerer. Accolades. Wins Impact. Although criticized at the time for the lack of accomplished celebrities in its cast, many of the actors have become established stars, most notably Willem Dafoe, William Petersen, John Pankow, Jane Leeves, and John Turturro. Soundtrack. According to Friedkin, the main reason he chose Wang Chung to compose the soundtrack was because the band "stands out from the rest of contemporary music ... What they finally recorded has not only enhanced the film, it has given it a deeper, more powerful dimension". He wanted them to compose the score for his film after listening to the band's previous album, "Points on the Curve". He was so taken with the album that he took one of the songs straight off the album, "Wait", and used it as part of the soundtrack. "Wait" plays at the end credits of the film. Every song on the soundtrack, excluding the title song and "Wait", was written and recorded within a two-week period. Only after Wang Chung saw a rough cut of the film did they produce the title song. An original motion picture soundtrack was released on September 30, 1985, by Geffen Records. The album contained eight tracks. The album's title song, "To Live and Die in L.A.", (with a music video also directed by Friedkin), made it on the "Billboard" Hot 100 where it peaked at #41 in the United States. Home media. A DVD was released by MGM Home Entertainment on December 2, 2003. The DVD contains a new restored wide-screen transfer, an audio commentary featuring director Friedkin where he relates stories about the making of the movie, a half-hour documentary featuring the main characters, a deleted scene showing a distraught Vukovich bothering his soon-to-be ex-wife at her apartment, and the alternate ending Friedkin refused to use, in which the two Secret Service partners survive but are transferred to Alaska while their supervisor Bateman is promoted and takes credit for stopping Masters. On February 2, 2010, the film was released on Blu-ray not containing all of the previous special features that were included on the DVD release. On November 21, 2016, Arrow Video released a Region B Blu-ray edition with the old features and new features with the composer, stunt co-ordinator, William Petersen, Debra Feuer and Dwier Brown. On November 22, 2016, Shout Factory released a Collector's Edition, restoring the original DVD's special features and adding new ones. Kino Lorber released the movie on Ultra HD Blu-ray and Blu-Ray on July 18, 2023. Car chase. The car chase featured in the film has consistently been ranked among the best car chase sequences on film, often appearing alongside "The French Connection" (another Friedkin directed film), "The Seven-Ups", "The Blues Brothers", "Ronin" and "Bullitt". Television series. In 2015, William Friedkin announced plans to develop a TV series based on the movie for WGN America. However, in March 2021, WGA America was converted into the general news channel NewsNation. Friedkin died in August 2023. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

el-too jiyai thakiboloi aaru moriboloi.e. (solositro) el-too jiyai thakiboloi aaru moriboloi.e. william friedkinor dwara porisalito aaru xoho-likhito 1985 sonor aamerikan noo "-nayar ekshyon crime thriller solositro aaru ee aamerika juktorastror prakton sikiret charbhis agent gerald petibhisor 1984 sonor uponyaxor uporot aadharito, jiye friedkinor xoite sitronatyokhonor xoho-lekhok aasil. sobikhonot onyanyor bhitorot aase uilium pietersen, willim dephu aaru john penku. waang sungye mool xongitor soundtrack rosona aaru poriwexon korisil. sobikhonor kahinituwe dujon gupon xewa agente ejon nokolok greptar koriboloi kiman xomoy loi yaay taar kahini koy. plot. rastropoti riganor uporot hotyar prochesta bifol korar pisot, sikret charbhis agent rechard sans aaru jimi hartok los angeles field ofisot jaliyat lipto todontokari hisape nijukti diya hoy. aakosmikotar beporiya, aabegik aasoronor baabe xunam aase aaru xewat teur uporostorxokolor ojanteu teu durnitigrosto. heart owoxoror poraa tini dinn durot aase. okol hearte morubhumit etaa gudam bhandar uliyai diye jaak nokol aaru xilpi irik "rick" masteror etaa print house buli bhoba hoy, aaru master aaru teur ongorokhyok jekor dwara hotya koraa hoy. xujuge teur notun xongi john bhukubhisok ghuxona kore je teu malikxokolok jikunu dhoronor kaamei nokorakoi aatorai nibo. duyujon agente teur ejon oporadhi xohojugi, etornee max wexmanok nirikhyonot raakhi malikor bixoye tothyo paboloi chesta kore. bhukubhise ghorit xui pore, jaar folot malikxokole teuk paar koraa mummanok hotya koriboloi onumoti diye. bhukubhise kitapkhonor uporot bhitti kori solibo bisarile, kintu gorakir onwexonot xujug kromanwoye beporiya aaru onoitik hoi pore. tothyor baabe teu per 'lodhari/tothyodata ruthor xoite teur jouno-bolowot xomporkor uporot nirbhor kore, aanhate bhukubhise byoktigotobhabe etornee bobo grimesoke dhori masterxokolor xohojugixokolor xoite log paay, jaak teu ghurai diboloi chesta kore. grimese teur aainee onuxilon dhongxo koribo poraa ek xombhabyo swarthor xonghat swikar kori teur mokkel aaru dujon agentor maajot ekhon boithok sthapon koriboloi xonmot hoy, jixokole masteror jaal xewat aagrohi paam springsor sikitsok hisape obhinoy kore. mastorxokole teulukor xoite kaam koriboloi onischuk, kintu owoxexot teulukok 10 laakh dollar bhuwa noot sopa koriboloi xonmot hoy. iyar pholsworupe, mastorxokole aagor dhonor baabe 30,000 dollar daabi kore, jitu tokaa kroyor baabe onumudit xongsthar ximar tinigun. nogod dhon paboloi, xujugtuwe bhukubhisok thomas lingok lunthon korat xohay koriboloi preron kore, ejon manuh jaak aagote xujug buli koichil je teu suri koraa hiraa kroy koriboloi 50,000 dollar nogod loi aahise. xujug aaru bhukubhise union stationot lingok baadha diye aaru vincent thomas dolongro tolot thoka etaa oudyugik oncholot nogod dhon jobdo kore. lingor aaworonor lukoxokole teulukok onuxoron kore aaru lunthontu lokhyo kori thokar xomoyot gulisalona kore aaru bhulboxotoh lingok hotya kore. xujug aaru bhukubhise mukto pothot bhul pothot goi suranto polayon korar aagote teulukok rasta, mukto poth aaru aanoki etaa banpani niyontron senelor maajere eri jaboloi chesta kore. pisdina, teulukor doinik briefingor xexot etaa bulletin ontorbhukto koraa hoy je lingo ejon gupon ef. bi. aai. agent aasil jaak etaa sting oparesonot lipto huwar xomoyot hotya koraa hoisil. kewol aakromonkari aaru teulukor baahonor ek xadharon biboronhe diya hoise. jodiu xujug aaru bhukubhise lingok hotya koraa nasil, tothapiu bhukubhisone oporadhbudhor dwara graax koraa hoy, aanhate xujugtu udaxin aaru kewol mastor laabh korat monuniwex kore. lingor mrityur khetrot teulukor bhumikar bixoye spostokoi janiboloi xujug preron koriboloi okhyom hoi bhukubhise grimesor xoite xakhyat kore, jiye teuk nijoke ghurai jaboloi aaru ek paatol xastir binimoyot xujugor biruddhe xakhyo diboloi poramorxo diye. bhukubhise teur xongik faki diboloi oswikar kore. xujugtuwe malikxokolor xoite kroytu sthapon kore, jiye ingito diya zen zen laage je teu ei lutpator bixoye obogoto. xujug aaru bhukubhise binimoyor baabe mastorxokolor xoite log paay. jaal milliontu porikhya korar pisot agentxokole master aaru jekok greptar korar chesta kore, kintu jeke etaa swotgan tunny aane. jek aaru xujuge ijone xijonok maratmokbhabe gulee kore, aaru mastorxokol polai yaay. bhukubhise taar pisot dhori fure, ejon purbor tothyodatai teuk kuwa etaa gudamoloi yaay. teu ohaar loge loge, malikxokole bhitoror xokolute jui logai xokolu proman dhongxo kori dise. bhukubhise malikxokolor mukhamukhi hoy aaru etaa xongkhipto xonggramor xomoyot, mastorxokole bhukubhisok xudhile je teu kiyo nijor xongik prowex koriboloi grimesor poramorxo luwa nasil, prokax korisil je grimese gutei xomoyote malikxokolor hoi kaam kori aasil. bhukubhise ei prokaxot aasorit hoi pore, aaru mastorxokole etaa bob "rd dhori ocheton hoi taak aaghat kore. taar pisot mastorxokole bhukubhisok tukura koraa kagojore aawori diye aaru bhukubhise ghuri aahi mastorxokolok gulee korile teuk jui logai diboloi ulai yaay. mastorxokole teur laitarkhon pelai diye aaru bhulboxotoh nijoke jwolai diye. bhukubhise jwoluwa manuhjonok gulee kore, teur khaali bondukor triggertu taniboloi obyahot raakhe jetiya mastore jiwitbhabe jwole. odhik xadharon xaaj-puchak pindhi, bhukubhise ruthor usoroloi yaay jetiya taai los angeles eri jaboloi pek kore. teu xujugor mrityur kotha ullekh kori poramorxo diye je taai gutei xomoikhini janisil je lingo ejon ef. bi. aai. agent aasil aaru taai xujugore khelisil. teu jaane je xujuge taair haatot baaki thoka nogod dhon eri thoi goisil, jitu agencye etiya ghurai bisare, kintu ruthe koy je rino porixudh koriboloi taair iyar proyujon aasil. bhukubhise ghuxona kore je ruthe etiya teur baabe kaam kori aase, xujugtu ji hoh 'bob laage xei ekei "jikhini laage" agent hoi porise, aaru taair sayamoy jiwanor poraa haat xariboloi koraa prochesta bondho korise. utpadon. porisalok uilium freidikinok gerald petibhisor uponyaxkhon pandulipir rupot diya hoisil aaru iyak oti pramanik buli gonyo koraa hoisil. solositro nirmata gorakiye waswington, di. ror bahirot ejon gupon xewa agentor sakorir "xompurnorupe bastobbadi prokriti" ror dwarau aakorxito hoisil.chi. jetiya solositro sukti ghuxona koraa hoisil, petibhisok ejon protidondiye karzaloyor prosaror baabe todonto korisil, aaru onubhob korisil je "sobikhon nirman korar baabe mur biruddhe jothesto oxontusti" aaru "gupon xewat mur biruddhe kichu xotruta" bidyoman aasil, jitu los angelesor field ofisor agente tibro korisil, jiye todonto aarombho korar keixoptahman pisot hothate podotyag korisil. ess. el. em. productions, bittodatar etaa bisarpithe friedkinor xoite 20 xotikar xiyalor xoite 10-sobi, 100 nijut dollar suktit kaam korisil kintu jetiya studio 'tu rupert mardoke kroy korisil, tetiya ejon bittodata ei suktikhon tunny loisil aaru iyak em. ji. em. loi goisil. custing. friedkinor logot kaam koriboloi 6 nijut dollar budget aasil aanhate obhineta-obhinetri aaru kormosarixokole tulonamulokbhabe komm dormohar baabe kaam korisil. pholsworupe, teu upolobdhi korisil je sobikhonot kunu solositro taroka nathakibo. uilium petersone kanadat obhinoy kori thokar xomoyot nework sohoroloi uri goi porisalokjonok log koriboloi kuwa hoisil. porhar aadha pristhar bhitorot friedkine teuk koichil je teur ongxotu aase. obhinetajone xujugor soritror proti aakorxito hoisil jaar haatot etaa byaj aaru bonduk aasil aaru kenekoi ee teuk kewol aainor uporot nohoy, "teur murot jiwan aaru mrityur uporotu" kori tulisil. obhinetai ei soritrotu huwar aaru sobikhonok "bismoyokor" aaru "nisajukto" korar obhigyota laabh korisil. teu sikagur xotirtho obhineta john penkuwok phone korisil aaru xujug hisape luwar pisdina teuk friedkinor apartmentoloi loi aahisil, teuk bhukubhisor soritror baabe poramorxo disil. porisalokjone xei sthanot xonmot hoisil. prakton sikret charbhis agent aaru lekhok gerald pativis, jiye sobikhonor uporot aadharito kitapkhon likhisil, teu ejon xotirtho sikret charbhis agent hisape ek otithi otithi hisape dekha yaay. sitronatyo. sobikhonor mool kahini, soritro aaru xonglapor besibhagei petibhisor uponyaxor poraa luwa hoise, kintu friedkine aarombhonir xontraxbadi drishyo, garir dharona aaru odhik sposto kori jug disil, purbote xujug aaru masteror maajor prodorxonor uporot gurutwo disil. petibhise koichil je friedkine keibatau drishyo likhisil kintu jetiya etaa notun drishyo baa etaa kahini xoloni korar proyujon hoisil, tetiya teu xeitu likhisil. porisalokjone swikar kore je petibhise soritro aaru poristhitir sristi korisil aaru teu bohutu xonglap byobohar korisil kintu teu sitronatyo likhisil, petibhisone nohoy. prodhan photography. porisalokjone ekhon swotontro solositro nirman koribo bisarisil aaru drutogotit kaam koribo poraa lukoxokolor xoite xohojugita koribo bisarisil, jene cinematugrapher robi mular aaru teur nirbasito kormosarixokol ji xonghor xodosyo nasil. friedkine xokolu bosture drishyogrohon korisil aaru drutogotit kaam korisil, praye prothom tek byobohar kori tatkhyonikotar onubhob disil. teu mohora diboloi bhaal puwa nasil kintu obhinetaxokole bhabisil je teuluke etaa drishyor mohora di aase jetiya prokritote teuluke etaa tek swuting kori aasil. friedkine eitu korisil jodihe teu byobohar koribo poraa kiba etaa paisil. ei lokhyot uponeet hoh "boloi teu drishyoburok obhinoy koriboloi disil aaru obhinetaxokolok soritrot thakiboloi aaru tatkhyonikbhabe kaam koriboloi onumoti disil. udahoronsworupe, teu kaam koraa baarot ruthir usoroloi juwa drishyotur xomoyot friedkine pietersen aaru obhinetri darlen flugelok teulukor nijor blockingor udbhawon koriboloi onumoti disil aaru mularok koichil, "kewol teulukok gulee korok. xeibur fremot rakhiboloi chesta korok. jodi teuluk fremot naai, tente teuluk sobikhonot naai. xeituwei teulukor xomosya." los angeles antohrastriyo bimanbondorot terminalor soli thoka futpathor maajot devideror uporor faale douri thoka pietersene swottuwe solositro nirmataxokolok bimanbondor aarokhyir xoite xomosyat pelaisil. bimanbondore ei podokhyeptu nixidho korisil, mukhyotoh pietersonor xurokhyar baabe, kiyonu teuluke onubhob korisil je teu nijoke aaghat korile teulukor beemai teuk xamori luwa nasil. obhinetai freidikinok koichil je teuluke jikunu dhorone stanttu koribo laage xeyehe porisalokjone prostab disil je teuluke iyak ek riharselor dore byobohar korok kintu kemerabur ghurai drishyotu swut korok, jaar folot bimanbondoror bixoyaxokole khyubdho hoy. jaliati koraa montagetu prokrito zen laage kiyonu friedkine xomoy diya prokrito jaliyataxokolor poramorxo loisil. poramorxodatai" prokritote obhineta willem dephuwe kemerat dekhuuwa drishyobur korisil jaate ei drishyotuk odhik promanikoron koribo paari jodiu obhinetai dhon kenekoi sopa koribo laage xikile. ek nijut dollaroru odhik jaal dhon prostut koraa hoisil kintu tinita issakrito bhulor xoite jaate iyak sobikhonor bahirot byobohar koribo nuwari. solositro nirmataxokole besibhag bhuwa dhon jwolai disil kintu kisuman lick hoisil, byobohar koraa hoisil, aaru projujonar xoite punor xongzug koraa hoisil. ejon nabikor putroi sthaniyo dukanot mistanno kiniboloi kichu dhon byobohar koriboloi chesta korisil aaru dhora porisil. waswingtonor poraa ohaa tinijon ef. bi. aai. agent, di.chi. friedkinoke dhori 12-15 kormosarixokolor xakhyatkar luwa hoisil, jixokole teulukor baabe kaamor print porikhya korisil. teu kuxagaror xosibok sobikhon dekhuwaboloi aaru rastriyo nirapottar baabe bipodjonok jikunu bostu uliyai onaar prostab disil. xeituwei teu sorkaror poraa xuna xex kotha aasil. los angeles freewe sequenceot bhul-pothor garir pisuwai juwatu sobikhonot swut koraa xex bostuburor bhitorot etaa aasil aaru iyar swuting koriboloi choy xoptah xomoy lagisil. ei muhurtot friedkine oti kapurot bhori thoka etaa dolor xoite kaam kori aasil. 1963 sonor 25 februaryt teu sikagut etaa bibahor poraa ghoroloi gaari solai ohaar xomoyot zaan-jotor prowahor biruddhe dharonatu korar dharonatu loi aahisil. teu sakat xui porisil aaru bhul pothot jaagi porisil aaru aagontuk zaan-baahon teur faale punkoi goi aasil. teu nijor rastar kaxoloi ghuri aahisil aaru poroborti 20 bosor dhori bhabisil je teu iyak ekhon solositrot kenedore byobohar koribo. teu stant coordinator body ju hukorok koichil je jodi teuluke "forasi xongzug" too thokatkoi bhaal chaze koribo paare tente xeya sobikhonot thakibo. noho "ley teu iyak byobohar nokorileheten. ei drishyopotor xomoyot pietersene nijakoi gaari soluwar bohu kaam korisil aaru obhineta john penkur manoxik sapor protikriya bastob aasil. californier wilmingtonor usoror terminal dipor mukto pothor ongxoxomuhot tini xoptahanto otibahito koraa hoisil jibur ekerahe chaari ghontar baabe bondho kori diya hoisil jaate kormosarixokole bisringkhol onuxoron koriboloi xokhyom hoy. bilombor folot, solositrokhone bajetotkoi 1 nijut dollar odhik aay korisil. taridhar korar bisringkhol onubhobok jug kori friedkine iyak monchostho korisil jaate mukto pothor zaan-jotor probahtu xoloni hoisil. orthat drishyotut thoka swabhabik zaan-jotor xomoyot salokxokole baufalor lenot (britainor dore) baufale gaari solai thaake aaru prowahor biporite gaari soluwa garibure xufale gaari solai aasil (uttor aamerikat swabhabik dore). uilium pietersen aaru darlen flugelor maajot huwa jouno kromor xondorbhot porisalok uilium friedkine obhinetaxokolok "iyak jiman paari ximan bastobik kori tuliboloi" kuwa buli prokax korisil. iyak bastobik kori tulok ". post production. petersonok obhinoy korar dinore porai friedkine sobikhonor xexot xujugtu nosto korar kotha bhabisil, kintu xompadok bodd smithor mote, bhukubhisok hotya koraa hoisil buli dharona koraa hoisil. xombhobotoh nihot huwa porbotomoy drishyotu em. ji. em. karzobahixokole bhaldore grohon koraa nasil, jiye iyak oti netibasok buli bisarisil. studio 'ror murobbixokolok xontusto koriboloi teu etaa dwitiyo xexor drishyo swut korisil, zo' too swotgan bisfuronor poraa jiyai thokar xombhawona thaake aaru xombhobotoh ek abhyontorin xasti hisape teuk aaru bhukubhisok alaskar etaa duroborti gupon xewa kendroloi sthanantorito koraa hoy, aaru teulukor bob 'cho thomas batemanor xakhyatkar televisionot huwa dekha yaay. friedkine bikolpo xomaptir purbodorxon korisil aaru multu rakhisil. obhyorthona. boxes ofisot. "el-too jiyai thakiboloi aaru moriboloi.e."1985 sonor 1 novemborot aamerika juktorastrot 1,135 khon pordat primiyar koraa hoisil zo 'too ee" "death wis 3" "ror pisot iyar prothom xoptahantot 36 laakh dollar uparjon korisil. ee aamerika juktorastro aaru kanadat 17.3 nijut dollar uparjon korisil, ji iyar 6 nijut dollar bajetotkoi jothesto besi. xomaluchonamulok protikriya. pocha bilahir khetrot 49taa porzaluchonar poraa 86 xotangxo nombor laabh korise sobikhone, zo "too gorh rating 7.1/10. saittur xomaluchonamulok oikyomote likha aase," kuk finds, garir pisuwai juwa, waang sung glaar "ror xoite, el-too jiyai thakiboloi aaru moriboloi.e."eitu xombhobotoh 80ror doxokor suranto ekshyon/thriller." sikagu chaan-times" ror solositro xomalusok ror 'gaar aberte sobikhonok saritar bhitorot sarita taroka disil aaru likhisil je "sobikhonu prothom retor. dixtuwei mool kotha. friedkine kisuman bhaal solositro nirman korise...aaru kisuman beyaa. eitu teur proityaworton, ji prarombhik sobixomuhor gobhirota aaru dokhyota dekhuway. teu pietersenok proxongxa korisil, "egoraki sikagu moncho obhineta ji kothin, bisokhyon aaru smart hisape dekha yaay. teur steve mckinor kisuman guno aase. xomalusok jenet masoline sobikhonok nakoch korisil, aaru likhisil "aaji, somotkar, uporor poraa thoka xoilit mii. friedkine imaan bhaldore ayotto korise je garikhonor tarotori aaru swootout aaru aakorxoniyo settingsei xosakoiye bixoitur kendrobindu. niujowik" ror xomalusok debhid aansene el-too jiyai thakiboloi aaru moriboloi "robi mularor drara ruti flameboinsor xoite swot koraa, xotej, kothin-puruxor mukhor baabe xukhmo sokure cust koraa" likhisil.e."eitu bhuwa borbor hoh 'bob paare, kintu eitu mojadar. virity" ror kormosarixokole sobikhonok ek misrito xomaluchona disil aaru likhisil je ee xirxosthanot aasiloh "el-too jiyai thokatu aaru moratu.e."dekhat ejon dhoni manuhor" "mayami bhais" "zen laage. uilium friedkinor 1971 sonor "dyo france connection" ror xomotulyo poschim upokul gorhi tular sposto prosestatuwe muhurto-pori-muhurtor bhittit jothesto monumuha aaru bipothgami kintu iyak otikrom koraa hoise...friedkine kothupkothon nyuntomo raakhe, kintu taat huwa kothupkothonbure pothor poraa oslilotare otyadhikbhabe bhori poraa buli proman kore, imaan je ee etaa koutuk hoi pore. waswington post" ror baabe teur tibro xomaluchonat poll ettanaxio "" tu libh endo daai inn el "likhisil.e."olop xomoy jiyai thakibo aaru el-too xunkale moribo.e., zo 'too beyaa uparjon koraa ejon studio' karzobahir dore isworor kunu krudh naai. taar pisot punor, hoyotu ei oti uttopto aaru beporiya hingxatmok sobikhonok "starsky aaru huts" ror dwara protisthito uscho mandondot rokhatu onyay. solositro itihaxbid leonard multine xombhabyo saritar bhitorot "tladila" koo 1.5 staar di atanaxio "ror xoite ekmot huwa zen lagisiloh poschim upokulot" mayami bhais "kolpona koriboloi chesta korok...iyat aapunar aase. ei sobikhon imaan birol je kaaru baabe iyar mool sthapon koratu kothin-- jihetu bhaal lo "raa-suwalibur beyaa lo" raar dore beyaa mukhor, lubhoniyo aaru nisthur! ejon crack sikret charbhis agent aaru ejon master counterfitteror baabe, dephu aaru pietersen duyujone jothesto murkhor obhinoy kore; friedkine waang sungro galvanizing sko "ror xoite nijor" forasi xongzug "ror pisot ataitkoi dorxoniyo garir pisuwai loi yaay, kintu iu ei solositrokhone eri juwa beyaa xuwador protihot koriboloi jothesto nohoy." je skote "dyo globe endo mail" ror baabe teur porzaluchonat likhisil "piti paur los angelsoh prothome chaan andreasor bhul aaru etiya eitu. iyar bixoye kothatu hoh 'lo, "el-too jiyai thokatu aaru moratu.e.", iyar xokolu onoitikota aaru xompurno onoitikotar biporite, ee ek cracker-jek thriller, uttejonapurno aaru rumanchokor aaru oproityaxito, aaru jikunu noitikotai bisoratkoi odhik bhoyongkor mojadar. "time-e iyar" "friedkinor nifti" "dyo france connection" "ror poraa sura nisthur, fulaa gaari-onuxoronor kromtuk xomaluchona korisil aaru iyak" "ek fateed mubhi hibridh mayami bhail" "buli obhihito korisil. pray dutaa doxokor pisot, "dyo digital fix" ror ek porzaluchonat sobikhonok "durneeti aaru aatma dhongxo koraa nisthurotar uporot xurjyor prokax odhyoyon" buli obhihito koraa hoisil, kukhyatbhabe oniyomito kintu ketiyaba ujjwol uilium friedkinor ei solositrotu beyaa, nindoniyo aaru obiswasyobhabe bhaal."sobikhonok juwa 25 bosorot los angelesor potobhumit nirmito nirmito shrestho solositro hisape" "los angeles times" "ror lekhok aaru xompadokxokolor etaa dole dutaa mandondor xoite bhut disiloh" "solositrokhone elor bixoye kisuman ontornihito xotyo prokax koribo logaa hoisil.e. obhigyota, aaru protijon porisalokor baabe kewol ekhon solositrok talikat onumoti diya hoisil. proxongxa. joy kore. probhab. jodiu xei xomoyot iyar obhineta-obhinetrixokolor dokhyo naamor naamor obhawor baabe xomaluchona koraa hoisil, tothapiu bohutu obhineta protisthito taroka hoi porise, bixexkoi willim dephu, uilium pietersen, john penku, zen libhos aaru john tarturu. soundtrack. friedkinor mote, teu soundtractu rosona koriboloi waang sungko basoni korar mool kaaron aasil je bendtu "xomoxamoyik xongitor baaki ongxor poraa prithok hoi aase... owoxexot teuluke ji record korise xeya kewol sobikhonor unnoti korai nohoy, ee iyak ek gobhir, odhik xoktixali matra prodan korise. teu bisarisil je teuluke bendor purbor elbam "bokrotar uporot point" xunar pisot teur sobikhonor baabe score rosona korok. elbamtur xoite teuk enedore loi juwa hoisil je teu elbamtur poraa punpotiyakoi etaa gaan "weit" loi goisil aaru iyak soundtrackor ongxo hisape byobohar korisil. "sobikhonor xexor creditot "weit" bojuwa hoy. title geet aaru "weit" baad di soundtrackor protitu gaan duxoptahor bhitorot likha aaru record koraa hoisil. waang sungye sobikhonor ek rof kaat suwar pisote teuluke xirxok gittu prostut korisil. 1985 sonor 30 septemborot geffen recordse etaa mool solsitror soundtrack mukoli korisil. elbamtut aathta trekk aasil. elbamtur xirunam gittu hoise "tu libh endo daai inn el".e.", (friedkinor dwara porisalito etaa music video 'ror xoite), iyak" billboard "gorom 100 too prostut korisil zo' too ee aamerika juktorastrot #41 too uponeet hoisil. ghoruwa xongbad madhyom. 2003 sonor 2 disemborot em. ji. em. hoom entertainmentor dwara etaa di. bhi. di. mukoli koraa hoisil. di. bhi. di. too etaa notun punorudharito wide-skrin trensfer aase, porisalok friedkinor boixistyojukto etaa audio 'montobyo aase zo' too teu sobikhon nirmanor bixoye kahini bornona kore, mukhyo soritroburok dekhuuwa aadha ghontar tothyositro, etaa mosi peluwa drishyo zo 'too etaa bisolito bhukubhise teur apartmentot xunkale prakton potni hoh' boloi thokar baabe kosto kori thoka dekhuuwa hoise, aaru bikolpo ending friedkine byobohar koriboloi oswikar korisil, zo 'too dujon gupon xewar ongxidar jiyai thaake kintu teulukor totwawodhayok batemanok podunnoti diyar xomoyot alaskaloi sthanantor koraa hoy aaru masterxokolok rokhai diyar krititwo loy. 2010 sonor 2 februaryt sobikhone blue-ret mukti laabh korisil zo 'too dibhidi muktir xomoyot ontorbhukto koraa purbor xokolu bixex boixistyo nasil. 2016 sonor 21 novemborot, eru video "ee xurkar, stant ku-ordinator, uilium pieterse 'noo, debra fiuyar aaru dowayar braunor xoite puroni boixistyo aaru notun boixistyor xoite etaa rijiyon bi blue-rey xongskoron mukoli kore. 2016 sonor 22 novemborot, mool di. bhi. di.-ror bixex boixistyoxomuh punoruddhar kori aaru notun boixistyo jug kori, swau faktoriye xonggrahokor xongskoron ekhon mukoli kore. garir dharona. sobikhonot dekhuuwa garir sikarok nirontorbhabe solositror shrestho gaari chaze drishyoxomuhor bhitorot sthan diya hoise, praye "dyo france connection" (aan ekhon friedkin porisalito solositro), "dyo sebhen-aaps", "dyo blues bradorso", "ror 'ninn" aaru "bullit" ror xoite dekha yaay. television dharabahik. 2015 sonot uilium friedkine dobliu. ji. eno. aamerikar baabe solositrokhonor uporot aadharito etaa tibhi sringkhola bikoxito korar porikolpona ghuxona korisil. 2021 sonor july maholoike ei onusthanor bikax obyahot aase.

ell-ayee benche thaka ebong maaraa yawa.ayee. (cholochchitro) ell-ayee benche thaka ebong maaraa yawa.ayee. etty 1985 saaler ekti american neo-noyer action crime thriller cholochchitro jaa uilium friedkin dwara porichalito ebong soho-rachito ebong praktan markin juktorashtrer secret service agent gerald petivicher 1984 saaler uponyas abolambane nirmito, jini friedkiner saathe chitronatto soho-likhechen. cholochchitrotite onnoder modhye royechen uilium pieterson, uilium daffoe ebong john panco. wang chung mool sangiter soundtrack rachona oo poribeshon korechilen. cholochchitroti ekjon jaliatike greptar korte dui gopon porisheba agent kotodur yaay taar golpo boley. plot. presidenta reganer upor ekti hotyar prochesta byartho korar porr, gopon porisheba agent richarda chuns ebong jimmy hartke loss angeleser field office jaal todontokari hisabe nijukto koraa hoy. sujoger beproa, abegprobon achoroner jonno khyati royeche ebong, porishebate taar urdhotonder ajana, durnitigrastao. abosar grohoner arr tinn deane bucky. ekaa, heart morubhumite ekti gudamghar toiri korey jaa jaliati ebong shilpi erik "rick" masterder ekti print house boley money koraa hoy ebong muster ebong taar dehorokkhi jacker dwara nihoto hoy. sujog taar notun sangi john vukovicher kachhe ghoshana korey jey seey masterder namiye debe, jaai hoke naa keena. dui agent taar ekjon aporadhi sahojogi attorney max waxmanke nazardarir adhine rekhe malikder somporke tothyo pawar chesta korey. vukovic ghadite ghumiye porey, jaa masterder taake atikram koraa momemanke hotya korar anumati deyo. vukovic jokhon boiti anusaran korte chaan, tokhon sujogti masterder sondhane kromobordhoman beproa ebong onoitik hoye othe. tini tothyer jonno pyaroldhari/tothyodata ruther saathe taar jouno-chandabajir somporker upor nirbhar corren, onnodike vukovic byaktigatabhabe masterser sahojogider saathe dekha corren, jaader modhye attorney bobb grimsow royechen, jaader tini ultanor chesta corren. grims, taar aini onushilonke dhongso korte paare emon ekti sombhabbo swarther dwandwa sweekar korey, taar makkel ebong dui agenter modhye ekti boithok sthapon korte sommoto hoy, jaaraa masterser jaal porishebagulite agrahi paam springser daktar hisabe chhoddobesh dharon korey. masterra taader saathe kaaj korte anichchuk, kintu shesh porjonto taader 10 lokkho dollar mulyer jaal note chhapate raji hohn. poriborte, masterra agrim orther jonno 30,000 dollar daabi corren, jaa ortho kenara jonno onumodito sangosthar seamer tingun. nagad taaka pawar jonno, sujogti vukovichke thomas ling dakatir kaaje sahajyo korar jonno prorochito korey, jey byakti agey jaake nirmombhabe sujog bolechilo jey churi haoya heera kenara jonno 50,000 dollar nagad niye asche. sujog ebong vukovic union statione lingke badha deyo ebong vincent thomas setur niche ekti shilp elaka nagad ortho bajeyapta korey. linger prochchodguli lokera taader anusaran korey ebong dakati porjobekkhon korar somoy gully chaalaay ebong durghatanakrame lingke hotya korey. sujog ebong vukovic rasta, muktapath ebong emonki bonna niyantraner ekti channel diye taader ediye cholar chesta korey, muktopothe bhul pothe giye chudanta palanor agey. porer deane, taader daeenik briefinger sheshe ekti bulletin antarbhukta koraa hoy jey ling ekjon gopon fbi agent chhilen jini ekti sting operatione jorito thucker somoy nihoto hoyechilen. shudhumatra hamlakari ebong taader gaadir ekti sadharan biboron deoa hoyeche. jodio sujog ebong vukovic lingke hotya korenni, vukovic tobuo oporadhbodher dwara grass koraa hoy, onnodike sujogti udasin ebong cable muster pawar dike mononibesh korey. linger mrityute taader bhumika somporke porishkar howar sujog aante akkham, vukovic grimeser saathe dekha corren, jini taake nijeke firiye neoar ebong halka shastir binimoye sujoger biruddhe sakkhyo deoar poramorsho deena. vukovic taar sangike jorate aswikar corren. sujogti malikder saathe kenakata seeta up korey, jaaraa ingito korey jey seey dakati somporke sachetan. sujog ebong vukovic binimoyer jonno masterder saathe dekha korey. jaal million poridorshon korar porr, agentra muster ebong jacke greptar korar chesta korey, kintu jack ekti shotgun tante thaake. jack ebong sujog eke oporke marattokbhabe gully korey ebong masterra paliye yaay. vukovic taadaa korey, ekti gudame yaay jaa somporke ekjon purboborti tothyodata taake bolechilen. jokhon seey aase, tokhon kortara samasta proman dhongso korey vitore thaka samasta kichute agun dhoriye deena. vukovic masterder mukhomukhi hohn ebong ekti sangkhipto sangramer somoy, masterra vukovichke jigyasa corren jey keena tini taar sangike firiye aanar jonno grimser poramorsho nenni, prakash korey jey grims borabori masterser pokkhe kaaj korchilen. vukovic jokhon eyi prakash dekhe hotobak hoye zaan, tokhon masterra ekti board dhorey taake achetan abosthai aghat korey. masterra tokhon vukovichke tukro tukro kagaj diye ddheke deyo ebong taake agun dhoriye ditey thaake jokhon vukovic eshe masterder gully korey. masterra taar lighterti feley deyo ebong durghatanakrame nijeke jaliye deyo. vukovic jolonto loktike gully korey, taar khaali bonduker trigger tante thaake jokhon masterra jeebonto pudey yaay. arow sadharan poshak porey, vukovic loss angeles chhede yawar jonno pyaka korar somoy ruther kachhe yaay. tini sujoger mrityur kotha ullekh korey bollen jey tini borabori janten jey ling ekjon fbi agent ebong tini sujog niye khelechen. seey jaane jey sujogti taar kachhe aboshishto nagad rekhe geche, jaa sangosthati ekhon ferat chaay, kintu rooth boley jey rino porishodher jonno taar etty prayojan chhilo. vukovic ghoshana corren jey, roth ekhon taar jonno kaaj korche, seii ekoi "jaa kichhu prayojan" agent hoye uthche jaa sujog chhilo ebong taar chhayamoy jeebon theke palanor prochesta bondho korey dichche. utpadon. porichalok uilium friedkinke pandulipi akare gerald petivicher uponyasti deoa hoyechilo ebong etty khub khanti boley money hoyechilo. cholochchitro nirmata washington, dii-err baire ekjon secret service agenter kaajer "ekebare porabastob prokritir" protio mugdho hoyechilen.shee. jokhon cholochchitro chukti ghoshana koraa hoy, tokhon petivichke ekjon protidwondi ekti multubi offices padonnatir jonno todonto korechilen ebong onubhob korechilen jey "cholochchitroti nirmaner jonno amar biruddhe onek birakti" ebong "gopon porishebai amar biruddhe kichhu shatruta" vidyaman chhilo, jaa loss angeleser field officer agent dwara arow tibrotoro hoyechilo, jini todonto shuru korar koyek saptaha porey hothat podotyag korechilen. esha. ell. emm productions, orthoprodankarider ekti tribunel, 20 shotoker shialer saathe 10-chhobi, 10 kotee dollar ekti chuktite friedkiner saathe kaaj korechilo kintu jokhon studioti rupert mardock kinechilen, tokhon ekjon arthayankari chuktiti teney niyechilen ebong etike emm. zii. emm-ayee niye giechilen. custing. friedkiner sange kaaj korar jonno 60 lokkho dollar budget chhilo, jekhane abhineta-abhinetri ebong karmidal tulonamulokbhabe qama betone kaaj korten. falaswarup, tini bujhte perechilen jey eyi chhobite konao cholochchitro tarka thakben naa. uilium pietersen jokhon kanada abhinoy korchilen tokhon neu eork sitite giye porichaloker sange dekha korte bolla hoy. taar porar ardhek pristha, friedkin taake bolechilo jey taar kachhe ongshoti achhe. abhineta emon ekjon byaktir choritre akrishto hoyechilen jaar kachhe ekti byaj ebong ekti banduk chhilo ebong kibhabe etty taake cable aainer urdhwei noy, "taar mathay jeebon oo mrityur urdhwe" korey tulechilo. abhineta eyi choritroti howar ebong cholochchitrotike "ashchorjojonok" ebong "madokasokto" korar obhiggota khunje peyechen. tini sahakarmi shikago abhineta john panco phone korechilen ebong sujog hisabe cust howar porer deane taake vukovicher bhumikar jonno superish korey friedkiner apartmente niye esechilen. porichalok ghotonasthole raji hohn. praktan secret service agent ebong lekhok gerald petivich, jini eyi cholochchitrotir upor vitti korey boiti likhechen, ekjon sahakarmi secret service agent hisabe ekti cameote uposthito hohn. chitronatto. mool kahini, choritro ebong cholochchitrer sanglaper beshirbhagi petivicher uponyas theke neoa hoyeche, tobey friedkin udwodhoni santrasbadi drishya, gaadir taadaa ebong arow sposhtobhabe jog korechen, agey sujog ebong masterder modhye sangharsher dike mononibesh korechilen. petivich bollen jey, friedkin besh koyekti drishya likhechen kintu jokhon ekti notun drishya baa ekti golper poribortoner prayojan hoy, tokhon tini taa likhechilen. porichalok sweekar korechen jey petivich choritro ebong poristhiti toiri korechilen ebong tini prachur sanglap byabohar korechilen tobey tini chitronatto likhechilen, petivich noy. prodhan photography. porichalok ekti swadhin cholochchitro toiri korte cheyechilen ebong emon lokder saathe sahojogita korte cheyechilen jaaraa druto kaaj korte paare, jemon chitrograhok robby muller ebong taanr nirbachito kru jaaraa aaa-union sadasya chhilen. friedkin samasta kichur abosthaner upor chitrogrohon korey ebong druto kaaj korey, prayashai prothom teeka byabohar korey tatkhonikotar anubhuti deyo. tini mahada ditey pochondo korten naa, tobey emon poristhiti toiri korten jekhane abhinetara bhebechilen jey taaraa ekti drishyer mahada dichchen jokhon asle taaraa ekti teker shooting korchilen. friedkin jodi emon kichhu paay jaa seey byabohar korte paare, tahlei seey etaa korechilo. eyi lakkhye, tini drishyogulike cholte deena ebong abhinetader choritrer modhye thakte ebong tatkhonikbhabe kaaj korar anumati deena. udahoronsorup, jey drishye tini jey barey kaaj corren sekhane sujoger saathe ruthi poridorshon corren, friedkin pietersen ebong abhinetri darlan flugelke taader nijaswa blocking parikalpana korar anumati deena ebong mularke bollen, "cable taader gully korun. chesta korun ebong eguli framey rakhar chesta korun. jodi taaraa framey naa thaake tobey taaraa chhobite nei. etai taader samasya." loss angeles antorjatik bimanbandare terminaler chalman futpater modhye devider shirshe pietersener daudanor drishya cholochchitro nirmatader bimanbandar pulisher saathe samasya felechilo. bimanbandarti eyi podokkhepti nishiddho korechilo, mulat pietersener nirapottar jonno, kaaron taaraa money korechilo jey seey jodi nijeke aghat koroto tobey taader beema taake cover koroto naa. abhineta friedkinke bolechilen jey taader jebhabei hoke stantti koraa uchito taai porichalok prostab diyechilen jey taaraa etike ekti mahadar moto byabohar korbe tobey camera ghuriye ebong drishyoti shyuta korbe, jaa bimanbandar kormokortader khubdho korey. jaliati montageti khanti boley money hachche kaaron friedkin prokrito jaliatder saathe poramorsho korechilen jaaraa somoy korey felechilo. poramorshodata" asle emon drishyoguli korechilen jaa abhineta uilium daffoke camera dekhay naa eyi drishyotike arow satyata deoar jonno jodio abhineta kibhabe ortho mudran korte shikhechilen. eka million dollarero beshi jaal taaka toiri koraa hoyechilo kintu tinti ichchakrito bhul diye jaate etty cholochchitrer baire byabohar koraa naa yaay. cholochchitro nirmatara beshirbhag jaal taaka pudiye felechilo kintu kichhu faans hoye giechilo, byabohar koraa hoyechilo ebong projojonar saathe jukto koraa hoyechilo. nabikder ekjoner chhele sthaniya ekti dokane candy kenara jonno proper kichhu ortho byabohar korar chesta korey ebong dhora porey. washington theke tinjan eff. bii. aaee agent, dii.shee. friedkin soho 12-15 kru sadasyader sakkhatkar neoa hoy, jaaraa taader jonno workprint porikkha korechilo. tini koshagarer sachibke cholochchitroti dekhanor ebong jatiya nirapottar jonno bipojjonok jey konao kichhu berr korar prostab diyechilen. etai chhilo sarkarer kachh theke taanr shesh kotha. loss angeles freway drishye bhul pothe gaadi taadaa koraa chhilo cholochchitrer shesh chitrogrohoner modhye ekti ebong err shooting korte chhoy saptaha somoy legechilo. eyi somoye, friedkin khub stripa-daaun kru niye kaaj korchilen. 1963 saaler 25shhey february tini jokhon shikagote ekti biye theke gaadi chaliye baadi firchilen, tokhon janjoter biruddhe taadaa korar dharonati niye esechilen. tini chakay ghumiye paden ebong bhul golite jege othen ebong samoner janjot soja taanr dike jachchilo. tini rastar paashe firey zaan ebong poroborti 20 bochor dhorey bhabchilen jey tini kibhabe etty ekti chhobite byabohar korte cholechen. tini stunt samanwayakari bondhu jooe hukarke bolechilen jey taaraa jodi "farasi sangjog"-err cheye vall taadaa korte paare tobey etty chhobite thakbe. taa naa holey tini taa byabohar korten naa. eyi drishyer somoy pietersen taanr nijer onek gaadi chaliyechilen ebong abhineta john pancore chup-mukto protikriya bastob chhilo. californier wilmingtoner kachhe terminal dweeper muktopother ongshogulite tinn saptahanta byoy koraa hoyechilo jaa kruder bishrinkhal taadaa korar anumati deoar jonno ekbare chaar ghantar jonno bondho chhilo. bilamber saathe saathe, cholochchitroti bajeter cheye 10 lokkho dollar beshi aay korey. taadaa korar bishrinkhal anubhuti jog korey, friedkin etty monchostho korey jaate muktopother traffic probaho biporito hoy. arthat, drishyer swabhabik trafficer modhye chalokder baam diker lengulite (brittener moto) driving koraa hoy ebong probaher biruddhe gadiguli taader dandike (uttor america swabhabik hisabe) driving koraa hoy. uilium pietersen ebong darlan fluegeler modhye ekti jouno drishyer prosonge, porichalok uilium friedkin prakash korechen jey tini abhinetader "jotota sombhob bastobota toiri korte" bolechen. etike bastob korey tulun. poosta pradakashana. pietersenke cust korar deane thekei, friedkin cholochchitrer shesher dike sujog noshto korar kotha bhebechilen, kintu sompadok budd smither motey, bhukovicheri hotya koraa howar kotha chhilo. jey charam drishye mrityur sombhabona royeche taa emm. zii. emm-err nirbahira khub ekta bhalobhabe grohon korenni, jaaraa etike khub netibachak boley money korechilen. studio prodhander santushta korar jonno, tini ekti dwitiya pranter shooting korechilen, jekhane sujogti shotgun bishforon theke benche yaay ebong sombhoboto ekti abhyantarin shasti hisabe, taake ebong vukovichke alaskar ekti remot secret service statione sthanantorito koraa hoy ebong taader boss thomas batmanke televisione sakkhatkar nitey dekha yaay. friedkin bikalpa shesher prakdarshan korechen ebong multi rekhechen. abhyarthana. boxes offices. "ell-ayee benche thaka ebong maaraa yawa.ayee."1985 saaler 1laa navembar markin juktorashtre 1,135tii pordai premiere hoy jekhane" "death uish 3" "-err porr prothom saptahante etty 36 lokkho markin dollar aay korey. etty markin juktorashtro ebong kanada $17.3 million dollar aay korey, jaa taar $6 million bajeter onek beshi. samalochanamulak protikriya. pocha tometor khettre, cholochchitroti 49tii porjalochonar theke 86 shotangsho score peyeche, jaar garh retting 7.1/10. saiter samalochanamulak oikomotte lekha achhe, "kooka finds, gaadi taadaa ebong wang chung glorer saathe", ell-ayee banchte ebong morte.ayee."sombhoboto 80-err doshoker chudanta action/thriller." shikago shaan-times"-err cholochchitro somalochok roser ebert cholochchitrotike chartir modhye chaar taaraa diyechen ebong likhechen jey "cholochchitrotio prothom-reeta. diknirdeshna holl mool vishay. friedkin besh kichhu valo cinema toiri koreche...ebong kichhu kharap. etty taanr prottaborton, jaa prathomik chhabigulir govirota ebong dokkhota dekhay. tini pietersener proshongsha corren, "ekjon shikago moncho abhineta jini kathor, bichokkhon ebong buddhiman hisabe abirbhuto hohn. taar modhye stibha mckinner moto kichhu guno royeche. somalochok janette maslin cholochchitrotike prottakhyan korechilen ebong likhechilen, "aaz, ujjal, uporibhager shoilite mih. friedkin etotai bhalobhabe ayatta koreche jey, gaadir taadaa ebong gully koraa ebong akarshaniya settingsoi satyikar orthe vishaytir kendravindu. newzuic"-err somalochok david ansen likhechen, "" robby muller aanka aanka jhalmale drishya, taza, shokto-loker mukher jonno sukkho chokh diye "," ell-ayee banchte ebong morte. ayee."etaa nockle borbor hotey paare, kintu etaa mojar. variety"-rawr karmira cholochchitrotike ekti mishra porjalochona diyechilen ebong likhechilen jey etty shirshe chhiloh "" ell-ayee banchte ebong morte. ayee."ekjon dhonee byaktir" "mayami vice" "-err moto dekhay. uilium friedkiner 1971 saaler "farasi sangjog"-err samatulya poschim upokul gadey tolar sposhto prochesta muhurta-theke-muhurter vittite jotheshto chittakarshak ebong bibhrantikar kintu taa chhadiye geche...friedkin sanglapke nyuntama rakhe, kintu sekhane jey kothopokothon hoy taa rastar ashlilatai etotai atirikto promanito hoy jey etty ekti rasikatar kichhu hoye yaay. washington poosta"-err jonno taanr teebro porjalochonai poll atanasio likhechilen "" too live anned dye inn ell. ayee."alpo somoyer jonno benche thakbe ebong ell-ayee druto maaraa jaabe.ayee.jekhane kharap aay koraa studio executiver moto issorer konao krodh nei. abar, sombhoboto eyi atirikto gorom ebong beproabhabe hingsattok cholochchitrotike "starsky ebong hutch" dwara protisthito uchcho maaner saathe rakha anyajya. cholochchitro itihasbid leonard multin sombhabbo chartir modhye "tladila" keey 1.5 stara diye atanasior saathe ekmat boley money hoyechiloh poschim upokule "mayami vice" kalpana korar chesta korun...ekhane upner kachhe achhe. eyi chhobita etotai nongra jey karor jonno err shikad toiri koraa kathin-- kaaron valo chhelera kharap chheleder motoi abhadra, lovonian ebong nisthur! ekjon crack secret service agent ebong ekjon muster counterfiter jonno, daffoe ebong pietersen ubhayi besh boka acharan korey; friedkin taar nijer "farasi sangjog"-err porr theke sabcheye darshaniya gaadi taadaa korey, wang chung-err galvanizing score soho, tobey etio eyi cholochchitroti jey kharap swad rekhe geche taar biruddhe ladai korar jonno jotheshto noy." jeey scott, "dya globe anned mail"-err jonno taanr porjalochonai likhechen, "dukkhojonok daridra loss angeles prothome shaan andreuser bhul ebong ekhon etty. err vishay holl, "ell-ayee benche thaka ebong maaraa yawa.ayee.", taar samasta onoitikota ebong ekebare onoitikotar jonno, ekti cracker-jack thriller, uttejonapurno ebong uttejonapurno ebong aprotyashito, ebong jey konao naitikbadi jaa chaiben taar cheye beshi bhayankar mojar. "time" "err" "friedkiner nifty" "dya french kanekashana" "theke churi koraa nisthur, sphito gaadi-taadaa korar drishyer samalochana korey ebong etike" "ekti fateed movie hibrid mayami vile" "boley abhihito korey. pray dui doshok porey, "dya digital fixes"-err ekti porjalochonai cholochchitrotike "durniti ebong atma-dhongshokari borborotar upor ekti soorjo-raktapat adhyayan" boley abhihito koraa hoyeche, kukhyatovabe aniyamita kintu kokhono kokhono ujjal uilium friedkiner eyi cholochchitroti baaje, nindaniya ebong abiswasyabhabe vall."cholochchitroti loss angeleser potobhumite goto 25 bochore 19tomo sera cholochchitro hisabe bhot peyeche" "loss angeles times" "lekhok ebong sompadokder ekti doll duti mandander satheh" "cholochchitrotike ell somporke kichhu antarnihito satya janate hoyechilo.ayee. obhiggota, ebong proti porichalokke shudhumatra ekti cholochchitrer anumati deoa hoyechilo. proshongsha. joy prabhab. jodio seii somoye taar abhinetader modhye dokkho celebrityder abhaber jonno samalochito hoyechilo, onek abhineta protisthito tarka hoye uthechen, biseshoto uilium dapho, uilium pietersen, john panco, zena leaves ebong john tarturo. soundtrack. friedkiner motey, soundtracti rachona korar jonno tini wang chungke beche neoar mool kaaron chhilo bandti "somosamoyik sangiter bucky ongsho theke alada... abosheshe taaraa jaa record koreche taa cable cholochchitrotike unnotoi koreni, etty etike arow govir, arow shaktishali matra diyeche. tini cheyechilen jey taaraa bander ager album "points ono dya carve" shonara porey taanr cholochchitrer jonno score rachona koruk. albumty niye tini etotai mugdho hoyechilen jey, tini sarasari album theke ekti gaan "oyeta" niyechilen ebong etike soundtracker ongsho hisabe byabohar korechilen. "cholochchitrer shesh creditgulite "oyeta" bajbe. shironamer gaan ebong "oyeta" baade soundtracker protiti gaan dui saptaher modhye lekha ebong record koraa hoyechilo. wang chung chhobitir ekti motamuti cutt dekhar porei taaraa shironam ganti toiri korey. geffen records dwara 1985 saaler 30shhey septembara ekti mool cholochchitro soundtrack mukti paay. albume atti gaan chhilo. albumer shironam gaan, "too libha anned dye inn ell.ayee.", (friedkin porichalito ekti music vdo soho), etty" billboard "hott 100-ayee toiri hoyechilo jekhane etty markin juktorashtre #41-ayee pouchechilo. home midia. 2003 saaler 2raa december emm. zii. emm home entertainment dwara ekti dvd mukti paay. dvd-teey ekti notun punoruddhar koraa wide-screen transfer royeche, porichalok friedkiner ekti audio bhashyo royeche jekhane tini cholochchitro nirmaner golpoguli bornona korechen, prodhan choritrogulir samanwaye ekti aadh ghantar documentary, ekti muche fela drishya jekhane ekti bicholito vukovic taar shighroi praktan streeke taar apartmente birokto korche ebong bikalpa shesh friedkin byabohar korte aswikar koreche, jekhane dui gopon porisheba angshidar benche yaay kintu taader supervisor batmanke padonnati deoa hoy ebong masterder thamanor krititto neyo. 2010 saaler 2raa february, cholochchitroti blue-reey-teey mukti paay, jekhane dvd-teey antarbhukta purboborti samasta bishesh baisishtya antarbhukta chhilo naa. 21shhey navembar, 2016-ayee, teer vdo surkar, stunt koo-ordinator, uilium pieterson, debra feuer ebong duar braun soho purano baisishtya ebong notun baisishtya soho ekti anchal bii blue-reey sanskaran prakash korey. 2016 saaler 22shhey navembar, chitkar karkhana ekti sangrahak sanskaran prakash korey, mool dvd-rawr bishesh baisishtaguli punoruddhar korey ebong natunguli jukto korey. gaadi dhaoa. eyi chhobite prodorshito gaadi taadaa dharabahikbhabe cholochchitrer sera gaadi taadaa drishyer modhye sthan peyeche, prayashai "dya french kanekashana" (arekti friedkin porichalito cholochchitro), "dya seven-ups", "dya blues brothers", "ronin" ebong "bullit"-err pashapashi prodorshito hoy. television sirij. 2015 saale, uilium friedkin dobleeu. zii. enn americar jonno cholochchitrotir upor vitti korey ekti tibhi sirij toirir parikalpana ghoshana corren. 2021 saaler julai porjonto anusthanti ekhono bikashe royeche.

aela maan jivavu aneey marvu.aee. (film) aela maan jivavu aneey marvu.aee. aaa aaa american niyo-noir action crime thriller film chhe, jenu nirdeshan aneey sahlekhan veeliyam friedkin dwara karvaamaa aavyu chhe aneey teey united statesnaa bhutpurv goopt sevaa agent gerald pattiwichni pattiwichni navalkathaa parr aadharit chhe, jemane friedkin saathe patkathaa saha-lakhee hatee. aaa filmmaan veeliyam pieterson, veeliyam depho aneey john panco saheet anya kalakaro chhe. wang change mool sangeet soundtrackni rachnaa aneey pradarshan karyoo hatoo. aaa film beey goopt sevaa agento nakali vyaktini dharapkad karvaa maate ketali laambi musafari karey chhe tenee vaarta kahe chhe. plooat. pramukh rigan parr hatyaana prayaasne nishfal banaavya pachhi, goopt sevaa agento richard chance aneey jimmi hartne losa angels filled officema nakali tapaskartao tareeke sonpavama aave chhe. taknee avichari, aavegpurn vartan maate pratishtha chhe aneey, sevama tenaa uparee adheekarione ajaan, teey pann bhrasht chhe. haart nivruttithi trana divas door chhe. ekalaa, haart ranmaa aek warehouse bahaar kaadhe chhe jeey nakali aneey kalakar erick "rick" mastersnu print house manvama aave chhe, aneey masters aneey tenaa angrakshak, jeeka dwara tenee hatyaa karvaamaa aave chhe. taka tenaa navaa bhagidar, john vukovichne jaaher karey chhe keey teey bhale game teey hoya, mastersne neeche laee jashe. banne agento tenaa aek gunaahit sahyogi, atterni makes wakesmanne dekhrekh hethal mookine maliko vishe maahitee melavvaano prayaas karey chhe. wukowich ghadiyaad parr unghee jaay chhe, jeey malikone tene paar karnaar mindharini hatyaa karvaanee manjuri aape chhe. jyaare wukowich pustak anusaar javaa maange chhe, tyaare malikni shodhamaa taka vadhune vadhu avichari aneey anaitik bunny jaay chhe. teey maahitee maate peroli/maahitee aapnaar rooth saathena tenaa jaatiy-vasoolaat sambandh parr aadhaar raakhe chhe, jyaare wukowich atterni boob grims saheet mastersnaa sahyogione khangi reete maley chhe, jaimne teey badalvaano prayaas karey chhe. grims, hitonaa sambhaveet sangharshne sweekaare chhe jeey tenee kaanuni prathaane barbad curry shake chhe, tenaa client aneey beey agento vachche bethak gothavvaa maate sammat thaay chhe, jeo mastersnee nakali sevaoma rus dharaavtaa paam springsnaa doctoro tareeke rajoo thaay chhe. masters temnee saathe kaama karvaa maate anichchha dharaave chhe, parantu aakhare temne $10 laakh mulyanaa nakali nooat chhapava maate sammat thaay chhe. badalaama, maliko maliko agaauni rakamnee maang karey chhe, jeey naanaa khareedava maateni adheekrut agencyni maryada karataa trana ganee vadhaare chhe. rokad melavaa maate, taka vukovichne thomas lingne luntvaamaa madad karvaa maate samjaave chhe, aek maanas jene agau taka aapvama aavee hatee keey teey choraayela hiiraa khareedava maate 50,000 dollar rokad laavee rahyo chhe. taka aneey wukowich union station parr lingne atkaave chhe aneey vincent thomas pulnee neeche aek audhyogik vistaarmaa rokad japt karey chhe. lingnaa aavaranvala loko temne anusare chhe aneey luntanu nirikshan karatee vakhate, golibaar karey chhe aneey aakasmik reete lingne maaree naakhe chhe. taka aneey wukowich temne shereeo, mukt margo aneey puur niyantran channelomathi ekmathi pann bachvaano prayaas karey chhe, mukt maarg parr khotaa marge jaine anteem chhataki jataa pahelaa. beeja divase, temnee dainik maahitinaa ante aek bulletinno samaavesh thaay chhe keey ling aek goopt aef. bii. aaee. agent hato jeey sting operationma saamel thataa maaryo gayo hato. humalaakhoronu aneey temnaa vaahannun maatra saamanya varnan aapvama aavyu chhe. jyaare taka aneey vukoviche lingne maaree nankhyo naa hato, tyaare wukowich tema chhataa apradhbodhthi pidaay chhe, jyaare taka udaseen hoya chhe aneey maatra masters melavaa parr dhyaan kendrit karey chhe. lingnaa mrutyumaa temnee bhoomika vishe spasht thavaani taka samjavvama asamarth, wukowich grimesne maley chhe, jeey tene hadvaa sajaana badalaama potaane dakhal karvaanee aneey taka saame sakshi aapvani salah aape chhe. wukowich tenaa jivansathine fasavvano incar karey chhe. taka maliko saathe khareedini gothvan karey chhe, jeey sanket aape chhe keey teey luntathi wakef chhe. taka aneey wukowich vineemay maate mastersne maley chhe. nakali millionnun nirikshan karyaa pachhi, agento masters aneey jeknee dharapkad karvaano prayaas karey chhe, parantu jeeka shotgun khenche chhe. jeeka aneey taka aekbeejaane jeevalen reete golee maare chhe, aneey masters bhaagi jaay chhe. wukowich pichho karey chhe, aek warehousema jaay chhe jeey agaauna maahitee aapnaarae tene kahyoo hatoo. teey aave tyaan sudhimaa, guruoae andarni darek vastune aag chaampi deedhi chhe, tamaam puraavaaono naash karyo chhe. wukowich mastersno saamno karey chhe aneey tunkaa sangharsh darmiyan, masters vukovichne puchhe chhe keey tene tenaa jivansathine badalvaa maate grimsnee salah qema naa leedhi, teey jaaher kareene keey grims hammeshaa masters vatee kaama curry rahyo hato. jyaare wukowich aaa sakshatkarthi chonki jaay chhe, tyaare masters aek booard pakade chhe aneey tene bebhaan curry deey chhe. masters pachhi vukovichne kapela kagadthi dhhanki deey chhe aneey tene aag lagaadvaano chhe jyaare wukowich gola gola aave chhe aneey mastersne golee maare chhe. masters tenu lighter fenki deey chhe aneey aakasmik reete potaane aag lagaade chhe. wukowich salagata maanasne golee maare chhe, tenee khaalee banduknu trigger khenchavaanu chaalu raakhe chhe kaaran keey masters jivant badee jaay chhe. vadhu saamanya reete poshaak paheryo, wukowich losa angels chhodva maate peeka karatee vakhate ruthnee mulakat leey chhe. teey taknaa mrutyuno ullekh karey chhe, jeey soochave chhe keey teey hammeshaa jaanati hatee keey ling aek aef. bii. aaee. agent chhe aneey tene taka ramee hatee. teey jaane chhe keey taka tenaa maate baakini rokad chhodi gaee chhe, jeey agency havey parat maange chhe, parantu rooth kahe chhe keey tene devu chukavva maate tenee jaroor hatee. wukowich jaaher karey chhe keey rooth havey tenaa maate kaama curry rahyo chhe, teey jaj "game teey leey chhe" agent bunny rahyo chhe jeey taka hatee, aneey tenaa sandigdh jivanmathi bachvaanaa tenaa prayatnone atkavi rahyo chhe. utpaadan. digdarshak veeliyam friedkinne gerald pattiwichni navalkathaa hastprat swarupma aapvama aavee hatee aneey tene teey khoob jaj adheekrut laagee hatee. film nirmata washington, dii. nee bahaar goopt sevaa agentnee nokarinaa "sampurnpane ativastavvadi svabhaav" thee pann prabhaavit hataa.see. jyaare film sodaani jaaherat karvaamaa aavee tyaare, pattiwichni aek harif dwara baakee rahela karyalayna promotion maate tapaas karvaamaa aavee hatee, aneey tene laagyu keey "film banaavvaa badal maaree saame ghano rosh" aneey "goopt sevama maaree viruddh thodee dushmanavat" astitvamaa chhe, jeey losa angelis filled officena agent dwara vadhu teevra bunny hatee, jemane tapaas sharoo karyaana thodaa athvadiya pachhi achaanak raajinaamu aapyu hatoo. aesa. aela. aema. productions, financieroni tribunale, tribunale sadeena sheeyal saathe 10-cheetra, $100 millionna sodaa parr friedkin saathe kaama karyoo hatoo, parantu jyaare studiyone rupert merdock dwara khareedvama aavyo tyaare, aek financierae sodo khenchee leedho aneey tene aema. jee. aema. parr laee gayo. casting. friedkin paase kaama karvaa maate $60 laakhnu budget hatoo jyaare kalakaro aneey cru pramanma ochha pagaar maate kaama kartaa hataa. parinaame, temne samajaayu keey filmmaan koee fiilmii staar nahee hoya. veeliyam pieterson kenedama abhinay curry rahyaa hataa tyaare temne newyork shaherma udaan bhareene nirdeshakne malvaanu kahevama aavyu hatoo. temnaa vaanchanmaa adadhu paanu, friedkine temne kahyoo keey temnee paase bhaag chhe. abhineta taknaa paatra taraf dorvaamaa aavyo hato, jaimnee paase bej aneey bandook hatee aneey teey kevee reete tene maatra kaayadaathi upar jaj nahee, pann "tenaa maathaama jeevan aneey mrutyuthi upar" pann banaave chhe. abhinetaane aaa paatra banvaano aneey filmne "adbhut" aneey "maadak" banaavvaano anoobhav thayo. temane saathee shikago abhineta john panakone bolaavyaa aneey temne vukovichni bhoomika maate bhalaaman kareene, taka tareeke cast thayaana beeja divase temne friedkinna apartmentma laavya. nirdeshak sthal parr jaj sammat thayaa. bhutpurv goopt sevaa agent aneey lekhak gerald pattiwich, jemane aaa film parr aadharit pustak lakhyu hatoo, teo saathee goopt sevaa agent tareeke nankada patramaa dekhaay chhe. patkathaa. mulbhoot kathaanak, paatro aneey filmna motabhagna samvaado pattiwichni navalkathaa parthee levaamaa aavyaa chhe, parantu friedkine praarambhik aatankvadi krama, kaarno pichho aneey vadhu spasht reete umeryu, agau taka aneey masters vachchena sangharsh parr dhyaan kendrit karyoo hatoo. pattiviche kahyoo keey friedkine sankhyaabandh drashyo lakhyaa hataa parantu jyaare koee navoo drashya athavaa vaartane badalvani jaroor hatee, tyaare temane teey lakhyu hatoo. nirdeshak sweekaare chhe keey pattiviche paatro aneey paristhitionu sarjan karyoo hatoo aneey temane ghanaa samvaadono upyog karyo hato parantu temane patkathaa lakhee hatee, pattiwichne nahee. mukhya photography. digdarshak aek swatantra film banaavvaa aneey aevaa loko saathe sahyog karvaa maangtaa hataa jeo zadapthi kaama curry shake, jaim keey cinematographer robby mueller aneey temnaa pasand karelaa cru jeey biin-union sabhyo hataa. friedkine darek vastune sthaan parr shhoot curry aneey zadapthi kaama karyoo, ghanivaar tatkaliktani bhaavnaa aapvaa maate pratham tekno upyog karyo. temne rehearsal karvaanu gamatu nahotu parantu teo aevee paristhitio oobhi kartaa keey jyaan abhinetaone laagtu keey teo aek drashyanu rehearsal curry rahyaa chhe jyaare teo vaastavma aek teknu shooting curry rahyaa hataa. friedkine aaa tyaare jaj karyoo jyaare tene kaneek malyun jeno teey upyog curry shake. aaa maate, temane drashyone bahaar aavvaa deedhaa aneey abhinetaone patramaa rahevaa aneey sudhaarvaani manjuri aapee. udaaharan tareeke, teey baarmaa jyaan teey kaama karey chhe tyaan rutheeni mulakat levaanaa drashya darmiyan, friedkine pieterson aneey abhinetri darlen flugalne temnaa potaana avrodhnu aayojan karvaanee manjuri aapee aneey mullerne kahyoo, "temne golee maaree doo. temne framemaa raakhvaano prayaas karoo. jooe teo framemaa nathee, too teo filmmaan nathee. aaa temnee samasya chhe." losa angelous aantarrashtriy hawaimathak parr terminalnaa chaaltaa sidewalk vachche deviderni toach parr dodataa pietersonna shotane kaarane film nirmatao airport police saathe mushkeleemaa mukaya hataa. hawaimathakae aaa kaaryvaahi parr pratibandh mookyo hato, mukhyatve pietersonni salaamati maate, kaaran keey temne laagyu hatoo keey jooe teey potaane nuksan pahonchaadato hota too temno veemo tene aavari naa shakyo hota. abhinetaae friedkinne kahyoo keey teoae koipan reete stunt karvo joiae jethee digdarshake prastaav mookyo keey teo tene rehearsalni jaim maane parantu camera ferave aneey drashya shhoot karey, jenaathi airportnaa adheekario gusse thaay. nakali montage adheekrut laage chhe kaaran keey friedkine vaastavik nakali lokonee salah leedhi hatee jemane samay kaadhyo hato. salaahkaar" aee vaastavma aevaa drashyo karyaa hataa jeey abhineta veelem dephone camera parr darshaavtaa nathee jethee aaa kramne vadhu pramanikta aapee shakaay, tema chhataa abhineta naanaa chhapavanu sheekhya hataa. dass laakh dollarthi vadhu nakali naanaa banavvama aavyaa hataa parantu trana iradapurvakni bhoolo saathe jethee teno upyog filmnee bahaar naa thaee shake. film nirmataoae motabhagna nakali naanaa baadee nakhya hataa parantu ketlaak leak thayaa hataa, teno upyog karvaamaa aavyo hato aneey tene production saathe jodvama aavyaa hataa. cru sabhyomana aeknaa putrae propnaa ketlaak paisaano upyog sthaaneek dukaanmaa candy khareedava maate karvaano prayaas karyo aneey teey pakadayo. washingtonna trana aef. bii. aaee. agento, dii.see. friedkin saheet 12-15 cru sabhyoni mulakat leedhi, jemane temnaa maate workprintnee tapaas curry. temane tijorinaa sacheevne film bataavvaani aneey raashtriy suraksha maate jokhami hoya tevee koipan vastu bahaar kaadhvaani rajuaat curry hatee. aaa temane sarkaar pasethi sambhaleli chhelli vaat hatee. losa angels freeway sequence parr khotee reete kaarno pichho karvo aee filmmaan shhoot karvaamaa aaveli chhelli vastuomaanee aek hatee aneey tene shhoot karvaamaa chh athvadiya laagya hataa. aaa samaye, friedkin khoob jaj kapaayela cru saathe kaama curry rahyo hato. 25 februari, februari roj jyaare teo shikagoma aek lagnathi ghare jaee rahyaa hataa tyaare temne trafficna pravaah saame pichho karvaano vichaar aavyo hato. teey gaadee chalaavtaa jaj suee gayo aneey khotee galeemaa jaagi gayo aneey aagad aavto traphiqa tenee taraf seedho jaee rahyo hato. teey rastaani bajuma paachho faryo aneey aagaami 20 varsh sudhee teey aashcharyama rahyo keey teey teno filmmaan kevee reete upyog karashe. temane stunt sanyojak buddy jooe hookarne kahyoo keey jooe teo "french connection" karataa vadhu saaree reete pichho curry shake too teey filmmaan hashe. jooe nahee, too teey teno upyog nahee karey. aaa shrenee darmiyan pietarasne potaani ghanee gaadee jaate chalaavi hatee aneey abhineta john panakoni tanaavgrast pratikriyaao vaastavik hatee. keliforniyana wilmington najiknaa terminal eyeland freevena vibhagoma trana saptaahnaa anta pasaar karvaamaa aavyaa hataa, jeey krune astavyast pichho karvaa maate aek samaye chaar kalaak maate bundh karvaamaa aavyaa hataa. veelamb saathe, filme andajpatra karataa $1 millionni kamaani curry hatee. pichho karvaanee astavyast laganima vadhaaro kartaa, friedkine tenu aayojan karyoo jethee freeway trafficno pravaah ultavi shakaay. etale keey drashyamaa saamanya trafficma drivero daabi bajuae daabi bajuae (britainni jaim) vaahan chalaave chhe jyaare pravaahnee viruddhma vaahan chalaavati kaar temnee jamani bajuae (uttar americama saamanya reete) vaahan chalaavati hatee. veeliyam pieterson aneey darlen fluegal vachchena seqsa sequencena sandarbhma, digdarshak veeliyam friedkine abhinetaone "tene shakya tetalu vaastavik banaavvaa" kahyoo hovaanu jaaher karyoo hatoo. tene vaastavik banaavo ". poosta production. pietersonne cast karvaanaa divase jaj, friedkine filmna anta sudhimaa takne khatam karvaa vishe vichaaryu hatoo, parantu sampaadak budd smeethnaa janaavya anusaar, wukowich jaj maaryo gayo hovaanu manvama aavtu hatoo. jeey climactic drashyamaa taka murry jaay chhe tene aema. jee. aema. executives dwara khoob saaree reete svikarvama aavyu naa hatoo, jaimne teey khoob nakaaraatmak laagyu. studiyonaa vadaaone santoshva maate, tene beejo anta shhoot karyo, jemaa taka shotgun visfotmathi bachee jaay chhe aneey sambhavatah aantarik sajaa tareeke, tene aneey vukovichne alascana durasth goopt sevaa mathakma sthaanaantarit karvaamaa aave chhe, aneey temnaa booas thomas batemanno television parr interview levaamaa aave chhe. friedkine vaikalpik antanu purvavlokan karyoo aneey mool raakhyu. swaagat. booaks offices parr. "aela maan jivavu aneey marvu.aee."1 november, september roj united statesma 1,135 screens parr tenu premiere thayu hatoo, jyaan tene" "dath veesh 3" "pachhi tenaa sharuaatnaa saptaahnaa ante 36 laakh dollarni kamaani curry hatee". tene united states aneey kenedama $17.3 laakhnee kamaani curry, jeey tenaa $60 laakhnaa bajetthi ghanee vadhaare hatee. vivechanaatmak pratisaad. suddy gayelaa tametaa parr, film 49 samikshaomathi 86 takaa sqora dharaave chhe, jemaa sarerash rating 7.1/10 chhe. saitnee vivechanaatmak sarvasanmati vaanche chhe, "qoqa fiends, kaarno pichho aneey wang chung glore saathe", aelamaa rahevaa aneey marvaa maate.aee."teey kadaach kadaach daaykaani anteem action/romaanchak film chhe." shikago sunn-times" naa film vivechak rojar aberta filmne charmathi chaar staar aapyaa aneey lakhyu keey "aaa film pann pratham shreneeni chhe. disha aee chaavee chhe. friedkine ketalik saaree filmo banaavi chhe...aneey ketlaak kharaab. aaa temnu punaragaman chhe, jeey praarambhik chitroni undaai aneey kaushalya darshaave chhe. temane pietersonni prashansa curry, "aek shikago stage abhineta jeey sakhat, vichitra aneey smart tareeke aave chhe. tenee paase steve mcquinna ketlaak guno chhe. vivechak genet masline aaa filmne nakaari kaadhee hatee aneey lakhyu hatoo keey "aaje, chamakati, superficial shailima shree. friedkine aetali saaree reete nipunta melvee chhe keey, teey kaarno pichho karey chhe aneey shootout karey chhe aneey aankh aakarshak settings chhe jeey kharekhar aaa baabatnu kendra chhe. newsweak" naa vivechak david ensene aela. maan rahevaa aneey marvaa maate "robby mueller dwara khadtal zagamgat saathe shhoot, taajaa, khadtal-vyaktinaa chaherao maate saras aankh saathe cast" lakhyu hatoo.aee."nakali jungley hoi shake chhe, parantu teey aananddayak chhe". variety" naa staffe filmne mishra samiksha aapee aneey lakhyu keey teey toach parr chheh "" aelamaa jivavu aneey marvu ".aee."teey aek ameer maanasnee" "miyami wies" "jevee laage chhe". veeliyam friedkinno friedkinno temnaa "french jodaan" nee samkaksh pashchim dariyakanthani rachnaa karvaano spasht prayaas kshan-thee-kshannaa dhorane manoranjak aneey vichaleet curry rahyo chhe parantu tene paachhal chhodi devaamaa aavyo chhe...friedkin samvaadne ochhama ochho raakhe chhe, parantu tyaan jeey vaatchit thaay chhe teey shereeomaa ashlilatathi aetali badhee bharelee saabit thaay chhe keey teey majaak bunny jaay chhe. washington poosta" maate temnee aakaree samikshaamaa, poola ettanasio lakhyu hatoo keey "" aelamaa jivavu aneey marvu ".aee."toonk samay maate jeevashe aneey aela maan zadapthi mrutyu pamshe.aee.jyaan bhagvanne kharaab kamaani saathe studiyo executiveni jaim koee krodh nathee. pachhi fareethi, kadaach aaa vadhu padatee garam aneey avichari reete hinsak filmne "starsky aneey hutch" dwara sthaapit uchch dhoranmaa rakhvi ayogya chhe. film itihaaskaar leonard maltin atenasio saathe sahmat hovaanu janaay chhe, jemaa temane sambhaveet charmathi "tladila" neey 1.5 taaraa aapyaa chheh pashchim keenare "miyami wies" nee kalpanaa karvaano prayaas karoo...aheen tamaari paase chhe. aaa cheetra aetalu kathor chhe keey koinaa maate tene mulmaan lagaavvu mushkel chhe-kaaran keey saaraa loko kharaab loko jetla jaj kharaab monvala, lobhiya aneey kroor hoya chhe! crack secret service agent aneey master counterfitter maate, depho aneey pieterson banne khoob moorkh vartan karey chhe; friedkin wang chung dwara galvanising sqora saathe, tenaa potaana "french connection" pachhi sauthee adbhoot kaarno pichho karey chhe, parantu teey pann aaa film paachhal chhodi deey chhe teey kharaab swaadno saamno karvaa maate puratu nathee." jeey skotae "dhaa globe anned mail" maate temnee samikshaamaa lakhyu hatoo keey "dayaalu garib losa angelis pahelaa saana andreano dosh aneey havey aaa. tenee baabat aee chhe keey, "aelamaa jivavu aneey marvu.aee.", tenee badhee anaitikta aneey ekdam anaitikta maate, aek cracker-jeeka romaanchak, tanaavpurn aneey uttejak aneey anadhaari, aneey koipan naitiktavadi ichchhe chhe tenaa kartaa vadhu gambhir manoranjak chhe". "time tenaa" "kroor, phooli gayelaa kaar-pichho kramnee teeka curry jeey friedkinna nifty" "french jodaan" "maanthi choree karvaamaa aavyo hato aneey tene" "fattid movie hybridah miyami vaayale" "tareeke odakhaavyo hato". lagbhag beey daaykaa pachhi, "digital fixes" maan aek samikshaae filmne "bhrashtachar aneey aatmaano naash karatee nirdaytama soorya-prakshaalit abhyaas" tareeke odakhaavi, kukhyaat aneeyameet parantu ketalikvaar tejasvi veeliyam friedkinni aaa film kharaab, bhavnashunya aneey avishvasneey reete saaree chhe."aaa filmne chhella 25 varshmaa losa angelsmaa seeta karvaamaa aaveli aaveli shreshth film tareeke" "losa angels times" "naa lekhako aneey sampadakona jooth dwara beey maapdand saathe mutt aapvama aavyo hatoh" "aaa filmne aela vishe ketlaak sahaj satyano sanchaar karvo padyo hato".aee. anoobhav, aneey soochima darek nirdeshak deeth maatra aek jaj filmne manjuri aapvama aavee hatee. prashansa. jeet assar. teey samaye tenaa kalakaroma kooshal hasteeona abhaav maate teeka karvaamaa aavee hovaa chhataa, ghanaa abhinetao sthaapit stars bunny gayaa chhe, jemaa khaas kareene veelem depho, veeliyam pieterson, john panco, jaine leaves aneey john turturo saamel chhe. soundtrack. friedkinna janaavya anusaar, temane soundtrack compose karvaa maate wang chungne pasand karvaanu mukhya kaaran aee hatoo keey benned "baakinaa samkalin sangeethi alag chhe... aakhare teoae jeey reqorda karyoo tenaathi maatra filmmaan vadhaaro thayo nathee, tene tene vadhu undun, vadhu shaktishaali parimaan aapyu chhe. teo ichchhata hataa keey teo bendnaa agaauna album, "points ona dhaa karv" sambhalya pachhi temnee film maate sangeet rachnaa karey. temne album saathe etalaa laee javama aavyaa keey temane aalbammathi seedha jaj aek geet, "weit" leedhu aneey teno soundtracknaa bhaag rupe upyog karyo. "filmna ante "weit" bhajavvama aave chhe. sheershak geet aneey "raah juo" sivaay soundtrack parnoo darek geet beey athvadiyana samaygalama lakhvaamaa aneey reqorda karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. wang change filmno ruff qata joyaa pachhi jaj teoae sheershak gitanu nirmaan karyoo. gaffen records dwara 30 september, september roj mool chalchitra soundtrack rajoo karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. aaa aalbamma aath geeto hataa. aalbamnu sheershak geet, "aela. maan jivavu aneey marvu.aee.", (friedkin dwara nirdeshit music videeyo saathe), tene" billboard "hooat 100 parr banaavyu jyaan teey united statesma #41 parr pahonchyu hatoo. ghar media. 2 december, december roj aema. jee. aema. hooma entertainment dwara dvd rajoo karvaamaa aavee hatee. dvdma navee punsthapit wide-screen transfer, digdarshak friedkin darshaavati odeeyo commentry chhe jemaa teey filmna nirmaan visheni vaartao varnave chhe, mukhya paatrone darshaavati adadho kalaaknee dastaveji, aek kaadhee nakhvama aavelu drashya jemaa vyatheet wukowich tenaa apartmentma toonk samayma bananaar bhutpurv patneene pareshaan karey chhe, aneey vaikalpik anta friedkine teno upyog karvaano incar karyo, jemaa beey goopt sevaa bhagidaro bachee gayaa parantu alaskama sthaanaantarit karvaamaa aave chhe jyaare temnaa supervisor batemanne badhatee aapvama aave chhe aneey mastersne rokvaano shrey leey chhe. 2 februari, februari roj, aaa film blue-reey parr rajoo karvaamaa aavee hatee, jemaa dvd releasema saamel agaauni tamaam vishesh suveedhao naa hatee. 21 november, november roj, teer videeyoae sangeetkaar, stunt sanyojak, veeliyam pieterson, debra fuer aneey dwire braaun saathe juunii suveedhao aneey navee suveedhao saathe pradesh bii blue-reey aavrutti rajoo curry. 22 november, november roj, 'shhota factory' aee collectorni aavrutti bahaar paadee, jemaa mool dvdni vishesh suveedhao punsthapit karvaamaa aavee aneey navee suveedhao umervaamaa aavee. kaarno pichho. filmmaan darshavvama aavel kaar pichho satat film parnaa shreshth kaar pichho sequencema sthaan paamyo chhe, jeey ghanivaar "french connection" (anya friedkin nirdeshit film), "dhaa sevana-ups", "dhaa blues bradhars", "ronin" aneey "bullit" saathe dekhaay chhe. television shrenee. shrenee, veeliyam friedkine doubleu. jee. aena. america maate film parr aadharit tivi shrenee vikasaavavaani yojnani jaaherat curry hatee. aaa shho haju pann julai 2021 sudhee vikasma chhe.

ell mein jeene aur marane key liye.aeye. (film) ell mein jeene aur marane key liye.aeye. yeh 1985 kii americi niyo-noyer action crime thriller film haye jiska nirdeshan aur saha-lekhan villium friedkin ney kiya haye aur yeh sanyukt raajya america key poorv gupt seva agent gerald petiwich key 1984 key upanyaas parr adharit haye, jinhone friedkin key saath patkatha kaa saha-lekhan kiya thaa. film mein villium pieterson, willem daffoe aur johnn panco sahit anya loga hain. wang chung ney mool sangeet soundtrack kii rachana aur pradarshan kiya. film usa lambai kii kahani bataati haye jiss taka dou gupt seva agent ack jalsaj koo giraftar karane key liye jaate hain. plot. rashtrapati reegan parr hatyaa key prayaas koo whiffle karane key baad, gupt seva agents richard chaans aur jimmi haart koo loss angils feeled offices mein nakali jaanchkartaon key roop mein niyukt kiya jaataa haye. mauka laparwah, aavegpurna vyavhaar key liye ack pratishtha rakhta haye aur seva mein apane varishthon seey anjaan, bhee bhrasht haye. haart sevaanivritti seey teen dinn door haye. akele, registan mein ack godam koo nakali aur kalakar erich "rick" masters kaa ack print house maanaa jaataa haye, aur masters aur unake angarakshak, jack dwara maaraa jaataa haye. mauka apane nae saathi, johnn vukovic koo ghoshit kartaa haye kii vaha maalikon koo neeche leey jaayega chaahe kuchh bhee hoe. donon agent apane aaparaadhik sahyogiyon mein seey ack, attorney max waxman koo nigrani mein rakhate hue maalikon key baare mein jaankaari praapt karane kaa prayaas karate hain. vukovic ghadee parr sou jaataa haye, joe maalikon koo mome key aadami kii hatyaa karane kii anumati detaa haye, jisane usey paar kiya thaa. jabaki vukovic kitab key anusaar jaanaa chaahata haye, mauka teji seey laparwah aur adharmi hoe jaataa haye. vaha jaankaari key liye parol/soochana dene vaale key saath apane yaun-jabaran vasuli key sambandh parr nirbhar kartaa haye, jabaki vukovic niji taur parr maalikon key sahyogiyon seey milata haye, jisamen vakeel bobb grims bhee shamil hain, jinhen vaha palatane kaa prayaas kartaa haye. grims, hiton key ack sambhaavit sangharsh koo sweekaar karate hue joe unake kanuni abhyaas koo barbad curr sakata haye, apane muvakkil aur dou agents key beach ack baithak sthaapit karane key liye sahmat hain, joe maalikon kii nakali sevaaon mein ruchi rakhane vaale taad key jharanon key doctors key roop mein pesh karate hain. swami unake saath kaam karane key liye anichhuk hain, lekin antatah unhein 10 laakh dollar key nakali bilon koo chhaapane key liye sahmat hoe jaate hain. badale mein, malik agrim dhana mein 30,000 dollar kii maang karate hain, joe paise khareedane key liye adhikrit agency kii seema kaa teen gunaa haye. nakad praapt karane key liye, mauka vukovic koo thomas ling koo lootane mein usaki sahaayata karane key liye raaji kartaa haye, ack aadami jise pahale krurta seey mauka bataaya gayaa thaa kii vaha chori kiye gaye heere khareedane key liye 50,000 dollar nakad laa rhaa haye. mauka aur vukovic union station parr rook jaate hain aur vincent thomas pull key neeche ack audyogik kshetra mein nakadi jabt karate hain. ling key aavaran vaale loga unakaa peechha karate hain aur dakaiti koo dekhate hue, aag lagaa dete hain aur galati seey ling koo maar dete hain. mauka aur vukovic unhein sadakon, mukt maargon aur yahaan taka kii baadh niyantran chainalon mein seey ack seey bachane kii koshish karate hain, isase pahale kii way mukt maarg parr galat raaste seey baahar nikalen. agale dinn, unaki dainik briefing key anta mein ack bulletin shamil haye jisamen kahaa gayaa haye kii ling ack gupt aff. bee. aaee. agent thaa joe ack sting operation mein shamil honey key dauran maaraa gayaa thaa. kewal hamlaavaron aur unake vaahan kaa samanya vivaran diyaa gayaa haye. jabaki mauka aur vukovic ney ling koo naheen maaraa, vukovic phir bhee aparaadhbodh seey grast haye, jabaki mauka udaseen haye aur poori tarah seey swami praapt karane parr dhyaan kendrit kartaa haye. ling kii mrityu mein unaki bhoomika key baare mein spasht honey kaa mauka dene mein asamarth, vukovic grim seey milata haye, joe usey khud koo badalane aur ack halke vaakya key badale mein mauka milane key khilaf gawahi dene kii salah detaa haye. vukovic apane saathi koo fansaane seey incar curr detaa haye. mauka maalikon key saath khareed koo nirdhaarit kartaa haye, joe sanket detaa haye kii vaha dakaiti seey avagat haye. mauka aur vukovic adaan-pradaan key liye maalikon seey milate hain. nakali laakh kaa nireekshan karane key baad, agent maalikon aur jack koo giraftar karane kaa prayaas karate hain, lekin jack ack shotgun kheenchata haye. jack aur mauka ack dusare koo ghaatak roop seey goli maar detaa haye, aur malik bhaag jaate hain. vukovic peechha kartaa haye, ack godam mein jaataa haye jisake baare mein ack pichhale soochana dene vaale ney usey bataaya thaa. jaba taka vaha aataa haye, maalikon ney ander kii harr cheej mein aag lagaa dee haye, sabhi sabooton koo nasht curr diyaa haye. vukovic maalikon kaa saamana kartaa haye aur ack sankshipt sangharsh key dauran, malik vukovic seey poochata haye kii usane apane saathi koo badalane key liye grim kii salah kyon naheen lii, yeh khulasa karate hue kii grim hamesha maalikon kii or seey kaam curr rhaa thaa. jabaki vukovic rahasyodghatan parr stabdh hoe jaataa haye, swami ack board pakadate hain aur usey behosh curr dete hain. masters taba vukovic koo tukade kiye hue kagaj seey dhaka dete hain aur usey aag lagaane vaale hotey hain jaba vukovic goal hocker masters koo goli maar detaa haye. swami apana lighter giraa dete hain aur galati seey khud koo aag lagaa dete hain. vukovic jalate hue aadami koo goli maar detaa haye, apani khaali bandook key trigger koo kheenchana jaari rakhta haye kyonki swami jeevit jall jaate hain. adhik aakasmik roop seey kapade pahane, vukovic rooth kaa daura karati haye kyonki vaha loss angils koo chhodane key liye paik karati haye. vaha sanyog kii mrityu kaa ullekh kartaa haye, yeh sujhaav dete hue kii vaha poori tarah seey jaanati thee kii ling ack aff. bee. aaee. agent thaa aur usane mauka khela thaa. vaha jaanata haye kii mauka usake paas shesh nakadi chhod gayaa, jise agency abb vaapas chaahati haye, lekin rooth kaa kahana haye kii usey rinn chukaane key liye isaki aavashyakta thee. vukovic ghoshana kartaa haye kii rooth abb usake liye kaam curr rhaa haye, usee "joe bhee hoe" agent mein badal rhaa haye joe mauka thaa, aur usake sandigdh jeevan seey bachane key usake prayason koo roque rhaa haye. utpaadan. nirdeshak villium friedkin koo pandulipi key roop mein gerald petiwich kaa upanyaas diyaa gayaa aur ise bahut pramanik paaya gayaa. film nirmaata washington, dee key baahar ack gupt seva agent kii naukari kii "bilkul atiyathaarthvaadi prakriti" seey bhee mohit they.see. jaba film saude kii ghoshana kii gaee, tou petiwich kii jaanch ack pratidvandi dwara ack lambit karyalaya padonnati key liye kii gaee thee, aur mahsoos kiya kii "film banaane key liye merey khilaf bahut narajgi" aur "gupt seva mein merey khilaf kuchh dushmani" maujood thee, loss angils feeled offices mein agent dwara aur badh gaee, jisane jaanch shuru karane key kuchh hafton baad achaanak istifa dey diyaa. aiss. ell. aim. productions, financers kaa ack nyayadhikaran, ney 20veen shatabdi key lomdi key saath 10-chitra, $100 million key saude parr friedkin key saath kaam kiya, lekin jaba studio koo rupert merdock dwara kharida gayaa, tou financers mein seey ack ney sauda kiya aur ise aim. jee. aim. parr leey gayaa. casting. friedkin key paas kaam karane key liye 60 laakh dollar kaa bajat thaa, jabaki kalakaron aur dall ney apekshaakrit cumm vetan key liye kaam kiya. natijatan, unhein ehsas huaa kii film mein koee filmi sitaare naheen honge. villium pieterson kanada mein abhinay curr rahey they jaba unhein newyork shahar jaane aur nirdeshak seey milane key liye kahaa gayaa. apane padhane mein aadhe prishth parr, friedkin ney usey bataaya kii usake paas hissa haye. abhineta koo ack aise vyakti key roop mein mauka key charitra kii or aakarshit kiya gayaa thaa jisake paas ack baij aur ack bandook thee aur kaise yeh usey naa kewal kaanoon seey oopar banaati thee, balki "usake sir mein jeevan aur mrityu seey bhee oopar" banaati thee. abhineta ney iss charitra koo honey aur film koo "adbhut" aur "maadak" banaane kaa anubhav paaya. unhone saathi shikago abhineta johnn panco koo bulaaya aur unhein mauka milane key ack dinn baad friedkin key apartment mein leey aae, aur unhein vukovic kii bhoomika key liye sifarish kii. nirdeshak mauke parr hii sahmat hoe gaye. poorv gupt seva agent aur lekhak gerald petiwich, jinhone iss film parr adharit pustak likhi haye, ack saathi gupt seva agent key roop mein ack cameo mein dikhaai dete hain. patkatha. film kaa mool kathaanak, paatr aur adhikansh samvaad petiwich key upanyaas seey liya gayaa haye, lekin friedkin ney shuruati aatankvaadi anukram, kaar kaa peechha aur spasht roop seey jodaa, pahale mauka aur maalikon key beach pradarshan parr dhyaan kendrit kiya. petiwich ney kahaa kii friedkin ney kaee drishya likhe lekin jaba koee nayaa drishya yaa kahani badalane kii aavashyakta thee, tou unhone ise likhaa. nirdeshak sweekaar kartaa haye kii petiwich ney paatron aur sthitiyon koo banaaya aur unhone bahut saare samvaadon kaa upayog kiya, lekin unhone patkatha likhi, petiwich naheen. mukhya photography. nirdeshak ack swatantra film banaana chaahte they aur una logon key saath sahyog karna chaahte they joe teji seey kaam curr sakate they, jaise kii chhayakar robby muller aur unake chune hue dall joe gair-sangh sadasya they. friedkin ney sub kuchh sthaan parr shoot kiya aur jaldi seey kaam kiya, aksar pahale tech kaa upayog karke tatkalata kaa ehsas diyaa. vaha abhyaas karna pasand naheen karate they, lekin aisee paristhitiyaan paida karate they jahan abhinetaon koo lagata thaa kii way ack drishya kaa abhyaas curr rahey hain jaba way vaastav mein ack tech kii shooting curr rahey they. friedkin ney aisaa sirf tabhi kiya jaba usey kuchh aisaa milaa jiska vaha upayog curr sakata thaa. iss anta mein, unhone drishyon koo khelane diyaa aur abhinetaon koo charitra mein rahane aur sudhaar karane kii anumati dee. udaaharan key liye, usa drishya key dauran jahaan vaha baar mein roothi seey milane jaati haye, jahaan vaha kaam karati haye, friedkin ney pieterson aur abhinetri darlen fluegal koo apani khud kii blocking taiyar karane kii anumati dee aur muller seey kahaa, "buss unhein goli maar dein. koshish karein aur unhein frame mein rakhein. aggar way frame mein naheen hain, tou way film mein naheen hain. yahee unaki samasya haye." loss angils antarrashtriya havaai adde parr terminal key chalate hue footpath key beach devider key sheersh key saath pieterson key shott ney film nirmaataon koo havaai adde kii pulis key saath pareshani mein daal diyaa. havaai adde ney iss kaarravaai koo pratibandhit curr diyaa thaa, mukhya roop seey pieterson kii suraksha key liye, kyonki unhein lagaa kii aggar vaha khud koo chot pahunchaata tou unakaa beema usey cover naheen kartaa. abhineta ney friedkin seey kahaa kii unhein vaise bhee stunt karna chaahiye, isaliye nirdeshak ney prastaav diyaa kii way ise rehearsal kii tarah lein, lekin cameray seey drishya koo ghumaakar shoot karein, jisase havaai adde key adhikaari naraj hoe gaye. nakali montage pramanik dikhta haye kyonki friedkin ney vaastavik nakali logon seey paramarsh kiya thaa jinhone samay nikala thaa. salaahkaar" ney vaastav mein aise drishya kiye joe abhineta willem daffoe koo cameray parr naheen dikhaate hain taaki iss anukram koo adhik pramanikta dee jaa sakey, bhale hii abhineta ney paise chhaapana seekh liya hoe. duss laakh dollar seey adhik kaa nakali paisa banaaya gayaa thaa, lekin teen jaanboojhkar galatiyon key saath taaki iska upayog film key baahar naa kiya jaa sakey. film nirmaataon ney adhikansh nakali paise jalaa diye lekin kuchh leak hoe gaye, upayog kiye gaye aur utpaadan seey vaapas judey. chaalak dall key sadasyon mein seey ack key bete ney ack sthaaniya dukaan seey candy khareedane key liye prope key kuchh paise kaa upayog karane kii koshish kii aur usey pakad liya gayaa. washington seey teen aff. bee. aaee. agent, dee.see. friedkin sahit chaalak dall key sadasyon kaa sakshatkar liya, jinhone unake liye kaary-chihn kii jaanch kii. unhone koshagar key sachiv koo film dikhaane aur rashtriya suraksha key liye khatra honey vaali kissy bhee cheez koo baahar nikaalane kii peshkash kii. yahee aakhiri baar thaa jaba unhone sarkaar seey sunaa thaa. loss angils freeway anukram parr galat tareeke seey kaar kaa peechha karna film mein shoot kii gaee antim cheejon mein seey ack thee aur ise shoot karane mein chhah saptah lagey. iss samay, friedkin ack bahut hii khaali dall key saath kaam curr rhaa thaa. unhein 25 farwari, 1963 koo yatayat key pravaah key khilaf peechha karane kaa vichaar aaya jaba way shikago mein ack shaadi seey ghar jaa rahey they. vaha gaadi chalaate hue sou gayaa aur galat gully mein jaag gayaa aur aaney vaalaa yatayat usake liye seedha jaa rhaa thaa. vaha sadak key apane kinare parr vaapas aaa gaye aur agale 20 varshon taka ashcharya huaa kii vaha ise ack film mein kaise upayog karane jaa rahey hain. unhone stunt samanvayak dost joe hooker seey kahaa kii aggar way "french connection" kii tulanaa mein behtar peechha curr sakate hain tou yeh film mein hoga. yadi naheen, tou vaha iska upayog naheen karega. iss anukram key dauran pieterson ney apani gaadi khud chalaai aur abhineta johnn panco kii tanaavpurna pratikriyaen vaastavik theen. teen saptahant wilmington, california key paas terminal dweep mukt maarg key khandon parr bitaaye gaye they joe chaalak dall koo arajak peechha karane kii anumati dene key liye ack samay mein chaar ghante key liye bund they. deree key saath, film ney bajat seey adhik $1 million kii kamai kii. peechha karane kii arajak bhavna koo jodate hue, friedkin ney ise iss tarah seey prastut kiya kii freeway yatayat kaa pravaah ulat gayaa. yahee haye kii drishya mein samanya yatayat mein chaalak baain or (britten mein kii tarah) drive curr rahey hain, jabaki pravaah key khilaf gaadi chalaate hue kaaren apane daaeen or (jaisa kii uttar america mein hamesha hotaa haye) chalaa rahee hain. villium pieterson aur darlen fluegal key beach ack yaun anukram key sandarbh mein, nirdeshak villium friedkin ney abhinetaon seey "ise yathasambhav vaastavik banaane" key liye kahaa haye. ise vaastavik banaaen. post production. jiss dinn unhone pieterson koo cast kiya, usee dinn friedkin ney film key anta mein mauka milane parr maarne key baare mein socha, lekin sampaadak budd smith key anusaar, vukovic koo hii maaraa jaanaa thaa. jiss charam drishya mein mauka maaraa jaataa haye, usey aim. jee. aim. adhikaariyon dwara bahut achchi tarah seey praapt naheen kiya gayaa thaa, jinhone ise bahut nakaratmak paaya. studio key pramukhon koo santusht karane key liye, unhone ack doosara anta shoot kiya, jisamen mauka shotgun visfot seey butch jaataa haye aur sambhavatah ack aantarik sajaa key roop mein, unhein aur vukovic koo alaska mein ack doorasth gupt seva station mein sthanantarit curr diyaa jaataa haye, aur unake boss thomas ballebaaj kaa sakshatkar television parr hotey hue dekhaa jaataa haye. friedkin ney vaikalpik anta kaa purvavlokan kiya aur mool rakhaa. swaagat. boxes offices. "ell mein jeene aur marane key liye.aeye."1 navambar, 1985 koo sanyukt raajya america mein 1,135 screens mein premiere kiya gayaa, jahan isane" "death vish 3" "key peechhe apane shuruati saptahant mein $36 laakh kii kamai kii. isane sanyukt raajya america aur kanada mein $17.3 laakh kamaaye, joe isake $60 laakh key bajat seey kaafee adhik thaa. aalochanatmak pratikriya. sadey hue tamatar parr, film 49 sameekshaon seey 86 pratishat kaa score rakhti haye, jisaki ausat rating 7.1/10 haye. site kii mahatvapurna aam sahamati mein likhaa haye, "cock key saath, kaar kaa peechha karate hue, aur wang chung galore key saath", L mein rahane aur marane key liye.aeye."shayed 80 key dashak kaa antim action/thriller haye." shikago sunn-times" key film sameekshak roser abert ney film koo chaar mein seey chaar sitaare diye aur likhaa kii "film bhee pratham shreni kii haye. disha kunji haye. friedkin ney kuchh achchi filmein banaai hain...aur kuchh kharaab. yeh unaki vaapsee haye, joe shuruati tasveeron kii gaharaai aur kaushal koo darshaati haye. unhone pieterson kii prashansa kii, "ack shikago munch abhineta joe kathor, chatur aur chatur key roop mein saamane aataa haye. unake paas steve mcqueen key kuchh guna hain. aalochak genet maslin ney film koo khariz curr diyaa aur likhaa, "aaj, chamakdaar, satahi shally mein shree. fredkin ney itani achchi tarah seey mahaarat hassil kii haye, yeh kaar kaa peechha karna aur shootout aur aakarshak setting haye joe vaastav mein mamle kaa dill haye. newsweak" key aalochak david ensen ney likhaa, "robby muller dwara kathor tej-tarrar abhinay key saath shott, taaja, kathin-aadami key cheharon key liye ack achchi nazar key saath cast kiya gayaa", ell mein jeene aur marane key liye.aeye."nakali berber hoe sakata haye, lekin yeh majedar haye. variety" key karmchaariyon ney film koo ack mishrit sameeksha dee aur likhaa kii yeh sheersh parr haih "ell mein jeena aur marna.aeye."ack ameer aadami key" "miyami wies" "kii tarah dikhta haye. villium friedkin kaa 1971 key apane "francisi sambandh" key barabar paschimi tata banaane kaa spasht prayaas ack pull-seey-pull key aadhar parr kaafee manoranjak aur vichalit karane vaalaa haye, lekin isase aage nickle gayaa haye...fredkin cumm seey cumm samvaad rakhta haye, lekin vahaan joe baatchit hoti haye vaha sadak key vipareet ashlilataon seey bharee hui saabit hoti haye, itna kii yeh ack majaak bunn jaataa haye. washington post" key liye apani teekhi sameeksha mein, paul atanasio ney likhaa "" ell mein jeene aur marane key liye. aeye."vaha kuchh samay key liye jeevit rahega aur jaldi hii marr jaayega.aeye.jahan bhagwan key paas koee krodh naheen haye jaise kii ack studio karyakari kharaab kamai key saath. phir seey, shayed iss atyadhik germ aur laparwahi seey hinsak film koo "starky aur hutch" dwara sthaapit uchch maanak parr rakhna anuchit haye. film itihaaskaar leonard maltin atanasio seey sahmat prateet hotey hain, joe sambhaavit chaar mein seey "tladila" koo 1.5 sitaare dete hainh paschimi tata parr "miyami wies" kii kalpana karane kii koshish karein...yahaan aapke paas haye. yeh tasveer itani kathor haye kii kissy key liye bhee jarh jadana mushkil haye-kyonki achche loga burey logon kii tarah hii abhadra, lalchi aur udas hotey hain! ack crack secret service agent aur ack master counterfeater key liye, daffoe aur pieterson donon bahut goonga abhinay karate hain; friedkin wang chung dwara ack galvanising score key saath apane swayam key "french connection" key baad seey sabse shandar kaar peechha kartaa haye, lekin yeh bhee iss film key kharaab swaad kaa mukabala karane key liye paryaapt naheen haye." jey scott ney "dha globe aind mell" key liye apani sameeksha mein likhaa, "dayaa garib loss angelsah pahale saine andreas kii galati aur abb yeh. isake baare mein baat yeh haye kii "ell mein jeena aur marna.aeye.", apani sabhi anaitikta aur ghor anaitikta key liye, ack pataakhe-jank thriller haye, tanaavpurna aur romanchak aur apratyaashit haye, aur kissy bhee naitiktawadi kii tulanaa mein adhik gambhir majedar haye. "time ney apane" "kroor, phoole hue kaar-peechha anukram kii aalochana kii joe kii fredkin key nifty" "french connection" "seey chori kiya gayaa thaa, aur ise" "ack fatted movie hibridah miyami wille" "kahaa. lagbhag dou dashakon baad, "digital fixes" mein ack sameeksha ney film koo "bhrashtachar aur aatma koo nasht karane vaali krurta mein ack soorya-rakt adhyayan" kahaa, kukhyaat roop seey aniyamit lekin kabhi-kabhi shandar villium friedkin dwara yeh film kharaab, sanaki aur avishvasaniya roop seey achchi haye."film koo pichhale 25 varshon mein loss angils mein sthaapit 19veen sarvshreshth film key roop mein dou maandandon key saath" "loss angils times" "lekhakon aur sampadakon key ack samooh dwara chunaa gayaa thaah" "film koo ell key baare mein kuchh antarnihit sachchai kaa sanchaar karna thaa.aeye. anubhav, aur soochi mein prati nirdeshak kewal ack film kii anumati thee. prashansa. jeeten prabhaav. halanki usa samay isake kalakaron mein kushal hastiyon kii kamee key liye aalochana kii gaee thee, kaee abhineta sthaapit sitaare bunn gaye hain, vishesh roop seey willem daffoe, villium pieterson, johnn panco, jaine leaves aur johnn terturo. soundtrack. friedkin key anusaar, unhone soundtrack kii rachana key liye wang chung koo chunane kaa mukhya kaaran yeh thaa kii baind "baaki samkaaleen sangeet seey alag haye... unhone antatah joe record kiya haye, usane naa kewal film koo badhaaya haye, balki ise ack gahara, adhik shaktishali ayam diyaa haye. way chaahte they kii way baind key pichhale album, "vakr parr ank" koo sunane key baad apani film key liye sangeet rachana karein. unhein album key saath itna liya gayaa kii unhone album seey seedhe ack geet, "prateeksha karein" leey liya aur ise soundtrack key hisse key roop mein istemal kiya. "prateeksha" film key anta mein khelata haye. sheershak geet aur "prateeksha" koo chhodkar, dhwanipath parr pratyek geet dou saptah kii avadhi key bheetar likhaa aur record kiya gayaa thaa. wang chung dwara film kaa ack motaa hissa dekhane key baad hii unhone sheershak geet kaa nirmaan kiya. ack mool chalchitra dhwanipath 30 sitambar, 1985 koo geffen record dwara jaari kiya gayaa thaa. album mein aathh gaane they. album kaa sheershak geet, "ell mein jeene aur marane key liye.aeye.", (ack sangeet video key saath bhee joe fredkin dwara nirdeshit kiya gayaa thaa), ise" billboard "hott 100 parr banaaya gayaa jahan yeh sanyukt raajya mein #41 parr pahunch gayaa. gharelu media. 2 disambar, 2003 koo aim. jee. aim. home entertainment dwara ack dee. vee. dee. jaari kiya gayaa thaa. dee. vee. dee. mein ack nayaa punarsthaapit wide-screen transfer, ack audio commentary jisamen nirdeshak friedkin kii visheshta haye, jisamen vaha film key nirmaan key baare mein kahaaniyon kaa varnan kartaa haye, ack aadhe ghante kaa vrittachitra jisamen mukhya paatron kii visheshta haye, ack hataa diyaa gayaa drishya jisamen ack pareshan vukovic koo usake apartment mein jald hii honey vaali poorv patni koo pareshan karate hue dikhaaya gayaa haye, aur vaikalpik anta mein friedkin ney upayog karane seey incar curr diyaa, jisamen dou gupt seva bhagidar butch jaate hain, lekin unake paryavekshak ballebaaj koo padonnat kiya jaataa haye aur maalikon koo rokane kaa shreya liya jaataa haye. 2 farwari, 2010 koo, film koo blue-ray parr release kiya gayaa thaa, jisamen pichhali sabhi vishesh visheshtaen naheen theen joe dvd release mein shamil theen. 21 navambar, 2016 koo teer video ney sangeetkaar, stunt samanvayak, villium pieterson, debra fuer aur dwear braun key saath purani visheshtaon aur naee visheshtaon key saath ack kshetra bee blue-ray sanskaran jaari kiya. 22 navambar, 2016 koo, chillaane vaale karkhane ney ack collector sanskaran jaari kiya, jisamen mool dvd kii vishesh visheshtaon koo bahaal kiya gayaa aur naee visheshtaon koo jodaa gayaa. gaadi kaa peechha karna. film mein pradarshit kaar kaa peechha lagaatar film parr sarvshreshth kaar peechha drishyon mein sthaan diyaa gayaa haye, joe aksar "french connection" (ack aur friedkin nirdeshit film), "dha sevan-ups", "dha blues brothers", "ronin" aur "bullit" key saath dikhaai detaa haye. television shrinkhala. 2015 mein, villium friedkin ney doubleu. jee. aine. america key liye film parr adharit ack tv shrinkhala vikasit karane kii yojana kii ghoshana kii. yeh show abhee bhee julaai 2021 taka vikas mein haye.

elnalli badukalu mattu sayalu.aa. (chalanachitra) elnalli badukalu mattu sayalu.aa. idu vilium friedkin nirdeshisida mattu saha-bareda 1985 rahra american neo-naayar auction crime thriller chalanachitravagide mattu united statesna maaji rahasya sewa agent gerald petiwich avara 1984 rahra kaadambariyannu aadhariside, avaru friedkin avarondige chitrakatheyannu saha-barediddaare. ee chitradalli vilium peterson, willem duffoe mattu zaan pankov muntaadavaru natisiddaare. wang chung moola sangeetada dhwanipathawannu samyojisi, pradarshisidaru. ibbaru rahasya sewa agentaru nakali vyaktiyannu bandhisalu eshtu samaya tegedukolluttaare embudara katheyannu ee chitravu heluttade. plat. adhyaksha reegan avara melina hatyeya prayatnavannu viphalagolisida nantara, rahasya sewa agentgalaada richard chaans mattu jimmi haartrannu laas angelies kshetra kacheriyalli nakali tanikhadhikarigalagi nemisalaaguttade. avakaashavu ajagarooka, hathat pravruttiya nadavalikege hesaruvaasiyaagide mattu seveyalliruva tanna meladhikaarigalige tiliyade, bhrashtanoo aagide. haart nivruttiyagi mooru dinagalaagive. ekangiyagi, marubhoomiyalli nakali mattu kalaavida erich "rick" mastersna mudrana gruhavendu bhaavisalaada ugraanavannu haart nillisuttaane mattu maastargalu mattu avana angaraksaka jyakninda kollalpaduttaane. avakaashavu tanna hosa sangaatiyaada zaan vukovichge, taanu ene aagali, gurugalannu kelagilisuttene endu ghooshisuttade. ibbaru agentaru aatana aparadha sahavartigalalli obbaraada attorney max waxmannannu kangaavalinallirisuva moolaka gurugala bagge maahitiyannu padeyalu prayatnisuttaare. wukowich gadiyaarada mele nidrisuttaane, idu avanannu daatida menada manushyanannu kollalu gurugalige avakasha niiduttade. wukowich pustakada prakara hogalu bayasidare, avakaashavu gurugala anveshaneyalli hecchu ajagarooka mattu anaitikavaguttade. aata maahitigaagi peroli/maahitidaara ruth avarondigina tanna laingika-sulige sambandhavannu avalambisiddaane, aadare wukowich aata tirugisalu prayatnisuva vakeela baab grims seridante mastersna sahachararannu khasagiyagi bhetiyaguttane. tanna kaanoonu abhyasavannu halumadabahudada sambhaavya hitasakti sangharshavannu oppikonda grims, tanna kakshidara mattu ibbaru agentara naduve sabheyannu sthapisalu oppikolluttaane, avaru mastersna nakali sevegalalli asakti hondiruva taale buggegala vaidyaraagi natisuttaare. gurugalu avarondige kelasa maadalu hinjariyuttaare, aadare antimavagi avarige $1 million moulyada nakali notugalannu mudrisalu opputtaare. pratiyagi, malikaru mungada hanavagi $30,000 annu keluttaare, idu hanavannu khareedisalu adhikruta agency mitiya mooru pattu hechchaagide. hanavannu padeyalu, avakaashavu wukowich avarannu thamus ling annu darode maadalu sahaaya maaduvante manavolisuttade, kaluvaada vajragalannu khareedisalu $50,000 hanavannu taruttiddaane endu ee hinde rooth helida vyakti. avakasha mattu wukowich union nildaanadalli ling annu tadedu vincent thamus setuveya kelagiruva kaigarika pradeshadalli hanavannu vashapadisikolluttare. lingna cover janaru avarannu himbalisuttare mattu darodegalannu gamanisuvaga, gundu harisuttare mattu aakasmikavaagi lingannu kolluttaare. avakasha mattu wukowich muktamaargadalli tappu maargadalli hoguva moolaka tappisikolluva modalu, beedigalu, muktamaargagalu mattu pravaaha niyantrana kaaluvegalalli wandannu tappisalu prayatnisuttaare. marudina, avara dainandina briefingna koneyalli, ling obba rahasya eff. bii. aii agent aagiddu, kutuku karyacharaneyalli todagidaaga kollalpattaru emba bulletin seride. dalikoraru mattu avara vaahanada saamaanya vivaraneyannu maatra nidalaagide. avakasha mattu wukowich lingannu kolladiddaroo, wukowich aparaadhabhaavadinda balaluttiddaane, aadare avakaashavu niraasaktavaagide mattu kevala masters padeyuvatta maatra gamana harisuttade. lingna maranadalli avara patrada bagge spashtane padeyalu avakaashavannu manavolisalu saadhyavaagada wukowich, tannannu taanu tirugisikollalu mattu haguravaada shikshege badalaagi avakaashada viruddha sakshiyagalu salahe needuva grims annu bhetiyaguttane. wukowich tanna sangaatiyannu bandhisalu niraakarisuttaane. avakaashavu kolluvikeyannu maastargalondige hondisuttade, avaru kallatanada bagge tilididdaare endu soochisuttaare. avakasha mattu wukowich vinimayakkagi masters annu bhetiyaguttare. nakali million annu parisheelisida nantara, agentgalu masters mattu jack avarannu bandhisalu prayatnisuttaare, aadare jack shotgun annu eleyuttaane. jack mattu aakasmikavaagi obbarannobbaru maranantikavagi shoot maaduttaare, mattu masters tappisikolluttaare. wukowich bennattuttaane, hindina maahitidaaranu avanige helida godamige hoguttaane. avanu baruvashtaralli, gurugalu olagina elladakkoo benki hachchuttaare, ellah puraavegalannu nashapadisuttare. wukowich gurugalannu edurisuttaane mattu sankshipta horaatada samayadalli, gurugalu wukowich avarannu tanna sangaatiyannu tirugisalu grimsna salaheyannu eke tegedukollalilla endu keluttaare, grims masters paravagi kelasa maduttiddane endu bahirangapadisuttaare. wukowich ee bahirangapadisuvikeyannu nodi digbhramegondare, gurugalu phalakavannu hididu avanannu pragnaaheena sthitiyalli hodeyuttaare. maastargalu nantara wukowich annu churuchuru kagadadinda muchchuttare mattu wukowich bandu maastargalannu shoot madidaga avanannu benkiyalli haakuttaare. gurugalu tanna lighter annu bilisuttaare mattu aakasmikavaagi tannannu taanu suttuhakikolluttare. wukowich suduva vyaktiyannu gundu haarisuttaane, gurugalu jivantavagi suttuhoguttiruvaaga tanna khaali bandookina prachodakavannu eleyuvudannu munduvarisuttaane. hecchu sadharanavada udupannu dharisida wukowich, laas angelisninda horadalu pyaak maduvaga rootge bheti niiduttaane. avanu avakaashada maranavannu ullekhisuttaane, ling obba aifbi agent endu mattu avalu avakaashavannu adiddale endu avalige tilidittu endu soochisuttade. avakaashavu avala bully ulida hanavannu bittu hogide endu avanige tilidide, adannu agencyu eega marali bayasuttade, aadare saalagalannu pavatisalu adhu tanage bekagittu endu rooth heluttaare. rooth eega tanagaagi kelasa maduttiddane, avakaashavidda adhe "ene bekaadaroo" agent aagi maarpattanu mattu tanna masukaada jeevanadinda tappisikolluva avala prayatnagalannu nillisuttiddanu endu wukowich ghooshisuttaane. utpaadane. nirdeshaka vilium friedkin avarige gerald petiwich avara kaadambariyannu hastaprati roopadalli nidalaayitu mattu adhu bahala adhikrutavaagide endu kanduhidiyalaayitu. washington, dii. yaya horagina rahasya sewa agentna kelasada "sampoornavaagi ativaastavika svabhaava" dinda chalanachitra nirmapakaru aakarshitaraadaru.sii. chalanachitra oppandavannu ghoshisidaga, petiwich avarannu kacheria prachaarakkaagi eduraaliyobbaru tanikhe maadidaru, mattu "chalanachitravannu nirmisiddakkagi nanna viruddha saakashtu asamadhana" mattu "rahasya seveyalli nanna viruddha swalpa dvesha" astitvadallide endu bhavisidaru, laas angeliesna kshetra kacheriyallina agentninda ulbanagonditu, avaru tanikheyannu praarambhisida kelavu vaaragala nantara iddakkiddante rajiname niididaru. slm productions, hanakasudarara nyayamandaliyu, 20neey shatamaanada narigalondige hattu-chitra, $100 million oppandada mele friedkin avarondige kelasa maaditu, aadare studiyovannu rupert mardok khareedisidaaga, hanakaasudaararobbaru oppandavannu hintegedukondu adannu mgmge kondoydaru. casting. friedkin avarondige kelasa maadalu $6 million budget hondiddare, patravarga mattu sibbandi tulanaatmakavaagi kadime vetanakke kelasa maadidaru. idara parinaamavaagi, ee chitradalli yaavude chalanachitra taareyaru iruvudilla endu avaru aritukondaru. vilium peterson avaru kenadaadalli natisuttiddaaga newyork nagarakke vimaanadalli hogi nirdeshakarannu bheti maadalu kelalaayitu. tanna oduvikeya ardha putadalli, friedkin tanna bully aaa bhagavide endu helidanu. badge mattu bandooku hondiruva vyaktiyante mattu adhu avanannu kaanooniginta melaagi matravallade "avana taleyalli jeevana mattu maranakkinta melaagi" hege maaditu embudara bagge natanu avakaashada patrakke aakarshitaraadaru. ee patravannu hondiruva mattu chalanachitravannu "adbhuta" mattu "maadaka" vannagi maadida anubhavavannu nata kandukondaru. aata chikagoda saha nata zaan panco avarannu karedu, avakaashavaagi patrakke aykegonda marudinave avarannu friedkin apartmentge karetandu, wukowich patrakke shipharasu maadidaru. nirdeshakaru sthaladalle oppidaru. ee chalanachitravannu aadharisida pustakavannu bareda maaji rahasya sewa agent mattu lekhaka gerald petiwich, sahavarti rahasya sewa agent aagi atithi patradalli kanisikolluttare. chitrakathe. chitrada moola kathaavastu, patragalu mattu sambhashaneya hecchina bhagavannu petiwich avara kaadambariyinda tegedukollalagide, aadare friedkin arambhika bhayotpadaka drashya, kaaru bennattuvike mattu spashtavaada, modalu avakasha mattu masters naduvina mukhamukhiya mele kendrikarisidaru. friedkin halavaaru drashyagalannu barediddaare aadare hosa drashya athawa katheyannu badalaayisuva agatyaviddaaga, avaru adannu barediddaare endu petiwich helidaru. nirdeshakanu petiwich patragalu mattu sanniveshagalannu srushtisidanendu mattu aata saakashtu sambhashanegalannu balasiddaanendoo aadare aata chitrakatheyannu barediddaanendoo, petiwich allavendoo oppikolluttaane. mukhya chayagrahana. nirdeshakaru swatantra chalanachitravondannu nirmisalu mattu chayagrahaka robby mueller mattu okkootavallada sadasyaraagidda avara aayda sibbandiyantaha vegavagi kelasa madaballa janarondige sahakarisalu bayasiddaru. friedkin ellavannoo sthaladalle chitrikarisi tvaritavagi kelasa maaditu, aagaagge modala take annu takshanada pragneyannu needalu balasitu. avaru purvaabhyaasa maadalu ishtapaduttiralilla, aadare nataru taavu ondu drashyavannu abhyasa maaduttiddevendu bhavisuvantaha sanniveshagalannu srushtisuttiddaru. friedkin taanu balasabahudaada enannaadaroo padedare idannu maadidanu. ee nittinalli, avaru drashyagalannu pradarshisalu avakasha maadikottaru mattu natarige patradalli uliyalu mattu sudhaarane maadalu avakasha maadikottaru. udaaharanege, aake kelasa maaduva barnelli aakasmikavaagi roothige bheti needuva drashyada samayadalli, friedkin peterson mattu nutty darlanne fluegel avarige tammade aada nirbandhavannu rupisalu avakasha maadikottaru mattu mullarge, "avarannu shoot maadi" endu helidaru. avugalannu chaukattinalli irisikollalu prayatnisi. avaru chaukattinalli illadiddare, avaru chalanachitradalli illa. idu avara samasye." laas angelies antaaraashtriya vimaana nildaanadalli terminaln chalisuva padachari maargada naduvina vibhajakagala meelbhaagadalli petersonra otada drashyavu chalanachitra nirmaapakarannu vimaana nildaanada polisarondige tondarege dooditu. vimaana nildaanavu ee kramavannu nishedhisittu, mukhyavaagi peterson avara surakshategaagi, ekendare avaru swatah gaayagondiddare tamma vimeyu aatanannu olagondiruvudilla endu avaru bhavisiddaru. nata avaru hegaadaroo saahasavannu maadabeku endu friedkinge helidaru, aaddarinda nirdeshakaru adannu poorvaabhyaasadante pariganisabekendu prastapisidaru aadare cameragalu drashyavannu suttikondu chitrikarisuvante maadidaru, idu vimaana nildaanada adhikaarigalannu keralisitu. nakali montage adhikrutavaagi kaanuttade ekendare friedkin samaya maadida nijavaada nakaligalannu samparkisidaru. natanu hanavannu mudrisalu kalitaroo saha ee drashyakke hecchu vishvaasaarhateyannu needalu nata willem dafoyannu cameradalli torisada drashyagalannu "consultant" vaastavaagi maadidaru. ondu dasalaksha dollar goo hecchu nakali hanavannu tayaarisalaayitu aadare mooru uddeshapurvaka doshagalondige adannu chitrada horage balasalu sadhyavagalilla. chalanachitra nirmapakaru hecchina nakali hanavannu suttuhaakidaru aadare kelavu sorikeyaadavu, balasalpattavu mattu nirmanakke matte jodisalpattavu. sibbandi sadasyarobbara maga sthaliya angadiyalli mithai khareedisalu kelavu hanavannu balasalu prayatnisidanu mattu sikkibiddanu. vashingtanninda mooru eff. bii. aii agentgalu, dii.sii. friedkin seridante 12-15 sibbandigalannu sandarshisidaru, avaru avarigaagi kelasada mudreyannu parikshisidaru. khajaaneya kaaryadarshige chalanachitravannu torisalu mattu rashtriya bhadratege apaayavannuntumaaduva yaavudannaadaru horategeyalu avaru mundaadaru. idu avaru sarkaaradinda kelida koneya matagittu. laas angelies freeway drashyadalli tappaada reetiyalli kaaru bennattuvudu chitradalli chitrikarisida koneya vishayagalalli ondaagide mattu chitrikaranakke aaru vaaragalu bekayitu. ee samayadalli, friedkin bahala kelamattada sibbandiyondige kelasa maaduttiddaru. 1963rahra phebravari 25randu chikagodalli nadeda maduveyinda manege vaahana chalayisuttiddaga, sanchara dattaneya viruddha bennattuva kalpaneyannu aata tandaru. aata chakradalli nidrisi, tappaada daariyalli echcharagondu, munde baruva sanchara dattaneyu neravagi aatana kadege hoguttittu. avaru rasteya badiyalli maraliddaru mattu mundina 20 varshagala kaala adannu chalanachitradalli hege balasuttaare endu ashcharyapattaru. avaru sahasa samyojakaraada sneehita zoo hooker avarige "french samparka" dalliruvadakkinta uttamavaagi bennattalu sadhyavadare adhu chalanachitradalliruttade endu helidaru. illadiddare, avanu adannu balasuttiralilla. ee drushyavaliya samayadalli peterson tammade aada saakashtu vaahana chaalaneyannu maadidaru mattu nata zaan panco avara ottadada pratikriyegalu nijavagiddavu. mooru vaaraantyagalannu californiada wilmington baliya terminal ailyand mukta maargada vibhagagalalli kaleyalaayitu, adhu astavyastavaada bennattuvikeyannu nadesalu sibbandige avakasha maadikodalu ondu samayadalli naalku gantegala kaala muchchalpattitu. vilambadindaagi, ee chitravu bajetginta $1 miliyangalashtu hecchu galisitu. bennattuvikeya astavyastavaada bhavaneyannu hechchisutta, freeway sanchara harivannu himmukhagolisalu friedkin adannu pradarshisidaru. andare, drashyadallina saamaanya sanchara dattaneyu chalakaru edagai pathagalalli (britannalliruvante) tamma edabhagadalli chaalane maaduttaaraadare, harivina viruddha chaalane maaduva kaarugalu tamma balabhagadalli chaalane maaduttive (uttara americadalli endinante). vilium peterson mattu darlanne fluegel naduvina laingika drashyavannu ullekhisi, nirdeshaka vilium friedkin avaru natarige "adannu saadhyavaadashtu vaastavikavaagisalu" heliddannu bahirangapadisidaru. adannu nijavagisi ". post production. peterson patravannu vahisida dinadindale, friedkin chitrada koneyalli aakasmikavaagi kolluva bagge yochisidaru, aadare sampaadaka budd smith prakara, wukowich avarannu kollabekaagittu. aakasmikavaagi kollalpatta aaa drashyavannu mgm kaaryanirvaahakaru chennagi sweekarisalilla, avaru adannu tumba nakaaraatmakavendu kandukondaru. studio mukhyastarannu truptipadisalu, aata eradane antyavannu chitrikarisidaru, idaralli shotgun spotadinda badukuliyuva avakaashavide mattu bahushah aantarika shiksheyaagi, aata mattu wukowich avarannu alaaskaada durastha rahasya sewa kendrakke vargaayisalaaguttade mattu avara baas thamus batmannannu duradarshanadalli sandarshana maaduvudannu noduttaare. friedkin paryaya antyavannu purvavikshane maadi moolavannu ittukondiddaane. svaagata. boxes offices. "elnalli badukalu mattu sayalu.aa."1985rahra november 1randu united statesnalli 1,135 paradegalalli prathama pradarshanagonda ee chitravu" "death vish 3" "naa nantarada tanna arambhika vaaraantyadalli $36 laksha galisitu". idu united states mattu kenadaadalli $17.3 million galisitu, idu adara $6 million bajetginta hechchaagide. vimarshaatmaka pratikriye. koleta tometogala mele, chalanachitravu 49 vimarshegalinda shekada 86rashtu ankagalannu hondiddu, sarasari 7.1/10 rating hondide. saitna vimarshaatmaka ommatavu, "coque finds, kaar chases mattu wang chung galorrondige", l nalli badukalu mattu sayalu.aa."idu bahushah 80rahra dashakada antima auction/thriller agirabahudu." chikago sunn-times" naa chalanachitra vimarshaka rogar ebert, chitrakke naalku nakshatragalalli naalku nakshatragalannu niididaru mattu "chalanachitravu saha prathama darjeyagide" endu barediddaare. nirdeshanave mukhya. friedkin kelavu olleya chalanachitragalannu maadiddaare...mattu kelavu kettavu. idu avara punaraagamanavaagiddu, arambhika chitragala aala mattu kaushalyavannu torisuttade ". aata chikagoda rangabhumiya nata peterson avarannu shlaghisidaru, avaru kathina, vichitra mattu buddhivantaraagi kaanuttaare. aata steve mcween kelavu gunagalannu hondiddaane ". vimarshaka johnet maslin ee chalanachitravannu tallihaki, "indu, beragugolisuva, melmattada shailiyalli shree. friedkin eshtu chennagi parinatiyannu padedide endare, kaarina bennattuvike mattu hodetagalu mattu kannina serehidiyuva settinggalu nijavagiyoo ee vishayada hrudayabhaagavaagide ". nyus weak" naa vimarshaka david ansen, "taja, kathina-vyakti mukhagaligagi uttama kanninondige robby mueller avara gritty aadambaradinda chitrikarisalagide", elnalli badukalu mattu sayalu barediddaare.aa."idu nakali krooravaagirabahudu, aadare idu tamaasheyaagide". vaividhya" dha sibbandi chalanachitrakke mishra vimarsheyannu niididaru mattu idu meelbhaagadallide endu baredaruh "elnalli badukalu mattu sayalu.aa."idu obba srimanta vyaktiya" "miami vais" "nante kaanuttade". vilium friedkin avara 1971rahra "french samparka" kke samaanavaada paschima karaavaliyannu roopisuva spashta prayatnavu kshanadinda kshanakke saakashtu manakalakuva mattu tiruguvantide aadare adannu meerisalaagide...friedkin sambhashaneyannu kanishta mattakke ittukolluttaane, aadare allie nadeyuva sambhashaneyu beedi badiya ashlilategalinda vipareetavaagi tumbide endu saabitaaguttade, eshtaramattigendare adhu tamaasheya vishayavaguttade ". washington post" gaagi tanna katuvaada vimarsheyalli, paul atanasio "" liv und dye inn ell "" endu barediddaare ".aa."avaru alpavadhiyavarege badukuttaare mattu shighravagi l nalli saayuttaare.aa.allie ketta aadaayavannu hondiruva studio kaaryanirvaahakanante devarige yaavude kopavilla. mattomme, bahushah ee atiyaada bisiyaada mattu ajaagarookateyinda himsaatmaka chalanachitravannu "starsky mattu hutch" sthaapisida unnata manadandakke hididittukolluvudu anyayavagide. chalanachitra itihaasakaara leonard maltin ataanaasiyonondige oppikondante toruttade, sambhaavya naalku nakshatragalalli "tlaudila" annu 1.5 nakshatragalannu niiduttaareh paschima karaavaliyalli "miami vais" annu uhisikollalu prayatnisi...illi neevu adannu hondiddiri. ee chitra eshtu orataagideyendare, yarobbarigoo beroorisuvudu kashta-ekendare olleya hudugaru ketta hudugarante ketta baayi, durase mattu kruravagiruttare! crack secret sarvees agent mattu master nakalugaaranige, duffoe mattu peterson ibbaroo tumba mookavaagi vartisuttaare; friedkin tannade aada "french samparka" dha nantara atyanta adbhutavaada kaaru bennattuvikeyannu niiduttaane, jotege wang chung avara galvanising score, aadare adhu saha ee chalanachitravu bittuhoda ketta abhiruchiyannu edurisalu sakaguvudilla." jay scott, "dhii globe und mail" gaagi tamma vimarsheyalli, "piti power laas angelies modalu syaan andreus falt mattu eega idu. adara vishayavendare, "elnalli badukuvudu mattu saayuvudu.aa.", adara ellah anaitikate mattu nera anaitikateya horataagiyoo, idu pataki-jaak thriller, udvigna mattu romanchakari mattu anirikshitavagide, mattu yaavude naitikavaadi bayasuvudakkinta hecchu kathoravaada vinodavagide". "time" "adara" "kroora, ubbida kaaru-bennattuvikeya anukramavannu friedkin nifty" "french samparka" "dinda kalavu maadide endu tikisitu mattu idannu" "fettid movie hybrid miami wile" "endu karedide". sumaru eradu dasakagala nantara, "digital fixes" nallina vimarseyu ee chalanachitravannu "bhrashtachara mattu aatmavannu naashapadisuva krouryada bagge suryaninda-raktasraavada adhyayana" endu karedide, kukhyaatavaagi aniyamita aadare kelavomme adbhutavaada vilium friedkin avara ee chalanachitravu asahya, sinika mattu nambalaagadashtu olleyadu."laas angelies timesna barahagararu mattu sampadakara gumpu kaleda 25 varsagalalli laas angelisnalli nadeda 19neey atyuttama chalanachitravendu eradu maanadandagalondige matha chalayisitu" "chalanachitravu ell bagge kelavu antargata satyavannu samvahana maadabekaagittu".aa. anubhava, mattu prati nirdeshakanige kevala ondu chalanachitravannu maatra pattiyalli anumatisalaagittu. prashastigalu. geluvugalu parinama. aaa samayadalli adara patravargadalli nipuna celebritigala korateyindagi tikisalpattaru, aneka nataru sthaapita taregalagiddare, mukhyavaagi willem duffoe, vilium peterson, zaan panco, jaine leaves mattu zaan turturo. soundtrack. friedkin prakara, avaru dhwanipathawannu samyojisalu wang chung avarannu ayke maadalu mukhya kaaranavendare byaand "samakaalina sangeetada ulida bhagagalinda pratyekavagide... avaru antimavagi dhwanimudrisiddu chalanachitravannu uttamagolisiddu matravalla, idu aalavaada, hecchu shaktishali aayaamavannu niidide ". bandna hindina album, "point aun dhii karv" annu kelida nantara avaru tamma chalanachitrakke sangeeta samyojane maadabekendu avaru bayasiddaru. avaru aalbamnondige eshtu aakarshitaraadaru endare avaru aalbamninda neravagi ondu haadannu tegedukondaru, "waite", mattu adannu soundtrackna bhagavagi balasidaru. "chitrada koneyalli "kayiri" emba natakagalu baruttave. shirshike haadu mattu "kayiri" horatupadisi dhwanipathadalliruwa pratiyondu haadannu eradu vaaragala avadhiyalli bareyalaayitu mattu dhwanimudrisalaayitu. wang chung chitrada oratu cutt annu nodida nantarave avaru shirshike haadannu nirmisidaru. moola chalanachitrada dhwanipathawannu september 30,1985 randu geffen records bidugade maaditu. ee album entu haadugalannu olagondittu. albumna shirshike haadu, "tuu liv und dye inn ell.aa.", (friedkin nirdeshisida sangeeta vidiyodondige), adannu" "jaahiraatu phalaka" "hott 100 ralli maadidaru, allie idu united statesnalli #41 kke airitu". home media. dii. vii. dii. yannu 2003rahra december 2randu emm. zii. emm. home entertainment bidugade maaditu. dii. vii. dii. yalli hosa punahsthapisalada wide-screen vargaavane, nirdeshaka friedkin avara audeo vyakhyana, mukhya patragalannu olagonda ardha-ganteya sakshyachitra, wukowich tanna apartmentnalli shighradalle maaji patniyaguttiruva tannannu tondaregolapadisuttiruva digbhramegonda drashyavannu torisuva alisalaada drashya, mattu paryaya antyada friedkin balasalu nirakarisida drashyavannu olagondide, idaralli ibbaru rahasya sewa paludararu badukulidaru aadare avara melvichaaraka batman badti padeyuvaga avarannu alaaskaage vargaayisalaaguttade mattu maastargalannu nillisuva mannane padeyuttaare. 2010rahra phebravari 2randu, ee chalanachitravu dvd bidugadeyalli serisalaada hindina ellah vishesha vaishishtyagalannu olagondirada blue-reyalli bidugadeyaayitu. november 21,2016 randu, baanada veediyovu samyojaka, sahasa samyojaka, vilium peterson, debra fuer mattu dwear braun avarondige haleya vaishishtyagalu mattu hosa vaishishtyagalondige reejan bii blue-ray aavruttiyannu bidugade maaditu. november 22,2016 randu, koogu karkhaneyu sangrahaka aavruttiyannu bidugade maaditu, moola dvd vishesha vaishishtyagalannu punahsthaapisitu mattu hosadannu serisitu. kaaru bennattuvudu. chalanachitradalli kanisikonda kaar chases annu chalanachitrada atyuttama kaar chases drashyagalalli sthiravaagi sthana nidalaagide, aagaagge "french samparka" (mattondu friedkin nirdeshisida chalanachitra), "seven-ups", "blues brothers", "ronin" mattu "bullit" jotege kaanisikolluttade. duradarshana sarani. 2015ralli, vilium friedkin avaru doubleu. zii. enn. americada chalanachitravannu aadharisida duradarshana saraniyannu abhivraddhipadisuva yojaneyannu ghoshisidaru. ee pradarshanavu 2021rahra julai velege innoo abhivraddhiyallide.

ell madhye jagane aanee marane.aaa. (chitrapat) ell madhye jagane aanee marane.aaa. haah 1985chaa american neo-noyer action crime thriller chitrapat aahe, jyache digdarshan aanee sahalekhan william friedkin yanni kele aahe aanee too united statescha majee gupt seva agent gerald petivich yanchya 1984chya kadambarivar aadharit aahe, jyanni friedkinsobat patkatha saha-lihili hotee. yaa chitrapatat vilyam pieterson, vilem dapho aanee johnn panco heey itar kalakar aahet. wang chungne mool sangeet dhwanimudran rachale aanee sadar kele. done gupt seva agent eka banavat vyaktila atak karnyasathi kitee vel jaatat yachee katha haah chitrapat sangato. plot. rashtradhyaksh reganvaril hatyecha prayatna hanoon padalyanantar, gupt seva agent richard chaunch aanee jimmi haart yanna losses angelischya kshetriy karyalayat banavat tapasanis mhanoon niyukt kele jaate. sandhichi nishkalji, aavegpurn vartanasathi pratishtha aahe aanee sevetil tyachya varishthanna maheet nasalela dekhil bhrasht aahe. hartla nivruttipasun teen divas urale aahet. ektyanech, haart valvantatil eka godam ughadato, jeey banavat aanee kalakar erich "rick" mastersche chhapil ghar manale jaate aanee masters aanee tyacha angrakshak jacq yane tyachi hatya kelee. sandhee tyachya naveen jodidarala, johnn vukovichala ghoshit karate qee too kahihi jhaale taree malakanna khalee utarvel. done agent tyachya gunhegari sahkanyanpaiki eka, vakeel max waxmanla palat thevun malkabaddal mahitee midvanyacha prayatna karatat. vukovic ghadyalavar zopato, jyamule malak tyala olandalelya menpatoola thaar maroo shakatat. vukovichala pustakanusar jayache asale taree, gurunchya shodhat sandhee adhikadhik beparvaichi aanee anaitik bunley aahe. too mahitisathi paroldharak/mahitee denara rooth yachyashi asalelya tyachya laingik-khandani sambandhavar avalambun asato, tarr vukovic khajgiritya masterschya sahakanyanna bhetato, jyat vakeel bobb grims yancha samavesh aahe, jyanna too ulatavanyacha prayatna karato. grims, tyachya kayadeshir prathecha naash karoo shakananya sambhavya hitsambandhanchya sangharshachi kabuli dett, tyacha grahak aanee done agent yanchyat baithak aayojit karnyas sahmat hoto, jeey masterschya banavat sevanmadhye swarasya asalelya paam springsche doctor asalyache bhasavtat. mastar tyanchyasobat kaam karnyas nakhush asatat, parantu shevati tyanna 10 laakh dollars kimatichya banavat nota chhapanyas teey tayar hotat. tyaa badalyat, malak $30,000 aagau rakmechi magani karatat, jeey paise kharedi karnyasathi adhikrut agencychya maryadechya tippat aahe. rokh rakkam midvanyasathi, sandhee vukovichala thomas ling lutanyat madat karnyasathi patvoon dete, jyaa vyaktila aadhi sandhee asalyache sangitale gele hote, too choralele hire kharedi karnyasathi 50,000 dollars rokh aanat aahe. sandhee aanee vukovic union stationvar lingla adavatat aanee vincent thomas pulakhalil audhyogik bhagat rokh rakkam japt karatat. lingche aavaran asalele lock tyancha pathlag karatat aanee darodeche nirikshan kartana golibar karatat aanee chukun lingla thaar maratat. mokalya margavar chukichya margane jaaun antim sutka honyapurvi, sandhee aanee vukovic tyanna raste, mukt marg aanee agadi puur niyantran vahinyanmadhunahi talhanyacha prayatna karatat. dusya divashi, tyanchya dainandin mahitichya shevati eka bulletin samavisht asate qee ling haah eka gupt eff. bii. aay. agent hota joou sting operationmadhye sahbhagi asatana marla gela hota. hallekhor aanee tyanchya vahanache keval samanya varnan dile aahe. sandhee aanee vukovichane lingla marle nahee, tarihi vukovic aparadhi aahe, tarr sandhee udaseen aahe aanee keval malak midvanyavar laksh kendrit karate. lingchya mrutyumadhil tyanchya bhoomikebaddal spasht honyachi sandhee patvoon denyat asamarth, vukovic grimesla bhetato, joou tyala swatahla mage valavanyacha aanee halakya shikshechya badalyat sandhiviruddha saksh denyacha sallah deto. vukovic tyachya jodidarala fasavanyas nakar deto. sandhee malakanna kharedichi vyavastha karate, jeey tyala chorichi jaaniv asalyache soochit karatat. sandhee aanee vukovic devanghevanisathi mastersna bhetatat. banavat kotyanchi tapasani kelyanantar, agent masters aanee jacquela atak karnyacha prayatna karatat, parantu jacq eka banduk odhato. jacq aanee yogayogane ekmekanna pranghatkaritya golya ghalatat aanee malak paloon jaatat. eka purvichya mahitee denanya vyaktine tyala sangitalelya godamat jaaun vukovic pathlag karato. too yeiparyant, malakanni serve purave nasht karoon, aatalya serve goshtinna aag lavali aahe. vukovic malakanna samore jaato aanee eka chhotya sangharshadarmyan, guru vukovichala vicharato qee tyane tyachya jodidarala pudhe nenyasathi grimcha sallah qaa ghetala nahee, aanee grimms nehmich masterschya vatine kaam karat hota heey ughad karato. vukovic yaa prakatikaranane stabdh hoto, tarr guru eka putt pakadatat aanee tyala beshuddha padatat. masters nantar vukovichala kapalelya kagdane jhakatat aanee tyala aag lavanar asatat tevha vukovic aat yeto aanee mastersna golya ghalato. guru tyacha prakash taktat aanee chukun swatahla petvoon detat. swami jiwant jalat asatana, vukovic jalatya mansala golya ghalato, tyachya rikamya bandukicha trigger odhat rahato. adhik anaupacharik kapade paridhan karoon, vukovic losses angelis sodanyasathi pack karat asatana ruthala bhetato. too sandhichya mrutyucha ullekh karato, asey suchavato qee teela nehmich maheet hote qee ling haah eff. bii. aay. agent aahe aanee tine sandhicha fayda ghetala hota. tyala maheet aahe qee sandhine tichyakade urvarit rokh rakkam sodali, jee agencyla aata parat havee aahe, parantu rooth mhanate qee karj fednyasathi teela tee havee hotee. vukovic ghoshit karato qee, aata rooth tyachyasathi kaam karat aahe, joou kahee sandhee hotee toch 'joou kahee lagel' too agent banoon, aanee tichya sandigdha jivanapasun vachanyache tiche prayatna thambavat aahe. utpadan. digdarshak william friedkin yanna gerald petivich yanchi kadambari hastalikhit swarupat denyat aalee aanee tee atishay pramanik vatali. washington, dii. chya baher gupt seva agentchya nokarichya "purnapane ativastavadi swaroop" neey dekhil chitrapat nirmate prabhavit jhaale hote.see. jevha chitrapat karar jaheer jhaala, tevha petivichi chaukashi pralambit asalelya karyalayatil padonnatisathi eka pratispardhyane kelee aanee 'chitrapat banavalyabaddal majhyaviruddha khoop naraji' aanee 'gupt sevet majhyaviruddha kahee vaimansya' astitvat asalyache jaanavale, jeey losses angelischya kshetriy karyalayatil agentne vadhavale, jyane tapas suru kelyanantar kahee aathvadyanni achanak rajinama deela. ess. ell. emm. productions yaa vittapurvathadaranchya nyayadhikaranane 20vya shatkatil kolhashi 10-chitra, 10 kotee dollarschya kararavar friedkinsobat kaam kele, parantu jevha studio rupert mardokne vikat ghetala, tevha eka vittapuravathadarane haah karar mage ghetala aanee too emm. jee. emm. varr nela. casting. friedkinkade kaam karnyasathi 60 laakh dollarsche budget hote, tarr kalakar aanee karmcharivarg tulanene qamee pagarat kaam karat hote. parinami, yaa chitrapatat chitrapat kalakar nastil heey tyachya lakshat aale. vilyam pieterson canadamadhye abhinay karat asatana newyork shaharala uddan karoon digdarshakala bhetanyas sangitale gele. tyachya vachanachya ardhya panavar, friedkinne tyala sangitale qee tyachyakade too bhag aahe. jyachyakade badge aanee bandook hotee aanee tyane tyala keval kayadyachya varach navhe tarr "tyachya dokyat jeevan aanee mrutyuchya varr" kase banavale, asha eka vyaktichya rupat abhineta sandhichya patrakade aakarshit jhaala. abhinetyala hii vyaktirekha asanyacha aanee chitrapat 'aashcharyakarak' aanee 'madak' banavanyacha anubhav aala. tyane shikagocha sahkari abhineta johnn panco yala phone keela aanee sandhee midalyanantar dusya divashi tyala friedkinchya apartmentmadhye aanale aanee vukovichya bhoomikesathi tyachi shifaras kelee. digdarshakane tyaa thikani sahmati darshavali. haah chitrapat jyaa pustakavar aadharit aahe teey pustak lihinare majee gupt seva pratinidhi aanee lekhak gerald petivich heey sahkari gupt seva pratinidhi mhanoon eka chhotya bhoomiket disatat. patkatha. chitrapatache moolbhut kathanak, patre aanee bahutek sanvad petivichya kadambaritun kadhale gele aahet, parantu friedkinne suruvaticha dahashatvadi anukram, karcha pathlag aanee adhik spasht, purvi sandhee aanee masters yanchyatil sangharshavar laksh kendrit kele. petivich mhanale qee, friedkinne anek drushye lihili aahet, parantu jevha ekhade naveen drushya kinwa katha badalanyachi garaj asate, tevha tyanni tee lihili. digdarshak kabool karato qee petivhichane patre aanee paristhiti nirman kelya aanee tyane bharpur sanvad vaparale parantu tyane patkatha lihili, petivhichane nahee. mukhya chhayachitran. digdarshakala eka swatantra chitrapat banvaycha hota aanee vegwan kaam karoo shakananya lokanshi sahkarya karayache hote, jase qee chhayachitrakar robby mueller aanee tyache nivadalele karmchari jeey sangharajyache sadasya navhate. frydkinne serve kahee sthanavar chitrit kele aanee patkan kaam kele, anekada tatkalatechi bhavna denyasathi pahilya tekcha vapar keela. tyala sarav karayala aavadat nasey, parantu pratyakshat teey tekche chitrikaran karat asatana kalakaranna vatale qee teey ekhadya drushyache rehearsal karat aahet ashee paristhiti nirman karat. jarr tyala kahitari midale tarr too vaparu shakel asha sthititach friedkinne heey kele. yasathi, tyane drushyanna pudhe jaau dile aanee kalakaranna patrat rahnyas aanee sudharana karnyas parvanagi dilee. udaharanarth, tee kaam karate tyaa barmadhye jevha tee sandhee mhanoon rutheela bhet dete, tyaa drushyadarmyan, friedkinne pieterson aanee abhinetri darlen fluegel yanna tyanchya swatachya avarodhacha aarakhada tayar karanyachi parvanagi dilee aanee mullerla sangitale, "fakt tyanna golee maaraa. tyanna chaukatit thevanyacha prayatna qaraa. jarr teey chaukatit nastil tarr teey chitrapatat naheet. hii tyanchi samasya aahe." losses angelis aantarrashtriy vimantalavaril terminalchya halatya footpathchya darmyan deviderchya varchya bajoone pieterson dhavnyachya drushyamule chitrapat nirmate vimantal polisanshi adchanit aale. vimantalane hii karvai pratibandhit kelee hotee, pramukhyane pietersonchya surakshesathi, kaaran tyanna vatale qee tyane swatahla dukhavale asate tarr tyancha vima tyala cover keela nasata. abhinetyane friedkinla sangitale qee tyanni tarihi stunt keela pahije mhanoon digdarshakane prastav deela qee teey yala rehearsalsarkhe vagavatil parantu camerey firvoon drushya shhoot kartil, jyamule vimantalavaril adhikari santapt hotil. banavat montages assal disate kaaran friedkinne vastavik banavat vyaktincha sallah ghetala jyanni vel kadhala hota. abhineta jaree paise chhapayala shikala asala taree yaa drushyala adhik pramanikta denyasathi 'sallagar' neey pratyakshat ashee drushye kelee jee abhineta vilem daffola cameaver dakhavat naheet. daha laakh dollarspeksha jaast banavat paise tayar karnyat aale hote, parantu tyat teen jaanunbujun chuka karnyat aalya hotya, jenekarun teey chitrapatabaher vaparale jaau shakat navhate. chitrapat nirmatyanni bahutansh banavat paise jaalale parantu kahee baher padale, vaparale gele aanee nirmitishi jodale gele. eka karmchanyanchya mulane sthanik dukanat candy kharedi karnyasathi kahee paise vaparnyacha prayatna keela aanee too pakadala gela. washingtonche teen eff. bii. aay. agent, dii.see. friedkins 12-15 kru sadasyanchi mulakhat ghetali, jyanni tyanchyasathi workprintchi tapasani kelee. tyanni koshagar sachivanna haah chitrapat dakhavanyachi aanee rashtriy surakshesathi dhokadayak asalelya konatyahi goshti baher kadhanyachi tayari darshavali. teey tyanni sarkarkade aikalele shevatche hote. losses angelis freeway sequenceveril chukichya margane karcha pathlag haah chitrapatatil shevatchya goshtinpaiki eka hota aanee tyache chitrikaran karnyasathi sahaa aathvade lagale. yaa velee, friedkin atishay tutalelya karmchanyansobat kaam karat hota. 25 februwari 1963 roji jevha too shikago yetheel eka lagnasohalyatun gharee jaat hota, tevha tyala vahatukichya pravahaviruddha pathlag karanyachi kalpana suchali. too gaadee chalvat zopala aanee chukichya gallit jaage jhaala aanee pudhe yenari vahtook tyachyasathi saral jaat hotee. too punha tyachya rastyachya bajula valala aanee pudhil 20 varshe too tyacha chitrapatat kassa vapar karnar aahe yacha vichar karat rahila. tyane stunt samnvayak buddy joou hookerla sangitale qee jarr teey 'french connection' peksha adhik changlya prakare pathlag karoo shakale tarr teey chitrapatat asel. nasel tarr too tyacha vapar karnar nahee. yaa drushyachya darmyan pietersonne swatache barech vahan chalavale aanee abhineta johnn pancochya tanavgrast pratikriya khyan hotya. californiatil wilmingtonjawalil terminal eyeland freevechya vibhaganmadhye teen aathvadyache shevatche divas ghalavanyat aale jeey eka velee chaar taas bund hote jenekarun karmchari gondhalalelya pathlag karoo shaktil. vilambamule, yaa chitrapatane andajpatrakapeksha 10 laakh dollarschee kamai kelee. pathlag karnyachya gondhalalelya bhavnemadhye bharr ghalat, friedkinne teey sadar kele jenekarun mukt margavaril rahdaricha pravah ulatala gela. mhanjech, tyaa thikanchya samanya rahdarimadhye chalak davya hatachya gallit (britainpramanech) tyanchya davya bajoone vahan chalavatat, tarr vahanachya viruddha chalavanaya gadya tyanchya ujavya bajoone (uttar americet nehmipramane) vahan chalvat asatat. william pieterson aanee darlen fluegel yanchyatil laingik drushyachya sandarbhat, digdarshak william friedkinne abhinetyanna "teey shakya titke vastavik banvinyas" sangitale asalyache ughad kele. teey vastavat aanaa ". poost production. pietersonla tyane jyaa divashi nivadle tyaa divashich, friedkinne chitrapatachya shevati sandhee nasht karnyacha vichar keela, parantu sampadak budd smith yanchya matey, vukovic haah marla gelela asava. jyaa uchchankavaril drushyat mrutyuchi shakyata asate tyala emm. jee. emm. chya adhikaanyaanee farsa pratisad deela nahee, jyanna teey khoop nakaratmak vatale. studiochya pramukhanche samadhan karnyasathi, tyane eka dusra shevat keela, jyamadhye sandhee shotgun sphotatoon bachavate aanee bahudha antargat shiksha mhanoon, tyala aanee vukovichala alaskamadhil durastha gupt seva kendramadhye halavale jaate aanee tyanchya boss thomas batmanchi mulakhat ghetana pahile jaate. friedkinne paryayi shevat purvavalokan keela aanee mool thewala. swagat. boxes officever. "ell madhye jagane aanee marane.aaa."1 november 1985 roji united statesmadhye 1,135 padadyanvar pradarshit jhaala, jithe" "death vish 3" "chya pathopath pahilya aathvadyachya shevati tyane 36 laakh dollarschee kamai kelee". tyane united states aanee canadamadhye $17.3 lakhanchi kamai kelee, jeey tyachya $60 lakhanchya andajpatrakapeksha barech jaast hote. gambhir pratisad. sadalelya tomatonvar, 49 punaravalokananpaiki 86 takke guna midavanara haah chitrapat, sarasari 7.1/10 manankanasah. yaa sanketsthalavar 'kook fiends, karcha pathlag aanee wang chung glore' asey 'ell' madhye jaganyasathi aanee marnyasathi 'asey samikshatmak ekmat aahe.aaa."kadachit 80chya dashkatil antim tharar/thararpat aahe." shikago sunn-times' chey chitrapat samikshak rogger ebert yanni yaa chitrapatala charpaiki chaar taare dile aanee lihile qee, 'haah chitrapat dekhil pratham shrenicha aahe. disha hii gurukilli aahe. friedkinne kahee changle chitrapat kele aahet...aanee kahee white. suruvatichya chitranchi sakholata aanee kaushalya darshavinara haah tyacha punragman aahe. pudhe tyane pietersonche kautuk kele, "eka shikago munch abhineta joou kathor, vichitra aanee hushar mhanoon disato. tyachyakade steve mcweensarkhe kahee guna aahet. samikshak genette maslin yanni yaa chitrapatala nakar deela aanee lihile qee, "aaj, chamkana, varvarchya shailit shree. friedkinne itake prabhutva midavale aahe qee, karcha pathlag aanee shootout aanee netradipak settings yaa goshtiche kharokhar kendra aahet. newjaweek' chey samikshak david ansen yanni 'robby mullerne khadatar zagmagatane chitrit kelele, tajya, katheen-mansachya chehnyansathi bareek dolhyanni chitrit kelele', 'ell.' madhye jaganyasathi aanee marnyasathi lihile.aaa."too banavat kroor asoo shakato, pann too majedar aahe". vividhate' madheel karmchanyanni chitrapatacha sammishra aadhava ghetala aanee lihile qee too sarvat varr aaheh 'ell madhye jagane aanee marane.aaa."ekhadya shrimant manasache" "miyami wies" "sarkhe disate". 1971 madheel tyachya 'french connection' chya samatulya paschim kinarpatti tayar karnyacha william friedkincha spasht prayatna kshan-kshan aadharavar manoranjak aanee puresa valato aahe parantu too mage padala aahe...friedkin sanvad kameet qamee thevato, parantu tithe jeey sambhashan hote teey rastyavaril ashlilatemule itake bharalele asalyache siddha hote qee teey eka vinod banate ". washington poost' sathee kelelya tyachya kathor samikshet, paul atanasione 'too leave andd dye inn ell' asey lihile.aaa."teey kahee kaal jagel aanee ell madhye lavkar marnar aahe.aaa., jithe white kamai karananya studio executivesarkha dewala raag nahee. punha ekada, kadachit yaa atiushna aanee beparvaine hinsak chitrapatala 'starsky aanee hutch' neey sthapit kelelya uchch darjaparyant thevane ayogya aahe. chitrapat itihaskar leonard maltin heey atanasioshi sahmat asalyache disat hote, tyanni sambhavya charpaiki 1.5 taare dileh paschim kinanyavar 'miyami vice' chee kalpana karnyacha prayatna qaraa...ithe tumchyakade aahe. heey chitra itake kurkurit aahe qee konasathihi teey mulapasoon vegale karane katheen aahe-kaaran changle lock white lokansarkhech white tond, lobhas aanee kroor asatat! crack secret service agent aanee eka master counterfeetersathi, dapho aanee pieterson doghehi khoop murkhpanache vagatat; friedkin tyachya swatachya 'french connection' pasoon sarvat netradipak karcha pathlag karato, wang chungchya galvanizing scores, parantu too dekhil yaa chitrapatane mage sodalelya white aavadicha pratikar karnyasathi puresa nahee." daad globe andd mail' yaa tyachya samikshet, jeey scott yanni lihile qee, 'patty power losses angelis first daad sann andris fault aanee aata heey. tyabaddalchi gosht mhanje, "ell madhye jagane aanee marane.aaa.", tyachya serve anaitikatesathi aanee agadi anaitikatesathi, haah eka fatakebajicha thararpat aahe, tanavpurn aanee romanchak aanee anpekshit aahe aanee konatyahi naitiktavadila havey tyapeksha adhik bhayankar majedar aahe". "timeney tyachya" "kroor, fulalelya qaar-pathlag malikevar teeka kelee jee friedkinchya nifty" "daad french connection" "madhoon chorali gelee aanee tyala" "eka fateed movie hybridah miyami vayale" "mhatale". jawaljawal done dashakannantar, 'digital fixes' madheel eka punaravalokanat yaa chitrapatala 'bhrashtachar aanee aatmyacha naash karananya kroortela suryaprakashane rangavalela abhyas' asey mhatale gele, kukhyat aniyamit parantu kadhikadhi tejaswi william friedkincha haah chitrapat white, nindatmak aanee avishvasaniyapane changla aahe."losses angelis timesche lekhak aanee sampadakanchya gatane gelya 25 varshant losses angelisemadhil 19vaa sarvotkrusht chitrapat mhanoon yaa chitrapatala done nikashansah matdan keleh" "chitrapatala ell baddal kahee antarnihit satya sangave lagale".aaa. anubhav aanee pratyek digdarshakala keval eka chitrapatala yadeet parvanagi hotee. prashansa. jinkale prabhav. kalakaranmadhye kushal celebritinchya kamataratemule tyaa velee teeka jhaali asali taree, anek abhinete prasthapit taare banale aahet, visheshtah vilem dapho, william pieterson, johnn panco, jaine leaves aanee johnn turturo. dhwanimudran. friedkinchya matey, tyane dhwanimudrika tayar karnyasathi wang chungchi nivad karnyache mukhya kaaran mhanje band "urvarit samkalin sangitapeksha vegala aahe... tyanni shevati jeey reecord kele tyane keval chitrapatala chalana dilee nahee tarr tyala eka sakhol, adhik shaktishali pariman dile aahe. bandcha mageel album, 'points aun daad karv' aikalyanantar tyanni tyachya chitrapatasathi sangeet rachana karavi ashee tyachi ichcha hotee. too albums itka aakarshit jhaala qee tyane eka gaane thet albammadhun "pratiksha qaraa" asey kadhoon ghetale aanee tyacha vapar dhvanimudranacha bhag mhanoon keela. "chitrapatachya shevati 'pratiksha' haah chitrapat khelala jaato. shirshak gaane aanee 'pratiksha' vagalata dhvanimudrikavaril pratyek gaane done aathvadyanchya kalavadhit lihile aanee dhwanimudrit kele gele. wang chungne chitrapatacha eka khadatar bhag pahilyanantarach tyanni shirshak geet tayar kele. geffen recordsney 30 september 1985 roji mool chitrapat dhwanimudran prakashit kele. yaa dhvanimudriket aath ganee hotee. albumche shirshak gaane, "too leave andd dye inn ell.aaa.", (friedkinne digdarshit kelelya sangeet videos), too 'billboard' varr 100vya kramankavar pohochala, jithe too united statesmadhye #41 varr pohochala. gharguti madhyame. 2 december 2003 roji emm. jee. emm. hoome entertainmentne eka dii. vhee. dii. prakashit kelee. dii. vhee. dii. madhye eka naveen punarsanchayit wide-screen hastantaran, digdarshak friedkinche audio bhashya aahe jyamadhye too chitrapat nirmitibaddal katha sangato, mukhya patranche vaishishtya asalele ardhya tasache mahitipat, eka hatavalele drushya jyamadhye eka vyathit vukovic tyachya lavkarach honanya majee patnila tichya apartmentmadhye tras dett asalyache dakhavale aahe aanee paryayi shevat fredkinne vaparnyas nakar deela, jyamadhye done gupt seva bhagidar jiwant rahatat parantu tyanche paryavekshak batman padonnati midvat asatana tyanchi alaskamadhye badali kelee jaate aanee mastersna thambavanyache shrey ghetale jaate. 2 februwari 2010 roji haah chitrapat blue-rever pradarshit jhaala, jyamadhye dii. vhee. dii. chya pradarshanat samavisht keleli mageel serve vishesh vaishishtye navhati. 21 november 2016 roji, baana videone sangitkar, stunt samnvayak, william pieterson, debra fuer aanee dwire braun yanchyasobat junya vaishishtyansah aanee naveen vaishishtyansah rijan bii blue-reey aavrutti prakashit kelee. 22 november 2016 roji, aardaorda karkhanyane sangrahak aavrutti prakashit kelee, jyat mool dii. vhee. dii. chee vishesh vaishishtye punarsanchayit kelee gelee aanee naveen jodali gelee. gadicha pathlag. yaa chitrapatat dakhavalelya karcha pathlag haah chitrapatatil sarvottam karcha pathlag drushyanmadhye satatyane sthan midvat aala aahe, joou anekada 'daad french connection' (aanakhi eka friedkin digdarshit chitrapat), 'daad saven-ups', 'daad blues brothers', 'ronin' aanee 'bullit' sobat disato. durchitravani malika. 2015 madhye, william friedkinne doubleu. jee. aine. america yaa chitrapatavar aadharit durchitravani malika vikasit karnyachya yojanechi ghoshana kelee. julai 2021 paryant haah karyakram ajunahi vikasachya tappyat aahe.

elma banchna rar mern.ae. (chalchitra) elma banchna rar mern.ae. yo sann 1985 ko americi niyo-noyar exon crime thriller film how june william friedkindwara nirdeshit rar saha-likhit chha rar sanyukta rajya americako purva gupta sewa agent gerald petibhichko 1984 ko upanyasma adharit chha, jasle friedkinsanga patakatha saha-lekhe. filmma william pieterson, willem dafoe rar john panco lagayat anya kalakarharu chhan. wang chungle muel sangit soundtracko rachana rar pradarshan gare. chalchitrale dui gopya sewa agentharu ek nakkalilai pakrau garna kati samayasamma janchhan bhanne katha bataunchha. plut. rashtrapati riganmathi hatyako prayaslai whiffle garepachhi, gupta sewa agent richard chance rar zimmi hartlai lus angelsko field officema nakkali anusandhankartaka rupma niyukta garinchha. mauka laparwah, awegpurna wyawaharko lagi pratishtha chha rar sewama afna warishthaharulai thaha nabhaeko pani bhrashta chha. hart sewaniwrittibata tinn dina tadha chha. eklai, hartley marubhumima euta godamlai nakkali rar kalakar erich "rick" mastersko print house manincha, rar master rar unka angarakshak, jackley marchha. mauka afno nayan sathi, john bhukobhichlai ghoshana gardacha kii usale jey bhae pani malikharulai tall jharnechha. dui agentharule unka aparadhik sahayogiharu madhye ek, wakil max mcsmanlai nigaranima rakhera malikharuko barema jankari prapta garne prayas garchhan. bhukobhich ghadima sutiraheko hunchha, jasle malikharulai unlai parr gareko mommanko hatya garna anumati dinchha. bhukobhich pustakko adharma zahn chahanchhan, tara malikharuko khojima mauka badhdo laparwah rar anaitik hunchha. uni jankarika lagi pyarol/suchanadata ruthasangko afno yauna-jabti sambandhama nirbhar chhan, jabki bhukobhichle niji rupma malikaka sahayogiharusanga bhetchhan, jasma wakil bub grims pani chhan, jaslai unle ultyaune prayas garchhan. grims, afno kanuni abhyaslai barbad garna sakne sambhawit chasoko dwandwalai swikar gardai, afno grahak rar dui agentharu bitch baithak sthapana garna sahamat chhan, jo mastersko nakkali sewaharuma ruchi rakhne pamm springska doctorharuko rupma prastut hunchhan. masterharu uniharusanga kaam garna anicchuk chhan, tara antatah uniharulai $10 lakh mulyaka nakkali bilharu chhapna sahamat hunchhan. falaswarup, malikharule agrim paisama $30,000 magchhan, june paisa kinnaka lagi adhikrit agencyko simako tinn guna how. nagad prapta garna, awasarle bhukobhichlai thomas ling lutnama sahayog garna raji garaunchha, ek manis jaslai pahile mauka dieko thiyo kii usale chori bhaeko hira kinna $50,000 nagad lyaundai chha. mauka rar bhukobhichle union stationma linglai rokchhan rar vincent thomas pulmuni audyogik kshetrama nagad kabja garchhan. lingko awaranka manisharu tiniharulai pachhyaunchan rar dakaitilai awalokan garda goli chalaunchhan rar galtile linglai marchhan. mauka rar bhukobhichle uniharulai sadak, freeway rar badhi niyantran channelharu madhye ekbata pani bachna prayas garchhan, antim bhagnu aghi freewema galat batobata januhos. bholipalta, tiniharuko dainik briefingko antyama euta bulletin samawesh chha kii ling ek gupta fbi agent thiyo june sting aparesanma sanlagna hunda marieko thiyo. akramankariharu rar tiniharuko gadiko samanya vivaran matra diieko chha. jabki mauka rar bhukobhichle linglai mareka thienan, bhukobhich ajhai pani aparadhabodhle grasta chha, jabki mauka udasina chha rar kewal master prapta garnama kendrit chha. lingko mrityuma uniharuko bhumikako barema spashta hune mauka lyauna asamartha, bhukobhichle grimsasanga bhetchhan, jasle unlai afulai bhitra farkan rar halka sajayako satama mauka viruddha gawahi dina sallaha dinchha. bhukobhichle afno sathilai fakna aswikar garchhan. mauka malikharusanga kharid sett up gardacha, jasle usalai dakaitiko barema thaha chha bhanne sanket gareko dekhinchha. mauka rar bhukobhichle adanpradanka lagi masterharusanga bhetchhan. nakkali lakhaunko nirikshan garepachhi, agentharule master rar jacklai pakrau garne prayas garchhan, tara jackley sutgun tanchhan. jack rar sanyogle ekarkalai ghatak rupma goli hanchhan, rar malikharu bhagchhan. bhukobhichle pachhyauncha, aghillo suchanadatale usalai bataeko godamma janchha. jab uni aipugchhan, malikharule sabai pramanharu nashta gardai bhitraka sabai kurama ago lagaeka chhan. bhukobhichle malikharuko samana garchhan rar chhoto sangharshako kramama, masterharule bhukobhichlai sodhchan kii unle afno sathilai bhitra lyauna grimsko sallaha kinn lienan, grimsle malikko tarfabata kaam gariraheko khulasa gardai. bhukobhich yo rahasyodghatan dekhera stabdha bhae, guruharule euta board samatchhan rar usalai behos parchhan. masterharule tyasapachhi bhukobhichlai tukra-tukra kagajle dhakchha rar bhukobhich goal bhaera malikharulai goli handa usalai ago lagauna thalchhan. masterharule afno lighter chhodchhan rar galtile afulai ago lagaunchhan. bhukobhichle jaliraheko manislai goli hanchhan, afno khali bandukko trigger tandai masterharu jiwit jaleka chhan. adhik sadharan pahiranma, bhukobhich lus angels chhodna pyak garda ruthlai bhetna janchhin. unle mauka mrityu ullekha gardai sujhawa die kii unlai ling ek fbi agent thiyo rar unle mauka kheleki thiin bhanera unlai sadhain thaha thiyo. usalai thaha chha kii mauka unko baanki nagad chha, june agencyle ab firta chahanchha, tara rooth bhanchhan kii unlai rina tirnako lagi yasako awashyakta thiyo. bhukobhichle ghoshana gare kii rathle ab unka lagi kaam gariraheko chha, uhi "jey pani linchha" agentma parinat bhayo june mauka thiyo, rar unko sandigdha jiwanbata bachnako lagi unko prayasharu rokdai. utpadan. nirdeshak william friedkinlai gerald petibhichko upanyas pandulipi rupma diieko thiyo rar yasalai dherai pramanik pae. film nirmata wassington, dee bahira gopya sewa agentko kamko "bilkul atiyatharthawadi prakriti" batt pani mohit thie.see. jab chalchitrako samjhauta ghoshana gariyo, petibhichlai ek pratidwandwile karyalaya padonnatiko lagi anusandhan gare, rar "chalchitra banaekoma mero viruddhama dherai asantushti" rar "gopya sewama mero viruddhama kehi shatruta" astitwama raheko mahasus gare, lus angels field officema agentle badheko thiyo jasle anusandhan suru gareko kehi haptapachhi achanak rajinama die. ess. ell. emm. prodoxon, financierharuko nyayadhikaranle 20 aun shatabdiko faxasanga 10-chitra, $10 karod samjhautama friedkinsanga kaam kaam tara jab studio rupert mardokle kineka thie, ek financierle samjhauta tandai yasalai mgma lage. casting. friedkinsanga kaam garna $60 lakhko budget thiyo jabki kalakar rar tolile apekshakrit cum talabma kaam gare. falaswarup, unle filmma kunai film starharu nahune mahasus gare. william pieterson canadama abhinaya gardai thie jab newyork sahar udan garna rar nirdeshaklai bhetna agraha gariyo. afno padhaima adha prishtha, friedkinle unlai bhag bhaeko batae. abhineta ek byaj rar banduk bhaeko wyaktiko rupma awasarko charitrama akarshit bhaeko thiyo rar yasale unlai kanunbhanda mathi matra nabhai "unko taukoma jiwan rar mrityu bhanda mathi" pani banayo. abhinetale yo charitra bhaeko rar filmlai "adbhut" rar "madak" banaune anubhav pae. unle sathi shikago abhineta john pancovelai fone gare rar unlai bhukobhichko bhumikaka lagi sifaris gardai mauka paeko bholipalta unlai friedkinko apartmentma lyae. nirdeshak ghatanasthalmai sahamat bhae. purva gupta sewa agent rar lekhak gerald petibhich, jasle film adharit pustak lekheka thie, sathi gupta sewa agentko rupma camioma dekha parchhan. patakatha. adharbhut kathanak, patraharu, rar filmko dheraijaso sanwad petibhichko upanyasbata liieko how, tara friedkinle prarambhik atankawadi anukram, karko khoji, rar spashta rupma, pahile mauka rar malikharu bichko bhidantama dhyan kendrit gare. petibhichle bhane kii friedkinle dherai drishyaharu lekhe tara jab nayan drishya wa katha pariwartan garna awashyak thiyo, unle tyo lekhe. nirdeshakle swikar garchhan kii petibhichle patra rar paristhitiharu sirjana gare rar unle dherai sanwadharu prayog gare tara unle patakatha lekhe, petibhichle hoina. mukhya fotography. nirdeshak ek swatantra film banauna rar chhito kaam garna sakne manisharusanga sahakarya garna chahanthe, jastai cinematographer roby mueller rar unko chayan garieko tolly jo gaira-union sadasyaharu thie. friedkinle sabai kura sthanma khiche rar chaandai kaam gare, prayaha pahilo tech prayog garera tatkaltako bhawana dinchha. uni rehearsal garna munn paraundainan tara abhinetaharule afule euta tekko suiting garda kunai drishyako rehearsal gariraheko thaneka thie bhanne paristhiti sirjana garne garthe. yadi unle prayog garna sakne kehi pae bhane matra friedkinle yo gare. yass uddeshyaka lagi, unle drishyaharu play garna die rar abhinetaharulai charitrama rahan rar sudhar garna die. udaharanka lagi, awasarle uni kaam garne barma ruthiko bhraman garne drishyako samayama, friedkinle pieterson rar abhinetri darlen flugellai afnai block garne yojana banauna anumati die rar mullerlai bhane, "tiniharulai goli hannuhos. tiniharulai framema rakhne prayas garnuhos. yadi tiniharu framema chhainan bhane, tiniharu chalchitrama chhainan. yo tiniharuko samasya how." lus angelous antarrashtriya vimansthalma terminalko chaliraheko futapathako bichma vibhajankartako shirshama daudiraheko pietersonko satle film nirmataharulai airport policesanga samasyama pareko thiyo. wimansthalle mukhyataya pietersonko surakshaka lagi yass karyalai pratibandha lagaeko thiyo, kinki uniharule mahasus gare kii yadi unle afulai chot chot bhane uniharuko bimale unlai kabhar garne thiena. abhinetale friedkinlai bhane kii uniharule jey bhae pani stunt garnuparchha tyasaile nirdeshakle prastawa gare kii uniharule yasalai rehearsal jastai wyawahar garnuhos tara cameraharu ghumaunuhos rar drishyako chhayangkan garnuhos, airport adhikariharulai risaiyo. nakkali montage pramanik dekhinchha kinbhane friedkinle wastawik nakkaliharusanga paramarsha gare jasle samaya gareka thie. sallahakar" ley wastawma abhineta willem dafolai camerama dekhaundainan bhanne drishyaharu gare jasle yass anukramlai thap pramanikta dinchha yadyapi abhinetale paisa kasari chhapna sike. das lakh dalarbhanda badhi nakkali paisa utpadan garieko thiyo tara tinawata janajani trutiharu thie taaki yasalai chalchitra bahira prayog garna sakindaina. film nirmataharule dheraijaso nakkali paisa jalae tara kehi chuhawata bhayo, prayog gariyo, rar utpadanma firta link gariyo. chalak dalka ek sadasyako chhorale propko kehi paisa prayog garera sthaniya storema candie kinna khoje rar samatie. wassington, dee batt tean fbi agentharu.see. freedkinshit 12-15 chalak dalka sadasyaharuko antarwarta lie, jasle uniharuka lagi workprint screening gare. unle koshagarka sachiblai film dekhauna rar rashtriya surakshaka lagi khatara hune kunai pani kura bahira nikalne prastawa rakhe. yahi unle sarkarbata suneko antim kura thiyo. lus angels freeway anukramma galat-bato carr chaze chalchitrama chhayangkan garieko antim chijharu madhye ek thiyo rar yasako chhayangkan garna chha hapta lagyo. yass binduma, friedkin dherai strip-dauna chalak dalsanga kaam gardai thie. uni february 25,1963 maa sikagoma vivahabata ghar jaandai garda traficko prawahako viruddhama pachhyaune vichar liera ae. uni pangrema sutiraheka thie rar galat lenma uthe rar aune trafic unitira sidha janchha. uni sadakko chheuma farkie rar arko 20 warshasamma uni yasalai chalchitrama kasari prayog garne bhanera sochdai thie. unle stunt sanyojak buddy jo hukarlai bhane kii yadi uniharule "francelli jadan" bhanda ramro chaze garna sake bhane yo filmma hunechha. yadi hoina bhane, unle yasalai prayog gardainan. yass anukramma petersonle afnai dherai driving gare rar abhineta john pancoveko tanawapurna pratikriyaharu wastawik thie. californiako wilmington najikaiko terminal tapu mukta margako khandaharuma tean saptahantaharu bitaeka thie june chalak dallai arajak pachhyauna anumati dina ek patakma chaar ghantaka lagi banda garieko thiyo. dhilaika sath, filmle bajetbhanda $10 lakhko report garyo. pachhyaune awyawasthit bhawanalai thapdai, friedkinle yasalai manchit gare taaki freeway trafic prawaha ultaeko thiyo. tyo key how bhane drishyama samanya traficma chalakharu bayan hatko lenma (belayatma jastai) driving garchhan jabki prawahako viruddhama driving garne karharu tiniharuko dayantira driving gariraheka thie (uttari americama samanya rupma hune thiyo). william pieterson rar darlen flugelbichko yauna anukramko sandarbhama, nirdeshak william friedkinle abhinetaharulai "yasalai sakesamma wastawik banauna" bhaneka thie. yasalai wastawik banaunuhos. post prodoxon. pietersonlai cast gareko dinmai, friedkinle filmko antyatira mauka gumaune bare soche, tara sampadak budd smithka anusar, bhukobhich marieko manieko thiyo. chlimactic drishya jasma mauka marinchha mgm karyakariharule dherai ramrosanga prapta garenan, jasle yasalai dherai nakaratmak pae. studioca pramukhharulai santushta parne, unle dosro antyama goli hane, jasma sutgun wisfotbata baanchne mauka hunchha rar sambhawatah antarik sajayako rupma, uni rar bhukobhichlai alascako remott sikret sarbhis stationma sthanantaran garinchha, rar uniharuka malik thomas batemanlai televisionma antarwarta liiraheko dekhchan. friedkinle vaikalpik antyako purvavlokan gare rar muel rakhe. swagat. bucks office. "elma banchna rar mern.ae."sanyukta rajya americama november 1,1985 maa 1,135 screenharuma premiere bhayo jahaan yasale" "death wish 3" "pachhi yasako pahilo saptahantama $36 lakh kamaeko thiyo. yasale sanyukta rajya america rar canadama $17.3 lakh kamaeko thiyo, yasako $60 lakh bajetbhanda dherai. alochanatmak pratikriya. sadeko tamatarma, filmle 49 samikshaharubata 86 pratishatko score rakhchha, 7.1/10 ko ausat retingko sath. siteko alochanatmak sahamatima "cock findharu, carr chejharu, rar wang chung glore", l maa banchna rar marnaka lagi lekhieko chha.ae."sayed antim '80 ko dashakko exon/thriller how." sikago sunn-times" kaa film samikshak roser abertle filmlai chaar madhye chaar tara die rar lekhe kii "film pani pratham shreniko chha. disha nai mukhya kura how. friedkinle kehi ramra film banaeka chhan...anie kehi kharab. prarambhik chitraharuko gahirai rar kaushal dekhaundai yo unko punaragman how. unle pietersonko prashansa gare, "ek sikago stage abhineta jo kada, vichitra rar smartko rupma aunchha. unisanga steve mckinka kehi gunharu chhan. samikshak genet maslinle filmlai aswikar gare rar lekhe, "az, chakachaundha, satahi shailima shree. friedkinle yati ramrari nipunta prapta gareko chha, yo karko chheuma rar suitout rar aankha khichne settingharu hun june sanchchai yass kurako mutu how. newsweak" kaa alochak devid ansenle "roby mullerdwara taja, kada-manchheka anuharharuka lagi ramro ankhale cast garieko", elma banchna rar marnaka lagi lekhe.ae."yo nakkali berber huna sakchha, tara yo ramailo chha. veriety" kaa karmachariharule filmlai mishrit samiksha die rar lekhe kii yo shirshama thiyoh "elma banchna rar mern.ae."dhani manisko" "miyami bhaisa" "jasto dekhinchha. william friedkinko sann 1971 ko "francelli sambandha" ko barabar paschimi tata banaune spashta prayas kshan-dekhi-kshanko adharma manmohak rar wichlit chha tara yasalai uchhindai gaeko chha...friedkinle sanwadlai nyunatam rakhchhan, tara tyahan key kurakani chha tyo sadakwar ashlilataharule atyadhik bharit bhaeko pramanit gardacha, yati dherai kii yo ek majakko kura banchha. wassington post" kaa lagi afno kada samikshama, pall atanasiole "elma banchna rar mern.ae."alpakal banchnechha rar elma chaandai marnecha.ae.jahaan bhagawansanga naramro kamai garne studio karyakari jastai kunai krodh hundaina. feri, sayed yo atyadhik tato rar laparwahile hinsatmak chalchitralai "starsky rar hutch" dwara sthapit uccha manakma rakhnu anuchit how. chalchitra itihaskar leonard maltinle sambhawit chaar madhye "tladila" lai 1.5 tara dindai atanasiyosanga sahamat bhaeko dekhinchhah paschimi tatama "miyami bhaisa" kalpana garne prayas garnuhos...yahan tapainsanga chha. yo taswira yati kathora chha kii kasaika lagi jara lagauna gahro chha-kinki asal ketaharu naramro ketaharu jattikai kharab-mukh, lobh rar krur hunchhan! ek crack sikret sarbhis agent rar ek master counterfiterka lagi, defo rar pieterson duwai dherai murkha wyawahar garchhan; friedkinle wang chungle galvanising scoreko sath afnai "francelli jadan" pachhi sabaibhanda shandar carr pachhyauncha, tara tyo pani yass filmle pachhadi chhodeko kharab swadko pratirodh garna paryapta chhaina." jey scotle "da globe anned mail" kaa lagi afno samikshama lekheka chhan, "daya gari garib lus angelsah pahile saan andreako galti rar ab yo. yasako barema kura key how bhane, "l maa baanchnu rar marnu.ae.", yasako sabai anaitikta rar ekdam anaitiktaka lagi, ek kracker-jack thriller, tanawapurna rar romanchak rar apratyashit, rar kunai pani naitiktawadile chaheko bhanda badhi gambhir ramailo chha. "timele yasako" "krur, fuleko carr-pachhyaune anukramlai friedkinko nifty" "french jadan" "batt chori gareko alochana garyo rar yasalai" "fated chalchitra hibridah miyami bhile" "bhanyo. lagbhag dui dashakpachhi, "digital fixes" maa garieko samikshale filmlai "bhrashtachar rar atmalai nashta garne kruratama surya-blitch garieko adhyayan" bhaneko thiyo, kukhyat aniyamit tara kahilekaahin pratibhashali william friedkinko yo film kharab, sanik rar awishwasaniya rupma ramro chha."filmlai vigat 25 warshama lus angelsma sett garieko 19 aun utkrishta filmka rupma" "lus angels times" "lekhakharu rar sampadakharuko samuhale dui mapdandaka sath matadan gareko thiyoh" "chalchitrale elko barema kehi antarnihit satya sanchar garnuparyo.ae. anubhav, rar suchima prati nirdeshak euta matra chalchitralai anumati diieko thiyo. prashansa. jit prabhawa. yadyapi yasako castma kushal celebratiharuko kamika lagi tyas samayama alochana garieko thiyo, dherai abhineta sthapit starr baneka chhan, vishesh gari willem dafoe, william pieterson, john panco, zen libhsa, rar john terturo. soundtrack. friedkinka anusar, unle soundtrack rachana garna wang chung rojne mukhya karan banned "baanki samakalin sangitbata alag chha... uniharule antatah record gareko kurale filmlai matra badhaeko chhaina, yasale yasalai gahiro, adhik shaktishali ayam dieko chha. bandko aghillo album, "point unn da karva" sunepachhi uniharule afno chalchitraka lagi score rachana garna chahanthe. unlai albumsanga yati liiyo kii unle albumbata sidha euta geet, "pratiksha garnuhos" lie rar yasalai soundtracko bhagko rupma prayog gare. "filmko antyama "pratiksha garnuhos" khel khelchha. shirshak geet rar "pratiksha" bahek soundtrackma pratyek geet dui haptako awadhima lekhieko rar record garieko thiyo. wang chungle filmko mota cutt herepachhi matrai uniharule shirshak geet nirman gare. geffen recordwara september 30,1985 maa euta muel chalchitra soundtrack jaari garieko thiyo. albumma athawata trackharu thie. albumko shirshak geet, "L maa banchna rar mern.ae.", (friedkindwara nirdeshit music bhidiyoko sath), yasalai" billboard "hutt 100 maa banayo jahaan yo sanyukta rajyama #41 maa pugyo. griha midia. dividi 2 december 2003 maa mgm home intertainmentdwara jaari garieko thiyo. dividima nayan punarsthapit wide-screen transfer, nirdeshak friedkinko visheshta bhaeko adio tippani samawesh chha jahaan unle chalchitra banaune kathaharu warnan garchhan, adha ghantako writtachitra mukhya patraharu, ek metaieko drishya jasle wichlit bhukobhichle afnie chaandai purva patnilai unko apartmentma sataundai gareko dekhaunchha, rar vaikalpik antyama friedkinle prayog garna aswikar garyo, jasma dui gopya sewa sajhedarharu baanchchan tara tiniharuka superbhaijar batemanlai padonnati garda alascama sthanantaran garinchha rar masterharulai rokne shreya linchha. february 2,2010 maa, chalchitra blue-rema rilij garieko thiyo jasma dividi releasma samawesh garieka aghillo sabai vishesh suwidhaharu samawesh thienan. november 21,2016 maa, tir bhidiole composure, stunt ko-ardinator, william pieterson, debra fuer rar dwear braunasanga purano suwidhaharu rar nayan suwidhaharusahit khetra bee blue-rey sanskaran jaari garyo. november 22,2016 maa, muel dividika vishesh suwidhaharu punarsthapit gardai rar nayaanharu thapdai, chichaune karkhanale collectorko sanskaran jaari garyo. karko khoji. chalchitrama chitrit carr chejlai lagatar chalchitrama utkrishta carr chaze sequenceharu madhye ek sthanma rakhieko chha, prayaha "french jadan" (arko friedkin nirdeshit film), "sebhena-up", "da blues brothers", "ronin" rar "bullit" sangasangai dekha pardachha. television shringkhala. sann 2015 maa, william friedkinle wgn americaka lagi chalchitrama adharit tivi shringkhala vikas garne yojanako ghoshana gare. yo karyakram july 2021 samma ajhai vikasma chha.

L ray banchiba ebong mariba.aii. (chalachitra) L ray banchiba ebong mariba.aii. william fridkinka dwara nirdeshita ebong saha-likhita ebong purbatana juktarastra americara secret sarbhis agent gerald petibhichnka 1984 upenyas upare aadharita, jieki fridkinka saha saha-script lekhithile, ehaa 1985 masihar eka americae neo-noar axon crime threeler chalachitra. ehi chalachitrare anyamananka madhyare william peterson, william dafoe ebong zohn panko abhinai karichanti. wanga chunga moola sangeeta soundtrack rachna ebong pradarshan karithile. ehi chalachitrati jane nakali byaktinku girapha kariba paain dui john secret sarbhis agent kete samai parjyanta jaanti tahar kahani ku barnana kare . plut. rastrapati rigannka upare eka hatya udyamaku biphal kariba parey, secret sarbhis agent richard sujoga ebong jimi hartnku lus angeles field officere nakali anusandhanakari bhabare nijukta karajae . aakasmikatara beparua, abegaprabana acharan paain eka sunam achhi ebong sebare thiba taanka baristhamananka ajanatare madhya durnitigrasta . hart absar grahan kariba thaaru tini deane doorare achhi. ekaki, hart marubhumire eka godamaku baaji lagaithae jaahaa nakali ebong kalakara erich "rick" mastaranka eka print house bolly bibechana karajae, ebong master ebong taanka angarakhi jyaknka dwara hatya karajae . sujoga taanka nutan saathee zohn bhukovichnku ghoshana kare je shay gurumananku talaku neijibe jaahaa kichhi bii heuna kahinki. dui agent taanka jane aparadhika sahajogee, atterni max waxmananku najarare rakhi malikanka bishajare suchana paiba paain chesta karanti . bhukovich ghadire shoi padanti, jaahaa malikamananku tanku atikrama karithiba mahamanku hatya karibaku anumathi die . bhukovich pustaka anusare jibaku chahunthiba bele, gurunka sandhanare sujoga adhika beparua ebong anaitika hoijae . shay suchana paain paroldhari/suchanadata ruthnka saha tankara jouna-adaiah samparka upare nirbhara karanti, jetebele bhukovich byaktigata bhabare malikanka sahajogeenka saha sakhyata karanti, jeunthire atterni bub grims madhya antarbhukta, jaahaaku shay olata karibaku chesta karanti . grims, eka sambhabya swarthara sangharshaku sweekara karanti jaahaa taanka aaingata abhyasaku nust karipare, taanka grahaka ebong dui agentnka madhyare eka baithaka sthapana karibaku raaji huanti, jeunmane mastaranka nakali sebare agrahi paam springara daktara bhabare abhinai karanti . gurumane semananka sahita kaama karibaku anichhuka, kintu sheshare semananku $1 nijuta mulyara nakali note print karibaku raaji huanti . pratibadalare, gurumane $30,000 agrim artha daabi karanti, jaahaa artha kiniba paain pradhikruta agency seemar tiniguna. nagad tanka paiba paain, sujogati bhukovichnku thamas lingaku lute karibare sahajya karibaku prabartaithae, jane byakti jaahaaku purbaru eka sujoga bolly kuhajauthila je shay chori hoithiba heera kiniba paain $50,000 nagad aanuchi. sujoga ebong bhukovich union stationre lingaku atakai wincent thamas setu tale eka shilpa anchalare nagad jabata karanti . lingara kavara lokamane semananku anusarana karanti ebong dakajati dekhiba samajare guli chalanti ebong bhulabashatah lingaku hatya karanti . sujoga ebong bhukovich rastagudika, muktapatha ebong epariki banya nijantrana channell madhyaru gotie madhya edaibaku chesta karanti, muktapathare bhul rastare jaai eka chudanta palajana purbaru . pardin, semanankara dainika briefing sheshare eka bulletin antarbhukta thaae je linga jane gupta aif. bii. aai. agent thile, jie eka sting aparesanare lipta thibabele nihata hoithile. aakramanakaree ebong semananka yanara kebala eka sadharana barnana diajaichhi. jetebele sujoga ebong bhukovich lingaku hatya karinathile, bhukovich tathapi aparadhabodha dwara grass huanti, jetebele sujoga udaseena ebong kebala guru paiba upare dhyana deithae . linganka mrutyure semanankara bhumika bishajare spust heba paain sujogaku prabartaibare asamartha, bhukovich grimsku bhetithae, jie tanku nijaku ghunchaibaku ebong eka haluka danda badalare sujoga biruddhare sakshya debaku paramarsha dianti . bhukovich taanka sathinku phasaibaku manah karideichhanti. sujoga malikamananka sahita kraiah sett up kare, jie ingita karanti je shay chori bishajare abgat achanti . sujoga ebong bhukovich binimai paain gurumananka sahita sakhyata karanti . nakali nijutaku jancha kariba parey, agentmane master ebong jacku girapha karibaku chesta karanti, kintu jack eka sutgun taani nianti . jack ebong sujoga parasparaku maratmaka bhabare guli karanti, ebong gurumane palai jaanti . bhukovich taa 'pichha curry eka godamaku jaanti, jaahaa bishajare jane purba suchanadata tanku kahithile. shay pahanchiba belaku, gurumane samasta pramana nust curry, bhitare thiba samasta jinishare niaan lagai deichhanti. bhukovich gurumananka sammukheen huanti ebong eka sankhipta sangharsha samajare, gurumane bhukovichnku pacharanti je shay kahinki taanka sathinku pheraiba paain grimsanka paramarsha grahan karinathile, ehaa prakash curry je grims sarbada gurunka tarapharu karjya karuthile . bhukovich ehi prakashare chakita hoijaithiba bele, gurumane eka boardku dhari tanku chetashunya karidianti . taa 'parey gurumane bhukobhichku khandita kagajare aachadana karanti ebong tanku niaan lagaibaku jauchhanti jetebele bhukovicha charipate aasi gurumananku guli karanti . gurumane nijara laitaraku talaku pakai dianti ebong bhulabashatah nijaku nianre podidianti. bhukovich jalanta byaktinku guli marichanti, guru jibanta jalijiba samajare taanka khaali bandhukar trigger taniba jaari rakhichhanti . adhika sadharana poshaka pindhi, bhukovich ruthnku bhetithae jetebele shay lus angeless chhadibaku pack karanti . shay sujogara mrutyu bishajare ullekha curry suchanti je shay sarbada janithile je linga jane aif. bii. aai. agent ebong shay sujogara khela khelithile. shay janichanti je sujoga tanku abasista nagad tanka chhadi deichi, jaahaa agency bartamana ferai chaahen, kintu rooth kuhanti je runa parisodha kariba paain tankara ehaa aabasyaka thila. bhukovich ghoshana karanti je rooth bartamana taanka paain kaama karuchanti, sehi "jaahaa kichhi bii aabasyaka" agentre parinata heuchhanti jaahaa sujoga thila, ebong taanka chhajabruta jeebanaru rakhya paiba paain taanka prajasaku atakaichhanti . utpadana. nirdeshaka william friedkinku pandulipi aakarare gerald petibhichnka upenyas diajaithila ebong ehaaku atyanta pramanika bolly bibechana karajaithila. washington, dii. bahare jane secret sarbhis agentnka chakirira "sampurna parabastababadi prakruti" dwara chalachitra nirmata madhya akarshita hoithile.sii. jetebele chalachitra chukti ghoshana karajaithila, eka bicharadhin karjyalaja padonnati paain jane pratidwandinka dwara petivich tadanta karajaithila, ebong anubhaba karithile je "chalachitra nirmana paain moe birodhare bahuta asantosh" ebong "secret sarbhis ray moe birodhare kichhi shatruta" bidyamana thila, jaahaa lus angeles field officere agent dwara tibra hoithila jie tadanta arambha karibara kichhi saptaha parey hathat istafa deithile . ess. ell. emm. prodoxons, eka arthadata tribunal, 20shaa shatabdir foxes sahita 10-chitra, $100 nijuta dill upare fridakinka saha kaama karithila, kintu jetebele studioku rupert mordock kinithile, jane arthadata ehi dill taani neithile ebong ehaaku emm. jii. emm. ku neithile. casting. fridakinka pakhare kaama kariba paain $6 nijuta budget thibabele kalakara ebong kru apekhyakruta comm darma paain kaama karithile. phalaswaroopa, shay anubhaba kale je ehi chalachitrare kaunasi chalachitra tarka rahibe naahin. william peterson kanadare abhinai karuthile jetebele nyujarka saharaku udaana karibaku ebong nirdeshakanku bhetibaku kuhajaithila . taanka pathara adhaa prustha, friedkin tanku kahithile je taanka pakhare ehi ansha achhi. abhineta janaka sujogara charitra prati akarshita hoithile, taanka pakhare eka byaj ebong eka bandhuka thila ebong ehaa tanku kebala einer oordhware nuhen, barang "taanka mundare zeeban ebong mrutyu thaaru oordhware" madhya parinata karithila. ehi charitrati heba ebong chalachitratiku "ashcharjyajanaka" ebong "nishasakta" karibara abhigyata abhinetanku milithila. shay saathee chikago abhineta zohn pankonku dakithile ebong tanku sujoga bhabare cast hebara pardin fridakinka apartmentku aanithile, tanku bhukovich bhumika paain suparish karithile. nirdeshaka ghatana sthalare raaji hoithile. purbatana secret sarbhis agent ebong lekhaka gerald petivich, jie ehi chalachitra upare aadharita pustaka lekhithile, jane sahakarmee secret sarbhis agent bhabare eka kyamiore dekhajanti . chitranatya. chalachitrara moulika kahani, charitra ebong adhikansha sanlapa petibhichnka upanyasaru niajaiachhi, kintu friedkin prarambhika aatankabadee drushya, carr chaze ebong spust bhabare joga karithile, purbaru sujoga ebong gurunka madhyare sangharsha upare dhyana deithile . petivich kahithile je friedkin aneka drushya lekhithile kintu jetebele eka nutan drushya kimba eka kahani badalaiba aabasyaka thila, shay ehaaku lekhithile. nirdeshaka sweekara karanti je petivich charitra ebong paristhiti srusti karithile ebong shay bahuta sanlapa byabahara karithile kintu shay chitranatya lekhithile, pitivich nuhen . mukhya photography. nirdeshaka eka swadheena chalachitra nirmana karibaku chahunthile ebong druta gatire kaama kariparuthiba lokanka saha sahjog karibaku chahunthile, jepariki cinematographer rabi mueller ebong taanka manoneet kru jeunmane anah-union sadasya thile . friedkin sthana anusare sabukichhi suting karithile ebong shighra kaama karithile, prajatah pratham tech byabahara curry turanta anubhaba deithile. shay rehearsal karibaku pasanda karunathile, kintu epari paristhiti srusti karuthile, jeunthi abhinetamane bhabuthile je semane eka drushyara rehearsal karuchanti, jetebele semane prakrutare eka tech suting karuthile. jadi shay kichhi byabahara kariparibe tebe friedkin ehaa karithile. ehi uddeshyare, shay drushyagudiku khelibaku deithile ebong abhinetamananku charitrare rahibaku ebong improvise karibaku anumathi deithile. udaharana swaroopa, jeun drushyare shay kaama karuthiba barre sujogare ruthinku bhetithile, friedkin pieterson ebong abhinetri darlan flujelanku semananka nijaswa abarodh prastuta karibaku anumathi deithile ebong mularnku kahithile, "kebala semananku guli curr. semananku frameray rakhibaku chesta karantu. jadi semane frameray nahanti, tebe semane chalachitrare nahanti . ehaa semanankara samasya." lus angeless antarjatija biman bandara terminalra gatishila phutapathare thiba devider sheershare pitarasankara suting chalachitra nirmatamananku bimanbandar police sahita samasyare pakaithila. bimanbandar ehi karjyaku nishedha karithila, mukhyatah pitarasananka surakhya paain, kaaran semane anubhaba karithile je jadi shay nijaku aaghata deithante tebe semanankara beema tanku kabhar karinathanta. abhineta friedkinku kahithile je semane jekaunasi prakare stunt kariba uchit, tenu nirdeshaka prastaba deithile je semane ehaaku rehearsal bhali byabahara karantu, kintu camera gudiku ghoori ghoori suting karantu, jaahaa biman bandara adhikarimananku krodhita karithila. jaliati montage pramanika dekhajae kaaran friedkin prakruta jaliatinka paramarsha neithile jeunmane samai karithile . paramarshadata" bastabare sehi drushyagudika karithile jaahaa abhineta william daphonku camerare dekhanti naahin ehi drushyaku adhika pramanikata deba paain jadio abhineta tanka kipari mudrana karibe shikhithile . eka nijuta dalararu adhika nakali tanka tiari karajaithila kintu tinoti janishuni truti sahita jaahaa ehaaku chalachitra bahare byabahara karajaipariba naahin . chalachitra nirmatamane adhikansha nakali tanka jaali deithile kintu kichhi lick hoijaithila, byabahruta hoithila ebong utpadana sahita punarbara sanjukta hoithila . jane nabikanka pua prope tankaru kichhi byabahara curry eka sthaniah store candy kinibaku chesta karithila ebong dharaa padithila. washington, dii. ru tini aif. bii. aai. agent.sii. fridakinka sameth 12-15 kru sadasyanka sakhyatakara neithile, jeunmane semananka paain warkprint screen karithile. shay ehi chalachitraku koshagara sachibanku dekhaiba ebong jatiah surakhya paain bipadapurna jekaunasi jinish bahara kariba paain prastaba deithile. ehaa hinn shay sarakaranka thaaru sunithiba shesh ghatana thila. eka laas angeles phriwe sequencere bhul-upaiah kaara chaze chalachitrare suting hoithiba shesh jinish madhyaru gotie thila ebong ehaaku suting karibaku chhaa saptaha lagila . ehi samajare, friedkin eka ati chhot dala sahita kaama karuthile. 1963 masiha februari 25 tarikhare, jetebele shay chikagore eka bibaha samaroharu gharaku gaadi chalauthile, setebele traphika prabaha biruddhare taa 'rahr pichha kariba paain shay chintadhara aanithile. shay chakia gaadi chalai shoi padithile ebong bhul rastare uthithile, ebong taanka aadaku asuthiba traphik sidha jauthila. shay puni niz rasta parswaku pherigale ebong parabarti 20 barsha parjyanta bhabile je shay ehaaku eka chalachitrare kipari byabahara karibe. shay stunt sanjojaka buddy joe hukarnku kahithile je jadi semane "french sanjoga" tulanare bhal pichha curry paribe tebe ehaa chalachitrare heba. jadi naah hue, tebe shay ehaaku byabahara karibe naahin. ehi drushyare pieterson nijara aneka gaadi chalaithile ebong abhineta zohn pankonka chapagrasta pratikrija bastaba thila. tini saptahanta californier wilmington nikatasta terminal dwepa muktapathara bibhagagudikare bitajaithila jaahaa eka samajare chaari ghanta paain banda thila jaahaa krunku bishrunkhalita pichha karibaku anumathi deithila . bilamba sahita, chalachitrati budget thaaru $1 nijuta aaja karithila. taa 'rahr pichha karibara bishrunkhalita bhabanaku jodidele, friedkin ehaaku manchasta karithile jaahaa dwara muktapatha traphik prabaha olata hoijaithila . arthat, drushyasthalare sadharana traphikare draivaramane baama parsware (britenare pari) draiving karuthibabele prabaha biruddhare draiving karuthiba karagudika semanankara dahana parsware draiving karuthile (uttara aamerikare swabhabika bhabare heba) . william peterson ebong darlan flujelanka madhyare eka jouna drushya bishajare nirdeshaka william friedkin abhinetanku "ehaaku jathasambhaba bastaba karibaku" kahithile. ehaaku bastaba roop diantu ". post prodoxon. pitarsanku cast karibara dinatharu, friedkin chalachitrara shesh aadaku sujogaku mariba bishajare chinta karithile, kintu sampadaka budd smithnka anujai, bhukovich hinn hatya hebara thila. jeun charam drushyare mrutyu hebara sambhabana rahichhi, taahaaku emm. jii. emm. karjyanirbaheemane bhal bhabe grahan karinathile, jeunmane ehaaku atyadhika nakaratmaka bolly bibechana karithile. studio mukhyamananku santusta kariba paain, shay eka dwiteeja seshaku suting karithile, jeunthire sujogati satgan bisphoranaru banchithae ebong sambhabatah eka aabhyantareen danda bhabare, tanku ebong bhukovichnku alaskara eka remot secret sarbhis stationku sthanantara karajae, ebong semananka bus thamas byatamenku telivijanare sakhyatakara niajauthiba dekhanti . friedkin bikalpa seshaku purbarupa deithile ebong moolatiku rakhithile. swagata. bucks offices. "L ray banchiba ebong mariba.aii."1985 masiha navember 1 tarikhare juktarastra aamerikare aamerikare paradare ehara pratham pradarshan hoithila, jeunthare ehaa" "mrutyu ichha 3" "parey ehara pratham saptahantare 36 lakhya dollar aaja karithila. ehaa america ebong kanadare $17.3 nijuta aaja karithila, jaahaa ehara $6 nijuta budget thaaru bahuta adhika . samalochanamoolaka pratikrija. pacha tomato upare, chalachitrati 49 tii samikhya madhyaru 86 pratishata score rakhichhi, harahari reting 7.1/10 sahita. citer samalochanamoolaka sahamati padhuchhi, "coke fiends, carr chaze, ebong wang chung galore sahita", l ray banchiba ebong mariba paain .aii."ehaa sambhabatah 80 dashkar antim axon/threeler ." chikago sunn-time" rahr chalachitra samalochaka roser ebert chalachitraku chaari madhyaru chaari taaraa deichhanti ebong lekhichhanti je "chalachitrati madhya pratham-darr. diga heuchhi chabikathi. fredkin kichhi bhal chalachitra karichanti.....ebong kichhi kharap. ehaa tankara pratyabartana, jaahaa prarambhika chitragudikara gabhirata ebong kaushala darshauchhi. shay pitarasananku prashansa karithile, "jane chikago mancha abhineta jie kathore, chatur ebong smart bhabare sammukheen huanti . taanka pakhare stibh mcquin bhali kichhi guna rahichhi. samalochaka janette maslin ehi chalachitraku pratyakhyana karithile ebong lekhithile, "aaji, chamkrar, uparibhaga saileere mea. friedkin ete bhal bhabare aajatta karichhi, ehaa carr pichha ebong suitout ebong aakarshaneeah seting jaahaa prakrutare mamlar hrudai . nyujwik" rahr samalochaka devida ansen, "rabi mularanka dwara kathore flambance sahita suting, sateja, kathina-lock chehera paain eka sukshma aakhi sahita cast", L ray banchibaku ebong maribaku lekhithile .aii."ehaa nakali barbara hoipare, kintu ehaa mazadar. bhariant" rahr karmacharimane chalachitraku eka mishrit samikhya deithile ebong lekhithile je ehaa sheershare thilah "" l ray banchiba ebong mariba .aii."ehaa jane dhani byaktinka" "miami bhais" "bhali dekhajae. william fridkinka 1971 masihar "daa french sanjoga" sahita samaana eka paschima upakula nirmana karibara spust prayasa khyana-khyana bhittire yathesta aakarshaneeah ebong pathabhrasta kintu ehaa agrahya hoijaichhi.....friedkin kathabartta sarbanimna rakhithae, kintu sethare jeun bartalapa heuchhi taaha rastakadare ashleelata dwara atyadhika bojha bolly pramanita hue, ete je ehaa eka hasya bhali hoijae . washington post" paain taanka kathore samikhyare, pull atanacio lekhithile "" l ray banchibaku ebong maribaku . aii."shay alpa samai banchibe ebong shighra l ray mrutyubarana karibe.aii., jeunthare bhagabanankara kaunasi krodha naahin, jepari jane studio karjyanirbahee kharap aaja karanti. taa 'parey, bodhahue ehi atyadhika garam ebong beparua bhabare hinsatmaka chalachitraku "starsky ebong hutch" dwara pratisthita uccha manaka sahita rakhiba anyaya . chalachitra itihasagya leonard maltin atanasionka saha sahmat thiba pari maneh heuthila, sambhabya chaari madhyaru "tladila" ku 1.5 taaraa pradan karih paschima upakoolare "miami bhais" kalpana karibaku chesta karantu .....ethaare apana ehaaku paichanti. ehi chitrati ete kathore je kahari paain mulapocha kariba kastakara-kaaran bhal lokamane kharap lokanka pari kharap-muhn, lobha ebong nisthura . jane crack secret sarbhis agent ebong jane master nakali paain, ubhaja dafoe ebong peterson bahuta murkha abhinai karanti; friedkin wanga chunganka eka galabhanaijing score sahita niz "french sanjoga" paratharu sabutharu chamatkara carr pichha pradan karanti, kintu ehaa madhya ehi chalachitra pachare chadithiba kharap swadaku pratihata karibaku yathesta nuhen ." jay scott, "daa globe anded mail" paain taanka samikhyare lekhithile, "piti gariba lus enjelesah prathame shaan andreas dosh ebong bartamana ehaa. ehara kathaa heuchhi, "l ray banchiba ebong mrutyu.aii.", ehara samasta anaitikata ebong sampurna anaitikata satwe, eka cracker-jack thriller, uttejanapurna ebong romanchkar ebong apratyashita, ebong kaunasi naitikatabadi ehaa apekhya adhika bhajankara mazadar . "samai ehara" "friedkinka nifty" "daa french sanjoga" "ru chori hoithiba nisthura, phunkiaa carr-pachheibara anukramaku samalochana karithila ebong ehaaku" "eka fateed chalachitra haibridha miami bhile" "bolly abhihita karithila. praiah dui dashandhi parey, "digital fixes" ray eka samikhya chalachitraku "durneeti ebong aatmaaku binash karuthiba barbarata upare surya-rakta-adhyajana bolly abhihita karithila, kukhyata aniyamita kintu belebele ujjwala william fridakinka ehi chalachitra kharap, nindaniah ebong abiswasaneeja bhabare bhal ."ehi chalachitrati gata 25 barsha madhyare lus enjelesare sett hoithiba 19 tama shrestha chalachitra bhabare bhot diajaithila" "lus angeles time" "lekhaka ebong sampadakanka eka gosthi dwara duiti manadanda sahitah" "chalachitraku ell bishajare kichhi antarnihita satya bartalapa karibaku padithila .aii. abhigyata, ebong talikare prati nirdeshakanka paain kebala gotie chalachitraku anumathi diajaithila. prashansa. bijai prabhaba. jadio sehi samajare ehara kalakaramananka madhyare nipuna celebritinka abhaba paain samalochita hoithile, aneka abhineta pratisthita tarka hoichhanti, bisesh curry william dafoe, william peterson, zohn panko, zen libhes ebong zohn torturo . soundtrack. fridakinka anujai, soundtrack rachna kariba paain shay wanga chunganku bachhiba rahr mukhya kaaran thila kaaran bandti "samasamajika sangeetara anya anshatharu alga ..... sheshare semane jaahaa record karichanti taaha kebala chalachitraku unnat karinahin, barang ehaaku eka gabhira, adhika shaktishali diga deichi. shay chahunthile je semane bander purba album, "bakrare point" suniba parey taanka chalachitra paain score rachna karantu . shay album sahita ete akarshita hoithile je shay alabamru sidhasalakha gotie geeta, "apekhya karantu" nei ehaaku soundtracker ansha bhabare byabahara karithile . "chalachitrara shesh credit ray "prateekhya karantu" khelajae . shirshaka geeta ebong "prateekhya" ku baada dei soundtracker pratyeka geeta dui saptaha madhyare lekhajaithila ebong record karajaithila . wanga chunga chalachitrara eka motamoti cott dekhiba parey semane title geeta nirmana karithile . september 30,1985 ray geffen records dwara eka moola mosana picture soundtrack muktilabha karithila . ehi alabamare athati geeta thila. albummer shirshaka geeta, "L ray banchantu ebong maribaku .aii.", (fridakinka dwara nirdeshita eka music bhidio sahita), ehaaku" billboard "hutt 100 ray parinata karithila jeunthare ehaa aamerikare #41 ray sheershare pahanchithila . home midia. 2003 masiha december 2 tarikhare emm. jii. emm. home entertainment dwara eka dividi. muktilabha karithila. dii. bhi. dii. ray eka nutan punaruddhara hoithiba wide-screen transfer rahichhi, nirdeshaka fridakinnku nei eka audio commentry rahichhi jeunthire shay chalachitra nirmana bishajare kahani barnana karichanti, mukhya charitramananku nei eka adha ghantara documentary, eka delete drushya jeunthire eka bichalita bhukovich taanka apartmentre shighra hebaku thiba purbatana patneenku birakta karuthiba dekhajaichhi, ebong bikalpa shesh friedkin byabahara karibaku manah karideichi, jeunthire dui gupta seba anshidara banchichhanti kintu semananka supervisor betman padonnati paithiba bele alaskaku sthanantara hoichhanti ebong stop mastaranka paain shreya neuchhanti. februari 2,2010 ray, chalachitrati blue-ray ray muktilabha karithila, jeunthire dividi releasere antarbhukta hoithiba samasta purba swatantra baisistya nathila . navember 21,2016 ray, teera bhidio composure, stunt coe-ordinator, william pieterson, debra fuer ebong dyuijara braunnka saha puruna baisistya ebong nutan baisistya sahita eka anchala bii blue-ray sanskarana jaari karithila . navember 22,2016 ray, chikara karkhana eka sangrahaka sanskarana jaari karithila, moola dividira swatantra baisistyaku punaruddhara karithila ebong nutan yodila . carr pichha. ehi chalachitrare pradarshita carr chaze kramagata bhabare chalachitrara sarbottama carr chaze drushya madhyare sthana paichi, prajatah "french sanjoga" (anya eka friedkin nirdeshita chalachitra), "sebhen-up", "daa blues brothers", "ronin" ebong "bullit" sahita dekhajaithae . television dharabahika. 2015 ray, william friedkin wigan america paain chalachitra upare aadharita eka tibhi sirij bikashita karibara yojana ghoshana karithile. ehi shoe 'july 2021 suddha bikashare achhi.

L witch jeeuna atey marna.aii. (film) L witch jeeuna atey marna.aii. ih viliam friedkin duaara nirdeshit atey sahi-likhi gaee 1985 dee amriki neo-noir action crime thriller film haii atey sanyukat raaj dey sabka gupat seva agent gerald petivic dey 1984 dey nawal 'teey adharat haii, jiss neey friedkin naal screenplay daa sahi-lekhak see. film witch viliam pieterson, vilim daffoe atey john panco samet horr kalakar hunn. weng chung neey mool sangeet soundtrack dee rachna atey pardarshan keeta. ih film uss lambai dee kahani dassdi haii jiss takk doou gupat seva agent ikk jaali viakati noon griftar curran laee jaande hunn. plaat. rashtarpati reegan utte hattiaa dee koshish noon nakam curran toon baad, gupat seva agentan, richard chaans atey jimmi haart noon laas angels dey feeled daftar witch jaali janchkarta vajon niyukat keeta jaanda haii. mauka laparvahi, avegpuran vivhaar laee prasidhi rakkhda haii atey, seva witch aapne ucch adhikariaan toon anjaan, ih vee bhrishtachar haii. haart retirement toon tinn dinn door haii. ikalle, haart neey maruthal witch ikk warehouse noon daa 'teey lagaiaa joe nakli atey kalakar erik "rick" masteran daa print haaoos manniaa jaanda haii, atey masteran atey uss dey anga rakkhiak, jaik duaara maar ditta jaanda haii. mauka aapne navein saathi, jauhan vukovic noon ghoshna karda haii kii uh masteran noon hethan lae javega bhaven kujh vee howay. doven agent uss dey ikk apradhik sehyogi, attarney maikas waxman noon nigrani heth rakkh keey masteran baare jankari prapat curran dee koshish karde hunn. vukovic ghadi 'teey saun jaanda haii, jiss naal maalak uss noon paar curran vaale mombatti daa katal qarr sakde hunn. jadon kii vukovic kitaab dey anusar jaanha chahunda haii, mauka malkan dee bhaal witch tezi naal laparvahi atey anaitik hoow jaanda haii. uh jankari laee parol/soochna denh vaale rooth naal aapne jinsi-jabri sabandhan 'teey nirbhar karda haii, jadon kii vukovic nijji taur' teey masteran dey sahiyogiaan naal milda haii, jiss witch attarney baub grims vee shamal hunn, jinhan noon uh ultaun dee koshish karda haii. grims, hittan dey ikk sambhavit takraa noon savikar karde hoye joe uss dey kanunni abhiaas noon tabah qarr sakda haii, aapne muwakkil atey doou agentan vichkaar ikk meating sathapat curran laee sehmat hunda haii, joe masteran deeaan jaali sevavan witch dilchaspi rakkhan vaale paam springs dey doctor vajon pesh hunde hunn. maastar uhanan naal kamm curran toon chijakde hunn, parr aakharkar uhanan noon 10 lakkh dallar dey jaali bill chhapan laee sehmat hoow jaande hunn. badle witch, masteran neey muddhale paise witch 30,000 dallar dee mung keeti, joe kii paise kharidan laee adhikarat agency dee seema toon tinn gunna haii. nakdi prapat curran laee, mauka vukovic noon thoms ling noon luttan witch uss dee sahaita curran laee manaunda haii, ikk aadmi jiss noon pahilan mauka dassiaa giaa see kii uh chori hoye heere kharidan laee $50,000 nakad liaa riha haii. mauka atey vukovic union station 'teey ling noon rokde hunn atey vincent thamas brij dey hethan ikk udyogik khetar witch nakdi zabat karde hunn. ling dey cover lock unhan daa pichha karde hunn atey lutt noon dekhde hoye, goli chalaunde hunn atey galti naal ling noon maar dinde hunn. mauka atey vukovic unhan noon sadkan, freeway atey ithon takk kii ikk hadah niyantaran channel toon bachann dee koshish karde hunn, iss toon pahilan kii uh freeway utte galat raste utte jaa keey antam bach nikle. agle dinn, unhan dee rozana briefing dey ant witch ikk bulletin shamal hunda haii kii ling ikk gupat eff. bee. aaee. agent see joe ikk sting appression witch shamal hunde hoye maariaa giaa see. hamlavaran atey unhan dey vaahan daa siraf ikk aam verva ditta giaa haii. jadon kii mauka atey vukovic neey ling noon naheen maariaa, vukovic firr vee apradh bhaav naal grasat hoow jaanda haii, jadon kii mauka udaseen hunda haii atey siraf maastar prapat curran 'teey kendrat hunda haii. ling dee maut witch aapni bhumika baare sapshat honn daa mauka denh witch asamrath, vukovic grims naal milda haii, joe uss noon aapne aap noon ander curran atey ikk halki sazaa dey badle witch mauke dey virudh gawahi denh dee salaah dinda haii. vukovic aapne saathi noon fasaan toon inkaar qarr dinda haii. mauka malkan naal khareed noon sathapat karda haii, joe sanket dinda japda haii kii uh dakaiti toon jaanhu haii. mauka atey vukovic exchange laee masteran naal milde hunn. jaali million daa muaina curran toon baad, agent masteran atey jaik noon griftar curran dee koshish karde hunn, parr jaik ikk shotgun khichda haii. jaik atey mauka ikk dooje noon goli maar dinda haii, atey maastar bhajj jaande hunn. vukovic pichha karda haii, ikk godam witch jaanda haii jiss baare ikk pichle soochna denh vaale neey usnoon dassiaa see. jadon takk uh pahunchada haii, masteran neey andarli harr cheez noon agg lagaa ditti haii, saare saboot nasht qarr ditte hunn. vukovic malkan daa sahmana karda haii atey ikk sankhep sanghrash dauran, masters vukovic noon puchhde hunn kii usne aapne saathi noon badlan laee grims dee salaah kiun naheen laee, ih khulasa karde hoye kii grims hamesha masters vallon kamm qarr rahey sunn. jadon kii vukovic iss pragtave toon hairan hoow jaanda haii, maastar ikk board fadd lainde hunn atey usnoon behosh qarr dinde hunn. maastar firr vukovic noon katte hoye kagaz naal dhakk dinda haii atey uss noon agg lagaun vaala hunda haii jadon vukovic aaa jaanda haii atey masteran noon goli maar dinda haii. maastar aapna lighter sutt dinde hunn atey galti naal aapne aap noon agg lagaa lainde hunn. vukovic balde hoye aadmi noon goli maar dinda haii, aapni khaali banduk daa trigger khichna jaari rakkhda haii kiunki maastar zinda shudd jaande hunn. vadhere aam kappde paae hoye, vukovic rooth daa daura karda haii jadon uh laas angels noon chaddan laee paek kardi haii. uh mauka dee maut daa zikar karda haii, ih sujhaa dinda haii kii uh hamesha toon janhdi see kii ling ikk eff. bee. aaee. agent see atey usne mauka khediaa see. uh janhda haii kii mauka uss cole baaki nakdi chhadd giaa haii, joe kii agency hunn waps chahundi haii, parr rooth kahindi haii kii uss noon karziaan daa bhugtan curran laee iss dee zaroorat see. vukovic ailaan karda haii kii ratth hunn uss laee kamm qarr riha haii, uhee "joe vee laggda haii" agent bann giaa haii joe mauka see, atey uss dey shishtachar jeevan toon bachann deeaan aapniaan koshishan noon roque riha haii. utpadan. nirdeshak viliam friedkin noon kharde dey roop witch gerald petivic daa nawal ditta giaa see atey iss noon bahut pramanik paaiaa giaa see. film nirmata washington, dee. dey bahr ikk gupat seva agent dee naukari dey "bilkul asliatvadi subhaa" toon vee mohit see.see. jadon film saude daa ailaan keeta giaa see, taan petivic dee jaanch ikk virodhi duaara lambit daftar dee tarakki laee keeti gaee see, atey mahisus keeta kii "film banaun laee merey virudh bahut narazgi" atey "gupat seva witch merey virudh kujh vair" maujood see, jiss noon laas angels dey feeled daftar witch agent neey vadha ditta see, jiss neey jaanch shuru curran toon kujh haftiaan baad achanak astifa dey ditta see. slm productions, vittkaran daa ikk tribunal, neey neey sadee dey loombadi naal 10-tasveer, $100 million dey saude 'teey friedkin naal kamm keeta parr jadon studio noon rupert merdock duaara kharidiaa giaa, taan ikk vittkarta neey sauda kaddh liaa atey iss noon mgm witch lae giaa. casting. friedkin cole kamm curran laee 60 lakkh dallar daa buzzet see jadon kii kalakaran atey amale neey mukabaltan ghatt tankhahan laee kamm keeta. natije vajon, uss noon ahsas hoiaa kii film witch koee film starr naheen hovega. viliam pieterson canada witch adakari qarr riha see jadon uss noon newyork shehar jaanh atey nirdeshak noon milann laee kiha giaa. aapne padhan dey addhe panne witch, friedkin neey uss noon dassiaa kii uss cole hissa haii. adakar noon mauka dey charittar vall khichiaa giaa see jiss cole ikk baij atey ikk banduk see atey kiven iss neey uss noon naa siraf kanoon toon uppar, balki "uss dey sir witch jeevan atey maut toon uppar" vee bnaa ditta. adakar neey iss kirdaar noon banaun atey film noon "shandar" atey "nashaa curran vaala" banaun daa tajraba paaiaa. uss neey saathi shikago adakar jauhan panco noon phone keeta atey uss noon mauka milann toon agle dinn friedkin dey apartment witch lae aaiaa, uss noon vukovic dee bhumika laee sifarash keeti. nirdeshak mauke 'teey hii sehmat hoow giaa. sabka gupat seva agent atey lekhak gerald petivic, jiss neey ih film adharat kitaab likhi haii, ikk saathi gupat seva agent dey roop witch ikk cameo witch dikhai dinda haii. screenplay. muddhala kathanak, paatar atey film dey ziaadaatar sanvaad petivic dey nawal toon lae gaye hunn, parr friedkin neey shuruati attvad daa kram, qaar daa pichha atey sapshat taur 'teey, pahilan mauka atey masteran dey vichkaar takraa' teey dhiaan kendrat keeta. petivic neey kiha kii friedkin neey kaee drish likhe parr jadon koee navaan drish jaan kahani badlan dee zaroorat see, taan uss neey iss noon likhiaa. nirdeshak mannada haii kii petivic neey patran atey sathitiaan noon banaiaa atey usne bahut saare sanvadan dee varton keeti parr usne screenplay likhi, petivic naheen. mukkh photography. nirdeshak ikk sutantar film banauna chahunda see atey uhanan lokan naal sahiyog karna chahunda see joe tezi naal kamm qarr sakde sunn, jiven kii cinematographer raubi mooler atey uhanan dey chunhe hoye chaalak dall joe gair-union member sunn. friedkin neey harr cheez noon sathaan 'teey shhoot keeta atey tezi naal kamm keeta, aksar turant dee bhavna denh laee pahile take dee varton keeti. uh abhiaas karna pasand naheen karde sunn parr uh ajihiaan sathitiaan paida karde sunn jitthe adakaran noon laggda see kii uh ikk seen dee abhiaas qarr rahey hunn jadon uh asal witch ikk take dee shooting qarr rahey sunn. friedkin neey ajiha siraf iss sathiti witch keeta jey uss noon kujh ajiha miliaa joe uh varat sakda see. iss udesh laee, unhan neey drishan noon khedan ditta atey adakaran noon charittar witch rahinn atey sudhar curran dee aagiaa ditti. udaharan dey laee, uss drish dey dauran jitthe mauka baar witch roothi daa daura karda haii jitthe uh kamm kardi haii, friedkin neey pieterson atey abhinetri darlen fluegal noon aapni khud dee blocking tiaar curran dee aagiaa ditti atey muller noon kiha, "unhan noon goli maaro. koshish crow atey uhanan noon frame witch rakkho. jey uh frame witch naheen hunn, taan uh film witch naheen hunn. ih uhanan dee samassiaa haii." pieterson dey laas angels antarashtari havaai adde 'teey terminal dey chalde footpath dey vichkaar devider dey sikhar dey naal daudan dey shaat neey film nirmatavan noon havaai adde dee pulis naal musibat witch paa ditta. havaai adde neey iss karvai 'teey pabandi lagaa ditti see, mukkh taur' teey pieterson dee surakhiaa laee, kiunki unhan noon laggda see kii jey uh aapne aap noon zakhmi karda taan unhan daa beema uss noon cover naheen karda. adakar neey friedkin noon kiha kii unhan noon kise vee tarahan stunt karna chahida haii iss laee nirdeshak neey prastav ditta kii uh iss noon rehearsal dee tarahan lainn parr cameray rolling curran atey drish noon shhoot curran, jiss naal havaai adde dey adhikari naraz hoow gaye. jaali montage pramanik japda haii kiunki friedkin neey asal jaali lokan naal salaah keeti see jinhan neey samaan kaddhiaa see. salahkar" neey asal witch uh drish keete joe adakar vilem daffoe noon cameray utte naheen dikhaunde hunn taan joe iss luddy noon vadhere pramanikta ditti jaa sake bhaven kii adakar neey paise chhapna sikkh liaa haii. ikk million dallar toon vaddh daa jaali paisa tiaar keeta giaa see parr tinn janbujh keey galtiaan keetiaan gaeeaan sunn taan joe iss noon film toon bahr naheen vartiaa jaa sake. film nirmatavan neey ziaadaatar jaali paise saad ditte parr kujh leak hoow gaye, varte gaye atey nirman naal jude hoye sunn. chaalak dall dey ikk member dey puttar neey prop dey paise dee varton ikk sathanak store toon candy kharidan laee curran dee koshish keeti atey fadiaa giaa. washington, dee toon tinn aif. bee. aaee. agentsy. friedkin samet chaalak dall dey memberan daa interview liaa giaa, jinhan neey unhan laee workprint dee jaanch keeti. unhan neey khazane dey sakattar noon film dekhan atey rashtari surakhiaa laee khatra vaali koee vee cheez bahr kaddhan dee peshkash keeti. ih unhan dee sarkaar toon aakhri gall see. laas angels freeway luddy utte galat tarike naal qaar daa pichha karna film witch shhoot keetiaan gaeeaan aakhri cheezan vicchon ikk see atey iss dee shooting witch chhe hafte lagg gaye. iss samein, friedkin ikk bahut hii katte hoye chaalak dall naal kamm qarr riha see. uss noon 25 farvari, 1963 noon jadon uh shikago witch ikk viaah toon gharr jaa riha see, udon traephik dey pravaah dey virudh pichha curran daa vichaar aaiaa see. uh gaddi chalaunde hoye saun giaa atey galat glee witch jaag giaa atey aaunn vaala traephik siddha uss vall jaa riha see. uh waps sadak dey aapne paase chaley gaye atey agle 20 saalan takk hairan rahey kii uh iss noon ikk film witch kiven vartan jaa rahey hunn. uss neey stunt coordinator baddi joe hooker noon dassiaa kii jey uh "franch connection" naalon bihtar pichha qarr sakde hunn taan ih film witch hovega. jey naheen, taan uh iss dee varton naheen karega. pieterson neey iss luddy dauran aapni bahut saaree driving keeti atey adakar jauhan panco deeaan tanapuran pratikriaavan asli sunn. tinn hafte dey ant witch wilmington, california dey nede terminal tapu freeway dey bhagan witch bitaae gaye sunn joe chaalak dall noon gadbad daa pichha curran dee aagiaa denh laee ikk vaar witch chaar ghante laee bnd qarr ditte gaye sunn. deree dey naal, film neey buzzet toon vaddh $1 million dee kamai keeti. pichha curran dee gadbad dee bhavna noon vadhaunde hoye, friedkin neey iss daa pardarshan keeta taan joe freeway traephik daa pravaah ulat jaave. ih haii kii ghatna sathaan witch aam aavajai witch driver khabbe hatth deeaan laine witch (jiven kii britten witch) aapne khabbe paase gaddi chalaa rahey hunn jadon kii pravaah dey virudh gaddi chalaa rahiaan kaaran aapne sajje paase gaddi chalaa rahiaan sunn (jiven kii uttri amrica witch aam taur 'teey hundi haii). viliam pieterson atey darlen fluegal dey vichkaar ikk ling kram dey sandrabh witch, nirdeshak viliam friedkin neey khulasa keeta kii usne adakaran noon "iss noon jinna sambhav hoow sake asli banaun laee kiha see. iss noon asli banao ". post production. jiss dinn usne pieterson noon kaddh ditta see, uss dinn hii friedkin neey film dey ant witch mauka guaun baare sochiaa see, parr sampadak budd smith dey anusar, vukovic noon maariaa giaa see. jiss ucch padhri drish witch mauka maariaa jaanda haii, uss noon aimm. jee. aimm. karajkari adhikariaan duaara bahut changi tarahan prapat naheen keeta giaa, jinhan neey iss noon bahut nakaratmak paaiaa. studio dey mukhiaan noon santusht curran laee, usne ikk dooja ant goli maar ditti, jiss witch mauka shotgun dhamake toon bach jaanda haii atey sambhav taur 'teey ikk andruni sazaa dey roop witch, uss noon atey vukovic noon alasca dey ikk remot secret service station witch tabdil qarr ditta jaanda haii, atey aapne baus thamas batman noon television' teey interview lainde hoye dekhiaa jaanda haii. friedkin neey badalven ant daa purav-anuman lagaiaa atey mool noon rakkhiaa. suagat. boxes offices. "L witch jeeuna atey marna.aii."sanyukat raaj amrica witch 1 navambar, 1985 noon 1,135 screenan witch premiere keeta giaa jitthe iss neey" "daith vish 3" "dey pichhe aapne pahile hafte dey ant witch 36 lakkh dallar dee kamai keeti. iss neey sanyukat raaj atey canada witch $17.3 lakkh dee kamai keeti, joe iss dey $6 million dey buzzet toon bahut vaddh haii. aalochnatmak pratikiriaa. sadde hoye tamataran utte, film 49 samikhiaavan vicchon 86 pratishat daa ank rakkhdi haii, jiss dee ausat rating 7.1/10 haii. site dee aalochnatmak sehmati witch likhiaa haii, "cock dey naal, qaar daa pichha karde hoye, atey wang chung gaular naal", l witch rahinn atey meron laee.aii."ih shayed 80 dey dahake daa aakhri action/thriller haii." shikago sunn-times" dey film aalochak rogger ebert neey film noon chaar vicchon chaar starr ditte atey likhiaa kii "film vee pahile darje dee haii. disha kunji haii. friedkin neey kujh changiaan filman banaiaan hunn...atey kujh burey. ih uss dee vaapsee haii, joe shuruati tasviran dee dunghai atey hunar noon darsaundi haii. uss neey pieterson dee parshansa keeti, "ikk shikago stage adakar joe sakhat, gumrahkun atey chusat dey roop witch sahmane aaunda haii. uss witch steve mckin dey kujh gunn hunn. aalochak genette meslin neey film noon khaaraj qarr ditta atey likhiaa, "ajj, chamakdar, satahi shaili witch shriman. friedkin neey inni changi tarahan muharat haasal keeti haii, ih qaar daa pichha atey shootout atey aakarshak settingan hunn joe sachmuch mamle daa dill hunn. newsweak" dey aalochak david anson neey likhiaa, "raubi muller duaara ghatiaa shaat naal, taaza, sakhat munde dey chihriaan laee ikk vadhiaa akkh naal", ail witch rahinn atey meron laee.aii."ih nakli vahishi hoow sakda haii, parr ih mazedar haii. variality" dey staff neey film noon ikk mishrat samikhiaa ditti atey likhiaa kii ih sikhar 'teey haiyav "" ail witch jeeuna atey marna. aii."ikk ameer aadmi dey" "miaami vaais" "varga lagda haii". viliam friedkin dee 1971 dey "franch connection" dey barabar pachmi tatt banaun dee spasht koshish pall-darr-pall dey adhaar 'teey kaafi manoranjak atey bhatak rahee haii parr iss noon pachad ditta giaa haii...friedkin ghatto-ghatt gallbat karda haii, parr joe gallbat hundi haii uh galiaan witch ashlilata naal bahut ziaada bharee hoee saabat hundi haii, inni kii ih ikk mazak bann jaandi haii. washington post" laee aapni tikkhi samikhiaa witch, paal atanasio neey likhiaa "" ail witch jeeuna atey marna. aii."uh sankhep samein laee jiunda rahega atey l witch jaldi hii marr javega.aii.jitthe parmeshur cole koee gussa naheen haii jiven kii ikk studio karajkari maadi kamai naal. firr, shayed iss ziaada garam atey laparvahi naal hinsk film noon "starsky atey hutch" duaara sathapat ucch miaar utte rakkhna beinsafi haii. film itihaskar leonard maltin neey atanasio naal sehmati pragtai, jiss neey sambhavit chaar vicchon "tladila" noon 1.5 starr ditteau pachmi tatt utte "miaami vice" dee kalpana curran dee koshish crow...itthe tuhade cole haii. ih tasveer inni gandee haii kii kise laee vee jadah bnnhna mushkil haii-kiunki change munde burey mundiaan jinne hii badtamizi vaale, lalchi atey badtamizi vaale hunde hunn! ikk crack secret service agent atey ikk maastar counterfeeter laee, daffoe atey pieterson doven bahut goonge kamm karde hunn; friedkin weng chung duaara ikk galvanising score dey naal aapne "franch connection" toon baad sabh toon shandar qaar daa pichha karda haii, parr ih vee iss film dey pichhe chaddan vaale burey suaad daa mukabala curran laee kaafi naheen haii." jaii scott neey "dha globe aind mail" laee aapni samikhiaa witch likhiaa, "afsos garib laas angelse pahilan sainn andreus dee galti atey hunn ih. iss baare gall ih haii kii "l witch jeeuna atey marna.aii.", iss dee saaree anaitikta atey bilkul anaitikta dey bavjood, ikk pataka-jaik thriller, tanapuran atey dilchsap atey anhoni, atey kise vee naitiktavadi naalon vadhere gambhir mazedar haii. "time neey iss dey" "berhimi, fulli hoee qaar-pichha luddy dee alochna keeti joe friedkin dey nifty" "franch connection" "toon chori keeti gaee see, atey iss noon" "ikk fatted film hibricked miaami vile" "kiha. lagbhag doou dahakiaan baad, "digital fixes" witch ikk samikhiaa neey film noon "bhrishtachar atey aatma noon nasht curran vaali berhimi witch ikk suraj-khoon daa adhiaen kiha, badnam aniyamit parr kaee vaar shandar viliam friedkin dee ih film ghatiaa, bhavnahin atey avishvashyog changi haii."film noon pichle 25 saalan witch laas angels witch sathapat sathapat sarbottam film vajon doou mapdandan dey naal" "laas angels times" "lekhakan atey sampadakan dey ikk samooh duaara vott ditti gaee seeuuu" "film noon ail baare kujh andruni sachchai daa sanchar karna piaa see.aii. tajraba, atey suchi witch pratee nirdeshak siraf ikk film dee aagiaa see. sanman. jitt prabhav. halanki uss samein iss dey kalakaran witch nipun hastiaan dee ghaat laee alochna keeti gaee see, bahut saare adakar sathapat sitare bann gaye hunn, khaas taur 'teey viliam daffoe, viliam pieterson, john panco, jaine leaves atey john terturo. soundtrack. friedkin dey anusar, uss neey soundtrack tiaar curran laee weng chung noon chunhan daa mukkh caarn ih see kii baind "baaki samkali sangeet toon vakkhra haii... ant witch unhan neey joe ricard keeta haii, uss neey naa siraf film noon vadhaiaa haii, balki iss neey iss noon ikk dungha, vadhere shaktishali pahilu ditta haii. uh chahunde sunn kii uh baind dee pichli album, "karav utte ank" sunan toon baad unhan dee film laee sangeet tiaar curran. uss noon album naal inna liaa giaa kii uss neey siddhe album toon ikk geet, "udeek crow" liaa atey iss noon soundtrack dey hisse vajon vartiaa. "film dey ant witch credit 'waiting' chaa dikhai dinda haii. title geet atey "waiting" noon chhadd keey soundtrack utte harr geet noon doou haftiaan dey ander likhiaa atey ricard keeta giaa see. weng chung vallon film daa ikk mota katt dekhan toon baad hii unhan neey title geet tiaar keeta. ikk mool motion picture soundtrack 30 satambar, 1985 noon geffen records duaara jaari keeta giaa see. album witch atth track sunn. album daa sirlekh geet, "L witch jeeuna atey marna.aii.", (ikk sangeet vdo dey naal joe friedkin duaara nirdeshit vee haii), iss noon" billboard "garam 100 utte banaiaa jitthe ih sanyukat raaj witch #41 utte pahunch giaa. gharelu media 2 dasambar, 2003 noon aimm. jee. aimm. home entertainment duaara ikk dvd jaari keeti gaee see. dvd witch ikk navaan bahaal wide-screen transfer, ikk audio tippni haii jiss witch nirdeshak friedkin dee visheshta haii jitthe uh film banaun baare kahaniaan dassda haii, ikk addhe ghante dee dastavezi jiss witch mukkh paatar hunn, ikk hataiaa hoiaa drish jiss witch ikk preshan vukovic noon uss dey apartment witch jaldi hii sabka patni bannan vaali aapni patni noon pareshan karde hoye dikhaiaa giaa haii, atey badalven ant witch friedkin neey varton curran toon inkaar qarr ditta, jiss witch doou gupat seva bhaiwal bach gaye parr unhan noon alasca witch tabdil qarr ditta giaa jadon kii unhan dey supervisor batman noon tarakki ditti gaee atey masteran noon rokann daa sihra liaa giaa. 2 farvari, 2010 noon, film noon blue-reey 'teey rileez keeta giaa see, jiss witch dvd rileez witch shamal keetiaan gaeeaan pichliaan saariaan vishesh visheshtavan shamal naheen sunn. 21 navambar, 2016 noon teer vdo neey sangeetkar, stunt coordinator, viliam pieterson, debra fiooar atey dwire baraoon naal puraniaan visheshtavan atey naviaan visheshtavan dey naal ikk khetar bee blue-reey edition jaari keeta. 22 navambar, 2016 noon, shaot factory neey ikk colector daa edition jaari keeta, jiss witch mool dvd deeaan vishesh visheshtavan noon bahaal keeta giaa atey naviaan visheshtavan shamal keetiaan gaeeaan. qaar daa pichha karna. film witch pradarshit qaar peecho noon nirantar film dey sarbottam qaar peecho dey drishan witch darja ditta giaa haii, joe aksar "franch connection" (ikk horr friedkin nirdeshit film), "satt-ups", "blues brothers", "ronin" atey "bullit" dey naal dikhai dinda haii. television ladiwar. saal 2015 witch viliam friedkin neey w. jee. ainn. amrica laee film 'teey adharat ikk teevi luddy viksit curran dee yojna daa ailaan keeta. ih shoa ajey vee julai 2021 takk vikas witch haii.

L madhye jeevitum mriyitum cha.a. (chalacchitram) L madhye jeevitum mriyitum cha.a. 1985 tame varshe nirmitam american-niyo-noyar-aakshan-kraim-thriller-chalacchitram, vilium friedkin ityanena nirdeshitam saha-likhitam cha, amerikaadeshasy poorva-gupta-sevaa-abhikartaa gerald peteevich ityasya 1984 tame varshe rachitasya upanyaasasy aadhaaren nirmitam, yah friedkin ityanena saha chitrakathaam saha-likhitavaan. asmin chalachchitre vilium peterson, villium daafo, jaan penko cha anye cha santi. vaang-chung ityayam moolasangeetasy sangeetasy rachanaa, pradarshanm cha krutavaan. etat chalacchitram kathayati yat guptasevaa-pratinidhidwayam kati dirghakalam yaavat jaalavidyaavidam gruheetum gacchati iti. plut. raashtrapati-reegan ityasya hatyaa-prayatnam nishphalam krutvaa, gupta-sevaa-abhikartaarah richard-chaans, jimmi-haart cha laas-angelies-kshetrakaaryaalaye kapata-anveshaka-rupena niyuktaah bhavanti. aakasmikasy avivekee, aavegapoorn-vyavahaarasya pratishtaa asti, sevaayaam swasya varishtaanaam ajnaataa api bhrashta asti. haart-creedaa nivruttehe dinatrayam doore asti. kevalam hartah marubhoomau ekam verhouse sthaapayati yat kapatakaarasy kalakarasya cha print-house iti manyate, rikk "rick" masters iti, tathaa cha masters tathaa tasya angarakshakah jyaak ityanena maaritah bhavati. samyogah swasya nootanam sahabhagim jaan vukovich ityasmai ghoshayati yat saha gurun, chaahe kimapi bhavet, nikshaapayishyati iti. agent-dwau tasya aparaadhi-sahacharayoho ekaha attarney max-vyaaks-myaan ityenam nirikshanasya adheenam krutvaa gurujananam vishaye suchana praaptum prayatante. vukovich vaach-madhye nidrati, yena guruhu tam param krutasya menasya vadham kartum shaknoti. yadaa vukovich pustakasya anusaranam icchati, tadaa gurujananam anudhaavanasya avasarah adhikatayaa avivekee anaitikah cha bhavati. saha suchanartham pairoladhaari/suchanadatru ruth ityanena saha swasya yauna-apaharana-sambandham aashrayati, yadaa cha vukovich, gurujananam sahakarmibhihi saha, yathaa attarney baab grims ityanena saha, nijirupena militavaan, yaan saha palateekartum prayatate. grims, tasya vidhi-abhyaasam nashtam kartum shakyate iti sambhaavya-hita-sangharsham sveekrutya, swa-grahakasya tathaa cha agent-dwayoh madhye baithakam sthaapayitum sahamatah, ye masters-ityasya kapatasevaayaam ruchim uddishya paam-springs-ityasya vaidyaroopen pravartante. guruhu teshaam saha karyam kartum anicchukah bhavati, parantu ante $1 dashalakshasy mulyasya nakali-mudranam mudranam kartum sammatam karoti. kramena, guruhu agrimadhanasy $30,000 maaganti, yat krayanadhanasy adhikruta-abhikaranasy simayam trigunitam bhavati. dhanasya praaptih, avasarah vukovich-varyam thaamas-ling-ityasya apaharane sahayyam kartum prerepayati, yah purushah poorvam avasarah iti nirdayee iva kathitavaan saha choritah vajraanaam krayanartham $50,000 dhanam aanayati iti. chaans tathaa vukovich cha union-station ityatra ling-ityetam pratibandhayanti, vincent thaamas-setunah adhah audyogikakshetre dhanam graheenante. ling-ityasya aavaranasya janaah taan anusaranti, tathaa cha, luntanam nirikshamanaha, agnyastram praavartya, akasmikataya ling-ityetam maaranti. avakaashah, vukovich cha muktamaargena galatamaargen gatvaa antima-palayanat poorvam veethibhih, muktamaargaihi, etasmaat api cha ekasmin jalapralay-niyantrana-vahinya cha taan nivaarayitum prayatante. aparadine, teshaam dainika-vivaranasya ante ekam bulletinum antarbhavati yat ling iti guptah ef. bii. aii. abhikartaa aasit yah sting-aapareshan ityasmin karyam kurvan maaritah. kevalam akramanakarinam teshaam vaahanasya cha saamaanyavivaranam dattam asti. yadaa samyogah vukovich cha ling-ityetam naa maaritavantah, tathaapi vukovich aparaadhapravruttyaa shoshitah bhavati, yadaa cha samyogah udaaseenah bhavati, kevalam guruhu praaptum cha dhyanam dadati. ling ityasya mrutyum swapaatram spashtam kartum avasaram prerayitum asamarthah, vukovich ityeshah grims ityanena saha militavaan, yah tam svapravesham krutvaa laghushikshaayaah badalau avasarasya viruddham sakshyam daatum upadeshayati. vukovich swasahabhaagineem vasheekartum niraakaroti. avasarah swaameebhih saha krayanm sthaapayati, yah saha dakaitee vishaye dnyaatavaan iti sanketam karoti. avasarah, vukovich cha adanapradanartham gurubhihi saha militavantah. dashalax-koti-rupyakanam nirikshananantaram abhikartaah masters tathaa jyaak ityetaan gruheetum prayatante, parantu jyaak ekaha shotgun taan. jyaak tathaa samyogah parasparm pranaghatakam shoot kurvanti, tathaa masters palaayanam kurvanti. vukovich, poorvasoochanaadaanen kathitam verhouse prati gatvaa, chess karoti. yadaa saha aagacchati tadaa guruhu antah sarvaan agnim prajwaalayan, sarve sakshyan nashoshayan. vukovich gurujanan sammukheekaroti, tathaa cha alpasamarthanakale gurujanaah vukovich ityenam prucchanti yat saha swasahabhaagineem prati prerayitum grims ityasya upadesham kimartham naa sveekrutavaan iti, grams ityeshah sarvadaa gurujanasya krute karyam kurvan aasit iti prakatayati. yadaa vukovich iti prakateekaranam uddishya stabdhah bhavati, tadaa guruhu phalakam gruheetvaa achetanah bhavati. tatah guruhu vukovich-ityenam khanditapatrena aacchaadayati, tam agnim daatum cha pravruttah bhavati, yadaa vukovich-varyaha aavartanam krutvaa gurun shoot karoti. guruhu tasya latter iti nikshepaya akasmikataya atmam agnyuaa sthaapayati. vukovich ityeshah jwaalayitum manujah shoot karoti, swasya riktasya bandookasy trigger nirantaram taan laagati, yatah guruhu jeevantah jwaalayati. adhika-samanya-vastradhaaranam krutvaa, vukovich, laas-angelies-nagaram vaditum saamaanam puryanti rut-nagaram gacchati. saha samyogasya mrutyoho ullekham karoti, yat saa sarvadaa jaanaati sma yat ling ekaha ef. bii. aii. abhikartaa aasit, saa cha samyogena kreeditavatee iti. saha jaanaati yat avasaraat tasyaah avashishtam dhanam avashishtam asti, yat agency idaaneem punah icchati, parantu ruth vadati yat runasya shodhanaay tasyaah tatt aavashyakam aasit iti. vukovich ghoshayati yat rath idaaneem tasya krute karyam karoti, saa eva "yat kimapi aavashyakam" abhikartaa bhavati yat avasarah aasit, tasyaah sandigdhajeevanaat rakshayitum tasyaah prayatnaan rodhayati. utpaadanam. nirdeshaka vilium friedkin ityasmai gerald peteevich ityasya upanyasam paandulipiroopen dattam, tatt ateeva pramanikam iti dnyaatam. chalacchitranirmaataa washington-nagaraat bahihi guptasevaa-abhikartuhu "sarvathaa atiyathaarthikaprakrutih" api aakarshitah aasit.sii. yadaa chalacchitra-vyavahaarasya ghoshanaa krutaa tadaa peteevich ityeshah pratidwandweedwaara karyalayasya pralambitapravardhanasya krute anweshtah, tathaa cha "chalacchitranirmaanasya karanat mama viruddham bahu asantoshah", "guptasevaayaam mama viruddham kimapi shatrutaa" cha aasit iti anubhootah, yat laas-angelies-kshetrakaryalayasya abhikartraa teevrataram jaatam, yah anveshanasya aarambhasy katipaye saptaaheshu eva akasmikataya tyaagapatram adadat. ess. ell. emm. productions iti vittadaatru-nyayadhikaranam, 20 shataabdyaah faaks ityanena saha dash-chitrasya, $100 dashalakshasy vyavahaarasya krute friedkin ityanena saha karyam krutavaan, parantu yadaa studio-samsthaa rupert mardok ityanena krinita, tadaa vittadaatrushu ekaha, vyavahaaram krutvaa emm. jii. emm. prati agruhnaat. casting. friedkin ityanena saha karyam kartum $6 million-vyayah aasit, yadaa kii paatravargah, karmachaareevargah cha apekshaakrutam nyoon-vetanaartham karyam kurvanti sma. parinaamatah, saha avadat yat asmin chalachchitre chalachchitrataarakaah naa bhaveyuhu iti. vilium peterson kenada-deshe abhinayam akarot yadaa nyuyaark-nagaram prati vimaanayaanam krutvaa nirdeshakena saha militum prushtah. tasya pathanasya ardhaprushtam, friedkin ityeshah tam uktavaan yat tasya sameepe bhaagah asti iti. abhinetaa, jyakasya sameepe byaadj, bandookam cha aasit, tathaa cha katham saha naa kevalam niyamaat upari, apitu "tasya shirasi jeevanamaranaat api upari" abhavat iti aakasmikasy paatram prati aakrushtah abhavat. abhinetaa etat paatram iti anubhavam avaapnot, chalacchitram "adbhutam" "madakam" cha iti cha. saha shikaago-nagarasya saha-abhinetaa jaan-penko-ityenam aahvayitvaa, avasararoopen paatragrahanasy anantaram dine eva friedkin ityasya nivaasam prati aanayat, vukovich ityasya paatrasya krute tasya anushamsaam krutavaan. nirdeshaka tatsthaane eva sammatam krutavaan. purvasikret-service-agent tathaa lekhakah gerald peteevich, yah chalacchitrasya aadhaaren pustakam alikhat, saha sahaseekret-service-agent iti rupena atithi-bhumikaayaam drushyate. chitrakathaam. chalacchitrasya moolakathaavastu, paatraani, samvaadasya adhikaamshah cha peteevich ityasya upanyasat aahaty, parantu friedkin ityeshah praarambhik-bhayotpaadak-kramam, kaar-chess, spashtatayaa cha yojayat, poorvam samyogasya masters-ityasya cha madhye pradarshane dhyanam dattavaan. peteevich ityeshah avadat yat friedkin ityayam anekaan drushyaan alikhat, parantu yadaa nootanam drushyam athavaa kathaa parivartaneeyam aasit tadaa saha tatt alikhat. nirdeshaka angeekaroti yat peteevich ityanena paatraani paristhitayah cha nirmitaani, saha bahu samvaadaan upayujyate sma, parantu saha chitrakathaam likhati sma, peteevich ityanena naa. mukhyam chaayaachitranam. nirdeshaka swatantram chalacchitram nirmaatum icchati sma, tathaa cha vegena karyam kartum shaknuvanti tebhyah janaihi saha saha sahayogam kartum icchati sma, yathaa chhaayaagraahakah raabee mueller, tasya cha niyuktaah dalah ye sanghasya sadasyaah naa aasan. friedkin ityeshah sthaane eva sarvam chitraya drutagatyaa karyam krutavaan, praayah prathama-tech ityasya upayogena tatkshanabhaavam adadat. saha abhyaasam naa icchati sma, parantu etaadrushaah paristhitihi nirmaati yatra abhinetaarah chintayanti sma yat yadaa te vastutah tech ityasya chitreekaranam kurwantah drushyasya abhyaasam kurwantah santi iti. friedkin ityeshah etat kevalam yadi kimapi praptavan yat saha upayoktum shaknoti sma tarhi eva krutavaan. etasmaat uddeshyena saha drushyaan pradarshayitum pradadat, tathaa cha abhinetrubhyah paatreshu sthaatum, ashurachanam cha pradadat. yathaa, yadaa saa yatra karyam karoti tatra baar-madhye ruthee-nagaram sandarshati tadaa fredkin, peterson-abhinetree darlen-fluegel-ityetam cha swakeeyam avarodham kalpayitum anumanya, mueller ityenam uktavaan, "kevalam taan shoot karotu. te cha frame madhye sthaapayitum prayatatam. yadi te frame madhye naa santi, te chalachchitre naa santi. eshaa teshaam samasyaa asti." laas-angelies-antarashtriya-vimanasthanakasya terminal-ityasya gatimana-padachari-margasya madhye vibhajakanam upari bhaage dhaavate petersonsya drushyam chalachchitranirmaatrubhyah vimaanasthaanak-aarakshakaih saha samasyam praapnot. vimaanasthaanakam mukhyataya peterson ityasya surakshayai etat karyam nishedhitam aasit, yatah saha swasyaah haanim krutavaan tarhi teshaam aashwastih tam naa aacchaadayati iti te manyante sma. abhinetaa friedkin ityasmai avadat yat te yathashighram stunt-karyam karishyanti iti, ataha nirdeshaka prastaavayat yat te tatt rehearsal-rupena aacharanti, parantu drushyasya chitranam cha kyamara-yantraani karishyanti, yena vimanasthanakasya adhikaarinah krodhitaah bhavanti. jalikayaha montage pramanikam drushyate yatah friedkin-varyaha vaastavika-jalikanam paraamarsham krutavaan, ye samayam adadan. consultant" ityanena vastutah te drushyaani krutaani ye abhinetaa villium daafo ityanena chitrakarme naa darshitaah, yena asya drushye adhikapramanata praapyate, yadyapi abhinetaa dhanam mudrayitum shikhet. dashalax-daalar-taha adhikasya nakaleedhanasy utpaadanam krutam, parantu trayanam iraadaapoorvak-trutayah aasan, yena chalacchitrasya bahihi tasya upayogam naa shakyate sma. chalacchitranirmaataarah adhikaamshaah nakalah dhanam dagdhavantah, parantu kechan nishkaasitaah, upayujya, punah nirmanena saha sambadhaah cha abhavan. ekaha chaalakadalasy sadasyasy putrah prop-dhanasya kinchitkam upayogam sthaniya-bhandaare mithaayi-krayanartham prayatat, api cha dharitah. washington-nagaraat trayah ef. bii. aii. abhikartaarah, dee.sii. fredkin ityanena saha 12-15 chaalakadalasy sadasyanam sakshatkaraha krutah, ye teshaam krute karyamudranam pareekshayanti sma. saha chalacchitram koshagarasya sachivaay darshayitum, rashtriyasurakshayaha krute kimapi apayakaram vaa bahihi neetum cha prastutah. saha sarvakaarena idam antimam shrutavaan. laas-angelies-free-ve-sequence ityasmin, galata-maarga-kaar-chess iti chalachchitre chitrayamaneshu antimeshu vastushu anyatam aasit, tasya chitrikaranartham shut saptaahaani yaavat avadyata. asmin samaye, friedkin ityeshah atyantam shithilena dalena saha karyam kurvan aasit. 1963 februvari 25 dinaanke shikaago-nagare vivaahaat gruham gacchan saha yaataayaatasy pravaahasya viruddham chess-ityasya vichaaram krutavaan. saha chakram gatvaa nidritah, tathaa cha aprushthe margasya madhye utthaapitah, aagatyamaanen yaana-yanasya maargah tasya prati sakshat aasit. saha punah margasya paarshvam pratyagatavan, agrime 20 varshaani yaavat saha chalacchitrasya krute katham upayujyate iti ashcharyam akarot. saha stunt-samyojakam buddy jo hooker ityasmai avadat yat yadi te "da french-kanekshan" ityasya apekshayaa uttamm chess kartum shaknuvanti tarhi tatt chalachchitre bhavishyati iti. yadi naa syaat tarhi saha tasya upayogam naa karishyati. asmin anukramasya samaye peterson swakeeya-vaahanachaalanam bahu krutavaan, tathaa cha abhinetaa jaan-penko ityasya tanaava-pratikriyaah vaastavikah aasit. kaaliforneeyaadeshasya wilmington-nagarasya sameepe terminal-dweepa-muktamaargasya khandeshu saptahantatrayam vyatitam, ye ekasmin samaye chaturvaaram yaavat bandhitaah aasan yena nausainikadalasya astavyasta-chess-kartum shakyate sma. vilambena, chalacchitram aayavyayikasya apekshayaa $1 dashalaxam adhikam aasit iti dnyaayate. chess ityasya astavyasta-bhaavam vardhayan, friedkin ityanena tatt pradarshitam yena muktamaargasya yatayataha vyutkramitah abhavat. arthaat drushye samanya-yaataayaatasy chaalakah vaamabhaage vaamamaarge chaalayanti (yathaa britton-deshe), tathaa cha pravaahasya viruddham vaahanaani dakshinadishi chaalayanti (yathaa uttar-amerikaadeshe samanyam bhavati). vilium peterson tathaa darlen fluegel ityetayoho madhye yaunaanga-kramasya vishaye nirdeshakena vilium friedkin ityanena abhinetaarabhyah "yathaasambhavam vaastavikam kartum" iti soochitam iti prakatitam. tatt vaastavikam karotu ". utpaadanottaram. petersonsy paatragrahanasy dinaat eva, friedkin ityayam chalacchitrasya ante akasmikam maarayitum vichaaram akarot, parantu sampaadakasya budd smit ityasya matena, vukovich eva maaritah iti manyate sma. yatra aakasmikah maaritah bhavati tasmin charam-drushyasya emm. jee. emm.-kaaryapaalak-adhikaribhih bahu uttamm naa sweekrutam, ye tatt ati-nakaratmakam iti manyante sma. studio-pramukhaan santushtum saha dwiteeya-samaaptim ankitavaan, yasmin saatgan-visphotaat avakaashah bachati, sambhawatah aantarik-dandarupena saha vukovich cha alasca-nagarasya durastha-gupta-sevaa-kendram prati sthaanaantaritaah bhavanti, teshaam baas thaamas-batmen-ityasya dooradarshan-madhyamena sakshatkaram cha pashyanti. friedkin vaikalpikasya samaapteh purvaavalokanam akarot, moolam api rakshitavaan. sweekaranam. baaks-aafis madhye. "L madhye jeevitum mriyitum cha.a."dett vish 3" ityasya anantaram, amerikaadeshasy samyuktarajyamerikadesha 1985 tame varshe november-masasya 1 dinaanke, 1,135 pardyaam prathamapradarshanim abhavat, yatra tasya udghaatanee-saptahante $36 laksham arjitam. amerikaadeshe, kenada-deshe cha $17.3 laksham anmaadayat, yat tasya $6 dashalakshasy aayavyayikaat api adhikam aasit. vimarshaatmakapratikriyaa. sikta-tametas-chalacchitrasya 49 sameekshaasu 86 pratishatam ankam vartate, yasya ausata-maanaamkanam 7.1/10 asti. jaalasthalasy vimarshaatmak-sarwasammatih "cock-faind-saha, kaar-chess-dwara, vaang-chung-glore-dwara", L-madhye jeevitum, mriyitum cha iti pathati.a."sambhawatah 80 dashakasy antimah aakshan/thriller asti." chikaago sunn-tams" ityasya chalacchitra-sameekshakah rogger ebert ityeshah chalacchitraaya chaturshu nakshatrai dattavaan, "chalacchitram api prathama-shreneem vartate" iti cha likhitavaan. dishaam cha pramukham. friedkin ityanena kechan uttamaani chalacchitraani nirmitaani santi...tathaa kechan durjanah. idam tasya punaraagamanam asti, yat prarambhikachitranam gahanatam kaushalam cha darshayati ". saha peterson ityasya prashamsaam krutavaan, "chikaago-mancha-abhinetaa yah kathinah, chaturah, chaturah cha iti drushyate. tasya steve-mcween ityasya kechan gunaah santi. sameekshakah genet maslin ityayam chalacchitram niraakrutavaan, tathaa cha "adya, chashcharyakar-uparicchada-shailee-madhye shree. friedkin ityayam atyantam nipunam krutavaan, kaar-chess, shoot-aut, netra-aakarshaneey-settings cha yathaa vastutah vishayasya kendrabinduhu santi ". nyoos veek" ityasya sameekshakah david ensen, "raibee mueller ityanena, nutananam, katinaanaam cha mukhanam krute sookshmadrushtyaa chitrayitam, kathor-tejasya chitraya", ell-madhye jeevitum mriyitum cha iti likhitavaan.a."mithyaa-kroorah bhavet, parantu aanandah bhavati. veriety" ityasya karmachaarinah chalacchitrasya mishrasamiksham krutvaa, "L madhye jeevitum mriyitum cha" iti sheershe asti iti likhitavantah.a."dhanavaan" miyaami-vais "iva drushyate. vilium friedkin ityasya 1971 tame varshe "da french-samparkah" ityasya samatulyasya paschimatateh nirmanasya spashtah prayaasah kshana-prati-kshanasy aadhaaren paryaaptam manodnyah, vyatigatah cha asti, parantu saha agraahatah asti...friedkin samvaadam nyunatamam karoti, parantu tatra kah samvaadaha asti iti veethi-ashleelaih atyantam bhaaritah iti siddhah bhavati, yena tatt haasyakrutyam bhavati ". washington post" ityasya krute swasya katorasameekshaayaam, paal atanasio "" l madhye jeevitum mriyitum cha. "iti alikhat.a."alpakalam jeevati, sheeghramev mriyati cha.a.yatra eeshvarasya krodhah naasti yathaa studio-karyapalakasya manda-aayah. tatah punah, sambhawatah etat atiushnam, avivekee cha himsaatmakam chalacchitram "starsky and hach" ityanena sthaapitam ucchamaanakam dharitavyam anuchitam. chalacchitra-itihaasakaarah leonard maltin ityeshah atanasio ityanena saha sahamatah iva drushyate sma, sambhaavya-chaturmadhye "tladila" ityasmai 1.5 nakshatrai dattavaan-pashchimatate "miyaami vais" iti kalpayitum prayatatam...atra bhavatah asti. etat chitram etaavat kathoram asti yat kasyaapi krute moolam kathinam asti-yatah uttamah janaah dushtanam sadrushaah dushtah, lobhinah, kroorah cha bhavanti! crack seekret service agent tathaa master-kapatakaarayoh krute, defo tathaa peterson ubhau cha ateeva moodaah vartante; friedkin ityayam swasya "french-samparkaat" param atyantam darshaneeyam kaar-chess iteedam pradadaati, vaang-chung ityasya gelvanaizing-score ityanena saha, parantu etat api chalacchitrasya durbhaavanaapratirodhaay paryaaptam naasti." jey scott varyaha "da globe and mell" ityasya samikshayam "pitty paavar laas enjaleesh prathame saan andreas-folt, idaaneem etat cha." iti likhitavaan. tasya vishaye kathaa asti, "l madhye jeevitum mriyitum cha.a."," tasya sarvanam anaitikataayaah, sarvathaa anaitikataayaah cha krute, ekam patapat-jaak-thriller asti, udvignam, uttejakam, apratyashitam cha, yat kasyaapi naitikavaadinah icchati tasya apekshayaa adhikam kathoram vinodam cha asti. "taim" iti patrikaayaam "friedkin ityasya nifty" da french-connection "ityatah choritah kroorah, phugitah kaar-chaze-anukramah" iti vimarshitah, tathaa cha "fatid-moovee-habridh miyaami-vile" iti cha abhinidishtam. praayah dashakadwayaanantaram, "da-digital-fix" ityasmin samikshayam chalacchitram "bhrashtaachaarasy aatma-vinaashakasya cha kruratayaha surya-raktapaata-adhyayanm iti abhinidishtam, kukhyatataya aniyamitasya parantu kadaachit pratibhavan vilium-friedkin ityasya etat chalacchitram dushtam, nindaatmakam, avishvasaneeyatayaa uttamm cha asti."laas-angelies-tams" ityasya lekhakanam sampadakanam cha samuhena, gata 25 varsheshu laas-angelies-nagarasya 19tamam sarvashreshtam chalacchitram iti matam dattam, "chalacchitram ell-ityasya vishaye kimapi antarnihitam satyam sampreshanam kartum arhati iti" iti dwayoh maanadandayoh saha.a. anubhawah, pratinirdeshakena kevalam ekam chalacchitram cha suchyam anumanyata ". prashamsaam. vijayah. prabhaawah. yadyapi tasmin samaye tasya paatravargasya nipunanam prasiddhanaam abhaavasya krute samaalochitah, tathaapi bahavah abhinetaa, visheshatah villium daafo, vilium peterson, jaan penko, zen leaves, jaan terturo cha, sthapita-taarakaah abhavan. dhwanimudranam bhavati. friedkin ityasya matena, saha dhwanimudrikaayaah rachanartham vaang-chung ityetam chitavaan, yasya mukhyakaaranam tatt aasit yat bend "samakalinasangitat anyatamanam vartate... ante te yat dhwanimudranam krutavantah tatt naa kevalam chalacchitrasya vardhanam akarot, apitu gahanam, adhikashaktishaaleem cha ayamam cha dattavaan. saha icchati sma yat te vaadyavrundasya poorvatamam aalbam "poyints aan da karv" iti shrutvaa swasya chalacchitrasya sangeetasy rachanaa kurvantu iti. saha aalbam ityanena saha etaavat gruheetah yat saha ekam geetam "vett" iti aalbam-taha sakshat sveekrutya soundtraak-ityasya bhagarupena upayujyate sma. "chalacchitrasya ante "vett" iti krutihi pradarshyate. sheershakam geetam, "vett" cha vihaay dhwanimudrikaayaah pratyekam geetam saptaahadwaye eva likhitam, dhvanimudritam cha abhavat. vaang-chung ityanena chalacchitrasya sthoolam khandam drushtvaa eva te shirshakagitam nirmame. moolachalacchitrasya dhwanimudranam 1985 tamasya varshasya september-masasya 30 dinaanke geffen-record-dwara pradarshitam. asmin aalbam madhye ashta geetaani aasan. aalbam ityasya sheershakam geetam "too liv and dai inn ell" iti asti.a.", (friedkin ityanena nirdeshite music-veediyo ityanena saha)," bilboard "haat 100 madhye nirmitam, yatra samyuktarajyamerikadesha #41 iti sheersham praapnot. gruhamaadhyamaah. 2003 december 2 dinaanke emm. jee. emm. home-entertainment ityanena e. dee. vee. dee. iteedam pradarshitam. dee. vee. dee. ityasmin nootanam punahsthaapitam vaid-screen-sthaanaantaranam asti, nirdeshakasya friedkin ityasya shravya-bhashyam asti yatra saha chalacchitrasya nirmanasya kathaah varnayati, mukhyapaatraani darshitam ardhaghantaayaah vruttachitram, ekam neekruta-drushyam yatra vyathitah vukovich svagruhasya poorva-patneem sheeghramev vyathitam karoti, tathaa cha vaikalpika-samaaptih friedkin ityasya upayogam niraakaroti, yasmin dwau gupta-sevaa-sahabhaaginah jeevitau kintu alasca-nagaram prati sthaanaantaritaah bhavanti, yadaa teshaam paryavekshakah batmen padonnatim prapnuyat, tathaa cha masters-ityetaan sthagayitum shreyam sweekaroti. 2010 februvari 2 dinaanke etat chalacchitram bloo-rey-madhye pradarshitam, yasmin dee. vee. dee. ityasya pradarshane samaavishtaani poorvaani sarvaani visheshavisheshaani naa aasan. 2016 tame varshe november-masasya 21 dinaanke, baana-veediyo ityanena, sangeeta-rachanaakaarah, stunt-samyojakah, vilium peterson, debra-fuyer, dwear-braun cha ityetaih saha, puraatanaih visheshaihi nootanaih cha visheshaihi saha, reejan-bii-bloo-rey-samskaranam prakaashitam. 2016 tame varshe navambaramaasasy 22 dinaanke, mool-dii. vi. dii. visheshavisheshaan punahsthapayitva nutanan yojayitvaa, saut-faiktari ityanena sangraahakasya samskaranam prakaashitam. kaar-yanasya anusaranam. asmin chalachchitre darshitam kaar-chess nirantaram chalacchitrasya sarvottama-kaar-chess-drushyeshu sthaanam avaapnot, praayah "da french-connection" (anyam friedkin-nirdeshitam chalacchitram), "da sev-ups", "da blues-brothers", "ronin", "bullit" ityetaih saha drushyate. dooradarshan-dhaaraavaahikam. 2015 tame varshe vilium friedkin ityayam doubleu. jii. enn. america ityasya chalacchitrasya aadhaaren dooradarshan-shrunkhalaam nirmaatum yojanam ghoshayat. 2021 julai-maasaparyantam api asya pradarshanasy vikaasah prachalati.

ell ill vaalavum irakkavum.auuu. (thiraippadam) ell ill vaalavum irakkavum.auuu. 1985 aam aandu veliyaana america neoo-naayar athiradi kuttra thriller thiraippatamaana idhu villiyam friedkin iyakkiya mattrum inai ezhuthappatta mattrum munnaal america iragasiya saevai mugavar jerault petteevichin 1984 naavalai adippadaiyaagak kondadhu, avar friedkin udan thiraikkathaiyai ezhuthinaar. villiyam peterson, villiyam tafoe mattrum john bango ullitta palar ippadaththil nadiththullanar. wang suung asal isai olippathivai iyakkinaar. irandu iragasiya saevai mugavargal oru kallanoattaik kaithu seiya evvalavu thooram selkiraargal enbathaip pattriya kadhaiyai padam koorukirathu. sathi. janathipathi reegan meethaana kolai muyarchiyai muriyadiththa piragu, ragasiya saevai mugavargal richard vaaippu mattrum jimmi haard aagiyoar losses aenjals kazha aluvalagaththil poali pulanaaivaalargalaaga niyamikkappadugiraargal. vaaippu poruppattra, manachchoarvadaintha nadaththaikku narpeyaraik kondullathu, maelum, sevaiyil ulla avarathu maelathikaarigalukkuth theriyaamal, oozhalvaathiyaagavum ullathu. haard oaivu pera moontru naatkal ullana. thaniyaaga, paalaivanaththil oru kidangai tiruttu mattrum kalaignar erik "rick" ejamaanargalin achu illamaaga karudhappadum oru kidangai haard vaiththirukiraar, maelum ejamaanargal mattrum avarathu meikkaappaalaraana jaak aakiyoaraal kollappadugiraar. vaaippu thanathu puthiya koottaaliyaana john vukoavichchidam, avar ejamaanargalai ethuvaaka irunththaalum veelththuvaar endru arivikkiraar. irandu mugavargalum avarathu kuttraviyal koottaaligalil oruvaraana vazhakkarinyar max mcsmanai kankaanippin keezh vaippathan moolam ejamaanargalaip pattriya thagavalkalaip pera muyarchikkindranar. vukoavich kankaanippil thoongkukiraar, idhu ejamaanargal avaraik kadantha mezhugu manithanaik kolla anumathikkirathu. vukoavich puththagaththin puddy sella virumbugaiyil, ejamaanargalaip pinthodarvathil vaaippu perugiya muraiyil poruppattrathaakavum nerimuraiyattrathaagavum maarukirathu. avar thagavalkalukkaaga barol pettravar/thagaval therivippavar rooth udanaana thanathu paaliyal-pariththal uravai nambiyullaar, athae neraththil vukoavich ejamaanargalin koottaaligalai thanipatta muraiyil santhikkiraar, idhil vazhakkarinyar paap crims udpada, avar avarkalai maattra muyarchikkiraar. thanathu satta nadaimuraiyai alikkakkoodiya oru saathiyamaana vatti moathalai oppuk konda crims, thanathu vaadikkaiyaalarukkum irandu mugavargalukkum idaiyil oru sandhippai amaikka oppukkolkiraar, avarkal ejamaanargalin kallach sevaigalil aarvamulla panai neeroottrukalil irunthu maruththuvargalaaga nadikkiraarkal. ejamaanargal avarkaludan paniyaattra thayangkukiraarkal, aanaal iruthiyil avarkalukku $1 million mathippulla poali noattukalai achchida oppukkolkiraargal. idhaiyotti, ejamaanargal $30,000 muun panatthaik koorugiraargal, idhu panam vaangkuvatharkaana angkeekarikkappatta agencyin varambai vida moontru madangku athigamaagum. panaththai pera, thamas lingai kollaiyadikka udhava vukoavichchai oru vaaippu varpuruththukirathu, thirudapatta vairangkalai vaangka $50,000 panaththai kondu varukiraar endru munbu ravud sonna oru nabar. vaaippu mattrum vukoavich union nilaiyaththil lingai idaimariththu wincent thamas baalaththin keezh oru thozhilthurai paguthiyil panaththai parimuthal seikiraargal. linkin kavar makkal avarkalaip pinthodarnthu, kollaiyaik kavanikkum poathu, thuppaakkich soodu nadaththi thartcheyalaaka lingai kondru vidugiraargal. vaaippu mattrum vukoavich therukkal, suthanthiramaana paathaikal mattrum vellak kattupaattu kaalvaaigalil ondru kooda avarkalaith thavirkka muyarchikkiraarkal, suthanthiramaana paathaiyil thavaraana vazhiyil selvathan moolam oru iruthi thappikkum muun. aduththa naall, avarkalin thinasari maanattin mudivil, oru sting aaparaeshanil eedupattapoathu kollapatta oru iragasiya eff. pii. aii mugavar ling endru oru pullattin adangkum. thaakkuthal nadaththiyavarkal mattrum avarkalin vaaganam pattriya podhuvaana vilakkam mattumae kodukkappattullathu. vaaippu mattrum vukoavich lingai kollavillai entraalum, vukoavich kuttra unarchiyaal paathikkappadugiraar, athae neraththil vaaippu akkaraiyattrathu mattrum ejamaanargalaip peruvathil mattumae kavanam seluththukirathu. linkin maranaththil avarkalin pangaip pattri thelivaagap paesuvatharkaana vaaippai vukoavich thoonda mudiyavillai, avar crimesai santhikkiraar, avar thannaith thiruppik kollumaarum, oru ilaguvaana thandanaikku eedaaga vaaippukku ethiraaga saatchiyamalikkavum arivuruththukiraar. vukoavich thanathu koottaalarai sikka vaika marukkiraar. vaaippu ejamaanargaludan vaangkuvathai amaikkirathu, avar kollaiyai arinthiruppathai suttikkaattuvathaagath therikirathu. vaaippum vukoavichchum parimaattraththirkaaka ejamaanargalai santhikkiraarkal. poali milliyanai aaivu seitha piragu, mugavargal ejamaanargalaiyum jaakkaiyum kaithu seiya muyarchikkiraarkal, aanaal jaak oru shahtkanai izhukkiraar. jaak mattrum vaaippu oruvarukkoruvar maaradaippaaga sudugiraargal, ejamaanargal thappikkiraarkal. vukoavich thuraththukiraar, oru kidangirkuch selkiraar, idhu pattri munththaiya thagaval alippavar avaridam koorinaar. avar varum neraththil, ejamaanargal ullae ulla anaiththaiyum thee vaiththu, anaitthu aathaarangkalaiyum azhiththuvittanar. vukoavich ejamaanargalai ethirkolkiraar, oru kurugiya poaraattaththin poathu, ejamaanargal vukoavichchin koottaalaraith thiruppuvatharku avar aen crimsin aaloasanaiyai edukkavillai endru kaetkiraargal, maelum crims ejamaanargalin saarbaaga eppoathum vaelai seikiraar enbathai velippaduthukiraar. vukoavich inththa velipaattaik kandu thigaikkaiyil, ejamaanargal oru palagaiyaip pidiththu avarai mayakkamadaiyach seikiraargal. maastarkal pinnar vukoavichchai thundugalaakkappatta kaakithaththaal maraikkiraargal, maelum vukoavich vandhu ejamaanargalai sudumpoathu avarai thee vaikkap poakiraar. ejamaanargal thanathu lyterai keezhae irakki, thartcheyalaaka theekkuliththu kolgindranar. eriyum manithanai vukoavich suttuk kondraar, ejamaanargal uyirudan erinththu kondirukkumpoathu thanathu vetrtru thuppaakkiyin thoonduthalai thodarnthu iluththaar. migavum saathaaranamaaga udaiyanintha vukoavich, losses aenchalsilirunthu veliyaeruvatharkaaka paek seiyum poathu rooththai santhikkiraar. avar sancin maranatthai kurippidugiraar, ling oru eff. pii. aii mugavar endrum avar vaaippai vilaiyaadiyathaagavum aval eppoathum arinthirunththaal endru koorukiraar. avarukkuth theriyum, vaaippu avalukku meethamulla panaththai vittuch sentrathu, adhai agency ippoathu thirumba virumbukirathu, aanaal kadangalaich seluththa adhu thanakkuth thaevai endru rooth koorukiraar. rooth ippoathu thanakkaaga vaelai seikiraar endru vukoavich arivikkiraar, vaaippu irunththa athae "ethuvaaka irunththaalum" mugavaraaga maari, thanathu nizhalaana vaazhkkaiyilirunthu thappikkum muyarchigalaith thadukkiraar. urpaththi. iyakkunar villiyam friedkin jerault petteevichin naavalai kaiyezhuththup pirathi vadivil valangkinaar, maelum adhu migavum unmaiyaanathu endru kandarindhaar. washington, dii. kku veliyae oru ragasiya saevai mugavarin vaelaiyin "muttrilum surrealistic thanmai" yaal thiraippadath thayaarippaalar eerkkappattaar.chii. thiraippada oppantham arivikkappattapoathu, niluvaiyil ulla aluvalaga padhavi uyarvukkaaga oru poattiyaalaraal peteevich visaarikkappattaar, maelum "padam thayaariththatharkaaga enakku ethiraaga niraiya athirupthi" mattrum "ragasiya sevaiyil enakku ethiraaga sila viroatham" irunththathu, idhu losses aenjals kazha aluvalagaththil ulla mugavaraal athikarikkappattathu, avar visaaranaiyaith thodangiya sila vaarangkalukkup piragu thideerendru rajinama seithaar. slm protections, nidhiyaalargalin theerppaayam, 20 aam noottraandin narikku paththu padam, $100 million oppanthaththil friedkin udan panipurinthathu, aanaal studio rubert murtokkaal vaangkappattapoathu, nidhiyaalargalil oruvar oppanthaththai izhuththu adhai mgm kku eduththuch sentraar. casting. friedkin panipuriya 6 million dollar budjet irunththathu, athae neraththil nadigargal mattrum kuzhuvinar oppeettalavil kuraindha sambalaththirku vaelai seithanar. idhan vilaivaaga, padaththil thiraippada natchaththiranggal yaarum irukkaathu enbathai avar unarnthaar. villiyam peterson kanadaavil nadiththu kondirunthapoathu, newyorg nagaraththirku paranthu sendru iyakkunaraich santhikkach sonnaar. thanathu vaachippil arai pakkam, friedkin avaridam pangku iruppathaagak koorinaar. badge mattrum thuppakki vaithiruppavar endra vagaiyil vaaippuk kathaapaaththiraththirku nadigar eerkkappattaar, maelum adhu avarai sattaththirku maelaanathu mattumallaamal, "avarathu thalaiyil vaazhkkai mattrum maranaththirku maelaanathu". inththa kathaapaaththiramaaga irunththa anubavaththaiyum, padaththai "arputhamaanathu" mattrum "poathai" endru uruvaakkiya anubavaththaiyum nadigar kandaar. saga sikago nadigar john paangoavai alaiththu, avarai freedkin apaartmendirku alaiththuch sendru, vukoavich paaththiraththirku parinthuraiththaar. iyakkunar antha idaththilaeyae sammathiththaar. munnaal iragasiya saevai mugavarum ezhuththaalarumaana jerault petteevich, inththa thiraippataththai adippadaiyaagak konda puththagaththai ezhuthiyavar, saga iragasiya saevai mugavaraaga oru cameovil thoandrugiraar. tiraikkathai. padaththin adippadai kadhaikkalam, kathaapaaththirangal mattrum perumpaalaana uraiyaadalgal peetteevichin navalil irunthu edukkappattullana, aanaal friedkin thodakka payankaravaathak kaatchiyaiyum, kaarr thuraththuthal mattrum thelivaana, munbu vaaippu mattrum ejamaanargalukku idaiyilaana moathalil kavanam seluththinaar. friedkin pala kaatchigalai ezhuthiyathaakavum, aanaal oru puthiya kaatchi allathu oru kadhaiyai maattra vaendiyirukkum poathu, avar adhai ezhuthiyathaakavum peteevich koorinaar. petteevich kathaapaaththiranggalaiyum soozhnilaigalaiyum uruvaakkiyathaakavum, avar niraiya uraiyaadalgalaip payanpaduththinaar endrum, aanaal avar thiraikkathaiyai ezhuthinaar, petteevich alla endrum iyakkunar oppukkolkiraar. muthanmai pugaippadam. olippathivaalar raabi mueller mattrum union allaatha uruppinargalaaga irunththa avarathu thernthedukkappatta kuzhuvinar poantra oru suyaatheenamaana thiraippataththai uruvaakki, vaekamaaka vaelai seiyakkoodiya nabarkaludan oththulaikka iyakkunar virumbinaar. friedkin ellaavattraiyum antha idaththil padamaakki viraivaaga vaelai seithathu, perumpaalum muthal take payanpaduththi udanadi unarvaith tharukirathu. avar oththigai seiya virumbavillai, aanaal nadigargal oru kaatchiyai oththigai seikiraargal endru ninaikkum soozhnilaigalai uruvaakkuvaargal, unmaiyil avarkal oru take padappidippaich seikiraargal. friedkin thanakku aethaavathu kidaitthaal athaich seithaar. inththa nokkaththirkaaga, avar kaatchigalai vilaiyaada anumathitthaar, maelum nadigargal kathaapaaththiraththil irukkavum maempaduththavum anumathitthaar. uthaaranamaaga, avar panipuriyum mathukkadaiyil rooththiyai santhikkum kaatchiyin poathu, friedkin peterson mattrum nadigai darlan fluegal aagiyoarai thangal sontha thadupaith thittamida anumathitthaar, maelum mullaridam, "avarkalai sudungal" endru koorinaar. avattrai sattagaththil vaika muyarchikkavum. avarkal sattagaththil illaiyendraal, avarkal padaththil illai. adhu avarkalin prachchanai." losses aenjals sarvadesa vimaana nilaiyaththil munaiyaththin nagarum nadaipaathaikku idaiyil pirivinaigalin mael peterson oodum shhaat thiraippadath thayaarippaalargalai vimaana nilaiya kaavalthuraiyudan sikkalil aazhththiyathu. peterson thannaiththaane kaayappaduththik kondirundhaal, thangal kaappeedu avarukku kaappeedu seithirukkaathu endru avarkal unarnthathaal, mukkiyamaaga avarathu paathukaappirkaaka vimaana nilaiyam inththa nadavadikkaiyai thadai seithathu. eppadiyum stund seiya vaendum endru nadigar friedconidam koorinaar, enavae avarkal adhai oru oththigai poala nadaththa vaendum endru iyakkunar munmozhinthaar, aanaal kemaraakkal urundu kaatchiyai padamaakka vaendum, idhu vimaana nilaiya athikaarigalai koopappaduththiyathu. friedkin neraththaich seitha unmaiyana kallanoayaaligalaik kalanthaaloasiththathaal, poali mandej unmaiyaanathaagath therikirathu. nadigar panaththai evvaaru achchiduvathu enbathaik katrukkondaalum, inththa kaatchikku adhiga nambagaththanmaiyaik kodukka nadigar willem dafovai cameravil kaattaatha kaatchigalai "aaloasagar" unmaiyil seithaar. oru million dollarukkum athigamaana kallap panam thayaarikkappattathu, aanaal moontru vaendumentrae pizhaigaludan adhai padaththirku veliyae payanpaduththa mudiyavillai. thiraippadath thayaarippaalarkal perumpaalaana poali panaththai eriththanar, aanaal sila kasindhana, payanpaduththappattana, maelum thayaarippudan meendum inaikkappattana. kuzhu uruppinargalil oruvarin magan ulloor kadaiyil mittaai vaangka sila aathaarap panaththai payanpaduththa muyantraar, maelum pidipattaar. washingtonil irunthu moontru eff. pii. aii mugavargal, dii.chii. friedkin udpada 12-15 kuzhu uruppinargalai nerkaanal seithaar, avarkal avarkalukkaana panimunaiyai thiraiyittanar. karuvoolach seyalaalaridam padaththaik kaattavum, thaesiya paathukaappukku aabaththaaga irukkum ethaiyum veliyae edukkavum avar munwandar. adhuvae avar arasaangkaththidamirunthu kadaisiyaaga kelvippatta kaelvi. losses aenjals freeway kaatchiyil thavaraana vazhiyil kaarr thuraththuthal padaththil padamaakkappatta kadaisi vishayangkalil ontraakum, maelum padappidipukku aaru vaarangkal pidiththana. inththa kattaththil, friedkin migavum agattrappatta kuzhuvinarudan panipurinthu kondirundhaar. pipravari 25,1963 andru sikakovil oru thirumanaththilirunthu veettirku vaaganam oottich sendrapoathu, poakkuvaraththu oottaththirku ethiraaga thuraththuthal nadaththuvatharkaana yoasanaiyai avar kondu vanthaar. avar chakkaraththil thoongkinaar, thavaraana paathaiyil ezhunththu, varavirukkum poakkuvaraththu avarai noakki neraaga selkirathu. avar meendum saalaiyin pakkamaaka thirumbinaar, aduththa 20 aandugalukku adhai oru padaththil evvaaru payanpaduththap poakiraar endru aachariyappattaar. stund orunginaippaalar nanban joow hookkaridam avar, "pirenchu inaippil" ullathai vida avarkal oru thuratthalai sirappaagak kondu vara mudinthaal, adhu padaththil irukkum endru koorinaar. illaiyendraal, avar athaip payanpaduththa mattar. inththa kaatchiyin poathu peterson thanathu sontha oottunar niraiya seithaar mattrum nadigar john paangoavin mana azhuththam ethirvinaikal unmaiyaanavai. moontru vaara iruthi naatkal californiavin wilmingtonukku arugilulla munaiya theevu suthanthirap paathaiyin pirivugalil kazhikkappattana, avai kuzhuvai kuzhappamaana thuratthalai nadaththa anumathippatharkaaga oray neraththil naanku manii neram moodappattana. thaamathangaludan, padam patjettai vida $1 million vasooliththathu. thuraththalin kuzhappamaana unarvaich saerththu, freedkin adhai arangkaettrinaar, ithanaal freeway poakkuvaraththu oottam thalaikeezhaaga maariyathu. athaavathu, antha idaththil valakkamaana poakkuvaraththu oottunargal idathu kaii paathaikalil (brittanil ullathaip poala) idathu kaii paathaikalil vaaganam oottukintranar, athae neraththil oottaththirku ethiraaga vaaganam oottum kaarkal thangal valathupuraththil (vada americavil vazhakkam poal) vaaganam oottukintrana. villiyam petersonukkum darlan fluegalukkum idaiyilaana oru paaliyal kaatchiyaik kurippidugaiyil, iyakkunar villiyam friedkin nadigargalidam "mudinthavarai adhai unmaiyaanathaaka aakkumaaru" kooriyadhaaga velippaduththinaar. adhai yathaarththamaaga aakkungkal ". poast protection. petersonai nadikka vaittha naalilaeyae, freedkin padaththin mudivil vaaippai kolla ninaitthaar, aanaal aasiriyar butt smithin koottruppadi, vukoavich thaan kollapattirukka vaendum. vaaippu kollappadum uchanilaik kaatchi mgm nirvaagigalaal nanku varavaerkappadavillai, avarkal adhai migavum ethirmaraiyaagak kandarindhanar. studio thalaivarkalai thirupthippaduththa, avar irandaavathu mudivaik kaippatrinaar, idhil thuppakki vedippil irunthu thappippilaikkum vaaippu ullathu, maelum oru ull thandanaiyaaga, avarum vukoavichchum alascavil ulla oru tholainilai ragasiya saevai nilaiyaththirku maattrappadugiraargal, maelum avarkalin muthalaali thamas bademan tholaikaatchiyil nerkaanal seiyappaduvathaip paarkkiraarkal. friedkin maattru mudivai munnottamittu asalai vaiththirunthaar. varavaerpu. backs aapis. "ell ill vaalavum irakkavum.auuu."navambar 1,1985 andru americavil 1,135 thiraikalil thiraiyidappattathu, angku adhan muthal vaara iruthiyil" "teth vish 3" "kku pinnaal $36 latcham vasooliththathu". idhu america mattrum kanadaavil $17.3 million sambaathiththathu, idhu adhan $6 million patjettai vida athigamaaga irunththathu. vimarsana reethiyaana pathil. azhugiya damattaavil, 49 vimarsanangkalilirunthu 86 sathaveetham mathippenkalaik kondullathu, sarasari mathippeedaana 7.1/10. thalaththin vimarsana orumittha karutthu, "kook finds, kaarr says mattrum wang suung koolarudan", l ill vaalavum irakkavum.auuu."idhu irakkavum.auuu."idhu iruthi athiradi/thriller." sikago suunn-times" thiraippada vimarsagaraana rogar ebert, padaththirku naangil naanku natchaththiranggalai vazhangki, "padamum muthal tharaththil ullathu" endru ezhuthinaar. thisai mukkiyamaanathu. friedkin sila nalla thiraippatankalai uruvaakkiyullaar...mattrum sila moasamaanavai. idhu avarathu marupiravaesam, idhu aarambagaala padangkalin aazhaththaiyum thiramaiyaiyum kaattukirathu ". avar petersonipe paaraattinaar, "oru sikago maedai nadigar, avar kadinamaana, visithiramaana mattrum buddhisali. steve mckean sila gunangal avaridam ullana ". vimarsagar johnet maslin inthap padaththaip pattrik karutthu therivikkaamal, "intru, thiru. friedkin migavum muzhumaiyaaga therchchi pettrullathu, kaarr thuraththuthal mattrum shootavutkal mattrum kankavar amaippugal thaan unmaiyilaeyae inththa vishayatn idhayam ". newsweak" vimarsagaraana davit ansen, "puthiya, kadinamaana baiyan mugangkalukku oru sirantha kannudan kaattapatta raabi muellerin murattutthanamaana aadamparaththudan padamaakkappattathu", ell ill vaalavum irakkavum ezhuthinaar.auuu."adhu poaliyaana kaattumiraandiththanamaaga irukkalaam, aanaal adhu vaedikkaiyaaga irukkirathu". virusity" ill ulla oozhiyargal padaththirku oru kalavaiyana vimarsanaththaik kodutthu, adhu maelae ullathu endru ezhuthinar "ell ill vaalavum irakkavum.auuu."oru panakaaranin" "miami vais" "poal therikirathu". villiyam friedkin thanathu 1971 aam aandin "pirenchu inaippukku" samamaana maerku kadarkaraiyai vadivamaippatharkaana thelivaana muyarchi oru kanam muthal kanam adippadaiyil suvaarasyamaagavum thisaithiruppappaduvathaagavum ullathu, aanaal adhu muriyadikkappattullathu...friedkin uraiyaadalai kurainthapatchamaaga vaiththirukiraar, aanaal angku enna uraiyaadal ullathu enbathu theruvin adippadaiyil moasamaana vishayangkalaal athigamaaga ullathu enbathai niroobikkirathu, ithanaal adhu oru nagaichchuvaiyaaga maarukirathu ". washington poast" kkaana thanathu kadumaiyaana mathippaaivil, paal attanasio "" ell ill vaalavum irakkavum "endru ezhuthinaar.auuu."avar sirithu kaalam vaazhkiraar mattrum viraivil l ill irappaar.auuu.moasamaana varumaanaththudan oru studio nirvaagiyaip poala kadavulukku koopam illai. meendum, inththa athigappadiyaana veppamaana mattrum poruppattra vanmurai thiraippataththai "starsky mattrum hutch" niruviya uyar tharaththirku vaiththiruppathu niyaayamattrathu. thiraippada varalaattraasiriyar leonard maltin attanasiovudan udanpaduvathaagath thoantriyathu, saathiyamaana naanku natchaththiranggalil "deladilavukku" 1.5 natchaththiranggalaik koduttar maerku kadarkaraiyil "miami vais" aii karpanai seiya muyarchikkavum...ingkae neengkal adhai vaendum. inththa padam migavum murattuththanamaaga iruppathaal, yaaraiyum vaeroadu inaippathu kadinam-aenentraal nallavargal kettavargalaip poalavae moasamaana vaai, paeraasai mattrum kodooramaanavargal! oru grack ragasiya saevai mugavar mattrum oru maastar poalikku, tafoe mattrum peterson iruvarum migavum muttaalthanamaaga seyalpadugiraargal; freedkin thanathu sontha "pirenchu inaippu" kkup piragu migavum kankavar kaarr thuraththalkalil ontrai valangkukiraar, wang sungkin calvanising skorudan, aanaal adhu kooda inththa padam vittuch sellum moasamaana suvaiyai ethirkolla poathumaanathaaka illai." jay scott, "thii clobe andd meyil" endra thanathu mathippaaivil, "karunai aezhai losses angels muthalil chaan andreas thavaru, ippoathu idhu. athaip pattriya vishayam ennaventraal, "l ill vaazhvathum irappathum.auuu.", adhan anaitthu ozhukkakkaettirkum mattrum muttrilum ozhukkakkaettirkum, oru padakotti-jaak thriller, pathattamaana mattrum urchaakamaana mattrum kanikka mudiyaathathu, mattrum endhavoru ozhukkavaathi adhai virumbuvathai vida kadumaiyaana vaedikkaiyaaga irukkum". "time adhan" "mirugaththanamaana, veengkiya kaarr-says seakwens friedkin inn nifty" "pirenchu inaippu" "ilirunththu thirudapattathai vimarsiththathu, maelum adhai" "oru fedit thiraippada kalappinam miami vaila" "endru azhaiththathu". aeraththaazha irandu thasaapthankalukkup piragu, "digital fix" endra thiraippataththin vimarsanam, "oozhal mattrum aanmaavai azhikkum mrigaththanam kuriththa sooriya oliyil irunthu pulappadum aaivu" endru azhaiththathu, inththa padam moasamaana ozhungkattra aanaal sila nerangalil puththisaalithanamaana villiyam friedkin moasamaana, ilinththa mattrum nambamudiyaatha alavirku nallathu."kadantha 25 aandugalil losses aenchalsil amaikappatta 19 vadhu sirantha thiraippatamaaga inththa padam irandu alavukoalgaludan" "losses aenjals times" "ezhuththaalargal mattrum aasiriyarkalin kuluvaal thernthedukkappattathu" "padam ell pattri sila ullaarntha unmaiyai therivikka vaendiyirunththathu".auuu. anubavam, oru iyakkunarukku oru padam mattumae pattiyalil anumathikkappattathu ". paaraattukal. vettri thaakkam. antha neraththil adhan nadigargalil tiramaiyaana pirabalangkal illaathathaal vimarsikkappattaalum, pala nadigargal niruvapatta natchaththiranggalaaga maarivittanar, kurippaaga villiyam tafoe, villiyam peterson, john bango, jaine leaves mattrum john turtro. olippathivu. friedkin koottruppadi, isaikkuzhuvin samagaala isaiyin mattra paguthikalilirunthu thaniththuvamaaga iruppathaal thaan avar olippathivai amaikka wang sungai thaervu seithaar... iruthiyaaka avarkal pathivu seithavai padaththaip maempaduththiyathu mattumallaamal, adharku aalamaana, sakthivaaintha parimaanaththaiyum aliththullana ". isaikkuzhuvin munththaiya aalbamaana "valaivil pulligal" enbathaik kaetta piragu avarkal thanathu padaththirkaana isaiyai amaikka vaendum endru avar virumbinaar. avar aalpaththudan alaiththuch sellappattathaal, avar aalpaththilirunthu neraaga oru paadalai eduththu, "kaaththirunggal", adhai olippathivin oru paguthiyaagap payanpaduththinaar. "padaththin iruthiyil "kaaththirunggal" isai olikkirathu. thalaippup paadal mattrum "kaaththirunggal" thavira olippathivil ulla ovvoru paadalum irandu vaara kaalaththirkul ezhuthappattu pathivu seiyappattathu. wang suung padaththin thoraayamaana vettu paarththa pinnarae avarkal thalaippup paadalai thayaariththanar. oru asal thiraippada olippathivu septumber 30,1985 andru keffen pathivukalaal veliyidappattathu. inththa aalpaththil ettu paadalkal irunththana. aalpaththin thalaippup paadal, "ell ill vaazha mattrum irakka.auuu.", (friedkin iyakkiya oru music veediyoavudan), adhai" vilambara palagaiyil "hott 100 ill uruvaakkiyathu, angku adhu americavil #41 aii ettiyathu. veettu uudagam. oru dvd disambar 2,2003 andru mgm hoam entertainment moolam veliyidappattathu. dvdyil oru puthiya meettedukkappatta agalath thirai parimaattram ullathu, iyakkunar friedkin konda oru audio varnanai, athil avar thiraippataththin thayaarippaip pattriya kadhaigalai vivarikkiraar, mukiya kathaapaaththiranggalaik konda arai manii naera aavanappadam, oru sithaintha vukoavich thanathu munnaal manaiviyaaga viraivil avarathu abartmentil thontharavu seivathaik kaattum neekkapatta kaatchi, maattru iruthi friedkin payanpaduththa maruththathu, idhil irandu ragasiya saevai koottaaligal uyir pizhaiththullanar, aanaal avarkalin maerpaarvaiyaalar bademan padhavi uyarvu pettru maastarkalai niruththiyatharkaana perumaiyai edukkiraar. pipravari 2,2010 andru, inththa padam dii. vii. dii veliyeettil serkkappatta munththaiya sirappu amsangkal anaiththaiyum kondirukkaamal blue-raeyil veliyidappattathu. navambar 21,2016 andru, ambu veediyoa isaiyamaippaalar, stund orunginaippaalar, villiyam peterson, debra fubier mattrum dwire pravun aakiyoarudan pazhaiya amsangkal mattrum puthiya amsangkaludan oru piraanthiyam pii blue-raey pathippai veliyittathu. navambar 22,2016 andru, saththam thozhirchaalai oru sekarippaalarin pathippai veliyittathu, asal dii. vii. dii. yinn sirappu amsangkalai meetteduththu puthiyavattraich saerththathu. kaarr thuraththuthal. padaththil idampettra kaarr says thodarnthu thiraippataththin sirantha kaarr says kaatchigalil ontraaka tharavarisaippaduththappattu, perumpaalum "thii pirenchu connection" (mattroru friedkin iyakkiya padam), "thii seven-ups", "thii blues prathars", "ronin" mattrum "bullit" aagiyavattrudan thoandrugirathu. tholaikaatchi thodar. 2015 aam aandil, villiyam friedkin doublue. jii. enn americaavukkaana thiraippataththai adippadaiyaagak konda oru tholaikaatchi thodarai uruvaakkum thittatthai arivitthaar. inththa nigazhchchi juulai 2021 varai innum valarchchiyil ullathu.

L loe jeevinchadaaniki mariyu chanipovadaniki.eah. (cinema) L loe jeevinchadaaniki mariyu chanipovadaniki.eah. idhi vilium friedkin darsakatvam vahinchina mariyu saha rachayitagaa 1985loe vacchina american neo-noir action crime thriller chitram, idhi maajee united states secret servies agent gerald petivich raasina 1984 navala aadhaaramgaa roopondinchabadindi, ayana friedkin thoo kalisi screen play raasaaru. eee chitramlo vilium peterson, villem dapho mariyu zaan pankov vanti vaaru natinchaaru. wang chung asalu sangeeta soundtraaknu swaraparichi, pradarsinchaaru. iddaru secret servies agentlu nakilee vyaktini arrestu cheyadaaniki entha dhooram velathaaro eee chitram chebutundi. plaat. adhyakshudu reganpai hatyayatnam viphalamaina taruvaata, rahasya seva agentlu richard chhaans mariyu jimmy hartlanu laas angels kshetra karyalayamlo nakilee parisoedhakulagaa niyamistaaru. avakaasam nirlakshyamgaa, udvegabharitamaina pravartanaku prasiddhi chendindi mariyu sevalo thana unnathaadhikaarulaku teliyaka, avineetiparudu kooda. haart padavee viramanaku moodu rojula dhooramlo undhi. ontarigaa, haart edaarilo nakilee mariyu kalakarudu eric "rick" masters yokka print housega bhaavinche giddangini vetaadataadu mariyu masters mariyu athani angarakshakudu jaak chetha champabadataadu. avakaasam thana kotta bhagaswamy zaan vukovichku, athanu mastersnu emainappatiki tolagistaanani prakatistaadu. iddaru agentlu athani naera sahacharulalo okaraina attarney maaks waxmannu paryaveekshanhaloo unchadam dwara masters gurinchi samacharanni pondadaaniki prayatnistaaru. vukovic watch meeda nidrapotunnadu, idhi masters atanni daatina mainapunu champadaaniki anumatistundi. vukovic pustakam prakaram vellalanukuntunnappatiki, masters kosam vetakadamlo avakaasam ekkuva nirlakshyamgaa mariyu anaitikamgaa maarutundi. athanu samacharam kosam perol/informent rooth thoo thana laingika-dopidi sambandhampai aadhaarapadataadu, ayithe vukovic attarney baab grimsto sahaa masters sahacharulanu praivetgaa kalustaadu, vaarini athanu tippadaaniki prayatnistaadu. thana nyaya abhyasanni naasanam cheyagala sambhaavya prayojana sangharshananu angeekarinchina grims, thana client mariyu iddaru agentla madhya samavesanni erpaatu cheyadaaniki angeekaristaadu, vaaru masters nakilee sevalapai aasakti unna thaati neeti buggalaku chendina vaidyulugaa natistaaru. masters vaaritho kalisi panicheyadaaniki ishtapadaru, conny chivariki vaariki $1 million viluvaina nakilee notlanu mudrinchadaaniki angeekaristaaru. pratigaa, yajamaanulu $30,000 mundu dabbunu demand chestaaru, idhi konugolu dabbu kosam adheekruta agency parimiti kante moodu retlu ekkuva. nagadu pondadaaniki, thamus lingnu dochukovadamlo ataniki sahayam cheyamani vukovichnu oppistundi, dongilinchabadina vajraalanu konugolu cheyadaaniki $50,000 nagadu teesukuvastunnatlu gatamlo krooramgaa cheppina vyakti. avakaasam mariyu vukovic union station vadda lingnu addukuni, vincent thamus vantena kinda unna paarisraamika praantamloo nagadunu swaadheenam chesukuntaru. ling cover prajalu vaarini anusaristaaru, dopideeni gamanistunnappudu, kaalpulu jaripi, anukokunda lingnu champutaru. avakaasam mariyu vukovic veedhulu, freevelu mariyu varada niyantrana chaanellalo okadaani dwara kooda vaarini tappinchukovadaaniki prayatnistaaru, freewaylo tappu maargamlo velladam dwara tudi tappinchukune mundu. marusati roeju, vaari rojuvaaree briefing mugimpulo, oka sting operationlo palgontunnappudu champabadina rahasya fbi agent ling anie oka bulletin untundi. daadi chesinavaari gurinchi mariyu vaari vahanam gurinchi saadhaarana vivarana matrame ivvabadindi. avakaasam mariyu vukovic lingnu champakapoyina, vukovic aparaadhabhaavamtho badhapadatadu, ayithe avakaasam udasinatato untundi mariyu masters pondadampai matrame drushti pedutundi. ling maranamlo vaari paatra gurinchi spashtamgaa cheppadaniki avakaasaanni oppinchaleka, vukovic graimlanu kalustaadu, athanu telikapati sikshaku badulugaa tananu taanu tippukoni, avakaasaaniki vyatiraekamgaa saakshyamivvamani salaha istaadu. vukovic thana bhaagaswaamini chikkukattadaaniki niraakaristaadu. aaa avakaasam yajamaanulato konugoluni erpaatu chestundi, vaaru dopidi gurinchi tanaku telusani suuchistunnatlu telustondi. avakaasam mariyu vukovic marpidi kosam mastersnu kalustaaru. nakilee millionlanu tanikhi chesina taruvaata, agentlu masters mariyu jaaklanu arrestu cheyadaaniki prayatnistaaru, conny jaak shotgun lagutadu. jaak mariyu avakaasam okarinokaru pranantakamga kaalchivestaayi, mariyu masters tappinchukuntaaru. vukovic vembadistaadu, oka giddangiki veltaadu, daani gurinchi munupati samaachaaradaarudu ataniki cheppadu. athanu vachhe samayaniki, yajamaanulu lopala unna pratidaanikii nippu petti, anni aadhaaraalanu naasanam chesaaru. vukovic mastersnu edurkontaadu mariyu oka chinna poraatamlo, masters vukovichnu thana bhaagaswaamini maarchadaaniki grims salahanu enduku teesukoledani adugutaaru, grims masters tarapuna anni samayaallo panicheestunnaarani velladinchaadu. vukovic eee prakatana chuusi aascharyapoyinappudu, masters oka bordunu pattukuni apasmaraka sthithilo atanni kodataadu. masters appudu vukovichnu mukkalu chesina kaagitamto kapputaaru mariyu vukovic vacchi mastersnu kalchesetappudu atanni nippantinchabotunnadu. masters thana laitarnu padesi anukokunda tananu taanu nippantinchukuntaaru. masters sajeevamgaa kaalipotunnappudu vukovic mandutunna vyaktini kalchi, thana khaalii tupaki triggernu lagadam konasaginchadu. marinta saadhaarana dustulu dharinchi, vukovic laas angels nundi bayaludaeradaaniki pyaak chestunnappudu rootnu sandarsistaadu. athanu avakaasam yokka maranaanni prastaavinchaadu, ling oka fbi agent anie mariyu aame avakaasam ichindani aameku anni samayaallo telusani suuchimchaadu. avakaasam migili unna migilina nagadu aame vadda migili undani ataniki telusu, adhi ippudu agency tirigi korukuntondi, conny runaalu chellinchadaaniki adhi avasaramani rooth chepparu. rooth ippudu thana kosam pani chestunnadani, avakaasam vacchina agentga maari, aame cheekati jeevitam nundi tappinchukovadaaniki aame chese prayatnaalanu aapivestunnaanani vukovic prakatinchaadu. utpatti. darsakudu vilium friedkinku gerald petivich navala manuscript roopamlo ivvabadindi mariyu adhi chaalaa pramaanikamainadigaa kanugonabadindi. washington, dii velupala rahasya seva agent udyogam yokka "puurtigaa adhivaastavika swabhaavam" patla kooda chitranirmaata aakarshitudayyaadu.sii. cinema oppandam prakatinchinappudu, pendinglo unna office promotion kosam oka pratyarthi dwara petivich daryaaptu cheyabaddaadu, mariyu "cinema chesinanduku napai chaalaa agraham" mariyu "rahasya sevalo napai kontha satrutvam" undani bhaavinchaadu, laas angels feeled officeloni agent chetha teevrataram cheyabadindi, athanu daryaaptu praarambhinchina konni vaaraala tarvaata akasmaattugaa rajinama chesaadu. slm productions, financierla tribunal, 20va sataabdapu nakkatho padhi-chitram, $100 millionla oppandampai friedkin thoo kalisi panichesindi, conny aaa studioni rupert murdok konugolu chesinappudu, financierlalo okaru eee oppandaanni upasamharinchukuni daanini mgm kuu teesukellaaru. casting. friedkin thoo panicheyadaaniki $6 millionla budget undagaa, taaraaganam mariyu sibbandi saapekshamgaa takkuva jeetaalato panicheesaaru. phalitamgaa, eee chitramlo sinee taaralu undarani ayana grahinchaaru. vilium peterson kenadaalo natistundagaa newyork nagaraniki velli darsakudini kalavalani adigaru. thana pathanamlo sagam paejee, friedkin thana vadda aaa bhaagam undani cheppadu. badge mariyu tupaki unna vyaktigaa avakaasam yokka paatraku natudu aakarshinchabaddadu mariyu adhi atanni chattaniki ateetamgaa cheyadame kakunda, "athani thalalo jeevitam mariyu maranaaniki ateetamgaa" kooda chesindi. eee paatranu pooshinchi, chitraanni "adbhutamaina" mariyu "matthu" gaa chesina anubhavanni natudu kanugonnadu. athanu thoti chikago natudu zaan pankovnu pilichi, avakaasam vacchina marusati roeju friedkin apartmentku teesukuvacchi, vukovic paatraku sifaarasu chesaadu. darsakudu akkadikakkade angeekarinchaadu. eee chitram aadhaaramgaa roopondinchina pustakaanni raasina maajee secret servies agent mariyu rachayita gerald petivich, thoti secret servies agentga atidhi paatralo kanipistaaru. screen play. praathamika kathaamsam, paatralu mariyu eee chitram yokka sambhaashanhalo ekkuva bhaagam petivich navala nundi teesukobadindi, conny friedkin prarambha ugravaada sannivesam, kaaru vembadinchadam mariyu spashtamgaa jodinchaaru, mundu avakaasam mariyu masters madhya gharshanapai drushti pettaru. friedkin aneka sannivesaalanu raasaarani, conny kotta sannivesam ledhaa kathanu maarchaalsina avasaram vachinappudu, athanu daanini raasaanani petivich chepparu. petivich paatralu mariyu paristhitulanu srushtinchaadani mariyu athanu chaalaa sambhaashanhalanu upayoginchaadani, conny athanu screen play raasaanani, petivich kaadani darsakudu angeekarinchaadu. pradhana chayachitrana. darsakudu oka swatantra chitraanni nirminchi, cinematographer robby mueller mariyu union kaani sabhyulaina athani empika chesina sibbandi vanti vaegamgaa pani cheyagala vyaktulatoe sahakarinchaalani korukunnadu. friedkin pratidee location loe chitreekarinchi, twaragaa panichesindi, tarachugaa modati take nuu upayoginchi takshana bhavanni istundi. athanu rehearsal cheyadaaniki ishtapadaledu, conny natulu vaastavaaniki vaaru oka take shooting chestunnappudu oka sannivesaanni rehearsal chestunnarani bhaavinche paristhitulanu srushtistaaru. friedkin tanaku upayoginchagala edainaa dorikithene ilaa chesaadu. eee disagaa, athanu sannivesaalanu pradarsinchadaaniki anumatinchaadu mariyu natulu paatralo undataaniki mariyu meruguparachadaaniki anumatinchaadu. udaaharanaku, aame panichese baarlo ruutheeni sandarsinche sannivesamlo, friedkin peterson mariyu nati darlan fluegelnu vaari swantha nirodhakatanu roopondinchadaaniki anumatinchaaru mariyu mullartho, "vaarini kalchandi" anie chepparu. vaatini framelo unchadaaniki prayatninchandi. vaaru framelo lekapothe, vaaru cinemalo laeru. adhi vaari samasya." laas angels antarjaateeya vimaanaasrayamloo terminal yokka kadulutunna kalibata madhya deviderla paibhagamlo peterson parugettadam chitranirmaatalanu vimaanaasraya pooliisulatoe ibbandullo padesindi. athanu tananu taanu gayaparichi unte tama beema ataniki vartinchadani vaaru bhaavinchinanduna, pradhanamgaa peterson bhadrata kosam vimaanaasrayam eee charyanu nishedhinchindi. vaaru emainappatiki stunt cheyaalani natudu friedkinku cheppadu, kabatti vaaru daanini rehearsal laaga pariganinchaalani darsakudu pratipaadinchaaru, conny kemeraalu rolling chesi sannivesaanni chithreekarinchaalani, vimaanaasraya adhikaarulanu aagrahaaniki gurichesaaru. nakilee montage pramaanikamainadigaa kanipistundi endukante friedkin samayam teesukunna nijamaina nakileevaarini sampradinchaadu. natudu dabbunu elaa mudrinchaalo neerchukunnappatikii eee sannivesaaniki marinta praamaanikatanu ivvadaaniki "consultant" vaastavaaniki natudu villem daphony cameralo choopinchani sannivesaalanu chesaadu. oka million dollarlaku paiga nakilee dabbu utpatti cheyabadindi, conny moodu uddesapurvaka tappulatho, daanini cinema velupala upayoginchalekapoyindi. chitranirmaatalu chaalaa varaku nakilee dabbunu tagalabettaaru, conny konni leak ayyayi, upayoginchabaddaayi mariyu tirigi nirmaanaaniki anusandhaninchabaddayi. sibbandi sabhyulalo okari kumarudu prop dabbulo kontha bhaganni sthaanika dukaanamloo mitaayilu konadaniki upayoginchadaaniki prayatninchaadu mariyu pattubaddadu. washington nundi mugguru eff. bii. ii agentlu, dii.sii. friedkin thoo sahaa 12-15 sibbandini interview chesaaru, vaaru vaari kosam workprintnu pareekshinchaaru. treasury kaaryadarsiki eee chitraanni choopinchi, jaateeya bhadrataku pramaadakaramaina edainaa bayataku teestaanani ayana pratipaadinchaaru. idhe ayana prabhutvam nundi vinna chivari vishayam. laas angels freeway sannivesamlo tappu-maargam kaaru chaze eee chitramlo chithreekarinchina chivari vishayaalalo okati mariyu shooting cheyadaaniki aaru vaaralu pattindi. eee samayamlo, friedkin chaalaa battalu tolaginchina sibbandito kalisi panicheestunnaaru. 1963 fibravari 25naa chikagolo jarigina oka vivaham nundi intiki driving chestunnappudu traaphik pravaahaaniki vyatiraekamgaa vembadinchaalane aalochanatho ayana munduku vacchaaru. athanu chakram meeda nidrapoyaadu mariyu tappu daarilo melkonnadu, vachhe traaphik athani vaipu neerugaa velutundi. athanu tirigi thana roddu vaipuku tirigaadu mariyu taruvaati 20 samvatsaraalu athanu daanini oka chitramlo elaa upayoginchabotunnarani aascharyapoyaadu. stunt coordinator buddy jooe hukarto matladutu, vaaru "french connection" kante merugaina chaze thoo munduku raagalagithe adhi chitramlo untundani chepparu. lekapothe, athanu daanini upayoginchadu. eee sannivesamlo peterson thana sonta driving chaalaa chesaadu mariyu natudu zaan panco yokka ottidi-avt praticharyalu nijamainavi. moodu vaaraantaalu californialoni wilmington sameepamloni terminal iland freeway vibhagalalo gadiparu, ivi sibbandi astavyastamaina vembadaanni nirvahinchadaaniki veelugaa okesari naalugu gantala paatu moosiveyabaddaayi. aalasyamtho, eee chitram budget kante $1 millionlu vasoolu chesindi. vembadinchadam yokka astavyastamaina anubhootini jodistuu, freeway traaphik pravaham tiragabadela friedkin daanini pradarsinchaaru. antey, sannivesamlo saadhaarana traaphik driverlu edama chethi daarulalo (britainlo vale) edama vaipuna driving chestundagaa, pravaahaaniki vyatiraekamgaa driving chese kaarlu vaari kudi vaipuna driving chestaayi (uttara americalo eppatilaage untundi). vilium peterson mariyu darlan fluegel madhya laingika sannivesaanni suuchistuu, darsakudu vilium friedkin natulaku "veelainanta nijamainaviga cheyandi" anie cheppinatlu velladinchaadu. daanni nijataram cheyandi "anie annaru. post production. athanu pietarsannu cast chesina rojune, friedkin chitram chivarilo avakaasaanni kolpovadam gurinchi alochinchadu, conny editor budd smith prakaram, vukovic champabaddadani bhaavinchaaru. avakaasam champabadina chlimactic sannivesaanni mgm executivelu antagaa sweekarinchaledu, vaaru daanini chaalaa pratikuulamgaa kanugonnaru. studio adhipatulanu santrupti parachadaniki, athanu rendava mugimpunu chithreekarinchaadu, dheenilo shotgun paeludu nundi bayatapade avakaasam undhi mariyu bahusha antargata sikshagaa, athanu mariyu vukovic alaskaloni remot secret servies stationku badilee cheyabadataru mariyu vaari baas thamus batmannu televisionlo interview cheyadam chuustaaru. friedkin pratyaamnaaya mugimpunu preview chesi, asalu daanni unchaaru. swaagatam. baxafies vadda. "L loe jeevinchadaaniki mariyu chanipovadaniki.eah."1985 november 1naa united stateslo 1,135 screenlalo pradarsinchabadindi, akkada" "deth vish 3" "tarvaata daani prarambha vaaraantamlo $36 laksala vasoolu chesindi". idhi united states mariyu kenadaalo $17.3 millionlu sampaadinchindi, idhi daani $6 millionla budget kante chaalaa ekkuva. vimarsanaatmaka pratispandana. kullina tamotalapai, eee chitram 49 sameekshala nundi 86 saatam skorunu kaligi undhi, sagatu rating 7.1/10 thoo. sait yokka vimarsanaatmaka ekaabhipraayam, "coque findlu, kaaru vembadinchadam mariyu wang chung pushkalamgaa", L loe jeevinchadaaniki mariyu chanipovadaniki.eah."bahusha 80lalooni antima action/thriller." chikago sunn-times" chitra vimarsakudu rogar ebert eee chitraaniki naalugu nakshatraalaku naalugu nakshatraalanu icchi, "eee chitram kooda modati-sthaayi chitramgaa undhi" anie raasaaru. disanu nirdesinchadam keelakam. friedkin konni manchi sinimaalu chesindi...mariyu konni chedu. idhi ayana punaragamanam, idhi prarambha chitraala lothu mariyu naipunyaanni chooputundi ". athanu pietarsannu prasamsimchaadu, "chikago rangasthala natudu, athanu kathinamaina, telivaina mariyu telivaina vyaktigaa kanipistaadu. ataniki steve mcvean vanti konni lakshanaalu unnaayi ". vimarsakudu johnet maslin eee chitraanni thosipuchaaru, mariyu "eee roeju, merise, uparitala shaililo mister. friedkin chaalaa baga praaveenyam pondindi, kaaru vembadinchadam mariyu shootavutlu mariyu aakarshanheeyamaina settingulu nijamgaa eee vishayaniki gunde ". nyuus weak" vimarsakudu david ansen, "taja, kathinamaina vyakti mukhaala kosam chakkati kantitho chithreekarinchina robby mueller chae isukatho kuudina aadambaramtho chithreekarinchabadindi", L loe jeevinchadaaniki mariyu chanipovadaniki raasaaru.eah."idhi nakilee krooramainadi kaavacchu, conny idhi saradaagaa untundi". vaividhyam" looni sibbandi eee chitraaniki mishrama sameeksha icchaaru mariyu idhi agrasthaanamlo undani rasaru "" ell loe jeevinchadam mariyu chanipovadam ".eah."idhi oka dhanavanthudi" "miami vais" "laaga kanipistundi". vilium friedkin thana 1971 naati "french connection" kuu samaanamaina paschima tiiraanni roopondinchadaaniki chesina spashtamaina prayatnam kshanaaniki kshanam praatipadikana chaalaa aakarshanheeyamgaa mariyu mallistundi, conny adhi adhigaminchabadindi...friedkin sambhaashanhanu kaneesa sthaayiki unchutundi, conny akkada yea sambhaashana anedi veedhi asleelatalatoo vipareetamgaa nindipoyindani rujuvu chestundi, enthagaa antey adhi oka joke avutundi ". washington post" kosam thana kathinamaina sameekshalo, paal atanasio "" l loe jeevinchadaaniki mariyu chanipovadaniki "anie raasaadu.eah."kontakaalam jeevinchi, l loe twaragaa maranistaadu.eah., ikkada chedu aadaayaalu kaligina studio executive laaga devuniki kopam undadu. mallii, eee athi vedekkina mariyu nirlakshyamgaa himsaatmaka chitraanni "starsky mariyu hutch" sthaapinchina unnata pramaanaalaku anugunamgaa unchadam anyayamgaa undavacchu. chalanachitra charitrakaarudu leonard maltin atanasiotho ekibhavinchinatlu anipinchindi, saadhyamayye naalugintilo "tlaudila" kii 1.5 nakshatraalu ichindih paschima teeramlo "mayami vais" nuu oohinchadaaniki prayatninchandi...ikkada meeru daanini kaligi unnaaru. eee chitram entha isukatho koodukunnado evarikainaa verucheyadam kashtam-endukante manchi kurraallu chedda kurralla maadirigaa asabhyakaramaina, atyaasagala mariyu krooramainavaaru! oka crack secret servies agent mariyu oka master nakilee vyakti kosam, dapho mariyu peterson iddaroo chaalaa muugagaa vyavaharistaaru; friedkin thana sonta "french connection" nundi atyanta adbhutamaina kaaru vembadinche vaatilo okadaanni, wang chung yokka galvanising score thoo paatu, andistundi, conny adhi kooda eee chitram vadilipettina chedu ruchini edurkovadaniki saripodu." jay scott, "dhi globe und mail" kosam thana sameekshalo, "pitty power laas angels modata shaan andreas falt mariyu ippudu idhi. daani gurinchi vishayam emitante, "l loe jeevinchadam mariyu chanipovadam.eah.", daani anni anaitikata mariyu puurtigaa anaitikata kosam, oka banasancha-jaak thriller, udrikta mariyu uttejakaramaina mariyu anoohyamainadi, mariyu yea naitikavaadi korukunna daanikante marinta bhayankaramaina saradaagaa untundi". "time" "daani" "krooramaina, ubbina kaaru-vembadinche sannivesam friedkin yokka nifty" "dhi french connection" "nundi dongilinchabadindani vimarsinchindi mariyu dheenini" "fetted movie hybrid miami vail" "anie pilichindi". daadaapu rendu dasaabdaala taruvaata, "digital fixes" loe oka sameeksha eee chitraanni "avineeti mariyu aatmanu naasanam chese krooratvampai suuryarashmi adhyayanam" anie pilichindi, eee chitram chaalaa asthiramgaa conny konnisaarlu telivaina vilium friedkin chae teeyanidi, viraktikaramainadi mariyu nammasakyam kaanidi."eee chitram gatha 25 samvatsaraalalo laas angelslo sett cheyabadina 19va uttama chitramgaa rendu pramaanaalatoo" "laas angels times" "rachayitalu mariyu sampaadakula brundamchae ennukoobadindih" "eee chitram ell gurinchi kontha swaabhaavika satyaanni teliyajeyavalasi vachindi".eah. anubhavam, mariyu oka darsakudiki oka chitram matrame jaabitaalo anumatinchabadindi ". prasamsalu. gelupu prabhavam. aaa samayamlo taaraaganamlo nipunulaina pramukhulu lenanduku vimarsinchabadinappatiki, chaalaa mandhi natulu, mukhyamgaa villem dapho, vilium peterson, zaan panco, jaine leaves mariyu zaan turturo vanti pramukha natulu sthirapadina taaralugaa maararu. soundtrack. friedkin prakaram, soundtraaknu compose cheyadaaniki athanu wang chungnu enchukoovadaaniki pradhana kaaranam byaand "migilina samakaaleena sangeetam nundi pratyaekamgaa undatam"... chivaraku vaaru record chesinavi eee chitraanni meruguparachadame kakunda, dheeniki marinta lothaina, marinta saktivantamaina koonaanni icchaayi "anie annaru. byaand yokka munupati album, "points aann dhi karv" vinna tarvaata vaaru thana chitraaniki sangeetaanni samakuurchaalani ayana korukunnaru. athanu albumto enthagaa teesukobaddadu antey athanu album nundi neerugaa oka patanu teesukunnadu, "vechi undandi", mariyu daanini soundtracklo bhaagamgaa upayoginchaadu. "cinema mugimpulo "weit" play avutundi. taitil sang mariyu "weit" minaha soundtraakloni prati paata rendu vaaraala vyavadhilo vrayabadi record cheyabadindi. wang chung eee chitram yokka sthuulamaina kattirimpunu chusina tarwate vaaru taitil patanu nirminchaaru. oka asalu chalana chitra soundtraaknu september 30,1985naa geffen records vidudala chesindi. eee albumlo enimidi paatalu unnaayi. album yokka sheershika paata, "tuu liv und dye inn ell.eah.", (friedkin darsakatvam vahinchina oka music veediyotho)," "billboard" "hott 100loe nilichindi, akkada idhi united stateslo #41 kuu cherukundi". home media. 2003 december 2naa mgm home entertainment oka dividini vidudala chesindi. dvdlo kotta punaruddharinchabadina wide-screen badilee, darsakudu friedkin natinchina audeo vyakhyanam, pradhana paatralanu kaligi unna araganta documentary, oka kalata chendina vukovic thana maajee bharyanu aame apartmentlo ibbandi pedutunnatlu choopinche tolaginchina drushyam, mariyu pratyaamnaaya mugimpu friedkin upayoginchadaaniki niraakarinchindi, dheenilo iddaru rahasya seva bhaagaswaamulu manugada saaginchaaru, conny vaari supervisor batman padoonnati pondhi, mastersnu aapinanduku ghanata teesukuntaaru. 2010 fibravari 2naa, eee chitram DVD vidudalalo cherchabadina munupati pratyeka lakshanaalannintinii kaligi lekunda blue-raeloe vidudalaindi. november 21,2016naa, baanam veediyo swarakarta, stunt coordinator, vilium peterson, debra fuer mariyu dwear brownlathoo paatha lakshanaalu mariyu kotta lakshanaalatoo region bii blue-rae editionnu vidudala chesindi. 2016 november 22naa, aarata karmagaram collector editionnu vidudala chesindi, asalu dii. vii. dii. yokka pratyeka lakshanaalanu punaruddharinchi, kotta vaatini jodinchindi. kaaru vembadistundi. eee chitramlo kanipinche kaaru chaze sthiramgaa uttama kaaru chaze sanniveshaalalo okatigaa nilichindi, tarachugaa "dhi french connection" (maroka friedkin darsakatvam vahinchina chitram), "dhi seven-ups", "dhi blues brothers", "ronin" mariyu "bullit" latho paatu kanipistundi. television dharavahikalu. 2015loe, vilium friedkin eee chitram aadhaaramgaa wgn america kosam oka tv sireesnu abhivruddhi chese pranaalikalanu prakatinchaaru. eee pradarsana juulai 2021 natiki inca abhivruddhilo undhi.

eel mein jeena aur marnaa.aey. (film) eel mein jeena aur marnaa.aey. yaha 1985 kii eek americi noow noir action karaem tharlar film hay jiss kii hidayat kaaree aur mushtarkah tehreer waleem fredkin nay kii hay aur yaha riyasathaye muthadah kay saabiq secret saros agent jairald pativich kay 1984 kay naawal parr mubni hay jiss nay fredkin kay saath mill kirr screen play likhaa thaa. film mein waleem patterson waleem defoe aur jaan painko sameet deegar afraad shaamil haine. waang chung nay asl mausiqi kaa sound track tartib diyaa aur paish kiyaa. yaha film iss baath kii kahaani biyaan karti hay kahh duu khafiya saros agent eek jaal saaz kuu giraftar karnay kay liye katni deer takk jaatay haine. plaat. sadr reegan parr qatal kii koshish kuu nakaam bananay kay baad secret saros kay agenton richard shawan aur jamee haart kuu laas angeles kay feld aafs mein jaali taftish kaaron kay toor parr tafviz kiyaa jaataa hay. moqaa laparwah jazbati royay kay liye shahrat rakhta hay aur khadmat mein apnay aalee afsaran say nawaqif bhee badanwan hay. haart retirement say teen dunn door hay. akeelay haart sahra mein eek godaam kuu steak kartaa hay jiss kay baaray mein khayaal kiyaa jaataa hay kahh yaha jaal saaz aur fankaar airak "rakk" masters kaa print house hay aur asay masters aur iss kay muhafiz jeek nay maar daala. moqaa apnay nayey saathi jaan wokowach say aalaan kartaa hay kahh wah masters kuu neechey lay jaaye gaa chahay kachh bhee how. donon agent iss kay mujarimanah saathiyon mein say aike attarni meks veks meen kuu nigrani mein rakh kirr maalkaan kay baaray mein malumat haasil karnay kii koshish kartay haine. wokoweach ghadi parr sue jaataa hay jiss say maalik asay abur karnay waalay moam meen kuu qatal kirr saktay haine. jabb kahh wokoweach kitaab kay mutabiq jaana chahta hay maalkon kay taaqib mein moqaa teezi say laparwah aur ghair akhlaqi how jaataa hay. wah malumat kay liye pirol/makhbar roth kay saath apnay jansi asqaat hamal kay taluqat parr inhasaar kartaa hay jabkah wokowach najee toor parr masters kay saathiyon say milta hay jinn mein attarni baab grimes bhee shaamil haine jinhein wah paltanay kii koshish kartaa hay. grimes mufadat kay mamkanah tasadam kuu tasleem kartay hoay juu iss kii qanuni mashq kuu tabaah kirr saktaa hay apnay moakal aur duu agenton kay darmiyan eek metting qayem karnay parr raazi hotaa hay juu masters kii jaal saazi kii khidmaat mein dilchaspi rakhnay waalay paam spring kay doctoron kay toor parr paish kartay haine. maaster inn kay saath kaam karnay say garizaan haine leakin balaakhir inhein 10 laakh ddaalar kay jaali nott print karnay parr raazi how jaatay haine. badlay mein masters 30,000 ddaalar kii paishgi raqam kaa mutalibah kartay haine juu kahh raqam khareedne kay liye majaz agency kii hadd say teen ganaa ziyadah hay. nqd raqam haasil karnay kay liyay moqaa wokoweach kuu thamas lung kuu lotnay mein iss kii madad karnay kay liye raazi kartaa hay eek shaqs jasay pehley bay sabri say moqaa bataya gayaa thaa wah choori shadah hiray khareedne kay liye 50,000 ddaalar nqd laa rehaa hay. moqaa aur wokowach union station parr lung kuu roktay haine aur vincent thamas pull kay neechey eek sanaati elaqay mein nqd raqam zabt kartay haine. lung kay sarwaraq waalay loag inn kaa peecha kartay haine aur dakiti kaa mashahidah kartay hoay golee chalatay haine aur ghalti say lung kuu maar deetay haine. moqaa aur wokowach free way parr ghalat raastay say jaa kirr hatmi faraar say pehley galiyon free veez aur yahaan takk kahh sailaab parr qaabu paaney waalay channels mein say eek say bachnay kii koshish kartay haine. aglay dunn inn kii rozanah kii atlaa kay ikhtatam parr eek bleton shaamil hotaa hay jiss mein kahaa jaataa hay kahh lung eek khafiya aif bee aayee agent thaa juu eek sting operation mein malus honay kay doraan maaraa gayaa thaa. hamlah aawaron aur inn kii gaadi kii sarf amumi tafsil dee gayee hay. agarcha moqaa aur wokoweach nay lung kuu nahein maaraa leakin wokoweach iss kay bawajood jarm mein mubtala how jaataa hay jabkah moqaa bay hasee kaa shikaar hotaa hay aur sarf maalik haasil karnay parr markoz hotaa hay. lung kii moth mein apnay kirdaar kay baaray mein saaf honay kay moqaa parr qayel karnay say qaasir wokowach kii mulaqat greams say hoti hay juu asay mashurah deeta hay kahh wah halki sazaa kay badlay mein khood kuu paish karay aur moqaa kay khalaaf gawahi day. wokoweach apnay saathi kuu phansanay say ankaar kartaa hay. moqaa maalkaan kay saath kharidari kaa tayeen kartaa hay juu asharah kartaa hay kahh wah dakiti say waaqif hay. moqaa aur wokoweach tabadle kay liye masters say miltay haine. jaali millin kaa muainah karnay kay baad agent masters aur jeek kuu giraftar karnay kii koshish kartay haine leakin jeek eek shaat gunn khainchta hay. jeek aur moqaa eek dosray kuu mahlak toor parr golee maar deetay haine aur maaster faraar how jaatay haine. wokoweach peecha kartaa hay eek godaam mein jaataa hay jiss kay baaray mein eek sabqah makhbar nay asay bataya thaa. jabb takk wah pahunchta hay aaqaon nay andar kii harr cheez kuu aag lagaa dee hay tamaam shawahid kuu tabaah kirr diyaa hay. wokoweach maalkaan kaa saamna kartaa hay aur eek mukhtasir jadujahad kay doraan masters wokoweach say poochtay haine kahh iss nay apnay saathi kuu tabdil karnay kay liye grimes kaa mashurah kiyon nahein liyaa yaha inkshaf kartay hoay kahh grimes hamishah maalkaan kii taraf say kaam kirr rahay thay. jabb kahh wokoweach iss inkshaf parr hairan rahh jaataa hay maaster eek board pakadtay haine aur asay bay hosh kirr deetay haine. maaster phir wokoweach kuu katay hoay kaghiz say dahaanpate haine aur asay aag laganay waalay hotay haine jabb wokoweach aataa hay aur maaster kuu golee maar deeta hay. maaster apnaa lighter giratay haine aur ghalti say khood kuu aag lagaa leetay haine. wokoweach jaltay hoay aadmi kuu golee maarta hay apnee khaali bandoq kaa trigger khainchta rehta hay jabb maaster zindah jall jaatay haine. ziyadah aam labaas pehney huay wokoweach roth kaa dorah karti hay jabb wah laas angeles say nikalnay kay liye peek karti hay. wah moqaa kii moth kaa zakar kartaa hay yaha tajweez kartaa hay kahh wah hamishah say jaanti thee kahh lung eek aif bee aayee agent thaa aur iss nay moqaa kaa kheel kheela thaa. wah jaanta hay kahh moqaa nay iss kay paas baaqi nqd raqam chhod dee juu abb agency waps chahti hay leakin roth kaa kehna hay kahh asay qarzon kii adayegi kay liye iss kii zarurat thee. wokoweach aalaan kartaa hay kahh roth abb iss kay liye kaam kirr rehaa hay wahee "juu bhee darkaar how" agent bunn gayaa hay juu moqaa thaa aur iss kii saayah daar zindagi say bachnay kii koshishon kuu rook rehaa hay. paidawar. hidayat kaar waleem fredkin kuu jarald pativich kaa naawal makhtutat kii shakal mein diyaa gayaa aur asay behat mustand paaya. film saaz washington ddee kay baahir eek khafiya saros agent kii mulazimat kii "balkal haqeeqat pasandanah noiyat" say bhee mutasir thaa.see. jabb film kay muahide kaa aalaan kiyaa gayaa thoo pativich kii eek hareef nay zeer altawaa aafs promotion kay liye tehqiqat kii aur mahsus kiyaa kahh "film bananay parr miray khalaaf behat narazgi" aur "khafiya khadmat mein miray khalaaf kachh dushmani" mojud thee jiss mein laas angeles kay feld aafs mein agent nay shadat akhtiyar kii jiss nay tehqiqat sharoo karnay kay chand hafton baad achanak istefi day diyaa. aiss eel ayem productions juu kahh sarmayah kaaron kaa eek tribonal hay nay fredkin kay saath 20 wein sadee kay lomdi kay saath 10-tasveer 10 karod ddaalar kay muahide parr kaam kiyaa leakin jabb studio kuu rupert mardok nay kharida tuu eek sarmayah kaar nay muahidah khainch liyaa aur asay ayem jee ayem parr lay gayaa. casting. fredkin kay paas kaam karnay kay liye 60 laakh ddaalar kaa bujjet thaa jabkah cast aur amley nay nasbata kumm tankhwahon parr kaam kiyaa. natijay kay toor parr inhein ahsaas hawaa kahh film mein koyee filmi staar nahein hoga. waleem patterson canada mein adakari kirr rahay thay jabb neoyork shehar jaanay aur director say milnay kay liye kahaa gayaa. apnay padhnay kay aadhay safhay parr fredkin nay asay bataya kahh iss kay paas hasah hay. adakaar kuu moqaa kay kirdaar kii taraf raghib kiyaa gayaa thaa jiss kay paas beej aur bandoq thee aur iss nay asay naha sarf qanoon say balatar banaya balkah "iss kay sarr mein zindagi aur moth say balatar" bhee banaa diyaa. adakaar nay yaha kirdaar honay aur film kuu "hairat angez" aur "nashah aawar" bananay kaa tajarbah paaya. iss nay saathi shikago adakaar jaan painko kuu phone kiyaa aur moqaa kay toor parr cast honay kay eek dunn baad asay fredkin kay apartment mein laaya aur asay wokoweach kay kirdaar kay liye tajweez kiyaa. director nay moqaa parr hyee ittefaq kirr liyaa. saabiq secret saros agent aur masnaf jairald pativatch jinhon nay iss kitaab kuu likhaa hay jiss parr yaha film mubni hay eek saathi secret saros agent kay toor parr eek chemio mein nazar aatay haine. screen play. film kaa bunyadi plaat kardaar aur ziyadah tarr makalme patioch kay naawal say akhz kiye gayey haine leakin fredkin nay ibtadayi dehshat girdi kaa salsalah kaar kaa peechha aur waazah toor parr shaamil kiyaa pehley moqaa aur masters kay darmiyan tasadam parr taujah markoz kii. patioch nay kahaa kahh fredkin nay kayee munazir likhay leakin jabb koyee neeya manzar yaa kahaani tabdil karnay kii zarurat thee tuu inhon nay asay likhaa. hidayat kaar tasleem kartaa hay kahh patioch nay kirdaron aur halaat kuu takhliq kiyaa aur inhon nay behat saaray makalme istemaal kiye leakin yaha kahh inhon nay screen play likhaa patioch nay nahein. principle foto girafi. hidayat kaar eek aazaad film banana chahtay thay aur inn logon kay saath taawan karnaa chahtay thay juu teezi say kaam kirr saktay haine jeesay cinematographer ruby moller aur inn kaa muntakhib amley juu ghair union kay arkaan thay. fredkin nay harr cheez kuu location parr shoat kiyaa aur teezi say kaam kiyaa aksar fouri ahsaas deenay kay liye pehley teek kaa istemaal kartay hoay. wah mashq karnaa pasand nahein kartay thay leakin aisey halaat paida kartay thay jehaan adakaron kuu lagtaa thaa kahh wah kasee seen kii rehearsal kirr rahay haine jabb wah asl mein teek kii shoting kirr rahay thay. fredkin nay yaha sarf iss soorat mein kiyaa jabb asay kachh mill gayaa jasay wah istemaal kirr saktaa thaa. iss maqsad kay liyay inhon nay munazir kuu aagay badhnay diyaa aur adakaron kuu kirdaar mein rehney aur aslaah karnay kii ajazat dee. misaal kay toor parr iss manzar kay doraan jehaan wah baar mein jehaan wah kaam karti hay wahaan moqaa parr rothi say milti hay fredkin nay patterson aur adakarah darlan flogal kuu apnee blocking khood wazaa karnay kii ajazat dee aur moller say kahaa "buss inhein golee maar dain. koshish karein aur inhein freem mein rakhein. agar wah freem mein nahein haine tuu wah film mein nahein haine. yaha inn kaa masilah hay." laas angeles beenn alaqwami hawai aday parr terminal kay chaltay hoay fitt paath kay darmiyan deviders kay opri hasay kay saath patterson kay dodnay kay shaat nay film saazon kuu hawai aday kii police kay saath preshani mein ddaal diyaa. hawai aday nay iss kararwai parr pabandi lagaa dee thee bunyadi toor parr patterson kii hifazat kay liyay keunkah inhein lagaa kahh agar wah khood kuu zakhmi kartaa tuu inn kaa bemah iss kaa ahatah nahein kartaa. adakaar nay fredkin say kahaa kahh inhein waisay bhee stunt karnaa chahiye lehza hidayat kaar nay tajweez paish kii kahh wah asay rehearsal kii tarah samjhein leakin kimray kuu roll kirr kay manzar kuu shoat karein jiss say hawai aday kay hakaam naraaz hogaye. jaali montage mustand lagtaa hay keunkah fredkin nay asl jaal saazon say mashurah kiyaa jinhon nay waqat nikaal liyaa thaa. consultant" nay darasil aisey munazir kiye juu adakaar waleem defoe kuu kimray parr nahein dikhatay haine taakah iss silsilay kuu mazeed sadaqat dee jaa sakay halankah adakaar nay paisay print karnaa seekh liyaa thaa. duss laakh ddaalar say ziyadah kii jaali raqam tayaar kii gayee leakin teen jaan bojh kirr ghaltiyon kay saath taakah asay film kay baahir istemaal naha kiyaa jaa sakay. film saazon nay ziyadah tarr jaali raqam jalaa dee leakin kachh leek how gayee istemaal how gayee aur asay production say joad diyaa gayaa. amley kay eek rakan kay betay nay prop kii kachh raqam maqami store parr candy khareedne kay liye istemaal karnay kii koshish kii aur pakda gayaa. washington ddee say teen aif bee aayee agent.see. fredkin sameet amley kay arkaan kaa intervieve liyaa gayaa jinhon nay inn kay liye wark print kii jaanch kii. inhon nay khazanay kay secertry kuu film dikhanay aur qomi salamati kay liye khatrah bannay waali koyee bhee cheez nikalnay kii paishkash kii. yaha aakhri baar thaa jabb iss nay hukumat say sunaa thaa. laas angeles free way sequence parr ghalat raastay say kaar kaa peecha karnaa film mein shoat kii gayee aakhri cheezon mein say eek thee aur iss kii shoting mein chh haftay lagay. iss waqat fredkin eek behat hyee katay hoay amley kay saath kaam kirr rehaa thaa. inhein 25 faroori 1963 kuu trafic kay bahao kay khalaaf taaqib karnay kaa khayaal aayaa jabb wah shikago mein eek shaadi say gahar jaa rahay thay. wah pahiye parr sue gayaa aur ghalat glee mein jaag gayaa aur aaney waala trafic seedha iss kii taraf jaa rehaa thaa. wah sadak kay apnay kinaray waps chalaa gayaa aur aglay 20 saalon takk hairan rehaa kahh wah asay kasee film mein kisay istemaal karnay jaa rehaa hay. iss nay stunt coordinator buddy juu hucker say kahaa kahh agar wah "francisi concussion" say behatar taaqib kirr saktay haine tuu yaha film mein hoga. agar nahein tuu wah asay istemaal nahein karay gaa. patterson nay iss silsilay kay doraan apnee behat see driving khood kii aur adakaar jaan painko kay tanao say dochaar radamil haqeeqi thay. teen haftay kay aakhir mein wilmington california kay qareeb terminal aayee lend free way kay hasoon parr guzaray gayey juu eek waqat mein chaar ghantay kay liye bund thay taakah amley kuu afratafri kaa taaqib karnay kii ajazat dee jaa sakay. takhir kay saath film nay bujjet say ziyadah $1 millin kii atlaa dee. peecha kay afratafri kay ahsaas mein izafah kartay huay fredkin nay asay paish kiyaa taakah free way trafic kaa bahao alt jaaye. yauni jaaye waquah parr aam trafic mein driver bayein haath kii galiyon mein (jaisa kahh bartaniah mein) bayein taraf driving kartay haine jabkah bahao kay khalaaf gaadi chalanay waali kaarein apnay daayein taraf chull rahee thein (jaisa kahh shamali america mein mamul kay mutabiq hoga). waleem patterson aur darlan flogal kay darmiyan jansi silsilay kay hawalay say hidayat kaar waleem fredkin nay inkshaf kiyaa kahh inhon nay adakaron say kahaa hay kahh "asay harr mumkin hadd takk haqeeqi banayein. asay haqeeqi banayein. post production. jiss dunn iss nay patterson kuu cast kiyaa thaa fredkin nay film kay ikhtatam parr moqaa kuu khatam karnay kay baaray mein soocha leakin editor budd samath kay mutabiq wokowach hyee maaraa gayaa thaa. jiss chooti kay manzar mein moqaa maaraa jaataa hay asay ayem jee ayem kay exectose nay behat achhi tarah say qabool nahein kiyaa jinhon nay asay behat manfi paaya. studio kay sarbarahon kuu mutmain karnay kay liyay iss nay eek dosra ikhtatam shoat kiyaa jiss mein shaat gunn dhamakay say bach jaanay kaa moqaa milta hay aur mamkanah toor parr androni sazaa kay toor parr asay aur wokowach kuu alaska kay eek remot secret saros station mein muntaqil kirr diyaa jaataa hay aur apnay baas thamas bait meen kaa intervieve teeli vision parr hotay hoay dekha jaataa hay. fredkin nay muthbadil ikhtatam kaa paish nizarah kiyaa aur asl kuu barqarar rakhaa. isteqbaliya. baaks aafs. "eel mein jeena aur marnaa.aey."riyasathaye muthadah mein yakam nomber 1985 kuu 1,135 screenon parr premier hawaa jehaan iss nay" "ddith waish 3" "kay peeche apnay ibtadayi haftay kay aakhir mein 36 laakh ddaalar kamaye. iss nay riyasathaye muthadah aur canada mein 17.3 millin ddaalar kamaye juu iss kay 60 laakh ddaalar kay bujjet say kaafi ziyadah hay. tanqidi radamil. saray hoay timater parr film 49 jaizon say 86 faisad kaa score rakhti hay jiss kii ausat darjah bundi 7.1/10 hay. saait kay tanqidi ittefaq raaye mein likhaa hay "coke kay saath kaar kaa peecha kartay huay aur waang chung galor kay saath"yee eel mein jinay aur marnay kay liye.aey."yaha shayed 80 kii dahayi kaa hatmi action/tharlar hay." shikago sunn times" kay film nqad rogar ebert nay film kuu chaar mein say chaar sataray diye aur likhaa kahh "film bhee frust reet hay. samat kaleedi hay. fredkin nay kachh achhi filmein banayi haine...aur kachh bray. yaha inn kii wapsi hay juu ibtadayi tasavir kii gahrayi aur maharat kuu zahir karti hay. inhon nay patterson kii tareef kii "eek shikago stage adakaar juu sakhat bay cheen aur hoshiyar kay toor parr saamney aataa hay. iss mein steve mccain kii kachh khususiyat haine. nqad genate maslan nay film kuu mustarid kirr diyaa aur likhaa "aaj chamakdar sathi andaaz mein mister. fredkin nay atnee achhi tarah maharat haasil kirr lee hay kahh yaha kaar kaa peecha aur shoat aaot aur dilkash tartibaat haine juu waaqee muamile kaa markaz haine. newz veek" kay nqad dude ainson nay likhaa "" ruby miller kii taraf say creaty chamakdar andaaz mein shoat kiyaa gayaa taazah sakht ladkay kay chehron kay liye emdah aankh kay saath cast kiyaa gayaa "yee eel mein jinay aur marnay kay liye.aey."yaha jaali wahshi how saktaa hay leakin yaha mazay kii baath hay. waraiti" kay amley nay film kuu eek makhlut jaizah diyaa aur likhaa kahh yaha sabb say oopar hay: "eel mein jeena aur marnaa.aey."yaha eek ameer aadmi kay" "miyami waais" "kii tarah lagtaa hay. waleem fredkin kii 1971 kay "francisi taaluq" kay masawi maghrabi saahil kuu bananay kii waazah koshish eek lamhay say lamhay kii bunyaad parr kaafi dilkash aur moad deenay waali hay leakin iss say aagay nikal gayee hay...fredkin baath cheet kuu kumm say kumm rakhta hay leakin wahaan juu guftagu hoti hay wah strait wize fahashi say atnee ziyadah saabat hoti hay kahh yaha eek mazaaq kii cheez bunn jaati hay. washington post" kay liye apnay sakht jaizay mein paal atanasio nay likhaa "" eel mein jeena aur marnaa. aey."mukhtasir arsey takk zindah rahay gaa aur eel mein jald hyee marr jaaye gaa.aey.jehaan khadaa kuu studio execto kii tarah koyee ghasah nahein hay jiss kii kamayi how. phir eek baar pahar shayed iss ziyadah garm aur laparwahi say pratashdad film kuu "starsky aur hitch" kay zariah qayem kardah aalee mayaar parr rakhna ghair munsifana hay. filmi morakh leonard malton atanasio say mutafiq nazar aatay haine inhon nay mamkanah chaar mein say "tleadela" kuu 1.5 sataray diye: maghrabi saahil parr "miyami waais" kaa tasavur karnay kii koshish karein...yahaan aap kay paas hay. yaha tasveer atnee sakht hay kahh kasee kay liye judd pakadna mashkal hay-keunkah achhay loag bray logon kii tarah badtamiz lalchi aur badtamiz hotay haine! crack secret saros agent aur eek maaster jaal saaz kay liyay defoe aur patterson donon behat gongay kaam kartay haine. fredkin apnay "francisi concussion" kay baad say sabb say shandar kaar kaa peecha kartaa hay saath hyee waang chung kay galonizing score kay saath leakin yaha bhee iss film kay kharaab zaiqah kaa muqabilah karnay kay liye kaafi nahein hay." jay scott nay "dee globe aind meel" kay liye apnay jaizay mein likhaa "peeti poor laas angeles: pehley saan andress kii ghalti aur abb yaha. iss kay baaray mein baath yaha hay kahh "eel mein jeena aur marnaa.aey."yee apnee tamaam bay hayayi aur balkal ghair akhlaqi kay bawajood eek karekar jeek therler tanao aur dilchasp aur ghair matuqa aur kasee bhee akhlaqiyat pasand say ziyadah sangeen tafrih hay. "tyme nay iss kay" "safakana phulay hoay kaar kaa peecha karnay waalay silsilay kuu tanqeed kaa nishanah banaya juu fredkin kay nifty" "francisi concussion" "say choori hawaa aur asay" "eek fatted movi hibard: miyami weel" "kahaa. taqriba duu dahayiyon baad "dee degital faks" mein eek jaizay mein film kuu "badanwani aur rooh kuu tabaah karnay waali barbariyat kaa soraj say khoon behnay waala mutalah" kahaa gayaa badnaam zamanah ghair manzam leakin baaz auqaat shandar waleem fredkin kii yaha film gandee mazmum aur naqabil yaqeen hadd takk achhi hay."iss film kuu guzashta 25 saalon mein laas angeles mein seet kii gayee 19 wein behtareen film kay toor parr" "laas angeles times" "kay masnafeen aur editors kay eek grop nay duu mayaraat kay saath woat diyaa:" "film kuu eel kay baaray mein kachh maurusi sachayi kaa izhaar karnaa thaa.aey. tajarbah aur fehrist mein phee hidayat kaar sarf eek film kii ajazat thee. tareefain. jeeth asar. agarcha iss waqat iss kii cast mein maahir mashhur shaqsiyat kii kamee kii wajah say tanqeed kii gayee thee leakin behat say adakaar qayem sataray bunn gayey haine khaas toor parr waleem defoe waleem patterson jaan painko jaine leuse aur jaan tetertoro. sound track. fredkin kay mutabiq iss nay sound track tartib deenay kay liye waang chung kaa intekhaab karnay kii bunyadi wajah yaha thee kahh bend "baaqi asree mausiqi say alg hay... aakhir kaar inhon nay juu record kiyaa iss nay naha sarf film kuu behatar banaya hay balkah iss nay asay eek gehri ziyadah taqatwar jehat bhee dee hay. wah chahtay thay kahh wah bend kay pachlay album "point aann dee wakar" kuu sunnay kay baad inn kii film kay liye score tartib dain. asay album kay saath atnaa liyaa gayaa kahh iss nay album say seedha eek gaana "weat" lay liyaa aur asay sound track kay hasay kay toor parr istemaal kiyaa. "film kay aakhir mein creadt parr "weat" chalta hay. tytle gaana aur "weat" kuu chhod kirr sound track parr mojud harr gaana duu haftay kay arsey mein likhaa aur record kiyaa gayaa. waang chung kay film kaa eek khirdra cutt dekhnay kay baad hyee inhon nay tytle gaana tayaar kiyaa. eek asl motion pakchar sound track 30 satambar 1985 kuu jeefen records kay zariah jaari kiyaa gayaa thaa. album mein aath track thay. album kaa tytle gaana "eel mein jeena aur marnaa.aey."yee (eek music video kay saath jiss kii hidayat kaaree fredkin nay bhee kii thee)yee asay" bull board "hott 100 parr banaa diyaa jehaan yaha riyasathaye muthadah mein #41 parr pahunch gayaa. hoam mediya. 2 dasambar 2003 kuu ayem jee ayem hoam entertainment kay zariah eek ddee wee ddee jaari kii gayee thee. ddee wee ddee mein eek nayee bahaal shadah wide screen transfer eek audio commentary hay jiss mein director fredkin kii khususiyat hay jiss mein wah film bananay kay baaray mein kahaniyan biyaan kartaa hay aadhay ghantay kii dastawezi film jiss mein markazi kirdaron kuu dikhaya gayaa hay eek hazaf shadah manzar jiss mein eek preshan wakoweech kuu dikhaya gayaa hay juu jald hyee apnee sabqah bewi kuu iss kay apartment mein preshan kirr rehaa hay aur muthbadil ikhtatami fredkin nay istemaal karnay say ankaar kirr diyaa jiss mein duu khafiya saros kay sharakat daar bach gayey leakin inhein alaska muntaqil kirr diyaa gayaa jabkah inn kay supervisor bait meen kuu tarqi dee gayee aur wah masters kuu roknay kaa sehra leetay haine. 2 faroori 2010 cow yaha film blue ray parr release hoyee thee jiss mein ddee wee ddee release mein shaamil sabqah tamaam khususi khususiyat shaamil nahein thein. 21 nomber 2016 cow teer video nay eek reejan bee blue ray edition jaari kiyaa jiss mein praani khususiyat aur nayee khususiyat kay saath composure stunt coordinator waleem patterson debra favier aur devire brown thay. 22 nomber 2016 cow shaao factory nay clector kaa edition jaari kiyaa jiss mein asl ddee wee ddee kii khususi khususiyat kuu bahaal kiyaa gayaa aur nayee khususiyat shaamil kii gayein. kaar kaa peecha karnaa. film mein numayan kaar kaa peecha muslisil film kay behtareen kaar kaa peecha karnay waalay munazir mein shamaar kiyaa gayaa hay aksar "francisi concussion" (eek aur fredkin kii hidayat kaaree waali film)yee "dee seeyon aps"yee "dee blues baradarz"yee "ronan" aur "built" kay saath zahir hotaa hay. teeli vision seerez. 2015 mein waleem fredkin nay dabliyo jee aine america kay liye film parr mubni eek tye wee seerez tayaar karnay kay mansubon kaa aalaan kiyaa. yaha show jolayi 2021 takk ubhee bhee tarqi mein hay.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28111570

Randy in Brasil

Randy in Brasil Randy in Brasil is the twelfth solo album by jazz trumpeter Randy Brecker. It was produced and arranged by Ruriá Duprat in November 2006 but not released until September 2008 by Mama Records. The album won the 2009 Grammy Award for Best Contemporary Jazz Album. Overview. Randy in Brasil was produced and arranged by Ruria Duprat at the popular Banda Sonora Studios in Brasil and features a band of Brazilian musicians. The album took three years to come to fruition and features compositions by Brazilian musicians Djavan, Gilberto Gil, João Bosco, Ivan Lins The only performers to join Brecker on every track are keyboardist Ruria Duprat and guitarist Ricardo Silveira. Gilson Peranzzetta plays on his composition, "Fazendo Hora". Conception. The idea of recording in Brazil was from a meeting of Brecker with Marco Bosco in Japan. Bosco told him of the record company in Brazil that he was starting with Ruria Duprat, and invited him to record for them. Was supposed to be released in Brazil on Duprat's Rainbow Records, but the label was never fully developed. Critical reception. Josef Woodard quipped in "JazzTimes" that "the presence of slick electronics is laid on too thickly". Awards. "Randy in Brasil" was awarded the 2009 Grammy Award for Best Contemporary Jazz Album. The other nominees were "Floating Point" by John McLaughlin, "Cannon Re-Loaded: All-Star Celebration Of Cannonball Adderley" produced by Gregg Field and Tom Scott, "Miles From India" produced by "Bob Belden", and "Lifecycle" by Yellowjackets featuring Mike Stern. Brecker had won four previous Grammys, the last also being Brazilian influenced and in the same category, was "Into the Sun" in 1998. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

brasilot rendy rendy inn brasil hoise jez trumpeter rendy brekeror dwadox ekok elbam. iyak 2006 sonor novembor maahot ruriya duprate projujona aaru byowostha korisil kintu maama recordse 2008 sonor septembor maholoike mukoli koraa nasil. elbamtuwe 2009 sonot shrestho xomoxamoyik jez elbamor baabe gremi botaa laabh korisil. xongkhipto biboron. brasilor jonopriyo banda sonura studio 'too ruriya duprate brasilor rendy projujona aaru byowostha korisil aaru iyat brajilor xongitogyoxokolor etaa doll aase. elbamtur foll paboloi tini bosor lagisil aaru iyat brajilor xongitogyo jawan, gilbertu gill, juwau bosku, ibhan linsor rosona aase-protitu trekot brekarot jugdan koraa ekmatro prodorxok hoise kibordobadok ruriya duprat aaru guiterist rikardu silveira. gilson peranjeta teur rosona "fejendu huraa" too bojuwa hoy. dharona. brajilot recording korar dharonatu japanor marku boskur xoite brekeror ekhon boithokor poraa aahisil. bosko "ee teuk brajilor record companyr bixoye koichil je teu ruriya duprator poraa aarombho korise, aaru teulukok teulukor baabe record koriboloi aamontron jonaisil. duprator rainbu recordot brajilot mukoli korar kotha aasil, kintu labeltu ketiyau xompurnorupe bikoxito huwa nasil. xomaluchonamulok aadoroni. jo 'seph woodarde "jeztimes" too thatta kori koichil je "slick electronicsor uposthiti oti dathbhabe loguwa hoy". puroskar. "rendy inn brasil" koo 2009 sonot shrestho xomoxamoyik jez elbamor baabe gremi botaa prodan koraa hoisil. aan monunitxokol aasil john mclaflinor "floating point", "kenon ri-ludoh" gregg field aaru tomm scotor dwara prostut koraa kenonball ederlyr ol-staar udjapon "," bobo beldenor dwara prostut koraa "" miles fream india ", aaru maik stern thoka yelu jeketor" lifecycle ". brekere purbor sarita gremi laabh korisil, xexortu brazilian probhabito aasil aaru eke shrenit, 1998 sonot "intu dyo chaan" aasil.

brasile randy randy inn brasil holl jyaja trumpetter randy breaker dwadosh ekok album. etty 2006 saaler novembore ruria duprat dwara projojito ebong sajano hoyechilo kintu maama records dwara septembara 2008 porjonto mukti payni. albumty sera somosamoyik jyaja albumer jonno 2009 saaler grammy puraskar jiteche. sangkhipto biboron. brasile randy brasile janapriya banda sonora studiote ruria duprat dwara projojito ebong sajano hoyechilo ebong etey brazilian sangitagyader ekti banned royeche. albumty sofol hotey tinn bochor somoy legechilo ebong etey brazilian sangitshilpi javan, gilberto gill, joao bosco, evan linser rachona royeche-protiti tracke breakerey jogdankari ekmatro shilpi hollen keyboardbadok ruria duprat ebong guiterbadok ricardo silvera. gilson peranjetta taanr rachona "fazendo horah"-teey bajan. dharona. brazile recordinger dharonati japane marco boscore saathe breaker ekti boithok theke chhilo. bosco taake braziler record companyr kotha bolechilo jey seey ruria duprat diye shuru korche ebong taake taader jonno record korar amantran jaanaay. duprater rangdhanur recorder vittite brazile mukti pawar kotha chhilo, kintu labelti kokhonyi sampurnarupe bikoshito hoyney. samalochanamulak abhyarthana. josepha uddard "jaztimes"-ayee koutuk korey bolechen jey "slick electronicser uposthiti khub ghonovabe rakha hoy. puraskar. "randy inn brasil" sera somosamoyik jyaja albumer jonno 2009 saaler grammy puroskare bhushito hoyechilo. anyanno manonitra chhilen john mclufflin-err "floating point", "cannon rii-loade gragg field ebong tomm scott dwara projojito canonball adderlyr oll-stara udjapon", bobb belden dwara projojito "miles from india" ebong maik staroner baisistyajukta holud jackett dwara "lifecycle". breaker err agey charti grammy jitechilen, jaar modhye sheshti brazilian prabhabshali ebong ekoi bibhage 1998 saale "intu dya shaan" chhilo.

brasilma rendy rendy ina brasil aee jaaz trumpetter rendy breakernu baarmu solo album chhe. tenu nirmaan aneey vyavastha november 2006maan ruria duprat dwara karvaamaa aavee hatee parantu maama records dwara september 2008 sudhee rajoo karvaamaa aavee naa hatee. aaa aalbamne shreshth samkalin jaaz album maate 2009noow grammy award malyo hato. zankhi. rendy ina brasilnu nirmaan aneey vyavastha ruria duprat dwara brasilnaa lokpreey bandaa sonora studiyomaa karvaamaa aavee hatee aneey temaa braazilnaa sangitkaaronu aek jooth chhe. aaa aalbamne safal thavama trana varsh laagya aneey temaa braazilnaa sangeetkaaro javaan, gilberto gill, joaao bosco, ivaan linsanee rachnaao chhe. darek track parr breaker saathe jodanara ekmatra kalakaro keyboardvaadak ruria dupret aneey gitaarvaadak ricardo silvera chhe. gillson paranzeta temnee rachnaa "fazendo horaa" parr vagaadtaa hoya chhe. vibhavna. brazilma recordingno vichaar japanma marco bosco saatheni breakerni bethakmathi aavyo hato. bosco temne brazilma reqorda kampani vishe janaavyu hatoo keey teo ruria dupratthi sharuaat curry rahyaa chhe, aneey temne temnaa maate reqorda karvaa maate aamantran aapyu hatoo. dupraatnaa meghadhanush reqorda parr brazilma rajoo thavaanu hatoo, parantu label kyaarey sampoorn reete vikaseet thayu naa hatoo. vivechanaatmak swaagat. joseph woodarde "jaztimes" maan majakma kahyoo hatoo keey "slick electronicsni haajari khoob jaadee reete nakhvama aave chhe". puraskaaro. "rendy ina brasil" neey shreshth samkalin jaaz album maate 2009 grammy award enayat karvaamaa aavyo hato. anya namankit vyaktioma john mclaflin dwara "floating point", "cannon rii-loaded" greega filled aneey tooma sqota dwara utpaadit canonball ederlyni ola-staar ujavani "," boob belden dwara utpaadit "" bhaaratthi mile "aneey mike stern darshaavtaa yelojecket dwara" lifecycle "saamel hataa. breakeray agaauna chaar grammy jeetya hataa, chhellu pann brazilian prabhaavit hatoo aneey teey jaj shreneema, 1998 maan "intu dhaa sunn" hatoo.

brasil mein randy randy inn brasil jaiz trumpetter randy breaker kaa baarahavaan ekal album haye. iska nirmaan aur vyavastha navambar 2006 mein rurie duprat dwara kii gaee thee, lekin maama record dwara sitambar 2008 taka jaari naheen kiya gayaa thaa. album ney sarvshreshth samkaaleen jaiz album key liye 2009 kaa grammy puraskar jeetaa. avalokan. randy inn brasil kaa nirmaan aur vyavastha ruria duprat dwara brasil key lokpriya bunda sonora studio mein kii gaee thee aur isamen brazil key sangeetkaron kaa ack baind shamil haye. album koo safal honey mein teen saal lagey aur isamen brazil key sangeetkaron-jawan, gilberto gill, joao bosco, ivan lins kii rachanaaen hain-pratyek track parr breaker mein shamil honey vaale ekmatra kalakar keyboard vaadak ruria dupret aur gitarvadak ricardo silveira hain. gillson peranzeta unaki rachana, "faazendo horaa" parr khelate hain. avadharana. brazil mein recording kaa vichaar japan mein marco bosco key saath breaker kii baithak seey thaa. bosco ney unhein brazil mein record company key baare mein bataaya kii vaha ruria duprat seey shuruat curr rahey they, aur unhein unake liye record karane key liye aamantrit kiya. duprat key indradhanush record parr brazil mein jaari kiya jaanaa thaa, lekin label kabhi bhee poori tarah seey vikasit naheen huaa thaa. aalochanatmak swaagat. joseph woodard ney "jazetime" mein chutaki lii kii "chikane electronics kii upasthiti bahut motee haye. puraskar. "randy inn brasil" koo sarvshreshth samkaaleen jaiz album key liye 2009 grammy puraskar seey sammaanit kiya gayaa thaa. anya namankit vyakti johnn mccloghlin dwara "floating point", "cannon ree-lodedah canonball ederly kaa aul-starr utsav" gregg feeled aur tomm scott dwara utpaadit "," bhaarat seey meal "" bobb belden dwara nirmit, aur "lifecycle" mike stern kii visheshta vaale yelojacket dwara they. breaker ney pichhale chaar grammy jeete they, antim bhee brazilian prabhaavit thaa aur usee shreni mein, 1998 mein "intu dha sunn" thaa.

brasilnalli randi randi inn brasil jaajh trumpetter randi breakern hanneradane ekavyakti album aagide. idannu november 2006 ralli ruria duprat nirmisidaru mattu vyavasthegolisidaru aadare september 2008 ravarege maama records bidugade madalilla. ee album atyuttama samakaalina jaajh albamgagi 2009rahra grammy prashastiyannu geddukonditu. avalokana. bresilnalliruva janapriya bandaa sonora studiyodalli ruria duprat avaru brasilnalli randiyannu nirmisidaru mattu vyavasthegolisidaru mattu brazilian sangeetagaarara tandavannu olagondide. ee album phalapradavagalu mooru varshagalu bekayitu mattu brazilian sangeetagaararaada jaavan, gilberto gill, jovo bosco, ivan lins avara samyojanegalannu olagondide. prati hadugalalli breakerge seruva ekaika kalaavidaru keyboard vaadaka ruria duprat mattu guitar vaadaka ricardo silveira. gillson peranjetta avara samyojaneyaada "fagendo horah" annu nudisuttaare. parikalpane. brazilnalli dhwanimudrana maaduva kalpaneyu japannalli marco bosco jotegina breakern bhetiyinda bandittu. brazilna record kampaniya bagge bosco avaru taanu ruria dupratninda praarambhisuttiddene endu helidaru mattu avarigaagi record maadalu avarannu aahvaanisidaru. brazilnalli dupratna malebillina daakhalegala mele idannu bidugade maadabekaagittu, aadare label annu endigoo sampoornavaagi abhivraddhipadisalaagalilla. vimarshaatmaka svaagata. joseph woodard "jhajhtaims" nalli "slick electronicsna upasthitiyannu tumba dappavaagi haakalaaguttade" endu vyangyavaagi helidaru. prashastigalu. "randi inn brasil" atyuttama samakaalina jaajh albamgagi 2009rahra grammy prashastiyannu padeyitu. zaan mcclaflin avara "floating point", "firangi ree-loaded gregg feeled mattu tomm scott nirmisida" canonball auderly aall-starr celebration "," baab belden nirmisida "miles frum india" mattu mike stern annu olagonda haladi jaketgala "life saikal" namanirdeshanagonda itara naamanirdeshitaru. breaker ee hinde naalku gryamigalannu geddiddaru, koneyadu brazilian prabhaavashaaliyaagiddu, adhe vibhagadalli, 1998 ralli "suryanolage" aagittu.

brasilmadhye randy randy inn brasil haah jazz trumpetter randy breakercha barava ekal album aahe. november 2006 madhye ruia dupratne tyachi nirmiti aanee vyavastha kelee hotee, parantu maama recordsney september 2008 paryant too pradarshit keela nahee. yaa albumne 2009 madhye sarvotkrusht samkalin jazz albamsathi grammy puraskar jinkla. vihangavalokan. brasilmadhil randychi nirmiti aanee vyavastha rumiya dupratne brasilmadhil lokpriy bandaa sonora studiomadhye kelee hotee aanee tyat brazilchya sangitkarancha eka gut aahe. yaa dhwanimudrikela yashasvi honyasathi teen varshe lagali aanee tyat brazilche sangitkar jawan, gilberto gill, joao bosco, ivan lins yanchya rachana aahet. pratyek ganyat breakermadhye sameel honare ekmev kalakar mhanje keyboardvadak ruria duprat aanee gitarvadak ricardo silveira. gillson peranzeta tyachya 'fazendo horah' yaa rachnevar vajavato. sankalpana. brazilmadhye dhvanimudranachi kalpana japanmadhil marco boscosobatchya breakerchya baithakitun aalee hotee. boscone tyala brazilmadhil dhwanimudran kampanibaddal sangitale qee too ruria dupratpasoon suruvat karat aahe aanee tyanchyasathi dhwanimudran karnyasathi tyala aamantrit kele. dupratchya indradhanushya nondivar brazilmadhye pradarshit honar hote, parantu label kadhihi purnapane vikasit jhaale navhate. samikshatmak swagat. joseph wooderdney 'jaztimes' madhye vinod keela qee 'slick electronicschi upasthiti khoop jadpane ghatali jaate. puraskar. "randy inn brasil' laa 2009 saalee sarvotkrusht samkalin jazz albamsathi grammy puraskar denyat aala. johnn mcclaflin yanni 'floating point', 'cannon rii-loaded aul-starr celebration auph canonball adderly' heey gregg feeled aanee tomm scott yanni tayar kelele, 'bobb belden' yanni tayar kelele 'mail fraum india' aanee 'lifecycle' heey 'yalo jackett' heey mike stern asalele itar namankit hote. breakerne yapurvi chaar grammy jinkalya hotya, tyateel shevatche dekhil brazilian prabhavakhali hote aanee tyach shreneet, 1998 madhye 'inn daad sunn' hote.

brasilma rendy rendy inn brasil jyaj trumpeter rendy brekerko bahraun ekal album how. yo november 2006 maa ruria dupratdwara nirman rar wyawasthit garieko thiyo tara mama recordharudwara september 2008 samma jaari garieko thiena. albumle utkrishta samakalin jyaj albumko lagi 2009 ko graimi award jityo. awalokan. brasilma randy brasilko lokpriya banda sonora studioma ruria dupratdwara nirman rar wyawasthit garieko thiyo rar brazilka sangitkarharuko banned prastut garieko thiyo. album falma auna tean warsha lagyo rar brazilka sangitkarharu jawan, gilberto gill, joao bosco, ibhan linsdwara rachanaharu prastut garieko chha-pratyek trackma breakerma samel hune ek matra kalakarharu kiboardwadak ruria duprat rar gitarwadak ricardo silveira hun. gilson peranjettale unko rachana, "fazendo hora" maa bajaunchhan. awadharana. brazilma recording garne vichar japanma marco boskosangko brekerko baithakbata aeko thiyo. boscole unlai brazilko record companyko barema batae kii unle ruria dupratbata suru gardai thie, rar unlai uniharuka lagi record garna amantrit gare. brazilma dupratko indradhanush recordma rilij hune thiyo, tara lebel kahilyai purna rupma wiksit bhaena. alochanatmak swagat. josef woodardle "jaztime" maa "slick electronicsko upasthiti dherai baklo rakhieko chha" bhanera thatta gare. puraskar. "rendy inn brasil" lai utkrishta samakalin jyaj albumka lagi 2009 ko gryami award pradan garieko thiyo. anya namangkanharu john mcclaflindwara "floating point", "cannon ri-lodedah cannonball ederlyko sabai-starr utsava" gregg field rar tom skatdwara nirmit "," bharatbata mileharu "" bub beldendwara nirmit, rar mick sternko visheshta bhaeka pahenlo jacketharudwara "lifecycle" thie. breakerle yasaghi charawata gryami jiteka thie, antim pani brazilian prabhawit thiyo rar uhi shrenima, sann 1998 maa "inatu da sunn" thiyo.

brasilare randi randi inn brasil heuchhi jaz trumpetter randi brekarnka dwadasha ekaka album . ehaaku navember 2006 ray ruria duprat dwara nirmita ebong ayojan karajaithila kintu maama records dwara september 2008 parjyanta muktilabha karinathila . ehi album shrestha samasamajika jaz album paain 2009 grammy puraskara jitithila . samikhya karantu. brasilare randi ruria dupratanka dwara brasilare lokpriya banda sonora studiore nirmita ebong ayojan karajaithila ebong ethire brazilara sangeetagyanka eka banned rahichhi. ehi album saphala hebaku tini barsha lagila ebong brazilara sangeetagya jabhan, gilberto gill, joao bosco, ibhan linsanka rachanaku pradarshita karithila, pratyeka track ray brekarare jogadeba paain ekamatra kalakara heuchhanti keyboardbadaka ruria duprat ebong guiterbadaka ricardo silvera . gilson peranjetta taanka rachna 'fagendo horah' ray abhinai karanti . garbhadharana. brajilare recording karibara chinta japanare marco boskonka saha brekaranka eka baithakaru asithila. bosco tanku brazilara record company bishajare kahithile je shay ruria duprataru arambha karuchanti, ebong semananka paain record karibaku tanku nimantran karithile. brajilare duprator indradhanush recordre muktilabha karibara thila, kintu lebelati kebe bii sampurna bikashita hoinathila . samalochanamoolaka swagata. jaz time" ray joseph woodard parihas curry kahithile je "slick electronicsra upasthiti ati mota dhangare padithae. puraskara. "randi inn brasil" ku shrestha samasamajika jaz album paain 2009 grammy puraskara pradan karajaithila. anya manoneet byaktimane thile zohn mclaflinka "floating point", "cannon rii-lodedah gragg field ebong tomm skatnka dwara nirmita canonball aderly rahr all-starr utsaba", "bub beldenanka dwara nirmita" "miles frum india", ebong mick stern bisista yelo jackett dwara "life cycle" . breaker purbaru charoti grammy jitithile, sheshati madhya brazilara prabhabita thila ebong sehi bargare, 1998 ray "surjyare" thila .

bracil witch randy randy inn brasil jaiz trumpeter randy breaker dee barahvin solo album haii. iss daa nirman atey parbandh ruria duprat duaara navambar 2006 witch keeta giaa see parr maama ricard duaara satambar 2008 takk jaari naheen keeta giaa see. iss album neey sarbottam samkali jaiz album laee 2009 daa grammy puraskar jittiaa. sankhep jankari. brasil witch randy daa nirman atey parbandh ruria duprat duaara brasil dey prasidh bndaa sonora studio witch keeta giaa see atey iss witch braazeel dey sangeetkaran daa ikk baind haii. album noon safal honn witch tinn saal lagg gaye atey braazeel dey sangeetkaran jawan, gilberto gill, joao bosco, ivaan lins deeaan rachnavan pesh keetiaan gaeeaan hunn-harek track utte breaker witch shamal honn vaale iko-ikk kalakar keyboardist ruria duprat atey guitarist ricardo silvira hunn. gilson pranzetta neey aapni rachna, "fazendo horaa" utte natak keeta. garabh avastha. braazeel witch recording daa vichaar japaan witch marco bosco naal breaker dee meating toon see. bosco neey uss noon braazeel witch ricard company baare dassiaa kii uh ruria duprat naal shuruat qarr riha see, atey uss noon unhan laee ricard curran laee sadda ditta. ih braazeel witch duprat dey satrangi nishane dey ricard utte jaari keeta jaanha see, parr label kadey vee puurii tarahan vikast naheen keeta giaa see. aalochnatmak suagat. josaf woodard neey "gestimes" witch chutki laee kii "chusat electronics dee maujudgi bahut motty rakkhi jaandi haii. puraskar. "randy inn brasil" noon sarbottam samkali jaiz album laee 2009 grammy puraskar naal sanmanit keeta giaa see. horr namzad keete gaye viaktiaan witch jauhan mclaflin duaara "floating point", "cannon rii-lodiod canonball ederly daa aal-starr jashan" gregg feeled atey tomm scott duaara tiaar keeta giaa "," baub beldon duaara tiaar keeta giaa ", atey mike stern dee visheshta vaale yelojecket duaara" lifecycle "sunn. breaker neey pichle chaar grammy jitte sunn, aakhri vee braazeel dey prabhavit sunn atey isey shreni witch, 1998 witch "intu dha sunn" see.

bracil madhye rendy rendy inn bracil iti jaiz-trumpetter rendy breaker ityasya dwadashatamam ekala-aalbam asti. 2006 tame varshe november-maase ruria duprat ityanena asya nirmaanam, vyavasthaa cha krutaa, parantu 2008 september-maasaparyantam maama-record-dwara naa pradarshitam. asya aalbam 2009 tame varshe sarvashreshta-samakaaleen-jaiz-aalbam iti gryaamee-puraskaram praapnot. avalokanam karotu. bracil-madhye rendy ityasya nirmanam, vyavasthaa cha ruria duprat ityanena bracil-madhye lokapriyasy bandaa sonora-studios ityatra krutaa, yasmin bracil-deshasya sangeetajnaanaam ekaha samoohah asti. asya aalbam ityasya phalapraaptih varshatrayam yaavat abhavat, tathaa cha brazili-sangeetadnyaih dajaavan, gilberto gill, jovo bosco, ivaan lins ityetaih rachanaah santi, pratyekasmin gitasya breaker-sangeetasy saha yogam akurvan keyboard-vadika ruria duprat, gitaar-vaadakah ricardo silvera cha. gilson peranzetta ityayam tasya rachanaa "fejendo horaa" iti bhajati. kalpanaa. brazil-deshe dhvanimudranasya vichaarah japan-deshe maarko bosco ityanena saha breaker-ityasya melanaat aasit. bosco ityeshah brazil-deshasya abhilekha-samsthaayaah vishaye avadat yat saha ruria-duprat ityanena aarabhy, teshaam krute abhilekha-kartum aamantrayat. duprat ityasya indradhanushya-abhilekheshu brazil-deshe vimochanam apekshitam aasit, parantu lebalah kadaapi purnataya naa vikasitah. vimarshaatmak-sweekaranam. joseph woodard "jaiztaims" ityasmin vyangya "slick-alectronics ityasya upasthitihi ati-sthulataya sthapita asti" iti uktavaan. puraskaaraah. "rendy inn bracil" iti geetam 2009 tame varshe sarvashreshta-samakaaleen-jaiz-aalbam iti grami-puraskaaren puraskrutam. anyaani naamaankitaah jaan mcclaflin ityasya "floating-poyint", "cannon ree-lodedh aal-starr-celebration aaf kenan-baal-edderly" iti gregg-feeled tathaa taam-scott ityetaih nirmitam, "mails-from india" iti "baab-beldon" ityanena nirmitam, tathaa "lafsackle" iti maik-stern iti varnayuktaih yelojyaakets ityanena nirmitaani aasan. breaker ityeshah poorvam chatwaarah gryaamee-puraskaran praptavan, antimah api brazili-prabhaawitah aasit, tathaa cha tasmin eva shreneeh 1998 tame varshe "inn too da sunn" iti aasit.

piraasilil randy randy inn brazil enbathu jaas trumpator randy breakerin pannirandaavathu thanii aalbamaagum. idhu navambar 2006 ill ruria dubrad enbavaraal thayaarikkappattu aerpaadu seiyappattathu, aanaal septumber 2008 varai maama pathivukalaal veliyidappadavillai. inththa aalbam sirantha samagaala jaas aalpaththirkaana 2009 kirami viruthai ventrathu. kannoattam. piraasilil ulla pirabalamaana banda sonora studiovil raandi inn piraasil thayaariththu aerpaadu seiyappattathu, maelum brazily isaikkalainarkalin kuzhuvaik kondullathu. inththa aalbam vetrtripera moontru aandugal aanathu mattrum brazily isaikkalainarkalaana djavan, kilberdo kill, jovo bosco, ivan lins aagiyoarin paadalkalaik kondullathu, ovvoru trackilum breakeril saerum oray kalaignargal visaippalakai kalaignar ruria dubrad mattrum kittar kalaignar ricardo silvera aavar. killson peranceta thanathu isaiyamaippil, "facento hoaraa" endra paadalai iyakkukiraar. karutthiyal. brazilil pathivu seivatharkaana yoasanai jappanil marco poskovudan breaker sandhippilirunthu vanthathu. brazilil ulla pathivu niruvanatthaip pattri bosco avaridam avar ruria dupraattudan thodanguvathaagak koorinaar, maelum avarkalukkaaga pathivu seiyumaaru avarai alaiththaar. thupraattin vaanavil pathivukalil brazilil veliyidappadavirunthathu, aanaal lable orupoathum muzhumaiyaaga uruvaakkappadavillai. vimarsana reethiyaana varavaerpu. josaph woodard "jaas diamsil" "menmaiyaana minnanuviyal iruppu migavum thadimanaaga vaikkappadukirathu" endru nagaichchuvaiyaagak koorinaar. viruthugal. "randy inn brazil" sirantha samagaala jaas aalpaththirkaana 2009 kirami viruthai pettrathu. mattra parinthuraigalil john maclacklin ezhuthiya "mithakkum pulli", "beerangi ree-loadu seyyappattathu grake field mattrum daam scott thayaariththa beerangi pandhu saerkkaikkaana anaitthu natchatthira kondaattam", paap belton thayaariththa "inthiyaavilirunthu mailgal", maik stern konda manjal jackettugalaal "life cycle" aagiyavai adangkum. breaker idharku munbu naanku kirami virudhugalai ventrirunththaar, kadaisiyaaga brazily selvaakku mattrum athae pirivil, 1998 ill "sooriyanukkul" irunththathu.

brasillo randy jaz trumpetter randy breaker roopondinchina pannendava solo album randy inn brassil. dheenini november november ruria duprat nirminchi, erpaatu chesaaru, conny maama records dwara september 2008 varaku vidudala kaaledu. eee album uttama samakaaleena jaz albumga 2009 grammy avaardunu geluchukundi. sameeksha. brasilloni raandeeni pramukhamaina bandaa sonora studiolo ruria duprat nirminchi, erpaatu chesaaru, indulo brazilian sangeetakaarula brundam undhi. eee album phalinchadaaniki moodu samvatsaraalu pattindi mariyu brazilian sangeetakaarulu jaavan, gilberto gill, jovo bosco, evon lins swaraalu kaligi undhi, prati paatalo breakerlo cherina ekaika pradarsakulu keyboard vaadyakaruraalu ruria duprat mariyu guitarist ricardo silvera. gillson peranjetta thana kuurpu "fagendo horah" paie vaayinchaadu. bhavana. brazillo recording aalochana japaanlooni marco boskoku breaker samavesam nundi vachindi. brazilloni record company gurinchi taanu rumia duprat thoo praarambhistunnaani bosco ataniki cheppadu, mariyu vaati kosam record cheyamani atanni ahvaninchadu. duprat yokka indradhanassu recordulapy brazillo vidudala cheyavalasi undhi, conny label eppuduu puurtigaa abhivruddhi kaaledu. vimarsanaatmaka spandana. joseph woodard "jaz times" loe "slick electronics uniki chaalaa mandamgaa untundi" anie chamatkarinchaaru. avaardulu. "randy inn brassil" uttama samakaaleena jaz albumga 2009 grammy avaardunu andukundi. zaan mcclaflin "floating point", "phirangi rii-loaded gregg feeled mariyu tomm scott nirminchina" canonball aderly "yokka aall-starr veduka," baab belden "nirminchina" miles frum india "mariyu mike sturn kaligi unna ello jacketla" life saikil "itara naamineelalo unnaayi. breaker munupati naalugu graameelanu geluchukunnadu, chivaridi kooda brazilian prabhaavitamainadi mariyu adhe vibhaagamlo, vibhaagamlo "suuryunilooki" vachindi.

barsal mein rendy rendy inn barsal jaaz tropter rendy breaker kaa barahwan solo album hay. asay nomber 2006 mein roriya doprat nay tayaar aur tartib diyaa thaa leakin maama records kay zariah satambar 2008 takk jaari nahein kiyaa gayaa thaa. iss album nay behtareen asree jaaz album kay liye 2009 kaa greemi aiward jeeta. jaizah. barsal mein rendy kuu roriya doprat nay barsal kay mashhur benda sonora studios mein tayaar aur tartib diyaa thaa aur iss mein brazeel kay mausiqaron kaa eek bend shaamil hay. album kuu phalnay phulnay mein teen saal lagay aur iss mein brazeel kay mausiqaron jaawan gulberto gull jawao bosco aiwan lunz kii compositions shaamil haine. harr track parr breaker mein shaamil honay waalay waahid fankaar kii bordist roriya dipraat aur gtarst recordo salvera haine. gulson paranzeta apnee composition "physindo horaa" parr adaa kartaa hay. tasavur. brazeel mein recording kaa khayaal japaan mein marco basco kay saath breaker kii mulaqat say aayaa thaa. bosco nay asay brazeel mein record company kay baaray mein bataya kahh wah roriya doprat say sharoaat kirr rehaa hay aur asay inn kay liye record karnay kii daawat dee. dopert kay andardakhsh kay record parr brazeel mein release honaa thaa leakin leebal kabhi bhee makmal toor parr tayaar nahein hawaa thaa. tanqidi isteqbaliya. jozaf vodard nay "jaaz times" mein mazaaq adaya kahh "chapchapa electronks kii maujudgi behat motee hoti hay". ewards. "rendy inn barsal" kuu behtareen asree jaaz album kay liye 2009 kay greemi aiward say nawaza gayaa. deegar namzad afraad jaan mclavelin kaa "floating point"yee "cannon ree loaded: cannon baal adderly kaa aal staar jashan" jasay greeg feld aur tomm scott nay tayaar kiyaa "hindustan say mails" jasay "baab belden" nay tayaar kiyaa aur "life cycle" jasay mayik stern kii khususiyat waali yelo jacket nay namzad kiyaa. breaker nay pachlay chaar greemi jeetay thay aakhri bhee brazeel say mutasir thaa aur asee zamray mein 1998 mein "into dee sunn" thaa.

fffdfb93cb2daf5a52bb752db1668b7e2c458320005d762b6279cfe90e3e3443

https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki?curid=5020819

tawo

tawo Aklanon. Etymology. From . Asi. Etymology. From , from , from . Bikol Central. Etymology. , from , from . Capiznon. Etymology. From , from , from . Cebuano. Etymology. From , from , from . Cognate with . Hiligaynon. Etymology. From , from , from . Sambali. Etymology. From , from , from . Waray-Waray. Etymology. From , from , from .

taau eklanon. byutpotti. poraa. esi. byutpotti. poraa, poraa, poraa. bikul kendriyo. byutpotti. , poraa, poraa. kepijonon. byutpotti. poraa, poraa, poraa. sebuwanu. byutpotti. poraa, poraa, poraa. xoite gyat houk. hiligeyonon. byutpotti. poraa, poraa, poraa. xamboli. byutpotti. poraa, poraa, poraa. waare-waare. byutpotti. poraa, poraa, poraa.

taao aclanon. byutpatti. theke. asia. byutpatti. theke, theke, theke. bikol central. byutpatti. theke, theke. capisonon. byutpatti. theke, theke, theke. sebuano. byutpatti. theke, theke, theke. sange porichito hohn. hilligayan. byutpatti. theke, theke, theke. sambali. byutpatti. theke, theke, theke. oyara-oyara. byutpatti. theke, theke, theke.

ekalonee. vyutpatti. maanthi. aas. vyutpatti. thee, thee, thee. bikol central. vyutpatti. , thee, thee. capizanon. vyutpatti. thee, thee, thee. sebuano. vyutpatti. thee, thee, thee. saathe parichit thaao. hilligayon. vyutpatti. thee, thee, thee. sambli. vyutpatti. thee, thee, thee. warrey-warrey. vyutpatti. thee, thee, thee.

taao aklanon. vyutpatti. seey. assie. vyutpatti. seey, seey, seey. bikol central. vyutpatti. , seey, seey. capiznan. vyutpatti. seey, seey, seey. sebuano. vyutpatti. seey, seey, seey. key saath parichit. hilliganon. vyutpatti. seey, seey, seey. sambli. vyutpatti. seey, seey, seey. warrey-warrey. vyutpatti. seey, seey, seey.

tavo aclanone. vyutpatti. ninda. asie. vyutpatti. ninda, ninda, ninda. bikol central. vyutpatti. , ninda, ninda. capisone. vyutpatti. ninda, ninda, ninda. sebuno. vyutpatti. ninda, ninda, ninda. avarondige gurutisikolli. hilligainen. vyutpatti. ninda, ninda, ninda. sambaliya. vyutpatti. ninda, ninda, ninda. vaare-vaare. vyutpatti. ninda, ninda, ninda.

tovo aklaanon. padavyuthpathishaasthram. ninnu. asii. padavyuthpathishaasthram. muthal, muthal, muthal. bikkol central. padavyuthpathishaasthram. , muthal, muthal. capijnon. padavyuthpathishaasthram. muthal, muthal, muthal. sebuwano. padavyuthpathishaasthram. muthal, muthal, muthal. ariyuka. hiligaanon. padavyuthpathishaasthram. muthal, muthal, muthal. sambali. padavyuthpathishaasthram. muthal, muthal, muthal. vaare-vaare. padavyuthpathishaasthram. muthal, muthal, muthal.

eka clan. vyutpatti. pasoon. aas. vyutpatti. pasoon, pasoon, pasoon. bikol madhyavarti. vyutpatti. pasoon, pasoon. capizanon. vyutpatti. pasoon, pasoon, pasoon. sebuano. vyutpatti. pasoon, pasoon, pasoon. olakh karoon ghya. hilligenon. vyutpatti. pasoon, pasoon, pasoon. sambli. vyutpatti. pasoon, pasoon, pasoon. varay-varay. vyutpatti. pasoon, pasoon, pasoon.

tawo aklano. wyutpatti. batt. assis. wyutpatti. batt, batt, batt. bikol kendriya. wyutpatti. , batt, batt. capison. wyutpatti. batt, batt, batt. sebuano. wyutpatti. batt, batt, batt. sita parichit hunuhos. hiligeyano. wyutpatti. batt, batt, batt. sambli. wyutpatti. batt, batt, batt. warrey-warrey. wyutpatti. batt, batt, batt.

tao acclanon. byutpatti. ru. ac. byutpatti. thaaru, ru, ru. bikol kendriah. byutpatti. , ru, ru. capitionan. byutpatti. thaaru, ru, ru. sebuano. byutpatti. thaaru, ru, ru. sahita parichita huantu. hiligayanon. byutpatti. thaaru, ru, ru. sambali. byutpatti. thaaru, ru, ru. waare-waare. byutpatti. thaaru, ru, ru.

ikk aklenan. shabdawali. toon. aasee. shabdawali. toon, toon, toon. kendri bikol. shabdawali. toon, toon. capizno. shabdawali. toon, toon, toon. sibuano. shabdawali. toon, toon, toon. naal jaanhu hovo. hiligeonan. shabdawali. toon, toon, toon. sambli. shabdawali. toon, toon, toon. vaarae-vaarae. shabdawali. toon, toon, toon.

taavo acclanon. vyutpattih. ityatah. aasiye. vyutpattih. ityatah, ityatah, ityatah. bikol-kendram. vyutpattih. , ityatah, ityatah. capiznon. vyutpattih. ityatah, ityatah, ityatah. sebuano. vyutpattih. ityatah, ityatah, ityatah. saha parichitah. hiligenon. vyutpattih. ityatah, ityatah, ityatah. sambali. vyutpattih. ityatah, ityatah, ityatah. vaarre-vaarre. vyutpattih. ityatah, ityatah, ityatah.

davo aglanan. sorpirappiyal. irunthu. aasii. sorpirappiyal. irunthu, irunthu, irunthu. bicole central. sorpirappiyal. , irunthu, irunthu. capton. sorpirappiyal. irunthu, irunthu, irunthu. sebuwano. sorpirappiyal. irunthu, irunthu, irunthu. therinthukollungal. hilikainoan. sorpirappiyal. irunthu, irunthu, irunthu. sambali. sorpirappiyal. irunthu, irunthu, irunthu. warrey-warrey. sorpirappiyal. irunthu, irunthu, irunthu.

tavo aclanon. vyutpatti. nundi. asi. vyutpatti. nundi, nundi, nundi. bikol central. vyutpatti. nundi, nundi. capiznone. vyutpatti. nundi, nundi, nundi. sebuno. vyutpatti. nundi, nundi, nundi. thoo parichayam. hiliganone. vyutpatti. nundi, nundi, nundi. sambali. vyutpatti. nundi, nundi, nundi. warrey-warrey. vyutpatti. nundi, nundi, nundi.

tuu aklanoon. siftiyat. say. aasee. siftiyat. say say say. markazi bicole. siftiyat. say say. capzanon. siftiyat. say say say. sibwano. siftiyat. say say say. kay saath pehchanein. haliginon. siftiyat. say say say. saambli. siftiyat. say say say. waaray waaray. siftiyat. say say say.

fffdfc37086558dff269b50d1cd34233653ded5af179a5603eee5bf326f6869c

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21824134

Laoudi-Ba

Laoudi-Ba Laoudi-Ba is a town in north-eastern Ivory Coast. It is a sub-prefecture of Bondoukou Department in Gontougo Region, Zanzan District. Laoudi-Ba was a commune until March 2012, when it became one of 1126 communes nationwide that were abolished. In 2014, the population of the sub-prefecture of Laoudi-Ba was 56,882. Villages. The twenty five villages of the sub-prefecture of Laoudi-Ba and their population in 2014 are: Notes. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

laudi-baa laudi-baa hoise uttor-pubo hatidanto upokulor ekhon sohor. ee janjar jilaar gontougu oncholor bondouku bibhagor etaa upo-proxaxonik onchol. 2012 sonor march maholoike laudi-baa etaa commune aasil, jetiya ee dexjura bilupto huwa 1126taa communor bhitorot etaa hoi porisil. 2014 sonot laudi-baa upo-proxaxonik oncholor jonoxongkhya aasil 56,882 john. gaonxomuh. 2014 sonot laudi-baa upo-proxaxonik oncholor posixkhon gaau aaru teulukor jonoxongkhya hoh 'loh

laudi-baa laudi-baa uttor-purbo hatir daanter upokuler ekti shohor. etty janjan jelara gontougo anchaler bondouko bibhager ekti upo-proshashonik anchal. 2012 saaler march maas porjonto laudi-baa ekti sampradai chhilo, jokhon etty deshbyapi bilupto haoya 1126tii sampradayer modhye ekti hoye othe. 2014 saale, laudi-baa upo-prodesher jonosongkha chhilo 56,882 john. gramguli. 2014 saale laudi-baa upo-prodesher panchishti grama ebong taader jonosongkha holoh

laudee-baa laudee-baa aee uttar-purv hathidantna dariyakanthanu aek shaher chhe. teey zanzan jeellana gontaugo pradeshmaa bondaukou vibhagno petaa-praant chhe. march 2012 sudhee loudy-baa aek samudaay hato, jyaare teey nabud karvaamaa aavela deshbharma 1126 samudaayomaanu aek banyu. 2014maan, laudee-baa petaa-praantnee vastee 56,882 hatee. gaamadao. 2014maan laudee-baa petaa-praantnaa pachees gaamo aneey temnee vastee aaa pramaane chheh

laaudi-baa laaudi-baa uttar-purvi hathidant tata kaa ack shahar haye. yeh zaanzaan jile key gontaugo kshetra mein bondauco vibhaag kaa ack upa-praant haye. march 2012 taka laaudi-baa ack samudaay thaa, jaba yeh rashtravyapi 1126 samudaayon mein seey ack bunn gayaa jise samaapt curr diyaa gayaa thaa. 2014 mein, laaudi-baa key upa-praant kii jansankhya 56,882 thee. gaanv. 2014 mein laaudi-baa key upa-praant key panchish gaanv aur unaki aabaadi iss prakaar haih

laudi-baa laudi-baa eeshaanya dantada karaavaliyalliruva ondu pattanavagide. idu janjan jilleya gontougo pradeshada bandoukou ilaakheya upa-praantyavaagide. 2012rahra march varege laudi-baa ondu samudaayavaagittu, nantara adhu rashtravyapi raddugolisalaada 1126 samudaayagalalli ondaayitu. 2014ralli, laudi-baa upa-praantyada janasankhyeyu 56,882 aagittu. halligalu. 2014ralli laudi-baa upa-praantyada ippattaidu gramagalu mattu avugala janasankhye heegiveh

laudi-baa vadakkukizhakkan anakkombu theerathulla oru pattanamaan laudi-baa. sanzan jillayile gondaugo mekhalayile bondauko departmentinte oru upavibhaagamaanith. 2012 march vare laudi-baa oru communaayirunnu, athu raajyavyaapakamaayi nirthalaakkappetta 1126 kammyoonukalil onnaayi maari. 2014ll laudi-baaba upa-pravishyayile janasamkhya 56,882 aayirunnu. gramangal. 2014 leeii laudi-baa upavibhaagathile irupathiyanchu graamangalum avayude janasamkhyayum ivayaanu

laudi-baa laudi-baa heey ishanya hastidant kinanyavaril eka shahar aahe. haah zanzan jilhyatil gontaugo pradeshatil bondaukau vibhagacha eka up-prant aahe. march 2012 paryant laudy-baa haah samuday hota, jevha too radd karnyat aalelya 1126 samudayanpaiki eka banala. 2014 madhye, laudi-baa yaa up-prantachi loksankhya 56,882 hotee. gave. 2014 madhye laudi-baa up-prantachi panchvis gave aanee tyanchi loksankhya ashee aaheh

laudi-baa laudi-baa uttar-purvi hattiko daantko tatama raheko euta sahar how. yo janjan jillako gontaugo kshetrama raheko bondauko vibhagko upa-pranta how. laudi-baa march 2012 samma euta commune thiyo, jab yo deshbharka 1126 communharu madhye ek banyo june unmulan gariyo. sann 2014 maa laudi-bako upa-prantako janasankhya 56,882 thiyo. gaaunharu. 2014 maa laudi-babako upa-prantaka panchisa gaaunharu rar tiniharuko janasankhya yass prakar chhanh

laudi-baa laudi-baa heuchhi uttara-purba hatidant upakoolare thiba eka sahara. ehaa janjan jillara gontaugo anchalare thiba bondauko bibhagara eka upa-prashasanika anchala. march 2012 parjyanta laudi-baa eka commune thila, jetebele ehaa deshabyapee bilupta hoithiba 1126 commune madhyaru gotie hoithila . 2014 masihare, laudi-baa upa-pradeshar janasankhya thila 56,882. gramm. 2014 masihare laudi-baa upa-pradeshar pachishati gramm ebong semanankara janasankhya heuchhih

laaoodi-baa laaoodi-baa uttar-purbi haathi dand tatt daa ikk shehar haii. ih zanzan zilhe dey gontago khetar witch bandoco vibhag daa ikk upp-prefecture haii. laaoodi-baa march 2012 takk ikk kamioon see, jadon ih desh bharr witch 1126 communan vicchon ikk bann giaa see joe khatam qarr ditta giaa see. saal 2014 witch laaoodi-baa dey upp-prefecture dee aabadi 56,882 see. pind. 2014 witch laaoodi-baa dey upp-prefecture dey 25 pind atey unhan dee aabadi ih haiyav

laudee-baa laudee-baa iti poorvottarasya haatheedaantasy tate sthitam nagaram asti. ayam zanzan-mandalasya gontaugo-pradeshe bondauko-vibhaagasya upa-praantah asti. 2012 maarch-maasaparyantam laudee-baa samudayah aasit, yadaa deshavyaapiroopen 1126 samudayeshu anyatamah abhavat, ye cha nirastaani abhavan. 2014 tame varshe laudee-baa ityasya upa-prantasya janasankhyaa 56,882 aasit. gramani. 2014 tame varshe laudee-baa ityasya upavibhaagasya panchavimshat graamaah, teshaam janasankhyaa cha santi -

lavudi-phaa lavudiba enbathu vadakizhakku thanthak kadarkaraiyil ulla oru nagaram aagum. idhu jansan maavattaththin koandaugoa piraanthiyaththil ulla paandaukoa thuraiyin thunai maagaanamaagum. maarch 2012 varai lavudi-phaa oru kamyoonaaga irunththathu, pinnar adhu naadu muzhuvathum olikkappatta 1126 kamyoongalil ontraaka maariyathu. 2014 aam aandil, lavudi-phaa thunai maagaanaththin makkal thogai 56,882 aaga irunththathu. kiraamangal. 2014 aam aandil lavudi-phaa thunai maagaanaththin irupaththainththu kiraamangalum avattrin makkalthogaiyum pinvarumaaru

laudi-baa laudi-baa eshaanya dantaala teeramlo unna oka pattanam. idhi janjan jillaalooni gontougo praantamloo unna bondoukou vibhagam yokka upa-prefecture. marchi 2012 varaku laudi-baa oka commune gaa undedi, appudu idhi desavyaaptamgaa raddu cheyabadina 1126 communelalo okatigaa maarindi. 2014loe, laudi-baa upa-prefecture janabha 56,882. gramalu. 2014 loe laudi-baa upa-prefectureloni iravai aidu gramalu mariyu vaati janabha

lodee-baa laudi baa shamaal mashriqi haathi daanat kay saahil kaa eek qasbah hay. yaha zoon zalaa kay gontogo elaqay mein mohkamah bandoko kaa eek zeeli subah hay. laudi baa maarch 2012 takk eek kamyun thaa jabb yaha milk bhar mein khatam honay waalay 1126 kamyunon mein say eek bunn gayaa. 2014 mein laudi baa kay zeeli soobay kii aabadi 56,882 thee. gaaon. 2014 mein laudi baa kay zeeli soobay kay pachees gaaon aur inn kii aabadi yaha haine:

fffe038773d21051370143ecb6bac4328f17bb7aed40f26fabc0ae4040bc74b9

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1208665

Five (group)

Five (group) British boy band formed in 1997 Five (stylised as 5ive) are a British boy band from London consisting of members Sean Conlon, Ritchie Neville, and Scott Robinson. They were formed in 1997 by the same team that managed the Spice Girls before they launched their career. The group were mostly known as a five-piece, consisting of Robinson, Neville, Conlon, as well as previous members Abz Love and Jason "J" Brown. Five enjoyed moderate success worldwide, particularly in their native United Kingdom, as well as most of the rest of Europe and Asia. They had fleeting success in the US too. According to the British Phonographic Industry (BPI), Five has been certified for 1.6 million albums and 3.4 million singles in the UK. The group sold around 20 million copies worldwide. They split up on 27 September 2001. Robinson, Love, Neville, and Brown briefly reformed the group without Conlon (who departed before their 2001 split) in September 2006, with a new management team headed by music manager Richard Beck. Eight months later, having secured a lucrative tour but failing to gain enough record company interest, Five made an announcement via their official website that they would again disband. In 2012, the group announced that they were planning another reunion, this time with Conlon on board. Lead singer Brown initially agreed to take part in the reunion, but later changed his mind, claiming that he no longer wanted to be in the public eye. The group continued with only four members, but decided to keep the name Five. Alongside Blue, 911, Atomic Kitten, B*Witched, Honeyz and Liberty X, Five were featured in the ITV2 documentary series "The Big Reunion", which began airing on 31 January 2013. This was followed by a comeback performance at the Hammersmith Apollo on 26 February 2013 and an arena tour around the UK and Ireland in May, which was their first ever tour without Brown. In November and December 2013, Five headlined their own tour, the 5ive Greatest Hits Tour, their first solo tour as a four-piece. In August 2014, Love announced his departure from the band via a tweet, leaving Conlon, Neville and Robinson to continue as a trio. In 2021, Five officially released their first single in 20 years, "Keep On Movin" (21 Remix), which they released in June, followed by "Making Me Fall" and "Shangri-La" in August 2021, then "Reset" and "Warm Light" in October 2021. A single titled "Time" was released in November 2021. In December 2021, Five officially announced a release date of 28 January 2022 for their long-awaited fourth album "Time". Career. 1997–1998: Formation and "5ive". In 1997, an advertisement was placed in the UK performing arts newspaper "The Stage", asking for young male singers/dancers to audition for a boy band-style group with "attitude and edge". Bob and Chris Herbert, the two men who had earlier created the Spice Girls, thought the time was right for a male group. Over 3,000 hopefuls auditioned, including Russell Brand, who performed Extreme's song "More Than Words" for the judges. They were finally narrowed down to only 14, five of whom had arranged themselves into a group while waiting for their audition. The auditions resulted in a provisional casting of nine members: Ritchie Neville, Scott Robinson, Sean Conlon, Jason "J" Brown, Richard Breen (now better known as Abz Love), and Peter Cheshire, Paul Taylor, Anthony Baker (rapper) and Ric Hershon. As his first name is Richard, Breen used his nickname 'Abs' (from his middle name, "Abidin") to avoid confusion with Ritchie (born Richard Neville Dobson). Cheshire and Taylor were later cut when the final members were chosen in May 1997 and Hershon could not attend the final selection. Baker made it into the band originally, but doubt was cast over his rapping style as his North East accent came through. The management initially were looking a four piece band, and were going to select J, Sean, Scott and Ritchie for the band, but when they saw Abs with the others they decided a five piece would work better. The group were subsequently signed by Simon Cowell and BMG/RCA for a six-album deal. Five practiced and demoed their work at Trinity Studios in Knaphill – the same place the Spice Girls did a few years previously. In November 1997, Five released their debut single "Slam Dunk (Da Funk)", which debuted at number 10 in the UK Singles Chart. The song was also released in the U.S. in 1998 but had little chart success, reaching number 86 on the "Billboard" Hot 100, although it was chosen as the NBA's new theme song. In 1998, Five earned their first major international hit, "When the Lights Go Out", which cracked the U.S. top 10 and earned Gold status there soon after. Five then went on an eight-day tour to promote their upcoming album, appearing in a concert special for the Disney Channel with Irish girl group B*Witched, in Times Square in New York City and on MTV's TRL. The debut album "5ive" peaked at number 27 in the U.S. "Billboard" 200 and topped the charts in other countries worldwide, including the UK. "It's the Things You Do" was released in late 1998 in the U.S., only to receive a lukewarm reception. The group embarked upon a U.S. tour with the American boy band NSYNC, but soon after pulled out due to exhaustion, flying back to England to rest and start work on a new album. Still from the first album, "Got the Feelin'", "Everybody Get Up", and "Until the Time Is Through" were all released as singles in the UK throughout 1998. Five reached the top 5 in several countries around the world, and the latter two singles each rose to the number two spot in the UK. A significant element in Five's popularity was their resemblance to groups such as New Kids on the Block, East 17, the Backstreet Boys and NSYNC in their uptempo musical style and 'street' image, in contrast to Take That, Boyzone, and 98 Degrees, who at the time were primarily known for their ballads. Five also wrote or co-wrote the majority of their songs, which was atypical of boy bands at the time. Five were famously offered songs that turned out to be huge hits for Britney Spears and 'N Sync. In 1997, Max Martin was working on a new song entitled, "...Baby One More Time." It was originally written for the Backstreet Boys, and it was turned down. The song was then offered to TLC, who were also not interested. Simon Cowell heard the song and knew it would be a hit. He offered Martin an Aston Martin if Martin would give the song to his boy band, Five. Five initially began writing verses; however, Martin had promised the song to up-and-coming Britney Spears. In keeping his word, the finished song went to Britney. Per Cowell, "I got a call from Arista Records in America and they played me Hit Me Baby on the phone. I was like, “Oh my God, this is it” so I called Max Martin, who wrote it, and I said, “Max, I've just heard this demo. Please give it to me for Five”. And he went, “I can’t, I promised it to Britney Spears.” I went, “Who? Trust me, Max, nobody’s going to have a hit with a name like Britney Spears. Just think about it, please please please.” Twenty four hours later he came back and said “No, I’m going to give it to her”, and that was it." "But I think the point is, that song would have been a hit for anyone. I knew it would have been a hit for Five, it would have been a hit for TLC, it was a hit for Britney Spears. There have been country versions, alternative versions: it was just a hit song, no question about it, and having that first hit song is the most important part of an artist’s career, and also the most difficult part of breaking anyone's career." Five were later offered "Bye Bye Bye," by Martin with the only completed lyric being "ain't no lie baby, bye bye bye." Upon hearing the song and attempting to write verses, Robinson noted it sounded more like 'N Sync song than a Five song. The band subsequently passed on the song. 1999–2000: "Invincible". In August 1999, the first single of their second album, "Invincible", "If Ya Gettin' Down", was released and became a major hit worldwide but yet again failed to go to number 1 in their home country, kept out of the top spot by Ricky Martin. Finally, in October 1999, after three consecutive number-two peaks, "Keep on Movin'" became their first UK number 1, as well as their biggest selling single to date. The second album hit the top five shortly thereafter. "Don't Wanna Let You Go" was released in early March 2000, peaking at number 9. On 3 March 2000, Five opened at the BRIT Awards with rock legends Queen, performing an updated version of that band's hit, "We Will Rock You". That night Five won their first BRIT Award, as "Best Pop Act", and their cover of the Queen song went on to become their second number 1 in the UK in July 2000. The first half of 2000 found Five on a successful world tour, performing concerts in the UK, Europe, Russia, Australasia and—as a foursome—South America, after Neville contracted chickenpox and had to be flown back to England. After finishing the tour, Five continued to perform at many concerts in the UK, including Party in the Park with Queen. A re-issue of "Invincible" included remixed versions of a couple of songs and five live tracks from their tour, as well as a bonus track, "Don't Fight It Baby". Due for release in July 2000 in the US, the song was pulled from release after the group was dropped by their stateside label, Arista Records. Five also had problems with their Asian record company, and subsequently cancelled their Asian tour. Suffering from this major blow, the lads headed back to the studio and started writing songs for their next album. They continued to win awards in the UK and Europe, and in December 2000 launched their second big tour, in their home country. 2001: "Kingsize", Conlon's departure and split. In January 2001, Five went to perform at one of the biggest festivals in the world, Rock in Rio in Rio de Janeiro, to an audience of almost 500,000 people. In May 2001, after many months of creative writing and "developing their own personal sound", "Kingsize" was completed. When it was time to begin filming the video for their first single off the album, however, Conlon was unable to appear as he was suffering from a mental breakdown from stress caused by being part of the group. This was not publicly revealed at the time, however, and it was claimed he was ill from glandular fever instead. The "Let's Dance" video was released with a life-size cardboard cut-out standing in for the singer, and rumours that he had in fact left the band had to be quashed. Robinson also needed a time temporarily to be with his son, Brennan Rhys, who was born premature. The remaining three members, Brown, Love and Neville pressed on with heavy promotion of the group's third album and the "Let's Dance" single. Whilst performing at a concert in Belgium in July, Neville tore the tendons in his left foot, putting a halt to all promotion and prompting the group to have a few meetings to re-think their options and future. "Let's Dance" was released in mid August 2001, however, and became their third UK number one, holding the top spot for two weeks. "Kingsize" debuted two weeks later at number three, and went on to achieve Gold status. Two weeks after the release of "Kingsize", the band announced Conlon's departure. Neville said in an interview several years later that the band's management kept Conlon's departure from the band a secret, so they were not aware that he had left when they filmed the "Let's Dance" video. On 27 September 2001, after a month of serious meetings with record management, the band announced on MTV Select that it would split after releasing a compilation later that year. The following day, Robinson married his fiancé, Kerry Oaker, at a ceremony with all of his former bandmates in attendance. Years later, Breen revealed he was strongly against the idea of splitting up; he described the break-up as feeling something had been taken from him. On 19 November a "Greatest Hits" album was released with 15 past hits, two remixes and one new song. On 24 November, a double-A-side single with "Closer to Me" and "Rock the Party" was released in United Kingdom with an animated video. The two songs were included on their previous album "Kingsize", but after Conlon's departure, they decided to release as a single from their "Greatest Hits" album. The album was released on United States on 15 February 2002. In the band's short life-span, they experienced success around the world, racking up three number-one singles in the UK and selling an estimate of 15-20 million copies of their records worldwide, including 7 million copies of their albums worldwide and 2 million in the United States, and picking up numerous awards along the way. 2006–2007: First reunion. On 17 September 2006, an announcement was made via Five's official Myspace page that a press conference was to be held at The Scala in central London on 27 September. After a venue change due to a shooting at The Scala, the conference was moved to the Bar Academy Islington. It was confirmed at the press conference that four of the five members would be reuniting (Conlon now being committed to his Sony deal). Five recorded new material for what was to be their fourth studio album, working with Guy Chambers, Swedish producer/songwriter Anders Bagge, and French DJs Trak Invaders. They also planned to tour in 2007. By January 2007, Five had completed half of their album and were looking to be signed to a record label with new manager, Richard Beck, who also secured an MTV documentary series titled "Five - The Revive". The album was expected to be released within the next few months. On 8 March 2007, at midnight, Five premiered one-minute clips of three brand new songs that were to have been on the new album. The songs, titled "70 Days", "Settle Down" and "It's All Good" can be heard on the band's official website and also on their Myspace page. On 19 May 2007, only eight months after reforming and having failed to secure a lucrative enough record deal, 5ive announced via their website that they would no longer be pursuing a comeback. 2012–2021: Second reunion and Love's departure. In 2012, Conlon reunited with his former bandmates to discuss the possibility of a second reunion. Brown initially was willing to take part in the reunion, but the other members preferred to continue as a four-piece, after the psychological problems caused by him to Conlon and Robinson in the past, as well as him not wanting to be on social media. The return was announced on 18 October. In 2013, the group took part in "The Big Reunion", where they talked about their time together and the difficulties that came with being in a band. They thought about adding a new fifth member, but gave up. The group auditioned four men to become the new member of the band (Dan Corsi, Luke Boyden, Nathan Rawlings and Lee Roots), but in the end the plan for a fifth member was dropped and Five decided to continue as a four-piece. Brown eventually appeared on "" to deny the accusations made by his bandmates in September 2013. He acknowledged his behaviour could have been seen as loud and overbearing, but he denied bullying Conlon. He stated during drinks with Abz that whilst excited for the boys' reunion, he didn't want to get involved as he likes his privacy. On 16 September 2013, the band picked up the award for Best Music Act (On a Reality TV Show) at the National Reality TV Awards. In November and December 2013, Five embarked on their own tour in UK and Australia, the 5ive Greatest Hits Tour. In March 2014, it was rumored that Love had quit the group, but at the time they denied it. In June 2014, Five supported McBusted on four dates of their McBusted Tour and later that month Love stated that the group's future was uncertain. Love eventually announced that he had left the group in August 2014 via Twitter, without telling the other members beforehand. In an interview a few days before the announcement, Love revealed that he only agreed to reunite with Five because of financial necessity, and was not happy singing teen songs again. In February 2016, Five released the compilation "Keep On Movin' – The Best of Five", their first release as a trio. In April 2019, the boys announced they would be joined by 911, Damage and A1 for a tour of the UK called "The Boys Are Back!" in 2020. Robinson also stated that there was no chance of the band's original full line-up returning. He told the Press Association: "It wouldn't be down to us to reach out to [Brown and Love]. They've made it very clear they didn't want to be in the band. It's like Take That, with Jason Orange and Robbie Williams leaving. It still works, the songs are still the same." The tour was interrupted by the COVID-19 pandemic, and shows were rescheduled for 2021. 2021–present: Rebranding and "Time". In late 2020, Five announced they would be embarking on another Australian Greatest Hits tour in 2021 supported by Australian pop duo Sister2Sister. On 4 June 2021, after a series of hints and posts counting down, Five unveiled a new logo and cover artwork for "Keep On Movin (21 Remix)" along with a clip, which they announced was available for pre-order on Apple Music. They also stated to watch their social media accounts for bigger news on 11 June 2021. On 11 June, the remix was released with the announcement of a new album recorded during the pandemic. On 26 July 2021, Five announced two new singles titled "Shangri-La" and "Making Me Fall" that would be available for pre-order on 31 July 2021, then released on all streaming platforms on 6 August 2021. On 29 July 2021, a snippet of each song was posted to their social media accounts. On 2 September 2021, Five announced the album to be released around Christmas. On 12 September 2021 during the Cardiff show of The Boys Are Back Tour, they debuted a live rendition of a ballad called "Reset", which was released alongside the single "Warm Light" on 1 October 2021. In October 2021, Five announced the upcoming album would be called "Time" and was due for release around January 2022. The next single from the album would also be called "Time" and would be made available for pre-order on 22 October 2021 setting a release date for 26 November 2021. In December 2021, an official look at the new album cover was given alongside a pre-save link for their new album "Time". The album was released on 28 January 2022. Tours. Headlining Co-headlining Opening act Awards. Awards won: Brit Awards MTV Europe Music Awards National Reality TV Awards Silver Clef Awards Smash Hits Poll Winners Party TMF Awards (Netherlands) TV Hits Awards References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

paas (gutt) five (five hisape xoilibodho) hoise londonor etaa britis boy bendo zo 'too xodosyo aase chenn conlon, risi nebhil aaru scott robinson. teulukor keriyar aarombho korar aagote mosola suwalibur porisalona koraa eketa dole 1997 sonot gothon korisil. ei guttuk besibhagei paas-tukura hisape jonaa goisil, zo "too robinson, nebhil, conlon, ebjo laabh aaru jeson" je "braun aasil. pasta dexe biswobyapi, bixexkoi teulukor sthaniyo juktorajyot, logote baaki euroop aaru asier besibhagote modhyomiya xofolota laabh korisil. britis phone "graphik industry (bpi) ror mote, pasta 16 laakh elbam aaru 3.4 nijut ekokor baabe promanito hoise. ei doltuwe biswojuri pray 20 nijut kopi bikri korisil. 2001 sonor 27 septemborot teulukor bisched hoy. robinson, laabh, nebhil, aaru braun-e 2006 sonor septemborot conlon obihone (ji 2001 sonot teulukor bibhajonor aagote guchi goisil) guttur somubhabe xongskar korisil, xongit byowosthapok rechard bekor netritwot etaa notun byowosthapona dolor xoite. aath maahor pisot, ek labhjonok bhromon nischito korar pisot kintu jothesto record companyr aagroh laabh korat byortho huwar pisot, pasjonoi teulukor official websitor joriyote ghuxona korisil je teuluke punor bhongo koribo. 2012 sonot doltuwe ghuxona korisil je teuluke aan etaa punor milonor porikolpona korise, eibar konolonor xoite. mukhyo gayok braune prothomote punor milnot ongxogrohon koriboloi xonmot hoisil, kintu pisot teur monn xoloni kori daabi korisil je teu aaru jonoxadharonor sokut thakibo nibisare. doltuwe maatro sarijon xodosyor xoite obyahot rakhisil, kintu naamtu pasjon rokhar xiddhanto loisil. neela, 911, parmanobik kitten, bi * wissed, hanij aaru liberity exor logote, pasta itv2 tothyositro sringkhola "dyo big reuinion" too dekhuuwa hoisil, ji 2013 sonor 31 januaryt xomprosarito hoisil. iyar pisot 2013 sonor 26 februaryt hemmersmith epulut punor prodorxon koraa hoisil aaru mey 'maahot iuke aaru irelandor sariufale ek orina bhromon koraa hoisil, ji aasil teulukor prothom braun obihone bhromon. 2013 sonor novembor aaru disembor maahot pasta dole nijor bhromonor netritwo disil, 5taa xorbosrestho hitt bhromon, sarita ongxo hisape teulukor prothom ekok bhromon. 2014 sonor aagosto maahot, premoi etaa twitor joriyote bendor poraa teur prosthan ghuxona korisil, conlon, nebhil aaru robinsonor troyi hisape obyahot rakhiboloi eri disil. 2021 sonot, pasta sorkare anusthanikbhabe 20 bosoror bhitorot teulukor prothom ekok "kip ono mubhin" (21 remix) mukoli kore, jitu teuluke junot mukoli korisil, taar pisot 2021 sonor aagosto maahot "making mii foll" aaru "xangri-laa", taar pisot 2021 sonor octoborot "riset" aaru "warm light". 2021 sonor novemborot "time" xirxok etaa ekok mukoli koraa hoisil. 2021 sonor disemborot, pasta sorkare anusthanikbhabe teulukor dirgho protikhyito soturtho elbam "time" ror baabe 28 january 2022 ror muktir tarikh ghuxona korisil. keriyar. 1997-1998: gothon aaru "5ive". 1997 sonot, iuke poriwexon arts baatori kakot "dyo stage" too etaa bigyapon diya hoisil, zo "too juwo purux gayok/nrityoxilpixokolok" monubhabo aaru progoti "ror xoite etaa lo" raa bendo-xoilir gutor baabe audition diboloi kuwa hoisil. bobo aaru crich harbert, ji dujon puruxe aagote mosola suwali sristi korisil, teuluke bhabisil je purux gutor baabe xomoy xothik. rasel brendoke dhori 3,000ru odhik axabadi luke audition disil, jiye bisarokxokolor baabe "xobdotkoi odhik" sorom gittu poriwexon korisil. owoxexot teulukor xongkhya maatro 14 loi hraax paisil, jaar bhitorot pasjonoi teulukor auditionor baabe opekhya kori thokar xomoyot nijoke etaa dolot byowostha korisil. auditionor folot nojon xodosyor osthayi custing hoisiloh risi nebhil, scott robinson, chenn conlon, jeson "je" braun, rechard breen (etiya ebjo laabh naamere odhik jonajat), aaru pitter seswayar, poll tailor, enthoni bekaar (repar) aaru rick haroswon. teur prothom naam rechard huwar baabe, brine risi (jonmogoto rechard nebhil dobxon) ror xoite bibhranti porihar koriboloi teur daknam 'abbs' (teur maajor naam "aabidin" ror poraa) byobohar korisil. 1997 sonor mey "maahot suranto xodosyoxokolok basoni korar pisot seswayar aaru tailor kaati diya hoisil aaru haroswone suranto nirbasonot uposthito thakibo poraa nasil. bekare iyak mulotoh bendot prostut korisil, kintu teur uttor-pubor ussaronor maajere ohaar baabe teur rapping xoilir uporot xondeh utthapon koraa hoisil. prothome porisalonai sarita tukurar bendo bisarisil, aaru bendor baabe je, chenn, scott aaru risi basoni koriboloi goi aasil, kintu jetiya teuluke aanor xoite abbs dekhisil tetiya teuluke xiddhanto loisil je etaa pasta tukura bhaldore kaam koribo. poroborti xomoyot ei doltu cho "elbamor suktir baabe chimon kauwel aaru bmg/rca-ror dwara swakhyorito hoisil. pastawe nephilor trinity studio 'too teulukor kaamor onuxilon aaru demu korisil-xei eke thaite mosola suwalibure keibosorman aagote korisil. 1997 sonor novembor maahot pasta gitore teulukor prothom ekok "slame dank (daa fank)" mukoli koraa hoisil, jikhon gitor aarombhoni hoisil iuke ekok talikar 10 nomborot. gaantu eu-tou mukoli koraa hoisil.ess. 1998 sonot kintu "billboard" hott 100-too 86 nomborot uponeet hoi xamanyo chart xofolota laabh korisil, jodiu iyak eno. bi. e.-ror notun thim geet hisape basoni koraa hoisil. 1998 sonot, pasjone teulukor prothom dangor antohrastriyo hitt orjon korisil, "jetiya lightbur ulai yaay", ji eutu bhangi goisil.ess. xirxo 10 aaru taar pisote taat xunor morzada orjon korisil. taar pisot pasjone teulukor aagontuk elbamor prosar koriboloi aath diniya bhromon korisil, aairis garl groop bi * wisdor xoite dijonee senelor baabe ek concert spacelot uposthito hoisil, nework sohoror times scowarot aaru mtvir trailot. 5bhaibh" naamor ei prothom elbamtuwe eu. chi.-too 27 nomborot uponeet hoisil.ess. "bilobo 'rd" 200 aaru eu. key. key. key dhori biswojuri onyanyo dexor chartot xirxosthan dokhol korisil. "eituwei aapuni koraa kaam" 1998 sonor xexor faale eu. e. too mukoli koraa hoisil.ess., kewol ek kuhumiya obhyorthona laabh koriboloi. doltuwe etaa eu-ror uporot aarombho korisil.ess. aamerikan boy bendo eno. sinkor xoite bhromon korok, kintu klantir baabe aatori ohaar loge loge, bisram koriboloi aaru etaa notun elbamor kaam aarombho koriboloi englandoloi ubhoti yaay. etiyau prothom elbamor poraa, "get dyo feelin", "xokoluwe uthi uthe", aaru "xomoy xex huwaloike" xokoluwe 1998 sonor bhitorot eu. key. too ekok hisape mukti laabh korisil. pasta biswor keibakhonu dexot xirxo 5 nomborot uponeet hoisil, aaru pisor dutaa ekok eu. key. too dwitiyo sthanoloi unnit hoisil. pasor jonopriyotar ek guruttopurno upadan aasil blokor notun xixu, pubo 17, backstreet lo "raa aaru teulukor uptempo xongit xoilit ensingko aaru 'street' sobir dore gutor xoite teulukor xadrisyo, iyar biporite, boyjun, aaru 98 degree, ji xei xomoyot prathomikbhabe teulukor ballador baabe jonajat aasil. pasjon luke teulukor besibhag geet likhisil baa xoho-likhisil, jitu xei xomoyot lo "raar byandor baabe oswabhabik aasil. pasta bikhyat geet aagborhuwa hoisil ji britney spiyar aaru 'eno chink' ror baabe brihot hitt hoisil. 1997 sonot max martine "," xirxok etaa notun gitor uporot kaam kori aasil...xixuti aaru ebaar."eitu mulotoh pisfalor lo" raa-suwalir baabe likha hoisil, aaru iyak nakoch koraa hoisil. gittu tetiya ti. el. chi. koo aagborhuwa hoisil, jixokole aagrohi nasil. chimon kaule gaantu xunisil aaru janisil je ee hitt hoh 'bob. jodi martine teur lo 'raa bendtu pasbaroloi gaantu diye tente teu martinok etaa aasorit martinor prostab disil. pasjone prothomote sloke likhiboloi aarombho korisil; obosye, martine gittu aagotiya britney bortupor usoroloi onaar protisruti disil. teur kotha raakhi, xomapto gittu britoniloi goisil. proti kaule, "moi aamerikar erista recordsor poraa etaa koll paisilu aaru teuluke muk phunot xixutik aaghat koraa khelisil. moi zen aasilu, "hey bhogowan, eituwei" xeyehe moi max martinok phone korilu, jiye eitu likhisil, aaru moi koo 'lu, "max, moi eimatro ei demutu xunisu. onugroho kori muk paas tokar baabe diyok. aaru teu go "lo," moi nujuwaru, moi britney borxak protisruti disilu.moi go" lu, "coon? muk biswax korok, max, britney spiyaror dore naamor xoite kuneu aaghat koribo nuware. kewol ei bixoye chinta korok, onugroho kori.sarix ghontar pisot teu ubhoti aahisil aaru koichil" nohoy, moi taik dibo bisaru ", aaru xeituwei aasil." "kintu moi bhabu je kothatu hoh" lo, xei gittu jikunure baabe hitt hoh "loheten. moi janisilu je eitu pasbaror baabe hitt hoh 'bob, ee ti. el. chi.-ror baabe hitt hoh' bob, ee britney spiyaror baabe hitt aasil. dexor xongskoron, bikolpo xongskoron aaseh eitu kewol etaa hitt geet aasil, iyar bixoye kunu prosno nasil, aaru xei prothom hitt gittu thokatu ejon xilpir karrier ataitkoi guruttopurno ongxo, aaru logote jikunure keriyar bhongo korar ataitkoi kothin ongxo." pasjonok pisot martine "baai baai" buli koichil, ekmatro xompurno gittu aasil "aaint nu laai bebi, baai baai"."gaantu xuni aaru podbur likhiboloi chesta korar pisot, robinsone ullekh korisil je eitu etaa pasta gitotkoi 'eno chink geet' ror dore odhik lagisil. poroborti xomoyot bende gittu paar korisil. 1999-2000: "oporajeyo". 1999 sonor aagosto maahot teulukor dwitiyo elbam "invincible" ror prothom ekoktu mukti paisil aaru biswojuri ek guruttopurno hitt hoi porisil kintu punor teulukor nijor dexot 1 nomboroloi jaboloi byortho hoisil, riki martine xirxo sthanor poraa aatorai rakhisil. owoxexot, 1999 sonor octobor maahot, ekerahe tini nombor-dui xikhoror pisot, "kip ono mubhin" teulukor prothom iuke nombor 1 hoi pore, logote teulukor etiyaloike xorbadhik bikri huwa ekok hoi pore. iyar kichu xomoyor pisote dwitiyo elbamtuwe xirxo pasta elbamot sthan laabh kore. "" "dont wanat lett eu gu" "2000 sonor march maahor aarombhonite mukti paisil, 9 nomborot uponeet hoisil. 2000 sonor 3 marchot rok legend quinor xoite britt awardot pasta mukoli koraa hoisil, xei bendor hitor ek update xongskoron poriwexon korisil," "aami aapunak rok korim. xei nixa fivey "shrestho pop obhinoy" hisape teulukor prothom britt botaa laabh korisil, aaru teulukor rani gitor proschod july 2000 sonot eu. key. too teulukor dwitiyo nombor 1 hoi porisil. 2000 sonor prothom ordhangxot pasta xofol biswo bhromonor xomoyot dekha goisil, zo 'too nebhilor sikenpoxor xongkromonor pisot iuke, euroop, rasiya, australia aaru-chaari-doll hisape-dokhyin aamerikat xongitanusthan korisil aaru englandoloi ghurai jaabo logaa hoisil. bhromon xomapto korar pisot, ranir xoite udyanot onusthito partyke dhori pasjon luke eu. key.-too bohutu xongit onusthanot poriwexon obyahot rakhisil. oporajeyo" ror punor-prokaxot teulukor bhromonor poraa keitaman gitor remix xongskoron aaru pasta live trekor logote etaa bunas trekk, "dont fight itt bebi" ontorbhukto aasil. 2000 sonor july maahot aamerikat mukti puwar baabe, doltuwe teulukor statexide label, aarista recordsor dwara baad diyar pisot gittu muktir poraa aatorai luwa hoisil. pasgorakir teulukor asean record companyr xoiteu xomosya aasil, aaru poroborti xomoyot teulukor asean bhromon baatil korisil. ei dangor aaghator folot akranto hoi lo "raa-suwalibur studio" loi ubhoti goisil aaru teulukor poroborti elbamor baabe geet likhiboloi aarombho korisil. teuluke iuke aaru europot botaa laabh koratu obyahot rakhisil, aaru 2000 sonor disembor maahot teulukor nijor dexot teulukor dwitiyo brihot bhromon aarombho korisil. 2001: "roja koraa", konolonor prosthan aaru bibhajon. 2001 sonor januaryt, pasta onusthan biswor onyotomo brihot utxob rio 'di jeneirut rok inn riyo' too pray 500,000 lukor dorxokor aagot poriwexon koriboloi goisil. 2001 sonor mey "maahot, bohu maahor sristixil likhon aaru" nijor byoktigoto xobdo bikoxito koraa "ror pisot," rajotwo "xompurno hoisil. jetiya elbamtur poraa teulukor prothom ekokor baabe video 'tur sitrogrohon aarombho korar xomoy aasil, obosye konolone uposthito hoh' bob poraa nasil kaaron teu doltur ongxo huwar folot huwa manoxik sapor poraa bhugsil. obosye xei xomoyot ei kotha rajohuwabhabe prokax koraa huwa nasil, aaru iyar poriworte teu gronthijonito jworor poraa oxustho aasil buli daabi koraa hoisil. letch dunce" video "tu gayokjonor baabe etaa jiwan-aakaror cardob 'rd kaat-outor xoite mukoli koraa hoisil, aaru teu prokritote bendtu eri thoi goisil buli urabatora koraa hoisil. robinsonu okalot jonmo huwa teur putro brenan raisor xoite thakiboloi osthayibhabe xomoyor proyujon hoisil. baaki tinijon xodosyo, braun, laabh aaru nebhile doltur tritiyo elbam aaru "letch dunce" ekokor prosur prosaror xoite saap disil. july maahot beljiyamor etaa xongit onusthanot poriwexon korar xomoyot nebhile teur baau bhorir tendonbur singi pelaisil, xokolu prosar bondho korisil aaru doltuwe teulukor bikolpo aaru bhobisyotor bixoye punor chinta koriboloi keitaman boithok koriboloi preron korisil. "letch dunce" obosye 2001 sonor aagostor majbhagot mukti paisil, aaru duxoptah dhori xirxosthan dokhol kori teulukor tritiyo iuke nombor ek hoi porisil. "kingjij" duxoptahor pisot tini nomborot aatmoprokax korisil, aaru xunor morzada laabh koriboloi aagbarhisil. kingsize" muktir duxoptahor pisot bende konolonor prosthan ghuxona korisil. nebhile keiba bosoror pisot etaa xakhyatkarot koichil je bendor porisalonai konolonor bendor poraa prosthanok gupon rakhisil, xeyehe teuluke "lets dunce" video "tu sitrogrohon korar xomoyot teu guchi goisil buli teuluke obogoto nasil. 2001 sonor 27 septemborot, record byowosthaponar xoite ek maahor guruttopurno boithokor pisot, bende em. ti. bhi.-too ghuxona korisil je xei bosoror pisot etaa xongkolon mukoli korar pisot ee bibhokto hoh 'bob. pisdina robinsone teur bagdotta keree uwekarok ek onusthanot teur xokolu prakton bendmator xoite biyaa koraisil. bosor bosoror pisot, brine prokax korisil je teu bibhajonor dharonar tibro biruddhe aasil; teu bischedok teur poraa kiba luwa hoise buli onubhob koraa buli bornona korisil. 19 novemborot 15taa otitor hitt, dutaa remix aaru etaa notun gitor xoite etaa "gretest hitt" elbam mukoli koraa hoisil. 24 novemborot, "mur usorot" aaru "rok dyo party" ror xoite etaa daabol-e-side ekok etaa animated video 'ror xoite juktorajyot mukoli koraa hoisil. duyuta geet teulukor purbor elbam "kingsize" too ontorbhukto koraa hoisil, kintu konolonor prosthanor pisot, teuluke teulukor "gretest hitt" elbamor poraa ekok hisape mukoli korar xiddhanto loisil. 2002 sonor 15 februaryt ei elbamtu aamerika juktorastrot mukoli koraa hoisil. bendor komm jiwankalot teuluke biswojuri xofolota laabh korisil, eu. key. too tini nombor-ek ekok racking korisil aaru biswojuri teulukor recordor 15-20 million kopi bikri korisil, jaar bhitorot aasil biswobyapi teulukor elbamor 7 nijut kopi aaru aamerika juktorastrot 2 nijut, aaru baatot oxongkhyo botaa laabh korisil. 2006-2007: prothom punor millon. 2006 sonor 17 septemborot fivesor official maispes pejor joriyote ghuxona koraa hoisil je 27 septemborot kendriyo londonor skalat ekhon xongbad xonmilon onusthito hoh 'bob. skalat gulisalonar folot sthan xoloni huwar pisot, xonmilonkhon baar academy aaijoltonok sthanantorito koraa hoisil. xongbad xonmilonot eitu nischito koraa hoisil je pasjon xodosyor bhitorot sarijon punor ekotrito hoh 'bob (conlon etiya teur soni suktir baabe protisrutiboddho). teulukor soturtho studio "elbamor baabe pasta notun tothyo record koraa hoisil, go 'yoy chamber, suidix projujok/gitikar enders begg, aaru france dijs trekk aakromonkarixokolor xoite kaam korisil. teuluke 2007 sonot bhromon korar porikolpona korisil. 2007 sonor january maahor bhitorot, pasjonoi teulukor elbamor aadha xompurno korisil aaru notun menezar rechard bekor xoite etaa record labelot swakhyor koriboloi bisarisil, jiye "five-dyo rivive" xirxok etaa mtv tothyositro sringkholau laabh korisil. ei elbamtu ohaa keimahmanor bhitorot mukoli hoh "bob buli aaxa koraa hoisil. 2007 sonor 8 marchot, majnixar xomoyot, notun elbamtut thoka tinita brend notun gitor pasta ek minutor clip primiyar koraa hoisil. 70 dinn", "setel daaun" aaru "its ol good" xirxok gitbur bendor official websiteot aaru teulukor maispes pristhatu xunibo paari. 2007 sonor 19 mey 'too, xongskar korar maatro aath maah pisot aaru jothesto labhjonok obhilekh sukti xurokhito korat byortho huwar pisot, 5bhaive teulukor websitor joriyote ghuxona korisil je teuluke aaru punor ghuri ohaar chesta nokoribo. 2012-2021: dwitiyo punor millon aaru premor prosthan. 2012 sonot konolone teur prakton bendometxokolor xoite punor milito hoi dwitiyo punor milonor xombhawonar bixoye alusona kore. braun prothomote punor milnot ongxogrohon koriboloi issuk aasil, kintu aan xodosyoxokole sarita ongxo hisape obyahot rakhiboloi posondo korisil, otitot teur dwara huwa manoxik xomosyar pisot conlon aaru robinsonor baabe, logote teu cho "siyel miriyat thakibo nibisarisil. 18 octoborot punor proityawortonor kotha ghuxona koraa hoisil. 2013 sonot doltuwe "brihot punor millon" too ongxogrohon korisil, zo "too teuluke ekeloge thoka xomoy aaru etaa bendot thokar folot huwa oxubidhar bixoye kotha patisil. teuluke notun ponchom xodosyo jug diyar kotha bhabisil, kintu tyag korisil. doltuwe bendor notun xodosyo hoh "boloi sarijon lukok audition disil (dane korsi, luk boyden, nathan ror" lings aaru lee ruts), kintu xexot ponchomjon xodosyor baabe porikolponatu baad diya hoisil aaru pasjonoi sarita ongxo hisape obyahot rokhar xiddhanto loisil. owoxexot 2013 sonor septembor maahot teur bandmatxokole koraa obhijug oswikar koriboloi braun "too dekha goisil. teu swikar korisil je teur aasoronok dangor aaru otixoy xohonxil hisape dekha goisil, kintu teu utpironmulok conlon oswikar korisil. teu aabojor xoite paniyor xomoyot koichil je lo "raxokolor punor milonor baabe uttejito huwar xomoyote teu jorito hoh" bob nibisarisil kiyonu teu nijor guponiyota posondo kore. 2013 sonor 16 septemborot bende rastriyo reality tibhi botaa onusthanot shrestho xongit obhinoyor (reality tibhi swo 'too) botaa laabh kore. 2013 sonor novembor aaru disembor maahot pasjon luke teulukor nijor bhromonor baabe iuke aaru australier poraa aarombho korisil, jitu aasil 5taa xorbosrestho hitt bhromon. 2014 sonor march maahot premoi doltu tyag korisil buli urabatori aasil, kintu xei xomoyot teuluke iyak oswikar korisil. 2014 sonor june maahot, pasjon luke teulukor mcbusted bhromonor sarita tarikhe mcbustedok xomorthon korisil aaru pisot xei maahor premoi koichil je doltur bhobisyot onischito aasil. owoxexot premoi ghuxona korisil je teu aagosto 2014-too twiteror joriyote aan xodosyoxokolok aagote kuwar obihone doltu eri goisil. ghuxonar keidinman aagote etaa xakhyatkarot premoi prokax korisil je teu kewol bittiyo proyujoniyotar baabe pasjonor xoite punor milito hoh 'boloi xonmot hoisil, aaru punor kixur geet gaai xukhi nasil. 2016 sonor februaryt pasta xongkolon "kip ono mubhin"-dyo besto owo five "mukoli koraa hoisil, ji aasil troyi hisape teulukor prothom mukti. 2019 sonor aprilot lo "raxokole ghuxona korisil je teulukor logot 911, khyoti aaru e1-ror dwara jug diya hoh" bob, jitu "lo" raxokol ubhoti aahise! "buli kuwa hoisil."2020 sonot robinsone logote koichil je bendtur mool xompurno line-aap ghuri ohaar kunu xombhawona nasil. teu xongbad xongsthatuk koichiloh "[badami aaru prem] loi uponeet huwatu aamar uporot nirbhor nokore. teuluke eitu sposto kori dise je teuluke bendot thakibo nibisare. eitu ene zen laage, jeson komola aaru robi uiliamsor ulai juwar loge loge. ee etiyau kaam kore, gitbur etiyau ekei aase."koo" vid-19 mohamarir folot ei bhromon byahot hoh "bob, aaru 2021 sonor baabe onusthanxomuh punor nirdharon koraa hoh" bob. 2021-bortomanoh punor brending aaru "xomoy". 2020 sonor xexor faale, pasjon luke ghuxona korisil je teuluke 2021 sonot australian pop juti "bhogni 2 bhogni" ror xomorthonot aan etaa australian xorbosrestho hitt bhromon aarombho koribo. 4 june 2021-too, keibatau ingito aaru post gonona korar pisot, pastawe etaa notun lugu unmuson kore, "kip ono mubhin" (21 remix) ror baabe etaa clipper xoite aaworon xilpokola unmuson kore, jitu teuluke ghuxona korisil je aapel xongitot pri-order baabe upolobdho aasil. teuluke 11 june 2021 tarikhe dangor batorir baabe teulukor cho "siyel miriya accountxomuh saboloiu koichil. 11 junot mohamarir xomoyot record koraa notun elbamor ghuxonar xoite remixtu mukoli koraa hoisil. 2021 sonor 26 julyte, pasta notun ekok "xangri-laa" aaru "making mii foll" xirxok ghuxona korisil ji 31 july 2021-too pri-order baabe upolobdho hoh 'bob, taar pisot 6 aagosto 2021-too xokolu streaming platformot mukoli koraa hoh' bob. 29 july 2021-too protitu gitor etaa ongxo teulukor cho "siyel miriya accountot post koraa hoisil. 2021 sonor 2 septemborot pasta elbame khristomasor aaxe paxe elbamtu mukoli korar kotha ghuxona korisil. 12 septembor 2021-too lo "raxokolor cardiff swo" ror xomoyot teuluke "riset" naamor etaa ballador live prodorxon aarombho korisil, jitu 1 octobor 2021-too ekok "warm light" ror xoite mukoli koraa hoisil. 2021 sonor octoborot, pasta elbame ghuxona korisil je aagontuk elbamtuk "time" buli kuwa hoh 'bob aaru 2022 sonor januaryr aaxe-paxe mukti paab. elbamtur poroborti ekoktuku "time" buli kuwa hoh' bob aaru 22 octobor 2021-too pri-order baabe upolobdho koraa hoh 'bob aaru 2021 sonor 26 novemboror baabe muktir tarikh nirdharon koraa hoh' bob. 2021 sonor disemborot notun elbamtur proschodtur uporot ek anusthanik dristi teulukor notun elbam "time" ror baabe pri-save linkor logote diya hoisil. elbamtu 2022 sonor 28 januaryt mukoli koraa hoisil. bhromon. hadlining ku-hadlining mukoli korar karjyo puroskar. bijoyi botah britt botaa em. ti. bhi. euroop xongit botaa rastriyo reality tibhi botaa rupali clafe botaa smaswe nirbason bijoyi dolok aaghat kore ti. em. ef. botaa (netherlands) tibhi hitt botaa

panch (group) five (five hisabe shailikrito) holl londoner ekti british boy banned jaar sadasya hollen seena conlon, richi neville ebong scott robbinson. taaraa 1997 saale ekoi doll dwara gothito hoyechilo jaaraa taader karmajiban shuru korar agey moshla meyeder porichalona korechilo. eyi dolti beshirbhagi panch-tukra hisabe porichito chhilo, jaar modhye chhilo robbinson, neville, conlon, abz laav ebong jesson "jeey" braun. panchti desh bishwobyapi, bishesh korey taader sthaniya juktorajye, pashapashi bucky europe oo assier beshirbhag ongshe majhari safalya upobhog koreche. british phonographic industry (bpi) onusare, juktorajye 16 lokkho album ebong 34 lokkho ekok albumer jonno panchti pratyayita hoyeche. eyi doll bishwobyapi pray 20 million coppy bikri korey. 2001 saaler 27shhey septembara taaraa alada hoye yaay. robbinson, laav, neville ebong braun 2006 saaler septembore conlon chhada (jaaraa 2001 saale taader bivoktir agey choley giechilo) sangkhiptabhabe gosthitir sangoskar korey, sangeet byabosthapok richarda beker netritte ekti notun porichalon doll niye. aatt maas porey, ekti lavjonok sofor nischito korar poreo jotheshto record companyr agroho orjon korte byartho hoye, panchjon taader official websiter madhyome ghoshana korechilen jey taaraa abar venge debe. 2012 saale, dolti ghoshana korey jey taaraa arekti punarmilaner parikalpana korche, eiber conloner saathe. prodhan gayak braun prothome punormilone ongsho nitey raji hoyechilen, kintu porey tini arr jonosadharoner chokhe thakte chaan naa boley daabi korey taanr monn poriborton korechilen. dolti matro charjan sadasya niye cholte thaake, kintu naam panch rakhar siddhanta neyo. neel, 911, paromanobik bidalchhana, bii * witched, haniz ebong liberty eksa-err pashapashi, panchti panchti documentary sirij "dya bigg runion"-ayee prodorshito hoyechilo, jaa 31 januari 2013-ayee somprocharito hotey shuru korey. err porey 26 february 2013-ayee hammersmith apolote ekti prottaborton anusthan ebong meey maase juktorajyo ebong irelander charpashe ekti erina sofor hoyechilo, jaa badami chhada taader prothom sofor chhilo. navembar ebong december 2013-ayee, panchti taader nijaswa soforer shironam, 5tii sera hitt sofor, chaar-peace hisabe taader prothom ekok sofor. 2014 saaler auguste, prem ekti tweeter madhyome banned theke taar prosthaner ghoshana deyo, conlon, neville ebong robinsonke trayi hisabe chaliye yawar jonno chhede deyo. 2021 saale, panchti anusthanikbhabe 20 bochorer modhye taader prothom ekok, "kip ono movin" (21 remix) prakash korey, jaa taaraa june maase mukti paay, tarpore 2021 saaler auguste "making mii foll" ebong "shangri-laa", tarpor 2021 saaler octobore "riseta" ebong "worm light". 2021 saaler novembore "time" naame ekti ekok mukti paay. 2021 saaler decembere, panchti anusthanikbhabe taader deergho protikkhito choturtho album "time"-err jonno 28 januari 2022-err muktir tarikh ghoshana korey. karmajiban. 1997-1998: gathon ebong ebong. 1997 saale, juktorajyer performing artasa sangbadpatra "dya stage"-ayee ekti biggapon deoa hoyechilo, jekhane torun purush gayak/nrityoshilpider "monovab ebong pranto" soho ekti chhele banned-shailir doler jonno audition deoar jonno bolla hoyechilo. bobb ebong criss harbert, jey dui purush agey moshla meyeder toiri korechilen, bhebechilen jey purush gosthir jonno samayti sothik. bicharokder jonno "shobder cheye beshi" charam ganti poribeshon koraa russell branned soho 3,000-ero beshi ashabadi audition diyechilen. abosheshe taader sankhya komiye matro 14 koraa hoy, jaader modhye panchjon taader auditioner jonno apekkha korar somoy ekti doley nijeder sajiechilen. auditioner foley nayajan sadasyake asthayibhabe cust koraa hayah richi neville, scott robbinson, seena conlon, jesson "jeey" braun, richarda brin (ekhon abz laav naame beshi porichito), ebong pitter cheshayar, poll telor, anthony becker (rapper) ebong rick harshana. jehetu taar prothom naam richarda, taai richi (jonmogotovabe richarda neville dobsone)-err saathe bibhranti edate grin taar ducknum 'abs' (taar majher naam, 'abidin' theke) byabohar korechilen. 1997 saaler meey maase chudanta sadasyader nirbachito korar porr cheshayar ebong telor ketey fela hoy ebong harson chudanta bachhaiye uposthito thakte parenni. becker mulat bande etty toiri korechilen, tobey taanr uttor-purbo uchcharoner madhyome aasaar saathe saathe taanr rapping shailir upor sandeha toiri hoyechilo. management prathomikbhabe ekti phore peace banned khunjchilo, ebong bandtir jonno jeey, seena, scott ebong richi nirbachan korte jachchilo, kintu jokhon taaraa onnoder saathe abs dekhe tokhon taaraa siddhanta neyo jey ekti panch tukro arow vall kaaj korbe. groupti porobortikale chhoy-albumer chuktir jonno saimon kauel ebong bii. emm. zii/arr. shee. ayee dwara swakkhorito hoyechilo. panchjon nafiler trinity studiote taader kaaj anushilan ebong demo korechilo-ekoi jaiga koyek bochor agey moshla meyera korechilo. 1997 saaler novembore, panchti taader prothom ekok "slam dunk (daa funk)" prakash korey, jaa juktorajyer ekok talika 10 nombore atmoprokash korey. ganti eu-teo mukti paay.esha. 1998 saale kintu khub qama churt safalya peyechilo, "billboard" hott 100-ayee 86 nombore pouchechilo, jodio etty nbar notun thim gaan hisabe nirbachito hoyechilo. 1998 saale, panchti taader prothom borh antorjatik hitt orjon korey, "jokhon alo nive yaay", jaa eu-keey crack korey.esha. sheersho 10 ebong shighroi sekhane swarner morjada orjon korey. erpor panchjon taader asonno album procharer jonno aatt diner sofore zaan, airish garla group bii * witched-err saathe disney chyaneler jonno ekti bishesh concerte uposthito hohn, neu eork shohorer times squarey ebong mtv 'shha trelle. prothom album "five" eu-teey 27 nombore uthhe aase.esha. "billboard" 200 ebong juktorajyo soho bishwobyapi anyanno deshe talikar shirshe royeche. "etty upner kaaj" 1998 saaler shesher dike eu-teey mukti paay.esha., shudhumatra ekti halka abhyarthana pawar jonno. dolti ekti eu-teey jatra shuru korey.esha. american boy banned nsinc-err saathe sofor, kintu klantir karone shighroi sorey aasaar porey, vishram nitey ebong ekti notun albumer kaaj shuru korte englande firey yaay. prothom album theke, "anubhuti pelam", "sobai uthhe dandal", ebong "somoy shesh naa haoya porjonto" 1998 saal judey juktorajye ekok hisabe mukti paay. panchti bishwer besh koyekti deshe sheersho 5-ayee pouchechilo, ebong porer duti ekok juktorajye dui nombore uthhe esechilo. panchtir janapriyatar ekti ullekhjoggo upadan chhilo blocker notun bachchader saathe taader sadrishya, purbo 17, backstreet chhelera ebong taader uptempo sangeet shoilite ensink ebong 'strita' chitro, err biporite, boyjon, ebong 98 degree, jaaraa seii somoye prathomikbhabe taader ballader jonno porichito chhilo. panchjon taader beshirbhag gaano likhechilen baa soho-likhechilen, jaa seii somoye chheleder bandgulir aswabhabik chhilo. panchti gaan bikhyatovabe deoa hoyechilo jaa britney borsha ebong 'enn sink'-err jonno bishal hitt hoye othe. 1997 saale, max martin "," shironame ekti notun gaan niye kaaj korchilen...arekbar bachcha."etty mulat pichoner rastar chheleder jonno lekha hoyechilo ebong etty prottakhyan koraa hoyechilo. ganti tokhon tii. ell. shee-keey deoa hoyechilo, jaaraa agrahi chhilo naa. simon kauel ganti shunechilen ebong janten jey etty hitt hobey. martin jodi taar chhele bandke ganti deena, tahle tini martinke ekti vismayakar martin deoar prostab deena. panchti prathomikbhabe kobita likhte shuru korey; tobey, martin ganti up-anned-asonno britney borsha deoar protishruti diyechilen. taanr kotha meney, somapto ganti britnir kachhe choley yaay. proti kauel bollen, "aami americar arista record theke ekti qala peyechilam ebong taaraa amake phone bachchake aghat korey bolechilo. aami bolechilam, "heey amar isshor, eyi holl" taai aami max martinke daklam, jini etty likhechen, ebong aami bolechilam, "max, aami eyi demoti shunechi. dayaa korey amake panchtar jonno deane. ebong seey boley, "aami paari naa, aami britney borsha deoar protishruti diyechilam.aami giechilam, keey? biswas korun, max, britney borsha-err moto naam diye keu aghat korbe naa. shudhu etaa niye bhabun, dayaa korey.chabbish ghanta porr seey firey eshe boley," naa, aami taake ditey cholechi ", ebong etai chhilo." "kintu aami money corry, mool kotha holl, seii ganti jey karor jonnoi hitt hoto. aami jantam etty panchjoner jonno hitt hobey, etty tlc-rawr jonno hitt hobey, etty britney borsha jonno hitt chhilo. deshiya sanskaran, bikalpa sanskaran royeche etty cable ekti hitt gaan chhilo, etty somporke konao proshno nei, ebong seii prothom hitt ganti ekjon shilpir carrier sabcheye guruttopurno ongsho, ebong jey konao byaktir carrier bhangar sabcheye kathin ongshou." porey martin panchjonke "baai baai" boley prostab deena, jaar ekmatro ganti chhilo "eit nott noo lye bebby, baai baai"."ganti shune ebong padguli lekhar chesta korar porey, robbinson ullekh korechilen jey etty ekti panchti gaaner cheye 'enn sink gaaner moto shonache. porey bandti ganti pusses korey. 1999-2000: "aporajeyo. 1999 saaler auguste, taader dwitiya albumer prothom ekok, "invincible", "jodi upney niche zaan", mukti paay ebong bishwobyapi ekti borh hitt hoye othe kintu abar taader niz deshe 1 nombore jete byartho hoy, rickie martin dwara sheersho sthan theke doore rakha hoy. abosheshe, 1999 saaler octobore, porpor tinn nambar-dui shikharer porr, "kip ono movin" taader prothom euke nambar 1 hoye othe, pashapashi taader aaz porjonto sabcheye beshi bikrito ekok hoye othe. dwitiya albumty shighroi sheersho panchtite uthhe aase. "dont oyana leeta eu goo" 2000 saaler marcher godar dike mukti paay, 9 nombore shirshe uthhe aase. 2000 saaler 3 march, rock kingbadanti ranir saathe britt awarde panchti khola hoy, seii bander hitt-err ekti update sanskaran poribeshon korey, "" amra aponake rock korob. seii raate panchjon taader prothom britt puraskar jitechilo, "sera popp abhinoy" hisabe, ebong taader runny gaaner prochchod julai 2000 saale juktorajye taader dwitiya nambar 1 hoye othe. 2000 saaler prothomardhe panchti sofol bishwa sofore juktorajyo, europe, rashiya, australia ebong-ekti forsome hisabe-dakkhin america concert korey, neville chickenpoxer saathe chuktiboddho howar porey ebong englande firey jete hoyechilo. sofor shesh korar porr, ranir sange parke party soho juktorajye onek concerte panchjon anusthan chaliye zaan. aporajeyo"-err ekti punohshuchite taader soforer koyekti gaaner remix sanskaran ebong panchti live tracker pashapashi ekti bonus track antarbhukta chhilo, "dont phaita itt bebby". 2000 saaler julai maase markin juktorashtre muktir karone, taader stateside lebel, arista records dwara groupti baad deoar porey ganti mukti theke sariye neoa hoyechilo. panchjoner taader asean record companyr satheo samasya chhilo ebong porobortikale taader asean sofor batil korey. eyi borh aghater karone chhelera studiote firey yaay ebong taader poroborti albumer jonno gaan likhte shuru korey. taaraa juktorajyo ebong europe puraskar jitote thaake ebong 2000 saaler decembere taader niz deshe taader dwitiya borh sofor shuru korey. 2001: "kingsize", conloner prosthan ebong bibhajan. 2001 saaler januaryte, panchti anusthan bishwer onnotomo brihottomo utsab, reo dii genero rike pray 500,000 dorshoker kachhe poribeshon korte yaay. 2001 saaler meey maase, onek maas srijanshil lekhar porr ebong "taader nijaswa byaktigato shobdo bikasher" porr, "rajotto" somponno hoy. album theke taader prothom ekok gaaner jonno videoti chitrogrohon shuru korar somoy, tobey, conlon uposthito hotey parenni kaaron tini doler ongsho howar karone manosikbhabe venge porechilen. tobey, seii somoye etty prokashye prakash koraa hoyney ebong daabi koraa hoyechilo jey tini gronthijonito jware oshustho chhilen. lates dance" videoti gayoker jonno ekti jeebon-akarer cardboard cutt-out dandiye mukti paay ebong gujab jey tini asle bandti chhede choley gechen taa batil korte hoyechilo. robinsonero taar chhele brenan raiser saathe thucker jonno samoyikbhabe ekti somoyer prayojan chhilo, jey akal jonmogrohon korechilo. bucky tinjan sadasya, braun, laav ebong neville doler tritiya album ebong "leeta 'shha dunce" ekoktir byapok procharer saathe chup diyechilen. julai maase belgiume ekti concerte perform korar somoy, neville taar baam payer tendonguli chhinde feley, samasta prochar bondho korey deyo ebong gosthitike taader bikalpa ebong bhabishyater bishoye punarbibechana korar jonno koyekti sova korte prorochito korey. "lates dunce" 2001 saaler auguster majhamajhi somoye mukti paay ebong dui saptaha dhorey shirshosthan dhorey rekhe taader tritiya juktorajyer eka nambar hoye othe. "kingsize" dui saptaha porey tinn nombore atmoprokash korey ebong swarner morjada orjon korey. kingsize" muktir dui saptaha porr bandti conloner prosthaner ghoshana deyo. neville koyek bochor porey ekti sakkhatkare bolechilen jey bandtir porichalonakari doll conloner banned theke prosthanke gopon rekhechilo, taai taaraa janoto naa jey taaraa jokhon "cholo nutch" videoti chitrayit korechilo tokhon seey choley geche. 2001 saaler 27shhey septembara record byabosthaponar sange eka maaser gurutoro boithoker porr bandti mtv selecte ghoshana korey jey, seii bochorer shesher dike ekti sangkalan prokasher porr etty bivokto hoye jaabe. porer deane, robbinson taar baghdutta, kerry okarke ekti anusthane biye corren, jekhane taar samasta praktan bandmatora uposthito chhilen. koyek bochor porey, grin prakash corren jey tini bichched howar dharonar biruddhe chhilen; tini eyi bichchedke emanbhabe bornona korechilen jey, taanr kachh theke kichhu neoa hoyeche. 19shhey navembar ekti "gretest hitt" album mukti paay, jaar modhye 15tii atito hitt, duti remix ebong ekti notun gaan chhilo. 24shhey navembar, "amar kachakachi" ebong "rock dya party" soho ekti double-ayee-side ekok ekti animated vdo soho juktorajye mukti paay. duti gaan taader ager album "kingsize"-ayee antarbhukta koraa hoyechilo, kintu conloner choley yawar porey, taaraa taader "gretest hitt" album theke ekok hisabe mukti deoar siddhanta neyo. albumty 2002 saaler 15ee february markin juktorashtre mukti paay. bander swalpameyadi jeebone, taaraa vishwajude safalya orjon korey, juktorajye tinn nambar ekok ekok sangraha korey ebong bishwobyapi taader recorder 15-20 million coppy bikri korey, jaar modhye royeche bishwobyapi taader albumer 7 million coppy ebong markin juktorashtre 2 million coppy, ebong pothe asankhya puraskar orjon korey. 2006-2007: prothom punarmilan. 17ee septembara 2006-ayee, fiver official myspace pejer madhyome ekti ghoshana koraa hoyechilo jey 27shhey septembara central londoner sculla ekti sangbad sommelon onusthito hobey. sculla shutingyer karone sthan poribortoner porey, sommelonti barr academyte sthanantorito koraa hoyechilo. sangbad sommelone nischito koraa hoyechilo jey panch sadasyer modhye charjan punra milit hobey (conlon ekhon taar soonee chuktite protishrutiboddho). taader choturtho studio albumer jonno panchti notun record koraa upadan, gaai chembar, suidish projojok/geetikar ebong byager byag ebong farasi djs track akromonkarider saathe kaaj korey. taaraa 2007 saleo soforer parikalpana korechilo. 2007 saaler januarir modhye, panchjon taader albumer ardhek shesh korey ebong notun manager, richarda beker saathe ekti record lebele swakkhar korte cheyechilo, jini "five-dya revive" shironame ekti mtv documentary sirijo surokkhito korechilen. agami koyek maaser modhye albumty mukti paabe boley aasha koraa hoyechilo. 2007 saaler 8ee march modhyorate, notun albume tinti notun gaaner eka minuter panchti clip premiere koraa hoy. 70 deane", "" "sthir hoye zaan" "ebong" "etty sobb vall" "shironamer ganguli bander official website ebong taader myspace pristhateo shona jete paare. 2007 saaler 19 meey sangoskarer matro aatt maas porr ebong jotheshto lavjonok record chukti korte byartho howar porr, porr taader websiter madhyome ghoshana korey jey taaraa arr prottaborton anusaran korbe naa. 2012-2021: dwitiya punarmilan ebong bhalobasar prosthan. 2012 saale, conlon taar praktan bandmateder saathe dwitiya punarmilaner sombhabona niye alochona korte punra milit hohn. braun prathomikbhabe punormilone ongsho nitey ichchuk chhilen, kintu anyanno sadasyara chaar-tukro hisabe chaliye jete pochondo korechilen, atite conlon ebong robinsoner karone taar mansik samasyar porey, pashapashi tini samajik jogajogmadhyome thakte channi. 18 octobor prottabortoner kotha ghoshana koraa hoy. 2013 saale, dolti "borh punormilone" ongsho niyechilo, jekhane taaraa taader eksathe somoy katano ebong ekti bande thucker saathe assa asubidhaguli somporke kotha bolechilo. taaraa notun pancham sadasya jog korar kotha bhebechilo, kintu hull chhede diyechilo. dolti charjonke bandtir notun sadasya howar jonno audition diyechilo (dyana corsey, looke boyden, nathan rowlings ebong ly roots), kintu shesh porjonto pancham sadasyer porikolponati baad deoa hoyechilo ebong panchjon chaar-peace hisabe chaliye yawar siddhanta niyechilo. 2013 saaler septembore taanr bandmateder koraa abhijog aswikar korar jonno braun abosheshe ""-ayee uposthito hohn. tini sweekar corren jey taanr acharanke jorey ebong atirikto sohyo korar moto dekha jete paare, tobey tini utpidankari conlonke aswikar korechilen. tini abojer saathe panian chalakalin bolechilen jey chheleder punarmilaner jonno uttejito howar somoy, tini taar gopaniyata pochondo corren boley jorito hotey chaan naa. 2013 saaler 16ee septembara bandti jatiya reality tibhi awarde sera sangeet abhinoyer (ekti reality tibhi shote) puroskarti grohon korey. navembar ebong december 2013-ayee, panchjon juktorajyo ebong australia taader nijaswa sofor shuru korey, jaa 5tii sera hitt sofor. 2014 saaler march maase gujab chhoriyechilo jey, prem doll chhede diyeche, kintu seii somoy taaraa taa aswikar korechilo. 2014 saaler june maase, panchti somorthito mcbusted taader mcbusted soforer charti tarikhe ebong porey seii maaser bhalobasa bolechilo jey doler bhabishyato anishchito chhilo. prem abosheshe ghoshana korey jey seey anyanno sadasyader agey naa janiyei 2014 saaler auguste tweeter madhyome doll chhede choley geche. ghoshanar kayekdin agey ekti sakkhatkare, prem prakash korey jey tini cable arthik proyojoner karone panchjoner saathe punra milit hotey raji hoyechilen ebong abar kishore gaan gaite khushi chhilen naa. 2016 saaler februaryte, panchti sangkalan "kip ono movin"-dya best off five "prakash korey, jaa trayi hisabe taader prothom mukti. 2019 saaler aprile, chhelera ghoshana korechilo jey taaraa 911, khoti ebong juktorajyer ekti soforer jonno ayee1 dwara jog debe, jaake bolla hoy "chhelera firey eseche!"2020 saale robbinson arow bolechilen jey bander mool purno line-up firey aasaar konao sombhabona nei. tini presha associationke bolechilenoh "[badami ebong bhalobasa]-err kachhe pouchano amader jonno nirbhar korbe naa. taaraa khub sposhto korey diyeche jey taaraa bande thakte chaay naa. jesson orange ebong robby uilliams choley yawar saathe etty neoar moto. etty ekhono kaaj korey, ganguli ekhono ekoi."safarti covid-19 mahamarir karone byahoto hobey, ebong 2021 saaler jonno anusthanguli punarnirdharan koraa hobey. 2021-bortomanoh rebranding ebong "somoy". 2020 saaler shesher dike, panchjon ghoshana korechilen jey taaraa 2021 saale australian popp jutee jutee dwara somorthito arekti australian gretest hitt sofore jatra shuru korben. 4 june 2021-ayee, ekadhik ingito ebong poosta ganana korar porey, panchti ekti notun logo unmochan korey, ekti clip soho "kip ono movin" (21 remix)-err jonno prochchod shilpokormo, jaa taaraa ghoshana korechilo jey apple sangeete prii-order jonno upolobdho chhilo. taaraa 11 june 2021-ayee borh khoborer jonno taader samajik jogajog madhyam accountguli dekhar kothao boleche. 11ee june, mahamari chalakalin record koraa ekti notun albumer ghoshanar saathe remixty mukti paay. 2021 saaler 26shhey julai panchti ghoshana korey jey "shangri-laa" ebong "making mii foll" shironame duti notun ekok gaan prii-order jonno 31shhey julai 2021-ayee upolobdho hobey, tarpor 6ee august 2021-ayee samasta streaming platforme mukti paabe. 29shhey julai 2021-ayee protiti gaaner ekti snippet taader soshyala midia accounte poosta koraa hoyechilo. 2021 saaler 2raa septembara, panchti album chrismuser ashepashe mukti pawar kotha ghoshana korey. 2021 saaler 12ee septembara chheleder cardiff shoe-err somoy taaraa "riseta" naame ekti ballader live uposthapona shuru korey, jaa 1laa octobor 2021-ayee ekok "worm light"-err pashapashi mukti paay. 2021 saaler octobore, panchti ghoshana korey jey asonno albumtike "time" bolla hobey ebong 2022 saaler januarir dike mukti pawar kotha chhilo. albumer poroborti ekoktike "time" bolla hobey ebong 2021 saaler 22 octobor prii-order jonno upolobdho koraa hobey jaa 2021 saaler 26 novemborer jonno muktir tarikh nirdharan korbe. 2021 saaler decembere notun albumer prochchoder ekti anusthanik chehara taader notun album "time"-err jonno ekti prii-sebha linker pashapashi deoa hoyechilo. albumty 2022 saaler 28shhey januari mukti paay. sofor. hedlining koo-hedlining udwodhoni kaaj puraskar. puraskar jiteche britt puraskar mtv europe sangeet puraskar jatiya reality tibhi puraskar sylver cliff puraskar nirbachone vijayi doler opor aghat tii. emm. eff puraskar (netherlands) tibhi hitt awards

paanch (jooth) five (5wive tareeke shailibaddh) londonnun british boya benned chhe jemaa siina conlon, ritchie neville aneey sqota robinsonno samaavesh thaay chhe. temnee rachnaa 1997maan aee jaj team dwara karvaamaa aavee hatee jene temnee karkirdi sharoo kartaa pahelaa masala chhokarionu sanchalan karyoo hatoo. aaa jooth mote bhaage paanch tukada tareeke jaanitu hatoo, jemaa robinson, neville, conlon, abs lava aneey jayson "jeey" braaunno samaavesh thato hato. paanch lokoae vishvbharma, khaas kareene temnaa mool united kingadamma, temaj baakinaa europe aneey aesheeyana motabhagna vistaroma madhyam safalataa melvee hatee. british phonographic udhyog (bii. pii. aaee.) anusaar, yukemaa 16 laakh albums aneey 34 laakh singles maate paanchne pramanit karvaamaa aavyaa chhe. aaa juthe vishvbharma lagbhag 20 million nakalo vechee hatee. 27 september 2001naa roj teo alag thaee gayaa. robinson, lava, neville aneey braaunae september 2006maan sangeet vyavsthaapak ritchard beknee aagevani hethalnee navee vyavsthaapan team saathe conlon vagarnaa juthamaa toonk samay maate sudhaaro karyo (jeo 2001maan temnaa vibhajan pahelaa chaalya gayaa hataa). aath maheena pachhi, aek aakarshak pravaas melvyo parantu companyno purato reqorda rus melavaamaa nishfal rahyaa, paanch lokoae temnee sattavaar website dwara jaaherat curry keey teo fareethi vikheree nakhshe. 2012 maan, juthe jaaherat curry hatee keey teo anya aek punarmilanni yojnaa banaavi rahyaa chhe, aaa vakhate conlon saathe. mukhya gaayak braaun sharuaatmaa punahmilanmaa bhaag levaa maate sammat thayaa hataa, parantu baadmaa temane potaano vichaar badaline daavo karyo hato keey teo havey lokonee najarmaa rahevaa maangtaa nathee. jooth maatra chaar sabhyo saathe chaalu rahyu, parantu naam paanch raakhvaanu nakki karyoo. blue, 911, anoo bilaadinu bachchu, bii * witched, honeys aneey liberty exnee saathe, paanchne itv2 dastaveji shrenee "dhaa bigg runion" maan darshavvama aavyaa hataa, jenu prasaaran 31 january 2013naa roj sharoo thayu hatoo. aaa pachhi 26 februari 2013naa roj hammersmith apollo khaate punaragaman pradarshan aneey meey maheenama yuke aneey irelandnee aaspaas erena pravaas dwara anusarvaamaa aavyu hatoo, jeey braaun vagarno temno pratham pravaas hato. november aneey december 2013maan, paanch lokoae temnaa potaana pravasma mukhya bhoomika bhajvi, 5 shreshth safal pravaas, chaar bhaag tareeke temno pratham solo pravaas. august 2014maan, lave aek tweet dwara bendmathi vidaay levani jaaherat curry hatee, jemaa conlon, neville aneey robinsonne traney tareeke chaalu raakhvaa maate chhodi deedhaa hataa. 2021maan, paanch lokoae sattavaar reete 20 varshmaa temnu pratham single, "keep ona movin" (21 remix) rajoo karyoo, jeey teoae junamaa rajoo karyoo, tyarbad august 2021maan "macking mee phola" aneey "shangri-laa", pachhi october 2021maan "reset" aneey "worm light". november 2021maan "time" sheershak dharaavtu single rajoo karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. december 2021maan, paanch lokoae temnaa laambaa samaythi raah jovati chothee album "time" maate 28 january 2022nee release taarikhni sattavaar jaaherat curry hatee. karkirdi. 1997-1998: rachnaa aneey "5ive". 1997maan, yukena performing arts akhbaar "dhaa stage" maan aek jaaherat mukvaamaa aavee hatee, jemaa yuvan purush gaayako/nartakone "valan aneey dhaar" saathe chhokaraona benned-shaileena jooth maate audition aapvaa maate kahevama aavyu hatoo. boob aneey criss herbert, jeey beey maansoae agau masala chhokario banaavi hatee, temne laagyu keey purush jooth maate aaa yogya samay chhe. 3, 000thee vadhu aashavadioae audition aapyu hatoo, jemaa russel brandno samaavesh thaay chhe, jemane nyayadhisho maate "shabdo karataa vadhu" aatyantik geet rajoo karyoo hatoo. aakhare teo maatra 14 sudhee maryadit thaee gayaa hataa, jemathi paanchae temnaa auditionni raah jotaa potaane aek juthamaa gothvi deedhaa hataa. auditionma nava sabhyoni kaamchalaau castingma parinamyu ritchie neville, sqota robinson, siina conlon, jayson "jeey" braaun, richard briin (havey abs lava tareeke vadhu jaanita), aneey pieter cheshire, poola taylor, anthony backer (rapper) aneey rick hershon. tenu pahelu naam richard hovathi, breene ritchie (janmthi richard neville dobson) saathe munjhavan taalvaa maate tenu upnaam 'abbs' (tenaa madhya naam, 'abidin' maanthi) noow upyog karyo hato. meey 1997maan jyaare anteem sabhyoni pasandagi karvaamaa aavee tyaare cheshire aneey tailorne paachhalthi kaapee nakhvama aavyaa hataa aneey hershon anteem pasandgima bhaag laee shakyaa naa hataa. backer mulroope bendamaa jodaayo hato, parantu tenee rapping shailee parr shankaa vyakt karvaamaa aavee hatee kaaran keey teno uttar purvano uchchaar aavyo hato. management sharuaatmaa phora peace benned joee rahyu hatoo, aneey benned maate jeey, siina, sqota aneey ritchie pasand karvaa jaee rahyu hatoo, parantu jyaare teoae anya loko saathe abbs joyaa tyaare teoae nakki karyoo keey paanch peace vadhu saaree reete kaama karashe. aaa juthane baadmaa simone cowell aneey bmg/rca dwara chh-album karaar maate sahee karvaamaa aavee hatee. paanch lokoae nephilmaa triiniity studiyomaa temnaa kaamno abhyaas karyo aneey pradarshan karyoo-teey jaj jagyae jeey masala chhokarioae thodaa varsho pahelaa karyoo hatoo. november 1997maan, paanch lokoae temnu pratham single "slame dunk (daa funk)" rajoo karyoo, jeey yuke singles chartma 10maa krame aavyu hatoo. aaa geet yuu. aesa. maan pann rajoo karvaamaa aavyu hatoo.aesa. 1998maan parantu tene chartma bahoo ochhi safalataa malee hatee, jeey "billboard" hooat 100 parr 86maa krame pahonchi hatee, joke tene aena. bii. aee. naa navaa theem geet tareeke pasand karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. 1998maan, fivay temnee pratham motee aantarrashtriy hita melvee, "jyaare light bundh thaay chhe", jene yuu. neey todee nakhyu.aesa. tochnaa 10 aneey toonk samayma tyaan suvarnano darajjo melvyo. tyarbad five temnaa aagaami aalbamna prachaar maate aath divasnaa pravaas parr gayaa, jeey disney chenal maate irish gerl group bii * witched saathe, newyork shaherma times squarema aneey amtivina trl parr aek khaas sangeet karykrama dekhaaya hataa. pratham album "5wive" yuu. aesa. maan 27maa krame pahonchyu hatoo.aesa. "billboard" 200 aneey yuke saheet vishvbharnaa anya deshomaa chartma toach parr chhe. "teey vastuo tame karoo chho" yuu. aesa. maan 1998 naa antamaa rajoo karvaamaa aavee hatee.aesa., maatra hunfaalu swaagat praapt karvaa maate. juthe yuu sharoo karyoo.aesa. american boya benned aena. aesa. aena. see. aena. see. saathe pravaas, parantu thaakne kaarane toonk samayma jaj bahaar neekali gayaa pachhi, aaraam karvaa aneey navaa album parr kaama sharoo karvaa maate ingland paachha faryaa. haju pann pratham aalbammathi, "geta dhaa feeling", "darek jaana uthe chhe", aneey "samay puuro thaay tyaan sudhee" badhaa 1998 darmiyan yukemaa singles tareeke rajoo karvaamaa aavyaa hataa. paanch vishvanaa ghanaa deshomaa tochnaa 5 maan pahonchya hataa, aneey pachhinaa beey singles yukemaa beeja krame pahonchya hataa. paanchnee lokpreeytama aek nondhpaatra tatva bloqa, purv 17, backstreet chhokarao aneey temnee uptempo sangeet shailima 'sheree' chhabima nsnc jevaa jutho saathe temnee saamyata hatee, tenaathi vipareet, boyzon aneey 98 degree, jeey teey samaye mukhyatve temnaa lokgeeto maate jaanita hataa. paanch lokoae temnaa motabhagna geeto pann lakhyaa athavaa saha-lakhyaa, jeey teey samaye chhokaraona juthamaa asamanya hataa. paanch geeto prasiddh reete rajoo karvaamaa aavyaa hataa jeey britnee bhaala aneey 'aena sink' maate vishaal hita saabit thayaa hataa. 1997maan, makes martin "," naamnaa navaa geet parr kaama curry rahyaa hataa...baadak vadhu aek vaar."teey mulroope backstreet chhokarao maate lakhvaamaa aavyu hatoo, aneey tene nakaari kadhvama aavyu hatoo. tyarbad tii. aela. see. neey geet rajoo karvaamaa aavyu hatoo, jaimne pann rus nahoto. simone kovelae aaa geet saambhalyu hatoo aneey jaantaa hataa keey teey hita thashe. jooe martin tenaa paanch varshnaa chhokaraona bendne geet aapshe too tene martinne aek aashcharyajanak martinni rajuaat curry hatee. paanch lokoae sharuaatmaa chhando lakhvaanu sharoo karyoo; jooe keey, martine aagaami britnee bhaalaaone geet lakhvaanu vachan aapyu hatoo. temnaa vachanne jaalvi rakheene, samaapt geet britnee paase gayoo. kovelnaa janaavya anusaar, "maney americama arista records tarafthi phone aavyo aneey teoae maney phone parr maney maarvaani ramat ramee. huun aevu hatoo, "oh maay gooad, aaa teey chhe" tethee meyn makes martinne phone karyo, jemane teey lakhyu, aneey meyn kahyoo, "makes, meyn hamanaa jaj aaa demo saambhalyo chhe. maherbaani kareene maney teey paanchmaa aapo. aneey teey gayo, "huun naa curry shakoo, meyn britnee bhaalaaone vachan aapyu hatoo.huun gayo", koona? maaro vishvaas karoo, makes, britnee bhaala jevaa naamthi koee safal nahee thaay. jaraa tenaa vishe vichaaro, maherbaani kareene.chovis kalaak pachhi teey paachho aavyo aneey kahyoo" naa, huun tene aapish ", aneey bus." "pann maney laage chhe keey muddo aee chhe keey, teey geet koee pann vyaktee maate hita rahyu hota. huun jaanato hato keey teey paanch maate hita hashe, teey tlc maate hita hashe, teey britnee bhaala maate hita hatee. tyaan deshee aavruttio, vaikalpik aavruttio chheh teey maatra aek hita geet hatoo, tenaa vishe koee prashna nathee, aneey teey pratham hita geet hovu aee kalaakaarni karkidrino sauthee mahatvapurn bhaag chhe, aneey koinee pann karkidrine todvaano sauthee mushkel bhaag pann chhe." paanchne paachhalthi martin dwara "baay baay baay" ofara karvaamaa aavyu hatoo, jemaa ekmatra purn geet "nooat nooat noow laai babby, baay baay" hatoo."geet sambhaline aneey chhando lakhvaano prayaas karyaa pachhi, robinsane nondhyu keey teey paanch geet karataa 'aena sink geet' jevu laage chhe. tyarbad bende geetane aagad vadhaaryu. 1999-2000: "ajey". august 1999maan, temnaa beeja album "ajey" noon pratham single, "jooe tame neeche jaao", release thayu hatoo aneey vishvbharma aek motee hita bunny hatee, parantu pharii aekvaar temnaa vatanmaa number 1 parr javama nishfal rahee hatee, jene rickie martin dwara tochnaa sthaanthee bahaar rakhvama aavyu hatoo. aakhare, october 1999maan, satat trana number-beey shikharo pachhi, "keep ona movin" temnu pratham yuke number 1 banyu, temaj temnu atyaar sudhinu sauthee vadhu vechaatu single banyu. tyarbad toonk samayma jaj beeja albumae tochnaa paanchmaa sthaan melavyu hatoo. "" "dont want leeta yuu goo" "march 2000nee sharuaatmaa rajoo karvaamaa aavee hatee, jeey 9maa krame pahonchi hatee. 3 march 2000naa roj, roqa legends kween saathe brit awardsma paanchnee sharuaat thaee hatee, jeey teey bendnee heetanu adhyatan sanskaran rajoo karey chhe," "amey tamane roqa kareeshu". teey raatre fivay "shreshth pope act" tareeke temno pratham brit award jeetyo hato aneey julai 2000maan yukemaa temnu kween songnu cover temnu beeju number 1 banyu hatoo. 2000naa purvaardhmaa paanch safal vishva pravaas parr aavyaa hataa, jemaa yuke, europe, russia, austreliya aneey-aek chaar-chaar tareeke-dakshin americama sangeet jalsaao rajoo karvaamaa aavyaa hataa, nevilne chickenpoxno chep laagyo aneey tene ingland parat farvu padyu hatoo. pravaas puuro karyaa pachhi, paanch lokoae yukemaa ghanaa sangeet jalsaoma pradarshan karvaanu chaalu raakhyu, jemaa raanee saathe parkma partyno samaavesh thaay chhe. ajey" naa punah-prakashanma temnaa pravaasnaa beey geeto aneey paanch jivant gitonaa remix sanskarano, temaj bonus track, "dont fight itt babby" noow samaavesh thaay chhe. yuu. aesa. maan julai 2000maan rajoo thavaane kaarane, temnaa stateside label, arista records dwara juthane chhodi devaaya pachhi geetane releasemanthi khenchee levaamaa aavyu hatoo. paanchne temnee aeshiyan reqorda kampani saathe pann samasyao hatee, aneey tyarbad temno aeshiyan pravaas rada karyo hato. aaa motaa fatakothi pidaataa, chhokarao studiyomaa paachha faryaa aneey temnaa aagaami album maate geeto lakhvaanu sharoo karyoo. teoae yuke aneey europema puraskaaro jitvaanu chaalu raakhyu aneey december 2000maan temnaa vatanmaa temno beejo moto pravaas sharoo karyo. 2001: "kingsize", konalonnu prasthaan aneey vibhajan. january 2001maan, paanch loko vishvanaa sauthee motaa tahevaromana aek, riyo dii janeiroma roqa ina reeyoma lagbhag 500,000 lokonaa prexako maate pradarshan karvaa gayaa hataa. meey 2001maan, ghanaa mahinaaonaa sarjanatmak lekhan aneey "potaano vyaktigat avaaj vikasavya" pachhi, "kingsize" purn thayu hatoo. jyaare aalbammathi temnaa pratham single maate videeyo filmankan sharoo karvaano samay aavyo, joke, conlon haajar naa thaee shakyo kaaran keey teey juthano bhaag hovaane kaarane tanaavthi mansik bhanganthi pidaato hato. joke, teey samaye aaa baabat jaaherma jaaher karvaamaa aavee naa hatee aneey daavo karvaamaa aavyo hato keey teey granthijanya taavthi beemar hataa. lates dance" videeyo gaayak maate aek sampoorn kadnaa cardboard qata-out saathe rajoo karvaamaa aavyo hato, aneey afavaao keey tene hakeekatma benned chhodi didhu hatoo tene rada karavu padyu hatoo. robinsonne pann tenaa putra, brenan rees saathe rahevaa maate asthaayi samaynee jaroor hatee, jeey akaale janmyo hato. baakinaa trana sabhyo, braaun, lava aneey neville juthanaa trija album aneey "lates dance" singalnaa bhaare prachaar saathe dabaan karyoo. julyma belgium aek sangeet karykrama pradarshan karatee vakhate, neville tenaa daaba pagnaa rajjune faadi nakhya, tamaam pramoshanne atkavi didhu aneey juthane temnaa vikalpo aneey bhavishya parr fareethi vichaar karvaa maate ketalik bethako karvaa maate prereet karyoo. "lates dance" august 2001naa madhyamaa rajoo karvaamaa aavee hatee, jooe keey, aneey beey athvadiya sudhee tochnu sthaan jaalvi rakheene yukemaa temno trijo number vana banyo hato. "kingsize" beey athvadiya pachhi trija krame sharoo thayu aneey aagad vadheene suvarnano darajjo haansal karyo. kingsize" nee rajuaatnaa beey athvadiya pachhi, bende konalonnaa prasthaanni jaaherat curry. neville ghanaa varsho pachhi aek mulakatma kahyoo hatoo keey bendnaa managemente konalonnaa bendmathi vidaayne goopt raakhyu hatoo, tethee jyaare teoae "lates dance" videeyo filmavyo tyaare temne khabar nahoti keey teey chaalyo gayo chhe. 27 september 2001naa roj, reqorda management saathe aek maheenani gambhir bethako pachhi, bende mtv select parr jaaherat curry keey teey varshnaa antamaa sankalan bahaar paadya pachhi teey vibhajit thashe. beeja divase, robinsane tenaa purv bendnaa tamaam saatheeo saathe aek samarohma tenaa mangetar, keree okara saathe lagna karyaa. varsho pachhi, breene jaaher karyoo keey teey chhutachhedana vichaarnee sakhat viruddh chhe; tene chhutachhedane aevee laagani tareeke varnavi keey tenee pasethi kaneek levaamaa aavyu chhe. 19 novembernaa roj 15 bhutkaalni hita, beey remix aneey aek navoo geet saathe "gratest hita" album rajoo karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. 24 novembernaa roj, "maaree najik" aneey "roqa dhaa party" saathenu double-aee-side single united kingadamma animated videeyo saathe rajoo karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. aaa banne geeto temnaa agaauna album "kingsize" maan saamel karvaamaa aavyaa hataa, parantu konalonnaa gayaa pachhi, teoae temnaa "gratest hita" aalbammathi single tareeke rajoo karvaanu nakki karyoo. aaa album 15 februari 2002naa roj united statesma rajoo thayu hatoo. bendnaa tunkaa jivankalma, teoae vishvbharma safalataa melvee hatee, yukemaa trana number-vana singles melvyaa hataa aneey vishvbharma temnaa recordsnee 15-20 million nakalo vechvaano andaaj mookyo hato, jemaa vishvbharma temnaa albumsnee 7 million nakalo aneey united statesma 20 million nakalo saamel hatee, aneey rastaama asankhya puraskaaro melvyaa hataa. 2006-2007: pratham punahmilan. 17 september 2006naa roj, fivena sattavaar myspace pej dwara jaaherat karvaamaa aavee hatee keey 27 septembernaa roj madhya londonna scala khaate aek patrakaar parishad yojavani chhe. scala khaate shootingne kaarane sthal badalaaya pachhi, parishadne baar academy islingtonma khasedvama aavee hatee. patrakaar parishadma pushti karvaamaa aavee hatee keey panchmathi chaar sabhyo pharii aek thashe (conlon havey tenaa soonee sodaa maate pratibaddh chhe). temnaa chothaa studiyo album maate paanch recorded navee samagri, jemaa gaay chamber, swedish nirmata/gitkaar enders bagg aneey french djs track aakramankaro saathe kaama karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. teoae 2007maan pravaas karvaanee pann yojnaa banaavi hatee. january 2007 sudhimaa, paanch lokoae temnaa aalbamnu adadhu purn curry leedhu hatoo aneey navaa manager, richard beeka saathe reqorda label parr hastakshar karvaa maangtaa hataa, jemane "five-dhaa revive" naamnee mtv dastaveji shrenee pann melvee hatee. aaa album aagaami thodaa maheenama rajoo thavaani apeksha hatee. 8 march 2007naa roj, madhyaraatriae, trana navaa geetoni aek minuteni paanch clipsnu premiere thayu hatoo jeey navaa aalbamma aavvaanaa hataa. 70 divas", "settle daaun" aneey "itts ola good" shirshakvala geeto bendnee sattavaar website parr aneey temnaa myspace pej parr pann sambhali shakaay chhe. 19 meey 2007naa roj, sudharana maatra aath maheena pachhi aneey purato aakarshak reqorda sodo karvaamaa nishfal gayaa pachhi, 5ewa temnee website dwara jaaherat curry keey teo havey punaragaman nahee karey. 2012-2021: beeju punarmilan aneey premnu prasthaan. 2012 maan, conlon beeja punarmilanni shakyata ange charcha karvaa maate tenaa bhutpurv bendnaa saatheeo saathe pharii jodaya. braaun sharuaatmaa punahmilanmaa bhaag levaa taiyar hato, parantu anya sabhyoae bhutkaalmaa temnaa dwara collon aneey robinsonne thatee manovaigyanik samasyao pachhi, temaj teo soshiyal media parr naa rahevaa maangtaa hataa, chaar bhaag tareeke chaalu raakhvaanu pasand karyoo. 18 octobernaa roj parat farvani jaaherat karvaamaa aavee hatee. 2013 maan, juthe "motaa punahmilan" maan bhaag leedho, jyaan teoae saathe temnaa samay aneey bendamaa hovaa saathe aavtee mushkeleeo vishe vaat curry. teoae navaa paanchmaa sabhyane umervaanu vichaaryu, parantu temane haar maanee. juthe bendnaa navaa sabhy banvaa maate chaar maanso (dayne korsi, luke boyden, nathan rovelings aneey lii roots) noon audition leedhu hatoo, parantu ante paanchmaa sabhyani yojnaa padatee mukvaamaa aavee hatee aneey paanch lokoae chaar-tukada tareeke chaalu raakhvaanu nakki karyoo hatoo. september 2013maan tenaa bendnaa saatheeo dwara karvaamaa aavela aaropone nakaari kaadhvaa maate aakhare braaun "parr" dekhaayo. tene sveekaaryu keey tenee vartanukne motethee aneey ateeshay tareeke jovama aavee shake chhe, parantu tene gundagirino incar karyo hato. tene abaz saathena pinaan darmiyan kahyoo hatoo keey chhokaraona punahmilan maate utsaahit hovaa chhataa, teey saamel thavaa maangato naa hato kaaran keey tene tenee gopaniyataa game chhe. 16 september 2013naa roj, bende raashtriy reality tivi puraskaroma shreshth sangeet abhinay (reality tivi shho parr) noow award melvyo hato. november aneey december 2013maan, paanch lokoae yuke aneey australiyama temnaa potaana pravaasnee sharuaat curry, jeey 5 iv gratest hita pravaas hato. march 2014maan aevee afavaa felai hatee keey premae jooth chhodi didhu chhe, parantu teey samaye teoae teno incar karyo hato. juuna 2014maan, paanch lokoae temnaa mcbusted pravaasnee chaar taarikho parr mcbustedne teko aapyo hato aneey teey mahinaanaa premmaa janaavyu hatoo keey juthanu bhavishya aneeshchit hatoo. aakhare lave jaaherat curry keey tene anya sabhyone agaauthi janaavya vinaa, august 2014maan tweeter dwara jooth chhodi didhu hatoo. jaaheratna thodaa divaso pahelaa aek mulakatma, lave khulaso karyo hato keey teey maatra nanakiy jaruriyaatne kaarane paanch saathe pharii jodava maate sammat thayo hato, aneey fareethi kishore geeto gaavaama khush nahoto. februari 2016maan, paanch lokoae "keep ona movin-dhaa besta off five" noon sankalan bahaar paadyu, jeey traney tareeke temnee pratham rajuaat hatee. april 2019maan chhokaraoae jaaherat curry hatee keey teo 911, nuksan aneey aee1 saathe yukena pravaas maate jodai jashe, jenu naam hatoo "chhokarao paachha aavee gayaa chhe!"2020maan. robinsane aema pann janaavyu hatoo keey bendnee mool sampoorn line-up parat aavvani koee taka nathee. temane presa associationne kahyunh "[braaun anned lava] sudhee pahonchavu amara parr nirbhar nahee hoya. teoae khoob jaj spasht curry didhu chhe keey teo bendamaa rahevaa maangtaa nathee. teey teey levaa jevu chhe, jayson orange aneey robby williams jataa rahe chhe. teey haju pann kaama karey chhe, geeto haju pann teey jaj chhe."covid-19 rogchaalaane kaarane aaa pravasma vikshep padashe, jemaa 2021 maate kaarykramonu punnirdhaaran karvaamaa aavashe. 2021-vartmaanah rebranding aneey "samay". 2020 naa antamaa, paanch lokoae jaaherat curry hatee keey teo 2021 maan australian pope jodee "bahen 2 bahen" dwara samartheet anya australian sauthee safal pravaas sharoo karashe. 4 juuna 2021naa roj, sanketo aneey postsnee shrenibaddh ganatari pachhi, paanch lokoae aek clip saathe "keep ona movin" (21 remix) maate cover artwork, navaa logonu anaavaran karyoo, jenee jaaherat teoae apple music parr prii-order maate uplabdh hovani jaaherat curry hatee. teoae 11 juuna 2021naa roj motaa samachar maate temnaa soshiyal media accounts jovaanu pann kahyoo. 11 junanaa roj, rogchaalaa darmiyan reqorda karaayela navaa aalbamni jaaherat saathe remix rajoo karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. 26 julai 2021naa roj, paanch lokoae "shangri-laa" aneey "macking mee phola" sheershak dharaavtaa beey navaa singlesnee jaaherat curry jeey 31 julai 2021naa roj prii-order maate uplabdh hashe, pachhi 6 august 2021naa roj tamaam streaming platform parr rajoo karvaamaa aavashe. 29 julai 2021naa roj darek geetno aek bhaag temnaa soshiyal media accounts parr poosta karvaamaa aavyo hato. 2 september 2021naa roj, paanch lokoae jaaherat curry keey album natalni aaspaas rajoo karvaamaa aavashe. 12 september 2021naa roj chhokaraona cardiff shho darmiyan teoae "reset" naamnaa lokgitni jivant prastuti sharoo curry, jeey 1 october 2021naa roj single "worm light" nee saathe rajoo karvaamaa aavee hatee. october 2021maan, paanch lokoae jaaherat curry hatee keey aagaami aalbamne "time" kahevama aavashe aneey teey january 2022nee aaspaas release thavaanu hatoo. aalbammathi aagaami singalne "time" pann kahevama aavashe aneey 22 october 2021naa roj prii-order maate uplabdh karavvama aavashe, jeey 26 november 2021 maate releaseni taarikh nakki karashe. december 2021maan navaa album cover parr sattavaar najar temnaa navaa album "time" maate prii-save link saathe aapvama aavee hatee. aaa album 28 january 2022naa roj rajoo karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. pravaas. headline saha-sheershak sharuaatni kriyaa puraskaaro. jeetya puraskaaroh british puraskaaro mtv europe music awards raashtriy reality tivi puraskaaro silver claff award chuntani vijeta pakshne fatako tii. aema. aef. puraskaaro (natherland) tivi hita award

paanch (samooh) paanch (5va key roop mein shailibaddh) landan key ack british boy baind hain jisamen sadasya seane conlon, richi neville aur scott robbinson shamil hain. way 1997 mein usee team dwara banaae gaye they jisane masala ladkiyon koo apana currier shuru karane seey pahale prabandhit kiya thaa. samooh koo jyaadaatar paanch-tukade key roop mein jaanaa jaataa thaa, jisamen robbinson, neville, conlon, abbs lava aur jayson "jey" braun shamil they. paanch ney duniya bhar mein madhyam safalata praapt kii, vishesh roop seey apane mool sanyukt raajya key saath-saath baaki europe aur asia key adhikansh hisson mein. british phonographic udyog (bee. pee. aaee.) key anusaar, britten mein 16 laakh albums aur 34 laakh ekal key liye paanch koo pramaanit kiya gayaa haye. samooh ney duniya bhar mein lagbhag 20 million pratiyaan bechi. way 27 sitambar 2001 koo alag hoe gaye. robbinson, lava, neville, aur braun ney sitambar 2006 mein sangeet prabandhak richard beck key netritva mein ack naee prabandhan team key saath binaa conlone (joe apane 2001 key vibhajan seey pahale chaley gaye) key samooh mein sankshipt roop seey sudhaar kiya. aathh maheene baad, ack aakarshak daura hassil karane key baad, lekin paryaapt record company ruchi hassil karane mein whiffle rahane key baad, paanch ney apani aadhikarik website key madhyam seey ghoshana kii kii way phir seey bhang curr denge. 2012 mein, samooh ney ghoshana kii kii way ack aur punarmilan kii yojana banaa rahey they, iss baar board parr conlon key saath. mukhya gaayak braun shuru mein punarmilan mein bhaag lene key liye sahmat hoe gaye, lekin baad mein unhone apana munn badal liya, yeh daavaa karate hue kii vaha abb janata kii nazaron mein naheen rehna chaahte they. samooh kewal chaar sadasyon key saath jaari rhaa, lekin naam paanch rakhane kaa faisala kiya. blue, 911, atomic kitton, bee * witched, honeys aur liberty aiks key saath, paanch koo itv2 vrittachitra shrinkhala "dha bigg runion" mein dikhaaya gayaa thaa, joe 31 janwari 2013 koo prasaarit honah shuru huaa thaa. isake baad 26 farwari 2013 koo hammersmith apolo mein vaapsee pradarshan aur maee mein yuke aur ireland key aspas ack akhaada daura huaa, joe braun key binaa unakaa pahala daura thaa. navambar aur disambar 2013 mein, paanch ney apane swayam key daure koo sheersh parr rakhaa, 5 sabse badaa hitt daura, chaar-tukade key roop mein unakaa pahala ekal daura. agast 2014 mein, lava ney ack tweet key madhyam seey baind seey apane prasthaan kii ghoshana kii, jisase conlone, neville aur robbinson koo ack tikadi key roop mein jaari rakhaa gayaa. 2021 mein, paanch ney aadhikarik taur parr 20 varshon mein apana pahala ekal, "keep onn moveen" (21 remix) jaari kiya, jise unhone juuna mein jaari kiya, isake baad agast 2021 mein "making mee faul" aur "shangri-laa", phir octuber 2021 mein "reset" aur "warm light". navambar 2021 mein "time" sheershak seey ack ekal jaari kiya gayaa thaa. disambar 2021 mein, paanch ney aadhikarik taur parr apane lambe samay seey prateekshit chauthe album "time" key liye 28 janwari 2022 kii release kii tarikh kii ghoshana kii. carrier. 1997-1998: gathan aur "5ive". 1997 mein, yuu. key. pradarshan kalaa samachar patra "dha stage" mein ack vigyaapan diyaa gayaa thaa, jisamen yuva purush gayakon/nartakon koo "ravaiya aur badhat" key saath ack ladke baind-shally key samooh key liye audition dene key liye kahaa gayaa thaa. bobb aur criss herbert, dou purush jinhone pahale masaale vaali ladkiyon koo banaaya thaa, ney socha kii yeh samay ack purush samooh key liye sahee thaa. 3, 000 seey adhik aashavaadiyon ney audition diyaa, jisamen russell brand bhee shamil thaa, jinhone nyayadhishon key liye "shabdon seey adhik" charam geet kaa pradarshan kiya. antatah unhein kewal 14 taka seemit curr diyaa gayaa, jinamen seey paanch ney apane audition kii prateeksha karate hue khud koo ack samooh mein vyavasthit kiya thaa. audition key parinamswarup nau sadasyon kii ack asthaayi casting huih richi neville, scott robbinson, seane conlon, jayson "jey" braun, richard breen (abb abb abaz lava key roop mein behtar jaanaa jaataa haye), aur peater cheshire, paul teller, anthany becker (rapper) aur rick harshon. jaisa kii unakaa pahala naam richard haye, breen ney richi (janm seey richard neville dobson) key saath bhram seey bachane key liye apane upnaam 'abbs' (unake beach key naam, 'abidin' seey) kaa upayog kiya. cheshire aur teller koo baad mein taba kaat diyaa gayaa jaba maee 1997 mein antim sadasyon koo chunaa gayaa aur harshon antim chayan mein bhaag naheen leey sakey. becker ney ise mool roop seey baind mein banaaya, lekin unaki rapping shally parr sandeh thaa kyonki unakaa uttar poorv uchchaaran aaya thaa. prabandhan shuru mein ack chaar tukadon kaa baind dekh rhaa thaa, aur baind key liye jey, seane, scott aur richi kaa chayan karane jaa rhaa thaa, lekin jaba unhone dusaron key saath abbs dekhaa tou unhone faisala kiya kii ack paanch tukadon kaa kaam behtar hoga. samooh koo baad mein saiman cowell aur bmg/rca dwara chhah-album saude key liye hastaaksharit kiya gayaa thaa. paanch ney naphil mein trinity studio mein apane kaam kaa abhyaas kiya aur pradarshan kiya-vahee jagah jahan masaale vaali ladakiyan kuchh saal pahale karati theen. navambar 1997 mein, paanch ney apana pahala ekal "slam dunk (daa funk)" jaari kiya, joe yuke ekal chart mein number 10 parr shuru huaa. yeh geet yuu mein bhee jaari kiya gayaa thaa.aiss. 1998 mein lekin chart mein bahut cumm safalata millie, "billboard" hott 100 parr 86 vein number parr pahunch gaee, halanki ise nba key nae theem geet key roop mein chunaa gayaa thaa. 1998 mein, paanch ney apani pahali badee antarrashtriya hitt arjit kii, "jaba roshni chully jaati haye", jisane yuu koo toda diyaa.aiss. sheersh 10 aur jald hii vahaan swarn kaa darja arjit kiya. isake baad paanch loga apane agami album koo badhaava dene key liye aathh divasiya daure parr gaye, joe irish gerl group bee * witched key saath disney channel key liye ack vishesh sangeet karyakram mein dikhaai diye, newyork shahar mein times squire mein aur mtv key trl parr. pahala album "5va" yuu. mein 27vein number parr pahunch gayaa.aiss. "billboard" 200 aur yuu. key. sahit duniya bhar key anya deshon mein chart mein sheersh parr rhaa. "yeh way cheejen hain joe aap karate hain" 1998 key anta mein yuu mein jaari kii gaee thee.aiss.kewal ack gungune swaagat praapt karane key liye. samooh ney ack yuu parr shuru kiya.aiss. americi boy baind ensink key saath daura, lekin jald hii thakawat key kaaran baahar nickle gayaa, aaraam karane aur ack nae album parr kaam shuru karane key liye ingland vaapas udaan bharee. pahale album seey, "mahsoos huaa", "harr koee uthh gayaa", aur "jaba taka samay samaapt naheen huaa" sabhi 1998 mein yuke mein ekal key roop mein jaari kiye gaye they. duniya bhar key kaee deshon mein paanch sheersh 5 mein pahunch gaye, aur baad key dou ekal yuke mein number dou sthaan parr pahunch gaye. paanch kii lokpriyata mein ack mahatvapurna tatva block, poorv 17, backstreet ladakon aur aine. aiss. sink jaise samoohon key saath unaki samaantaa thee, joe apani uptempo sangeet shally aur 'street' chhavi mein they, isake vipareet, boyzone, aur 98 degree, joe usa samay mukhya roop seey apane gaathaagit key liye jaane jaate they. paanch ney apane adhikansh geet bhee likhe yaa saha-likhe, joe usa samay key ladakon key baindon key liye asamanya they. paanch prasiddh geeton kii peshkash kii gaee thee joe britney bhaale aur 'aine sink' key liye bahut badey hitt saabit hue. 1997 mein, max martin ack nae geet parr kaam curr rahey they, jiska sheershak thaa, "...ack baar aur bachche."yeh mool roop seey backstreet ladakon key liye likhaa gayaa thaa, aur ise aswikar curr diyaa gayaa thaa. taba tii. ell. see. koo geet kii peshkash kii gaee, jinhen bhee isamen dilchaspi naheen thee. saiman cowell ney yeh geet sunaa aur unhein pataa thaa kii yeh hitt hoga. unhone martin koo ack aashcharyachakit karane vaalaa martin dene kii peshkash kii, aggar martin apane ladke key baind koo geet denge, paanch. paanch ney shuru mein chhand likhana shuru kiya; haalaanki, martin ney aaney vaale britney bhaale key liye geet kaa vaadaa kiya thaa. unake vachan koo dhyaan mein rakhate hue, samaapt geet britney mein chalaa gayaa. prati kaaul, "mujhe america mein arista record seey ack coll aaya aur unhone mujhe phone parr bachche koo maarne key liye khela. main aisaa thaa, "oh maay godd, yeh haye" isaliye maine max martin koo bulaaya, jisane ise likhaa, aur maine kahaa, "max, maine abhee yeh demo sunaa haye. kripaya mujhe paanch key liye dey dein. aur vaha gayaa, "main naheen curr sakata, maine britney bhaale seey vaadaa kiya thaa.main gayaa", kaun? meraa vishvaas keejiye, max, kissy koo bhee britney bhaale jaise naam seey hitt naheen honey vaalaa haye. buss isake baare mein sochein, kripaya.chaubis ghante baad vaha vaapas aaya aur kahaa" naheen, main usey dene jaa rhaa huun ", aur buss itna hii." "lekin mujhe lagata haye kii baat yeh haye kii vaha geet kissy key liye bhee hitt rhaa hoga. mujhe pataa thaa kii yeh paanch key liye hitt hogi, yeh tlc key liye hitt hogi, yeh britney bhaale key liye hitt thee. vahaan deshi sanskaran, vaikalpik sanskaran rahey hainh yeh sirf ack hitt geet thaa, isake baare mein koee sawal naheen haye, aur usa pahale hitt geet kaa honah ack kalakar key currier kaa sabse mahatvapurna hissa haye, aur kissy key bhee currier koo todane kaa sabse kathin hissa bhee haye." baad mein martin dwara paanch koo "alvida" kii peshkash kii gaee, jisamen ekmatra puuraa geet "koee jhooth naheen haye bebi, alvida" thaa."geet sunane aur chhandon koo likhane kaa prayaas karane parr, robbinson ney nott kiya kii yeh ack paanch geet kii tulanaa mein 'aine sink geet' kii tarah adhik lugg rhaa thaa. baad mein baind ney geet koo paarit kiya. 1999-2000: "ajeya". agast 1999 mein, unake dusare album kaa pahala ekal, "ajeya", "yadi aap neeche jaate hain", jaari kiya gayaa aur duniya bhar mein ack pramukh hitt bunn gayaa, lekin phir seey apane grih desh mein number 1 parr jaane mein whiffle rhaa, jise rickie martin dwara sheersh sthaan seey baahar rakhaa gayaa. aakhirkaar, octuber 1999 mein, lagaatar teen number-dou shikharon key baad, "keep onn movin" unakaa pahala yuu. key. number 1 bunn gayaa, saath hii saath unakaa abb taka kaa sabse adhik bikane vaalaa ekal bunn gayaa. isake turant baad doosara album sheersh paanch mein aaya. "dont want lait yuu goo" march 2000 kii shuruat mein release hui thee, joe 9vein number parr thee. 3 march 2000 koo, paanch baar rock leasands queen key saath britt awards mein khole gaye, usa baind key hitt key ack adyatan sanskaran kaa pradarshan karate hue, "" humm aapako rock karenge. usa raat paanch ney apana pahala britt puraskar jeetaa, "sarvshreshth popp abhinay" key roop mein, aur julaai 2000 mein raani geet kaa unakaa aavaran britten mein unakaa doosara number 1 bunn gayaa. 2000 kii pahali chhamaahi mein britten, europe, roose, australia aur-ack forsom key roop mein-dakshin america mein sangeet karyakram karate hue ack safal vishva daure parr paanch paae gaye, jaba neville ney chickenpox koo anubandhit kiya aur usey ingland vaapas leey jaanaa padaa. daura samaapt karane key baad, paanch ney britten mein kaee sangeet karyakramon mein pradarshan karna jaari rakhaa, jisamen raani key saath park mein party bhee shamil thee. ajeya" key ack punah-prakaashan mein unake daure key kuchh geeton key remix sanskaran aur paanch live track key saath-saath ack bonus track, "dont fight itt bebi" shamil thaa. julaai 2000 mein america mein release honey key kaaran, samooh koo unake stateside label, arista record dwara chhodane key baad geet koo release seey hataa diyaa gayaa thaa. paanchon koo apani asiai record company key saath bhee samasyaaen theen, aur baad mein unhone apana asiai daura radd curr diyaa. iss badey jhatake seey peedit, ladke studio kii or vaapas chaley gaye aur apane agale album key liye gaane likhana shuru curr diyaa. unhone britten aur europe mein puraskar jeetana jaari rakhaa, aur disambar 2000 mein apane grih desh mein apana doosara badaa daura shuru kiya. 2001: "kingsize", conlone kaa prasthaan aur vibhajan. janwari 2001 mein, paanch loga duniya key sabse badey tyohaaron mein seey ack, riyo dee janeiro mein rock inn riyo mein pradarshan karane gaye, lagbhag 500,000 logon key darshakon key liye. maee 2001 mein, kaee maheenon key rachanaatmak lekhan aur "apani vyaktigat dhwani vikasit karane" key baad, "rajkaran" puuraa hoe gayaa. jaba album seey unake pahale ekal key liye video filmane kaa samay thaa, halanki, conlon dikhaai dene mein asamarth thaa kyonki vaha samooh kaa hissa honey key kaaran tanaav seey mansik tootane seey peedit thaa. haalaanki, usa samay yeh saarvajanik roop seey prakat naheen kiya gayaa thaa, aur yeh daavaa kiya gayaa thaa kii vaha granthi jwar seey beemar they. chalo nritya" video koo gaayak key liye ack jeevan-aakar key cardboard cutt-out key saath jaari kiya gayaa thaa, aur afavaahen kii unhone vaastav mein baind koo chhod diyaa thaa, koo radd karna padaa. robbinson koo bhee apane bete, brenan rais, joe samay seey pahale paida huaa thaa, key saath rahane key liye asthaayi roop seey samay kii aavashyakta thee. shesh teen sadasya, braun, lava aur neville ney samooh key teesare album aur "lates dance" ekal key bhaari prachaar key saath dabaav daala. julaai mein belgium mein ack sangeet karyakram mein pradarshan karate hue, neville ney apane baaen pair kii nason koo faad diyaa, sabhi prachaar koo roque diyaa aur samooh koo apane vikalpon aur bhavishya parr punarvichaar karane key liye kuchh baithaken karane key liye prerit kiya. "lates dance" agast 2001 key madhya mein release hui thee, haalaanki, aur dou saptah taka sheersh sthaan parr rahate hue unakaa teesara yuu. key. number ack bunn gayaa. "kingsize" ney dou saptah baad number teen parr shuruat kii, aur swarn sthiti praapt karane key liye aage badhaa. kingsize" key release honey key dou saptah baad, baind ney conlone key jaane kii ghoshana kii. neville ney kaee varshon baad ack sakshatkar mein kahaa kii baind key prabandhan ney conlon key baind seey jaane koo gupt rakhaa, isaliye unhein pataa naheen thaa kii jaba unhone "chalo nritya" video filmaya tou vaha chalaa gayaa thaa. 27 sitambar 2001 koo, record prabandhan key saath ack maheene kii gambhir baithakon key baad, baind ney aim. tii. vee. select parr ghoshana kii kii vaha usa varsh key anta mein ack sankalan jaari karane key baad vibhajit hoe jaayega. agale dinn, robbinson ney apane mangetar, kerrie okar seey ack samaroh mein apane sabhi poorv bandmates kii upasthiti mein shaadi kii. varshon baad, breen ney khulasa kiya kii vaha alag honey key vichaar key khilaf thaa; unhone break-upp koo aisaa mahsoos karate hue varnit kiya kii unase kuchh liya gayaa thaa. 19 navambar koo ack "sabse badee hitt" album 15 pichhale hitt, dou remix aur ack nae geet key saath jaari kiya gayaa thaa. 24 navambar koo, "merey karib" aur "rock dha party" key saath ack double-aeye-side ekal koo ack animated video key saath united kingdam mein jaari kiya gayaa thaa. donon geeton koo unake pichhale album "kingsize" mein shamil kiya gayaa thaa, lekin conlon key jaane key baad, unhone apane "sabse badey hitt" album seey ekal key roop mein jaari karane kaa faisala kiya. album koo 15 farwari 2002 koo sanyukt raajya america mein jaari kiya gayaa thaa. baind key chhote jeevan-kaal mein, unhone duniya bhar mein safalata kaa anubhav kiya, britten mein teen number-vann ekal banaae aur duniya bhar mein apane record kii 15-20 million pratiyon kii bikri kaa anuman lagaaya, jisamen duniya bhar mein unake albums kii 7 million pratiyaan aur sanyukt raajya mein 2 million shamil hain, aur raaste mein kaee puraskar jeete. 2006-2007: pahala punarmilan. 17 sitambar 2006 koo, paanch key aadhikarik myspace pays key madhyam seey ack ghoshana kii gaee thee kii 27 sitambar koo central landan key scala mein ack press conference aayojit kii jaani thee. scala mein shooting key kaaran sthaan badalane key baad, sammelan koo baar akadami islington mein sthanantarit curr diyaa gayaa. press conference mein isaki pushti kii gaee kii paanch mein seey chaar sadasya phir seey judenge (conlon abb apane soney saude key liye pratibaddh haye). unake chauthe studio album key liye paanch naee samagri record kii gaee, jisamen boy chambers, swedish nirmaata/geetkaar aur french djs track aakramankariyon key saath kaam kiya gayaa. unhone 2007 mein bhee daura karane kii yojana banaai. janwari 2007 taka, paanch ney apane album kaa aadhaa hissa puuraa curr liya thaa aur nae prabandhak, richard beck key saath ack record label parr hastakshar karane kii talash mein they, jinhone "paanch-punarjeevit" sheershak seey ack mtv vrittachitra shrinkhala bhee hassil kii. album key agale kuchh maheenon key bheetar jaari honey kii ummeed thee. 8 march 2007 koo, aadhi raat koo, teen nae geeton kii ack minut kii clip kaa premiere kiya gayaa joe nae album mein honey vaale they. 70 dinn", "settle down" aur "yeh sub achchha haye" sheershak vaale geeton koo baind kii aadhikarik website parr aur unake myspace pays parr bhee sunaa jaa sakata haye. 19 maee 2007 koo, sudhaar key kewal aathh maheene baad aur ack aakarshak paryaapt record sauda hassil karane mein whiffle rahane key baad, 5va ney apani website key madhyam seey ghoshana kii kii way abb vaapsee naheen karenge. 2012-2021: doosara punarmilan aur pyaar kaa prasthaan. 2012 mein, conlon ney apane poorv bandmates key saath dusare punarmilan kii sambhavana parr charcha karane key liye phir seey juda gaye. braun shuru mein punarmilan mein bhaag lene key liye taiyar thaa, lekin anya sadasyon ney ateet mein usake kaaran honey vaali manovaigyaanik samasyaon key baad, chaar-tukade key roop mein jaari rakhna pasand kiya, saath hii saath vaha soshal media parr naheen honah chaahata thaa. vaapsee kii ghoshana 18 octuber koo kii gaee thee. 2013 mein, samooh ney "badey punarmilan" mein bhaag liya, jahan unhone ack saath apane samay aur ack baind mein honey key saath aaney vaali kathinaaiyon key baare mein baat kii. unhone ack nayaa paanchvaan sadasya jodane key baare mein socha, lekin haar maan lii. samooh ney baind kaa nayaa sadasya banane key liye chaar purushon (danne coursey, luke boyden, nathan rollings aur lii roots) kaa audition diyaa, lekin anta mein paanchven sadasya kii yojana koo hataa diyaa gayaa aur paanch ney chaar-tukade key roop mein jaari rakhane kaa faisala kiya. braun antatah sitambar 2013 mein apane baind key sathiyon dwara lagaae gaye aaropon koo nakaarne key liye dikhaai diyaa. unhone sweekaar kiya kii unake vyavhaar koo jore seey aur atee-sahansheel key roop mein dekhaa jaa sakata thaa, lekin unhone badmashi vaale collon seey incar kiya. unhone abj key saath peya key dauran kahaa kii ladakon key punarmilan key liye utsaahit honey key bavjood, vaha isamen shamil naheen honah chaahte they kyonki unhein apani gopaniyata pasand haye. 16 sitambar 2013 koo, baind ney rashtriya reality tv puraskaron mein sarvshreshth sangeet abhinay (ack reality tv show parr) kaa puraskar jeetaa. navambar aur disambar 2013 mein, paanch ney britten aur australia mein apane swayam key daure kii shuruat kii, joe 5 sabse badaa hitt daura thaa. march 2014 mein, yeh afwah thee kii pyaar ney samooh chhod diyaa thaa, lekin usa samay unhone iska khandan kiya thaa. juuna 2014 mein, paanch samarthit mcbustead ney apane mcbustead daure kii chaar taarikhon parr samarthan kiya aur baad mein usa maheene key pyaar ney kahaa kii samooh kaa bhavishya anishchit thaa. lava ney antatah ghoshana kii kii usane agast 2014 mein tweeter key madhyam seey anya sadasyon koo pahale bataae binaa samooh chhod diyaa thaa. ghoshana seey kuchh dinn pahale ack sakshatkar mein, pyaar ney khulasa kiya kii vaha kewal vittiya aavashyakta key kaaran paanch key saath phir seey milane key liye sahmat huaa, aur phir seey kishore geet gaate hue khush naheen thaa. farwari 2016 mein, paanch ney "keep onn movin"-dha best off five "kaa sankalan jaari kiya, joe ack tikadi key roop mein unaki pahali release thee. aprail 2019 mein, ladakon ney ghoshana kii kii way 911, nuksan aur aeye1 dwara britten key daure key liye shamil honge, jise "ladke vaapas aaa gaye hain!" kahaa jaataa haye."2020 mein. robbinson ney yeh bhee kahaa kii baind kii mool poorna line-upp kii vaapsee kii koee sambhavana naheen thee. unhone press association seey kahaah "[braun aur pyaar] taka pahunchana hamaare liye nirbhar naheen hoga. unhone yeh bahut spasht curr diyaa haye kii way baind mein naheen rehna chaahte they. yeh aisaa haye jaise kii jayson orange aur robby williams key jaane key saath. yeh abhee bhee kaam kartaa haye, gaane abhee bhee vahee hain."daura covid-19 mahamari seey baadhit hoga, jisamen show 2021 key liye punarnirdhaarit kiye jaa rahey hain. 2021-vartamaanah rebranding aur "samay". 2020 key anta mein, paanch ney ghoshana kii kii way 2021 mein australiyai popp jodee "cyster 2 cyster" dwara samarthit ack aur australiyai sabse safal daure parr jaayenge. 4 juuna 2021 koo, sanketon aur poston kii ack shrinkhala key baad, paanch ney ack clip key saath "keep onn movin" (21 remix) key liye ack nae logo, cover artwork kaa anaavaran kiya, jisaki unhone ghoshana kii kii yeh apple sangeet parr pree-order key liye upalabdh thaa. unhone 11 juuna 2021 koo badee khabaron key liye apane soshal media khaaton koo dekhane key liye bhee kahaa. 11 juuna koo, mahamari key dauran record kiye gaye ack nae album kii ghoshana key saath remix jaari kiya gayaa thaa. 26 julaai 2021 koo, paanch ney "shangri-laa" aur "making mee faul" naamak dou nae ekal kii ghoshana kii joe 31 julaai 2021 koo pree-order key liye upalabdh honge, phir 6 agast 2021 koo sabhi streaming platforms parr jaari kiye gaye. 29 julaai 2021 koo pratyek geet kaa ack ansh unake soshal media khaaton parr post kiya gayaa thaa. 2 sitambar 2021 koo, paanch ney ghoshana kii kii album chrismus key aspas jaari kiya jaayega. 12 sitambar 2021 koo ladakon key cardiff show key dauran vaapas daure parr unhone "reset" naamak ack gaathaagit kii live prastuti kii shuruat kii, jise 1 octuber 2021 koo ekal "germ roshni" key saath jaari kiya gayaa thaa. octuber 2021 mein, paanch ney ghoshana kii kii agami album koo "time" kahaa jaayega aur janwari 2022 key aspas release honey vaalaa thaa. album key agale ekal koo "time" bhee kahaa jaayega aur 22 octuber 2021 koo pree-order key liye upalabdh karaaya jaayega, 26 navambar 2021 key liye release kii tarikh nirdhaarit kii jaayegi. disambar 2021 mein nae album cover parr ack aadhikarik nazar unake nae album "time" key liye ack pree-sev link key saath dee gaee thee. album 28 janwari 2022 koo jaari kiya gayaa thaa. paryatan. sheershak saha-sheershak udghaatan kaary puraskar. jeete gaye puraskarah britt puraskar aim. tii. vee. europe sangeet puraskar rashtriya reality tv puraskar silver clayf puraskar smash ney chunaav vijeta party koo maaraa tii. aim. aff. puraskar (neetherland) tv hitt puraskar

aidu (gumpu) five (5vive endu shailikrutavagide) london british baay byaand aagiddu, idaralli seane conlon, ritchie neville mattu scott robbinson sadasyaru seriddaare. avaru tamma vrattijeevanavannu praarambhisuva modalu masale padaarthagala hudugiyarannu nirvahisida adhe tandavu 1997 ralli avarannu rachisitu. ee gumpannu hechchaagi aidu-tundu endu kareyalaaguttittu, idaralli robbinson, neville, conlon, abz love mattu jasson "zhe" braun seriddaru. aidu vishvaadyanta, visheshavaagi tamma sthaliya united kingdamnalli, haageye ulida europe mattu eshyaada hecchina bhagagalalli madhyama yashassannu kandavu. british phonographic industry (bipi) prakara, yukeyalli 16 laksha aalbangalu mattu 34 laksha singalsgalige aidu pramanikarisalpattive. ee gumpu vishvaadyanta sumaru 20 dasalaksha pratigalu maaraatavaadavu. robbinson, love, neville mattu braun avaru sangeeta vyavasthapaka richard beck netrutvada hosa nirvahanaa tandadondige 2006rahra septembernalli conlon illada gumpannu (avaru 2001ralli berpaduva modalu nirgamisidaru) sankshiptavaagi sudhaarisidaru. entu tingala nantara, laabhadaayaka pravaasavannu padedukondaru, saakashtu daakhaleya kampaniya aasaktiyannu galisuvalli viphalaraada aidu mandi, taavu matte visarjisuvudaagi tamma adhikruta jaalataanada moolaka prakatisidaru. 2012ralli, ee tandavu mattondu punarmilanavannu yojisuttiruvudaagi ghoshisitu, ee baari adhu kaanlaannondige serittu. pramukha gayaka braun aarambhadalli punarmilanadalli bhagavahisalu wappikondaru, aadare nantara avaru innu munde saarvajanikara kanninalliralu bayasuvudilla endu heli tamma manassannu badalaayisikondaru. ee gumpu kevala naalku sadasyarondige munduvariyitu, aadare aidane hesarannu ulisikollalu nirdharisitu. neeli, 911, paramanu kitton, bii * whitched, hanij mattu liberty ex jotege, aidannu aitivi2 sakshyachitra sarani "dhii bigg runion" nalli pradarshisalaayitu, idu 31 janavari 2013 randu prasaaravaayitu. idara nantara 26 phebravari 2013 randu hammersmith apollodalli punaragamana pradarshana mattu mayee tingalalli yuke mattu airlendna suttaloo arena pravaasavu nadeyitu, idu braun illade avara modala pravaasavaagittu. november mattu december 2013ralli, aidu mandi tammade aada pravaasadalli, 5 atyuttama hitt pravaasa, naalku-tunukugala tamma modala ekavyakti pravaasadalli agrasthana padedaru. august 2014 ralli, love avaru tweet moolaka byandninda nirgamisuvudaagi ghoshisidaru, conlon, neville mattu robbinson avarannu moovaraagi munduvarisidaru. 2021ralli, aidu mandi 20 varsagalalli tamma modala ekageeteyaada "keep aun movin" (21 remix) annu adhikrutavaagi bidugade maadidaru, adannu avaru joonnalli bidugade maadidaru, nantara august 2021ralli "making mii phaal" mattu "shangri-laa", nantara october 2021ralli "reset" mattu "warm light". "time" emba shirshikeya ekageeteyannu november 2021ralli bidugade maadalaayitu. december 2021ralli, aidu mandi tamma bahunireekshita nalkane album "time" gaagi 28 janavari 2022rahra bidugade dinankavannu adhikrutavaagi ghoshisidaru. vrattijeevana. 1997-1998: rachane mattu "5vive". 1997ralli, yuke pradarshana kalegala patrike "dhii stage" nalli "vartane mattu anchu" yondige hudugara byaand-sailiya gumpige audition maadalu yuva purusha gayakaru/nartakarannu keluva jaahiraatannu nidalaayitu. ee hinde masale padaarthagalannu srushtisida ibbaru purusharaada baab mattu criss herbert, purusha gumpige idu sariyaada samaya endu bhavisidaru. tirpugaararige "padagaliginta hecchu" emba tivrateya haadannu pradarshisida russell brand seridante 3,000kkoo hecchu aashaavaadigalu audition maadidaru. antimavagi avarannu kevala 14kke simitagolisalaayitu, avaralli aivaru tamma auditiongaagi kayuttiruvaga tammannu taavu gumpagi vyavasthegolisikondiddaru. auditiongalu ombattu sadasyara taatkaalika patravargakke karanavadavuhu ritchie neville, scott robbinson, seane conlon, jasson "zhe" braun, richard breen (eega abz love endu prasiddharagiddare), mattu peater cheshire, paul taylor, anthony baker (rapar) mattu rick harshan. avana modala hesaru richard agiruvudarinda, reechiyondige (richard neville doubson emba janana) gondalavannu tappisalu breen tanna addahesarannu 'abs' (avana madhyada hesarininda, 'abidin') balasidaru. 1997rahra mayee tingalalli antima sadasyarannu ayke madidaga cheshire mattu taylor avarannu nantara kaditagolisalaayitu mattu antima aaykege hajaragalu harshange sadhyavagalilla. baker moolatah bandge seridaru, aadare avara eeshaanya uchchaaravu bandante avara ropping sailiya bagge anumaana vyaktavaayitu. aadalitavu aarambhadalli naalku tunukugala byaand annu noduttittu, mattu bandgagi zhe, seane, scott mattu ritchie avarannu ayke maadalu horatiddaru, aadare avaru itararondige abs annu nodidaga aidu tunukugalu uttamavaagi kaaryanirvahisuttave endu nirdharisidaru. taruvaaya ee gumpige saiman cowell mattu bii. emm. zii/aarr. sii. aa. aaru-aalbamgala oppandakke sahi haakidaru. aidu mandi tamma kelasavannu trinity studiyodalli abhyasa maadidaru mattu pradarshisidaru-adhe sthaladalli kelavu varshagala hinde masale hudugiyaru maadidaru. 1997rahra novembernalli, aidu tandagalu tamma modala ekageete "slam dunk (daa funk)" annu bidugade maadidavu, idu yuke singles pattiyalli 10neey sthaanadallittu. ee haadannu yuu. ess. nalliyu bidugade maadalaayitu.ess. 1998ralli, aadare idu "billboard" hott 100ralli 86neey sthaanavannu talupida alpa pramanada chaart yashassannu kanditu, aadaroo idannu nba hosa theem haadaagi ayke maadalaayitu. 1998ralli, aidu tandagalu tamma modala pramukha antaaraashtriya hitt galisidavu, "wenn dha lights goo out", idu yuu. ess. annu birukugolisitu.ess. agra 10ralli sthana padedaru mattu shighradalle allie chinnada sthaanamaanavannu galisidaru. five nantara tamma mumbaruva album annu prachara maadalu entu dinagala pravaasakke hodaru, disney chaanelgaagi airish gurl group bii * whitched, newyork nagarada times square mattu mtv trlnalli vishesha sangeeta kacheriyalli kanisikondaru. 5vive" emba modala album yuu. esnalli 27neey sthaanavannu galisitu.ess. "billboard" 200 mattu yuke seridante vishvada itara desagalalli pattiyalli agrasthaanadallide. "itts dhii things yuu du" 1998rahra koneyalli yuu. esnalli bidugadeyaayitu.ess., kevala becchagina svagatavannu sweekarisalu. gumpu yuu annu praarambhisitu.ess. american baay byaand enn sinknondige pravaasa, aadare ayasadindagi horabanda nantara, vishraanti padeyalu mattu hosa albumna kelasavannu prarambhisalu inglendge maralidaru. modala aalbamninda, "gett dhii feeling", "evelary gett up", mattu "time aa tuu dhii time" ivellavoo 1998rahra uddakkoo yukeyalli singles aagi bidugadeyaadavu. aidu vishvada halavaaru desagalalli agra 5nnu talupidavu, mattu nantarada eradu singalsgalu yukeyalli eradane sthanakke airive. aidu janara janapriyateyalli ondu pramukha amshavendare, block, purva 17rahra hosa makkalu, baxtreat hudugaru mattu avara uptempo sangeeta shailiyalli enn sink mattu 'streat' chitranadantaha gumpugalondige holike, adara viruddhavaagi, baay jhon, mattu 98 digrigalu, aaa samayadalli prathamikavagi tamma laavanigalige hesaruvaasiyaagiddaru. aidu mandi tamma bahupalu haadugalannu baredaru athawa saha-baredaru, idu aaa samayadalli baay byandgalige vilakshanavagittu. aidu haadugalu prasiddhavagi nidalaagiddu, britney eetigalu mattu 'enn sinkge dodda hitt aagiddavu. 1997ralli, max martin "," emba shirshikeya hosa haadina mele kelasa maaduttiddaru...magu, mattomme."idannu moolatah hinnale beediya hudugarigaagi bareyalaagittu, mattu adannu tiraskarisalaayitu. nantara ee haadannu asakti illada tlcge nidalaayitu. saiman cowell ee haadannu keli, adhu hitt aagalide endu tilididdaru. martin tanna aidu hudugara bandge haadannu niididare aata martinge ashcharyakara martin annu niididaru. aidu aarambhadalli padyagalannu bareyalu praarambhisidavu; aadaagyoo, martin ee haadannu mumbaruva britney eetigalige bharavase niididdaru. aatana matannu ulisikondu, purnagonda haadu britnige hoyitu. prati couvell, "nanage americada arista recordsninda karey bantu mattu avaru phonnalli nannannu hodedaru. naanu "oo devare, idu ishte" ende, aaddarinda naanu max martinge karey maadide, avaru adannu barediddaare, mattu naanu helide, "max, naanu ee demowannu keliddene. dayawittu adannu nanage aidu roopaayige needi ". mattu avanu, "nanage sadhyavilla, naanu adannu britney eetigalige bharavase niididdeene.naanu hode", yaaru? nannannu nambiri, max, yaaroo britney eetigalantaha hesarinondige hitt aguvudilla. dayawittu adara bagge yochisi.ippattanaalku gantegala nantara avanu marali bandu" illa, naanu adannu avalige niidutteene "endu helidanu, mattu ashte." "aadare mukhya vishayavendare, aaa haadu yaarigaadaru hitt aguttittu endu naanu bhavisuttene. idu aidu baari hitt aagabahudendu nanage tilidittu, idu tlcge hitt aguttittu, idu britney eetigalige hitt aagittu. halligaadina aavruttigalu, paryaya aavruttigalu eveh idu kevala hitt haadu, adara bagge yaavude prashneyilla, mattu aaa modala hitt haadannu hondiruvudu kalaavidana vrattijeevanada pramukha bhagavagide, mattu yarobbara vrattijeevanavannu muriyuva atyanta kashtakara bhagavagide." nantara martin aidu janarige "bye bye bye" endu helidaru, "ees nott noow lye bebi, bye bye bye" emba ekaika purnagonda giteyondige."haadannu kelida nantara mattu padyagalannu bareyalu prayatnisida nantara, robbinson idu aidu haadugaliginta 'enn sink haadinante dhwanisuttade endu gamanisidaru. nantara byaand haadannu munduvarisitu. 1999-2000: "ajeya". august 1999ralli, avara eradane albumna modala ekageeteyaada "ajeya", "iff yaa gettin down" bidugadeyaayitu mattu vishvaadyanta dodda hitt aayitu, aadare mattomme tamma taaynaadinalli 1neey sthanakke hogalu viphalavaayitu, rickie martin agrasthaanadinda horagulididdaru. antimavagi, 1999rahra octobernalli, satatavagi mooru eradane shreyankada shikharagala nantara, "keep aun movin" avara modala yuke number 1 aayitu, jotege illiyavarege avara athi hecchu maaratavaada ekageeteyaayitu. eradane album swalpa samayada nantara agra aidaralli sthana galisitu. "" "dont want lett yuu goo" "march 2000dha aarambhadalli bidugadeyaayitu, 9neey sthanakke airitu. march 3,2000 randu, aidu baari britt prashastigalalli rock legends queen avarondige praarambhavaayitu, aaa bandna hitt naa naveekruta aavruttiyannu pradarshisitu," "naavu nimmannu rock maadutteve". aaa ratri five tamma modala britt prashastiyannu "atyuttama pop natane" endu geddukondaru, mattu avara queen haadina mukhaputavu julai 2000 ralli yukeyalli avara eradane number 1 aayitu. 2000dha modalaardhadalli aidu yashasvi vishwa pravaasagalu kandubandavu, neville chikanpaksge tuttaada nantara mattu inglendge hintirugabekagi banda nantara, yuke, europe, russia, australia mattu-naalku-samavagi-daksina americadalli sangeeta kacherigalannu pradarshisidaru. pravaasavannu mugisida nantara, aidu mandi britannina aneka sangeeta kacherigalalli pradarshana niiduvudannu munduvaresidaru, idaralli udyaanavanadalli raniyondige nadeda autanakootavoo serittu. ajeya" dha maru-prakataneyu wanderadu haadugala remix aavruttigalu mattu avara pravaasada aidu live trackgalannu olagondittu, jotege "dont fait itt bebi" emba bonus track annu olagondittu. julai 2000 ralli yuu. esnalli bidugadeyagabekidda ee haadannu, avara stateside label, arista recordsninda gumpu kaibitta nantara bidugadeyinda hintegedukollalaayitu. aivaru tamma asean record kampaniyondige samasyegalannu hondiddaru mattu taruvaaya tamma asean pravaasavannu raddugolisidaru. ee dodda hodetadinda balaluttidda hudugaru studiyoge hintirugidaru mattu tamma mundina albangagi haadugalannu bareyalu praarambhisidaru. avaru yuke mattu europnalli prashastigalannu gelluvudannu munduvaresidaru mattu december 2000 ralli tamma taaynaadinalli tamma eradane dodda pravaasavannu praarambhisidaru. 2001: "kingsize", conlon nirgamana mattu vibhajane. 2001rahra janavariyalli, vishvada atidodda utsavagalalli ondaada reo dii janeerodalli nadeda rock inn reodalli sumaru 500,000 prekshakarondige aidu pradarshanagalu nadedavu. aneka tingalugala srujanasheela baravanige mattu "tammade aada vaiyaktika dhwaniyannu abhivraddhipadisida" nantara, mayee 2001ralli "rajatva" poornagonditu. albumna tamma modala ekageeteya video chitrikaranavannu praarambhisuva samaya bandaaga, aadaagyoo, aaa gumpina bhagavagiruvudarinda untaada ottadadinda maanasikavaagi vichchidrakkolagaagiddari conlon kanisikollalu sadhyavagalilla. aadaagyoo, aaa samayadalli idannu saarvajanikavaagi bahirangapadisalaagalilla mattu badalige aata granthi jwaradinda balaluttiddanendu helalaayitu. lets dance" veediyovannu gayakana paravagi nintiruva purna-gatrada cardboard cutt-out annu bidugade maadalaayitu, mattu avaru vaastavaagi byaand annu torediddaare emba vadantigalannu raddugolisabekayitu. robinsonge akaalikavaagi janisida tanna maga brennon raisnondige iralu tatkalikavagi swalpa samaya bekagittu. ulida moovaru sadasyaru, braun, love mattu neville, gumpina moorane album mattu "lets dance" singalna bhaaree prachaaradondige mundaadaru. julainalli belgiumnalli nadeda sangeeta kacheriyalli pradarshana niiduttiddaaga, neville tanna eda paadada snaayugalannu haridu, ellah prachaaragalannu nillisidanu mattu tamma aaykegalu mattu bhavishyada bagge maru-yochisalu kelavu sabhegalannu nadesalu gumpannu prerepisidanu. "aadaagyoo, "lets dance" august 2001rahra madhyabhaagadalli bidugadeyaayitu mattu eradu vaaragala kaala agra sthaanavannu ulisikondu, avara moorane yuke number one aayitu. "kingsize" eradu vaaragala nantara moorane sthaanadalli praarambhavaayitu mattu chinnada sthaanamaanavannu saadhisitu. kingsize" bidugadeyaada eradu vaaragala nantara, byaand conlon nirgamisuvudaagi ghoshisitu. halavaaru varshagala nantara sandarshanavondaralli neville, bandna nirvahaneyu conlon byandninda nirgamisuvudannu rahasyavagittukondide, aaddarinda avaru "lets dance" veediyovannu chitrikarisidaga avanu horatuhodanendu avarige tilidiralilla endu helidaru. 2001rahra september 27randu, dhwanimudrana nirvahaneyondige ondu tingala gambhira sabhegala nantara, byaand aaa varshada koneyalli sankalanavannu bidugade maadida nantara berpaduvudaagi emm. tii. vii. selectnalli ghoshisitu. marudina, robbinson tanna maaji bandmetgalellara upasthitiyalli nadeda samaarambhadalli tanna nishchita vara kerri okar avarannu vivaahavaadanu. varshagala nantara, taanu berpaduva kalpaneyannu balavagi virodhisuttene endu breen bahirangapadisidanu; ee berpaduvikeyu tananinda enanno kasidukondide emba bhavane endu aata vivarisidanu. november 19randu 15 hindina hitgalu, eradu remixgalu mattu ondu hosa haadinondige "gratest hitt" album bidugadeyaayitu. november 24randu, "close tuu mii" mattu "rock dhii party" yondige double-aa-side single annu animated vidiyodondige united kingdamnalli bidugade maadalaayitu. ee eradu haadugalannu avara hindina album "kingsize" nalli serisalaayitu, aadare conlon nirgamisida nantara, avaru tamma "gratest hitt" aalbamninda ekageeteyaagi bidugade maadalu nirdharisidaru. ee album annu 2002rahra phebravari 15randu united statesnalli bidugade maadalaayitu. bandna alpavadhiya jeevitaavadhiyalli, avaru vishvadaadyanta yashassannu anubhavisidaru, yukeyalli mooru number one singalsgalannu galisidaru mattu vishvaadyanta avara aalbangala 7 million pratigalu mattu united statesnalli 2 million pratigalu seridante vishvaadyanta avara daakhalegala andaju 15-20 million pratigalu maaraatavaadavu mattu dariyuddakkoo halavaaru prashastigalannu galisidavu. 2006-2007: modala punarmilana. september 17,2006 randu, fivesna adhikruta myspace putada moolaka september 27 randu central london skaladalli patrika sammelanavannu nadesuvudaagi prakatisalaayitu. skaladalli nadeda gundina daaliya kaaranadindaagi sthala badalaavaneya nantara, sammelanavannu baar academy ailingtange sthalaantarisalaayitu. aidu sadasyara paiki naalvaru matte ondaaguttaare endu patrika goshtiyalli drudhapadisalaayitu (conlon eega tanna sooni oppandakke baddhanagiddane). tamma nalkane studio albangagi aidu dhwanimudrita hosa vishayagalu, gai chambers, sweedish nirmaapaka/geetarachanekaara anders byag mattu french djs track aakramanakaararondige kelasa maadive. avaru 2007ralli pravaasa maadalu yojisidaru. janavari 2007rahra velege, aidu mandi tamma albumna ardhavannu poornagolisiddaru mattu hosa vyavasthapaka richard beck avarondige record labelgay sahi haakalu noduttiddaru, avaru "five-dhii revive" emba mtv sakshyachitra saraniyannu saha padedaru. mundina kelavu tingalalli ee album bidugadeyaguva niriksheyittu. 2007rahra march 8randu, madhyaraatriyalli, hosa albamnalli irabekidda mooru hoccha hosa haadugala ondu nimishada tunukugalannu aidu prathama pradarshana maadalaayitu. 70 days", "settle down" mattu "itts aall good" emba shirshikeya haadugalannu bandna adhikruta jaalataanadalli mattu avara myspace putadalloo kelabahudu. 2007rahra mayee 19randu, sudharanegonda kevala entu tingala nantara mattu saakashtu laabhadaayaka daakhaleya oppandavannu padeyalu viphalavaada nantara, 5vive avaru innu munde punaragamanavannu munduvarisuvudilla endu tamma jaalataanada moolaka ghoshisidaru. 2012-2021: eradane punarmilana mattu preetiya nirgamana. 2012ralli, eradane punarmilanada saadhyateyannu charchisalu conlon tanna maaji byandmetgalondige matte serikondaru. braun aarambhadalli punarmilanadalli bhagavahisalu siddhariddaru, aadare itara sadasyaru naalku-tunukugalaagi munduvareyalu aadyate niididaru, hinde avaru kanlonrinda mattu robinsonge untaada manasika samasyegala nantara, mattu avaru samajika madhyamadalli iralu bayasuvudilla. october 18randu maraluvikeyannu ghooshisalaayitu. 2013ralli, tandavu "dodda punarmilana" dalli bhagavahisitu, allie avaru ottige kaleda samaya mattu bandnalli iruvudarondige banda tondaregala bagge matanadidaru. avaru hosa aidane sadasyarannu serisuva bagge yochisidaru, aadare kaibittaru. tandavu bandna hosa sadasyaragalu naalku janarannu (daan carcia, luke boyden, nathan rawlings mattu lea roots) audition maaditu, aadare koneyalli aidane sadasyara yojaneyannu kaibidalaayitu mattu aidu mandi naalku-peace aagi munduvareyalu nirdharisidaru. braun antimavagi 2013rahra septembernalli tanna byaand sadasyaru maadida aaropagalannu nirakarisalu "" kanisikondaru. avaru tamma nadavalikeyannu joragi mattu atiyagi nodabahudendu wappikondaru, aadare avaru bedarisuva connon annu nirakarisidaru. abb jotegina paaneeyada samayadalli aata hudugara punarmilanakkagi utsukanaagiddaroo, tanna goupyateyannu ishtapaduvudarinda taanu idaralli todagisikollalu bayasuvudilla endu helidaru. 2013rahra september 16randu, byaand rashtriya reality tv prashastigalalli atyuttama sangeeta abhinayada (reality tv shonalli) prashastiyannu padedukonditu. 2013rahra november mattu decembernalli, aidu mandi tammade aada 5neey atidodda hitt pravaasavaada yuke mattu aastreliyaada pravaasavannu praarambhisidaru. 2014rahra marchnalli, preeti ee gumpannu toredide emba vadanti habbittu, aadare aaa samayadalli avaru adannu nirakarisidaru. zoon 2014 ralli, aidu bembalitaru tamma mcbust pravaasada naalku dinankagalalli mcbust maadidaru mattu aaa tingala nantara love tandada bhavishyavu anishchitavaagide endu helidaru. itara sadasyarige modale helade, 2014rahra augustinalli tweeter moolaka taanu ee gumpannu torediddene endu love antimavagi ghoshisidanu. ghoshaneya kelavu dinagala modalu sandarshanavondaralli, love avaru arthika agatyadindaagi kevala aivarondige matte seralu wappikondaru mattu hadihareyada haadugalannu matte hadalu santoshavagiralilla endu bahirangapadisidaru. 2016rahra phebravariyalli, aidu tandagalu "keep aun movin-dhii best off five" emba sankalanavannu bidugade maadidavu, idu moovarante avara modala bidugadeyagide. 2019rahra aprilnalli, "hudugaru marali bandiddaare" emba yuu. keey. pravasakkagi 911, haani mattu aa1 tammondige serikolluvudaagi hudugaru ghoshisidaru."2020ralli, bandna moola purna-shreniya tandavu maraluva yaavude saadhyate illa endu robbinson helidaru. avaru patrika sangakke heege helidaru "[kandu mattu preeti] yannu talupuvudu namage bitta vishayavalla. avaru bandnalli iralu bayasuvudilla endu avaru spashtapadisiddare. idu, jasson arrange mattu robby villiams horatuhoda haage. idu innoo kaaryanirvahisuttade, haadugalu innoo onde aagive."covid-19 saankraamika rogadindagi pravaasakke addiyuntaagaliddu, 2021kke pradarshanagalannu maru nigadipadisalaagide. 2021-prastutah marubranding mattu "samaya". 2020rahra koneyalli, aastreliyaada pop jodie "cyster2 cyster" bembaladondige 2021ralli aastreliyaada mattondu shreshtha hitt pravaasavannu prarambhisuvudagi aidu mandi ghoshisidaru. 4 zoon 2021 randu, sulivugalu mattu postgala saraniya nantara, aidu janaru hosa laanchanavannu anaavaranagolisidaru, "keep aun movin" (21 remix) gaagi cover kalakruti mattu clip annu anaavaranagolisidaru, idu aapal sangeetadalli purva-adeshakke labhyavide endu avaru ghoshisidaru. 2021rahra zoon 11randu dodda suddigaligaagi tamma samajika madhyama khategalannu vikshisuvudaagi avaru helidaru. zoon 11randu, saankraamika samayadalli dhwanimudritawaada hosa albumna prakataneyondige remix annu bidugade maadalaayitu. 2021rahra julai 26randu, aidu haadugalu "shangri-laa" mattu "making mii phaal" emba shirshikeya eradu hosa ekageetegalannu ghoshisidavu, avu 2021rahra julai 31randu purva-adeshakke labhyaviruttave, nantara 2021rahra august 6randu ellah streaming platformgalalli bidugadeyaayitu. 2021rahra julai 29randu prati haadina tunukannu avara samajika madhyama khategalalli post maadalaayitu. 2021rahra september 2randu, aidu aalbangalu chrismus samayadalli album annu bidugade maaduvudaagi ghoshisidavu. 12 september 2021 randu hudugara cardiff show aarr byaak pravaasada samayadalli avaru "reset" emba balladna nera gaayanavannu praarambhisidaru, idannu 1 october 2021 randu eka "warm light" jotege bidugade maadalaayitu. october 2021 ralli, aidu mandi mumbaruva album annu "time" endu kareyuvudaagi ghoshisidaru mattu janavari 2022 rahra sumaarige bidugadeyagalide. albumna mundina single annu "time" endu kareyalaaguttade mattu 22 october 2021 randu purva-adeshakke labhyavaguvante maadalaaguvudu, idu 26 november 2021 randu bidugadeya dinankavannu nigadipadisuttade. december 2021 ralli hosa album cover annu adhikruta notavannu avara hosa album "time" gaagi purva-ulisuva link jotege nidalaayitu. ee album annu 2022rahra janavari 28randu bidugade maadalaayitu. pravaasagalu. headlining saha-shirshike arambhika kaarya prashastigalu. gedda prashastigaluh britt prashastigalu emm. tii. vii. europe sangeeta prashastigalu rashtriya reality tv prashastigalu sylver cleff prashastigalu chunavaneyalli gedda pakshada mele sidilu badidide tii. emm. eff. prashastigalu (netherlands) tv hitt prashastigalu

paach (gut) five five mhanoon shailibaddha) haah londonmadhil eka british boy band aahe jyamadhye seane conlon, ritchie neville aanee scott robbinson yancha samavesh aahe. 1997 madhye tyach sanghane tyanchi sthapana kelee hotee, jyanni masala mulinche vyavasthapan kele hote, tyanni tyanchi karkird suru karnyapurvi. robbinson, neville, conlon, aii. bii. ess. love aanee jasson "jeey" braun yancha samavesh asalela haah gut mukhytah paach-tukada mhanoon olakhala jaat asey. paach jananna jagbharat, visheshtah tyanchya mool united kingadammadhe, tasech urvarit europe aanee aashiyatil bahutansh bhagat madhyam yash midale. british phonographic udyoganusar (bii. pii. aay.), brittenmadhye 16 laakh dhwanimudrika aanee 34 laakh ekeri ganyansathi paach pramanit karnyat aale aahet. yaa samoohachya jagbharat sumare 2 kotee pratee vikalya gelya. 27 september 2001 roji teey vegale jhaale. robbinson, love, neville aanee braun yanni september 2006 madhye sangeet vyavasthapak richard beeck yanchya netrutvakhali naveen vyavasthapan sanghasah conlonshivay (jeey 2001 madhye vibhakt honyapurvi nighun gele) gatamadhye kahee kaal sudharana kelee. aath mahinyanantar, eka fayadeshir daura midvalyanantar pann companycha puresa vikram midvanyat apayashi tharalyanantar, paach jananni tyanchya adhikrut sanketsthaladvare ghoshana kelee qee teey punha visarjit hotil. 2012 madhye, gatane jaheer kele qee teey aanakhi eka punarmilanachi yojana aakhat aahet, yaveli conlon sobat. pramukh gayak braunane suruvatila punarmilanmadhye bhag ghenyas sahmati darshavali, parantu nantar tyane aapale munn badalale aanee dawa keela qee tyala yapudhe lokanchya najaret rahayache nahee. gut keval chaar sadasyansah suru rahila, parantu paach nave thevanyacha nirnay ghetala. nile, 911, anoo manjar, bii * witched, honeys aanee liberty ex sobat, aay. tii. vhee. 2 mahitipat malika 'daad bigg runion' madhye paach dakhavale gele, jee 31 janewari 2013 roji prasarit houu lagali. tyanantar 26 februwari 2013 roji hammersmith apolo yethe punragman sadarikaran aanee meey mahinyat yooke aanee irelandchya sabhovatalacha eka akhada daura, joou tyancha tapkiri nasalela pahila daura hota. november aanee december 2013 madhye, paach janancha swatacha daura, 5 sarvottam yashasvi daura, chaar bhagancha tyancha pahila ekal daura, heey shirshak hote. august 2014 madhye, lavhane eka twitdware bandmadhun baher padanyachi ghoshana kelee, jyamule conlon, neville aanee robbinson heey tighehi pudhe chaloo rahile. 2021 madhye, paach jananni 20 varshantil tyanche pahile ekal gaane, 'keep aun movin' (21 remix) adhikrutpane prakashit kele, jeey tyanni junmadhye pradarshit kele, tyanantar august 2021 madhye 'making mea phaul' aanee 'shangri-laa', nantar aktoobar 2021 madhye 'reset' aanee 'warm light'. november 2021 madhye 'time' navache ekal gaane pradarshit jhaale. december 2021 madhye, paach jananni tyanchya bahupratikshit chauthya album 'time' sathee 28 janewari 2022 chee releases dett adhikrutpane jaheer kelee. karkird. 1997-1998: rachana aanee aanee. 1997 madhye, yookechya pradarshan qalaa vruttpatra 'daad stage' madhye eka jahirat denyat aalee, jyat tarun purush gayak/nartakanna 'vrutti aanee dhaar' asalelya mulanchya band-shailichya gatasathi audition denyas sanganyat aale. yapurvi masalyachya mulinchi nirmiti sadar bobb aanee criss herbert yaa done purushanna vatale qee purush gatasathi hii yogya vel aahe. nyayadhishansathi 'shabdanpeksha jaast' heey ativadi gaane sadar sadar russell brands 3,000 hoon adhik aashavadhyanni audition dilee. akheris teey keval 14 paryant maryadit karnyat aale, jyapaiki pachjananni tyanchya parikshanachi vaat pahat asatana swatahla eka gatat jodale hote. yaa parikshanmadhye ritchie neville, scott robbinson, seane conlon, jasson "jeey" braun, richard breen (aata abj love mhanoon adhik olakhale jaanare) aanee pieter cheshire, paul teller, anthany bekar (rapper) aanee rick hershon yaa nauu sadasyanchi tatpurati nivad jhaali. tyache pahile naav richard asalyane, breenne ritchie (richard neville dobson mhanoon janmalele) yanchyashi gondhal talhanyasathi tyache topananav 'ebbs' (tyachya madhalya navapasoon, 'abidin') vaparale. meey 1997 madhye antim sadasyanchi nivad jhaali tevha cheshire aanee teller yanna baad karnyat aale aanee hershon antim nivadila upasthit rahoo shakala nahee. bekarne suruvatila bandmadhye pravesh keela, parantu tyachya ishanyekadil uchcharamule tyachya rapping shailibaddal shanka nirman jhaali. vyavasthapan suruvatila chaar tukadyancha band shodhat hote aanee bandsathi jeey, seane, scott aanee ritchie nivadanar hote, parantu jevha tyanni itaransobat ebbs pahile tevha tyanni tharavale qee paach tukada adhik changla kaam karel. tyanantar yaa gatavar sayman cowell aanee bmg/rca yanni sahaa-album kararasathi swakshari kelee. pachjananni nafilmadhil triiniity studiomadhye tyanchya kamacha sarav keela aanee pradarshan kele-tyach thikani masaledar mulinni kahee varshanpurvi kele hote. november 1997 madhye, pachanni tyanche pahile ekal 'slam dunk (daa funk)' prakashit kele, jeey yooke ekerichya yadeet 10 vya kramankavar aale. yuu. aii. madhyehi heey gaane pradarshit karnyat aale.ess. 1998 madhye, parantu aine. bii. aii. chey naveen theem gaane mhanoon teey nivadle gele asale taree, 'billboard' hott 100 varr 86 vya kramankavar pohochoon, tyanna taktyat farse yash midale nahee. 1998 madhye, pachanni tyancha pahila motha aantarrashtriy hiit midavala, 'jevha dive bund hotat', jyane yu.ess. pahilya 10 madhye aanee tyanantar lagechach tyanni tethe suvarnpadakachi kamai kelee. tyanantar paach jann tyanchya aagami albumchya pracharasathi aath divasanchya swatachya gele, teey ayrish gerl group bii * witcheds disney vahinisathi vishesh maifilimadhye disale, newyork shaharatil times squaremadhye aanee emm. tii. vhee. chya tii. aar. ell. varr. varr haah pahila album yuu. ess. madhye madhye kramankavar pohochala.ess. "billboard" 200 aanee brittons jagbharatil itar deshanmadhye yadeet avval sthanavar aahe. "daad things yuu duu' haah chitrapat chitrapat uttaradhat yuu. ess. madhye pradarshit jhaala.ess., keval halakya tapane swagat karnyasathi. gatane 'yuu' chee suruvat kelee.ess. american boy band aine. ess. sinksobatcha daura, parantu thakvyamule lagechach maghar ghetalyanantar, vishranti ghenyasathi aanee naveen albamvar kaam suru karnyasathi englandla parat uddan kele. pahilya albammadhil, 'gett daad pheel', 'every gett up' aanee 'time end time' heey serve 1998 madhye yuu. keey. madhye ekeri mhanoon pradarshit jhaale. paach jagatil anek deshanmadhye pahilya 5 madhye pohochale aanee nantarchya done ekeri pratyeki yuu. keey. madhye bandmates kramankavar aalya. pachchya lokpriyatetil eka mahattvapoorn ghatak mhanje blockveryl naveen mule, purv 17, backstreet mule aanee tyanchya uptempo sangeet shailitil aine. ess. sink aanee 'street' pratima, tyaulat, boyzone aanee 98 degree, jeey tyaa velee pramukhyane tyanchya gathansathi olakhale jaat hote, yasarkhya gatanshi tyanche samya hote. pachanni tyanchi bahutansh ganee lihili kinwa saha-lihili, jee tyaa velee mulanchya bandmadhye asamanya hotee. paach ganee prasiddhapane sadar karnyat aalee hotee jee britney bhala aanee 'aine sink' sathee prachand yashasvi tharali. 1997 madhye max martin ',' yaa shirshakachya eka naveen ganyavar kaam karat hota...baal punha ekada."heey mulat magchya rastyavaril mulansathi lihile gele hote aanee teey nakarnyat aale. tyanantar heey gaane tii. ell. see. laa denyat aale, jyanna tyat rus navhata. sayman kovelane heey gaane aikale aanee teey hiit hoil heey tyala maheet hote. martinne paach varshiy tyachya mulanchya bandla heey gaane dile tarr tyane martinla aashcharyachakit karnara martin deu keela. pachanni suruvatila kavita lihayala suruvat kelee; tathapi, martinne yaa ganyache vachan aagami britney bhalena dile hote. tyacha shabd palat, purn jhalele gaane britnikade gele. prati cowell, "mallah americetil arista recordskadoon phone aala aanee tyanni mallah phonever 'hiit mea bebby' asey mhatale. mea asey hoto, "arey deva, heey aahe" mhanoon mea max martinla phone keela, jyane teey lihile aanee mea mhatale, "max, mea haah demo nuktach aikala aahe. kripaya mallah teey paach rupayanna dya ". aanee too mhanala, "mallah shakya nahee, mea britney bhalena vachan dile.mea gelo", kona? majhyavar vishvas thewa, max, britney bhalesarkhe naav konee gajavanar nahee. kripaya fakt yacha vichar qaraa.chovis tasannantar too parat aala aanee mhanala," nahee, mea teela denar aahe ", aanee tevdhanch." "pann mallah vatate qee muddah assa aahe qee, teey gaane konasathihi hiit jhaale asate. mallah maheet hote qee haah pachda yashasvi jhaala asata, tii. ell. see. sathee yashasvi jhaala asata, britney bhalesathi yashasvi tharala asata. deshi aavrutya, paryayi aavrutya aalya aaheth teey fakt eka yashasvi gaane hote, tyabaddal konatahi prashna nahee aanee teey pahile yashasvi gaane asane haah kalakarachya karkirdicha sarvat mahattvacha bhag asato aanee konachihi karkird modanyacha sarvat katheen bhag dekhil asato." nantar martinne paach jananna 'buy buy buy' mhatale, aanee 'nott nott laee bebby, buy buy' heey ekmev purn kelele geet hote."heey gaane aikalyavar aanee padye lihinyacha prayatna kelyavar, robinsonne nondavale qee teey paach ganyanpeksha 'aine sink gaane' sarkhe adhik dhwani hote. tyanantar bandney heey gaane pudhe dhakalale. 1999-2000: "ajey". august 1999 madhye, tyanchya bandmates albumche pahile ekal, 'ajey', 'jarr tumhi khalee jaata', pradarshit jhaale aanee jagbharat eka mothe hiit tharale parantu punha ekada tyanchya mool deshat number 1 varr jaanyat ayashasvi jhaale, rickie martinne avval sthanapasun door thewale. akheris, aktoobar 1999 madhye, salag teen kramank-done shikharannantar, 'keep aun movin' heey tyanche pahile yuu. keey. kramank 1, tasech tyanche aataparyantche sarvat jaast vikale jaanare ekal tharale. tyanantar lagechach bandmates albumne pahilya pachmadhye sthan midavale. "dont vaant yuu goo' haah chitrapat march banale suruvatila pradarshit jhaala, jhaala kramankavar pohochala. 3 march 2000 roji, paach british puraskaranmadhye rock legends queens, tyaa bandchya hitchi adyayavat aavrutti sadar karat, 'aamhi tumhala rock karoo'. tyaa ratri pachane 'sarvotkrusht popp abhinay' mhanoon tyancha pahila britt puraskar jinkla aanee julai 2000 madhye queen ganyache tyanche mukhprushth brittenmadhye tyanche dusare kramank 1 banale. banale purvardhat, nevilla kanjinya jhalyanantar aanee tyala englandla parat jaave laglyanantar, britton, europe, russia, austreliya aanee-eka chaughanpramane-dakshin americet maifili sadar karat, paach yashasvi jaagtik swatachya gele. daura sampalyanantar, paach jann brittenmadhil anek maifilimadhye sadarikaran karat rahile, jyat ranisobat udyanat mejavanicha samavesh hota. ajey' chya punarmudranamadhye tyanchya yaaiilaw done ganyanchya remix aavrutya aanee paach thet ganee, tasech 'dont fight iit bebby' heey bonus gaane samavisht hote. julai 2000 madhye yuu. ess. madhye pradarshit honyamule, tyanchya stateside label, arista recordsney gatala vagalalyanantar heey gaane pradarshit honyapasoon mage ghenyat aale. paach jananna tyanchya ashiyai dhwanimudran companyshi dekhil samasya hotya aanee tyanantar tyanni tyancha ashiyai daura radd keela. yaa mothya dhakkyane trast houn, mule studiomadhye parat gelee aanee tyanchya pudhil albamsathi ganee lihayala suruvat kelee. tyanni britton aanee europemadhye puraskar jinkane suruch thewale aanee december 2000 madhye tyanchya mool deshat tyancha dusra motha daura suru keela. 2001: 'kingsize', conlonche prasthan aanee vibhajan. janewari 2001 madhye, paach jann jagatil sarvat mothya mahotsavanpaiki eka asalelya 'rock inn reo inn reo inn reo dii janeiro' madhye sumare 500,000 lokanchya prekshakansamor sadarikaran karnyasathi gele. meey 2001 madhye, anek mahinyanchya sarjansheel lekhananantar aanee "tyancha swatacha vaiyaktik aavaj vikasit kelyanantar", "rajvat" purn jhaali. matra, jevha tyanchya pahilya ekal ganyache chitrikaran suru karanyachi vel aalee, tevha conlon yaa gatacha bhag asalyamule nirman jhalelya tanavamule manasikdrushtya tutalela asalyamule too disu shakala nahee. matra, tyaveli heey sarvajanikaritya ughad karnyat aale navhate aanee tyaeivaji too granthijanya tapane aajari asalyacha dawa karnyat aala hota. gayakasathi ubhe asalelya purn aakarachya pudkyachya cutt-outs 'lets dance' video pradarshit karnyat aala aanee tyane pratyakshat band sodala asalyachya afava radd karavya lagalya. robinsonla tyacha mulga, brenan rayas, joou akali janmala hota, tyachyasobat rahnyasathi tatpurata vel havah hota. urvarit teen sadasya, braun, love aanee neville yanni gatachya aathvadyannantar albumchya aanee 'lets dance' yaa ekal ganyachya mothya pracharasah pudhe dhakalale. julaimadhye beljiyammadhil eka maifilimadhye sadarikaran kartana, nevilane tyachya davya payachi snayu fadali, jyamule serve padonnati thamblya aanee gatala tyanchya paryayanvar aanee bhavishyacha punarvichar karnyasathi kahee baithka ghenyas pravrutt kele. "tathapi, august 2001 chya madhyat 'lets dance' pradarshit jhaala aanee done aathvade avval sthanavar rahoon too tyancha tisra yuu. keey. kramank eka tharala. "kingsize' neey done aathvadyannantar aathvadyannantar kramankavar padarpan kele aanee pudhe jaaun suvarnpadakachi pratishtha midavali. kingsize' pradarshit jhalyanantar done aathvadyanni, bandney conlonchya jaanyachi ghoshana kelee. nevilane anek varshannantar eka mulakhatit sangitale qee bandchya vyavasthapanane conlonche bandmadhun prasthan gupt thewale, tyamule tyanni 'lets dance' video chitrit keela tevha too nighun gela aahe heey tyanna maheet navhate. 27 september 2001 roji, dhwanimudran vyavasthapanashi eka mahinyachya gambhir baithakinantar, bandney emm. tii. vhee. selectover ghoshana kelee qee tyaa varshachya akheris sankalan prakashit kelyanantar teey vegale hotil. bandmates divashi, robinsonne tyachya serve majee bandmates eka samarambhat tyacha mangetar, keerii okarashi lagn kele. anek varshannantar, breenne ughad kele qee too vibhakt honyachya kalpanechya virodhat hota; tyane yaa ghatasfotala tyachyakadun kahitari ghetale gele aahe asey vatale asey varnan kele. 19 november roji 15 mageel hiit, done remix aanee eka naveen gaane asalela 'gretest hiit' album pradarshit jhaala. 24 november roji, 'close too mea' aanee 'rock daad party' heey duheri-eka-bajuche ekal gaane united kingadammadhe animated videos pradarshit karnyat aale. hii done ganee tyanchya aadhichya 'kingsize' yaa albammadhye samavisht karnyat aalee hotee, parantu conlonchya jaanyanantar tyanni tyanchya 'gretest hiit' albammadhun ekal mhanoon pradarshit karnyacha nirnay ghetala. haah album 15 februwari 2002 roji americet pradarshit jhaala. bandchya alpavadhichya aayushyat, tyanni jagbharat yash midavale, brittenmadhye teen nambarchi ekeri ganee midavali aanee jagbharat tyanchya dhvanimudrananchya 15-20 dashalaksh pratinchi vikri kelee, jyat jagbharatil tyanchya dhvanimudrananchya 7 dashalaksh pratee aanee americet 20 laakh pratincha samavesh aahe aanee vatet asankhya puraskar midavale. 2006-2007: pahile punarmilan. 17 september 2006 roji, pachchya adhikrut myspace prushthadvare ghoshana karnyat aalee qee 27 september roji madhya londonmadhil skela yethe patrakar parishad honar aahe. scala yetheel golibaramule thikan badallyanantar, parishad baar akadami eyelungton yethe halavanyat aalee. patrakar parishadet yachee pushti karnyat aalee qee pachpaiki chaar sadasya punha ekatra yeteel (conlon aata tyachya soonee kararasathi vachanbaddha aahe). tyanchya chauthya studio albamsathi paach dhwanimudrit naveen sahitya, gaay chambers, swedish nirmata/gitkar anders bagg aanee french djs track aakramankartyansah kaam karat hote. tyanni 2007 madhye dekhil daura karanyachi yojana aakhali. janewari 2007 paryant, pachanni tyanchya albumcha ardha bhag purn keela hota aanee naveen vyavasthapak, richard beeck, jyanchyakade 'five-daad revive' navachi emm. tii. vhee. mahitipat malika dekhil hotee, tyanchyabarobar reecord labelver swakshari karnyacha vichar karat hote. pudhil kahee mahinyant haah album pradarshit hone apekshit hote. 8 march 2007 roji madhyaratri, naveen albammadhye asanar asalelya teen agadi naveen ganyanchya eka minitatil paach clipsche premiere jhaale. 70 divas', 'settle daun' aanee 'itts aul good' hii ganee bandchya adhikrut sanketsthalavar aanee tyanchya myspace prushthavarhi aikoo yetat. 19 meey 2007 roji, sudharanannantar keval aath mahinyanni aanee puresa fayadeshir vikrami sauda midvanyat ayashasvi tharalyanantar, tharalyanantar tyanchya sanketsthaladvare jaheer kele qee teey yapudhe punragmanacha pathpurava karnar naheet. 2012-2021: dusare punarmilan aanee premache prasthan. 2012 madhye, conlon tyachya majee bandmates bandmates punarmilanachya shakyatevar charcha karnyasathi punha ekatra aala. suruvatila braun yaa punarmilanmadhye bhag ghenyas tayar hota, parantu itar sadasyanni, purvi tyane conlone aanee robinsonla karanibhoot tharavalelya mansik samasyanmule tasech tyala soshal mediaver naan rahnyasathi, chaar bhag mhanoon pudhe jaanyas pradhanya dile. 18 aktoobar roji paratanyachi ghoshana karnyat aalee. 2013 madhye, yaa gatane 'daad bigg runion' madhye bhag ghetala, jithe tyanni ekatra ghalavalela vel aanee bandmadhye rahnyamule rahnyamule adchanimbaddal charcha kelee. tyanni naveen pachva sadasya jodanyacha vichar keela, parantu tyanni haar manali. gatane chaar purushanchi (danne coursey, luke boyden, nathan rollings aanee lii roots) bandcha naveen sadasya honyasathi audition dilee, parantu shevati pachvya sadasyachi yojana vagalanyat aalee aanee paach jananni chaar tukadya mhanoon pudhe jaanyacha nirnay ghetala. akheris september 2013 madhye tyachya bandchya bandchya kelele aarop nakarnyasathi braun pudhe aala. tyane kabool kele qee tyachya vaganukikade mothyane aanee atibhar lavnare mhanoon pahile jaau shakate, parantu tyane gundgiriche khote mhanane nakarle. abzasobatchya peyapadarthandarmyan tyane sangitale qee mulanchya punarmilanasathi utsahi asatana, tyala tyat sahbhagi vhayache nahee kaaran tyala tyachi gopaniyata aavadate. 16 september 2013 roji, bandney rashtriy reality tv puraskaranmadhye sarvotkrusht sangeet abhinayacha (reality tv shover) puraskar patkavla. november aanee december 2013 madhye, paach jananni yooke aanee austreliyachya tyanchya swatachya swatachya suruvat kelee, joou 5 aayavhicha sarvat yashasvi daura hota. march 2014 madhye, ashee afava pasarali hotee qee premane gut sodala aahe, parantu tyaveli tyanni too nakarla. juuna 2014 madhye, paach lokanni tyanchya mcbustead mcbustead chaar tarkhanvar mcbusteadla pathimba deela aanee nantar tyaa mahinyat lavhane sangitale qee gatache bhavishya anishchit hote. akheris lavhane itar sadasyanna aadhi naan sangata, august 2014 madhye tweeterdware gut sodala asalyachi ghoshana kelee. ghoshanechya kahee divas aadhi eka mulakhatit, lavhane ughad kele qee too keval aarthik garjemule paach janansobat punha ekatra yenyas tayar jhaala aanee punha kishoravayin ganee ganyat too anandi navhata. februwari 2016 madhye, pachanni 'keep aun moving'-daad best auph five 'heey sankalan prakashit kele, jeey tighe mhanoon tyanche pahile prakashan hote. april 2019 madhye, mulanni jaheer kele qee tyanna 911, nuksan aanee aii1 neey sameel kele jaeel, yookechya yookechya 'mule parat aalee aahet!"2020 madhye robinsonne asehi sangitale qee bandchi mool purn line-up parat yenyachi shakyata nahee. tyanni press associationla sangitaleh "[tapkiri aanee prem] paryant pohochane aamchyavar avalambun nahee. tyanna bandmadhye rahayache nahee heey tyanni agadi spasht kele aahe. teey ghenyasarkhe aahe, jasson aurange aanee robby williams nighun janyasarkhe. tee ajunahi kaam karate, ganee ajunahi tashich aahet."covid-19 mahamarimule yaa yaa vyatyay yeil, 2021 sathee karyakram punha niyojit kele jaatil. 2021-sadhyacheh rebranding aanee 'vel'. 2020 chya uttaradhat, paach jananni jaheer kele qee teey 2021 madhye austreliyan popp jodee 'cyster 2 cyster' chya pathimbyane aanakhi eka austreliyan sarvat yashasvi daura suru karnar aahet. 4 juuna 2021 roji, sanket aanee postchya mojaninantar, paach jananni eka clips, 'keep aun movin' (21 remix) sathee cover artwork, eka naveen logoche anavaran kele, jeey tyanni apple sangitavar purv-ordersathi upalabdh asalyache jaheer kele. tyanni 11 juuna 2021 roji mothya batmyansathi tyanchi soshal media khaatee pahanyachehi sangitale. 11 juuna roji, mahamarichya kalat dhwanimudrit kelelya naveen albumchya ghoshanesah remix pradarshit karnyat aale. 26 julai 2021 roji, paach jananni 'shangri-laa' aanee 'making mea phaul' yaa done naveen ekeri ganyanchi ghoshana kelee jee 31 julai 2021 roji purv-maganisathi upalabdh asel, nantar 6 august 2021 roji serve pravahit manchanvar pradarshit kelee gelee. 29 julai 2021 roji pratyek ganyacha eka tukada tyanchya soshal media khatyanvar poost karnyat aala. 2 september 2021 roji, pachanni khrisamasachya sumaras haah album pradarshit karanyachi ghoshana kelee. 12 september 2021 roji mulanchya cardiff shhow darmyan tyanni 'reset' navachya gatheche thet sadarikaran suru kele, jeey 1 aktoobar 2021 roji ekal 'warm light' sobat pradarshit jhaale. aktoobar 2021 madhye, paach jananni jaheer kele qee aagami albamla 'time' mhatale jaeel aanee teey janewari 2022 chya sumaras pradarshit honar hote. albammadhil pudhil ekal ganyala 'time' dekhil mhatale jaeel aanee 22 aktoobar 2021 roji prii-ordersathi upalabdh karoon dile jaeel, 26 november 2021 roji releasechi tarikh nishchit kelee jaeel. december 2021 madhye naveen albumchya mukhprushthavar adhikrut najar tyanchya naveen albumchya 'time' sathee prii-save links denyat aalee hotee. haah album 28 janewari 2022 roji pradarshit jhaala. sahali. shirshalekh saha-shirshak prarambh krutee puraskar. jinkale gelele puraskarah british puraskar emm. tii. vhee. europe sangeet puraskar rashtriy vastav durdarshan puraskar sylver clayf puraskar nivadanuk vijetya pakshala dhakka tii. emm. eff. puraskar (netherlands) durdarshan hiit puraskar

paanch (samuha) faibh (faibhako rupma shailikrit) londonko ek britis keta banned how jasma sadasyaharu sayne conlone, richy nebhil, rar scott robinson chhan. tiniharu sann 1997 maa uhi tolile gathan gareka thie jasle uniharuko carrier suru garnu aghi masalaharu wyawasthapan garthe. yo samuha prayaha paanch-tukra bhanera chininthyo, jasma robinson, nebhil, conlone, abs labh rar jayson "jey" brauna thie. paanchale vishwawyapi rupma madhyam safalta prapta gare, vishesh gari tiniharuko muel sanyukta adhirajya, sathai baanki europe rar asiaka adhikansh bhagharuma. britis phonographic udyog (bpi) kaa anusar belayatma 16 lakh album rar 34 lakh ekalka lagi paanchalai pramanit garieko chha. samuhale vishwabhar karib 2 karod pratilipiharu bikri garyo. 27 september 2001 maa tiniharu alag bhae. robinson, labh, nebhil, rar braunle september 2006 maa sangit prabandhak richard bekko netritwama nayan wyawasthapan tolisanga conlone binako samuhama sankshipta rupma sudhar gare (jo 2001 ko vibhajan aghi gaeka thie). atha mahinapachhi, ek akarshak bhraman surakshit gare tara paryapta record companyko chaso prapta garna asafal bhae, paanchale afno adhikarik website marfat ghoshana gare kii tiniharu feri wighatan hunechhan. sann 2012 maa, samuhale ghoshana garyo kii uniharule arko punarmilanko yojana banairaheka chhan, yass patak boardma konlonko sath. pramukh gayak brauna suruma punarmilanma bhag lyne sahamat bhae, tara pachhi unle ab janatako ankhama rahan nachaheko dabi gardai afno munn pariwartan gare. samuhale charjana sadsyasahit jaari rakhyo, tara paanch janako naam rakhne nirnaya गऱ्यो।. nilo, 911, atmic keaton, bee * witched, honeys rar liberty exsangai, panchwata itv2 writtachitra shringkhala "da bigg reunion" maa chitrit garieko thiyo, june 31 janawari 2013 maa prasaran huna thalyo. yasapachhi 26 february 2013 maa hammersmith apoloma punaragman pradarshan rar mema yuke rar ayarlandko waripari ek erena bhraman bhayo, june khairo bina uniharuko pahilo bhraman thiyo. november rar december 2013 maa, paanchale afnai bhramanko shirshak die, 5 sarwashreshtha heat bhraman, chaar-tukra rupma tiniharuko pahilo ekal bhraman. august 2014 maa, labhle ek tweet marfat bandbatt afno prasthanko ghoshana gare, conlone, nebhil rar robinsonlai trayiko rupma jaari rakhe. sann 2021 maa, paanchale adhikarik rupma 20 warshama afno pahilo ekal, "kip unn mobhin" (21 remix) jaari gare, june uniharule junema rilij gare, tyasapachhi august 2021 maa "making mea fall" rar "sangari-lah", tyasapachhi october 2021 maa "reset" rar "warm light". november 2021 maa "time" shirshakko ekal rilij bhaeko thiyo. december 2021 maa, paanchale adhikarik rupma uniharuko lamo samayadekhi pratiksharat chautho album "time" kaa lagi 28 janawari 2022 ko rilij miti ghoshana gare. currier. 1997-1998: gathan rar "5ive". sann 1997 maa, belayatko pradarshan kala samacharpatra "da stage" maa euta vigyapan rakhieko thiyo, jasma yuwa purush gayakharu/nartakharulai "manovritti rar kinara" bhaeko ketako banned-shaili samuhaka lagi adison dina agraha garieko thiyo. pahile masala ketiharu sirjana gareka dui purush bub rar criss herbertle purush samuhaka lagi yo sahi samaya how bhani soche. rasel brandshit 3,000 bhanda badhi ashawanharule adison die, jasle nirnayakharuka lagi charamko geet "shabdabhanda badhi" prastut gare. antatah uniharulai 14 maa simit gariyo, jasmadhye paanchale afno adisanko pratikshama afulai samuhama wyawasthit gareka thie. adisanko parinamswarup nau sadasyaharuko asthayi casting bhayoh richy nebhil, scott robinson, sayne conlone, jayson "jey" brauna, richard brin (ahile ebaj love bhanera chininchha), rar pieter cheshire, pall taylor, anthony becker (rapper) rar rick hershon. unko pahilo naam richard bhaekale, brinele richy (janma richard nebhil dobson) sanga bhramabata bachna afno upanam 'abs' (unko madhya naam, "abidin" batt) prayog gare. mey 1997 maa antim sadasyaharu chhanot bhaepachi chesayar rar taylor pachhi katieka thie rar hershon antim chhanotma upasthit huna sakenan. bekarle yasalai muel rupma bandma banae, tara unko uttar purva uchcharan hundai jaanda unko rapp shailima shanka utpanna bhayo. wyawasthapanle suruma chaar tukra banned khojdai thiyo, rar bandka lagi jey, sayne, scott rar richy chayan garna jaandai thiyo, tara jab tiniharule arusanga abs dekhe tiniharule paanch tukra ramro kaam garne nirnaya gare. samuhalai pachhi syman covell rar bmg/arsiele chha-album samjhautaka lagi hastakshar gare. paanchale nafilko trinity studioma afno kamko abhyas rar demo gare-tyahi thaaun jahaan masala ketiharule kehi warsha pahile gareka thie. november 1997 maa, paanchale afno pahilo ekal "slam dunk (daa funk)" jaari gare, june yuke ekal chartma number 10 maa debue bhayo. yo geet yuma pani rilij garieko thiyo.ess. sann 1998 maa tara "billboard" hutt 100 maa 86 nambarma pugdai thorai chart safalta thiyo, yadyapi yo enbieko nayan thim gitko rupma chhanieko thiyo. sann 1998 maa, paanchale afno pahilo pramukh antarrashtriya heat kamae, "jab battiharu niskanchhan", jasle yu crack gyoa..ess. shirsha 10 rar tyasko lagattai tyahan sunko sthiti prapta gare. tyasapachhi faibh afno agami albumko prachar garna atha dinko bhramanma gae, iris ketty samuha bee * wichdka sath disney channelka lagi concert visheshma dekha pare, nyu york saharko times squirema rar emtibhiko trlma. pahilo album "faibhaibh" yuma 27 nambarma pugyo.ess. "billboard" 200 rar belayatsahit vishwabharka anya deshharuma chartma shirsha sthanma chha. "yo tapainle garnuhune kamharu hun" sann 1998 ko antyama americama rilij garieko thiyo.ess., kewal ek halka swagat prapta garna. samuhale ek yu suru garyo.ess. americi keta banned nsinksanga bhraman garnuhos, tara thakawaka karan turuntai bahira niskie pachhi, aram garna rar nayan albumma kaam suru garna england farkie. ajhai pani pahilo albumbata, "gett da feelin", "sabaijana uthchan", rar "samaya nabhaesamma" sabai 1998 maa belayatma ekalka rupma jaari gariyo. panchwata vishwaka dherai deshharuma shirsha 5 maa pugyo, rar pachhillo dui ekalharu pratyek belayatma dosro sthanma puge. paanchko lokapriyatama euta mahatwapurna tatwa block, purva 17, backstreet ketaharu rar uniharuko uptempo sangitik shaili rar 'street' chhawima nsink jasta samuhaharusanga uniharuko samanta thiyo, yasako viparit, keta khetra, rar 98 degree, jo mukhya rupma uniharuko gathaharuka lagi parichit thie. paanchale afna adhikansh githaru pani lekhe wa saha-lekhe, june tyas samayama ketaharuko bandko asamanya thiyo. panchwata githaru prasidha rupma prastawa garieka thie june britney bhala rar 'enn sinkaka lagi thulo heat sabit bhayo. sann 1997 maa, max martinle "," shirshakko nayan gitma kaam gariraheka thie...bachcha, ek patak feri."yo muel rupma backstreet ketaharuka lagi lekhieko thiyo, rar yasalai aswikar gariyo. tyasapachhi tielsilai geet prastawa garieko thiyo, jaslai pani ruchi thiena. syman kowelle yo geet sune rar yo heat hunechha bhanne thaha thiyo. yadi martinle afno ketako banned paanchalai geet dinechha bhane unle martinlai euta ashcharyajanak martinko prastawa gare. paanchale suruma padaharu lekhna thale; yadyapi, martinle gitlai up-anned-comming britney bhala dine wacha gareka thie. unko wachan palan gardai, samapta geet britnima gayo. prati covell, "maile americama arista recordharubata cull paen rar uniharule malai fonema bachcha prahar gare. mahm yasto thien, "hey bhagawan, yo how" tyasaile maile max martinlai fone garen, jasle yo lekhe, rar maile bhane, "max, maile bharkharai yo demo suneko chhu. kripaya malai panchka lagi dinuhos. anie usale bhanyo, "mahm garna sakdinan, maile britney bhalelai yo pratigya gareko chhu.mahm gaen", ko? malai vishwas garnuhos, max, britney bhala jasto namle kasaile pani heat garne chhaina. kripaya yasako barema sochnuhos.chaubis ghanta pachhi uni farkie rar bhane" hoina, mahm unlai dina jandaichhu ", rar yati nai bhayo." "tara malai lagchha, tyo geet jo kohika lagi pani heat hune thiyo. malai thaha thiyo kii yo panchka lagi heat hune thiyo, yo tielsika lagi heat hune thiyo, yo britney bhala lagi heat thiyo. tyahan contry sanskaranharu, vaikalpik sanskaranharu chhanh yo kewal ek heat geet thiyo, yasako barema kunai prashna chhaina, rar tyo pahilo heat geet hunu kalakarko carrierko sabaibhanda mahatwapurna bhag how, rar kasaiko carrier todne sabaibhanda gahro bhag pani how." paanchalai pachhi martindwara "bai baya baya" prastawa garieko thiyo, ek matra pura geet "note no lai beby, bai baya" thiyo."geet sunepachhi rar padaharu lekhne prayas garda, robinsonle note gare kii yo paanch geet bhanda 'enn sink geet' jasto dekhinchha. bandley pachhi gitlai pass garyo. 1999-2000: "ajeya". august 1999 maa, tiniharuko dosro albumko pahilo ekal, "ajeya", "yadi yo gettin dauna", jaari gariyo rar vishwawyapi rupma ek pramukh heat bhayo tara feri pani uniharuko griha deshma number 1 maa zahn asafal bhayo, ricky martindwara shirsha sthanbata bahira rakhieko thiyo. antatah, october 1999 maa, lagatar tean number-dui shikharharu pachhi, "kip unn mobhin" tiniharuko pahilo yuke number 1 banyo, sathai tiniharuko sabaibhanda dherai bikri hune ekal pani banyo. dosro album tyasko kehi samayapachi shirsha panchma pugyo. "dont want lett yu go" march 2000 ko suruma rilij bhaeko thiyo, 9 nambarma pugeko thiyo. 3 march 2000 maa, panchwata ruck legend kwinsanga britt awardma kholieko thiyo, tyas bandko hitko adyawadhik sanskaran pradarshan gardai, "" hammy tapainlai ruck garnechhaun. tyas raat faibhle "best pup act" ko rupma afno pahilo britt award jityo, rar july 2000 maa belayatma rani gitko tiniharuko kabhar tiniharuko dosro number 1 banyo. sann 2000 ko pahilo adhama nebhille chikenpoksko sankraman garepachhi rar unlai england firta laijanupareko thiyo, belayat, europe, rasiya, astrelia rar-ek charjanaka rupma-dakshin americama concertharu pradarshan gardai panchjana safal vishwa bhramanma fela pare. bhraman samapta garepachhi, paanchale belayatma dherai concertharuma pradarshan garna jaari rakhe, ranisanga parkma party sahit. ajeya" ko punah-jarima uniharuko bhramanbata kehi githaru rar paanch pratyaksha trackharuko remix sanskaranharu, sathai bonus track, "dont fight eat beby" samawesh thiyo. sanyukta rajya americama july 2000 maa releaseka lagi, samuhalai uniharuko stateside lebel, arista recordharudwara chhodepachhi geet releasbata hataiyo. paanchalai uniharuko asealy record companysanga pani samasya thiyo, rar pachhi uniharuko asealy bhraman radda gariyo. yo thulo aghatbata pidit, ketaharu studioma farkie rar afno arko albumka lagi githaru lekhna thale. tiniharule belayat rar europema puraskarharu jitna jaari rakhe, rar december 2000 maa uniharuko griha deshma uniharuko dosro thulo bhraman suru bhayo. 2001: "kingsize", konlonko prasthan rar vibhajan. janawari 2001 maa, panchjana lagbhag 500,000 manisharuko darshakharuka lagi wishwako sabaibhanda thulo mahotsawharu madhye ek, riyo day generioma ruck inn riyoma pradarshan garna gae. mey 2001 maa, dherai mahinako rachanatmak lekhan rar "afnai wyaktigat dhwani vikas" pachhi, "rajakar" pura bhayo. jab yo albumbata uniharuko pahilo ekalka lagi bhidiyo chhayangkan suru garne samaya thiyo, tathapi, conlone upasthit huna sakenan kinbhane uni samuhako hissa bhaekale tanawabata manasik rupma bigrieka thie. yadyapi, yo tyas samayama sarvajanik rupma prakat garieko thiena, rar yasako satta uni granthijanya jwarobata birami thie bhanne dabi garieko thiyo. lets dance" bhidiyo gayakka lagi khada bhaeko jiwan-akarko cardboard cutt-autako sath jaari garieko thiyo, rar unle wastawma banned chhodeka thie bhanne afawahlai kharez garnuparyo. robinsonlai pani afno chhora brenan raisasanga huna asthayi rupma samaya chahinchha, jo samayapurva janmieko thiyo. baanki tinn sadasyaharu, brauna, labh rar nebhille samuhako tesro album rar "lets dance" ekalko bhari pracharka sath dabab die. julyma belgiumma ek concertma pradarshan garda, nebhille afno bayan khuttako tendonharu fade, sabai padonnatilai rokera rar samuhalai uniharuko vikalpa rar bhawishyabare punah sochna kehi baithakharu garna prerit gare. "lets dance" august 2001 ko madhyama rilij bhaeko thiyo, tara, dui haptasamma shirsha sthanma rahanda, yo tiniharuko tesro yuke number ek banyo. "kingsage" dui hapta pachhi tesro nambarma suru bhayo, rar swarna sthiti prapta garna gayo. kingsize" rilij bhaeko dui haptapachhi bandley konlonko prasthanko ghoshana गऱ्यो।. nebhille dherai warshapachhi ek antarwartama bhane kii bandko wyawasthapanle konlonko bandbatt prasthanlai gopya rakhyo, tyasaile uniharule "chalo nritya" bhidiyo khichepachhi uni gaeka thie bhanne thaha thiena. 27 september 2001 maa, record wyawasthapansanga ek mahinako gambhir baithakpachhi, bandley mtv selectma ghoshana garyo kii tyo warshako antyama sankalan jaari garepachhi yo vibhajit hunechha. bholipalta, robinsonle afno mangetar, keri okarsanga ek samarohma afna sabai purva bandmateharusanga vivaha gare. warshaunpachi, brinley afu alag hune wicharko kada virodh gareko khulasa gare; unle afubata kehi lieko mahasus gardai break-apko warnan gare. november 19 maa 15 wata wigatka hitharu, dui remixharu rar euta nayan gitko sath "greatest hitharu" album jaari gariyo. 24 novemberma, "mero najik" rar "ruck da party" bhaeko double-ae-side ekal animated bhidiyoko sath sanyukta rajyama jaari garieko thiyo. yee dui githaru uniharuko aghillo album "kingsize" maa samawesh garieko thiyo, tara konlonko prasthan pachhi, uniharule afno "greatest heat" albumbata ekalko rupma rilij garne nirnaya gare. album 15 february 2002 maa sanyukta rajya americama rilij bhaeko thiyo. bandko chhoto jiwankalma, tiniharule belayatma tinn number-ek ekalharu rar vishwabhar uniharuko recordharuko 15-20 million pratilipiharu bechera sansarbhari safalta anubhav gare, jasma vishwawyapi rupma uniharuko albumharuko 7 million pratilipiharu rar sanyukta rajyama 20 lakhharu samawesh thie, rar batoma dherai puraskarharu uthae. 2006-2007: pahilo punarmilan. 17 september 2006 maa, faibhako adhikarik myspace page marfat 27 septemberma madhya londonko scalama patrakar sammelan hune ghoshana garieko thiyo. scalama goli hanahanka karan sthal pariwartan bhaepachi sammelanlai barr ekedemy eslingtonma sario. patrakar sammelanma paanch sadasyamadhye charjana punah bhela hune pushti bhaeko thiyo (conlone ab afno sony samjhautama pratibadha chhan). ketaketiko chautho studio albumka lagi panchwata nayan samagri record gariyo, jasma ketaketiharu, swidis nirmata/gitkar anders byag, rar francelli djs track akramankariharusanga kaam gariyo. uniharule sann 2007 maa bhraman garne yojana pani banae. janawari 2007 samma, paanchale afno albumko adha pura garisakeka thie rar nayan prabandhak, richard beksanga record lebelma hastakshar garna khojdai thie, jasle "faibh-da ribhaibh" shirshakko mtv writtachitra shringkhala pani surakshit gare. album agami kehi mahinabhitra rilij hune apeksha garieko thiyo. 8 march 2007 maa, madhyaratma, nayan albumma hune tinwata brand nayan githaruko panchwata ek minet clipharu premiere gariyo. 70 dina", "settle dauna" rar "eats all good" shirshakka githaru bandko adhikarik website rar uniharuko myspace prishthama pani sunna sakinchha. 19 mey 2007 maa, sudharko atha mahina pachhi rar paryapta labhadayak record samjhauta surakshit garna asafal bhaepachi, 5bhibhle afno website marfat ghoshana gare kii uniharule ab punaragamanlai pachhyaundainan. 2012-2021: dosro punarmilan rar premko prasthan. sann 2012 maa, konlonle afno purva bandmateharusanga dosro punarmilanko sambhawanabare chhalfal garna punarmilan gare. brauna suruma punarmilanma bhag lyne icchuk thie, tara anya sadasyaharule vigatma unko karan bhaeko manovaigyanik samasyaharu rar robinsonka sathai uni samajik mediama huna nachahepachi chaar-tukrako rupma jaari rakhna ruchae. 18 octoberma firtiko ghoshana garieko thiyo. sann 2013 maa, samuhale "thulo punarmilan" maa bhag leo, jahaan uniharule sangai bitaeko samaya rar bandma hunda aune kathinaiharuko barema kura gare. uniharule nayan panchaun sadasya thapne bare soche, tara haar manyo. samuhale bandko nayan sadasya banna charjana manisharulai adison diyo (danne coursey, look boeden, nathan rollings rar lea rutt), tara antyama panchaun sadasyako yojana kharez gariyo rar paanch janale chaar-pisako rupma jaari rakhne nirnaya gare. september 2013 maa afna bandmateharule lagaeka aropharulai aswikar garna brauna antatah "maa dekha pare. unle swikar gare kii unko wyawaharlai charko rar ati sahanashilko rupma dekhna sakinchha, tara unle badmashi garne konlonlai aswikar gare. ebajsangko peyako kramama unle key bhane kii ketaharuko punarmilanka lagi utsahit bhae tapani uni sanlagna huna chahandainan kinbhane unlai afno gopaniyata munn parchha. 16 september 2013 maa, bandley rashtriya reality tivi awardma sarwashreshtha sangit abhinaya (reality tivi karyakramma) ko puraskar leo. november rar december 2013 maa, paanchale belayat rar australiama afnai bhraman suru gare, 5bha greatest heat tour. march 2014 maa, premle samuha chhodeko afwah thiyo, tara tyas samayama uniharule yasalai aswikar gare. june 2014 maa, paanchale uniharuko mcbustead bhramanko chaar mitiharuma mcbusteadlai samarthan gare rar tyas mahinako pachhi premle samuhako bhawishya anishchit raheko bataeko thiyo. antatah labhle anya sadasyaharulai pahile nai nadekheko unle august 2014 maa tweeter marfat samuha chhodeko ghoshana gare. ghoshana hunubhanda kehi dina aghi ek antarwartama, premle khulasa gare kii uni arthik awashyaktako karan panchjanasanga punah millen garna sahamat bhae, rar kishore githaru gaunda khusi thienan. february 2016 maa, paanchale "kip unn mobhin"-da best aff faibh "sankalan jaari gare, june tinko rupma tiniharuko pahilo rilij thiyo. april 2019 maa, ketaharule ghoshana gare kii uniharu 911, kshati rar ae 1 dwara yukeko bhramanka lagi samel hunechhan jaslai "ketaharu firta aeka chhan!" bhaninchha."sann 2020 maa robinsonle bandko muel purna line-up farkane kunai sambhawana nabhaeko pani batae. unle press esosiesanlai bhaneh "[khairo rar prem] samma pugnu hamimathi nirbhar hune chhaina. uniharule yo dherai spashta pareka chhan kii tiniharu bandma huna chahandainan. jayson orenz rar roby williams chhodera jaanda yo tyo linu jastai chha. yasale ajhai pani kaam garchha, githaru ajhai pani ustai chhan."covid-19 mahamarile bhramanma badha puyaunechha, sann 2021 kaa lagi karyakramharu punah nirdharit garine chha. 2021-wartamanah rebranding rar "samaya". sann 2020 ko antyama, paanchale ghoshana gare kii uniharule 2021 maa astreliyali pup jody "bahini 2 bahini" dwara samarthit arko australiali sabaibhanda thulo heat bhraman suru garnechan. 4 june 2021 maa, sanket rar postharuko shringkhalapachhi ganana garda, paanchale nayan logo anawaran gare, "kip unn mobhin" (21 remix) kaa lagi kabhar artworkko sath clip pani, june uniharule apple sangitma purva-arderka lagi upalabdha bhaeko ghoshana gare. uniharule 11 june 2021 maa thula samacharharuka lagi afno samajik sanjal khataharu herne pani batae. 11 junema, mahamariko samayama record garieko nayan albumko ghoshanako sath remix jaari garieko thiyo. 26 july 2021 maa, paanchale "sangari-lah" rar "making mea fall" shirshakka dui nayan ekalharu ghoshana gare june 31 july 2021 maa pri-arderka lagi upalabdha hunechha, tyasapachhi 6 august 2021 maa sabai streaming platformharuma jaari gariyo. 29 july 2021 maa pratyek gitko euta ansh uniharuko samajik midia khataharuma post garieko thiyo. 2 september 2021 maa, paanchale album krisamasko waripari rilij hune ghoshana gare. 12 september 2021 maa ketaharuko cardiff shoko samayama uniharule "reset" namak gathako pratyaksha prastuti suru gare, june 1 october 2021 maa ekal "nyano prakash" sangasangai jaari garieko thiyo. october 2021 maa, paanchale ghoshana gare kii agami albumlai "time" bhaninechha rar janawari 2022 ko waripari rilij hune thiyo. albumko arko ekallai "time" pani bhaninchha rar 22 october 2021 maa pri-arderka lagi upalabdha garainechha june 26 november 2021 kaa lagi rilij miti sett gardacha. december 2021 maa nayan album kabharma adhikarik nazar uniharuko nayan album "time" kaa lagi pri-sebh linkko sath diieko thiyo. album 28 janawari 2022 maa rilij bhaeko thiyo. bhramanharu. headline saha-shirshak udghatan adhiniyam puraskar. jiteka puraskarharuh britt puraskar mtv europe sangit puraskar rashtriya reality tivi puraskar silver clafe award chunawi wijetako partymathi prahar tmf puraskar (netherlands) television heat awardharu

pancha (gosthi) five (5aaivi bhabare stylised) londner eka british bayya banned jeunthire sadasya sinh conlon, richi nebhila ebong scott robbinson achanti . semane 1997 ray sehi ekaa dala dwara gathita hoithile jaahaa semananka kyariyara arambha kariba purbaru masala jhiamananku parichalana karuthila . ehi gostheeti mukhyatah pancha-khanda bhabare janashuna, jeunthire robbinson, nebhila, conlon, ebj labh ebong jasson "jay" braun antarbhukta . pancha john biswabyapee madhyama dharanara saphalata upavoga karithile, bisesh curry semananka moola juktarajya, tatha yuropara abasista ansha ebong acra. british phonographic industry (bpi) anujai, britenare 16 lakhya album ebong 34 lakhya singal paain panchti certificate paichi. ehi group saaraa bisware praiah 20 nijuta kapi bikri karithila. 27 september 2001 ray semane alga hoigale. robbinson, labh, nebhil ebong braun september 2006 ray conlon bina (jie semanankara 2001 bibhajan purbaru chaali jaithile) sankhipta bhabare gostheeku sanskara karithile, music manager richard beknka netrutware eka nutan management team sahita . aatha maasa parey, eka labhajanaka gasta surakhita curry kintu yathesta record company agraha hassel karibare biphal hoi, pancha john semanankara official website madhyamare eka ghoshana karithile je semane puni bhangidebe. 2012 ray, gosthi ghoshana kallah je semane aau eka punarmilana yojana karuchanti, ether conlon boardre . mukhya gajaka braun prathame punarmilanare anshagrahana karibaku raaji hoithile, kintu parey shay aau janasadharananka aakhire rahibaku chahunahanti bolly daabi curry taanka munn paribartana karithile. ehi gosthi kebala chaari john sadasyanka saha jaari rahithila, kintu naama pancha rakhibaku nishpatti neithila. neela, 911, paramanu bidalachhana, bii * wiched, honeys ebong liberty ex sahita, panchti aitibhi2 documentary sirij "dee bigg runion" ray pradarshita hoithila, jaahaa 31 januari 2013 ray prasarita hoithila . ehaa parey 26 februari 2013 ray hammersmith aapolore eka pratyabartana pradarshan ebong meey maasare britten ebong irelander charipakhare eka erena gasta hoithila, jaahaa badami bina semanankara pratham gasta thila . navember ebong december 2013 ray, pancha john nijaswa gastaku sheershare rakhithile, 5 tii sarbashrestha heat gasta, chaari-khanda bhabare semanankara pratham ekaka gasta . august 2014 ray, labh eka twit madhyamare byandaru prasthana ghoshana karithile, conlon, nebhila ebong rabinasananku tini bhabare jaari rakhibaku chadithile . 2021 ray, pancha john aanusthanika bhabare 20 barsha madhyare semanankara pratham ekaka, "kip aun mubhin" (21 remix) muktilabha karithile, jaahaa semane june ray muktilabha karithile, taa 'parey august 2021 ray "meking mea fall" ebong "sangri-laa", taa' parey october 2021 ray "reset" ebong "warma light". navember 2021 ray "time" namaka eka ekaka muktilabha karithila. december 2021 ray, pancha john semanankara dirgha prateekhita chaturtha album "time" paain januari 28 rahr muktilabha tarikh ghoshana karithile. kyariyara. 1997-1998: gathan ebong "5ive". 1997 masihare, brittener parafarming arts khabarkagaj 'daa stage' ray eka bigyapana diajaithila, jeunthire juba purush gajaka/nrutyashilpeemananku "manobhaba ebong dhaar" sahita eka balaka banned-sailee gosthi paain audison debaku kuhajaithila. purbaru masala jhia srusti karithiba dui purush bub ebong criss herbert bhabile je eka purush gosthi paain samai sathik. 3, 000 ru adhika ashabadi audition deithile, jeunthire russel brand madhya samil thila, jie bicharakamananka paain 'shabdatharu adhika' rahr charam geeta paribeshana karithile. sheshare semananku maatra 14ku seemita karajaithila, jeunmananka madhyaru pancha john semananka audison paain apekhya karuthibabele nijaku eka dalare ayojan karithile. auditioner phalaswaroopa naaa john sadasyanka asthajee casting helah richi nebhila, scott robbinson, sinh conlon, jasson "jay" braun, richard brin (bartamana abj labh bhabare janashuna), ebong pieter cheshayara, pull taylor, anthony bekara (rapper) ebong rick harshan . taanka pratham naama richard hoithibaru, brin taanka daknam 'abbs' (taanka madhya naama, "abidin" ru) byabahara karithile richi (janmagata richard nebhila doubson) nka saha dwandwaku edaiba paain. 1997 masiha meey maasare chudanta sadasya chayan heba parey cheshayara ebong telaranku kaati diajaithila ebong harshon chudanta chajanare joga deiparinathile. bekara moolatah byandare sthana paithile, kintu taanka uttara-purba uchharana asiba parey taanka ryaping sailee upare sandeha srusti hoithila . management prathame eka chaari-khanda banned khojuthila, ebong banned paain jay, sinh, scott ebong richi chayan karibaku jauthila, kintu jetebele semane anyamananka sahita ebbs dekhile semane nishpatti neithile je eka pancha-khanda bhal kaama kariba . parabarti samajare ehi gosthi symon kowel ebong bii. emm. jii./aara. sii. aii. dwara chhaati album paain chukti swakhyarita hoithila. pancha john naaphilare trinity studiore semanankara karjya abhyasa ebong demo karithile-sehi sthanare masala jhiamane kichhi barsha purbaru karithile . 1997 masiha navember maasare panchjan nijara pratham ekaka "slam dunk (daa phank)" muktilabha karithile, jaahaa brittener ekaka chartre 10 nambara sthanare rahithila. ehi geetati jayu. aii. ray madhya muktilabha karithila.ess. 1998 ray kintu chartre alpa saphalata paithila, "billboard" hutt 100 ray 86 nambarare pahanchithila, jadio ehaa nbar nutan thim geeta bhabare chayan karajaithila . 1998 ray, pancha john semanankara pratham pramukh antarjatija heat arjan karithile, "jetebele light banda hoijae", jaahaa jayu.ess. shrestha 10 ebong shighra sethare swarna manyata arjan karithile . five taa 'parey semanankara agami album prachara karibaku aatha dinia gastare jaithile, iris gearl group bii * wiched sahita disney channell paain eka concert swatantrare upasthita hoithile, nyujarka saharar time skwarare ebong mtv' rahr trlre . pratham album "5aaivi" jayu. aii. ray 27 nambarare pahanchithila.ess. "billboard" 200 ebong britten sameth biswara anya deshagudikare chartre sheershare rahichhi. "eats daa thingas jayu du" 1998 masiha sheshare jayu. aii. ray muktilabha karithila.ess., kebala eka haluka swagata grahan kariba paain. dalati eka jayu arambha karithila.ess. americae bayya banned enn. sink sahita gasta, kintu klanti karanaru shighra pratyahara karineithile, bishram neba paain ebong eka nutan album upare kaama arambha kariba paain englanda pherithile. tathapi pratham albummer "anubhuti paila", "samaste uthile", ebong "samai shesh heba parjyanta" sabu 1998 ray britenare ekaka bhabare muktilabha karithila. panchti biswara aneka deshare shirsha 5 ray pahanchithila, ebong parabarti duiti ekaka britenare dwiteeja sthanaku uthithila . panchajanka lokaprijatara eka gurutwapurna upadan thila, blakre thiba nooa pila, purba 17, back street balaka ebong semananka uptempo musical stylere 'street' imageray 'enn. sink' bhali gosthi sahita semanankara samanata, barang baijon ebong 98 degree, jeunmane sehi samajare mukhyatah semananka ballad paain janashuna thile. pancha john semananka adhikansha geeta madhya lekhithile kimba saha-lekhithile, jaahaa sehi samajare bayya bander aswabhabika thila . panchti geeta prasidha bhabare pradan karajaithila jaahaa britney barchha ebong 'enn sink paain bahuta heat hoithila . 1997 masihare, max martin "," namaka eka nutan geeta upare kaama karuthile.....pilati aau thare."ehaa moolatah pachapakhe thiba balakamananka paain lekhajaithila, ebong ehaaku pratyakhyana karajaithila. ehapare ehi geeta tii. ell. sii. nku diajaithila, jeunmane madhya agrahi nathile. symon kowel ehi geetati sunithile ebong janithile je ehaa eka heat heba. shay martinanku eka ashcharjyajanaka martin pradan karithile jadi martin taanka baiah byandaku geetati debe, pancha. pancha john prathame pada lekhiba arambha karithile; tathapi, martin ehi geetaku aagadhadira britney barchha paain pratishruti deithile. taanka kathaa palana curry, samapta geeta britneeku jaithila . prati kauel, "mun americara arista rekardasaru eka cull paili ebong semane mote phonere mariba pila bolly khelithile. mun epari thili, "hey bhagaban, eita hinn", tenu mun max martinanku dakili, jie ehaaku lekhithile, ebong mun kahili, "max, mun ehi demo sunichhi. dajakari mote pancha tanka deidiantu. ebong shay kahila, "mun paribi naahin, mun britney barchanku pratishruti deli.mun galli", kie? mote biswasa karantu, max, britney barchha pari naama sahita kehi heat hebaku jauchhanti . kebala ehaa bishajare chinta karantu, dajakari dajakari.chabish ghanta parey shay ferry aasile ebong kahile" naa, mun taaku debaku jauchhi ", ebong setiki." "kintu mun bhabuchhi, kathati heuchhi, sehi geetati je kaaha paain heat hoithanta. mun janithili ehaa panchti paain heat hoithiba, ehaa tii. ell. sii. paain heat hoithiba, ehaa britney barchha paain heat thila . deshi sanskarana, bikalpa sanskarana rahichhih ehaa kebala eka heat geeta thila, ehaa bishajare kaunasi prashna naahin, ebong sehi pratham heat geetati jane kalakaranka carriara sabutharu gurutwapurna ansha, ebong kahari kyarijaraku bhangibara sabutharu kastakara ansha madhya ." parey panchajanku martinanka dwara "baai baai baai" pradan karajaithila, jeunthire ekamatra sampurna geeta thila "naa naa laai bebi, baai baai."geetati suniba parey ebong pada lekhiba paain chesta kariba parey, robbinson ullekha karithile je ehaa panchti geeta apekhya 'enn sink geeta' pari adhika shunauchhi . parey bandti geetatiku gaithila. 1999-2000: "aparajeah". august 1999 ray, semanankara dwiteeja albummer pratham ekaka, "aparajeah", "jadi jaa gettin dauna", muktilabha karithila ebong biswabyapee eka pramukh heat hoithila kintu puni thare semananka deshare 1 nambaraku jibare biphal hoithila, ricky martinanka dwara shirsha sthanaru doorare . sheshare, october 1999 ray, kramagata tinoti dwiteeja-nambara shikhar parey, "kip aun mubhin" semanankara pratham jayu. kee. nambara 1 ray parinata hoithila, ebong aaji parjyanta semanankara sarbadhika bikri hoithiba ekaka . ehara kichhi samai parey dwiteeja album shrestha panchti sthanare pahanchithila. "dont wanat lett jayu goo" 2000 masiha march maasa prarambhare muktilabha karithila, jaahaa 9 nambara sthanare pahanchithila. 2000 masiha march maasa 3 tarikhare, panchti geeta rock kimbadanti raninka saha britt puraskara samarohare arambha hoithila, ebong sehi bander heat rahr eka update sanskarana pradarshan karithila, "" aame aapananku rock debu. sehi raatire five semanankara pratham britt puraskara jitithila, "shrestha pop act" bhabare, ebong july 2000 ray britenare semanankara raanee geetara prachada semanankara dwiteeja nambara 1 ray parinata hoithila . 2000 masihar prathamardhare panchti saphala biswa gastare dekhibaku milithila, jeunthire shay britten, europe, rushia, astrelia ebong-eka chaari-sama bhabe-dakhina aamerikare sangeeta paribeshana karithile, nebhila chikenapaksare sankramita heba parey ebong tanku englandaku ferai aanibaku padithila. gasta shesh kariba parey, pancha john brittener aneka sangeeta samarohare pradarshan jaari rakhithile, jeunthire raninka saha parkre party madhya antarbhukta thila. aparajeah" rahr eka punah-prakashanare duiti geetara remix sanskarana ebong semananka gastaru panchti live track, tatha eka bonus track, "dont fight eat bebi" antarbhukta . july 2000 ray aamerikare muktilabha kariba hetu, group semanankara stateside lebel, arista records dwara drop heba parey geetati muktilabharu pratyahara karajaithila . panchajankara madhya semananka asiah record company sahita samasya thila, ebong parabarti samajare semananka asiah gasta batil karithile. ehi budd aaghaatare peedita hoi, pilamane studioku pherigale ebong semanankara parabarti album paain geeta lekhiba arambha kale . semane britten ebong juropare puraskara jitiba jaari rakhithile, ebong december 2000 ray semananka niz deshare semanankara dwiteeja budd gasta arambha karithile. 2001: "kingsaij", kanlannka prasthana ebong bibhajan. januari 2001 ray, pancha john biswara sarbabruhata utsaba madhyaru gotie, reo dii generor riore rock inn riore praiah 500,000 darshakanka paain pradarshan karibaku jaithile. meey 2001 ray, aneka masser srujanashila lekhiba ebong "semanankara nijaswa byaktigata dhwani bikashita kariba" parey, "kingsaij" samapta hoithila . jetebele albummer pratham ekaka paain bhidio suting arambha karibara samai asithila, tebe conlon upasthita hebaku asamartha hoithile kaaran shay dalara ansha heba dwara srusti hoithiba chaparu manasika bhanganare peedita thile. tebe, sehi samajare ehaa sarbajaneena bhabe prakash karajai nathila, ebong ehaa paribarte shay granthi jwarare asustha thiba daabi karajaithila. lett 'shh dance" bhidioti gajakanka paain eka life-size cardboard cutt-out sahita muktilabha karithila, ebong shay bastabare banned chadithiba gujabaku radda karibaku padithila . robbinson madhya taanka pua brenan raisnka sahita rahiba paain asthajee bhabare kichhi samai aabasyaka karithile, jieki samai purbaru janma hoithile. abasista tini john sadasya, braun, labh ebong nebhil dalara truteeja album ebong "lets dances" singal rahr prabala prachara sahita chaap pakaithile . julyre belajijamre eka sangeeta samarohare pradarshan kariba samajare, nebhila taanka baama goder tendon chiri deithile, samasta padonnati banda karideithile ebong gostheeku semananka bikalpa ebong bhabisyata bishajare punarbara chinta kariba paain kichhi baithaka karibaku prerita karithile. "lets dances" august 2001rahr madhyabhagare muktilabha karithila, ebong dui saptaha parjyanta shirsha sthana adhikara curry semanankara truteeja jayu. kee. nambara eka hoithila . "kingsaij" dui saptaha parey truteeja sthanare arambha hoithila, ebong swarna manyata hassel karithila . kingsaij" muktilabha karibara dui saptaha parey, banned kanalanka prasthana ghoshana karithila. nebhila aneka barsha parey eka sakhyatakarare kahithile je bander parichalana kanalanka byandaru prasthanaku eka gopaneeah rakhithila, tenu semane jaani nathile je "lett 'shh dances" bhidio suting kariba samajare shay chalijaithile. 27 september 2001 ray, record management sahita eka maasa gambhira baithaka parey, banned emm. tii. bhi. chajanare ghoshana karithila je sehi barsha parey eka sankalana prakash kariba parey ehaa bibhajita heba . pardin, robbinson taanka bagadatta, keri okarnku eka samarohare bibaha karithile, jeunthire tankara samasta purbatana bandmate upasthita thile. barsha barsha parey, brin prakash karithile je shay alga hebara bicharaku drudha bhabare birodha karuthile; shay ehi bichhedaku tankatharu kichhi chadai niajaithiba anubhaba bolly barnana karithile. navember 19 ray eka "greatest heat" album 15 tii ateeta heat, duiti remix ebong gotie nutan geeta sahita muktilabha karithila . navember 24 ray, eka animated bhidio sahita britenare "more nikatatar" ebong "rock daa party" sahita eka double-aii-side singal muktilabha karithila . ehi duiti geeta semanankara purba album "kingsaij" ray antarbhukta hoithila, kintu kanalanka prasthana parey, semane semanankara "greatest heat" alabamru ekaka bhabare muktilabha karibaku nishpatti neithile. ehi album 15 februari 2002 ray juktarastrare muktilabha karithila. bander swalpa jeebanakaalare, semane samagra bisware saphalata anubhaba karithile, britenare tinoti nambara-waan singal rek karithile ebong biswabyapee semanankara recorder 15-20 nijuta kapi bikri karithile, jeunthire biswabyapee semanankara albummer 7 nijuta kapi ebong aamerikare 2 nijuta kapi antarbhukta thila, ebong rastare aneka puraskara jitithile . 2006-2007: pratham punarmilana. 17 september 2006 ray, phaivsara official myspace pages madhyamare eka ghoshana karajaithila je 27 septembarare kendriah londner skalare eka sambadika sammilani anusthita heba. skalare eka suting karanaru sthana paribartana parey, sammilaneeku baar ekademy aailingatanku sthanantara karajaithila . sambadika sammilaneere ehaa nischita karajaithila je pancha john sadasyanka madhyaru chaari john punarbara ekathi hebe (conlon bartamana taanka sony chukti prati pratishrutibadha). semanankara chaturtha studio album paain panchti record hoithiba nutan samagri, gaag chambers, swiden nirmata/geetikara anders bagg, ebong french diges track aakramanakareenka sahita kaama karithile. semane 2007 ray madhya gasta karibaku yojana karithile. januari 2007 suddha, pancha john semanankara albummer adhaa samapta karisarithile ebong nutan manager, richard beknka saha eka record lebel ray swakhyara karibaku chahunthile, jie "five-dee revive" namaka eka emm. tii. bhi documentary sirij madhya surakhita karithile . agami kichhi maasa madhyare ehi album muktilabha kariba bolly aasha karajauthila. 2007 masiha march 8 tarikhare madhyaratrire, tinoti nooa geetara eka minitor panchti clip premiyara karajaithila, jaahaa nooa alabamare rahiba bolly sthira hoithila. 70 deane", "sthira karantu" ebong "eats all good" shirshaka gitagudika bander official websaitre ebong semananka myspace prusthare madhya sunajaipariba . 2007 masiha meey 19 tarikhare, sanskarara maatra aatha maasa parey ebong eka labhajanaka record dill hassel karibare biphal heba parey, 5aaivi semananka website madhyamare ghoshana karithile je semane aau pratyabartana karibe naahin. 2012-2021: dwiteeja punarmilana ebong premer prasthana. 2012 ray, conlon dwiteeja punarmilnara sambhabana bishajare alochana karibaku taanka purbatana bandmetmananka sahita punarbara ekathi hoithile. braun prathame punarmilanare anshagrahana karibaku ichhuka thile, kintu anya sadasyamane chaari-khanda bhabare jaari rakhibaku pasanda karithile, ateetare conlone ebong rabinasanka dwara srusti hoithiba manasika samasya parey, ebong shay social midiare rahibaku chahunanathile . october 18 tarikhare pratyabartana ghoshana karajaithila. 2013 ray, ehi dala "bigg runion" ray anshagrahana karithila, jeunthare semane ekathi samai bitaiba ebong eka byandare rahiba sahita asithiba asubidha bishajare alochana karithile. semane jane nooa pancham sadasyanku jodibaku chinta kale, kintu haara manile. ehi dala chaari john byaktinku (daan coursey, look boyden, nathan ralings ebong ly roots) bander nutan sadasya heba paain audition deithila, kintu sheshare pancham sadasyanka jojanaku pratyahara curry niajaithila ebong pancha john chaari-khanda bhabare jaari rakhibaku nishpatti neithile. september 2013 ray taanka banned sathimananka dwara karajaithiba abhijogaku asweekara karibaku braun sheshare "ray" upasthita hoithile. shay sweekara karithile je taanka acharanaku jore ebong atyadhika bhabare dekhajaipare, kintu shay dhamaka deba kanalonaku asweekara karithile . shay aii. bii. ess. sahita madyapana samajare kahithile je puamananka punarmilana paain utsahita thibabele shay ethire samil hebaku chahunanathile kaaran shay tankara gopaneejata pasanda karanti . 16 september 2013 ray, jatiah reality tibhi puraskarare shrestha sangeeta abhinai (eka reality tibhi shore) paain banned puraskara grahan karithila . navember ebong december 2013 ray, pancha john britten ebong astreliaare semanankara nijaswa gasta arambha karithile, jaahaa 5 aaiv sarbashrestha heat gasta . march 2014 ray, gujab thila je prem dala chhadideichi, kintu sehi samajare semane ehaaku asweekara karithile. june 2014 ray, pancha john samarthan karithile mcbust semanankara mcbusted gastara charoti tarikhare ebong parey sehi maasare prem kahithile je dalara bhabisyata anischita thila . sheshare labh ghoshana karithile je shay anya sadasyamananku purbaru naah janai twitera madhyamare august 2014 ray gosthi chhadichhanti. ehi ghoshana hebara kichhi deane purbaru eka sakhyatakarare, prem prakash karithile je shay kebala arthika abashyakata karanaru pancha jananka saha punarbara ekathi hebaku raaji hoithile, ebong puni kishore geeta gaai khusi nathile. februari 2016 ray, panchti "kip aun mubhin"-daa best off five "sankalanaku muktilabha karithila, jaahaa tinijana bhabare semanankara pratham muktilabha . 2019 masiha april maasare, balakamane ghoshana karithile je semane 911, khyati ebong aii1 dwara jukta hebe, jaahaa 'balakamane ferry aasichanti!' naamare eka jayu. kee. gasta paain uddista."2020 ray. robbinson ehaa madhya kahithile je bander moola sampurna line-up pheribara kaunasi sambhabana naahin . shay press aasosiesanaku kahithileh "[badami ebong prem] sahita jogajoga kariba aama upare nirbhara kariba naahin. semane ehaa spust karideichhanti je semane byandare rahibaku chahanti naahin. ehaa epari je, jayson arrange ebong rabi williams jiba sahita ehaaku niantu. ehaa ebe bii kaama karuchhi, gitagudika ebe bii seiaa."kovida-19 mahamari karanaru ehi gasta badhaprapta heba, ebong 2021 paain shoe 'gudikar punahnirdharana karajiba. 2021-barttamanah punahbranding ebong "samai". 2020 rahr shesh bhagare, pancha john ghoshana karithile je semane 2021 ray astreliaara pop jodi "bhaunee 2 bhaunee" nka dwara samarthita aau eka astreliah sarbashrestha heat gasta arambha karibe . 4 june 2021 ray, aneka sanketa ebong post ganana parey, pancha john eka nutan logo unmochan karithile, eka clip sahita "kip aun mubhin" (21 remix) paain kavara artwark, jaahaa semane apple myujikare pri-order paain upalabdha bolly ghoshana karithile. semane 11 june 2021 ray budd khabara paain semanankara social midia account dekhiba paain madhya kahithile. june 11 ray, mahamari samajare record karajaithiba eka nutan albummer ghoshana sahita remix muktilabha karithila . 26 july 2021 ray, pancha john "sangri-laa" ebong "mekinga mea fall" namaka duiti nutan ekaka ghoshana karithile jaahaa 31 july 2021 ray pri-order paain upalabdha heba, taa 'parey 6 august 2021 ray samasta streaming platformre muktilabha karithila. 29 july 2021 ray pratyeka geetara eka snippet semananka social midia aakauntare post karajaithila . 2 september 2021 ray, pancha john ghoshana karithile je album christmas samajare muktilabha kariba. 12 september 2021 ray puamananka cardiff shoe 'rahr back tour samajare semane "reset" namaka eka balladra eka live upasthapana arambha karithile, jaahaa 1 october 2021 ray ekaka "warma light" sahita muktilabha karithila . october 2021 ray, pancha john ghoshana karithile je agami alabamku "time" kuhajiba ebong januari 2022 ray muktilabha karibaku thila. albummer parabarti ekakaku madhya "time" kuhajiba ebong 22 october 2021 ray pri-order paain upalabdha karajiba jaahaa 26 navember 2021 ray muktilabha tarikh sthira kariba. december 2021 ray nutan album prachada upare eka official look semanankara nutan album "time" paain eka pri-sebh linka sahita diajaithila . ehi album 28 januari 2022 ray muktilabha karithila. bhraman. headlining saha-shirshaka udaghatani karjya puraskara. puraskarah britt puraskara emm. tii. bhi. europe sangeeta puraskara jatiah bastabata tibhi puraskara silvar clafe puraskara nirbachana bijeta dalaku dhakka tii. emm. aif. puraskara (netherland) tibhi heat puraskara

panj (group) panj (5v dey roop witch shailibadh) london daa ikk british munde daa baind haii jiss witch member seen conlone, richi neville atey scott robinson shamal hunn. uhanan daa gathan 1997 witch use team duaara keeta giaa see jiss neey aapna carrier shuru curran toon pahilan masale valiaan ladkiaan daa parbandhan keeta see. samooh noon ziaadaatar panj-tukde vajon janhiaa jaanda see, jiss witch robinson, neville, conlone, abaz lava atey jaisan "jey" baraoon shamal sunn. panjan neey dunia bharr witch, khaas karke aapne jaddi sanyukat raaj dey naal-naal baaki yoorap atey eshia dey ziaadaatar hissiaan witch madham safalta prapat keeti. british phonographic udyog (bee. pee. aaee.) dey anusar, panj noon yuke witch 16 lakkh ailabman atey 34 lakkh singles laee pramanit keeta giaa haii. samooh neey dunia bharr witch lagbhag 20 million kapiaan vechiaan. uh 27 satambar 2001 noon vakkh hoow gaye. robinson, lava, neville atey baraoon neey satambar 2006 witch sankhep roop witch sangeet parbandhak richard beek dee agvai vaali ikk naveen parbandhan team naal binan conlone (joe aapni 2001 dee vandd toon pahilan chaley gaye) dey samooh witch sudhar keeta. atth mahiniaan baad, ikk labhkari daura surakhiat curran toon baad parr kaafi ricard company dee dilchaspi prapat curran witch asfal rahinn toon baad, panjan neey aapni adhikarat website raahin ikk ailaan keeta kii uh dubara bhang qarr denge. 2012 witch, samooh neey ailaan keeta kii uh ikk horr punar-sammelan dee yojna bnaa rahey hunn, iss vaar conlone naal. mukkh gaeek braun shuru witch punar-sammelan witch hissa lainn laee sehmat hoow giaa, parr baad witch aapna munn badal keey daava keeta kii uh hunn janata deeaan nazaran witch naheen rahina chahunda. samooh siraf chaar memberan naal jaari riha, parr naam panj rakkhan daa faisla keeta. neele, 911, pramanu billi dey bacche, bee * witched, honeys atey liberty aiks dey naal, panj noon itv 2 dastavezi ladiwar "dii bigg runion" witch pradarshit keeta giaa see, joe 31 janwari 2013 noon prasarit honaa shuru hoiaa see. iss toon baad 26 farvari 2013 noon hammersmuth apolo vikhe vaapsee pardarshan keeta giaa see atey maee witch yuke atey ireland dey aale duaale ikk akhada daura keeta giaa see, joe kii bhure rung toon binan unhan daa pahila daura see. navambar atey dasambar 2013 witch, panj neey aapne khud dey daure noon sirlekh ditta, 5 sabh toon vadde hitt tour, chaar-tukde dey roop witch unhan daa pahila ikalla daura. agast 2014 witch, lava neey ikk tweet raahin baind toon aapne jaanh daa ailaan keeta, jiss naal conlone, neville atey robinson noon tinn dey roop witch jaari rakkhiaa giaa. saal 2021 witch, panjan neey adhikarat taur utte 20 saalan witch aapna pahila single, "keep aana movin" (21 remix) jaari keeta, jiss noon unhan neey juun witch rileez keeta, iss toon baad agast 2021 witch "making mee faal" atey "shangri-laa", firr aktubar 2021 witch "reset" atey "vaaram light". ikk single sirlekh "time" navambar 2021 witch rileez keeta giaa see. dasambar 2021 witch, panjan neey adhikarat taur utte aapni lambe samein toon udiki jaa rahee chauthi album "time" laee 28 janwari 2022 dee rileez mitee daa ailaan keeta. carrier. 1997-1998: formation atey "5ive". sann 1997 witch, yuu. keey. dey pardarshan qalaa akhbar "dha stage" witch ikk ishtihaar ditta giaa see, jiss witch naujwan purash gaikan/nritakan noon "ravaiah atey kinare" vaale ikk munde dey baind-shaili dey samooh laee audition denh laee kiha giaa see. baub atey criss herbert, doou aadmi jinhan neey pahilan masale valiaan ladkiaan banaiaan sunn, neey sochiaa kii ih samaan marad samooh laee sahee haii. 3, 000 toon vaddh aashavadiaan neey audition ditta, jiss witch rasel brand vee shamal see, jiss neey jajjan laee ativadi geet "shabdan toon vaddh" pesh keeta. ant witch uhanan noon siraf 14 takk seemat qarr ditta giaa, jinhan vicchon panj neey aapne audition dee udeek karde hoye aapne aap noon ikk samooh witch parbandh keeta see. auditionan dey natije vajon naun memberan dee aarzi casting hoiee richi neville, scott robinson, seen conlone, jaisan "jey" baraoon, richard breen (hunn abaz lava vajon janhiaa jaanda haii), atey pieter chashire, paal teller, anthony bekar (rapper) atey rick harshon. kiunki uss daa pahila naam richard haii, iss laee breen neey richi (janam toon richard neville dobson) naal ulajhan toon bachann laee aapna upnam 'abbs' (aapne maddh naam, "abidin" toon) vartiaa. cheshire atey teller noon baad witch katt ditta giaa jadon maee 1997 witch antim memberan dee chonh keeti gaee see atey harshon antam chonh witch shamal naheen hoow sakiaa see. bekar neey iss noon asal witch baind witch banaiaa see, parr uss dee rapping shaili utte shakk see kiunki uss daa uttar purbi lahira aaiaa see. parbandhan shuru witch ikk chaar tukde vaala baind labbh riha see, atey baind laee jey, seen, scott atey richi dee chonh curran jaa riha see, parr jadon unhan neey doojiaan naal abbs noon dekhiaa taan unhan neey faisla keeta kii ikk panj tukde bihtar kamm karange. group noon baad witch simone cowell atey bee. aimm. jee./aar. see. aii. duaara chhe-album saude laee hastakhar keete gaye sunn. panjan neey naifil witch trinity studio witch aapne kamm daa abhiaas keeta atey damo keeta-uhee jagha jitthe masale deeaan ladkiaan neey kujh saal pahilan keeta see. navambar 1997 witch, panjan neey aapna pahila single "slam dunk (daa funk)" jaari keeta, joe yuke singles chaart witch number 10 utte shuru hoiaa. ih geet yuu. aii. witch vee rileez keeta giaa see.aiss. sann 1998 witch parr iss noon bahut ghatt chaart safalta millie, "billboard" hott 100 utte utte number utte pahunch giaa, halanki iss noon ainn. bee. aii. dey navein theem geet vajon chunhiaa giaa see. sann 1998 witch, panjan neey aapni pahili vaddi antarashtari hitt haasal keeti, "jadon lightan bnd hoow jandiaan hunn", jiss neey yuu noon todd ditta.aiss. choti dey 10 atey iss toon turant baad sone daa darja prapat keeta. firr panj aapni aaunn vaali album noon utshahit curran laee atth dinan dey daure 'teey gaye, joe kii disney channel laee ikk sangeet samaroh witch irish garal group bee * witch, newyork shehar witch times squair atey aimm. tii. vee. dey tii. aar. aill.' teey dikhai ditta. pahili album "5v" yuu. aiss. witch witch number utte pahunch gaee.aiss. "billboard" 200 atey yuke samet dunia bharr dey horr deshan witch chaart witch sikhar 'teey haii. "ih uh cheezan hunn joe tusin karde hoow" 1998 dey akheer witch yuu. aiss. witch jaari keeti gaee see.aiss., siraf ikk niggha suagat prapat curran laee. samooh neey ikk yuu dee shuruat keeti.aiss. amriki munde baind ainn. aiss. aaee. ainn. see. naal daura, parr thakawat dey caarn jaldi hii bahr hoow giaa, aaram curran atey ikk naveen album 'teey kamm shuru curran laee england waps udd giaa. ajey vee pahili album toon, "mahisus hoiaa", "harr koee uthhada haii", atey "samaan langhan takk" saare 1998 dauran yuke witch singles vajon jaari keete gaye sunn. panj dunia bharr dey kaee deshan witch choti dey 5 witch pahunch gaye, atey baad dey doou singles yuke witch dooje number 'teey pahunch gaye. panj dee prasidhi witch ikk mahattavpuran tatt uhanan dee samanta see jiven kii block, purbi 17, backstreet dey mundiaan atey uhanan dee uptempo sangeet shaili atey 'street' chittar witch ainn. sink varge samoohan naal, iss dey ulat, buaizon, atey 98 digri, joe uss samein mukkh taur teey aapne gathagit laee jaane jaande sunn. panjan neey aapne ziaadaatar geet vee likhe jaan sahi-likhe, joe uss samein munde dey baindan dee anhoni see. panj prasidh gaane pesh keete gaye sunn joe britney barchhe atey 'ainn sink' laee bahut vadde hitt saabat hoye. sann 1997 witch, maikas martin ikk navein geet 'teey kamm qarr riha see...ikk vaar horr baccha."ih asal witch pichokad dey mundiaan laee likhiaa giaa see, atey iss noon radd qarr ditta giaa see. iss toon baad ih geet tii. aill. see. noon pesh keeta giaa, jinhan noon vee dilchaspi naheen see. saiman cowell neey ih geet suniaa atey uh janade sunn kii ih hitt hovega. uss neey martin noon ikk heranijanak martin dee peshkash keeti jey martin aapne munde dey baind, panj noon geet devega. panjan neey shuru witch chhandan likhniaan shuru qarr dittiaan sunn; halanki, martin neey geet noon aaunn vaale britney barchhe naal vaada keeta see. uss dey shabad noon manndiaan, mukammal geet britney noon chalaa giaa. pratee cowell, "mainoon amrica witch arista records toon ikk qaal aaee atey unhan neey mainoon phone utte bacche noon maarde hoye khediaa. main iss tarahan see, "heey merey rabb, ih haii" iss laee main maikas martin noon phone keeta, jiss neey ih likhiaa, atey main kiha, "maikas, main ih damo suniaa haii. kripa karke mainoon panj laee dio. atey uh boliaa, "main naheen qarr sakda, main britney barchhe naal vaada keeta see.main giaa", kaunn? merey utte vishwas crow, maikas, kise noon vee britney barchhe varge naam naal hitt naheen hovega. buses iss baare socho, kripa karke.chauvi ghante baad uh waps aaiaa atey kiha" naheen, main uss noon denh jaa riha haan ", atey buses inna hii." "parr mainoon lagda haii kii gall ih haii kii ih geet kise laee vee hitt riha hovega. mainoon pataa see kii ih panj laee hitt hovegi, ih tii. ail. see. laee hitt hovegi, ih britney barchhe laee hitt see. desh dey sanskaran, vikalpik sanskaran hoye hann ih siraf ikk hitt geet see, iss baare koee swal naheen, atey uh pahila hitt geet honaa ikk kalakar dey crear daa sabh toon mahattavpuran hissa hunda haii, atey kise dey vee crear noon todan daa sabh toon mushkal hissa vee hunda haii." panjan noon baad witch martin duaara "baaee baaee baaee" dee peshkash keeti gaee, jiss witch ikko ikk poora geet "naa koee jhooth naheen haii bebi, baaee baaee" see."geet sunan atey chhandan likhan dee koshish curran 'teey, robinson neey nott keeta kii ih panj geetan naalon' ainn sink geet 'varga laggda haii. baad witch baind neey geet noon paas keeta. 1999-2000: "ajitt". agast 1999 witch, uhanan dee duji album daa pahila single, "ajitt", "jey tusin hethan jaande hoow", jaari keeta giaa see atey dunia bharr witch ikk vaddi hitt bann giaa see parr firr vee uh aapne grahi desh witch number 1 'teey jaanh witch asfal riha, jiss noon rickie martin duaara choti dey sathaan toon bahr rakkhiaa giaa see. ant witch, aktubar 1999 witch, lagatar tinn number-doou sikhran toon baad, "keep aana movin" uhanan daa pahila yuu. keey. number 1 bann giaa, atey naal hii uhanan daa hunn takk daa sabh toon vaddh vikann vaala single bann giaa. iss toon thodhi dair baad duji album choti dey panjan witch pahunch gaee. "" "dont vaant yuu goo" "march 2000 dey shuru witch rileez hoee see, joe 9 ven number 'teey pahunch gaee see. 3 march 2000 noon, panj noon british awardan witch rock legends kaveen naal kholhiaa giaa, uss baind dey hitt daa ikk update sanskaran pesh karde hoye," "aseen tuhanun rock qarr devange. uss raat panj neey aapna pahila britt puraskar jittiaa, "sarbottam popp aikat" vajon, atey julai 2000 witch yuke witch raanee geet daa unhan daa cover dooja number 1 bann giaa. 2000 dey pahile addh witch panj safal vishav daure utte mille, jinhan neey yuu. keey., yoorap, roos, australia atey-ikk chaar-samooh dey roop witch-dakkhni amrica witch samaroh pesh keete, jadon neville neey chickenpox daa sankarman keeta atey usnoon waps england lijana piaa. tour khatam curran toon baad, panjan neey yuke witch bahut saare sangeet samarohan witch pardarshan karna jaari rakkhiaa, jiss witch raanee naal park witch party vee shamal see. ajitt" dey ikk mudd-jaari honn witch uhanan dey daure dey kujh geetan dey remix sanskaran atey panj live track dey naal-naal ikk bones track, "dont fight itt bebi" shamal see. sanyukat raaj witch julai 2000 witch rileez honn caarn, group noon uhanan dey stateside label, arista records duaara chaddan toon baad geet noon rileez toon hataa ditta giaa see. panjan noon aapni aci ricard company naal vee samassiaavan sunn, atey baad witch unhan neey aapna aci daura radd qarr ditta. iss vadde jhatke toon peedat, munde studio vall waps chaley gaye atey aapni agli album laee geet likhne shuru qarr ditte. unhan neey yuke atey yoorap witch puraskar jittna jaari rakkhiaa, atey dasambar 2000 witch aapne grahi desh witch aapna dooja vadda daura shuru keeta. 2001: "kingsize", conlone dee ravanagi atey vandd. janwari 2001 witch, panj dunia dey sabh toon vadde tiuharan vicchon ikk, reeo dee janeiro witch raak inn reeo witch lagbhag 500,000 lokan dey darshakan laee pardarshan curran gaye. maee 2001 witch, kaee mahiniaan dee rachnatmak likhat atey "aapni nijji aavaaz vikast curran" toon baad, "kingsize" poora keeta giaa see. jadon album toon aapne pahile single laee vdo dee shooting shuru curran daa samaan aaiaa, halanki, conlone dikhai naheen dey sakiaa kiunki uh samooh daa hissa bannan caarn tanaa toon mansik taur 'teey tutt giaa see. halanki, uss samein iss daa jantak taur 'teey khulasa naheen keeta giaa see, atey ih daava keeta giaa see kii uh granthi bukhar toon bimar see. lets dance" vdo noon gaeek laee ikk jeevan-aakaar dey gatte dey katt-aaoot dey naal jaari keeta giaa see, atey afvahan kii usne asal witch baind chhadd ditta see, noon radd karna piaa. robinson noon aapne puttar, brannon rhys, joe samein toon pahilan paida hoiaa see, naal rahinn laee asthai taur 'teey kujh samaan chahida see. baaki tinn memberan, bhure, piaar atey neville neey samooh dee tiji album atey "lets dance" single dey bhaari prachar naal zor paaiaa. julai witch belgium witch ikk sangeet samaroh witch pardarshan karde hoye, neville neey aapne khabbe pair dey qann noon paadd ditta, jiss naal saare tarakki noon roque ditta giaa atey samooh noon aapne vikalpan atey bhavikh baare mudd vichaar curran laee kujh meetingan curran laee prerit keeta giaa. "lets dance" agast 2001 dey maddh witch rileez hoee see, halanki, atey doou haftiaan laee choti daa sathaan rakkhde hoye, uhanan daa teeja yuu. keey. number ikk bann giaa. "kingsize" neey doou haftiaan baad teeje number 'teey shuruat keeti atey sone daa darja prapat keeta. kingsize" dee rileez toon doou hafte baad, baind neey conlone dey jaanh daa ailaan keeta. neville neey kaee saalan baad ikk interview witch kiha kii baind dey parbandhan neey conlone dey baind toon jaanh noon gupat rakkhiaa, iss laee unhan noon pataa naheen see kii jadon unhan neey "chalo dance" vdo filmaiaa taan uh chaley gaye sunn. 27 satambar 2001 noon, ricard parbandhan naal ikk maheene dee gambhir meetingan toon baad, baind neey aimm. tii. vee. select utte ailaan keeta kii uh uss saal dey ant witch ikk sangrah jaari curran toon baad vandd javega. agle dinn, robinson neey aapne mangetar, carrie okar naal ikk samaroh witch aapne saare sabka bandmates dee hazri witch viaah karwa liaa. kaee saalan baad, breen neey khulasa keeta kii uh vakkh honn dey vichaar dey virudh see; usne tuttan daa varnan iss tarahan keeta kii mahisus keeta jaa riha see kii uss toon kujh khoh liaa giaa haii. 19 navambar noon ikk "sabh toon vaddi hitt" album 15 pichle hittan, doou remix atey ikk navein geet naal jaari keeti gaee see. 24 navambar noon, ikk animated vdo dey naal united kingdom witch "merey nede" atey "raak dha party" dey naal ikk double-aii-side single jaari keeta giaa see. doven gaane uhanan dee pichli album "kingsize" witch shamal keete gaye sunn, parr conlone dey jaanh toon baad, uhanan neey aapni "sabh toon vaddi hitt" album vicchon ikk single dey roop witch rileez curran daa faisla keeta. album 15 farvari 2002 noon sanyukat raaj amrica witch jaari keeti gaee see. baind dey chhote jeevan qaal witch, unhan neey dunia bharr witch safalta daa anubhav keeta, yuke witch tinn number-ikk singles noon raek keeta atey dunia bharr witch aapne recordan deeaan 15-20 million kapiaan daa anuman lagaiaa, jiss witch dunia bharr witch unhan deeaan ailabman deeaan 7 million kapiaan atey sanyukat raaj witch 20 lakkh kapiaan shamal hunn, atey raste witch kaee puraskar prapat keete. 2006-2007: pahila sanyog. 17 satambar 2006 noon, panj dey adhikarat micepace pej raahin ikk ailaan keeta giaa see kii 27 satambar noon kendri london dey sakala witch ikk presses conferences aayojit keeti jaanhi see. sakala witch golibari caarn sathaan badlan toon baad, conferences noon baar academy islington witch tabdil qarr ditta giaa see. presses conferences witch iss gall dee pushti keeti gaee see kii panj vicchon chaar member dubara mill jaange (hunn conlone aapne soonee saude laee vachanbadh haii). panj neey aapni chauthi studio album laee naveen samaggari ricard keeti, jiss witch munde chamber, swedish nirmata/geetkar anders baig atey franch djs track hamlavaran naal kamm keeta giaa. unhan neey 2007 witch daura curran dee vee yojna banayi. janwari 2007 takk, panjan neey aapni album daa addha hissa poora qarr liaa see atey navein manager, richard beek naal ikk ricard label utte hastakhar curran dee koshish qarr rahey sunn, jinhan neey "panj-punar-surjiti" sirlekh vaali ikk aimm. tii. vee. dastavezi luddy vee prapat keeti. album dey agle kujh mahiniaan witch jaari honn dee umeed see. 8 march 2007 noon addhi raat noon, tinn bilkul navein geetan deeaan panj ikk mint deeaan clippan daa premiere keeta giaa joe naveen album witch hone sunn. 70 dinn", "settle daaun" atey "ih sabh changa haii" sirlekh vaale geetan noon baind dee adhikarat website atey unhan dey micepace pej 'teey vee suniaa jaa sakda haii. 19 maee 2007 noon, sudhar curran atey ikk munafe bharpur ricard sauda surakhiat curran witch asfal rahinn toon siraf atth mahiniaan baad, 5v neey aapni website raahin ailaan keeta kii uh hunn vaapsee daa pichha naheen karange. 2012-2021: dooja punar-sammilan atey piaar daa jaanha. 2012 witch, conlone neey aapne sabka bandmates naal dubara mill keey dooje punar-sammelan dee sambhavna baare charcha keeti. braun shuru witch punar-sammelan witch hissa lainn laee tiaar see, parr horr memberan neey chaar-tukde dey roop witch jaari rakkhna pasand keeta, ateet witch uss duaara conlone atey robinson noon honn valiaan mnovigiaanak samassiaavan toon baad, atey naal hii uh soshal media utte naheen honaa chahunda see. vaapsee daa ailaan 18 aktubar noon keeta giaa see. saal 2013 witch, samooh neey "vadde punar-sammelan" witch hissa liaa, jitthe unhan neey aapne samein atey ikk baind witch honn naal aaunn valiaan mushkilan baare gall keeti. unhan neey ikk navaan panjwan member shamal curran baare sochiaa, parr haar mann laee. group neey chaar aadmiaan (daena korsi, look boeden, nathan raolangs atey lee roots) noon baind daa navaan member bannan laee audition ditta, parr ant witch panjven member dee yojna noon chhadd ditta giaa atey panjan neey chaar-tukde vajon jaari rakkhan daa faisla keeta. satambar 2013 witch aapne baind dey sathiaan duaara lagaae gaye doshan toon inkaar curran laee "baraoon" akheer witch "" teey pragat hoiaa. usne savikar keeta kii uss dey vivhaar noon ucchi aavaaz witch atey atiant sehansheel vajon dekhiaa jaa sakda see, parr usne dhakkeshahi dey sambandh witch inkaar keeta. uss neey abaz naal peenn dauran kiha kii jadon uh mundiaan dey mudd milann laee utshahit see, uh iss witch shamal naheen honaa chahunda see kiunki uh aapni nijjata noon pasand karda see. 16 satambar 2013 noon, baind neey rashtari reality teevi awardan witch sarbottam sangeet aikat (ikk reality teevi shoa utte) daa puraskar jittiaa. navambar atey dasambar 2013 witch, panjan neey yuke atey australia witch aapne daure dee shuruat keeti, joe kii 5 iv daa sabh toon vadda hitt daura see. march 2014 witch, ih afwah see kii piaar neey samooh noon chhadd ditta see, parr uss samein unhan neey iss toon inkaar qarr ditta see. juun 2014 witch, panj neey aapne mcbusted daure deeaan chaar tarikan 'teey mcbusted daa samarthan keeta atey baad witch uss maheene piaar neey kiha kii samooh daa bhavikh anishchit see. lava neey aakharkar ailaan keeta kii usne agast 2014 witch twitter raahin samooh noon chhadd ditta see, binan horr memberan noon pahilan dasse. ailaan toon kujh dinn pahilan ikk interview witch, piaar neey khulasa keeta kii uh siraf vitti zaroorat caarn panjan naal dubara juden laee sehmat hoiaa, atey firr toon kishore geet gaa keey khush naheen see. farvari 2016 witch, panjan neey sangrah "keep aana movin"-dha baist aaf five "jaari keeta, joe ikk tikdi dey roop witch uhanan dee pahili rileez see. aprail 2019 witch, mundiaan neey ailaan keeta kii uh 911, nuksan atey aii 1 naal yuke dey daure laee shamal honge jiss noon "munde waps aaa gaye hunn!"2020 witch robinson neey ih vee kiha kii baind dee asal puurii line-upp dee vaapsee dee koee sambhavna naheen see. uss neey presses association noon dassiaao "[bhure atey piaar] takk pahunch karna saade utte nirbhar naheen karega. unhan neey ih bahut spasht qarr ditta haii kii uh baind witch naheen rahina chahunde sunn. ih iss tarahan haii jiven jaisan aurenj atey raubi villiams dey jaanh naal. ih ajey vee kamm karda haii, geet ajey vee uhee hunn."covid-19 mahamari caarn daura vighan payega, jiss witch shoa 2021 laee mudd nirdharat keete jaange. 2021-varatmaaun rebranding atey "time". 2020 dey akheer witch, panjan neey ailaan keeta kii uh 2021 witch ikk horr australiaai sabh toon vaddi hitt tour 'teey ravana honge, jiss noon australiaai popp jodee "bhainn 2 bhainn" duaara samarthan ditta javega. 4 juun 2021 noon, sanketan atey postan dee ikk luddy dee ginti toon baad, panjan neey ikk clip dey naal ikk navaan logo, "keep aana movin" (21 remix) laee cover artwork daa pardafash keeta, jiss daa unhan neey ailaan keeta kii ih apple sangeet utte pree-arder laee upalbadh see. unhan neey 11 juun 2021 noon vaddiaan khabran laee aapne soshal media account dekhan laee vee kiha. 11 juun noon, remix noon mahamari dauran ricard keeti gaee ikk naveen album dey ailaan dey naal jaari keeta giaa see. 26 julai 2021 noon, panjan neey "shangri-laa" atey "making mee faal" sirlekh vaale doou navein singles dee ghoshna keeti joe 31 julai 2021 noon pree-arder laee upalbadh honge, firr 6 agast 2021 noon saare streaming platforman 'teey jaari keete gaye. 29 julai 2021 noon harek gaane daa ikk hissa unhan dey soshal media khatiaan' teey post keeta giaa see. 2 satambar 2021 noon, panjan neey album noon christmas dey aas paas jaari curran daa ailaan keeta. 12 satambar 2021 noon mundiaan dey cardiff shoa dey dauran uhanan neey "reset" namak ikk gaath dee live peshkari dee shuruat keeti, joe 1 aktubar 2021 noon single "vaaram light" dey naal jaari keeti gaee see. aktubar 2021 witch, panjan neey ailaan keeta kii aaunn vaali album noon "time" kiha javega atey ih janwari 2022 dey aas paas rileez honn vaala see. album dey agle single noon "time" vee kiha javega atey 22 aktubar 2021 noon pree-arder laee upalbadh karvaiaa javega, jiss naal 26 navambar 2021 laee rileez dee mitee nirdharat keeti javegi. dasambar 2021 witch naveen album dey cover utte ikk adhikarat nazar unhan dee naveen album "time" laee ikk pree-sev link dey naal ditti gaee see. ih album 28 janwari 2022 noon jaari keeti gaee see. tour. sirlekh sahi-sirlekh udghatni aikat puraskar. puraskar jitteaa british puraskar aimm. tii. vee. yoorap sangeet puraskar rashtari reality teevi puraskar silver clafe puraskar chonh jetu party noon jhatka tii. aimm. eff. puraskar (needarlands) tii. vee. hitt puraskar

pancha (samoohah) pancha pancha iti shaileekrutam) landan-nagarasya ekaha british-baal-vaadyavrundah asti yasmin seen konlan, richee nevil, scott rabinson cha sadasyaah santi. 1997 tame varshe te eva dalena nirmitaani, ye svakeeyajeevanasya arambhat poorvam spais-baalikaah niyantreetawantah. ayam samoohah praayah pancha-khandah iti namna prasidhah aasit, yasmin rabinson, neville, konlan, ebj love, jaasan "jey" braun cha aasan. pancha janaah vishvavyaapinam, visheshatah swa-deshiyeshu unated-kingdam-deshe, api cha shesheshu europe-asiayaah cha adhikaamsheshu bhaageshu madhyam vijayam praaptavantah. british-phonographic-udyogasya (bee. pee. aii.) anusaaram, yoo. key.-deshe 16 laksh-aalbam-krute, 34 laksh-singles-krute cha pancha pramanikrutani santi. ayam samoohah vishve praayah 20 dashalaxapratih vikreeyat. 2001 september 27 dinaanke te vibhaktau abhavan. rabinson, love, neville, braun cha 2006 september maase konlan-rahitasya (yah 2001 vibhajanat poorvam prasthitah) samuhasya sankshiptaroopena samskaaram krutavantah, sangeeta-prabandhakasya richard beck ityasya netrutve nootan-vyavasthaapan-dalam aasit. ashtamasanantaram, labhadayakam paryatanam praapya, parantu paryaaptam abhilekha-kampenee-ruchim praaptum asaphalah, panchajanaah swa-aadhikaarik-jaalaputasy madhyamena punah vighatitaah iti ghoshayanti sma. 2012 tame varshe, samoohah ghoshayat yat te punah punah militum yojanam kurwantah santi iti, asmin samaye konlan ityanena saha. pramukhagaayakah braun ityeshah praarambhe punarmilane bhaagam graheetum sammatam krutavaan, parantu pashchat swasya manam parivartitavaan, saha jansammardite bhavitum naa icchati iti pratipaditavan. samoohah kevalam chaturnaam sadasyaih saha eva anwawartat, parantu panchanama sthaapayitum nishchitavaan. neelavarnah, 911, paramaanu-kitton, bee * whitched, honeys, liberty eksa ityetaih saha pancha aii. tii. vi. 2 vruttachitra-shrunkhalaayaam "da bigg reunion" iti chitritaah aasan, yasya prasaaranam 31 janavaree 2013 dinaanke aarabdham. tadanantaram 26 februvari 2013 dinaanke hemarsmit apolo ityasmin punaraagamanam pradarshanm, mey maase yoo. key.-airlyaand-deshayoho paritah akhada-paryatanam cha abhavat, yat godhoomavarnam vinaa teshaam prathamam bhramanam aasit. 2013 tame varshe november-december-maase cha pancha swakeeya-pravaasasya sheershake aasan, 5-greatest-hits-pravaasaha, chatuhu-khandarupena teshaam prathamah ekala-pravaasaha. august 2014 tame varshe, lava-varyaha tweet-dwara vaadyavrundaat swasya prasthanasya ghoshanaa krutaa, yena konlan, neville, rabinson cha trayam rupena anuvartante. 2021 tame varshe, panchajanaah 20 varsheshu swasya prathamam ekakam "keep aan movin" (21 remix) iti aadhikaarikaroopen pradarshan, yat te joon-maase pradarshan, tadanantaram 2021 tame varshe august-maase "making mee faal" tathaa "shangri-laa" cha, tatah 2021 tame varshe october-maase "reset" tathaa "vaarm lait" iti cha, 2021 tame varshe november-maase "taim" iti sheershakam ekakam cha pradarshitam. 2021 tame varshe december-maase, panchajanaah, teshaam deergha-prateekshitasy chaturthasya aalbam "taim" ityasya krute 2022 janavaree-masasya 28 dinaankasya vimochanam adhikrutaroopena ghoshayan. vruttihi. 1997-1998: gathanam tathaa tathaa. 1997 tame varshe, yoo. key.-deshasya pradarshanakal-patrikaayaam "da stage" ityasmin ekam vidnyaapanam dattam, yasmin "manovruttihi, dhaarah" ityetaih baal-vaadyavrunda-shailee-samuhasya krute yuva-purusha-gaayakaah/nartakaah pareekshane praarthitaah. baab tathaa criss herbert, ye dwau purushaah poorvam masaalaawardhak-baalikaah nirmitaah, te purushasamoohasy krute samayah uchitah iti manyante sma. russell-brand ityanena saha 3,000 taha adhikaah ashavan parikshaneshu upasthitaah, ye nirnayakanam krute "shabdat adhikam" iti charamasya geetam pradarshan. ante te kevalam 14 yaavat sankeernaah abhavan, yeshu pancha swapareekshaayaah pratiksham kurvan samoharoopen vyavasthaapitavantah. parikshananam parinaamen nava sadasyaah asthaayikaah casting krutavantah-richee neville, scott rabinson, seen konlan, jaasan "jey" braun, richard breen (adhunaa abj love iti namna prasidhah), peater cheshair, paal teller, enthonee becker (raapar), rick hersion cha. tasya prathamanaam richard iti karanat, reechi ityanena (richard nevil dobson iti namna janitah) saha bhramm nivaarayitum breen ityeshah swasya upanamam 'ebs' (tasya madhyanama "aabidin" ityatah) upayujyate sma. 1997 tame varshe mey-maase antimasadasyanam chayanasamay cheshair, teller cha kshiptau, tathaa cha hersion antimanirvaachane bhaagam graheetum naa shaktavaan. becker moolatah sangeetavrundam pravishtavaan, parantu tasya eeshaany-ucchaaranasya aagamanasy karanat tasya raaping-shailyaah vishaye sandehah utpannah. prabandhakaah praarambhe fore-pees-bend-ityetam pashyan, tathaa cha bend-krute jey, seen, scott, richee ityetaan cha chinoti sma, parantu yadaa te anyaih saha ebs-ityetaan drushtavantah tadaa pancha-pees-uttamm karyam karishyati iti nirnayam akurvan. tadanantaram samoohah simon covell ityanena, bee. emm. jee/aar. see. e. ityanena cha shut-aalbam-kararasya krute hastaaksharitah. panchajanaah nephil-nagarasya trinity-studios-madhye abhyaasam krutvaa pradarshanm cha krutavantah-yatra katipayavarshebhyah poorvam spais-baalikaah krutavantah. 1997 tame varshe november-maase panchajanaah swasyaah prathama-ekakam "slaam dunk (daa phank)" iti prakaashitavantah, yat yoo. key.-singles-chaart-madhye 10 tame sthaane prathamavaaram abhavat. yoo-madhye api etat geetam pradarshitam.ess. 1998 tame varshe parantu "bilboard" haat 100 madhye 86 tamam sthaanam praapya, alpam chaart-saafalyam praapnot, yadyapi etat enn. bee. e. ityasya nootanam theem-geetam rupena chitam. 1998 tame varshe panchajanaah prathamavaaram pramukham antarashtriya-hitt-chalacchitram arjitavantah, "vhen da lats ge aut" iti, yena yu-crack abhavat.ess. shirsha-10, tatah sheeghramev svarnapadaveem cha praptavan. tatah panchajanaah swasyaah agami-aalbam ityasya pracharartham ashtadinaparyatanm krutavantah, disney-chaanal krute airish-gearl-group-bee * whitched ityanena saha, nyuyaark-nagarasya tams-square-madhye, emm. tea. vee. ityasya tea. aar. ell. ityatra cha vishesha-sangeeta-kaaryakrame abhyanayt. अभ्यनयत्। iti prathama-aalbam yoo. e. madhye 27 tame sthaane aasit.ess. "bilboard" 200 iti pustakam, tathaa cha yoo. key. sahitam vishvasya anyeshu desheshu cha suchishu agrasthaane aasit. "itts da things yu doo" iti 1998 tamavarshasya ante yoo. e. madhye pradarshitam.ess.kevalam alposhnam sweekaranam praaptum. samoohah e yoo iti aarabhat.ess. american-baay-bend-enn. ess. sink-ityanena saha pravaasaha, parantu sheeghramev, ksheenam karanat nishkaasy, vishraantim praaptum, nutanasya aalbam ityasya karyam aarabhayitum cha england-desham pratyagatavan. tathaapi prathamasya aalbam-"gett da feeling", "sarve utthaapayanti", "yaavat samayah samaaptah naa bhavati" iti cha sarvaani 1998 tame varshe yoo. key. madhye ekakirupena pradarshitaah. pancha vishvasya anekeshu desheshu sheershe 5 sthanani praaptavantah, uttaravartee dwe ekageet-geetam cha yoo. key. madhye dwiteeyasthaanam praaptavantah. panchanam lokapriyatayam mahattvapoornam ghatakm, teshaam samoohaih yathaa blaak-madhye nootan-baalakaih, poorva-17, paarshva-maarga-baalakaih, tathaa cha uptempo-sangitashailya 'street' image-madhye ensink-ityanena saha saadrushyam aasit, tasya vipareetam, baay-john, 98 degrees, ye tasmin samaye mukhyataya swageetaih prasidhaah aasan. panchajanaah api swasyaah adhikamshan geetaan likhitavantah athavaa saha-likhitavantah, ye tasmin samaye baalak-samuhanam krute asamanyani aasan. pancha prasiddhaani geetaani prastutah ye britney-barcchaah tathaa 'enn-sink' ityetayoho krute mahatee hits abhavan. 1997 tame varshe, max martin "iti sheershake nutanasya gitasya krute karyam kurvan aasit...baalakah punah ekavaaram."etat moolatah pashchamaargasy balakanam krute likhitam aasit, nirakruta cha. tatah tii. ell. sii. ityasmai geetam pradattam, ye api naa ruchihi aasan. saiman covell ityeshah geetam shrutavaan, tathaa cha saha hitt bhavishyati iti dnyaatavaan. yadi martin swasya baal-vaadyavrundaay geetam dadaatu tarhi saha martin-ityasmai ashcharyakaram martin iti prastooyat. pancha praarambhe padyaani likhitum aarabhant; tathaapi, martin vartete britney-barcchaah iti geetam pratijnaam krutavaan. tasya vachanasya palanartham, samaaptam geetam britney-nagaram prati gatam. prati covell, "mama america-deshasya arista-records-samsthaayaah kaal praaptah, te cha doorabhaashasy madhyamena mam hitt mii bebby iti kreeditavantah. aham "hey bhagavatah, idam eva" iti anayam, ataha aham max martin ityenam ahvayama, yah tatt likhitavaan, tathaa cha avadat, "max, aham idameva demo shrutavaan. krupayaa panchartham tatt dadaatu ". saha avadat, "aham naa shaknomi, aham britney-barcchaabhihi pratijnaam krutavaan.aham gami", kah? mama vishaye vishvasatu, max, britney-barcchaah iva naam naa hitt bhavishyati. kevalam chintayatu, krupayaa.chaturvimshat ghantaayaah anantaram saha punah aagaty" naa, aham tam daatum gacchaami "iti avadat, evam eva." "parantu mama mataanugunam, tatt geetam kasyaapi krute hitt syaat iti. aham jaanaami yat etat panchavarshebhyah hitt bhavishyati iti, tii. ell. sii. krute hitt bhavishyati iti, britney-spears krute hitt bhavishyati iti. desheeyaah samskaranaani, vaikalpikaani samskaranaani cha aasanh etat kevalam hitt-geetam eva aasit, tasya vishaye kimapi prashnameva naasti, tathaa cha tasya prathama-hitt-gitasya nirmanam kalaavidasya vruttijeevanasya mahattwapoornah bhaagah asti, tathaa cha kasyaapi vruttijeevanasya vicchinnataayaah kathinatamah bhaagah api asti." pashchat martin ityanena pancha "bai bai bai" iti prastaawitah, yasya ekamaatram geetam "naat eej no lai bebby, bai bai" iti aasit."geetam shrutvaa padyaani likhitum prayatamanah rabinson ityeshah avadat yat panchagitanam apekshayaa etat 'enn sink geetam' iva dhvanyate iti. pashchat sangeetavrundah geetam sveekrutavaan. 1999-2000: "ajeyah". 1999 tame varshe august-maase, teshaam dwiteeyasya aalbam-ityasya "ajeyah", "iff yaa gettin 'down" iti prathamam ekakam geetam pradarshitam, vishvavyaapinam pramukham hitt abhavat, parantu punah swadeshe prathamastham praaptum asaphalam abhavat, ricky martin ityanena shirshasthanat bahihi rakshitam. ante 1999 october-maase, kramashah truteeye-dwiteeya-shikharasy anantaram, "keep aan movin" iti teshaam prathamam yoo. key.-sankhyaa 1 abhavat, adyaparyantam teshaam bruhattamam vikreeta-ekakam cha abhavat. tadanantaram sheeghramev dwiteeyam aalbam sheershapanche sthaanam avaapnot. "dont vaan-lett-yoo-go" iti chalacchitram 2000 tamasya varshasya maarch-masasya aarambhe pradarshitam, yat 9 tame sthaane aasit. 2000 tamasya varshasya maarch-masasya 3 dinaanke, raak-legend-queen ityanena saha britt-puraskaare pancha udghaatitaah, tasya byaand-ityasya hitt ityasya adyataneekrutam samskaranam pradarshayan, "vayam yush-raak iti. tasmin raatrau panchajanaah "sarvashreshta-paap-abhinayah" iti prathamam britt-puraskaram praaptavantah, tathaa cha raajnee-gitasya mukhaputam 2000 julai-maase yoo. key. madhye teshaam dwiteeya-sankhyakam 1 abhavat. 2000 tamasya varshasya poorvaardhah, nevil-varyaha chikan-paaks-rogena sankramitah, tatah param england-desham prati punah uddiyata, saphalavishvaparyatanasya samaye panchasankhyaah, yoo. key., europe, rashyaa, australia, tathaa cha dakshina-america-deshe cha sangeeta-karyakraman pradarshayan. pravaasasya samaapteh anantaram, pancha janaah yoo. key.-deshe anekeshu sangeetasabhaasu pradarshanm kurwantah aasan, yatra rajnya saha udyaane utsavaah api aasan. ajeya" ityasya punah prakashanasya madhye, teshaam pravaasasya geetayoh, pancha laiv-track-ityetayoho, remix-samskaranaani, "dont fait itt bebby" iti bonus-track api aasit. 2000 julai-maase amerikaadeshe pradarshane, teshaam statesad-label, arista-records ityanena samuhasya nishkasanena geetam pradarshanat apasaaritam. panchajanaah api asean-abhilekha-samsthayaa saha samasyam praapnot, tadanantaram cha teshaam asean-paryatanam nirastam krutavaan. etasmaat mahatee aghatat peeditah baalakaah punah studio-nagaram gatvaa swasya agrimasya aalbam-krute geetaani likhitum aarabhant. te yoo. key., europe ityeteshu cha puraskaran praaptavantah, 2000 tame varshe december-maase swadeshe dwiteeya-bruhat-paryatanam praarabdhavantah. 2001: "kingsaij", konlan ityasya prasthanam vibhaajanam cha. 2001 janavaree-maase vishvasya bruhattameshu utsaveshu anyatamasy riyo-day-janeyaro-nagare raak-inn-riyo ityasmin panchajanaah pradarshanm kartum praayah 500,000 jananam shrotrubhyah agacchan. mey 2001 tame varshe, anekamasanam rachanaatmakalekhanasy, "swakeeyasya vyaktigatasya dhwanyaah vikaasasya" cha anantaram, "raaj-aakaarah" poornah abhavat. yadaa aalbam-madhye prathamasya ekageetasy chitragrahanasya samayah abhavat, tadaa tathaapi konlan, samuhasya bhagatvena manasika-vicchinnataa-peediteh aasit, ataha saha drushyetum asamarthah abhavat. tasmin samaye etat saarvajanikaroopena naa prakatitam, tasya sthaane saha granthikaarogena roginah iti api abhighoshitam. lets dyaans" iti veediyo, gayakasya krute poorna-aakaarasy cardboard-cutt-aut ityanena saha pradarshitam, tathaa cha saha vastutah vaadyavrundam nishkaasayat iti kim vadati iti niruddham kartavyam. rabinson ityeshah api swasya putrena brennon rais ityanena saha, yah akalat janma praapnot, saha bhavitum asthaayeeroopen samayasya aavashyakataa aasit. sheshatraym sadasyam, braun, love, nevil cha, samuhasya truteeyam aalbam, "lets dyaans" iti ekageetasy cha prachaare praavartat. julai-maase belgium-nagare ekasmin sangeeta-kaaryakrame pradarshanm kurvan, nevil-varyaha swasya vaamapaate snaayavah chakramayt, sarvaan padonnatim sthagayitvaa samooham swasya vikalpaan bhavishyam cha punah chintayitum katipayaan sabhaan kartum prerayat. "lets dyaans" iti chalacchitram 2001 tamasya varshasya august-masasya madhyabhaage pradarshitam, api cha saptaahadwaye shirshasthanam praapya teshaam truteeyam yoo. key.-prathama-sthaanam praapnot. "kingsaij" iti padam saptaahadwayaanantaram truteeye sthaane aarabhy svarnapadaveem praapnot. kingsaij" ityasya vimochanasya saptaahadwayaanantaram, sangeetavrundah konlan ityasya prasthanam ghoshayat. neville ityeshah katipayavarshanam anantaram ekasmin sakshatkare avadat yat vaadyavrundasya prabandhanena konlan ityasya vaadyavrundaat prasthanam guptam rakshitam iti, ataha yadaa te "lets dyaans" iti veediyo-chitranam krutavantah tadaa saha prasthanam krutavaan iti te naa jaananti sma. 2001 september 27 dinaanke, abhilekha-prabandhanena saha ekamaasasya gambhir-sabhanam anantaram, emm. tea. vee.-select ityatra, tasmin varshe anantaram sankalanam prakashitva, bend-pakshah vibhaktah bhavishyati iti ghoshayat. agrime dine, rabinson ityeshah swasya varam, keree okar ityenam, ekasmin samaarohe, swasya poorva-vaadyavrundasya sarve sahakarmibhihi saha, parineetavaan. varshaanaam anantaram, breen ityeshah prakatitavaan yat saha vibhaajanam vichaarasya prabalatayaa viruddham aasit; saha vibhaajanam swasya sameepe kimapi gruheetam iti anubhootah iti varnayat. 19 november dinaanke 15 poorva-hitt-geetaani, dwau remix-geetau, ekam nootanam geetam cha yukttam "greatest hits" iti aalbam pradarshitam. 24 november dinaanke, "xiver too mii" tathaa "raak da party" ityetayoho dvigunita-paarshva-ekageetam unated kingdam-deshe animated-veediyo ityanena saha pradarshitam. geetadwayam teshaam poorvapute "kingsaij" iti aalbam madhye samaavishtam krutam, parantu konlan ityasya prasthananantaram te swasyaah "greatest hits" aalbam ityatah ekageetaroopen pradarshayitum nishchitavantah. 2002 februvari 15 dinaanke samyuktarajyamerikadesha etat aalbam pradarshitam. bend ityasya alpayushkale, te sampoorne vishve safalataam praaptavantah, yoo. key. madhye trayah prathama-ekaakinah praaptavantah, api cha vishvavyaapiroopena teshaam abhilekhanam 15-20 dashalax-prati-vikrayanam krutavantah, yatra vishvavyaapiroopena teshaam aalbam-ityasya 7 dashalax-prati-yaan, samyuktarajyamerikadesha 20 laksh-prati-yaan cha aasan, tathaa cha margamadhyam anekaan puraskaran praaptavantah. 2006-2007: prathamam punarmilanam. 2006 september 17 dinaanke panchanam aadhikaarikasy maspace-prushtasya madhyamena ghoshanaa krutaa yat 27 september dinaanke madhya-landan-nagarasya scala-nagare patrakaar-sammelanam bhavishyati iti. scala-madhye shooting-ityasya karanat sthaanaparivartanaantaram, sammelanam baar-akademi-ailingtan-nagaram prati sthanantaritam. pancheshu chaturnam sadasyanam punarmilanam bhavishyati iti patrakaarasammelane drudheekrutam (konnol idaaneem swasya sonee-kararasya krute pratibadhah asti). gai-chambers, swedish-nirmata/geetikaarah anders-byaag, french-dijeas-track-akramanakarinaha cha saha karyam kurwantah pancha dhwanimudritaah nootan-saamagreeh teshaam chaturthasya studio-aalbam iti bhavitum arhanti sma. 2007 tame varshe api te pravaasasya yojanam krutavantah. 2007 janavaree-maasaparyantam, panchajanaah swasangeetasya ardhabhaagam poorayan, nutanaprabandhakena richard beck ityanena saha abhilekha-label-madhye hastaaksharam kartum icchanti sma, yah "faiv-da revaive" iti emm. tea. vee. vruttachitra-shrunkhalaam api praptavan. agrimeshu katipayeshu maaseshu asya aalbam ityasya vimochanam apekshitam aasit. 2007 maarch 8 dinaanke, madhyaraatrau, nootan-aalbam madhye bhavitavyanam nutananam gitanam pancha ekanimeshasya clips-ityasya prathamapradarshanm krutam. 70 days", "settle down", "itts aal good" iti sheershakaah geetaani vaadyavrundasya aadhikaarik-jaalapute tathaa teshaam maspace-prushthe api shrutum shakyante. 2007 mey 19 dinaanke, sudharasya kevalam ashtamasanantaram, paryaaptam labhadayakam abhilekha-vyavahaaram praaptum asaphalah bhutva, bhutva ityayam swa-jaalaputasy madhyamena ghoshayat yat te punah punaraagamanam naa karishyanti iti. 2012-2021-dwiteeya-punarmilanasya, premasya cha prasthanasya. 2012 tame varshe, konlan ityeshah swasya poorvaih vaadyavrundasya sahakarmibhihi saha punah militvaa dwiteeya-punarmilanam bhavitum vichaaram krutavaan. braun-varyaha praarambhe punarmilane bhaagam graheetum icchati sma, parantu anyasadasyaah, ateete canlone rabinson ityetayoho krute tasya karanena jatanam manovaidnyaanik-samasyanam anantaram, tathaa cha saha samajika-maadhyameshu bhavitum anicchati sma iti cha, chatuhu-khandarupena anuvartayitum ishtavantah. october 18 dinaanke pratyaagamanasy ghoshanaa krutaa. 2013 tame varshe, samoohah "da bigg reunion" ityasmin bhaagam agruhnaat, yatra te militvaa kaalasy vishaye, tathaa cha vaadyavrundasya sadasyatvena utpannanam kashtanam vishaye cha vaartaalaapam akurvan. te navam panchamam sadasyam yojayitum chintayan, parantu tyaagam krutavantah. samoohah, vaadyavrundasya nootanasadasyah bhavitum chaturnaam purushaan (daan korsee, luke boydon, naathan raalings, lee roots) parikshayat, parantu ante panchamam sadasyasy yojanaa nishkasita, pancha cha chaturnam sadasyaroopen pravartayitum nirdhaaritaah. antatah 2013 september-maase swasya vaadyavrundasya sahakarmibhihi krutaan aropan niraakartum braun "iti patrikaayaam abhoot. saha svavasanam ucchaihi, atibhaarayuktena cha iti drashtum shaknoti sma iti angeekrutavaan, parantu saha goodaachaaram niraakarot. saha abz ityanena saha madyapaane avadat yat balakanam punarmilane utsaham prakatayan api cha saha sahabhaagitvam naa icchati yatah saha swasya gopyataa rochati iti. 2013 september 16 dinaanke rashtriya-reality-dooradarshan-puraskaareshu bend-pakshah sarvashreshta-sangeeta-abhinayasy (reality-dooradarshan-kaaryakrame) puraskaram praapnot. 2013 tame varshe november-december-maase cha pancha janaah yooke-australia-deshayoho swakeeyaparyatanam praarabdhavantah, yat 5-aiv-greatest-hitt-pravaasaha aasit. 2014 maarch-maase, premah samuhat nishkaasayat iti kinvadantee aasit, parantu tasmin samaye te tam niraakrutavantah. 2014 joon-maase, pancha samarthitaah mcbust-mubst-mubst-mubst-mubst-mubst-mubst-mubst-mubst-mubst-mubst-mubst-mubst-mubst-mubst-mubst-mubst-mubst-mubst-mubst-mubst-mubst-mubst-mubst-mubst-mubst-mubst-mubst-mubst-mubst-mubst-mubst-mubst-mubst-mubst-mubst-mubst-mubst-mubst-mubst-mubst-mubst-mubst-mubst-mubst-mubst-mubst-mubst-mubst-mubst-mubst-mubst-mubst-mubst-mubst-mubst-mubst-mubst-mubst-mubst-mubst-mubst lavaha ante anyaan sadasyan poorvamev naa vadan, 2014 august-maase tweeter-madhyamena samuhat nishkaasitah iti ghoshayat. ghoshanaayaah katipayadinaani poorvam ekasmin sakshatkare, premah prakatayt yat saha kevalam aarthik-aavashyakataayah karanat panchaih saha punah militum angeekrutavaan, api cha punah kishorageetaih gaayane naa prasanah aasit iti. 2016 februvari-maase panchajanaah "keep aan movin-da best aaf faiv" iti sankalanam prakaashitavantah, yat trayasya rupena teshaam prathamam vimochanam aasit. 2019 april-maase, baalakaah, "baalakaah punaraagataah" iti namna yoo. key.-pravaasaartham 911, kshatihi, e1 cha saha sammilitaah iti ghoshayan."2020 tame varshe, rabinson api avadat yat vaadyavrundasya mulasya poorna-panktyaah punaragamanasya sambhavana naasti iti. saha patrikaa-sangham avadat yat "[godhoom-prema-samparkah] saadhayitum naa vayam baadhyah iti. te ateeva spashtatayaa prakatayan yat te vaadyavrundasya sadasyatvam naa icchanti iti. jayson-aarang-raabee-viliums cha nishkaasy, tatt sweekarotu iva bhavati. adyaapi karyam karoti, geetaani adyaapi tathaiva santi."covid-19 mahamarina paryatanam baadhitam bhavishyati, 2021 tame varshe pradarshanani punah nirdhaaritaani bhavanti. 2021-vartamaanah punah branding tathaa "samay". 2020 tamasya varshasya ante, panchajanaah 2021 tame varshe australia-deshasya anyasya bruhattamaa hitt-paryatanam aarabhet iti ghoshayan, yasya samarthanam australia-deshasya paap-yugalasya "cyster-2 cyster" ityanena krutam. 2021 joon 4 dinaanke, suchanam, posts-ityasya cha gananayaha shrunkhalaayaah anantaram, pancha janaah "keep aan movin" (21 remix) ityasya krute nootanam logo, kavar-art work, clip-saha anaavaranam krutavantah, yat aapal-music-madhye poorva-arder krute upalabhyte iti te ghoshayan. 2021 joon 11 dinaanke bruhattar-vaartaanaam krute swasaamaajik-madhyamanam lekhaan drashtum api te avadat. joon 11 dinaanke, mahamarikale dhvanimudritasya nutanasya aalbam ityasya ghoshanayaa saha remix ityasya vimochanam jaatam. 2021 julai 26 dinaanke, pancha "shangree-laa" tathaa "making mee faal" iti sheershake nootanam singles-dwayam ghoshayan, yat 2021 julai 31 dinaanke poorva-adeshartham upalabhyte, tatah 2021 august 6 dinaanke sarveshu streaming-mancheshu pradarshitam. 2021 julai 29 dinaanke pratyekasya gitasya ekaha khandah teshaam samajika-madhyamanam lekhaasu post krutah. 2021 september 2 dinaanke panchajanaah chrismus-parwatah eva asya aalbam ityasya vimochanam bhavishyati iti ghoshayan. 2021 september 12 dinaanke balakanam cardiff-sho-madhye, 'aar-byaak-tour' ityasmin, te "reset" iti gathayaha pratyaksha-prastutim aarabhant, yat 2021 october 1 dinaanke "vaarm-lait" iti ekena gitasya sangatah pradarshitam. 2021 october-maase, panchajanaah, agami-aalbam "taim" iti namna ghoshitaah, 2022 janavaree-masasya sameepe eva pradarshaneeyah iti ghoshayan. aalbam-ityasya agrimam single "taim" iti api namna prasidham bhavishyati, 2021 october-masasya 22 dinaanke poorva-adeshartham upalabhyte, 2021 october-maase 26 november-dinaanke prakaashan-dinaankah nirdhaaritah bhavishyati. 2021 december-maase nootan-aalbam-kavar ityasya adhikarikam avalokanam teshaam nootan-aalbam "taim" ityasya poorva-sev-link ityanena saha dattam. 2022 janavaree 28 dinaanke asya aalbam ityasya vimochanam jaatam. paryatanam karotu. shirshalekhah saha-sheershakam udghatana adhiniyam puraskaaraah. vijetaah puraskaaraah. britt puraskaarah emm. tii. vi. europe sangeetapuraskaarah rashtriya-reality-dooradarshan-puraskaarah rajat-clafe-puraskaarah smyash ityanena nirvaachak-vijetru-pakshah prabhaawitah. tea. emm. ef. puraskaarah (netherlands) tea. vee. hitt puraskaarah

ainthu (kuzhu) ainthu (5wive yena paaniyamaikkappattullathu) enbathu landanil irunthu vantha oru british paai isaikkuzhuvaagum, idhil chiin conlon, richi neville mattrum scott rabinson aagiyoar uruppinargalaaga ullanar. avarkal thangal vaazhkkaiyaith thodanguvatharku munbu masala sirumigalai nirvagiththa athae kuluvaal 1997 ill avai uruvaakkappattana. inththa kuzhu perumpaalum rabinson, neville, conlon, ops love mattrum jayson "jay" pravun aagiyavattraik konda ainthu-thundu endru azhaikkappattathu. ainthu paer ulagalavil mithamaana vetrtriyaip pettranar, kurippaaga thangal sontha aikkiya raachchiyaththilum, iropa mattrum aasiyaavin pira pakuthikalilum. british phonographic thozhilthuraiyin (ppi) koottruppadi, englaanththil 1.6 million aalbangkalukkum 3.4 million ottraiyar paadalkalukkum ainthu saantralikkappattullana. inththa kuzhu ulagalavil sumar 20 million pirathikal vitrtrathu. avarkal 27 septumber 2001 andru pirinthanar. rabinson, love, neville mattrum pravun aagiyoar septumber 2006 ill conlon illaamal kuzhuvai (avarkal 2001 pilavupaduvatharku munbu purapatta) surukkamaaga seerthiruththiththanar, isai maelaalar richard beck thalaimaiyilaana puthiya maelaanmaik kuzhuvudan. ettu maathangkalukkup piragu, oru ilaapakaramaana suttruppayanaththaip pettra poathilum, poathumaana pathivu niruvana aarvaththaip perath thavariyathaal, ainthu paer thangal athikaarappoorva valaiththalam vazhiyaaga meendum kalaikkappaduvaargal endru ariviththanar. 2012 aam aandil, kuzhu mattroru maruu inaippaith thittamiduvathaaga ariviththathu, inththa murai kaanlaanudan. munnani paadagar pravun aarambaththil meendum ontrinaivil pankerka oppukkondaar, aanaal pinnar avar thanathu manathai maattrik kondaar, avar inii podhumakkalin paarvaiyil irukka virumbavillai endru koorinaar. kuzhu naanku uruppinargaludan mattumae thodarnthathu, aanaal peyarai ainthu vaiththiruka mudivu seithathu. neelam, 911, anuu poochikkoottu, pii * wicht, thaen mattrum suthanthiram ex aagiyavattrudan, ainththum idevy2 aavanappadath thodaril idampettrana, idhu 31 janavari 2013 andru oliparappath thodangiyathu. idhaith thodarnthu pipravari 26,2013 andru hummersmith appalloavil oru marupiravaesam nigazhchchiyum, mae maatham englaanthu mattrum ayarlaandhaich suttri oru arangka suttruppayanamum nadaipettrathu, idhu paluppu illaamal avarkalin muthal suttruppayanamaagum. navambar mattrum disambar 2013 ill, ainthu paer thangal sontha suttruppayanaththai thodangkinar, 5 sirantha vetrtrikal suttruppayanam, naanku thundugalaaga avarkalin muthal thanii suttruppayanam. august 2014 ill, love oru tweet moolam isaikkuzhuvilirunthu vilaguvathaaga arivitthaar, conlon, neville mattrum rabinson aagiya moovaraiyum oru moovaraagavum thodara vittuch sentraar. 2021 aam aandil, ainthu paer 20 aandugalil thangal muthal thanippaadalaana "keep aann moovin" (21 remix) aii athikaarappoorvamaaga veliyittanar, adhaith thodarnthu avarkal juun maatham veliyittanar, adhaith thodarnthu august 2021 ill "making mee phaal" mattrum "shankri-laa", pinnar october 2021 ill "meettamai" mattrum "warm lyde". navambar 2021 ill "time" endra ottraith thalaippu veliyidappattathu. disambar 2021 ill, ainthu paer thangal neendakaalamaaga ethirpaarkkappatta naankaavathu aalbam "time" kkaana janavari 28 veliyeettu thaethiyai athikaarappoorvamaaga ariviththanar. thozhil. 1997-1998: uruvaakkam mattrum "5wive". 1997 aam aandil, englaanthu nigazhththu kalai seithiththaalil oru vilambaram vaikkappattathu, "maedai", ilam aann paatakarkal/nadanak kalaignargalai "anugumurai mattrum vilimbudan" oru siruvan isaikkuzhu paani kuzhuvirku audition seiyak kaettathu. munbu masala penkalai uruvaakkiya irandu aangalaana paap mattrum chriss herbert, oru aann kuzhuvirku idhu sariyaana neram endru ninaiththanar. russell brand udpada 3,000 kkum maerpatta nambikkaikkuriyavargal audition seithanar, avarkal neethipathigalukkaaga "vaarththaigalai vida athigamaaga" theeviramaana paadalai nigazhththinar. avarkal iruthiyaaka 14 aagak kuraikkappattanar, avarkalil ainthu paer thangal aadishanukkaagak kaaththirunthapoathu oru kuzhuvil thangalai aerpaadu seithirunthanar. aadishangalin vilaivaaga onbathu uruppinargalin thartkaalika casting aerpattathu richi neville, scott rabinson, chiin conlon, jayson "jay" pravun, richard breen (ippoathu ops love endru nanku ariyappadugirathu), mattrum piittar sessire, paal daylor, anthoni backer (ropper) mattrum rick hersion. avarathu muthal peyar richard enbathaal, reechchiyudan (richard neville topson endra peyaril piranthaar) kulappaththaith thavirkka breen thanathu punaippeyaraana 'ups' (avarathu naduththarap peyaraana 'abidin') aip payanpaduththinaar. 1997 mae maatham iruthi uruppinarkal thaernthedukkappattapoathu sessire mattrum dailor pinnar vettapattana, maelum hersionol iruthi thaervil kalandhu kolla mudiyavillai. backer muthalil adhai isaikkuzhuvil uruvaakkinaar, aanaal avarathu vadakizhakku ucharippu vanthathaal avarathu rapping paani kuritthu santhegam aerpattathu. nirvaagam aarambaththil oru naanku thundu isaikkuzhuvaip paarththukkondirunthathu, maelum isaikkuzhuvirku jay, chiin, scott mattrum richiyaith thaernthedukkap poakirathu, aanaal avarkal mattravargaludan upsipe paarththapoathu, ainthu thundu sirappaaga vaelai seiyum endru mudivu seithanar. pinnar inththa kuzhuvil saiman gowell mattrum pmg/arca aagiyoar aaru aalbam oppanththaththirkaaga kaiyezhuththittanar. ainthu paer nafilil ulla trinity studiyoakkalil thangal vaelaiyai payirchi seithu demo seithanar-athae idaththil masala penkal sila aandugalukku munbu seithaarkal. navambar 1997 ill, ainthu paer thangal muthal ottrai "slam tunk (daa funk)" aii veliyittanar, idhu englaanthu ottraiyar tharavarisaiyil 10 vadhu idaththil arimugamaanathu. inthap paadalum yuu. aee. will veliyidappattathu.ess. 1998 aam aandil aanaal siriya tharavarisai vetrtriyaip pettrathu, idhu "vilambarap palagaiyil" hott 100 ill 86 vadhu idaththaip pidiththathu, iruppinum idhu enn. pii. aee inn puthiya theem paadalaaga thaernthedukkappattathu. 1998 aam aandil, ainthu paer thangal muthal periya sarvadesa vetrtriyaip pettranar, "vilakkugal veliyae sellum poathu", idhu yuu.ess. muthal 10 idangkalaip pidiththum, athanpin viraivil thanga anthasthaip pettraar. ainthu paer pinnar thangal varavirukkum aalpaththai vilambarappaduththa ettu naall suttruppayanaththirkuch sendranar, disney senalukkaana oru kacheriyil airish penn kuzhu pii * vitchttudan, newyorg nagaril times skoyarilum, emm. dii. vii. yinn dii. aarr. ell. lilum thoantrinar. muthal aalbamaana "5wive" yuu. ess. ill 27 vadhu idaththaip pidiththathu.ess. "vilambarap palagai" 200 mattrum englaanthu udpada ulagengkilum ulla pira naadugalil tharavarisaiyil muthalidaththil ullathu. "idhu neengkal seiyum vishayangkal" 1998 aam aandin pirpaguthiyil yuu. ess ill veliyidappattathu.ess., oru mithamaana varavaerpaip pera mattumae. kuzhu oru yuu meethu thodangiyathu.ess. american paai isaikkuzhuvudan suttruppayanam seitha ensing, aanaal soarvu kaaranamaaga veliyaeriya piragu, oaivedukka englaanththukku thirumbich sendru oru puthiya aalpaththil vaelai seiyath thodangukirathu. muthal aalpaththilirunthu, "feeling '," elloarum ezhugiraargal ", mattrum" neram mudiyum varai "anaiththum 1998 muzhuvathum englaanththil ottraiyargalaaka veliyidappattana. ainthu ulagengkilum ulla pala naadugalil muthal 5 idangkalai ettina, pinththaiya irandu ottraiyargal ovvondrum englaanththil irandaavathu idaththirku uyarnththana. ainthu paerin pirabalaththil oru kurippidatthakka amsam, blackil ulla puthiya kuzhandhaigal, kilakku 17, pakkavaattu siruvarkal mattrum avarkalin aptempo isai paaniyil 'street' padam poantra kuzhukkaludan avarkalin ottrumai, adharku maaraaga, baijon mattrum 98 digiri, antha neraththil muthanmaiyaaga thangal paadalkalukku peyar pettravarkal. ainthu paer thangal perumpaalaana paadalkalai ezhuthinar allathu inai ezhuthinar, idhu antha neraththil siruvarkal isaikkuzhukkalil vazhakkaththirku maaraanathu. ainthu paadalkal pirabalamaaga vazhangkappattana, avai britney eettikal mattrum 'enn othisaivukku periya vetrtrikalaaka maariyathu. 1997 aam aandil, makes martin oru puthiya paadalai uruvaakkik kondirundhaar, "...kuzhandhai innum oru murai."idhu muthalil pakkavaattu siruvarkalukkaaga ezhuthappattathu, adhu niraakarikkappattathu. pinnar anthap paadal dii. ell. chii. kku vazhangkappattathu, avarkalum aarvam kaattavillai. saiman gowell inthap paadalaik kettu, adhu vettri perum endru arinthirunthaar. martin thanathu ainthu siruvarkal konda isaikkuzhuvukku paadalai valangkinaal avar martin oru aachariyamaana martin valangkinaar. ainthu aarambaththil vasanangkalai ezhuthath thodangkina; iruppinum, martin inthap paadalai varavirukkum britney eettikalukku vaakkuruthiyaliththirunththaaru. avarathu vaarthaiyaik kadaippidikkumpoathu, mudikappatta paadal britnikku sentrathu. oru kavalukku, "americavil ulla arista pathivukalilirunthu enakku oru alaippu vanthathu, avarkal ennai tholaipaesiyil kuzhanthaiyaith thaakkiyathu poal nadiththanar. naan, "ooo kadavulae, idhudhaan" endru irunththaen, enavae naan makes martin endru azhaiththaen, avar adhai ezhuthinaar, naan sonnaen, "makes, naan inththa demovike kelvippattaen. thayavuseithu adhai enakku ainthu paerukku kodungal ". avar, "ennaal mudiyaathu, naan adhai britney eettikalukku uruthiyaliththaen.naan poanaen", yaar? ennai nambungal, adhigapatcham, britney eettikal poantra peyarudan yaarum vettri perap poavathillai. thayavuseithu athaip pattri sinthiyungal.irupaththu naanku manii neeraththirkup piragu avar thirumbi vandhu" illai, naan adhai avalukkuk kodukkap poakiraen ", endru koorinaar, avvalavuthaan." "aanaal, antha paadal yarukkaavathu hiid aagi irukkum endru naan ninaikkiraen. idhu ainthu murai vettri pettrirukkum endru enakkuth theriyum, idhu dii. ell. chii. kku oru vetrtriyaaka irunththirukkum, idhu britney eettikalukku oru vetrtriyaaka irunththathu. naattin pathippukal, maattru pathippukal ullanah idhu oru hiid paadal mattumae, athaip pattri endha kaelviyum illai, maelum antha muthal hiid paadalaik kondiruppathu oru kalaignarin vaazhkkaiyin miga mukkiyamaana paguthiyaagum, maelum yaarudaiya vaazhkkaiyaiyum udaippathil migavum kadinamaana paguthiyaagum." ainthu paerukku pinnar martin "paii paii" endru koorinaar, oray paadal "illai poy kuzhandhai, paii paii"."paadalaik kettu, vasanangkalai ezhutha muyarchiththapoathu, rabinson idhu ainthu paadalkalai vida 'enn othisaivu paadal' poala olippathaagak kuripittaar. pinnar isaikkuzhu anthap paadalai isaiththathu. 1999-2000: "vella mudiyaathathu". august 1999 ill, avarkalin irandaavathu aalpaththin muthal single, "invincible", "iff yaa kett 'down', veliyidappattathu mattrum ulagalavil oru periya vettrip padamaaga maariyathu, aanaal meendum avarkalin sontha naattil nambar 1 kkuch sellath thavarivittathu, rickie maardin muthal idaththilirunththu vilaginaar. iruthiyaaka, october 1999 ill, thodarchchiyaaga moontru enn-irandu sigarangalukkup piragu, "keep aann moovin" avarkalin muthal englaanthu enn 1 aaga maariyathu, athae poal intruvarai avarkalin migapperiya virpanaiyaana ottrai. irandaavathu aalbam atharkup piragu viraivil muthal ainthu idangkalaip pidiththathu. "" "unnai vittuvida vaendaam" "maarch 2000 aam aandin thodakkaththil veliyidappattathu, 9 vadhu idaththil irunththathu. maarch 3,2000 andru, ainthu brit viruthugalil raak legents kuyinudan thirakkappattathu, antha isaikkuzhuvin vettriyin pudhuppikkappatta pathippai nigazhththiyathu," "naangkal unnai raak seivoam". antha eravil ainthu paer thangal muthal brit viruthai "sirantha paap nadippu" endru ventranar, maelum avarkalin raani paadalin attaippadam juulai 2000 ill englaanththil avarkalin irandaavathu nambar 1 aaga maariyathu. 2000 aam aandin muthal paathiyil ainthu vetrtrikaramaana ulaga suttruppayanangkal kaanappattana, englaanthu, iropa, russia, australia mattrum-oru naanku-amerikkarkalaaka-thenn americavil kachchaerigalai nigazhththiyathu, neville chinnammai noayaal paathikkappatta pinnar englaanththukku meendum parakka vaendiyirunththathu. suttruppayanaththai mudiththa piragu, ainthu paer englaanththil pala kachchaerigalil thodarnthu nigazhththinar, idhil poongaavil raaniyudan virunththu udpada. vella mudiyaatha" endra maruu veliyeettil irandu paadalkalin remix pathippukal mattrum avarkalin suttruppayanaththilirunthu ainthu neradi tracugalum, oru phones trackum adangkum, "adhai ethirththup poaraada vaendaam kuzhandhai". juulai 2000 ill americavil veliyidappattathaal, kuzhu avarkalin statesite lable, arista pathivukalaal kaividappatta pinnar paadal veliyeettilirunthu izhukkappattathu. ainthu paer thangal aasiya pathivu niruvanaththudan pirachchanaikalaik kondirunthanar, pinnar avarkalin aasiya suttruppayanaththai rathu seithanar. inththa periya adiyaal paathikkappatta siruvarkal studiyoavukkuth thirumbich sendru thangal aduththa aalpaththirkaaga paadalkalai ezhuthath thodangkinar. avarkal englaanthu mattrum iroappaavil thodarnthu virudhugalai ventranar, disambar 2000 ill thangal sontha naattil irandaavathu periya sutruppayanaththaith thodangkinar. 2001: "kingsise", conlan purappaadu mattrum pilavu. janavari 2001 ill, ainthu paer ulagin migapperiya thiruvizhaakkalil ontraana reo dii jenirovil raak inn reovil kittatthatta 500,000 paer paarvaiyaalarkalukku nigazhchchiyai nigazhththinar. mae 2001 ill, pala maatha aakkapoorvamaana ezhuththu mattrum "thangal sontha thanipatta oliyai valarththuk konda piragu", "kingsise" mudinthathu. iruppinum, avarkalin muthal thanippaadalukkaana veediyoavaip padamaakkath thodanga vaendiya neram vanthapoathu, kuzhuvin oru paguthiyaaga irunthathaal aerpatta mana aluththaththaal avar avathippattu varuvathaal conlanol thoandra mudiyavillai. iruppinum, idhu antha neraththil pagirangkamaaga veliyidappadavillai, adharku pathilaaka avar surappith kaaichalaal noaivaaippattathaagak koorappattathu. nadanam aaduvoam" endra veediyoa paatakarukkaaka oru vaazhkkai alavilaana attai cutt-awood nindru veliyidappattathu, maelum avar unmaiyil isaikkuzhuvai vittuch sentrathaaga vathanththigal parapappattana. rabinson thanathu maganaana brennon raisudan irukka thartkaaligamaaga oru neram thevaippattathu, avar munkoottiyae piranthaar. meethamulla moontru uruppinarkal, paluppu, kaathal mattrum neville kuzhuvin moontraavathu aalbam mattrum "nadanam aaduvoam" ottraip paadalai adhiga vilambaraththudan valiyuruththinar. juulai maatham beljiyaththil oru kacheriyil nigazhththum poathu, neville thanathu idathu kaalil ulla thasaikkuzhukkalai kiliththu, anaitthu padhavi uyarvugalaiyum nirutthi, kuzhuvai avarkalin viruppangkalaiyum ethirkaalaththaiyum marupariseelanai seiya sila koottangalai nadaththa thoondugiraar. "lets dance" august 2001 naduppaguthiyil veliyidappattathu, iruppinum, irandu vaarangkalukku muthalidaththil irunththa avarkalin moontraavathu englaanthu nambar onn aanathu. "kingsise" irandu vaarangkalukkup piragu moontraavathu idaththil arimugamaanathu, maelum thanga anthasthai adainthathu. kingsise" veliyaana irandu vaarangkalukkup piragu, isaikkuzhu conlon purappaduvathaaka ariviththathu. pala aandugalukkup piragu oru nerkaanalil neville, isaikkuzhuvin nirvaagam conlon isaikkuzhuvilirunthu veliyaeriyathai ragasiyamaaga vaiththirunthathu, enavae avarkal "nadanam aaduvoam" veediyoavaip padamaakkiyapoathu avar veliyaerinaar enbathu avarkalukkuth theriyaathu endru koorinaar. septumber 27,2001 andru, pathivu nirvaagaththudan oru maatha theeviramaana koottangalukkup piragu, antha aandin pirpaguthiyil oru thoguppai veliyitta piragu adhu piriyum endru emm. dii. vii. ill isaikkuzhu ariviththathu. aduththa naall, rabinson thanathu varungkaala manaivi kerri ookkarai oru vizhaavil thanathu munnaal isaikkuzhuvinar anaivarudanum kalandhu kondu tirumanam seithu kondaar. pala aandugalukkup piragu, pirivinai endra yoasanaiyai avar kadumaiyaaga ethirththathaaka breen velippaduththinaar; pirinthathai avaridamirunthu aethoa edukkappattathaaga avar vivaritthaar. navambar 19 andru oru "cratest hitts" aalbam 15 kadantha vetrtrikal, irandu remix mattrum oru puthiya paadaludan veliyidappattathu. navambar 24 andru, "enakku nerukkamaaga" mattrum "raak thii barty" konda irattai-oru-pakka ottrai aikkiya raachchiyaththil oru animation veediyoavudan veliyidappattathu. irandu paadalkalum avarkalin munththaiya aalbamaana "kingsise" ill serkkappattana, aanaal conlon veliyaeriya piragu, avarkal thangal "cratest hitts" aalpaththilirunthu oru thanippaadalaaga veliyida mudivu seithanar. inththa aalbam pipravari 15,2002 andru americavil veliyidappattathu. isaikkuzhuvin kurugiya vaazhnaalil, avarkal ulagengkilum vetrtriyaip pettranar, englaanththil moontru nambar onn ottraiyar pattangalai ventranar mattrum ulagalavil avarkalin pathivukalin 15-20 million pirathikal vitrtranar, idhil ulagalavil avarkalin aalbangkalin 7 million pirathikalum, americavil 2 million pirathikalum adangkum, maelum vazhiyil aeraalamaana virudhugalai ventranar. 2006-2007: muthal meel santhippu. septumber 17,2006 andru, ainthu athikaarappoorva myspace pakkam vazhiyaaga oru seithi maanaadu septumber 27 andru matthiya landanil ulla scalavil nadaipera ullathu endru arivikkappattathu. scalavil oru padappidippu kaaranamaaga oru idam maattrappatta piragu, maanaadu paarr akaadami ailingtanukku maattrappattathu. ainthu uruppinargalil naanku paer meendum ontrinaivaargal enbathu seithiyaalar koottaththil urudhippaduththappattathu (conlon ippoathu thanathu soani oppanthaththil uruthiyaaka ullaar). avarkalin naankaavathu studio aalbamaaga irukka vaendiya ainthu puthiya porutkal pathivu seiyappattana, paiy sambers, sweedish thayaarippaalar/paatalaasiriyar mattrum paek mattrum pirenchu djs track padaiyeduppaalargaludan panipurinthanar. 2007 aam aandil suttruppayanam seiya avarkal thittamittanar. janavari 2007 kkul, ainthu paer thangal aalpaththin paathiyai mudiththuvittanar, maelum puthiya maelaalar richard pekkudan oru pathivu lable kaiyezhuththida virumbinar, avar "ainthu-puththuir" endra thalaippil oru emm. dii. vii aavanappadath thodaraiyum pettraar. inththa aalbam aduththa sila maathangkalukkul veliyidappadum endru ethirpaarkkappattathu. maarch 8,2007 andru, nalliravil, puthiya aalpaththil irukka vaendiya moontru puthiya paadalkalin oru nimida kilipkalai ainthu thiraiyidappattana. 70 naatkal", "settil down" mattrum "idhu ellaam nallathu" endra thalaippil paadalkalai isaikkuzhuvin athikaarappoorva valaiththalaththilum avarkalin myspace pakkaththilum ketkalaam. 2007 mae 19 andru, seerthiruththam seiyappattu ettu maathangkalukkup piragu, poathumaana laapakaramaana pathivu oppanthaththaip perath thavariyathaal, 5wive thangal valaiththalam vazhiyaaga avarkal inii oru marupiravaesaththaith thodara maattaargal endru arivitthaar. 2012-2021: irandaavathu meel ontrinaippu mattrum kaathal purappaadu. 2012 aam aandil, irandaavathu maruu inaippin saaththiyakooru kuritthu vivaathikka conlon thanathu munnaal isaikkuzhuvinarudan meendum inainthaar. paluppu aarambaththil meendum ontrinaivil pankerka thayaaraaga irunthaar, aanaal mattra uruppinarkal naanku thundugalaagath thodara virumbinar, kadantha kaalaththil avar conlon mattrum rabinson aagiyavattraal aerpatta ulaviyal pirachchanaikalukkup piragu, athae poal avar samooga uudakangkalil irukka virumbavillai. october 18 andru thirumbuvathu arivikkappattathu. 2013 aam aandil, kuzhu "periya maruu orunginaippil" pankettrathu, angku avarkal ontraaka irunththa neeraththaip pattriyum oru isaikkuzhuvil irunthathaal aerpatta siramangalaip pattriyum paesinar. avarkal oru puthiya ainthaavathu uruppinaraich serppathu pattri ninaiththaarkal, aanaal vittuvittanar. kuzhu naanku aangalai isaikkuzhuvin puthiya uruppinaraaga (dawn coursey, luke paaidan, naathan rollings mattrum liie vaerkal) audition seithathu, aanaal iruthiyil ainthaavathu uruppinarukkaana thittam kaividappattathu mattrum ainthu paer naanku-thundugalaaga thodara mudivu seithanar. septumber 2013 ill thanathu isaikkuzhuvinar munvaiththa kuttrachchaattugalai maruppatharkaaga "pravun iruthiyil thoantrinaar. avarathu nadaththai saththamaagavum athigappadiyaanathaagavum irunthirukkalaam endru avar oppuk kondaar, aanaal avar kodumaippaduththudhal conlanai marutthaar. siruvarkalin meendum ontrinaivathil urchaakamaaka irukkumpoathu, avar thanathu thaniyurimaiyai virumbuvathaal athil eedupada virumbavillai endru avar opsidam kudikkum poathu koorinaar. 2013 septumber 16 andru, thaesiya reality tholaikaatchi viruthugalil sirantha isaikkaana (reality tholaikaatchi nigazhchchiyil) viruthai isaikkuzhu pettrathu. navambar mattrum disambar 2013 ill, ainthu paer englaanthu mattrum australiavil thangal sontha sutruppayanaththaith thodangkinar, idhu 5 sirantha vettrip payanamaagum. maarch 2014 ill, kaathal kuzhuvai vittu veliyaeriyathaaka vadhanthi paraviyathu, aanaal antha neraththil avarkal adhai maruththanar. juun 2014 ill, ainthu paer thangal mcpust suttruppayanaththin naanku thaethigalil mcpust seiyappattathai aathariththanar, pinnar antha maatha kaathal kuzhuvin ethirkaalam nichchayamatrathu endru kooriyadhu. mattra uruppinarkalidam munbae sollaamal, august 2014 ill avar kuzhuvai vittu veliyaeriyathaaka love iruthiyil arivitthaar. arivipukku sila naatkalukku munbu oru nerkaanalil, kaathal, nidhi thaevai kaaranamaaga ainthu paerudan meendum ontrinaikka mattumae oppukkondathaagavum, deane aej paadalkalai meendum paaduvathil magizhchchiyadaiyavillai endrum velippaduththinaar. pipravari 2016 ill, ainthu thoguppukal "keep aann moovin"-thii best off five "endra thoguppai veliyittana, idhu moovaril avarkalin muthal veliyeedaagum. aepral 2019 ill, siruvarkal 911, setham mattrum aee 1 moolam englaandhin suttruppayanaththirku "siruvarkal thirumbi vanthuvittanar!" endru azhaikkappattanar."2020 aam aandil, isaikkuzhuvin asal muzhu varisai thirumbuvatharkaana vaaippu illai endrum rabinson koorinaar. avar paththirigai sangaththidam koorinaar "[paluppu mattrum kaathal] anuguvathu engkalukkuk kattuppadaadhu. avarkal isaikkuzhuvil irukka virumbavillai enbathai avarkal thelivupaduththiyullanar. adhu jaasan aaranjchu mattrum raabi villiams veliyaeruvathu poantrathu. adhu innum vaelai seikirathu, paadalkal innum appadiyae ullana."inththa suttruppayanam koovit-19 thottrunoayaal paathikkappadum, 2021 aam aandirkaana nigazhchchigal maattriyamaikkappadum. 2021-tharpoothu varaif marupeyariduthal mattrum "neram". 2020 aam aandin pirpaguthiyil, australian paap irattaiyargal "chakoothari 2 chakoothari" aatharavudan 2021 aam aandil mattroru australian migapperiya vettri sutruppayanaththaith thodanguvathaaga ainthu paer ariviththanar. juun 4,2021 andru, thodarchchiyaana kurippugal mattrum idugaigal ennappatta piragu, ainthu paer oru puthiya logovai veliyittanar, oru clip udan "keep aann moovin" (21 remix) kkaana kavar kalaippadaippu, apple isaiyil munkoottiyae arder seiyak kidaikkum endru avarkal ariviththanar. juun 11,2021 andru periya seithigalukkaaga thangal samooga uudaga kanakkugalaip paarppathaakavum avarkal koorinar. juun 11 andru, thottrunoaikalin poathu pathivu seiyappatta oru puthiya aalpaththin arivippudan remix veliyidappattathu. juulai 26,2021 andru, ainthu paer "shankri-laa" mattrum "making mee phaal" endra thalaippil irandu puthiya ottraiyargalai ariviththanar, avai juulai 31 2021 andru munkoottiyae arder seiyak kidaikkum, pinnar august 6 2021 andru anaitthu streaming thazhangalilum veliyidappattathu. juulai 29 2021 andru ovvoru paadalin oru thunukkum avarkalin samooga uudaga kanakkugalil veliyidappattathu. septumber 2,2021 andru, ainthu paer christhumasaich suttri aalbam veliyidappadum endru ariviththanar. 12 septumber 2021 andru siruvarkalin cardiff shovin poathu avarkal meendum suttruppayanam seikiraargal, avarkal "meettamai" endra oru paadalil neradi vilakkakkaatchiyai arimugappaduththinar, idhu october 1,2021 andru ottrai "soodaana olii" udan veliyidappattathu. october 2021 ill, varavirukkum aalbam "time" endru azhaikkappadum endru ainthu paer ariviththanar, maelum janavari 2022 ill veliyidappada ullathu. aalpaththin aduththa single "time" endrum azhaikkappadum, maelum october 22 andru munkoottiya aardarukku kidaikkum, idhu navambar 26 2021 kkaana veliyeettu thaethiyai amaikkum. disambar 2021 ill puthiya aalpaththin attaiyil athikaarappoorva thoattram avarkalin puthiya aalpaththirkaana "time" kku munkoottiya inaippudan vazhangkappattathu. inththa aalbam janavari 28,2022 andru veliyidappattathu. suttruppayanangkal. thalaippu inai thalaippu thodakkach seyal viruthugal. ventra virudhugal brit viruthugal emm. dii. vii iropa isai viruthugal thaesiya reality tholaikaatchi viruthugal velli cleff viruthugal thaerthal vetrtriyaalargalai veelththiya katchi dmf viruthugal (netherlandhu) tholaikaatchi vettri viruthugal

aidu (samuuham) aidu (5vive gaa saileekarinchabadindi) anedi londonku chendina british baay byaand, indulo sabhyulu seen conlan, ritchie neville mariyu scott robinson unnaaru. vaaru tama vruttini praarambhinchadaaniki mundu masala dinusula ammayilanu nirvahinche adhe brundam 1997loe vaarini erpaatu chesindi. eee samuuhaanni ekkuvagaa robinson, neville, conlan, abz love mariyu jasson "zhe" brownlathoo kuudina aidu mukkaluga pilicheevaaru. aiduguru prapanchavyaaptamgaa, mukhyamgaa vaari sthaanika united kingdamlo, alaage migilina eurup mariyu asealo chaalaa varaku mitamaina vijayanni saadhinchaaru. british phonographic parisrama (bpi) prakaram, aidu UKloe 1.6 million albumlu mariyu 3.4 million singlesku dhruvikarinchabaddayi. eee brundam prapanchavyaaptamgaa sumaru 20 million kaapeelu ammudaindi. vaaru 2001 septembaru 27naa vidipoyaaru. robinson, love, neville, mariyu braun kluptamgaa 2006 septembarulo sangeeta nirvahakudu richard beck netrutvamloni kotta nirvahana brundamtho, conlan lekunda (vaari 2001 vibhajanaku mundu vellipoyina) samuuhaanni samskarinchaaru. enimidi nelala taruvaata, laabhadaayakamaina parytananu pondinappatikee, taginanta rikaardu company aasaktini pondadamlo viphalamaina aiduguru, vaaru mallee raddu chestaarani tama adhikaarika website dwara prakatinchaaru. 2012loe, eee brundam vaaru maroka puna un kalayikaku pranaalika vestunnatlu prakatinchaaru, esaari bordulo canlontho. pradhana gayakudu braun modatlo puna un kalayikalo paalgonadaaniki angeekarinchaadu, conny taruvaata thana manasu marchukunnadu, athanu ikapai prajala drushtilo undalanukovadam ledani paerkonnaadu. aaa brundam kevalam naluguru sabhyulatho konasaagindi, conny aiduguru paerlanu konasaaginchaalani nirnayinchukundi. neelam, 911, anhu pilli pilli, bii * whitched, honeys mariyu liberty ex, aidu itv2 documentary syries "dhi bigg runion" loe pradarsinchabaddaayi, idhi 31 janavari 2013naa prasaram cheyabadindi. dheeni taruvaata 26 fibravari 2013naa hammersmith apolo vadda punaragamana pradarsana mariyu mae nelaloo yuke mariyu ireland chuttoo arena paryatana jarigindi, idhi godhuma rangu lekunda vaari mottamodati paryatana. november mariyu december 2013loe, aiduguru tama sonta paryatanalo, 5va athi pedda vijayavantamaina paryatana, naalugu-mukkaluga vaari modati solo paryatanalo palgonnaru. augustu 2014loe, love oka tweet dwara byaand nundi nishkramananu prakatinchaadu, conlan, neville mariyu robinsonlanu muggurila konasaginchadu. 2021loe, aiduguru 20 samvatsaraalalo tama modati single, "keep aann movin" (21 remix) nuu adhikarikamga vidudala chesaaru, dheenini vaaru juunloo vidudala chesaaru, taruvaata augustu 2021loe "making mea phaal" mariyu "shangri-laa", taruvaata october 2021loe "reset" mariyu "warm light". november 2021loe "time" anae single vidudalaindi. december 2021loe, aiduguru tama deerghakaalamgaa eduruchustunna nalgava album "time" kosam 28 janavari 2022 vidudala teedeeni adhikarikamga prakatinchaaru. vrutti. 1997-1998: formation mariyu "5vive". 1997loe, yuke pradarsana kalala vaartaapatrika "dhi stage" loe oka prakatana unchabadindi, idhi "vaikhari mariyu anchu" thoo baludi byaand-shaili samuuham kosam audition cheyadaaniki yuva maga gayakulu/nrutyakaarulanu korindi. intakumundu masala dinusulanu srushtinchina iddaru purushulu baab mariyu criss herbert, maga samuuhaaniki idhi saraina samayam anie bhaavinchaaru. nyaayamuurtula kosam "padaala kante ekkuva" anae vipareetamaina patanu pradarsinchina russell brandto sahaa 3,000 mandiki paiga aasaavaadulu audition icchaaru. chivaraku vaaru 14 mandiki matrame parimitam cheyabaddaaru, vaarilo aiduguru tama audition kosam vechi undagaa oka samuuhamloo tamanu taamu erpaatu chesukunnaru. auditionla phalitamgaa tommidi mandhi sabhyula taatkaalika casting jarigindih ritchie neville, scott robinson, seen conlan, jasson "zhe" braun, richard breen (ippudu abz love anie baga pilustaaru), mariyu peater cheshire, paal taylor, anthony baker (rapar) mariyu rick hershan. athani modati paeru richard kabatti, reachy (richard neville dobson gaa janminchaaru) thoo gandaragolaanni nivaarinchadaaniki breen thana maaruperunu 'abs' (athani madhya paeru, 'abidin' nundi) upayoginchaadu. 1997 maeloe tudi sabhyulanu empika chesinappudu cheshire mariyu taylor taruvaata tolaginchabaddaayi mariyu hershan tudi empikaku haajaru kalekapoyadu. baker modata bandlo cheraadu, conny athani eshaanya yaasa vachinanduna athani rapping shaili meeda anumanam erpadindi. yajamanyam modatlo naalugu mukkala byaandnu chustondi, mariyu byaand kosam zhe, seen, scott mariyu richeeni enchukobotondi, conny vaaru itarulatoe abs chusinappudu vaaru aidu mukkalu baga panicheestaayani nirnayinchukunnaaru. aaa taruvaata simone couvell mariyu bmg/rca aaru albumla oppandam kosam santakam chesaaru. aiduguru naphil looni trinity studiolalo tama panini abhyasinchaaru mariyu pradarsinchaaru-adhe chota masala ammayilu konni samvatsaraala kritam chesaaru. november 1997loe, aiduguru vaari toli single "slam dunk (daa funk)" nuu vidudala chesaaru, idhi UK singles chaartlo 10va sthaanamlo nilichindi. eee patanu yuu loe kooda vidudala chesaaru.ess. 1998loe conny takkuva chaart vijayanni saadhinchindi, idhi "billboard" hott 100loe 86va sthaanaaniki cherukundi, ayithe idhi nba yokka kotta theem pataga empika cheyabadindi. 1998loe, aiduguru tama modati pradhana antarjaateeya vijayanni sampaadinchaaru, "laitlu aaripoyinappudu", idhi yuu.ess. top 10loe sthaanam sampaadinchi, ventane akkada bangaaru hodaanu sampaadinchaaru. aiduguru appudu vaari raboye albumnu pracharam cheyadaaniki enimidi rojula paryatanaku vellaaru, disney chhaanel kosam airish gurl group bii * whitched, times square inn newyork city mariyu mtv yokka trl loe pratyeka kachereelo kanipinchaaru. toli album "5vive" yuu loe 27va sthaanaaniki cherukundi.ess. "billboard" 200 mariyu UKthoo sahaa prapanchavyaaptamgaa itara deshaalalo chaartulalo agrasthaanamlo nilichindi. "idhi meeru chese panulu" 1998 chivaralo yuu loe vidudalaindi.ess., kevalam goruvechani reception andukovadaniki matrame. samuuham oka yuu nii praarambhinchindi.ess. american baay byaand ensinktho paryatana, conny alasata kaaranamgaa ventane bayataku vacchina taruvaata, vishraanti teesukoovadaaniki mariyu kotta albumpy pani praarambhinchadaaniki inglaandku tirigi vellaaru. ippatikee modati album nundi, "feeling vachindi", "andaruu lestaru", mariyu "samayam mugise varaku" annee 1998 antataa UKloe singlesga vidudala cheyabaddaayi. aidu prapanchamlooni aneka deshaalalo modati 5 sthaanaalaku cherukunnayi, mariyu taruvaati rendu singles okkokkati UKloe rendava sthaanaaniki cherukunnayi. aiduguriki prajaadarana pondadamlo mukhyamaina amsam emitante, block, thoorpu 17 looni kotta pillalu, backstreet boys mariyu vaari uptempo sangeeta shaililo enn sink mariyu 'streat' image vanti samuuhaalatoe vaari poolika, dheeniki viruddhamgaa, baijon, mariyu 98 degreelu, aaa samayamlo pradhanamgaa vaari jaanapada geetaalaku prasiddhi chendaaru. aiduguru vaari paatalalo ekkuva bhaganni kooda raasaaru ledhaa saha-raasaaru, idhi aaa samayamlo baay byaandlaku asaadhaaranamainadi. aidu paatalu pramukhamgaa andinchabaddaayi, avi britney eetelu mariyu 'enn sink' kosam bhaarii vijayaluga marai. 1997loe, maaks martin "," anae paerutoe oka kotta paatapai pani chestunnaru...baby inko saari."idhi modata venuka veedhi abbayila kosam vraayabadindi, mariyu adhi tiraskarinchabadindi. aaa patanu aasakti laeni tlc kii kooda andinchabadindi. saiman couvell eee patanu vinnadu mariyu adhi hitt avtundani telusu. martin thana baay byaand, aiduguriki patanu isthe athanu maartinku oka aascharyakaramaina martin icchaadu. aidu praarambhamlo padyaalu rayadam praarambhinchaayi; ayithe, martin eee patanu raboye britney eetelaku vaagdaanam chesaadu. ayana maatanu pataga unchukuni, puurtayina paata britneaki vellindi. prati couvell, "naaku americaloni arista recordula nundi coll vachindi mariyu vaaru nannu phonelo kottaru. neenu ilaa unnaanu, "oo mye gaad, idhi idhe" kabatti neenu maaks martin anie pilichanu, athanu daanini vrasadu, mariyu neenu cheppanu, "maaks, neenu eee demony ippude vinnanu. dayachesi naaku aidu kosam ivvandi ". mariyu athanu, "neenu cheyalenu, neenu daanini britney eetelaku vaagdaanam chesaanu.neenu vellaanu," evaru? nannu nammandi, maaks, britney eetela vanti paerutoe evaruu hitt cheyaleru. dayachesi daani gurinchi aalochinchandi.iravai naalugu gantala taruvaata athanu tirigi vacchi" ledhu, neenu aameku ivvabotunnanu "anie cheppadu, anthe." "conny vishayam emitante, aaa paata evarikainaa hitt ayi undedi. idhi aidusarlu hitt ayi untundani naaku telusu, idhi tlc kii hitt ayi undedi, idhi britney eetelaku hitt ayi undedi. desheeya samskaranalu, pratyaamnaaya samskaranalu unnaih idhi kevalam oka hitt paata, daani gurinchi etuvanti prasna ledhu, mariyu aaa modati hitt patanu kaligi undatam anedi oka kalakarudi kereerlo atyanta mukhyamaina bhaagam, mariyu evari kereernu vichchinnam cheyadamlo atyanta kashtamaina bhaagam kooda." aiduguriki taruvaata martin "bye bye" icchaaru, puurti chesina paata "ine nott noo lye baby, bye bye"."paata vinna taruvaata, padyaalu vraayadaaniki prayatninchinappudu, robinson idhi aidu paatala kante 'enn sink sang' laaga anipinchindani paerkonnaadu. aaa tarvaata byaand patanu munduku teesukellindi. 1999-2000: "ajeyamainadi". augustu 1999loe, vaari rendava albumlo modati single, "invincible", "iff yaa gettin down", vidudalai prapanchavyaaptamgaa pedda hitt ayindi, conny mallii vaari swadesamlo number 1kii velladamlo viphalamaindi, rickie martin dwara agrasthaanaaniki dhooramgaa unchabadindi. chivaraku, 1999 octoberulo, varusaga moodu number-too sikharaala taruvaata, "keep aann movin" vaari modati UK number 1 ayindi, alaage ippati varaku vaari atipedda ammakapu single ayindi. aaa tarvaata koddikaalaanike rendava album modati aidu sthaanaalanu dakkinchukundi. "" "dont want yuu goo" "2000 marchi praarambhamlo vidudalai, 9va sthaanaaniki cherukundi. 2000 marchi 3naa, rock legends kweentho britt avaardulalo aidu prarambhamayyayi, aaa byaand yokka hitt yokka naveekarinchabadina samskarananu pradarsistuu," "memu mimmalni rock chestaamu". aaa raatri aiduguru vaari modati britt avaardunu "uttama pop natana" gaa geluchukunnaru, mariyu vaari queen paata yokka cover juulai 2000loe UKloe vaari rendava number 1 ayindi. 2000 modati ardhabhaagamlo aidu vijayavantamaina prapancha paryatanalo, yuke, eurup, russia, australia mariyu-oka forsomga-dakshina americalo kachereelu chestu, neville chickenpox baarina padina taruvaata mariyu tirigi inglaandku vellalsi vachindi. parytananu puurti chesina taruvaata, aiduguru britainlo aneka kachereelalo pradarsanalu konasaaginchaaru, veetilo paarkulo raanitoe party kooda undhi. ajeyamaina" yokka punahprachuranalo vaari paryatana nundi rendu paatala remix versionlu mariyu aidu pratyaksha paatalu, alaage bonus track, "dont fait itt baby" unnaayi. juulai 2000loe uslo vidudala kaavadaaniki, vaari stateside label, arista recordula dwara samuuham tolaginchabadina taruvaata eee paata vidudala nundi teesiveyabadindi. aiduguriki vaari asea rikaardu companytho kooda samasyalu unnaayi, taruvaata vaari asea parytananu raddu chesaaru. eee pedda debbatho badhapaduthunna aaa abbayilu tirigi studioku velli vaari tadupari album kosam paatalu rayadam praarambhinchaaru. vaaru yuke mariyu airopalo avaardulanu geluchukovadam konasaaginchaaru, mariyu december 2000loe vaari swadesamlo vaari rendava pedda parytananu praarambhinchaaru. 2001: "raajula", conlone yokka nishkramana mariyu vibhajana. janavari 2001loe, aiduguru daadaapu 500,000 mandhi prekshakula munduku prapanchamlooni atipedda pandugalalo okataina reo dii janeero loe rock inn reo loe pradarsana icchaaru. mae 2001loe, aneka nelala srujanaatmaka rachana mariyu "vaari swantha vyaktigata dhwanini abhivruddhi chesina" taruvaata, "raajatvam" puurtayimdi. albumlo vaari modati single kosam veediyo chitreekarana praarambhinchae samayam vachinappudu, ayithe, samuuhamloo bhaagam kavadam valla kalige ottidi kaaranamgaa manasika vichchinnamtho baadhapadutunnanduna conlan kanipinchalekapoyadu. ayithe, aaa samayamlo idhi bahirangamgaa velladi kaaledu, badulugaa athanu grandhi jwaramtho baadhapadutunnaadani cheppabadindi. lets dance" veediyo gayakudi kosam life-saiz cardboard cutt-avt standingtho vidudala cheyabadindi, mariyu athanu vaastavaaniki byaandnu vidichipettaadani vacchina pukaarlanu kottiveyavalasi vachindi. robinson kooda akalamga janminchina thana kumarudu brennon raisto undataaniki tatkalikamga kontha samayam avasaramaindi. migilina mugguru sabhyulu, braun, love mariyu neville samuuham yokka moodava album mariyu "lets dance" single yokka bhaarii prachaaramtho munduku sagaru. joolailo belgiumlo oka kachereelo pradarsana istuu, neville thana edama paadamlo snaayuvulanu cheelchivesi, anni pramooshanlanu nilipivesi, vaari empikalanu mariyu bhavishyattunu punaraaloochinchadaaniki konni samavesalanu nirvahinchadaaniki samuuhaanni prerepinchaadu. "lets dance" 2001 augustu madhyalo vidudalaindi, ayithe, rendu vaaraala paatu agrasthaanamlo nilichina vaari moodava UK number vann ayindi. "kingsize" rendu vaaraala taruvaata moodava sthaanamlo praarambhamaindi, mariyu bangaaru hodaanu saadhinchindi. kingsize" vidudalaina rendu vaaraala taruvaata, byaand conlan nishkramananu prakatinchindi. aneka samvatsaraala taruvaata oka interviewlo neville matladutu, byaand yajamanyam conlan byaand nundi nishkramananu rahasyamgaa unchindi, kabatti vaaru "lets dance" veediyoonu chitreekarinchinappudu athanu vellipoyaadani vaariki teliyadu. 2001 septembaru 27naa, rikaardu nirvahanato oka nela teevramaina samavesala taruvaata, byaand aaa samvatsaram taruvaata oka sankalanaanni vidudala chesina tarvaata vidipotundani emm. tii. vii. select loe prakatinchindi. marusati roeju, robinson thana kaboye bhartha kerrie okarnu oka vedukalo thana maajee byaand sabhyulandaritho vivaham chesukunnadu. konni samvatsaraala taruvaata, vidipovalane aalochanaku taanu teevramgaa vyatiraekamani breen velladinchaadu; vidipovadaanni thana nundi edho teesukunnatlugaa bhaavistunnatlu athanu vivarinchaadu. november 19naa gatam loe 15 hitlu, rendu remixlu mariyu oka kotta paatatho "gratest hits" album vidudalaindi. november 24naa, "naaku daggaragaa" mariyu "rock dhi party" thoo kuudina double-eah-side single united kingdamlo animated veediyotho vidudalaindi. eee rendu paatalu vaari munupati album "kingsize" loe cherchabaddaayi, conny conlan nishkramana taruvaata, vaaru tama "gratest hits" album nundi single gaa vidudala cheyaalani nirnayinchukunnaaru. eee album 15 fibravari 2002naa united stateslo vidudalaindi. byaand yokka swalpa jeevitakaalamlo, vaaru prapanchavyaaptamgaa vijayanni saadhinchaaru, UKloe moodu number vann singilsnu sampaadinchaaru mariyu prapanchavyaaptamgaa vaari recordula yokka 15-20 million kaapeela anchanaa ammakalu jaripaaru, veetilo prapanchavyaaptamgaa vaari albumla 7 million kaapeelu mariyu united stateslo 2 million kaapeelu unnaayi, mariyu maargam venta aneka avaardulanu andukunnaru. 2006-2007: modati puna un kalayika. 17 september 2006naa, central landanlooni scalalo 27 september naa vilekarula samavesam jaragabotondani fives adhikaarika myspace paejee dwara oka prakatana cheyabadindi. scalalo shooting kaaranamgaa vedika maarpu taruvaata, samavesanni baar academy islingtonku marcharu. aiduguru sabhyulalo naluguru tirigi kalustaarani vilekarula samavesamlo dhruvikarinchabadindi (ippudu thana soonee oppandaaniki kattubadi unnaaru). vaari nalgava studio album kosam aidu kotta recordulu cheyabaddaayi, gai chhambers, swedish nirmaata/paatala rachayita mariyu byaag, mariyu french djs track invaderlatho kalisi panicheesaaru. vaaru 2007loe kooda paryatinchaalani pranaalika vaesaaru. janavari 2007 natiki, aiduguru tama albumlo sagam puurti chesi, kotta manager richard bektho record lebulku santakam cheyaalani chuustunnaaru, athanu "five-dhi revive" anae paerutoe mtv documentary sireesnu kooda pondaadu. eee album raboye konni nelallo vidudala avtundani bhaavinchaaru. 2007 marchi 8naa, ardharaatri, kotta albumlo undaalsina moodu kotta paatala yokka aidu oka nimisham cliplanu pradarsinchaaru. 70 days", "settle down" mariyu "itts aall good" anae sheershikato paatalanu byaand yokka adhikaarika websitelo mariyu vaari myspace pageelo kooda vinavacchu. 2007 mae 19naa, samskaranalu chesina enimidi nelala taruvaata, taginanta laabhadaayakamaina rikaardu oppandaanni pondadamlo viphalamaina taruvaata, 5vive vaaru ikapai tirigi ravadam ledani vaari website dwara prakatinchaaru. 2012-2021: rendava puna un kalayika mariyu prema yokka nishkramana. 2012loe, rendava puna un kalayika avakaasam gurinchi charchinchadaaniki conlan thana maajee byaand sabhyulatho tirigi kalusukunnadu. braun modatlo puna un kalayikalo paalgonadaaniki siddhamgaa unnadu, conny itara sabhyulu gatamlo athanu conlon mariyu robinson valla kalige manasika samasyala taruvaata, alaage athanu soshal medialo undataaniki ishtapadani taruvaata, naalugu-mukkaluga konasaagadaaniki ishtapadataaru. october 18naa tirigi vastunnatlu prakatinchaaru. 2013loe, eee brundam "pedda puna un kalayika" loe paalgondi, akkada vaaru kalisi gadipina samayam gurinchi mariyu bandlo undatam valla vacchina ibbandula gurinchi matladaru. vaaru kotta aidava sabhyudini cherchadam gurinchi aalochinchaaru, conny vadulukunnaru. brundam naluguru vyaktulanu bandlo kotta sabhyudiga (daan coursey, luke boyden, nathan rallings mariyu lii rutes) audition chesindi, conny chivariki aidava sabhyudi kosam pranaalikanu tolaginchaaru mariyu aiduguru naalugu-mukkaluga konasaagaalani nirnayinchukunnaaru. braun chivariki 2013 septembarulo thana byaand sabhyulu chesina aaropanalanu khandinchadaaniki "" kanipinchindi. athanu thana pravartananu biggaraga mariyu atigaa chudagaligedani angeekarinchaadu, conny athanu bedirimpu kaanlannu khandinchaadu. abbayila puna un kalayika kosam utsaahamgaa unnappudu, athanu thana gopyatanu ishtapadutunnanduna paalgonadaaniki ishtapadanani athanu abjto paaneeyaalu tagutunnappudu paerkonnaadu. 2013 september 16naa, byaand jaateeya reality tv avaardulalo uttama sangeeta natana (reality tv sholo) avaardunu andukundi. november mariyu december 2013loe, aiduguru UK mariyu australialo tama sonta parytananu praarambhinchaaru, idhi 5va atipedda vijayavantamaina paryatana. 2014 maarchilo, prema samuuham nundi nishkraminchindani pukaarlu vachayi, conny aaa samayamlo vaaru daanini khandinchaaru. juun 2014loe, aiduguru maddatu icchina vaaru tama mcbusted paryatana yokka naalugu teedeelaloo mcbusted chesaru mariyu aaa nela taruvaata prema samuuham yokka bhavishyattu anischitamgaa undani perkondi. itara sabhyulaku mundhe cheppakunda, 2014 augustulo twitter dwara athanu eee brundaanni vidichipettaadani prema chivariki prakatinchindi. prakatanaku konni rojula mundu oka interviewlo, prema athanu aardhika avasaram kaaranamgaa aidugurito tirigi kalavadaniki angeekarinchaadani, mallii teanage paatalu padatam santoshamgaa ledani velladinchaadu. fibravari 2016loe, aidu sankalanaalu "keep aann movin-dhi best off five" nuu vidudala chesaayi, idhi muggurilo vaari modati vidudala. 2019 eprillo, baluru 911, damage mariyu eah1 dwara chaerataarani prakatinchaaru, "abbayilu tirigi vacchaaru!" anie piluvabade UK paryatana kosam!"2020loe. byaand yokka asalu puurti lineup tirigi vachhe avakaasam ledani kooda robinson paerkonnaaru. ayana patrika sanghaaniki ilaa cheppadu "[godhuma mariyu prema] nii cherukovadam maaku ishtam undadu. vaaru bandlo undalanukovadam ledani chaalaa spashtamgaa chepparu. jasson aurange mariyu robby villiams vellipovadamto adhi alaa anipistundi. idhi ippatikee panichestundi, paatalu ippatikee alaage unnaayi."eee paryatanaku covid-19 mahammari antaraayam kaligistundi, 2021 kosam pradarsanalu punahpraarambhinchabadataayi. 2021-prastutam rebranding mariyu "samayam". 2020 chivaralo, aiduguru vaaru 2021loe australian pop dvayam "cyster 2 cyster" maddatutoe maroe australian gratest hits parytananu praarambhinchanunnatlu prakatinchaaru. juun 4,2021naa, varusa suuchanalu mariyu postla lekkimpu taruvaata, aiduguru kotta logonu, "keep aann movin" (21 remix) kosam cover art varknu clip thoo paatu aavishkarinchaaru, idhi aapil sangeetampai prii-arder kosam andubaatulo undani vaaru prakatinchaaru. 11 juun 2021naa pedda vaartala kosam tama soshal media khaataalanu chudalani kooda vaaru paerkonnaaru. juun 11naa, mahammari samayamlo record chesina kotta album prakatanatho remix vidudalaindi. 2021 juulai 26naa, aiduguru "shangri-laa" mariyu "making mii phaal" anae paerutoe rendu kotta singilsnu prakatinchaaru, ivi 2021 juulai 31naa prii-arder kosam andubaatulo untaayi, taruvaata 2021 augustu 6naa anni streaming platfamlalo vidudala cheyabaddaayi. 2021 juulai 29naa prati paata yokka snippet vaari soshal media khatalalo post cheyabadindi. 2021 september 2naa, aiduguru chrismus chuttoo albumnu vidudala cheyanunnatlu prakatinchaaru. 12 september 2021naa abbayila cardiff show samayamlo vaaru tirigi paryatanalo unnaaru, vaaru "reset" anae yakshaganam yokka pratyaksha pradarsananu praarambhinchaaru, idhi 1 october 2021naa single "warm light" thoo paatu vidudala cheyabadindi. october 2021loe, raboye albumnu "time" anie pilustaarani mariyu janavari 2022loe vidudala cheyabotunnatlu aiduguru prakatinchaaru. album nundi tadupari singilnu "time" anie kooda pilustaaru mariyu 2021 october 22naa prii-arder kosam andubaatulo unchabadutundi, idhi 2021 november 26naa vidudala teedeeni nirnayistundi. december 2021loe kotta album kavarpai adhikaarika look vaari kotta album "time" kosam prii-save linktho paatu ivvabadindi. eee album 28 janavari 2022naa vidudalaindi. paryatanalu. headlining saha-sheershika prarambha charya avaardulu. avaardulu geluchukunnavi britt avaardulu mtv eurup music awards jaateeya reality tv avaardulu sylver cleff avaardulu ennikala vijaetalu paarteeni debbateesindi tmf avaardulu (netherlands) tv hits awards

paanch (grop) faiyo (5ive kay toor parr stylized) landan kaa eek bartanvi bawaae bend hay jiss mein arakeen seen konlon rachee neeveel aur scott rabansan shaamil haine. wah 1997 mein asee team kay zariye tashkil dee gayee thee jiss nay spice garlaz kuu inn kay carrier kay aaghaz say pehley manzam kiyaa thaa. iss grop kuu ziyadah tarr paanch takadon kay toor parr jaana jaataa thaa jiss mein rabansan neweal konlon abz low aur jaisan "jay" brown shaamil thay. paanchon nay duniya bhar mein khaas toor parr apnay aabayi bartaniah kay saath saath baaqi europ aur aishya kay beshtar hasoon mein aitedal pasand kamiyabi haasil kii. bartanvi phonographic industry (bee pee aayee) kay mutabiq bartaniah mein 16 laakh albumz aur 34 laakh singles kay liye paanch kuu tasdiq shadah kiyaa gayaa hay. iss grop nay duniya bhar mein taqriba 20 millin kaapiyan farokhat kein. wah 27 satambar 2001 kuu alg how gayey. rabansan low neweal aur brown nay satambar 2006 mein konlon kay baghair (juu 2001 mein apnee alaihadgi say pehley chalay gayey) grop mein mukhtasir toor parr aslaah kii jiss mein music maneejar richard beek kii sarbarahi mein eek nayee intezami team thee. aath maah baad eek munafa bakhash dorah haasil karnay kay baad leakin kaafi record company kii dilchaspi haasil karnay mein nakaam honay kay baad paanchon nay apnee sarkaari waib saait kay zariye aalaan kiyaa kahh wah dobarah tehlil kirr dain gay. 2012 mein grop nay aalaan kiyaa kahh wah eek aur dobarah itehad kaa mansubah banaa rahay haine iss baar konlon kay saath. markazi gulukaar brown nay ibtadayi toor parr dobarah itehad mein hasah leenay parr razamandi zahir kii leakin baad mein yaha daawi kartay hoay apnaa zahan badal liyaa kahh wah abb awaam kii nazaron mein nahein rehna chahtay. grop sarf chaar arakeen kay saath jaari rehaa leakin naam paanch rakhnay kaa faislah kiyaa. blue 911yee atmic bully kaa bachah bee * wachan haneez aur liberti aiks kay saath paanch kuu aayee tye wee 2 dastawezi seerez "dee bugg ree union" mein dikhaya gayaa juu 31 januri 2013 kuu nashar honaa sharoo hawaa. iss kay baad 26 faroori 2013 kuu hathoday kay apolo mein wapsi kii karkardgi aur mayee mein bartaniah aur ireland kay ard gird eek medaan kaa dorah hawaa juu bhuri rung kay baghair inn kaa pehla dorah thaa. nomber aur dasambar 2013 mein paanchon nay apnay doray kaa anwaan rakhaa 5 sabb say badaa hutt dorah chaar takadon kay toor parr inn kaa pehla solo dorah. agast 2014 mein low nay eek tweet kay zariye bend say alaihadgi kaa aalaan kiyaa jiss say konlon neeveel aur rabansan kuu teenon kay toor parr jaari rakhaa gayaa. 2021 mein paanchon nay 20 saalon mein apnaa pehla single "cape aann mowan" (21 remaks) bazabtah toor parr jaari kiyaa jasay inhon nay joone mein release kiyaa iss kay baad agast 2021 mein "meking mee faal" aur "shangri laa"yee phir aktobar 2021 mein "ree seet" aur "waarim light". nomber 2021 mein "tyme" kay anwaan say eek sangal release hawaa. dasambar 2021 mein paanchon nay bazabtah toor parr apnay taweel intezar waalay choothay album "tyme" kay liye 28 januri 2022 kii release kii tareekh kaa aalaan kiyaa. carrier. 1997-1998: tashkil aur "5ive". 1997 mein bartaniah kay performing arts akhbaar "dee stage" mein eek ishtehaar diyaa gayaa thaa jiss mein naujawan mard gulukaron/raqason say "royah aur bartari" kay saath ladkay kay bend tarz kay grop kay liye audition deenay kuu kahaa gayaa thaa. baab aur curse herbert wah duu mard jinhon nay pehley masalon waali ladkiyan banayi thein nay socha kahh yaha waqat mard garwah kay liye saheeh hay. 3, 000 say ziyadah parr ameed afraad kaa audition liyaa gayaa jinn mein rasal braand bhee shaamil thaa jiss nay jajon kay liye "alfaz say ziyadah" intehayi kaa gaana paish kiyaa. aakhir kaar inhein sarf 14 takk mahdud kirr diyaa gayaa jinn mein say paanch nay apnay audition kay intezar mein khood kuu eek grop mein tartib diyaa thaa. audition kay natijay mein noow arakeen kii aarizi casting hoyee: rachee neweal scott rabansan seen konlon jaisan "jay" brown richard brain (abb abb abz low kay naam say mashhur)yee aur petter cheshire paal teller anthoni bekar (reeper) aur reek harshan. chonkah iss kaa pehla naam richard hay iss liye brain nay rachee (paidaishi toor parr richard neeveel dobson) kay saath aljhan say bachnay kay liye apnaa arfi naam 'aibs' (apnay darmiyani naam "abideen" say) istemaal kiyaa. shishayar aur teller kuu baad mein iss waqat cott diyaa gayaa jabb mayee 1997 mein hatmi arakeen kaa intekhaab kiyaa gayaa aur harshan hatmi intekhaab mein sharkat nahein kirr sakay. bekar nay asay asl mein bend mein shaamil kiyaa leakin iss kay shamaal mashriqi lehjay kay aaney kay saath hyee iss kay reping andaaz parr shakk paida how gayaa. intezamiya ibtadayi toor parr eek four pais bend talaash kirr rahee thee aur bend kay liye jay seen scott aur rachee kaa intekhaab karnay jaa rahee thee leakin jabb inhon nay dosron kay saath aibs kuu dekha tuu inhon nay faislah kiyaa kahh paanch pais behatar kaam karein gay. iss grop parr baad mein saaiman kovil aur bee ayem jee/aar see aey nay chh album kay muahide kay liye dastakhat kiye. paanchon nay neefal mein trenaty studios mein apnay kaam kii mashq aur demo kiyaa-wahee jagah jehaan masalhay kii ladkiyan kachh saal pehley karti thein. nomber 1997 mein paanchon nay apnaa pehla sangal "saleem dunk (daa funk)" jaari kiyaa juu bartaniah kay singles chaart mein number 10 parr paish hawaa. yaha gaana yuu mein bhee release kiyaa gayaa thaa.aiss. 1998 mein leakin asay behat kumm chaart kamiyabi millie juu "bull board" hott 100 parr 86 wein number parr pahunch gayee halankah asay aine bee aey kay nayey theem gaaney kay toor parr muntakhib kiyaa gayaa thaa. 1998 mein faiyo nay apnee pehli bury beenn alaqwami hutt haasil kii "jabb lights bund how jaati haine"yee jiss nay yuu kuu toad diyaa.aiss. topp 10 aur iss kay foraa baad wahaan sonay kaa darjah haasil kiyaa. iss kay baad faiyo apnay aaney waalay album kii tashheer kay liye aath rozah doray parr gayey juu dazni chinal kay liye eek concert special mein aairish garal grop bee * vitch kay saath neoyork shehar mein times squire mein aur ayem tye wee kay tye aar eel parr nazar aayey. pehla album "5ive" yuu mein 27 wein number parr pahunch gayaa.aiss. "bull board" 200 aur bartaniah sameet duniya bhar kay deegar mamalik mein chaart mein sarfehrist rehaa. "yaha wah cheezein haine juu aap kartay haine" 1998 kay aakhir mein yuu aiss mein release hoyee thee.aiss.yee sarf halka garm isteqbal haasil karnay kay liye. grop nay eek yuu kaa aaghaz kiyaa.aiss. americi bawaae bend aine sink kay saath toar leakin thakawat kii wajah say jald hyee dastbardar how kirr aaraam karnay aur eek nayey album parr kaam sharoo karnay kay liye england waps rawanah how gayey. pehley album say "ahsaas hawaa"yee "harr koyee uthay"yee aur "waqat khatam honay takk" sabhi 1998 kay doraan bartaniah mein singles kay toor parr release hoay. paanch duniya kay kayee mamalik mein topp 5 mein pahunch gayey aur moakhar alzikar duu singles bartaniah mein dosray number parr pahunch gayey. paanch kii maqboliyat mein eek aham ansar block aist 17yee beek strait kay ladkon aur aine sink jeesay gropon say inn kii mashabahat thee juu inn kay app tempo musical style aur 'strait' ameej mein thay iss kay barakas bawaae zoon aur 98 dagri juu iss waqat bunyadi toor parr apnay geeton kay liye jaanay jaatay thay. paanchon nay apnay ziyadah tarr gaaney bhee likhay yaa mushtarkah toor parr likhay juu iss waqat kay bawaae bend kay ghair mamuli thay. paanch mashhur gaaney paish kiye gayey juu bertney nezon aur aine sink kay liye behat ziyadah hutt saabat hoay. 1997 mein meks maartan eek nayey gaaney parr kaam kirr rahay thay jiss kaa anwaan thaa "...bachah eek baar aur."yaha asl mein beek strait kay ladkon kay liye likhaa gayaa thaa aur asay mustarid kirr diyaa gayaa thaa. iss kay baad yaha gaana tye eel see kuu paish kiyaa gayaa jinhein bhee dilchaspi nahein thee. saaiman koyal nay yaha gaana sunaa aur jaantay thay kahh yaha hutt hoga. iss nay maartan kuu eek hairat angez maartan kii paishkash kii agar maartan apnay bawaae bend kuu gaana day gaa paanch. paanchon nay ibtadayi toor parr aayaat likhna sharoo kirr dee thein vovo tahim maartan nay aaney waalay bertney nezon say iss gaaney kaa waadah kiyaa thaa. iss kay kahnay parr amal kartay huay tayaar shadah gaana bertney kay paas chalaa gayaa. phee kaweel "majhay america mein aresta records say kaal aayee aur inhon nay majhay phone parr maaraa. mein nay kahaa "aey miray khadaa yaha hay" iss liye mein nay meks maartan kuu phone kiyaa jiss nay asay likhaa aur mein nay kahaa "maiks mein nay ubhee yaha demo sunaa hay. braah karam majhay paanch kay liye day dain. aur iss nay kahaa "mein nahein kirr saktaa mein nay bertney nezon say waadah kiyaa thaa.mein chalaa gayaa" coone? majh parr bharosah karein maiks kasee kuu bhee bertney nezay jeesay naam say hutt nahein honay waala. buss iss kay baaray mein soochein braah karam.chobees ghantay baad wah waps aayaa aur kahaa" nahein mein asay deenay jaa rehaa hoan "yee aur buss atnaa hyee." "leakin majhay lagtaa hay kahh baath yaha hay kahh yaha gaana kasee kay liye bhee hutt rehaa hoga. mein jaanta thaa kahh yaha paanch kay liye hutt rahee hogi yaha tye eel see kay liye hutt rahee hogi yaha bertney nezon kay liye hutt thee. milki version muthbadil warzan rahay haine: yaha sarf eek hutt gaana thaa iss kay baaray mein koyee sawaal nahein aur iss pehla hutt gaana kaa honaa fankaar kay carrier kaa sabb say aham hasah hay aur kasee kay carrier kuu todnay kaa sabb say mashkal hasah bhee hay." baad mein paanchon kuu maartan nay "bayee bayee" kii paishkash kii jiss kaa waahid makmal geeth "yaha koyee jhoot nahein hay bayee bayee" thaa."gaana sunnay aur aayaat likhnay kii koshish karnay parr rabansan nay nott kiyaa kahh yaha paanch gaanon say ziyadah 'aine sink gaaney' kii tarah lagtaa hay. bend nay baad mein gaaney kuu aagay badhaya. 1999-2000: "naqabil taskhir". agast 1999 mein inn kay dosray album kaa pehla single "naqabil taskhir"yee "agar aap neechey jaatay haine"yee release hawaa aur duniya bhar mein eek bury hutt bunn gayaa leakin eek baar phir apnay aabayi milk mein number 1 parr jaanay mein nakaam rehaa jasay reeki maartan nay topp position say baahir rakhaa. aakhir kaar aktobar 1999 mein lagatar teen number duu chootiyon kay baad "cape aann mowan" inn kaa pehla yukay number 1 bunn gayaa aur saath hyee inn kaa abb takk kaa sabb say ziyadah farokhat honay waala sangal bunn gayaa. iss kay foraa baad dosra album topp faiyo mein aagiya. "" "duu wint lait yuu gow" "maarch 2000 kay awail mein release hoyee juu 9 wein number parr pahunch gayee. 3 maarch 2000 cow bert ewards mein raak legends koyeen kay saath paanch kaa iftatah hawaa iss bend kay hutt kaa eek taazah tareen warzan paish kartay huay" "humm aap kuu raak karein gay. iss raat faiyo nay apnaa pehla bert aiward "behtareen paap aikat" kay toor parr jeetaa aur jolayi 2000 mein malkah kay gaaney kaa inn kaa sarwaraq bartaniah mein inn kaa dosra number 1 bunn gayaa. 2000 kay pehley nasf mein paanch kamiyab aalimi doray parr milay bartaniah yourup roos australia aur-eek chothayi kay toor parr-janubi america mein concert paish kartay huay neeveel kay chakan poks kaa shikaar honay aur asay waps england lay jaana padaa. dorah khatam karnay kay baad paanchon nay bartaniah mein behat say muhafil mausiqi mein perform karnaa jaari rakhaa bashmol paark mein malkah kay saath paarti. naqabil taskhir" kay dobarah ajraa mein inn kay doray kay chand gaanon kay remaks shadah warzan aur paanch laiyo track kay saath saath eek bonas track "doot faait autt beebi" shaamil thaa. jolayi 2000 mein america mein release honay kii wajah say iss gaaney kuu release say iss waqat hataa diyaa gayaa jabb grop kuu inn kay steat side label aresta records nay chhod diyaa. paanchon kuu apnee aishiyayi record company kay saath bhee masail thay aur baad mein inhon nay apnaa aishiyayi dorah mansukh kirr diyaa. iss baday dhachke say dochaar ladkay studio kii taraf waps chalay gayey aur apnay aglay album kay liye gaaney likhnay lagay. inhon nay bartaniah aur europ mein ewards jeetna jaari rakhaa aur dasambar 2000 mein apnay aabayi milk mein apnaa dosra badaa dorah sharoo kiyaa. 2001: "kangzaiz"yee konlon kii rawangi aur taqsim. januri 2001 mein paanch duniya kay sabb say baday tehwaron mein say aike riyo ddee genero mein raak inn riyo mein taqriba 500,000 logon kay saamayin kay liye perform karnay gayey. mayee 2001 mein kayee maheenon kii takhliqi tehreer aur "apnee zaati aawaz tayaar karnay" kay baad "kangzaiz" makmal hawaa. jabb album say inn kay pehley sangal kay liye video kii shoting sharoo karnay kaa waqat aayaa tuu konlon zahir nahein how sakay keunkah wah grop kaa hasah honay kii wajah say paida honay waalay tanao say zahni toor parr toot chakay thay. tahim iss waqat yaha baath awami toor parr zahir nahein kii gayee thee aur yaha daawi kiyaa gayaa thaa kahh wah ghadood kay bakhaar say beemaar thay. leets ddaans" video kuu gulukaar kay liye khaday hoay eek life size kay gatay kay cutt aaot kay saath jaari kiyaa gayaa thaa aur yaha afwahein kahh inhon nay darhaqiqat bend chhod diyaa thaa kuu khatam karnaa padaa. rabansan kuu bhee apnay betay brenan raais kay saath rehney kay liye aarizi toor parr waqat darkaar thaa juu qabal az waqat paida hawaa thaa. baqiyah teen arakeen brown low aur neeveel nay grop kay teesre album aur "leets ddaans" sangal kii bhaari tashheer kay saath dabao daala. jolayi mein belgium mein eek concert mein perform kartay huay neeveel nay apnay bayein paaon kay ragoon kuu phaad diyaa jiss say tamaam promotion rakk gayee aur grop kuu apnay akhtiyarat aur mustaqabil parr dobarah soochney kay liye chand mulaqatein karnay parr aamadah kiyaa. "leets ddaans" agast 2001 kay wast mein release hoyee tahim aur duu hafton takk sarfehrist maqaam parr rehtay huay bartaniah mein inn kaa teesra number eek bunn gayaa. "kangzaiz" nay duu haftay baad teesre number parr aaghaz kiyaa aur aagay badh kirr sonay kaa darjah haasil kiyaa. kangzaiz" kii release kay duu haftay baad bend nay konlon kay jaanay kaa aalaan kiyaa. neeveel nay kayee saal baad eek intervieve mein kahaa kahh bend kii intezamiya nay konlon kii bend say alaihadgi kuu khafiya rakhaa iss liye inhein malum nahein thaa kahh jabb inhon nay "leets ddaans" video filmaya tuu wah chalaa gayaa thaa. 27 satambar 2001 cow record mangement kay saath eek maah kii sanjidah mulaqaton kay baad bend nay ayem tye wee slecket parr aalaan kiyaa kahh wah iss saal kay aakhir mein eek taleef jaari karnay kay baad alg how jaaye gaa. aglay dunn rabansan nay apnay mangitar carrie okar say eek taqrib mein apnay tamaam saabiq bend kay saathiyon kii maujudgi mein shaadi kii. barson baad brain nay inkshaf kiyaa kahh wah alaihadgi kay khayaal kay sakht khalaaf thaa. iss nay iss alaihadgi kuu yaha mahsus kartay hoay biyaan kiyaa kahh iss say kachh chheen liyaa gayaa hay. 19 nomber kuu eek "greatest hutt" album 15 maazi kii hutt duu remaks aur eek nayey gaaney kay saath release kiyaa gayaa. 24 nomber cow "miray qareeb" aur "raak dee paarti" kay saath eek double-aey-side sangal eek animated video kay saath bartaniah mein release kiyaa gayaa. donon gaaney inn kay pachlay album "kangzaiz" mein shaamil kiye gayey thay leakin konlon kay jaanay kay baad inhon nay apnay "greatest hutt" album say sangal kay toor parr release karnay kaa faislah kiyaa. yaha album 15 faroori 2002 kuu riyasathaye muthadah mein release hawaa. bend kii mukhtasir amar mein inhon nay duniya bhar mein kamiyabi kaa tajarbah kiyaa bartaniah mein teen number winn singles haasil kiye aur duniya bhar mein apnay record kii 15-20 millin kaapiyan farokhat kein jinn mein duniya bhar mein inn kay albumz kii 7 millin kaapiyan aur riyasathaye muthadah mein 20 millin kaapiyan shaamil haine aur raastay mein mutadid ewards haasil kiye. 2006-2007: pehla dobarah milna. 17 satambar 2006 cow faiyo kay official mayee spees paij kay zariye eek aalaan kiyaa gayaa kahh 27 satambar kuu wastee landan kay scala mein eek prais conference hony hay. scala mein shoting kii wajah say maqaam kii tabdili kay baad conference kuu baar academy eyelington mein muntaqil kirr diyaa gayaa. prais conference mein iss baath kii tasdiq kii gayee kahh paanch mein say chaar arakeen dobarah muthad hoan gay (konlon abb apnay sonee muahide kay liye parazam hay). inn kay choothay studio album kay liye paanch record shadah nayey mawaad juu gaaye chambers sweadish producer/naghmah nigaar anders beeg aur francisi ddee jay aiss track hamlah aawaron kay saath kaam kirr rahay thay. inhon nay 2007 mein bhee doray kaa mansubah banaya. januri 2007 takk paanchon nay apnay album kaa nasf hasah makmal kirr liyaa thaa aur nayey meniger richard beek kay saath eek record leebal parr dastakhat karnay kii koshish kirr rahay thay jiss nay "faiyo-dee revive" kay anwaan say eek ayem tye wee dastawezi seerez bhee haasil kii. album kay aglay chand maheenon mein release honay kii toqaa thee. 8 maarch 2007 cow aadhi raat cow teen balkal nayey gaanon kay eek mint kay clips kaa premier kiyaa gayaa juu nayey album mein honay waalay thay. gaanay jinn kaa anwaan "70 dunn"yee "settlet ddaun" aur "yaha sabb achhaa hay" bend kii official waib saait aur inn kay mayee spees paij parr bhee sunaa jaa saktaa hay. 19 mayee 2007 cow aslaah kay sarf aath maah baad aur kaafi munafa bakhash record dail haasil karnay mein nakaam honay kay baad 5ive nay apnee waib saait kay zariye aalaan kiyaa kahh wah abb wapsi kaa taaqib nahein karein gay. 2012-2021: dosra dobarah milna aur mohabat kii rawangi. 2012 mein konlon nay dosray itehad kay amkaan parr tabadlah khayaal karnay kay liye apnay saabiq bend kay saathiyon kay saath dobarah mill kirr kaam kiyaa. brown ibtadayi toor parr dobarah itehad mein hasah leenay kay liye tayaar thaa leakin maazi mein konlon aur rabansan kii wajah say honay waalay nafsiyati masail kay saath saath wah soshal mediya parr nahein rehna chahta thaa iss kay baad dosray arakeen nay chaar takadon kay toor parr jaari rakhnay kuu tarjih dee. wapsi kaa aalaan 18 aktobar kuu kiyaa gayaa. 2013 mein grop nay "baday ree union" mein hasah liyaa jehaan inhon nay eek saath apnay waqat aur bend mein honay say aaney waali mashkalaat kay baaray mein baath kii. inhon nay eek neeya panchwan rakan shaamil karnay kay baaray mein soocha leakin haar maan lee. grop nay bend kaa neeya rakan bannay kay liye chaar afraad (deane coursey leok boidan naathan rawlings aur lee roats) kaa audition liyaa leakin aakhir mein panchwen rakan kaa mansubah khatam kirr diyaa gayaa aur paanchon nay chaar takadon kay toor parr jaari rakhnay kaa faislah kiyaa. brown balaakhir satambar 2013 mein apnay bend kay saathiyon kay alzamaat kii tardid karnay kay liye "" parr namodar hawaa. iss nay tasleem kiyaa kahh iss kay royay kuu buland aawaz aur hadd say ziyadah dekha jaa saktaa thaa leakin iss nay ghandah girdi kay kanlon kii tardid kii. iss nay abz kay saath mashrubaat kay doraan kahaa kahh agarcha wah ladkon kay dobarah milnay kay liye parjosh hay leakin wah iss mein shaamil nahein honaa chahta keunkah asay iss kii privaisi pasand hay. 16 satambar 2013 cow bend nay national realty tye wee ewards mein behtareen music aikat (eek realty tye wee show parr) kaa aiward haasil kiyaa. nomber aur dasambar 2013 mein paanchon nay bartaniah aur australia mein apnay doray kaa aaghaz kiyaa juu kahh 5 aayee wee kay sabb say baday hutt doray thay. maarch 2014 mein yaha afwah phail gayee thee kahh mohabat nay grop chhod diyaa hay leakin iss waqat inhon nay iss kii tardid kii thee. joone 2014 mein paanch nay apnay meek bisted doray kii chaar tareekhon parr meek bisted kii himayat kii aur baad mein iss mahinay kii mohabat nay kahaa kahh grop kaa mustaqabil ghair yaqeeni thaa. mohabat nay balaakhir aalaan kiyaa kahh iss nay dosray arakeen kuu pehley say bataye baghair tweater kay zariye agast 2014 mein grop chhod diyaa thaa. aalaan say chand dunn pehley eek intervieve mein mohabat nay inkshaf kiyaa kahh wah sarf maali zarurat kii wajah say paanch kay saath dobarah milnay parr raazi hawaa aur dobarah noamar gaaney gaatay hoay khush nahein thaa. faroori 2016 mein paanch nay "cape aann mowan"-dee best aaf faiyo "kii taleef jaari kii juu teenon kay toor parr inn kii pehli release thee. apreel 2019 mein ladkon nay aalaan kiyaa kahh wah bartaniah kay doray kay liye 911yee nqsan aur aey 1 kay saath shaamil hoan gay jiss kaa naam "ladkay waps aaa gayey haine!" hay."2020 mein rabansan nay yaha bhee kahaa kahh bend kii asl makmal line app kii wapsi kaa koyee amkaan nahein hay. inhon nay prais aisosi aishan kuu bataya: "[brown aind low] takk pahunchna humm parr munhasir nahein hoga. inhon nay yaha behat waazah kirr diyaa hay kahh wah bend mein nahein rehna chahtay. yaha aisa hay jeesay jaisan auranj aur raabi waleems kay jaanay kay saath asay lay low. yaha abb bhee kaam kartaa hay gaaney abb bhee wahee haine."coved-19 wabayi marz kii wajah say doray mein khalal paray gaa aur shoz kuu 2021 kay liye dobarah sheedol kiyaa jaaye gaa. 2021-maujudah: ree branding aur "tyme". 2020 kay aakhir mein paanchon nay aalaan kiyaa kahh wah 2021 mein australiyayi paap jodee "behan 2 behan" kii himayat say eek aur australiyayi sabb say bury hutt torr parr jayein gay. 4 joone 2021 cow asharay aur poston kii ganti kay eek silsilay kay baad paanchon nay eek clip kay saath eek nayey logo "cape aann mowan" (21 remaks) kay liye coor aart wark kii nqab kashayi kii jiss kaa inhon nay aalaan kiyaa kahh yaha apple music parr paree arder kay liye dastiyaab hay. inhon nay 11 joone 2021 kuu bury khabron kay liye apnay soshal mediya accounts dekhnay kaa bhee kahaa. 11 joone cow remaks kuu wabayi amraz kay doraan record kiye gayey eek nayey album kay aalaan kay saath jaari kiyaa gayaa. 26 jolayi 2021 cow paanchon nay "shangri laa" aur "meking mee faal" kay anwaan say duu nayey singles kaa aalaan kiyaa juu 31 jolayi 2021 kuu paree arder kay liye dastiyaab hoan gay phir 6 agast 2021 kuu tamaam streaming plait forms parr release hoay. 29 jolayi 2021 kuu harr gaaney kaa eek tukda inn kay soshal mediya accounts parr post kiyaa gayaa. 2 satambar 2021 cow paanch nay album kuu karsams kay aas paas release karnay kaa aalaan kiyaa. 12 satambar 2021 kuu ladkon kay carduff show kay doraan inhon nay "ree seet" naami eek geeth kii braah raast paishkash kaa aaghaz kiyaa juu 1 aktobar 2021 kuu sangal "waarim light" kay saath release hoyee thee. aktobar 2021 mein paanchon nay aalaan kiyaa kahh aaney waalay album kuu "tyme" kahaa jaaye gaa aur asay januri 2022 kay aas paas release kiyaa jaana thaa. album kay aglay sangal kuu "tyme" bhee kahaa jaaye gaa aur asay 22 aktobar 2021 kuu paree arder kay liye dastiyaab karaya jaaye gaa jiss mein release kii tareekh 26 nomber 2021 muqarar kii jaaye gee. dasambar 2021 mein nayey album kay sarwaraq parr eek bazabtah nazar inn kay nayey album "tyme" kay liye paree seev lunk kay saath dee gayee thee. yaha album 28 januri 2022 kuu release hawaa. doray. sarkhi shareek anwaan iftatahi amal ewards. jeetnay waalay ewards: bert ewards ayem tye wee europ music ewards national realty tye wee ewards salor cleaf ewards intekhabat jeetnay waali paarti kuu toad phod kaa nishanah banaya tye ayem aif ewards (netherlands) tye wee hutt ewards

fffe06d530d8d3ca7b6c409f9a5f552fee88fd22f612cf18fd08c525ef874f55

https://en.wikisource.org/wiki?curid=62402

Proclamation 5699

Proclamation 5699 <templatestyles src="Header/styles.css" /> <templatestyles src="Header/main block/styles.css" />← <templatestyles src="center/styles.css" /> By the President of the United States of America<br>A Proclamation Diabetes affects the health of perhaps 11 million Americans. It can strike suddenly or it can do subtle long-term damage to major organs. Fully half the people with diabetes do not know they have the disease. During the last decade, our knowledge of diabetes has increased in the research laboratory. We now have a better understanding of this disease and its burdensome complications, but there is still much to learn. In addition, we still face the major challenge of transforming research advances into practical benefits for diabetes patients. Diabetes is a public health problem that affects both sexes and all ages and races. Given the disability, the emotional toll, and the economic loss from diabetes-estimated at $14 billion per year in the United States-our priorities should continue to be research on this disease, how best to treat it, and how best to communicate this knowledge to those who need it most. Through the continued commitment and cooperation of private citizens and organizations, the scientific community, and Federal, State, and local government in the fight against diabetes, we will come closer to a cure and to better health for millions of Americans. To increase public awareness of diabetes and to emphasize the need for continued research and educational efforts aimed at controlling and curing this disease, the Congress, by Senate Joint Resolution 44, has designated the month of November 1987 as "National Diabetes Month" and authorized and requested the President to issue a proclamation in observance of this month. Now, Therefore, I, Ronald Reagan, President of the United States of America, do hereby proclaim the month of November 1987 as National Diabetes Month. I call upon all government agencies and the people of the United States to observe this month with appropriate programs and activities. In Witness Whereof, I have hereunto set my hand this eighth day of September, in the year of our Lord nineteen hundred and eighty-seven, and of the Independence of the United States of America the two hundred and twelfth. RONALD REAGAN [Filed with the Office of the Federal Register, 2:59 p.m., September 8, 1987]

ghuxona 5699 etaa ghuxonar dwara modhumehor folot xombhobotoh 1 kuti 10 laakh aamerikanor swasthyot probhab pore. ee hothate aaghat koribo paare baa ee prodhan ongoxomuhor xukhmo dirghomyadi khyoti koribo paare. modhumeh rugot akranto xompurnorupe aadha luke najane je teulukor ei rug aase. juwa doxokot gowexona gowexonagarot aamar diabeteesor gyan briddhi paise. aami etiya ei rug aaru iyar buja jotilotar bixoye bhaldore buji paisu, kintu etiyau xikiboloi bohut aase. iyar uporiu, aami etiyau gowexonar ogrogotir xoite modhumeh rugeexokolor baabe byowoharik labhalavoloi rupantorit korar prodhan proityahbanor xonmukhin hoisu. diabetis hoise ek jonoswasthyojonito xomosya jiye lingo aaru xokolu boyoxor aaru jaatir lukor uporot probhab pelay. okhyomota, abegik khyoti aaru modhumehor poraa huwa orthonoitik khyotir proti lokhyo raakhi-aamerikat proti bosore anumanik 14 billion dollar-aamar ogradhikarxomuh hoh 'bob lagibo ei rugor uporot gowexona, iyar xor xorbuttom sikitsa kenekoi koribo laage, aaru ei gyan kenekoi ataitkoi bhalbhabe proyujon huwa lukoxokolor xoite jugajug korr bixoye. byoktigoto nagorik aaru xongstha, boigyanik xomproday, aaru federal, rajyo aaru sthaniyo sorkaror nirontor protisruti aaru xohojugitar joriyote aami modhumehor biruddhe jujot laakh laakh aamerikanor baabe ek niramoy aaru unnot swasthyor usoroloi aahi paam. diabeteesor bixoye jonoxadharonor xojagota briddhi koriboloi aaru ei rug niyontron aaru niramoyor lokhyore obyahot gowexona aaru xoikhyik prochestar proyujoniyotar uporot gurutwo diboloi, congresse sinetor jutiya prostab 44 ror dwara 1987 sonor novembor mahtuk "rastriyo diabetis maah" hisape monunit kore aaru ei maah paalon korr xomoyot rastropotik ek ghuxona jaari koree korr baabe onumudon aarere onurudh jonay. etiya, xeyehe, moi, aamerika juktorastror rastropoti ronald rigane, 1987 sonor novembor mahtuk rastriyo diabetis maah hisape ghuxona koru. moi xokolu sorkari xongstha aaru aamerika juktorastror jonoxadharonok ei maahtu upojukto karzoxusi aaru karzokolapor xoite paalon koriboloi aahban jonaisu. iyar xakhyate, moi ei septemboror ostom dinaa, aamar probhur unixox xatarix bosorot, aaru aamerika juktorastror swadhinotar dux dwadox dinot haat rakhisu. ronald rigan [federal rejistaror karzaloyot daakhil koraa, 2h59 bojat.em.1987 sonor 8 septembor]

ghoshana 5699 diabeteser ekti ghoshana sombhoboto 1 kotee 10 lokkho americander swasthoke probhabito korey. etty hothat aghat korte paare baa prodhan angagulir sukkho dirghameyadi khoti korte paare. diabetese akranto ardhek manushoi jaanen naa jey taander eyi roga hoyeche. goto doshke gobeshona porikkhagare diabetes somporke amader gyan briddhi peyeche. eyi roga ebong err bojha jotilota somporke amader ekhon arow vall dharona royeche, tobey ekhono onek kichhu shekhar achhe. echhadao, amra ekhono diabetes rogider jonno gobeshonar oggrogotike byaboharik upokare rupantarita korar borh chyalenjer mukhomukhi. diabetes ekti jonosastho samasya jaa ling ebong samasta boyce ebong jaati ubhaykei probhabito korey. protibondhita, mansik khoti ebong diabetes theke orthonoitik khotir poriprekkhite-markin juktorashtre proti bochor anumanik 14 billion dollar-amader agradhikar haoya uchito eyi roga niye gobeshona koraa, kibhabe err sarbottama chikitsa koraa yaay ebong kibhabe eyi gyanti sabcheye bhalbhabe jogajog koraa yaay taader kachhe jaader etty sabcheye beshi prayojan. diabeteser biruddhe ladaiye besarkari nagrik oo sangostha, boigyanik sampradai ebong federal, rajyo ebong sthaniya sarkarer abyahoto protishruti ebong sahojogitar madhyome amra lokkho lokkho americander jonno niramoy ebong unnoto swasther kachakachi asob. diabetes somporke jonosochetonota badate ebong eyi roga niyantran oo niramoyer lakkhye abyahoto gobeshona oo shikkhamulak prochestar prayojaniyatar upor jore ditey, congress, sineter joutho prostab 44 dwara, 1987 saaler navembar mastike "jatiya diabetes maas" hisabe manoneet koreche ebong rashtropotike eyi masti palon korar jonno ekti ghoshana jaari korar jonno anumodan oo anurodh koreche. ekhon, taai, aami, markin juktorashtrer rashtrapati ronald rigan, 1987 saaler navembar mastike jatiya diabetes maas hisabe ghoshana corry. aami samasta sarkari sangostha ebong markin juktorashtrer jonogonke jothajotho karmasuchi oo karjokromer sange eyi masti palon korar ahoban janachchi. err sakkhi hisebe, aami september eyi ashtam diney, amader prabhur unishsho satashtama bochore ebong markin juktorashtrer swadhinotar duisho dwadosh diney amar haat rekhechi. ronald rigan [federal register office dakhil koraa, 2hoh59 pri.emm., 8ee septembara, 1987]

ghoshana 5699 diabetesni ghoshana kadaach 1 carode 10 laakh americanona swaasthyane assar karey chhe. teey achaanak prahaar curry shake chhe athavaa teey mukhya avyavone sookshm laambaa gaadaanu nuksan curry shake chhe. diabetes dharaavtaa adadhaa lokone khabar nathee hotee keey temne aaa rooga chhe. chhella daaykaa darmiyan, sanshodhan prayogshalama diabetes vishenu aapanu gyaan vadhyu chhe. havey aapane aaa rooga aneey tenee bojaarup gunchavano vishe vadhu saaree reete samjeeae chhiae, parantu haju ghanoo shikhvaanu baakee chhe. vadhumaa, aapane haju pann diabetesna dardeeo maate sanshodhanni pragatine vyavhaaru laabhoma rupantarit karvaanaa motaa padkaarno saamno curry rahyaa chhiae. diabetes aee jaaher aarogyani samasya chhe jeey jaatee aneey tamaam ummar aneey jaatee bannene assar karey chhe. united statesma diabetesthi apangataane dhyanma rakheene, bhavnatmak nuksan aneey aarthik nuksan-darr varshe $14 abaj hovaano andaaj-aapani prathmiktao aaa rooga parr sanshodhan chaalu rakhvi joiae, tenee shreshth saarvaar kevee reete karvee aneey aaa gnyanne sauthee vadhu jaroor hoya tevaa loko sudhee kevee reete pahonchaadvu. diabetes saameni ladaima khangi nagriko aneey sansthao, vaignanik samudaay aneey sangheey, raajy aneey sthaaneek sarkaaroni satat pratibaddhtaa aneey sahkaar dwara, aapane laakho americno maate upchaar aneey vadhu saaraa swaasthyani najik aavishu. diabetes vishe lokomaa jagruti laavvaa aneey aaa rogne niyantrit karvaa aneey teno upchaar karvaanaa hetuthi satat sanshodhan aneey shaikshanik prayaasoni jaruriyaat parr bhaar mukavaa maate, congresse senetnaa sanyukt tharaav 44 dwara november 1987 maheenane "raashtriy diabetes maheeno" tareeke niyukt karyo chhe aneey aaa mahinaanaa palanma jaahernaamu bahaar paadvaa maate rashtrapatine adheekrut aneey vinanti curry chhe. havey, tethee, huun, united states off americana pramukh roownald rigan, aathee november 1987 maheenane raashtriy diabetes maheeno tareeke jaaher karoo chhu. huun tamaam sarkari agencyo aneey united statesnaa lokone aaa maheenane yogya kaarykramo aneey pravruttio saathe ujavvaa maate ahwan karoo chhu. sakshi tareeke, meyn septembernaa aaa aathma divase, amara swaaminaa oganisaso aensi-saatnaa varshmaa aneey united states off americani svatantratana beso baarmaa divase maaro haath mookyo chhe. roownald rigan [federal rajistarni kachereema dakhal karaayel, bapore 2hah59 vaagye.aema., september 8,1987]

ghoshana 5699 madhumeh kii ghoshana shayed 1 karod 10 laakh amerikiyon key swaasthya koo prabhaavit karati haye. yeh achaanak hamla curr sakata haye yaa pramukh angon koo sookshm deerghakaalik nuksan pahuncha sakata haye. madhumeh seey peedit aadhe logon koo yeh naheen pataa kii unhein yeh bimari haye. pichhale dashak key dauran, shodh prayogshala mein madhumeh key baare mein hamari jaankaari badhee haye. abb hamein iss bimari aur isaki bojhil jatilataon key baare mein behtar samajh haye, lekin abhee bhee bahut kuchh seekhana baaki haye. isake alawa, humm abhee bhee madhumeh rogiyon key liye anusandhaan pragati koo vyaavhaarik laabhon mein badalane kii badee chunauti kaa saamana curr rahey hain. madhumeh ack saarvajanik swaasthya samasya haye joe ling aur sabhi umr aur naslon donon koo prabhaavit karati haye. sanyukt raajya america mein madhumeh seey honey vaale viklang, bhaavnaatmak nuksan aur aarthik nuksan-prati varsh 14 arab dollar key anumaanit-koo dekhate hue hamari prathmiktaon mein iss bimari parr shodh jaari rehna chaahiye, iska sabse achchha ilaaj kaise kiya jaae, aur iss gyaan koo una logon taka kaise pahunchaaya jaae jinhen isaki sabse adhik aavashyakta haye. madhumeh key khilaf ladaai mein niji nagrikon aur sangathanon, vaigyaanik samudaay, aur sanghiya, raajya aur sthaaniya sarkaar kii nirantar pratibaddhata aur sahyog key madhyam seey, humm laakhon amerikiyon key liye ack ilaaj aur behtar swaasthya key karib pahunchenge. madhumeh key baare mein zana jagrukta badhaane aur iss bimari koo niyantrit karane aur thheek karane key uddeshya seey nirantar anusandhaan aur shaikshik prayason kii aavashyakta parr jore dene key liye, congress ney senate key sanyukt prastaav 44 dwara navambar 1987 key maheene koo "rashtriya madhumeh maah" key roop mein naamit kiya haye aur rashtrapati seey iss maheene key paalan mein ack ghoshana jaari karane kaa adhikrit aur anurodh kiya haye. abb, isaliye, main, sanyukt raajya america key rashtrapati, ronald reegan, navambar 1987 key maheene koo rashtriya madhumeh maheene key roop mein ghoshit kartaa huun. main sabhi sarkari agencies aur sanyukt raajya america key logon seey iss maheene koo uchit karyakramon aur gatividhiyon key saath manaane kaa ahwan kartaa huun. isake gawah key roop mein, maine sitambar key iss aathven dinn, hamaare swami key varsh mein unnis sou assie-saat, aur sanyukt raajya america kii swatantrata key dou sou baarahaven dinn apana haath rakhaa haye. ronald reegan [sanghiya register key karyalaya mein dakhil, 2hah59 pee.aim., 8 sitambar, 1987]

5699rahra ghoshane madhumehada ghoshaneyu bahushah 11 dasalaksha americannara aarogyada mele parinama biruttade. idu iddakkiddante appalisabahudu athawa pramukha angagalige sookshmavaada dirghakaaleena haaniyannu untumaadabahudu. madhumeha hondiruva ardhadashtu janarige tamage ee rogavide endu tilidiruvudilla. kaleda dasakadalli, samshodhanaa prayogaalayadalli madhumehada bagge namma gnaana hechchaagide. ee roga mattu adara horeya todakugala bagge namage eega uttama tiluvalike ide, aadare kaliyuvudu innoo bahalashtide. idallade, madhumeha rogigalige samshodhanaa pragatiyannu prayogika prayojanagalagi parivartisuva pramukha savaalannu naavu innoo edurisuttiddeve. madhumehavu linga mattu ellah vayassina mattu janangagala mele parinama beeruva saarvajanika aarogya samasyeyagide. angavaikalya, bhavanatmaka haani mattu madhumehadindaaguva arthika nashtavannu gamanisidare-united statesnalli varshakke $14 shatakoti endu andaajisalaagide-ee rogada bagge samshoodhane, adakke hege atyuttama chikitse niidabeeku mattu ee gnaanavannu hecchu agatyaviruvavarige hege uttama reetiyalli samvahana maadabeku embudu namma aadyategalaagirabeku. madhumehada viruddhada horaatadalli khasagi nagarikaru mattu samsthegalu, vaignaanika samudaaya mattu samyukta, raajya mattu sthaliya sarkaarada nirantara baddhate mattu sahakaarada moolaka, naavu lakshaantara americannarige chikitse mattu uttama aarogyakke hattiravagutteve. madhumehada bagge saarvajanikaralli jagruti moodisalu mattu ee rogavannu niyantrisuva mattu gunapadisuva guriyannu hondiruva nirantara samshoodhane mattu shaikshanika prayatnagala agatyavannu ottihelalu, congress, senet junty nirnaya 44 rahra moolaka, 1987 rahra november tingalannu "rashtriya madhumeha tingalu" endu gottupadiside mattu ee tingala acharaneyalli ghoshaneyannu horadisalu rashtrapatigalige adhikara niidide mattu vinantiside. eega, aaddarinda, naanu, united states off americada adhyaksha ronald reegan, 1987rahra november tingalannu rashtriya madhumeha tingalaagi ghoshisuttene. ee tingalannu sooktavaada kaaryakramagalu mattu chatuvatikegalondige acharisuvante naanu ellah sarkari samsthegalu mattu americada janarige karey niidutteene. idakke saakshiyaagi, namma wadeyana hattombainur embhattelu varshada september tingala ee entane dinadandu mattu americada samyukta samsthaanada swatantryada innura hanneradane dinadandu naanu nanna kaiyannu ittiddene. ronald reegan [federal register kacheriyalli daakhalisalaagide, madhyahna 2hhah59.emm., september 8,1987]

prakhyapanam 5699 oru prakhyaapanatthil prameham orupakshe 11 dasalaksham amerikkakkaarude aarogyathe badhikkunnu. ithu pettennu adichelppikkaam allengil pradhana avayavangalkk deerghakaalathekku sookshumamaaya kedupaadukal varuthaam. pramehamullavaril pakuthiyolam perkkum thangalkk eee rogam undennu ariyilla. kazhinja dashakathil, gaveshana laboratariyil pramehathekkurichulla nammude arivu vardhichu. eee rogathekkurichum athinte bharameriya sankeernathakalekkurichum namukk ippol nannayi manassilakkaan kazhiyumenkilum iniyum orupaad karyangal padikkaanundu. koodaathe, gaveshana munnettangale prameharogikalkku praayogika nettangalaakki mattunnathinulla pradhana velluvili naam ippozhum abhimukeekarikkunnu. lingabhedangaleyum ellah prayakkaareyum vamshangaleyum badhikkunna oru pothujanaarogya prasnamaanu prameham. vaikalyam, vaikarikamaaya nashtam, pramehathil ninnulla saambathika nashtam enniva kanakkileduthu-amerikkayil prathivarsham 14 bilyan dollar kanakkaakkappedunnu-eee rogathekkurichulla gaveshanam, athine engane mikacha reethiyil chikilsikkaam, eee arivu engane mikacha reethiyil ashayavinimayam nadatthaam ennivayaayirikkanam njangalude mungananakal. pramehathinethiraaya pooraattatthil swakaarya pouranmaarudeyum samghadanakaludeyum shaasthra samoohathinteyum federal, samsthaana, praadeshika sarkkaarinteyum thudarchayaaya prathibadhathayiloodeyum sahakaranathiloodeyum dasalakshakkanakkinu amerikkakkaarkk oru chikilsayilekkum mechappetta aarogyathilekkum naam adukkum. pramehathekkurichu pothujana avabodham vardhippikkunnathinum eee rogam niyanthrikkunnathinum sukhappeduthunnathinum lakshyamitulla thudarchayaaya gaveshanathinteyum vidyaabhyaasa shramangaludeyum aavasyakatha oonnipparayunnathinum, senatt samyuktha prameyam 44 prakaram kongras 1987 november maasathe "deseeya prameha maasamaayi" prakhyapikkukayum eee maasam aacharikkunnathin oru prakhyapanam purappeduvikkaan rashtrapathy adhikaarappeduthukayum abhyarthikkukayum cheythu. athinaal, 1987 november maasathe deseeya prameha maasamaayi american aikyanaadukalude president ronald reegan ithinaal prakhyaapikkunnu. ellah sarkkar ejansikalodum amerikkayile janangalodum uchithamaaya paripaadikalodum pravarthanangalodum koodi eee maasam aacharikkan njaan abhyarthikkunnu. athinte saakshiyayi, nammude karthaavinte pathonpathiyonpatthiyedu enpathiyettu varshavum american aikyanaadukalude swaathanthryathinte irunoottirandaamnoottiyum septambarile eee ettaam divasavum njaan kaivechittundu. ronald reegan [federal rajisttar offeesil phayal cheythu, 2iiii59 pii.emm.1987 septambar 8nuu]

ghoshana 5699 madhumehachi ghoshana kadachit 1 kotee 10 laakh american lokanchya aarogyavar parinam karate. too achanak dhadaku shakato kinwa pramukh avyavanna sookshm dirghakalin nuksan pohochavu shakato. madhumeh asalelya ardhyahun adhik lokanna haah aajaar aahe heey maheet nasate. gelya dashakat, sanshodhan prayogshalet madhumehache aapale dnyan vadhale aahe. aata aaplyala yaa rogachi aanee tyachya judd guntaguntichi adhik changli samaj aahe, parantu ajunahi khoop kahee shikanyasarkhe aahe. yavyatirikt, madhumehachya rugnansathi sanshodhanachya pragatiche vyavharik fayadhyanmadhye rupantar karnyache mothe aavhan aaplyala ajunahi bhedasavat aahe. madhumeh hii eka sarvajanik aarogya samasya aahe jee ling aanee serve vayogat aanee vansh yaa donhivar parinam karate. apangatva, bhavnik nuksan aanee madhumehache aarthik nuksan-united statesmadhye darvarshi $14 abj asalyacha andaj-lakshat gheta, yaa rogavar sanshodhan karane, tyavar sarvottam upchar kase karave aanee jyanna yachee sarvat jaast garaj aahe tyanna heey dnyan kase sarvottampane sampreshit karave heey aamche pradhanyakram rahile pahijet. madhumehachya virodhat ladha denyasathi khajgi nagrik aanee sanstha, vaidnyanik samuday aanee sanghiy, rajya aanee sthanik sarkar yanchya satatyapurn vachanbaddhata aanee sahkaryadvare, aapan lakho american lokansathi upchar aanee changlya aarogyachya jawal yeu. madhumehababat janjagruti vadhavanyasathi aanee yaa rogavar niyantran aanee upchar karnyachya uddeshane satat sanshodhan aanee shaikshanik prayatnanchya garjevar bharr denyasathi, congressne sinetchya sanyukt tharav 44 dware november 1987 haah mahina 'rashtriy madhumeh mahina' mhanoon niyukt keela aahe aanee yaa mahinyachya palanat ghoshana jaaree karanyachi rashtrapatinna adhikrut aanee vinanti kelee aahe. aata, mhanoon, mea, amerikeche rashtradhyaksh ronald rigan, yadvare november 1987 haah mahina rashtriy madhumeh mahina mhanoon ghoshit karato. mea serve sarkari sanstha aanee amerikechya janatela yogya karyakram aanee upkramansah haah mahina palanyache aavahan karato. jyachya sakshidar mhanoon, mea septemberchya yaa aathvya divashi, aamchya prabhuchya ekonisashe ainshi-satvya varshi aanee amerikechya sanyukt rajyanchya swatantryachya donashe baravya divashi majha haat thewala aahe. ronald rigan [federal rajistarchya karyalayat dakhal kelele, dupari 2h59 vajata.emm., 8 september 1987]

ghoshana 5699 madhumehko ghoshanale sambhawatah 1 karod 10 lakh amerikiharuko swasthyalai asar garchha. yasale achanak prahar garna sakchha wa yasale pramukh angaharuma sukshma dirghakalin kshati garna sakchha. madhumeha bhaeka adha manisharulai afuma yo rog chha bhanne thaha hundaina. pachhillo dashakma anusandhan prayogshalama madhumehko hamro gyan badheko chha. ab hamisanga yo rog rar yasako bojhilo jatiltaharubare ramro samajh chha, tara ajhai dherai kura sikna baanki chha. yasabahek, hamile ajhai pani madhumehka biramiharuka lagi anusandhan pragatiharulai wyawaharik faidaharuma rupantaran garne pramukh chunautiko samana gariraheka chhaun. madhumeha euta sarvajanik swasthya samasya how jasle ling rar sabai umera rar jaati duwailai asar garchha. apangata, bhawanatmak kshati, rar madhumehabata hune arthik noksanlai dhyanma rakhdai-sanyukta rajya americama prati warsha $14 billionko anuman garieko-hamro prathamiktaharu yass rog, yasako uttam upchar kasari garne, rar yo gyanlai kasari uttam rupma sanchar garne bhanne bare anusandhan jaari rakhnuparchha. madhumeha wiruddhako ladainma niji nagarik rar sansthaharu, vaigyanik samudaya, rar sanghiya, rajya rar sthaniya sarkarko nirantar pratibadhata rar sahayogko madhyambata hammy lakhaun amerikiharuko lagi upchar rar ramro swasthyako najik pugnechhaun. madhumehko barema zohn chetana badhauna rar yass roglai niyantran rar niko parney uddeshyale nirantar anusandhan rar shaikshik prayasharuko awashyaktama jode dina, congressle sinetko sanyukta prastawa 44 dwara november 1987 mahinalai "rashtriya madhumeha mahina" ko rupma tokieko chha rar yass mahina palan gardai ghoshana jaari garna rashtrapatilai adhikrit rar anurodh gareko chha. tyasaile, mahm, sanyukta rajya americaka rashtrapati ronald riganle yasaile november 1987 mahinalai rashtriya madhumeha mahinako rupma ghoshana gardachhu. mahm sabai sarkari nikayaharu rar sanyukta rajya americaka janatalai upayukta karyakram rar gatiwidhiharusanga yo mahina manauna awhan gardachhu. jasko sakshika rupma, maile yahan septemberko yo athaun dina, hamro prabhu unnaisa saya sattasiko warshama, rar sanyukta rajya americako swatantratako dui saya bahraun dinma haat rakheko chhu. ronald rigan [sanghiya darta karyalayama darta garieko, 2ah59 baje.emm.september 8,1987]

ghoshana 5699 madhumeh eka ghoshana, sambhabatah 11 nijuta aamerikejanka swasthyaku prabhabita karithae. ehaa hathat aaghata karipare kimba pramukh angagudiku sukshma deerghakaleena khyati karipare . madhumehare akranta adhaa lock jananti naahin je semanankara ehi roga achhi. bigata dashandhi madhyare, gabeshana parikhyagarare madhumeh bishajare ammer gyaana brudhi paichi. ehi roga ebong ehara bojhapurna jatilata bishajare bartamana ammer bhal bujhamana achhi, kintu ahuri bahuta kichhi shikhibara achhi . ehaa byatita, aame ebe madhya madhumeh rogeenka paain gabeshana pragatiku byabaharika laabhare parinata karibara pramukh aahwanara sammukheen heuchhu. madhumeh eka sarbajaneena swasthya samasya jaahaa ubhaja linga ebong samasta bayasa ebong jaatiku prabhabita kare . akhyamata, bhabaprabanata ebong madhumeh janita arthika khyati-juktarastra aamerikare barshika 14 billion dollar akalana karajaithiba-drustiru ammer prathamikata ehi roga upare gabeshana jaari rakhiba uchita, ehara sarbottama chikitsa kipari karajiba, ebong ehi gyanaku kipari sarbottama bhabare jogajoga karajiba jeunmane ehara sabutharu adhika abashyakata . madhumeh biruddhare ladheire gharoi nagarika ebong sangathana, baigyanika sampradai, ebong sangheeah, rajya ebong sthaniah sarakaranka nirantara pratibaddhata ebong sahjog madhyamare, aame lakhya lakhya aamerikejanka paain eka chikitsa ebong unnat swasthyara nikatatar hebu. madhumeh bishajare janasadharananka madhyare sachetanata brudhi kariba ebong ehi rogaku nijantrana ebong aarogya kariba uddeshyare nirantara gabeshana ebong sikhyagata prajasara abashyakata upare gurutwa deba paain, congress, sineta milita sankalpa 44 dwara, navember 1987 masaku "jatiah madhumeh maasa" bhabare manoneet karichhi ebong ehi maasa palanare eka ghoshana jaari karibaku rastrapatinku adhikruta ebong anurodha karichhi. tenu, mun, americara rastrapati ronald rigan, 1987 masiha navember masaku jatiah madhumeh maasa bhabe ghoshana karuchhi. mun samasta sarkari sanstha ebong americara janasadharananku aahwana karuchhi je semane upajukta karjyakram ebong karjyakalapa sahita ehi maasa palana karantu. ehara sakhi bhabe, mun ehi september masser astama dinare, aama prabhunka barsha unish shaha satashi, ebong juktarastra americara swadheenatara dui shaha baratama dinare, more haata rakhichhi. ronald rigan [federal register karjyalajare dakhal, 2hah59 p.emm., september 8,1987]

ailaan 5699 ikk ghoshna shugar shayed 1 croad 10 lakkh amrikiaan dee sihat noon prabhavat kardi haii. ih achanak hamla qarr sakda haii jaan ih pramukh angaan noon sookham lambe samein daa nuksan pahuncha sakda haii. shugar dey addhe lokan noon ih naheen pataa kii unhan noon ih bimari haii. pichle dahake dauran, khoj prayogshala witch shugar baare saada giaan vadhiaa haii. hunn saanoon iss bimari atey iss deeaan bojhil pechidgiaan dee bihtar samajh haii, parr ajey vee bahut kujh sikkhna baaki haii. iss toon ilava, aseen ajey vee shugar dey mareezan laee khoj dee pragati noon viharak laabhan witch badlan dee vaddi chunhauti daa sahmana qarr rahey haan. shugar ikk jantak sihat samassiaa haii joe ling atey harr umar atey nasal noon prabhavat kardi haii. apangta, bhavnatmak nuksan atey shugar toon honn vaale aarthik nuksan dey maddenazar-sanyukat raaj witch pratee saal $14 billion daa anuman-saadiaan tarjihan iss bimari baare khoj jaari rakhniaan chahidiaan hunn, iss daa sabh toon vadhiaa ilaaj kiven karna haii, atey iss giaan noon unhan lokan takk kiven pahunchauna haii jinhan noon iss dee sabh toon vaddh zaroorat haii. shugar dey virudh ladai witch nijji nagrikan atey sangathanan, vigiaanak bhaichare atey sanghi, raaj atey sathanak sarkaar dee nirantar pratibadhta atey sahiyog duaara, aseen lakkhan amrikiaan laee ilaaj atey bihtar sihat dey nede pahunchange. shugar baare jantak jagrukta vadhaun atey iss bimari noon controll curran atey theek curran dey udesh naal nirantar khoj atey vidiak yatnan dee zaroorat 'teey zor denh laee, congress neey, senate dey sanjhe matey 44 duaara, navambar 1987 dey maheene noon "rashtari shugar maheena" vajon namzad keeta haii atey rashtarpati noon iss maheene noon manaun laee ikk ghoshna jaari curran dee adhikarat atey benati keeti haii. hunn, iss laee, main, sanyukat raaj amrica dey rashtarpati, ronald reegan, navambar 1987 dey maheene noon rashtari shugar maheene vajon ghoshit karda haan. main saariaan sarkari agencies atey sanyukat raaj dey lokan noon iss maheene noon dhukven programan atey gatividhiaan naal manaun daa sadda dinda haan. iss dey gawah vajon, main satambar dey iss athven dinn, saade prabhu dey saal 19 saun 87 witch, atey sanyukat raaj amrica dee aazadi dey doou saun 12 witch aapna hatth rakkhiaa haii. ronald reegan [sanghi register dey daftar witch dakhal keeta giaa, 2ouau59 pee.aim.8 satambar, 1987]

ghoshanaa 5699 madhumehasya ghoshanaa praayah 11 dashalax-amerikiyaanaam swaasthyam prabhaavayati. tatt aakasmikaroopen praharam kartum shaknoti athavaa pramukheshu anganam sukshmam dirghakalinam kshatim kartum shaknoti. madhumehena peediteshu ardhabhaaginah janaah naa jaananti yat teshaam rogah asti iti. gatadashke, shodha-prayogashalayam madhumeham vishaye asmakam gyaanam vardhate. adhunaa asya rogasya, tasya bharayuktanam sankirshanam cha vishaye vayam uttamm jaanaami, parantu abheeshtam api bahu shikshaneeyam vartate. tadatiriktam, vayam adyaapi madhumeha-roginaam krute anusandhaana-pragatim vyaavahaarik-laabharoopen parivartayitum pramukha-chunauteem sammukheekaromi. madhumehah ekaha saarwajanik-swaasthya-samasyaa asti yaa lingaan, sarvaan vayaan, jaatim cha prabhaavitavatee. samyuktarajyamerikadesha prativarsham $14 billion yaavat vyayam vyaktavyaah, bhaavanaatmak-kshatihi, madhumehaat aarthik-haanih cha drushtaa, asya rogasya vishaye, tasya uttama-upachaarah katham karaneeyah, teshaam krute etat gyaanam katham uttamatayaa sampreshanam karaneeyam iti cha anveshanam asmakam praathamikataah bhavitum arhanti, yaan asya sarvaadhika-aavashyakataa asti. madhumehasya viruddham yuddhe, nijee-nagarikanam, samsthanam, vaidnyaanik-samudaayasy, sanghasya, rajyasya, sthaaneeyasarvakaarasy cha nirantar-pratibaddhataayaah sahakarasya cha madhyamena, vayam laksh-laksh-american-jananam krute chikitsayaha, uttama-swaasthyasya cha sameepe aagamishyaamah. madhumehasya vishaye jaann-jagruti vardhayitum tathaa asya rogasya niyantranasya chikitsayaha cha laxyasya nirantar-samshodhanasya tathaa shaikshikaprayasanam aavashyakataam adhoktum, kaangres-pakshah, seenet-samyukta-sankalpah 44 dwara, 1987 tamavarshasya november-maasam "rashtriya-madhumeha-maasah" iti nirdishtavaan, tathaa cha asya masasya aacharane udghoshanam kartum raashtrapatim adhikrutam tathaa cha anurodham krutavaan. idaaneem, ataha, aham, amerikaadeshasy rashtrapatihi ronald reegan, 1987 tamavarshasya november-maasam rashtriya-madhumeha-masatvena ghoshayati. aham sarvakaareey-samsthanam, samyuktarajyamerika-deshasya janaanaam cha aahvaanam karoti yat, ayam maasah samuchita-karyakramanam, kriyakalapanam cha sangrahena aacharatu. asya sakshya, asmakam prabhoho saptadashashataashattarinshativar september-masasya ashtamadine, amerikaadeshasy swaatantryasya dwishataradashatadaadashadine cha aham hastam sthaapayaami. ronald reegan [federal-register-karyalaye daakhilah, 2hah59 pee.emm., 8 september 1987]

pirakadanam 5699 neerizhivu noai endra pirakadanam 11 million amerikkarkalin aaroakkiyaththai paathikkirathu. idhu thideerendru thakkalaam allathu mukiya uruppugalukku nutpamaana neenda kaala sethaththai aerpaduththalaam. neerizhivu noayaal paathikkappattavarkalil paathikkum maerpattavargalukku thangalukku inththa noai iruppathu theriyaathu. kadantha paththaandugalil, neerizhivu noai pattriya namathu arivu aaraaichi aaivagaththil athikariththullathu. inththa noai mattrum adhan sumai sikkalkal pattri ippoathu namakku nanku purithal ullathu, aanaal karrukkolla innum niraiya irukkirathu. koodudhalaaga, neerizhivu noayaaligalukku aaraaichi munnaettrangkalai nadaimurai nanmaigalaaga maattruvathil naam innum periya savaalai ethirkolkiroam. neerizhivu noai enbathu paalinangkal mattrum anaitthu vayathinaraiyum, inangkalaiyum paathikkum oru podhu sugaathaarap pirachchanaiyaagum. uunamutrtra thanmai, unarchchi reethiyaana paathippukal mattrum neerizhivu noayaal aerpadum porulaathaara izhappu aagiyavattraik karuththil kondu-americavil aandukku 14 billion dollar endru mathippidappattullathu-inththa noai, adharku sirantha sigichchai eppadi valangkuvathu, inththa arivai evvaaru sirantha muraiyil thodarbukolvathu enbathu kuriththa aaraaychchiyai engkal munnurimaigal thodarnthu seiya vaendum. neerizhivu noaikku ethiraana poaraattaththil thaniyar kudimakkal mattrum amaippugal, ariviyal samoogam mattrum matthiya, maanila mattrum ullaatchi arasaangkaththin thodarchchiyaana arppanippu mattrum oththuzhaippin moolam, million kanakkaana amerikkarkalukku oru gunappaduththudhal mattrum sirantha aaroakkiyaththirku naam nerungkuvoam. neerizhivu noai kuriththa podhu vizhippunarvai athikarippatharkum, inththa noayaik kattuppaduththuvathaiyum gunappaduththuvathaiyum nokkamaagak konda thodarchchiyaana aaraaichi mattrum kalvi muyarchigalin avasiyaththai valiyuruththuvatharkum, congress, senat koottuth theermaanam 44 inn moolam, navambar 1987 maathaththai "thaesiya neerizhivu maathamaaka" niyamiththullathu mattrum inththa maathatthaik kadaippidikkum poathu oru pirakadanaththai veliyidumaaru janaathipathiyidam angkeekaaram aliththullathu. enavae, ippoathu, naan, america aikkiya naadugalin janathipathi ronault reegan, 1987 navambar maathaththai thaesiya neerizhivu maathamaaka arivikkiraen. anaitthu arasu niruvanangalum america makkalum inththa maathaththai porutthamaana thittangal mattrum seyalpaadugaludan anusarikka vaendum endru naan kaettukkolgiraen. idharku saatchiyaaga, septumber maathaththin inththa ettaavathu naalil, namathu aandavarin paththonpathu noottru enbaththaezhu aandilum, americavin suthanthiraththin irunootrtru pannirandaam aandilum naan enn kaiyai vaiththullaen. ronault reegan [koottaatchi pathivaettin aluvalagaththil thaakkal seiyappattathu, pirpakal 2.59 manii.emm.septumber 8,1987]

prakatana 5699 diabetes anae prakatana bahusha 11 millionla mandhi americanla aarogyaanni prabhaavitam chestundi. idhi akasmaattugaa kottavachhu ledhaa pradhana avayavalaku suukshmamaina deerghakaalika nashtam kaliginchavacchu. madhumeham unna vaarilo sagam mandiki tamaku eee vyaadhi undani teliyadu. gatha dasaabdamloo, parisoedhanaa prayogasaalalo madhumeham gurinchi mana ghnaanam perigindi. eee vyaadhi mariyu daani bhaaramaina samasyala gurinchi ippudu manaku manchi avagahana undhi, conny neerchukoevalasinadi inca chaalaa undhi. adanamgaa, diabetes rogulaku parisoedhana purogatini aacharanaatmaka prayojanaalugaa marchadam anae pradhana savaalunu manam ippatikee edurkontunnamu. diabetes anedi lingaalu mariyu anni vayasula mariyu jaatula vaarini prabhaavitam chese prajaarogya samasya. united stateslo samvatsaraaniki $14 biliyanlugaa anchanaa veyabadina diabetes valla vaikalyam, bhavodvega nashtam mariyu aardhika nashtam drishtya-eee vyaadhi, daaniki uttama chikitsa elaa cheyaalo mariyu eee gnaanaanni atyanta avasaramaina vaariki elaa uttamamgaa teliyajeyali anae daanipai parisoedhananu konasaaginchaali. madhumehaniki vyatiraekamgaa poraatamlo private pourulu mariyu samsthalu, shaastreeya samajam mariyu samakhya, rashtra mariyu sthaanika prabhutvaala nirantara nibaddhata mariyu sahakaram dwara, memu lakshalaadi mandhi americanlaku nivaarana mariyu merugaina aarogyaaniki daggaravutamu. madhumeham gurinchi prajalalo avagahana penchadaaniki mariyu eee vyaadhini niyantrinchadam mariyu nayam cheyadam lakshyamgaa nirantara parisoedhana mariyu vidya prayatnaala avasaranni nokki cheppadaniki, congress, senate ummadi teermaanam 44 dwara, november 1987 nelanu "jaateeya madhumeham nela" gaa niyaminchindi mariyu eee nelanu paatinchetappudu oka prakatnanu jaarii cheyamani raashtrapatiki adhikaram icchi abhyardhinchindi. ippudu, anduvalla, neenu, united states off america adhyakshudu ronald reegan, 1987 november nelanu jaateeya madhumeham nelaga prakatistunnaanu. eee nelanu tagina karyakramalu mariyu kaaryakalaapaalato paatinchaalani neenu anni prabhutva samsthalanu mariyu united states prajalanu korutunnanu. dheeniki sakshuluga, maa prabhuvu pantommidi vandala enabhai edu samvatsaraalalo, mariyu united states off america yokka swaatantryam yokka rendu vandala pannendava samvatsaramlo, september yokka eee enimidava rojuna neenu ikkada naa chetini unchaanu. ronald reegan [federal register karyalayamlo daakhalu cheyabadindi, madhyahnam 2haha59.emm., september 8,1987]

aalaan 5699 ziyabetas kaa aalaan shayed 1.1 karod americiyon kii sehat kuu mutasir kartaa hay. yaha achanak hamlah kirr saktaa hay yaa baday aizaa kuu theek theek taweel madti nqsan pahuncha saktaa hay. ziyabetas kay makmal toor parr aadhay logon kuu yaha malum nahein hotaa kahh inhein yaha bemari hay. pachli dahayi kay doraan tehqiqi libartry mein ziyabetas kay baaray mein hamaray alam mein izafah hawaa hay. abb hamein iss bemari aur iss kii bojhal paicheedgiyon kay baaray mein behatar tafheem hay leakin ubhee behat kachh seekhna baaqi hay. iss kay alawah hamein abb bhee ziyabetas kay mareezon kay liye tehqiqi paish raft kuu emli fawaid mein tabdil karnay kay baday challenge kaa saamna hay. ziyabetas sehat aamah kaa eek masilah hay juu jans aur harr amar aur nasal donon kuu mutasir kartaa hay. mazuri jazbati nqsan aur ziyabetas say honay waalay maashi nqsan kuu dekhtay hoay-jiss kaa takhmina riyasathaye muthadah mein harr saal 14 blain ddaalar hay-hamaari tarjihaat iss bemari parr tehqeeq jaari rakhni chahayein iss kaa behtareen alaaj kisay kiyaa jaaye aur iss alam kuu inn logon takk kisay pahunchaya jaaye jinhein iss kii sabb say ziyadah zarurat hay. ziyabetas kay khalaaf jung mein najee shahriyon aur tanzimon sciency baradari aur wafaqi riyasati aur maqami hukumat kay muslisil azam aur taawan kay zariye humm laakhon americiyon kay liye alaaj aur behatar sehat kay qareeb pahunch jayein gay. ziyabetas kay baaray mein awami bedari badhanay aur iss bemari parr qaabu paaney aur iss kay alaaj kay liye muslisil tehqeeq aur taleemi koshishon kii zarurat parr zoor deenay kay liye congress nay senate kii mushtarkah qarardad 44 kay zariye nomber 1987 kay mahinay kuu "ziyabetas kaa qomi mahinah" qaraar diyaa hay aur sadr say iss mahinay kuu mananay kay liye eek aalaan jaari karnay kii ajazat aur darkhwast kii hay. abb lehza mein riyasathaye muthadah america kay sadr ronald reegan nomber 1987 kay mahinay kuu ziyabetas kaa qomi mahinah qaraar deeta hoan. mein tamaam sarkaari idaaron aur riyasathaye muthadah kay awaam say apeel kartaa hoan kahh wah iss mahinay kuu munasib programon aur sargarmiyon kay saath manayein. iss kii gawahi mein mein nay satambar kay iss aathwein dunn hamaray rabb kay anees sue satasi kay saal mein aur riyasathaye muthadah america kii aazadi kay duu sue barahwein dunn mein apnaa haath rakhaa hay. ronald reegan [wafaqi register kay daftar mein dayer 2:59 pee.ayem.yee 8 satambar 1987]

fffe082b148336f3af8e960c2d0b759399d6950f50a4ee9e37079ff091feec8d

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11787971

Psychology (short story)

Psychology (short story) 1920 short story by Katherine Mansfield "Psychology" is a 1920 short story by Katherine Mansfield. It was first published in "Bliss and Other Stories". Plot summary. A man visits a woman for tea. He tells her this is the only place he pays attention to in terms of its furniture and so on. He also loves her 'little boy'. They then talk about the state of the novel as a literary genre - coming to the conclusion that the psycho-novel is shoddy. She feels anguished about possibly having failed in not following suit with that genre however, and he leaves. He rings the bell, then a friend of hers comes along and whilst she would usually be annoyed by her, this time she puts her arm around her and entices her to come again soon. She then sets out writing about how she liked the talk on psychology with her friend. Literary significance. The text is written in the modernist mode, without a set structure, and with many shifts in the narrative. Footnotes. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

monubigyan (suti golpo) "monubigyan" hoise 1920 sonot ketherin mensfieldor ekhon suti golpo. iyak prothome "aanondo aaru onyanyo kahini" too prokax koraa hoisil. plotor xarangxo. ejon puruxe egoraki mohilak saah khaboloi loi yaay. teu taik koy je iyar aasbabo-potro aadir khetrot teu monujug diya ekmatro thaai eituwei. teu taair 'xoru lo "raaku" bhaal paay. taar pisot teuluke uponyaxkhonor owosthar bixoye ek xahityik dhaara hisape kotha koy-ei xiddhantot uponeet hoy je monu-uponyaxtu beyaa. obosye xei dharar xoite onuxoron nokorat bifol huwar baabe taai kosto onubhob kore, aaru teu guchi yaay. teu ghontatu bojuwar pisot taair ejon bondhu logot aahe aaru jodiu taai xadharonote taair uporot khyubdho hoy, eibar taai nijor haatkhon taair sariufale raakhe aaru taik xunkale punor aahiboloi proluvito kore. taar pisot taai taair bondhur xoite monubigyanor uporot huwa kothupkothontu kenekoi bhaal lagisil xei bixoye likhiboloi ulai yaay. xahityik gurutwo. ei pathtu aadhunikbadi poddhotit likha hoise, kunu nirdisto gathoni obihone, aaru aakhyanot bohutu poribortonor xoite.

manobigyan (chhoto golpo) "psychology" holl cathryn mansfielder 1920 saaler ekti chhotogolpo. etty prothom "bliss anned adar stories"-ayee prokashito hoy. plot sarsongkhep. ekjon purush chayer jonno ekjon mohilar kachhe yaay. seey taake boley jey ate ekmatro jaiga jekhane seey err asbabpatra ityadir khettre monojog deyo. seey taar 'chhotto chhele' keo bhalobase. tarpor taaraa uponyashtir sahitya dhara somporke kotha boley-eyi uposonghare aase jey, manobigyan-uponyasti durbal. tobey, sombhoboto seii dharar sange taal miliye cholte byartho howa seey byathito bodh korey ebong seey choley yaay. seey ghanta bajay, tarpor taar eka bondhu aase ebong seey sadharonoto taar dwara birokto hoy, ebar seey taar charpashe haat rakhe ebong taake shighroi abar aste prolubdho korey. tarpor seey taar bandhur saathe monobigganer upor boktritati kibhabe pochondo korechilo seey somporke likhte shuru korey. sahityer tatporjo. patthyoti adhunikbadi modey lekha hoyeche, konao nirdishto kathamo chharai ebong bornonai onek poriborton soho.

manovigyaan (tunkee vaarta) "manovigyaan" aee kethrin mansfieldnee mansfieldnee tunkee vaarta chhe. teey saupratham "aanand aneey anya vaartao" maan prakashit thayu hatoo. plooat saransh. aek purush chaa maate aek strinee mulakat leey chhe. teey tene kahe chhe keey aaa ekmatra aevee jagya chhe jyaan teey tenaa furniture vagereni drashtiae dhyaan aape chhe. teey tenaa 'naana chhokara' neey pann prem karey chhe. pachhi teo saahityik shailee tareeke navalkathaani sthitee vishe vaat karey chhe-nishkarsh parr aave chhe keey mano-navalkathaa nabalee chhe. joke, teey shaileene anusarvaamaa nishfal rahevaa badal tenee dukkh anoobhave chhe aneey teey tyaanthi chaalyo jaay chhe. teey ghantadi vagaade chhe, pachhi teno aek mitra aave chhe aneey jyaare teey saamanya reete tenaathi naraj thaay chhe, tyaare aaa vakhate teey teno haath tenee aaspaas raakhe chhe aneey tene toonk samayma fareethi aavvaa maate lalchaave chhe. pachhi teneeae tenaa mitra saathe manovigyaan parnee vaatchit kevee reete gamee teey vishe lakhvaanu sharoo karyoo. saahityik mahatv. lakhaan aadhuniktavadi shailima, aek nirdharit maalkhaa vinaa aneey kathaama ghanaa ferfaro saathe lakhvaamaa aavyu chhe.

manovigyaan (laghu kathaa) "manovigyaan" catherine mansfield kii 1920 kii ack laghu kahani haye. yeh pahali baar "anand aur anya kahaaniyon" mein prakaashit huaa thaa. kathaanak kaa saransh. ack aadami chaay key liye ack mahila seey milane jaataa haye. vaha usey bataata haye kii yeh ekmatra aisee jagah haye jahan vaha isake furniture aadi key mamle mein dhyaan detaa haye. vaha usake 'chhote ladke' seey bhee pyaar kartaa haye. phir way upanyaas kii sthiti key baare mein ack saahityik shally key roop mein baat karate hain-iss nishkarsh parr aatey hain kii mano-upanyaas kharaab haye. haalaanki, vaha usa shally key saath anusaran naheen karane mein whiffle honey key baare mein dukhi mahsoos karati haye, aur vaha chalaa jaataa haye. vaha ghanti bajaata haye, phir uska ack dost aataa haye aur jaba vaha aamtaur parr usase naraj hoti haye, tou iss baar vaha apana haath usake chaaron or rakhti haye aur usey jald hii phir seey aaney key liye lubhaati haye. phir vaha iss baare mein likhane lagati haye kii usey apane dost key saath manovigyaan parr baat karna kaise pasand aaya. saahityik mahatva. paath adhuniktawadi mode mein likhaa gayaa haye, binaa kissy nirdhaarit sanrachana key, aur kathaa mein kaee badlaavon key saath.

manovignaana (sanna kathe) "psychology" embudu catherine mansfield avara 1920rahra sanna katheyaagide. idannu modalu "bliss und adhar stories" nalli prakatisalaayitu. kathaavastuvina saramsha. obba purusha chahagagi mahileyobbalannu bheti maaduttaane. pithopakaranagalu mattu muntaadavugala vishayadalli taanu gamana harisuva ekaika sthala idu endu avanu avalige heluttaane. avanu avala 'chikka huduga' nannoo pritisuttaane. nantara avaru kadambariya sthitiyannu ondu saahityika prakaaravaagi maatanaaduttaare-saiko-kadambari kalapeyagide emba tirmaanakke baruttaare. aadaagyoo, aaa prakaaravannu anusarisadiruvalli viphalavaada bagge avalu dukkhitalaagiddaale mattu avanu horatuhoguttaane. avanu ganteyannu baarisuttaane, nantara avala snehitanobba baruttaane mattu avalu samanyavagi avalannu koopagolisuttiddaroo, ee baari avalu tanna kaiyannu tanna suttaloo irisuttaale mattu shighradalle matte baralu avalannu prerepisuttaale. nantara aake tanna sneehitanondige manovignanada kuritaada matukateyannu hege ishtapattalu embudara bagge bareyalu prarambhisuttale. saahityada mahatva. pathyavannu adhunikatavadi kramadalli, ondu nirdishta ranchaneyillade mattu niroopaneyalli aneka badalaavanegalondige bareyalaagide.

manasshastra (laghukatha) "manasshastra' hii catherine mansfieldchi 1920 salchi laghukatha aahe. too pratham 'anand aanee itar katha' madhye prakashit jhaala. plot saransh. eka purush eka strila chaha pyayala jaato. too teela sangato qee furniture ityadichya babatit too laksh denari hii ekmev jaaga aahe. too tichya 'chhotya mulavar' dekhil prem karato. mug teey kadambarichya sahityik shailichya sthitibaddal bolatat-yaa nishkarshavar pohochatat qee mano-kadambari kharab aahe. matra, tyaa shailiche anusaran naan karnyat kadachit apayashi tharalyabaddal teela dukkh hote aanee too nighun jaato. too ghanta vajavato, mug ticha eka mitra yeto aanee teela sahasa ticha raag yeto, yaveli tee ticha haat tichyabhovati thevate aanee teela lavkarach parat yenyasathi aamish dakhavate. tyanantar tee tichya mitrasobat manashastravaril charcha kashee aavadali yabaddal lihinyas suruvat karate. sahityik mahatva. majkoor aadhuniktavadi paddhatine, nishchit sanrachaneshivay aanee kathanat anek badalansah lihila gela aahe.

manovigyan (chhoto katha) "manovigyan" catherine mansfieldko 1920 ko chhoto katha how. yo pahilo patak "bliss anned adar stories" maa prakashit bhaeko thiyo. plut saransh. ekjana purush ek mahilasanga chiya khaan janchhan. usale unlai furniture rar yastai anya kuraharuma dhyan dine ek matra thaaun yahi how bhani bataunchha. usale unko 'sano chhoro' lai pani maya garchha. tyasapachhi uniharule upanyasko awasthalai sahityik widhako rupma kura garchhan-yo nishkarshma pugchhan kii mano-upanyas kamjor chha. yadyapi tyo widhako sath suit namanna asafal bhaekoma uni dukhi chhin, rar uni janchhan. usale bayle bajaunchha, tyasapachhi unko ek sathi aunchha rar jab uni prayaha unibata risaunchhin, yass patak unle afno haat afno waripari rakhchhin rar unlai chaandai feri auna pralobhan dinchhin. tyasapachhi unle afno sathisanga manovigyanma kurakani kasari munn paryo bhanne bare lekhna thalchhin. sahityik mahatwa. path adhuniktawadi modma lekhieko chha, kunai sett sanrachana bina, rar kathama dherai pariwartanharu chhan.

manobigyana (khudra galpa) "psychology" heuchhi catherine myansafieldanka dwara likhita 1920 masihar eka khudra galpa. ehaa prathame "ananda ebong anyanya kahani" ray prakashita hoithila . plut saransha. jane purush chaa 'piebaku jane mahilanka pakhaku jauchhanti. shay tanku kuhanti je ehaa heuchhi ekamatra sthana jeunthare shay ehara asababapatra ityadi bishajare dhyana dianti . shay madhya taa 'rahr' chhot pua 'ku bhal paae. taa 'parey semane upanyasara sthiti bishajare eka sahitya sailee bhabare kathabartta karanti-ehi siddhantare pahanchanti je mano-upanyasati kharap . shay sehi sailee sahita anusarana nakaribare biphal hoithibaru shay duhkhita anubhaba karanti, ebong shay chalijanti . shay ghanta bajanti, taa 'parey taanka jane bandhu asithanti ebong shay sadharanatah taanka dwara birakta heuthile, ether shay taanka charipate haata rakhi shighra ferry asibaku pralubdha karanti . taa 'parey shay taanka bandhunka saha manobigyana upare kathabartta kipari pasanda kale shay bishajare lekhibaku arambha karanti . sahityika gurutwa. ehi pathyati aadhunikabadee dhangare, kaunasi nirdista dhancha bina, ebong barnanare aneka paribartana sahita lekhajaichhi.

manovigiaan (chhoti kahani) "manovigiaan" catherine mansfield dee 1920 dee ikk chhoti kahani haii. ih sabh toon pahilan "anand atey horr kahaniaan" witch prakashit hoiaa see. plaat daa sankhep. ikk aadmi ikk aurat noon chaah peenn laee milann jaanda haii. uh uss noon dassda haii kii ih iko ikk jagha haii jitthe uh iss dey furniture aadi dey mamle witch dhiaan dinda haii. uh uss dey 'chhote munde' noon vee piaar karda haii. firr uh nawal dee sathiti baare ikk sahitak shaili dey roop witch gall karde hunn-iss sitte 'teey pahunchade hunn kii mano-nawal ghatiaa haii. uh iss gall toon dukhi haii kii uh sambhav taur 'teey uss shaili dee palna naa curran witch asfal rahee haii, atey uh chalaa jaanda haii. uh ghanti vajaunda haii, firr uss daa ikk dosat aaunda haii atey jadon uh aam taur utte uss toon naraz hundi haii, iss vaar uh aapni baanh aapne duaale rakkhdi haii atey uss noon jaldi hii dubara aaunn laee lubhaundi haii. firr uh iss baare likhan laggdi haii kii uss noon aapne dosat naal manovigiaan baare gallbat kiven pasand aaee. sahitak mahattav. paath aadhuniktavadi dhang witch likhiaa giaa haii, binan kise nirdharat dhanche dey, atey birtant witch bahut saariaan tabdiliaan dey naal.

manovidnyaanam (laghukathaam) "saikalji" iti 1920 tame varshe catherine mansfield ityanena likhitam laghukathaam asti. etat prathamam "bliss and adars stories" ityasmin prakaashitam. plyaat saaraamshaha. ekaha purushah chayam praaptum mahilaam prati gacchati. saha tam vadati yat idam ekamaatram sthaanam yatra saha tasya pitopakarananam vishaye ityaadishu avadhaanam karoti. saha tasyaah 'balakam' api preeyati. tatah te upanyaasasy saahityikaprakaaroopen sthitim vadanti-mano-upanyaasah durlabhaah iti nishkarsham prati aagacchanti. saa sambhawatah tasmin prakaaren saha anusarane asafalataam praapnot iti dukhitaa bhavati, tatah saha nirgacchati. saha ghantaah aarabhate, tatah tasyaah ekaha mitrah aagacchati, yadaa saa praayah tasyaah prati kruddhaa bhavati sma, asmin samaye saa swahastam swasyaah paritah sthapayitva sheeghramev punah aagantum pralobhayati. tatah saa swamitrena saha manovaidnyaanasya vishaye vartalapaha katham rochate iti lekhitum praarabhate. sahityikam mahattvam. granthah aadhunikavaadi-shaileen likhitah asti, nirneeta-samrachanaa vinaa, kathane bahuvaaryakramaih cha.

ulaviyal (sirukathai) "ulaviyal" enbathu keththarin mansfield ezhuthiya 1920 aam aandu sirukathai aagum. idhu muthalil "paerinpam mattrum pira kadhaigalil" veliyidappattathu. kadhai surukkam. oru aann theneer aruntha oru pennaip paarkiraan. adhan thalapaadangal mattrum palavattrin adippadaiyil thaan kavanam seluththum oray idam idhudhaan endru avar avalidam koorukiraar. avaludaiya 'siriya paiyanaiyum' avar nesikkiraar. pinnar avarkal naavalin nilaiyai oru ilakkiya vagaiyaagap pattri paesukiraarkal-mana-naaval moasamaanathu endra mudivukku varukiraargal. iruppinum, antha vagaiyaip pinpattraathathil thoalviyadainthirukkalaam endru aval vaethanaippadukiraal, avar veliyaerinaar. avar maniyai olikiraar, pinnar avaludaiya oru nanbar varukiraar, aval vazhakkamaaga avalaal koopapaduvaar, inththa murai aval kaiyai suttri vaiththu viraivil meendum vara varpuruththukiraal. pinnar aval thanathu nanbarudan ulaviyal pattriya paechchai eppadi virumbiyathaaga ezhuthath thodangkukiraal. ilakkiya mukkiyathuvam. urai naveenavaatha muraiyil ezhuthappattullathu, oru thoguppu amaippu illaamal, mattrum kadhaiyil pala maattrangkaludan.

manastatvasaastram (chinna katha) "psychology" anedi catherine mansfield raasina 1920 naati chinna katha. idhi modata "bliss und adhar stories" loe prachurinchabadindi. katha saaraamsam. oka purushudu tii kosam oka streeni sandarsistaadu. daani furniture modalaina vaati paramgaa taanu shraddha vahinche ekaika pradaesam idhe anie athanu aameku chebutaadu. athanu aame 'chinna pillavaadini' kooda premistaadu. appudu vaaru navala yokka sthithini saahitya sailigaa gurinchi matladataru-saiko-navala paelavamgaa undani nirdhaaranaku vastaaru. ayithe aaa sailini anusarinchadamlo viphalamainanduku aame baadhapadutuu, athanu vellipotaadu. athanu ganta mogistaadu, appudu aame snehitudu okadu vastunnadu mariyu aame saadhaaranamgaa aame patla kopamgaa unnappudu, esaari aame thana chetini thana chuttoo unchi, tvaralo tirigi raavaalani aamenu pralobhapedutundi. aame thana snehitudito manastatvasaastrampai charchanu elaa ishtapadindo raayadaaniki bayaludaerutumdi. saahitya praamukhyata. vachananni aadhunika paddhatiloo, nirneeta nirmaanam lekunda, kathanamlo aneka maarpulatoe vraayabadindi.

nafsiyaat (mukhtasir kahaani) "nafsiyaat" catherine menz feld kii 1920 kii eek mukhtasir kahaani hay. yaha sabb say pehley "bulls aind deegar stories" mein shaye hawaa thaa. plaat kaa khalasah. eek mard chaye kay liye aurat say milnay jaataa hay. wah asay batata hay kahh yaha waahid jagah hay jehaan wah iss kay furniture waghairah kay lahaaz say taujah deeta hay. wah iss kay 'chhotay ladkay' say bhee mohabat kartaa hay. iss kay baad wah naawal kii haalat kay baaray mein eek adbi sanaf kay toor parr baath kartay haine-iss natijay parr pahunchtay haine kahh nafsiyati naawal naqis hay. tahim wah iss sanaf kay saath mutabiqat naha rakhnay mein mamkanah toor parr nakaam honay parr ghum zadah mahsus karti hay aur wah chalaa jaataa hay. wah ghanti bajata hay phir iss kaa eek dost saath aataa hay aur jabb wah aam toor parr iss say naraaz hoti hay iss baar wah apnaa baazo apnay gird rakhti hay aur asay jald hyee dobarah aaney kay liye aksaati hay. iss kay baad wah iss baaray mein likhnay lagti hay kahh asay apnay dost kay saath nafsiyaat parr guftagu kisay pasand aayee. adbi ahmiyat. mutan jadeed tarz mein likhaa gayaa hay baghair kasee muqarrah dahanchay kay aur bayaniye mein behat see tabdiliyon kay saath.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2398684

Boston Reid

Boston Reid American racing driver Boston Reid (born December 29, 1982) is a USAC and NASCAR driver. Early life and education. Reid was born in Logansport, Indiana, where his father Lynn Reid, a former Indy car chief, was the Honda Motorcycle dealer; he later moved his shop to Kokomo, Indiana. Reid is a 2001 Graduate of Taylor High School. Reid began racing at the age of seven before moving on to the World Karting Association two years later. By the time he was twelve years old, he was racing 80cc go-karts and mini-sprint cars under the tutelage of his father. Professional racing career. In 1995, Reid won the Rookie of the Year division in the Mini Sprint 600cc division at Miami County Speedway. He won the track championship at that track over the next two years. In 1999, Reid moved to the Great Lakes Outlaw Sprint Series, a sprint car division based in the MidWest. He drove the George K. Devine Special number 9 to several race wins over the next two years. Reid garnered more awards, the 2002 USAC Sprint Car Rookie of the Year, and the National Sprint Car Hall of Fame Non-Wing Rookie of the Year. He got his first win that year at Eldora Speedway. He would go on to race in France as part of the Red Bull Racing Formula One program, where he was signed to a sponsorship deal. In 2004, Reid signed a driver development contract with Hendrick Motorsports. He made his Busch Series debut later that year at Richmond International Raceway with NEMCO Motorsports, finishing 37th after a crash. He made two more starts that year. In 2005, he raced seven races for Hendrick in the Busch Series. His best race was at Nashville Superspeedway, where he started and finished seventeenth. Unfortunately, he was released from his contract at Hendrick at the end of the year. In 2006, Reid was a rookie in the Craftsman Truck Series circuit with the new Woodard Racing team. He had run 20 races with a best finish of 13th when he was replaced by Damon Lusk. Before working with Hendrick's development program, Reid was mentored by four-time Winston Cup champion Jeff Gordon and his father, Lynn. Personal life. Reid is currently a successful Real Estate agent in Charlotte, North Carolina, and Founding Partner of Lead 2 Real Estate Group, (started in 2011), a firm that specializes in assisting the racing community with their real estate needs. He is married to Shanda, they have one son Hudson (born in 2012) and as of 2014, they announced they expecting another in March 2014. Boston Reid & Co. is currently the series title sponsor of the Pro Division of the Legends Car Summer Shootout at Charlotte Motor Speedway.

boston raid bob 'ston raid (jonmo 29 disembor, 1982) ejon eu. ess. e. chi. aaru nasokar salok. prarombhik jiwan aaru xikhya. raidor jonmo hoisil indianer logansportot, zo 'too teur pitri, egoraki prakton indie garir murobbi, linn raid aasil honda motorsaikel dilor; pisot teu nijor dukantu indianer kukumuloi sthanantor korisil. raid 2001 sonot tailor haiskulor snatok. dubosoror pisot biswo carting ess "siyesyonoloi juwar aagote raiday xaat bosor boyoxot resing aarombho korisil. baar bosor boyxoloike teu pitrir totwawodhanot totwawodhanot go "-cart aaru mini-print garir dourot aasil. pesadari resing keriyar. 1995 sonot, raiday mayami county speedway 'too mini sprint sprint xakhat bosoror ruki bibhage bijoyi hoisil. poroborti dubosorot teu xei trekot trekk championswip joy korisil. 1999 sonot raiday modhyo-poschimot owosthito ekhon sprint gaari bibhag great lakes outle 'sprint sirijoloi sthanantorito hoisil. teu jorjo key-koo solaisil. ohaa dubosorot keibatau res joyor baabe bixex xongkhya 9 nirdharon korok. raiday odhik botaa laabh korisil, 2002 sonor usac sprint kaar ruki off dyo bosor, aaru rastriyo sprint kaar holl owo fame nono-wing ruki off dyo bosor. xei bosor eldura speedwaite teu prothombaror baabe joylabh korisil. teu franceot redd bull resing formula waan progremor ongxo hisape resot protidondita koriboloi jaabo, zo 'too teuk ek pristhopuxokota suktit swakhyor koraa hoisil. 2004 sonot raiday hendrik motorspo 'rtosor xoite salok unnoyon sukti swakhyor kore. xei bosoror xexor faale rismond antohrastriyo reswet nemku motorspo 'rtosor xoite teu buch sirijot aatmoprokax korisil, etaa durghotonar pisot 37 xongkhyok sthan laabh korisil. xei bosor teu aaru dutaa aarombhoni korisil. 2005 sonot teu buch sirijot hendrikor baabe xatkhon res dourisil. teur xorbosrestho protijugita aasil naswobhil superspeedwet, zo 'too teu xoptodox aarombho korisil aaru xomapto korisil. durbhagyojonokbhabe, bosoror xexot teuk hendrikor suktir poraa mukoli koraa hoisil. 2006 sonot, notun woodard resing dolor xoite craftman truck sirij charkitot raid ejon rukee aasil. teu teu shrestho xomaptir xoite xoite res dourisil jetiya teur thait daymon laas aasil. hendrikor unnoyon karzoxusir xoite kaam korar aagote, raidok saribar winston kaap champion jeff gordon aaru teur deutak linor dwara poramorxo diya hoisil. byoktigoto jiwan. raid bortoman uttor kerulinar charlotor egoraki xofol real istet agent, aaru lead 2 real istet groopor protisthapok ongxidar, (2011 sonot aarombho huwa), etaa protisthan ji resing xomprodayok teulukor real istetor proyujoniyotar xoite xohay korat bixexogyo. teu xandar xoite bibahpaxot aabodho hoise, teulukor etaa putro aase hudson (2012 sonot jonmo) aaru 2014 sonor poraa teuluke 2014 sonor march maahot aan etaa aaxa koraa buli ghuxona korisil.

boston rayed boston rayed (jonmo 29shhey december, 1982) ekjon usac ebong naskar chaalok. prathomik jeebon oo shikkha. reeda indianar logansporte jonmogrohon corren, jekhane taanr baba lynne reeda, ekjon praktan indie gaadi prodhan, honda motorcycle byabasayi chhilen; porey tini taanr dokanti indianar kokomote sthanantorito corren. rayed 2001 saale tailor hye skooler snatok. dui bochor porr worled curting associatione yawar agey shaat bochor boyse racing shuru corren. barro bochor boyse tini taanr babar tottabodhane 80 sisi goo-curt ebong minnie-print gaadi daudaten. peshadar racing carrier. 1995 saale, miami county speedwayte minnie sprint 600 sisi bibhage bochorer sera rookie jitechilen. porer dui bochore tini seii tracker track championship jitechilen. 1999 saale, reeda greta lakes outle 'sprint sirije choley zaan, jaa modhyo-poschim vittik ekti sprint gaadi bibhag. tini george keey-keey chaalan. agami dui bochore besh koyekti reesa joyer jonno 9 nambar bishesh sankhya toiri korun. rayed arow puraskar orjon corren, 2002 saaler usac sprint kaar rookie off dya ear ebong jatiya sprint kaar holl off phema nonn-wing rookie off dya ear. seii bochor eldora speedwayte tini taanr prothom joy paan. tini reeda bull racing formula oyana programer ongsho hisabe france daudate jaben, jekhane tini ekti sponsorship chuktite swakkhorito hoyechilen. 2004 saale, rayed hendrick motorsportser saathe ekti chaalok unnayan chukti swakkhar corren. seii bochorer shesher dike richmond antorjatik resweite nemco motorsportser saathe tini bush sirije atmoprokash corren, ekti durghotonar porey 37tomo sthan orjon corren. seii bochor tini arow duti shuru corren. 2005 saale, tini bush sirije hendriker jonno satti reesa daudechilen. taanr sera daud chhilo nashville superspeedwayete, jekhane tini saptadash shuru corren ebong shesh corren. durbhagyoboshoto, bochorer sheshe tini hendriker saathe taar chukti theke mukti paan. 2006 saale, notun uddard racing doler saathe karigar truck sirij sarkite rayed ekjon notun kheload chhilen. tini 13tomo sera samapti soho 20tii reesa daudechilen jokhon taanr jaiga daymon luxke protisthapon koraa hoyechilo. hendriker unnayan kormosuchite kaaj korar agey, raidke charbarer winston cup champion jeff gordon ebong taar baba lynne poramorsho diyechilen. byaktigato jeebon. rayed bortomane uttor caroliner charlote-teey ekjon sofol real esteta agent ebong lida 2 real esteta grouper protisthata angshidar, (2011 saale shuru), ekti sangostha jaa racing sampradayke taader real estater chahida metate sahayata korte biseshoggo. tini shandake biye korechen, taader ekti chhele hudson royeche (2012 saale jonmogrohon corren) ebong 2014 saaler march maase taaraa ghoshana korey jey taaraa onno ekti aasha korche.

boostana reed boostana reed (janm 29 december, 1982) usac aneey nascar driver chhe. praarambhik jeevan aneey shikshan. reedno janm logansport, indianama thayo hato, jyaan temnaa pitaa linn reed, bhutpurv indii kaar chief, honda motorcycle dealer hataa; baadmaa temane temnee dukan kokomo, indianama khasedi hatee. reed 2001maan taylor haai skoolnaa snaatak chhe. beey varsh pachhi worled carting associationma jataa pahelaa reede saat varshnee ummare racing sharoo curry hatee. jyaare teo baar varshnaa hataa, tyaare teo temnaa pitana margdarshan hethal 80 seesee goo-cart aneey miinii-print kaarnee spardhaa curry rahyaa hataa. vyaavsaayik racing karkirdi. 1995maan, reede miyami kaauntii speedway khaate miinii sprint 600 seesee vibhagma varshno rookie jeetyo hato. temane aagaami beey varshmaa teey track parr track championship jeetee hatee. 1999maan, reed greta lakes outlo sprint shreneema gayaa, jeey madhyapashchimma stheet sprint kaar vibhag chhe. temane george keey. neey chalaavyo. aagaami beey varshmaa anek reesa jeetva maate vishesh number 9 banaavo. raiday vadhu puraskaaro melvyaa, 2002 yuu. aesa. aee. see. sprint kaar rookie off dhaa year, aneey national sprint kaar holl off phema none-wing rookie off dhaa year. teey varshe aldora speedway parr temne temnee pratham jeet malee hatee. teo reeda buul racing formula vana prograamnaa bhagroope francemaa resamaa bhaag levaa maate aagad vadhashe, jyaan temne praayojak karaar parr hastakshar karvaamaa aavyaa hataa. 2004maan, reede handrick motorsports saathe driver development karaar parr hastakshar karyaa. temane teey varshnaa antamaa richmond international resway khaate namco motorsports saathe temnee busch shreneeni sharuaat curry hatee, jeey aek akasmaat pachhi 37maa sthaane rahee hatee. tene teey varshe vadhu beey sharuaat curry hatee. 2005maan, temane busch shreneema handrick maate saat resamaa bhaag leedho hato. temnee shreshth reesa nashville superspeedway khaate hatee, jyaan temane sattarmee sharoo curry aneey samaapt curry. kamanaseebe, varshnaa ante temne handrick khaatena temnaa kararmathi mukt karvaamaa aavyaa hataa. 2006maan, reed navee woodard racing team saathe craftman truck siriz circuitma rookie hataa. jyaare tenee jagyae dayman lusk aavyo tyaare tene 13maa krame raheene 20 resamaa bhaag leedho hato. handrickna vikaas kaarykram saathe kaama kartaa pahelaa, reedne chaar vakhatnaa winston cup champiyan jeff gorden aneey tenaa pitaa lyne dwara margdarshan aapvama aavyu hatoo. angat jeevan. reed haalmaa uttar keroleena charlotma aek safal real estate agent chhe aneey lead 2 real estate group (2011 maan sharoo thayel) naa sthaapak bhagidar chhe, jeey pedhhi racing samudaayne temnee real estate jaruriyaatomaa madad karvaamaa nishnaat chhe. temane shandaa saathe lagna karyaa chhe, temne aek putra hudson (2012 maan janm) chhe aneey 2014 sudhimaa, teoae jaaherat curry hatee keey teo march 2014 maan beejani apeksha raakhe chhe.

boston reed boston reed (janm 29 disambar, 1982) ack usac aur nascar chaalak hain. praarambhik jeevan aur shiksha. reed kaa janm logansport, indiana mein huaa thaa, jahan unake pitaa linn reed, ack poorv indee kaar pramukh, honda motorcycle dealer they; baad mein unhone apani dukaan cocomo, indiana mein sthanantarit curr dee. reed 2001 mein teller hyee school seey snaatak hain. reed ney dou saal baad vishva carting sangh mein jaane seey pahale saat saal kii umr mein racing shuru kii. jaba way baarah saal key they, taba taka way apane pitaa key sanrakshan mein 80 cc goo-cart aur mini-print kaaron kii daud lagaa rahey they. peshevar racing carrier. 1995 mein, reed ney miyami county speedway mein mini sprint 600 cc division mein varsh key sarvshreshth khilaadi kaa khitaab jeetaa. unhone agale dou varshon mein usa track parr track championship jeeti. 1999 mein, reed grate lakes outlow sprint shrinkhala mein chaley gaye, joe madhya paschim mein sthit ack sprint kaar division haye. unhone george key koo chalaaya. agale dou varshon mein kaee daud jeet key liye vishesh sankhya 9 kaa prayog karein. reed ney adhik puraskar praapt kiye, varsh kaa 2002 yuu. aiss. aeye. see. sprint kaar rookie, aur varsh kaa rashtriya sprint kaar holl off fame gair-wing rookie. unhein usa varsh aldora speedway parr apani pahali jeet millie. vaha laal bail daud formula ack karyakram key hisse key roop mein france mein daud key liye jaayega, jahan usey ack prayojan samjhaute parr hastakshar kiye gaye they. 2004 mein, reed ney hendrick motorsports key saath ack chaalak vikas anubandh parr hastakshar kiye. unhone usa varsh baad mein richmond antarrashtriya resway mein nemco motorsports key saath apani busch shrinkhala kii shuruat kii, joe ack durghatana key baad 37vein sthaan parr rahee. unhone usa varsh dou aur shuruat kii. 2005 mein, unhone busch shrinkhala mein hendrick key liye saat dauden daudin. unaki sarvshreshth daud nashville superspeedway mein thee, jahan unhone satrahavin kii shuruat kii aur samaapt kiya. durbhagya seey, unhein varsh key anta mein hendrick mein apane anubandh seey riha curr diyaa gayaa. 2006 mein, reed naee woodard racing team key saath shilpkar truck shrinkhala circuit mein ack navodit khilaadi they. unhone 13vein sthaan key sarvshreshth pradarshan key saath 20 dauden daudin theen jaba unaki jagah dayman lusk ney leey lii thee. hendrick key vikas karyakram key saath kaam karane seey pahale, reed koo chaar baar key winston cup champion jeff gorden aur unake pitaa, linn dwara salah dee gaee thee. vyaktigat jeevan. reed vartamaan mein charlotte, uttari carolina mein ack safal achal sampatti agent haye, aur leed 2 achal sampatti samooh (2011 mein shuru) kaa sansthaapak bhagidar haye, ack firm joe racing samudaay koo unaki achal sampatti kii jarooraton mein sahaayata karane mein mahir haye. unhone shanda seey shaadi kii haye, unakaa ack betaa hudson haye (2012 mein paida huaa) aur 2014 taka, unhone ghoshana kii kii way march 2014 mein dusare kii ummeed curr rahey hain.

boston reed boston reed (janana december 29,1982) obba usac mattu nascar chalaka. arambhika jeevana mattu sikshana. raid indiyaanaada logansportnalli janisidaru, allie avara tande, maaji indee kaar mukhyastharaada linn raid, honda motorcycle vyaapaariyaagiddaru; nantara avaru tamma angadiyannu indiyaanaada kokomoge sthalaantarisidaru. reed 2001ralli taylor proudhashaaleya padavidhararagiddare. eradu varshagala nantara vishwa carting sangakke teraluva modalu raid tanna elane vayassinalli racing praarambhisidaru. avaru hanneradu varshadavaragiddaga, tamma tandeya margadarshanadalli 80 sisi goo-kaartgalu mattu mini-print kaarugalannu odisuttiddaru. vruttipara racing vrutti. 1995ralli, miami kaunti speedwayalli nadeda mini sprint 600 sisi vibhagadalli reed varshada rookie prashastiyannu geddaru. mundina eradu varsagalalli avaru aaa tracknelly track championship geddaru. 1999ralli, reed grate lakes out laa sprint saranigalige sthalaantaragondaru, idu midwest moolada sprint kaar vibhaagavaagide. aata georg keey. avarannu odisidaru. mundina eradu varsagalalli halavaaru otada geluvugalige vishesha sankhye 9 annu rupisi. raid hecchina prashastigalannu galisidaru, 2002rahra yuu. ess. aa. sii. sprint kaar rookie off dhii ear, mattu varshada rashtriya sprint kaar haal off fame naan-wing rookie. aaa varsha avaru eldora speedwayalli tamma modala geluvu padedaru. avaru redd bull racing farmula one kaaryakramada bhagavagi fransonalli resge hoguttiddaru, allie avaru prayojakatvada oppandakke sahi haakidaru. 2004ralli, reed avaru hendrick motorsportsnondige chalaka abhivruddhi oppandakke sahi haakidaru. aaa varshada koneyalli nemco motorsportsnondige richmond international racewayalli avaru tamma bush saraniyannu praarambhisidaru, apaghaatada nantara 37 neey sthana galisidaru. aaa varsha avaru innoo eradu aarambhagalannu maadidaru. 2005ralli, avaru bush saranialli hendrikgaagi elu resgalalli spardhisidaru. avara atyuttama otada spardheyu nashville superspeedweyalli nadeyitu, allie avaru hadinelaneyadannu praarambhisi mugisidaru. duradrushtavashat, varshada koneyalli avaru hendrick avara oppandadinda bidugadeyaadaru. 2006ralli, hosa woodard racing tandadondige craftsman truck sarani circuitnalli reed hosa atagararagiddaru. avaru 13neey atyuttama finish hondiruva 20 resgalannu aadiddaru, avara badalige dammon lusk avarannu nemisalaayitu. hendrick avara abhivruddhi kaaryakramadalli kelasa maaduva modalu, reed avarige naalku baari winston cup champiyan jeff garden mattu avara tande linn margadarshana niididaru. vaiyaktika jeevana. reed prastuta uttara kerolinada charlottenalli yashasvi real estate agent aagiddu, lead 2 real estate groupna (2011 ralli praarambhavaayitu) sthapaka paludararagiddare, idu racing samudaayakke avara real estate agatyagalige sahaaya maduvalli parinati hondide. avaru shandavannu vivahavaagiddaare, avarige obba maga hudson (2012 ralli janisidaru) iddaare mattu 2014 rahra march nalli avaru innobba maganannu nirikshisuttiddaare endu ghoshisidaru.

boosttan reed boosttan raid (jananam desember 29,1982) oru usac, nascar driveranu. aadyakaala jeevithavum vidyaabhyaasavum. muun indi kaar medhaaviyaayirunna pithaav lyne raid honda motorcycle dealeraayirunna indiaanayile logansportilaanu raid janichathu; pinneedu addeham thante kada indiaanayile cocomoyilekku maatti. 2001 ll tailor haiskoolil ninnu birudam nediyayaalaanu raid. rund varshathinu sesham waled carting associationilekku maarunnathin munbu ezhaam vayassil raid racing aarambhichu. panthrand vayassullappozhekkum addeham pithaavinte samrakshanathil 80 sisi goo-kaarttukalum miinii-print kaarukalum rays cheiyukayaayirunnu. professional racing currier. 1995ll miyami kaundi speedwayil nadanna miinii sprint 600 sisi divisionil raid rookie oof dhaa iyar division nedi. adutha rund varshathinullil aaa trackle addeham track chaambyanshippu nedi. 1999-ll, midu vestt aasthaanamaayulla sprint kaar divisionaaya grettu lakes auttlo sprint seereesilekk reed maari. addeham jorjju keey. yeei oodichu. adutha rund varshathinullil niravadhi rays vijayangalkkayi prathyeka nambar 9 nalkuka. 2002leeii yuu. ezz. eiii. sii sprint kaar rookie oof dhaa iyar, naashanal sprint kaar haal oof faim noonn-wing rookie oof dhaa iyar ennee puraskaarangal raid nedi. aaa varsham eldora speedwayilaanu addehathinu aadya vijayam labhichathu. redu bull racing formula vann prograaminte bhaagamaayi addeham fraansil rays cheyyaan pookukayum avide addeham oru sponsorship karaaril oppuvaykkappedukayum cheythu. 2004ll hendrick motorsportsumaayi driver vikasana karar oppittu. aaa varsham avasaanam richmond internaashanal racewayiyil nemco motorsportsinoppam addeham bush seereesil arangettam kurichu, oru apakadatthinu sesham 37-aamm sthaanathethi. aaa varsham addeham rund thudakkangal koodi nadatthi. 2005ll addeham bush parambarayil hendrikkinaayi ezhu resukalil pankedutthu. pathinezhaam theeyathi aarambikkukayum avasaanikkukayum cheytha naashville superspeedveyilaayirunnu addehathinte ettavum mikacha malsaram. nirbhagyavashaal, aaa varshavasaanam addeham hendrikkile karaaril ninnu mochithanaayi. 2006-ll, puthiya woodard racing teaminoppam craftman truck seerees sarkyoottile oru puthumukhamaayirunnu raid. 13-aamm sthaanathulla mikacha finishumaayi addeham 20 resukalil oodiyappool addehathinu pakaram daaman lusk vannu. hendrikkinte vikasana paripaadiyil pravarthikkunnathinu munbu, naalu thavana vinsttan kapp chaambyanaaya jeff gorden pithaav linnum reydine upadeshichu. vyakthiparamaaya jeevitam. nilavil north karolinayile charlottile oru vijayakaramaya riyal estettu ejantum racing samoohathe avarude riyal estettu aavasyangalkkaayi sahayikkunnathil vaidagdhyamulla oru sthaapanamaaya leed 2 riyal estettu grouppinte (2011 ll aarambhicha) sthaapaka pankaaliyumaanu raid. avan shanda vivaham kazhichu, avarkk oru makan hudson undu (2012 ll janichu), 2014 leeii kanakkanusarichu, 2014 maarchil avar mattoraale pratheekshikkunnathayi prakhyaapichu.

boston reed boston reed (janm 29 december 1982) haah eka yuu. ess. aii. see. aanee naskar chalak aahe. prarambhik jeevan aanee shikshan. reedcha janm indianatil logansport yethe jhaala, jithe tyache vadil, majee indii qaar pramukh, lyne reed heey honda motorcycle vyapari hote; nantar tyanni tyanche dukan cocomo, indianala halavale. reed heey 2001 saalee teller highschoolche padvidhar aahet. done varshannantar jaagtik carting sanghatanet jaanyapurvi reedne vayachya satvya varshi sharyatila suruvat kelee. vayachya baravya varshaparyant too tyachya vadilanchya margdarshanakhali 80 sisichya goo-cart aanee miinii-print gadyanchi sharyat khelat hota. vyavsayik sharyatitil karkird. 1995 madhye, miyami county speedway yetheel miinii sprint 600 cc vibhagat reedne varshatil sarvottam kheladucha kitab jinkla. pudhil done varshant tyane tyaa trackver track championship jinkley. 1999 madhye, reed gret lakes outla sprint maliket gela, joou madhyapashchimmadhye sthit eka sprint qaar vibhag aahe. tyane george keey. chalavala. pudhil done varshant anek sharyatinmadhye vijay midvinyasathi 9 haah vishesh kramank dya. reedne adhik puraskar midavale, 2002 yuu. ess. aii. see. sprint qaar rookie auph daad ear aanee national sprint qaar holl auph fame naun-wing rookie auph daad ear. tyaa varshi eldora speedwaver tyala tyacha pahila vijay midala. too reed bail sharyati formula vann karyakramacha bhag mhanoon francemadhye sharyatisathi jaat asey, jithe tyala prayojakatv kararavar swakshari karnyat aalee. 2004 madhye, reedne hendrick motorsportssobat chalak vikas kararavar swakshari kelee. tyach varshachya uttaradhat tyane richmond aantarrashtriy resvevar nemco motorsports busch malikemadhye padarpan kele aanee apghatanantar 37 vya sthanavar rahila. tyaa varshi tyane aanakhi done suruvat kelee. 2005 madhye tyane busch maliket hendriksathi saat sharyati kelya. nashville superspeedway yethe tyachi sarvottam sharyat hotee, jithe tyane sataravya kramankachi suruvat kelee aanee shevat keela. durdaivane, varshachya akheris tyala hendrikmadhil tyachya kararatoon mukt karnyat aale. 2006 madhye, naveen woodard racing sanghasah craftman truck sirij circuitmadhe reed haah navodit hota. tyane tyane kramankachya sarvottam kamgirisah 20 sharyati kelya hotya, jevha tyachya jaagi dammon laskachi jaaga ghenyat aalee. hendrickchya vikas karyakramasah kaam karnyapurvi, reed yanna chaar vela winston chashak vijeta jeff gorden aanee tyache vadil lyne yanni margadarshan kele hote. vaiyaktik jeevan. reed sadhya uttar carolinatil charlote yethe eka yashasvi sthavar malmatta pratinidhi aahe aanee aaghadi 2 sthavar malmatta samoohacha (2011 madhye suru jhalela) sansthapak bhagidar aahe, jee eka company aahe jee sharyatitil samudayala tyanchya sthavar malmattechya garjanmadhye madat karnyat tadnya aahe. tyane shandashi lagn kele aahe, tyanna eka mulga hudson aahe (2012 madhye janmala) aanee 2014 paryant, tyanni march 2014 madhye madhye mulachi apeksha asalyache jaheer kele.

boston reed boston reed (janma december 29,1982) ek usac rar naskar chalak hun. prarambhik jiwan rar shiksha. redko janma logansport, indianama bhaeko thiyo, jahaan unka buba lyne reed, ek purva indie carr pramukh, honda motorcycle dealer thie; unle pachhi afno pasal kokomo, indianama sarera gae. raid sann 2001 maa taylor hai schoolbata snatak hun. dui warshapachhi vishwa carting sanghama januaghi redle saat warshako umerma daud suru gare. jab uni bahra warshaka thie, unle afno bubako sanrakshanma 80 sisi go-cart rar minny-print karharu daudiraheka thie. wyawasayik resing currier. sann 1995 maa, reidle miyami county speedwema minny sprint 600 cc divisionma warshako rookie jite. unle arko dui warshama tyas trackma track championship jite. sann 1999 maa, redd great lake autla sprint shringkhalama sare, madhyapashchimma adharit sprint carr division. unle george key chalae. arko dui warshama dherai daud jitka lagi vishesh number 9 lai devine garnuhos. reidle thap puraskarharu prapta gare, 2002 ko usac sprint carr rookie aff da ear, rar warshako rashtriya sprint carr hull aff fame gaira-wing rookie. unle tyas warsha aldora speedwema afno pahilo jit pae. uni francema redd bull resing farmula wann karyakramko bhagko rupma daudama jaane thie, jahaan uni prayojan samjhautama hastakshar bhaeka thie. sann 2004 maa, reidle hendrick motorsportssang driver vikas samjhautama hastakshar gare. unle tyas warshako antyama richmond antarrashtriya reswema nemko motorsportssang afno bush shringkhalako suruwat gare, durghatanapachhi 37 aun sthanma rahe. unle tyas warsha thap duiwata suruwat gare. sann 2005 maa, unle bush shringkhalama hendrikaka lagi saat resharu daude. unko utkrishta daud nasabhil superspeedwema thiyo, jahaan unle satraun suru gare rar samapta gare. durbhagyawash, uni warshako antyama hendrikma afno samjhautabata mukta bhae. sann 2006 maa, redd nayan woodard resing tolisanga craftman truck sirij circuitma ek nausikhiya thie. unle 13 aunko utkrishta samaptika sath 20 wata daudharu daudeka thie jab unko sthanma dayman lusk rakhieko thiyo. hendrikko vikas karyakramma kaam garnuaghi, ridlai chaar patakko winston cup champion jeff gorden rar unka buba linle marganirdeshan gareka thie. wyaktigat jiwan. raid hall charlote, uttari carolinama ek safal ghar jagga agent how, rar lead 2 ghar jagga samuhako sansthapak sajhedar how, (2011 maa suru bhaeko), ek ferm jasle resing samudayalai uniharuko ghar jagga awashyakataharuma sahayog garnama visheshagyata dinchha. unle sandasanga vivaha gareka chhan, uniharuko euta chhora hudson (2012 maa janmieko) chha rar 2014 samma, uniharule march 2014 maa arkoko apeksha garne ghoshana gare.

boston redd boston redd (janma december 29,1982) jane jayu. ess. aii. sii. ebong naskar driver. prarambhika zeeban ebong sikhya. redd indianara logansportare janmagrahana karithile, jeunthare taanka pita lyn redd, jane purbatana indi carr mukhya, honda motorcycle dealer thile; parey shay taanka dokanaku cocomo, indianaku sthanantarita karithile. redd 2001 masihare taylor haiskularu snataka hassel karichanti. dui barsha parey biswa carting sanghaku jiba purbaru redd saata barsha bajasare resing arambha karithile. baara barsha bayasa belaku shay taanka bapanka tatwabadhanare 80 sisi goo-cart ebong mini-print kaara rays karuthile. pesadara resing kyariyara. 1995 masihare, miami county spidwere mini sprint 600 sisi bibhagare ridd barshar rookie jitithile. shay parabarti dui barsha madhyare sehi track ray track championship jitithile. 1999 masihare, redd great lakes outla sprint sirijku sthanantarita hoithile, jaahaa madhya-paschimare abasthita eka sprint carr divijana . shay george kee. nku chalaithile. agami dui barsha madhyare aneka rays bijai paain swatantra nambara 9 pradan karantu . redd adhika puraskara, 2002 jayu. ess. aii. sii. sprint carr rookie off dee iyar, ebong jatiah sprint carr hull off fame anah-winga rookie off dee iyar hassel karithile. shay sehi barsha eldora spidwere tankara pratham bijai paithile. shay redd bull resing farmula waan programmer ansha bhabare francere dauda karibaku jibe, jeunthare tanku eka prajojaka chukti swakhyarita hoithila . 2004 masihare, redd hendrik motorsports sahita eka driver bikash chukti swakhyara karithile. shay sehi barsha sheshare richmond antarjatija resawere nemco motorsports sahita nijara bush sirij arambha karithile, eka durghatana parey 37 tama sthanare rahithile. sehi barsha shay aau duiti arambha karithile. 2005 masihare shay bush sirijre hendrik paain satati resre bhaga neithile. tankara sarbottama dauda nasavila superspeedwere thila, jeunthare shay saptadasa arambha karithile ebong samapta karithile. durbhagyabashatah, barsha sheshare shay hendrik thaare taanka chuktiru mukta hoithile. 2006 ray, ridd nutan woodard resing dala sahita craftman truck sirij sarkitare jane nabagata thile . shay 13 tama shrestha samapti sahita 20 rays doudithile jetebele taanka sthanare daymon lusk niajaithila . hendriknka bikash karjyakram sahita kaama kariba purbaru, redd charithara winston cop champion jeff gerden ebong taanka pita linnka dwara paramarsha paithile. byaktigata zeeban. redd bartamana uttara carolinara charlotare jane saphala real estate agent ebong lead 2 real estate group (2011 ray arambha hoithiba) rahr pratisthata anshidara, eka farm jaahaa resing sampradajaku semanankara real estate aabashyakataare sahajya karibare bisheshagya . shay shandanku bibaha karichanti, semanankara gotie pua hudson (2012 ray janma) achhi ebong 2014 masiha suddha, semane march 2014 ray anya eka aasha karuthiba ghoshana karithile.

boston reed boston reed (janam 29 dasambar, 1982) ikk usac atey naskar driver haii. mudhla jeevan atey sikkhiaa. reed daa janam logansport, indiana witch hoiaa see, jitthe uss dey pitaa linn reed, ikk sabka indee qaar mukhi, honda motorcycle dealer sunn; baad witch uh aapni dukan cocomo, indiana witch tabdil qarr ditta. reed 2001 witch teller hyee school toon graduate haii. reed neey satt saal dee umar witch daud shuru keeti atey doou saal baad vishav carting association witch chaley gaye. jadon uh baaran saal dey sunn, uh aapne pitaa dee sikkhiaa heth 80 cc goo-cartan atey minni-print kaaran dee daud lagaa rahey sunn. peshevar racing carrier. 1995 witch, reed neey miaami kaoonti speedway vikhe minni sprint 600 cc division witch saal dee rookie division jitti. uss neey agle doou saalan witch uss track utte track championship jitti. sann 1999 witch, reed gret lakes outlaa sprint seereez witch chalee gaee, joe kii maddh-pachham witch sathit ikk sprint qaar division haii. uss neey jaaraj keey noon chalaiaa. agle doou saalan witch kaee daud jittan laee vishesh number 9 banao. reed neey horr puraskar prapat keete, saal daa 2002 usac sprint qaar rookie, atey saal daa rashtari sprint qaar haal aaf fame naan-wing rookie. uss saal uss neey aldora speedway vikhe aapni pahili jitt prapat keeti. uh france witch redd blood racing farmula vann program dey hisse vajon daud witch javega, jitthe uss noon ikk sponsorship saude laee hastakhar keete gaye sunn. 2004 witch, reed neey handrick motorsports naal ikk driver vikas ikrarname utte hastakhar keete. uss neey uss saal baad witch richmond antarashtari raceway witch namco motorsports naal aapni bush seereez dee shuruat keeti, ikk hadse toon baad baad sathaan 'teey riha. uss saal unhan neey doou horr shuruat keetiaan. sann 2005 witch, uss neey bush seereez witch handrick laee satt daudan witch hissa liaa. uss dee sarbottam daud nashville super speedway vikhe see, jitthe uss neey starhvin daud shuru keeti atey khatam keeti. badkismati naal, uss noon saal dey ant witch handrick vikhe aapne ikrarname toon rihaa qarr ditta giaa see. 2006 witch, reed naveen woodard racing team dey naal karigar truck seereez circut witch ikk navaan see. uss neey neey sathaan dey sarbottam pardarshan naal 20 daudan khediaan sunn jadon uss dee thaan dammon lusk neey lae laee see. handrick dey vikas program naal kamm curran toon pahilan, reed noon chaar vaar dey winston kapp champion jaif gorden atey uss dey pitaa, linn duaara sedh ditti gaee see. nijji jeevan. reed varatman witch charlot, uttri carolina witch ikk safal real astet agent haii, atey leed 2 real astet group (2011 witch shuru keeti gaee) dee sansthapak bhaiwal haii, ikk ferm joe racing community noon unhan deeaan real astet zaruratan witch sahaita curran witch muharat rakkhdi haii. uss daa viaah shanda naal hoiaa haii, unhan daa ikk puttar hudson (2012 witch paida hoiaa) haii atey 2014 takk, unhan neey march 2014 witch ikk horr puttar dee umeed curran daa ailaan keeta.

boston reed boston reed (jananam 29 december 1982) ekaha yoo ess e see tathaa nasker chaalakah asti. praarambhikajeevanam tathaa shiksha. redd ityasya janma indiana-nagarasya logansport-nagare abhavat, yatra tasya pitaa linn redd, yah poorwah indee-kaar-pramukhah aasit, hondaa-motorsackle-vyaapaarih aasit; pashchat saha swasya bhandaram indiana-nagarasya kokomo-nagare sthanantaritavan. redd 2001 tame varshe teller-ucchavidyaalayasya snaatakah asti. varshadvayaanantaram world carting-association-samsthaam prati gantum poorvam, redd ityeshah saptavarshasya vayasi resing-kreedaam aarabdhavaan. yadaa saha dvaadashavarshasya aasit tadaa saha swapituh samrakshane 80 sisi go-carts, mini-print cars cha res kurvan aasit. vyaavasaayik-resing-vruttihi. 1995 tame varshe, redd-varyaha miyaami-kaunti-speedway-ityatra mini-sprint-600 sisi-vibhaagasya varsha-shreshta-vibhaagasya rookee iti puraskaram avaapnot. agrime varsheshu tasmin track-kridaayaam saha track-chaampiyanship-kreedaam avaapnot. 1999 tame varshe, reed ityeshah gret lakes-outla-sprint-shrunkhalaam prati gatavaan, yat madhyapaschimadishi sthitam sprint-kaar-vibhaagah asti. saha jaarj key ityenam chalitavan. agrime varsheshu anekanam spardhaanaam krute 9 visheshasankhyaam dattam vijayihi. redd adhikaan puraskaran praptavan, 2002 yoo. ess. e. see. sprint kaar rookee aaf da iyar, rashtriya-sprint kaar haal aaf fame naan-ving rookee aaf da iyar cha. tasmin varshe eldora-speedway ityatra saha prathamam vijayam praapnot. saha redd-bull-resing-farmula-vann-karyakramasya bhagarupena france-deshe spardhaam kartum gacchati sma, yatra saha praayojak-kararasya krute hastaaksharitah aasit. 2004 tame varshe, redd-varyaha hendrick-motorsports ityanena saha chaalak-vikasa-anubandham angeekrutavaan. saha tasmin eva varshe ante richmond-antarashtriya-reswe-kridaayaam nemko-motorsports ityanena saha bush-shrunkhalaayaah padaarpanam krutavaan, durghatanayaha anantaram 37 tame sthaane samaapayat. tasmin varshe saha itoapi dwau aarambhou krutavaan. 2005 tame varshe saha bush-shrunkhalaayaam hendrick-krute sapta spardhaasu bhaagam agruhnaat. tasya sarwottamah spardhah naashville-sooparspeedwe-nagare aasit, yatra saha saptadasha-kreedaayaah arambham samaaptam cha krutavaan. durbhagyataya, varshasya ante saha hendrick-nagare swasya anubandhaat muktah abhavat. 2006 tame varshe, redd ityeshah nutanena woodard-resing-dalena saha craftsman-truck-siris-circuit-madhye navaagatah aasit. saha 13 tamam sarvottamam samaaptim praapya 20 spardhaasu dhavitavan, yadaa tasya sthaane dayman lusk abhavat. hendrick ityasya vikaasakaaryakramen karyam kartum poorvam, reed-varyaha chaturvaaram winston cup-chaampiyan jeff gorden ityanena, tasya pituhu linn ityanena cha maargadarshitah aasit. vyaktigatajeevanam. redd ityeshah samprati uttarakerolina-rajyasya charlot-nagare saphalah real-state-pratinidhihi asti, tathaa cha leed-2 real-state-samuhasya (2011 tame varshe arabdha) samsthaapak-sahabhaagi asti, yat samsthaa resing-samudaayasy real-state-aavashyakataam prati sahayatam kartum visheshadnyaa asti. saha shanda ityanena saha vivaahitah asti, teshaam ekaha putrah hudson (2012 tame varshe janma) asti, 2014 tame varshe maarch-maase aparasya pratyasham kurvan iti ghoshayan.

baston reed baston reed (prappu disambar 29,1982) oru america mattrum nascar oottunar aavaar. aarambagaala vaazhkkai mattrum kalvi. rait indiyanaavin loconsportle piranthaar, angku avarathu thanthai linn rait, oru munnaal indi kaarr thalaivar, hoondaa motor cycle vyaapaari; pinnar avar thanathu kadaiyai indiyanaavin kogomovukku maatrinaar. rait 2001 aam aandu dailor uyarnilaip pallyil pattam pettravar. irandu aandugalukkup piragu ulaga carding sangaththirkuch selvatharku munbu aezhu vayathil raid panthayaththaith thodangkinaar. avarukku pannirandu vayathaaka irunththapoathu, avar thanathu thanthaiyin payirchiyin keezh 80 sisi coow-kaardugal mattrum mini-brind kaarkalil panthayaththil eedupattaar. thozhilmurai pandhaya vaazhkkai. 1995 aam aandil, miami kavundi speedwayil mini sprind 600 sisi pirivil aandin rookie privai rait ventraar. aduththa irandu aandugalil antha trackle track saambiyanshippai ventraar. 1999 aam aandil, reed grade lakes sattaviroatha sprind thodarukku kudipeyarnthaar, idhu matthiya maerkai thalamaagak konda oru sprind kaarr pirivaagum. avar jaarj kae. aii oottinaar. aduththa irandu aandugalil pala pandhaya vetrtrikalukku sirappu enn 9 aii vazhangkavum. raid maelum pala viruthugalaip pettraar, 2002 aam aandin yusak sprind kaarr rookie mattrum aandin thaesiya sprind kaarr haal off fame allaatha wing rookie. antha aandu eltora speedwayil avar thanathu muthal vetrtriyaip pettraar. avar sivappu kaalai pandhaya sooththiram oru thittaththin oru paguthiyaaga brancil panthayaththirkuch selvaar, angku avar oru spancership oppanthaththil kaiyeluththittaar. 2004 aam aandil, hendrik motorsports udan oottunar maempaattu oppanthaththil reed kaiyeluththittaar. antha aandin pirpaguthiyil richmond sarvadesa racewayil nemco motorsports udan thanathu bush thodaril arimugamaanaar, oru vibaththukkup piragu 37 vadhu idaththaip pidiththaar. antha aandu avar maelum irandu thodakkankalai seithaar. 2005 aam aandil, avar bush thodaril hendrik aezhu panthayangkalil poattiyittaar. avarathu sirantha pandhayam naashvil suuppar speedwayil irunththathu, angku avar pathinaezhaavathu idaththaith thodangi muditthaar. thurathirshtavasamaaga, avar aandin iruthiyil hendrik oppanthaththilirunthu viduvikkappattaar. 2006 aam aandil, puthiya woodard pandhaya aniyudan kaivinaignar druck thodar suttruvattaaraththil reed oru puthiyavaraaga irunthaar. avar 20 panthayangkalil 13 vadhu sirantha mudivudan oodinaar, appoathu avarukku pathilaaka daaman lusk maattrappattathu. hendrikkin maempaattuth thittaththudan panipurivatharku munbu, naanku murai winston kooppai saambiyanaana jeff carden mattrum avarathu thanthai linn aakiyoaraal rait vazhikaattappattaar. thanipatta vaazhkkai. raid tharpoothu vadakku carolinavin chaarlattil oru vetrtrikaramaana riyal estate mugavariyaagavum, munnani 2 riyal estate kuzhuvin niruvana bangaaliyaagavum ullaar, (2011 ill thodangappattathu), idhu pandhaya samoogaththirku avarkalin riyal estate thevaikalukku udhavuvathil nibunaththuvam pettra oru niruvanamaagum. avar shandavai mananthaar, avarkalukku oru magan hutson (2012 ill piranthaar) mattrum 2014 aam aandu nilavarappadi, avarkal maarch 2014 ill mattroruvarai ethirpaarppathaaka ariviththanar.

boston reed boston reed (jananam december 29,1982) oka usac mariyu nascar driver. prarambha jeevitam mariyu vidya. reed indianaloni logansportlo janminchaadu, akkada athani tandri, maajee indii kaar cheef ayina linn reed, honda motor saikil dealerga unnaaru; taruvaata athanu thana dukaanaanni indianaloni kokomoku marchadu. reed 2001loe taylor unnata paatasaala nundi pattabhadrudayyaadu. rendu samvatsaraala taruvaata varald carting associationku vellae mundu reed edu samvatsaraala vayassulo racing praarambhinchaadu. pannendu samvatsaraala vayassulo, athanu thana tandri aadhvaryamlo 80 sisi goo-kaartlu mariyu minee-print kaarlanu racing chestu unnadu. vruttiparamaina racing vrutti. 1995loe, mayami county speedveloni minee sprint 600 sisi vibhaagamlo reed rookie off dhi iyar vibhaganni geluchukunnadu. taruvaati rendu samvatsaraalalo aaa track loe track champiyanshipnu geluchukunnadu. 1999loe, reed grate lakes avt laa sprint siriisku vellaaru, idhi midwestlo unna sprint kaar division. athanu georg keey nuu nadipinchaadu. tadupari rendu samvatsaraalalo aneka resu vijayalaku pratyeka sankhya 9nii ketayinchandi. raid marinni avaardulanu, 2002 usac sprint kaar rookie off dhi iyar, mariyu national sprint kaar haall off fame naan-wing rookie off dhi iyar avaardulanu andukunnaru. athanu aaa samvatsaram eldora speedwaylo thana modati vijayanni pondaadu. athanu redd bull racing formula vann kaaryakramamlo bhaagamgaa fraanslo pooteeki veltaadu, akkada athanu sponsorship oppandaaniki santakam cheyabaddaadu. 2004loe, reed hendrick motorsports thoo driver development contractupy santakam chesaaru. athanu aaa samvatsaram chivarlo nemco motorsports thoo richmond international resvelo thana bush sireesnu praarambhinchaadu, oka pramaadam tarvaata 37va sthaanamlo nilichaadu. aaa samvatsaram athanu maroe rendu prarambhalu chesaadu. 2005loe, athanu bush siriisloo hendrick kosam edu resulu aadadu. athani uttama resu nashville superspeedway vadda jarigindi, akkada athanu padihedava sthaanamlo praarambhinchi muginchaadu. duradrushtavasaattu, athanu samvatsaram chivarilo hendrick vadda thana oppandam nundi vidudalayyaadu. 2006loe, kotta woodard racing jattutho kalisi craftsman truck syries circuitlo reed oka kotta vyaktigaa unnadu. athanu 13va sthaanamlo atyuttama mugimputho 20 resulu parugettaadu, athani sthaanamlo dammon lusk vachindi. hendrick abhivruddhi kaaryakramamtho panicheyadaaniki mundu, reedku naalugusaarlu winston cup chhampian ayina jeff gordan mariyu athani tandri linn maargadarsakatvam vahinchaaru. vyaktigata jeevitam. reed prastutam uttara karolinaloni chaarlotlo vijayavantamaina real estate agent, mariyu lead 2 real estate group (2011loe praarambhinchabadindi) vyavasthaapaka bhagaswamy, idhi racing communityki vaari real estate avasaralaku sahayam cheyadamlo pratyekata kaligina samstha. athanu shandanu vivaham chesukunnadu, vaariki oka kumarudu hudson (2012loe janminchaadu) unnadu mariyu 2014 natiki, vaaru marchi 2014loe marokarini aasistunnatlu prakatinchaaru.

bostan reed bostan reed (paidaish 29 dasambar 1982) eek yuu aiss aey see aur naaskar driver hay. ibtadayi zindagi aur taleem. reed kii paidaish logan sports indiyana mein hoyee jehaan inn kay waalid linn reed juu eek saabiq indee kaar cheef thay honda motor cycle dealer thay. baad mein inhon nay apnee dakaan cocomo indiyana muntaqil kirr dee. reed 2001 mein teller hayee school say graduate haine. reed nay duu saal baad world carting aisosi aishan mein jaanay say pehley saat saal kii amar mein resing sharoo kii. jabb wah baarah saal kay thay wah apnay waalid kii sarparasti mein 80 see see gow carts aur manee print kaaron kii dodh lagaa rahay thay. paishah waranah resing carrier. 1995 mein reed nay miyami county speed way parr manee sprint 600 see see devision mein saal kay rooki devision kaa aizaz haasil kiyaa. inhon nay aglay duu saalon mein iss track parr track champine ship jeeti. 1999 mein reed great leks aaot laa sprint seerez mein muntaqil how gayaa juu wast maghrab mein waaqa eek sprint kaar devision hay. iss nay jaarj kay kuu chalaya. aglay duu saalon mein kayee rees jeetnay kay liye khususi number 9 kaa tasavur karein. reed nay mazeed ewards haasil kiyay 2002 kaa yuu aiss aey see sprint kaar rooki aaf dee ayer aur national sprint kaar haal aaf faim naan wing rooki aaf dee aiyar. iss saal asay eldora speed way parr apnee pehli jeeth milly. wah reed bail resing farmola winn prograam kay hasay kay toor parr france mein rees karnay kay liye aagay badhay gaa jehaan asay sponsorship kay muahide parr dastakhat kiye gayey thay. 2004 mein reed nay handrik motor sports kay saath driver dwelopment kay muahide parr dastakhat kiye. iss nay iss saal kay aakhir mein richmond international rees way parr nemko motor sports kay saath apnee bash seerez kaa aaghaz kiyaa eek haadise kay baad 37 wein number parr rahay. iss saal iss nay duu aur sharoaat kii. 2005 mein inhon nay bash seerez mein handrik kay liye saat reeson mein hasah liyaa. inn kii behtareen dodh neshweel spir speed way mein thee jehaan inhon nay satrahwein say aaghaz kiyaa aur khatam kiyaa. badqismati say inhein saal kay aakhir mein handrik mein apnay muahide say rehaa kirr diyaa gayaa. 2006 mein reed nayee vodard resing team kay saath craft meen trick seerez circuit mein eek nokar thaa. iss nay 13 wein kay behtareen ikhtatam kay saath 20 reeson mein hasah liyaa thaa jabb iss kii jagah deman laasak nay lay lee thee. handrik kay tarqiyati prograam kay saath kaam karnay say pehley reed kii rehnumayi chaar baar kay winston cup champine jaif gorden aur inn kay waalid linn nay kii thee. zaati zindagi. reed phee alhaal charlot naarth carolina mein eek kamiyab raeel steat agent hay aur leed 2 raeel steat grop (2011 mein sharoo hawaa) kaa baanee sharakat daar hay eek farm juu resing community kuu inn kii raeel steat kii zaruriyat mein madad karnay mein maharat rakhti hay. iss kii shaadi shanda say hoyee hay inn kaa eek betaa hudson hay (2012 mein paida hawaa) aur 2014 takk inhon nay aalaan kiyaa kahh wah maarch 2014 mein dosray kii toqaa kirr rahay haine.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62085902

Charlotte Teller

Charlotte Teller Charlotte Rose Teller, later Hirsch (March 3, 1876 – December 30, 1953), also using the pen name John Brangwyn, was an American writer and socialist active in New York City. She graduated in 1899 from the University of Chicago (BA). Her book "The Cage" was published in 1907. Mark Twain had offered to endorse it "in the form of a letter to the actress Maude Adams". Mary Haskell introduced Teller and Kahlil Gibran to each other in January 1908. <templatestyles src="Template:Blockquote/styles.css" /> Her marriage to Frank Minitree Johnson ended in a divorce. On October 14, 1912, she married Gilbert Julius Hirsch (December 16, 1886 – May 3, 1926); they had a son, Richard, born September 12, 1914. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

charlot telor charlot ruj tailer, pisoloi hirch (3 march, 1876-30 disembor, 1953), john brengwin uponam byobohar kori, nework sohorot xokriyo egoraki aamerikan lekhok aaru xomajbadi aasil. teu 1899 sonot sikagu biswobidyaloyor (bi. e.) poraa snatok degree laabh korisil. 1907 sonot teur grontho "dyo kej" prokax paisil. mark tuweine "obhinetri moo 'dodd edamsoloi ekhon potror rupot" iyak xomorthon korar prostab disil. meree haskele 1908 sonor januaryt telor aaru kahlil jibranok ijone xijonok proborton korisil. frank minitry jonosonor xoite teur bibah bibah bischedot xomapto hoisil. 1912 sonor 14 octoborot teu gilbert julias hirsok (16 disembor, 1886-3 mey ', 1926) biyaa koraisil; teulukor ejon putro aasil, rechard, jaar jonmo hoisil 1914 sonor 12 septemborot.

charlot teller charlot roze teller, porey hirsh (3raa march, 1876-30shhey december, 1953), jini john branguin chhoddonamo byabohar korechilen, neu eork shohore sakriya ekjon markin lekhok ebong samajtantrik chhilen. tini 1899 saale shikago vishwavidyalaya (baa) theke snatok hohn. 1907 saale taanr boi 'dya keja' prokashito hoy. marqa toen "abhinetri modd adamske ekti chitthir akare" etty samarthan korar prostab diyechilen. merry haskell 1908 saaler januaryte teller ebong kahlil jibran eke oporer saathe porichoy koriye deena. frank minitry johnsoner saathe taar bibah bibahobichede shesh hoy. 1912 saaler 14ee octobor tini gilbert julius hirshke (16ee december, 1886-3raa meey, 1926) biye corren; taander ekti putro chhilo, richarda, jaar jonmo 1914 saaler 12ee septembara.

charlotte taylor charlotte rose taylor, pachhithi hirsh (march 3,1876-december 30,1953), jeey john brangwin upnaamno pann upyog kartaa hataa, teey aek american lekhak aneey nyu york shaherma sakreey samajvadi hataa. temane 1899maan shikago university (bii. aee.) maanthi snatakni padvi melvee hatee. temnu pustak "dhaa kej" 1907maan prakashit thayu hatoo. marqa tweine "abhinetri mooad addamsne patranaa rupmaan" tenu samarthan karvaanee rajuaat curry hatee. meerii hescale january 1908maan taylor aneey khaleel jibranne aekbeeja saathe rajoo karyaa hataa. frank minitry johnson saathena temnaa lagnano anta chhutachhedama aavyo. 14 october, 1912naa roj, teneeae gilbert julius hirsh (december 16,1886-meey 3,1926) saathe lagna karyaa; temne aek putra, richard, 12 september, 1914naa roj janmyo.

charlotte teller charlotte rose teller, baad mein hirsh (3 march, 1876-30 disambar, 1953), joe johnn brangwin upnaam kaa bhee upayog karate they, ack americi lekhak aur newyork shahar mein sakriya samajwadi they. unhone 1899 mein shikago vishvavidyalaya (bee. aeye.) seey snaatak kiya. unaki pustak "dha cage" 1907 mein prakaashit hui thee. maark twen ney "abhinetri modd addams koo ack patra key roop mein" iska samarthan karane kii peshkash kii thee. mairi haskell ney janwari 1908 mein ack-dusare koo teller aur khaleel jibran seey parichit karaaya. frank minitary johnson key saath unaki shaadi talaak mein samaapt hoe gaee. 14 octuber, 1912 koo, unhone gilbert julius hirsh (16 disambar, 1886-3 maee, 1926) seey shaadi kii; unakaa ack betaa thaa, richard, jiska janm 12 sitambar, 1914 koo huaa thaa.

charlotte teller charlotte rose teller, nantara hirsh (march 3,1876-december 30,1953), zaan brangwin emba kaavyanaamavannu saha balasi, newyork nagaradalli sakriyavagidda americada barahagara mattu samajavadi. avaru 1899 ralli chikago vishvavidyaalayadinda (baa) padavi padedaru. aakeya pustaka "dhii cage" 1907ralli prakatavaayitu. maark twine adannu "nutty maade aadamsge bareda patrada roopadalli" anumodisalu mundaagiddaru. merrie haskell 1908rahra janavariyalli teller mattu kahlil jibran annu paraspara parichayisidaru. fraank minitry johnson avarondigina aakeya maduveyu vichchedanadalli konegonditu. october 14,1912 randu, avaru gilbert julius hirsh avarannu vivaahavaadaru (december 16,1886-mayee 3,1926); avarige september 12,1914 randu janisida richard emba maganiddanu.

charlot teller joonn brankwin enna thoolikaanaamam upayogichirunna charlot rooss teller, pinneedu hirsh (march 3,1876-desember 30,1953), newyork nagaratthil sajeevamaaya oru american ezhuthukaariyum soshyalistumaayirunnu. 1899ll chikkago sarvakalashaalayil ninnu (baa) birudam nedi. 1907ll avarude 'dhaa kej' enna pusthakam prasidheekarikkappettu. maarkk twayne "nadi moudu aadamsinu ezhuthiya kathinte roopathil" ithu amgeekarikkaamennu vaagdaanam cheythirunnu. 1908 januvariyil merii haskell tellere khaleel jibran parasparam parichayappedutthi. frank minitree jonsanumaayulla avarude vivaham vivaahamochanathil avasaanichu. 1912 october 14 nuu avar gilbert juuliyas hirshine (1886 desember 16-1926 meyy 3) vivaham kazhichu; avarkk 1914 septambar 12 nuu janicha richard enna oru makan janichu.

charlote teller charlote rose teller, nantar hirsh (3 march 1876-30 december 1953), johnn brangwin heey topananav dekhil vaparat, newyork shaharat sakriy asalele eka american lekhak aanee samajvadi hote. tine 1899 madhye shikago vidyapithatun (baa) padvi prapt kelee. tiche pustak 'daad kej' 1907 madhye prakashit jhaale. marqa twenne 'abhinetri modd adamusla lihilelya patrachya swarupat' tyache samarthan karanyachi tayari darshavali hotee. merrie haskellne janewari 1908 madhye teller aanee khaleel gibran yanchi ekmekanna olakh karoon dilee. phrank minitry johnsonsobatche tiche lagn ghatasfotat sampale. 14 aktoobar 1912 roji tine gilbert julius hirshashi (16 december 1886-3 meey 1926) vivah keela; tyanna richard navacha mulga jhaala, jyacha janm 12 september 1914 roji jhaala.

charlot taylor charlot rose taylor, parey hirs (march 3,1876-december 30,1953), zohn brangawin chadmanam madhya byabahara karithile, jane americae lekhaka ebong nyujarka saharare sakriya samajabadi thile. shay 1899 masihare chikago biswabidyalaja (bii. aii.) ru snataka hassel karithile. taanka pustaka 'daa kays' 1907 ray prakashita hoithila. marck twen ehaaku "abhinetri madey aadamasnku eka chithi aakarare" anumodana karibaku prastaba deithile. merrie haskell 1908 masiha januari maasare taylor ebong kahlil jibrannku paraspara saha parichita karaithile. phranka minitry janasanka saha tankara bibaha eka chhadapatrare shesh hoithila. october 14,1912 ray, shay gilbert julias hirsanku bibaha karithile (december 16,1886-meey 3,1926); semanankara eka pua thila, richard, september 12,1914 ray janmagrahana karithile.

charlot teller charlot rose teller, baad witch hirash (3 march, 1876-30 dasambar, 1953), joe kalmi naam jauhan brangwin dee varton karda haii, ikk amriki lekhak atey samajwadi see joe newyork shehar witch sargaram see. uss neey 1899 witch shikago university (bee. aii.) toon graduation keeti. uss dee kitaab "dha kej" 1907 witch prakashit hoee see. maarak twen neey "abhinetri maud addams noon ikk pattar dey roop witch" iss daa samarthan curran dee peshkash keeti see. mairi hascale neey janwari 1908 witch ikk dooje noon teller atey khaleel jibran naal pesh keeta. frank minitary johnson naal uss daa viaah talaak witch khatam hoow giaa. 14 aktubar, 1912 noon, uss neey gilbert julias hirash (16 dasambar, 1886-3 maee, 1926) naal viaah karvaiaa; unhan daa ikk puttar, richard, 12 satambar, 1914 noon paida hoiaa.

charlot teller charlot rose teller, pashchat hirsh (maarch 3,1876-december 30,1953), jaan brangwin iti upanamna api upayujya, nyuyaark-nagare sakriyah american-lekhakah samajavadi cha aasit. saa 1899 tame varshe shikaago-vishvavidyaalayaat (baa) snaatakapadaveem praapnot. tasyaah "da kej" iti pustakam 1907 tame varshe prakaashitam aasit. maark twain ityayam "abhinetreem maud aadams ityasmai patrarupena" asya samarthanam kartum prastutah aasit. merry haskell ityeshaa 1908 janavaree-maase teller tathaa khaleel gibran ityetaan parasparm parichitaa. frank minitry jaansan ityanena saha tasyaah vivaahah vicchede samapta. 1912 october 14 dinaanke saa gilbert julius hirsh ityanena saha (december 16,1886-mey 3,1926) vivaahitaa; teshaam richard iti putrah aasit, yasya janma september 12,1914 tame dine abhavat.

charlot deller charlot roas deller, pinnar hirsh (maarch 3,1876-disambar 30,1953), john frankvin endra punaippeyaraip payanpaduththi, oru america ezhuththaalar mattrum newyorg nagaril theeviramaaga seyalpatta sosalisa ezhuththaalar aavaar. avar 1899 aam aandil sikago palkalaikkazhagaththil (phaa) pattam pettraar. avarathu puththagam "thii kej" 1907 ill veliyidappattathu. maark dwayne adhai "nadigai mott aadamsirku oru kadithaththin vadivaththil" angkeekarikka munwandar. maeri haaskel 1908 janavariyil deller mattrum kahlil jibranai oruvarukkoruvar arimugapaduththinaar. frank minitree jaansanudanaana avarathu tirumanam vivaagaraththil mudinthathu. october 14,1912 andru, avar gilbert juuliyas hirsh (disambar 16,1886-mae 3,1926) enbavarai mananthaar; avarkalukku septumber 12,1914 andru pirantha richard endra magan piranthaar.

charlotte teller charlotte roez teller, taruvaata hirsh (marchi 3,1876-december 30,1953), zaan brangwin anae kalam paerunu kooda upayoginchaaru, newyork nagaramlo churukuga unna american rachayita mariyu saamyavaadi. aame 1899loe chikago vishwavidyaalayam (baa) nundi pattabhadruraalaindi. aame pustakam "dhi cage" 1907loe prachurinchabadindi. maark twine dheenini "nati maade aadamsku lekha roopamlo" aamodinchadaaniki munduku vacchaaru. maerii haskell 1908 janavarilo teller mariyu khaleel jibrannu okarikokaru parichayam chesukunnaru. fraank minitry jaansantho aame vivaham vidaakulatoe mugisindi. october 14,1912naa, aame gilbert juuliyas hirsh (december 16,1886-mae 3,1926) nuu vivaham chesukundi; vaariki oka kumarudu, richard, 1914 september 12naa janminchaadu.

charlot teller charlot roz teller baad mein harsh (3 maarch 1876-30 dasambar 1953)yee juu qalam naam jaan brangween bhee istemaal kartay thay eek americi masnaf aur socialist thay juu neoyork shehar mein srgarm thay. inhon nay 1899 mein shikago university (bee aey) say graduation kiyaa. inn kii kitaab "dee keej" 1907 mein shaye hoyee thee. maark tween nay "adakarah moad addams kuu eek khath kii shakal mein" iss kii tausiq karnay kii paishkash kii thee. meeri haskal nay januri 1908 mein teller aur kahlal jabraan kuu eek dosray say mutaarif karaya. frank minitary jaansan say iss kii shaadi talaaq parr khatam hoyee. 14 aktobar 1912 cow iss nay gulbert jolees harsh (16 dasambar 1886-3 mayee 1926) say shaadi kii. inn kaa eek betaa richard 12 satambar 1914 kuu paida hawaa.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5009359

St. Louis Cardinals Hall of Fame Museum

St. Louis Cardinals Hall of Fame Museum The St. Louis Cardinals Hall of Fame Museum is a team hall of fame located in downtown St. Louis, Missouri, representing the history, players and personnel of the professional baseball franchise St. Louis Cardinals of Major League Baseball (MLB). It is housed within Ballpark Village, a mixed-use development and adjunct of Busch Stadium, the home stadium of the Cardinals. To date, 53 members have been enshrined within the Cardinals Hall of Fame. History. The St. Louis Cardinals Hall of Fame Museum was originally located in downtown St. Louis in the same building as the International Bowling Museum and the World Bowling Writers International Bowling Hall of Fame, near the site of the old Busch Stadium and the new Busch Stadium. The International Bowling Museum closed its St. Louis site in November 2008 and moved to Arlington, Texas. The Cardinals Hall of Fame likewise closed when the Bowling Museum moved and suspended public operations. However, the museum staff designed a new hall of fame and museum. The Cardinals moved the museum to the St. Louis Ballpark Village, which is located across Clark Street from Busch Stadium and opened in 2014. The new facility was constructed within the Cardinals Hall of Fame and Museum and Cardinal Nation Restaurant in Ballpark Village. Voting criteria and process. In January, 2014, Cardinals chairman and chief executive officer William DeWitt, Jr., announced a plan for an annual formal Cardinals Hall of Fame induction process. Included components of the voting and induction process are a "Red Ribbon" committee of baseball experts, a six-week fan voting process in the spring, and an enshrinement ceremony in the summer. All former Cardinals already enshrined in the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum in Cooperstown, New York and those honored with their number retired were automatically enshrined into the inaugural class of the Cardinals Hall of Fame on August 16, 2014. To be eligible for the Cardinals Hall of Fame, a player must have played three seasons for the Cardinals and have been retired from Major League Baseball for at least three years. Players are divided into two categories – "modern players" and "veteran players." Players who have been retired 40 or more years are classified as veteran players. Each year, a "Red Ribbon" committee selects one veteran player to be inducted and nominates another 6 to 10 players for a fan vote. The vote is then accomplished on the Cardinals official MLB.com website. The two players with the highest online vote total are inducted. Additionally, the team may opt to elect personnel who fulfilled other roles besides playing, such as a coach, broadcaster or front office personnel. The team creates and displays a plaque for each elected member of the Hall. The plaques are created by the same company that creates the plaques for the National Baseball Hall of Fame in Cooperstown. Each inductee is also provided with a red jacket that is to be worn at all official team ceremonies and functions. A total of 26 members were inducted for the first class of 2014. Beginning in 2021, only one modern player will be elected each year Cardinals Hall of Fame inductees. Positions that are listed were played the equivalent of a full season for the Cardinals. Players who have been nominated, but not inducted, include Joaquín Andújar, Steve Carlton, George Hendrick, Matt Morris, Édgar Rentería, and Lee Smith. After receiving the most fan votes on the 2023 ballot, David Freese later declined his induction into the Cardinals Hall of Fame. Selected artifacts. The Cardinals Hall of Fame and Museum contains over 15,000 total artifacts and 80,000 photographs, second only to the National Baseball Hall of Fame as the largest collection of baseball antiquities. The museum includes a variety of displays and features on the Cardinals' former ballparks, the old St. Louis Browns and Negro League St. Louis Stars, championship teams, uniform history, and current players. Patrons can take part in interactive displays such as recording a broadcast call of a classic Cardinals play, or holding a bat used in a game by a Cardinals star of the past. It also features a special exhibit area that hosts a new display each season: these collections have included media related to the history of the Cardinal farm system, the life and career of Stan Musial, the team's radio partnership with KMOX, and the 2011 World Series team. On home game weekends, the Museum has additional programming such as autograph sessions, panel discussions with former players or staffers, and special presentations of unique memorabilia from their archives. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

che. luis cardinals holl owo fame xongrohaloy saint. luis cardinals holl owo fame xongrohaloy hoise saint sohorot owosthito etaa dolor holl owo fame. lui, misouri, itihax, kheluwoi aaru pesadari besbol frensaiji saintor kormosarixokolok protinidhitwo kore. prodhan leeg besbolor luis cardinals (em. el. bi.). iyak bolpark gaonr bhitorot sthapon koraa hoise, ek misrito byobohar unnoyon aaru cardinalxokolor ghoruwa stadium buch stadiumor xonglogno. etiyaloike 53 john xodosyok cardinal holl owo femor bhitorot sthapon koraa hoise. itihax. saint. luis cardinals holl owo fame xongrohaloy mulotoh saint sohorot owosthito aasil. puroni buch stadium aaru notun buch stadiumor sthanor usorot antohrastriyo bolling xongrohaloy aaru biswo bolling lekhok antohrastriyo bolling holl owo femor eke ottalikat lui. antohrastriyo bolling xongrohaloituwe iyar saint bondho kori disil. 2008 sonor novembor maahot luis sait aaru texaxor aarlingtonoloi sthanantorito hoisil. bolling xongrohaloykhon sthanantorito huwar logote rajohuwa karjyokolap sthogito rokhar loge loge cardinals holl owo fame bondho hoi yaay. obosye, xongrohaloyor kormosarixokole etaa notun holl owo fame aaru xongrohaloyor design korisil. cardinale xongrohaloitu saintoloi sthanantor korisil. lui bolpark gaaw, ji buch stadiumor poraa clerk streetor uporot owosthito aaru 2014 sonot mukoli koraa hoisil. notun xubidhatu bolpark gaonr cardinals holl owo fame aaru xongrohaloy aaru cardinal national resturentor bhitorot nirman koraa hoisil. bhutdanor mandondo aaru prokriya. 2014 sonor januaryt cardinalor odhyokhyo aaru mukhyo karzobahi bixoya uilium dewitt, juniyor., ek barxik anusthanik cardinal holl owo fame induction prokriyar baabe ek porikolpona ghuxona korisil. bhutdan aaru prowex prokriyar upadanxomuhor bhitorot aase besbol bixexogyoxokolor etaa "redd ribon" komiti, boxontokalot choy xoptahor onuragi bhutdan prokriya, aaru grishmokalot ek sthapon onusthan. itimodhye neworkor cooperstownor nesnel besbol holl owo fame aaru xongrohaloyot ontorbhukto xokolu prakton cardinolok aaru teulukor nomborere xonmanito huwa owoxorpraptoxokolok swoyongkriyobhabe 16 aagosto, 2014-too cardinal holl owo femor udwudhoni shrenit ontorbhukto koraa hoisil. cardinals holl owo femor baabe jugyo hoh 'boloi ejon kheluoiye cardinalxokolor baabe tinita sijon khelibo lagibo aaru komeu tini bosoror baabe mejor leeg besbolor poraa owoxor grohon koribo lagibo. kheluoixokolok dutaa shrenit bibhokto koraa hoy-"aadhunik kheluwoi" aaru "probin kheluwoi"."40 bosor baa tatkoi odhik xomoyor owoxor grohon koraa kheluoixokolok probin kheluwoi hisape shrenibodho koraa hoy. proti bosore, etaa "redd fita" xomitiye ejon probin kheluoik ontorbhukto koriboloi basoni kore aaru onuragi bhutor baabe aan 6ror poraa 10 john kheluoik monunit kore. taar pisot cordinalor sorkari em. el. bi. too bhut xomponno koraa hoy.komm website. xorbadhik online bhut thoka dujon kheluoik ontorbhukto koraa hoy. iyar uporiu, doltuwe khelor uporiu onyanyo bhumika paalon koraa kormosarixokolok basoni koribo paare, jene proxikhyok, xomprosarok baa xonmukhor karzaloyor kormosari. doltuwe holor protijon nirbasito xodosyor baabe etaa folok sristi kore aaru prodorxon kore. kuperstawonot thoka rastriyo besbol holl owo femor baabe pholokxomuh sristi koraa eketa companye pholokxomuh sristi kore. protijon prowexkarik etaa ronga jeketou prodan koraa hoy jitu xokolu sorkari dolor onusthan aaru onusthanot pindhibo laage. 2014 sonor prothom shrenir baabe muth 26 john xodosyok ontorbhukto koraa hoisil. 2021 sonor poraa aarombho kori proti bosore maatro ejon aadhunik kheluwoi nirbasito koraa hoh 'bob. cardinals holl owo femor ontorbhukto koraa. talikabhukto koraa sthanbur cardinalxokolor baabe etaa xompurno sijonor xomotulyo khelaa hoisil. monunit huwa kheluoixokolor bhitorot aase juwakin endujar, steve carlton, jorjo hendrik, mett moris, edgar renteria aaru lee smith. 2023 sonor beltot xorbadhik onuragi bhut laabh korar pisot, david freeze pisot cardinals holl owo femot teuk ontorbhukto koriboloi oswikar korisil. nirbasito xilpokola. cardinals holl owo fame aaru xongrohaloyot muth 15,000ru odhik xilpokormo aaru 80,000 photu aase, jitu kewol rastriyo besbol holl owo femor pisot besbol prasin xamogrir xorbobrihot xongroho hisape dwitiyo sthanot aase. xongrohaloikhonot cardinalxokolor purbor bolpark, puroni saintot bibhinno dhoronor prodorxoni aaru boixistyo ontorbhukto koraa hoise. luis brouns aaru nigru leeg saint. luis staar, championswip doll, uniform itihax, aaru bortomanor kheluoixokol. pristhopuxokole antohkriyaxil prodorxonot ongxogrohon koribo paare jene etaa classic cardinalor khelar xomprosar koll record koraa, baa otitor cardinal staare khelot byobohar koraa bett ekhon dhori rokha. iyat etaa bixex prodorxoni khetru aase zo 'too protitu sijonote etaa notun prodorxoni onusthito hoyoh ei xongrohburot cardinal firm pronalir itihax, sten musicalor jiwan aaru keriyar, kimiokxor xoite doltur readyo' ongxidaritwo, aaru 2011 sonor biswo sringkhola dolor xoite xomporkito xongbad madhyom ontorbhukto aase. ghoruwa khelor xoptahantot, xongrohaloitut otirikto karzoxusi jene autograph odhibexon, prakton kheluwoi baa kormosarixokolor xoite penel alusona, aaru teulukor archivor poraa ononyo smritisinhor bixex uposthapon aase.

seenta. lui cardinals holl off phema jadughar seenta. lui cardinals holl off phema museum seenta seenta seenta seenta central shohorer kendrosthole abosthito ekti team holl off phema. lui, misauri, peshadar baseball franchise center itihas, kheload ebong karmider protinidhitto korey. mejor leeg basebaler lui cardinal (mlb). etty bolpark gramer modhye abosthito, ekti mishra-byabohar unnayan ebong bush stadiumer sanglagna, cardinalder home stadium. aaz abodhi, 53 john sadasyake cardinal holl off femer modhye antarbhukta koraa hoyeche. itihas. seenta. lui cardinals holl off phema jadughar mulat seenta seenta seenta central shohorer kendrosthole abosthito chhilo. lui antorjatik boaling jadughar ebong bishwa boaling lekhokder antorjatik boaling holl off femer ekoi bhobone, purano bush stadium ebong notun bush stadiumer kachakachi. antorjatik boaling jadughar taar seenta bondho korey deyo. 2008 saaler novembore lui saita ebong texuser arlingtone sthanantorito hoy. ekibhabe cardinal holl off phema bondho hoye yaay jokhon boaling jadugharti sthanantorito hoy ebong jonosadharoner karjokrom sthogito korey. tobey, jadughar karmira ekti notun holl off phema ebong jadughar naksha toiri korechilen. cardinalra jadugharti seenta seenta centere sthanantorito corren. lui bolpark grama, jaa bush stadium theke clerk streeter opare abosthito ebong 2014 saale khola hoyechilo. notun subidhati bolpark gramer cardinal holl off phema ebong jadughar ebong cardinal neshana restoran modhye nirmito hoyechilo. bhotdaner mandanda ebong prokriya. 2014 saaler januaryte, cardinals chairman ebong prodhan nirbahi kormokorta uilium duit, junior., barshik anusthanik cardinal holl off phema induction prokriyar jonno ekti parikalpana ghoshana korey. bhotdan ebong proborton prokriyar upadangulir modhye royeche baseball biseshoggoder ekti "laal fita" committy, bosonte chhoy saptaher bhokto bhotdan prokriya ebong grisse ekti enshreenment anusthan. newyorker cooperstowner jatiya baseball holl off phema ebong jadughare itimadhye protisthito samasta praktan cardinalguli ebong taader sankhya diye sommanito jaaraa abosar niyechen taader swayangkriyabhabe 16ee august, 2014-ayee cardinal holl off femer udwodhoni classe antarbhukta koraa hoyechilo. cardinal holl off femer jogyo howar jonno, ekjon kheloadke aboshyoi cardinaler hoye tinti morshum khelte hobey ebong kompokkhe tinn bochorer jonno mejor ligg baseball theke abosar nitey hobey. kheloader duti bibhage bhag koraa hoy-"adhunik kheload" ebong "obhiggo kheload"."40 bochor baa taar beshi somoy dhorey abosar neoa kheloader obhiggo kheload hisabe shreniboddho koraa hoy. proti bochor, ekti "laal fita" committy ekjon obhiggo kheloadke antarbhukta korar jonno nirbachan korey ebong bhoktoder bhoter jonno arow 6 theke 10 john kheloadke manoneet korey. erpor cardinaler official mlb-teey bhot somponno koraa hoy.qama website. sorbadhik online bhot pawa dui kheloadke antarbhukta koraa hoy. uporontu, dolti emon karmider nirbachan korte paare jaaraa khelar pashapashi anyanno bhumika palon korey, jemon ekjon coach, somprocharok baa front officer karmi. dolti holer protiti nirbachito sadasyer jonno ekti folock toiri korey ebong prodorshon korey. eyi falakguli ekoi sangostha toiri korey jaa cooperstowne jatiya baseball holl off femer jonno folock toiri korey. protiti antarbhuktike ekti laal jacketto deoa hoy jaa samasta anusthanik doll anusthan ebong anusthane porte hoy. 2014 saaler prothom shrenir jonno moat 26 john sadasyake antarbhukta koraa hoyechilo. 2021 saal theke proti bochor shudhumatra ekjon adhunik kheload nirbachito hoben. cardinal holl off femer antarbhuktara. talikabhukto abosthanguli cardinalder jonno ekti purno morsumer samatulya chhilo. manoneet kheloader modhye joakin anduzar, stibha carlton, george hendrick, myata morris, edger renteria ebong ly smith royechen. 2023 saaler ballote sorbadhik bhokto bhot pawar porey, david phrisa porey cardinal holl off feme taanr antarbhukti prottakhyan corren. nirbachito shilpokormo. cardinal holl off phema ebong jadughare moat 15,000-ero beshi nidarshan ebong 80,000-ero beshi chhobi royeche, jaa basebaler prachin nidorshongulir brihottomo sangraha hisabe jatiya baseball holl off femer porey dwitiya sthane royeche. jadughare cardinalder praktan bolpark, old center bivinno prodorshoni ebong baisishtya royeche. lui browns ebong nigro leeg seenta. lui tarka, championship doll, abhinno itihas ebong bortoman kheloadra. pristhoposhokra interactive displayte ongsho nitey paren jemon ekti classic cardinal khelar samprachar qala record koraa, baa atiter cardinal tarkar dwara ekti khelay byabohrito byata dhorey rakha. etite ekti bishesh prodorshoni elakao royeche jaa proti morshume ekti notun prodorshonir ayojan koreh eyi songrohogulite cardinal firm systemer itihas, stann musicer jeebon oo karmajiban, kimmixer saathe doler redio angshidaritto ebong 2011 saaler bishwa sirij doll somporkito midia antarbhukta royeche. home gemer saptahante, jadughare atirikto programming royeche jemon autograph seshana, praktan kheload baa karmider saathe panel alochona ebong taader sanrakkhanagar theke ananya smritichinhogulir bishesh uposthapona.

saint. luis cardinals holl off phema museum saint. luis cardinals holl off phema museum aee saint pietersbergna downtownmaan stheet aek team holl off phema chhe. luis, misauri, vyaavsaayik baseball franchisee sentnaa itihas, khelaadeeo aneey karmchaarionu pratinidhitva karey chhe. mejar leag baseball (aema. aela. bii.) naa luis cardinals. teey bolpark gaammaan aavelu chhe, jeey mishra-upyog vikaas aneey busch stadiumni sanlagn chhe, jeey cardinalsnu gharnu stadium chhe. atyaar sudhimaa, 53 sabhyone cardinals holl off femamaa sthaapit karvaamaa aavyaa chhe. itihas. saint. luis cardinals holl off phema museum mulroope saint pietersbergna downtownmaan aavelu hatoo. aantarrashtriy bolling sangrahalay aneey vishva bolling lekhako aantarrashtriy bolling holl off phema jevee jaj imaaratmaa, junaa busch stadium aneey navaa busch stadiumni najik, luis. aantarrashtriy bolling museume tenee saint bundh curry deedhi. november 2008maan luis sthal aneey arlington, taxasma sthalaantarit thayu. jyaare bolling museum khasedvama aavyu aneey jaaher kamgiri sthageet karvaamaa aavee tyaare cardinals holl off phema pann bundh thaee gayoo. joke, sangrahalayna karmchaareeoae aek navaa holl off phema aneey sangrahaalayni rachnaa curry hatee. cardinalse sangrahaalayne sentamaa khasedyu. luis bolpark gaam, jeey busch stadiumthi clark streetnee paar aavelu chhe aneey 2014 maan kholvaamaa aavyu hatoo. navee suveedha bolpark gaammaan cardinals holl off phema aneey museum aneey cardinal nation restaurantmaa banavvama aavee hatee. matdaannaa maapdand aneey prakriyaa. january, 2014maan, cardinals chairman aneey chief executive officer veeliyam devit, juniyar., vaarshik aupcharik cardinals holl off phema induction prakriyaa maateni yojnani jaaherat curry. matdaan aneey pravesh prakriyaanaa ghatakoma baseball nishnatoni "laal ribbon" sameeti, vasantma chh saptaahnee chaahak matdaan prakriyaa aneey unalama pratishthapan samaarohno samaavesh thaay chhe. tamaam bhutpurv cardinals jeo pahelethee jaj cooperstown, newyorkma national baseball holl off phema aneey museum sthaapit chhe aneey jeo temnee sankhyaa saathe sanmanit chhe teo nivrutt thayaa chhe, teo aapmele 16 august, 2014 naa roj cardinals holl off femnaa udghaatan vargmaa sthaapit thayaa hataa. cardinals holl off phema maate paatra banvaa maate, khelaadi cardinals maate trana season ramyo hovo joiae aneey ochhama ochha trana varsh maate mejar leag baseballmanthi nivrutt thayo hovo joiae. khelaadione beey vargomaa vahenchvaamaa aave chhe-"aadhunik khelaadeeo" aneey "anoobhavi khelaadeeo"."jeey khelaadeeo 40 keey tethee vadhu varsh nivrutt thayaa chhe temne anoobhavi khelaadeeo tareeke vargikrut karvaamaa aave chhe. darr varshe, "laal ribbon" sameeti aek anoobhavi khelaadeene saamel karvaa maate pasand karey chhe aneey chaahak mutt maate anya 6 thee 10 khelaadione namankit karey chhe. tyarbad cardinalsnaa sattavaar aema. aela. bii. parr mutt aapvama aave chhe.qoma website. sauthee vadhu online mutt dharaavtaa beey khelaadiono samaavesh karvaamaa aave chhe. vadhumaa, team aevaa karmcharioni pasandagi curry shake chhe jemane ramvaa upraant anya bhoomikao puurii curry hoya, jaim keey coach, prasaarankartaa athavaa front officena karmchaareeo. team holnaa darek chuntayela sabhy maate taktee banaave chhe aneey pradarshit karey chhe. takteeo aee jaj kampani dwara banavvama aave chhe jeey cooperstownmaa raashtriy baseball holl off phema maate takteeo banaave chhe. darek khelaadeene laal jaakit pann aapvama aave chhe jeey tamaam sattavaar team samaroh aneey kaaryoma pahervaamaa aave chhe. 2014naa pratham varg maate coole 26 sabhyono samaavesh karvaamaa aavyo hato. 2021thee sharoo kareene darr varshe maatra aek aadhunik khelaadini pasandagi karvaamaa aavashe cardinals holl off femnaa sabhyo. jeey sthaano soochibaddh karvaamaa aavyaa chhe teey cardinals maate sampoorn seasonni samkaksh ramvaamaa aavyaa hataa. namankit thayela parantu saamel naa thayela khelaadiomaa joaquin anduger, steve carlton, george handrick, meeyt morris, edgar renteriya aneey lii smeethno samaavesh thaay chhe. 2023naa matpatra parr sauthee vadhu chaahak mutt praapt karyaa pachhi, david freeze paachhalthi cardinals holl off femamaa temno samaavesh karvaano incar karyo hato. pasand karelee kalakrutio. cardinals holl off phema aneey museum coole 15,000 thee vadhu kalakrutio aneey 80,000 photographs chhe, jeey baseball praachin vastuonaa sauthee motaa sangrah tareeke raashtriy baseball holl off phema pachhi beeja krame chhe. sangrahalayma cardinalsnaa bhutpurv bolpark, junaa saint parr viveedh pradarshno aneey suvidhaaono samaavesh thaay chhe. luis braaun aneey nigro leag saint. luis stars, championship teamo, eksamaan itihas aneey vartmaan khelaadeeo. samarthako samvadatmak pradarshanmaa bhaag laee shake chhe jaim keey classic cardinalsnaa prasaaran collne reqorda karvo, athavaa bhutkaalnaa cardinals staar dwara ramatmaa upyogmaa levaatu bett pakadvu. temaa aek vishesh pradarshan vistaar pann chhe jeey darek seasonma navoo pradarshan karey chheh aaa sangrahomaa mukhya krushee pranaalinaa itihas, steena musealnaa jeevan aneey karkirdi, kimeox saathe teamnee rediyo bhagidari aneey 2011 vishva shrenee team saathe sambandhit maadhyamono samaavesh thaay chhe. hooma gemnaa saptaahnaa ante, sangrahalayma autograph satro, bhutpurv khelaadeeo athavaa karmchaareeo saathe penal charchaao aneey temnaa archivesmanthi ananya yaadgirini vishesh prastutio jevaa vadharana kaarykramo chhe.

sent. luis cardinals holl off fame sangrahalaya sent. luis cardinals holl off fame sangrahalaya sent sent shahar mein sthit ack team holl off fame haye. luis, misauri, itihas kaa pratinidhitva karate hue, peshevar baseball franchisee sent key khilaadi aur karmi. pramukh leag baseball (mlb) key lui cardinals. yeh ballpark gaanv key bheetar sthit haye, ack mishrit upayog vikas aur buss stadium key sahayak, cardinalon kaa gharelu stadium. aaj taka, 53 sadasyon koo cardinals holl off fame key bheetar sthaapit kiya gayaa haye. itihas. sent. luis cardinals holl off fame sangrahalaya mool roop seey sent sent shahar key kendra mein sthit thaa. lui usee imarat mein haye jahan antarrashtriya gendbaji sangrahalaya aur vishva gendbaji lekhakon key liye antarrashtriya gendbaji holl off fame haye, joe puraane buss stadium aur nae buss stadium key paas haye. antarrashtriya gendbaji sangrahalaya ney apana sent bund curr diyaa. navambar 2008 mein lui site aur arlington, texas mein sthanantarit hoe gayaa. isi tarah cardinals holl off fame bund hoe gayaa jaba gendbaji sangrahalaya sthanantarit hoe gayaa aur saarvajanik sanchaalan koo nilambit curr diyaa gayaa. haalaanki, sangrahalaya key karmchaariyon ney ack nae holl off fame aur sangrahalaya kii rachana kii. cardinalon ney sangrahalaya koo sent mein sthanantarit curr diyaa. luis ballpark gaanv, joe kii buss stadium seey clark street key paar sthit haye aur 2014 mein khola gayaa thaa. naee suvidha kaa nirmaan ballpark gaanv mein cardinals holl off fame aur sangrahalaya aur cardinal nation restaraan key bheetar kiya gayaa thaa. matdan mandand aur prakriya. janwari, 2014 mein, cardinals key adhyaksh aur mukhya karyakari adhikaari villium devit, junier., ack vaarshik aupchaarik cardinals holl off fame preran prakriya key liye ack yojana kii ghoshana kii. matdan aur preran prakriya key ghatakon mein baseball visheshagyon kii ack "laal ribbon" samiti, vasant mein chhah saptah kii prashansak matdan prakriya aur garmiyon mein ack pratishthaapan samaroh shamil hain. sabhi poorv cardinal pahale seey hii cooperstowne, newyork mein rashtriya baseball holl off fame aur sangrahalaya mein sthaapit hain aur joe apani sankhya seey sammaanit hain, way sevaanivritt hue hain, unhein 16 agast, 2014 koo cardinal holl off fame key udghaatan varg mein swachaalit roop seey sthaapit kiya gayaa thaa. cardinals holl off fame key liye paatr honey key liye, ack khilaadi koo cardinals key liye teen satra khele honey chaahiye aur cumm seey cumm teen varshon key liye pramukh leag baseball seey sevaanivritt honah chaahiye. khilaadiyon koo dou shreniyon mein vibhajit kiya gayaa haye-"aadhunik khilaadi" aur "anubhavi khilaadi."joe khilaadi 40 yaa usase adhik varshon seey sevaanivritt hue hain, unhein anubhavi khilaadiyon key roop mein vargeekrit kiya jaataa haye. pratyek varsh, ack "laal ribbon" samiti ack anubhavi khilaadi kaa chayan karati haye jise shamil kiya jaataa haye aur ack prashansak vote key liye anya 6 seey 10 khilaadiyon koo naamit karati haye. isake baad cardinal key aadhikarik aim. ell. bee. parr vote kiya jaataa haye.comm website. sabse adhik online vote vaale dou khilaadiyon koo shamil kiya jaataa haye. isake alawa, team una karmiyon kaa chayan curr sakati haye joe khelane key alawa anya bhoomikaon koo puuraa karate hain, jaise kii ack coach, prasarak yaa front offices karmi. dall holl key pratyek nirvaachit sadasya key liye ack pattika banaata haye aur pradarshit kartaa haye. pattikaaen usee company dwara banaai jaati hain joe cooperstowne mein rashtriya baseball holl off fame key liye pattikaaen banaati haye. pratyek shamil karane vaale koo ack laal jackett bhee pradaan kii jaati haye jise sabhi aadhikarik team samarohon aur samarohon mein pahana jaanaa haye. 2014 kii pratham shreni key liye kull 26 sadasyon koo shamil kiya gayaa thaa. 2021 kii shuruat mein, pratyek varsh kewal ack aadhunik khilaadi chunaa jaayega. cardinals holl off fame shamil kiye gaye. joe sthaan soochibaddh kiye gaye they, way cardinalon key liye ack poorna satra key barabar khele gaye they. jinn khilaadiyon koo namankit kiya gayaa haye, lekin shamil naheen kiya gayaa haye, unamen joaquin anduser, steve carlton, george hendrick, mait morris, edger renteria aur lii smith shamil hain. 2023 key matpatra parr sabse adhik prashansak vote praapt karane key baad, david freeze ney baad mein cardinals holl off fame mein shamil honey seey incar curr diyaa. chayanit kalaakritiyaan. cardinals holl off fame aur sangrahalaya mein 15,000 seey adhik kull kalaakritiyaan aur 80,000 tasveeren hain, joe baseball puraavsheshon key sabse badey sangrah key roop mein rashtriya baseball holl off fame key baad dusare sthaan parr hain. sangrahalaya mein cardinalon key poorv ballpark, puraane sent parr vibhinn prakaar key pradarshan aur visheshtaen shamil hain. luis braun aur nigro leag sent. lui sitaare, championship teemen, ack samaan itihas aur vartamaan khilaadi. sanrakshak samvaadaatmak pradarshanon mein bhaag leey sakate hain jaise kii ack classic cardinal key khel kii prasaran coll record karna, yaa ateet key cardinal starr dwara khel mein upayog kiye jaane vaale balle koo pakadana. isamen ack vishesh pradarshani kshetra bhee haye joe pratyek season mein ack nae pradarshan kii mejbani kartaa haih inn sangrhon mein cardinal farm system key itihas, stann museal key jeevan aur currier, kimeox key saath team kii radio saajhedaari aur 2011 vishva shrinkhala team seey sambandhit media shamil hain. gharelu khel saptahant parr, sangrahalaya mein atirikt karyakram jaise autograph satra, poorv khilaadiyon yaa karmchaariyon key saath panel charcha aur unake abhilekhagar seey advitiya yadgar vastuon kii vishesh prastutiyaan hain.

saint. louis cardinals haal off fame museum saint. louis cardinals haal off fame vastusangrahaalayavu saint dountounnalliruva team haal off fame aagide. louis, misauri, itihaasavannu pratinidhisuttade, vruttipara baseball franchise saint naa aatagaararu mattu sibbandi. louis cardinals off majer leigh baseball (emm. ell. bii). idu baal park gramadolage nelegondide, idu mishra-balakeya abhivruddhi mattu kaardinalgala tavaru kridaanganavaada bush kridaanganada pakkadallide. illiyavarege, 53 sadasyarannu cardinals haal off famenalli pratishthaapisalaagide. itihaasa. saint. louis cardinals haal off fame vastusangrahaalayavu moolatah downtown sentnalli nelegondittu. louis, haleya bush kridaangana mattu hosa bush kridaanganada sthalada bully, antararashtriya bowling vastusangrahalaya mattu vishwa bowling barahagarara antararashtriya bowling haal off fame iruva adhe kattadadallide. antaaraashtriya bowling vastusangrahaalayavu tanna saint annu muchchitu. louis taanavu november 2008ralli texasna arlingtonge sthalaantaragonditu. bowling vastusangrahaalayavu sthalaantaragondaga mattu saarvajanika karyacharanegalannu sthagitagolisidaaga cardinals haal off fame annu saha muchchalaayitu. aadaagyoo, vastusangrahaalayada sibbandi hosa haal off fame mattu vastusangrahaalayavannu vinyaasagolisidaru. kaardinalgalu vastusangrahaalayavannu sentge sthalaantarisidaru. louis baal park graamavu bush kridaanganadinda clark streetge addalaagiddu 2014 ralli praarambhavaayitu. hosa soulabhyavannu baal park graamada cardinals haal off fame mattu museum mattu cardinal nation restorentnalli nirmisalaayitu. matadaanada manadandagalu mattu prakriye. janavari, 2014ralli, cardinals adhyaksha mattu mukhya karyanirvahaka adhikari vilium devit, junier.varshika oupachaarika cardinals haal off fame induction prakriyeya yojaneyannu ghoshisidaru. matadaana mattu pravesha prakriyeya ghatakagalli baseball tagnara "kempu ribbon" samiti, vasanta rtuvinalli aaru vaaragala abhimanigala matadaana prakriye mattu besigeyalli pratishthaapane samarambha serive. eegaagale newyorkna kooparstounnalliruva national baseball haal off fame mattu myusiyamnalli pratishtaapisalaada ellah maaji kaardinalgalu mattu avara sankhyeyondige gauravisalpatta nivruttarannu august 16,2014 randu cardinals haal off famena udghatana vargakke svayamchaalitavaagi pratishtaapisalaayitu. cardinals haal off famegay arhate padeyalu, aatagaaranu cardinalsgagi mooru rtugalannu aadirabeku mattu kanishta mooru varshagala kaala majer leigh basebalninda nivruttaragirabeku. aatagararannu "aadhunika aatagaararu" mattu "anubhavi aatagaararu" emba eradu vargagalaagi vingadisalaagide."40 athawa adakkinta hecchu varshagala kaala nivruttaraada aatagararannu anubhavi aatagaararu endu vargeekarisalaaguttade. prati varsha, "kempu ribbon" samitiyu obba anubhavi aatagaaranannu ayke maaduttade mattu abhimanigala matakkaagi innoo 6 rinda 10 aatagararannu namanirdeshana maaduttade. nantara kaardinalgala adhikruta emm. ell. bii. yalli matavannu poornagolisalaaguttade.com jaalataana. athi hecchu anline matagalannu padeda ibbaru aatagararannu serisikollalaaguttade. hechchuvariyagi, tandavu aaduvudara jotege itara patragalannu pooraisida tarabetudaara, prasaraka athawa munchuni kacheria sibbandiyannu ayke maadabahudu. tandavu sabhaanganada pratiyobba chunaayita sadasyarige phalakavannu rachisi pradarshisuttade. kooparstounnalliruva rashtriya baseball haal off famegaagi daddugalannu rachisuva adhe kampaniyinda daddugalannu rachisalaagide. prati serpadegondavarige kempu bannada jackett annu saha nidalaaguttade, adannu ellah adhikruta tandada samaarambhagalu mattu samarambhagalalli dharisalaaguttade. 2014rahra prathama darjege ottu 26 sadasyarannu serisikollalaagiddu, 2021rinda prati varsha obba aadhunika aatagaaranannu maatra ayke maadalaaguttade. cardinals haal off fame serpadegondavaru. patti maadalaada sthaanagalannu kaardinalgalige purna rtuvige samanavagi aadalaaguttittu. namanirdeshanagonda, aadare serpadegollada aatagaararalli jokwin andozer, steve carlton, georg hendrick, myaat maris, edger rentaria mattu lea smith seriddaare. 2023rahra matapatradalli athi hecchu abhimanigala matagalannu padeda nantara, david freese nantara cardinals haal off famegay tamma praveshavannu nirakarisidaru. aayda kalakrutigalu. cardinals haal off fame mattu vastusangrahaalayavu ottu 15,000 kalakrutigalu mattu 80,000 chayachitragalannu hondide, idu rashtriya baseball haal off fame nantara baseball praachina vastugala atidodda sangrahavaagide. ee vastusangrahaalayavu kaardinalgala hindina baal paarkgalaada haleya sentnalli vividha pradarshanagalu mattu vaishishtyagalannu olagondide. louis braun mattu neegro leigh saint. louis stargalu, championship tandagalu, ekaroopada itihaasa mattu prastuta aatagaararu. poshakaru samvadatmaka pradarshanagalalli bhagavahisabahudu, udaaharanege classic cardinals aatada prasara kareyannu record maaduvudu athawa hindina cardinals starr aatadalli balasida byaat annu hididittukolluvudu. idu prati rtuvinalli hosa pradarshanavannu ayojisuva vishesha pradarshana pradeshavannu saha hondideh ee sangrahagalalli cardinal form systemna itihaasa, stann musealn jeevana mattu vrattijeevana, kimeeaksnondigina tandada radeo paaludaarike mattu 2011 rahra vishwa sarani tandakke sambandhisida madhyamagalu serive. home game vaaraantyagalalli, vastusangrahaalayavu autograph sessiongalu, maaji aatagaararu athawa sibbandiyondige panel charchegalu mattu avara aarkaivgalinda vishishta smaranikegala vishesha prastutigalantaha hechchuvari kaaryakramagalannu hondide.

sent. luis kardinals haal oof faim museum sent. luis kardinals haal oof faim museum sent. luis, misauri, professional baseball fraanchaisiyude charithratheyum kalikkaareyum udyogasthareyum prathinidheekarikkunnu. luis kardinals oof mejar leag baseball (emm. ell. bii). mixed yoos developmentum kardinaalmaarude hoome stadiyamaaya bush stadiyathinte anubandhavumaaya bolpark graamathilaanu ithu sthithi cheiyunnathu. innuvare 53 amgangale kardinal haal oof faimil ulppeduthiyittundu. charithram. sent. luis kardinals haal oof faim museum yadhaarthathil sent. anthaaraashtra bowling myusiyavum loka bowling ezhuthukaarude anthaaraashtra bowling haal oof faim ulla athe kettidatthil luis, pazhaya bush stadiyathinteyum puthiya bush stadiyathinteyum sthalathinu sameepam. anthaaraashtra bowling museum athinte sent adachu. 2008 novemberil luis saitt texasile arlingtonilekku maari. bowling museum neengukayum pothu pravartthanangal nirtthivaykkukayum cheythappol kardinals haal oof faim adachu. ennirunnaalum, museum jeevanakkar oru puthiya haal oof faim myusiyavum roopakalppana cheythu. kardinalmar museum sent myoosiyathilekk maatti. bush stadiyathil ninnu clark streetinu kuruke sthithicheyyunna luis bolpark graamam 2014 ll thurannu. bolpark graamatthile kardinals haal oof faimilum myusiyathilum kardinal neshan restorantilum puthiya soukaryam nirmmichu. votting maanadandangalum prakriya. 2014 januvariyil kardinals chairman cheef executive offeesarumaaya vilyam dvitt juuniyar., oru vaarshika aupachaarika kardinal haal oof faim induction prakriyaykkulla oru padhathi prakhyaapichu. baseball vidagtharude "redu riban" kammitti, vasanthakaalath aarr aazhchathe phaan votting prakriya, venalkkaalath oru enshrinment chadangu ennivayaanu vottinginteyum induction prakriyayudeyum gadakangal. newyorkkile koopparstaunile naashanal baseball haal oof faimil myoosiyathil ithinakam prathishtichittulla ellah muun kardinalmareyum avarude viramicha nambar nalki aadarichavareyum 2014 august 16 nuu kardinals haal oof faiminte udghaadana classil swamedhayaa ulppeduthi. kardinals haal oof faimilake yogyatha nedunnathinu, oru kalikkaaran kardinalmarkkayi moonnu seasonukal kalichirikkanam, koodaathe kuranjathu moonnu varshamenkilum mejar leag baseball ninnu viramichirikkanam. kalikkaare "aadhunika kalikkaar", "muthirnna kalikkaar" enningane rund vibhagangalaayi thirichirikkunnu."40 vayaso athil kooduthalo viramicha kalikkaare muthirnna kalikkaraayi tharamthirikkunnu. oro varshavum oru "redu riban" kammitti oru muthirnna kalikkaarane thiranjedukkukayum 6 muthal 10 vare kalikkaare aaradhaka vottinaayi naamanirddesham cheyyukayum cheiyunnu. thudarnnu kardinaalte audyogika emm. ell. bii. yill vottu poortthiyaakkunnu.coom websait. ettavum kooduthal oonlain vottu nediya rund kalikkaare ulppeduthunnu. koodaathe, kalikkunnathinu purame mattu rolukal niravettunna oru pariseelakan, broadcaster allengil frond oafees udyogasthare thiranjedukkaanum teaminu kazhiyum. haalil thiranjedukkappetta oro amgathinum team oru phalakam srishtikkukayum pradarshippikkukayum cheiyunnu. koopparstaunile deseeya baseball haal oof faiminaayi falakangal srishtikkunna athe kambaniyaanu falakangal srishtikkunnathu. oro inductikkum ellah audyogika team chadangukalilum chadangukalilum dharikkenda oru chuvanna jacket nalkunnu. 2014leeii phastt classilake motham 26 amgangale ulppeduthi. 2021 muthal oro varshavum oru aadhunika kalikkaarane maathrame thiranjedukkoo. kardinals haal oof faim inducties. pattikappedutthiya sthaanangal kardinalmarkku oru muzhuvan season thulyamaayirunnu. naamanirddesham cheyyappettenkilum ulppeduthaatha kalikkaaril jokwin andujar, steevu calton, jorjju hendrick, maatt morris, edger renteeriya, liie smith ennivar ulppedunnu. 2023 leeii baalattil ettavum kooduthal aaradhaka vottukal labhichathinu sesham, david freeze pinneedu kardinals haal oof faimilake addehathe ulppeduthunnathu nirasichu. thiranjeduttha karakaushala vasthukkal. baseball puraavasthukkalude ettavum valia shekharamenna nilayil deseeya baseball haal oof faim kazhinjaal randaamathu nilkkunna 15,000-ladhikam karakaushala vasthukkalum 80,000 photographukalum kardinals haal oof faimilum myoosiyathilumundu. kardinaalmaarude muun bolparkkukalaaya pazhaya sent myoosiyathil vaividhyamaarnna pradarshanangalum savisheshathakalum ulppedunnu. luis brauns aandu neegro leag sent. luis staarukal, chaambyanshippu teamukal, unifom charithram, nilavile kalikkaar. oru classic kardinal kaliyude prakshepana kooll record cheiyukayo allengil oru geyimil munkaalathe oru kardinal staar upayogicha baatt pidikkukayo polulla samvedanaathmaka displakelil rakshaadhikaarikalkk pankedukkaam. oro seasonilum oru puthiya pradarshanam nadathunna oru prathyeka pradarshana mekhalayum ithil ulppedunnu eee shekharangalil cardinal phaam sisttathinte charithram, staan myoosiyathinte jeevithavum currier, kilometoxumaayulla teaminte radio pankaalittham, 2011 waled seerees team ennivayumaayi bandhapetta maadyamangal ulppedunnu. hoome geyim vaaraanthyangalil, autograph sessionukal, muun kalikkaarumaayo jeevanakkaarumaayo ulla paanal charchakal, avarude aarkkaivukalil ninnulla savisheshamaaya oormmakkurippukalude prathyeka avatharanangal thudangiya adhika paripaadikal myoosiyathilund.

seent. lui cardinals holl auph fame sangrahalay seent. lui cardinals holl auph fame sangrahalay heey seent seent shaharachya madhyabhagi sthit eka team holl auph fame aahe. lui, misauri, itihasache pratinidhitva karnare, kheladu aanee vyavsayik baseball franchisee sentche karmchari. mejar leag besballche (emm. ell. bii.) lui cardinals. heey ballpark gavat aahe, eka mishra-vapar vikas aanee cardinalsche gharche stadium asalelya busch stadiumchya sanlagn aahe. aataparyant, 53 sadasyanna cardinals holl auph femmadhye pratishthapit karnyat aale aahe. itihas. seent. lui cardinals holl auph fame sangrahalay heey moolatah seent seent citychya downtownmadhye hote. lui heey aantarrashtriy golandaji sangrahalay aanee jaagtik golandaji lekhakanche aantarrashtriy golandaji sabhagruh mhanoon prasiddha asalelya tyach imaratit, junya busch stadiumchya aanee naveen busch stadiumchya thikanajaval aahe. aantarrashtriy golandaji sangrahalayane tyacha seent bund keela. november 2008 madhye lui site aanee arlington, texas yethe halvile. golandaji sangrahalay halavale gele aanee sarvajanik kamkaj sthagit kele tevha cardinals holl auph fame dekhil bund jhaale. tathapi, sangrahalayachya sangrahalayachya eka naveen holl auph fame aanee sangrahalayachi rachana kelee. cardinalsne sangrahalay seent yethe halavale. busch stadiumpasoon clark streetchya palikade asalele aanee 2014 madhye ughadale gelele lui ballpark gaav. naveen suvidha ballpark gavatil cardinals holl auph fame aanee sangrahalay aanee cardinal neshan restaurantmadhye bandhanyat aalee hotee. matdanache nikash aanee prakriya. janewari 2014 madhye, cardinalsche adhyaksh aanee mukhya karyakari adhikari william devit, junier., varshik aupcharik cardinals holl auph fame pravesh prakriyesathi yojana jaheer kelee. baseball tadnyanchi 'laal fiti' samitee, vasant rututil sahaa aathvadyanchi pankha matdan prakriya aanee unhalyat pratishthapan samarambh heey matdan aanee pravesh prakriyeche ghatak aahet. newyorkmadheel cooperstaun yetheel national baseball holl auph fame aanee sangrahalayat aadhich pratishthapit asalele serve majee cardinals aanee nivrutt jhalelya tyanchya sankhyes sanmanit jhalelyanna 16 august 2014 roji cardinals holl auph femchya udghatan vargat aapoaap pratishthapit karnyat aale. cardinals holl auph femsathi patra honyasathi, kheladune cardinalsasathi teen hangam khelale asavet aanee kiman teen varshe mejar leag baseballmadhun nivrutt jhalela asava. kheladunna done shreninmadhye vibhagale jaate-'aadhunik kheladu' aanee 'anubhavi kheladu'."40 varshe kinwa tyahoon adhik kaal nivrutt jhalelya kheladunna anubhavi kheladu mhanoon vargikrut kele jaate. darvarshi, eka 'laal fiti' samitee eka anubhavi kheladuchi nivad karate aanee chahatyanchya matansathi aanakhi 6 teey 10 kheladunchi nivad karate. tyanantar cardinalschya adhikrut emm. ell. bii. varr matdan kele jaate.com sanketsthal. sarvadhik online matey matey done kheladuncha samavesh keela jaato. yavyatirikt, prashikshak, prasarak kinwa front auphis karmchari yasarkhya khelavyatirikt itar bhoomika purn tayar karananya nivad karnyacha paryay sangh nivadu shakato. sabhagruhatil pratyek nivadoon aalelya sadasyasathi eka falak tayar karoon too sangh pradarshit karato. cooperstoonmadhil rashtriy baseball holl auph femsathi falak tayar tayar tyach companyne falak tayar kele aahet. pratyek sahbhagi vyaktila eka laal jakit dekhil dile jaate jeey serve adhikrut sanghik samarambh aanee karyakramanmadhye paridhan kele jaate. 2014 chya pratham shrenisathi ekoon 26 sadasyancha samavesh karnyat aala. 2021 pasoon darvarshi keval eka aadhunik kheladuchi nivad kelee jaeel cardinals holl auph fameche sadasya. soochibaddha keleli padey cardinalsasathi purn hangamachya barobarichi khelali jaat hotee. jyaa kheladunna namankit karnyat aale aahe, parantu tyancha samavesh karnyat aalela nahee, tyamadhye joaquin anduser, steve carlton, george hendrick, matt mauris, edgar renteriya aanee lii smith yancha samavesh aahe. 2023 chya matpatrikevar sarvadhik chahatyanchi matey midalyanantar, david freezene nantar cardinals holl auph femmadhye tyacha samavesh karnyas nakar deela. nivadalelya kalakruti. cardinals holl auph fame aanee sangrahalayat ekoon 15,000 hoon adhik kalakruti aanee 80,000 chhayachitre aahet, jee baseballchya pracheen vastooncha sarvat motha sangrah mhanoon rashtriy baseball holl auph femnantar femnantar kramankavar aahe. sangrahalayat cardinalschya junya seent ballparkvaril vividh pradarshan aanee vaishishtyancha samavesh aahe. lui braun aanee nigro leag seent. lui taare, ajinkyapad sangh, eksaman itihas aanee vartaman kheladu. snrakshak sanvadatmak pradarshanat bhag gheu shakatat, jase qee, utkrusht cardinalschya khelacha prasaran coll reecord karane kinwa bhootkalatil cardinals starne khelat vaparleli batt pakadane. yaat eka vishesh pradarshan kshetra dekhil aahe jeey pratyek hangamat naveen pradarshan aayojit karateh yaa sangrahanmadhye mukhya shetee pranalichya itihasashi sambandhit madhyame, stann musealche jeevan aanee karkird, kimeoxs sanghachi redio bhagidari aanee 2011 jaagtik malika sangh yancha samavesh aahe. gharguti khelachya aathvadyachya shevati, sangrahalayat autograph satre, majee kheladu kinwa kinwa panel charcha aanee tyanchya sangrahatil adviteey smaranikanchi vishesh sadarikarane yasarkhe atirikt karyakram aahet.

cent. luis cardinals hull aff fame sangrahalaya cent. luis cardinals hull aff fame sangrahalaya downtown centma awasthit femko tolly hull how. luis, misauri, itihas, kheladiharu rar peshewar baseball franchaiji centka karmachariharuko pratinidhitwa gardai. mazer ligg baseball (mlb) ko luis cardinals. yo balpark gaunbhitra awasthit chha, ek mishrit-prayog vikas rar buses stadiumko sahayak, cardinalharuko ghar stadium. ahilesamma 53 zana sadasyaharulai cardinal hull aff fembhitra sthapit garieko chha. itihas. cent. luis cardinals hull aff fame sangrahalaya muel rupma cent cent saharko downtownma awasthit thiyo. purano bush stadium rar nayan bush stadiumko sthan najikai antarrashtriya bulling sangrahalaya rar vishwa bulling lekhakharuko antarrashtriya bulling hull aff femko bhawanma luis. antarrashtriya bulling sangrahalayale yasako cent banda garyo. november 2008 maa luis site rar arlington, texasma sario. ball sangrahalaya sardai sarvajanik sanchalan sthagit garda cardinals hull aff fame pani banda bhayo. yadyapi, sangrahalayaka karmachariharule nayan hull aff fame rar sangrahalayako design gare. cardinalharule sangrahalayalai centma sarera rakhe. luis balpark gaaun, june bush stadiumbata clark stritko chheuma awasthit chha rar 2014 maa kholieko thiyo. nayan suwidha balpark gaunma cardinals hull aff fame rar sangrahalaya rar cardinal nation resturant bhitra nirman garieko thiyo. matadanko mapdanda rar prakriya. janawari, 2014 maa, cardinal adhyaksha rar pramukh karyakari adhikari william devit, junier., warshik aupacharik cardinals hull aff fame indoxon prakriyako lagi yojana ghoshana garyo. matadan rar preran prakriyaka ghatakharu samawesh garieko chha jasma baseball wisheshagyaharuko "rato ribbon" samiti, wasantama chha haptako fyan matadan prakriya, rar garmima euta pratishthapan samaroha samawesh chha. sabai purva cardinalharu pahile nai kuperstauna, newyorkko rashtriya baseball hull aff fame rar sangrahalayama sthapit chhan rar uniharuko number sewaniwritta bhaeko samman garneharulai swachalit rupma august 16,2014 maa cardinal hull aff femko udghatan kakshama sthapit garieko thiyo. cardinals hull aff femka lagi yogya huna, ek kheladile cardinalska lagi tean sijan kheleko hunuparchha rar kamtima tean warshaka lagi mazer ligg besbalbata sewaniwritta bhaeko hunuparchha. kheladiharulai dui wargama vibhajan garieko chha-"adhunik kheladiharu" rar "anubhavi kheladiharu."40 warsha wa sobhanda badhi sewaniwritta bhaeka kheladiharulai anubhavi kheladika rupma wargikrit garinchha. pratyek warsha, ek "rato ribbon" samitile ek anubhavi kheladilai samawesh garna chayan gardacha rar fyan bhotka lagi anya 6 dekhi 10 kheladiharulai namangkan gardacha. tyasapachhi cardinalko adhikarik mlbma matadan sampanna hunchha.com website. sabaibhanda badhi unline mutt prapta garne dui kheladilai samawesh garieko chha. thap rupma, tolile prashikshak, prasarankarta wa front afiska karmachariharu jasta khel bahek anya bhumika pura garne karmachariharu chhanauta garna sakchha. tolile halka pratyek nirvachit sadasyaka lagi euta pattika sirjana rar pradarshan gardacha. coperstaunama rashtriya baseball hull aff femka lagi falakharu sirjana garne uhi companyle falakharu sirjana gareko how. pratyek inductilai rato jackett pani pradan garieko chha june sabai adhikarik tolly samaroha rar samarohaharuma lagaunuparchha. sann 2014 ko pratham shrenika lagi kull 26 zana sadasyaharu samawesh garieko thiyo. sann 2021 dekhi pratyek warsha ekjana matra adhunik kheladi nirvachit hunechhan. cardinals hull aff fame inductiharu. suchibadha sthanharu cardinalharuka lagi purna sijanko barabar khelieka thie. manonit bhaeka kheladiharu, tara samawesh nagarieka kheladiharuma joakin anduser, steve carlton, george hendrick, matt morris, edger renteria, rar lea smith samawesh chhan. sann 2023 ko matapatrama sabaibhanda dherai fyan bhotharu prapta garepachhi, devid freesle pachhi cardinals hull aff femma afno samaweshlai aswikar gare. chayanit kalakritiharu. cardinals hull aff fame rar sangrahalayama 15,000 bhanda badhi kull kalakritiharu rar 80,000 photoharu chhan, rashtriya baseball hull aff fame pachhi baseball puratan wastuharuko sabaibhanda thulo sangrahako rupma dosro sthanma chha. sangrahalayama cardinalharuko purva balpark, purano centma vibhinna prakarka pradarshan rar suwidhaharu samawesh chhan. luis brauna rar nigro ligg cent. luis starr, championship toliharu, saman itihas, rar wartaman kheladiharu. sanrakshakharule antarkriyatmak pradarshanharuma bhag lyne sakchhan jastai classic cardinal khelko prasaran cull record garne, wa wigatka cardinal stardwara khelma prayog garieko batt samatne. yasama ek vishesh pradarshani khetra pani chha jasle pratyek sijanma nayan pradarshan ayojana gardachhah yee sangrahaharuma cardinal farm pranaliko itihas, stan musealko jiwan rar carrier, kimiokssangko toliko radio sajhedari, rar 2011 vishwa shringkhala tolisanga sambandhit midia samawesh chha. gharelu khel saptahantaharuma, sangrahalayama atirikta karyakramharu chhan jastai autograph satraharu, purva kheladiharu wa karmachariharusanga panel chhalfalharu, rar tiniharuko abhilekhharubata adwitiya smriti chinhaharuko vishesh prastutikaranharu.

cent. lui cardinal hull off fame sangrahalaja cent. lui cardinal hull off fame sangrahalaja heuchhi cent centrol saharar kendrasthalare abasthita eka team hull off fame . louis, misauri, itihas, khelali ebong pesadara baseball franchise centre karmacharinku pratinidhitwa karanti . mejara ligg baseball (emm. ell. bii.) rahr louis cardinal. ehaa bull park gramm madhyare abasthita, eka mishrit-byabahara bikash ebong bush stadiamera sanlagna, cardinalnka home stadium . aaji parjyanta, 53 john sadasyanku cardinal hull off fame madhyare pratisthita karajaichi. itihas. cent. lui cardinals hull off fame sangrahalaja moolatah cent centrol saharar kendrasthalare abasthita thila . louis sehi bildingre achanti, jeunthi antarjatija boling sangrahalaja ebong biswa boling lekhakamane antarjatija boling hull off fame, puruna bush stadium ebong nutan bush stadium nikatare achanti. antarjatija boling sangrahalaja ehara cent banda karideithila. navember 2008 ray louis site ebong texacer aarlingatanku sthanantarita hoithila . boling sangrahalajaku sthanantara curry sarbajaneena karjyakalapaku sthagita rakhajiba parey cardinal hull off fame madhya banda hoijaithila. tebe sangrahalajara karmacharimane eka nutan hull off fame ebong sangrahalajara parikalpana karithile. cardinalmane sangrahalajaku sentaku sthanantara karithile. louis bull park gramm, jaahaa bush stadium ru clark street upare abasthita ebong 2014 ray kholajaithila. nutan subidha bull park graamare cardinal hull off fame ebong sangrahalaja ebong cardinal nession resturant madhyare nirmita hoithila . matadanara manadanda ebong prakriya. januari, 2014 ray, cardinal chairman ebong mukhya karjyanirbahee adhikari william devit, juniara., eka barshika aanusthanika cardinal hull off fame indoxon prakriya paain eka yojana ghoshana karithile. matadana ebong prerana prakrijara upadanagudika madhyare baseball bisheshagyanka eka "redd ribbon" kamiti, basanta ruture chhaa saptahara prashansaka matadana prakriya ebong grishma ruture eka pratistha samaroha antarbhukta . nyujarkara cooperstownra jatiah baseball hull off fame ebong sangrahalajare purbaru pratisthita samasta purbatana cardinal ebong semananka nambarare sammanita byaktimane absar neithile, august 16,2014 ray cardinal hull off famour udaghatani shreneere swajanchalita bhabare sthapita hoithile. cardinal hull off fame paain jogya heba paain, jane khelali cardinalnka paain tinoti rutu khelithiba aabasyaka ebong ati kamare tini barsha paain mejara ligg baseball ru absar neichanti . khelalimananku duiti bargare bibhakta karajaichi-"adhunika khelali" ebong "bheteran khelali"."jeun khelalimane 40 kimba taa 'thaaru adhika barsha dhari absar neichanti, semananku bheteran khelali bhabe bargeekruta karajaithae. pratibarsha, eka "redd ribbon" kamiti jane bheteran khelalinku chayan kare ebong prashansaka bhot paain anya 6 ru 10 john khelalinku manoneet kare . ehapare cardinalnka official emm. ell. bii. ray bhot sampanna hue .com website. sarbadhika unline bhota thiba dui khelalinku samil karajaichi. ehaa byatita, dala sehi karmacharimananku chayan karipare jeunmane kheliba byatita anya bhumika purana karanti, jepariki jane prashikhyaka, prasaranakari kimba sammukh karjyalaja karmachari. dala haller pratyeka nirbachita sadasyanka paain eka phalaka srusti ebong pradarshan kare . ehi phalakagudika sehi company dwara prastuta karajaithae, jie kuparstaunare jatiah baseball hull off fame paain phalakamana tiari karithae. pratyeka indactinku eka laal jackett madhya pradan karajae jaahaa samasta sarkari dala samaroha ebong samarohare pindhibaku padiba . 2014rahr pratham shreni paain mote 26 john sadasyanku samil karajaithila. 2021ru arambha curry, pratibarsha kebala jane adhunika khelali nirbachita hebe. cardinal hull off fame antarbhukta. talikabhukta sthanagudika cardinalmananka paain eka sampurna sijin sahita samaana khelajaithila . manoneet hoithiba khelali, kintu samil hoinathiba khelalinka madhyare joaquin andujar, stibh carlton, george hendrik, matt morris, edger renteria ebong ly smith antarbhukta . 2023rahr matadanare sarbadhika prashansaka bhot paiba parey, devida friz parey cardinal hull off phemare taanka jogadanaku pratyakhyana karithile. manoneet kalakruti. cardinal hull off fame ebong sangrahalajare mote 15,000 ru adhika kalakruti ebong 80,000 phato achhi, jaahaa baseball prachinara sarbabruhata sangraha bhabare jatiah baseball hull off fame parey dwiteeja . sangrahalajare cardinalnka purbatana bull park, puruna cent upare bibhinna pradarshani ebong baisistya antarbhukta . louis braun ebong nigro ligg cent. lui starr, championship dala, uniform itihas, ebong barttamanara khelali. prusthaposhakamane parasparika pradarshanare anshagrahana kariparibe jepariki eka classic cardinal khelara prasarana cull recording kariba, kimba atitara cardinal staranka dwara eka khelare byabahruta batt dhari rakhiba . ethire eka swatantra pradarshani khetra madhya rahichhi jaahaa pratyeka ruture eka nutan pradarshan ayojan karithaeh ehi sangrahagudikare cardinal farm systemer itihas, stan musealra zeeban ebong kyariyara, kii. mea. oh. ess. sahita dalara redio bhagidari ebong 2011 biswa sirij dala sahita jadita midia antarbhukta rahichhi. gharoi khela saptahantare, sangrahalajare atirikta karjyakram rahichhi jepariki autograph adhibeshana, purbatana khelali kimba karmacharinka saha panel alochana, ebong semananka sanrakhyanagararu ananya smrutichinhagudikara swatantra upasthapana .

shh. luis cardinals haal aaf fame ajaib gharr sant. luis cardinals haal aaf fame ajaib gharr cent shehar dey downtown witch sathit ikk team haal aaf fame haii. luis, misauri, itihaas dee numaindagi karde hoye, peshevar baseball franchisee cent dey khidari atey karamchari. mejar leeg baseball (aimm. aill. bee.) dey luis cardinals. ih baal park pind dey ander sathit haii, ikk mishrat varton vaala vikas atey bush stadium dey naal, cardinal daa gharelu stadium haii. hunn takk 53 memberan noon cardinal haal aaf fame witch sathapit keeta giaa haii. itihaas. sant. luis cardinals haal aaf fame ajaib gharr asal witch cent shehar dey downtown witch sathit see. louis use imaarat witch haii jiss witch antarashtari gendbazi ajaib gharr atey vishav gendbazi lekhakan daa antarashtari gendbazi haal aaf fame haii, purane bush stadium atey navein bush stadium dey nede haii. antarashtari gendbazi ajaib gharr neey aapna cent bnd qarr ditta. luis site navambar 2008 witch atey arlington, taxas chalee gaee. cardinals haal aaf fame vee isey tarahan bnd hoow giaa jadon gendbazi ajaib gharr noon tabdil qarr ditta giaa atey jantak sanchalan noon muattal qarr ditta giaa. halanki, ajaib gharr dey staff neey ikk navaan haal aaf fame atey ajaib gharr tiaar keeta. cardinals neey ajaib gharr noon cent witch tabdil qarr ditta. luis baal park pind, joe kii bush stadium toon clark street dey paar sathit haii atey 2014 witch kholhiaa giaa see. naveen sahulat daa nirman baal park pind witch cardinals haal aaf fame atey ajaib gharr atey cardinal neshan restaurant dey ander keeta giaa see. voting mapdand atey prakiriaa janwari, 2014 witch, cardinals chairman atey mukkh karajkari adhikari viliam devit, junier., neey salana rasmi cardinal haal aaf fame induction prakiriaa laee ikk yojna daa ailaan keeta. voting atey induction prakiriaa dey hisse shamal hunn baseball maaharan dee ikk "laal ribbon" kameti, basant rutt witch chhe haftiaan dee parshansak voting prakiriaa, atey garmiaan witch ikk sanstha samaroh. cooperstown, newyork witch national baseball haal aaf fame atey ajaib gharr witch pahilan hii sathapit saare sabka cardinal atey unhan dee ginti naal sanmanit sevamukt lokan noon aapne aap 16 agast, 2014 noon cardinal haal aaf fame dee udghatni class witch sathapit keeta giaa see. cardinal haal aaf fame laee yog bannan laee, ikk khidari neey cardinal laee tinn season khede hone chahide hunn atey ghatto ghatt tinn saalan laee mejar leeg baseball toon retire hoow giaa honaa chahida haii. khidariaan noon doou shreniaan witch vandiaa giaa haii-"aadhunik khidari" atey "tajarbekar khidari"."uh khidari joe 40 saal jaan iss toon vaddh samein toon sevamukt hoow chukke hunn, unhan noon tajarbekar khidariaan vajon shrenibadh keeta jaanda haii. harr saal, ikk "laal ribbon" kameti ikk tajarbekar khidari dee chonh kardi haii atey parshansak vott laee horr 6 toon 10 khidariaan noon namzad kardi haii. firr vott cardinal dey adhikarat aimm. aill. bee. utte keeti jaandi haii.com website sabh toon vaddh online vott vaale doou khidariaan noon shamal keeta jaanda haii. iss toon ilava, team uhanan karamchariaan dee chonh curran dee chonh qarr sakadi haii joe khedan toon ilava horr bhumikavan noon poora karde hunn, jiven kii ikk coach, parsarak jaan front offices karamchari. team haal dey harek chunhe hoye member laee ikk takhti banaundi haii atey pradarshit kardi haii. takhtiaan use company duaara banaiaan gaeeaan hunn joe cooperstown witch rashtari baseball haal aaf fame laee takhtiaan banaundi haii. harek shamal curran vaale noon ikk laal jackett vee ditti jaandi haii joe saare adhikarat team samarohan atey samagman witch pahini jaanhi haii. saal 2014 dee pahili shreni laee kull 26 memberan noon shamal keeta giaa see. saal 2021 toon harr saal siraf ikk aadhunik khidari chunhiaa javega. cardinals haal aaf fame shamal keete gaye. suchibadh sathitiaan noon cardinal laee poore season dey barabar khediaa giaa see. jinhan khidariaan noon namzad keeta giaa haii, parr shamal naheen keeta giaa haii, unhan witch jokin anduser, steve carlton, jaaraj handrick, mait mauris, edger rentaria atey lee smith shamal hunn. 2023 dee bellet utte sabh toon vaddh parshansak vott prapat curran toon baad, david freeze neey baad witch cardinal haal aaf fame witch shamal honn toon inkaar qarr ditta. chunhiaan gaeeaan kalakritiaan. cardinals haal aaf fame atey ajaib gharr witch kull 15,000 toon vaddh kalakritiaan atey 80,000 fotoan hunn, joe baseball puratan cheezan dey sabh toon vadde sangrah vajon rashtari baseball haal aaf fame toon baad dooje sathaan 'teey hunn. ajaib gharr witch cardinal dey sabka balparkan, purane cent utte kaee tarahan dey pradarshaniaan atey visheshtavan shamal hunn. luis braoons atey nigro leeg cent. luis starr, championship teaman, uniform itihaas atey maujuda khidari. sarprasti interactive display witch hissa lae sakde hunn jiven kii ikk classic cardinal khedan dee prasaran qaal ricard karna, jaan ateet dey cardinal starr duaara ikk khed witch varte gaye balle noon fadna. iss witch ikk vishesh pardarshani khetar vee haii joe harr season witch ikk naveen pardarshani dee mezbani karda haiyav inhan sangrahian witch cardinal farm pranali dey itihaas, sten museal dey jeevan atey carrier, kii. mee. aaks naal team dee radio bhaiwali atey 2011 vishav ladiwar team naal sabandhat media shamal hunn. gharelu khed dey hafte dey ant witch, ajaib gharr witch vadhu program jiven kii autograph saishan, sabka khidariaan jaan staff naal panel charcha atey uhanan dey puralekhan toon vilakkhan yaadan deeaan vishesh peshkariaan hunn.

ess. tii. louis cardinals haal aaf fame sangrahaalayah sa. louis cardinals haal aaf fame sangrahaalayah, sent-nagaramadhyabhage sthitah ekaha team haal aaf fame asti. louis, misauree, itihasasya pratinidhitvam karoti, kreedakaah, peshaadaarah besball-franchaiz-ess. tii. ityasya karmachaari cha. louis cardinals aaf measure leag besball (emm. ell. bii.). etat baal-paark-graame sthitam asti, mishra-upayog-vikaasah, cardinals-ityeteshaam gruha-kreedaamganasya bush-kreedaamganasya cha samlagnah asti. adyaparyantam cardinals haal aaf fame madhye 53 sadasyaah pratishtaapitaah santi. itihaasah. sa. louis cardinals haal aaf fame sangrahaalayah moolatah sent-nagar-nagare aasit. louis-nagaram, antarashtriya-bauling-sangrahaalayasy tathaa vishva-bauling-lekhakanam antarashtriya-bauling-haal-aaf-fame ityasya cha samaan-bhavane, puratanam bush-kreedaamganasya, nutanasya bush-kreedaamganasya cha sameepe asti. antarashtriya-bauling-sangrahaalayah swasya ess. tii.-iteedam bandhayat. 2008 tame varshe november-maase louis-sait-nagaram gatvaa arlington, texas-nagaram prati gatavaan. yadaa bauling-sangrahaalayah sthanantaritaha, saarwajanik-karyani sthagitam cha tadaa cardinals-haal-aaf-fame api tathaiva bandhitam. parantu sangrahaalayasy karmachaarinah nootanam haal aaf fame, sangrahaalayam cha parikalpayan. cardinals ityete sangrahaalayam sent-nagare sthanantarayan. louis-baal-paark-graamah, yah bush-kreedaamganaat clark-margasya param sthitah asti, 2014 tame varshe udghaatitah cha aasit. nootan-suvidhaa, baal-paark-gramasya cardinals-haal-aaf-fame, sangrahaalayam, cardinal-neshan-bhojanalaya cha madhye nirmitah. matadanasya maanadandah tathaa prakriya. janavaree 2014 tame varshe cardinals-adhyakshah mukhyakaaryakaari-adhikaarinah vilium devit, joo., vaarshik-aupachaarika-cardinals-haal-aaf-fame-prerana-prakriyayaha yojanam ghoshayat. matadanasya, preranasya cha prakriyayaha ghatakaah besball-visheshadnyaanaam "redd ribbon" samitihi, vasantakaale shut-saptahasya prashamsakamandalee matadanaprakriya, grishmakaale pratishtaapana-samarohah cha santi. nyuyaark-nagarasya cooperstown-nagarasya rashtriya-besball-haal-aaf-fame-sangrahaalaye cha poorvamev pratishtaapitaah sarve poorva-cardinals-janaah, nivruttaihi cha sammaanitaah, ye cha svayameva 16 august 2014 dinaanke cardinals-haal-aaf-fame-ityasya udghaatan-varge pratishtaapitaah abhavan. cardinals haal aaf fame krute arhati chet, ekaha kreedakah cardinals krute treeni rutuhu kreeditavaan bhavet, api cha nyunatinyoonam varshatrayam yaavat measure-leag-besball-kridaat nivruttah bhavet. kreedakaah dwayoh vargeshu vibhaktau santi-"aadhunik-kreedakaah" tathaa "anubhavee-kreedakaah"."ye kreedakaah 40 varshaani vaa adhikaani vaa nivruttaah santi te vayovruddha-kreedakaah iti vargeekrutaah bhavanti. prativarsham "redd ribbon" samitihi ekam anubhavee kreedakam chayanam karoti, api cha prashamsakamatidaanaartham anyaan 6 taha 10 creedcon naamaankayati. tatah cardinals ityasya adhikarikam emm. ell. bii. ityatra matadanm bhavati.com jaalaputam. sarvaadhikam anlain-mata-kulam praaptau dwau kreedakaah samaaveshayante. tadatiriktam, dalah kridanaat atiriktam anyaani paatram poorayan, yathaa prashikshakm, prasarakam vaa agrimakaryalayasya karmachaari vaa, karmachaarinah nirvaachayitum shaknoti. dalah sabhaamandale pratyekasya nirvaachitasya sadasyasy krute phalakam nirmaati, pradarshati cha. cooperstown-nagare rashtriya-besball-haal-aaf-fame ityasya krute phalakaani nirmaatum saa eva samsthaa phalakaani nirmaati. pratyekam pravesham sveekrutya raktavarnasya jaaket api pradadaati yat sarveshu aadhikaarik-dala-samaaroheshu kaaryeshu cha dharitavyam. 2014 tame varshe prathamavargasya krute aahaty 26 sadasyaah samaaveshyantaam. 2021 tame varshe aarabhy prativarsham kevalam ekaha aadhunikah kreedakah eva nirwaachitah bhavishyati. cardinals haal aaf fame ityasya praveshah. soocheekrutaah sthanani cardinals krute poorna-rutoho samatulyaani kreedyante sma. naamaankitaah, parantu naa samaaveshakah kreedakaah santi, teshu jokwin enduser, steve carlton, jaarj hendrick, myaat morris, edger renteria, lee smit cha santi. 2023 tame varshe matapatrake sarvaadhikam prashamsakamoolyam praapya, david frees ityeshah pashchat cardinals haal aaf fame ityasmin swasya samaaveshanam niraakrutavaan. chayanitaani kalaakrutayah. cardinals haal aaf fame tathaa sangrahaalaye 15,000 taha adhikaani kulaani kalaakrutayah, 80,000 chaayaachitraani cha santi, rashtriya-besball-haal aaf fame ityasya anantaram, besball-prachinatanam bruhattamasangrahah iti dwiteeyam sthaanam asti. sangrahaalaye cardinals-ityasya poorva-baal-paark-ityatra, puraatane ess. tii. ityatra, vividhaah pradarshanaah, visheshaah cha santi. louis brauns tathaa neegro leag ess. tii. louis-stars, championship-dalaani, ekaroopa-itihaasah, vartamaan-kreedakaah cha. samrakshakaah paraspar-pradarshaneshu bhaagam graheetum shaknuvanti yathaa classic-cardinals-kreedaayaah prasaaranam dhwanimudranam, athavaa atitasya cardinals-starr ityanena kridaayaam prayuktam byaat dhaarayitum shaknuvanti. asmin ekam vishesham pradarshanakshetrm api vartate yat pratyekavarshe nootanam pradarshanm aayojayati-eteshu sangraheshu mukhyakrushi-vyavasthaayaah itihaasah, staan museal ityasya jeevanam vruttihi cha, key. emm. o. ess. ityanena saha dalasya radio-sahabhaagitvam, 2011 vishva-shrunkhalaayaah dalam ityetaih sambadhaah madhyamaha antarbhavanti. gruhakreedaayaah saptahanteshu sangrahaalaye autograph-satraani, poorvakreedakaih athavaa karmachaaribhih saha pyanal-charchaah, teshaam abhilekhebhya adviteeya-smaraneey-vishesha-prastuteekaranaani ityadini atirikta-kaaryakramaani santi.

St. luis cardinals haal off fame arungaatchiyagam saint. luis cardinals haal off fame arungaatchiyagam enbathu nagaramaana saint nagaril amainthulla oru team haal off fame aagum. luis, mizori, thozhilmurai baseball urimaiyin varalaaru, veerargal mattrum paniyaalarkalaip pirathinithiththuvappaduththu. mejar leak baseball (emm. ell. pii) inn luis kaardinalgal. idhu pandhu poongaa kiraamaththirkul amainthullathu, idhu oru kalappu payanpaattu maempaadu mattrum kaardinalgalin sontha staediyamaana bush stadiathin inaippu. intruvarai, 53 uruppinarkal cardinals haal off famil niruvapattullanar. varalaaru. saint. luis cardinals haal off fame arungaatchiyagam muthalil nagaramaana saint nagaril amainthullathu. pazhaiya bush stadium mattrum puthiya bush stadium ulla idaththirku arugil, sarvadesa pandhu veechchu arungaatchiyagam mattrum ulaga pandhu veechchu ezhuththaalargal sarvadesa pandhu veechchu haal off famil ulla athae kattidaththil luis ullathu. sarvadesa pandhuveechchu arungaatchiyagam adhan saint nagarai moodiyathu. navambar 2008 ill luis thalam mattrum texassin arlingtonukku maattrappattathu. pandhu veechchu arungaatchiyagam nagarththappattu podhu nadavadikkaigalai idainiruththiyapoathu cardinals haal off faemum moodappattathu. iruppinum, arungaatchiyaga oozhiyargal oru puthiya haal off fame mattrum arungaatchiyagaththai vadivamaiththanar. kaardinalgal arungaatchiyagaththai saint nagaraththirku maattrinar. bush staediyaththilirunthu clark theruvin kurukkae amainthulla luis balbarg gramam, 2014 aam aandil thirakkappattathu. puthiya vasathi pandhu poongaa kiraamaththil ulla cardinals haal off fame mattrum arungaatchiyagam mattrum cardinal neshan unavagaththirkul kattappattathu. vaakkalippu alavukoalgal mattrum seyalmurai. janavari, 2014 ill, cardinals thalaivarum thalaimai nirvaaga athikaariyumaana villiyam dweet, juuniyar., varudaanthira muraiyaana cardinals haal off fame thoondal seyalmuraikkaana thittatthai ariviththathu. baseball nipunarkalin "sivappu ribbon" kuzhu, vasantha kaalaththil aaru vaara rasigargalin vaakkalippu seyalmurai mattrum koadaiyil oru pathaviyaerpu vizhaa aagiyavai vaakkuppathivu mattrum thoondal seyalmuraiyin koorugalil adangkum. newyorkin cooperstownil ulla thaesiya baseball haal off famil aerkanavae niruvapatta anaitthu munnaal kaardinalgalum, oaivu pettravargalin ennikkaiyaal gowravikkappattavargalum august 16,2014 andru cardinals haal off famil thodakka vaguppil thaanaagavae serkkappattanar. cardinals haal off famil saera oru veerar moontru seesangalil kaardinalgalukkaaga vilaiyaadiyirukka vaendum, maelum mejar leak baseball poattiyil irunthu kurainthathu moontru aandugalukku oaivu pettrirukka vaendum. veerargal irandu pirivugalaagap pirikkappadugiraargal-"naveena veerargal" mattrum "mooththa veerargal"."40 allathu adharku maerpatta aandugal oaivu pettra veerargal mooththa veerargalaaka vagaippaduththappadugiraargal. ovvoru aandum, oru "sivappu ribbon" kuzhu oru mooththa veeraraich saerkkath thaernthedukkirathu, maelum 6 muthal 10 veerargalai rasigargalin vaakkukku parinthuraikkirathu. pinnar cardinaline athikaarappoorva emm. ell. pii. yill vaakkuppathivu seiyappadugirathu.com inaiyathalam. adhiga anline vaakkugal pettra irandu veerargalum saerkkappadugiraargal. koodudhalaaga, oru payirchiyaalar, oliparappaalar allathu muun aluvalaga paniyaalarkal poantra vilaiyaaduvathaith thavira mattra paaththirangkalai niraivaettrum paniyaalarkalaith thaernthedukka kuzhu thaervu seiyalaam. kuzhu mandapaththin thernthedukkappatta ovvoru uruppinarukkum oru kalvettai uruvaakki kaatchippaduththukirathu. cooperstownil ulla thaesiya baseball haal off faemukkaana thagadugalai uruvaakkum athae niruvanatthaal thagadugal uruvaakkappadugindrana. ovvoru kuzhuvilum serkkappadupavarukkum anaitthu athikaarappoorva kuzhu vizhaakkal mattrum seyalpaadugalilum aniya vaendiya sivappu jackettum vazhangkappadukirathu. 2014aam aandin muthal vaguppirku moththam 26 uruppinarkal serkkappattanar. 2021aam aandu thodangi, ovvoru aandum oru naveena veerar mattumae thaernthedukkappaduvaar. cardinals haal off famil saerkkappattavargal. pattiyalidappatta nilaigal kaardinalgalukku oru muzhu seesanukku samamaaga vilaiyaadappattana. parinthuraikkappatta, aanaal saerkkappadaatha veerargalil, jogin andujar, steve carlton, jaarj hendrik, maed morris, edkar rentaria mattrum liie smith aagiyoar adangkuvar. 2023 vaakkeduppil adhiga rasigargalin vaakkugalaip pettra piragu, davit freeze pinnar cardinals haal off famil thannaich saerkka marutthaar. thernthedukkappatta kalaipporutkal. cardinals haal off famil 15,000 kkum maerpatta moththa kalaipporutkal mattrum 80,000 pugaippadangkal ullana, idhu thaesiya baseball haal off famil baseball tholporutkalin migapperiya sekarippaaga irandaavathu idaththil ullathu. inththa arungaatchiyagaththil kaardinalgalin munnaal pandhu poongkaakkalil, pazhaiya saint meethu palvaeru kaatchip porutkal mattrum amsangkal ullana. luis provunce mattrum neekro leak saint. luis natchaththiranggal, saambiyanship anigal, seerudai varalaaru mattrum tharpoothaiya veerargal. oru classic kaardinalgal vilaiyaattin oliparappu azhaippaip pathivu seivathu allathu kadantha kaala kaardinalgal natchaththiratthaal oru vilaiyaattil payanpaduththappatta mattaiyai pidippathu poantra uudaadum kaatchigalil puravalarkal pankerkalaam. ovvoru paruvaththilum oru puthiya kaatchiyai vazhangkum oru sirappu kankaatchi paguthiyum idhil ullathu inththa thoguppukalil cardinal pannai amaippin varalaaru, staan musealin vaazhkkai mattrum vaazhkkai, chemioxudon aniyin vanoli koottaanmai mattrum 2011 ulaga thodar kuzhu thodarpaana uudakangkal adangkum. veettu vilayaattu vaara iruthi naatkalil, arungaatchiyagaththil audograph amarvugal, munnaal veerargal allathu oozhiyargaludan kuzhu vivaathangkal mattrum avarkalin kaappagangalilirunthu thaniththuvamaana ninaivuchchinnangalin sirappu vilakkakkaatchigal poantra koodudhal niralkal ullana.

St. luis cardinals haall off fame museum seyint. luis cardinals haall off fame museum anedi down town seyint loe unna team haall off fame. luis, missauri, charitraku praatinidhyam vahistunna, professional baseball franchisee St. majer leag baseball (emm. ell. bii) yokka luis cardinals. idhi baall park graamamlo undhi, idhi mishrama-viniyoga abhivruddhi mariyu cardinals yokka home stadium ayina bush stadium yokka anubandham. eee roeju varaku, 53 mandhi sabhyulu cardinals haall off famelo pratishtinchabaddaaru. charitra. seyint. luis cardinals haall off fame museum modata down town seyint loe undhi. luis, antarjaateeya bowling museum mariyu prapancha bowling raitars antarjaateeya bowling haall off fame adhe bhavanamlo, paatha bush stadium mariyu kotta bush stadium unna pradaesaaniki sameepamlo undhi. antarjaateeya bowling museum daani St. november november luis sait mariyu texasloni arlingtonku maarindi. bowling museum taralinchi, praja karyakalapalanu nilipivesinappudu cardinals haall off fame kooda moosiveyabadindi. ayithe, museum sibbandi kotta haall off fame mariyu museumnu roopondinchaaru. cardinals museumnu seyintku taralinchaaru. bush stadium nundi clark veedhiki addamgaa unna luis baall park graamam, janavari praarambhinchabadindi. kotta soukaryam baall park graamamlo cardinals haall off fame mariyu museum mariyu cardinal nation restaurantlo nirminchabadindi. oating pramaanaalu mariyu prakriya. janavari, janavari, cardinals chairman mariyu cheef executive officer vilium davit, juuniyar., vaarshika adhikaarika cardinals haall off fame induction prakriya kosam oka pranaalikanu prakatinchindi. oating mariyu induction prakriyaloo bhaagamgaa bays baall nipunula "redd ribbon" kamitee, vasantakaalamlo aaru vaaraala abhimanula oating prakriya mariyu vesavilo pratishtaapana veduka untaayi. newyorkloni cooperstownlooni national baseball haall off fame mariyu museumlo ippatike sthaapinchabadina maajee cardinals mariyu vaari sankhyatho gowravinchabadina vaaru padavee viramana chesina vaaru augustu 16,2014naa cardinals haall off fame prarambha taragatiloki svayamchaalakamgaa ponduparachabaddaaru. cardinals haall off fameku arhata pondadaaniki, oka aatagadu cardinals kosam moodu seasonlu aadali mariyu kaneesam moodu samvatsaraalu majer leag baseball nundi retair ayi undaali. aatagallanu "aadhunika aatagaallu" mariyu "anubhavagnulaina aatagaallu" anae rendu vargaluga vibhajinchaaru."40 samvatsaraalu ledhaa anthakante ekkuva kaalam padavee viramana chesina aatagallanu anubhavagnulaina aatagalluga vargeekaristaaru. prati samvatsaram, oka "redd ribbon" kamitee oka anubhavagnudaina aatagaadini empika chesi, abhimanula ootu kosam maroe 6 nundi 10 mandhi aatagallanu nominate chestundi. aaa tarvaata cardinals adhikaarika mlblo ootu veyabadutundi.com website. atyadhika online ootu mottam kaligina iddaru aatagallanu chaerchaaru. adanamgaa, jattu coach, broadcaster ledhaa front office sibbandi vanti aadatame kakunda itara paatralanu pooshinchina sibbandini ennukovachhu. sabhaamandali yokka prati ennikaina sabhyudiki oka falakaanni roopondinchi, pradarsistundi. cooperstownlooni national baseball haall off fame kosam phalakaalanu srushtinche adhe samstha phalakaalanu srushtistundi. prati pravaesaaniki erupu jackett kooda andinchabadutundi, idhi anni adhikaarika jattu vedukalu mariyu karyakramalalo dharinchaali. 2014 modati taragatiki mottam 26 mandhi sabhyulanu chaerchaaru. 2021 nundi, prati samvatsaram oka aadhunika aatagaadini matrame ennukuntaaru. cardinals haall off fame pravaesaalu. jabita cheyabadina sthaanaalu cardinals kosam puurti seasonku samanamga aadabaddayi. nominate cheyabadina, conny cherchabadani aatagaallalo jokewin andozer, steve carlton, georg hendrick, mott morris, edger rentaria mariyu lii smith unnaaru. 2023 ballet loe atyadhika abhimanula otlanu pondina taruvaata, david freese cardinals haall off fame loki thana pravesaanni tiraskarinchaadu. enchukunna kalakhandalu. cardinals haall off fame mariyu museumlo mottam 15,000 kalakhandalu mariyu 80,000 chaayaachitraalu unnaayi, ivi bays baall puraatana vastuvula atipedda sekaranagaa national bays baall haall off fame tarvaata rendava sthaanamlo unnaayi. eee museumlo cardinals yokka puurvapu baall paarkulu, paatha seyint meeda vividha rakaala pradarsanalu mariyu lakshanaalu unnaayi. luis brownes mariyu neegro leag St. luis stars, championship jatlu, ekareeti charitra mariyu prastuta aatagaallu. poeshakulu classic cardinals aata yokka prasaara kaalnu record cheyadam ledhaa gatamlooni cardinals starr aatalo upayoginchina byaatnu pattukovadam vanti paraspara pradarsanalalo paalgonavacchu. idhi prati seasonlo kotta pradarsananu nirvahinche pratyeka pradarsana praantaanni kooda kaligi undih eee sekaranalalo cardinal vyavasaya vyavastha charitra, staan museal yokka jeevitam mariyu vrutti, kimiaxto jattu yokka radeo bhagaswamyam mariyu 2011 prapancha syries jattuku sambandhinchina media unnaayi. home game vaaraantaallo, museumlo autograph sessionlu, maajee aatagaallu ledhaa sibbandito panel charchalu mariyu vaari archivela nundi pratyaekamaina ghnaapakaala pratyeka pradarsanalu vanti adanapu karyakramalu unnaayi.

sent. lois cardinals haal aaf faim museum sent. lois cardinals haal aaf faim museum eek team haal aaf faim hay juu sent sent kay shehar mein waaqa hay. lois mesori tareekh kii numaindagi kartay huay paishah waranah bees baal frunchise sent kay khilaadi aur ahalkaar. meejar leeg bees baal (ayem eel bee) kay lois cardinals. yaha baal paark gaaon kay andar waaqa hay juu eek makhlut istemaal kii tarqi aur bash steadium say malhaqah hay juu cardinals kaa hoam steadium hay. aaj takk 53 arakeen kuu cardinals haal aaf faim mein shaamil kiyaa jaa chakaa hay. tareekh. sent. lois cardinals haal aaf faim museum asl mein sent kay shehar kay markaz mein waaqa thaa. lois asee emarat mein hay jiss mein beenn alaqwami boling museum aur aalimi boling ryters beenn alaqwami boling haal aaf faim paraaney bash steadium aur nayey bash steadium kii jagah kay qareeb hay. beenn alaqwami boling museum nay apnaa sent bund kirr diyaa. nomber 2008 mein lois saait aur arlington taxas muntaqil how gayaa. asee tarah cardinals haal aaf faim bhee bund how gayaa jabb boling museum muntaqil how gayaa aur awami karwaiyan muatil kirr dee gayein. tahim museum kay amley nay eek neeya haal aaf faim aur museum design kiyaa. cardinals nay museum kuu sent mein muntaqil kirr diyaa. lois baal paark gaaon juu bash steadium say clark strait kay iss paar waaqa hay aur 2014 mein khola gayaa. nayee sahulat baal paark gaaon mein cardinals haal aaf faim aur museum aur cardinal national reestoran kay andar tameer kii gayee thee. voting kay mayaar aur amal. januri 2014 mein cardinals kay chairmeen aur cheef execto officer waleem deute juniyar.yee salanah rasmi cardinals haal aaf faim induction kay amal kay mansubay kaa aalaan kiyaa. voting aur inzamam kay amal kay ajzaa mein bees baal kay mahireen kii "reed raban" kameeti mosam bahaar mein chh haftay kaa faine voting kaa amal aur mosam garma mein eek andraj kii taqrib shaamil haine. coperstavan neoyork mein national bees baal haal aaf faim aur museum mein pehley say hyee darj tamaam saabiq cardinals aur inn kay number say nawaza gayaa retired afraad kuu khood bakhud 16 agast 2014 kuu cardinals haal aaf faim kii iftatahi klaas mein shaamil kiyaa gayaa. cardinals haal aaf faim kay ahal honay kay liyay eek khilaadi kuu cardinals kay liye teen seezan khelna chahiye aur kumm az kumm teen saal takk meejar leeg bees baal say retire honaa chahiye. khiladiyon kuu duu zamron mein taqsim kiyaa gayaa hay-"jadeed khilaadi" aur "tajarbah kaar khilaadi."wah khilaadi juu 40 yaa iss say ziyadah saal retire hoay haine inhein tajarbah kaar khiladiyon kay toor parr darjah bund kiyaa jaataa hay. harr saal eek "reed raban" committy eek tajarbah kaar khilaadi kaa intekhaab karti hay jasay shaamil kiyaa jaataa hay aur faine woat kay liye mazeed 6 say 10 khiladiyon kuu namzad karti hay. iss kay baad cardinals kay official ayem eel bee parr woat makmal kiyaa jaataa hay.com waib saait. sabb say ziyadah aann line woat waalay duu khiladiyon kuu shaamil kiyaa jaataa hay. iss kay alawah team aisey ahalkaron kaa intekhaab karnay kaa intekhaab kirr sakti hay juu khelnay kay elawah deegar kirdaron kuu poraa kartay haine jeesay coach broadcaster yaa frunt aafs kay ahalkaar. team haal kay harr muntakhib rakan kay liye eek takhti banaati aur dikhati hay. takhtiyan asee company kay zariye banayi jaati haine juu coperstavan mein national bees baal haal aaf faim kay liye takhtiyan banaati hay. harr shaamil karnay waalay kuu eek sarkh jacket bhee farahim kii jaati hay jasay team kii tamaam sarkaari taqribaat aur taqribaat mein pehna jaana hay. 2014 kii frust klaas kay liye kill 26 arakeen kuu shaamil kiyaa gayaa thaa. 2021 say harr saal sarf eek jadeed khilaadi kaa intekhaab kiyaa jaaye gaa. cardinals haal aaf faim kay shaamil afraad. juu positionain darj kii gayee haine wah cardinals kay liye puray seezan kay masawi khaili gayein. jinn khiladiyon kuu namzad kiyaa gayaa hay leakin shaamil nahein kiyaa gayaa hay inn mein jawakeen andger steve carlton jaarj handrik meet morais edger rentriah aur lee samath shaamil haine. 2023 kay bellet parr sabb say ziyadah faine woat haasil karnay kay baad dude freez nay baad mein cardinals haal aaf faim mein apnee shamoliyat kuu mustarid kirr diyaa. muntakhib namunay. cardinals haal aaf faim aur museum mein kill 15,000 say ziyadah namunay aur 80,000 tasavir haine juu bees baal kay nawadraat kay sabb say baday majmuay kay toor parr national bees baal haal aaf faim kay baad dosray number parr haine. museum mein cardinals kay saabiq baal parks paraaney sent parr mukhtalif qasm kii display aur khususiyat shaamil haine. lois browns aur neegro leeg sent. lois starz champine ship teamein yaksaan tareekh aur maujudah khilaadi. sarparast intraikto display mein hasah lay saktay haine jeesay kahh classic cardinals kay kheel kii broadcast kaal record karnaa yaa maazi kay cardinals staar kay zariah kheel mein istemaal honay waala bait pakadna. iss mein eek khususi numaishi elaqah bhee hay juu harr seezan mein eek nayee numaish kii mezbani kartaa hay: inn majmuon mein cardinal faarm system kii tareekh steen museal kii zindagi aur carrier kay ayem awo aiks kay saath team kii redio sharakat daaree aur 2011 kii world seerez team say mutaliq mediya shaamil haine. hoam gaim veek aind parr museum mein izaafi programing hoti hay jeesay autograph seeshan saabiq khiladiyon yaa amley kay saath pinal discussion aur inn kay archives say manfard yaadgaaron kii khususi presentations.

fffe0ac9fa3ab6f0efa060508822c2dfb6d7c0075fe1ef102052e4f020a3d2e6

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23199828

Headway (band)

Headway (band) British Britpop revival band Headway was a five piece British Britpop revival band from Hucknall, Nottinghamshire. In early 2003, childhood friends singer/guitarist, David Wright, and guitarist, Joe Watts, recruited two more members. These were Dave Astbury on bass and Johnny Dakers on drums (later replaced by David Wright's brother Jay). The keyboardist Tom Harrison was added and Headway had fully formed. They gained a following within the English club scene, and struck a recording contract with the newly founded Suretone Records after Jordan Schur, the label's president, saw one of their concerts. Their song "Lord Knows" appeared on the US television programme, "ER". Headway toured with OneRepublic during the UK leg of their tour.

headway (bendo) headway aasil hoknal, notinghamswayaror etaa paas tukurar britis britop 'poo revival bendo. 2003 sonor aarombhonite, xoixowor bondhu gayok/giterbadok, david warite, aaru giterbadok, ju watche aaru dujon xodosyok nijukti disil. eibur aasil basot debh estobari aaru dramot johnny dekor (pisoloi david wairaitor bhatri jeye iyar sthan loisil). kibordobadok tomm herison jug koraa hoisil aaru progotipoth xompurnorupe gothon hoisil. teuluke ingraji clubber drishyot onuxoron laabh korisil, aaru labelor xobhapoti jordan sure teulukor etaa xongitanusthan dekhar pisot notunkoi protistha koraa suretun recordor xoite ek recording sukti korisil. teulukor geet "lord nuwez" aamerika juktorastror television karzoxusit "irr" too dekha goisil. teulukor bhromonor iuke porzayor xomoyot rajohuwa jonotar xoite prothom porjyayor bhromon korisil.

headway (banned) headway chhilo haqnal, nottinghamshire ekti panch tukro british britop revival banned. 2003 saaler godar dike, shoishober bondhu gayak/guiterbadok, david raita ebong guiterbadok, jooe wats arow duijon sadasya niyog corren. eguli chhilo beser upor debha astbury ebong drumser upor johnny ducker (porey david raiter bhai jeey dwara protisthapito). keyboardbadok tomm harrisonke jukto koraa hoyechilo ebong aggrogoti sampurnarupe gothito hoyechilo. taaraa inglish club drishyer modhye ekti anusaran orjon korey ebong lebeler sabhapati jordan shoor taader ekti concert dekhar porey soddo protisthito suretone recorder saathe ekti recording chukti korey. taader gaan "lord nose" markin television programe prokashito hoyechilo, "err". taader soforer euke porjaye headway jonosadharoner saathe sofor korechilo.

headway (benned) headway aee haknal, nottinghamshire paanch bhaagnu british britpop punrutthaan benned hatoo. 2003nee sharuaatmaa, baadpanna mitro gaayak/gitaarvaadak, david raita aneey gitaarvaadak, jooe votse vadhu beey sabhyoni bhartee curry hatee. aaa baas parr dave estbury aneey drum parr johnny deckers hataa (baadmaa david raitnaa bhaai jeey dwara badalvama aavyaa). keyboardvaadak tooma harrisonne umervaamaa aavyo hato aneey aagalno maarg sampoorn reete rachaai gayo hato. teoae angreji klabnaa drashyamaa following melavyu, aneey lablenaa pramukh jordana shoor dwara temnaa sangeet jalsaomathi aek joyaa pachhi navaa sthaapit sureton records saathe reqordina karaar karyo. temnu geet "looard noz" us television prograam "air" parr dekhaayu hatoo. temnaa pravaasnaa yuke tabakka darmiyan vadaae aek jaaher saathe pravaas karyo.

headway (baind) headway, nuttinghamshire key haknal kaa ack paanch tukadon vaalaa british britpop punruddhar baind thaa. 2003 kii shuruat mein, bachpan key doston gaayak/gitarvadak, david raait aur gitarvadak, joe wats ney dou aur sadasyon kii bharti kii. yeye baas parr dave estbury aur drum parr johnny dicker they (baad mein david raait key bhaai jey dwara pratisthaapit). keyboard vaadak tomm harrison koo jodaa gayaa aur aage badhane kaa raasta poori tarah seey taiyar hoe gayaa thaa. unhone angreji club key drishya key bheetar ack anusaran praapt kiya, aur label key adhyaksh jorden shur key baad nae sthaapit sureton record key saath ack recording anubandh kiya, jinhone unake sangeet karyakramon mein seey ack dekhaa. unakaa geet "lord nose" americi television karyakram "air" mein dikhaai diyaa. apane daure key yuu. key. charan key dauran ack saarvajanik key saath aage kaa daura kiya.

headway (byaand) headway embudu nottinghamshiren haknalna aidu tunukugala british britpop punarujjeevanada byaand aagittu. 2003rahra aarambhadalli, baalyada sneehitaraada gayaka/guitar vaadaka, david rait mattu guitar vaadaka, zoo whats, innoo ibbaru sadasyarannu nemisikondaru. ivugalu basnalli dave austbury mattu drumsnelly johnny dickers (nantara david raitna sahodara jay avarinda badalaayisalpattavu). keyboard vaadaka tomm harrison avarannu serisalaayitu mattu munnade sampoornavaagi roopugondittu. avaru inglish club drashyadalli follovers galisidaru, mattu labelna adhyaksharaada jordan scurr avara sangeeta kacherigalalli wandannu nodida nantara hosadaagi sthaapisalaada suertone rekaardgalondige recording oppandavannu maadikondaru. avara haadu "lard nose" yuu. ess. duradarshana kaaryakramadalli kaanisikonditu, "err". tamma pravaasada yuke hantadalli headway one-repabliknondige pravaasa kaigondaru.

pragati (band) headway haah hucknoll, nottinghamshire yetheel paach tukadyancha british britpop punarujjivan band hota. 2003 chya suruvatila, balpaniche mitra gayak/gitarvadak, david rait aanee gitarvadak, joou wats yanni aanakhi done sadasyanchi bharati kelee. heey basvar dave estbury aanee drumwar johnny dackers hote (nantar david ritecha bhau jeey yane tyachi jaaga ghetali). kalfalakvadak tomm harrisonla jodanyat aale aanee pragati purnapane tayar jhaali hotee. tyanni inglish clubchya drushyamadhye eka anuyayi midavala aanee labelche adhyaksh jorden shoor yanni tyanchi eka maifili pahilyanantar navyane sthapan jhalelya sureton records dhwanimudran karar keela. tyanche gaane 'laurd nose' heey amerikechya durchitravani karyakram 'air' varr disale. tyanchya tyanchya yuu. keey. tappyadarmyan, agrakramane eka janatesah daura keela.

headway (banned) headway haknal, natinghamshireko paanch tukra britis britop punarutthan banned thiyo. sann 2003 ko prarambhama, balyakalka sathiharu gayak/gitarwadak, devid right, rar gitarwadak, jo watasle thap dui sadasyaharu bharti gare. yee besma debh astbury rar drumma johnny dikarharu thie (pachhi devid rightka bhai jayale pratisthapan gare). kiboardwadak tom haritionlai thapiyo rar pragati purna rupma gathan bhaeko thiyo. uniharule angreji club drishyabhitra faloing prapta gare, rar lebelka adhyaksha jorden shurle uniharuko euta concert herepachhi bharkharai sthapit sureton recordharusanga recording samjhauta gare. tiniharuko geet "leard nose" americi television karyakram "era" maa dekha paryo. headwelle afno bhramanko yuke charanma ek janatasanga bhraman gare.

agragati (banned) hedway haknal, natinhamasajar rahr eka pancha khanda bisista british britpop punaruddhara banned thila . 2003 masiha prarambhare, piladinara bandhu gajaka/guiterbadaka, devida rait ebong guiterbadaka, joe wats, aau duijana sadasyanku nijukti deithile. egudika thila baasare debh astbury ebong dramare janii decker (parey devida raitnka bhai jenka dwara pratisthapita). kiboardbadaka tomm harisanku jodajaithila ebong pragati sampurna bhabe gathan hoithila. semane ingraji club drushyare eka anusarana hassel karithile, ebong labeler sabhapati jordan shur semanankara eka sangeeta karjyakram dekhiba parey naba sthapita suretone record sahita eka recording chukti karithile . semanankara geeta "lord noz" jayu. ess. television prograamare dekhajaithila, "ar". semananka gasta samajare britten parjyaja samajare jane janasadharananka saha jatra karithile.

agge vadho (baind) headway hakkanal, nottinghamshire daa ikk panj tukde vaala british britpop punar surjiti baind see. 2003 dey arambh witch, bachpan dey dostan gaeek/gitarvadak, david raeet atey gitarvadak, joah wats neey doou horr memberan dee bharti keeti. ih baas utte dave estbury atey drum utte johnny deckers sunn (baad witch david raeet dey bharaa jaii duaara tabdil keete gaye). keyboardist tomm harrison noon shamal keeta giaa see atey pragati puurii tarahan bann gaee see. uhanan neey inglish club dey drish witch ikk faloang prapat keeti, atey label dey pardhan jorden shur duaara uhanan dey ikk samaroh noon vekhan toon baad navein sathapat sureton recordan naal ikk recording ikrarnama keeta. uhanan daa geet "lard nose" yuu. aiss. television program "air" utte pragat hoiaa. aapne daure dey yuu. keey. padaa dauran ikk janata naal yaatra keeti.

agragamanam (bend) headway iti haknal, naatinghaamshair ityasya pancha-khandiya-british-britpaap-punarujjeevan-vaadyavrundah aasit. 2003 tamavarshasya aarambhe baal-mitraani gaayakah/gitaar vaadakah, david rait, gitaar vaadakah, jo-wats cha, adhikaan sadasyan niyuktavantah. ete baas-kridaayaam dave austbury, drums-kridaayaam jaanee-deckers cha aasan (pashchat david-rait ityasya bhrata jey ityanena pratisthaapitah). keyboard-vaadakah taam harrison ityetam yojayitvaa pragatihi purnataya nirmitah aasit. te aangl-club-kshetre anusaranam avaapnot, tathaa cha navapratishtaih suretan-abhilekhebhya saha dhvanimudrana-anubandham krutavantah, yadaa lebalasya adhyakshah jordan shoor ityayam teshaam ekam sangeeta-pradarshanm drushtavaan. teshaam "lard nose" iti geetam yoo. ess. dooradarshanasy kaaryakrame "err" iti pradarshitam. agragamanam teshaam yoo. key.-pravaasasya kaale ekena janaihi saha pravaasam akarot.

thalaikeezh (isaikkuzhu) headway enbathu nottinghamshire hagnaalil irunthu ainthu british brit paap marumalarchi isaikkuzhuvaagum. 2003 aam aandin thodakkaththil, kuzhandhai paruva nanbarkal paadagar/kittar kalaignar, davit raid mattrum kittar kalaignar, joow whats, maelum irandu uruppinargalai niyamiththanar. ivai baas meethu dave austbury mattrum trumkalil johnny dakergal (pinnar davit raitin cakootharar jay enbavaraal maattrappattathu). visaippalakai nipunar daam haarisan serkkappattaar mattrum munnaettram muzhumaiyaaga uruvaanathu. avarkal aangkila kilap kaatchiyil pinthodarpavargalaip pettranar, maelum lablin thalaivaraana jorden shuur avarkalin kachchaerigalil ontraip paarththa piragu puthithaaga niruvapatta suratone pathivukaludan oru pathivu oppanthaththai aerpaduththinar. avarkalin paadal "lard nose" america tholaikaatchi nigazhchchiyil thoantriyathu, "aer". avarkalin suttruppayanaththin englaanthu kaalaththin poathu oru podhu makkaludan munnoakki suttruppayanam seithaar.

head vae (byaand) headway anedi haknal, nottinghamshire nundi vacchina aidu bhagala british britt pop punaruddharana byaand. 2003 praarambhamlo, chinnanati snehitulu gayakudu/guitarist, david rait, mariyu guitarist, jooe wats, maroe iddaru sabhyulanu niyaminchaaru. ivi baas meeda dave austbury mariyu drums meeda johnny makers (taruvaata david rait sodarudu jay chetha bharti cheyabaddaayi). keyboard vaadyakaarudu tomm haarisan jodinchabaddadu mariyu purogati puurtigaa erpadindi. vaaru inglish club sannivesamlo falloying pondaaru, mariyu label yokka adhyakshudu jordan shur vaari kachereelalo okadaanni chusina taruvaata kottagaa sthaapinchabadina suretan recordulatho recording oppandaanni kudurchukunnaru. vaari paata "lard nose" yuu. ess. television kaaryakramamlo kanipinchindi, "err". vaari paryatanalo bhaagamgaa britainlo prajalatho kalisi paryatana chesaaru.

aagay badhein (bend) head way hiknaal notingham shayer kaa eek paanch takadon waala bartanvi bert paap revival bend thaa. 2003 kay awail mein bachpan kay doston gulukaar/gutarist dude raait aur gutarist juu waatz nay mazeed duu arkaan kuu bharti kiyaa. yaha baas parr ddio estbry aur drum parr jaanee deckers thay (baad mein dude raait kay bhayee jay nay iss kii jagah lay lee). kii bordist tomm herison kuu shaamil kiyaa gayaa aur aagay badhnay kaa raastah makmal toor parr tashkil paa chakaa thaa. inhon nay anglish kalb kay manzar naamay mein eek falovers haasil kiyaa aur leebal kay sadr jorden shoar kay inn kay eek concert dekhnay kay baad nayey qayem kardah soreton records kay saath recording kaa muahidah kiyaa. inn kaa gaana "laard noz" americi teeli vision prograam "air" parr shaye hawaa. head way nay apnay doray kay bartaniah marhalay kay doraan eek awaam kay saath dorah kiyaa.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26915459

Koray

Koray Koray is a Turkish given name and a surname. It is composed of "Kor" and "Ay". In Turkish "Kor" means "Ember" and "Ay" means "Moon". Thus, "Koray" means "a moon in the colour of ember". Notable people with the name include: Surname. <templatestyles src="Dmbox/styles.css" /> Name listThis page or section lists people that share the same given name or the same family name.

kure kure hoise etaa turkey naam. ee "kuru" aaru "aai" rey gothito. turkey bhaxat "kuru" ror ortho hoise "ember" aaru "aai" ror ortho hoise "chondro". xeyehe, "kure" ror ortho hoise "ember rongor chondro". naamor ullekhjugyo byoktixokolor bhitorot aaseh

corey corey ekti turkey prodotto naam. etty "koora" ebong "aay" niye gothito. turkey bhasay "koora" maane "imbor" ebong "aaee" maane "chaand". sutrang, 'corey' ortho 'imbor ronger chaand'. eyi naamer ullekhjoggo byaktider modhye royeche

corey corey aee turkeenu naam chhe. teey "qora" aneey "aay" thee banelu chhe. turkeema "qora" noow arth "ember" aneey "aay" noow arth "chandra" thaay chhe. aama, 'corey' noow arth thaay chhe 'embernaa rangno chandra'. aaa naam dharaavtaa nondhpaatra lokomaa nichenaano samaavesh thaay chheh

corey corey ack turkey naam haye. yeh "core" aur "aii" seey banaa haye. turkey mein "core" kaa arth haye "ember" aur "aii" kaa arth haye "chandrama". iss prakaar, "corey" kaa arth haye "ember key rung mein ack chandrama". naam key saath ullekhaniya logon mein shamil hainh

kore koreyu turkish hesaraagide. idu "coor" mattu "ayy" ninda koodide. turkish bhasheyalli "coor" endare "umber" mattu "aii" endare "chandra" endartha. heegaagi, "kore" endare "umber bannada chandra" endartha. ee hesarina prasiddha vyaktigalu ee kelaginavugalannu olagondiveh

corey korea ennathu oru turkish peraanu. ithu "coor", "aayi" enniva chernnathaanu. turkish bhashayil coor ennaal "ember" ennum "aayi" ennaal "chandran" ennum ardhamaakkunnu. athinaal, 'corey' ennaal 'ember niratthilulla chandran' ennaanu ardham. eee perilulla sradheyamaaya vyakthikalil iva ulppedunnu

korey korey heey turkey bhashet dilele naav aahe. teey 'coor' aanee 'aay' neey banalele aahe. turkey bhashet 'coor' mhanje 'ember' aanee 'aay' mhanje 'chandra'. tyamule 'korey' mhanje 'ambarchya rangacha chandra'. yaa navachya ullekhaneey vyaktinmadhye khaleel goshtincha samavesh aaheh

kore kore heuchhi eka turkey naama. ehaa "core" ebong "aaja" ku nei gathita. turkey bhasare "core" rahr artha "ember" ebong "aaja" rahr artha "chandra". tenu, "kore" rahr artha heuchhi "angara rangara eka chandra". ehi naama sahita ullekhaneeah byaktimane antarbhuktah

corey corey ikk turki naam haii. ih "coor" atey "ayya" naal baniaa haii. turki witch "coor" daa arth haii "umber" atey "ayya" daa arth haii "chandrama". iss tarahan, "corey" daa arth haii "umber dey rung daa chandrama". iss naam dey prasidh lokan witch shamal hann

kore kore iti turkish-bhashayam pradattam naam asti. etat "core" tathaa "aii" ityetaih saha nirmitam asti. turkee-bhashayam "core" ityasya arthah "ember" iti, "aii" ityasya arthah "chandrah" iti cha asti. ataha "kore" ityasya arthah "embaravarnasya chandrah" iti. naamnah ullekhaneeyaah janaah santi.

corey corey enbathu turkiya mozhiyil kodukkapatta peyar. idhu "coor" mattrum "aayi" aagiyavattraal aanathu. turkiya mozhiyil "coor" endraal "ember" endrum "aayi" endraal "chandran" endrum porul. enavae, "corey" endraal "ember niraththil oru chandran" endru porul. peyarudan kurippidatthakka nabarkal pinvarumaaru

corey corey anedi turkish icchina paeru. idhi "core" mariyu "ayy" latho koodi untundi. turkish bhaashalo "core" antey "umber" mariyu "ayy" antey "chandrudu" anie ardham. anduvalla, "corey" antey "umber rangulo unna chandrudu" anie ardham. eee paerutoe unna pramukha vyaktulu

koray kooree eek turk diyaa hawaa naam hay. yaha "coor" aur "aey" parr mushtamil hay. tarki mein "coor" kaa matlab hay "amber" aur "ayee" kaa matlab hay "chaand". iss tarah "koray" kaa matlab hay "amber kay rung kaa chaand". naam kay saath qaabil zakar afraad mein shaamil haine:

fffe0bf98b2877acceaddb96bcc9ae7e0c5aa25a000bf5babd99d20cf2201271

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60145971

Ernest Myers (footballer)

Ernest Myers (footballer) English footballer Ernest Myers, also known as Colin Myers, was an English professional footballer who played as an inside left. Career. Born in Chapeltown, Sheffield, Myers spent his early career with Northfleet, Crystal Palace and Hickleton Main Colliery. He joined Bradford City in April 1914, and made 1 league appearance for the club, scoring 1 goal. He left the club in May 1920 to join Southend United, where he scored 2 goals in 23 league games. He later played for Aberdare Athletic, Northampton Town, Queens Park Rangers, Exeter City, Grantham, Hartlepools United, Gainsborough Trinity and King's Lynn. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

ernest maiyars (football kheluwoi) kolin mayars namereu jonajat arnest mayars ejon ingraj pesadari football kheluwoi aasil ji inside left hisape khelisil. keriyar. sapletown, swefieldot jonmogrohon koraa maiyarsor prarombhik keriyartu northflit, christel peles aaru hickleton maine kuliyarir xoite otibahito korisil. teu 1914 sonor aprilot breadford sohorot jugdan korisil aaru clubber baabe 1 go "lo xongroho kori 1taa leegot uposthito hoisil. 1920 sonor mey "maahot teu club eri southand unitedot jugdan korisil, zo" too teu teu leeg khelot 2taa go "lo korisil. pisoloi teu eberdare ethletik, northompton taaun, quins park renjar, exetor chiti, grentham, heartlepools united, gainboru trinity aaru kings linor hoi khelisil.

ernest myers (football kheload) ernest myers, jini collin myers nameo porichito, ekjon ingrez peshadar football kheload chhilen jini inside left hisebe khelten. karmajiban. shefielder chappeltowne jonmogrohonkari myers taanr prathomik karmajiban northflit, sphotik prasad ebong hickleton prodhan koliyarite katiechilen. 1914 saaler aprile tini bradford sitite jog deena ebong 1 goal korey cluber hoye 1tii ligg khelay ongshogrohon corren. 1920 saaler meey maase tini club chhede southend united-ayee jog deena, jekhane tini 23tii ligg khelay 2tii goal corren. porey tini aberdare athletic, northampton town, quins park renjara, exter city, granthum, heartlepools united, gainsboro trinity ebong kings liner hoye khelechilen.

ernest myers (footballer) ernest myers, jene collin myers tareeke pann odakhvaamaa aave chhe, teey aek angreji vyaavsaayik footballer hato jeey andarni daabi bajuae ramyo hato. karkirdi. chappeltown, shafieldma janmela myersay temnee praarambhik karkirdi northfleet, chrystal payless aneey hickleton mukhya koleri saathe vitaavi hatee. teo april 1914maan breadford shaherma jodaya hataa aneey 1 goal kareene club maate 1 leegma bhaag leedho hato. temane meey 1920maan club chhodine southend unitedma jodava maate 23 leag ramatomaa 2 goal karyaa hataa. baadmaa teo aberdare athletic, northampton taaun, quins paark rangers, exeter ciity, grantham, hartlepools united, gainboro triiniity aneey kings lyne maate ramyaa hataa.

ernest myers (footballer) ernest myers, jinhen collin myers key naam seey bhee jaanaa jaataa haye, ack angreji peshevar footballer they joe ander seey baaen key roop mein khelate they. carrier. chapletown, schafield mein janme myers ney apana praarambhik currier northfleet, chrystal palace aur hickleton maine colliery key saath bitaaya. vaha aprail 1914 mein bradford shahar mein shamil hoe gaye, aur 1 goal karate hue club key liye 1 leag mein bhaag liya. unhone maee 1920 mein club chhod diyaa aur southand united mein shamil hoe gaye, jahan unhone 23 leag khelon mein 2 goal kiye. baad mein unhone aberder athletic, northumpton town, queens park rangers, exter city, grantham, hartlepool united, gensburo trinity aur kings linn key liye khela.

ernest myers (football atagara) collin myers endoo kareyalpaduva ernest myers, obba inglish vruttipara football aatagaaranaagiddanu, aata olagina edabhaagavaagi aaduttiddanu. vrattijeevana. shefieldna chapeltounnalli janisida myers, tamma arambhika vrattijeevanavannu northfleet, chrystal palace mattu hickleton mukhya kaalariyondige kaledaru. avaru 1914rahra aprilnalli broadford nagarakke seridaru mattu 1 golu galisi klabgagi 1 leigh pradarshanavannu niididaru. avaru 1920rahra mayee tingalalli club annu toredu southend yunaitedge seridaru, allie avaru 23 leigh pandyagalalli 2 golugalannu galisidaru. nantara aata aberdar athletic, northampton pattana, queens park rangers, exeter city, grantham, hartlepools united, gainsburo trinity mattu kings lingagi aadidaru.

ernest myers (footballpatu) collin myers mhanoonahi olakhala jaanara ernest myers haah eka ingraji vyavsayik footballpatu hota joou aatalya davikade khelala. karkird. shefieldchya chapletownmadhye janmalelya myersney tyanchi suruvatichi karkird northfleet, chrystal palace aanee hickleton mukhya kolasa karkhanyat ghalavali. april 1914 madhye too bradford shaharat sameel jhaala aanee 1 goal karat klabsathi 1 leegmadhye sahbhagi jhaala. meey 1920 madhye tyane club sodoon southend unitedmadhye sameel honyasathi, jithe tyane 23 leag samnyanmadhye 2 goal kele. nantar too eberder ethletic, northampton shahar, queens park rangers, exeter ciity, grantham, hartlepools united, gensboro triiniity aanee kings linsathi khelala.

ernst myers (footballer) ernst myers, jaslai collin myers pani bhaninchha, ek angreji peshewar footballer thie jasle bhitri baayaanko rupma kheleka thie. currier. chepaltauna, shefieldma janmeka myersley afno prarambhik currier northflit, crystal pyales rar hickleton mukhya koliyarima bitae. uni april 1914 maa bradford saharma samel bhae, rar 1 goal gardai clubka lagi 1 ligg upasthiti banae. unle maee 1920 maa club chhodera southand unitedma samel bhae, jahaan unle 23 ligg khelharuma 2 goal gare. pachhi unle eberdera athletic, northampton tauna, queens park rengers, exetor city, grantham, hartlepools united, gensbaro trinity rar kings linka lagi khele.

arnest myers (football khelali) arnest myers, jaahaa collin myers bhabare madhya janashuna, jane ingraji pesadara football khelali thile jie inside left bhabare khelithile . kyariyara. shefieldra chapelataunre janmita myers taanka prarambhika carrier northfleet, christal palaces ebong hickleton mukhya koila bhandarare bitaithile. shay april 1914 ray bradford saharare joga deithile, ebong 1 goal score curry club paain 1 ligg pradarshan karithile. shay meey 1920 ray club chhadi dakhina junaitedare joga deithile, jeunthare shay 23 tii ligg game ray 2 goal karithile . parey shay aberdar athletic, northampton tauna, quins park rangers, exetor city, grantom, hartlepools united, gensbaro trinity ebong kings lyn paain khelithile.

ernst myrus (footballer) ernst myrus, jiss noon collin myrus vee kiha jaanda haii, ikk angrezi peshevar footballer see joe indist khabbe paase dey khidari vajon khedada see. carrier. chapletown, shafield witch paida hoye, myrus neey aapna shuruati carrier northfleet, chrystal palace atey hickleton mukkh colla factory naal bitaiaa. uh aprail 1914 witch bradford shehar witch shamal hoiaa atey 1 goal karke club laee 1 leeg witch pesh hoiaa. uss neey maee 1920 witch southand united witch shamal honn laee club chhadd ditta, jitthe uss neey 23 leeg maichan witch 2 goal keete. baad witch uh asadharan athletic, northampton taoon, queens park rangers, accitor city, grantham, hartlepools united, gensbro trinity atey kings linn laee khediaa.

ernest myers (football-kreedaaluh) collin mairs iti namna api prasidhah ernest mairs ityeshah aangl-vyaavasaayikah football-kreedakah aasit yah antah vaamapaksharoopen kreeditavaan. vruttihi. shafield-nagarasya chaapeltaun-nagare janma praapnot, mayers-varyaha swasya prarambhikam vruttijeevanam northfleet, chrystal-pyaales, hickleton-menn-colliery ityaadishu vyateetavaan. saha 1914 april-maase broadford-nagare sammilitah, club-krute 1 leag-pradarshanm krutavaan, 1 goal krutavaan. saha 1920 tame varshe mey-maase club-ityatah nishkaasy sauthend-unated-madhye sammilitah, yatra saha 23 leag-kreedaasu 2 goals krutavaan. pashchat saha eberdar-athletik, northampton-nagaram, queens-paark-rangers, exeter-city, graantam, hartlepool-unated, gensbaro-trinity, kings-linn ityetayoho krute kreeditavaan.

ernest myers (kaalpandhu veerar) kolin myers endrum azhaikkappadum ernest myers, oru aangkila thozhilmurai kaalpandhu veerar aavaar, avar oru ull idathusaariyaaga vilaiyaadinaar. thozhil. shefieldonil ulla sabeldownil pirantha myers, thanathu aarambagaala vaazhkkaiyai northfeet, padiga aranmanai mattrum hickleton pirathaana kaalariyudan kaliththaar. avar aepral 1914 ill broadford nagaril saernthaar, maelum kilappirkaaga 1 leak thoattraththai uruvaakki, 1 cole adiththaar. avar mae 1920 ill kilappai vittu veliyaeri, southend unitetle saernthaar, angku avar 23 leak poattikalil 2 koolgalai adiththaar. pinnar avar abertar thadagala, northampton down, queens paark ranchers, exeter chitty, kiraandam, hardlebools united, cainbaro trinity mattrum kings linn aagiyavattrirkaaga vilaiyaadinaar.

ernest myers (football kreedaakaarudu) collin myers anie kooda piluvabade ernest myers, oka aangla professional football kreedaakaarudu, athanu lopali edamavaipugaa aadadu. vrutti. shefield looni chapeltownlo janminchina myers thana prarambha vruttini northfleet, christal pales mariyu hickleton maine kolliyareetho gadipadu. athanu 1914 eprillo broadford nagaramlo cheraadu, mariyu club kosam 1 goal saadhinchi 1 leag pradarsana icchaadu. athanu 1920 maeloe klabnu vidichipetti southend unitedlo cheraadu, akkada athanu 23 leag aatalalo 2 goals chesaadu. taruvaata athanu aberdare athletic, northampton town, queens park rangers, exeter city, graamtham, hartlepools united, gainsburo trinity mariyu kings linn kosam aadadu.

arnist mires (fitt baalar) arnist mires jasay colan mires bhee kahaa jaataa hay eek angrez paishah warr fitt baalar thaa juu androni bayein taraf kay toor parr kheelta thaa. carrier. cheepal town sheefeld mein paida huay mires nay apnaa ibtadayi carrier naarth fleet cristal peels aur hickleton meen koleri kay saath guzara. inhon nay apreel 1914 mein breadford stee mein shamoliyat akhtiyar kii aur 1 goal score kartay hoay kalb kay liye 1 leeg mein sharkat kii. inhon nay mayee 1920 mein kalb chhod kirr southend united mein shaamil huay jehaan inhon nay 23 leeg games mein 2 goal kiye. baad mein wah aberder athletic northampton town quenz paark rangers exter stee grantham hartle poles united gainzbro trenaty aur kangaz linn kay liye khelay.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18635791

Cal Poly Humboldt Marching Lumberjacks

Cal Poly Humboldt Marching Lumberjacks College marching band in Arcata, California The Marching Lumberjacks are the official student run marching band of California State Polytechnic University, Humboldt (formerly Humboldt State University). Established in 1968, the band performs in the scatter band style often associated with Ivy League schools, using humorous routines and scripts during its halftime field shows in Redwood Bowl. Performances. The band plays at numerous campus and community events, marches in parades across California, Oregon and Washington, aids in student recruiting, and performs at home football and basketball games. Its traditional uniform consists of a yellow aluminum logger's hardhat, suspenders, a yellow t-shirt with the band's "marching Lucky Logger" logo on the front and "Kiss our Axe" logo on the back, green work pants, and boots. Major away gigs are broken up into the spring and fall semesters. Spring events include Cloverdale Citrus Parade in Cloverdale, St. Patrick's Day Parade in San Francisco, and Battle of the Marching Bands at UC Davis, and fall events include Paul Bunyan Days parade in Fort Bragg and Italian Heritage Parade in San Francisco. The Band's Introduction. "Ladies and gentlemen" "Boys and Girls" "Republicans and Democrats" "Tea Partiers and Greens..." "The Associated Students of Humboldt State" "Are unable to prevent your world famous" "Humboldt State University Marching Lumberjacks!" Appearances in Media. The group was depicted marching into the Pacific Ocean in a photograph in the July 1993 National Geographic magazine. Members of the band were cast to portray a high school band in the 2001 feature film The Majestic with Jim Carrey, filmed in Ferndale, California. The band was also featured in a New York Times article about the football experience at Humboldt State. Fight song. Drive on Humboldt. Football version. "Drive on Humboldt, on down the field;" "Drive on Humboldt, we'll never yield!" "Tackle 'em, Sock 'em, Back Field, Rock 'em" "We are on the make! Rah Rah Rah!" "We must have a victory;" "for the green and gold!" "So FIGHT! FIGHT! FIGHT and WIN," "For Humboldt State!" Basketball version. "Drive on Humboldt, on down the floor;" "Drive on Humboldt, show them the door;" "Forwards snuff ‘em, Centers stuff ‘em;" "We are on the make! RAH RAH RAH!" "We must have a victory," "for the Green and Gold," "So fight, fight, fight and win" "for Humboldt State!" Parade Version. "Drive on Humboldt, on down the Street;" "Drive on Humboldt, show off your feet;" "Lefts confuse us, Rights confound us;" "We are on the make RAH RAH RAH!" "We must have a victory," "for the green and gold," "So fight, fight, fight and win" "for Humboldt State!" Crab Grass Band. In 1983, Marching Lumberjack graduates formed the Crab Grass Band, a band that has played between innings and between pitches at most Humboldt Crabs baseball games at Arcata Ball Park since 1983. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

kell polly humbult marching lumberjeks marching lumborjek hoise california rajyik polytechnic biswobidyaloy, humbult (purbote humbult rajyik biswobidyaloy) ror sorkari saatro-satrir marching bendo. 1968 sonot protistha huwa bende praye iv leeg schoolor xoite jorito skater bendo xoilit redwod baulot iyar huftime field swo 'ror xomoyot haisyorxatmok rutin aaru script byobohar kori poriwexon kore. prodorxon. bende oxongkhyo kempas aaru xamuhik onusthanot khele, california, oreg 'noo aaru waswingtonor maajere kuchkawaz kore, xikhyarthixokolok nijukti diyar khetrot xohay kore, aaru ghoruwa football aaru busketball khelot poriwexon kore. iyar poromporagot uniformot halodhiya aluminium logoror hardhet, sempendar, bendor "marching laaki logor" lugur xoite etaa halodhiya ti-chart aaru pisfale "aamar kujuk sumbon korok" lugu, xeujiya work pent aaru boot thaake. prodhan durotwor onusthanbur boxonto aaru xorotro semistarot bibhokto koraa hoy. boxontokalin onusthanxomuhor bhitorot aase cloverdale, saintot cloverdale citrus pared. chaan franchisokut petrik diboxor pared, aaru euchi debhisot marching bendor juddho, aaru foll eventxomuhor bhitorot aase pho 'rt bregoto poll buniyan day' jo pared aaru chaan francisokut italy oitijyo pared. bendor porisoy. "mohila aaru bhodroluk" "lo" raa-suwali " "republican aaru demkret" "saah partier aaru xeujiya..." "humbult rajyor xohojugi saatro-satrixokol" "aapunar biswobikhyatok baadha dibo nuwari" "humbult rajyik biswobidyaloyor marching lumberjeks!" xongbad madhyomot uposthiti. 1993 sonor july maahot rastriyo bhougulik alusonikhonot ekhon fotut ei doltuk proxanto mohaxagoroloi jatra kori thoka sitrito koraa hoisil. bendor xodosyoxokolok 2001 sonot californier fardelot sitrogrohon koraa fisar film dyo majestis uith jim kerit ekhon haiskul bendor sitrogrohon koriboloi nirbasito koraa hoisil. nework timesor etaa probondhotu humbult rajyot footballor obhigyotar bixoye bendtur prokax paisil. juddhor geet. humbultot gaari solai jauk. football xongskoron. "humbultot gaari solai, khelpotharor tolot;" "humbultot gaari solai jauk, aami ketiyau pich pori thakim naa!" "teulukok mukabila korok, cho 'koo koo korok, bek field, rok' em" "aami prostut! raah raah raah!" "aami etaa bijoy laabh koribo lagibo;" "xeujiya aaru xunor baabe!" "teneh" ley juj! juddho korok! juj aaru joyee hoh 'bob "," "nombult rajyor baabe!" busketball xongskoron. "humbultot gaari solai, maatit tolot;" "humbultot gaari solai teulukok duwarkhon dekhuwauk;" "teulukok aagoloi furai, xeiburok kendro kori;" "aami prostut! raah raah raah!" "aami etaa joy paab lagibo"," "xeujiya aaru xunor baabe"," "gotike juj, juj, juj aaru joy korok" "nombult rajyor baabe!" pared xongskoron. "humbultot gaari solai jauk, rastat;" "humbultot gaari solai jauk, bhori dekhuwauk;" "bauponthixokole aamak bibhranto kore, odhikare aamak bibhranto kore;" "aami raah raah raah bonaboloi ulaisu!" "aami etaa joy paab lagibo"," "xeujiya aaru xunor baabe"," "gotike juj, juj, juj aaru joy korok" "nombult rajyor baabe!" crab ghaahor bendo. 1983 sonot marching lambarjek snatokxokole crab grach bendo gothon korisil, jitu 1983 sonor poraa archata boll parkot besibhag humbult crabes besbol khelot inningsor maajot aaru pisor maajot khelaa etaa bendo.

kyala polly humbolt merching lumberjack merching lumberjack holl humbolter (purbe humbolt steta university) california steta polytechnic universityr sarkari chhatro porichalito merching banned. 1968 saale protisthito, bandti prayashai ivy leeg schoolgulir saathe jukto scatter banned shoilite poribeshito hoy, redoud boler huftime field shoyer somoy hasyokor rutin ebong script byabohar korey. abhinoy. bandti asankhya campus ebong community evente khele, california, oregon ebong washington judey parede michhilo korey, chhatro niyoger khettre sahayata korey ebong home football ebong basketball gamegulite perform korey. err oitijjobahi uniforme royeche holud aluminium logger hardhat, suspender, saamone bander "merching lucky logger" logo soho ekti holud tii-shirt ebong pichhone "amader kudal chumban" logo, sobuj work pyanta ebong boot. prodhan doorer gigguli bosonto ebong shorot semistere bivokto koraa hoy. bosonter eventgulir modhye cloverdale, seenta cloverdale cloverdale citrus pared antarbhukta royeche. shaan franciscote patrick diboser kuchkaoaz ebong iusi deviser kuchkaoaz bandgulir juddho ebong potoner eventgulir modhye royeche phorta bragge poll bunyan diboser kuchkaoaz ebong shaan franciscote italiya oitijjobahi kuchkaoaz. bander porichoy. "bhadramahila oo bhadramahodaygan" "" "chhele oo meyera" "" "" "republican ebong democrat" "" "chaa party ebong sobuj..." "humbolt rajyer sangshlishto chhatrora" "upner bishwobikhyatke atkate akkham" "humbolt steta university merching lumber jack!" ganomadhyome uposthiti. 1993 saaler julai maase jatiya bhougolik magazine ekti chhobite eyi dolke proshanto mahasagare jatra korte dekhano hoyechilo. 2001 saale californier ferndale-ayee chitrayit zima carrie abhineet 'dya magestic uith zima carrie' cholochchitre ekti uchcho bidyalayer bandke chitrito korar jonno bander sadasyader neoa hoyechilo. newyork timeser ekti nibondhe humbolt rajye footballer obhiggota somporke bandti prodorshito hoyechilo. ladaiyer gaan. humbolte gaadi chaalan. football sanskaran. "humbolte gaadi chaalan, matther niche;" "humbolte gaadi chaalan, amra kokhonyi hull chhadav naa!" "taader mokabela korun, taader moja deane, byaka field, rock' emm" "amra prostuto! raah raah!" "amader aboshyoi joy petey hobey;" "" "sobuj ebong sonara jonno!" "tahle ladai corr! ladai corr! ladai korun ebong joyee hohn "," "humbolt stater jonno!" basketball sanskaran. "humbolte gaadi chaalan, mejhete neme zaan;" "humbolte gaadi chaliye taader darja dekhan." "taader aggrogamira snaff korey, taader kendra korey;" "amra prostuto! raah raah!" "amader aboshyoi joy petey hobey"," "sobuj ebong sonara jonno"," "taai ladai korun, ladai korun, ladai korun ebong joyee hohn" "humbolt stater jonno!" pared sanskaran. "rastar niche humbolte gaadi chaalan;" "humbolte gaadi chaalan, paa khule dekhan." "bampanthira amader bibhranto korey, adhikar amader bibhranto korey." "amra raah raah toiri korchi!" "amader aboshyoi joy petey hobey"," "sobuj ebong sonara jonno"," "taai ladai korun, ladai korun, ladai korun ebong joyee hohn" "humbolt stater jonno!" kankda ghas banned. 1983 saale, merching lumberjack graduatora crab grass banned gathon korey, ekti banned jaa 1983 saal theke arcata boll parke beshirbhag humbolt kankda baseball khelay inningser modhye ebong pitcher modhye khele asche.

qela polly humbolt cooch lumberjacks cooch karnaar lumberjack aee california state polytechnic university, humbolt (agau humbolt state university) noon sattavaar vidhyarthi sanchaalit cooch benned chhe. chhe sthapaayel, benned ghanivaar iv leag shaalao saathe sankalaayelee skater benned shailima pradarshan karey chhe, redwood baulma tenaa haftime filled shho darmiyan ramooji dincharyaao aneey scriptsno upyog karey chhe. pradarshan. benned asankhya campus aneey saamudaayik karykramoma ramey chhe, california, oregon aneey washingtonma paredmaa cooch karey chhe, vidhyarthioni bharatimaa madad karey chhe aneey gharelu football aneey basketball ramatomaa pradarshan karey chhe. tenaa paramparagat ganveshma pilaa aluminiumna logarnee hardhet, suspenders, aagalnaa bhagma bendnaa "marching lucky logger" logo saathe pilaa tii-shirt aneey paachhalni bajuae "amaari kuhadine chumban karoo" logo, lealy varqa pent aneey bootno samaavesh thaay chhe. mukhya durnaa kaarykramone vasant aneey pankharna semestermaa vibhajit karvaamaa aave chhe. vasant prasangomaa cloverdale, sentamaa cloverdale citrus paredno samaavesh thaay chhe. saana franciscoma patrick deey pareda, aneey yuu. see. davis khaate cooch kartaa bendnee ladaai, aneey patannee ghatanaoma phorta bregmaa poola buniyan days pareda aneey saana franciscoma italian heritage paredno samaavesh thaay chhe. bendno parichay. "maheela aneey sajjano" "chhokarao aneey chhokario" "prajasattak aneey lokshahivadio" "chaa party aneey greens..." "humbolt rajyanaa sankalaayela vidhyarthio" "tamara vishva vikhyatne rokvaamaa asamarth chhe" "humbolt state university marching lumberjacks!" midiyaamaa haajari. julai julai raashtriy bhaugolik saamyikma aek photographma aaa juthane prashant mahasagarma cooch kartaa darshavvama aavyu hatoo. bendnaa sabhyone sabhyone feature film dhaa majestic with jima kereemaa haai skoolnaa bendne chitrit karvaa maate pasand karvaamaa aavyaa hataa, jeey keliforniyana furndalemaa filmavvama aavee hatee. humbolt rajyamaa footballnaa anoobhav vishe newyork timesna lekhamaa pann bendne darshavvama aavyu hatoo. ladatnu geet. humbolt parr vaahan chalaavo. football sanskaran. "humbolt parr, medanni neeche vaahan chalaavo;" "humbolt parr vaahan chalaavo, amey kyaarey haar nahee maaniae!" "temne hull karoo, temne mojaathi maaro, beeka filled, roqa 'aema" "amey taiyar chhiae! raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa" "aapane jitavu jaj padashe;" "leela aneey sonaa maate!" "too ladjo! ladat aapo! lado aneey jeetee jaao "," "vinamra raajy maate!" basketball sanskaran. "humbolt parr, jameenni neeche vaahan chalaavo;" "humbolt parr vaahan chalaavo, temne darvaajo bataavo;" "temne aagad dhapaavo, temne kendramaa mooko;" "amey taiyar chhiae! raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa" "aapane jitavu jaj padashe"," "leela aneey sonaa maate"," "tethee lado, lado, lado aneey jeetee jaao" "vinamra raajy maate!" pareda sanskaran. "humbolt parr vaahan chalaavo, shereemaa neeche;" "humbolt parr vaahan chalaavo, tamara pug bataavo;" "daabeeo aapanne munjhavanma mooke chhe, adheekaro aapanne munjhavanma mooke chhe;" "amey raah raah banaavvaa jaee rahyaa chhiae!" "aapane jitavu jaj padashe"," "leela aneey sonaa maate"," "tethee lado, lado, lado aneey jeetee jaao" "vinamra raajy maate!" karchalaa ghaasnee patti. patti, cooch kartaa lumberjack graduatese crab graas bendnee rachnaa curry, jeey benned benned arcata boola paark khaate motabhagni humbolt karchalaa baseball ramatomaa innings aneey pitch vachche ramyu chhe.

calle polly humbolt marching lumberjax marching lumberjax california raajya polytechnic vishvavidyalaya, humbolt (poorv mein humbolt raajya vishvavidyalaya) kaa aadhikarik chhaatr sanchaalit marching baind haye. 1968 mein sthaapit, baind aksar iv leag schools seey judey scatter baind shally mein pradarshan kartaa haye, jisamen redwood baul mein apane haftime feeled show key dauran hasyapurna dincharya aur script kaa upayog kiya jaataa haye. pradarshan. baind kaee parisaron aur samudayik karyakramon mein khelata haye, california, oregan aur washington mein pared mein march kartaa haye, chhaatr bharti mein sahaayata kartaa haye, aur gharelu football aur basketball khelon mein pradarshan kartaa haye. isaki paaramparik vardi mein ack peele rung key aluminium logger kii hardhat, suspender, saamane kii or baind key "marching lucky logger" logo key saath ack pealy tii-shirt aur peechhe kii or "hamari kulhadi koo choomana" logo, hurry work paint aur boot shamil hain. pramukh door key karyakram vasant aur sharad ritu semester mein vibhajit kiye jaate hain. vasant key karyakramon mein cloverdale, sent mein cloverdale citrus pared shamil haye. saine francisco mein patrick divas pared, aur yuu. see. davis mein marching baind kii ladaai, aur patan key karyakramon mein fort bragg mein paul buniyan divas pared aur saine francisco mein italvi viraasat pared shamil hain. baind kaa parichay. "deviyon aur sajjanon" "ladke aur ladakiyan" "ganatantravaadi aur loktantravaadi" "chaay dalali aur saag..." "humbolt raajya key sambaddh chhaatr" "apane vishva prasiddh koo rokane mein asamarth hain" "humbolt state university marching lumberjax!" media mein upasthiti. julaai 1993 kii rashtriya bhaugolik patrika mein ack tasveer mein samooh koo prashant mahasagar mein march karate hue darshaaya gayaa thaa. baind key sadasyon koo 2001 kii feature film dha magestic vid zim carrie mein ack hyee school baind koo chitrit karane key liye cast kiya gayaa thaa, jise furndale, california mein filmaya gayaa thaa. humbolt raajya mein football key anubhav key baare mein newyork times key ack lekh mein bhee baind koo dikhaaya gayaa thaa. ladaai kaa geet. humbolt parr drive karein. football sanskaran. "humbolt parr drive karein, maidan key neeche;" "humm kabhi haar naheen maanenge, humm buss chalaate hain!" "unhein sambhaalen, unhein dabaaen, unhein peechhe kii or leey jaaen, unhein chattan seey hilaaen" "humm taiyar hain! raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa" "hamein jeet hassil karni chaahiye;" "harey aur soney key liye!" "tou lado! lado! lado aur jeeto," "vinamra raajya key liye!" basketball sanskaran. "neeche kii or, neeche kii or, humbolt parr gaadi chalaaen;" "humbolt parr gaadi chalaaen, unhein darwaja dikhaaen;" "unhein aage badhaaen, unhein kendrit karein;" "humm taiyar hain! raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa" "hamein jeet hassil karni hogi"," "harey aur soney key liye"," "tou lado, lado, lado aur jeeto" "vinamra raajya key liye!" pared sanskaran. "sadak parr neeche, humbolt parr drive karein;" "humbolt parr gaadi chalaaen, apane pair dikhaaen;" "vampanthi hamein bhramit karate hain, adhikaar hamein bhramit karate hain;" "humm 'raah raah' banaane parr hain!" "hamein jeet hassil karni hogi"," "harey aur soney key liye"," "tou lado, lado, lado aur jeeto" "vinamra raajya key liye!" kekade ghaas kaa baind. 1983 mein, marching lumberjack snatakon ney kekade ghaas baind kaa gathan kiya, ack baind joe 1983 seey arcata ball park mein adhikansh humbolt kekadon key baseball khelon mein paari aur pichon key beach khela haye.

call paali humbolt meravanigeya marada dimmigalu march maaduva marada dimmigalu california state polytechnic university, humbolt (hinde humbolt state university) yaya adhikruta vidyarthi-chaalita meravanigeya byaand aagide. 1968ralli sthaapaneyaada ee byaand, redwood boulnalli tanna ardhaavadhiya kshetra pradarshanagalalli hasyamaya dinacharigalu mattu scriptgalannu balasikondu, aivi leigh shaalegalige sambandhisida scatter byaand shailiyalli pradarshana niiduttade. pradarshanagalu. byaand halavaaru campus mattu samudaaya karyakramagalalli aaduttade, california, oregon mattu vaashingtannaadyanta meravanigegalalli meravanige maaduttade, vidyarthigala nemakaatige sahaaya maaduttade mattu home football mattu basketball atagalalli pradarshana niiduttade. adara saampradaayika samavastravu haladi aluminium lagarna haard hyaat, amaanatudaararu, mumbhagadalli bandna "march lakki logger" laanchanavannu hondiruva haladi tii-shirt mattu himbhagadalli "kiss awar axe" laanchana, hasiru bannada pant mattu bootugalannu olagondide. pramukha doorada kaaryakramagalannu vasanta mattu sharatkaalada semistergalagi vingadisalaagide. vasantakaalada karyakramagalalli cloverdale, sentnalli cloverdale citrus meravanige seride. syaan franciscodallina patrick dinada meravanige, mattu yuu. sii. davisnallina meravanigeya byandgala yuddha, mattu patanada ghatanegalli fort bragnalli paul buniyan dinagala meravanige mattu syaan franciscodallina italian parampareya meravanige serive. bandna parichaya. "hengasaru mattu mahaneeyare" "hudugaru mattu hudugiyaru" "repablikangalu mattu prajaprabhutvavadigalu" "chahaa paartigalu mattu greens..." "humbolt rajyada sambandhita vidyaarthigalu" "nimma vishvaprasiddhiyannu tadeyalu sadhyavaguttilla" "humbolt state university march marada dimmigalu!" madhyamagalalli kaanisikolluvudu. 1993rahra julai tingalina national geographic niyatakaalikeyallina chayachitradalli ee gumpannu peciphic sagarakke saaguttiruvudannu chithrisalaagide. 2001ralli californiada ferndalenalli chitrikarisalaada zim carrie jotegina dhii majestic emba chalanachitradalli proudhashala byaand annu chithrisalu bandna sadasyarannu ayke maadalaayitu. humbolt rajyada football anubhavada bagge newyork timesna lekhanadalli byaand kanisikondide. horaatada haadu. humbolt mele drive maadi. football aavrutti. "humbolt mele, maidaanada kelabhagadalli drive maadi;" "humbolt mele vaahana chalayisi, naavu endigoo soluvudilla!" "avugalannu nibhayisi, avugalannu saak maadi, byaak feeled, rock 'emm" "naavu tayaariyalliddeve! raa raa raa!" "naavu jayavannu padeyabeku;" "hasiru mattu chinnakkagi!" "aaddarinda horadi! horata! horadi mattu gelliri " "humbolt raajyakkaagi!" basketball aavrutti. "humbolt mele, nelada mele vaahana chalayisi;" "humbolt mele vaahana chalayisi, avarige baagilannu torisi;" "avarannu muggarisi, avarannu kendrikarisi;" "naavu tayaariyalliddeve! raa raa raa!" "naavu gellalebeku"," "hasiru mattu chinnakkagi"," "aaddarinda horadi, horadi, horadi mattu gelliri" "humbolt raajyakkaagi!" meravanige aavrutti. "humbolt mele, beediyalli vaahana chalayisi;" "humbolt mele vaahana chalayisi, nimma padagalannu torisi;" "edapantheeyaru nammannu gondalagolisuttaare, hakkugalu nammannu gondalagolisuttave;" "naavu make raah raah nalliddeve!" "naavu gellalebeku"," "hasiru mattu chinnakkagi"," "aaddarinda horadi, horadi, horadi mattu gelliri" "humbolt raajyakkaagi!" aidi hullina byaand. 1983ralli, lumberzack padavidharara meravanigeyu crab gross byaand annu rachisitu, idu 1983rinda arcata baal parknalli hecchina humbolt edigala baseball atagalalli inningsgala naduve mattu pichgala naduve aaduva byaand aagide.

call poolii humbolt marching lambarjaakkukal california stettu polytechnic yooniversitti, humboltinte (munbu humbolt stettu yooniversitti) audyogika vidyaarthi march baandaan march lambarjaakkukal. 1968 ll sthaapithamaaya eee baand palappozhum aivi leag skoolukalumaayi bandhapetta skaattar baand shailiyil redwood boulil haff time feeld shokalil rasakaramaaya dinacharyakalum skripttukalum upayogichu prakadanam nadathunnu. prakadanangal. niravadhi kaambasukalilum community evantukalilum baand kalikkunnu, california, origon, washington ennividangaliludaneelam paredukalil march cheiyunnu, vidyaarthikale recruit cheiyunnathil sahayikkunnu, koodaathe hoome football, basketball geyimukalil prakadanam nadathunnu. manja aluminium logarinte hardhyaat, suspenderukal, baandinte "marching lucky logger" logo munvashath ulla manja tii-shirt, pinnil "kiss aavar varkk paants", boottukal enniva ithinte parambaraagatha unifomil ulppedunnu. pradhana vidoora paripaadikal vasanthakala, sharatkaala semastarukalaayi vibhajikkappettirikkunnu. vasanthakala paripaadikalil cloverdalile cloverdale citrus paredu ulppedunnu. saan fraansiskoyile patrick day paredu, yuu. sii. davisile marching baandukalude yuddham, phaal evantukal ennivayil fort braggle pooll bunian days paredu, saan fraansiskoyile itaaliyan heritteju paredu enniva ulppedunnu. baandinte aamukham. "mahathikale, maanyare" "" "aankuttikalum penkuttikalum" "" "republicanmaarum janaadhipathyavaadikalum" "chaaya paarttikalum pachakkarikalum..." "humbolt samsthaanathile anubandha vidyaarthikal" "ningalude lokaprashasthane thadayaan kazhiyunnilla" "humbolt stettu yooniversitti march lambarjaakkukal!" maadyamangalil prathyakshappeduka. 1993 joolaiyil naashanal geographic maasikayil oru photoyil eee samgham pasaphik samudrathilekku march cheiyunnathaayi chithreekarichirunnu. 2001ll kaaliforniyayile ferendale chithreekaricha jiim kaariyodoppam dhaa mejastik enna feature philimile oru haiskool baandine avatharippikkan baandile amgangale thiranjedutthu. humbolt stettile football anubhavathekkurichulla newyork times lekhanathilum baand avatharippikkappettu. porattagaanam. humboltil drive cheyyuka. football pathipp. "humboltil, feeldil thaazhekku drive cheyyuka;" "humboltil drive cheyyuka, njangal orikkalum vazhangilla!" "avare neriduka, avare sookk cheyyuka, back feeld, roock 'emm" "njangal nirmmaanathilaanu! rahu rahu!" "namukk oru vijayam undaayirikkanam;" "pachaykkum svarnnathinum!" "athinaal yuddham cheyyuka! yuddham! pooraadukayum vijayikkukayum cheyyuka "." "humbolt samsthaanathinu!" basketball pathipp. "thaazhekku, thaazhekku, humboltil drive cheyyuka;" "humboltil vandi oodikkuka, avare vaathil kaanikkuka;" "avare munkootty thallikkalayunnu, avare kendreekarikkunnu;" "njangal nirmmaanathilaanu! rahu rahu!" "namukk oru vijayam labhikkanam"," "pachaykkum svarnnathinum vendi"," "athinaal pooraaduka, pooraaduka, pooraaduka, vijayikkuka" "humbolt samsthaanathinu!" paredu pathipp. "humboltil, theruvil drive cheyyuka;" "humboltil vaahanamodikkuka, ningalude kaalukal kaanikkuka;" "idathukal namme aashayakkuzhappathilaakkunnu, avakashangal namme aashayakkuzhappathilaakkunnu;" "njangal make rahu rahu rahu aanu!" "namukk oru vijayam labhikkanam"," "pachaykkum svarnnathinum vendi"," "athinaal pooraaduka, pooraaduka, pooraaduka, vijayikkuka" "humbolt samsthaanathinu!" njandu pullu baand. 1983ll march cheytha lumberjack birudadhaarikal crab grass baand roopeekarichu, 1983 muthal aarkkatta booal paarkkile mikka humbolt njandukalude baseball geyimukalilum inningsukalkkum pichukalkkum idayil kalikkunna oru baand.

call polly humbolt marching lumberjack marching lumberjack haah humbolt (purvi humbolt steet university) yetheel california steet polytechnic universitycha adhikrut vidyarthi chalavanara marching band aahe. 1968 madhye sthapan jhalela haah band, redwoodchya bhandyat tyachya ardhvel maidani pradarshanat vinodi dincharya aanee patkatha vaparoon, anekada ivy leag shalanshi sambandhit asalelya scatter band shailit sadarikaran karato. sadarikaran. band asankhya campus aanee samudayik karyakramanmadhye khelato, california, oregon aanee washingtonmadhye sanchalan karato, vidyarthyanchya bharatimadhye madat karato aanee gharguti football aanee basketball khelanmadhye sadarikaran karato. tyachya paramparik ganveshat pivalya aluminium loggerchi hardhat, suspender, samore bandchya 'marching lucky logger' logosah pivala tii-shirt aanee mageel bajus 'kiss avar ex' logo, hiravya rangachi vark pant aanee boot asatat. pramukh durchya karyakramanche vasant aanee sharad rututil satranmadhye vibhajan kele jaate. vasant rututil karyakramanmadhye cloverdale, seent yetheel cloverdale limbuvargiy sanchalanacha samavesh hoto. sann franciscomadhil patrick day pared aanee yuu. see. davis yetheel marching bandchi ladhai aanee fauls eventsmadhye phorta bragmadheel paul buniyan days pared aanee sann franciscomadhil italian heritage paredcha samavesh hoto. bandchi olakh. "mahila aanee sajjanho" "" "mule aanee mulee" "" "prajasattak aanee lokshahivadi" "chahache utsav aanee hirvigar..." "humbolt rajyache sambandhit vidyarthi" "tumchya jagprasiddhila rokhanyat asamarth aahet" "humbolt steet university marching lumberjack!" prasarmadhyamandhye disane. julai 1993 chya rashtriy bhaugolik niyatkalikat eka chhayachitrat yaa gatache prashant mahasagarat kooch kartanache chitran karnyat aale hote. californiatil ferndale yethe chitrit kelelya 2001 chya jiim carries bhavya yaa chitrapatamadhye eka hyschool bandche chitran karnyasathi bandchya sadasyanna ghenyat aale hote. humbolt rajyatil footballchya anubhavabaddal newyork timeschya lekhat dekhil bandcha samavesh karnyat aala hota. ladhanyache gaane. humboltwar gaadee chalwa. football aavrutti. "humboltwar, maidanakhali gaadee chalwa;" "humboltwar gaadee chalwa, aamhi kadhich haar mananar nahee!" "tyanna hatala, tyanna moja, back feeled, rock' emm " "aamhi tayar aahot! raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa" "aamhala vijay midayala havah;" "hirave aanee sonyasathi!" "tarr ladha! ladha! ladha aanee jinka "," "vinamra rajyasathi!" basketball aavrutti. "humboltwar, jaminivar khalee gaadee chalwa;" "humboltwar gaadee chalwa, tyanna daar dakhva;" "tyanna pudhe dhakaltat, tyanna kendrasthani thevatat;" "aamhi tayar aahot! raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa" "aamhala vijay midayala havah"," "hiravya aanee sonyasathi"," "mhanoon ladha, ladha, ladha aanee jinka" "vinamra rajyasathi!" pared aavrutti. "rastyavar, humboltwar gaadee chalwa;" "humboltwar gaadee chalwa, tumche paay dakhva;" "daway aamhala gondhalat taktat, adhikar aamhala gondhalat taktat;" "aamhi raah raah banavat aahot!" "aamhala vijay midayala havah"," "hiravya aanee sonyasathi"," "mhanoon ladha, ladha, ladha aanee jinka" "vinamra rajyasathi!" khekadyachya gavatacha patto. 1983 madhye, marching lumberjack padvidharanni crab grass bandchi sthapana kelee, eka band joou 1983 pasoon arcata baul parkmadhil bahutek humbolt khekadyanchya baseball khelanmadhye davandarmyan aanee khelpattyandarmyan khelala aahe.

kyal poly humbolt marching lumber jacks marching lumber jacks california rajya polytechnic vishwavidyalaya, humbolt (pahile humbolt rajya vishwavidyalaya) ko adhikarik vidyarthi sanchalit marching banned how. sann 1968 maa sthapit, bandley redwod baulama yasako haftime field shoko samayama hasyapurna dincharya rar scriptharu prayog gardai prayaha ibhi ligg scholharusanga sambandhit scatter banned shailima pradarshan gardacha. pradarshan. bandley dherai campus rar samudayik karyakramharuma khelchha, california, oregon rar wassingtonma paredma march gardacha, vidyarthi bhartima sahayog gardacha, rar gharelu football rar basketball khelharuma pradarshan gardacha. yasako paramparagat wardima pahenlo aluminium lagarko hard hatt, nilamban, agadi bandko "marching lucky lagar" logo bhaeko pahenlo tea-cert rar pachhadi "hamro kulhadi chumban" logo, hariyo work pant rar butharu hunchhan. pramukh tadha gigharu wasanta rar sharad semesterma vibhajit hunchhan. wasantaka karyakramharuma cloverdale, centma cloverdale citrus pared samawesh chha. saan franciscoma patrick diwas pared, rar yusi devisma marching bandharuko yuddha, rar patanka karyakramharuma fort bragma pall bunian diwas pared rar saan franciscoma italian heritage pared samawesh chhan. bandko parichaya. "mahila rar sajjanharu" "balak rar balika" "ganatantrawadi rar loktantrik" "chiya party rar hariyo..." "humbolt rajyaka sambadha vidyarthiharu" "tapainko vishwa prasidhalai rokna asamartha chhan" "humbolt state university marching lumber jacks!" mediama dekha parchhan. july 1993 ko rashtriya bhaugolik patrikama euta photoma yass samuhalai prashanta mahasagarma yatra gareko chitran garieko thiyo. bandka sadasyaharulai sann 2001 ko fitcher film da magestic whith zim kerima ek hai schol banned chitran garna cast garieko thiyo, june ferndale, californiama filmaieko thiyo. humbolt rajyama football anubhawko barema newyork timesko lekhma pani bandlai chitrit garieko thiyo. ladainko geet. humboltma drive garnuhos. football sanskaran. "humboltma, maidan tall drive garnuhos;" "humboltma gadi chalaunuhos, hammy kahilyai haar manne chhainaun!" "tiniharulai tackle garnuhos,' tiniharulai sak garnuhos, back field, ruck 'emm" "hammy tayar chhaun! raah raah!" "hamile vijaya prapta garnuparchha;" "hariyo rar sunko lagi!" "tyasobhae ladnuhos! ladai! ladnuhos rar jitnuhos "," "humbolt rajyaka lagi!" basketball sanskaran. "humboltma gadi chalaunuhos, bhuinma tall;" "humboltma gadi chalaunuhos, tiniharulai dhoka dekhaunuhos;" "tiniharulai agadi badhaunuhos, tiniharulai samagrima kendrit garnuhos;" "hammy tayar chhaun! raah raah!" "hamile vijaya prapta garnuparchha"," "hariyo rar sunko lagi"," "tyasaile ladnuhos, ladnuhos, ladnuhos rar jitnuhos" "humbolt rajyaka lagi!" pared sanskaran. "humboltma gadi chalaunuhos, sadakma;" "humboltma gadi chalaunuhos, afno khutta dekhaunuhos;" "wamapanthiharule hamilai bhramit garchhan, adhikarharule hamilai bhramit garchhan;" "hammy raah raah banaune kramama chhaun!" "hamile vijaya prapta garnuparchha"," "hariyo rar sunko lagi"," "tyasaile ladnuhos, ladnuhos, ladnuhos rar jitnuhos" "humbolt rajyaka lagi!" kryab grass banned. sann 1983 maa, marching lumber jack snatakharule kryab grass banned gathan gare, ek banned jasle 1983 dekhi arcata ball parkma dherai humbolt crabs baseball khelharuma innings rar pichharu bitch kheleko chha.

call polly humbolt marching lamberjacks marching lumberjax heuchhi california rajya polytechnic biswabidyalaja, humbolt (purbaru humbolt rajya biswabidyalaja) rahr sarkari chhatra parichalita marching banned . 1968 ray sthapita, banned scatter banned saileere pradarshan kare jaahaa prajatah aaivi ligg bidyalaja sahita jadita, redude bolare ehara haf time field shoe samajare hasyarasa rutin ebong script byabahara kare . pradarshan. bandti aneka camps ebong gosthi karjyakramare khelanti, california, oregon ebong washington ray paredare padajatra karanti, chhatra nijuktire sahajya karanti, ebong gharoi football ebong basketball khelare pradarshan karanti . ehara paramparika junipharmare eka haladia aluminium logger hardhat, nilambanakaree, eka haladia tii-sart jeunthire bander "marching lucky logger" logo samnare ebong pachapate "aama kuhadi chumban" logo, sabuja wark pant ebong boot achhi . pramukh doora giggudiku basanta ebong sharat semistarare bibhakta karajae . basantakaleena karjyakramagudika madhyare cloverdale, sentare cloverdale citrus pared antarbhukta . saana franciscore patrick day pared, ebong yusi devis thaare marching bander juddha, ebong patner iventare fort bragare pull bunyan days pared ebong saana franciscore italiah aitihya pared antarbhukta . bander parichai. "bhadramahila oh bhadrabyaktigana" "pua oh jhia" "ganatantrabadee ebong ganatantrabadee" "chaa 'party ebong sabuja....." "humbolt rajyara samprukta chhatramane" "aapananka biswa prasiddhiku rokibare asamartha" "humbolt rajya biswabidyalaja marching lumberjax!" ganamadhyamare upasthiti. july 1993 ray jatiah bhougolika patrikare eka phatore ehi gosthi prashanta mahasagaraku jatra karuthiba chitrita hoithila . 2001 masihar chalachitra 'daa majestic with zim kyare' ray eka haiskul byandaku chitrana kariba paain bander sadasyamananku niajaithila, jaahaa californier ferndelre suting karajaithila. humbolt rajyare football abhigyata bishajare nyujarka timeser eka nibandhare madhya byandaku pradarshita karajaithila . juddha geeta. humboltre gaadi chalantu. football sanskarana. "humboltre gaadi chalantu, padia talaku;" "humboltre gaadi chalantu, aame kadapi haara manibu naahin!" "semananku mukabila karantu, semananku moja karantu, back field, semananku pathara karantu" "aame prastuta! raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa" "aamaku bijai hassel karibaku heba;" "sabuja ebong suna paain!" "tenu ladhantu! ladhei curr! ladhantu ebong jiti jaantu "," "nomolt rajya paain!" basketball sanskarana. "humboltre gaadi chalantu, tale chatanare;" "humboltre gaadi chalantu, semananku dwara dekhantu;" "semananku agragami snoof karanti, semananku kendra curry jinish karanti;" "aame prastuta! raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa. raa" "aamaku bijai hassel karibaku heba"," "sabuja ebong suna paain"," "tenu ladhantu, ladhantu, ladhantu ebong jitiba" "nomolt rajya paain!" pareda sanskarana. "humboltre gaadi chalantu, rastare;" "humboltre gaadi chalantu, paada pradarshan karantu;" "bamapanthimane aamaku bibhranta karanti, adhikara aamaku bibhranta kare;" "aame 'raah raah' tiari kariba!" "aamaku bijai hassel karibaku heba"," "sabuja ebong suna paain"," "tenu ladhantu, ladhantu, ladhantu ebong jitiba" "nomolt rajya paain!" crab ghasa banned. 1983 masihare, marching lumberjack grazuetmane crab grass banned gathan karithile, eka banned jaahaa 1983 masiharu arcata bull parkre adhikansha humbolt crab baseball khelare innings ebong pitch madhyare khelichhi .

kaell pauli humbolt marching lumberjack marching lumberjack california state polytechnic university, humbolt (pahilan humbolt state university) daa adhikarat vidiaarthi march baind haii. 1968 witch sathapit, baind aksar iv leeg schoolan naal jude scatter baind shaili witch pardarshan karda haii, redwod baul witch aapne haftime feeled shoa dauran haase-mazak deeaan rutein atey scriptan dee varton karda haii. pardarshan. baind kaee camps atey community programan witch khedada haii, california, oregan atey washington witch pred witch march karda haii, vidiaarthiaan dee bharti witch sahaita karda haii, atey gharelu football atey basketball khedan witch pardarshan karda haii. iss dee ravaiti varadi witch ikk peele alminium logger dee hardhet, suspender, ikk peele tii-shirt dey naal baind daa "marching lakki logger" logo sahmane haii atey pichhe "saadi kuhadi noon chummo" logo, hurry varak paint atey boot shamal hunn. pramukh door dey giggan noon basant atey patjhad dey smesteran witch vandiaa jaanda haii. basant rutt dey samagman witch cloverdale, cent witch cloverdale citters pred shamal haii. sainn francisco witch patrick divas pred, atey yuu. see. davis vikhe march curran vaale baindan dee ladai, atey patjhad dey samagman witch fort bragg witch paal bunian days pred atey sainn francisco witch italian haritage pred shamal hunn. baind dee jaanh-pachanh. "devio atey sajjnon" "munde atey ladkiaan" "gantantar atey loktantri" "chaah party atey hariaan..." "humbolt raaj dey sabandhat vidiaarthi" "tuhade vishav prasidh noon rokann witch asamrath hunn" "humbolt state university march qarr rahee lumberjack!" media witch peshkari. julai 1993 dey rashtari bhugolik magazine witch ikk tasveer witch samooh noon parshant mahansagar witch march karde hoye darsaiaa giaa see. baind dey memberan noon 2001 dee feature film 'dii majestic vid jimm carrie' witch ikk hyee school baind noon darsaun laee chunhiaa giaa see, joe ferndale, california witch filmaiaa giaa see. baind noon humbolt raaj witch football dey tazarbe baare ikk newyork times lekh witch vee pradarshit keeta giaa see. ladai daa geet. humbolt utte gaddi chalao. football sanskaran. "humbolt utte gaddi chalao, maidaan dey hethan;" "humbolt 'teey gaddi chalao, aseen kadey haar naheen mannange!" "uhanan naal najitho, uhanan noon jurab crow, baek feeled, chattan 'uhanan" "aseen tiaar haan! raa raa!" "saanoon jitt prapat curney chahidi haii;" "harey atey sone laee!" "taan lado! lado! lado atey jitto "," "humbolt raaj laee!" basketball sanskaran. "humbolt utte, farsh dey hethan gaddi chalao;" "humbolt utte gaddi chalao, uhanan noon darwaza dikhao;" "uhanan noon agge vadhao, uhanan noon kendra witch rakkho;" "aseen tiaar haan! raa raa!" "saanoon jittna hii pavega"," "harey atey sone laee"," "iss laee lado, lado, lado atey jitto" "humbolt raaj laee!" pred sanskaran. "sadak dey hethan, humbolt utte gaddi chalao;" "humbolt utte gaddi chalao, aapne pair dikhao;" "khabbe saanoon ulajhan witch paunde hunn, adhikar saanoon ulajhan witch paunde hunn." "aseen raah raah banaun 'teey haan!" "saanoon jittna hii pavega"," "harey atey sone laee"," "iss laee lado, lado, lado atey jitto" "humbolt raaj laee!" kekade ghaah daa baind. 1983 witch, marching lumberjack graduates neey kekade ghaah daa baind banaiaa, ikk baind joe 1983 toon arkata baal park witch ziaadaatar humbolt kekadiaan deeaan baseball khedan witch pariaan atey picchan dey vichkaar khediaa haii.

kyaal paalee humbolt maarching lumberjacks maarch-lumberjacks iteemaani, humbolt (poorvam humbolt-state-vishvavidyaalayaha) ityasya, california-rajya-polytechnic-vishvavidyaalayasya, adhikruta-chaatra-maarching-bend asti. 1968 tame varshe sthaapitam bend, praayah aivee leag vidyaalayaih saha sambaddham scatter bend shailyaa pradarshanm karoti, redwood-baul ityasmin ardha-samayasya kshetra-pradarshanasy samaye haasyapoorn-dinacharyakan, scripts cha upayujya. pradarshanam. bend-samoohah anekeshu parisareshu samudayika-karyakrameshu cha kreedati, california, oregon, washington ityeteshu pradesheshu pared-madhye padayatram karoti, chhaatraniyuktim karoti, tathaa cha gruhe football-basketball-kreedaasu pradarshanm karoti. asya paaramparika-ganavedhe peeta-aluminium-laagar ityasya hardhat, susponders, agrabhaage bend ityasya "maarch-lakki-laagar" iti logoyuktah peeta-tea-shirt, prushtabhaage "asm asm-aaksis" iti logo, harita-varka-pent, boots cha santi. pramukhaani door-pradarshanani vasanta-sharat-satrayoho vibhaktaah bhavanti. vasantakaalasya karyakrameshu cloverdale, sent-nagare cloverdale-citrus-pared iti antarbhavati. syaan-francisco-nagare petrick-day-pared, yoo. see. davis-nagare maarching-byaand-ityeteshaam yuddham, tathaa patana-karyakrameshu cha fort-bragg-nagare paul-buniyan-days-pared, syaan-francisco-nagare italian-heritage-pared cha antarbhavanti. vaadyavrundasya parichayah. "mahaneeyau mahaneeyau" iti." "baalakaah baalikaah cha" iti." "republicans tathaa democrats" "chaya-utsavaah, haritaani cha..." "humbolt-rajyasya sambaddh-chhaatraah" "bhavatah vishvaprasiddham nivaarayitum naa shaknuvanti" iti." "humbolt-rajya-vishvavidyaalayaha lamberjacks-yatram karoti!" maadhyameshu drushyataam. 1993 julai-maase rashtriya-bhaugolika-patrikaayaam chaayaachitram krutvaa ayam samoohah prashantamahasagaram prati yatram kurvan chitritah aasit. 2001 tame varshe california-deshasya ferndell-nagare chitrite da majestic vit jim kairee iti chalachchitre ucchavidyaalayasya vaadyavrundasya chitranaartham vaadyavrundasya sadasyaah patranirdharitaha. humbolt-raajye football-anubhavasya vishaye nyuyaark-tams-patrikaayaah lekhane api bend-samoohah pradarshitah. yuddhageetam. humbolt ityatra vaahanachaalanam karotu. football samskaranam. "humbolt-ityatra, kshetrasya adhah, vaahanam arabhatam" iti." "humbolt-vaahanam arabhatam, vayam kadaapi naa haarasi!" "taan pariharatu, taan kshuram karotu, pashchakshetram, shilaah" "vayam nirmaaneshu asmi! raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa" "asmakam vijayah avashyah bhavet" iti." "haritasya suvarnasya cha krute!" "ataha yuddham karotu! yuddham karotu! yuddham jayatam cha "." "humbolt-rajyaya!" basketball samskaranam. "humbolt-upari, adhah, vaahanam chalayatu"." "humbolt-vaahanam aarabhy, teshaam dwaaram darshaya." "agre taan smoof karotu, kendraani smoof kurutah";" "vayam nirmaaneshu asmi! raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa raa" "asmakam vijayah avashyah bhavet" iti." "haritasya suvarnasya cha krute"," "ataha yuddham karotu, yudhyataam, yudhyataam, vijayam cha" iti." "humbolt-rajyaya!" pared samskaran. "humbolt-maarge, adhah, vaahanam arabhatam" iti." "humbolt-vaahanam, paadaani darshayatu" iti." "vaamapakshaah asman bhramayanti, adhikaraha asman bhraantim." "vayam raa-raa-raa-iti nirmame!" "asmakam vijayah avashyah bhavet" iti." "haritasya suvarnasya cha krute"," "ataha yuddham karotu, yudhyataam, yudhyataam, vijayam cha" iti." "humbolt-rajyaya!" kryaab-grass-bend. 1983 tame varshe, maarch-lambarajaak-snaatakaih kryaab-grass-bend iti ekam bend-bend-nirmitam, yat 1983 tamaat varshaat arcata-baal-paark-madhye adhikaamsheshu humbolt-crabs-besball-kreedaasu innings-madhye pitch-madhye cha kreedate.

kaall baalii humbold anivaguppu marakkattaikal anivaguththuch sellum marakkattaikal california maanila polytechnic palkalaikkazhagaththin (munbu humbold maanila palkalaikkazhagam) athikaarappoorva maanavar anivaguppu isaikkuzhuvaagum. 1968 aam aandil niruvapatta inththa isaikkuzhu, perumpaalum aivi leak palligaludan thodarpudaiya scatter paent paaniyil nigazhththukirathu, redwood kinnaththil adhan arainaera kazha nigazhchchigalin poathu nagaichchuvai vazhakkangkal mattrum scriptkalaip payanpaduththukirathu. nigazhchchigal. isaikkuzhu aeraalamaana valaakangkal mattrum samooga nigazhvugalil vilaiyaadugirathu, california, oorigaan mattrum washington muzhuvathum anivaguppugalil anivaguththuch selkirathu, maanavar aatchaerppukku uthavukirathu, maelum veettu kaalpandhu mattrum koodaippandhu vilaiyaattukalil nigazhththukirathu. adhan paarambariya seerudaiyil manjal aluminiya lagarin hardhead, suspendergal, munpuraththil isaikkuzhuvin "anivaguththu athirshta laagar" logovudan oru manjal dii-shirt mattrum pinpuraththil "engkal koadaariyai muththamidunggal" logo, pacchai vaelai paent mattrum boods aagiyavai adangkum. mukiya tholaithoora nigazhchchigal vasantha mattrum ilaiyuthir paruvangkalaaka pirikkappadugindrana. vasantha nigazhvugalil clovertale, saint. ill ulla clovertale citrus anivaguppu adangkum. chaan franciscovil paetrik thina anivaguppu, yuu. chii. davisil anivaguppu kuzhukkalin poar mattrum veelchchi nigazhvugalil fort brockle paal puniyan naatkal anivaguppu mattrum chaan franciscovil itaaliya paarambariya anivaguppu aagiyavai adangkum. isaikkuzhuvin arimugap pathivu. "penkalum, periyavarkalum" "" "siruvarkalum sirumigalum" "kudiyarasuk katchiyinarum jananayagak katchiyinarum" "theneer paarttikal mattrum pasumaigal..." "humbold maanilaththin thodarpudaiya maanavargal" "ungkal ulagap pugazhpettravaraith thaduka mudiyavillai" "humbold maanila palkalaikkazhagam marakkattaikalai anivaguththuch selkirathu!" uudakangkalil thoandruthal. juulai 1993 thaesiya puviyiyal idhazhil oru pugaippadaththil inththa kuzhu pasipik perungadalil anivaguththuch selvathu siththarikkappattullathu. californiavin ferendale padamaakkappatta 2001 aam aandu veliyaana thii majestic vith jiim carrie endra thiraippataththil oru uyarnilaip palli isaikkuzhuvai siththarikka isaikkuzhuvin uruppinarkal thaervu seiyappattanar. humbold maanilaththil kaalpandhu anubavam kuritthu newyorg times katturaiyilum isaikkuzhu idampettrathu. sandaip paadal. humbold meethu vaaganam oottavum. kaalpandhu pathippu. "humbold meethu, kazhaththil keezhae vaaganam oottavum;" "humbold meethu vaaganam oottavum, naangkal orupoathum adipaniya mattom!" "avarkalaich samaali, avarkalaich saak, pinn kazham, raak' avarkalaich sariseiyavum" "naamum tayarakittom! raa raa raa!" "naam vettri pera vaendum". "" "pacchai mattrum thangaththirkaaga!" "enavae poaraadungkal! sandaiyidungal! poaraadungkal, velvom "," "humbold maanilaththirku!" koodaippandhu pathippu. "humbold meethu, tharaiyil keezhae vaaganam oottavum;" "humbold meethu vaaganam oottavum, avarkalukku kadhavaik kaattungal;" "avarkalai munkoottiyae izhuththu, avarkalai maiyamaagak kondu" "naamum tayarakittom! raa raa raa!" "naam vettri pera vaendum"," "pacchai mattrum thangaththirkaaga"," "enavae poaraadungkal, poaraadungkal, poaraadungkal, ventru kollungal" "humbold maanilaththirku!" anivaguppu pathippu. "humbold meethu vaaganam oottavum, theruvil;" "humbold meethu vaaganam oottavum, ungkal kaalgalaik kaattungal;" "idathusaarigal nammaik kuzhappividugindrana, urimaigal nammaik kuzhappividugindrana"." "naangkal raa raa raa seiyap poakiroam!" "naam vettri pera vaendum"," "pacchai mattrum thangaththirkaaga"," "enavae poaraadungkal, poaraadungkal, poaraadungkal, ventru kollungal" "humbold maanilaththirku!" nandu puul isaikkuzhu. 1983 aam aandil, anivaguththuch sendra lambarjag pattathaarikal nandu puul isaikkuzhuvai uruvaakkinar, idhu 1983 muthal arcata pandhu poongaavil perumpaalaana humbold nandugal baseball vilaiyaattukalil inningsukkum aadugalangkalukkum idaiyil vilaiyaadiya oru isaikkuzhuvaagum.

coll paalii humbolt kavaatu kalapa jaaklu marching lumberjacklu california state polytechnic university, humbolt (gatamlo humbolt state university) yokka adhikaarika vidyaarthi nadiche kavaatu byaand. 1968loe sthaapinchabadina eee byaand tarachugaa iv leag paatasaalalato anubandhinchabadina scotter byaand shaililo pradarsistundi, redwood bowlloo daani haaph time feeled shola samayamlo haasya dinacharyalanu mariyu scriptlanu upayogistundi. pradarsanalu. byaand aneka campus mariyu community eeventlalo aadutundi, california, oregon mariyu washington antataa kavaatulalo kavaatulu chestundi, vidyaarthula niyaamakamlo sahaayapadutundi mariyu inti football mariyu basketball aatalalo pradarsistundi. daani saampradaaya unifamlo pasupu aluminium logger yokka hardhat, suspenderlu, mundu bhaagamlo byaand yokka "marching lakki logger" logotho pasupu tii-shirtu mariyu venuka bhaagamlo "kiss avar acks" logo, aakupaccha pani pyantu mariyu bootlu untaayi. pradhana dhoora kaaryakramaalanu vasanta mariyu saradrutuvu semisterlugaa vibhajistaaru. vasantakaala karyakramalalo cloverdale, seyint loe cloverdale citrus kavaatu unnaayi. shaan franciscolo patrick day kavaatu, yusi davis vadda kavaatu byaandla yuddham, mariyu patanam sanghatanalalo fort braglo paal buniyan days kavaatu mariyu shaan franciscoloni italian heritage kavaatu unnaayi. byaand parichayam. "ladys und gentlemen" "abbayilu mariyu ammayilu" "republicanlu mariyu prajaasvaamyavaadulu" "tii party mariyu aakukuuralu..." "humbolt rashtram yokka anubandha vidyaarthulu" "mea prapancha prakhyaatulanu nirodhinchalekapotunnamu" "humbolt state university ooregimpu kalapa jaaklu!" medialo kanipistaaru. 1993 juulai jaateeya bhougolika patrikalo oka chayachitramlo eee brundam pasiphik mahasamudramloki kavaatu chestunnatlu chithreekarinchabadindi. 2001loe californialoni ferndale chithreekarinchina dhi majestic vith zim kaarii anae chalana chitramlo haiskool byaand paatranu pooshinchadaaniki byaand sabhyulu empikayyaaru. humbolt raashtramlo football anubhavam gurinchi newyork times vyaasamlo kooda byaand pradarsinchabadindi. poraata paata. humbolt meeda drive cheyandi. football version. "humbolt meeda, maidaanamlo nadapandi;" "humbolt meeda drive cheyandi, memu eppatikee longipomu!" "vaatini parishkarinchandi, vaatini saak cheyandi, byaak feeled, rock 'emm" "memu siddhamoutunnamu! raa raa raa!" "manaku vijayam tappaka undaali;" "aakupaccha mariyu bangaaram kosam!" "kabatti poradandi! poraatam! poradandi mariyu geluchukondi " "humbolt state kosam!" basketball version. "humbolt meeda, neelapai nadapandi;" "humbolt meeda drive cheyandi, vaariki talupu choopinchandi;" "vaarini munduku nettivesi, vaatini kendrikarinchandi;" "memu siddhamoutunnamu! raa raa raa!" "manaku vijayam tappaka ravali"," "aakupaccha mariyu bangaaram kosam"," "kabatti poradandi, poradandi, poradandi mariyu geluchukondi" "humbolt state kosam!" kavaatu version. "veedhiloo, humbolt meeda drive cheyandi;" "humbolt meeda drive cheyandi, mea paadaalanu choopinchandi;" "edamapakshaalu mammalni gandaragolaniki gurichestaayi, hakkulu mammalni gandaragolaniki guri chestaayi"." "memu make raa raa raa!" "manaku vijayam tappaka ravali"," "aakupaccha mariyu bangaaram kosam"," "kabatti poradandi, poradandi, poradandi mariyu geluchukondi" "humbolt state kosam!" peetha gaddi byaand. 1983loe, kavaatu chesina lumberzack graduatelu crob grass byaandnu erpaatu chesaaru, idhi 1983 nundi arcata baall paarkulo chaalaa humbolt peetalu bays baall aatalalo inningsla madhya mariyu pitch la madhya aadee byaand.

keell pouli humbolt marching lumber jaiks marching lumber jaiks california steat pouli technic university humbolt (sabqah humbolt steat university) kaa sarkaari talbaa kaa marching bend hay. 1968 mein qayem honay waala yaha bend aksar aayivi leeg schoolon say waabistah bikhray hoay bend kay andaaz mein perform kartaa hay reed wode bawal mein apnay haaf tyme feld shoz kay doraan mazahiya mamulat aur script kaa istemaal kartaa hay. performans. bend mutadid camps aur community avents mein kheelta hay california auregon aur washington mein pred mein maarch kartaa hay talbaa kii bharti mein madad kartaa hay aur gharilo fitt baal aur basket baal kay kheelon mein perform kartaa hay. iss kii rawayati wardi mein pailay rung kay allomenium laagar kii haard heat maatal eek pailay rung kii tye shirt hoti hay jiss kay saamney bend kaa "marching lakee laagar" logo hotaa hay aur peeche "hamaari kulhaadi kuu bosah dain" kaa logo sabz wark patlun aur jotay hotay haine. door kay baday kaam kuu mosam bahaar aur mosam khazaan kay simster mein taqsim kiyaa jaataa hay. mosam bahaar kay waaqiaat mein cloverdale sent mein cloverdale citers pred shaamil hay. saan francesco mein patrick day praid aur yuu see ddios mein marching bendon kii jung aur faal avents mein fort braig mein paal bunyan dayz pred aur saan francesco mein atalvi heritage pred shaamil haine. bend kaa taaruf. "khwatin woo सज्जनो" "ladkay aur ladkiyan" "republican aur democrats" "chaye kii paart aur sabziyan..." "humbolt riyasat kay waabistah talbaa" "aap kay aalimi shahrat yaaftah kuu roknay say qaasir haine" "humbolt steat university marching lumber jaiks!" mediya mein zahir honaa. jolayi 1993 kay national jeographic megzin mein eek tasveer mein iss grop kuu bahar alkahil kii taraf maarch kartay hoay dikhaya gayaa thaa. bend kay arakeen kuu 2001 kii fatcher film dee magistic wad jumm carrie mein hayee school kay bend kii tasveer kashee kay liye cast kiyaa gayaa thaa jasay farandil california mein filmaya gayaa thaa. bend kuu neoyork times kay eek mazmun mein bhee humbolt steat mein fitt baal kay tajarbay kay baaray mein dikhaya gayaa thaa. ladayi kaa gaana. humbolt parr gaadi chalayein. fitt baal warzan. "halbolt parr gaadi chalayein medaan kay neechey." "humbolt parr gaadi chalayein humm kabhi haar nahein maanein gay!" "inn say namtao inn parr jaraab lagayein beek feld raak inn" "humm tayaar haine! raa raa!" "hamein fatah haasil karnee chahiye vovo" "sabz aur sonay kay liye!" "tuu ladoo! ladoo! ladoo aur jeeto " "humbolt riyasat kay liye!" basket baal warzan. "halbolt parr gaadi chalayein farsh kay neechey." "humbolt parr gaadi chalayein inhein darwazah dikhayein." "aagay inhein ghaseetay haine inhein markaz mein rakhtay haine vovo" "humm tayaar haine! raa raa!" "hamein jeetna hay"yee" "sabz aur sonay kay liye"yee" "tuu ladoo ladoo ladoo aur jeeto" "humbolt riyasat kay liye!" pred warzan. "sadak kay neechay humbolt parr gaadi chalayein vovo" "humbolt parr gaadi chalayein apnay paaon dikhayein vovo" "bayein hamein aljhatay haine haqoq hamein aljhatay haine." "humm raah raah bananay parr haine!" "hamein jeetna hay"yee" "sabz aur sonay kay liye"yee" "tuu ladoo ladoo ladoo aur jeeto" "humbolt riyasat kay liye!" kekday kii gahaas kaa bend. 1983 mein marching lumber jeek graduates nay kekday kii gahaas kaa bend tashkil diyaa eek bend juu 1983 say aarkata baal paark mein ziyadah tarr humbolt kekadon kay bees baal kheelon mein anangz aur pachon kay darmiyan kheela hay.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11996714

Steve Berrios

Steve Berrios American jazz musician Steve Berrios (February 24, 1945 – July 25, 2013) was an American jazz drummer and percussionist born in New York City. Biography. Starting out on trumpet while in public school, he was influenced by his father, a professional drummer, and his neighbors in Upper Manhattan: Tito Puente, Willie Bobo and Mongo Santamaria. At 16, he began winning talent and trumpet contests, including the famed Apollo Theatre competitions, in which he placed first no less than five times. Switching his focus to drums and percussion, he started touring and recording with Mongo Santamaria at age 19. He learned to play batá sacred drums from Julito Collazo. He played conga, djembe, cowbells, marimba, timpani and glockenspiel in Dizzy Gillespie’s band on a good-will tour of Cuba in the 1980s. In 1981, he became a founding member of the milestone Latin jazz group “Jerry González & the Fort Apache Band”. Berrios recorded more than a dozen albums as a member of the Fort Apache Band, including “The River Is Deep” (1982), “Obatala” (1988), “Rumba Para Monk” (1988) “Earthdance” (1990) and “Moliendo Café” (1991). He was also in Max Roach's “M'Boom”, a percussion group that Roach created. He also led his own group, “Son Bacheche”. “And Then Some!” (1997), one of the few albums he recorded at the head of his own group, was nominated for a Grammy for Best Latin Jazz Performance. Steve Berrios also played and recorded with artists such as Kenny Kirkland, Art Blakey, Tito Puente, Paquito D’Rivera, Pucho & His Latin Soul Brothers, Michael Brecker, Grover Washington, Hilton Ruiz and Miriam Makeba. Discography. As sideman. With Jasmine - featuring Bill O'Connell, Carmen Lundy With Michael Brecker With Sonny Fortune With The Harlem Experiment With Alphonse Mouzon With Wallace Roney With Roseanna Vitro With Randy Weston With Larry Willis References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

steve berio "cho steve berio "cho (24 february, 1945-25 july, 2013) nework sohorot jonmogrohon koraa egoraki aamerikan jez drummer aaru parkasonisto aasil. jiwani. rajohuwa bidyaloyot thokar xomoyot trumpetere aarombho kori teu teur deutak, ejon pesadari drummer, aaru uporor menhatonot thoka teur suburiyar dwara probhabito hoisiloh taitu puente, willy bubu aaru mungu centamaria. 16 bosor boyoxot teu protibha aaru trumpe 'tot protijugita joy koriboloi aarombho korisil, zo' too teu bikhyat epulu theater protijugitau ontorbhukto korisil, zo 'too teu pasbarotkoi komm nohoy. drum aaru parksyonor uporot monujug kendribhut kori teu 19 bosor boyoxot mongu xontamariyar xoite bhromon aaru recording aarombho korisil. teu julitu kulajur poraa baata pobitro dhul bojuwa xikichil. 1980-ror doxokot teu diji gilisir bendot konga, digembe, coubel, marimba, timpani aaru glockenspial khelisil. 1981 sonot teu mailor khuti letin jez gutt "jeree gonzalez endo dyo fort epasi bendo" ror protisthapok xodosyo hoisil. berio "che" dyo ribhar ij dip "(1982)," ubatala "(1988)," rumba peraa xonnyaxi "(1988)," arthodence "(1990) aaru" moliendu kephe "(1991) xoho ek dojonotkoiu odhik elbam pho 'rt epasi bendor xodosyo hisape record korisil. teu max rusor "em 'bum" naamor etaa parkachon gutotu aasil, jitu rusor dwara sristi koraa hoisil. teu nijor doll "putro basese" ru netritwo disil. aaru taar pisot kisuman!(1997), teu nijor dolor murobbi hisape record koraa keitaman elbamor bhitorot etaa, shrestho letin jez prodorxonor baabe gramir baabe monunit hoisil. steve beriose kenni kirkland, art blacky, taitu puente, pokitu di 'ribhara, puchu aaru teur letin aatma bhatrixokol, michael breaker, grover waswington, hillton ruiz aaru miriyam maker dore xilpixokolor xoiteu khelisil aaru record korisil. discography. xideman hisape. jesminor xoite-bill oh 'connel, carmen lundir boixistyojukto michael brekeror xoite xuni bhagyor xoite harlem porikhyar xoite alphons moujonor xoite wales ronir xoite rusana vitrur xoite rendy westonor xoite leri uilixor xoite

stibha barrios stibha barrios (24shhey february, 1945-25shhey julai, 2013) neu eork shohore jonmogrohonkari ekjon markin jyaja drummer ebong parokashonbadok chhilen. jeeboni. public schoole thakakalin trumpet diye shuru korey, tini taar baba, ekjon peshadar drummer ebong upper manhatoner taar protibeshider dwara probhabito hoyechilenoh taito puente, uili bobo ebong mongo santamaria. 16 bochor boyse, tini protibha ebong trumpet protijogita jitote shuru corren, jaar modhye bikhyato apollo theater protijogitao chhilo, jekhane tini panchbarer qama noy. drum ebong parakashana-ayee mononibesh korey tini 19 bochor boyse mongo santamaria saathe bhromon ebong recording shuru corren. tini julito collazor kachh theke baata pobitro drum bajano shikhechilen. tini 1980-err doshke cuba ekti good-uil sofore digi gillespir bande konga, digembe, kaubel, marimba, timpani ebong glockenspiel bajiechilen. 1981 saale, tini milefolock lattin jyaja group "jerry gonzalez anned dya phorta apachy banned"-err protisthata sadasya hohn. barrios phorta apachy bander sadasya hisabe eka dozonero beshi album record koreche, jaar modhye royeche "dya river iza dipa" (1982), "obatala" (1988), "rungba pyara sannasi" (1988) "arthdance" (1990) ebong "moliendo caffe" (1991). tini max rocher "emm 'boom"-eoo chhilen, ekti talbaddo doll jaa rocher toiri hoyechilo. tini taanr nijer doll "chhele bacheche"-err netrittoo diyechilen. tarpor kichhu!(1997), taanr nijer doler prodhan hisabe record koraa koyekti albumer modhye ekti, sera lattin jyaja performancer jonno ekti grammyr jonno manoneet hoyechilo. stibha barrios kenni carcland, art blakey, taito puente, pakito dii 'rivera, pucho ebong taar lattin soul brothers, michael breaker, grover washington, hillton ruiz ebong miriam maker moto shilpider satheo khelechen ebong record korechen. discography. sideman hisebe. juin-bill oo 'conell, carmen lundi soho michael breaker saathe bhagyoban chheler saathe harlem porikkhar saathe alphons maujan walles ronir saathe rojana vitro randy westoner saathe lurry uiliser saathe

steve barrios steve barrios (24 februari, 1945-25 julai, 2013) newyork shaherma janmela american jaaz drummer aneey parkyusanvaadak hataa. jivancharitra. jaaher shaalaama hataa tyaare trumpetthi sharuaat kartaa, teo temnaa pitaa, aek vyaavsaayik drummer aneey upala mainhatanma temnaa padoshioh tito puente, veelee bobo aneey mongo santamariyathi prabhaavit hataa. 16 varshnee ummare, temane pratibha aneey ranshingada spardhao jitvaanu sharoo karyoo, jemaa prakhyaat apollo theatre spardhaaono samaavesh thaay chhe, jemaa temane ochhama ochha paanch vakhat pratham sthaan melavyu hatoo. dhhol aneey percusion parr dhyaan kendrit kareene, temane 19 varshnee ummare mongo santmaria saathe pravaas aneey reqordina sharoo karyoo. temane julito collazo pasethi baata pavitra drum vagaadvaanu sheekhya. temane temane daykama cubana good-will tour parr disey gillespina bendamaa konga, degembe, coubels, marimba, timpani aneey glocanspial vagaadya hataa. hataa, teo simachinharup lattin jaaz jooth "jairie gonzalez anned dhaa phorta apaache benned" naa sthaapak sabhy banyaa hataa. barriose phorta apaache bendnaa sabhy tareeke aek dozenthi vadhu albums reqorda karyaa hataa, jemaa "dhaa rivara iz deep" (1982), "obatala" (1988), "rumba peraa monak" (1988) "earthdance" (1990) aneey "moliendo kaafe" (1991) noow samaavesh thaay chhe. teey makes rochnaa "aema 'boom" maan pann hato, jeey aek percusion jooth hatoo jene rochnee rachnaa curry hatee. temane potaana jooth "putra bachcheche" noon pann netrutva karyoo hatoo. aneey pachhi ketlaak!(1997), jeey temane potaana juthanaa vadaa tareeke reqorda karelaa thodaa aalbamomathi aek hatoo, tene shreshth lattin jaaz pradarshan maate grammy maate namankit karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. steve barriose kennie kirkland, aart blacky, tito puente, pakito dii 'rivera, pucho aneey temnaa lattin aatma bhaaio, michael breaker, grover washington, hilton ruiz aneey miriyam meba jevaa kalakaro saathe pann vagaadyu aneey reqorda karyoo. dyscography. sideman tareeke. jasmine saathe-bill oo 'connell, carmen lundy darshaavati michael breaker saathe soonee naseeb saathe harlem prayog saathe alphons mauzon saathe valesa ronee saathe rosena vitro saathe rendy weston saathe lerii villis saathe

steve berios steve berios (24 farwari, 1945-25 julaai, 2013) newyork shahar mein paida hue ack americi jaiz drummer aur taalvaadak they. jeevani. saarvajanik vidyalaya mein rahate hue, vaha apane pitaa, ack peshevar drummer, aur oopari mainhattan mein apane padosiyonh tito puente, villie bobo aur mongo santamaria seey prabhaavit they. 16 saal kii umr mein, unhone pratibha aur turah pratiyogitaaen jeetana shuru curr diyaa, jisamen prasiddh apolo theatre pratiyogitaaen bhee shamil theen, jisamen unhone cumm seey cumm paanch baar pratham sthaan praapt kiya. drum aur taalvaadya parr apana dhyaan kendrit karate hue, unhone 19 saal kii umr mein mongo santamaria key saath daura karna aur recording karna shuru curr diyaa. unhone julito collazzo seey baata pavitra drum bajaana seekha. unhone 1980 key dashak mein cuba key ack achche-munn key daure parr disey gillespie key baind mein conga, degembe, coubel, marimba, timpani aur glockenspiel khela. 1981 mein, vaha meal key patthar lattin jaiz samooh "jairi gonzalez aind dha fort apaache baind" key sansthaapak sadasya bunn gaye. barrios ney fort apaache baind key sadasya key roop mein ack darjan seey adhik album record kiye, jinamen "dha river ijj deep" (1982), "obatala" (1988), "rumba paira bhikshu" (1988) "earthdance" (1990) aur "molindo kaife" (1991) shamil hain. vaha max roach key "aim 'boom" mein bhee they, ack taalvaadya samooh joe roach ney banaaya thaa. unhone apane swayam key samooh "betaa baache" kaa bhee netritva kiya. aur phir kuchh!(1997), joe unake apane samooh key pramukh key roop mein record kiye gaye kuchh albums mein seey ack thaa, usey sarvshreshth lattin jaiz pradarshan key liye grammy key liye namankit kiya gayaa thaa. steve barrios ney kenni kirkland, art blakey, tito puente, pakito dee 'rivera, pucho aur unake lattin aatma bhaaiyon, michael breaker, grover washington, hilton ruiz aur miriam meba jaise kalakaron key saath bhee khela aur record kiya. dyscography. sideman key roop mein. chameli key saath-bill oh 'connell, carmen lundy kii visheshta michael breaker key saath bhagyashali bete key saath harlem prayog key saath alphons mauzon key saath deewaar key saath gulabana vitro key saath randy weston key saath lairi vilis key saath

steve berrios steve berrios (phebravari 24,1945-julai 25,2013) newyork nagaradalli janisida american jaajh drummer mattu taalavaadyakaararaagiddaru. jivanacharitre. saarvajanika shaaleyalliddaga tutturiyannu praarambhisida aata, vruttipara drummer aagidda tanna tande mattu upper manhattennalliruva tanna nerehoreyavaraada taito puvente, villi bobo mattu mango santamaariyarinda prabhaavitaraagiddaru. 16neey vayassinalli, avaru pratibhe mattu tutturiya spardhegalannu gellalu praarambhisidaru, idaralli prasiddha apollo rangabhoomi spardhegalu serive, idaralli avaru kanishta aidu baari modala sthana padedaru. drums mattu taalavaadyagalatta gamanavannu kendrikarisida avaru, tamma 19neey vayassinalli mango santamaariyaadondige pravaasa mattu dhwanimudranawannu praarambhisidaru. aata julito kolaajhoninda baataa pavitra drumgalannu nudisalu kalitaru. avaru 1980rahra dasakadalli cubada olleya-ichchaa pravaasadalli dijji gillespia bandnalli konga, djembe, coubel, marimba, timpani mattu glockenspial nudisidaru. 1981ralli, avaru mailigallu lattin jaajh gumpu "jerri gonzalez & dhii fort apache byaand" naa sthapaka sadasyaraadaru. dhii river ees deep" (1982), "obatala" (1988), "rumba pyara monk" (1988) "earthdance" (1990) mattu "moliendo kephe" (1991) seridante fort apache bandna sadasyaraagi berrios ondu dajangoo hecchu aalbangalannu dhwanimudrana maadide. aata max rochna "emm 'boom" emba roach rachisida talavadya gumpinalliddaru. aata "sunn bacheche" emba tannade aada gumpannu saha munnadesidanu. mattu nantara kelavu!(1997), avaru tamma swanta gumpina mukhyastharaagi dhwanimudrisida kelave aalbangalalli ondaada atyuttama lattin jaajh pradarshanakkagi gryaamige naamanirdeshanagonditu. steve berrios kenni kirkland, art blakey, taito puvente, pakito dii 'rivera, pucho mattu avara lattin aatma sahodararu, micheal breaker, grover washington, hilton ruiz mattu miriam meba avarantaha kalavidarondige nudisidaru mattu dhwanimudrana maadidaru. discography. side myaan aagi. malligeyondige-bill oo 'connell, carmen lundy micheal breakernondige sooni adrushtadondige harlem prayogadondige alphons moujaannondige vales rony jote rosanna vitro jote randi weston jote larry villis jote

steevu berios newyork nagaratthil janicha oru american jaas drummer talavadakan aayirunnu steevu berios (februvari 24,1945-juulai 25,2013). jeevacharitram. public schoolil padikkumbol thante pithavum professional drummer upper maanhattanile ayalvasikalaaya taitto pyoonte, villi bobo, mongo saanthamaariya ennivarumaayi addeham swaadheenikkappettu. 16-aamm vayassil, prashasthamaaya apollo naadaka malsarangal ulppede kazhivukalum kahala malsarangalum addeham nedaan thudangi, athil addeham kuranjathu anchu thavana onnaam sthaanam nedi. drummukalilum thaalavaadyangalilum shradha kendreekarichu addeham 19-aamm vayassil mango santhamaariyaykkoppam paryadanavum recording aarambhichu. julito colassoyil ninnu addeham baatta vishudha drum vaayikkaan padichu. 1980kalil cubayile oru nalla ichhaashakthiyulla paryadanatthil addeham dijji gillespiyude bandle konga, djembe, coubels, marimba, timpani, glockenspeel enniva avatharippichu. 1981ll addeham laattin jaas grouppaaya "jerry gonsaalas & fort appaache baand" enna naazhikakkall grouppinte sthaapaka amgamaayi. dhii rivar ees deep" (1982), "obattala" (1988), "rumba paaraa monk" (1988) "erthu dance" (1990), "moliendo kaphe" (1991) ennivayulppede fort appaache baandile amgamaayi berios oru dasaniladhikam aalbangal record cheythu. maiks rochinte "emm 'boom" enna roach srishticha oru thaalavaadya samghathilum addeham undaayirunnu. soonn bache" enna swantham samghatheyum addeham nayichu. pinne chilar!swantham groupinte thalavanayi addeham record cheytha churukkam chila aalbangalilonnaya (1997) mikacha laattin jaas prakadanatthinulla graamikk naamanirddesham cheyyappettu. kenni kirkland, art blakey, taitto pyoonte, paakvitto dii 'rivera, pucho, addehathinte laattin soul sahodaranmaar, maikkal breaker, grover washington, hilton roose, miriam meba thudangiya kalakaaranmaarkkoppam steevu berios kalikkukayum record cheyyukayum cheythu. dyscography. sideman pole. jasmine-bill ooo 'koonal, carmen lundy enniva ulkkollunnu maikkal breaker soony bhaagyathodoppam harlem pareekshanam aalphons mousoninoppam valas roniyumaayi rosana vitroyumaayi randy westoninoppam laari villisinoppam

steve berrios steve berrios (24 februwari 1945-25 julai 2013) haah newyork shaharat janmalela eka american jazz drummer aanee talvadak hota. charitra. sarvajanik shalet asatana bigul vajavane suru kartana, tyache vadil, eka vyavsayik dholvadak aanee varchya manhattenmadhil tyache shejarih tieto puente, viilii bobo aanee mongo santamaria yancha tyachyavar prabhav hota. vayachya 16 vya varshi tyane pratibha aanee bigul spardha jinkanyas suruvat kelee, jyat prasiddha apolo natya spardhancha samavesh hota, jyat tyane kiman paach vela pratham sthan midavale. dhol aanee talvadyakade laksh kendrit karoon tyane vayachya 19 vya varshi mungo santmariyasah pravas aanee dhwanimudran karnyas suruvat kelee. julito colazzo yanchyakadun too baata pavitra dhol vajavayala shikala. 1980 chya dashakat kyubachya sadichha dauyavar tyane dizzy gillespiechya bandmadhye konga, degembe, caubel, marimba, timpani aanee glockenspial vajavale. 1981 madhye, too 'jairie gonzalez andd daad phorta apache band' yaa lattin jaz samoohacha sansthapak sadasya banala. daad river ij deep' (1982), 'obatala' (1988), 'rumba parra monk' (1988), 'earthdance' (1990) aanee 'molindo cafey' (1991) yasah phorta apache bandcha sadasya mhanoon beriyosne dozenhoon adhik dhwanimudran dhwanimudrit kele. too max rochchya 'emm' boom 'yaa, rochane tayar kelelya talvadhyachya gatatahi hota. mulga bachche' yaa swatachya gatachehi tyanni netrutva kele. aanee mug kahee!(1997), tyachya swatachya gatachya pramukhpadi tyane dhwanimudrit kelelya kahee albumpaiki eka, sarvotkrusht lattin jazz sadarikaranasathi gramisathi namankit jhaala. steve berrios yane kennie kirkland, aart blakey, tito puente, pakito dii 'rivera, pucho aanee tyache lattin aatma bandhu, michael breaker, grover washington, hilton ruiz aanee miriam meba yansarkhya kalakaransobatahi vadan aanee dhwanimudran kele. dyscography. sideman mhanoon. chamelisah-biil oo 'connell, carmen lundy yancha samavesh michael breakersobat soonee fortunes harlem prayogasah alphons mauzansah wallace ronisah rozana vitrosah randy westensobat larry willis

stibh berios stibh barrios (februari 24,1945-july 25,2013) jane americae jaz drummer ebong parkasanwadaka thile jie nyujarka saharare janmagrahana karithile. jeebani. public schoolre padhuthiba samajare shay taanka pita, jane pesadara drummer ebong upara manahatanare thiba taanka padosheeh tito puente, wili bobo ebong mongo santamarianka dwara prabhabita hoithile. 16 barsha bajasare shay pratibha ebong trumpet pratijogita jitiba arambha karithile, jeunthire prasidha apollo theatre pratijogita antarbhukta thila, jeunthire shay pancha thararu comm pratham sthana adhikara karinathile. drum ebong talabadya prati dhyana kendrit curry shay 19 barsha bajasare mongo santamarianka saha bhraman ebong recording arambha karithile. shay julito kolajonka thaaru batta pabitra drum bajaiba shikhithile. shay 1980 dashakare kyubara eka bhal ichha gastare digi gilespinka byandare konga, disembe, caubel, marimba, timpany ebong glockenspiel khelithile. 1981 masihare shay mailkhunt lattin jaz group "jairie gonzalez anded daa fort aapachi banned" rahr pratisthata sadasya hoithile. daa rivar ija dip' (1982), 'obatala' (1988), 'rumba paara bhikhyu' (1988), 'arthdance' (1990) ebong 'moliendo kaaphe' (1991) sameth, 'fort aapachi' bander sadasya bhabe barrios eka dajanaru adhika album record karithile. shay max rochnka "emm 'boom" ray madhya thile, eka talabadya gosthi jaahaa roach srusti karithila . shay nijaswa dalara madhya netrutwa neithile, "pua bacheche". ebong taa 'parey kichhi!(1997), taanka niz dalara mukhyanka thaare record karajaithiba alpa keteka album madhyaru gotie, shrestha lattin jaz pradarshan paain grammy paain manoneet hoithila . stibh barrios kenni kirkland, art blakey, tito puente, pakito dii 'ribhera, pucho ebong taanka lattin soal brothers, michael breaker, grobhar washington, hilton ruiz ebong miriam meba pari kalakaranka saha madhya khelithile ebong record karithile . discography. parswastha byakti bhabe. jasmine sahita-bill oh 'conell, carmen lundi michael brekarnka saha sony bhagya sahita harlem parikhyana sahita alphonse mojon sahita wallace raninka saha rojana vitro sahita randi westannka saha lerry wilisnka saha

steve barrios steve barrios (24 farvari, 1945-25 julai, 2013) ikk amriki jaiz drummer atey pluxionist see joe newyork shehar witch paida hoiaa see. jeevani. public school witch rahinde hoye, uh aapne pitaa, ikk peshevar drummer, atey upparle manhattan witch aapne guandhiaan tyto puente, villie bobo atey mongo santamaria toon prabhavit see. 16 saal dee umar witch, usne pratibha atey turhi mukabale jittne shuru qarr ditte, jiss witch prasidh apolo theatre mukabale shamal sunn, jiss witch usne ghatto ghatt panj vaar pahila sathaan prapat keeta. dhol atey talvadak vall aapna dhiaan kendrat karde hoye, usne 19 saal dee umar witch mongo santamaria naal daura karna atey recording shuru keeti. uss neey julito collazo toon baata pavittar dhol vajauna sikkhiaa. uss neey 1980 dey dahake witch kiooba dey ikk change daure utte dzie gillispie dey baind witch konga, djembe, cobble, marimba, timpani atey glocanespial dee bhumika nibhai. sann 1981 witch, uh meal patthar latini jaiz group "jairi gonzalez aind dha fort apache baind" daa sansthapak member bann giaa. barrios neey fort apache baind dey member vajon ikk darjan toon vaddh ailabman ricard keetiaan, jinhan witch "dha river izz deep" (1982), "obatala" (1988), "rumba paira bhikshu" (1988) "arthdance" (1990) atey "moliendo kaife" (1991) shamal hunn. uh maikas roach dey "aim boom" witch vee see, ikk pluction group joe roach neey banaiaa see. uss neey aapne samooh "puttar bacheche" dee vee agvai keeti. atey firr kujh!(1997), uhanan kujh ailabman vicchon ikk joe uhanan neey aapne samooh dey mukhi vajon ricard keetiaan sunn, noon sarbottam latini jaiz pardarshan laee grammy laee namzad keeta giaa see. steve barrios neey canny kirkland, aart bleki, tito puente, pakito dee 'rivra, pucho atey uss dey latini aatma bharavan, michael breaker, grover washington, hilton ruiz atey mariam meba varge kalakaran naal vee khediaa atey ricard keeta. dyscography. sideman dey roop witch. chameli dey naal-bill ou 'conell, carmon lundy dee visheshta michael breaker naal soonee kismat naal harlem prayog naal alphons mauzan naal walls ronnie naal rozana vitro naal randy weston naal lairi villis naal

steve barrios steve barrios (24 febravari 1945-25 julai 2013) nyuyaark-nagare janma praapnot amerikaadeshasy jaze-drummer, taalavaadakah cha aasit. jeevanacharitram. saarvajanikavidyaalaye vidyamaanam samaye, saha swasya pitraa, vyaavasaayik-drummer ityanena, tathaa uccha-manhatton-nagarasya sameepawaasinah taito puente, vilee bobo, mongo santamariya ityetaabhih prabhaawitah aasit. 16 tame varshe saha pratibhaam, turpida-pratiyogitaam cha jitum aarabdhavaan, yatra prasiddhaani apolo-natya-pratiyogitaani api aasan, yatra saha panchavaaram yaavat prathamastham praapnot. drums-perkson-ityetayoho vishaye swasya dhyanam parivartya, saha 19 varshe mongo-santamariyayaha saha paryatanam, dhwanimudranam cha aarabdhavaan. saha joolito kolaajo ityatah baata-pavitra-drums-vaadanam abhyanayt. 1980 tame dashake kyuba-deshasya suvichaarayaatraayaam saha disey gillespie ityasya vaadyavrundasya kongaa, disembe, coubels, marimba, timpani, glocanspial cha abhyanayt. 1981 tame varshe, saha "jeree gonzalez and da fort apaache bend" iti lettin-deshasya lettin-jaz-samuhasya samsthaapakah sadasyah abhavat. barrios-varyaha, "da river ees deep" (1982), "obatala" (1988), "rumba paaraa maank" (1988), "arthdaans" (1990), "moliendo kefe" (1991) ityadini dajanatah adhikaah aalbam-geetaani fort apaache-vaadyavrundasya sadasyaroopen abhilekhitavaan. saha max roch ityasya "emm 'boom" ityasmin api aasit, yah roch ityanena nirmitah taalavaadyasamoohah aasit. saha "sunn baacheche" iti swasyaah samuhasya netrutvam api krutavaan. tatah kechan!(1997), swasya samuhasya pramukhasya krute saha dhwanimudritam katipayeshu aalbam-madhye anyatam, sarvottamasya lattin-jaiz-pradarshanasy krute grami-krute naamaankitam abhavat. steve barrios ityeshah kennie kirkland, art blakey, taito puente, pakito dii 'riveraa, pucho tathaa tasya lattin-sole-brothers, mckell breaker, grover washington, hilton ruyij, miriyam mebaa ityaadibhih kalaavidaih saha api abhyanayt tathaa dhwanimudranam cha krutavaan. discography. yathaa paarshva-vyaktihi. jasmine-saha-bill o 'connell, carmen lundie ityetaani visheshaani santi. mckell breaker ityanena saha sonee-bhagyena saha harlem prayogah alphons mauzan ityanena saha valles roney ityanena saha rosainaa vitro ityanena saha raindee weston ityanena saha laaree vilis ityanena saha

steve perrios steve perios (pipravari 24,1945-juulai 25,2013) oru america jaas trummer mattrum neu yark nagaril pirantha taalavaathi aavaar. suyasaridhai. podhup pallyil irunththapoathu ekkaalaththil thodangi, avar thanathu thanthaiyaal, oru thozhilmurai trummer mattrum mael manhatonil ulla avarathu andai veettukkaarargalaal eerkkappattaar tito beaunte, villie bobo mattrum mongo sandamaria. 16 vayathil, avar pugazhpettra appallo naadagap poattikal udpada thiramai mattrum ekkaalap poattikalai vellath thodangkinaar, athil avar ainthu muraikku kuraiyaamal muthalidaththaip pidiththaar. trums mattrum thaalavaakkiyaththil thanathu kavanaththai maattrikkonda avar, thanathu 19 vayathil mongo saanthamaariyaavudan suttruppayanam seithu pathivu seiyath thodangkinaar. avar julito kolaasoavilirunthu batta punitha trumkalai vaasikka karrukkondaar. karrukkondaar cubavin nalla viruppa suttruppayanaththil dissy killespie isaikkuzhuvil gonga, degemp, covebels, marimba, dimbani mattrum clockenspial aagiyavattrai avar vilaiyaadinaar. 1981 aam aandil, avar milecal latheen jaas kuzhuvaana "jerri consulus & thii fort appachi isaikkuzhuvin" niruvana uruppinaraaga aanaar. thii rivar ees deep" (1982), "obadala" (1988), "rubam baaraa mangk" (1988) "erth dance" (1990) mattrum "moliendo kafe" (1991) ullitta fort appachi isaikkuzhuvin uruppinaraaga oru dajan aalbangkalukku mael perrios pathivu seithaar. avar makes rochin "emm 'poom" endra thaalak kuzhuvilum irunthaar, idhu roach uruvaakkiya oru thaalak kuzhuvaagum. avar thanathu sontha kuzhuvaiyum vazhinadaththinaar, "magan pache". piragu sila!(1997), avar thanathu sontha kuzhuvin thalaivaraaga pathivu seitha sila aalbangkalil ondru, sirantha latheen jaas seyalthiranukkaaga oru gramikku parinthuraikkappattathu. steve perrios kennie girgland, ard blakey, tito beaunte, pakitto dii 'rivera, pucho & avarathu latheen aathma cakoothararkal, michael breaker, grover washington, hilton ruis mattrum miriam meba poantra kalaignargaludan vilayaadi pathivu seithaar. dyschography. pakkavaattu manithar poala. malligai-pill ooo 'konnal, carmen lundy aagiyavattraik kondullathu michael breakkarudan magaththaana selvaththudan haarlem parisoathanaiyudan albons mavusanudan valus roaniyudan rojana vitrovudan randy westonudon laurie willis udan

steve berrios steve berios (fibravari 24,1945-juulai 25,2013) newyork nagaramlo janminchina american jaz drummer mariyu percussion vaadyakaarudu. jeevita charitra. prabhutva paatasaalalo unnappudu buura meeda praarambhinchi, athanu thana tandri, oka professional drummer, mariyu eguva maanhaatanloni athani poruguvaaru taito puente, villie bobo mariyu mongo santamaria chetha prabhaavitamayyaadu. 16 samvatsaraala vayassulo, athanu pratibha mariyu buura pootiilanu geluchukovadam praarambhinchaadu, indulo prakhyaata apolo theatre pootiilu kooda unnaayi, indulo athanu kaneesam aidu saarlu modati sthaanamlo nilichaadu. drums mariyu percussionlapy drushti saarinchina ayana 19 samvatsaraala vayassulo mongo santamaariyaato paryatana mariyu recording praarambhinchaaru. athanu julito collazo nundi baataa pavitra drums vaayinchadam neerchukunnaadu. athanu athanu cuba yokka manchi-sankalpa paryatanalo dijji gillespie yokka bandlo konga, degembe, coubels, marimba, timpany mariyu glackenspialnu aadadu. aadadu, athanu mylurayi latin jaz group "jerrie gonzalez & dhi fort apachi byaand" vyavasthaapaka sabhyudayyadu. dhi river eej deep" (1982), "obatala" (1988), "rumba paaraa maank" (1988) "arthdons" (1990) mariyu "molindo cafe" (1991) thoo sahaa fort apachi byaand sabhyudiga berrios dozenuku paiga albumlanu record chesindi. athanu maaks roach yokka "emm 'boom" loe kooda unnadu, idhi roach srushtinchina percussion samuuham. athanu thana sonta samuuhaanni kooda nadipinchaadu, "sunn bachhe". mariyu konni!(1997), athanu thana sonta samuuhaaniki naayakatvam vahinchina konni albumlalo okati, uttama latin jaz pradarsana kosam graameeki nominate cheyabadindi. steve berios kennie kirkland, art blakey, taito puente, pacvito dii 'rivera, pucho & athani latin soal brothers, maikhel breaker, grover washington, hilton ruiz mariyu miriam meba vanti kalaakaarulato kooda aadadu mariyu record chesaadu. discography. side myaan gaa. malle thoo-bill oo 'connell, carmen lundy kaligi maikhel breakertho sonni adrushtamtho harlem prayogamtho alphons mauzon thoo walls roneetho rojanna vitronu randy westontho laurie villis thoo

steve barrios steve barrios (24 faroori 1945-25 jolayi 2013) eek americi jaaz dermer aur pcorkshionist thay juu neoyork shehar mein paida hoay. sawanah umri. publik school mein rehtay huay wah apnay waalid eek paishah warr dermer aur apar meen heaton mein apnay parosiyon say mutasir thay: tyto pontay walee bobo aur mongo santamariya. 16 saal kii amar mein inhon nay telent aur torpet kay muqabilay jeetna sharoo kirr diye jinn mein mashhur apolo theater kay muqabilay bhee shaamil thay jiss mein inhon nay kumm az kumm paanch baar pehla maqaam haasil kiyaa. dahol aur taal parr apnee taujah markoz kartay huay inhon nay 19 saal kii amar mein mongo santamariya kay saath torr aur recording sharoo kii. iss nay jolito kalazo say baataa muqadas dahol bajana seekha. inhon nay 1980 kii dahayi mein cuba kay khair sagaali doray parr dizy gallispy kay bend mein konga ddezambe kaao bails marimba timpani aur gloconspeel kaa adakari kii. 1981 mein wah sing meel laatini jaaz grop "jairi gonzaliz aind dee fort apachi bend" kay baanee rakan bunn gayey. barrios nay fort apachi bend kay rakan kay toor parr eek darjan say ziyadah albumz record kiyay jinn mein "dee rever az deep" (1982)yee "obatala" (1988)yee "ramba piraa monk" (1988) "arth ddaans" (1990) aur "maulindo kaifay" (1991) shaamil haine. wah meks roch kay "ayem boam" mein bhee thaa juu eek prakshan grop thaa jasay roch nay banaya thaa. iss nay apnay hyee grop "sunn bachay" kii bhee qayadat kii. aur phir kachh!(1997)yee inn chand albumz mein say eek juu inhon nay apnay hyee grop kay sarbarah kay toor parr record kiye thay kuu behtareen laatini jaaz performans kay liye greemi kay liye namzad kiyaa gayaa thaa. steve barrios nay keenee crickland aart baliki tyto pontay pakyoto ddee revera pocho aur iss kay laatini rooh bhaiyon michael breaker grover washington hilton roiz aur mareem meba jeesay funkaron kay saath bhee adakari aur recording kii. discography. side meen kay toor parr. chamili kay saath-bull awo koneel carmin lundy kii khususiyat michael breaker kay saath sonee fortune kay saath harlium kay tajarbay kay saath alfons mozoon kay saath walis runy kay saath rozana vitro kay saath rendy weston kay saath leeri walees kay saath

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40119016

In Your Hands (album)

In Your Hands (album) In Your Hands is the second studio album by British singer Eliza Doolittle. It was released by Parlophone on 14 October 2013 in the United Kingdom. The album peaked at number 25 on the UK Albums Chart and number 71 on the Irish Albums Chart. Critical reception. Allmusic editor Matt Collar found that the album "goes far toward moving her in a more grown-up direction. Working with a handful of writer/producers, "In Your Hands" is a sophisticated, contemporary dance and soul album that takes its cues from the sound and style of '90s R&B stars like Mariah Carey and En Vogue [...] Ultimately, the focus on "In Your Hands" is less on Doolittle's cheeky persona and more on her passionate lyrics and warm vocals, a change she can back up with her creativity and talent." Robert Copsey of "Digital Spy" called "In Your Hands" a "coming of age record" that is "a recollection of experiences that come with being in a serious relationship." He felt that "all too often [Doolittle] slips into MOR soul-pop, adding little new – musically or otherwise – to the table. It seems in an effort to be taken seriously, Eliza has forgotten to have any fun." "Renowned for Sound" critic Francesca Tichon remarked that "though people have compared her to Lily Allen, and her soulful voice does conjure memories of Amy Winehouse, Doolittle falls far short of these two musical icons. Her sound is a fairly generic UK pop sound, and though "In Your Hands" is a fun album with relatable story lines (and certainly a vast improvement on her debut), it’s really nothing special." Commercial performance. On 16 October 2013, the album debuted at number 23 on The Official Chart Update. A day later, "In Your Hands" entered the Irish Albums Chart at number 71. On 20 October 2013, the album entered the UK Albums Chart at number 25. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

aapunar haatot (elbam) aapunar haatot aase britis gayika elija dulitolor dwitiyo studio 'elbam. iyak 2013 sonor 14 octoborot parluphonor dwara juktorajyot mukoli koraa hoisil. elbamtuwe iuke elbamor chartot 25 nombor aaru aairis elbamor chartot 71 nomborot uponeet hoisil. xomaluchonamulok aadoroni. ol musicor xompadok mett kolore gom paisil je elbamtuwe "taik odhik praptoboyosko dixoloi loi juwar dixot bohu dur aguwai yaay. mustimeyo lekhok/projujokor xoite kaam kori, "aapunar haatot" hoise ek otyadhunik, xomoxamoyik nrityo aaru aatma elbam jiye 90-ror doxokor maria keree aaru eno bho 'gor dore aar endo bi tarkar xobdo aaru xoilir poraa iyar xongket loy...] owoxexot, "aapunar haatot" ror uporot monujug dulitolor susumiya byoktitwor uporot komm aaru teur aabegik geet aaru ushno konthosworor uporot odhik, ei poriworton teur sristixilota aaru protibhar xoite byak aap koribo paare."digital guptosoror robert koo 'poseye" "aapunar haatot" "etaa" "boyoxor obhilekh" "buli obhihito korisil jitu hoise" "ek gurutor xomporkot thokar xoite ohaa obhigyotar ek smriti."teu onubhob korisil je" "oti praye [dulitol] mur sul-popoloi pori yaay, tableot olop notun-xongitgot baa onyo dhorone-jug kore. ene lagise je iyak guruttoxohokare luwar prochestat elijai kunu mojaa koriboloi paahori goise."xobdor baabe bikhyat" xomalusok francesca tisune montobyo korisil je "jodiu manuhe teuk lilly elenor xoite tulona korise, aaru teur hridoyosporxito konthoswore emi weinhousor smritiburok prokax kore, du 'little ei dutaa xongit aaikonor poraa bohu komm. teur xobdo hoise ek xadharon iuke pop xobdo, aaru jodiu "aapunar haatot" hoise xomporkito kahinir xarir xoite etaa mojadar elbam (aaru nischitbhabe teur aatmoprokaxor ek bixal unnoti), eitu xosakoiye bixex eku nohoy." banijyik prodorxon. 2013 sonor 16 octoborot, elbamtu sorkari chart updateot 23 nomborot aatmoprokax korisil. edinor pisot, "aapunar haatot" aairis elbamor chartot 71 nomborot prowex korisil. 2013 sonor 20 octoborot, elbamtuwe 25 nomborot iuke elbamor chartot prowex korisil.

upner haate (album) british gayika eliza dulettler dwitiya studio albumty upner haate. etty 2013 saaler 14ee octobor juktorajye parlphone dwara mukti paay. albumty juktorajyer album charte 25 nombore ebong airish album charte 71 nombore uthhe aase. samalochanamulak abhyarthana. oll-music sompadok myata collar dekhechen jey albumty "taake arow praptoboyosko dike niye yawar dike onek egiye yaay. mushtimeya lekhok/projojokder sange kaaj korey, "upner haate" ekti porishilito, somosamoyik nrityo ebong atma album jaa 90-err doshoker rndb tarokader shobdo ebong shaili theke ingito neyo jemon maria carrie ebong enn bhog...] shesh porjonto, "upner haate"-rawr upor focus dulitoler chotur byaktitter upor qama ebong taar abegprobon gaaner kotha ebong ushno kanther upor beshi, emon ekti poriborton jaa seey taar srijanshilata ebong protibha diye byaka up korte paare."digital guptochorer robbert copsey" "upner haate" "ekti" "boyoser record" "boley abhihito korechen jaa" "ekti gurutoro somporker saathe assa obhiggotar ekti smriti."tini onubhob korechilen jey" "prayashai [duolitol] moora soul-popey pichle yaay, tabile samanno notun-sangeet baa onnothai-jog korey. money hachche, vishayti gurutter sange neoar prochestai eliza moja korte bhule geche."shobder jonno bikhyato" somalochok francesca tichon montobbo korechen jey "jodio lokera taake lilly allener saathe tulna koreche, ebong taar pranobonto kanthaswar ammy weinhouser smritigulike dharon korey, duletel eyi duti sangeet icon theke onek qama. taar shobdoti motamuti sadharan juktorajyer popp shobdo, ebong jodio "upner haate" somporkito golper line soho ekti mojadar album (ebong aboshyoi taar atmoprokasher ekti bishal unnoti), etty sottii bishesh kichhu noy." banijyik kormokhomota. 2013 saaler 16ee octobor, albumty official churt update 23 nombore atmoprokash korey. ekdin porr, "upner haate" airish album charte 71 nombore probesh korey. 20 octobor 2013-ayee, albumty juktorajyer album charte 25 nombore probesh korey.

tamara haathmaa (album) tamara haathmaa british gayika eliza doolitalnu beeju studiyo album chhe. teey 14 october 2013naa roj united kingadamma parlophone dwara rajoo karvaamaa aavee hatee. aaa album yuke albums chaart parr 25maa krame aneey irish albums chaart parr 71maa krame pahonchyu hatoo. vivechanaatmak swaagat. ola music editor meeyt collarne jaanvaa malyun keey album "teneene vadhu pukht dishaamaa aagad vadhaarvaa taraf aagad vadhe chhe. muththibhar lekhak/nirmatao saathe kaama kartaa, "tamara haathmaa" aek atyadhunik, samkalin nrutya aneey aatmaanu album chhe jeey tenaa sanketo '90 naa aar anned bii stars jaim keey maria keree aneey aena voga [...] naa avaaj aneey shailimathi leey chhe...] aakhare, "tamara haathmaa" parr dhyaan kendrit karavu aee doolitalnaa cheeki vyaktitva parr ochhu aneey tenaa jussadar geeto aneey ushmabharya gaayan parr vadhu chhe, jeey parivartan teey tenee sarjanatmakta aneey pratibha saathe backup laee shake chhe."digital jasus" naa roobert kopse "" tamara haathmaa "" aek "" vaya reqorda aavvaanu "" kahyoo chhe jeey "" gambhir sambandhma hovaa saathe aavtaa anoobhavoni yaad chhe "."temne laagyu keey" ghanee vaar [doolital] moora soola-popmaa lapsee jaay chhe, table parr thodu navoo-sangeet athavaa anyatha-umere chhe. aevu laage chhe keey tene gambhirtathi levaanaa prayasma, eliza koee pann majaa karvaanu bhooli gaee chhe."dhvani maate jaaniti" vivechak francesca tikone tippani curry hatee keey "lokoae temnee sarkhaamani lillie elen saathe curry chhe, aneey temno bhaavpurn avaaj aemee winehouseni yaadone pratibimbit karey chhe, tema chhataa doolital aaa beey sangeetnaa chihnothi ghanee ochhi chhe. teno avaaj ekdam saamanya yuke pope avaaj chhe, aneey tema chhataa "tamara haathmaa" sambandhit vaarta rekhaao saathenu aek manoranjak album chhe (aneey chokkaspane tenaa padaarpanmaa aek vishaal sudhaaro), teey kharekhar kanee khaas nathee." vyaavsaayik pradarshan. 16 october 2013naa roj, sattavaar chaart update parr album 23maa krame aavyu hatoo. aek divas pachhi, "tamara haathmaa" irish albums chartma 71maa krame praveshyu. 20 october 2013naa roj, album yuke albums chartma 25maa krame praveshyu.

aapke haathon mein (album) aapke haathon mein british gayika elija doolital kaa doosara studio album haye. ise united kingdam mein 14 octuber 2013 koo parlophone dwara jaari kiya gayaa thaa. album yuke album chart parr 25vein number parr aur ayrish album chart parr 71vein number parr pahunch gayaa. aalochanatmak swaagat. olmusic editor mait collar ney paaya kii album "usey adhik vayask disha mein leey jaane kii disha mein bahut aage jaataa haye. mutthi bhar lekhak/nirmaataon key saath kaam karna, "aapke haathon mein" ack parishkrit, samkaaleen nritya aur aatma album haye joe 90 key dashak key aar aind bee sitaaron jaise maria carrie aur aine vog [kii dhwani aur shally seey apane sanket letaa haye...] antatah, "aapke haathon mein" parr dhyaan doolital key chuteele vyaktitva parr cumm aur usake bhavuk geeton aur garmajoshi seey bharey swar parr adhik haye, ack aisaa badalaav joe vaha apani rachnaatmaktaa aur pratibha key saath vaapas curr sakati haye."digital jasus" key robbert copsey ney "aapke haathon mein" ack "aaney vaale umr kaa record" kahaa joe "ack gambhir rishte mein honey key saath aaney vaale anubhavon kii yaad haye."unhone mahsoos kiya kii" bahut baar [doolital] morr soul-popp mein fisal jaataa haye, aur mez parr thodaa nayaa-sangeet yaa anyatha-jodata haye. aisaa lagata haye kii ise gambhirta seey lene key prayaas mein, eliza koee bhee mazaa karna bhool gaee haye."dhwani key liye prasiddh" aalochak francica tichan ney tippani kii kii "halanki logon ney unaki tulanaa lilly elen seey kii haye, aur unaki bhavpurn aavaaj ammy weinhouse kii yaadon koo darshaati haye, lekin doolital inn dou sangeet icon seey bahut cumm haye. usaki dhwani kaafee samanya yuu. key. popp dhwani haye, aur halanki "aapke haathon mein" sambandhit kahani panktiyon key saath ack majedar album haye (aur nishchit roop seey usaki shuruat mein ack vishal sudhaar), yeh vaastav mein kuchh bhee vishesh naheen haye." vyaavsaayik pradarshan. 16 octuber 2013 koo, album ney aadhikarik chart update parr 23vein number parr shuruat kii. ack dinn baad, "aapke haathon mein" ney ayrish album chart mein 71 number parr pravesh kiya. 20 octuber 2013 koo, album ney 25 number parr yuke album chart mein pravesh kiya.

nimma kaiyalli (album) british gayaki elijah doolital avara eradane studio album nimma kaiyallide. idannu united kingdamnalli 2013rahra october 14randu parlophone bidugade maaditu. ee album yuke aalbangala pattiyalli 25neey sthaanavannu mattu airish aalbangala pattiyalli 71neey sthaanavannu galisitu. vimarshaatmaka svaagata. almusic editor myaat collar ee album "avalannu hecchu beleda dikkinalli chalisuvatta saaguttade" endu kandukondaru. beralenikeyashtu barahagararu/nirmaapakarondige kelasa maaduttiruva "inn yuvar hands" ondu atyaadhunika, samakaalina nrutya mattu aatma album aagiddu, idu maria carrie mattu enn vognantaha 90 rahra aarr & bii taaregala dhwani mattu shailiyinda adara soochanegalannu tegedukolluttade...] antimavagi, "nimma kaiyalli" emba amshada mele gamanavu dolitalna kechchedeya vyaktitvada mele kadime mattu aakeya bhavodrikta sahitya mattu becchagina gaayanada mele hecchu kendrikarisuttade, ee badalaavaneyannu aake tanna srujanasheelate mattu pratibheyondige bembalisabahudu."digital spie" naa robbert kapseyu "" nimma kaiyalli "" ondu "" mumbaruva vayassina daakhale "" endu karedaru, idu "" gambhira sambandhadalliruvudarinda baruva anubhavagala nenapu "."avaru" "aagaagge [doolital] more soal-papge jarikolluttade, swalpa hosadannu-sangeeta athawa bere reetiyalli-tablege serisuttade". idannu gambhiravagi tegedukolluva prayatnadalli, elijah yaavude vinodavannu maadalu maretiddaale."dhwani vimarshaka francesca ticon" "janaru avalannu lilly alenge hoolisiddaroo, mattu avala bhavapurna dhwaniyu amii weinhousen nenapugalannu soochisuttadeyaadaru, doolital ee eradu sangeetada pratimegaliginta bahala kadime ide". aakeya dhwaniyu saakashtu samanyavada yuke pop dhwaniyaagide, mattu "inn yuvar hands" sambandhita kathaahandaragalannu hondiruva ondu mojina album aagiddaroo (mattu khanditavaagiyoo aakeya chocchala praveshadalli dodda sudhaarane), idu nijavagiyoo visheshavenalla." vanijya pradarshana. 2013rahra october 16randu, ee album adhikruta chaart navikaranadalli 23neey sthaanakkeritu. ondu dinada nantara, "nimma kaiyalli" airish aalbangala pattiyalli 71neey sthaanavannu praveshisitu. 20 october 2013 randu, album yuke aalbangala pattiyalli 25neey sthaanavannu praveshisitu.

ningalude kaikalil (aalbam) britiish gaayika elisa doolittil samvidaanam cheiyunna randaamathe studiyo aalbamaan ningalude kayyilullathu. 2013 october 14nuu yunaittad kingdatthil paarlophon ithu puratthirakki. aalbam yuke aalbangalude chartle 25-aamm sthaanathum airish aalbangalude chartle 71-aamm sthaanathum ethi. vimarsanaathmakamaaya sweekaranam. aalbathinte edittar maatt collar kandethunnathu "avale kooduthal valarnnuvarunna dishayilekku nayikkunnathilekku" eee aalbam valareyadhikam munnott pookunnu ennaanu. orupidi ezhuthukaar/nirmmaathaakkalkkoppam pravartthikkunna "inn yuvar hands" ennathu 90kalile maria kaari, enn wog thudangiya aarr & bii thaarangalude shabdathilum shailiyilum ninnu soochanakal edukkunna oru sankeernavum samakalikavumaaya nrithavum athmaavum ulkkollunna aalbamaan...] aathyanthikamayi, "ningalude kaikalilulla" shradha dolittilsinte cheekkiya vyakthithvathil kuravaanu, kooduthal avalude vikarabharithamaaya varikalilum ooshmalamaaya shabdathilum, avalude sargaathmakathayum kazhivum upayogichu avalkk thirichupidikkaan kazhiyunna oru maattamaan."" "digital chaaran" "ennathinte roobert copsy" "ningalude kaikalilullathu" "oru" "varaanirikkunna praaya record" "ennu vilikkunnu, athu" "gauravameriya bandhatthil aayirikkunnathiloode varunna anubhavangalude oormmappeduthalaanu"."palappozhum [dolittil] morr soul-poppilekku thennimari, sangeethaparamaayo mattoo-table kurachu puthiyath cherkkunnu" ennu addehathinu thonni. gauravamaayi edukkaanulla shramathil, elisa enthengilum aaswadikkaan marannuvennu thonnunnu."shabda niroopakayaaya francesca tichon abhipraayappettath" aalukal avale lillie alanumaayi thaarathamyam cheythittundenkilum, avalude hridayasparshiyaaya shabdam amii winehousinte oormmakal pakarunnundengilum, doolittil eee rund sangeetha aikkanukalil ninnu valare kuravaanu. avalude shabdam valare saadhaaranamaaya oru yuke poppu shabdamaanu, "inn yuvar hands" ennathu bandhapetta kathaasaahithyangalulla oru rasakaramaaya aalbamaanengilum (theerchayaayum avalude arangettatthil oru valia mechappeduthal), ithu sarikkum prathyekathayonnumalla." vaanijyaparamaaya prakadanam. 2013 october 16nuu audyogika chart apdettil 23-aamm sthaanathaanu aalbam arangettam kurichathu. oru divasam kazhinju, "ningalude kaikalil" airish aalbangalude pattikayil 71-aamm sthaanathekku praveshichu. 2013 october 20-nuu aalbam yuke aalbangalude pattikayil 25-aamm sthaanathekku praveshichu.

tumchya hatat (album) british gayika eliza doolitalcha dusra studio album tumchya hatat aahe. too 14 aktoobar 2013 roji united kingadammadhe parlofondware pradarshit karnyat aala. haah album yooke album chartvar 25 vya kramankavar aanee ayrish album chartvar 71 vya kramankavar pohochala. samikshatmak swagat. almusic editor matt collarla asey aadhalale qee haah album teela adhik praudh dishene nenyachya dishene khoop pudhe jaato. moothbhar lekhak/nirmatyansobat kaam kartana, 'inn yuar hands' haah eka atyadhunik, samkalin nrutya aanee aatmyacha sangrah aahe joou 90 chya dashkatil maria carrie aanee aine vog [sarkhya aar andd bii tarkanchya aavaj aanee shailitoon tyache sanket gheto...] shevati, 'tumchya hatat' yavar laksh kendrit karane heey doolitalchya chakeet vyaktimatvavar qamee asate aanee tichya utkat geete aanee ubdar gayanavar adhik asate, haah badal tee tichya sarjanshilatesaha aanee pratibhesah parat aanoo shakate."digital jasus" chey robbert copsey yanni "" tumchya hatat "" eka 'vayatil nond' mhatale aahe, jeey 'gambhir natesambandhat asanyabarobar yenanya anubhavanchi aathvan aahe "."tyala vatale qee" khoop vela [dulital] morr soul-popmadhye ghasarate, tablever thode naveen-sangeet kinwa itar-jodate. heey gambhiryane ghenyachya prayatnat disate, eliza kahee majaa karayala visarali aahe."dhwani samikshak mhanoon prasiddha asalelya francesca ticonne tippani kelee qee" jaree lokanni tichi tulana lilly elenashi kelee asali aanee ticha bhavpurn aavaj emee winehousechya aathvaninna moort roop dett asala, taree doolital yaa done sangeet pratimanpeksha khoopach qamee aahe. ticha aavaj baryapaiki samanya yuu. keey. popp aavaj aahe aanee jaree 'inn yuar hands' haah sambandhit katha reshansah eka majedar album asala (aanee tichya padarpanat nakkich eka prachand sudharana), taree too kharokhar vishesh kahee nahee." vyavsayik kamgiri. 16 aktoobar 2013 roji, adhikrut chart updatevar haah album 23 vya kramankavar aala. eka divasanantar, 'tumchya hatat' neey ayrish album chartmadhye 71 vya kramankavar pravesh keela. 20 aktoobar 2013 roji, albumne yooke album chartmadhye 25 vya kramankavar pravesh keela.

tapainko hatma (album) tapainko hatma britis gayika eliza dulitalko dosro studio album chha. yo sanyukta adhirajyama 14 october 2013 maa parlofondwara jaari garieko thiyo. yo album belayatko album chartma 25 nambarma rar iris album chartma 71 nambarma pugeko thiyo. alochanatmak swagat. almusic sampadak matt kalarle patta lagae kii album "unlai ajha wayaska dishama sarne dishama dherai tadha janchha. mutthibhar lekhak/nirmataharusanga kaam gardai, "tapainko hatma" ek parishkrit, samakalin nritya rar atma album how jasle yasako sanketharu '90 ko dashaka arr anned bee starharu jastai maria keri rar enn bhog [ko dhwani rar shailibata linchha...] antatah, "tapainko hatma" maa dhyan dulettleko chuchuro wyaktitwama cum rar unko bhawuk geet rar nyano swarma badhi chha, yo pariwartan unle afno rachanatmakta rar pratibhako sath back up garna sakchhan."digital jasus" kaa robert kopsile "" tapainko hatma "" ek "" umerko recordko agaman "" bhaninchha june "" gambhir sambandhama hunda aune anubhawharuko samjhana how. "unle mahasus gare kii" dherai patak [dulital] more sole-papma pardachan, tablema thorai nayan-sangit wa anyatha-thapchhan. yasalai gambhirtaka sath line prayasma dekhinchha, eliza kunai pani ramailo garna birsin."dhwanika lagi prasidha" alochak francesca tichanle tippani gare kii "yadyapi manisharule unlai lilly elensanga tulana gareka chhan, rar unko bhawapurna awajle ammy winehouseko samjhanaharu sanket gardacha, dulettle yee dui sangitik aikanharu bhanda dherai cum chha. unko awaz ekdam samanya yuke pup dhwani how, rar yadyapi "tapainko hatma" sambandhit katha lineharu (rar nishchit rupma unko debuema vishal sudhar) bhaeko ramailo album how, yo wastawma vishesh kehi hoina." wyawasayik pradarshan. 16 october 2013 maa, album adhikarik chart updatema 23 nambarma suru bhayo. ek dina pachhi, "tapainko hatma" iris album chartma number 71 maa prawesh garyo. 20 october 2013 maa, album 25 nambarma yuke album chartma prawesh garyo.

aapananka haatare (album) aapananka haatare british gajika eliza dulitalnka dwiteeja studio album achhi . ehaa 14 october 2013 ray britenare parlophone dwara muktilabha karithila . ehi album brittener album chartre 25 nambara ebong iris album chartre 71 nambarare pahanchithila. samalochanamoolaka swagata. almusic sampadaka matt colour janibaku paile je album "tanku adhika bayaska digare neijiba digare bahuta aagaku jaichhi. mustimeya lekhaka/nirmatanka saha kaama kariba, "aapananka haatare" heuchhi eka atyadhunika, samasamajika nrutya ebong atma album jaahaa 90 dashkar aara anded bii staranka dhwani ebong saileeru ehara sanketa neithae .....] sheshare, "aapananka haatare" upare dhyana dulitalnka chatur byaktitwa upare comm ebong taanka abegapurna geeta ebong ushma kantha upare adhika, eka paribartana jaahaa shay taanka srujanasheelata ebong pratibha sahita back up kariparibe ."" "digital spye" "rahr robert copsy" "aapananka haatare" "eka" "bayasa recorder agman" "bolly kahichanti jaahaa eka gambhira samparkare rahiba sahita asuthiba abhigyatara eka smruti ."shay anubhaba kale je" "aneka samajare [dulital] more soal-pop ray khasijae, tebulare kichhi nooa-sangeeta kimba anyatha-joga kare . gambhiratara saha neba prajasare, eliza kaunasi majaa karibaku bhuli jaichhi."dhwani paain prasidha" samalochaka francesca tickon mantabya deichhanti je "jadio lokamane tanku lilly alennka saha tulana karichanti, ebong taanka hrudajasparshi swara emi winehouser smrutigudiku suchita kare, dulital ehi duiti sangeeta icon thaaru bahuta comm . taanka dhwani eka sadharana juke pop dhwani, ebong jadio "aapananka haatare" eka mazadar album jaahaa samparkita kahani dhadi sahita (ebong nischita bhabare taanka debyure eka bishala unnati), ehaa prakrutare kichhi swatantra nuhen ." byabasajika pradarshan. 16 october 2013 ray, album official chart update ray 23 nambarare arambha hoithila . gotie deane parey, "aapananka haatare" iris album chartre 71 nambarare prabesha karithila. 20 october 2013 ray, album 25 nambarare juke album chartre prabesha karithila .

tuhade hatthan witch (album) tuhade hatthan witch british gaika eliza dulital dee duji studio album haii. iss noon sanyukat raaj witch 14 aktubar 2013 noon parlophone duaara jaari keeta giaa see. ih album yuke ailabman dey chaart utte utte number utte atey irish ailabman dey chaart utte utte number utte pahunch gaee. aalochnatmak suagat. aal music sampadak mait kaalar neey paaiaa kii album "uss noon vadhere vadde-paddhar dee disha witch lijaan vall bahut door jaandi haii. mutthi bharr lekhak/nirmatavan naal kamm karde hoye, "tuhade hatthan witch" ikk atie aadhunik, samkali dance atey soul album haii joe 90 dey aar aind bee sitariaan jiven kii maria carrie atey ainn vog dee aavaaz atey shaili toon sanket laindi haii...] akheer witch, "tuhade hatthan witch" 'teey dhiaan dulital dee chusat shakhsiat' teey ghatt haii atey uss dey bhavuk geetan atey nigghi aavaaz 'teey vadhere haii, ikk tabdili joe uh aapni sirjanatmakta atey pratibha naal waps lae sakadi haii."digital jasus" dey robbert copsey neey "tuhade hatthan witch" ikk "umar daa ricard" kiha joe kii "gambhir rishte witch aaunn vaale tazarbiaan dee yaad haii."uss neey mahisus keeta kii" bahut vaar [dulital] morr soul-popp witch khisak jaanda haii, mez utte thoda navaan-sangeet jaan horr-jodada haii. ajiha lagda haii kii iss noon gambhirta naal lainn dee koshish witch, eliza koee mazedar karna bhull gaee haii."aavaaz laee prasidh" aalochak francesca tichen neey tippni keeti kii "halanki lokan neey uss dee tulna lillie ailan naal keeti haii, atey uss dee bhavnatmak aavaaz aimee winehouse deeaan yaadan noon darsaundi haii, dulital inhan doou sangeetak icon toon bahut ghatt haii. uss dee aavaaz ikk kaafi aam yuu. keey. popp aavaaz haii, atey halanki "tuhade hatthan witch" ikk mazedar album haii jiss witch sabandhat kahani lines hunn (atey nishchat taur 'teey uss dee shuruat witch ikk vishal sudhar), ih asal witch kujh vee khaas naheen haii." vaparak pardarshan. 16 aktubar 2013 noon, album neey adhikarat chaart update utte 23 ven number utte shuruat keeti. ikk dinn baad, "tuhade hatthan witch" neey irish ailabman dey chaart witch number 71 utte pravesh keeta. 20 aktubar 2013 noon, album neey yuke ailabman dey chaart witch number 25 utte pravesh keeta.

bhavatah haste (aalbam) bhavatah haste british-gayika elijaa doolital ityasyaah dwiteeyam studio-aalbam asti. 2013 october 14 dinaanke samyuktaraajye parlophone ityanena etat pradarshitam. etat aalbam yoo. key. aalbam-chaart-madhye 25 tame sthaane, airish-aalbam-chaart-madhye 71 tame sthaane cha aasit. vimarshaatmak-sweekaranam. aal-music-sampaadakah myaat-caller ityanena dnyaatam yat, "etat aalbam tasyaah vruddhaam dishaam gantum bahu dooram agacchati. mushtimeyaih lekhakaih/nirmaatrubhihi saha karyam kurvan, "inn yuvar hends" iti ekam parishkrutam, samakaalinam nrutyam tathaa sole-aalbam asti yat 90 tame dashake aar end bee taranam yathaa maria kairee tathaa enn vog [ityaadyaam dhwanishailyaah cha sanketaan sweekaroti...] antatah, "bhavatah haste" iti vishaye dhyanam doolital ityasya chakshubdha-vyaktitvasya vishaye nyoonam bhavati, tasyaah utkata-gitanam, ushna-gayanasya cha vishaye adhikam bhavati, etat parivartanam saa swasya srujanatmakatayaha pratibhayaha cha krute samarthayitum shaknoti."digital-jaasoosasy" rabert-kaapse ityanena "bhavatah haste" iti "yugasya aagamanasy abhilekhah" iti abhibhaashitah, yat "gambhir-sambandhena saha agatyamananam anubhavanam smaranam asti."saha avadat yat" praayah [doolital] morr sole-paap madhye patati, alpam nootanam-sangeetadrushtyaa vaa anyathaa-mejaihi yojayati. gambhirataya graheetum prayatamanah, elijaa kimapi vinodam kartum vismrutaa iti bhaasate."dhwani-vimarshikaa francesca tichon ityeshaa" yadyapi janaah tasyaah tulanam lilly elen ityanena saha krutavantah, tasyaah bhaavapoornah swarah api amee vain-house ityasya smrutim praavartayati, tathaapi doolital iti sangeeta-chihnayoho apekshayaa bahu nyoonah asti iti abhimatavatee. tasyaah dhwanih samanyaha yoo. key. paap-dhwanih asti, yadyapi "inn yuvar hends" sambaddh-kathaa-panktayah yuktah ekaha vinodam aalbam asti (nishchayen tasyaah prathama-pradarshanasy vishaalah sudhaarah), tathaapi vastutah kimapi vishesham naasti." vaanijya-pradarshanam. 16 october 2013 dinaanke, aadhikaarik-chaart-adyatane 23 tame sthaane etat aalbam prathamavaaram praarabdham. ekadivasanantaram, "inn yuvar hends" iti airish-aalbam-chaart-madhye 71 tame sthaane pravishtam. 20 october 2013 dinaanke, aalbam-yooke-aalbam-chaart-madhye 25 tame sthaane pravishtam.

ungkal kaikalil (aalbam) british paadagi elissa toolitil irandaavathu studio aalbam ungkal kaikalil ullathu. idhu aikkiya raachchiyaththil october 14,2013 andru parlabone moolam veliyidappattathu. inththa aalbam englaanthu aalbam tharavarisaiyil 25 vadhu idaththaiyum, airish aalbam tharavarisaiyil 71 vadhu idaththaiyum pidiththathu. vimarsana reethiyaana varavaerpu. almusic edittar maed kaalar, inththa aalbam "avalai innum valarntha thisaiyil nagarththuvathai noakki neenda thooram selkirathu" endru kandarindhaar. oru sila ezhuththaalargal/thayaarippaalargaludan panipuriyum, "ungkal kaikalil" enbathu oru athinaveena, samagaala nadanam mattrum anma aalbamaagum, idhu maria carrie mattrum enn voak poantra 90 kalin aarr & pii natchaththiranggalin olii mattrum paaniyilirunthu adhan kurippugalai edukkirathu...] iruthiyil, "ungkal kaikalil" kavanam seluththuvathu toolitalin nagaichchuvaiyaana aalumaiyilum, avarathu unarchchipoorvamaana paadal varigal mattrum anbaana kuralilum kuraivaaga ullathu, idhu avarathu padaippaattral mattrum thiramaiyudan avar aatharikkakkoodiya oru maattramaakum."" "digital ulavaaliyin" "robbert copsy" "ungkal kaikalil" "oru" "vayathu saathanai" "endru alaiththaar, idhu" "oru theeviramaana uravil iruppathan moolam varum anubavangkalin ninaivaagum"."avar unarnthaar," "adikkadi [toolitil] moar soal-paapil nazhuvugirathu, mejaiyil konjam puthiyathai saerkkirathu-isai allathu vaeruvithamaaka-. adhai theeviramaaga eduththuk kollum muyarchiyil, elissa endha vaedikkaiyum seiya maranthuvittaar."olii vimarsagar francesca dichon," "makkal avarai lillie aalanudan oppittirunththaalum, avarathu aazhnththa kural amii oyinhavusin ninaivugalai velippaduththukirathu, toolitil inththa irandu isai chinnangalai vida migak kuraivu". avarathu olii migavum podhuvaana englaanthu paap olii, maelum "ungkal kaikalil" enbathu thodarpupaduththakkoodiya kadhai varikalaik konda oru vaedikkaiyaana aalbam entraalum (mattrum nichchayamaaga avarathu arimugaththil oru periya munnaettram), idhu unmaiyil sirappu ethuvum illai." vaniga reethiyaana seyalthiran. october 16,2013 andru, athikaarappoorva tharavarisai pudhuppippil inththa aalbam 23 vadhu idaththil arimugamaanathu. oru naall kaliththu, "ungkal kaikalil" airish aalbangkal tharavarisaiyil 71 vadhu idaththil nuzhainthathu. october 20,2013 andru, aalbam englaanthu aalbangkal tharavarisaiyil 25 vadhu idaththil nuzhainthathu.

mea chetullo (album) british gayani elijah doolitle roopondinchina rendava studio album mea chetilo undhi. idhi united kingdamlo 14 october 2013naa paarlaphontho vidudala cheyabadindi. eee album UK albumla chaartlo 25va sthaanaaniki mariyu airish albumla chaartlo 71va sthaanaaniki cherukundi. vimarsanaatmaka spandana. almusic editor mott collar eee album aamenu marinta edigina disalo kadilinche disagaa chaalaa munduku velutundani kanugonnaru. kontamandi rachayitalu/nirmaatalatoo kalisi panicheyadam, "mea chetullo" anedi oka adhunaatana, samakaaleena nrutyam mariyu aatma album, idhi maria kaarii mariyu enn vog vanti 90la aarr & bii taarala dhwani mariyu shaili nundi daani suuchanalanu teesukuntundi...] chivariki, "mea chetullo" anedaanipai drushti dolital yokka cheeke vyaktitvampai takkuvagaa untundi mariyu aame udvegabharitamaina saahityam mariyu vecchani gaatrampai ekkuvagaa untundi, eee maarpunu aame thana srujanaatmakata mariyu pratibhatho tirigi pondagaladu."digital guudachaari robbert copsey" "mea chetullo" "anie pilicharu, idhi" "vayassu rikaardunu ravadam" ", idhi" "teevramaina sambandhamlo undadamtho vachhe anubhavaala ghnaapakamu"."chaalaa tarachugaa [doolitle] more soal-pop loki jaaripotundi, konchem kottadi-sangeetaparamgaa ledhaa itaratra-tableku jodistundi" anie athanu bhaavinchaadu. deenni teevramgaa pariganinche prayatnamlo, elijah edainaa saradaagaa gadapadam marchipoyinatlu anipistundi."dhwani vimarsakudaina francesca tichon ilaa vyaakhyaaninchindi," prajalu aamenu lillie allentho polchinappatiki, mariyu aame hridayapurvaka swaram amee weinhouse ghnaapakaalanu suuchistunnappatikii, doolitle eee rendu sangeeta chihnala kante chaalaa takkuvagaa undhi. aame dhwani chaalaa saadhaarana UK pop dhwani, mariyu "mea chetullo" anedi sambandhita katha panktulatoe kuudina sarada album ayinappatikee (mariyu khachitamgaa aame toli pradarsanalo vistaaramaina merugudala), idhi nijamgaa pratyekamainadi kaadu." vaanijyaparamgaa paniteeru. 16 october 2013naa, eee album adhikaarika chaart naveekaranalo 23va sthaanamlo nilichindi. oka roeju taruvaata, "mea chetullo" airish albumla chaartulo 71va sthaanamlo pravesinchindi. 20 october 2013naa, album 25va sthaanamlo UK albumla chaartloki pravesinchindi.

aap kay haathon mein (album) aap kay haath mein bartanvi gulukarah aliza dolital kaa dosra studio album hay. asay 14 aktobar 2013 kuu bartaniah mein parlofon kay zariye jaari kiyaa gayaa thaa. yaha album bartaniah kay album chaart parr 25 wein number parr aur aairish album chaart parr 71 wein number parr pahunch gayaa. tanqidi isteqbaliya. aal music editor meet kaalar nay paaya kahh album "asay ziyadah baaligh samat mein lay jaanay kii taraf behat aagay jaataa hay. mithee bhar masnafeen/prodiosaron kay saath kaam kartay huay "aap kay haathon mein" eek nafees asree raqs aur rooh album hay juu 90 kii dahayi kay aar aind bee sataron jeesay maariyah carrie aur aine wog [kii aawaz aur andaaz say apnay asharay leeta hay...] balaakhir "aap kay haathon mein" parr taujah doltal kii chakili shaqsiyat parr kumm aur iss kay parjosh bolon aur garmajoshi say aawaz parr ziyadah hoti hay eek aisi tabdili jiss kaa wah apnee takhliqi salahiyaton aur salahiyaton kay saath saath beek app lay sakti hay."" "degital jasus" "kay raabart copsy nay" "aap kay haathon mein" "kuu" "amar kaa aaney waala record" "kahaa juu kahh" "inn tajarbaat kii yaad hay juu sangeen rishtay mein honay kay saath aatay haine."iss nay mahsus kiyaa kahh" "behat ziyadah [doltal] morr soul paap mein phisal jaataa hay jiss say meez parr thoda neeya-mausiqi yaa dosri soorat mein-shaamil hotaa hay. aisa lagtaa hay kahh asay sanjeedgi say leenay kii koshish mein aliza koyee tafrih karnaa bhool gayee hay."aawaz kay liye mashhur" nqad francesca teachan nay tabsarah kiyaa kahh "agarcha logon nay inn kaa mawaznah lalee ailan say kiyaa hay aur inn kii dilkash aawaz amee wine house kii yaadon kuu zahir karti hay leakin doltal inn duu musical icons say behat kumm hay. iss kii aawaz kaafi aam yukay paap aawaz hay aur agarcha "aap kay haathon mein" eek tafrihi album hay jiss mein mutaliqah kahaani kii linein haine (aur yaqeeni toor parr iss kay debio mein eek wasee behtari)yee yaha waaqee kachh khaas nahein hay." tajarti karkardgi. 16 aktobar 2013 cow album nay sarkaari chaart app ddait parr 23 wein number parr debio kiyaa. eek dunn baad "aap kay haathon mein" aairish albumz kay chaart mein number 71 parr daakhil hawaa. 20 aktobar 2013 cow album 25 number parr bartaniah kay albumz kay chaart mein daakhil hawaa.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42792439

Solinus (horse)

Solinus (horse) British-bred, Irish-trained Thoroughbred racehorse Solinus (18 February 1975 – 1979) was a British-bred, Irish-trained Thoroughbred racehorse and sire. A specialist sprinter, he won eight races over five and six furlongs in a ten-race career which lasted from June 1977 until October 1978. Solinus was a long horse, bay coloured with white socks on his hind feet. As a two-year-old, he won three of his four races, including the Coventry Stakes in England and the Anglesey Stakes in Ireland. In the following year, he was the dominant sprinter in Britain and Ireland, winning the Ballyogan Stakes, King's Stand Stakes, July Cup and William Hill Sprint Championship. He was then retired to stud but died in 1979. Background. Solinus was a strong, lengthy, good-looking bay horse with a large white snip and white socks on his hind feet, bred by Len Hall at his stud near Rugby, Warwickshire. He was the best horse sired by Comedy Star, an American-bred stallion who raced in England, producing his best effort when finishing second to Brigadier Gerard in the Washington Singer Stakes. Solinus was the third foal of Cawston's Pride, an outstanding filly who won nine of her ten races and had previously produced the Coventry Stakes winner Cawston's Clown (also by Comedy Star). Solinus was sent to the United States and was consigned to the Saratoga Yearling Sales where he was bought for $75,000 by representatives of California businessman, Danny Schwartz. Solinus was returned to Europe and sent into training with Vincent O'Brien at Ballydoyle in County Kildare. Racing career. 1977: two-year-old season. Solinus began his racing career in a maiden race over five furlongs in early June. He started the odds-on favourite and won by eight lengths. Later in the month, he was sent to England and moved up in class for the Group Three Coventry Stakes over six furlongs at Royal Ascot. Ridden by Lester Piggott, he started the 7/4 favourite and won by three lengths from Sharpen Your Eye, having taken the lead shortly after half way. Solinus did not reappear until late August, when he started 4/9 favourite for the Anglesey Stakes at the Curragh in which he was opposed by the Railway Stakes winner Thunor. He won very easily by six lengths from Embee Twist. In September, Solinus went back to England to contest the Champagne Stakes at Doncaster Racecourse. He took the lead and quickened two furlongs from the finish but was overtaken in the closing stages and beaten three quarters of a length by Sexton Blake. Piggott expressed the view that the seven furlong distance was too short for the colt. 1978: three-year-old season. Despite Piggott's opinion, Solinus was campaigned exclusively at sprint distances in 1978. He made his first appearance in the Group Three Ballyogan Stakes at Leopardstown Racecourse in early June and started second favourite behind the four-year-old Ballad Rock. Ridden by Tommy Murphy, Solinus disputed the lead from the start and won by a head from Ballad Rock. Three weeks later, Solinus was moved up in class for the Group One King's Stand Stakes over five furlongs at Royal Ascot in which he was ridden by Piggott and started the 4/6 favourite. He took the lead soon after the start and drew away from the field in the final furlong to win by four lengths from the Temple Stakes winner Oscilight. On his next appearance, Solinus started 4/7 favourite for the Group One July Cup over six furlongs at Newmarket Racecourse. In what Timeform described as the best sprint race run in England that year, he took the lead after a furlong, turned back the challenge of Double Form, and held off the late run of the French-trained filly Sanedtki to win by a neck. At York Racecourse in August, Solinus started the 1/2 favourite for the Group Two William Hill Sprint Championship over five furlongs. He raced lazily, following the filly Smarten Up before taking the lead a furlong from the finish and winning by one and a half lengths. Solinus returned to Ireland in September for the Airlie/Coolmore/Castle Hyde Championships over six furlongs at the Curragh. Despite rumours that he had sustained an injury a day earlier, he started favourite and won easily by three lengths from Spence Bay. In October, Solinus was sent to France for the Prix de l'Abbaye over 1000 metres at Longchamp Racecourse. He started the 6/10 favourite despite an unfavourable draw but was beaten three lengths by the two-year-old French filly Sigy. Assessment. In the Irish Free Handicap for 1977, Solinus was rated the second best colt of his generation, five pound behind his stable companion Try My Best. The independent Timeform organisation gave Solinus a rating of 124, six pounds behind the champion Try My Best. In the following year, Solinus was rated on 130 by Timeform, who named him the best sprinter of the year. The International Classification placed him eighth among the three-year-old colts of 1978, seven pounds below Ile de Bourbon. Vincent O'Brien described Solinus as the fastest sprinter he had ever trained. Stud record. Solinus was retired from racing and became a breeding stallion at the Longfield Stud in County Tipperary, having been valued at £800,000 for syndication. He died in 1979 after a single season at stud, with the best of his offspring being the filly Henry's Secret who finished second in the Princess Margaret Stakes and was rated 108 by Timeform in 1982. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

sulinax (ghura) cho 'linax (18 february 1975-1979) aasil ek britis-projatir, aairis-proxikhito xompurno projatir reshers aaru sayar. ejon bixexogyo dourobid hisape teu 1977 sonor june maahor poraa 1978 sonor octobor maholoike soli thoka dohkhon dourot paas aaru soikhon farlongto aathkhon dourot joylabh korisil. cho 'linas aasil etaa dighol ghura, jaar pisor bhorit bogaa muja aasil. dubosoriya owosthat teu englandor coventry stake aaru irelandor engeli stacke dhori teur sarita resor bhitorot tinita res joy korisil. poroborti bosorot, teu britain aaru irelandor probhawxali dourobid aasil, beliyugon stake, kings stend stake, july kaap aaru uilium hill sprint championswip joy korisil. taar pisot teu odhyoyonor baabe owoxor loisil kintu 1979 sonot mrityu hoisil. potobhumi. cho 'linax aasil etaa xoktixali, dighol, xundor dorxoniyo bey ghura, jaar pich bhorit etaa dangor bogaa snip aaru bogaa muja aasil, waruikswayaror ragbir usoror stodot lena holor dwara projonon koraa hoisil. teu comedy tarkar dwara shrestho ghurar sired aasil, ejon aamerikan-jaator stallion ji englandot dourisil, waswington gayok stackot brigediyar gerardor pisot dwitiyo sthan laabh korar xomoyot teur xorbosrestho prochesta prostut korisil. cho 'linax aasil coustonor gourowor tritiyo goraki, egoraki utkristo phili jiye teur dohkhon resor bhitorot nokhonot joylabh korisil aaru purbe coventry stake bijoyi coustonor claune (comedy staror dwarau) prostut korisil. cho 'linasok aamerikaloi preron koraa hoisil aaru bosori bikri koraa saratugaloi preron koraa hoisil zo' too teuk californier byowoxayi danny swartjor protinidhixokole 75,000 dolarot kroy korisil. sulinasok euroopoloi ghurai onaa hoisil aaru county kildare beliroyelot vincent oh 'briyenor xoite proxikhyonoloi preron koraa hoisil. resing keriyar. 1977: dubosor puroni ritu. cho 'linase june maahor aarombhonite paas farlongor uporot prothom resot teur resing keriyar aarombho korisil. teu priyo khelor uporot protikulota aarombho korisil aaru aathta doirghyore joyee hoisil. maahtur pisot teuk englandoloi pothiuwa hoisil aaru rajokiyo eskotot soita farlongor uporot thoka tinita coventry staker gutor baabe shrenit sthanantorito koraa hoisil. lester pigotor dwara salit hoi teu 7/4 priyotu aarombho korisil aaru aadha pothor kichu xomoyor pisot netritwo loi aapunar soku tikhno korar poraa tini doirghyore joylabh korisil. aagostor xexoloike cho 'linas punor dekha diya nasil, jetiya teu korangot engeli staker baabe 4/9 priyo aarombho korisil zo' too teu rey 'lowe stake bijoyi thunore birudhita korisil. teu embi twistor poraa soita doirghyore oti xohoje joyee hoisil. septembor maahot, cho 'linase dongkastar rescoursot swempen stake protijugitat ongxogrohon koriboloi englandoloi ubhoti goisil. teu netritwo loisil aaru xexor poraa dutaa farlong drut korisil kintu xexor porzayot otikrom korisil aaru secton blacker dwara tini soturthangxo doirghyok porasto korisil. pigote ei dristibhongi prokax korisil je xatota farlong durotwo coultor baabe oti komm aasil. 1978: tini bosor puroni ritu. pigotor motamot thoka swotweu, 1978 sonot cho 'linasor bixexbhabe springt durotwot prosar soluwa hoisil. teu junor aarombhonite lapardstown rescoursot tinita beliyugon staker gutot prothombaror baabe uposthito hoisil aaru chaari bosoriya baylad rokor pisot dwitiyo priyo aarombho korisil. tommy marphir dwara salit hoi cho 'linase aarombhonire porai netritwor bixoye bitorko korisil aaru ballad rokor poraa etaa murere joylabh korisil. tini xoptahor pisot, cho 'linasok rajokiyo esko' tor pasta farlongor uporot gutt etaa rojar stend staker baabe shrenit sthanantorito koraa hoisil zo 'too teu pigotor dwara soluwa hoisil aaru 4/6 priyotu aarombho korisil. aarombhonir loge loge teu ogrogoti laabh korisil aaru ontim farlongto khelpotharor poraa aatori mondiror stake bijoyi usilaitor poraa sarita doirghyore joylabh korisil. poroborti xomoyot cho 'linase newmarket rescoursot soita farlongor uporot ek julyr kaapor baabe 4/7 priyo khel aarombho korisil. xei bosor englandot xorbosrestho springt res raan hisape bornona koraa xomoyor formot, teu farlongor pisot ogrogoti loisil, daabol formor proityahban ghurai loisil, aaru france-proxikhito phili sanedokir derikoi douri dingire joy laabh korisil. aagosto maahot eork rescoursot cho 'linase pasta farlongto groop tu uilium hill sprint championswipor baabe priyo 1/2 aarombho korisil. teu oloxobhabe dourisil, phinixor poraa farlong loi aaru der doirghyore joyee huwar aagote filly smartenor pisot. siptembor maahot korangot soita farlongor uporot erli/kulmur/kesol hyde championswipor baabe cho 'linase ayarlandoloi ubhoti aahisil. edin aagote teu aaghat paise buli urabatori huwar pisotu, teu priyo aarombho korisil aaru spence ber poraa tini doirghyore xohoje joyee hoisil. octobor maahot, longchemp rescoursot 1000 mitarotkoi odhik prix di lo 'abober baabe cho' linasok franceloi preron koraa hoisil. teu etaa protidondi dro 'huwar pisotu priyo 6/10 aarombho korisil kintu dubosoriya france phili sigiye teuk tinibar porasto korisil. mulyayon. 1977 sonor aairis mukto bikolangotar xomoyot, cho 'linasok teur projonmor dwitiyo shrestho coult buli gonyo koraa hoisil, teur sthir xongir poraa paas pound pich pori mur xorbosrestho chesta korok. swadhin timeform xongothone cho 'linasok 124 rating disil, championor poraa choy pound pich pori mur xorbosrestho chesta korok. poroborti bosorot, cho 'linasok xomoyor formor dwara 130 nomborot mulyayon koraa hoisil, jiye teuk bosoror shrestho sprinter buli naam disil. antohrastriyo shrenibibhajonor dwara teuk 1978 sonor tini bosoriya coultsor bhitorot ostom sthan diya hoisil, aaile di borbonor xaat poundor tolot. vincent oh 'briyene cho' linasok teu proxikhyon diya ataitkoi drutotom dourobid hisape bornona korisil. stod record. cho 'linas resingor poraa owoxor loisil aaru county tiporarir longfield stodot projonon koraa stallion hoi porisil, jaar mulyo aasil 800,000 pound. 1979 sonot stadot etaa sijonor pisot teur mrityu hoisil, teur xontanor bhitorot ataitkoi bhaal aasil phili henorir gupon ji rajkumari margaret stackot dwitiyo sthan laabh korisil aaru 1982 sonot xomoyor dwara 108 rating laabh korisil.

solinus (ghoda) solinus (18 february 1975-1979) ekti british-jaater, airish-proshikkhito sampurna jaater ghoda ebong sair chhilo. ekjon biseshoggo sprinter, tini dosho-reesa carriere panchti ebong chhoyti farlongyer modhye atti reesa jitechilen jaa june 1977 theke octobor 1978 porjonto sthayi hoyechilo. solinus ekti deergho ghoda chhilo, taar pichoner paye saadaa moja diye beey rongo koraa chhilo. dui bochor boyse, tini taanr charti dauder modhye tinti jitechilen, jaar modhye royeche englande coventry stakes ebong irelande angelli stakes. porer bochor, tini britten ebong irelander prabhabshali sprinter chhilen, jini baliyogan stakes, kings stanned stakes, julai cup ebong uilium hill sprint championship jitechilen. erpor tini padashona theke abosar nene kintu 1979 saale maaraa zaan. patabhumi. solinus ekti shaktishali, deergho, sundar chehara beey ghoda chhilo jaar pichoner paye ekti borh saadaa snip ebong saadaa moja chhilo, jaa worewickshire ragbir kachhe taar studde leena holl dwara prajanan koraa hoyechilo. tini chhilen comedy tarka, ekjon american-jaater stallion, jini englande daudechilen, ebong washington gayoker angshidaritte brigadier gerarder porey dwitiya sthane thakakalin taanr sera prochesta toiri korechilen. solinus chhilen coustoner gorber tritiya fayela, ekjon asamanno meye jini taar dashti reser modhye noyti jitechilen ebong err agey coventry stakes vijayi coustoner klauna (comedy tarkao) toiri korechilen. solinuske markin juktorashtre pathano hoyechilo ebong saratogar barshik bikroyer jonno pathano hoyechilo jekhane taake californier byabasayi danny schwartzer protinidhira 75,000 dollare kinechilen. solinuske europe firiye aanaa hoy ebong county kilder ballidoile vincent oo 'briener saathe proshikkhone pathano hoy. racing carrier. 1977: dui bochor purno morshum. solinus juner godar dike panchti farlong-err upor ekti prothom rese taar racing karmajiban shuru korechilen. tini protikulotar upor priya shuru corren ebong aatt doirghye joyee hohn. porer maase, taake englande pathano hoy ebong rajakiya ascoate chhoyti farlongyer upor tinti coventry staker jonno classe sthanantorito koraa hoy. lester pigoter dwara chaalito hoye, tini 7/4 pochonder shuru korechilen ebong ardhek pother porey shighroi egiye giye upner chokhke teekkhno korey tinn doirghye jitechilen. auguster shesher dike solinus punra uposthito hononi, jokhon tini karger angelli stakeser jonno 4/9 pochondo shuru korechilen jekhane tini railway stakes vijayi thunor dwara birodhita korechilen. tini khub sahojei embi twist theke chhoy doirghye jitechilen. septembara maase, solinus doncaster rescourse shampen stakes protijogitai protidwondita korte englande firey zaan. tini egiye zaan ebong shesh theke duti farlong druto corren kintu shesh porjaye taake chhadiye zaan ebong sexton blaker dwara doirghyer tinn choturthangshoke porajito corren. pigot eyi drishtibhongi prakash korechilen jey satti furlong durotto coulter jonno khub qama chhilo. 1978: tinn bochor purno morshum. pigoter motamot sotteo, 1978 saale solinus ekchetiabhabe sprint durotte prochar korechilen. tini juner godar dike chitabagher rescourse tinti baliyogan stakese prothom uposthito hoyechilen ebong chaar bochor vayasi ballad rock-err pichhone dwitiya priya shuru korechilen. tommy marfir dwara chaalito, solinus shuru thekei lida niye bitorko korechilen ebong ballad rock theke ekti matha diye jitechilen. tinn saptaha porey, solinuske rajakiya ascoate panchti farlongyer upor eka rajar stanned staker jonno classe sthanantorito koraa hoyechilo jekhane tini pigot dwara chaalito hoyechilen ebong 4/6 priya shuru korechilen. tini shuru howar porpori egiye zaan ebong final farlong-ayee maatth theke sorey eshe temple stakes vijayi ocelite theke chaar doirghye joylav corren. taar poroborti uposthitite, solinus newmarket rescourse chhoyti farlongyer upor group oyana julai kaaper jonno 4/7 priya shuru korechilen. seii bochor englande sera sprint reesa hisabe bornito samaysuchite, tini ekti farlong-err porey netritto niyechilen, double former chyalenjti firiye diyechilen ebong farasi-proshikkhito filly sanedki derite ranti dhorey rekhechilen. august maase eork rescourse, solinus group too uilium hill sprint championshiper jonno panch farlong-err upor 1/2 priya shuru korechilen. shesh theke ekti farlong lida neoar agey ebong dedh doirghye jetar agey tini olosobhabe daudechilen. solinus septembara maase airley/kulmore/cassel hyde championshiper jonno irelande firey asen. ekdin agey taanr chote legeche boley gujab chhoriye thaka sotteo, tini pochonder shuru korechilen ebong spence beey theke tinn doirghye sahojei jitechilen. octobore, lonchamp rescourse 1000 mitter beshi durotter jonno solinuske france pathano hoy. protikul dra sotteo tini 6/10 pochonder khelati shuru korechilen kintu dui bochor vayasi farasi phila sigir kachhe tinn doirghyer byabodhane porajito hohn. mulyayan. 1977 saaler airish mukto protibondhite, solinuske taar projonmer dwitiya sera coult hisabe reeta koraa hoyechilo, taar sthitishil sangir theke panch pound pichhone amar sera chesta korun. swadhin somoy-roop sangosthati solinuske 124 retting diyeche, champion theke chhoy pound pichhiye amar sera chesta korun. porer bochor, solinuske somoy onusare 130-ayee reeta koraa hoyechilo, jini taake bochorer sera sprinter hisabe namkaran korechilen. antorjatik shrenibibhag taake 1978 saaler tinn bochor vayasi koltder modhye ashtam sthane rakhe, jaa aile dii borboner shaat pound niche. vincent oo 'brien solinuske taanr proshikkhito sabcheye drutotomo sprinter hisabe bornona korechen. stud record. solinus racing theke abosar niyechilen ebong county tipararir longfield studde ekti prajanan stallione porinoto hoyechilen, jaar mulya chhilo 800,000 pound. 1979 saale studde ekti morshumer porey tini maaraa zaan, taanr santander modhye sera chhilen filir henry secret jini rajkumari margareta stakese dwitiya sthan orjon korechilen ebong 1982 saale somoy onusare 108 retting peyechilen.

solinus (ghodo) solinus (18 februari 1975-1979) aek british-jaatee, irish-prashikshit sampoorn jaatinaa racehores aneey surr hataa. aek nishnaat dodvir, temane dass-reesa kaarkirdimaa paanch aneey chh farlongma aath reesa jeetee hatee, jeey juuna 1977 thee october 1978 sudhee chaali hatee. solinus aek laambo ghodo hato, jeey tenaa paachhalna pug parr safed mojaathi rangaayelo hato. beey varshnee ummare, temane englandma coventry stacks aneey irelandma angley stacks saheet temnee chaar resamaathi trana jeetee hatee. teey pachhinaa varshe, teo britton aneey irelandma prabal dodvir hataa, jemane belyogan stacks, kings stenned stacks, julai cup aneey veeliyam hill sprint championship jeetee hatee. teey pachhi teo abhyaas maate nivrutt thayaa hataa parantu 1979maan temnu avsaan thayu hatoo. prushthbhumi. solinus aek majboot, laambo, sunder dekhaato khaadi ghodo hato, jemaa tenaa paachhalna pug parr motaa safed snip aneey safed mojaa hataa, jene rugby, warwickshire najik tenaa studma leena holl dwara uchhervama aavyo hato. teo komedi staar dwara shreshth ghodo dorvaamaa aavyaa hataa, aek american-jaatinaa steliyana keey jemane englandma dodmaa bhaag leedho hato, jyaare washington gaayaknaa daavmaa brigadier gerard pachhi beeja krame aavyaa tyaare temnaa shreshth prayaasnu nirmaan karyoo hatoo. solinus coustonnaa gauravnu triju jooth hatoo, aek utkrusht chhokari jene tenee dass resamaathi nava jeetee hatee aneey agau coventry stacks vijeta coustonnaa rangalo (komedi staar dwara pann) noon nirmaan karyoo hatoo. soleenasne united states mokalvaamaa aavyo hato aneey tene saratoga vaarshik vechaanmaa mokalvaamaa aavyo hato jyaan tene keliforniyana udhyogpati, denny schwartzna pratinidhio dwara $75,000 maan khareedvama aavyo hato. soleenasne europe parat faryo hato aneey kaauntii kilderma belidoyal khaate vincent oo 'bryan saathe taalimma mokalvaamaa aavyo hato. racing karkirdi. 1977: beey varsh juunii season. solinase junani sharuaatmaa paanch furlong parnee pratham resamaa tenee racing karkidrini sharuaat curry hatee. temane auds-ona favouritni sharuaat curry aneey aath lambaithi jeetya. pachhithi maheenama, temne ingland mokalvaamaa aavyaa aneey royal escott khaate chh furlongs parr jooth trana coventry stacks maate vargmaa khasedvama aavyaa. lester pigot dwara savaari kareene, tene 7/4 manpasandni sharuaat curry aneey tamaari aankhne tikshna karvaathi trana lambaithi jeetyo, adadho rasto pachhi toonk samayma lead leedhi. solinus augustna anta sudhee fareethi dekhaayo naa hato, jyaare tene karrag khaate angley stacks maate 4/9 manpasand sharoo karyoo hatoo, jemaa railway stacks vijeta thunor dwara teno veerodh karvaamaa aavyo hato. temane amby twistthee chh lambaithi khoob jaj saraltathi jeet melvee hatee. septembermaa, solinus doncaster rescoursemaa shampainna daavne ladvaa maate ingland paachha gayaa. tene lead leedhi aneey antathi beey farlongne zadpi banaavya parantu anteem tabakkama tene paachhal chhodi devaamaa aavyo aneey sexton black dwara lambainaa trana chaturthaanshne haraavyo. pigote aevo mutt vyakt karyo hato keey saat furlong antar colt maate khoob ochhu hatoo. 1978: trana varsh juunii mosam. pigotnaa abhipray chhataa, soleenasne 1978maan vishesh reete dod antar parr prachaar karvaamaa aavyo hato. temane junani sharuaatmaa laperdstown rescourse khaate trana belyogan daavana juthamaa pratham dekhaav karyo hato aneey chaar varsh junaa lokgeet roqa pachhi beeja manpasand sharoo karyo hato. tommy murphy dwara savaari kartaa, solinase sharuaatthi jaj lead parr vivaad karyo aneey lokgeetnaa khadaknaa maatha dwara jeetyo. trana athvadiya pachhi, soleenasne shaahee escott khaate paanch furlong parr jooth aek raajaana stenned stacks maate vargmaa khasedvama aavyo hato, jemaa tene pigot dwara savaari karvaamaa aavee hatee aneey 4/6 manpasand sharoo karvaamaa aavyo hato. tene sharuaat pachhi tarat jaj aagevani leedhi aneey anteem furlongma medanthi door thaine temple stacks vijeta osilaithee chaar lambaithi jeetyo. tenaa aagaami dekhaav parr, solinase newmarket rescoursemaa chh furlongs parr jooth maate 4/7 manpasand aek julai cup sharoo karyo. teey varshe englandma shreshth sprint reesa tareeke varnavama aavela samay swarupma, temane furlong pachhi aagevani leedhi, bevada formanaa padkaarne paachho faryo, aneey french-prashikshit philii senedkini modee dodne gardanthi jeetva maate roqee. augustma york rescourse khaate, solinase paanch furlongs parr jooth beey veeliyam hill sprint championship maate 1/2 manpasand sharoo karyoo. tene aalasthi dodmaa bhaag leedho, aneey pachhi aagad vadhata pahelaa chapal chaalaakithi aagad vadheene aek furlong sudhee aagad vadheene dodhh lambaithi jeet melvee. solinus septembermaa airley/coolmore/kesal hyde championship maate karragh khaate chh furlong parr ireland parat faryaa hataa. aek divas pahelaa temne ijaa thaee hovani afavaao hovaa chhataa, temane manpasand sharuaat curry aneey spains bethee trana lambaithi saraltathi jeetee gayaa. octoberma, soleenasne longchamp rescourse khaate 1000 meterthi vadhuni unchaiae prix dii lae 'abbe maate france mokalvaamaa aavyo hato. tene pratikool drow chhataa 6/10 manpasandni sharuaat curry hatee parantu beey varshnaa french philii sigi dwara tene trana lambaithi haravvama aavyo hato. mulyankan. 1977 maate irish free handicapema, soleenasne tenee pedhhinaa beeja shreshth colt tareeke rait karvaamaa aavyo hato, tenaa stheer saathithi paanch pound paachhal maaro shreshth prayaas karoo. swatantra samay swaroop sansthaae soleenasne 124 noon rating aapyu, champiyanthi chh pound paachhal maaro shreshth prayaas karoo. pachhinaa varshe, soleenasne samaynaa swaroop dwara 130 parr mulyankan karvaamaa aavyu hatoo, jemane tene varshno shreshth dodvir naam aapyu hatoo. aantarrashtriy vargikaranmaa tene 1978naa trana varshnaa coltsmaa aathmu sthaan aapvama aavyu hatoo, jeey aaile dii borbonthi saat pound neeche hatoo. vincent oo 'bryne soleenasne sauthee zadpi dodvir tareeke varnavyo hato jene tene kyaarey taaleem aapee hatee. stud reqorda. solinus resingmathi nivrutt thayo hato aneey kaauntii tiperimaa longfield studma samvardhan steliyana banyo hato, jenu moolya syndication maate 800,000 pound hatoo. teo 1979maan aek jaj season pachhi mrutyu pamya hataa, jemaa temnaa shreshth santaan philii henarinu rahasy hatoo, jeey rajkumari margareta staxma beeja krame rahyu hatoo aneey 1982maan samay pramaane 108noon mulyankan karvaamaa aavyu hatoo.

solinus (ghodaa) solinus (18 farwari 1975-1979) ack british nasl kaa, ayrish-prashikshit nasl kaa ghodaa aur surr thaa. ack visheshagya dhaavak, unhone duss daud currier mein paanch aur chhah farlong mein aathh dauden jeetin joe juuna 1977 seey octuber 1978 taka chully. solinus ack lamba ghodaa thaa, joe apane pichhale pairon parr safed moje key saath rung kaa thaa. dou saal kii umr mein, unhone apani chaar daudon mein seey teen jeeti, jinamen ingland mein saha-pravesh daanv aur ireland mein angle hissedari shamil hain. agale varsh, vaha britten aur ireland mein pramukh dhaavak they, jinhone ballogan stakes, kings stand stakes, julaai cup aur villium hill sprint championship jeeti. taba way adhyayan key liye sevaanivritt hoe gaye they lekin 1979 mein unaki mrityu hoe gaee. prishthabhoomi. solinus ack majboot, lamba, sunder dikhane vaalaa khaadi ghodaa thaa, jisake pichhale pairon parr ack badaa safed snip aur safed moje they, jise ragbi, warwickshire key paas apane stud mein laine holl dwara paalaa gayaa thaa. vaha comedy starr dwara sabse achchha ghodaa thaa, ack americi nasl kaa stallion joe ingland mein daudata thaa, jaba washington gaayak daanv mein brigadier gerard key baad dusare sthaan parr rhaa tou apana sabse achchha prayaas kiya. solinus coston key gaurav kaa teesara bachcha thaa, ack utkrisht ladki jisane apani duss daud mein seey nau jeeti theen aur pahale saha-pravesh daanv vijeta coston key joker (comedy starr dwara bhee) kaa utpaadan kiya thaa. solinus koo sanyukt raajya america bheja gayaa thaa aur usey saratoga vaarshik bikri mein bheja gayaa thaa jahan usey california key vyavasaayi, danny schwartz key pratinidhiyon dwara $75,000 mein kharida gayaa thaa. solinus koo europe mein vaapas bhej diyaa gayaa aur county kildare mein ballydoil mein vincent oh 'bryan key saath prashikshan mein bheja gayaa. racing carrier. 1977: dou saal purana satra. solinus ney juuna kii shuruat mein paanch farlong parr pahali daud mein apane racing currier kii shuruat kii. unhone auds-onn favourit kii shuruat kii aur aathh lambai seey jeet hassil kii. baad mein maheene mein, unhein ingland bheja gayaa aur shaahi escott mein chhah farlong parr samooh teen saha-pravishti hissedari key liye kaksha mein sthanantarit curr diyaa gayaa. lester pigot dwara sawari karate hue, unhone 7/4 pasandida kii shuruat kii aur aadhe raaste key turant baad badhat lete hue, aapaki aankh koo tej karane seey teen lambai seey jeet hassil kii. solinus agast key anta taka phir seey dikhaai naheen diyaa, jaba usane curry mein angle stakes key liye 4/9 pasandida shuru kiya, jisamen railway stakes vijeta thunor ney uska virodh kiya thaa. unhone amby twist seey chhah lambai seey bahut aasaani seey jeet hassil kii. sitambar mein, solinus doncaster rescourse mein shampen daanv kaa mukabala karane key liye ingland vaapas chalaa gayaa. unhone badhat banaa lii aur anta seey dou farlong tej curr diye lekin antim charanon mein unhein pachhaad diyaa gayaa aur sexton blake ney teen chauthai lambai koo haraaya. pigot ney yeh vichaar vyakt kiya kii saat farlong doori coult key liye bahut cumm thee. 1978: teen saal purana satra. pigot kii raay key bavjood, solinus koo 1978 mein vishesh roop seey daud doori parr abhiyaan chalaaya gayaa thaa. unhone juuna kii shuruat mein tendue key maidan mein teen ballogan daanvon key samooh mein apani pahali upasthiti darj karaai aur chaar saal puraane bailad rock key baad doosara pasandida shuru kiya. tommy marfi dwara savaar, solinus ney shuru seey hii badhat koo vivaadit kiya aur bailad rock seey ack sir seey jeetaa. teen saptah baad, solinus koo shaahi escott mein paanch farlong parr samooh ack raajaa key stand stakes key liye kaksha mein sthanantarit curr diyaa gayaa, jisamen unhein pigot dwara sawari kii gaee thee aur unhone 4/6 pasandida shuru kiya thaa. unhone shuruat key turant baad badhat banaa lii aur antim furlong mein maidan seey door aakar mandir key daanv vijeta ausilite seey chaar lambai seey jeet hassil kii. apani agali upasthiti parr, solinus ney newmarket rescourse mein chhah farlong parr samooh ack julaai cup key liye 4/7 pasandida shuru kiya. usa varsh ingland mein sabse achchi daud daud key roop mein varnit samay mein, unhone ack farlong key baad badhat leey lii, dohare roop kii chunauti koo vaapas curr diyaa, aur french-prashikshit phili sanadki kii dair seey daud koo gardan seey jeetane key liye roque diyaa. agast mein york rescourse mein, solinus ney paanch farlong parr samooh dou villium hill sprint championship key liye 1/2 pasandida shuru kiya. unhone anta seey ack farlong kii badhat lene aur dedh lambai seey jeetane seey pahale, sust chaal kaa paalan karate hue, aalsi daud lagaai. solinus sitambar mein airley/coolmore/casal hyde championship key liye karrag mein chhah farlong parr ireland laut aaya. ack dinn pahale unhein chot lagane kii afvaahon key bavjood, unhone pasandida shuruat kii aur spains bey seey aasaani seey teen lambai seey jeet hassil kii. octuber mein, solinus koo longchamp rescourse mein 1000 meater seey adhik kii doori parr prix dee ll 'abbaaye key liye france bheja gayaa thaa. unhone ack pratikool drow key bavjood pasandida 6/10 shuru kiya, lekin dou saal key francisi phili siggy dwara unhein teen lambai seey haraaya gayaa. mulyankan. 1977 key ayrish mukt viklang mein, solinus koo unaki peedhi kaa doosara sabse achchha bachcha maanaa gayaa thaa, apane sthir saathi seey paanch pound peechhe, main apana sarvshreshth prayaas kartaa huun. swatantra samay-crum sangathan ney solinus koo 124 kii rating dee, champion seey chhah pound peechhe meraa sarvshreshth prayaas karein. agale varsh, solinus koo samay key anusaar 130 parr mulyankan kiya gayaa, jinhone unhein varsh kaa sarvshreshth dhaavak naamit kiya. antarrashtriya vargeekaran ney unhein 1978 key teen saal key bachchon mein aathven sthaan parr rakhaa, joe aaile dee borban seey saat pound cumm thaa. vincent oh 'bryan ney solinus koo sabse tej dhaavak key roop mein varnit kiya jise unhone kabhi prashikshit kiya thaa. stud record. solinus racing seey sevaanivritt hoe gayaa thaa aur county tipperary mein longfield stud mein ack prajanan stallion bunn gayaa thaa, jiska moolya syndication key liye £800,000 thaa. 1979 mein ack hii satra key baad unaki mrityu hoe gaee, jisamen unaki sabse achchi santan phili heinry kii secret thee, joe rajkumari margaret stakes mein dusare sthaan parr rahee aur 1982 mein samay key anusaar unhein 108 kaa mulyankan diyaa gayaa.

solinus (kudure) solinus (18 phebravari 1975-1979) british-tali, airish-tarabeti padeda sampoorna tali rays haars mattu sair aagittu. obba tagna otagaaranaagi, aata hattu-otada vrattijeevanadalli aidu mattu aaru farlanggalalli entu otagalannu geddaru, idu zoon 1977rinda october 1978ravarege nadeyitu. solinus tanna himbhagada kaalugala mele bili saaksgalannu hondiruva uddaneya kudureyagittu. eradu varshadavanagiddaga, aata inglendna coventry stakes mattu airlendna angali stakes seridante tamma naalku resgalalli moorannu geddaru. mundina varshadalli, aata britton mattu airlendnalli prabala otagaararaagiddaru, baliyogan stakes, kings stand stakes, julai cup mattu vilium hill sprint champiyanshipgalannu geddaru. nantara avaru adhyayanadinda nivruttaraadaru aadare 1979ralli nidhanaraadaru. hinnele. solinus balavaada, uddavaada, sundaravagi kaanuva bay kudureyagiddu, dodda bili snip mattu bili saaksgalannu avana himbhagada kaalugala mele hondiddanu, idannu lenn haal tanna ragbi, warwickshire bully tanna studnelly belesitu. avaru haasya taareya atyuttama kudure savaararaagiddaru, americada-tali stallion englendnalli spardhisidaru, washington gayaka stakesnalli brigadier gerardge eradane sthana padedaga avara atyuttama prayatnavannu nirmisidaru. solinus avaru caston hemmeya moorane hudugiyaagiddu, tanna hattu resgalalli ombattu resgalannu gedda atyuttama hudugiyaagiddu, ee hinde coventry stakes vijeta caston kodangiyannu (haasya taareyarindaloo saha) nirmisiddaru. solinasannu united statesge kaluhisalaayitu mattu saaratogaada varshika maratakke kaluhisalaayitu, allie california udyami danny schwartzen pratinidhigalu avanannu $75,000kke khareedisidaru. solinus annu europige hintirugisalaayitu mattu kaunti kildernalliruva ballidaylnalli vincent oo 'briyannondige tarabetige kaluhisalaayitu. racing vrutti. 1977: eradu varshagala kaala. solinus zoon aarambhadalli aidu farlaanggala modala otadalli tanna racing vrattijeevanavannu praarambhisidanu. avaru auds-aun favourit annu praarambhisidaru mattu entu uddagalinda geddaru. aaa tingala koneyalli, avarannu inglendge kaluhisalaayitu mattu raayal ascotnalli aaru farlaanggala mele mooru coventry stekgala gumpige vargakke sthalaantarisalaayitu. lester piggatninda sawari madalpatta aata, nimma necchina 7/4 annu praarambhisidaru mattu ardhadashtu samayada nantara munnade sadhisi, nimma kannannu tikshnagolisuvudarinda mooru uddagalinda geddaru. august antyadavaregu solinus matte kanisalilla, aaga avanu karragnallina konada stackgalige 4/9 nechchinadannu praarambhisidanu, idaralli avanu railway stack vijeta thunarninda virodhisalpattanu. avaru embee twistninda aaru uddagalinda sulabhavaagi geddaru. septembernalli, solinus dancaster rays korsnalli shampen stakesnalli spardhisalu inglendge maralidaru. avaru munnade saadhisidaru mattu mugisidaagininda eradu farlaanggalannu tvaritagolisidaru aadare koneya hantagalalli avarannu meerisidaru mattu sexton blakeninda kaalu bhagadashtu uddavannu solisidaru. elu furlong duravu koltge tumba chikkadaagide emba abhiprayavannu pigat vyaktapadisidaru. 1978: mooru varshagala kaala. piggatna abhiprayada horataagiyoo, solinus 1978ralli pratyekavagi sprint dooradalli prachara maadidaru. avaru zoon aarambhadalli lepperdstowne rays korsnalli mooru baliyogan stakes gumpinalli modala baarige kanisikondaru mattu naalku varshada ballad rakna hinde eradane nechchinadannu praarambhisidaru. tommy marfiyinda sawari maadida solinus aarambhadindalu munnadege virodha vyaktapadisidanu mattu ballad rakninda taleyinda geddanu. mooru vaaragala nantara, solinus avarannu raayal ascotnalli aidu farlaanggala mele ondu rajana stand stakesgagi vargadalli sthalaantarisalaayitu, idaralli avaru piggatninda sawari maadidaru mattu 4/6 nechchinadannu praarambhisidaru. aarambhada nantara shighradalle avaru munnade saadhisidaru mattu antima furlangnalli kshetradinda doora saridu tempel stakes vijeta osilaitninda naalku uddagalinda geddaru. tanna mundina pradarshanadalli, solinus neumarket rays korsnalli aaru farlaanggala mele group one julai kapge 4/7 nechchinadannu praarambhisidaru. aaa varshada inglendna atyuttama sprint ota endu vivarisalaada samayada prakara, avaru furlong nantara munnade saadhisidaru, double forman savaalannu hindirugisidaru mattu french-tarabeti padeda philli sanedki tadavaada otavannu tadedu kuttigege geddaru. augustinalli yark rays korsnalli, solinus aidu farlanggalalli group tuu vilium hill sprint champiyanshipge 1/2 nechchinadannu praarambhisidaru. avaru somaariyaagi odidaru, koneya hantadinda ondu furlong munnade padeyuva modalu mattu ondoovare uddadinda gelluva modalu philli smarton annu anusarisidaru. karragnalli aaru farlanggalalli airley/coolmore/cassel hyde champiyanshipgaligagi solinus septembernalli airlendge maralidaru. ondu dina modalu aatanige gayavagide emba vadantigala horataagiyoo, aata necchina aatavannu praarambhisidaru mattu spense beyinda mooru uddagalinda sulabhavaagi geddaru. october nalli, solinus annu long champ rays course nalli 1000 meater ginta hecchu ettarada prix dii ell 'abbaygagi francege kaluhisalaayitu. pratikoola dra horataagiyoo aata 6/10 necchina aatavannu praarambhisidaru, aadare eradu varshada french philli sigiyinda mooru uddagala solannu anubhavisidaru. moulyamaapana. 1977rahra airish free handicapnally, solinus tanna piligeya eradane atyuttama kudure endu rait maadalaayitu, tanna sthira sangaatiya aidu pound hinde nanna atyuttama prayatna. swatantra samayada roopada samstheyu solinasge 124 rahra rating needitu, champiyanginta aaru poundgalashtu hinde nanna atyuttama prayatnavannu maadi. mundina varshadalli, solinasge samayada prakara 130 endu rait maadalaayitu, avaru avarannu varshada atyuttama otagaara endu hesarisidaru. antararashtriya vargeekaranavu 1978rahra mooru varshada karugala paiki aatanannu entane sthaanadallirisitu, idu ail dii borbanginta elu poundgalashtu kadime. vincent oo 'brian avaru solinus avarannu taavu tarabeti padeda atyanta vegada otagaara endu bannisiddaare. stud record. solinus racingninda nivruttaraadaru mattu kaunti tipparariyallina longfield studnelly santanotpatti stallion aadaru, syndicationgaagi £800,000 moulyavannu hondiddaru. avaru 1979 ralli studnelly onde rtuvina nantara nidhanaraadaru, avara santatiyalli atyuttamavaadavaru philli henriyavara rahasyavagiddu, avaru princess margarate stakesnalli eradane sthana padedaru mattu 1982 ralli timeformaninda 108 endu rait maadalaayitu.

solinus (kuthira) solinus (18 februvari 1975-1979) oru britiish vamshaja airish pariseelanam labhichathumaaya racehourse aandu sarr aayirunnu. oru specialist sprintaraaya addeham 1977 juun muthal 1978 october vare neenduninna patthu rays kariyaril anjilum aarr farlongukalilum ettu raceukal nedi. solinus oru neenda kuthirayaayirunnu, pinkaalukalil velutha soxukal niracha bay aayirunnu. rund vayassullappol, englandile coventry oharikalum irelandile anglesi oharikalum ulppede thante naalu malsarangalil moonnennavum addeham nedi. adutha varsham, brittanilum irelandilum addeham prabalanaaya sprintaraayirunnu, baliogan stekku, kings staand stekku, juulai kapp, vilyam hill sprint chaambyanshippu enniva nedi. thudarnnu padanatthil ninnu viramichenkilum 1979ll addeham marichu. pashchaathalam. warwickshareile rugbick sameepamulla thante stadil lenne haal valarthiyedutha, valuthum neelamullathum sundariyumaaya oru bay kuthirayaayirunnu solinus. washington gayakante sthaanangalil brigadier jerardinu sesham randaam sthaanathethiyappol englandil rays cheytha american vamshajayaaya staaliyan enna komadi thaaratthinte ettavum mikacha kuthirayaayirunnu addeham. thante patthu resukalil onpathu vijayangalum munbu coventry stakes vijayiyaya kovsttans komaliye (komadi thaaravum) nirmmicha oru mikacha philli, kosttaninte abhimaanathile moonnaamathe phool aayirunnu solinus. solinasine amerikkayilekku ayaykkukayum sarattoga vaarshika vilppanaykku ayaykkukayum avide californian bisinasukariyaaya dancy shwartsinte prathinidhikal 75,000 dollarinu addehathe vaangukayum cheythu. solinasine europilekku thirike ayakkukayum kaundi kildairile balidoyilil vinsent obriyanoppam parisheelanathinu ayaykkukayum cheythu. racing currier. 1977: rund varsham pazhakkamulla season. juun aadyam anchu farlongukalilaayi nadanna kanni raceil solinus thante racing currier aarambhichu. addeham oods-oonn favourit aarambikkukayum ettu neelathinu vijayikkukayum cheythu. aaa masavasanam, addehathe englandilekku ayaykkukayum royal ascottile aarr farlongukalilaayi group three coventry stekkinaayi classilake maattukayum cheythu. lesttar pigottinte sawarik sesham, addeham 7/4 favourit aarambikkukayum pakuthikk sesham leed nedukayum ningalude kannu moorcha koottunnathil ninnu moonnu neelatthil vijayikkukayum cheythu. railway stekku jethaavaaya thunnar ethirtha karaagile anglesi stekkukalkku 4/9 priyappettathayi thudangunnathuvare august avasaanam vare solinus veendum prathyakshappettilla. embee twisttil ninnu aarr neelathinu addeham valare eluppathil vijayichu. septambaril, dongastar rescoursil shampain stekkukalil malsarikkaan solinus englandilekku madangi. addeham leed nedukayum avasaanam muthal rund farlongukal vegathilaakkukayum cheythuvenkilum avasana ghattangalil marikadakkukayum naalil moonnu neelatthil sekstan blakine paraajayappedutthukayum cheythu. ezhu furlong dooram kuttiykk valare cheruthaanennu pigot abhiprayappettu. 1978: moonnu varsham pazhakkamulla season. pigottinte abhiprayam undaayirunnittum, 1978ll sprint doorangalil maathramaayi solinus pracharanam nadathappettu. juun aadyam lepperdstaun rescoursil group three baliogan steksil addeham aadyamaayi prathyakshappedukayum naalu varsham pazhakkamulla balled rokkinu pinnil randaamathe priyappettathayi maarukayum cheythu. tommy marfiyude vaahanathil solinus thudakkam muthal leed tharkkikkukayum ballad rokkil ninnulla thalayil vijayikkukayum cheythu. moonnaazhchaykku sesham, royal ascottile anchu farlongukalilaayi group vann king staand stekkinaayi solinasine classil maatti, athil pigot sawari cheyyukayum 4/6 priyappettath aarambikkukayum cheythu. thudakkam kazhinju udan thanne addeham leed nedukayum avasana farlongil feeldil ninnu pinmaarukayum temple stekku vijayi oosilaittil ninnu naalu neelathinu vijayikkukayum cheythu. aduthathaayi prathyakshappettappol, newmarket rays kozhsil aarr farlongukalil juulai onninu group onninu 7/4 priyappettathayi solinus aarambhichu. aaa varshathe englandile ettavum mikacha sprint rays ennu visheshippikkappetta samayakramathil, oru farlonginu sesham addeham leed nedi, eratta foominte velluvili thirichupidichu, franch pariseelanam labhicha philli sanedtkiyude vaikiyulla oottam kazhuthukondu vijayichu. augustil york rescoursil, solinus anchu farlongukalilaayi group tuu vilyam hill sprint chaambyanshippinu randilonnu priyappettathayi aarambhichu. finish muthal oru farlong leed nedunnathinum onnara dairkhyathil vijayikkunathinum munbu philli smartene pinthudarnnu addeham alasathayode oodi. septambaril kurragile aarr farlongukalilaayi airley/coolmore/kaasil hyde chaambyanshippinaayi solinus irelandilekku madangi. oru divasam munbu thanikk parikk pattiyathayi abhyoohangal uyarnnuvenkilum, addeham priyappettathayi aarambikkukayum spense beyil ninnu moonnu neelathinu eluppathil vijayikkukayum cheythu. octoberil, solinasine francilake 1000 meteriladhikam neelamulla long chaambyan rays kozhsil prix dii ell abbayekkaayi ayachu. prathikoolamaaya samanila undaayirunnittum addeham priyappetta aidi 1 aarambhichu, pakshe rund vayassulla franch philli sigiode moonnu length parajayappettu. vilayiruthal. 1977 leeii airish free handicappil, solinus thante thalamurayile randaamathe mikacha kuttiyayi vilayiruthappettu, sthirathayulla koottalikku anchu poundu pinnilaanu. swatantra timephom oorganaiseshan solinasinu 124 rating nalki, chaambyanekkaal aarr poundu pinnilaanu. adutha varsham, solinasine samayakramathil 130 rating nalki, addeham addehathe aaa varshathe ettavum mikacha sprintaraayi thiranjedutthu. anthaaraashtra vargeekaranam addehathe 1978 leeii moonnu vayassulla kuttiyammaril ettaam sthaanathethichu, ithu ail dii borbaninekkaal ezhu poundu kuravaanu. thaan parisheelicha ettavum vegathayeriya sprintaraanu solinus ennu vinsent oo 'bryan visheshippichu. stud record. solinus racingle ninnu viramikkukayum kaundi tipparariyile longfield stadil oru breeding staaliyanaayi maarukayum cheythu, syndicationaayi 800,000 poundu moolyamullathaanu. 1979ll oru seasoninushesham addeham marichu, addehathinte santhathikalil ettavum mikachathu princes maargarat steksil randaam sthaanathethiya philli henriyude rahasyamaayirunnu, 1982ll timeformanusarich 108 rating labhichu.

solinus (ghoda) solinus (18 februwari 1975-1979) haah eka british-vansh, ayrish-prashikshit sampoorn vanshatil reshorse aanee surr hota. eka visheshadnya dhavpatu, tyane juuna 1977 teey aktoobar 1978 paryant chalalelya daha sharyatinchya karkirdit paach aanee sahaa furlongmadhye aath sharyati jinkalya. solinus haah eka lamb ghoda hota, tyachya magchya payanvar pandhya mojyanni rangalela hota. done varshancha asatana tyane tyachya chaar sharyatinpaiki teen jinkalya, jyat englandmadhil sahpravasi sharyat aanee irelandmadhil anglessy sharyat yancha samavesh aahe. pudhchya varshi, too britton aanee irelandmadhil pramukh dhavpatu hota, jyane balliogan stakes, kings stand stakes, julai cup aanee william hiill sprint championship jinkley. tyanantar teey shikshanasathi nivrutt jhaale, parantu 1979 madhye tyanche nidhan jhaale. parshvabhoomi. solinus haah eka majboot, lamb, sunder disanara beey ghoda hota, jyachya magchya payanvar eka motha pandhara snip aanee pandhare moje hote, jyache prajnan laine hallney rugby, warwickshirejawal tyachya studmadhye kele hote. too vinodi starr, eka american-vanshatil stallion, jyane englandmadhye sharyat kelee, tyane sarvottam ghodyacha suur lavala, jyane washington gayakanchya sharyatit brigadier gerardchya nantar dusya kramankavar asatana tyacha sarvottam prayatna keela. solinus haah costonchya abhimanacha tisra prani hota, eka utkrusht kheladu jyane tichya daha sharyatinpaiki nauu sharyati jinkalya aanee yapurvi coventory stakes vijeta costoncha jokar (vinodi tarkamadhyehi) tayar keela hota. solinasala americet pathvanyat aale aanee tyala saratoga varshik vikrisathi pathvanyat aale, jithe californiacha vyapari, danny schwartzchya pratinidhinni tyala 75,000 dollarla vikat ghetale. solinasala europela parat pathvanyat aale aanee tyala vincent oo 'bryansobat county kildearmadhil ballydoil yethe prashikshanasathi pathvanyat aale. sharyatitil karkird. 1977: done varshancha hangam. solinasane junachya suruvatila paach furlong sharyatinmadhye tyachya sharyatichya karkirdichi suruvat kelee. tyane auds-aun favouritchi suruvat kelee aanee aath lambine vijay midavala. tyaa mahinyachya uttaradhat, tyala englandla pathvanyat aale aanee royal escott yetheel sahaa furlongvaril teen sahpravasi bhaganchya gatasathi vargamadhye sthanantar karnyat aale. lester pigotchya ghodyavar swar houn tyane 7/4 chya aavadatya khelachi suruvat kelee aanee ardhya marganantar lagechach aaghadi ghet, tumcha dolha tikshna karnyapasoon teen lambine vijay midavala. augustchya uttaradhaparyant solinus punha disala nahee, jevha tyane karragmadhil anglessy stakesathi 4/9 aavadata khel suru keela, jyamadhye tyala railway stakes vijeta thunorne virodh keela hota. tyane emby twistmadhun sahaa lambine agadi sahajpane vijay midavala. septembermadhye, solinus doncaster rescoursemadhye shampenchya sharyatisathi englandla parat gela. tyane aaghadi ghetali aanee shevatpasoon done furlong vegwan kele parantu shevatchya tappyat tyala mage takale gele aanee sexton blakeney teen chaturthansh lambicha parabhav keela. pigogotne asey mutt vyakt kele qee saat furlong antar heey pillasathi khoop qamee hote. 1978: teen varshancha hangam. pigotche mutt asoonahi, solinasachi moheem 1978 madhye keval dhavnyachya antaravar karnyat aalee. junachya suruvatila tyane laperdstowne rescourse yethe teen balliogan bhaganchya gatat pahilyanda hajeri lavali aanee chaar varshanchya ballad rock nantar dusya pasantichi suruvat kelee. tommy marfine chalavalelya solinasane suruvatipasunach aaghadibabat vaad ghatala aanee ballad rockchya eka dokyane vijay midavala. teen aathvadyannantar, solinasala shahee escott yetheel paach furlongwar gut eka rajachya stand stakesathi vargat halavanyat aale, jyamadhye tyala pigotne swar kele aanee 4/6 aavadata suru keela. tyane suruvat jhalyanantar lagechach aaghadi ghetali aanee antim furlongmadhye maidanabaher khechoon temple stakes vijetya ausilaitkadoon chaar lambine vijay midavala. tyachya pudhil upasthitivar, solinasane newmarket rescoursemadhye sahaa furlongmadhye gut eka julai chashakasathi 4/7 aavadatya khelala suruvat kelee. tyaa varshi englandmadhil sarvottam dhavnyachya sharyatiche varnan kelelya velechya prakarat, tyane furlongnanter aaghadi ghetali, duheri formche aavhan mage ghetale aanee french prashikshit phiilii sanedkichi usheera dhaav rokhoon dharali. augustmadhye york rescoursemadhye, solinasane paach furlongmadhye gut donsathichya william hiill sprint ajinkyapad spardhesathi eka-done pasantichi suruvat kelee. tyane aalshipane dhaav ghetali, aanee shevatpasoon furlong aaghadi ghenyapurvi aanee deed lambine jinkanyapurvi, too chapal khelee karat pudhe gela. karrag yethe sahaa furlongmadhye airley/coolmore/casal hyde champiyanshipsathi solinus septembermadhye irelandmadhye paratala. eka divas aadhi tyala dukhapat jhaali asalyachya afava asoonahi, tyane favourit suruvat kelee aanee spains bekadoon teen lambine sahajpane vijay midavala. octobermadhye, solinusla longchamp rescourse yethe 1000 meetarpeksha jaast unchivaril prix dii laal 'abbayesathi francemadhye pathvanyat aale. pratikool barobari asoonahi tyane 6/10 aavadatya khelachi suruvat kelee parantu done varshanchya french phiilii sigine tyala teen lambine parabhoot kele. moolyankan. 1977 chya ayrish free handicapmadhye, solinasala tyachya pidhitil dusya kramankacha sarvottam pillu mhanoon moolyankan karnyat aale, tyachya sthir sathidarapeksha paach paund mage rahoon mea sarvottam prayatna karato. swatantra timeform sanghatnene solinasala 124 chey moolyankan dile, vijetyachya sahaa paund mage majha sarvottam prayatna. pudhchya varshi, solinasala velenusar 130 asey moolyankan denyat aale, jyane tyala varshatil sarvottam dhavpatu mhanoon naav dile. aantarrashtriy vargikaranane tyala 1978 chya teen varshanchya pillanmadhye aathve sthan dile, jeey ile dii borbanpeksha saat paund qamee hote. vincent oo 'bryan yanni solinusche varnan tyanni prashikshan ghetalela sarvat vegwan dhavpatu asey kele. stud reecord. solinus sharyatitoon nivrutt jhaala aanee county tiparerimadhil longfield studmadhye prajnan karnara stallion banala, jyache moolya syndicationsathi £8,00,000 hote. 1979 madhye eka hangamanantar tyanche nidhan jhaale, tyanchya santatitil sarvat changle mhanje phiilii heinries secret, joou rajkumari margaret stakesmadhe dusya kramankavar rahila aanee 1982 madhye tyala velenusar 108 asey manankan denyat aale.

solinus (ghoda) solinus (18 february 1975-1979) ek britis-nasla, iris-prashikshit purna naslako reshers rar sear thie. ek visheshagya dhawak, unle june 1977 dekhi october 1978 samma chaleko das daudako careerma paanch rar chha farlangma atha daud jite. solinus ek lamo ghoda thiyo, usako pachhadi khutta seto mojale rangin thiyo. dui warshako umerma, unle afno chaar daudharu madhye tinn jite, jasma englandma coventry stack rar ayarlandma anglessy stackharu samawesh chhan. arko warsha, uni belayat rar ayarlandma pramukh dhawak thie, jasle baliyogan stack, kings stanned stack, july cup rar william hill sprint championship jite. tyasapachhi uni adhyayan garna sewaniwritta bhae tara sann 1979 maa unko mrityu bhayo. prishthabhumi. solinus ek baliyo, lamo, sunder dekhine khadi ghoda thiyo jasko pachhadi khuttama thulo seto snip rar seto mojaharu thie, jaslai leine halle ragbi, warwicksire najikaiko unko studma janmaeko thiyo. uni kamedi stardwara sarda garieko sabaibhanda ramro ghoda thie, ek americi-naslako stellion jasle englandma daud gare, wassington gayak stackma brigadier gerardpachhi dosro sthanma rahanda afno utkrishta prayas utpadan gare. solinus coustonko garwako tesro foll thiyo, ek utkrishta filly jasle afno das resharu madhye nau jiteki thiin rar pahile coventry stakes vijeta coustonko joker (kamedi stardwara pani) utpadan gareki thiin. solinaslai sanyukta rajya america pathaieko thiyo rar unlai saratoga warshik bikrima pathaiyo jahaan unlai californiaca wyapari, denny schwartzka pratinidhiharule $75,000 maa kineka thie. solinus europe farkie rar county kildeyarko belidoyalma vincent o 'brayansanga prashikshanma pathaiyo. resing currier. 1977: dui warsha purano sijan. solinasle juneko suruma paanch farlangharuma pahilo daudama afno resing currier suru gare. unle ods-unn favourate suru gare rar atha lambaile jite. tyas mahinako antyama, unlai england pathaieko thiyo rar shahi escotma chha farlangharuma samuha three coventry stacka lagi kakshama sarieko thiyo. lester pigatdwara sawari garieko, unle 7/4 manaparne suru gare rar adha batoko kehi samayapachi agrata liepachhi, tapainko ankhalai tikharnebata tinn lambaile jite. solinus augustko antyasamma feri dekha parenan, jab unle karagma anglessy stacka lagi 4/9 manaparne suru gare jasma unlai railway stack vijeta thanorle virodh gare. unle amby twistbata chha lambaile dherai sajilai jite. septemberma, solinus duncaster rescoursema shampen stackharu pratispardha garna england farkie. unle agrata lie rar antyadekhi dui farlangharu chhito gare tara samapan charanma uchhinne rar sexton blakele lambaiko tean chauthailai harae. pigatle saat ferlong duri koltka lagi dherai chhoto thiyo bhanne vichar wyakta gare. 1978: tinn warsha purano sijan. pigatko rayako bawajud, solinaslai sann 1978 maa sprint durima vishesh rupma abhiyan chalaiyo. unle juneko suruma lepardstown rescoursema samuha three belogan stackma pahilo upasthiti banae rar chaar warsha purano ballad ruck pachhi dosro manaparne suru gare. tomy marfile sawari gardai, solinasle surudekhi nai agrata vivadit gare rar ballad rakako taukole jite. tinn haptapachhi, solinaslai shahi escotma paanch farlangharuma samuha ek rajako stanned stacka lagi kakshama sarieko thiyo jasma uni pigatle sawari gareka thie rar 1/6 manaparne suru gare. unle suru bhaeko lagattai agrata lie rar antim farlangma temple stakes vijeta osilaitabata chaar lambaile jitna maidanbata tadha gae. afno arko upasthitima, solinasle numarket rescoursema chha farlangharuma samuha ek july kapka lagi 4/7 manaparne suru gare. tyas warsha englandma utkrishta sprint daudako rupma warnan garieko samayakramma, unle ferlang pachhi agrata lie, dohoro faramko chunautilai firta lie, rar francelli prashikshit filly sanedkiko dhilo daudalai ghaantile jitnaka lagi roke. augustma york rescoursema, solinasle paanch farlangma samuha dui william hill sprint championshipka lagi adha manaparne suru gare. unle susta daud gare, filly smartenlai pachhyaundai antyadekhi ferlang agadi gaera dedh lambaile jite. solinus septemberma airley/kulmore/casal hyde championshipka lagi karagma chha farlangharuma ireland farke. ek dina aghi unlai chot lageko afawahaka bawajud, unle favourate suru gare rar spains bebata tinn lambaile sajilai jite. octoberma, solinaslai langchamp rescoursema 1000 mitterbhanda badhiko prix day law 'abbayeka lagi france pathaieko thiyo. unle pratikul barabariko bawajud 6/10 manaparne suru gare tara dui warshiya francelli filly sigile tinn lambai harae. mulyankan. sann 1977 ko iris free handicapma, solinaslai afno pustako dosro utkrishta coult mulyankan garieko thiyo, afno sthira sathibhanda paanch pound pachhadi mero sakdo prayas garnuhos. swatantra samaya-sanrachana sangathanle solinaslai 124 ko mulyankan diyo, championbhanda chha pound pachhadi mero sakdo prayas garnuhos. arko warsha, solinaslai samayakramdwara 130 maa mulyankan garieko thiyo, jasle unlai warshako sarwashreshtha dhawakko naam die. antarrashtriya wargikaranle unlai 1978 ko tean warshiya coults madhye athaun sthanma rakhyo, eal day borban bhanda saat pound tall. vincent o 'bryanle solinaslai afule prashikshan lieko sabaibhanda chhito dhawakko rupma warnan gare. stud record. solinus resingbata sewaniwritta bhaeka thie rar county tipereriko lungfield studma prajanan stellion bane, jasko mulya syndicationka lagi £800,000 thiyo. unko sann 1979 maa studma ekal sijanpachhi mrityu bhayo, unka santanharu madhye sabaibhanda ramro fill henryko sikret thiyo jasle rajkumari margaret stakesma dosro sthan prapta gare rar 1982 maa samayakramdwara 108 mulyankan garieko thiyo.

solinus (ghoda) solinus (18 februari 1975-1979) eka british-jaata, iris-prasikhita sampurna jaatira reshears ebong saar thile. jane bisheshagya sprinter bhabe shay june june october 1978 parjyanta chalithiba dashati dauda kyarijarare panchti ebong chhaati pharlangare athati dauda jitithile. solinus eka lamba ghoda thile, taanka pacha paadare dhalaa moja sahita bay rangare rangina thile. dui barsha bajasare, shay tankara charoti rays madhyaru tinoti jitithile, jeunthire englandara koventri stake ebong irelander angeli stake antarbhukta . parabarti barsha, shay britten ebong irelander prabhabasali sprinter thile, baliogan stake, kings stand stake, july cop ebong william hill sprint championship jitithile. ehapare shay adhyajanaru absar neithile kintu kintu tankara dehant hoithila. prusthabhumi. solinus eka shaktishali, lamba, sunder dekhajauthiba bay ghoda thila, jahara pacha paadare eka budd dhalaa snip ebong dhalaa moja thila, warawikhyajarara ragbi nikatare taanka stadare laine hull dwara prajnan karajaithila . shay kamedi staranka dwara best hears sired thile, jane americae-jaata stallion jie englandare doudithile, washington gajaka stekare brigediar jerardnka parey dwiteeja sthanare rahi tankara sarbottama prayasa karithile . solinus kawastanka gaurabara truteeja phole thile, jane utkrusta phili jie taanka dashati rays madhyaru nauty jitithile ebong purbaru koventri stakes bijeta kawastanka joker (kamedi staranka dwara madhya) utpadana karithile . solinasku juktarastra aamerikaaku pathajaithila ebong tanku saratoga barshika bikrajaku pathajaithila jeunthare tanku californier byabasajee, daani swartajnka pratinidhinka dwara $75,000 ray kinajaithila. solinus juropaku pherithile ebong county kildejarara balidoal thaare vincent oh 'brainnka saha talim paain pathajaithila. resing kyariyara. 1977: dui barsha puruna rutu. solinus june prarambhare pancha pharlanga upare eka pratham resare taanka resing kyariyara arambha karithile . shay 'odes-aun favourit' arambha karithile ebong athati lambare jitithile. sehi maasa sheshare, tanku englanda pathajaithila ebong rajkiah ascot thaare chhaati pharlanga upare group tinoti koventri stake paain shreneere sthanantarita hoithile. lester pigatnka dwara parichalita hoi, shay 7/4 priya arambha karithile ebong adhaa rasta parey shighra agrani hassel curry, aapananka aakhiku tikhna kariba thaaru tini lambare jitithile. august shesh parjyanta solinus punarbara upasthita hoinathile, jetebele shay karragare angalasi stake paain 4/9 priya arambha karithile jeunthire shay rela stake bijeta thunarnka dwara birodha karithile. shay embi tuistaru chhaa lambare bahuta sahajare jitithile. septembarare, solinus dankastar rescoursere shampen stekare pratidwandita karibaku englanda pherithile. shay agrani hassel karithile ebong shesharu duiti pharlangaku twaranwita karithile kintu shesh parjyajare tanku atikrama karajaithila ebong sexton blake dwara tini chaturthansha lambaku parasta karithile. pigat ehi mott byakta karithile je saata pharlang durata bilei paain bahuta chhot thila . 1978: tini barsha puruna rutu. pigatnka mott satwe, solinus 1978 ray sprint duratare swatantra bhabare abhijana karajaithila. shay june prarambhare laperdstown rescoursere group three baliogan stekare pratham thara paain upasthita hoithile ebong chaari barsha puruna ballad rock parey dwiteeja priya arambha karithile . tommy marphinka dwara parichalita, solinus aarambharu agraneeku birodha karithile ebong ballad rakru eka munda dwara jitithile . tini saptaha parey, solinasnku rajkiah ascot thaare panchti pharlanga upare group waan kinganka stand stake paain shreneere sthanantarita karajaithila jeunthire shay pigat dwara chaleithile ebong 4/6 priya arambha karithile . arambhara turanta parey shay agrani neithile ebong antim pharlangare khetraru doorei jaai temple stake bijeta osilaitankatharu chaari lambare jitithile. parabarti pradarshanare, solinus numarket rescoursere chhaa pharlangare july eka group cop paain 4/7 priya arambha karithile. sehi barsha englandare sarbottama sprint rays runn bhabare barnita samajare, shay pharlanga parey agrani neithile, double former chyalenjaku pratyabartana karithile, ebong french-talimprapta phili sanetkira bilamba daudaku atakai eka bekare jitithile . augustre yarka rescoursere, solinus pancha pharlangare group-2 william hill sprint championship paain dui bhagara eka bhagara priya arambha karithile. shay alasa bhabare doudithile, phili smarton up anusarana curry shesharu pharlang agrani neithile ebong dedha lambare jitithile . september maasare, karrangare chhaati pharlangare, airley/kulmore/kasal hyde championship paain solinus aajarlandaku pherithile. gotie deane purbaru shay ahata hoithiba gujab satwe, shay priya arambha karithile ebong spains beru tini lambare sahajare jitithile. octoberre, langachampa rescoursere 1000 mitararu adhika prix dii laal 'aabbe paain solinasnku frances pathajaithila. eka pratikula dra satwe shay 6/10 priya arambha karithile kintu dui barsha bayaska farasi phili siginka dwara tini lenthare parasta hoithile. mulyankana. 1977 masihare iris free handicapre, solinasanku taanka pidhira dwiteeja shrestha bilei bolly manyata diajaithila, taanka sthira sathinka thaaru pancha pound pachare, mun more sarbottama chesta karibi. swadheena samai form sangathana solinasku 124 reting deithila, champion thaaru chhaa pound pachare more sarbottama chesta. parabarti barsha, solinasnku samai form dwara 130 ray reting diajaithila, jie tanku barshar sarbashrestha sprinter bhabare namit karithile . antarjatija bargikarana tanku 1978 rahr tini barshar bileimananka madhyare astama sthanare rakhithila, aail dii borban thaaru saata pound comm . vincent oh 'brine solinasnku shay talim neithiba sabutharu druta sprinter bhabare barnana karithile. stud record. solinus resingru absar neithile ebong county tipararira langfielda stadare eka prajnan stallion hoithile, jahara mulya syndication paain 800,000 pound thila . 1979 masihare stadare gotie sijin parey tankara dehant hoithila, taanka santanamananka madhyaru sabutharu bhal thile phili henrinka secret jie rajkumari margaret stekare dwiteeja sthana hassel karithile ebong 1982 ray samai form dwara 108 rated hoithile .

solins (ghoda) solins (18 farvari 1975-1979) ikk british nasal daa, irish-sikkhiat puurii nasal daa nasal daa ghoda atey sarr see. ikk mahr sprinter, usne dass daud carrier witch panj atey chhe furlong witch atth daud jittiaan joe juun 1977 toon aktubar 1978 takk challiaan. solins ikk lamba ghoda see, jiss dey pichle pair chitte juraban naal rangdar sunn. doou saal dee umar witch, usne aapniaan chaar daud vicchon tinn jittiaan, jinhan witch england witch sehkarta hissedari atey ireland witch angley hissedari shamal haii. agle saal, uh britten atey ireland witch pramukh sprinter see, jiss neey balliogan stack, kings stand stack, julai kapp atey viliam hill sprint championship jitti. firr uh padahi toon sevamukt hoow gaye parr 1979 witch uhanan dee maut hoow gaee. pichokad. solins ikk mazboot, lamba, sunder dikhai denh vaala beey ghoda see jiss dey pichle pair witch ikk vadda chitta snip atey chitte juraban sunn, jiss noon laen haal duaara ragbi, warwickshire dey nede uss dey stud witch paliaa giaa see. uh kamedi starr duaara sarbottam ghode dee sair keeta giaa see, ikk amriki nasal daa stallion jiss neey england witch daud lagaai, jadon uh washington gaeek dey daa witch brigedier gerard toon baad dooje sathaan 'teey riha taan uss neey aapni sarbottam koshish keeti. solins coston dey maann daa teeja full see, ikk shandar bacchi jiss neey aapniaan dass daud vicchon naun jittiaan atey pahilan coventory stack jetu coston daa joker (kamedi starr duaara vee) tiaar keeta see. solins noon sanyukat raaj amrica bhejiaa giaa see atey uss noon saratoga saal dee vikri laee bhejiaa giaa see jitthe uss noon california dey vapari, danny schwartz dey numaindiyan duaara $75,000 witch kharidiaa giaa see. solins noon yoorap waps qarr ditta giaa atey county kildare dey balidoil vikhe vincent ou 'bryne naal sikhlai laee bhejiaa giaa. racing carrier. 1977: doou saal purana season. solins neey juun dey shuru witch panj furlong utte ikk pahili daud witch aapne racing carrier dee shuruat keeti. uss neey pasandida mukabale dee shuruat keeti atey atth lambai naal jittiaa. maheene dey akheer witch, uss noon england bhejiaa giaa atey shaahi escot witch chhe furlong utte samooh tinn sehkarta hissedari laee class witch tabdil qarr ditta giaa. lester pigot duaara swaar, usne 7/4 pasandida dee shuruat keeti atey addhe raste toon turant baad agge vadhade hoye, tuhadi akkh noon tikkha curran toon tinn lambai naal jittiaa. solins agast dey akheer takk dubara naheen aaiaa, jadon usne karaag witch angley stack laee 4/9 pasandida shuru keeta jiss witch railway stack jetu thunor duaara usda virodh keeta giaa see. uh aimee twist toon chhe lambai naal bahut asani naal jitt giaa. satambar witch, solins doncaster races course witch shampen stack daa mukabala curran laee england waps chalaa giaa. uss neey ant toon doou furlong tez keete parr aakhri padavan witch uss noon pachad ditta giaa atey sexton blake neey uss noon tinn chauthai lambai witch haraiaa. pigot neey ih vichaar pragat keeta kii satt furlong doori coult laee bahut ghatt see. 1978: tinn saal purana season. pigot dee raae dey bavjood, solins noon 1978 witch vishesh taur 'teey sprint duriaan' teey muhim chalai gaee see. usne juun dey shuru witch lepardstone races course witch group three balliogan stack witch aapni pahili peshkari keeti atey chaar saal purane bailad chattan toon baad dooja pasandida shuru keeta. tommy marfi duaara swaar, solins neey shuru toon hii leed noon vivadpuran banaiaa atey ballad chattan dey sir naal jitt prapat keeti. tinn haftiaan baad, solins noon shaahi askot vikhe panj furlong utte group ikk king dey stand stakes laee class witch lijaiaa giaa see jiss witch uss noon pigot duaara swaar keeta giaa see atey 4/6 pasandida shuru keeta giaa see. uss neey shuruat toon turant baad leed lae laee atey final furlong witch maidaan toon door hoow keey temple stakes jetu ocilite toon chaar lambai naal jitt prapat keeti. aapni agli peshkari 'teey, solins neey nioo markeet races course vikhe chhe furlong' teey group ikk julai kapp laee 4/7 pasandida dee shuruat keeti. uss saal england witch sarbottam sprint daud dey roop witch varnit samein witch, usne ikk furlong toon baad leed lae laee, double farm dee chunhauti noon waps qarr ditta, atey franch-sikhiat phili sanadky dee dair naal daud noon ikk gardan naal jittan laee roque ditta. agast witch yarak races course witch, solins neey panj furlong witch group doou viliam hill sprint championship laee addha pasandida shuru keeta. uh dhille chalak daa pichha karde hoye, ant toon ikk furlong dee leed lainn toon pahilan atey dedh lambai naal jittan toon pahilan, aalsi daud witch shamal hoow giaa. solins satambar witch airley/coolmore/casal hyde championship laee karaag vikhe chhe furlong witch ireland waps aaiaa. afvahan dey bavjood kii uss noon ikk dinn pahilan satt laggi see, uss neey pasandida shuruat keeti atey spence beey toon tinn lambai naal aasani naal jitt prapat keeti. aktubar witch, solins noon lambe champion races course witch 1000 meeter toon vaddh dee doori utte prix dee ll 'ababe laee france bhejiaa giaa see. uss neey ikk nakaratmak daraa dey bavjood pasandida 6/10 dee shuruat keeti parr doou saala franch phili siggy duaara tinn lambai witch haraiaa giaa. mullankan. 1977 laee irish free handicap witch, solins noon aapni peedhi daa dooja sabh toon vadhiaa baccha darja ditta giaa see, joe aapne sathir saathi toon panj pond pichhe see. sutantar timeform sangathan neey solins noon 124 dee rating ditti, champion toon chhe pond pichhe merrie puurii koshish crow. agle saal, solins noon time farm duaara 130 daa darja ditta giaa, jiss neey uss noon saal daa sarbottam sprinter namzad keeta. antarashtari vargikaran neey uss noon 1978 dey tinn saal dey bacchiaan vicchon athvan sathaan ditta, joe kii aaile dee borban toon satt pond ghatt see. vincent ou 'bryne neey solins noon sabh toon tez sprinter dassiaa jiss noon usne sikhlai ditti see. stud ricard. solins noon racing toon retire qarr ditta giaa see atey uh kaoonti tipriri witch longfield stud witch ikk prajanan stallion bann giaa see, jiss dee syndication laee 800,000 pond dee keemat see. stud witch ikk season toon baad 1979 witch uhanan dee maut hoow gaee, uhanan dee sabh toon vadhiaa santan phili hannery daa raaz see joe rajkumari margaret stack witch dooje sathaan 'teey rahee atey 1982 witch time farm duaara uhanan noon 108 daa darja ditta giaa.

solinus (ashva) solinus (18 febravari 1975-1979) ekaha british-vamshaha, airish-prashikshita, sampoorn-vamshaha res-haars tathaa surr aasit. visheshadnyah dhaavakah, saha 1977 joon-masat 1978 october-maasaparyantam yaavat prachalite dash-daud-vruttijeevanasya panchashu shut farlaang-kreedaasu ashta-spardhaasu vijayam praapnot. solinus ekaha deerghah ashwah aasit, yasya prushtapaateshu shveta-saaks-yuktah bey-varnaha aasit. dvivarsheeyakaale saha swasya chaturshu spardhaasu treeni vijetum shaknoti sma, yeshu england-deshasya coventry-stakes, airlaind-deshasya anglessy-stakes cha antarbhavanti. agrime varshe, saha britton-airlend-deshayoho prabalah dhaavakah aasit, baaliyogan-stakes, kings-stand-stakes, julai-cup, vilium-hill-sprint-chaampiyanship cha jitavaan. tatah saha adhyayanartham nivruttah abhavat, parantu 1979 tame varshe mrutah. prushtabhoomau. solinus ekaha drudah, deerghah, sundarah bey-ashwah aasit, yasya bruhad shveta-snip, prushtapaate shveta-saaks cha aasan, yat vaarvikshair-nagarasya ragbee-nagarasya sameepe swasya stud-madhye lenn-haal ityanena prajananm abhavat. saha hasyatarakena, american-vamshasya stallion ityanena, sarwashreshtah ashva-chakrah aasit, yah england-deshe dhavitavan, washington-gaayak-stakes ityasmin brigadier-gerard ityasya anantaram dwiteeye sthaane sthitvaa swasya sarvottamam prayatanam krutavaan. solinus ityeshah covston ityasya garvasya truteeyah pakshina aasit, ekaha utkrushtah filly, yah swadasheshu nava spardhaasu vijayam praapnot, poorvam saha-pravesha-spardhaasu vijetam covston ityasya vidooshakam cha nirmitavaan (hasya-tarakena api). solinus ityeshah samyuktaraajyam prati preshitah, saratoga-vaarshikavikrayaartham cha preshitah, yatra saha california-deshasya vyaapaarinah danny schwarts ityasya pratinidhidwara $75,000 mulyena kreenitah. solinus ityeshah europe-desham pratyagatavan, kaunti kilder-nagarasya balidoyl-nagare vincent o 'bryan ityanena saha prashikshanartham preshitah. resing vruttihi. 1977: dwiwarsheeyah rutuhu. solinus ityeshah joon-masasya aarambhe pancha farlaang-kreedaasu prathama-spardhayam swasya resing-vruttijeevanam aarabdhavaan. saha aads-aan-favorit iteedam aarabhat, ashta-dirghatabhihi cha vijayee abhavat. pashchat maase, saha england-desham preshitah, tathaa cha rayal-ascott-nagare shut farlaang-madhye, samuhasya trishu saha-pravesha-sthananam krute vargarupena unnatah abhavat. lester pigot ityanena sawaarih, saha 7/4 ishtam aarabhat, tathaa cha ardhamaargasy anantaram sheeghramev netrutvam sveekrutya, bhavatah netram teekshnam krutvaa tribhihi deerghaih jitavaan. august-masasya ante yaavat solinus punah naa drushtah, yadaa saha karrag-madhye engalee-stakes krute 4/9 priyam prarabhata, yasmin relve-stakes-vijetayaa thunar ityanena saha virodhitah aasit. emby-twist ityatah saha shut-dirghatabhihi ateeva sulabhataya jitavaan. september-maase solinus ityayam doncaster-res-kors-kridaayaam shampen-stakes-spardhaam kartum england-desham pratyagatavan. saha agrasthanam praapya, samaapteh anantaram farlaang-dwayoh drutam krutavaan, parantu samaapan-charaneshu agrasthanam praapnot, tathaa cha sexton blake ityanena chaturthaamsham trishamsham yaavat dirghatam parajayata. pigot ityeshah matam avadat yat sapta farlaang-dooram stanyapaayi-pakshinam krute atyalpam aasit iti. 1978: trivarsheeyah rutuhu. pigot ityasya matam satsu api solinus ityasya prachaarah 1978 tame varshe visheshatayaa sprint-dooraantare eva krutah. saha joon-masasya aarambhe laperdstone res kors ityatra tree-baaliyogan-stakes iti samoohe prathamam upasthitah abhavat, chaturvarsheeyasya gaathaapatrasy anantaram dwiteeya-priyam cha aarabdhavaan. tomy marfi ityanena chaalayitum solinus ityeshah arambhat eva agrasthanam prati vivaadam akarot, tathaa cha gaathaapatrasy shilayaha shiraha dwara vijayee abhavat. saptahatrayanantaram, solinus ityeshah raaj-ascot-nagare pancha farlaang-sthaaneshu samuhasya prathama-raajnah stand-stakes krute varge utthaapitah, yasmin saha pigot ityanena savaari krutvaa 1/6 priyam chaalayat. saha aarambhasy anantaram sheeghramev netrutvam praapnot, antima-farlaang-kridaayaam kshetraat apagacchati sma, tathaa temple-stakes-vijetah ocilate-ityatah chaturnam dirghatam praapnot. agrimam drushyamaanam, solinus nyoo-markett-res-kors-madhye shut farlaang-kreedaasu julai-masasya prathama-cup-samuhasya krute 4/7 priyam prarabhata. tasmin varshe england-deshe sarvottama-sprint-res-iti varnite-kaalakramen saha farlaang-kreedaayaah anantaram agrasthanam praapnot, dwiroopasya aavhaanam pratyagatavan, tathaa cha french-prashikshitasya filly-sanedtky ityasya deryantam dhaavanam sthagayitvaa kantadwaaraa vijayam praapnot. august-maase yaark-res-kors-madhye solinus ityeshah samoohadwayam vilium-hill-sprint-chaampiyanship-kreedaayaah ardha-ishtam pancha farlaang-kreedaasu aarabdhavaan. saha alasataya dhaavan, filly smarton ityasya anusaranam krutvaa, samaapteh farlaang-paryantam netrutvam sveekrutya, ardha-dirghataya vijayee abhavat. solinus ityeshah september-maase karrag-nagare shut farlaang-kreedaasu erilee/coolmore/kyaasal haid-chaampiyanship-krute airlyaand-desham pratyagatavan. ekadivase poorvam saha vranitah iti vadante sati, saha favorit iti prarabdhavan, spains bey ityatah tribhihi deerghaih sahajalabhyatay vijayee cha abhavat. october-maase solinus ityayam laang-chaamp-res-kors ityatra 1000 meater-mitam prick-day-law 'abbe-kridaartham france-desham preshitah. pratikool-sama-samankasya satsu api saha 6/10 iti priyam kreedaam aarabhat, parantu dvivarsheeyena french-filly-sigee ityanena tribhihi dirghatabhihi parajitah. mulyankanam. 1977 tame varshe airish-mukta-pratibandha-kridaayaam solinus ityeshah swasya peedhyaah dwiteeyam sarvottamam kutalah iti ankitah, swasya sthirasahacharat pancha paund nyoonam, mama yathasadhya prayatnam karotu. swatantra-samay-roopa-samsthaa solinus-ityasmai 124 ankam dattavatee, chaampiyan-taha shut paund-mitam madeeyaprayatnam. agrime varshe solinus ityasya samay-prakaaren 130 iti mulyankanam krutam, yah tam varshasya sarwottamah dhaavakah iti namankayat. antarashtriya-vargikaranena saha 1978 tame varshe trivarsheeya-kubjaanaam madhye ashtame sthaane sthaapitah, yah aile dee borban ityasya sapta paund-nyoonah aasit. vincent o 'bryan ityeshah solinus ityenam swasya prashikshanakaale prashikshanm praaptah drutatamah dhaavakah iti varnayat. stud-abhilekhah. solinus ityeshah resing-kridaat nivruttah abhavat, tathaa cha kaunti tippareri-nagarasya laang-feeled-stud-madhye prajanan-stallion abhavat, yasya moolyam syndication-krute 800,000 paund iti aasit. 1979 tame varshe stud-kridaayaam ekakaalasy anantaram saha mrutah, tasya santatishu sarwottamah filly henry ityasya secret aasit, yah rajakumari margaret-stakes ityasmin dwiteeyasthaane aasit, 1982 tame varshe samay-prakaaren 108 iti mulyankanam praapnot.

solins (kudhirai) solins (18 pipravari 1975-1979) oru british ina, airish payirchi pettra muzhumaiyaana inap kudhirai mattrum charr. oru sirappu sprinder, avar juun 1977 muthal october 1978 varai neediththa paththu pandhaya vaazhkkaiyil ainthu mattrum aaru furlankukalil ettu panthayangkalai ventraar. solins oru neenda kudhirai, avarathu pinn kaalgalil vellai sax kondu vannamayamaakkappattathu. irandu vayathaaka irunththapoathu, englaanththil ulla goventry pankukal mattrum ayarlaandhil ulla koonangal udpada thanathu naanku panthayangkalil moontril ventraar. aduththa aandil, avar brittan mattrum ayarlaandhil maelaathikka oottappanthaya veeraraaga irunthaar, palyogan pankukal, kings stand stakes, juulai kapp mattrum villiyam hiill sprind saambiyanship aagiyavattrai ventraar. pinnar avar padippilirunthu oaivu pettraar, aanaal 1979 ill iranthaar. pinnani. solins oru valuvaana, neenda, azhagaana valaikuda kudhirai, avarathu pinpura kaalgalil oru periya vellai snip mattrum vellai sax irunththathu, idhu rakbi, warwickshire arugae avarathu stuttle lenn haalal valarkkappattathu. nagaichchuvai natchaththiratthaal siyar seiyappatta sirantha kudhirai, oru america inak kudhirai, englaanththil panthayaththil eedupattaar, washington paadagar pankukalil brigadier jerardukku irandaavathu idaththaip pidiththapoathu thanathu sirantha muyarchiyai uruvaakkinaar. solinus caston perumaiyin moontraavathu phole aavaar, oru sirantha filly, avar thanathu paththu panthayangkalil onbathu panthayangkalil vettri pettraar, maelum munbu goventry stakes vetrtriyaalar caston koomaali (nagaichchuvai natchaththiratthaal kooda) thayaarikkappattaar. solinus amerikkaavirku anuppapattu, saradoga varudaanthira virpanaikku anuppapattaar, angku avar california thozhilathibar danny swardsin pirathinithigalaal $75,000 kku vaangkappattaar. solins iroappaavukkuth thirumpappattu, kavundi gildare paguthiyil ulla polytoilil wincent ooo 'piraiyanudan payirchikku anuppapattaar. pandhaya vaazhkkai. 1977: irandu aandugal palamaiyaana paruvam. juun maatha thodakkaththil ainthu furlang panthayangkalil thanathu muthal pandhaya vaazhkkaiyaith thodangkinaar. avar viruppamaana muranpaadugalaith thodangi ettu neelangalaal ventraar. antha maathaththin pirpaguthiyil, avar englaanththukku anuppapattu, raayal ascottle aaru furlankukalukku mael moontru kootturavu pankukalukkaana kuzhuvirku vaguppil maattrappattaar. lester picote sawari seitha avar, 7/4 pidiththathaith thodangkinaar mattrum ungkal kannai koormaippaduththuvathil irunthu moontru neelangalaal ventraar, paathi vazhiyil sirithu neeraththirkup piragu munnilai pettraar. august maatha iruthiyil, avar 4/9 kku kurraavil ulla koonangal pankukalukku pidiththathaith thodangiyapoathu, solins meendum thoandravillai, athil avar rayilway pankukal vetrtriyaalar thannaraal ethirththaar. avar embi twistle irunthu aaru neelangkal moolam miga elithaaka ventraar. septumber maatham, solins tancaster rays courseil shambain pankukalil poattiyida englaanththukku thirumbinaar. avar munnaniyil irunthu irandu furlankukalai viraivupaduththinaar, aanaal iruthi kattangalil munthappattaar mattrum sexton blake moolam oru neelaththin moontru kaall pakuthikalai thoarkadiththaar. aezhu furlang thooram kunjukku migavum kuraivaaga irunththathu endra karutthai picote velippaduththinaar. 1978: moontru aandugal palamaiyaana paruvam. pikaattin karutthu irunththapoathilum, solinus 1978 aam aandil sprind thoorangalil piraththiyaegamaaga prachaaram seiyappattaar. juun thodakkaththil leptestowne rays courseil moontru palyogan pankukal kuzhuvil avar muthal muraiyaaga thoantrinaar, maelum naanku vayathu pallat raakkirkup pinnaal irandaavathu viruppamaanathaith thodangkinaar. daami marbiyaal sawari seiyappatta solins, thodakkaththilirunthae munnanikku muranpattaar mattrum ballot raakkil irunthu oru thalai moolam ventraar. moontru vaarangkalukkup piragu, raayal ascottle ainthu furlankukal meethu oru rajaavin stand staekkirkaaga solins vaguppil nagarththappattaar, athil avar picote sawari seithu 4/6 pidiththathaith thodangkinaar. thodakkaththirkup piragu avar viraivil munnilai vagiththaar, maelum iruthi furlankle kazhaththilirunthu vilagi, koayil pankukal vettriyaalaraana oosilaittilirunthu naanku neelangkal vettri pettraar. aduththa thoattraththil, solins puthiya santhai panthayaththil aaru furlankukalukku mael kuzhu ondrukku 4/7 pidiththa juulai kooppaiyaith thodangkinaar. antha aandu englaanththil nadantha sirantha sprind panthayamaaka vivarikkapatta naera vadivaththil, avar oru furlankirkup piragu munnilai vagiththaar, irattai vadivaththin savaalai tiruppinaar, maelum pirenchu payirchi pettra filly saanetkiyin thaamathamaana oottaththai kaluththaal ventraar. august maatham yark rays courseil, solins ainthu furlangs meethu kuzhu irandu villiyam hiill sprind saambiyanshippirku 1/2 viruppatthaith thodangkinaar. avar soampaeriththanamaaga oodinaar, flee smartenipe pinthodarnthu, mudivil irunthu oru furlang munnilai eduththu ontrarai neelaththaal ventraar. solins septumber maatham airley/coolmore/casil hight saambiyanshippukkaaga airlaendirkuth thirumbinaar. oru naall munbu avarukku kaayam aerpattathaaka vathanththigal irunththapoathilum, avar pidiththavaraagath thodangkinaar mattrum spense paevilirunthu moontru neelangkal elithaaka ventraar. octoberil, langsamp rays courseil 1000 meettarukkum athigamaana thooraththil ulla brics dii ell 'appaekkaaga solins bransku anuppapattaar. saathakamattra samanilai irunththapoathilum avar 6/10 pidiththathaith thodangkinaar, aanaal irandu vayathu pirenchu fili sigiyaal moontru neelangkal thoarkadikkappattaar. mathippeedu. 1977 aam aandirkaana airish ilavasa uunamutrtra nilaiyil, solinus thanathu thalaimuraiyin irandaavathu sirantha kuttiyaaga mathippidappattaar, avarathu nilaiyaana thoalarukku ainthu pavundugal pinnaal enn sirantha muyarchiyai maerkondaar. suyaatheena naera amaippu solinasukku 124 mathippeettai valangkiyathu, saambiyanukku aaru pavundugal pinnaal enn sirantha muyarchiyai muyarchikkavum. aduththa aandil, solins naera vadivaththin moolam 130 ill mathippidappattaar, avar avarai aandin sirantha sprinder endru peyarittaar. sarvadesa vagaippaadu avarai 1978 aam aandin moontru vayathu kuttigalil ettaavathu idaththaip pidiththathu, idhu ail dii poarpanukkuk keezhae aezhu pavundugal. wincent ooo 'praiyan, avar idhuvarai payirchi pettra miga vaekamaana sprinder endru salinesai vivaritthaar. stud pathivu. solins panthayaththilirunthu oaivu pettraar mattrum kavundi depararyil ulla langfield stuttle oru inapperukkak kuthiraiyaaga aanaar, idhu sindikaeshanukkaaga 800,000 pavundugal mathippudaiyathu. avar 1979 aam aandil stuttle oru paruvaththirkup piragu iranthaar, avarathu santhathiyinaril siranthavar filly hendriyin ragasiyam, avar ilavarasi margared pankukalil irandaavathu idaththaip pidiththaar, maelum 1982 aam aandil naera vadivaththaal 108 yena mathippidappattaar.

solinus (gurram) solinus (18 fibravari 1975-1979) oka british-jaathi, airish-sikshana pondina sampoorna jaathi gurram mariyu surr. oka specialist sprinter, athanu juun 1977 nundi october 1978 varaku konasagina padhi-rays kereerlo aidu mariyu aaru furlanglalo enimidi resulanu geluchukunnadu. solinus oka podavaina gurram, athani venuka paadaalapai tellani saaks thoo rangu veyabadindi. rendella vayasulo, athanu inglaandlooni coventry stakes mariyu irelandloni angle stakes thoo sahaa thana naalugu resulalo moodu gelichaadu. taruvaati samvatsaramlo, athanu britton mariyu irelandlo aadhipatya sprinterga nilichaadu, baliogaon stakes, kings stand stakes, juulai cup mariyu vilium hill sprint champiyanshipnu geluchukunnadu. aaa tarvaata ayana chaduvuku padavee viramana chesaaru, conny 1979loe maraninchaaru. nepathyam. solinus oka balamaina, podavaina, andamgaa kanipinche bay gurram, athani venuka paadaalapai pedda tellani snip mariyu tellani saaks, rugby, warwickshire sameepamloni athani stud vadda lenn haall dwara penchabadindi. athanu haasya taara, oka american-jaathi stallion chetha uttama gurrapu sair cheyabaddaadu, athanu inglandlo parugettaadu, washington gayakudu staxlo brigadier gerardku rendava sthaanamlo unnappudu thana uttama prayatnaanni pradarsinchaadu. solinus coxton garvam yokka moodava phole, aame padhi resulalo tommidi resulanu geluchukunna mariyu gatamlo coventry stakes vijaeta caston yokka viduushakudini (haasya taara kooda) utpatti chesina oka adbhutamaina filly. solinasnu united statesku pampaaru mariyu saratoga vaarshika ammakalaku pampaaru, akkada atanni california vyaapaaravaetta, daanii schwartz pratinidhulu $75,000 kuu konugolu chesaaru. solinus airopaku tirigi vacchi county kilderloni balidoillo vincent oo 'briantho sikshanaku pampabaddaadu. racing kereer. 1977: rendella naati season. solinus juun praarambhamlo aidu furlangla meeda toli resulo thana racing vruttini praarambhinchaadu. athanu ishtamaina aatanu praarambhinchi enimidi podavulatho gelichaadu. aaa nela taruvaata, athanu inglaandku pampabaddaadu mariyu raayal ascot vadda aaru furlanglapy moodu coventry stackla kosam taragatiloki vellaadu. lester piggat nadipe, athanu 7/4 ishtamaina aatanu praarambhinchaadu mariyu sagam maargam tarvaata koddisepatike adhikyam saadhinchi, mea kannu padunu pettadam nundi moodu podavulatho gelichaadu. aagashtu chivari varaku solinus tirigi kanipinchaledu, athanu karrag vadda angley stakes kosam 4/9 favouretnu praarambhinchinappudu, indulo athanu railway stakes vijaeta thunor chetha vyatirekinchabaddaadu. athanu emby twist nundi aaru podavulatho chaalaa sulabhamgaa gelichaadu. septembarulo, solinus dancaster rays courselo shampine pandem pootii cheyadaaniki inglaandku tirigi vellaadu. athanu adhikyam saadhinchi, mugimpu nundi rendu furlanglanu vegavantam chesaadu, conny mugimpu dasallo adhigaminchi, sexton blake dwara moodu vantula podavunu oodinchaadu. edu furlong dhooram pilliki chaalaa takkuvagaa undani pigat abhiprayanni vyaktam chesaaru. 1978: moodu samvatsaraala kaalam naati season. piggat abhiprayam unnappatikee, solinus 1978loe sprint dooraalalo pratyaekamgaa pracharam cheyabaddaadu. athanu juun praarambhamlo lepperdstowne rays courselo moodu baliogaon stocks samuuhamloo modatisaari kanipinchaadu mariyu naalugu samvatsaraala naati ballad rock venuka rendava ishtamaina pradarsananu praarambhinchaadu. tommy marfi chetha nadapabadina solinus modati nundi aadhikyanni vyatirekinchaadu mariyu ballad rock nundi thalatho gelichaadu. moodu vaaraala taruvaata, solinasnu raayal ascot vadda aidu furlanglapy group vann king stand stakes kosam taragatilo taralinchaaru, dheenilo athanu piggat chetha nadapabadi, 4/6 abhimananni praarambhinchaadu. athanu praarambhamaina ventane adhikyam pondaadu mariyu chivari furlanglo feeled nundi dhooramgaa velli temple stakes vijaeta osilite nundi naalugu podavulatho gelichaadu. thana tadupari pradarsanalo, solinus newmarket rays courselo aaru furlanglapy group vann juulai kapku 4/7 abhimananni praarambhinchaadu. aaa samvatsaram inglandlo uttama sprint resugaa varninchabadina timeformlo, athanu furlong tarvaata adhikyam saadhinchaadu, double phaam yokka savaalunu tippikottaadu mariyu french sikshana pondina filly sanedki yokka chivari paruguni medatho gelavadaniki nilipivesaadu. augustulo yark rays courselo, solinus aidu furlanglalo group too vilium hill sprint chhampiyanshipku 1/2 ishtamaina aatanu praarambhinchaadu. athanu somaritanam gaa parugettaadu, filly smarten nuu anusarinchi mugimpu nundi oka furlong adhikyam teesukoni okatinnara podavutho gelichaadu. karrag vadda aaru furlangla meeda airley/coolmore/kazil hyde chhampiyanshipla kosam solinus septemberlo irelandku tirigi vacchaadu. oka roeju mundu athanu gayapaddadani pukaarlu unnappatikee, athanu ishtamaina praarambhinchaadu mariyu spens bay nundi moodu podavulatho sulabhamgaa gelichaadu. octoberulo, solinasnu longchamp rays courselo 1000 meterlaku paiga prix dii ell 'abbe kosam fraansku pampaaru. pratikuula dra unnappatikee athanu 6/10 favouretnu praarambhinchaadu, conny rendella french filly sigee chetha moodu podavulu oodinchabaddaadu. anchanaa. 1977 loe airish free handicaplo, solinus thana taramlo rendava uttama pilliga rate cheyabaddaadu, athani sthiramaina sahacharudi kante aidu poundlu venukabadi naa uttamamainadaanni prayatninchandi. swatantra kalakrama samstha solinasku 124 rating ichindi, chhampian kante aaru poundlu venukabadi naa uttamamainadaanni prayatninchandi. taruvaati samvatsaramlo, solinus timeform dwara 130 rating pondaadu, athanu atanni samvatsarapu uttama sprinterga paerkonnaadu. antarjaateeya vargeekarana atanni 1978 naati moodella pillalalo enimidava sthaanamlo unchindi, idhi ail dii borban kante edu poundla takkuva. vincent oo 'brian solinasnu taanu sikshana pondina atyanta vegavantamaina sprinterga abhivarninchaadu. stud record. solinus racing nundi padavee viramana chesi, county tipparariilooni longfield stud vadda oka santanotpatti stallionga maarindi, dheeni viluva syndication kosam £800,000 gaa undhi. athanu 1979loe oke season tarvaata maraninchaadu, athani santhaanamlo uttamamainadi filly henry yokka rahasyam, athanu yuvarani margaret staxlo rendava sthaanamlo nilichaadu mariyu 1982loe timeform dwara 108 rating pondaadu.

solens (ghoda) solens (18 faroori 1975-1979) eek bartanvi nasal kaa aairish tarbiyat yaaftah nasal kaa ghoda aur sarr thaa. eek maahir sprinter inhon nay duss rees carrier mein paanch aur chh farlang parr aath rees jeetay juu joone 1977 say aktobar 1978 takk jaari rehaa. solans eek lamba ghoda thaa jiss kay pachlay peeron parr safed jarabein thein. duu saal kii amar mein iss nay apnee chaar mein say teen rees jeetein jinn mein england mein coventry steaks aur ireland mein angley steaks shaamil haine. aglay saal wah bartaniah aur ireland mein ghalib sprinter thay jinhon nay beliogan stacks kangaz stend stacks jolayi cup aur waleem hull sprint champine ship jeeti. iss kay baad wah padhayi say retire how gayey leakin 1979 mein inn kaa inteqal how gayaa. piss manzar. solens eek mazboot lamba khubsurat nazar aaney waala khaleej ghoda thaa jiss kay pachlay peeron parr eek badaa safed asnap aur safed jarabein thein jinn kii prorish leane haal nay ragbi waarok shayer kay qareeb apnay stud mein kii thee. wah comedy staar kay zariah saraye gayey behtareen ghoday thay eek americi nasal kaa stallin jiss nay england mein dodh lagayi aur washington gulukaar steaks mein brigadier jairard kay baad dosray number parr aakar apnee behtareen koshish kii. solans coustan kay fakhar kaa teesra bhens thaa eek shandar ladki jiss nay apnee duss mein say noow rees jeetein aur iss say qabal coventry steaks faatah coustan kaa maskhara (comedy staar kay zariah bhee) tayaar kiyaa thaa. solans kuu america bheja gayaa aur asay saratoga salanah seils mein bhej diyaa gayaa jehaan asay california kay tajir deaney shwartz kay numaindon nay 75,000 ddaalar mein kharida. solans kuu europ waps kirr diyaa gayaa aur county culdeer kay baili doyal mein vincent awo brine kay saath tarbiyat kay liye bheja gayaa. resing carrier. 1977: duu saal praana seezan. solans nay apnay resing carrier kaa aaghaz joone kay awail mein paanch farlang parr pehli rees mein kiyaa. iss nay oads aann pasandidah kaa aaghaz kiyaa aur aath lambayi say jeeta. iss mahinay kay aakhir mein asay england bhej diyaa gayaa aur raail scoat mein chh farlang parr grop tharee coventry steaks kay liye klaas mein muntaqil kirr diyaa gayaa. lester paggat kii sawari mein iss nay 7/4 pasandidah kaa aaghaz kiyaa aur nasf raastay kay foraa baad bartari haasil kartay huay aap kii aankh kuu teez karnay say teen lambayi say jeeth liyaa. solens agast kay aakhir takk dobarah zahir nahein hawaa jabb iss nay kareeg mein angley steaks kay liye 4/9 pasandidah sharoo kiyaa jiss mein railway steaks jeetnay waalay thanor nay iss kii mukhalifat kii thee. inhon nay amby moad say chh lambayi say behat aasani say jeeth liyaa. satambar mein solans dankaster rees kors mein shampen steaks kaa muqabilah karnay kay liye england waps chalaa gayaa. iss nay bartari haasil kii aur ikhtatam say duu farlang teez kiye leakin ikhtatami marahil mein asay peeche chhod diyaa gayaa aur sexton bleek nay lambayi kay teen chothayi hasay kuu shakast dee. paggat nay iss khayaal kaa izhaar kiyaa kahh saat farlang faaslah bachay kay liye behat kumm thaa. 1978: teen saal praana seezan. paggat kii raaye kay bawajood solans kii muham 1978 mein khususi toor parr sprint kay fasilay parr chalayi gayee thee. inhon nay joone kay awail mein laperdistaven rees kors mein grop tharee baligan steaks mein pehli baar sharkat kii aur chaar saalah geeth raak kay baad dosray pasandidah kaa aaghaz kiyaa. tommy marfi kii sawari parr sawaar solans nay sharoo say hyee bartari say ikhtelaaf kiyaa aur belled raak kay sarr say jeeth liyaa. teen hafton baad solans kuu shaahi scoat mein paanch farlang parr grop winn king kay stend steaks kay liye klaas mein muntaqil kiyaa gayaa jiss mein asay paggat nay sawaar kiyaa aur 4/6 pasandidah sharoo kiyaa. iss nay sharoo honay kay foraa baad bartari haasil kirr lee aur final farlang mein tempel steaks faatah ocelite say chaar lambayi say jeetnay kay liye medaan say door how gayaa. apnee agli paishi parr solans nay neo market rees kors mein chh farlang parr grop winn jolayi cup kay liye 4/7 pasandidah sharoo kiyaa. iss tyme faarm mein jasay iss saal england mein behtareen sprint rees runn kay toor parr biyaan kiyaa gayaa thaa iss nay farlang kay baad bartari haasil kii double faarm kay challenge kuu peeche hataya aur francisi tarbiyat yaaftah flee senidki kii deer say dodh kuu rook kirr girdan say jeeth liyaa. agast mein yark rees kors mein solens nay paanch farlangz parr grop tuu waleem hull sprint champine ship kay liye 1/2 pasandidah kaa aaghaz kiyaa. iss nay sast rawee say dodh lagayi flay smarten kay baad aakhir say eek farlang kii bartari haasil kii aur deedh lambayi say jeeth liyaa. solens satambar mein airli/kolmor/kesal hyde champine ship kay liye karaag mein chh farlang parr ireland waps aayaa. inn afwahon kay bawajood kahh inhein eek dunn pehley choot lagee thee inhon nay pasandidah kheel sharoo kiyaa aur spense bay say teen lambayi say aasani say jeeth gayey. aktobar mein solans kuu laang champ rees kors mein 1000 metter say ziyadah kay fasilay parr pracks ddee lababay kay liye france bheja gayaa. inhon nay ghair mawafiq draa kay bawajood pasandidah aayee ddee 1 sharoo kiyaa leakin duu saalah francisi flee sagee nay inhein teen lenth say shakast dee. tashkhis. 1977 kay aairish free handicap mein solens kuu apnee nasal kaa dosra behtareen bachah qaraar diyaa gayaa apnay mustahkam saathi say paanch pound peeche apnee poori koshish karein. aazaad tyme faarm tanzim nay solans kuu 124 kii darjah bundi dee champine say chh pound peeche meeri poori koshish karein. aglay saal solans kuu tyme faarm kay lahaaz say 130 parr darjah diyaa gayaa jiss nay asay saal kaa behtareen sprinter qaraar diyaa. beenn alaqwami darjah bundi nay inhein 1978 kay teen saalah bachon mein aathwein number parr rakhaa juu eel ddee borban say saat pound kumm thaa. vincent awo brine nay solens kuu sabb say teez raftaar sprinter qaraar diyaa jiss kii inhon nay tarbiyat kii thee. stud record. solens resing say retire how gayaa thaa aur county tapreri mein laang feld stud mein eek afzaish nasal kaa stallin bunn gayaa thaa jiss kii qeemat cendication kay liye 800,000 pound thee. wah 1979 mein stud mein eek hyee seezan kay baad inteqal kirr gayey inn kii behtareen aulaad flay hunry kaa raaz thaa juu shahzadi margaret steaks mein dosray number parr rehaa aur 1982 mein tyme faarm kay lahaaz say asay 108 kaa darjah diyaa gayaa.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12188672

Topaz (hummingbird)

Topaz (hummingbird) Genus of birds The topazes are two species of hummingbirds in the genus Topaza. They are found in humid forests in the Amazon Basin. Males are by far the largest hummingbirds in their range – the giant hummingbird of the Andes is the only larger species in the family. Males have a total length of about , although this includes their elongated rectrices. They are colourful, being mainly strongly iridescent golden and crimson with a black hood and a green throat. Females lack the elongated rectrices and have a mainly green plumage. Taxonomy. The genus "Topaz" was introduced by the English zoologist George Robert Gray in 1840 with the crimson topaz as the type species. The genus contains two species, the crimson topaz and the fiery topaz. Although generally considered to be distinct species, they have in the past been thought to be conspecific by some authors. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

puj (hummingbird) tupaz hoise tupaja gonor dutaa projatir hummingbird. eibur aamajon owobahikar aardro oronyot puwa yaay. puruxbur teulukor porixoror bhitorot etiyaloike ataitkoi dangor hummingbird-andijor bixal hummingbird hoise poriyalor ekmatro dangor projati. puruxor muth doirghyo pray pray hoy, jodiu iyat teulukor dighol rectrice ontorbhukto thaake. eibur rongin, mulotoh koo "laa hood aaru xeujiya dingir xoite xoktixali bornil xunali aaru ronga rongor. mohilaxokolor dighol rectrichor obhab thaake aaru teulukor prodhankoi xeujiya paalok thaake. shrenibinyax. 1840 sonot ingraj pranibigyani jorjo robert greiye "pukhraj" gonor proborton korisil. resomson pujor xoite prokaror projati hisape. ei gonotut dutaa projati aase, remson puraj aaru fayari puraj. jodiu xadharonote iyak prithok projati buli gonyo koraa hoy, otitot kisuman lekhoke iyak nirdisto buli bhabisil.

pukhraj (hummingbird) pokhraj holl pokhraja goner hummingbirder duti prajati. eguli amazon abobahikar ardro bonanchole pawa yaay. purushra taader porisorer sabcheye borh hummingbird-andicer daitya hummingbird poribarer ekmatro borh prajati. purushder moat doirgho pray, jodio err modhye taader lomba rectricks antarbhukta royeche. eguli rongin, prodhanoto kaalo hood ebong sobuj galla soho shaktishali iridescent sonali ebong lalche. mohilader lomba ayatkhetrer abhab thaake ebong taader prodhanoto sobuj palok thaake. taxonomy. 1840 saale ingrez pranibigyani george robbert gray 'pokhraj' goner proborton corren. prokar prajati hisabe laal ronger pukhraj soho. eyi ganotite duti prajati royeche, laal ronger punj ebong jolonto punj. jodio sadharonoto swatantra prajati hisabe bibechito hoy, tobey atite kichhu lekhok taader sunirdishto boley money korechen.

pukhraj (hummingbird) topaz aee topaza jaatima hummingbirdnee beey prajaatio chhe. teo amazone tatpradeshma bhejwala jangaloma jovaa maley chhe. narr temnee shreneema atyaar sudhimaa sauthee motaa hummingbird chhe-andiesnu vishaal hummingbird aee kutumbamaa ekmatra motee prajaati chhe. narnee coole lambai lagbhag hoya chhe, jooe keey temaa temnaa lambaayela rectoriesno samaavesh thaay chhe. teo rangeen hoya chhe, mukhyatve kaalaa rangnaa dhhaankan aneey leela galaa saathe majboot reete rangeen soneri aneey kiramji hoya chhe. maadaoma lambachoras lambachorasno abhaav hoya chhe aneey temaa mukhyatve leela rangnaa pinchha hoya chhe. vargikaran. pupaz" jaatee 1840maan angrej pranishastri george roobert grey dwara rajoo karvaamaa aavee hatee. prakaarnee prajaati tareeke kiramji popaz saathe. aaa jaatima beey prajaatio chhe, kiramji popaz aneey agneemay popaz. saamanya reete alag prajaatio manvama aave chhe, tema chhataa bhutkaalmaa ketlaak lekhako dwara temne vishisht manvama aavtaa hataa.

topaaz (hummingbird) topazes genus topaza mein hummingbird kii dou prajaatiyan hain. way amazon besin mein aardr jangalon mein paae jaate hain. narr apani seema mein abb taka key sabse badey hummingbird hain-andes kaa vishal hummingbird parivaar mein ekmatra badee prajaati haye. purushon kii kull lambai lagbhag hoti haye, halanki isamen unake lambe rectric shamil hain. way rangeen hotey hain, mukhya roop seey kaale hood aur harey galey key saath majboot rangeen sunhara aur laal rung kaa hotaa haye. maadaon mein lambe rectric kii kamee hoti haye aur unamen mukhya roop seey harey pankh hotey hain. vargeekaran. genus "topaaz" koo 1840 mein angreji prani vigyaani george robbert gray dwara pesh kiya gayaa thaa. prakaar prajaati key roop mein laal rung key topaaz key saath. iss vansh mein dou prajaatiyan hain, laal rung kaa pokhar aur aag kaa pokhar. haalaanki aam taur parr alag-alag prajaatiyan maani jaati hain, lekin ateet mein kuchh lekhakon dwara unhein vishisht maanaa gayaa haye.

pudaj (humming burd) pudakagalu pudaka kulada eradu jaatiya humming birdsgalagive. avu amezon jalanayana pradeshada tevaamshavulla kadugalalli kandubaruttave. gandu pakshigalu tamma vyaaptiya atidodda humming bardgalaagive-andisna daitya humming burd ee kutumbadalli iruva ekaika dodda prabhedavagide. gandugalu ottu sumaru uddavannu hondiruttave, aadaagyoo idu avugala uddaneya rectrixgalannu olagondide. avu varnaranjitavagiddu, mukhyavaagi balavagi varnaranjitavaada chinnada mattu kappu hood mattu hasiru gantalinondige kandu bannadalliruttave. hennugalu uddaneya rectrixgalannu hondiruvudilla mattu mukhyavaagi hasiru garigalannu hondiruttave. vargeekarana. 1840ralli inglish praanishaastragna georg robbert gray avaru "pufaz" kulavannu parichayisidaru. kadugempu bannada pudakavannu jatiyante. ee kulavu eradu prabhedagalannu hondide, kadugempu bannada pudiga mattu uriyuva pudiga. samanyavagi vibhinn prabhedagalendu pariganisalaagiddaru, ee hinde kelavu lekhakaru avugalannu nirdishtavendu bhavisiddaru.

pulchaadukal (humming bared) topasa janussile rund inam humming pakshikalaanu topaasukal. aamason thadatthile eerppamulla vanangalilaanu iva kaanappedunnath. aann pakshikal avarude shreniyile ettavum valia humming pakshikalaanu-aandeesile bheeman humming bared maathramaan kudumbatthile oreyoru valia inam. purushanmaarkk motham neelam ekadesham undu, ennirunnaalum ithil avayude neelamulla rectrikal ulppedunnu. avaa varnnaabhamaayavayaan, pradhaanamaayum karutha hood pacha thondayum ulla sakthamaaya airisent svarnnavum chuvappum niramullavayaanu. penthumbikalkku neelamulla deerghachathurangal illa, avaykku pradhaanamaayum pacha thoovalukalundu. vargeekaranam. 1840ll engleesh suvolajist jorjju roobert greyaanu "topas" januss avatharippichathu. chuvanna pulchaadikal oru tharam inamaayi. eee janussil rund enangalundu, chuvanna pulchadiyum theepidicha pulchadiyum. saadhaaranayaayi vyathyastha inangalaayi kanakkaakkappedunnundu, chila ezhuthukaar munkaalangalil avaye nirddishtamaayi kanakkaakkiyirunnu.

pusaz (hummingbird) pukhraj yaa pukhraj vanshatil hamingbirdchya done prajati aahet. teey amazon khoyatil damat jangalat aadhaltat. narr heey tyanchya shrenitil sarvat mothe hummingbird aahet-andigecha vishal hummingbird hii kutumbatil ekmev mothee prajati aahe. purushanchi ekoon lambi sumare asate, jaree yaat tyanchya lamb rectrickscha samavesh asato. teey rangeet asatat, pramukhyane kalya hood aanee hiravya ghasa asalelya jordar indradhanushya soneri aanee kirmiji rangache asatat. madimadhye lamb rectricks nasatat aanee pramukhyane hiravya rangache pisare asatat. vargikaran. 1840 madhye ingraji pranishastradnya george robbert grey yanni 'pusaz' vansh parichay karoon deela. kirmiji pukhraj hii eka prakarchi prajati aahe. yaa vanshamadhye kirmiji pukhraj aanee agnimay pukhraj yaa done prajati aahet. jaree samanyatah vegalya prajati manalya jaat asalya taree, kahee lekhakanni purvi tyaa vishisht manalya aahet.

pukhraj (hummingbird) topazes genus topajama hamingbirdka dui prajati hun. tiniharu amazon besinko ardra junglema painchha. narharu tiniharuko dayarama sabaibhanda thulo hamingbirdharu hun-andiesko vishal hummingbird pariwarma ek matra thulo prajati how. purushharuko kull lambai lagbhag hunchha, yadyapi yasama tiniharuko lamo rectricksharu samawesh chhan. tiniharu rangin hunchhan, mukhyataya callo hood rar hariyo ghaantiko sath baliyo iridescent sunaulo rar lall rangka hunchhan. mahilaharuma lamo rectricko abhawa hunchha rar mukhyataya hariyo pisab hunchha. wargikaran. sann 1840 maa angreji pranishastri george robert gredwara "pokhraj" wanshako parichaya garaieko thiyo. prakarko prajatiko rupma lall pukharajko sath. yass wanshama duiwata prajatiharu chhan, crimson pukhraj rar agole bharieko pukhraj. yadyapi samanyataya farak prajatiharu maninchhan, vigatma kehi lekhakharule tiniharulai wishishta thaneka chhan.

pokhraj (hammingbird) topaz heuchhi topaja ganara duiti prajatira hammingbird. egudika aamajan ababahikara ardra jangalare dekhibaku milithae. purushamane semananka parisara madhyare sabutharu budd haaming bird-andijra bishala haaming bird heuchhi paribarara ekamatra bruhata prajati . purushamanankara mote dairghya pakhapakhi thaae, jadio ethire semanankara lamba rectricks antarbhukta . segudika rangeena, mukhyatah kalaa hood ebong sabuja galare drudha irecent subarna ebong laal rangara . mahilamananka madhyare lamba rectricera abhaba thaae ebong semanankara mukhyatah sabuja pakha thaae . bargikarana. 1840 masihare ingreja prani bigyani george robert grenka dwara 'pokhraj' banshara prabartana karajaithila. eka prakara prajati bhabe laal rangara pukhraj sahita. ehi ganare duiti prajati rahichhi, crimson pokharaj ebong agnimai pokharaj. jadio sadharanatah swatantra prajati bhabare bibechana karajae, ateetare keteka lekhakanka dwara segudiku nirdista bolly bibechana karajaichi .

puppaz (hummingbird) puttar-panchhi jeanus puttar-panchhi witch hummingbirds deeaan doou kisman hunn. uh aimazan besin witch namee vaale janglan witch paae jaande hunn. marad aapni rainz witch hunn takk dey sabh toon vadde hummingbird hunn-andes daa vishal hummingbird parivaar witch iklauta vadda prajati haii. mardan dee kull lambai lagbhag hundi haii, halanki iss witch uhanan dey lambe rectrick shamal hunde hunn. uh rangeen hunde hunn, mukkh taur 'teey kaale hood atey harey galey dey naal zordar chamakdar sunhiri atey laal hunde hunn. aurtan witch lambe rectricks dee ghaat hundi haii atey uhanan witch mukkh taur 'teey harey panchhi hunde hunn. vargikaran. jeanus "pukhraaz" dee shuruat 1840 witch angrezi prani vigiaani jaaraj robbert grey duaara keeti gaee see. kisam dee prajati dey roop witch laal putt dey naal. iss jeanus witch doou kisman hunn, laal putt atey agni putt. halanki aam taur utte vakkhariaan prajatiaan manniaan jandiaan hunn, parr ateet witch kujh lekhakan duaara uhanan noon vishesh manniaa jaanda riha haii.

pukharajah (hamming bird) putej ityete putej-vamshasya hamming-pakshinam dwayoh jaatau stah. te amazon-tatasya aardravanaani drushyante. purushaah swaparimaaneshu bruhattamaah hamming-pakshina santi-andees-vamshasya vishaalah hamming-pakshihi eva asya parivaarasya ekamaatrah bruhattaraah prajaatih asti. purushaanaam kula-dirghata praayah bhavati, yadyapi teshu teshaam deerghatamaah rectricks ityete antarbhavanti. te varnaranjitaah santi, mukhyataya prabalatayaa varnaranjaka-suvarnavarnasya, krushnavarnasya, krushna-shiraha, harita-kanthayuktaah cha santi. striyaasu deerghatamaah rectricks-ityetaani naa bhavanti, mukhyataya harita-plumage-yukttaah cha bhavanti. vargeekaranam. pokharaj" iti vamshasya parichayah aangl-praaneeshaastradnyah jaarj rabert grey ityanena 1840 tame varshe abhavat. prakaar-jaatiroopen krushnavarneeyam pushpam bhavati. asmin vamshasya krushnavarneeyam pushpam, agnivarneeyam pushpam cha iti dwayoh jaatayoh asti. yadyapi samanyataya vividhaani jaatayah iti manyate tathaapi poorvakaale kechan lekhakaah te vinirdishtaah iti manyante sma.

pooppal (humming paravai) poonjchaikal enbathu poonjchai inaththil ulla irandu vagaiyaana humming paravaikal aagum. avai amesan padugaiyil ulla eerappathamaana kaadugalil kaanappadugindrana. aann paravaikal avattrin varambil migap periya humming paravaikal-andis kudumbaththin maaperum humming paravai mattumae periya inamaagum. aangalin moththa neelam sumar aagum, iruppinum idhil avattrin neelamaana sevvagangalum adangkum. avai vannamayamaanavai, mukkiyamaaga valuvaana olirum thanga mattrum sivappu niraththil karuppu hood mattrum pacchai thondaiyudan ullana. penkal neelamaana sevvagangalaik kondirukkavillai mattrum mukkiyamaaga pacchai irakukalaik kondullana. vagaipiriththal. 1840 aam aandil aangkilaeya vilangkiyal nipunar jaarj robbert gray enbavaraal "tobas" endra paerinam arimugappaduththappattathu. sivappu nira poonjchai vagai inamaaga ullathu. inththa inaththil sivappu nira poonjchai mattrum neruppu poonjchai yena irandu inangkal ullana. podhuvaaga thaniththuvamaana inangkalaakak karudhappattaalum, avai kadantha kaalaththil sila ezhuththaalargalaal kuripittavai endru karudhappattullana.

pukka (humming burd) pudajaalu pudaja jaatiki chendina rendu jaatula humming birds. ivi amazon pareevaahaka praantamlooni thematho kuudina adavulalo kanipistaayi. maga pakshulu vaati paridhiloo atipedda humming pakshulu-andes yokka pedda humming burd kutumbamlo unna ekaika pedda jaathi. magavaariki mottam podavu sumaru untundi, ayithe indulo vaati podavaina rectrics untaayi. avi rangurangulavi, pradhanamgaa nallati hood mariyu aakupaccha gontuto balamaina prakaasavantamaina bangaaru mariyu erupu rangulo untaayi. aadavaariki podavaina rectrics undavu mariyu pradhanamgaa aakupaccha eekalu untaayi. vargeekarana. 1840loe aangla janthu shaastravetta georg robbert gray "pukhaj" jaatini pravesapettaaru. crimson pukkajutho rakam jaatulugaa. eee jaatilo crimson pukkulu mariyu mandutunna pukkulu anae rendu jaatulu unnaayi. saadhaaranamgaa vibhina jaatulugaa pariganhinchabadinappatiki, gatamlo kontamandi rachayitalu veetini nirdishtamainavigaa bhaavinchaaru.

popaz (humming bird) popazis popza jains mein humming birds kii duu aqsaam haine. wah emizon besan kay martub janglaat mein paaye jaatay haine. narr apnay silsilay mein abb takk kay sabb say baday humming bird haine-ands kaa washaal humming bird khaandaan kii waahid bury nasal hay. mardon kii kill lambayi taqriba hoti hay halankah iss mein inn kay lambay rectors shaamil haine. wah rangeen hotay haine bunyadi toor parr seeyah hudd aur sabz gulay kay saath mazbuti say chamakdar sunhari aur sarkh rung kay hotay haine. khwatin mein lambi rectriks kii kamee hoti hay aur inn mein bunyadi toor parr sabz pankh hotay haine. texonomy. popaz" jains kuu 1840 mein angrez maahir haiwaniyat jaarj raabart giray nay mutaarif karaya thaa. sarkh popaz kay saath batoor qasm kii nooa. iss jains mein duu anwaa haine sarkh popaz aur aatish gair popaz. agarcha aam toor parr alg anwaa samjhi jaati haine leakin maazi mein kachh masnafeen nay inhein makhsus samjha hay.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26557304

Universidad Católica de Oriente

Universidad Católica de Oriente Private university located in Rionegro, Antioquia Universidad Católica de Oriente (UCO) is a private Catholic university in Rionegro, Antioquia. Established in 1982, it is accredited by Ministry of National Education. The university comprises eight academic faculties: which are the Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Educational sciences, Health Sciences, Economic and Administrative sciences, Social sciences, Law, Engineering and the Faculty of Theology and Humanities. History. The statutes of the Universidad de Catolica de Oriente date back to 1982, when Monsignor Alfonso Uribe Jaramillo, bishop of Sonsón-Rionegro, founded the Universidad Catolica de Oriente. counting on the support of the Diocese of Sonson-Rionegro. In 1982, it was officially consolidated as a new higher education institution in Rionegro that would include its school, called Monseñor Alfonso Uribe Jaramillo, abbreviated MAUJ, also located in Rionegro.

universidade ketolika dha oriente universidade ketolika dii oriente (yuu. see. oo.) aee columbiana antioquiana reonegroma aaveli ketholik university chhe.

vishvavidyalaya kii maanyata universidad catalica dee orient (yuu. see. oh.) columbia key reongro, antioquia mein ack catholic vishvavidyalaya haye.

universidade katolika daad oriente universidad katolika dii oriente (yuu. see. oo.) heey reonegro, antioqviya, kolambiya yetheel eka catholic vidyapith aahe.

biswabidyalajara prachya junibharsidad katolika dii oriente' (jayu. sii. oh.) heuchhi columbiar antioquia rajyara reonegrore abasthita eka catholic biswabidyalaja.

university catolica dee oriente universiteed catolica dee oriente (yuu. see. ou.) ikk catholic university haii joe reonegro, antioqvia, columbia witch haii.

vishvavidyaalayasya vishishtataa universidad-ketolica-day-oriente (yoo. see. o.) iti columbia-deshasya reonegro-nagare sthitah catholic-vishvavidyaalayaha asti.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27821223

Cane Hill College

Cane Hill College Cane Hill College, originally Cane Hill School, was the first institution of higher learning in Arkansas. It operated in Canehill, Arkansas from 1834 until 1891. History. Cane Hill School (1834–1858). Cumberland Presbyterians founded a school in Cane Hill, Arkansas at a meeting on October 28, 1834. The Cane Hill School opened in 1835 and served the Northwest Arkansas region until it was renamed and chartered as Cane Hill Collegiate Institute. Cane Hill College became the third four-year institution in the state (after St. John's College and Arkansas College) on December 15, 1852 when an act was passed in the Arkansas Legislature. F. R. Earle ran the school from 1853 until its demise in 1891. Cane Hill College (1858–1891). Cane Hill College closed in 1861 during the American Civil War. After a Union victory at the Battle of Cane Hill in November 1862, federal soldiers occupied the town. In 1864, Union troops burned three of the four on-campus buildings. Only a dormitory survived. Cane Hill College reopened after the war and admitted its first female student in 1875 with the creation of the Female Department. The Female Department was absorbed into the rest of the college by 1877, and the college became coeducational. Disaster struck the evening of October 10, 1885 when the entire college burned to the ground. Arson was suspected but never proven. The chartering of the new state college, Arkansas Industrial University in Fayetteville, was a crippling blow to Cane Hill College. It closed its doors forever in 1891. Today. Canehill, Arkansas is now an unincorporated community in Northwest Arkansas. Only one building remains of Cane Hill College, the rebuilt school following the 1885 fire. After closing, the building was used by the Salem Congregation of the Cumberland Presbyterian Church for worship, then as a public school from 1919 to 1956. It is listed as "Cane Hill College Building" on the National Register of Historic Places. The Bell House is also still located on the old campus grounds. The Cumberland Presbyterians converted Cane Hill College into Arkansas Cumberland College and later University of the Ozarks, but college education never returned to Cane Hill. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

kenn hill kolej mulotoh kenn hill skool naamor kenn hill kolej aasil aarkansasor uscho xikhyar prothom protisthan. ee 1834 sonor poraa 1891 sonoloike aarkanchasor kenhilot kaam korisil. itihax. kenn hill skool (1834-1858). 1834 sonor 28 octoborot onusthito ekhon xobhat archanceusor kenn hilot comberland presbyterianxokole ekhon bidyaloy protistha korisil. 1835 sonot aarkanxaxor uttor-poschim oncholot ei bidyaloikhon mukoli koraa hoisil aaru iyar naam xoloni kori iyak kenn hill collegiate institut hisape chartered nokoraloike ei bidyaloikhone xewa aagborhaisil. kenn hill kolej rajyokhonor tritiyo chaari bosoriya protisthan hoi porisil (saintor pisot. jonos kolej aaru archanchas kolej) 1852 sonor 15 disemborot jetiya archanchas bidhan xobhat etaa aain grihit hoisil. ef. aar. 1853 sonor poraa 1891 sonot iyar mrityu huwaloike aarleye bidyaloikhon solaisil. kenn hill kolej (1858-1891). aamerikar grihojudhor xomoyot 1861 sonot kenn hill kolej bondho hoi goisil. 1862 sonor novembor maahot bet paharor juddhot ek union bijoyor pisot, federal xoinyoxokole sohorkhon dokhol korisil. 1864 sonot union xoinyoi xibiror sarita ottalikar bhitorot tinita jwolai disil. kewol etaa xoyonkhyohe jiyai aasil. juddhor pisot kenn hill kolej punor khula hoisil aaru 1875 sonot mohila bibhag sristir xoite iyar prothom mohila satrik naambhorti koraa hoisil. 1877 sonor bhitorot mohila bibhagtu mohabidyaloyor baaki ongxot ontorbhukto koraa hoisil, aaru mohabidyaloykhon xohoxikhyar bixoy hoi porisil. 1885 sonor 10 octoboror xondhiya durjugor xonmukhin hoisil jetiya xomogro mohabidyaloykhon maatit jwolai diya hoisil. ognixongzugor xondeh koraa hoisil kintu ketiyau promanito huwa nasil. faitvilor archanchas oudyugik biswobidyaloyor notun rajyik mohabidyaloyor chartering, bet pahariya mohabidyaloyor baabe ek porischonno aaghat aasil. 1891 sonot ee iyar duwar sirkalor baabe bondho kori disil. aaji. kenhill, aarkansas etiya uttor-poschim aarkansasot ek onigomito xomproday. 1885 sonor ognikandor pisot punor nirman koraa bidyaloitur kewol etaa ottalika kewol bet pahariya mohabidyaloyor owoxisto hoi aase. bondho huwar pisot, ei bhowontu cumberland presbyterian girjar chelem mondoliye pujar baabe byobohar korisil, taar pisot 1919 sonor poraa 1956 sonoloike rajohuwa bidyaloy hisape byobohar koraa hoisil. iyak oitihaxik sthanxomuhor rastriyo ponjiyonot "bet pahariya mohabidyaloy bhowon" hisape talikabhukto koraa hoise. bail housetu etiyau puroni campusor khelpotharot owosthito. comberland presbyterianxokole kenn hill collegeok archanchas comberland kolej aaru pisot oh 'jarks biswobidyaloyoloi rupantorit korisil, kintu collegeor xikhya ketiyau kenn hiloloi ghuri ohaa nasil.

keena hill college keena hill college, mulat keena hill school, chhilo arcansuser uchcho shikkhar prothom protisthan. etty 1834 theke 1891 saal porjonto arcansuser kenhille porichalito hoyechilo. itihas. beter pahader vidyalaya (1834-1858). 1834 saaler 28shhey octobor ekti boithoke cumberland presbyterianra arcansuser bett pahade ekti school protistha korey. 1835 saale bett pahadi schoolti khola hoy ebong uttor-poschim arcansus anchale kaaj korey jotokkhon naa etir naam poriborton korey bett pahadi collegiate institute hisabe chartered koraa hoy. keena hill college rajyer tritiya chaar bochorer protisthan hoye othe (seenta. john 'shha college ebong arcansus college) 15ee december, 1852 saale jokhon arcansus ainsabhai ekti aain pusses hoy. eff. arr. 1853 saal theke 1891 saale err mrityu porjonto earl vidyalayati porichalona korey. keena hill college (1858-1891). 1861 saale markin grihojuddher somoy keena hill college bondho hoye yaay. 1862 saaler novembore beter pahader juddhe ekti union bijoyer porr, yuktarashtriya sainyara shaharti dokhol korey. 1864 saale union sainyara campuser charti bhabaner modhye tinti pudiye deyo. shudhumatra ekti shayankaksa benche chhilo. juddher porr keena hill college punra khola hoy ebong 1875 saale mohila bibhag toirir madhyome prothom mohila shikkharthike bhorti koraa hoy. 1877 saaler modhye mohila bibhagti colleger bucky ongshe antarbhukta hoye yaay ebong collegeti sahoshikkha hoye othe. 1885 saaler 10ee octobor sandhyay biporjoy ghote jokhon puro collegeti pudey yaay. agnisanjoger sandeha koraa hoyechilo kintu kokhono promanito hoyney. notun rajyo college, fayeteviler arcansus shilp bishwobidyaloyer chartering, beter pahadi colleger jonno ekti pangu aghat chhilo. 1891 saale etty chirokaler jonno taar darja bondho korey deyo. aaz. kenhill, arcansus ekhon uttor-poschim arcansuser ekti onigomito sampradai. 1885 saaler agnikander porr punornirmankrito vidyalayati, beter pahader colleger ekti matro bhobon aboshishto royeche. bondho howar porr, bhabanti cumberland presbyterian girjar salem mandali dwara upasonar jonno byabohar koraa hoyechilo, tarpor 1919 theke 1956 saal porjonto ekti public school hisabe. etty oitihasik sthangulir jatiya registere "beter pahader college bhobon" hisabe talikabhukto. bell housety ekhono purno campuser maathe abosthito. cumberland presbyterianra beter pahader kolejke arcansus cumberland college ebong porey ozark bishwobidyaloyer modhye rupantarita korechilo, kintu college shikkha kokhonyi beter pahade firey aseni.

qena hill college qena hill college, mool reete qena hill school, arkansasma uchch shikshanni pratham sanstha hatee. teey 1834 thee 1891 sudhee canhill, arkansasma kaaryarat hatoo. itihas. qena hill school (1834-1858). cumberland presbyterian lokoae 28 october, october roj aek bethakma qena hill, arkansasma aek shaalaani sthaapnaa curry hatee. qena hill school school kholvaamaa aavee hatee aneey jyaan sudhee tenu naam badaline qena hill collegiate institute tareeke chartered karvaamaa naa aavyu tyaan sudhee uttarpashchim arkansas pradeshmaa sevaa aapee hatee. qena hill college raajyani triji chaar varshnee sanstha bunny (saint. john college aneey arkansas college) 15 december, december roj jyaare arkansas vidhansabhama aek kaayado pasaar karvaamaa aavyo hato. aef. aar. arley arley hato tenaa avsaan sudhee shaala chalaavi hatee. qena hill college (1858-1891). american gruh yuddh darmiyan darmiyan qena hill college bundh thaee gaee hatee. november november sherdini tekrini ladaima sanghnee jeet pachhi, sangheey sainikoae nagar parr kabajo karyo. karyo, sanghnaa sainikoae parisarni charmathi trana imaaratone baadee naakhi hatee. maatra aek shayangruh bachee gayoo. qena hill college yuddh pachhi pharii kholvaamaa aavee aneey aneey maheela vibhagni rachnaa saathe tenee pratham maheela vidhyarthinine dakhal karvaamaa aavee. 1877 sudhimaa maheela vibhagne baakinaa collegemaa samaavi levaamaa aavyo hato aneey college sahshaikshanik bunny hatee. 10 october, chhe sanje aapatti aavee jyaare samagr college baleene khaakh thaee gaee. aagajanini shankaa hatee parantu kyaarey saabit thaee nahoti. fayettavilemaa arcansas audhyogik universityni navee raajy collegeni charter, sherdi hill college maate aek apang fatako hato. hato tene tenaa darvaja kaayam maate bundh curry deedhaa hataa. aaje. canhill, arkansas havey uttarpashchim arkansasma aek binsangathit samudaay chhe. sherdi tekrini collegeni maatra aek jaj imaarat baakee chhe, chhe aag pachhi punhbield shaala. bundh thayaa pachhi, aaa imaaratno upyog cumberland presbyterian churchna salem mandal dwara pujaa maate karvaamaa aavyo hato, pachhi 1919 thee 1956 sudhee jaaher shaala tareeke. teey aitihasik sthaloni raashtriy nondhani parr "sherdi tekrini college building" tareeke soochibaddh chhe. bail house pann haju pann junaa parisarnaa medaan parr stheet chhe. cumberland presbyterian lokoae qena hill collegene arkansas cumberland college aneey pachhithi ozark universityma rupantarit curry, parantu collegenu shikshan kyaarey qena heelmaan paachhu aavyu nahee.

caine hill college caine hill college, mool roop seey caine hill school, arconsus mein uchch shiksha kaa pahala sansthaan thaa. yeh 1834 seey 1891 taka kenhill, arconsus mein sanchaalit huaa. itihas. caine hill school (1834-1858). comberland presbyterian ney 28 octuber, 1834 koo ack baithak mein bent pahaadi, arconsus mein ack school kii sthaapana kii. bent pahaadi school 1835 mein khola gayaa aur uttar-paschim arconsus kshetra mein taba taka seva kii jaba taka kii iska naam badalkar bent pahaadi mahavidyalaya sansthaan key roop mein chartered naheen kiya gayaa. caine hill college raajya mein teesara chaar varsheeya sansthaan bunn gayaa (sent key baad. johnn college aur arconsus college) 15 disambar, 1852 koo jaba arconsus vidhaayika mein ack adhiniyam paarit kiya gayaa thaa. aff. aar. earl ney 1853 seey 1891 mein apani mrityu taka school chalaaya. caine hill college (1858-1891). caine hill college 1861 mein americi grihyuddh key dauran bund hoe gayaa. navambar 1862 mein bent kii pahaadi kii ladaai mein ack sangh kii jeet key baad, sanghiya sainikon ney shahar parr kabja curr liya. 1864 mein, sangh key sainikon ney parisar mein chaar imaraton mein seey teen koo jalaa diyaa. kewal ack shayankaksh bachaa thaa. yuddh key baad caine hill college phir seey khul gayaa aur 1875 mein mahila vibhaag key nirmaan key saath apani pahali mahila chhaatra koo bharti kiya. mahila vibhaag koo 1877 taka college key baaki hisson mein shamil curr liya gayaa aur college saha-shaikshik bunn gayaa. 10 octuber, 1885 kii shaam koo aapada aaee jaba puuraa college jalkar khaak hoe gayaa. aagajani kaa sandeh thaa lekin kabhi saabit naheen huaa. nae raajya mahavidyalaya, fayettaville mein arconsus audyogik vishvavidyalaya kaa charter, bent pahaadi mahavidyalaya key liye ack apang jhataka thaa. 1891 mein isane apane darwaaje hamesha key liye bund curr diye. aaj. kenhill, arconsus abb uttar-paschim arconsus mein ack anigamit samudaay haye. caine hill college kii kewal ack imarat bachee haye, 1885 kii aag key baad punarnirmit school. bund honey key baad, imarat kaa upayog pooja key liye comberland presbyterian church kii selam mandali dwara kiya gayaa thaa, phir 1919 seey 1956 taka ack saarvajanik vidyalaya key roop mein. ise aitihaasik sthaanon key rashtriya register parr "bent pahaadi college bhawan" key roop mein soochibaddh kiya gayaa haye. ghanti ghar abhee bhee puraane parisar key maidan mein sthit haye. comberland presbyterian ney caine hill college koo arconsus comberland college aur baad mein ozarcs vishvavidyalaya mein badal diyaa, lekin college kii shiksha kabhi bhee caine hill mein naheen lauti.

caine hill kaaleju moolatah caine hill shaaleyaada caine hill kaaleju arkansasnallina unnata shikshanada modala samstheyaagide. idu 1834rinda 1891ravarege arkansasna kenhilnalli kaaryanirvahisitu. itihaasa. kabbina bettada shaale (1834-1858). 1834rahra october 28randu nadeda sabheyalli comberland presbyteriannaru arkansasna caine hilnalli ondu shaaleyannu sthaapisidaru. 1835ralli caine hill shaleyu praarambhavaayitu mattu vayuvya arkansas pradeshakke seve sallisitu, adannu caine hill collegiate institute endu marunamakarana maadalaayitu mattu chartered maadalaayitu. caine hill kaaleju rajyada moorane naalku varshagala samstheyaagide (saint nantara. johns kaaleju mattu arkansas kaaleju) december 15,1852 randu arkansas shasakangadalli ondu kaayideyannu angeekarisidaaga. eff. aarr. 1853rinda 1891ralli adara nidhanadavaregu earl ee shaaleyannu nadesitu. caine hill kaaleju (1858-1891). 1861ralli americada antaryuddhada samayadalli caine hill kaaleju muchchalpattitu. 1862rahra novembernalli kabbina bettada yuddhadalli okkootada vijayada nantara, samyukta sainikaru pattanavannu aakramisikondaru. 1864ralli, okkootada padegalu campasnalliruva naalku kattadagalli moorannu suttuhaakidavu. ondu vasatigruha maatra ulidukonditu. yuddhada nantara caine hill kaaleju matte tereyitu mattu 1875ralli mahila vibhagada ranchaneyondige adara modala mahila vidyarthiyannu serisikonditu. 1877rahra velege mahila vibhagavannu collegina ulida bhagagalige serisalaayitu mattu kaaleju sahashikshanavaayitu. 1885rahra october 10rahra sanje idee kaaleju suttu karakaladaga duranta sambhavisitu. agni avaghadada shanke ittu aadare adhu endigoo sabitagalilla. phayettevilleyalliruva arkansas kaigarika vishvavidyaanilayada hosa raajya collegina chartering, kabbina bettada kaalejige ondu durbala hodetavagittu. 1891ralli adhu tanna bagilugalannu shaashvatavaagi muchchitu. indu. arkansasna caine hill eega vayuvya arkaansaasnalliruva ondu asanghatita samudaayavaagide. 1885rahra benkiya nantara punarnirmisalada shaaleyaada kabbina bettada collegina onde ondu kattadavu ulidide. muchchida nantara, ee kattadavannu comberland presbyterian churchna selam sabeyu pujakkagi balasitu, nantara 1919 rinda 1956 ravarege saarvajanika shaaleyaagi balasalaayitu. idannu aitihaasika sthalagala rashtriya nondaniyalli "kabbina bettada kaaleju kattada" endu patti maadalaagide. bell house innoo haleya campus maidaanadallide. comberland presbyteriannaru caine hill kaalejannu arkansas comberland kaaleju mattu nantara ozarks vishvavidyaanilayavaagi parivartisidaru, aadare kaaleju shikshanavu endigoo caine hilge maralalilla.

qeena hiill mahavidhyalay moolchi qeena hiill shaala asaleli qeena hiill college hii arkansasmadhil uchch shikshanachi pahili sanstha hotee. 1834 teey 1891 paryant tee arkansaschya kenhilmadhye karyarat hotee. itihas. qeena hiill school (1834-1858). comberland presbyterianne 28 aktoobar 1834 roji eka baithakit arkansaschya qeena hilmadhye eka shaala sthapan kelee. 1835 madhye qeena hiill shaala ughadali gelee aanee vayavya arkansas pradeshat seva kelee, joparyant tiche naav badaloon cann hiill collegiate institute asey kele gele. qeena hiill mahavidhyalay hii rajyatil tisari chaar varshanchi sanstha bunley (seent. johns college aanee arkansas college) 15 december 1852 roji jevha arkansas vidhimandalat eka kayada manjur karnyat aala. eff. aar. earl 1853 pasoon 1891 madhye tyachya nidhanaparyant hii shaala chalvat hotee. qeena hiill mahavidhyalay (1858-1891). american yadavi yuddhachya kalat 1861 madhye qeena hiill mahavidhyalay bund jhaale. november 1862 madhye bent tekadichya ladhait sangharajyacha vijay jhalyanantar, sangharajyiy sainikanni shahar tabyat ghetale. 1864 madhye unionchya sainyane campusemadhil charpaiki teen imarati jaalalya. keval eka shayangruh urale. yuddhanantar qeena hiill mahavidhyalay punha ughadale gele aanee 1875 madhye mahila vibhagachya nirmitisah tyachya pahilya vidyarthinila pravesh deela. 1877 paryant mahila vibhag urvarit mahavidhyalayat villin jhaala aanee mahavidhyalay sahshaikshanik jhaale. 10 aktoobar aahe sandhyakali sampoorn mahavidhyalay jaloon khaq jhaale. jaalpol jhalyacha sanshay hota parantu teey kadhihi siddha jhaale nahee. faitwhillmadhil arkansas audhyogik vidyapith yaa naveen rajya mahavidhyalayache bhadekarutva milane haah qeena hiill mahavidhyalayasathi eka apramanik dhakka hota. 1891 madhye tyane tyache darvaje kayamche bund kele. aaj. kenhill, arkansas haah aata vayavya arkansasmadhil eka asanghatit samuday aahe. aahe aaginantar punha bandhanyat aaleli shaala hii qeena hiill mahavidhyalayachi keval eka imarat aahe. bund kelyanantar, hii imarat comberland presbyterian charchchya salem mandaladvare pujesathi, nantar 1919 teey 1956 paryant sarvajanik shaala mhanoon vaparali gelee. tee aitihasik sthalanchya rashtriy nondanivar 'qeena hiill college building' mhanoon soochibaddha aahe. ghantaghar ajunahi junya parisarachya maidanavar aahe. comberland presbyterian lokanni qeena hiill mahavidhyalayache arkansas comberland mahavidhyalay aanee nantar ozark vidyapithat rupantar kele, parantu mahavidhyalayin shikshan kadhihi qeena hilmadhye parat aale nahee.

keyne hill college keyne hill college, muel rupma keyne hill schol, arkansasma uccha shikshako pahilo sanstha thiyo. yasale sann 1834 dekhi 1891 samma arkansasko kenhilma sanchalan गऱ्यो।. itihas. keyne hill schol (1834-1858). comberland presbyterianharule october 28,1834 maa euta baithakma keyne hill, arkansasma euta vidyalaya sthapana gare. keyne hill schol 1835 maa kholieko thiyo rar yasalai keyne hill collegiate sansthanko rupma punah namkaran rar chartered nabhaesamma uttarapashchim arkansas kshetrako sewa गऱ्यो।. keyne hill college rajyako tesro chaar warshe sanstha banyo (cent pachhi. john college rar arkansas college) december 15,1852 maa jab arkansas wyawasthapikama euta aina parit bhayo. ef. arr. arlale sann 1853 dekhi sann 1891 maa yasako nidhan nabhaesamma vidyalaya chalaeko thiyo. keyne hill college (1858-1891). keyne hill college sann 1861 maa americi grihayudhako samayama banda bhayo. november 1862 maa beta pahadko yudhama union vijayapachhi, sanghiya sainikharule sahar kabja gare. sann 1864 maa unionka senale campuska charawata bhawanmadhye tinlai jalae. euta shayankaksha matra baancheko thiyo. yuddhapachhi keyne hill college punah kholiyo rar sann 1875 maa mahila vibhagko sirjanasangai yasako pahilo mahila vidyarthi bharna bhayo. mahila vibhag sann 1877 sammama collegeko baanki bhagma samahit bhayo, rar college saha-shaikshik banyo. october 10,1885 ko sanjhama prakop ayo jab sampurna college jaminma jaleko thiyo. ago lageko shanka thiyo tara kahilyai pramanit bhaena. nayan rajya collegeko charter, feyetbhilko arkansas audyogik vishwavidyalaya, keyne hill kalejka lagi ek ashakta prahar thiyo. yasale sann 1891 maa afna dhoka sadaka lagi banda गऱ्यो।. az. kenhill, arkansas ahile uttarapashchim arkansasko ek anigamit samudaya how. keyne hill collegeko euta matra bhawan baanki chha, sann 1885 ko agalagipachhi punarnirman garieko vidyalaya. banda bhaepachi, bhawanlai comberland presbyterian charchako salem mandalile pujaka lagi prayog gareko thiyo, tyasapachhi sann 1919 dekhi 1956 samma sarvajanik vidyalayako rupma. yasalai aitihasik sthanharuko rashtriya registerma "keyne hill college bhawan" ko rupma suchibadha garieko chha. bayle house pani ajhai purano campus maidanma awasthit chha. comberland presbyterianharule keyne hill kalejlai arkansas comberland college rar pachhi ozark vishwavidyalayama rupantaran gare, tara college shiksha kahilyai keyne hilma farkin sakena.

caine hill college caine hill college, moolatah caine hill skul, archancesor uccha sikhyara pratham anusthana thila . ehaa 1834 ru 1891 parjyanta archancesor kenhilare karjya karithila . itihas. caine hill skul (1834-1858). 1834 masiha october 28 tarikhare eka baithakare, comberland presbyteriance archansasra caine hilre eka bidyalaja pratistha karithile. 1835 masihare caine hill skula kholithila ebong uttara-paschima archansas anchalare seba pradan karithila, jeparjyanta ehara naama paribartana karajai caine hill collegiate institute bhabe manyata pradan karajai nathila. caine hill college rajyara truteeja chaari barshar anusthanare parinata hoithila (cent. zohn 'shh college ebong archansas college) december 15,1852 ray jetebele archansas bidhanasabhare eka adhiniam parita hoithila . aif. aarr. arle 1853 ru 1891 ray ehara mrutyu parjyanta bidyalaja chalaithila . caine hill college (1858-1891). 1861 masihare americara gruhajudha samajare caine hill college banda hoijaithila. 1862 masiha navember maasare beta pahad juddhare eka sangha bijai parey, sangheeah sainikamane saharaku adhikara karithile. 1864 masihare, union sainyamane campsray thiba charoti attalika madhyaru tinoti jaali deithile. kebala eka shajanakhya banchithila. juddha parey caine hill college punarbara kholithila ebong 1875 ray mahila bibhagara srusti sahita ehara pratham mahila chhatranku bhartti karithila . 1877 masiha suddha mahila bibhagati colleger abasista anshare antarbhukta hoithila, ebong kalejati sahashikhya laabh karithila. 1885 masiha october 10 tarikh sandhyare biparjya ghatithila, jetebele samagra college jali jaithila. agnikanda sandeha karajauthila kintu kebe pramanita hoinathila. phajetabhilare thiba nutan rajya mahabidyalaja, archansas shilpa biswabidyalajara chartaring, caine hill college paain eka apakarajanaka aaghata thila . 1891 masihare ehaa sabuddin paain ehara dwara banda karideithila. aaji. kenhill, archansas bartamana uttara-paschima archancesre eka anigamita sampradai . caine hill colleger kebala gotie kotha abasista rahichhi, 1885 agnikanda parey punarnirmit bidyalaja. banda heba parey, ehi attalikati kumberland presbyterian churcher salem mandali dwara pooja paain byabahruta hoithila, taa 'parey 1919 ru 1956 parjyanta eka sarkari bidyalaja bhabare. ehaa aitihasika stanagudikara jatiah rejistarare "caine hill college building" bhabare talikabhukta . bail houses madhya ebebi puruna camps graundare abasthita . comberland presbyterianmane caine hill kalejaku archansas comberland college ebong parey ozarcs biswabidyalajare parinata karithile, kintu college sikhya kebe bii caine hill ku ferry nathila .

caine hill kaalaj caine hill kaalaj, mool roop witch caine hill school, arconsas witch ucch sikkhiaa daa pahila sansthan see. ih 1834 toon 1891 takk kenhill, arconsas witch kamm karda riha. itihaas. caine hill school (1834-1858). comberland presbyterians neey 28 aktubar, 1834 noon ikk meating witch caine hill, arconsus witch ikk school dee sathapana keeti. caine hill school 1835 witch kholhiaa giaa atey uttar-pachmi arconsus khetar dee seva keeti jadon takk iss daa naam badal keey caine hill colgiate institute vajon charter naheen keeta giaa. caine hill kaalaj raaj daa teeja chaar saala sansthan bann giaa (cent. johns kaalaj atey arconsas kaalaj) 15 dasambar, 1852 noon jadon arconsas vidhan sabha witch ikk aikat paas keeta giaa see. eff. aar. arle neey 1853 toon 1891 witch aapni maut takk school chalaiaa. caine hill kaalaj (1858-1891). caine hill kaalaj sann 1861 witch amriki gharelu yuddh dauran bnd hoow giaa see. navambar 1862 witch bainn hill dee ladai witch union dee jitt toon baad, sanghi sainikan neey shehar utte kabza qarr liaa. sann 1864 witch union dey sainikan neey camps deeaan chaar imaratan vicchon tinn noon saad ditta. siraf ikk hostal bachiaa. caine hill kaalaj yuddh toon baad dubara khulhiaa atey 1875 witch mahila vibhag dee sirjana naal aapni pahili mahila vidiaarthi noon dakhal keeta. mahila vibhag noon 1877 takk kaalaj dey baaki hissiaan witch shamal qarr liaa giaa see, atey kaalaj sahi-sikkhiaa bann giaa see. 10 aktubar 1885 dee shaam noon tabahi aaee jadon poora kaalaj shudd keey suaah hoow giaa. aggajani daa shakk see parr kadey saabat naheen hoiaa. navein state kaalaj, faetville witch arconsas industrial university dee chartership, caine hill kaalaj laee ikk apahaj jhatka see. iss neey 1891 witch aapne darwaze hamesha laee bnd qarr ditte. ajj. canhill, arconsas hunn uttar-pachmi arconsas witch ikk gair-sangathit bhaichara haii. caine hill kaalaj dee siraf ikk imaarat bachi haii, 1885 dee agg toon baad mudd banaiaa giaa school. bnd honn toon baad, imaarat dee varton comberland presbyterian church dee salem sangat duaara pooja laee keeti gaee see, firr 1919 toon 1956 takk ikk public school vajon. iss noon itihasak sathanan dey rashtari register utte "caine hill kaalaj building" vajon suchibadh keeta giaa haii. ghanti gharr vee ajey vee purane camps dey maidaan witch sathit haii. comberland presbyterianan neey caine hill kaalaj noon arconsas comberland kaalaj atey baad witch ozerks university witch badal ditta, parr kaalaj dee sikkhiaa kadey vee caine hill witch waps naheen aaee.

kenn hill mahaavidyaalayaha moolatah kenn hill vidyaalayah, kenn hill mahaavidyaalayaha, arkansas-nagarasya prathamaa ucchashikshanasamstha aasit. 1834 taha 1891 paryantam arkansas-nagarasya kenhill-nagare etat karyam krutavaan. itihaasah. kenn hill vidyaalayah (1834-1858). cumberlyaand-presbyterians-janaah 1834 october 28 dinaanke ekasmin sabhayam arkansas-nagarasya kenn-hill-nagare vidyaalayam asthaapayan. 1835 tame varshe kenn-hill-vidyaalayah udghaatitah, vaayavya-arkansas-pradeshe sevaa-pradatta, yaavat tasya namakaranam kenn-hill-collegiate-institute iti cha naa abhavat. kenn hill mahaavidyaalayaha rajyasya truteeyah chaturwaarshikah samsthaa abhavat (sent-ityasya anantaram. jaan-mahaavidyaalayaha tathaa arkansas-mahaavidyaalayaha cha) 1852 december 15 dinaanke yadaa arkansas-vidhayikayam ekam adhiniyamah sweekrutah. cha. aar. arle-samsthaa 1853 taha 1891 tame varshe tasya mrutyuparyantam vidyaalayam sanchalayat. kenn hill mahaavidyaalayaha (1858-1891). 1861 tame varshe amerikaadeshasy gruhayuddhakaale kenn-hill-mahaavidyaalayaha bandhitah. 1862 tame varshe november-maase beneeparvatasya yuddhe sanghasya vijayaanantaram sanghasya sainikaah nagaram gruheetavantah. 1864 tame varshe, sanghasya sainikaah parisarasya chaturshu bhavaneshu treeni agninaa dagdhavantah. kevalam ekam shayanagruham eva avashishtam. yuddhanantaram kenn-hill-mahaavidyaalayaha punah udghaatitah, 1875 tame varshe mahilaa-vibhaagasya nirmanena prathamam mahilaa-vidyaarthineem cha pravesham dattavaan. 1877 tame varshe mahilaa-vibhaagah mahaavidyaalayasya sheshabhage vileeneekrutah, mahaavidyaalayaha sahashikshanaatmakah abhavat. 1885 october 10 dinaanke sayankale vipattaa abhavat yadaa sampoornah mahaavidyaalayaha jwaalayat. agnisamyogah shankitah aasit, parantu kadaapi naa siddhah. faitwille-nagarasya arkansas-audyogika-vishvavidyaalayasya nutanasya rajya-mahaavidyaalayasya anusthaapanam, kenn-hill-mahaavidyaalayasya krute apakarakaram aasit. 1891 tame varshe saha swasya dwaaraani sarvadaa krute bandhayat. adya. kenn hill, arkansas iti adhunaa vaayavya-arkansas-pradeshe ekam anigamita-samudayah asti. kena hill mahaavidyaalayasya kevalam ekaha bhawanah eva avashishtah asti, 1885 tame varshe agnisrushteh anantaram punarnirmitah vidyaalayah. bandasya anantaram, bhavanasya upayogam comberland-presbyterian-charcha ityasya selam-mandalen pujartham krutam, tatah 1919 taha 1956 paryantam saarwajanik-vidyaalayaroopen cha. aitihasikasthananam rashtriya-panjikaayaam etat "kenn-hill-college-building" iti suchyam krutam asti. bell-house api adyapi puraatane parisarasya kshetre asti. comberland-presbyterians-janaah kenn-hill-mahaavidyaalayam arkansas-comberland-mahaavidyaalayam, anantaram ozaarks-vishvavidyaalayam cha iti parivartayan, parantu mahaavidyaalaya-shiksha kadaapi kenn-hill-ityatra naa pratyaagatavatee.

caine hiill kalluri karumbu malaik kalluri, muthalil karumbu malaip palli, argansasil uyarkalvi payintra muthal niruvanamaagum. idhu 1834 muthal 1891 varai argansassin canhillil iyangki vanthathu. varalaaru. karumbu malaip palli (1834-1858). comberland prespitariangal october 28,1834 andru oru koottaththil argansasil ulla karumbu malaiyil oru palliyai niruvinar. karumbu malaip palli 1835 ill thirakkappattathu mattrum vadamaerku argansas piraanthiyaththirku saevai seithathu, idhu karumbu malai kalluri niruvanam endru marupeyaridappattu pattayappaduththappattathu. karumbu malaik kalluri maanilaththin moontraavathu naanku aandu niruvanamaaga maariyathu (St. johns kalluri mattrum argansas kalluri) disambar 15,1852 andru argansas sattamandraththil oru sattam niraivaettrappattathu. eff. aarr. 1853 muthal 1891 ill adhan maraivu varai erley palliyai nadaththinaar. caine hiill kalluri (1858-1891). 1861 aam aandil america ullnaattup poarin poathu karumbu malaik kalluri moodappattathu. 1862 novemberil karumbu malaip poaril oru union vetrtrikkup piragu, koottaatchi veerargal nagaraththai aakkiramiththanar. 1864 aam aandil, thozhirchanga thuruppukkal valaagaththin naanku kattidangalil moontrai eriththana. oru thangkumidam mattumae uyir pizhaiththathu. karumbu malaik kalluri poarukkup piragu meendum thirakkappattathu mattrum 1875 aam aandil penn thuraiyai uruvaakkuvathan moolam adhan muthal penn maanavarai anumathiththathu. 1877aam aandukkul kallooriyin mattra pakuthikalilum penn thurai inaikkappattathu, maelum kalluri inai kalviyaaga maariyathu. 1885 october 10aam thaethi maalai muzhuvathum kalluri muzhuvathum erinththu saambalaayina. theevaippu santhekikkappattathu, aanaal adhu niroopikkappadavillai. fietville ulla argansas thozhilthurai palkalaikkazhagaththin puthiya maanila kallooriyin pattayappadippu, karumbu malaik kallurikku oru mudakkum adiyaaga irunththathu. 1891ill adhu adhan kadhavugalai endrendrum moodiyathu. intru. canhill, argansas ippoathu vadamaerku argansasil oru inaikkappadaatha samoogamaagum. 1885 thee vibaththaith thodarnthu meendum kattapatta palliyaana karumbu malaik kallooriyin oray oru kattidam mattumae enjchiyullathu. moodappatta piragu, kattidam comberland prespidean devalayaththin saelam sabaiyaal vazhipaattirkaagavum, pinnar 1919 muthal 1956 varai oru podhup palliyaagavum payanpaduththappattathu. idhu varalaattru idangkalin thaesiya pathivaettil "karumbu malai kalluri kattidam" endru pattiyalidappattullathu. manii illamum innum pazhaiya valaaka maithaanaththil amainthullathu. comberland prespitariangal karumbu malaik kalluri argansas comberland kallooriyaagavum pinnar ooskaarkugalin palkalaikkazhagamaagavum maattrinar, aanaal calluric kalvi orupoathum karumbu malaikku thirumbavillai.

kenn hill kalaasaala modata karra konda paatasaala ayina karra konda kalaasaala, arkansaslo unnata vidyaku modati samstha. idhi 1834 nundi 1891 varaku arkaansaasloni kenhillo panichesindi. charitra. karra konda paatasaala (1834-1858). 1834 aktobaru 28naa jarigina samavesamlo comberland presbyterianlu arkaansaasloni karra kondalo oka paatasaalanu sthaapinchaaru. 1835loe karra konda paatasaala praarambhinchabadindi mariyu vaayuvya arkansas praantaaniki sevalu andinchindi, dheeniki karra konda kalaasaala samsthagaa paeru maarchabadindi. karra konda kalaasaala raashtramlo moodava naalugu samvatsaraala samsthagaa maarindi (St. zaan kalaasaala mariyu arkansas kalaasaala) december 15,1852naa arkansas saasanasabhalo oka chattam aamodinchabadinappudu. eff. aarr. erley 1853 nundi 1891loe daani maranam varaku paatasaalanu nadipindi. kenn hill kalaasaala (1858-1891). 1861loe american poura yuddham samayamlo karra konda kalaasaala moosiveyabadindi. 1862 navambarulo cheraku konda yuddhamlo union vijayam taruvaata, samakhya sainikulu pattanaanni aakramincharu. 1864loe union dalaalu campus looni naalugu bhavanaalalo moodintini tagalabettaayi. oka vasati gruham matrame batiki undhi. yuddham taruvaata karra konda kalaasaala tirigi teravabadindi mariyu 1875loe mahilaa vibhagam srushtitoe daani modati mahilaa vidyaarthini pravesapettindi. 1877 natiki mahilaa vibhagam migilina kalasalalo vileenam cheyabadindi, mariyu kalaasaala sahavidyagaa maarindi. 1885 aktobaru 10 saayantram kalaasaala mottam agniki aahutainappudu vipattu sambhavinchindi. kaalpulu jaripaarani anumaaninchabadindi conny ennadoo niroopinchabadaledu. fayetvilleloni arkansas paarisraamika vishwavidyaalayam anae kotta rashtra kalaasaalanu charter cheyadam, karra konda kalaasaalaku debba. 1891loe daani talupulu saasvatamgaa moosiveyabaddaayi. eee roeju. caine hill, arkansas ippudu vaayuvya arkansaslo oka incorporated community. 1885 agnipramaadam taruvaata punarnirminchina paatasaala, cheraku konda kalaasaala yokka oke oka bhavanam migili undhi. moosivesina taruvaata, eee bhavananni comberland presbyterian charchi yokka saelam sangham aaradhana kosam upayoginchindi, taruvaata 1919 nundi 1956 varaku prabhutva paatasaalagaa upayoginchabadindi. idhi chaaritraka pradaesaala jaateeya registerlo "karra konda kalaasaala bhavanam" gaa jabita cheyabadindi. bell house ippatikee paatha campus maidaanamlo undhi. comberland presbyterianlu karra konda kalaasaalanu arkansas comberland kalasalaga, taruvaata ojaarkula vishwavidyaalayamgaa marcharu, conny kalaasaala vidya eppuduu karra kondaku tirigi raaledu.

keenn hull college keenn hull college asl mein keenn hull school aarkansas mein aalee taleem kaa pehla idaarah thaa. yaha 1834 say 1891 takk keenn hill aarkansas mein kaam kartaa rehaa. tareekh. keenn hull school (1834-1858). comberland presbyterenz nay 28 aktobar 1834 kuu eek metting mein keenn hill aarkansas mein eek school kii bunyaad rakhee. keenn hull school 1835 mein khola gayaa aur shamaal maghrabi aarkansas kay elaqay mein iss waqat takk kaam kartaa rehaa jabb takk kahh iss kaa naam badal kirr keenn hull college insity teut kay toor parr charter nahein kiyaa gayaa. keenn hull college riyasat kaa teesra chaar saalah idaarah bunn gayaa (sent kay baad. jaanz college aur aarkansas college) 15 dasambar 1852 kuu jabb aarkansas maqnanah mein eek qanoon manzoor kiyaa gayaa. aif. aar. arlay nay 1853 say 1891 mein apnay inteqal takk school chalaya. keenn hull college (1858-1891). keenn hull college 1861 mein americi khaanah jangi kay doraan bund how gayaa. nomber 1862 mein keenn hull kii jung mein union kii fatah kay baad wafaqi fojiyon nay shehar parr qabzah kirr liyaa. 1864 mein union kay fojiyon nay camps kii chaar emaraton mein say teen kuu jalaa diyaa. sarf eek haastal bach gayaa. keenn hull college jung kay baad dobarah khill gayaa aur 1875 mein khwatin mohkamah kii takhliq kay saath iss kii pehli khaatun talibah kuu daakhlah diyaa gayaa. 1877 takk khwatin kaa shobah baaqi college mein zam how gayaa aur college shareek taleemi bunn gayaa. 10 aktobar 1885 kii shaam kuu tabahi aayee jabb poraa college jall kirr zameen parr jaa giraa. aatish zadgi kaa shabah thaa leakin kabhi saabat nahein hawaa. nayey steat college fight will mein aarkansas industrail university kii chartering keenn hull college kay liye eek kamzor dhachka thaa. iss nay 1891 mein apnay darwazay hamishah kay liye bund kirr diye. aaj. keenn hill aarkansas abb shamaal maghrabi aarkansas mein eek ghair marbut community hay. keenn hull college kii sarf eek emarat baaqi hay juu 1885 kii aag kay baad dobarah tameer shadah school hay. bund honay kay baad iss emarat kuu comberland presbyterian charch kii saleem jamaat nay ibadat kay liye istemaal kiyaa phir 1919 say 1956 takk eek publik school kay toor parr. asay tarikhi maqamat kay qomi register parr "keenn hull college building" kay toor parr darj kiyaa gayaa hay. bail house bhee abb bhee paraaney camps kay medaan mein waaqa hay. comberland presbyterenz nay keenn hull college kuu aarkansas comberland college aur baad mein university aaf dee ozriks mein tabdil kirr diyaa leakin college kii taleem kabhi bhee keenn hull mein waps nahein aayee.

fffe1db01486ff30e4cc1005ce26c2d2c59708629bdfbe956688a2d752bafadf

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32894441

S. R. Parthiban

S. R. Parthiban Indian politician S. R. Parthiban is an Indian politician and Ex-member of the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly from the Mettur constituency. He represented the Desiya Murpokku Dravidar Kazhagam party. Later he joined in DMK in 2016 and continued as a party activist in Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam. After joining in DMK, he contested in state legislative assembly election from Mettur constituency in 2016 and lost by small marginal votes. He won the Lok Sabha Election in Salem constituency in 2019 by getting 6,06,302 votes (48.3%). References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

ess. aar. parthiban ess. aar. parthiban ejon bharotiyo rajneetibid aaru mettur xomostir poraa tamilnadu bidhanxobhar prakton xodosyo. teu dexiya murpukku drabidar kazagom dolok protinidhitwo korisil. pisot teu 2016 sonot dmkat jugdan korisil aaru drabir munetro kajagomor doliyo kormi hisape obyahot rakhisil. dmke-too jugdan korar pisot, teu 2016 sonot mettur xomostir poraa rajyik bidhanxobha nirbasonot protidondita korisil aaru xoru xoru upanto bhutot porasto hoisil. 2019 sonot salem xomostir lukoxobha nirbasonot teu 6,06,302 bhut (48.3%) laabh kori joylabh korisil.

esha. arr. parthiban esha. arr. parthiban ekjon bharatiya rajnitibid ebong mettur nirbachoni elaka theke tamilnadu bidhansabhar praktan sadasya. tini deshiya murpokku dravidar kazagom doler protinidhitto korechilen. porey tini 2016 saale dmke-teey jog deena ebong dravid munetra kazagame doler karmi hisabe kaaj chaliye zaan. dmke-teey jogdaner porr, tini 2016 saale mettur nirbachoni elaka theke rajyo bidhansabha nirbachone protidwondita corren ebong samanno prantik bhote herey zaan. tini 2019 saale salem asone loksava nirbachone 6,06,302 bhot (48.3%) peye joyee hohn.

aesa. aar. parthiban aesa. aar. parthiban aek bhaartiy rajkarani aneey mettur matvistarmathi tamilnadu vidhansabhana bhutpurv sabhy chhe. temane deshiya murpoku dravidar kazhagam partynu pratinidhitva karyoo hatoo. baadmaa teo 2016maan dmkma jodaya aneey dravid munetra kazhagam pakshna kaarykartaa tareeke chaalu rakhyaa. dmkma jodaya baad, temane 2016maan mettur matvistarmathi raajy vidhansabhani chuntani luddy hatee aneey naana seemant matothi haaree gayaa hataa. temane 2019maan salem matvistaarmaa 6,06,302 mutt (48.3%) melveene loksabhani chuntani jeetee hatee.

aiss. aar. parthiban aiss. aar. parthiban ack bhaaratiya rajneta aur mettur nirvaachan kshetra seey tamilanadu vidhansabha key poorv sadasya hain. unhone desi murpokku dravidar kajhgam party kaa pratinidhitva kiya. baad mein vaha 2016 mein dmk mein shamil hoe gaye aur dravid munetra kadgam mein ack party karyakarta key roop mein jaari rahey. dmk mein shamil honey key baad, unhone 2016 mein mettur nirvaachan kshetra seey raajya vidhansabha chunaav ladaa aur chhote mamuli maton seey haar gaye. unhone 2019 mein salem nirvaachan kshetra mein 6,06,302 vote (48.3%) praapt karke loksabha chunaav jeetaa.

ess. aarr. parthiban ess. aarr. parthiban obba bhaaratiya rajakarani mattu metturu kshetrada tamilunadu vidhanasabheya maaji sadasyaragiddare. aata deshiya murpokku dravida kalagam pakshavannu pratinidhisiddaru. nantara avaru 2016ralli dii. emm. keey. ge seridaru mattu dravida munnetra kajhagamnalli pakshada kaaryakartaraagi munduvaredaru. dii. emm. keey. ge serida nantara, avaru 2016 ralli metturu kshetradinda raajya vidhanasabha chunavaneyalli spardhisi sanna alpa matagalinda sotaru. 2019rahra lokasabha chunavaneyalli selam kshetradalli avaru 6,06,302 matagalannu (48.3%) padeyuva moolaka geddaru.

ezz. aarr. partiban ezz. aarr. oru indian raashtreeyakkaaranum mettoor niyojakamandalatthil ninnulla thamizhnaad niyamasabhayile muun amgavumaanu partiban. addeham desiya murpokku dravider kazhakam party prathinidheekarichu. pinneedu 2016ll dii. emm. keyil chernna addeham dravida munnettakkuzhagathil party pravartthakanaayi thudarnnu. dii. emm. keyile amgamaaya sesham 2016 leeii samsthaana niyamasabha thiranjeduppil mettoor mandalathil ninnu malsaricha addeham cheria cheria vottukalkku parajayappettu. 2019 leeii loksabha thiranjeduppil salem niyojakamandalatthil addeham 6,06,302 vottukal nedi (48.3%) vijayichu.

ess. aar. parthiban ess. aar. parthiban heey eka bharatiy rajkarani aanee mettoor matdarsanghatil tamilanadu vidhansabheche majee sadasya aahet. tyanni deshiya murpoku dravid kazhagam pakshache pratinidhitva kele. nantar teey 2016 madhye dmkmadhe sameel jhaale aanee dravid munetra kazgammadhye pakshache karyakarte mhanoon karyarat rahile. dii. emm. keey. madhye sameel jhalyanantar tyanni 2016 madhye mettoor matdarsanghatun rajya vidhansabha nivadanuk ladhavali aanee alpamatanni tyancha parabhav jhaala. 2019 madhye salem matdarsanghat tyanni 6,06,302 matey (48.3%) midvoon loksabha nivadanuk jinkley.

ess. arr. parthiban ess. arr. parthiban ek bharatiya rajnitigya rar mettur nirvachan kshetrabata tamilnadu vidhan sabhako purva sadasya hun. unle deshiya murpoku drawid kajhagam partyko pratinidhitwa gare. pachhi uni sann 2016 maa diemakma samel bhae rar drawid munetra kadagamma party karyakartaka rupma jaari rahe. diemakma samel bhaepachi unle sann 2016 maa mettur nirvachan kshetrabata rajya vidhan sabhako chunawa lade rar thorai matle haare. unle sann 2019 maa salem nirvachan kshetrama 6,06,302 mutt (48.3%) prapta garera loksabha chunawa jiteka thie.

ess. aarr. parthiban ess. aarr. parthiban jane bharatiah rajneta ebong mettur nirbachanamandaleeru tamilanadu bidhanasabhara purbatana sadasya. shay deshia murpoku drabidara kazagam dalara pratinidhitwa karithile. parey shay 2016 ray dmk ray joga deithile ebong drabid munetra kajagamare jane party karjyakarta bhabare jaari rakhithile. dmkre jogadeba parey shay 2016ray mettur nirbachanamandaleeru rajya bidhanasabha nirbachanare pratidwandita karithile ebong alpa alpa bhotare harithile. shay 2019 ray salem nirbachanamandaleere lokasabha nirbachanare 6,06,302 bhot (48.3%) paai bijai hoithile.

aiss. aar. parthiban aiss. aar. parthiban ikk bharti siasatdan atey mettur halke toon tamilnadu vidhan sabha daa sabka member haii. unhan neey desia murpokku dravid kajhagam party dee numaindagi keeti. baad witch uh 2016 witch dee. aimm. keey. witch shamal hoye atey dravid munetar kajhagam witch ikk party karkun vajon jaari rahey. dee. aimm. keey. witch shamal honn toon baad, unhan neey saal 2016 witch mettur halke toon raaj vidhan sabha chonhan ladiaan atey chhotiaan mamuli votan naal haar gaye. unhan neey saal 2019 witch salem halke witch lock sabha chonhan witch 6,06,302 vott (48.3%) prapat karke jitt prapat keeti see.

ess. aar. paarthiban ess. aar. paarthiban ityeshah bharatiyaha raajaneetidnyah, mettoor-kshetraat tamilunaadu-vidhaanasabhaayaah poorvasadasyah cha asti. saha deshiyaa murpoku dravid-kazagama-pakshasya pratinidhitvam krutavaan. pashchat saha 2016 tame varshe dii. emm. key. madhye sammilitah, dravida-munetra-kazaagam ityasmin paksha-karyakartarupena cha avirata. dii. emm. key. madhye sammilitam krutvaa, saha 2016 tame varshe mettoor-kshetraat raajyavidhaanasabhaanirvaache spardhya alpa-alpa-mataihi parajitah. saha 2019 tame varshe salem-nirvaachanakshetre 6,06,302 mataan (48.3%) praapya lokasabhaanirvaachane vijayee abhavat.

ess. aarr. bardiban ess. aarr. paarththiban oru inthiya arasiyalvaathiyum, maettoor thoguthiyaich saerntha tamilnadu sattamandraththin munnaal uruppinarum aavaar. avar desia murpokku thiraavithar pazhagam katchiyai pirathinithiththuvappaduththinar. pinnar 2016 aam aandil dii. emm. kae. will saerntha avar, tiravida munnetra kazhagaththil katchi aarvalaraaga thodarnthaar. dii. emm. kae. will saerntha piragu, 2016 aam aandil maettoor thoguthiyil irunthu maanila sattappaeravaith therthalil poattiyittu siriya vaakku vidhyaasaththil thoalviyadainthaar. 2019aam aandu nadantha makkalavaith therthalil saleem thoguthiyil avar 6,06,302 vaakkugalaip pettru (48.3%) vettri pettraar.

ess. aarr. parthiban ess. aarr. parthiban oka bharatiya raajakeeyavetta mariyu mettur niyojakavargam nundi tamilanadu saasanasabha maajee sabhyudu. ayana deshiya murpoku dravida kalagam paarteeki praatinidhyam vahinchaaru. taruvaata ayana ayana dmklo chaeri, dravida munnetra kajhagamlo party kaaryakartagaa konasagaru. dmklo cherina taruvaata, ayana ayana mettur niyojakavargam nundi rashtra saasanasabha ennikallo pootii chesi, chinna upanta otlatho odipoyaaru. odipoyaaru saelam niyojakavargamlo jarigina loksabha ennikallo ayana 6,06,302 otlu (48.3%) pondaaru.

aiss. aar. parthban aiss. aar. parthban eek hindustani seyasat daan aur metur halqay say taamil naado qanoon saaz assembly kay saabiq rakan haine. inhon nay desiah marpoko darwedar kajhgam paarti kii numaindagi kii. baad mein inhon nay 2016 mein ddee ayem kay mein shamoliyat akhtiyar kii aur darawad munitara kazgam mein paarti kay kaarkan kay toor parr jaari rahay. ddee ayem kay mein shaamil honay kay baad inhon nay 2016 mein meetar halqay say riyasati qanoon saaz assembly kay intekhabat mein hasah liyaa aur chhotay mamuli woton say haar gayey. inhon nay 2019 mein saleem halqay mein lock sabhaa kaa intekhaab 6,06,302 woat (48.3%) haasil kirr kay jeeta.

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https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki?curid=9707308

Bånkert

Bånkert Bavarian. Etymology. From , an analogy to Germanic names ending in with referring to the assumed place of conception. Possibly reinforced by . Cognate with .

bankert babharian. byutpotti. iyar poraa, germanyo naamor xoite ek xadrisyo ji gorbhodharonor onuman koraa sthanor xoite xomapto hoy. xombhobotoh xoktixali koraa. xoite gyat houk.

bancart bavarian. byutpatti. theke, german namgulir ekti upoma jaa dharonar anuman koraa sthanke bojhate shesh hoy. sombhoboto dwara shaktishali. sange porichito hohn.

bankert bavarian. vyutpatti. thee, german naamoni saamyata jeey dhaaran karelaa vibhavna sthalnaa sandarbhma samaapt thaay chhe. kadaach dwara majboot. saathe parichit thaao.

bankert bavarian. vyutpatti. seey, garbhadhaaran key anumaanit sthaan key sandarbh mein samaapt honey vaale german naamon key liye ack saadrishya. sambhavatah dwara prabalit. key saath parichit.

bankar bavarian. vyutpatti. rinda, germany hesarugalige holikeyu garbhadharaneya uhisalpatta sthalavannu ullekhisuvudarondige konegolluttade. bahushah balapadisalaagide. avarondige gurutisikolli.

bankert bavarian. padavyuthpathishaasthram. jarmman naamangalumayulla oru saamyam, garbhadhaaranatthinte anumanikkappetta sthalathe soochippikkunnathilaanu avasaanikkunnath. orupakshe shakthippeduthappettava. ariyuka.

bankert bavarian. vyutpatti. pasoon, german navanchi eka upama, garbhadharanechya gruheet sthanas sandarbhit karoon samapt hote. kadachit balkat kele. olakh karoon ghya.

benkert bavarian. wyutpatti. dekhi, garbhadharanko anumanit sthanlai sandarbha gardai samapta hune german namharuko ek sadrishya. sambhawatah dwara prabalit. sita parichit hunuhos.

benkarta bavarian. byutpatti. thaaru, germanian namagudikara eka samanjasya jaahaa garbhadharanara anumana karajaithiba sthanaku ullekha curry shesh hue . sambhabatah dwara sudrudha. sahita parichita huantu.

bannert bavarian. shabdawali. toon, germanic naavan dee ikk samanta joe garabh dey manne gaye sathaan dey havale naal khatam hundi haii. sambhav taur 'teey mazboot keeta giaa haii. naal jaanhu hovo.

benkert bavarian. vyutpattih. taha, german-namanam saadrushyam, garbhadhaaranasy anumitasthaanasy ullekhena samaaptam bhavati. sambhawatah prabalitah. saha parichitah.

bankert paaveriyan. sorpirappiyal. irunthu, karuththarippin karudhappatta idaththaik kurikkum vagaiyil mudivadaiyum jerman peyarkalukkaana oppumai. oruvaelai valuppaduththappattirukkam. therinthukollungal.

banker bavarian. vyutpatti. nundi, oohinchina garbham yokka sthalaanni suuchistuu mugise german paerlaku saaruupyata. bahusha dwara balopetam cheyabadindi. thoo parichayam.

bunkert baverin. siftiyat. say tasavur kii farz shadah jagah kay hawalay say khatam honay waalay german naamon say eek mashabahat. mamkanah toor parr mazboot kiyaa gayaa. kay saath pehchanein.

fffe201d257ce479272bf7b472e38344f4d802d382bd7bc94019091f79bd3580

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14776443

Les Cooper

Les Cooper American doo wop musician Les Cooper (March 15, 1921 – August 3, 2013) was an American doo wop musician, best known for his hit rock instrumental "Wiggle Wobble". Cooper was born in Norfolk, Virginia, United States. He sang in several New York doo wop groups, including The Empires and The Whirlers, and was the manager of the group The Charts. In 1962, he signed to Everlast Records and released the single "Dig Yourself" b/w "Wiggle Wobble", billed with his band as Les Cooper & the Soul Rockers. Both sides were produced by Bobby Robinson. The B-side was an instrumental featuring the saxophone playing of Joe Grier (formerly of The Charts himself); it caught on at radio and became a nationwide hit, peaking at No. 12 on the US "Billboard" R&B chart in 1962, and No. 22 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 early in 1963. It was his only hit; one of the follow-up singles was the sonically similar "Let's Do the Boston Monkey", recorded for Enjoy Records. Cooper died on August 3, 2013, at the VNSNY Haven Hospice Specialty Care Unit in New York, New York. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

les kupar lex kupar (15 march, 1921-3 aagosto, 2013) egoraki aamerikan du wop xongitogyo aasil, ji teur hitt rok badyojontro "uigol wobol" ror baabe ataitkoi besi porisito. kuparor jonmo hoisil aamerika juktorastror bharjiniyar norof 'koo-too. teu neworkor keibatau du wop gutot gaan gaisil, zo 'too xamrajyo aaru warlerxomuh aasil, aaru dolor chartxomuhor porisalok aasil. 1962 sonot teu sirosthayi recordot swakhyor kore aaru ekok "digg euph" bi/dobliu "uigol wobol" mukoli kore, jaak teur bendor xoite lex kupar endo dyo cho 'lo rockers hisape bill koraa hoisil. duyu pokhyore bobi robinsone prostut korisil. bi-side aasil ju grearor (purbote chartor nijei) sexufun bojuwar boixistyojukto ek badyojontro; ee readyo 'too dhora porisil aaru dexbyapi hitt hoi porisil, nong sthanot uponeet hoisil. 1962 sonot aamerika juktorastror "billboard" ror aar endo bi chartot 12 nombor, aaru nong. 1963 sonor aarombhonite "billboard" gorom 100 too 22. eitu teur ekmatro hitt aasil; folu-aap ekokburor bhitorot etaa aasil aanondor recordor baabe record koraa swonigotovabe ekedhoronor "lets du dyo boston manki". kuparor 2013 sonor 3 aagostot neworkor bhanni hebhen hoh 'spich speciality keyar unitot mrityu hoy.

leesa cooper leesa cooper (15 march, 1921-3 august, 2013) ekjon american doo oopi sangitagya chhilen, jini taanr hitt rock badyojontro "uigal obol"-err jonno sabcheye beshi porichito. cooper markin juktorashtrer virgineer norphoke shohore jonmogrohon corren. tini newyorker besh koyekti doo oopi groupe gaan geyechilen, jaar modhye samrajya ebong worlerguli chhilo ebong charter grouper manager chhilen. 1962 saale, tini chirasthayi recordgulite swakkhar corren ebong ekok "nijeke khonon korun" bii/dablu "uigal wable" prakash corren, jaa taanr bandke leesa cooper ebong dya soul rocker hisabe bill koraa hoy. ubhoy pokkhoi bobby robbinson dwara utpadito hoyechilo. bii-side chhilo ekti jontro jaa jooe grier (purbe charter nijei) saxophone bajanor baisistyajukta chhilo; etty radiote dhora porey ebong deshbyapi hitt hoye othe, nong-ayee pouche yaay. 1962 saale markin "billboard" rndb charte 12, ebong nong. 1963 saaler godar dike "billboard" hott 100-ayee 22. etty chhilo taanr ekmatro hitt; follo-up ekokgulir modhye ekti chhilo sonikbhabe anurup "lates doo dya boston banor", jaa record upobhoger jonno record koraa hoyechilo. cooper 2013 saaler 3raa august neu iyarker vnsni haven dharamshala bishesh jotno unite maaraa zaan.

leesa cooper leesa cooper (march 15,1921-august 3,2013) aek american doo vopa sangeetkaar hataa, jeo temnaa hita roqa instrumental "vigal wobble" maate jaanita hataa. kooparno janm norphoc, virginia, united statesma thayo hato. temane nyu yorknaa ghanaa doo vopa juthomaa gaayu hatoo, jemaa saamrajyo aneey vamalono samaavesh thaay chhe, aneey teey chartsna juthanaa manager hataa. 1962maan, temane shashvat records parr hastakshar karyaa aneey "digg urelife" bii/doubleu "vigal wobble" geet rajoo karyoo, jenu bill temnaa benned saathe leesa cooper anned dhaa soola rockers tareeke rajoo karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. banne pakshonu nirmaan bobby robinson dwara karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. bii-side aee jooe grear (agau pote chartma) noon saxophone vagaadvaanu darshaavtu aek vaadhya hatoo; teey rediyo parr pakadai gayoo aneey rashtravyapi hita banyu, jeey number parr pahonchyu. 1962maan yuu. aesa. "billboard" aar anned bii chaart parr 12, aneey nann. 1963nee sharuaatmaa "billboard" hooat 100 parr 22. teey temnee ekmatra hita hatee; follow-up singlesmanthi aek dhvani samaan "lates duu dhaa boostana mankee" hatoo, jeey aanand records maate reqorda karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. kooparnu 3 august, 2013naa roj newyork, newyorkma vee. aena. aesa. aena. haven hospice speciality cair unitmaan avsaan thayu hatoo.

less cooper less cooper (15 march, 1921-3 agast, 2013) ack americi doo vope sangeetkaar they, jinhen unake hitt rock vaadya "wigley wobble" key liye jaanaa jaataa haye. cooper kaa janm sanyukt raajya america key virginia mein norphoke mein huaa thaa. unhone kaee newyork doo vope samoohon mein gaaya, jisamen samrajya aur chakravartiyon shamil they, aur samooh chart key prabandhak they. 1962 mein, unhone shashwat record parr hastakshar kiye aur ekal "khud koo khodein" bee/doubleu "wiggle wable" jaari kiya, jise unake baind key saath less cooper aind dha soul rockers key roop mein bill kiya gayaa. donon pakshon koo bobby robbinson dwara utpaadit kiya gayaa thaa. bee-side ack vaadya thaa jisamen joe grier (poorv mein swayam chart kaa) kaa saxophone bajaaya jaataa thaa; yeh radio parr pakad mein aaya aur rashtravyapi hitt bunn gayaa, joe number parr thaa. 1962 mein us "billboard" aar aind bee chart parr 12, aur naheen. 1963 kii shuruat mein "billboard" parr 22 hott 100. yeh unaki ekmatra hitt thee; faulo-upp ekal mein seey ack dhwani roop seey samaan thaa "chalo boston bandar karate hain", record kaa anand lene key liye record kiya gayaa. cooper kaa nidhan 3 agast, 2013 koo newyork, newyork mein vansi haven hospis special cayer unit mein huaa.

less cooper less cooper (march 15,1921-august 3,2013) obba american doo vope sangeetagaararaagiddaru, avaru tamma hitt rock vaadyavaada "vigal wobble" ge hesaruvaasiyaagiddaru. cooper avaru americada varjiniyaada narpolknalli janisidaru. avaru empires mattu dhii varlargalu seridante halavaaru newyork doo vope gumpugalalli haadidaru mattu chartgala gumpina vevasthaapakaraagiddaru. 1962ralli, avaru shaashvata daakhalegalige sahi haakidaru mattu "digg yuvar" bii/doubleu "vigal wabal" emba ekageeteyannu bidugade maadidaru, idannu avara byaand less cooper & dhii soal rockers endu hesarisalaayitu. eradoo badigalannu baabi robbinson nirmisidaru. bii-side zoo grier (hinde swatah chartgalalli) naa saxophone nudisuvikeyannu olagonda ondu vaadyavaagittu; idu rediyodalli janapriyavaayitu mattu rashtravyapi hitt aayitu, namm. 1962ralli yuu. ess. naa "billboard" aarr & bii chartnelli 12, mattu namm. 1963rahra aarambhadalli "billboard" hott 100nalli 22. idu avara ekaika hitt aagittu; nantarada ekageetegalalli ondaada "lets du dhii boston monkey", dhwanimudranakkagi dhwanimudranagonditu. cooper avaru august 3,2013 randu newyorkna vii. enn. ess. enn. haven vishraantidhaamada vishesha aaraike ghatakadalli nidhanaraadaru.

less kooppar less kooppar (march 15,1921-august 3,2013) oru american duu voppu samgeethajnjanaayirunnu, hitt roock upakaranamaya "wiggle wobble" ennathukondu ariyappedunnu. amerikkayile virjeeniyayile norphokkilaanu kooppar janichathu. saamrajyangalum thimingalangalum ulppede niravadhi newyork duu voppu grouppukalil addeham paadukayum charttukal grouppinte maanejaraayirunnu. 1962-ll addeham ekkaala recordukalil oppidukayum thante bandumaayi less kooppar & dhaa soul rokkezhs enna peril bill cheytha "digg yuvel" bii/dablyu "wiggle wobble" enna single purathirakkukayum cheythu. bobby robinson aanu irupakshatheyum nirmmichathu. joou grearinte (munbu chaarttukalil thanne) saxophone vaayikkunna oru upakaranamaayirunnu bii-side; ithu radioyil shradha nedukayum raajyavyaapakamaayi hitaavukayum cheythu, onnaam sthaanathethi. 1962ll yuu. ezz. 'parasyaboard' aarr & bii chartle 12, illa. 1963-nte thudakkathil "parasyaboard" hoott 100-ll 22. ithu addehathinte eaka hittaayirunnu; thudarchayaaya singlesil onnu shabdaparamaayi samanamaaya "lets duu dhaa boosttan monkey" aayirunnu, ithu recordukal aaswadikkaan record cheythu. newyorkkile vnsni heven hospice speciality cair yoonittil 2013 august 3 nuu kooppar antharichu.

leesa cooper leesa cooper (15 march 1921-3 august 2013) haah eka american duu vope sangitkar hota, joou tyachya hiit rock vadya 'vigal wobble' sathee prasiddha hota. kooparcha janm americetil virginia yetheel norphoke yethe jhaala. tyane newyorkchya anek duu vope gatanmadhye ganee gayali, jyat samrajye aanee verlers yancha samavesh hota aanee too gut chartcha vyavasthapak hota. 1962 madhye, tyane sarvkalik dhvanimudrananshi karar keela aanee 'digg yoraf' bii/doubleu 'vigal wable' heey ekal gaane prakashit kele, jyache biil tyachya bands leesa cooper andd daad soul rockers mhanoon sadar kele gele. donhi bajunna bobby robinsonne tayar kele. bii-side heey joou grearche (purvi swatah taktyatil) saxophone vajavanare eka vadya hote; teey rediovar lokpriy jhaale aanee rashtravyapi hiit jhaale, jeey pahilya kramankavar pohochale. 1962 madhye yuu. ess. chya "billboard" aar andd bii chartvar 12, aanee nahee. 1963 chya suruvatila 'billboard' varr 22 haah 100 vaa. haah tyacha ekmev hiit hota; tyanantarchya ekeri ganyanpaiki eka mhanje dhwanimudrit 'lets duu daad boston monkey', jeey anand nondinsathi nondavale gele. cooper yanche 3 august 2013 roji newyork, newyork yetheel vhee. aine. ess. aine. heven hospice specialty cair unitmadhye nidhan jhaale.

ley kuper less kuper (march 15,1921-august 3,2013) ek americi doo wope sangitkar thie, jo unko heat ruck wadya "wiggle wobble" kaa lagi parichit thie. kuparko janma norphoke, bharjinia, sanyukta rajya americama bhaeko thiyo. unle samrajya rar whirlerharu sahit dherai newyork doo wope samuhaharuma gae, rar chartharuko samuhako prabandhak thie. sann 1962 maa, unle everlast recordharuma hastakshar gare rar ekal "digg yoraf" bee/w "wiggle wobble" jaari gare, unko bandsanga less kuper anned da sole rockersko rupma bill gariyo. duwai paksha boby robinsondwara nirmit thie. bee-side jo grearko saxophone bajaune (pahile chartma nai) ek wadyayantra thiyo; yo radioma pakadiyo rar rashtrawyapi heat banyo, nambarma pugyo. sann 1962 maa yues "billboard" arr anned bee chartma 12, rar hoina. sann 1963 ko suruma "billboard" hutt 100 maa 22. yo unko ek matra heat thiyo; falo-up ekalharu madhye ek dhwani saman thiyo "boston baandar ger", recordharuko ananda linka lagi record garieko thiyo. kuparko mrityu august 3,2013 maa newyork, newyorkko bhansi hebhan dharmashala vishesh herchah ekaima bhayo.

less kuper less kuper (march 15,1921-august 3,2013) jane americae du ope sangeetagya thile, jieki tankara heat rock badyajantra "wigl wabal" paain janashuna . kuper americara bharjinia, narphokare janmagrahana karithile. shay samrajya ebong warlara sameth aneka nyujarka du wap grupare geeta gaithile ebong chart groupra manager thile. 1962 masihare, shay chirantan recordre swakhyara karithile ebong ekaka "digg yolf" bii/wu "wigl wabal" muktilabha karithile, jaahaa taanka banned sahita less kuper ebong soal rakara bhabare bill karajaithila . ubhaja pakhya bubby rabinasanka dwara prastuta hoithile. bii-side eka badyajantra thila jeunthire joe grijaranka (purbaru chartre nije) saxophone bajajauthila; ehaa rediore dharapadithila ebong deshabyapee heat hoithila, nong sthanare pahanchithila . 1962 masihare jayu. ess. rahr "billboard" aara anded bii chartre 12, ebong nong. 1963 masiha prarambhare 'billboard' ray 22tii 'hutt 100' ray thila. ehaa tankara ekamatra heat thila; parabarti ekakagudika madhyaru gotie thila 'lett' shh du daa boston mankad ', jaahaa record upavoga kariba paain record karajaithila. kuper august 3,2013 ray nyujarkara bhanni hebhen hospital specialty kear junitare mrutyubarana karithile.

lais cooper lais cooper (15 march, 1921-3 agast, 2013) ikk amriki duu vope sangeetkar see, joe aapne hitt raak saaz "vigal wobble" laee janhiaa jaanda haii. cooper daa janam norphoc, virginia, sanyukat raaj amrica witch hoiaa see. uss neey kaee newyork duu vope samoohan witch gaaiaa, jiss witch samraj atey verler shamal sunn, atey uh chaart samooh daa parbandhak see. sann 1962 witch, uss neey everlest recordan utte hastakhar keete atey single "digg swep" bee/w "vigal wobble" jaari keeta, jiss noon uss dey baind naal lais cooper atey soul rockers vajon bill keeta giaa see. doven pakkhan noon baubi robinson duaara tiaar keeta giaa see. bee-side ikk saaz see jiss witch joye giriar (pahilan khud chaart vicchon) daa sexophone vajauna see; ih radio utte khichiaa giaa atey desh bharr witch hitt hoow giaa, number 'teey pahunch giaa. 1962 witch us billboard aar aind bee chaart utte 12, atey nann. 1963 dey shuru witch "billboard" hott 100 utte 22. ih uss dee iklauti hitt see; falo-upp singles vicchon ikk dhuni dey samaan "chalo boston monkey karde haan" see, joe anand ricard laee ricard keeta giaa see. cooper dee maut 3 agast, 2013 noon newyork, newyork witch vannie haven hospice speciality cair unit witch hoee.

less cooper laes cooper (maarch 15,1921-august 3,2013) ekaha american doo vop sangeetajnah aasit, yah swasya hitt raak vaadyasya "vigal wobble" ityasya krute prasidhah aasit. cooper ityayam samyuktarajyamerikadesha virginia-nagarasya narphok-nagare ajayata. saha anekeshu nyuyaark-doo-vop-samooheshu, yathaa samrajyeshu, verlers-madhye cha, gitavan, tathaa cha charts-samuhasya prabandhakah aasit. 1962 tame varshe, saha shaashvata-abhilekheshu hastaaksharam krutvaa, "digg-yuval-" bee/doubleu "wiggle-wobble" iti ekakam prakashitavan, yasya bill tasya bend ityanena less-cooper-da-sole-rockers iti namna krutam. ubhayoho pakshayoho nirmaanam baabi rabinson ityanena krutam. bee-said iti vaadyayantram jo-grear ityasya (poorvam swayam charts ityasya) saxophone-vaadanam aasit; etat radio-madhye aakarshitam, raashtravyaapeem hitt abhavat, nam-sthaanam avaapnot. 1962 tame varshe yoo. ess. "bilboard" aar & bee chaart madhye 12, naa cha. 1963 tamavarshasya aarambhe "bilboard" haat 100 ityasmin 22 iti ankitam. etat tasya ekamaatram hitt aasit; anuvarteeshu ekageeteshu anyatam aasit dhwani-sadrusham "lets doo da boston manki", yat aanand-abhilekhanartham abhilekhitam aasit. cooper-varyaha 2013 august 3 dinaanke nyuyaark-nagarasya vi. enn. ess. nee hevan-dharmashaalaayaah vishesha-chikitsaa-vibhaage mrutah.

less cooper less cooper (maarch 15,1921-august 3,2013) oru america duu voap isaikkalainar aavaar, avar thanathu vettri raak karuvi "wickle voble" kku migavum pirabalamaanavar. cooper americavin varjeeniyaavin noarpoakkil piranthaar. beararasugal mattrum suzharchiyaalargal udpada pala newyorg duu voap kuzhukkalil avar paadinaar, maelum kuzhuvin tharavarisaiyin maelaalaraagavum irunthaar. 1962 aam aandil, avar nitthiya pathivukalil kaiyeluththittaar mattrum "tuck yuvar" pii/doublue "wickle voble" endra ottraip paadalai veliyittaar, idhu avarathu isaikkuzhuvudan less cooper & thii soal rockers endru built seiyappattathu. iru tharappinarum baabi robinsonol thayaarikkappattanar. pii-side enbathu joow grier (munbu tharavarisaiyil irunththavar) saxabone vaasippaik konda oru karuviyaagum; idhu vanoliyil pidikkapattu naadu thaluviya vettrip padamaaga maariyathu, nambar onnil uyarnthathu. 1962 aam aandil america "vilambarap palagai" aarr & pii vilakkappadaththil 12, mattrum illai. 1963 aam aandin thodakkaththil "vilambarap palagaiyil" hott 100 ill 22. idhu avarathu oray vetrtriyaaka irunththathu; pinthodarthal ottraiyargalil ondru, inba pathivukalukkaaga pathivu seiyappatta "lets duu thii baston kurangu", idhu olii reethiyaaga oththirunthathu. cooper august 3,2013 andru newyorkin newyoarkil ulla vnsni haevan aspis sirappu paramarippu pirivil iranthaar.

less cooper less cooper (marchi 15,1921-augustu 3,2013) oka american doo vope sangeetakaarudu, athani hitt rock vaayidya "vigil wobble" kuu prasiddhi chendaadu. cooper united statesloni varjeeniyaaloni norphok loe janminchaadu. athanu empires mariyu dhi verlers thoo sahaa aneka newyork doo vope samoohaalalo padadu mariyu samuuha chaartla managerga unnadu. nem, athanu shaashwata recordulaku santakam chesi, thana bandto less cooper & dhi soal rockersga bill cheyabadina "digg yuvar" bii/doubleu "wigley wabul" anae singilnu vidudala chesaadu. rendu vaipula baabii robinson roopondinchaaru. bii-side anedi jooe grier (gatamlo chaartulalo kooda) yokka saxophone vaayinchadaanni kaligi unna oka vaayidyamgaa undedi; idhi radiolo prachuryam pondindi mariyu desavyaaptamgaa vijayavantamaindi, nem. nem US "billboard" R & B chaartlo 12, mariyu nem. 1963 praarambhamlo "billboard" hott hott 22. idhi athani ekaika hitt; tadupari singleslo okati dhwani paramgaa saaruupyamaina "lets doo dhi boston monkey", idhi recordulanu aasvaadinchadaaniki record cheyabadindi. cooper augustu 3,2013naa newyorkloni vannie heaven dharamsala pratyeka samrakshana vibhaagamlo maraninchaadu.

lees kopar lees kopar (15 maarch 1921-3 agast 2013) eek americi duu wop mausiqar thaa juu apnay hutt raak saaz "vigal wobal" kay liye mashhur thaa. kopar narfok warjiniya riyasathaye muthadah mein paida hoay thay. inhon nay kayee neoyork duu wop gropon mein gaaya jinn mein sultantein aur wahilers shaamil haine aur wah grop charts kay meniger thay. 1962 mein inhon nay abdi records parr dastakhat kiye aur sangal "digg yuraif" bee/dabliyo "wagal wobal" jaari kiyaa jasay inn kay bend kay saath lees kopar aind dee soul rockers kay toor parr paish kiyaa gayaa. donon fareeqon kuu boby rabansan nay tayaar kiyaa thaa. bee side eek saaz thaa jiss mein juu grair (pehley khood chaart mein say) kaa sexfon bajana shaamil thaa. yaha redio parr pakda gayaa aur milk bhar mein hutt bunn gayaa juu number parr pahunch gayaa. 1962 mein yuu aiss "bull board" aar aind bee chaart parr 12yee aur number. 1963 kay awail mein "bull board" parr 22 garm 100. yaha inn kii waahid hutt thee. faalo app singles mein say eek suutee toor parr eek jaisa "leets duu dee bostan manki" thaa juu record say lataf andoz honay kay liye record kiyaa gayaa thaa. kopar 3 agast 2013 kuu neoyork neoyork mein wanasni hayon hospace speciality kiar yount mein inteqal kirr gayey.

fffe22fe5e64bddfe70a3421b903ebcb3c00cfcef0e6be5b9420df8752d2a41f

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6630032

Georgina Burnett

Georgina Burnett British television presenter Georgina Burnett (born 7 December 1978) is an Australian-born British television presenter. Early life. Burnett was born on 7 December 1978 in Sydney, Australia. When she was three years old, her family moved to the United Kingdom, settling in Dorset. She is of European and Polynesian descent and has three brothers. Career. Burnett is a DIY and interior design enthusiast and has been investing in and developing properties since 2009. One of her properties was featured in "Metro" and "25 Beautiful Homes". She shares her knowledge and ideas through her blog and online channel "The Home Genie". Burnett is a regular presenter for ITV's "This Morning" where she has showed how to upcycle household items and general home improvement, decluttering and styling. She is also a regular presenter for Ideal Home Show and "Grand Designs Live". Burnett's book "The Street-wise Guide to Buying, Improving and Selling Your Home" was published in March 2019. She has also written expert advice for "The Sunday Times", "The Sunday Telegraph", "The Guardian", "The Independent", "25 Beautiful Homes" and a number of other interiors magazines. Burnett was formerly a weather presenter and news reporter for all the UK nations and regions, most commonly BBC London News, BBC Scotland, BBC Cymru Wales, BBC Northern Ireland, BBC South East Today, BBC Look East, and BBC South Today, and also presents the weather for a number of BBC regional radio stations. Personal life. In February 2023, Burnett announced on Twitter that she had split from her husband Andy Flawn; the couple share a daughter. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

georgina bernet georgina bernet (jonmo 7 disembor 1978) egoraki australiat jonmogrohon koraa britis television uposthapok. prarombhik jiwan. barnetor jonmo hoisil 1978 sonor 7 disemborot australier sidnit. jetiya teur boyox tini bosor aasil, teur poriyaltu united kingdomoloi sthanantorito hoisil, dorsetot boxoti sthapon korisil. teu europiyo aaru polynesian bongxudbhut aaru teur tinijon bhatri aase. keriyar. bernet egoraki di. aai. aaru obhyontorin designor utxahi aaru 2009 sonor poraa xompotixomuhot biniyug aaru bikax kori aahise. teur etaa xompoti "metro" aaru "swadhin" xundor ghor" too prodorxito hoisil. teu teur blog aaru online senel "dyo hoom jinn" ror joriyote teur gyan aaru dharona bhag botora kore. bernet hoise iyar "aaji ratipuwa" ror baabe ek niyomiya uposthapok zo 'too teu ghoruwa xamogri aaru xadharon ghoror unnoti, declatering aaru styling kenedore unnot koribo laage dekhuwaise. teu aadorxo hoom swo 'aaru "grand design live" ror baabe egoraki niyomiya uposthapok. barnetor kitap "aapunar ghor kroy, unnoti aaru bikrir poth-nirdisto guide" 2019 sonor march maahot prokaxito hoisil. teu "deubar xomoy", "deubar telegraph", "obhibhawok", "swadhin", "swadhin" xundor ghor" aaru aan keibatau abhyontorin alusonir babeu bixexogyor poramorxo likhise. bernet purbote xokolu eu. key. rastro aaru oncholor baabe botoror uposthapok aaru xongbad protibedondata aasil, xadharonote bibisi london niuj, bibisi scotland, bibisi saimru wels, bibisi nordan ireland, bibisi dokhyin pubo aaji, bibisi luk pubo, aaru bibisi dokhyine aaji, aaru bibisi ancholik readyo 'stationor baabe botoru uposthapon kore. byoktigoto jiwan. 2023 sonor februaryt barnete twiterot ghuxona korisil je teu swami andie flonor poraa prithok hoi porise; dompotihalor maajot egoraki konya aase.

georgina burnett georgina burnett (jonmo 7 december 1978) ekjon australian bongshodbhuto british television uposthapok. prathomik jeebon. burnett 1978 saaler 7ee december australier sidney shohore jonmogrohon corren. jokhon taar boyce tinn bochor, tokhon taar poribar juktorajye choley aase, dorsette bosoti sthapon korey. tini europea ebong polynesian bongshodbhuto ebong taanr tinn bhai royeche. karmajiban. burnett ekjon dii. aaee. ebong abhyantar naksha utsahi ebong 2009 saal theke sompottigulite biniyog oo unnayan korche. taar ekti sampatti "metro" ebong "25 tii sundar barite" prodorshito hoyechilo. tini taar blogg ebong online channel "dya home zini"-err madhyome taar gyan ebong dharonaguli bhag korey nene. burnett etir "aaz sokale"-err jonno ekjon niyamita uposthapok jekhane tini dekhiyechen kibhabe grihosthalir jinispatra ebong sadharan baadir unnoti, declatering ebong styling unnoto koraa yaay. tini adarsha home shoe ebong "granned design live"-err jonno ekjon niyamita uposthapoko. barneter boi 'upner baadi kenara, unnoto korar ebong bikri korar jonno rastar diknirdeshna' 2019 saaler march maase prokashito hoyechilo. tini 'robibarer somoy', 'robibarer telegraph', 'abhibhabok', 'swadhin', '25 tii sundar baadi' ebong anyanno abhyantarin magaziner jonno biseshoggo poramorshou likhechen. burnett purbe juktorajyer samasta desh oo anchaler abhawar uposthapok ebong sangbad protibedok chhilen, sadharonoto bbc london newz, bbc scotland, bbc saimru oyelasa, bbc north ireland, bbc south east aaz, bbc looke east ebong bbc south aaz, ebong besh koyekti bbc anchalik redio stationer jonno abhawao uposthapon korey. byaktigato jeebon. 2023 saaler februaryte, burnett tweetere ghoshana corren jey tini taar swami andy floner theke alada hoye gechen; eyi dampati ekti konna bhag korey niyechen.

georgina bernet georgina bernet (janm 7 december 1978) australiyama janmeli british television prastutkartaa chhe. praarambhik jeevan. bernetno janm 7 december december roj sidnee, australiyama thayo hato. jyaare tenee trana varshnee hatee, tyaare teno parivaar united kingadamma rahevaa gayo, dorsetmaa sthaayi thayo. teo european aneey polynesian mulnaa chhe aneey temne trana bhaaio chhe. karkirdi. bernet aek dii. aaee. aaee. aneey interior designna utsaahi chhe aneey 2009 thee meelkatma rokaan aneey vikaas curry rahee chhe. temnee aek meelkat "metro" aneey "25 sunder gharo" maan darshavvama aavee hatee. tenee tenaa blooga aneey online chenal "dhaa hooma jeanny" dwara tenaa gyaan aneey vichaaro shhare karey chhe. bernet itvna "aajnee savaar" maate niyameet prastutkartaa chhe jyaan temane ghargaththu vastuo aneey saamanya ghar sudhaarana, declatoring aneey style kevee reete karvee teey bataavyu chhe. teey aadarsh hooma shho aneey "bhavya design live" maate niyameet prastutkartaa pann chhe. bernetnu pustak "tamara gharnee khareedi, sudhaarana aneey vechaan maate sheree mujabni margdarshika" march march prakashit thayu hatoo. temane "ravivaarnaa samay", "ravivaar telegraph", "vaalee", "swatantra", "25 sunder gharo" aneey sankhyaabandh anya aantarik saamyiko maate nishnaat salah pann lakhee chhe. bernet agau tamaam yuke raashtro aneey pradesho maate havaman prastutkartaa aneey samachar patrakaar hataa, jemaa saamanya reete bbc london news, bbc scotland, bbc saymaru wells, bbc uttari ireland, bbc dakshin purv aaje, bbc purv juo aneey bbc dakshin aaje, aneey sankhyaabandh bbc praadeshik rediyo stationo maate havaman pann rajoo karey chhe. angat jeevan. februari februari, bernette tweeter parr jaaherat curry hatee keey teey tenaa patee endee flonethi alag thaee gaee chhe; aaa dampatine aek putri chhe.

georgina bernet georgina bernet (janm 7 disambar 1978) ack australiyai mool kii british television prastutkarta hain. praarambhik jeevan. bernet kaa janm 7 disambar 1978 koo sidney, australia mein huaa thaa. jaba vaha teen saal kii thee, taba uska parivaar united kingdam chalaa gayaa, aur dorset mein buss gayaa. vaha europeeya aur polynesian mool kii haye aur usake teen bhaai hain. carrier. bernet ack dee. aaee. aur interior design utsaahi haye aur 2009 seey sampattiyon mein nivesh aur vikas curr rahee haye. usaki sampattiyon mein seey ack "metro" aur "25 sunder gharon" mein chitrit kii gaee thee. vaha apane blogg aur online channel "dha home jannie" key madhyam seey apane gyaan aur vichaaron koo saajha karati haye. bernet isake "aaj subah" key liye ack niyamit prastutkarta haye jahan usane dikhaaya haye kii gharelu vastuon aur samanya ghar sudhaar, declatoring aur styling koo kaise unnat kiya jaae. vaha aadarsh home show aur "bhavya design live" key liye ack niyamit prastutkarta bhee hain. bernet kii pustak "apane ghar koo khareedane, sudhaarne aur bechane key liye sadak-vaar guide" march 2019 mein prakaashit hui thee. unhone "ravivaar key samay", "ravivaar telegraph", "abhibhaavak", "swatantra", "25 sunder ghar" aur kaee anya aantarik patrikaon key liye visheshagya salah bhee likhi haye. bernet pahale sabhi yuu. key. deshon aur kshetron key liye ack mausam prastutkarta aur samachar reporter they, aamtaur parr bee. bee. see. landan samachar, bee. bee. see. scotland, bee. bee. see. saimaru wells, bee. bee. see. uttari ireland, bee. bee. see. dakshin poorv aaj, bee. bee. see. poorv kii or dekhein, aur bee. bee. see. dakshin aaj, aur kaee bee. bee. see. kshetriya radio stations key liye mausam bhee prastut karate hain. vyaktigat jeevan. farwari 2023 mein, bernet ney tweeter parr ghoshana kii kii vaha apane pati aur flon seey alag hoe gaee haye; dampati ack betty saajha karate hain.

georgina burnet georgina burnet (janana 7 december 1978) aastreliyaadalli janisida british duradarshana nirupakiyaagiddaare. arambhika jeevana. burnet 1978rahra december december aastreliyaada sidniyalli janisidaru. aakege mooru varshavagiddaga, aakeya kutumbavu united kingdange sthalaantaragondu dorsetnalli nelesitu. aake european mattu polynesian mooladavaraagiddu, moovaru sahodararannu hondiddaare. vrattijeevana. burnet avaru aidi mattu olaangana vinyaasada utsahi mattu 2009 rinda aastigalalli hoodike maduttiddare mattu abhivraddhipadisuttiddaar. avara ondu aasti "metro" mattu "25 sundaravaada manegalu" nalli kanisikondide. aake tanna blogg mattu anline channel "dhii home jeaney" moolaka tanna gnaana mattu aalochanegalannu hanchikolluttaale. burnet avaru itvya "indu beligge" niyamita niroopakaraagiddu, allie avaru manebalakeya vastugalannu mattu saamaanya maney sudhaarane, declatoring mattu styling annu hege navikarisabekendu torisiddaare. aake adarsha home show mattu "grand design live" gaagi niyamita nirupakiyaagiddaare. burnet avara pustaka "nimma maneyannu khareedisalu, sudharisalu mattu marata maadalu beedivaaru margadarshi" march 2019 ralli prakatavaayitu. avaru "bhaanuvaarada samaya", "bhaanuvaarada telegraph", "guardian", "swatantra", "25 sundaravaada manegalu" mattu halavaaru itara olaangana niyatakaalikegalige tagnara salaheyannu barediddaare. burnet ee hinde ellah yuke rashtragalu mattu pradeshagalige havamana niroopakaraagiddaru mattu suddi varadigararagiddaru, samanyavagi bbc london nyus, bbc scotland, bbc simru wales, bbc northern airlend, bbc south eest indu, bbc look eest, mattu bbc south indu, mattu halavaaru bbc praadeshika radeo kendragala havaamaanavannu saha prastutapadisuttaare. vaiyaktika jeevana. 2023rahra phebravariyalli, burnet avaru tamma pathi andy flanninda berpattiddene endu tweeternalli ghoshisidaru; dampatigalu magalannu hanchikondiddare.

jorjina burnet austreliyayil janicha oru britiish television avathaarakayaan jorjina burnet (jananam 7 desember 1978). aadyakaala jeevitam. 1978 desember 7nuu australiyayile sidniyilaanu burnet janichathu. avalkk moonnu vayassullappol, avalude kudumbam yunaittad kingdatthilekku thamasam maari, dorsettil sthirathaamasamaakki. avar europian, polynesian vamshajayaan, avarkk moonnu sahodaranmaarundu. currier. 2009 muthal swathukkalil nikshepam nadathukayum vikasippikkukayum cheiyunna oru dii, interior design premiyaanu burnet. avarude swathukkalilonnu "metro", "25 manoharamaaya veedukal" ennivayil pradharshippichirunnu. thante blogiloodeyum oonlain chaanalaya "dhaa hoome jeaney" vazhiyum avar thante arivum ashayangalum pankidunnu. veettupakaranangalum pothuvaaya veettupakaranangalum mechappeduthunnathum, declattering, stailing enniva engane cheyyaamennu kaanichutharunna aidiviyude "innu raavile" enna pathiv avathaarakayaan burnet. anuyojyamaaya hoome shoyudeyum "grand designukal live" yudeyum sthiram avatharaka koodiyaanu avar. ningalude veedu vaangunnathinum mechappeduthunnathinum vilkkunnathinumulla theruvu thirichulla guide" enna barnattinte pusthakam 2019 maarchil prasidheekarichu. "njaayarazhcha", "njaayarazhcha telegraph", "guardian", "swatantra", "25 manoharamaaya veedukal", mattu niravadhi interior maasikakal ennivaykkaayi avar vidagdhopadesham ezhuthiyittundu. burnet munbu ellah yuke raajyangaludeyum pradeshangaludeyum kalavastha avatharakan warta reporterumaayirunnu, saadhaaranayaayi bbc lunden nyoos, bbc scotland, bbc simru weils, bbc northen ireland, bbc southu eest innu, bbc lukk eest, bbc southu innu, koodaathe niravadhi bbc regional radio steshanukalude kaalaavasthayum avatharippikkunnu. vyakthiparamaaya jeevitam. 2023 februvariyil, burnet thante bharthaav andy flonil ninnu verpirinjathaayi tvittaril prakhyaapichu; dambathikalkku oru makalundu.

georgia bernet georgina bernet (janm 7 december 1978) hii austreliyat janmaleli british durchitravani prastutkarta aahe. prarambhik jeevan. bernetcha janm 7 december 1978 roji austreliyatil sidney yethe jhaala. tee teen varshanchi asatana tiche kutumb united kingadammadhe sthalantarit jhaale aanee dorsetmadhye sthayik jhaale. tee european aanee polynesian vanshachi aahe aanee teela teen bhau aahet. karkird. bernet hii eka dii. aay. aay. aanee aateel rachana utsahi aahe aanee 2009 pasoon malmattanmadhye guntavanuk aanee vikas karat aahe. tichya malmattanpaiki eka 'metro' aanee '25 sunder ghare' madhye darshavili gelee hotee. tee tichya blogg aanee online channell 'daad hoome jeanny' chya madhyamatoon tiche dnyan aanee kalpana samayik karate. bernet hii aay. tii. vhee. chya 'aaj sakali' sathee niyamit prastutkarta aahe, jithe tine gharguti vastoo aanee gharguti sudharana, declatoring aanee shaili kashee vadhavayachi heey dakhavale aahe. aadarsh hoome shhow aanee 'grand designs live' sathee tee niyamit prastutkarta dekhil aahe. bernetche pustak 'daad street-ways guide too shopping, improve andd selling yuar hoome' march 2019 madhye prakashit jhaale. tine 'ravivar', 'ravivar telegraph', 'guardian', 'daad independent', '25 sunder ghare' aanee itar anek antargat masikansathi tadnyancha sallah dekhil lihila aahe. bernet heey purvi serve yuu. keey. desh aanee pradeshansathi hawaman prastutkarta aanee vrutt pratinidhi hote, jyat samanyatah bii. bii. see. london news, bii. bii. see. scotland, bii. bii. see. simru wells, bii. bii. see. northern ireland, bii. bii. see. aagney aaj, bii. bii. see. purv aanee bii. bii. see. dakshin aaj, aanee anek bii. bii. see. pradeshik redio kendransathi hawaman dekhil sadar karatat. vaiyaktik jeevan. februwari 2023 madhye, bernetne tweeterwar jaheer kele qee tee ticha patee andy flanpasoon vibhakt jhaali aahe; yaa jodpyala eka mulgi aahe.

georgina bernett georgina bernett (janma 7 december 1978) ek australiali-janmeka britis television prastota hun. prarambhik jiwan. bernetko janma 7 december 1978 maa sidney, australiama bhaeko thiyo. jab uni tean warshaki thiin, unko pariwar united kingadamma sareko thiyo, dorsetma basobas basobas. uni europeli rar polynesian mulki hun rar unka tinn bhaiharu chhan. currier. bernett ek diwai rar interior design utsahi hun rar sann 2009 dekhi sampattiharuma lagani rar vikas gardai aeki chhin. unko euta sampatti "metro" rar "25 sunder gharharu" maa chitrit garieko thiyo. unle afno blug rar unline channel "da home jeny" marfat afno gyan rar vicharharu sajha garchhin. bernett itvko "az bihan" kaa lagi niyamit prastota hun jahaan unle gharelu wastuharu rar samanya ghar sudhar, declatory and rar styling kasari upsical garne bhanera dekhaeki chhin. uni adarsha home show rar "grand design laibh" kaa lagi niyamit prastota pani hun. bernetko pustak "afno ghar kinna, sudhar garna rar bechnaka lagi sadak-warr guide" march 2019 maa prakashit bhaeko thiyo. unle "aitwar samaya", "aitwar telegraph", "abhibhawak", "swatantra", "25 sunder gharharu" rar anya dherai bhitri patrikaharuka lagi visheshagya sallaha pani lekheki chhin. bernett pahile sabai belayat rashtraharu rar kshetraharuka lagi mausam prastutkarta rar samachar reporter thie, prayaha bbc london samachar, bbc scotland, bbc simaru wells, bbc uttari ireland, bbc dakshin purva az, bbc purva hernuhos, rar bbc dakshin az, rar dherai bbc khetriya radio stationharuka lagi mausam pani prastut gardacha. wyaktigat jiwan. february 2023 maa, bernetle tweeterma ghoshana garin kii uni afno pati andie flanbata alag bhaeki chhin; dampatile chhori sajha garin.

georgina bernet georgina bernet (janma 7 december 1978) jane astreliah-janmita british television upasthapika. prarambhika zeeban. bernet 1978 masiha december 7 tarikhare astreliaara sidnithare janmagrahana karithile. jetebele tanku tini barsha hoithila, taanka paribara juktarajyaku chalijaithile, dorset ray sthajee bhabe basabasa karithile. shay europeah ebong polynesian banshodbhaba ebong tankara tini bhai achanti . kyariyara. bernet jane dii. aai. aai. ebong interior design utsahi ebong 2009 masiharu sampattire nibesh ebong bikash karuchanti. tankara eka sampatti "metro" ebong "25 sunder ghara" ray pradarshita hoithila . shay taanka blug ebong unline channell "daa home zin" madhyamare taanka gyaana ebong bichara bantanti . bernet heuchhanti aai. tii. bhi. rahr "aaji sakale" paain jane nijamita upasthapaka jeunthare shay dekhaichhanti je kipari gharoi samagri ebong sadharana gharara unnati, declatering ebong styling unnat karajiba . shay adarsha home shoe ebong "grand design live" paain jane nijamita upasthapika madhya . barnetnka pustaka 'aapananka ghara kiniba, unnat kariba ebong bikrai kariba paain rasta-wise guide' march 2019 ray prakashita hoithila. shay "rabibara samai", "rabibara telegraph", "abhibhabaka", "swadheena", "25 sunder ghara" ebong anyanya aneka aabhyantareen patrika paain bisheshagya paramarsha madhya lekhichhanti . bernet purbaru samasta jayu. kee. desh ebong anchala paain jane panipaga upasthapaka ebong sambada sambadadata thile, sadharanatah bibisi london nyuj, bibisi scotland, bibisi simru wels, bibisi uttara ireland, bibisi dakhina purba aaji, bibisi purbaku dekhantu, ebong bibisi dakhina aaji, ebong aneka bibisi anchalika redio station paain panipaga madhya upasthapana karanti . byaktigata zeeban. februari 2023 ray, bernet twiterre ghoshana karithile je shay taanka swamee andi phlankatharu alga hoijaichhanti; ehi dampati eka jhia anshidara karanti .

georgina bernet georgina bernet (janam 7 dasambar 1978) ikk australia witch jammi british television peshkar haii. mudhla jeevan. bernet daa janam 7 dasambar 1978 noon sidney, australia witch hoiaa see. jadon uh tinn saal dee see, taan uss daa parivaar united kingdom chalaa giaa, dorset witch vas giaa. uh european atey polynesian mool dee haii atey uss dey tinn bharaa hunn. carrier. bernet ikk dee. aaee. aaee. atey interior design dee utsuk haii atey 2009 toon jaidadan witch nivesh atey vikas qarr rahee haii. uss dee ikk jaidad noon "metro" atey "25 sunder gharan" witch pradarshit keeta giaa see. uh aapne blogg atey online channel "dha home jeanny" raahin aapne giaan atey vicharan noon sanjha kardi haii. bernet aaee. tii. vee. dey "ajj sware" laee ikk niyamat peshkar haii jitthe usne dikhaiaa haii kii gharelu vastan atey aam gharr dey sudhar, dictoring atey styling noon kiven upsical karna haii. uh aadrash home shoa atey "shandar design live" laee ikk niyamat peshkar vee haii. bernet dee kitaab "aapne gharr noon kharidan, sudharan atey vechan laee glee-vaar guide" march 2019 witch prakashit keeti gaee see. usne "aitwar dey samein", "aitwar telegraph", "sarprast", "sutantar", "25 sunder gharr" atey kaee horr andruni rasaliaan laee mahr salaah vee likhi haii. bernet pahilan saare yuu. keey. deshan atey khetran laee mausam peshkar atey samachar reporter see, aam taur utte bee. bee. see london news, bee. bee. see. scotland, bee. bee. see. simru wells, bee. bee. see. uttri ireland, bee. bee. see. dakkhan purab ajj, bee. bee. see. purab vall dekho, atey bee. bee. see. dakkhan ajj, atey kaee bee. bee. see. khetri radio stationan laee mausam vee pesh karda haii. nijji jeevan. farvari 2023 witch, bernet neey twitter utte ailaan keeta kii uh aapne patee aindi flan toon vakkh hoow gaee haii; jode dee ikk dhee haii.

georgina bernet georgina bernet (jananam 7 december 1978) australia-deshe janmitaa british-dooradarshan-prastotaa asti. praarambhikajeevanam. bernet ityasya janma 7 december 1978 dinaanke australia-deshasya sidney-nagare abhavat. yadaa saa varshatrayam aasit tadaa tasyaah parivaarah unated kingdam-desham gatavaan, dorset-nagare sthayata. saa europiya-polynesian-vamshayoho asti, tasyaah trayah bhraataah santi. vruttihi. bernet ityeshaa dee. aii. ee. tathaa cha aantarikavinyaasasya utsaahi asti, 2009 tamavarshaat sampadeshu nivesham vikasitaa cha asti. tasyaah sampattishu ekaha "metro" tathaa "25 sundaragruheshu" chitritah aasit. saa swasya blagg-dwara tathaa "da home jeenee" iti antarjaala-madhyamena cha swadnyaanam vicharan cha panktayati. bernet ityeshaa aii. tii. vi. ityasya "adya praatah" ityasya niyamitapradarshika asti yatra saa gruhasaamagreeh, saamaanyagruh-sudhaarah, declatering, stalling cha katham naveeneekartum shakyate iti darshayat. saa aadarshasy gruha-pradarshanasy, "grand-desain-laiv" ityasya cha niyamita-prastotaa asti. bernet ityasya "da street-ves gaid too craining, improv and sell" iti pustakam 2019 maarch-maase prakaashitam aasit. saa "da sunday tams", "da sunday telegraph", "da guardian", "da independent", "25 sundaraani gruhaani", anyaani aneke antarbhagiyani patrikaah cha iti visheshadnyopadeshaan api likhitavatee. bernet poorvam sarvanam yoo. key.-rashtranam pradeshanam cha vayuguna-prastotaa tathaa vaartaapravartakah aasit, praayah bee. bee. see. landan-nyoos, bee. bee. see. scatland, bee. bee. see. simroo-wells, bee. bee. see. naartarn-airlyaand, bee. bee. see. saut-east, bee. bee. see. look-east, bee. bee. see. sauth-toodey, tathaa cha anekanam bee. bee. see. praadeshika-radio-kendranam vaayugunasya cha prastuteekaroopen aasit. vyaktigatajeevanam. 2023 februvari-maase bernet ityeshaa twitter-madhye ghoshayat yat saa swapituh andie flan ityanena saha vibhaktavatee iti; dampatee ekaa putree vahanti iti.

georgina burnet georgina burnet (prappu 7 disambar 1978) australiavil pirantha oru british tholaikaatchi thoguppaalar aavaar. aarambagaala vaazhkkai. burnet 1978 disambar 7 andru australiavin sidniyil piranthaar. avalukku moontru vayathaaka irunththapoathu, avaludaiya kudumbam aikkiya iraajjiyaththirku kudipeyarndhu, dorsettle kudiyaeriyadhu. avar iroappiya mattrum polynesia vamsaavaliyaich sernthavar mattrum avarukku moontru cakoothararkal ullanar. thozhil. burnet oru diai mattrum udpura vadivamaippu aarvalar mattrum 2009 muthal soththukkalil muthaleedu seithu varukiraar. avarathu soththukkalil ondru "metro" mattrum "25 azhagaana veedugalil" idampettrathu. avar thanathu valaippathivu mattrum anline saenal "thii hoam jeaney" moolam thanathu arivaiyum yoasanaigalaiyum pagirnthu kolgiraar. burnet adhan "intru kaalai" oru valakkamaana thoguppaalaraaga ullaar, angku avar veettu porutkal mattrum podhuvaana veettu maempaadu, declator mattrum styling aagiyavattrai evvaaru maempaduththuvathu enbathaik kaattiyullaar. avar sirantha veettu nigazhchchi mattrum "grand designgal live" kkaana valakkamaana thoguppaalaraagavum ullaar. burnettin puththagam "ungkal veettai vaangkuvatharkum, maempaduththuvatharkum, virkavum theru variyaana vazhikaatti" maarch 2019 ill veliyidappattathu. avar "gnaayiru nerangal", "gnaayiru thanthi", "paathukaavalar", "suyaatheenamaana", "25 azhagaana veedugal" mattrum pala ull paththirigaigalukku nipunar aaloachanaikalaiyum ezhuthiyullaar. burnet munbu anaitthu englaanthu naadugal mattrum piraanthiyangkalukkum vaanilai thoguppaalaraagavum seithi niruparaagavum irunthaar, podhuvaaga ppc lundon seithigal, ppc skaatlaanthu, ppc saimru wales, ppc vadakku ayarlaandhu, ppc thenkizhakku intru, ppc kilakku mattrum ppc therku intru, maelum pala ppc piraanthiya vanoli nilaiyangalukkaana vaanilai vilakkukirathu. thanipatta vaazhkkai. pipravari 2023 ill, burnet thanathu kanavar mattrum flanidamirunthu pirinththathaaga tweeteril arivitthaar; inththa jody oru magalaip pagirnthu kolgiradhu.

georgina burnet georgina burnet (jananam 7 december 1978) australialo janminchina british television presenter. prarambha jeevitam. burnet 1978 december 7naa australialoni sidneylo janminchaaru. aame moodu samvatsaraala vayassulo unnappudu, aame kutumbam united kingdamku velli, dorsetlo sthirapadindi. aame european mariyu polynesian santatiki chendinadi mariyu aameku mugguru sodarulu unnaaru. vrutti. burnet oka dye mariyu interior design autsaahikuraalu mariyu 2009 nundi aastulalo pettubadi petti abhivruddhi chestondi. aame aastulalo okati "metro" mariyu "25 andamaina gruhalu" loe pradarsinchabadindi. aame thana blogg mariyu online chhaanel "dhi home jeaney" dwara thana ghnaanam mariyu aalochanalanu panchukuntundi. burnet eee tv yokka "eee udayam" kosam oka saadhaarana presenter, ikkada aame gruha vastuvulanu mariyu saadhaarana gruha merugudala, declator mariyu styling elaa cheyaalo choopinchindi. aame aadarsavantamaina home show mariyu "grand design live" kosam regular presenter kooda. burnet pustakam "mea intini konugolu cheyadaaniki, meruguparachadaaniki mariyu vikrayinchadaaniki veedhi vaareegaa margadarshi" marchi 2019loe prachurinchabadindi. aame "aadivaaram times", "aadivaaram telegraph", "guardian", "swatantra", "25 andamaina gruhalu" mariyu aneka itara antargata patrikalaku nipunula salahalanu kooda rasindi. burnet gatamlo anni yuke deshaalu mariyu praantaalaku vaataavarana vyaakhyaata mariyu vaartaa vilekhari, saadhaaranamgaa bbc london nyuus, bbc scatland, bbc saimru wales, bbc northern ireland, bbc south eest nedu, bbc look eest, mariyu bbc south nedu, mariyu aneka bbc praantiiya radeo stationlaku vaataavaranaanni kooda andistundi. vyaktigata jeevitam. 2023 fibravarilo, burnet thana bhartha mariyu flan nundi vidipoyaarani twitterlo prakatinchaaru; eee janta oka kumartenu panchukuntaaru.

jorjina bernet jorjina bernet (paidaish 7 dasambar 1978) australia mein paida honay waali bartanvi teeli vision paish kanandah haine. ibtadayi zindagi. bernet 7 dasambar 1978 kuu australia kay shehar sudney mein paida hoay. jabb wah teen saal kii thein tuu inn kaa khaandaan bartaniah chalaa gayaa aur dorset mein aabaad how gayaa. wah europi aur polynesiayi nasal kii hay aur iss kay teen bhayee haine. carrier. brunt ddee aayee aur daakhlah design kii shoqeen haine aur 2009 say jayedadon mein sarmayah kaaree aur tarqi kirr rahee haine. inn kii eek jayedad "metro" aur "25 khubsurat gharoon" mein numayan thee. wah apnay blog aur aann line chinal "dee hoam jeanny" kay zariye apnay alam aur khayalat kaa ashtaraak karti hay. brunt aayee tye wee kay "aaj sabah" kay liye eek baqayedah paish kanandah haine jehaan inhon nay dikhaya hay kahh gharilo ashyaa aur aam gahar kii behtari declatering aur styling kuu kisay app cycle kiyaa jaataa hay. wah misali hoam show aur "grend designs laiyo" kay liye baqayedah paish kanandah bhee haine. bernet kii kitaab "apnay gahar kuu khareednay behatar bananay aur farokhat karnay kay liye glee kay lahaaz say guide" maarch 2019 mein shaye hoyee thee. iss nay "atwaar kay auqaat"yee "atwaar kay teeli graaf"yee "sarparast"yee "aazaad"yee "25 khubsurat makanaat" aur mutadid deegar androni rasalon kay liye maahir mashurah bhee likhaa hay. bernet pehley bartaniah kay tamaam mamalik aur khaton kay liye mosam paish kanandah aur newz reporter thay aam toor parr bee bee see landan newz bee bee see scott lend bee bee see samro wells bee bee see naardarn ireland bee bee see saoth aist aaj bee bee see lick aist aur bee bee see saoth aaj aur bee bee see kay mutadid elaqayi redio stationon kay liye mosam bhee paish kartay haine. zaati zindagi. faroori 2023 mein bernet nay tweater parr aalaan kiyaa kahh wah apnay shohar aindi flaan say alg how gayee haine vovo iss joday kii eek betty hay.

fffe2367387c99680296c067ea9abe5ddf0ace427e305bbd5934ede708b80ece

https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki?curid=1129983

ταναός

ταναός Ancient Greek. Etymology. From . Cognates include , , and (). Also see .

prasin greek. byutpotti. poraa. kogonitburor bhitorot aase, aaru (). dekhiu.

prachin greek. byutpatti. theke. gyaniya antarbhukta, ebong (). taao dekhun.

praachin grick. vyutpatti. maanthi. gnyanma, aneey () noow samaavesh thaay chhe. pann juo.

pracheen yunani. vyutpatti. seey. sangyanatmak mein shamil hain, aur (). bhee dekhein.

praachina greek bhasheyagide. vyutpatti. ninda. kagnitgalu, mattu () annu olagondive. saha nodi.

purathana greak bhasha. padavyuthpathishaasthram. ninnu. kognettukalil ulppedunnu,, (). athum kaanuka.

pracheen greek. vyutpatti. pasoon. sandnyanatmakanmadhye, aanee () samavisht aahet. tedekhil pahaa.

prachin grick bhasha. wyutpatti. batt. sangyanatmak samawesh, rar (). pani hernuhos.

ταναος pracheen greek. byutpatti. ru. sangyagudika antarbhukta, ebong (). madhya dekhantu.

prachin yunani. shabdawali. toon. sanketan witch shamal hunn, atey (). vee dekho.

prachina-greek-bhashayam. vyutpattih. ityatah. sandnyaasu antarbhavanti, tathaa cha (). api pashyatu.

pandaiya kiraekka mozhi. sorpirappiyal. irunthu. arivaattral adangkum, mattrum (). idhaiyum paarungkal.

puraatana greeku bhasha. vyutpatti. nundi. cognits loe, mariyu () untaayi. kooda chudandi.

qadeem yunani. siftiyat. say. elmi mein shaamil haine aur (). bhee dekhein.

fffe2bf5ed30298a8b28cd4c3911a67e2d1b283022da46df1c13b08d86aaae6e

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48458329

Huang Oudong

Huang Oudong Chinese politician Huang Oudong () (September 14, 1905 – November 28, 1993) was a People's Republic of China politician. He was born in Yongfeng County, Jiangxi Province. He was Communist Party of China Committee Secretary (1954–1958), Governor (1958–1967) and twice CPPCC Chairman (1955–1959, 1977–1980) of Liaoning. He was also mayor of Shenyang.

huwang oudong huwang oudong () (14 septembor, 1905-28 novembor, 1993) seenor ejon rajneetibid aasil. teur jonmo hoisil jiangsi prodexor yongfeng countyt. teu seenor communist partyr xomitir xosibo (1954-1958), rajyopal (1958-1967) aaru dubarkoi chi. pi. pi. chi. chi.-ror odhyokhyo (1955-1959,1977-1980) aasil. teu swenyangor meyoru aasil.

huang odong huang oudong () (14ee septembara, 1905-28shhey navembar, 1993) chhilen ganoprojatantri cheener ekjon rajnitibid. tini jiangsi prodesher eongfeng kauntite jonmogrohon corren. tini cheener communist partyr komitir sachib (1954-1958), governor (1958-1967) ebong duibar cppcr chairman (1955-1959,1977-1980) chhilen. tini shenyang-err meyoro chhilen.

huang audong huang audong () (september 14,1905-november 28,1993) pipples ripablika off chaainana rajkarani hataa. temno janm jiangshi praantnaa yongfeng kaauntimaa thayo hato. teo chean sameetina saamyavaadi pakshna sacheev (1954-1958), governor (1958-1967) aneey beey vakhat see. pii. pii. see. see. naa adhyaksh (1955-1959,1977-1980) hataa. teo shenyangna mayer pann hataa.

huang odong huang odong () (14 sitambar, 1905-28 navambar, 1993) chean key ack janvaadi ganarajya key rajneta they. unakaa janm jiangshi praant key yongfeng county mein huaa thaa. way chean samiti key communist party key sachiv (1954-1958), governor (1958-1967) aur dou baar see. pee. pee. see. see. key adhyaksh (1955-1959,1977-1980) they. vaha shenyang key mahapour bhee they.

huwang oudang huwang oudang (september 14,1905-november 28,1993) peeples republic off cheenaada raajakaaraniyaagiddaru. aata jiangsi praantyada yongfeng kountiyalli janisidaru. avaru cheena samitiya communist pakshada karyadarshiyagiddaru (1954-1958), governor (1958-1967) mattu eradu baari sii. pii. pii. sii. sii. adhyaksharaagiddaru (1955-1959,1977-1980). aata shenyangna mayer kooda aagiddaru.

huwang audong huwang audong (1905 septambar 14-1993 november 28) oru peeples republic oof chaina raashtreeyakkaaranaayirunnu. jiangsi pravishyayile yongfeng kaundiyilaanu addeham janichathu. communist party oof chaina kammitti sekrattari (<aii. dii. 3>), govarnor (<aii. dii. 1>), leoninginte rund thavana sii. pii. pii. sii. sii chairman (<aii. dii. 2>, <aii. dii. 4>) ennee nilakalil pravarthichu. shenyaanginte mayer koodiyaayirunnu addeham.

huang audong huang audong () (14 september 1905-28 november 1993) heey chinache lock prajasattak rajkarani hote. tyacha janm jiangshi prantatil yongfeng countymadhye jhaala. teey chean kamitiche communist pakshache sachiv (1954-1958), governor (1958-1967) aanee donada see. pii. pii. see. see. chey adhyaksh (1955-1959,1977-1980) hote. teey shanyangche mahapourhi hote.

huang odong huang odong () (september 14,1905-november 28,1993) janawadi ganatantra chinka rajnitigya thie. unko janma jiangshi prantako yongfeng countyma bhaeko thiyo. uni chiniyan communist partyko kamiti sachiva (1954-1958), governer (1958-1967) rar dui patak sipipisika adhyaksha (1955-1959,1977-1980) thie. uni senyangka meyer pani thie.

huanga odonga huanga odonga (<unk>) (september 14,1905-navember 28,1993) jane cheenra janatantra rajneta thile. shay jiangasi pradeshar jangfeng kauntire janmagrahana karithile. shay chean kamitira communist partyra sachiba (1954-1958), gabharnara (1958-1967) ebong duithara sii. pii. pii. sii. sii. rahr lioningra adhyakhya (1955-1959,1977-1980) thile. shay sheniangara meyer madhya thile.

huang audong huang audong (14 satambar, 1905-28 navambar, 1993) cheen daa ikk lock ganraj siasatdan see. uss daa janam jiangsi soobe dey yongfeng kaoonti witch hoiaa see. uh cheen kameti dey communist party dey sakattar (1954-1958), governor (1958-1967) atey doou vaar see. pee. pee. see. see. dey chairman (1955-1959,1977-1980) rahey. uh shenyang dey mayer vee sunn.

huvaang audong huaang audong () (september 14,1905-november 28,1993) ekaha peepals republic aaf chainaa ityasya raajaneetidnyah aasit. tasya janma jiangsi-prantasya yongfeng-praante abhavat. saha cheena-samiti-sachivasya (1954-1958), rajyapalasya (1958-1967), leoning-ityasya dvivaaram see. pee. pee. see. see. adhyakshah (1955-1959,1977-1980) cha aasit. saha shenyaang-nagarasya mahaapaurah api aasit.

huwang avudang huwang avudang (septumber 14,1905-navambar 28,1993) oru seena makkal kudiyarasin arasiyalvaathi aavaar. avar jiangsi maagaanaththin yongfeng kavundiyil piranthaar. avar seena communist katchiyin kamitti seyalaalaraagavum (1954-1958), aalunaraagavum (1958-1967) mattrum irandu murai cpcc thalaivaraagavum (1955-1959,1977-1980) leoningin thalaivaraaga irunthaar. avar shenyankin maeyaraagavum irunthaar.

huwang oudang huwang oudang (september 14,1905-november 28,1993) peeples republic off chaina raajakeeyavetta. ayana jiangsi provinceloni angfeng counteeloo janminchaaru. ayana chaina communistu party kamitee karyadarshi (1954-1958), governor (1958-1967) mariyu rendusaarlu sii. pii. pii. sii. sii. chhairman (1955-1959,1977-1980) gaa unnaaru. ayana shenyang mayer kooda.

hawang odong hawang odong (14 satambar 1905-28 nomber 1993) awami jamhuria cheen kaa seyasat daan thaa. wah subah jiangsi kay youngfeng county mein paida hoay thay. wah communist paarti aaf chayina committy kay secertry (1954-1958)yee governor (1958-1967) aur duu baar see pee pee see kay chairmeen (1955-1959yee 1977-1980) thay. wah shinyang kay mear bhee thay.

fffe2ec1fb74ad92265dd970d353645a0c4042c8c4f526149e5604b92a2e7bed

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48050527

Acanthostigma multiseptatum

Acanthostigma multiseptatum Species of fungus Acanthostigma multiseptatum is a species of fungus in the Tubeufiaceae family of fungi. It was isolated from decomposing wood in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park. "A. multiseptatum" differs from its cogenerate species by having longer asci and longer ascospores with more septa. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

acanthostigma multiceptum acanthostigma multiseptatum chhotraker tubufiacy poribarer chhotraker ekti prajati. etty bishal dhonyashachchonno porboto jatiya uddane pochonto kaatth theke bichchinno chhilo. "aaa. multiceptum "taar sahojato projatir theke beshi septa soho dirghotoro asky ebong dirghotoro ascospore thucker karone alada.

acanthostigma multiseptatum acanthostigma multiseptatum aee foognaa tubufiacy kutumbamaa foogni aek prajaati chhe. teey dhummasvala parvatona raashtriy udhyanma vighatit lakadamathi alag karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. "aaa. multiseptatum "tenee sahautpaadak prajatiothi vadhu septa saathe laambaa acc aneey laambaa escospores dwara alag padey chhe.

acanthostigma multiseptatum acanthostigma multiseptatum kavak key tubufiacy parivaar mein kavak kii ack prajaati haye. yeh dhuein seey bharey pahaadon vaale rashtriya udyaan mein sadatee hui lakadi seey alag thaa. "aeye. multiseptatum "apani saha-utpann prajaatiyon seey adhik septa key saath lambe essie aur lambe escospore honey seey alag hotaa haye.

acanthostigma multiceptum acanthostigma multiceptum shilindhragala tubufiaceae kutumbada shileendhrada ondu prabhedavagide. dodda hogeya parvatagala rashtriya udyaanavanadalli koleyuva maradinda idannu pratyekisalaayitu. "aa. multiceptum "adara cogenerate prabhedagaliginta hecchu septaadondige uddavaada aski mattu uddavaada askosporgalannu hondiruvudarinda bhinnavagide.

acanthostigma multiseptaattam tubufiaceae fungus kudumbatthile oru inam fangasaanu acanthostigma multiseptattam. grettu smokey moundans naashanal parkkil vighadikkunna maratthil ninnu ithu verthirichu. "eiii. kooduthal septtakalulla neelamulla askiyum neelamulla ascosporeukalum ullathinaal multiseptaattam athinte kojenarettu speesheesukalil ninnu vyathyasthamaan.

acanthostigma multiseptatum acanthostigma multiseptatum hii burashichi eka prajati aahe jee burashichya tubufiacy kutumbatil aahe. mothya dhuryukt parvatanchya rashtriy udyanat teey vighatit lakadapasoon vegale karnyat aale hote. "aaa. multiseptatum "tyachya saha-utpann prajatinpeksha jaast dirgh acci aanee adhik septa asalele lamb escosporus asalyamule vegale aahe.

acanthostigma multiceptatum acanthostigma multiceptatum dhusiko tubufiacy pariwarma dhusiko ek prajati how. yasalai thulo dhuwanyukta parwat rashtriya nikunjama sadeko kathbata alag garieko thiyo. "aha. multiceptatum "yasako saha-utpanna prajatiharubhanda lamo essie rar lamo escosporceharu adhik septa bhaeko karan farak hunchha.

acanthostigma multiceptatum acanthostigma multiceptatum heuchhi phangasra eka prajati jaahaa tubufiacy paribarara. ehaa bruhat dhuanmai parbata jatiah udyanare pachara jaithiba katharu alga karajaithila. "aii. adhika septa sahita lamba aski ebong lamba ascospore thibaru maltiseptatum ehara cogenerate prajatitharu bhinna .

acanthostigam multiseptum acanthostigma multiseptum ullimar dey tubofiac parivaar witch ullimar dee ikk prajati haii. iss noon dhooyen vaale pahadan dey rashtari park witch sadadi lakkad toon alagg keeta giaa see. "aii. multiseptum "vadhere sept dey naal lambe sc atey lambe escospores dey keey iss deeaan sahi-utpadak prajatiaan toon vakkhra haii.

acanthostigma multiceptatum acanthostigma multiceptum iti kavakasya tubufiacy-parivaarasya kavakasya ekaha prajaatih asti. bruhad-dhoomaparvata-rashtriya-udyaane vighatita-kaashtaat etat pruthak krutam. "a. multiceptum "iti" sahajanakeekruta-prajaatayah "taha bhinnam asti, yatra deerghataram e. ess. sii. aii., deerghataram escospores cha adhika-septa-yukttaah santi.

aganthosticma multiceptuttom aganthosticma multiceptodam enbathu tubufiaceae poonjchai kudumbaththaich saerntha oru poonjchai inamaagum. periya pugaipidikkum malaikal thaesiya poongaavil sithaintha maraththilirunthu idhu thanimaippaduththappattathu. "auuu. multiceptodam "adhan gogenerate inangkalilirunththu neenda assie mattrum adhiga septaavudan neenda ascosporskalaik kondiruppathan moolam vaerupadukirathu.

acanthostigma multiseptum acanthostigma multiseptum anedi tubefiace kutumbaaniki chendina sileendhram yokka oka jaathi. idhi goppa poga parvataala jaateeya udyaanavanamlo kullina kalapa nundi vaeru cheyabadindi. "aaa. multiseptum "daani cogenerate jaatulaku bhinnamgaa untundi, ekkuva septatho podavaina aski mariyu podavaina ascosporelanu kaligi untundi.

econthostagma multiciptatum econthostagma multiciptatum fungs kii eek nooa hay juu fungs kay tubophysi khaandaan mein hay. asay azeem dhoyein waalay pahaadon kay qomi paark mein sadnay waali lakdi say alg kiyaa gayaa thaa. "aey. multiciptatum "ziyadah septa kay saath taweel aiski aur taweel escospores kii wajah say iss kii coginerate parjatiyon say mukhtalif hay.

fffe318047bb41bd30e292265ab43018e1d17ba9a3df3f2e546f5cba1608e539

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=67095396

Wilmar Valencia

Wilmar Valencia Peruvian football manager (born 1961) Wilmar Elar Valencia Pacheco (born 27 October 1961) is a Peruvian football manager and former player who played as a central defender. He is the current manager of Sport Huancayo. Playing career. Born Camaná, Valencia started playing for Coronel Bolognesi. In 1982, he moved to Alianza Lima, where he played regularly until 1987, when he joined Honduran side Atlético Marte. Valencia returned to Alianza Lima in 1988, but moved to Bolivian side Blooming in the following year. In 1990, he rejoined Alianza Lima for a third spell, before ending his professional career at the age of 33 in 1994. In 2001, he returned to action with lowly Aurora Chancayllo, but retired in the same year. In an international figure, Valencia played 14 times for the Peru national team between 1984 and 1989, also being a part of the squad in the 1989 Copa América. Managerial career. Valencia started his managerial career in 2000 with Unión Huaral. After being in charge of Sporting Cristal's youth setup, he was named manager of the club in 2003 in the place of Renê Weber, and won the 2003 Apertura with the side. In 2004, despite his team's performance in the 2004 Copa Libertadores, Valencia was sacked and replaced by Edgardo Bauza. In 2005, he took over former club Alianza Lima, but resigned. In 2006, Valencia was in charge of Cienciano. After a four-year period away from coaching duties, he returned to a managerial role in 2010, after being appointed manager of Total Chalaco. Valencia continued to work in the Peruvian first division in the following years, being in charge of Melgar, José Gálvez, Sport Huancayo (three spells), Alianza Lima, León de Huánuco, Real Garcilaso, Juan Aurich, Sport Boys and Atlético Grau. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

uilmar valencia uilmar elaar valencia paseku (jonmo 27 octobor 1961) ejon peruvian football menezar aaru prakton kheluwoi ji ejon kendriyo defender hisape khelisil. teu krira huwankayur bortomanor menezar. khelor jiwan. jonmogotobhabe kamana, bhalensiyai koo "ror" nell bulunesir hoi kheliboloi aarombho korisil. 1982 sonot teu elianja limaloi yaay, zo 'too 1987 sonoloike niyomitbhabe khelisil, jetiya teu honduranor doll atletiku martot jugdan korisil. valencia 1988 sonot elianja limaloi ubhoti aahisil, kintu poroborti bosorot bolibhiyar faale ghuri aahisil. 1994 sonot 33 bosor boyoxot teur pesadari keriyar xomapto korar purbe 1990 sonot teu tritiyobaror baabe elianja limat punor jugdan kore. 2001 sonot teu nimnomanor orura sankelur xoite obhinoyoloi ubhoti aahisil, kintu xei bosorote owoxor grohon korisil. antohrastriyo byoktitwo hisape valenciai 1984 sonor poraa 1989 sonor bhitorot peru rastriyo dolor hoi 14 baar khelisil, logote 1989 sonor kupa aamerikar dolor ongxo aasil. porisalonar jiwan. valenciai 2000 sonot unio 'noo huwaralor xoite teur porisalonar keriyar aarombho korisil. krira christelor juwo xonghotir dayitwot thokar pisot, teuk 2003 sonot rene webaror thait clubber menezar hisape nijukti diya hoisil, aaru doltur xoite 2003 sonor apartura joy korisil. 2004 sonot, 2004 sonor koo 'paa libortadursot teur dolor prodorxonor swotweu, valenciak borkhasto koraa hoisil aaru iyar thait edgardu baujai nijukti disil. 2005 sonot teu prakton club alianja limaar dayitwo grohon korisil, kintu podotyag korisil. 2006 sonot valencia siyensiyanur dayitwot aasil. proxikhyonor dayitwor poraa chaari bosor aatori thokar pisot, teu 2010 sonot tutel salakur menezar hisape nijukto huwar pisot porisalonar bhumikaloi ubhoti aahisil. bhalensiyai poroborti bosorburot peruvian prothom xakhat kaam kori thakil, melgar, juche galvez, sport huwankayu (tinita spell), elianja lima, liun di huyanuku, real garchilasu, juwan aaris, sport boy aaru atletiku graur dayitwot aasil.

uilmer valencia uilmer eller valencia pacheko (jonmo 27 octobor 1961) ekjon peruvian football manager ebong praktan kheload jini ekjon kendriya defender hisabe khelechilen. tini huancao sportser bortoman manager. carrier khelun. jonmogotovabe, valencia coronell bolonesir hoye khelte shuru corren. 1982 saale, tini alianza lima choley zaan, jekhane tini 1987 saal porjonto niyamita khelen, jokhon tini honduran doler atletico martete jog deena. valencia 1988 saale alianza lima-teey firey asen, kintu porer bochor bolivier dike choley zaan. 1990 saale, tini tritiya meyader jonno alianza limmer saathe punra jog deena, 1994 saale 33 bochor boyse taanr peshadar karmajiban shesh korar agey. 2001 saale, tini nimnomaner aurora chankello diye abhinoye firey asen, kintu ekoi bochore abosar nene. ekti antorjatik byaktitto hisabe, valencia 1984 theke 1989 saaler modhye peru jatiya doler hoye 14 barr khelechen, 1989 saaler copa america doler ongsho chhilen. porichalon karmajiban. valencia 2000 saale union huaral diye taar porichalon karmajiban shuru corren. krida christaler jubo setuper dayitte thucker porr, 2003 saale rene webarer jaiga taake cluber manager nijukto koraa hoy ebong doler saathe 2003 saaler apartura jitechilen. 2004 saale, 2004 saaler copa libertadorese taar doler performance sotteo, valenciake borkhasto koraa hoy ebong edgardo bauza dwara protisthapito hoy. 2005 saale, tini praktan club alianza limmer dayitto grohon corren, kintu podotyag corren. 2006 saale valencia ciencianor dayitte chhilen. coaching dayitto theke chaar bochor doore thucker porr, tini total chalakor manager nijukto howar porr 2010 saale porichaloker bhumikai firey asen. poroborti bochorgulite valencia peruvian prothom bibhage kaaj chaliye zaan, melgar, jose galvez, sportasa huancao (tinti montro), alianza lima, leone dii huanuko, real garcillaso, juan arich, sporta boyez ebong atletico grau-err dayitte chhilen.

wilmer valencia wilmer elar valencia paacheko (janm 27 october 1961) aek peruvian football manager aneey bhutpurv khelaadi chhe jeey kendreey rakshak tareeke ramyaa hataa. teo sports huankayona vartmaan manager chhe. karkirdi ramvu. janm samaye, valencia coronal bolonessi maate ramvaanu sharoo karyoo. 1982maan, teo elianza lima gayaa, jyaan teo 1987 sudhee niyamitpane ramyaa, jyaare teo honduran baaju atletico martema jodaya. valencia 1988maan eleanza lima parat faryaa, parantu teey pachhinaa varshe bolivian bajuae kheelva maate gayaa. 1990maan, teo 1994maan 33 varshnee ummare temnee vyaavsaayik karkidrino anta laavtaa pahelaa trija kaarykaad maate eleanza lima saathe pharii jodaya. 2001maan, teo neechala starnaa arora chankelo saathe abhinayma paachha faryaa, parantu teey jaj varshe nivrutt thayaa. aantarrashtriy aankadama, valencia 1984 aneey 1989 vachche peru raashtriy team maate 14 vakhat ramee hatee, aneey 1989 kopaa americama pann teamno bhaag hatee. vyavsthaapan karkirdi. valencia 2000maan union heural saathe temnee vyavsthaapkeey karkidrini sharuaat curry hatee. sports kristalnaa yuvaa setupnaa prabhaari banyaa pachhi, temne 2003maan rene webarnee jagyae klabnaa manager tareeke niyukt karvaamaa aavyaa hataa, aneey 2003maan team saathe apertura jeetyo hato. 2004maan, 2004 kopaa libertadorsma temnee teamnu pradarshan hovaa chhataa, valenciane bartaraf karvaamaa aavee hatee aneey tenaa sthaane edgardo bauza dwara sthaan levaamaa aavyu hatoo. 2005maan, temane bhutpurv club alianza limaanu pada sambhaalyu, parantu raajinaamu aapyu. 2006maan, valencia sciencianona prabhaari hataa. coaching farajothi door chaar varshnaa samaygaalaa pachhi, teo tottle chalakona manager tareeke niyukt thayaa pachhi 2010maan vyavsthaapkeey bhoomikama paachha faryaa hataa. valencia pachhinaa varshomaa peruvian pratham vibhagma kaama karvaanu chaalu raakhyu, melgar, jose galvez, sporta huankayo (trana mantra), eleanza lima, leone dii hyuenuko, real garcillaso, juan aurich, sporta boys aneey atletico grunaa prabhaari hataa.

wilmer valencia wilmer elar valencia pacheko (janm 27 octuber 1961) ack peruvian football prabandhak aur poorv khilaadi hain joe ack kendriya rakshak key roop mein khelate they. vaha khel huankayo key vartamaan prabandhak hain. currier khelna. janm key saath, valencia ney coronal boloni key liye khelna shuru curr diyaa. 1982 mein, vaha alianza lima chaley gaye, jahan way 1987 taka niyamit roop seey khelate rahey, jaba way honduran paksh atletico maart mein shamil hoe gaye. valencia 1988 mein alianza lima laut aaee, lekin agale varsh bolivian paksh mein khilane luggy. 1990 mein, vaha 1994 mein 33 saal kii umr mein apane peshevar currier koo samaapt karane seey pahale, teesare karyakal key liye alianza lima mein phir seey shamil hoe gaye. 2001 mein, unhone cumm aurora chankelo key saath kaam karane key liye vaapsee kii, lekin usee varsh sevaanivritt hoe gaye. ack antarrashtriya vyakti mein, valencia ney 1984 aur 1989 key beach peru rashtriya team key liye 14 baar khela, 1989 key kopa america mein bhee team kaa hissa they. prabandhakiya carrier. valencia ney 2000 mein union huaral key saath apane prabandhakiya currier kii shuruat kii. khel chrystal key yuva setup key prabhaari honey key baad, unhein 2003 mein rene webber key sthaan parr club kaa prabandhak naamit kiya gayaa thaa, aur 2003 mein paksh key saath apertura jeetaa thaa. 2004 mein, 2004 mein kopa libertadores mein unaki team key pradarshan key bavjood, valencia koo barkhast curr diyaa gayaa aur adgardo bauza dwara pratisthaapit kiya gayaa. 2005 mein, unhone poorv club alianza lima koo sambhala, lekin istifa dey diyaa. 2006 mein, valencia vigyaan kii prabhaari thee. coaching kartavyon seey chaar saal kii avadhi key baad, vaha 2010 mein kull chalako key prabandhak niyukt honey key baad prabandhakiya bhoomika mein laut aae. valencia ney agale varshon mein peruvian pratham vibhaag mein kaam karna jaari rakhaa, melgar, jose galvez, sport huankayo (teen mantra), eleanza lima, leone dee huanuko, real garcillaso, juan aurich, khel ladakon aur atletico graau key prabhaari they.

wilmer valencia wilmer elar valencia patcheco (janana 27 october 1961) obba peruvian football manager mattu maaji aatagararagiddu, avaru central defenderga aadidaru. avaru prastuta creeda hvaankaayoda vyavasthapakaraagiddaare. vrattijeevanada aata. janisida valencia, coronel bolonesigaagi aadalu praarambhisidaru. 1982ralli, avaru alianza limakke teralidaru, allie avaru 1987ralli honduran tandada atletico maartege seruvavaregu niyamitavagi aaduttiddaru. valencia 1988ralli alianza limakke maralidaru, aadare mundina varshadalli boliviyaada badiyalli aralalu teralidaru. 1990ralli, avaru moorane baarige alianza lima avarannu matte seridaru, 1994ralli tamma 33neey vayassinalli tamma vruttipara vrattijeevanavannu konegolisidaru. 2001ralli, avaru kelamattada arora chankello avarondige natisalu maralidaru, aadare adhe varshadalli nivruttaraadaru. antaaraashtriya mattadalli, valencia 1984 mattu 1989rahra naduve peru rashtriya tandakkagi 14 baari aadidaru, 1989rahra copa americada tandadalli saha bhagiyagiddaru. nirvahanaa vrutti. valencia 2000 ralli union heural nondige tamma vyavasthapaka vrattijeevanavannu praarambhisidaru. creeda chrystalln yuva setapna ustuvaari vahisikonda nantara, avarannu 2003 ralli rene webber badalige clubna vyavasthaapakaraagi nemisalaayitu mattu 2003 rahra aparturaavannu tandadondige geddaru. 2004ralli, 2004rahra copa libertadorsnalli avara tandada pradarshanada horataagiyoo, valenciavannu vajaagolisalaayitu mattu avara badalige edgardo bauja avarannu nemisalaayitu. 2005ralli, avaru maaji club alianza limavannu vahisikondaru, aadare rajiname niididaru. 2006ralli, valencia avaru vignaanada ustuvaariyaagiddaru. naalku varshagala kaala tarabeti kartavyagalinda duravidda nantara, 2010ralli total chaalaakoda vyavasthaapakaraagi nemakagonda nantara avaru nirvahanaa patrakke maralidaru. mundina varsagalalli melgarh, jose galvez, sport hwankayo (mooru mantragalu), alianza lima, lyon dii huvanuco, real garcillaso, juwan arich, sport boys mattu atletico grougala ustuvaari vahisikondidda valencia peruvian prathama vibhagadalli kelasa maaduvudannu munduvaresidaru.

wilmer valencia oru peruvian football manejar central defenderaayi kalicha muun kalikkaranumaanu wilmer elar valencia pacheko (jananam october 27,1961). sports huvaankaayoyude ippozhathe maanejaraan addeham. currier kalikkuka. janicha camana, valencia coronal bolognessic vendi kalikkaan thudangi. 1982ll addeham alianza limayilekk thamasam maari, avide 1987ll hondurans team atlettikko martle cherunnathuvare addeham pathivayi kalichu. 1988ll valencia alianza limayilekk madangiyethiyenkilum adutha varsham bolivian bhaagathekku thamasam maari. 1990-ll addeham moonnaamathe thavana alienza limayil veendum chernnu, 1994-ll 33-aamm vayassil thante professional currier avasaanippikkunnathinumbu. 2001-ll addeham thaazhnna arora chaankeyloyumaayi abhinayathilekku madangiyethiyenkilum athe varsham thanne viramichu. oru anthaaraashtra thaaramaayi, 1984 num 1989 num idayil peru deseeya teaminayi 14 thavana kalicha valencia 1989 leeii copa amerikkayile teaminte bhaagamaayirunnu. maanejment currier. 2000ll yuniyon huvaaralil ninnaan valencia thante maanejment jeevitam aarambhichath. sports christalinte yoothu sajjeekaranathinte chumatala vahicha sesham, 2003 ll rene vebarinu pakaram klabbinte maanejarayi thiranjedukkappedukayum 2003 leeii apparchura teaminoppam nedukayum cheythu. 2004ll, 2004 copa libertadorasil addehathinte teaminte prakadanam undaayirunnittum, valentia pirichuvidukayum pakaram edgardo bousaye niyamikkukayum cheythu. 2005ll addeham muun club alienza limaye etteduthenkilum raajivachu. 2006ll siensiyaanoyude chumatala valensiyaykkaayirunnu. naalu varshathe coaching dutykalkku sesham 2010ll total chalaakkoyude maanejarayi niyamithanaaya sesham addeham maanejment rollylake madangi. melgar, jose galves, sports huwankayo (moonnu spellukal), alianza lima, liyon dii huwanco, riyal garsilaso, juvan aurichu, sports boys, atlettikko grau ennivayude chumatala vahichukondu valencia thudarnnulla varshangalil peruvian phastt divisionil jolie cheythu.

wilmer valencia wilmer elar valencia pacheko (janm 27 aktoobar 1961) haah peruvian football vyavasthapak aanee majee kheladu aahe joou madhyavarti bachavpatu mhanoon khelala. too sadhya sports huankayocha vyavasthapak aahe. khelanyachi karkird. camena mhanoon janmalelya valenciane coronal bolonesisathi khelanyas suruvat kelee. 1982 madhye, too alianza limala gela, jithe too 1987 paryant niyamitpane khelala, jevha too honduranchya bajuchya etaletiko martet sameel jhaala. valencia 1988 madhye alianza lima yethe paratali, parantu pudhchya varshi tee bolivian bajula baharayala gelee. 1994 madhye vayachya 33 vya varshi tyachi vyavsayik karkird sampavanyapurvi, 1990 madhye too too satrasathi alianza lima yethe punha sameel jhaala. 2001 madhye, too qamee darjachya arora chankellos abhinayat paratala, parantu tyach varshi nivrutt jhaala. aantarrashtriy staravar, valencia 1984 teey 1989 darmyan peru rashtriy sanghasathi 14 vela khelali, 1989 chya cope ameriketahi sanghacha eka bhag hotee. vyavasthapakiy karkird. valenciane 2000 saalee union heuralmadhun tyachya vyavasthapakiy karkirdila suruvat kelee. sports chrystalchya yuva vyavasthecha prabhari rahilyanantar, 2003 madhye rene vebarchya jaagi tyala clubcha vyavasthapak mhanoon niyukt karnyat aale aanee tyane 2003 madhye tyaa sanghasah apertura jinkley. 2004 madhye, 2004 chya kopa libertadorsmadhye tyachya sanghachi kamgiri asoonahi, valenciala kadhoon taknyat aale aanee tyachya jaagi edgardo bauzachi niyukti karnyat aalee. 2005 madhye tyane majee club alianza limachi jababdari sweekarli, parantu rajinama deela. 2006 madhye, valencia heey vidnyanshastrache prabhari hote. chaar varshanchya prashikshan kartvyanpasun door rahilyanantar, total chalakoche vyavasthapak mhanoon niyukt jhalyanantar 2010 madhye too vyavasthapakiy bhoomiket paratala. pudhil varshanmadhye valentiane peruvian pratham vibhagat kaam karane suru thewale, melgar, jose galvez, spoort huankayo (teen spells), alianza lima, leone dii huanuko, real garcillaso, juan aurich, spoort boys aanee atletico grauche prabhari mhanoon kaam kele.

wilmer bhyalensia wilmer elar bhyalensia pacheko (janma 27 october 1961) ek peruvian football prabandhak rar purva kheladi hun jasle kendriya rakshakko rupma kheleka thie. uni khelkud whankayoka wartaman prabandhak hun. currier khelnuhos. janma cammon, bhyalensiale coronal bolonesika lagi khelna thale. sann 1982 maa, uni alianza lima gae, jahaan uni 1987 samma niyamit rupma khele, jab uni honduran side atletiko martma samel bhae. bhyalensia sann 1988 maa alianza lima farkie, tara arko warsha bolivian sidema fulera sare. sann 1990 maa, uni tesro spelka lagi alianza limama punah samel bhae, sann 1994 maa 33 warshako umerma afno wyawasayik currier samapta garnu aghi. sann 2001 maa, uni cum aurora chankelosanga karyama farkie, tara tyahi warsha sewaniwritta bhae. antarrashtriya wyaktitwama, bhyalensiale 1984 rar 1989 ko bichma peru rashtriya tolika lagi 14 patak khele, 1989 kopa americama pani toliko hissa thie. prabandhakiya currier. bhyalensiale sann 2000 maa union wharalbata afno prabandhakiya currier suru gare. khelkud crystalko yuwa setupko prabhari bhaepachi, unlai 2003 maa rene weberko thaunma clubko prabandhak niyukta gariyo, rar pakshsanga 2003 apertura jityo. sann 2004 maa, sann 2004 kopa libertadorsma unko toliko pradarshanko bawajud, bhyalensialai barkhasta gariyo rar edgardo baujale pratisthapan gare. sann 2005 maa, unle purva club alianza lima samhale, tara rajinama die. sann 2006 maa, bhyalensia siensianoko prabhari thiin. coaching kartawyabata chaar warshako awadhiko duripachhi, uni sann 2010 maa tottle chalakoko prabandhak niyukta bhaepachi prabandhakiya bhumikama farkie. bhyalensiale pachhika warshaharuma peruvian pratham divisionma kaam garna jaari rakhe, melgar, jose galbhej, sport whankayo (tean mantraharu), alianza lima, leone day whanuko, real garcillaso, juan arich, sport keta rar atletiko grauko prabhari thie.

wilmara valencia wilmara elara valencia pacheko (janma 27 october 1961) jane peruvian football manager ebong purbatana khelali jie jane kendriah defender bhabare khelithile. shay bartamana krida huankajo manager atanti. kyariyara kheliba. janmaru kamana, valencia coronal bolonesi paain kheliba arambha karithile . 1982 masihare shay alianza lima jaithile, jeunthare shay 1987 masiha parjyanta nijamita bhabe khelithile, jetebele shay honduran parswa atletico martere joga deithile. valencia 1988 ray alianza lima pherithile, kintu parabarti barsha boliviaa parswaku sthanantarita hoithile . 1994 masihare 33 barsha bajasare nijara bruttigata kyariyara shesh kariba purbaru 1990 masihare shay truteeja thara paain alianza limanka saha joga deithile. 2001 masihare shay nimnamanara arora chankelonka saha abhinajaku pherithile, kintu sehi barsha hinn absar neithile. jane antarjatija byaktitware, valencia 1984 ru 1989 madhyare peru jatiah dala paain 14 thara khelithile, 1989 copa aamerikare madhya dalara eka ansha thile . parichalana brutti. valencia 2000 masihare union huaral sahita tankara parichalana kyariyara arambha karithile. kristalara juba krida setra dajitware rahiba parey, tanku 2003 ray rene webarnka sthanare clubber manager bhabare namit karajaithila, ebong dala sahita 2003 apertura jitithile. 2004 ray, 2004 copa libertadorsre taanka dalara pradarshan satwe, valencianku barakhasta karajaithila ebong edgardo baujanka dwara pratisthapita karajaithila . 2005 ray, shay purbatana club alianza lima dajitwa grahan karithile, kintu istafa deithile. 2006 masihare valencia cienciano dajitware thile. koching karttabyaru chaari barsha doorare rahiba parey, shay 2010 ray total chalakore manager nijukta heba parey manageral bhumikaku pherithile. parabarti barshagudikare valencia peruvian pratham bibhagare kaama jaari rakhithile, melgar, jose galvej, sport huankajo (tinoti spell), alianza lima, leone dii hujanuko, real garcillaso, juan arich, sport bayya ebong atletico grau dajitware thile.

wilmer valencia vilmar elar valencia pacheko (janam 27 aktubar 1961) ikk peruvian football manager atey sabka khidari haii joe ikk kendri defender vajon khediaa see. uh khed huankayo daa maujuda manager haii. carrier khedna. janam toon hii valencia neey coronal bolonisi laee khedna shuru qarr ditta. 1982 witch, uh alianza lima chaley gaye, jitthe uh 1987 takk niyamit taur 'teey khedade rahey, jadon uh honduran dee team atletico marte witch shamal hoye. valencia 1988 witch alianza lima waps aaa gaee, parr agle saal bolivian paase khid gaee. sann1990 witch, uh 33 saal dee umar witch aapna peshevar carrier khatam curran toon pahilan, teeje daur laee alianza lima witch dubara shamal hoow giaa. sann1994 witch, uh neeven ateora chancallo naal action witch waps aaiaa, parr use saal sevamukt hoow giaa. ikk antarashtari shakhsiat witch, valencia neey 1984 atey 1989 dey vichkaar peru rashtari team laee 14 vaar khediaa, 1989 dey copa amrica witch vee team daa hissa see. parbandhak carrier. valencia neey aapne parbandhaki carrier dee shuruat sann 2000 witch union hural naal keeti see. khed chrystal dey yuva setup dey incharge honn toon baad, uss noon 2003 witch rene webber dee thaan club daa manager niyukat keeta giaa see, atey team naal 2003 apertura jittiaa see. 2004 witch, 2004 dey copa libertadores witch aapni team dey pardarshan dey bavjood, valencia noon barkhast qarr ditta giaa atey adgardo bauza duaara badliaa giaa. sann 2005 witch, uss neey sabka club alianza lima noon sambhal liaa, parr uss neey astifa dey ditta. sann 2006 witch valencia cyanesiano dee incharge see. coaching deeaan zimmevariaan toon chaar saal door rahinn toon baad, uh 2010 witch tottle chalaco daa manager niyukat honn toon baad parbandhak dee bhumika witch waps aaiaa. valencia neey agle saalan witch peruvian pahili division witch kamm karna jaari rakkhiaa, melgar, jose galvez, sports huankayo (tinn spell), alianza lima, leone dee huanuko, real garcilloso, juan aurik, sports boys atey atletico garaoo dey incharge rahey.

wilmer valencia wilmer elaar valencia paacheko (janma 27 october 1961) ekaha perooviyan-football-prabandhakah, poorva-kreedakah cha asti yah kendriya-rakshakaroopen kreeditavaan. saha hyuvan-kaayo-kreedaayaah vartamaanah prabandhakah asti. kridamikhitam vruttihi. janmadaatree kamana iti, valencia, coronal bolonessi krute kreeditum aarabdhavatee. 1982 tame varshe saha alianza lima-nagaram gatavaan, yatra saha 1987 tamavarshaparyantam niyamitaroopen kreeditavaan, yadaa saha honduraan-pakshasya etaletiko-marte-madhye sammilitah. 1988 tame varshe valencia alianza lima-nagaram pratyaagatavatee, parantu agrime varshe pushpitaam bolivian-pakshm agacchat. 1994 tame varshe 33 vayasi swasya vyaavasaayik-vruttijeevanam samaaptum poorvam 1990 tame varshe saha alianza lima ityanena saha truteeya-kaalaay punah militavaan. 2001 tame varshe saha alpa-arora chaankelo ityanena saha punaraagacchat, parantu tasmin eva varshe nivruttah abhavat. antarashtriya-vyaktau, 1984 taha 1989 paryantam peru-rashtriya-dalasya krute 14 praavashyam kreeditavatee, 1989 tame varshe kopaa-america-kridaayaam api dalasya bhaagah aasit. prabandhakeey-vruttihi. valencia 2000 tame varshe union-heural ityanena saha swasya prabandhakeey-vruttijeevanam aarabdhavatee. chrystal-kreedaayaah yuva-vyavasthaayaah prabhaari bhutva, saha 2003 tame varshe rene webber ityasya sthaane club-ityasya vyavasthaapakaroopen namankitaha, tathaa cha pakshena saha 2003 tame varshe apertura-kridaayaam cha vijayam praapnot. 2004 tame varshe, 2004 tame varshe kopaa libertadors ityasmin tasya dalasya pradarshanam satsu api, valencia ityeshah nishkaasitah, tasya sthaane edgardo bauzaa ityeshah sthaapitah. 2005 tame varshe saha poorva-club-alianza lima-samsthaam sveekrutavaan, parantu rajinama dattavaan. 2006 tame varshe, valencia, vidnyaanasya adhikaarinee aasit. prashikshan-kartavyaat chaturvarshaanaam avadhikaalaanantaram, 2010 tame varshe total-chaalaako ityasya vyavasthaapakaroopen niyuktah bhutva saha vyavasthaapakee-bhumikam prati pratyagatavan. valencia anantaram varsheshu perooviyan prathamavibhaage karyam nirantaram kurvatee, melgar, jose galvage, sport hvaankaayo (treeni mantraani), alianza lima, leone dey hyuvaanuko, real garcillaso, juvaan aarich, sport buys, etaletiko grau ityetayoho prabhaari aasit.

wilmer valencia wilmer elaar valencia pacheko (prappu october 27,1961) oru peruviya kaalpandhu maelaalar mattrum munnaal veerar aavaar, avar oru matthiya paathukaavalaraaka vilaiyaadinaar. avar huwankayo vilaiyaattin tharpoothaiya maelaalaraaka ullaar. thozhil vaazhkkai vilaiyaadungkal. piranthu, valencia caronal polognasikkaaga vilaiyaadath thodangkinaar. 1982 aam aandil, avar alianza limavukku kudipeyarnthaar, angku avar 1987 varai thodarnthu vilaiyaadinaar, pinnar avar honduraan pakka atletico martle saernthaar. valencia 1988 aam aandil alianza limavukkuth thirumbinaar, aanaal aduththa aandil poliviya pakkaththirku kudipeyarnthaar. 1990 aam aandil, avar moontraavathu muraiyaaga alianza limavudan meendum saernthaar, 1994 aam aandil thanathu 33 vayathil thanathu thozhil vaazhkkaiyai mudivukkuk konduvaruvadharku munbu. 2001 aam aandil, avar thaazhntha arora saankeyloavudan meendum nadikkath thirumbinaar, aanaal athae aandil oaivu pettraar. oru sarvadesa nabaraaga, valencia 1984 mattrum 1989 kku idaiyil peru thaesiya anikkaaga 14 murai vilaiyaadinaar, maelum 1989 koopaa americavil aniyin oru paguthiyaaga irunthaar. nirvaaga vaazhkkai. valencia 2000 aam aandil union huvaaral moolam thanathu nirvaaga vaazhkkaiyaith thodangkinaar. vilayaattu christaline ilaignar amaippukku porupaana piragu, avar 2003 aam aandil rene vebarukkup pathilaaka kilappin maelaalaraaka niyamikkappattaar, maelum 2003 aam aandu pakkaththudan abertravai ventraar. 2004 aam aandil, 2004 koopaa libertadorsil avarathu aniyin seyalthiran irunththapoathilum, valencia neekkappattaar mattrum edjardo bhavusawal maattrappattaar. 2005 aam aandil, avar munnaal kilap alianza limavai eduththuk kondaar, aanaal rajinama seithaar. 2006 aam aandil, valencia ariviyal thuraiyin poruppaalaraaga irunthaar. naanku aandugal payirchi kadamaigalilirundhu vilagi, 2010 aam aandil moththa salagovin maelaalaraaka niyamikkapatta piragu, avar nirvaagap pathavikku thirumbinaar. aduthaduththa aandugalil peruviyan muthal pirivil valencia thodarnthu paniyaattrinaar, melkar, jose calvace, sport huwankayo (moontru manthirangkal), alianza lima, leone dii huwanugo, riyal carcilaso, yuwan aarich, sport boys mattrum atletico grave aagiya poruppaalarkalaaka irunthaar.

wilmer valencia wilmer elar valencia pacheko (jananam 27 october 1961) oka peruvian football manager mariyu maajee aatagadu, athanu central defenderga aadadu. athanu prastuta creeda huwankayo manager. kereer adatam. janminchina valencia, coronal bolognesi kosam adatam praarambhinchindi. praarambhinchindi, athanu alianza lima vellaadu, akkada athanu athanu honduran side atletico martelo cherentha varaku kramam tappakunda aadadu. valencia valencia alianza lima tirigi vachindi, conny marusati samvatsaramlo bolivian vaipu vikasinchindi. vikasinchindi, athanu athanu 33 samvatsaraala vayassulo thana vruttiparamaina vruttini muginche mundu, moodava spell kosam alianza limalo tirigi cheraadu. cheraadu, athanu takkuva sthaayi arora chankellotho tirigi natinchaadu, conny adhe samvatsaramlo padavee viramana chesaadu. antarjaateeya kreedaakaarulalo, valencia 1984 mariyu 1989 madhya peru jaateeya jattu kosam 14 saarlu aadindi, 1989 copa americalo kooda jattulo bhaagamgaa undhi. nirvaahaka vrutti. valencia valencia union heuraltho thana nirvaahaka vruttini praarambhinchaadu. kreestu christal yokka yuva setup baadhyata vahinchina taruvaata, athanu mariyu rene webber sthaanamlo club managerga niyaminchabaddaadu mariyu mariyu aaa jattutho kalisi aperturaanu geluchukunnadu. geluchukunnadu, 2004 copa libertadorslo athani jattu pradarsana unnappatikee, valencianu tolaginchi, athani sthaanamlo edgardo bouja niyaminchabaddaadu. niyaminchabaddaadu, athanu maajee club alianza limanu chepattadu, conny rajinama chesaadu. chesaadu, valencia siensiano baadhyata vahinchaaru. coaching vidhulaku dhooramgaa naalugu samvatsaraala kaalam taruvaata, athanu total chalako managerga niyaminchabadina taruvaata taruvaata nirvaahaka paatraku tirigi vacchaadu. taruvaati samvatsaraallo melgar, jose galvez, sport hwankayo (moodu spells), alianza lima, leone dii hyuvanuko, real garcilaso, juvan arich, sport boys mariyu atletico growlaku baadhyata vahistuu, valencia peruvian modati vibhaagamlo pani konasaaginchindi.

walamar valencia walamar ailaar valentia pachiko (paidaish 27 aktobar 1961) eek parovian fitt baal meniger aur saabiq khilaadi haine juu markazi muhafiz kay toor parr kheltay thay. wah sports honkayo kay maujudah meniger haine. carrier khelna. paida honay kay baad valencia nay chroneal bolonesi kay liye khelna sharoo kiyaa. 1982 mein wah alainza leema chalay gayey jehaan wah 1987 takk baqayedgi say kheltay rahay jabb inhon nay hondoran kii taraf say atleto maartay mein shamoliyat akhtiyar kii. valencia 1988 mein alyanza leema waps aayee leakin aglay saal bolioya kii taraf chalee gayee. 1990 mein wah 1994 mein 33 saal kii amar mein apnaa paishah waranah carrier khatam karnay say pehley teesre door kay liye alyanza leema mein dobarah shaamil hoay. 2001 mein inhon nay nichley darjay kii aurora chankilo kay saath kaam karnay kii taraf wapsi kii leakin asee saal retire hoay. eek beenn alaqwami shaqsiyat mein valencia nay 1984 aur 1989 kay darmiyan peero qomi team kay liye 14 baar khaila 1989 kay kopa america mein schwad kaa hasah bhee rehaa. intezami carrier. valencia nay apnay intezami carrier kaa aaghaz 2000 mein union huwaral say kiyaa. sporting cristal kay youth seet app kay incharge honay kay baad inhein 2003 mein renay webar kii jagah kalb kaa meniger namzad kiyaa gayaa aur iss nay 2003 mein team kay saath apertora jeeta. 2004 mein 2004 kay kopa libretadors mein inn kii team kii karkardgi kay bawajood valencia kuu bartarf kirr diyaa gayaa aur iss kii jagah adgardo baoza nay lay lee. 2005 mein inhon nay saabiq kalb alyanza leema kaa ahdah sanbhala leakin istefi day diyaa. 2006 mein valentia cenciano kii incharge thee. coaching kay faraiz say chaar saal kay door rehney kay baad wah 2010 mein total chalako kay meniger muqarar honay kay baad intezami kirdaar mein waps aayey. valencia nay aglay saalon mein parovian frust devision mein kaam jaari rakhaa melgar jose gulveez sports honkayo (teen speel)yee alyanza limaa leone ddee honko riyal garcelaso joaan aurch sports boyez aur atleto grow kay incharge rahay.

fffe340aafff6a60de332545a9170beab692cefb41b1597dce81c2a3ace288bc

https://en.wikisource.org/wiki?curid=3351479

Acton, Ralph (DNB00)

Acton, Ralph (DNB00)

akttan, ralph (dii. enn. bii. 100)

ecton, ralf (dii. aine. bii. 00)

acton, ralf (dii. enn. bii. 100)

acton, ralf (dee. ainn. bee. 00)

acton, ralf (dii. enn. bii. 00)

fffe3770556771dab6698f82121b0833f4dff337c7f1a368c1395ea1c751c5bc

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2221700

Earl of York

Earl of York English noble title In Anglo-Saxon England, the Earl of York or Ealdorman of York was the ruler of the southern half of Northumbria. The titles ealdorman and earl both come from Old English. The ealdormanry (earldom) seems to have been created in 966 following a period when the region was under the control of Oswulf, already high-reeve of Bamburgh in northern Northumbria, from about 954, when Norse rule at York came to an end. After the Norman Conquest of England in 1066, the Earldom of York was re-created on two occasions. In 1385, the title Duke of York was granted to Edmund of Langley and it continues in use as a royal dukedom, often given to the monarch's second son: for example Prince Andrew, Duke of York, born in 1960. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

iyorkor aarl ingraj ingrajit, iyorkor aarl baa iyorkor eldorman northambriyar dokhyin ongxor xaxok aasil. eldorman aaru aarl duyuta upadhi puroni ingrajir poraa aahise. iyorkot nors xaxonor onto porar pray 954 sonor poraa, uttor northambriyat itimodhye bumbergor uscho-nodir onchol oh "salfor niyontronot thokar xomoyor pisot 966 sonot elod" romenori (arldom) sristi huwa zen laage. norman bijoyor (1066) pisot, iyorkor ardom dutaa onusthanot punor sristi koraa hoisil. 1385 sonot diuk owo eork upadhi lenglir edmundok prodan koraa hoisil aaru iyak rajokiyo deokdom hisape byobohar koraa hoy, jitu praye rojar dwitiyo putrok diya hoy.

iyarker earl anglo-saxon englande, iyarker earl baa iyarker ilderman northumbria dakkhin ardheker shasok chhilen. eldormon ebong earl ubhoy upadhii purano ingrezi theke eseche. 966 khristabde ildormanry (arldom) toiri hoyechilo boley money koraa hoy, jokhon anchalti oswalfer niyantrane chhilo, jaa itimodhyei uttor northumbria bumberger uchcho-nodee, pray 954 khristabdo theke, jokhon iyarke norse shasoner abosan ghote. norman bijoyer (1066) porr, iyarker arldom duti anusthane punra toiri koraa hoyechilo. 1385 khristabde, diuka off eork upadhiti langlyr edmundke deoa hoy ebong etty rajakiya dukedom hisabe byabohrito hoy, jaa prayashai rajar dwitiya putroke deoa hoy.

earl off york anglow-seqsana englandma, earl off york athavaa aldorman off york northumbriana dakshin bhagno shaasak hato. aldorman aneey earl banne sheershako junaa angrejimathi aave chhe. aldormary (earldom) nee rachnaa rachnaa aevaa samaygaalaa pachhi karvaamaa aavee hovaanu janaay chhe jyaare aaa pradesh oswalfna niyantran hethal hato, jeey uttar northambriyama pahelethee jaj bamburgni unchee nadeeo hatee, lagbhag lagbhag, jyaare yorkmaan norse shaasanno anta aavyo hato. norman vijay (1066) pachhi, beey prasangoae yorknaa earldamnee punah rachnaa karvaamaa aavee hatee. hatee, duke off yorknu birud langleyna admondne aapvama aavyu hatoo aneey teno upyog shaahee dukedam tareeke chaalu chhe, jeey ghanivaar raajaana beeja putrane aapvama aave chhe.

earl off york anglo-saxon ingland mein, york kaa earl yaa york kaa ilderman northumbria key dakshini aadhe hisse kaa shaasak thaa. ildorman aur earl donon khitaab purani angreji seey aatey hain. aisaa lagata haye kii 966 mein ack avadhi key baad ildormanary (earldam) kaa nirmaan kiya gayaa thaa jaba yeh kshetra lagbhag 954 seey, jaba york mein norse shasson samaapt hoe gayaa thaa, uttari uttar-uttar mein pahale seey hii bamberg kii uchch-dhaaraon vaale oswolf key niyantran mein thaa. norman vijay (1066) key baad, york key earldam koo dou avsaron parr phir seey banaaya gayaa thaa. 1385 mein, duke off york kii upaadhi langley key admond koo dee gaee thee aur yeh shaahi dukedom key roop mein upayog mein jaari haye, joe aksar samrat key dusare bete koo diyaa jaataa haye.

earl off yark anglo-saxon englendnalli, yarkna earl athawa yarkna eldarman uttarada uttara bhagada daksina bhagada aadalitagaararaagiddaru. eeldarman mattu earl emba shirshikegalu haleya englishninda bandive. ee pradeshavu oswalf niyantranadallidda avadhiya nantara 966ralli eldarmri (arldam) annu rachisalaagide endu toruttade, idu uttara uttarada uttara bhagada bomberg naa ettarada kolli, sumaru 954ralli, yarknalli norse aalvikeyu konegondaga. norman vijayada (1066) nantara, yarkna arldam annu eradu sandarbhagalalli maru-rachisalaayitu. 1385ralli, duke off yark emba birudannu langli edmandge nidalaayitu mattu idu rajamanetanada duke edamaagi balakeyallide, idannu samanyavagi rajana eradane maganige nidalaaguttade.

yorkkile erl anglo-saaksan englandil, yorkkile erl allengil yorkkile ealdorman northambriyayude thekkan pakuthiyude bharanaadhikaariyaayirunnu. ealdorman, erl ennee perukal pazhaya engleeshil ninnaan varunnath. yorkkile norse bharanam avasaanichappol ekadesham 954 muthal, vadakkan northambriyayile baambarginte uyarnna aruviyaaya ooswalfinte niyanthranathilaayirunna pradeshathe 966-ll eeldormanri (erldom) srishtichathaayi thonnunnu. norman adhiniveshathinu (1066) sesham, yorkkile erldom rund avasarangalil punarnirmikkappettu. 1385-ll, langliyile edmundinu duke oof york enna padavi nalkukayum palappozhum raajaavinte randaamathe makanu nalkunna oru rajakeeya dukedamaayi ithu upayogikkukayum cheiyunnu.

earl auph york anglo-saxon englandmadhye, earl auph york kinwa elderman auph york haah northambriyachya dakshin ardhya bhagacha shasak hota. ildorman aanee earl hii donhi shirshake junya ingrajimadhun aalee aahet. 966 saalee, jevha haah pradesh oswalfchya niyantranakhali hota, uttar northambriyamadhye bamburgchya aadhich unch-fandyancha pradesh hota, tyaa kalanantar, sumare 954 pasoon, jevha yorkmadhil norse rajvat sampushtat aalee, tevha eldormanary (earldam) tayar jhalyache disate. norman vijayanantar (1066), yorkche earldam done prasangi punha tayar karnyat aale. 1385 madhye, duke auph york hii padvi langlechya edmandla denyat aalee aanee tee shahee dukedam mhanoon vaparali jaate, jee anekada rajachya rajachya mulala dilee jaate.

earl aff york englo-saction englandma, yorkako earl wa yorkako alderman northambriako dakshini adha bhagko shasak thie. alderman rar earl duwai upadhi purano angrejibata aeka hun. yo khetra oswalfako niyantranma raheko awadhi pachhi 966 maa aldormanry (earldom) sirjana garieko dekhinchha, uttari northambriama pahile nai bambergko uccha-khol, lagbhag 954 dekhi, jab yorkama nurse shasson samapta bhayo. nerman vijaya (1066) pachhi, yorkako earldom dui awasarharuma punah sirjana garieko thiyo. sann 1385 maa, duke aff yorkako upadhi langleca edmundlai diieko thiyo rar yo shahi ducademko rupma prayog bhairaheko chha, prayaha rajako dosro chhoralai diinchha.

yorker earl aango-saxon englandare, yorker earl kimba yorker elderman northambriara dakhina ardhekar shasaka thile. elderman ebong earl ubhaja upadhi puruna ingrajiru aasichhi . 966 masihare, jetebele ehi anchala oswalfra nijantranare thila, setebele, praiah 954 masiharu, jetebele jarkare nurse shasson shesh hoithila, sehi samajaru, jetebele ehi anchala uttara uttara-uttara-uttara-uttara-uttara-uttara-uttara-uttara-uttara-uttara-uttara-uttara-uttara-uttara-uttara-uttara-uttara-uttara-uttara-uttara-uttara-uttara-purba-uttara-purba-uttara-purba-uttara-purba-uttara-purba-uttara-purba-uttara-purba-uttara-purba-uttara-uttara-uttara-uttara-uttara-uttara-uttara-uttara-uttara-uttara-uttara-uttara-uttara-uttara-uttara-uttara-uttara-uttara-uttara-uttara-uttara-uttara-uttara-uttara-uttara-uttara-uttara-uttara-uttara-uttara-uttara-uttara-uttara-uttara-uttara-uttara-uttara-uttara-uttara-uttara-uttara-uttara-uttara-uttara-uttara-uttara-uttara-uttara-uttara-uttara-uttara-uttara-uttara-uttara-uttara-uttara-uttara-uttara-uttara-uttara-uttara-uttara-uttara-uttara-uttara-uttara-uttara-uttara-uttara - narman bijai (1066) parey, yorker orldom duiti samajare punarbara srusti karajaithila . 1385 masihare, diuka off yarka upadhi langlira edamandanku pradan karajaithila ebong ehaa eka rajkiah deukdom bhabare byabahruta heuchhi, jaahaa prajatah rajanka dwiteeja putranku diajae .

yarak daa aral anglo-sexon england witch, yarak daa aral jaan yarak daa aldorman northumbria dey dakkhni addh daa shask see. aldorman atey aral doven sirlekh purani angrezi toon aae hunn. laggda haii kii aldormary (araldam) 966 witch uss samein toon baad banayi gaee see jadon ih khetar oswolf dey niyantaran witch see, joe pahilan hii uttri northumbria witch bamberg dee ucchi nadee see, lagbhag 954 toon, jadon yarak witch naurs shasan khatam hoow giaa see. norman jitt (1066) toon baad, yarak daa araldam doou maukiaan 'teey dubara banaiaa giaa see. 1385 witch, yarak daa diook daa khitaab langley dey admond noon ditta giaa see atey ih ikk shaahi dukedom vajon vartiaa jaanda haii, joe aksar badshah dey dooje puttar noon ditta jaanda haii.

earl aaf yaark aangl-sacson-deshe, yaark-nagarasya earl athavaa yaark-nagarasya aldarman ityeshah narthumbriya-pradeshasya dakshina-ardhabhagasya shaasakah aasit. eeldarman tathaa earl iti upadhi dwau api puratanena anglabhashayaha santi. 966 tame varshe, yadaa ayam pradesha oswalf ityasya niyantrane aasit, poorvamev uttar-narthambriya-pradeshe bamberg-ityasya uccha-nadee-kshetram aasit, tadaa praayah 954 tame varshe, yadaa yaark-nagare nars-shasanam samaaptam abhavat, tadaa eeldormairi (arldam) ityasya nirmanam krutam iti manyate. naarman-vijayasya (1066) anantaram, yaark-nagarasya arldam iteedam dwayoh sandarbheshu punah nirmitam. 1385 tame varshe, duke aaf yaark iti upadhi laangle-nagarasya edmund ityasmai dattah, tathaa cha praayah raajnah dwiteeyaputraay dattah raaj-duke-edm iti namna api asya upayogah prachalati.

yark aerl anglo-sacson englaanththil, yark aerl allathu yark eltarman vadakizhakku paguthiyin therku paathiyin aatchiyaalaraaka irunthaar. eltarman mattrum earl aagiya irandu pattangkalum pazhaiya aangkilaththilirunthu vanthavai. 966 aam aandil eltarmenry (erdom) uruvaakkappattathu endru therikirathu, ippaguthi oosvalpin kattuppaattil irunththa oru kaalakattathaith thodarnthu, aerkanavae vadakku vadakizhakkil bomberkin uyarnththa alaikal, sumar 954 muthal, yarkil norse aatchi mudivukku vanthapoathu. norman vetrtrikkup piragu (1066), yark erltam irandu santharppangalil meendum uruvaakkappattathu. 1385 aam aandil, langliyin edmandirku yark tuke endra pattam vazhangkappattathu, maelum idhu oru arasa dukedamaaga thodarnthu payanpaduththappadukirathu, idhu perumpaalum mannarin irandaavathu maganukku vazhangkappadukirathu.

earl off yark aanglo-saxon inglandlo, yark yokka earl ledhaa yark yokka eldarman northumbria yokka dakshina bhaagaaniki palakudu. eldarman mariyu earl anae birudulu rendoo paatha aanglam nundi vachayi. eee praantam oswalf niyantranalo unna kaalam taruvaata 966loe eldarmary (earldam) srushtinchabadinatlu telustondi, idhi appatike uttara northumbrialo bamburg yokka ettaina pravaham, sumaru 954 nundi, yark vadda norse paalana mugisinappudu. norman vijayam (1066) taruvaata, yark yokka earldam rendu sandarbhaallo tirigi srushtinchabadindi. 1385loe, duke off yark anae birudunu langliki chendina edmandku manjuru chesaaru, idhi tarachugaa chakravarthy rendava kumarudiki ichhe raaja prabhuvuga vaadukalo undhi.

airal aaf yark anglo sexon england mein yark kaa aral yaa yark kaa aldorman northambriya kay janubi nasf kaa hukmaran thaa. aldorman aur aral donon enwanat praani angrezi say aatay haine. aisa lagtaa hay kahh aldormanary (arladom) 966 mein iss door kay baad paida hawaa thaa jabb yaha khatah osolf kay zeer taslat thaa juu pehley hyee shamali northambriya mein baambarg kii oonchi nadiyan thein taqriba 954 say jabb yark mein norse kii hukmarani khatam hoyee. naarman fatah (1066) kay baad yark kaa arldam duu mawaqa parr dobarah takhliq kiyaa gayaa. 1385 mein ddiok aaf yark kaa khataab admond aaf langley kuu diyaa gayaa thaa aur yaha shaahi ddiok addam kay toor parr istemaal hotaa rehta hay juu aksar baadshah kay dosray betay kuu diyaa jaataa hay.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14140032

Rock carvings at Åsli

Rock carvings at Åsli The rock carvings at Åsli are located near the Malangen in Balsfjord municipality in Norway comprise at least 15 figures in poor condition. The figures are from a hunting culture. The rock carvings. There are at least 15 figures on a field that is located about above the sea level. At least eight of the figures are of reindeer. There are also figures of porpoise, a boat, and possibly a moose. Most of the figures are small, but the largest figure is about . The carvers. The carvings are from a hunting culture (veidekultur). How to get there. The field is on a rock ("svaberg") by a water fall on the river starting from Nordfjordvatnet, above the Åsli farm that is in Nordfjorden about 1 km from Storsteinnes in Balsfjord. Due to the poor condition of the figures they can be difficult to spot.

aaxolir xilor khudai norober balsofjord pouroxobhar malangenor usorot owosthito aaxolir xilor khudaiburot komeu 15 john lukor owostha beyaa. ei aakorxoniyobur sikar xongoskritir. xilor khudai. xagorpristhor poraa pray uporot owosthito etaa khelpotharot komeu 15taa aakriti thaake. iyare komeu aathta aakriti raindieror. iyat porpuis, ekhon naau aaru xombhobotoh etaa musor aakritiu aase. besibhag xongkhyai xoru, kintu ataitkoi dangor xongkhyatu praay. karbharxokol. khudaibur sikar xongoskritir (videkultur) poraa aahise. kenekoi taat jaabo. ei potharkhon nodir uporot nordofjordbhatnetor poraa aarombho huwa etaa panir poraa etaa xilor ("sweborgo") uporot aase. bulsfjordor sto "rostinesor poraa pray 1 kilometer durotwot nordfjordenot thoka esoli firm. xongkhyaburor durbol owosthar baabe xeibur sinakto koratu kothin hoh 'bob paare.

aslite pathorer khodai norwer balsofzord pourosobhar malangener kachhe asli-teey pathorer khodai koraa ontoto 15tii murti royeche. eyi murtiguli shicker sangaskritir. pathorer khodai. samudraprishther pray upore abosthito ekti maathe kompokkhe 15tii murti royeche. ontoto atti murti hariner. echhadao royeche porpoice, ekti nauka ebong sombhoboto ekti mojer murti. beshirbhag porisongkhani chhoto, tobey sabcheye borh sankhyati pray. karvarra. khodai koraa jinisguli shikarer sangaskriti (videkultur) theke eseche. sekhane kibhabe pouchono yaay. mathti ekti pathorer ("swabarg") upor abosthito, jaa nordfjordvatnet theke shuru hoye nadeer upor ekti jolopropater upor abosthito. esley khamar jaa nordfjorden-ayee balsofzord-err storstein theke pray 1 kilometres doore abosthito. porisongkhangulir durbal abosthar karone seguli chinnito koraa kathin hotey paare.

osley khaate pattharni kotarani osley khaateni khadakni kotaraneeo norvemaa ballsfjord nagarpalikama malangen najik stheet chhe, jemaa ochhama ochhi 15 aakruteeo nabalee sthitima chhe. aaa aankada shikaar sanskrutinaa chhe. pattharni kotarani. dariyani sapatithi lagbhag upar stheet kshetra parr ochhama ochhi 15 aakruteeo hoya chhe. ochhama ochha aath aakruteeo sheet pradeshnaa chhe. tyaan porpoise, aek hoady aneey sambhavatah aek mooznee aakruteeo pann chhe. motaa bhaagnaa aankada naana chhe, parantu sauthee moto aankado lagbhag chhe. carverse. kotaraneeo shikaar sanskruti (vedeculter) maanthi chhe. tyaan kevee reete pahonchavu. aaa kshetra nadee parr aek khadak ("swaberg") parr aavelu chhe, jeey nordfjordwaite sharoo thaay chhe, jeey nadeeni upar chhe. osley pharma jeey nordfjordenma chhe teey balsfjordma storsteinthi lagbhag 1 kimee door chhe. aankadani nabalee sthiteene kaarane temne shodhvaanu mushkel bunny shake chhe.

osli mein chattanon parr nakkashi osli mein chattan kii nakkashi norwey mein ballsfjord nagarpalika mein malangen key paas sthit haye, jisamen cumm seey cumm 15 loga kharaab sthiti mein hain. yeye aakritiyaan shikaar sanskriti seey hain. chattanon kii nakkashi. samudra tala seey lagbhag oopar sthit ack kshetra mein cumm seey cumm 15 aakritiyaan hain. cumm seey cumm aathh aakritiyaan raindear kii hain. porpois, ack naav aur sambhavatah ack moos key aankade bhee hain. adhikansh aankade chhote hain, lekin sabse badaa aankada lagbhag haye. carverse. nakkashi ack shikaar sanskriti (vedeculter) seey hain. vahaan kaise pahunchen. yeh kshetra ack chattan ("swaberg") parr nadee parr ack paani key jharane key dwara haye joe nordfjordwaite seey shuru hotaa haye, oopar osli farm joe nordfjorden mein haye, balfjord mein storstein seey lagbhag 1 kimmy door haye. aankadon kii kharaab sthiti key kaaran unhein dhoondhana mushkil hoe sakata haye.

aasliyalli kallina kettanegalu aasliyallina bandeya kettanegalu narveya ballsfjord purasabheya malangen bully kanishta 15 ankigalannu olagondive. ee anki amshagalu beteyaaduva samskrutiyinda bandive. bandeya kettanegalu. samudra mattakkinta sumaru meliruva ondu maidaanadalli kanishta 15 anki amshagalive. kanishta entu anki amshagalu himasaarangadavu. porpois, dooni mattu bahushah moosna anki amshagaloo ive. hecchina anki-amshagalu chikkadaagiruttave, aadare atidodda anki-amshagalu sumaru. kaarvargalu. kettanegalu beteya samskrutiyinda bandavu (weedeculter). allige hege talupuvudu. ee kshetravu nadiya mele nordfjoard vyaatnetninda praarambhavaaguva neerina jalapaatada moolaka bandeya mele ("swaberg") ide. ballsfjordnalliruva starsteinsninda sumaru 1 kii. mea. dooradalliruva nordfjordnalliruva aasli form. anki amshagala kalape sthitiyindaagi avugalannu gurutisuvudu kashtavagabahudu.

osley yetheel dagadi koreev kaam osley yetheel dagadi korivkam heey norweymadheel ballsfjord nagarpaliket malanjenjaval asoon tyat kiman 15 aakruti kharab sthiteet aahet. hii aakruti shikar sanskratitil aahe. dagadavaril koreev kaam. samudraspatipasun sumare varr asalelya shetat kiman 15 aakruti asatat. kiman aath aakruti raindearchya aahet. tithe porpois, eka boat aanee bahudha eka moose yanchya aakrutya dekhil aahet. bahutansh aakade lahan aahet, parantu sarvat mothee aakruti sumare aahe. koreev kaam karnare. korivkam heey shikar sanskratitil (vedekaltur) aahet. tithe kase jayache. heey kshetra eka khadkavar (swaberg) aahe, jyachya varr nordfjordwatnetpasoon suru suru nadivaril dhabdhabyadvare aahe. ausley pharm jeey nordfjordenmadhye aahe teey ballsfjordmadhil storesteinpasoon sumare 1 kiimii antaravar aahe. aakadyanchya kharab sthitimule teey shodhane katheen houu shakate.

oslima chattanko nakkashi oslima chattanko nakkashiharu narveko balsfjord nagarpalikako malangen najikai awasthit chhan jasma kamtima 15 wata kharab awasthama chhan. tee akritiharu sikar sanskritika hun. chattanko nakkashi. samudra satahabata lagbhag mathi awasthit maidanma kamtima 15 wata akritiharu hunchhan. kamtima athawata akritiharu rendierka chhan. tyahan porpois, dunga rar sambhawatah muska akritiharu pani chhan. adhikansh tathyankaharu sanah chhan, tara sabaibhanda thulo sankhya lagbhag chha. carversharu. nakkasiharu sikar sanskriti (vedekultur) batt aeka hun. tyahan kasari pugne. yo khetra chattan ("swaberg") maa nadibata niskane paniko jharnabata nordfjordwatnetbat suru hunchha, yasako mathi. osli farm june nordfjordenma chha lagbhag 1 kimmy balsfjordma storestinbata. tathyankako kharab awasthaka karan tiniharulai patta lagauna gahro huna sakchha.

asley thaare pathara khodita oslire pathara khodita sthanagudika narawera balsfjord pourapalikara malangen nikatare abasthita, jeunthire ati kamare 15 john kharap abasthare achanti. ehi chitragudika shikara sanskrutira. pathara khodita. samudra pattan thaaru pakhapakhi uparaku abasthita eka padiaare ati kamre kamre chitra rahichhi. ati kamare athati chitra harinara. sethare porpois, eka danga ebong sambhabatah eka musara chitra madhya achhi . adhikansha sankhya chhot, kintu sabutharu budd sankhya praiah. khoditamane. ehi khodita chitragudika shikara sanskruti (bhidekultur) ru aasichhi. sethare kipari pahanchibe. ehi khetrati eka pathara (swabarga) upare rahichhi, jaahaa nadee upare eka jalaprapata rahichhi, jaahaa nordfjordbhatnetaru arambha hoi, upara patu rahichhi. osli farm jaahaa nordfjordenre balsafajordare storesteins thaaru praiah 1 kilometer doorare achhi . parisankhyanara kharap abastha hetu segudiku chinhat kariba kastakara hoipare.

osli vikhe chattan utte nakkashi osli vikhe chattan utte nakkashi narve witch balsfjord municipality witch malanjen dey nede sathit haii jiss witch ghatto ghatt 15 ankade maadi sathiti witch hunn. ih ankade shikar sabheyachar dey hunn. patthar deeaan nakkashiaan. samunder tall toon lagbhag uppar sathit ikk khetar witch ghatto ghatt 15 ankade hunde hunn. ghatto ghatt atth ankade rendier dey hunn. porpois, ikk kishti atey sambhav taur utte ikk moos deeaan tasviran vee hunn. ziaadaatar ankade chhote hunn, parr sabh toon vadda ankada lagbhag haii. nakkari. nakkashi ikk shikar sabheyachar (videculture) toon haii. utthe kiven pahunchana haii. ih khetar ikk chattan ("swabarg") utte nadee utte ikk paanee dey jharne duaara nordfjordwatnet toon shuru hunda haii, joe kii nadee dey uppar haii. osli farm joe kii nordfjorden witch haii, balsfjord witch storestein toon lagbhag 1 kilometer door haii. ankadiaan dee maadi sathiti dey caarn uhanan noon labbhna mushkal hoow sakda haii.

aaslee-nagare shilalekhaha oslee-nagarasya shilaa-nakkaashaah naarve-deshasya balls-jaard-nagarapalikayaha malaangen-ityasya sameepe santi, yatra nyunatinyoonam 15 aakrutayah durdashayam santi. ete aakrutayah shikaarasamskruteh santi. shilalekhaha. samudratalaat praayah oordhvasthaane sthite kshetre nyunatinyoonam 15 aakrutayah santi. eteshu nyunatinyoonam ashta aakrutayah himapittasy santi. tatra porpoyis, naukaayaanam, sambhawatah moos ityetaani api santi. adhikaamshaah ankaah laghavah santi, parantu bruhattamaah ankaah praayah santi. shilpakaraha. utkeernaani shikaarasamskruteh (vedekultur) santi. tatra katham gamishytam. nordfjord-vaat-nett ityatah aarabhy, upari, nadyaah upari jalaprapaatasy shilayam ("swaberg") kshetram vartate. eslee-krushikshetram yat nardfjorden-nagare asti, ballsfjord-nagare storesteins-nagaraat praayah 1 kii. mee. doore asti. ankaanaam durdashaayaah karanat teshaam niroopanam kathinam bhavitum arhati.

asliyil paarai sirpangal noarvaeyil ulla ballsfjord nagaraatchiyil ulla malaanganukku arugil asliyil ulla paarai sirpangal kurainthathu 15 moasamaana nilaiyil ullana. inththa uruvangkal vaettaiyaadum kalaachaaraththaich saernthavai. paarai sirpangal. kadal mattaththirku maelae amainthulla oru violil kurainthathu 15 uruvangkal ullana. kurainthathu ettu uruvangkal raindeer aagum. porbois, oru padagu mattrum oru moose uruvangkalum ullana. perumpaalaana pullivivarangkal siriyavai, aanaal migapperiya ennikkai sumar. kaarvargal. sirpangal vaettaiyaadum kalaachchaaraththilirunthu (veedekulthur) vanthavai. eppadi angku selvathu. inththa vayal oru paaraiyin ("swaberg") meethu ullathu, idhu nortfjordwetled irunthu thodangi aattrin meethu oru neer veelchchiyin moolam, maelae ullathu. ballsfjordil ulla storesteinsil irunthu sumar 1 kii. mee tholaivil ulla norfjordenil ulla asley pannai. pullivivarangkalin moasamaana nilai kaaranamaaga avattraik kandupidippadhu kadinamaaga irukkum.

ausley vadda rock chekkadalu oslee vadda unna raathi chekkadalu naarvelooni ballsfjord munisipaalitiilooni malangen sameepamlo unnaayi, kaneesam 15 mandhi paelavamaina sthithilo unnaaru. eee bommalu vaeta samskrutiki chendinavi. rock chekkadalu. samudra mattaniki paina unna polamlo kaneesam 15 bommalu untaayi. kaneesam enimidi bommalu raine deer kuu chendinavi. porpois, padava mariyu bahusha moose bommalu kooda unnaayi. chaalaa varaku ganaamkaalu chinnavi, conny atipedda sankhya sumaru. kaarvarlu. chekkadalu vaeta samskruti (veedekulthur) nundi vachayi. akkadiki elaa cherukovali. eee kshetram nadipai nordfzoard vaat nett nundi praarambhamayye neeti jalapaatam dwara oka raathi ("swaberg") paie undhi, ballsfjord looni storesteins nundi 1 kii. mea. dhooramlo unna nordfzoard loe unna ausley phaam. sankhyala paelavamaina paristhiti kaaranamgaa vaatini gurtinchadam kashtam.

aasli mein chatanon parr nqsh woo nigaar ausli mein chataan kii nqashi naarway mein balsaf jord baldiyah mein malanjin kay qareeb waaqa hay jiss mein kumm az kumm 15 aidaad woo shamaar kharaab haalat mein haine. yaha aidaad woo shamaar shikaar kii saqafat say haine. chatanon kii nqashi. satah samandar say taqriba oopar waaqa eek medaan parr kumm az kumm 15 aidaad woo shamaar hotay haine. kumm az kumm aath aidaad woo shamaar harran kay haine. porpois eek kashti aur mamkanah toor parr eek moz kii shaklein bhee haine. ziyadah tarr aidaad woo shamaar chhotay haine leakin sabb say badaa aidaad woo shamaar taqriba haine. nqashi karnay waalay. nqashi shikaar kii saqafat (videcultar) say hay. wahaan kisay pahunchein. medaan eek chataan ("sweberg") parr hay juu daryaa parr eek aabshaar kay kinaray hay juu norduff jordot neet say sharoo hotaa hay oopar aslee faarm juu narduff jorden mein hay balsaf jord mein storestinies say taqriba 1 chlometer door hay. aidaad woo shamaar kii kharaab haalat kii wajah say inn kii nishandahi karnaa mashkal how saktaa hay.

fffe4db0143db58a6acf842ef2b53738ddf3886384289b47bc742f79302a34f0

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25493574

Esperança, Paraíba

Esperança, Paraíba Esperança, Paraíba is a municipality in the state of Paraíba in the Northeast Region of Brazil. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> <BR>

esporancha, pariba sperancha, paraiba hoise brajilor uttor-pubo oncholor paraiba rajyor ekhon pouroxobha. proxongo. <bi. aar.>

esperanca, paraiba esperanca, paraiba braziler uttor-purbo anchaler paraiba rajyer ekti pourosobha. reference. <bii. arr>

asperanca, peraiba asperanca, peraiba aee braazilnaa uttarpurv pradeshmaa peraiba raajyani nagarpalika chhe. sandarbho. <bii. aar.>

asperanca, pairaba asperanca, pairaba brazil key poorvottar kshetra mein pairaba raajya mein ack nagarpalika haye. sandarbh. <bee. aar.>

esperansa, paraiba esperansa, paraiba brazilna eeshaanya pradeshada paraiba rajyada ondu purasabheyagide. ullekhagalu. <bii. aarr.>

esperensa, paraiba braseelinte vadakkukizhakkan mekhalayile parabai samsthaanathe oru munisippaalittiyaan esperanza, parabaiba. paraamarshangal. <bii. aarr.>

esperanca, parabyba esperanca, paraiba hii brazilchya ishanyekadil bhagatil paraiba rajyatil eka nagarpalika aahe. sandarbh. <bii. aar.>

esperanca, parabi esperanca, paraiba heuchhi brazilara uttara-purba anchalara paraiba rajyara eka pourapalika . sandarbha. <bii. aarr.>

esperanca, paraiba esperanca, paraiba braazeel dey uttar-purbi khetar witch paraiba raaj witch ikk nagarpalika haii. havale. <bee. aar.>

esperanca, paraiba esperansa, parabaiba iti brazil-deshasya eeshaany-pradeshasya parabaiba-rajyasya nagarapalika asti. sandarbhah. <bee. aar.>

fffe4f7b03d9f73bb569ac32bbb6be6b1c7c85a7a6fb39af54e40ab6e7361b77

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48931406

Hero 420

Hero 420 Hero 420 is an Indo-Bangladesh romantic action film directed by Sujit Mondal and Saikat Nasir and produced by Abdul Aziz and Ashok Dhanuka under the banners of respectively Jaaz Multimedia and Eskay Movies. The soundtrack of the film is composed by Savvy Gupta. The film stars Om, Nusraat Faria Mazhar, and Riya Sen in lead role. The film was released on 19 February 2016. The film's motion poster was released on 27 December 2015. It is the remake of 2009 Telugu movie "Maska". Production. In September 2015, Jaaz Multimedia announced the project with Nusraat Faria Mazhar as the main female lead and Saikat Nasir. Later, Om was hired to play the lead male role, while Riya Sen will be seen playing a pivotal role in the film. The first phase of the shooting began in Hyderabad, followed by Bangkok, where a song was shot. The last phase of the film was filmed in Bangladesh. Movie's vital part shoot in Hyderabad and Bangladesh. Movie ready for coming in theaters. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

nayok 420 hiru 420 hoise xujit mondal aaru saikat nasiror dwara porisalito aaru aabdul aajij aaru aaxuk dhonukar dwara projujit krome jaaj multimedia aaru eske chinemar benaror odhinot nirmito ekhon indu-bangladex romantik ekshyon sobi. sobikhonor soundtractu rosona korise gyani guptai. sobikhonot um, nusorat faria majhar aaru riya xene mukhyo soritrot obhinoy korise. sobikhon 2016 sonor 19 februaryt mukti laabh korisil. sobikhonor muxon poster 2015 sonor 27 disemborot mukti laabh korisil. eikhon 2009 sonor telegu sobi "masca" ror punor nirman. utpadon. 2015 sonor septembor maahot jaaj multimediai nusorat faria majharok mukhyo mohila mukhyo obhinetri aaru saikot naxirok loi ei prokolpotu ghuxona korisil. pisot umok mukhyo purux soritrot obhinoy koriboloi nijukti diya hoisil, aanhate riya xenok sobikhonot ek guruttopurno soritrot obhinoy kori dekha jaabo. prothom porzayor drishyogrohon hyderabadot aarombho hoisil, taar pisot bankcot etaa gitor drishyogrohon koraa hoisil. sobikhonor xex porzayor sitrogrohon bangladexot koraa hoisil. sobikhonor guruttopurno ongxor swuting hyderabad aaru bangladexot koraa hoise. solositrokhone theaterot ohaar baabe xaju.

hiro 420 hiro 420 ekti indo-bangladesh romantic action cholochchitro jaa sujit mondoll ebong saikat nassir dwara porichalito ebong abdul aziz ebong ashoke dhanuka dwara projojito jothakrome zaz multimedia ebong eske cholochchitrer byanare. cholochchitrotir sangeet porichalona korechen gyani gupto. cholochchitrotite prodhan choritre abhinoy korechen ome, nusrat faria mazar ebong rhea seena. cholochchitroti 19 february 2016 saale mukti paay. cholochchitrotir moshana posterti 27 december 2015 saale mukti paay. etty 2009 saaler telegu cholochchitro "masca"-rawr punarnirman. utpadon. 2015 saaler septembore, zaz multimedia prodhan mohila prodhan hisabe nusrat faria mazar ebong saikat nasirke niye prokolpoti ghoshana korey. porey, omke prodhan purush choritre abhinoy korar jonno niyog koraa hoyechilo, ebong rhea senke chhobite ekti guruttopurno choritre abhinoy korte dekha jaabe. prothom porjayer shooting shuru hoy hyderabade, tarpor bankke, jekhane ekti gaaner shooting koraa hoy. cholochchitrotir shesh porber chitrogrohon koraa hoy bangladeshe. cholochchitrotir guruttopurno ongsher shooting hoyeche hyderabad oo bangladeshe. cinema holgulite aasaar jonno prostuto.

heero 420 heero 420 aee sujeet mondal aneey saikat nasser dwara nirdeshit aneey abdul aziz aneey ashok dhanuka dwara nirmeet aek indo-bangladesh romentic action film chhe, jeey anukrame jaaz multimedia aneey eske moviesnaa benara hethal chhe. aaa filmnun soundtrack samajdaar gupta dwara taiyar karvaamaa aavyu chhe. aaa filmmaan oma, nusrat faria mazaar aneey riyaa seena mukhya bhoomikama chhe. aaa film 19 februari 2016naa roj rajoo thaee hatee. filmnun motion poster 27 december 2015naa roj rajoo karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. teey 2009nee telegu film "masca" nee remack chhe. utpaadan. september 2015maan, jaaz multimedia nusrat faria mazaarne mukhya maheela mukhya aneey saikat nasser saathe projectnee jaaherat curry hatee. baadmaa, omane mukhya purush bhoomika bhajavva maate rakhvama aavyo hato, jyaare riyaa seena filmmaan mukhya bhoomika bhajavati jovaa malashe. filmnun pratham tabakkaanu shooting hyderabadma sharoo thayu hatoo, tyarbad bangcokma aek gitanu shooting thayu hatoo. aaa filmno chhello tabakko bangladeshma filmavvama aavyo hato. filmnun mahatvapurn bhaagnu shooting hyderabad aneey bangladeshma thayu chhe. cinemagharoma aavvaa maate film taiyar chhe.

hiro 420 hiro 420 ack indo-bangladesh romantic action film haye jiska nirdeshan sujeet mondal aur saikat nasir ney kiya haye aur iska nirmaan abdul aziz aur ashok dhanuka ney kramshah jaaj multimedia aur eske filmon key banner taley kiya haye. film kaa sangeet jaankaar gupta dwara rachit haye. film mein ome, nusrat faria majhaar aur riya saine mukhya bhoomika mein hain. yeh film 19 farwari 2016 koo release hui thee. film kaa motion poster 27 disambar 2015 koo release kiya gayaa thaa. yeh 2009 kii telugu film "masca" kaa remake haye. utpaadan. sitambar 2015 mein, jaaj multimedia ney nusrat faria majhaar koo mukhya mahila naayak aur saikat naseer key roop mein pariyojana kii ghoshana kii. baad mein, ome koo mukhya purush bhoomika nibhaane key liye kaam parr rakhaa gayaa, jabaki riya saine film mein ack mahatvapurna bhoomika nibhaate hue dikhaai dengi. shooting kaa pahala charan hyderabad mein shuru huaa, usake baad bancock mein, jahan ack geet shoot kiya gayaa thaa. film kaa antim charan bangladesh mein filmaya gayaa thaa. hyderabad aur bangladesh mein film kaa mahatvapurna hissa shoot kiya gayaa haye. cinemagharon mein aaney key liye film taiyar haye.

heero 420 heero 420, sujeet mondal mattu saikat nasser nirdeshanada indo-bangladesh romantic auction chitravagiddu, abdul aziz mattu ashoke dhanuka avaru kramavagi jaz multimedia mattu escay chalanachitragala banner adiyalli nirmisiddaare. chitrada dhwanipathawannu buddhivanta gupta samyojisiddaare. ee chitradalli om, nusrat faria majar mattu rhea saine pramukha patragalalli natisiddaare. ee chalanachitravu 19 phebravari 2016 randu bidugadeyaayitu. chitrada motion poster annu 27 december 2015 randu bidugade maadalaayitu. idu 2009 rahra telugu chalanachitra "maska" dha remake aagide. utpaadane. 2015rahra septembernalli, jaz multimedia nusrat faria majar avarannu mukhya mahila naayakiyaagi mattu saikat nasser avarannu olagonda yojaneyannu ghoshisitu. nantara, om avarannu mukhya purusha patradalli natisalu nemisalaayitu, aadare rhea saine chitradalli pramukha patradalli kanisikollaliddare. chitrikaranada modala hantavu hyderabadnalli praarambhavaayitu, nantara bancock, allie ondu haadannu chitrikarisalaayitu. chitrada koneya hantavannu bangladeshadalli chitrikarisalaayitu. chitrada pramukha bhagavannu hyderabad mattu bangladeshadalli chitrikarisalagide. chitramandiragalalli baralu siddhavaagide.

nayak 420 hiro 420' haah sujeet mondal aanee saikat nasir yanni digdarshit kelela aanee abdul aziz aanee ashoke dhanuka yanni anukrame jaz multimedia aanee eske chitrapatanchya bannerkhali nirmit kelela indo-bangladesh pranayramya thararpat aahe. chitrapatache sangeet jaankar guptane dile aahe. yaa chitrapatat ome, nusrat faria mazar aanee riya saine yanchya pramukh bhoomika aahet. haah chitrapat 19 februwari 2016 roji pradarshit jhaala. chitrapatache motion poster 27 december 2015 roji pradarshit jhaale. haah 2009 chya 'musca' yaa telegu chitrapatacha punarnirmiti aahe. utpadan. september 2015 madhye, jaz multimediane nusrat faria mazar yaa mukhya mahila aanee saikat nasir yaa kalakaransah yaa prakalpachi ghoshana kelee. nantar, omala mukhya purush bhoomika sakaranyasathi niyukt karnyat aale, tarr riya saine yaa chitrapatat eka mahattvachi bhoomika sakartana disanar aahe. chitrikarancha pahila tappa hyderabadmadhye suru jhaala, tyanantar bankockmadhye, jithe eka ganyache chitrikaran jhaale. yaa chitrapatacha shevatcha tappa bangladeshmadhye chitrit karnyat aala hota. hyderabad aanee bangladeshmadhye yaa chitrapatacha mahattvacha bhag chitrit karnyat aala aahe. chitrapatgruhanmadhye yenyasathi chitrapat tayar aahe.

nayak 420 hiro 420 sujeet mondel rar saikat nasirdwara nirdeshit rar abdul aziz rar ashok dhanukadwara nirmit ek indo-bangaladesh romantic exon film how. filmko soundtrack jankar guptale rachana gareka hun. filmma ome, nusrat faria majhar rar riya sayne mukhya bhumikama chhan. yo chalchitra 19 february 2016 maa rilij bhaeko thiyo. filmko motion poster 27 december 2015 maa rilij bhaeko thiyo. yo 2009 ko telugu chalchitra "masca" ko remake how. utpadan. september 2015 maa, jaz multimediale nusrat faria majharlai mukhya mahila nayak rar saikat nasirko rupma yass pariyojanako ghoshana garyo. pachhi, omalai mukhya purush bhumikama rakhnaka lagi niyukta garieko thiyo, jabki riya sayne filmma mahatwapurna bhumikama dekhinechhin. pahilo charanko suiting hyderabadma suru bhayo, tyasapachhi bankakma euta gitko suiting bhayo. filmko antim charan bangaladeshma chhayangkan garieko thiyo. filmko mahatwapurna bhagko chhayangkan hyderabad rar bangaladeshma garieko chha. chalchitra thieterma aune tayari chha.

hiro 420 hiro 420 heuchhi sujeet mondal ebong cycot nasiranka dwara nirdeshita ebong jathakrame jaz multimedia ebong eske chalachitrara byanarare abdul aziz ebong ashoke dhanukanka dwara nirmita eka indo-bangladesha romantic axon chalachitra . chalachitrara soundtrack buddhimana guptanka dwara rachita . ehi chalachitrare omm, nusrat faria majar ebong rhea saine mukhya bhumikare abhinai karichanti. ehi chalachitrati 19 februari 2016 ray muktilabha karithila. chalachitrara mosana poster 27 december 2015 ray muktilabha karithila. ehaa 2009 telegu chalachitra "masca" rahr remake . utpadana. september 2015 ray, jaz multimedia ehi prakalpa ghoshana karithila jeunthire nusrat faria mazhar mukhya mahila mukhya ebong saikata nasira thile. parey, omnku mukhya purush bhumikare abhinai karibaku nijukti diajaithila, jetebele kii rhea saine ehi chalachitrare eka gurutwapurna bhumikare abhinai karibe. pratham parjyaja suting haidrabadare arambha hoithila, taa 'parey byankak, jeunthare eka geeta suting karajaithila . ehi chalachitrara shesh parjyajara suting banladeshare karajaithila. chalachitrara gurutwapurna anshara suting hydrabad ebong banladeshare hoichhi. cinema halare asiba paain prastuta.

hiro 420 hiro 420 ikk indo-bangladesh romantic action film haii jiss daa nirdeshan sujeet mondal atey saikat nasser neey keeta haii atey iss daa nirman abdul aziz atey ashoke dhanuka neey kramvaar jaaj multimedia atey aiske filman dey banner heth keeta haii. film daa soundtrack sujhwan gupta duaara tiaar keeta giaa haii. film witch omm, nusrat faria mazahar atey riaa saine mukkh bhumika witch hunn. ih film 19 farvari 2016 noon rileez hoee see. film daa motion poster 27 dasambar 2015 noon rileez keeta giaa see. ih 2009 dee telgu film "masca" daa remake haii. utpadan. satambar 2015 witch, jaaz multimedia neey nusrat faria mazahar noon mukkh mahila mukkh bhumika atey saikat nasser dey naal project daa ailaan keeta. baad witch, omm noon mukkh purash bhumika nibhaun laee niyukat keeta giaa see, jadon kii riaa saine film witch ikk mahattavpuran bhumika nibhaundi nazar aavegi. shooting daa pahila padaa hyderabad witch shuru hoiaa, iss toon baad bancock witch, jitthe ikk geet dee shooting keeti gaee see. film daa aakhri padaa bangladesh witch filmaiaa giaa see. film dey ahim hisse dee shooting hyderabad atey bangladesh witch keeti gaee haii. film cinemagharan witch aaunn laee tiaar haii.

naayakah 420 heero 420 iti sujit mondal tathaa saikat naasir ityanena nirdeshitam tathaa abdul aziz tathaa ashokadhanukaa ityanena nirmitam indo-bangladesh-romantic-aakshan-chalacchitram asti, yathakramam jaaj multimedia tathaa eske chalacchitraanaam byaanar-madhye nirmitam asti. asya chalacchitrasya dhwanimudranam gyaanayuktena guptena rachitam asti. asmin chalachchitre om, nusrat faria maazar, rhea senn cha mukhyapaatram nirvahanti. 2016 februvari 19 dinaanke etat chalacchitram pradarshitam. 2015 december 27 dinaanke asya chalacchitrasya motion-poster pradarshitam. etat 2009 tame varshe telugu-chalacchitrasya "maskaa" ityasya punarnirmitam asti. utpaadanam. 2015 september-maase, jaz multimedia ityeshaa, nusrat-faria-mazar ityeshaa mukhyamahilaa-nayakya, saikat-naseer ityetabhyam saha pariyojanaayaah udghoshanam krutavatee. pashchat, om ityenam mukhyapurushapaatram nirvahitum niyuktam krutam, rhea senn ityeshaa chalachchitre mahattvapoornapaatram nirvahati iti drushyate. chitrikaranasya prathama-charanasya aarambhah hyderabad-nagare abhavat, tadanantaram byaankaak-nagare ekam geetam chitritam. asya chalacchitrasya antimah bhaagah bangladesh-deshe chitritah. chalacchitrasya mahattvapoornabhaagasya chitreekaranam hyderabad-deshe, bangladesh-deshe cha krutam. chalacchitram chalachchitragruheshu aagantum siddham asti.

hiiroo 420 hiiroo 420 enbathu inthoa-vangaalathaesa kaathal athiradi thiraippatamaagum, idhu sujit mondal mattrum saaigath naseer aakiyoaraal iyakkappattathu mattrum abdul ajees mattrum asok danuka aagiyoar muraiyae jaas multimedia mattrum escay thiraippatankalin pathaakaikalin keezh thayaariththanar. padaththin olippathivai puthisaaliyaana kupta isaiyamaiththullaar. iththiraippadaththil oom, nusrat faria muzzer mattrum rhea chenn aagiyoar mukiya kathaapaaththiranggalil nadiththullanar. iththiraippadam 19 pipravari 2016 andru veliyidappattathu. iththiraippadaththin moashan poastar 27 disambar 2015 andru veliyidappattathu. idhu 2009 aam aandu veliyaana thelungku thiraippatamaana "mascavin" maruu aakkam aagum. urpaththi. septumber 2015 ill, jaas multimedia inththa thittatthai ariviththathu, idhil nusrat faria mazar mukiya penn kathaanaayagiyaagavum, saikkath naseer mukiya kathaanaayagiyaagavum nadiththanar. pinnar, oom mukiya aann kathaapaaththiraththil nadikka niyamikkappattaar, athae neraththil rhea chenn padaththil oru mukiya kathaapaaththiraththil nadippaar. muthal katta padappidippu hyderaabaaththil thodangiyathu, adhaith thodarnthu baangaak, angku oru paadal padamaakkappattathu. padaththin kadaisi kattam vangaalathaesaththil padamaakkappattathu. padaththin mukiya paagam hyderabad mattrum bangalaathaeshil padamaakkappattathu. thiraiyarangukalil padam varath thayaaraaga ullathu.

heero 420 heero 420 anedi sujeet mondal mariyu saikat nasser darsakatvam vahinchina indo-bangladesh romantic action chitram mariyu abdul aziz mariyu ashoke dhanuka varusaga jaz multimedia mariyu eske movies bannerla krinda nirminchaaru. eee chitraaniki soundtraaknu telivigala gupta swaraparichaaru. eee chitramlo oom, nusrat faria majar, rhea saine pradhana paatrallo natinchaaru. eee chitram 19 fibravari 2016naa vidudalaindi. eee chitram yokka motion poster 27 december 2015naa vidudalaindi. idhi idhi vacchina telugu chitram "maska" kii remake. utpatti. 2015 septembarulo, jaz multimedia nusrat faria majar pradhana kathaanayikagaa mariyu saikat nasser thoo eee prajectunu prakatinchindi. taruvaata, oom pradhana paatra pooshinchadaaniki niyaminchabaddaadu, rhea saine eee chitramlo keelaka paatra pooshinchanundi. modati dasha shooting hyderabadlo praarambhamaindi, aaa tarvaata bancock loe oka patanu chitreekarinchaaru. eee chitram chivari dasha chitreekarana bangladeshlo jarigindi. eee chitram yokka keelaka bhaagam hyderabad mariyu bangladeshlalo chithreekarinchabadindi. cinema theaterlaloki raavadaaniki siddhamaindi.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2523547

Nick Cotton

Nick Cotton Fictional character on EastEnders Nicholas Charles "Nick" Cotton is a fictional character from the British soap opera "EastEnders" played by John Altman on a semi-regular basis from the soap's debut episode on 19 February 1985. Altman has stated that his initial exit was due to producer Julia Smith demanding he was written out after he opposed a decision to make his character gay. After Smith's departure, the character made numerous brief or more protracted stints until his onscreen death in February 2015, which was written to coincide with the 30th anniversary of "EastEnders". Nick Cotton was notably responsible for the death of Reg Cox (Johnnie Clayton), who was discovered unconscious in the first scene of the programme in 1985, and revealed in the following episode to have died. Nick's death was partly scripted as a reenactment of Reg's death, as Nick died in the same spot where Reg had died, exactly 30 years prior. Nick's primary function was as an antagonist, a drug-user and a murderer. He was conceived by the show's creators, Tony Holland and Julia Smith. A late inclusion to the original cast line-up, Nick was included based on writer feedback to Holland and Smith's original script, which centred on the murder of Reg Cox, whose killer they had not originally intended to reveal. Nick was created to be the assailant and to provide the show with more dramatic storyline potential. During his time on the show, Nick embarked on multiple feuds with Phil Mitchell (Steve McFadden), Billy Mitchell (Perry Fenwick), Michelle Fowler (Susan Tully), Mark Fowler (David Scarboro/Todd Carty), Lisa Fowler (Lucy Benjamin), Tony Carpenter (Oscar James), Ali Osman (Nedjet Salih), Pete Beale (Peter Dean), Kathy Beale (Gillian Taylforth), Clyde Tavernier (Steven Woodcock), Nigel Bates (Paul Bradley), Den Watts (Leslie Grantham), Eddie Skinner (Richard Vanstone), his father Charlie Cotton (Christopher Hancock) and Ronnie Mitchell (Samantha Womack). Nick is used as an "out and out villain". It was suggested by executive producer Dominic Treadwell-Collins that unlike other soap characters who behaved badly and required a more nuanced characterisation and redemption, it was possible to use Nick as a complete "bad guy". A television critic for "The Guardian" suggested that, for this reason, the character's dastardly motives were rarely questioned by viewers, as his primary function is that of "an agent of chaos". It was also suggested that Nick's appearances on the show needed to be brief because the level of malevolence he portrays could not be sustained in a character over longer periods. Nick's most prominent relationship is with his mother Dot Cotton (June Brown). It is portrayed as complex, dysfunctional and somewhat cyclical, with Nick perpetually entering his mother's life, her forgiving him for past misdemeanours (including an attempt to kill her to steal her bingo winnings), then being let down when Nick's true intentions are revealed, often ending in his banishment, albeit temporarily, before the cycle repeats. Nick's eventual demise in 2015 pays homage to this relationship, with Dot – finally realising the extent of Nick's villainous behaviour and accepting his inability to change – ultimately deciding to allow Nick to die, rather than seeking medical assistance after he has a fatal reaction to heroin, her motive being to let Jesus decide whether Nick should live or die. Creation. Nick Cotton was the twenty-fourth character invented by the creators of "EastEnders", Tony Holland and Julia Smith. Nick was not part of Holland's and Smith's original vision for "EastEnders", and his creation came about as an afterthought. The first episode of the series was to include the death of an elderly resident, Reg Cox, who had been brutally attacked in his home, and left to die. During the first writers' meeting, where the writers were introduced to the intended characters and early scripts, each independently wanted to know which character had killed Reg. However, Holland and Smith had never intended for the murderer to be unveiled. They had no idea who had killed Reg Cox, and they had felt that "the who" was not important. The fact that he was dead following an attack was the important issue, and Reg's murder was not intended to be solved, it was only there to tell the audience, from the outset, that Walford was a rough and tough place. The writers opposed this. They accused Holland of throwing away a great opportunity and suggested that a murder hunt would provide an array of dramatic possibilities that would captivate the audience. After deciding that all of the twenty-three original characters were incapable of committing the crime, Holland decided to invent an entirely new character, in the form of Nick Cotton. The original character outline for Nick read: "His image is exclusively macho. Vanishes for weeks on end. Mum doesn't ask questions... Unlike Den, Nick is a real crook. Worms his way into people's confidentiality and homes. From then on, lives on his wits. Waiting for the moment to strike; to nick the cash and disappear...Usually chooses his victims who, for one reason or another, are frightened to report him...Nick's a heroin addict". As Nick was only intended to be a semi-regular character, Julia Smith was not involved in his casting and the actor John Altman was chosen by the directors. However, she requested he was axed, after he refused to portray Nick having a gay relationship with Lofty Holloway (Tom Watt) because he thought it was out of character. Development and storylines. Nick has been described by "EastEnders"' executive producer Diederick Santer as "the show's premier villain". An "EastEnders Revealed" documentary chronicling the character's time on the show deemed him a liar, a thief and a murderer who "thrived on the pain and the misery of those near to him". Co-star Charlie Clements (Bradley Branning) has stated: "You think of soap bad guys, Nick Cotton is definitely up there with the best of them", while Leslie Grantham (Den Watts) opined that "There is no redeeming feature about Nick Cotton whatsoever". This assessment is shared by series story producer Dominic Treadwell-Collins, who has explained: "It's good to have an out and out villain. I think sometimes you can get a character and go 'Oh, they should have a good side as well, and maybe we should redeem them a little bit.' With Nick, it doesn't matter. You can go full pelt, foot-on-the-accelerator bad guy." John Altman has discussed the fact that he cannot remember his character ever once being nice, blaming Nick's unruliness on his father's absence during his childhood. Santer has discussed the "wonderfully dysfunctional mother-son relationship" Nick shares with his mother, Dot Cotton (June Brown), and her perpetual willingness to give Nick another chance, regardless of his history of wrongdoing. Santer explained: "There's that thing where you sort of dare to hope that someone's changed, which is really tragic. They've let you down a hundred times, and yet you still hope that the hundred and first time they'll have changed." Grantham has stated that Dot is the "one friend in [Nick's] life", while Treadwell-Collins has affirmed: "Dot's always going to forgive him. And that's the beauty of Nick and Dot." Concurring with this sentiment, Altman agreed: "No matter what he does, she'll forgive him. So did a lot of gangsters' mothers throughout history. Probably Al Capone's mother thought he was a sweet lad, you know." The debut episode of "EastEnders" began with the discovery of elderly resident Reg Cox (Johnnie Clayton) unconscious in his flat. Reg later dies and in later episodes it is revealed that he was murdered by Nick. Holland and Smith wanted to introduce the series in a dramatic fashion, and believed the Reg Cox storyline to be a good starting point, allowing various members of the community to be involved with or comment on the circumstances of the old man's murder. Santer has explained that Nick was established as a "kind of spitting, snarling beast right from the outset", with the end of the first episode seeing Nick granted "EastEnders"' first drum roll ending as he punched through the glass door window of The Queen Victoria pub after a fight with Ali Osman (Nejdet Salih). After a few weeks of the police investigation, prime suspect Nick left the Square after attempting to mug Ethel Skinner (Gretchen Franklin), and in April it was reported that he had been arrested. After Nick's mother, Dot, was introduced to the cast in July, she informed the audience that Nick had managed to get off on probation, and the following month, he returned to Albert Square. Upon his return, he broke into Harold Legg's (Leonard Fenton) surgery and came across Kathy Beale's (Gillian Taylforth) medical records, discovering she had a child at 14 years old. Nick threatens to reveal this to Kathy's husband, Pete (Peter Dean) unless she gives him regular payments. Kathy soon tells Pete the truth, resulting in him giving Nick a beating in the middle of the street. Following this, Den warns Nick to leave the square for good, with the exception of visiting Dot occasionally, or he will face fatal consequences. Nick appears briefly throughout the next few years and eventually meets his father, Charlie (Christopher Hancock) in October 1987 when they both coincidentally turn up to visit Dot. Nick and Charlie make it clear to each other that they don't want each other around. Charlie discovers that Nick is hiding from some criminals after he stole from them and also discovers Nick is hiding from Graham Clark, an old friend of Nick's who went to prison for Nick's crimes. Charlie lets Graham into the house to confront Nick, and forces him to leave, or else he will hand him over to the criminals he is hiding from. In 1988, Nick ends up doing prison time for drug offences in Dickens Hill Prison where, coincidentally, Den is being held for arson. It is during this period that the mystery of Reg's murder is finally solved when Nick confessed to Den that he had been responsible. In 1989, Dot learns, through off-screen visits to Nick, that he has married a woman called Hazel (Virginia Fiol), and has a young daughter; Nick had avoided telling her beforehand due to his and Dot's strained relationship. Hazel tracked Dot down in May 1989 and visited her with the child, Dorothy Nicola; Dot was so pleased they visited that she pulled out of attending a Brownie march with Mo Butcher (Edna Doré) and Marge Green (Pat Coombs). This was later revealed to be a lie, and the baby turned out to be Hazel's niece. Although Nick was only a semi-regular character, his intermittent appearances were always scripted to make a big impact on the show, as well as all the characters involved in his storylines. He reappeared and left several times during the first few years of the show, causing maximum havoc every time, and it wasn't long before the tabloids had begun to brand the character "Nasty Nick". Altman has commented: "I think they keep bringing Nick back because he's one of the characters on British TV that people just love to hate". This dislike of the character by the public was shared by the fictional residents of Walford, with Altman explaining: "Every time he comes back he gets shunned by one and all. It's like being the bad cowboy come riding into town - everybody puts down the shutters and locks up the bar." The character's appearance was tailored to suit this unlikable, "nasty" image, with "EastEnders" series consultant Simon Ashdown commenting; "When he comes on, you know this guy is bad. He's got the black hair and the scowl and the leather jacket. He is like that, he is a Dickensian baddy." Frankie Fitzgerald, who played Nick's son Ashley Cotton from 2000 to 2001, agreed: "The look of Nasty Nick, you know, he was a bad guy. Even when he gets dressed up in a suit, he's still got the earring, he's still got the rings, he's still got the tattoo on his neck." One of Nick's most notable returns to the series occurred in 1990. Nick returned to his mother's life with the claim that he was a born-again Christian, which happened to coincide with her £10,000 win on the bingo. "EastEnders" writer Sarah Phelps explained: "For Dot, the idea that Jesus had finally spoken to Nick, that was all her Christmases coming at once! Nick knew that. It was sort of obvious that Nick could be saying 'Jesus walks with me' and then just go out and kick somebody or nick their wallet." With the help of a fake priest, Nick managed to convince his mother of his newfound faith and then began a slow campaign to control her eating habits and poison her in order to claim her money. The episode which culminated the storyline, written by P.J. Hammond, was set solely in Dot's house and featured an unusually small cast composed of Nick, Dot, Charlie, Ethel and Alistair, the fake priest. At the last moment, in what Altman has called the "one time we saw a glimmer of Nick's good side", Nick backed out of his plan and stopped Dot from eating the poisoned meal he had intended to kill her with. Once again, Dot was left alone, broken-hearted at what her own son had been prepared to do to her. Nick was not away from Walford for long. In 1991, he returned with a heroin addiction but Dot initially shunned him and ignored his pleas for help. It was only after discovering Charlie had died that Nick was her only family left and was determined to reform him. Discussing the storyline, Altman has said: "I found the heroin addiction quite exhausting actually, because I grew a really thick beard and my hair was always really filthy. When I was shooting those scenes I met with a guy who was an addict, and he told me things that you go through, like you can't relax when you're trying to come off it. You can't sleep so you drink loads of alcohol to try and kill the pain. The clock barely seems to move. For me as an actor, they really let me go as far as I could on that. We had letters as well from people saying how it's put them off heroin for life, so I guess we did a good job." As the plot unfolded, Dot tried to curtail Nick's addiction by locking him in his room and forcing him to go cold turkey with the help of Pete Beale. During this period, The Queen Victoria's landlord Eddie Royle was murdered. The murder was the key storyline of the show during the autumn of 1991. The episode in which Eddie was murdered was written by Tony McHale; it finished with a cliffhanger featuring Clyde Tavernier in the gardens standing over Eddie's body and holding a knife, which Nick witnessed from his bedroom window. Nick tells the police what he saw, leading to Clyde going on the run with the help of Michelle Fowler. Joe Wallace eventually came forward, saying he saw Nick out on the square on the night of Eddie's murder, having escaped his room and climbed down a drain pipe. Nick confesses to Dot that he was responsible but insists that it was an accident. Nick is subsequently arrested and charged with Eddie's murder and he stands trial in January 1993. A week's worth of episodes were devoted to the trial, and were all written by Tony Jordan. To present the story of Nick's trial, the programme-makers themselves had to review the evidence and watch the episodes leading up to the death of Eddie. In the end, although it was clear that Nick was responsible for stabbing Eddie, it was not clear that it was murder, and the jury returned a verdict of not guilty. Altman summarised: "Through having a really good defence and lying his head off once again, he got away with murder". Nick was written out of the show, along with Dot, when June Brown (who plays Dot) decided to depart from the series in August 1993. Their departing storyline introduced his partner, Zoe and young son, Ashley to Dot, who was initially convinced that Zoe was attempting to con her, as she remembered the incident with Hazel several years before. Once Dot was convinced Nick was being truthful, however, she quickly grew close to Ashley, and the family moved to Gravesend together. This would be the last time Dot and Nick would be onscreen for several years until 1997, when June Brown was persuaded to reprise her role as Dot. Upon her return, Dot explained that Nick had been arrested yet again off-screen for drugs possession, and that Zoe and Ashley had moved away, tired of his criminal acts. Shortly after her return, she was informed by police that Nick had escaped prison with his cellmate, Damion Spinks. Damion comes looking for Dot, telling her that Nick cheated him out of money. He keeps her hostage overnight and soon leaves after finding her money. The following day, the police reveal that Damion is in intensive care, put there by Nick. John Altman reprised his role as Nick after a five-year absence in March 1998. Nigel Bates discovers Nick spying on Dot's house late at night and after telling him to stay away, Nick warns Nigel that he will be back. Nick returns a few weeks later, after Dot discovers him hiding in her house. Nick tells Dot that he is dying of AIDS, caused by his heroin addiction, which she disbelieves at first but is later convinced. Nick reveals that he is planning an armed robbery to pay for his medication. Not wanting Nick to go through with it, Dot decides to arrange the money for Nick. Dot later visits Mark Fowler and asks if he has heard of the drugs in question, which Mark denies. Dot then looks up the drug on Clare Bates's computer and discovers that the drugs are simply sleeping pills. Realising Nick has been lying about his illness all along, Dot calls the police before confronting him, having him rearrested and sent back to prison. In October 2000, a special 'soap-bubble' titled "Return of Nick Cotton" aired. The episode centred on Nick's release from prison, his reconciliation with his son, and even featured Nick's father Charlie, making a brief cameo appearance as a ghost almost a decade after his character was killed off. The episode paved the way for Nick's subsequent return to Walford, where he reignited an old feud with Mark Fowler after he discovered Nick was supplying his younger brother Martin Fowler with ecstasy. On New Year's Day 2001, Mark spikes Nick's drink and lures him to the top of the viaduct in Bridge Street and watches as an intoxicated Nick falls, severely crippling himself. Following this, Nick orders Ashley to set fire to Mark's house but he cannot go through with it and leaves Walford after Nick disowns him. Following this, Nick temporarily departs to a spinal unit in February 2001. After three months away, he returned in May 2001; he was able to walk, but still needed crutches. This comeback was going to be even shorter than his previous one, and followed by a much longer absence from the show. Determined to continue the feud with Mark, Nick starts making threats to Mark's pregnant girlfriend Lisa and soon causes the death of Ashley after sabotaging the brakes on Mark's motorbike, only for Ashley to steal and crash it. Following Ashley's death, Dot overhears an argument between Nick and Mark and realises that Nick had tampered with the brakes on Mark's motorbike. After Ashley's funeral, Dot banishes Nick from her life and tells him to leave and never return, as she would never be able to forgive him. However, Santer explained: "There will always be a way back to Dot for Nick", a position supported by "EastEnders" writer James Payne, who stated: "[Dot] believes, I think, deep down, that he has the potential for change, that he can be a good boy. I think that she'll keep wishing that." The first steps towards reconciliation were made in 2006 when Jim Branning received a phone call from Nick who was in a prison hospital with cancer. Jim and his grandson, Bradley initially kept this a secret from Dot, but Bradley told his girlfriend, Stacey who let it slip to Dot. Dot went to visit Nick, but when he was cleared of his cancer, he refused to let Dot see him. <templatestyles src="Template:Quote_box/styles.css" /> "Nick Cotton is an "EastEnders" legend. His complex relationship with Dot, his criminal tendencies, and his addiction to heroin, violence, and everything else that's bad have made him one of the show's best-remembered and best-loved villains. We're very excited that he - and the talented John Altman who plays him - will be returning to the Square." —Executive producer Diederick Santer on Nick's 2008 return to "EastEnders". On 2 October 2008 it was reported that Nick would return to "EastEnders" on Christmas Day that year after more than seven years away. Executive producer Diederick Santer spoke of his excitement at Nick's return, hailing the character as an ""EastEnders" legend" and "one of the show's best-remembered and best-loved villains". Altman stated: "After an absence of seven years, I am thrilled to return to Albert Square. The BBC have always given me great storylines as Nick Cotton and I look forward to seeing if Nick will once again spread fear and loathing throughout the Square!" June Brown revealed that she had been asking producers to bring Altman back to the soap for six or seven years, as the two of them shared such a good working relationship. After spending time in Walsall, Cotton returned; walking normally again, he was accompanied by his seven-year-old daughter, Dotty. He explained that he had met Dotty's mother Sandy Gibson while living in a squat, and that she was an alcoholic who had recently died, leaving him with custody of Dotty. Altman explained: "Nick needed something, because I think if he didn't have little Dotty, for him to walk through that door, she would just have treated him as a complete outcast." The actor described other changes to his character since his last appearance, detailing how he had become a plumber, begun dressing more smartly, stopped gelling his hair back and no longer wore an earring. Although suspicious to begin with, Dot accepted them both into her home, believing that Nick truly had changed this time. Asked whether Nick really was a reformed character, Altman remained ambiguous: "Nick's back, he's got a cute little daughter. He's become a plumber, he's a changed man. ...Or is he?" As the storyline progressed, Nick's true agenda was revealed when he blackmailed his mother into giving him money for custody of Dotty. In a further plot twist, it was revealed to the audience in 2009, that Dotty (real name Kirsty) was colluding with her father all along. In the storyline, Dotty suggested killing Dot for her life assurance policy. Nick leaves following this, allowing Dotty to work on Dot. He returns three months later, whereupon they begin their plan to convince Dot and her friends that she is suffering with dementia, Nick's aim being to kill Dot and blame her death on her deteriorating mental state. During Nick's brief stay in the square, he overheard Billy Mitchell telling Dot how he let Jase Dyer die and Nick blackmailed Billy by demanding regular payments or he would tell Jase's son Jay what Billy did. When Billy's cousin, Phil, found out about this, he led Nick into the barrel store of The Queen Vic, where he beats him up and ties him to a chair. Phil gave Billy the opportunity to scare Nick off and end this, however, Billy let him go and told Jay the truth himself. The plot with his own daughter to kill his beloved mother climaxes on-screen in June 2009: Nick's plan goes awry after Dotty has a change of heart and ultimately rescues her grandmother from being poisoned, instead drugging Nick. This leads to a series of events whereby Nick, in a bid to escape once his plan has been exposed, holds various members of the community hostage in the café and an accidental fire is started after Heather Trott pushes Nick into the chip pan. The hostages manage to escape due to a fight between Nick and Ryan Malloy, who was one of the hostages. This results in an explosion at the café with Nick and Bradley Branning inside. The storyline marked Altman's departure from the show once again. His departing episode was scripted as a cliffhanger, as it was not revealed whether Nick had survived the explosion at the end of the episode. However, in the following episode, on 4 June 2009, Nick is shown to survive the explosion and Bradley is hospitalised with injuries to his eye. Nick departs after once again being disowned by Dot. Dotty is left in Dot's care despite Nick explaining to his mother that Dotty is evil. In January 2014, Dot's lodger Poppy Meadow receives a phone call from Nick, who wants to speak to Dot. After being told by Sharon Rickman that Nick is bad news, she refuses to let him talk to her. Two months later, Dot is told by the police that Nick has died of respiratory failure from a heroin overdose the previous week. One of the police officers who breaks the news to Dot is Nick's son Charlie Cotton. Charlie explains that he was conceived from a brief marriage Nick had with his mother Yvonne back in the 1980s. During the funeral, Charlie and undertaker Les Coker prevent Dot from looking in the coffin. Dot is suspicious and invites Yvonne to tell the truth and she assures Dot that Charlie is her grandson. A few weeks later, Carol Jackson asks Charlie for advice, when he leaves his phone at her house, she answers a call and discovers that Nick is still alive. Following this, it is revealed that Charlie has been impersonating a police officer and is actually a caretaker at a care home where Yvonne works. Charlie leaves work to find his car windows have been smashed, with a message from Nick, confirming he'd done it. <templatestyles src="Template:Quote_box/styles.css" /> "After a five year break, I'm very pleased and much looking forward to returning to EastEnders. With the promise of some hard-hitting and gritty storylines, I'm sure the residents of Albert Square will be none too pleased to see Nick Cotton back on the streets of Walford. I'm also looking forward to working alongside Declan Bennett and Pauline McLynn and of course, being reunited and working once again with my 'dear old Ma,' the wonderful June Brown." –John Altman on Nick's 2014 return to "EastEnders". In October 2014, Nick re-appears in Albert Square, seven months after his faked death. Executive Producer Dominic Treadwell Collins promised to deliver the Ultimate Nasty Nick storyline and it would be the Nick story to end all Nick stories. Charlie and his fiancé Ronnie Mitchell are horrified to find Nick in Dot's house. Nick blackmails them for £10,000 by the end of the day, or he will reveal to Dot that he is alive. Charlie asks Phil for a loan, he agrees but unbeknown to Charlie, he gives him a bag full of paper and when Charlie gives it to Nick he finds out there is no money. On Halloween night, Charlie reveals to Dot that Nick is alive, he goes to find him but while he is gone, Dot finds him in her house. Nick reveals that he was involved in a robbery at a jeweller's and Charlie convinced him to fake his death. Dot agrees to hide Nick until they can raise enough money for him to leave. During this time, Dot is once again manipulated by Nick and starts to become happy that he is there, believing she can finally have a mother-son relationship with him. Fed up being stuck in Dot's house, Nick decides to go outside but is spotted by Ian Beale, who tells Phil and Sharon that Nick is alive. Phil goes round to Dot's house to attack Nick but is stopped by Ronnie. Ronnie tries to bribe Nick to leave by stealing £100,000 of Phil's money but he returns for Charlie and Ronnie's wedding. Having overheard Ronnie and Phil talking about killing him to get rid of him once and for all, Nick decides to cut the brakes on Ronnie's car. After she goes into labour at the wedding reception, Ronnie, Charlie and her sister, Roxy are involved in a car accident which later kills Emma Summerhayes, while Ronnie is left in a coma. Yvonne discovers that Nick cut the brakes of the car but he convinces her to frame Phil by planting the oily rag in his coat pocket. Yvonne tells Charlie what Nick has done but he does not believe her until he catches Nick with some of the money Ronnie used to bribe him. Then Nick implicates Yvonne in Ronnie's accident so Charlie tells them both to leave. Dot hides Nick in the derelict house next door and obtains heroin for Nick. Dot's lodger Fatboy finds out and urges her to stop so when she sees Nick she urges him to confess to the police about framing Phil for Ronnie's sake but he says he does not care about Ronnie, telling her he hopes she rots. Later, Dot finds Nick unconscious but he regains consciousness briefly and reveals to Dot that he was responsible for Reg Cox's death in 1985. Dot decides not to call am ambulance and instead lets fate decide if Nick should survive Dot accepts that she is to blame for Nick becoming a monster as she saw what he was turning into but turned a blind eye to it in the vain hope he'd change. In his final moments, Nick sincerely apologises for everything he put Dot through and asks for forgiveness. Dot refuses and tells him to ask Jesus instead, seconds before Nick dies in her arms, in the same location that Reg was discovered thirty years prior. Dot confesses to letting Nick die to Charlie who plans to get rid of Nick's body with Les Coker's help to save Dot from going to prison. In the live episode aired on 19 February 2015 to coincide with the thirtieth anniversary of the show, the very first scene from the show's first episode was recreated. Stacey, Martin and Kush Kazemi find Nick's body in the same way Den Watts, Arthur Fowler and Ali Osman found Reg Cox thirty years earlier. Dot confesses to killing Nick and is taken away by police. His body is removed from the house the following day. Three months later, Dot receives 14 months in prison for Nick's manslaughter but she is later released after four months. Nick's funeral takes place in June 2015 with only Charlie, Roxy and his grandson, Matthew in attendance. In 2021, nearly eight years after Nick's death, it is revealed that Dotty (Milly Zero) is not his daughter and that her father is Nick's half-brother, Tom Cotton (Brian Conley). However, in 2022, it is revealed that this is a lie and that Nick is indeed Dotty's father. Altman revealed that producers were told to 'write him out' of the show after he opposed a decision to make his character gay. Reception. Nick Cotton has become one of "EastEnders"' most renowned villains. His 'nastiness' was voted the 25th "Greatest Soap Moment" in a Five poll in 2004, and he has also been voted the 4th most villainous television character in a Channel 4 poll. "The Guardian" columnist Charlie Brooker has denied Nick's villainous characterisation, however, writing: "The man simply isn't menacing; he's half as terrifying as an Argos catalogue. Whereas ["Coronation Street" villain] Jez Quigley looked as though he'd enjoy riding an onyx stallion through a field full of groaning, recently-impaled victims before galloping home to bathe in the blood of the fallen, Nick Cotton merely looks like he might, at a push, dispute the price of a dented tin of custard with a supermarket checkout girl while you wait behind him, wondering when he last washed his hair." "The Times"'s Fiona McCade satirised the character when Altman appeared on the children's TV show "Balamory", advising parents to: "be prepared to cover your little ones’ eyes as the bad boy of soap strides into the colourful, fictional paradise, no doubt goosing Miss Hoolie, upsetting PC Plum and making Josie jump. I also fear for the safety of Archie, the chubby, cheerful posh boy who wears a pink kilt and lives alone in a big pink castle. With Nick in town, he doesn't stand a chance." John Altman was nominated for 'Villain of the Year' at "The British Soap Awards 2015," but lost out to Hollyoaks star, Jeremy Sheffield. References. Notes. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> Bibliography. <templatestyles src="Refbegin/styles.css" />

nik kopah nikulax charls "nik" koton hoise 1985 sonor 19 februaryt supor prothom khondor poraa ordho-niyomito bhittit john altmane obhinoy koraa britis sup opera "estanders" ror etaa kalponik soritro. altmane koy je teur prarombhik prosthanor kaaron aasil projujok julia smithe teur soritrotuk xomokami korar xiddhantor birudhita korar pisot teuk likhaar daabi jonuwar baabe. smithor prosthanor pisot, soritrotuwe 2015 sonor februaryt teur onokrin mrityur aagoloike oxongkhyo xongkhipto baa odhik digholiya xomoy otibahito korisil, jitu "estanders" ror 30 xongkhyok barxikir xoite miliboloi likha hoisil. 1985 sonot karzoxusir prothom drishyot ocheton owosthat uddhar huwa regg koo 'x (johnny clayton) ror mrityur baabe nik koo' tonn bixexbhabe dayee aasil, aaru poroborti khondot teur mrityu huwa buli prokax paisil. nikor mrityuk angxikbhabe regor mrityur punor nirman hisape likha hoisil, kiyonu thik 30 bosor aagote regor mrityu huwa eketa sthanot nikor mrityu hoisil. nikor prathomik kaam aasil ejon birudhi, drugs byowoharkari aaru ejon hotyakari hisape. onusthanor sristikorta tonny hoh 'lend aaru julia smithe teuk kolpona korisil. mool obhineta-obhinetrir line-aapot polomkoi ontorbhukto korar pisot, hoh 'lend aaru smithor mool sitronatyor lekhokor motamotor uporot bhitti kori nikok ontorbhukto koraa hoisil, ji regg koo' khyor hotyakandok kendribhut korisil, jaar hotyakari teuluke mulotoh prokax korar uddesyo nasil. nikok aakromonkari hoh "boloi aaru swo" tu odhik natokiyo kahinir xombhawona prodan koriboloi sristi koraa hoisil. swo 'too thoka xomoyot nike fill misel (steve makefeden), billy misel (peree fenuik), michael faular (susan tooley), mark faular (david scarboru/todd carty), lisa faular (luchi benjamin), tonny carpenter (oskar james), aali aasmen (nedjet salih), pett beele (pitter dinn), kethi bail (gillian telforth), clyde tevernier (steven udokok), nigel bates (poll breadly), dane waatch (lexoli grentham), edi skinner (rich venord stone), teur pitri charlichel henkuk (kopahor mohila) aaru sutensel henkuk (kopahor mohila) ror xoite ekadhik bibad aarombho korisil. nikok "out endo out kholonayok" hisape byobohar koraa hoy. karzobahi projujok dominick tradewell-collinsor poramorxo onuxori onyo sabun soritrobur jiye beyaa aasoron korisil aaru odhik xukhmo soritrayon aaru muktir proyujon aasil, teulukor biporite nikok xompurno "beyaa manuh" hisape byobohar koratu xombhob aasil. gorjio 'noo" ror ejon television xomalusoke poramorxo disil je, ei karonot, soritrotur karjyokolapor uddesyobur dorxokxokole khubo komoi prosno korisil, kiyonu teur prathomik kaamtu hoise "bisringkholotar ejon protinidhi". eituu poramorxo diya hoisil je swo 'too nikor uposthiti xongkhipto huwar proyujon aasil kaaron teu sitrito koraa dustotar stortu etaa soritrot digholiya xomoy dhori bojai rakhibo nuwari. nikor ataitkoi guruttopurno xomporkotu teur maatri dott kopahor (june braun) xoite. iyak jotil, okarjokari aaru kichu porimane sokrobrittimulok hisape sitrito koraa hoise, nike xoday teur matrir jiwanat prowex kori thaake, taai teuk otitor oporadhor baabe khyoma kore (jaar bhitorot aase taair bingu joy suri koriboloi taik hotya korar prochesta), taar pisot jetiya nikor prokrito uddesyo prokax paay tetiya hotax hoy, praye teur dexotyagot xomapto hoy, jodiu xamoyikbhabe, cycletur punorabritti huwar aagote. 2015 sonot nikor owoxexot huwa mrityuwe ei xomporkok sroddhanjoli gyapon kore, dotor xoite-owoxexot nikor kholonayok aasoronor porixor upolobdhi kore aaru teur poriworton koriboloi okhyomota swikar kore-owoxexot nikok herr "inor proti maratmok protikriya huwar pisot sikitsa xohay luwar poriworte nikok moriboloi diyar xiddhanto loy, teur uddesyo aasil je nik jiyai thakibo ney moribo laage xei xiddhanto jisuwe lo 'bob diya. sristi. nik koton aasil "estander", tonny hoh 'lend aaru julia smithor sristikortaxokole udbhawon koraa soturixotom soritro. nik "eastander" ror baabe hoh 'lend aaru smithor mool dristibhongir ongxo nasil, aaru teur sristi ek poroborti sintadhara hisape aahisil. ei sringkholatur prothom khondotut ejon briddho baxinda regg koo 'khyor mrityu ontorbhukto koraa hoisil, jaak teur ghorot nisthurbhabe aakromon koraa hoisil aaru mrityur baabe eri diya hoisil. prothom lekhokor boithokor xomoyot, zo 'too lekhokxokolok uddesyopurno soritro aaru prarombhik sitror xoite porisoy koruwa hoisil, protyekei swadhinbhabe janibo bisarisil je kuntu soritre regok hotya korisil. obosye, hoh 'lend aaru smithe ketiyau hotyakarik mukoli korar issa koraa nasil. regg koo 'kochok kune hotya korisil xei bixoye teulukor kunu dharona nasil, aaru teuluke onubhob korisil je "coon" guruttopurno nohoy. aakromonor pisot teur mrityu huwatu guruttopurno bixoy aasil, aaru regor hotyakandor xomadhan korar uddesyo nasil, kewol dorxokxokolok kuwar baabe aasil, aarombhonire poraa, walford etaa kothin aaru kothin sthan aasil. lekhokxokole iyar birudhita korisil. teuluke hoh 'landok etaa mohan xujug heruwai peluwar baabe obhijukto korisil aaru poramorxo disil je hotyar sikare dorxokok aakorxito koribo poraa natokiyo xombhawonar ek binyax prodan koribo. teixjon mool soritroi oporadh koriboloi okhyom buli xiddhanto luwar pisot, hoh 'lende nik kopahor rupot ek xompurno notun soritro udbhawon korar xiddhanto loy. nikor mool soritror ruprekhat likha aasiloh "teur sobitu kewol masu. xoptahor xexor faale odrishyo hoi yaay. maake kunu prosno nokore... denor biporite, nik hoise etaa prokrito oporadhi. manuhor guponiyota aaru ghoroloi pukor prowex. tetiyar poraa teu nijor buddhir uporot jiyai thaake. aaghat korar muhurtor baabe opekhya kori; nogod dhontu nik kori odrishyo hoh 'boloi...xadharonote teur bhuktobhugixokolok basoni kore jixokole, kunu karonot baa onyo karonot, teuk khobor diboloi bhoy paay...nik ejon herr "inor aaxokto. jihetu nik kewol ek ordho-niyomito soritro hoh "bob bisarisil, julia smith teur custingor xoite jorito nasil aaru obhineta john altmanok porisalokxokole basoni korisil. obosye, teu uscho hoh 'lewe (tomm waat) ror xoite xomokami xomporko thoka nikok sitrito koriboloi oswikar korar pisot teu teuk korton koriboloi onurudh korisil kaaron teu bhabisil je eitu soritror bahirot aasil. bikax aaru kahinir rekha. nikok "estanders" ror karzobahi projujok diederic centere "onusthanor prodhan kholonayok" hisape bornona korise. ei swo 'too soritrotur xomoyor kahini lipibodho koraa ekhon "estanders prokax korisil" tothyositrokhone teuk ejon misa, ejon sur aaru ejon hotyakari buli gonyo korisil ji "teur usoror lukoxokolor bix aaru dukhot xomridhi laabh korisil. xoho-taroka charley clementse (breadly braining) koicheh "aapuni sabun beyaa manuhor kotha bhaabe, nik kopah nischitbhabe teulukor bhitorot xorbosresthor xoite aase", aanhate lexoli grentum (dane waatch)-e moto prokax korise je "nik kopahor bixoye kunu readyming boixistyo naai. ei mulyayontu sirijor kahini projujok dominick tradewell-collinsor dwara bhag koraa hoise, jiye byakhya koriseh "ejon baahiror kholonayok thokatu bhaal. moi bhabu ketiyaba aapuni etaa soritro paab paare aaru 'oh', teulukoru etaa bhaal dix thakibo laage, aaru hoyotu aami xeibur olopkhini ridim koraa usit.'nikor xoite, ee kunu guruttopurno kotha nohoy. aapuni xompurno pelt koribo paare, fut-ono-dyo-acelerator beyaa manuh."john altmane ei kothatu alusona korise je teu ebaru teur soritrotu bhaal huwar kotha monot rakhibo nuware, xoixowot teur deutakor onuposthitir baabe nikor oniyomok duxarup kore. centere nike teur maatri dott koton (june braun) ror xoite bhag koraa "bismoykorbhabe okarjokhyom maatri-putror xomporko" aaru nikok teur bhul korar itihax nirbixexe aan etaa xujug diboloi teur sirosthayi issar bixoye alusona korise. centere byakhya korisiloh "enekuwa etaa bostu aase zo 'too aapuni aaxa korar xahox kore je kunuba poribortito hoise, jitu xosakoiye dukhjonok. teuluke aapunak exbar hotax korise, aaru tothapiu aapuni etiyau aaxa kore je prothombaror baabe exbar teuluk xoloni hoh 'bob."gronthame koiche je dott hoise" "[nikor] jiwanat ejon bondhu", aanhate tradewell-collinse nischito koriseh "dott xoday teuk khyoma koribo. aaru xeituwei hoise nik endo dotor xoundorjyo."ei bhawonar xoite ekmot hoi altmane xonmot hoisiloh" teu ji korok nauk, taai teuk khyoma kori dibo. xomogro itihaxot bohutu gundaxokolor matriyeu tene korisil. hoyotu aal kepunor matriye bhabisil je teu ejon mitha lo "raa, aapuni janene." estanders" ror prothom khondotu teur flateot ocheton hoi thoka briddho baxinda regg koo 'x (johnny clayton) ror abiskaror xoite aarombho hoisil. regor pisot mrityu hoy aaru pisor khondoburot eitu prokax paay je teuk nike hotya korisil. hoh 'lend aaru smithe ei sringkholatu natokiyobhabe porisoy korabo bisarisil, aaru regg koo' x kahinituk ek bhaal aarombhoni bindu buli biswax korisil, jaar folot xomprodayor bibhinno xodosyoi bridhojonok hotya korar poristhitir xoite jorito hoh 'bob parisil baa montobyo koribo parisil. centere byakhya korise je nikok "aarombhonire porai thu maara, srarling jontu" hisape protistha koraa hoisil, prothom khondor xexot nikok "estanders" prodan koraa dekhi teu aali uxman (nojdat salih) ror xoite jujor pisot quin victoria paabor kasor duwaror khirikir maajere mustijudho kori xex korisil. aarokhyir todontor keixoptahmanor pisot, prodhan xondehjukto nike ethale skinner (greatchen franklin) mog koriboloi chesta korar pisot scowertu eri guchi goisil, aaru april maahot teuk greptar koraa hoisil buli janibo poraa goisil. july maahot nikor maak dotor xoite obhineta-obhinetrixokolor porisoy huwar pisot, teu dorxokxokolok jonay je nik probesyonot thakiboloi xokhyom hoise, aaru pisor maahot, teu elbert skuwaroloi ubhoti aahisil. ubhoti ohaar pisot teu herold legor (leonard fenton) ostrupsar korisil aaru kethi belor (gillian tailforth) sikitsa xombondhiyo tothyo bisari paisil, aaru gom paisil je teur 14 bosor boyoxot etaa xontan aase. nike kethir swami pite (pitter dinn) koo ei kotha prokax korar bhabuki diye jodihe taai teuk niyomiya dhon nidiye. kethiye xunkalei pitok xotyotu koy, jaar folot teu rastar maajot nikok pitay. iyar pisot, dane-e nikok maaje maaje vigiting dotor baahire bhalor baabe borgotu eri jaboloi xotorko kore, noho 'ley teu maratmok porinamor xonmukhin hoh' bob. poroborti keibosormanor bhitorot nik xongkhiptobhabe dekha yaay aaru owoxexot 1987 sonor octoborot teur pitri charley (christ 'faar henkok) koo log paay jetiya teuluk duyujonei kakotaliyobhabe vigit dotoloi aahe. nik aaru charliye ijone xijonok sposto kori diye je teuluke ijone xijonok aaxe-paxe nibisare. charliye gom paay je nike kisuman oporadhir poraa suri korar pisot teulukor poraa lukai aase aaru nikor oporadhor baabe karagaroloi juwa nikor puroni bondhu graham clerkor poraa nike lukai aase buliu gom paay. charliye grahamok nikor xoite mukhamukhi hoh "boloi ghoroloi jaboloi diye, aaru teuk jaboloi badhyo kore, noho" ley teu lukai thoka oporadhixokolor haatot teuk hostantor koribo. 1988 sonot nike decance pahariya karagarot dragsor oporadhor baabe karagarot bondi hoi xex kore, zo 'too kakotaliyobhabe ognixongzugor baabe dane rokha hoise. ei xomoisuwat regor hotyakandor rohosyo owoxexot xomadhan hoy jetiya nike nijor dayitwo swikar korisil. 1989 sonot, dote nikok off-skrin bhromonor joriyote janibo paare je teu hazel (virginia pho "lo) naamor egoraki mohilak biyaa koraise, aaru egoraki xoru konya aase; nike teur aaru dotor tikto xomporkor baabe teuk aagote kuwa porihar korisil. hazel 1989 sonor mey "maahot dott daaun onuxoron korisil aaru xixutir xoite teuk xakhyat korisil, doruthi nikula; dott imaan anondito hoisil je teuluke bhromon korisil je teu mu busar (edna dure) aaru marj green (pett kumbos) ror xoite brauni podojatrat ongxogrohon korar poraa aatori aahisil. pisot eitu misa buli prokax paisil, aaru xixuti hazelor bhotiji buli janibo poraa goisil. jodiu nik kewol etaa ordho-niyomito soritro aasil, teur biroti-biroti uposthiti xoday swo 'too ek dangor probhab pelabor baabe script koraa hoisil, logote teur kahinir xoite jorito xokolu soritro. onusthanor prothom keibosormanor bhitorot teu punor uposthito hoisil aaru keibabaru guchi goisil, jaar folot protibare xorbadhik dhongxatmok poristhitir sristi hoisil, aaru xongbadpotroxomuhe soritrotu "beyaa nik" buli brend koriboloi aarombho korar besi xomoy huwa nasil. altmane montobyo koriseh "moi bhabu teuluke nikok ghurai aani aase kaaron teu britis televisionor onyotomo soritro jaak manuhe kewol ghrina koriboloi bhaal paay. jonoxadharonor soritrotur ei oposondo welfordor kalponik baxindaxokole bhag korisil, ultmane byakhya korisiloh "protibar ubhoti ohaar loge loge teu xokoluwe aatori yaay. eitu beyaa kauboy huwar dore sohoroloi aahe-xokoluwe swatertu namai bartu bondho kori diye." soritrotur seheratu ei oporiharzo, "beyaa" sobir xoite khaap khuwar baabe toiyar koraa hoisil, "estanders" sirijor poramorxodata saimon exdaune montobyo korisil; "jetiya teu aahe, aapuni jaane je ei byoktijon beyaa. teur koo 'laa suli aaru schol aaru samorar jackett aase. teu enekuwa, teu ejon dickencian bedee."2000 sonor poraa 2001 sonoloike nikor putro exole kotonor soritrot obhinoy koraa franky fitzerald xonmot hoisiloh" beyaa nikor dore dekhat, aapuni jaane, teu ejon beyaa manuh aasil. aanoki jetiya teu ekhon sut pindhi loy, tetiyau teur kaanor aanguthi aase, teur etiyau aanguthi aase, teur dingito etiyau tetu aase." ei sringkholatut nikor ataitkoi ullekhjugyo proityawortonxomuhor bhitorot etaa 1990 sonot ghotisil. nike teur maakor jiwanoloi ubhoti aahisil ei dabire je teu punor jonmogrohon koraa khristan aasil, jitu teu bingut 10,000 pound joy korar xoite kakotaliyobhabe ghotisil. "estanders" ror lekhika sarah felpse byakhya korisiloh "dotor baabe, jisuwe owoxexot nikor xoite kotha patisil xei dharonatuwei aasil teur xokolu khristomas ekeloge aahi aasil! nike xeitu janisil. eitu ek dhoronor sposto aasil je nike hoyotu koi thakibo paare je 'jisu mur xoite sole' aaru taar pisot kewol bahiroloi goi karubak laathi maare baa teulukor manibyagtu nik kore."ejon bhuwa puruhitor xohayot nike nijor maakok teur notunkoi puwa biswaxor bixoye biswax koraboloi xokhyom hoisil aaru taar pisot taair khadyor obhyax niyontron koriboloi aaru taair dhon daabi koriboloi bix diyar baabe ek monthor obhijan aarombho korisil. kahinitur xomapti ghota khondotu pi.je. haymond, kewol dotor ghorot sthapon koraa hoisil aaru iyat nokol puruhito nik, dott, charley, ethel aaru elisteyare gothito ek oswabhabik xoru cust aasil. xex muhurtot, altmane "ebaar aami nikor bhaal dixor aabhax dekhisilu" buli kuwatut, nike nijor porikolponar poraa aatori aahisil aaru teuk hotya koriboloi uddesyo koraa bixakto khadyo khuwar poraa dott bondho korisil. aakou ebaar, dott okolxoriya hoi porisil, nijor putroi taair xoite ki koriboloi xaju aasil taak loi bhognohridoyere. nik dirghodin dhori welfordor poraa durot nasil. 1991 sonot teu herr "inor axokti loi ubhoti aahisil kintu dott-e prothomote teuk eri disil aaru xohayor baabe teur onurudhok upekhya korisil. charlir mrityu huwa buli gom puwar pisothe nik teur ekmatro poriyal aasil aaru teur xongskar koriboloi drirhoprotigyo aasil. kahinitur bixoye alusona kori altmane koicheh "moi herr" inor axoktitu prokritote jothesto klantidayok onubhob korilu, kiyonu moi xosakoiye daath daari dangor korisilu aaru mur suli xoday xosakoiye letera aasil. jetiya moi xei drishyoburor drishyogrohon kori aasilu tetiya moi ejon aaxokto lukor xoite log paisilu, aaru teu muk aapuni paar hoi juwa bostubur koichil, jene aapuni iyar poraa ulai jaboloi chesta korute aapuni aaram koribo nuware. aapuni xubo nuware xeyehe aapuni bixtu moriboloi chesta koriboloi jothesto xura paan kore. ghoritu ekebare ghuri thoka zen lagise. ejon obhineta hisape mur baabe, teuluke xosakoiye muk jiman paari ximan duroloi jaboloi disil. aamar usorot manuhor porau sithi aasil zo 'too kuwa hoisil je kenekoi teulukok aajibonor baabe herr "inor poraa aatorai rokha hoise, xeyehe moi onuman koru je aami etaa bhaal kaam korisu."kahinitu prokax puwar loge loge, dote nikok teur kuthat bondho kori aaru pitt belor xohayot thanda tarkiloi jaboloi badhyo kori teur axokti hraax koriboloi chesta korisil. ei xomoisuwat rani victoriyar ghoruwa maalik eddi royolok hotya koraa hoisil. 1991 sonor xorotkalot ei hotyakandotu aasil onusthanor mool kahini. edir hotya huwa khondotu tonny mekele likhisil; bagisat clead tevernier edir xoriror uporot thiyo hoi thoka aaru etaa suri dhori thoka etaa clifhangeror xoite xomapto hoisil, jitu nike teur xuwoni kuthar khirikir poraa proityokhyo korisil. nike aarokhyik teu ki dekhisil koy, jaar folot michael faularor xohayot clyde polai yaay. owoxexot ju walese aagbarhi aahi koichil je teu eddir hotyar nixa schwarot nik out dekhisil, teur kuthar poraa polayon kori etaa niskaxon nolir poraa naami aahisil. nike nijor dux swikar kore kintu jure di koy je eitu etaa durghotona aasil. poroborti xomoyot nikok greptar koraa hoy aaru edir hotyakandor obhijugot obhijukto koraa hoy aaru 1993 sonor januaryt teur bisar hoy. exoptahor mulyor khondobur bisaror baabe utxorgito koraa hoisil, aaru xokolubur tonny jordane likhisil. nikor bisaror kahinitu uposthapon koriboloi, karzoxusi nirmataxokole nijei promanxomuh porzaluchona koribo logaa hoisil aaru edir mrityur aagoloiker khondoxomuh saab logaa hoisil. xexot, jodiu eitu sposto aasil je eddik surikaghat korar baabe nik dayee aasil, tothapiu eitu sposto nasil je eitu hotya aasil, aaru jureeye duxi nohoy buli raay disil. altmane xongkhiptobhabe koichiloh "xosakoiye bhaal protirokya kori aaru aakou ebaar muur bondho kori raakhi, teu hotyar xoite polai goisil. 1993 sonor aagosto maahot june braun (ji dott khele) ye sirijtur poraa aatori juwar xiddhanto luwar xomoyot nikok dotor xoite swo 'ror poraa baahir kori diya hoisil. teulukor prosthan koraa kahinituwe teur xongi ju aaru xoru putro, esoli tu dotor xoite porisoy koraisil, ji prothomote nischito aasil je juwe taik thokai diboloi chesta korisil, jihetu teu keiba bosor purbe hazelor xoite huwa ghotonatu monot pelaisil. ebaar dott nischito hoisil je nik xosa buli, obosye, taai xunkale exoler usoroloi aahisil, aaru poriyaltu ekeloge koboroloi guchi goisil. 1997 sonoloike eituwei xexbaror baabe dott aaru nik keiba bosor dhori pordat thakibo, jetiya june braunok dott hisape teur soritrotu punor obhinoy koriboloi prerito koraa hoisil. taai ubhoti ohaar pisot dote bujai disil je drugs rokhar baabe nikok aakou ebaar pordar bahirot greptar koraa hoisil, aaru ju aaru esoli teur oporadhmulok karzot bhagori pori aatori goisil. taai ubhoti ohaar kichu xomoyor pisote arokhyiye taik jonay je nik teur xelmet, damion spinkchor xoite karagaror poraa polayon korise. demiyone bindu bisari aahe, taik koy je nike teuk tokar poraa protarona korise. xi taik ratitu bondhok raakhe aaru taair dhon bisari puwar loge loge guchi yaay. pisdina arokhyiye prokax kore je damion nibirh porjyayor jotnot aase, taat nikor dwara rokha hoise. john altmane 1998 sonor march maahot paas bosoror onuposthitir pisot nik hisape teur soritrotu punor obhinoy korisil. nigel batse nixar bhagot nik dotor ghorot surangsuwa kori thokar kotha gom paay aaru teuk aatori thakiboloi kuwar pisot nike nigelok xotorko kori diye je teu ubhoti ahibo. keixoptahmanor pisot nik ubhoti aahe, jetiya dote taak taair ghorot lukai thoka gom paay. nike dotok koy je teur herr "inor axoktir folot huwa aidsor baabe teur mrityu hoise, jitu taai prothome biswax nokore kintu pisot nischito hoy. nike prokax kore je teu nijor ouxodhor baabe dhon diboloi ekhon xoxostro lutpator porikolpona korise. nike iyar maajere jaabo nibisarile, dote nikor baabe dhonor byowostha korar xiddhanto loy. dott pisot mark foulerok log kore aaru teu prosno koraa dragsburor bixoye xunise neki buli xudhile, jitu marke oswikar kore. dott tetiya clair batesor computerot dragochtu saai aaru abiskar kore je dragsbur kewol tuponir bori. nike teur rugor bixoye gutei xomoy dhori misa koi aahise buli upolobdhi kori, dotoi teuk mukhamukhi huwar aagote aarokhyik phone kore, teuk punor greptar kori karagaroloi preron kore. 2000 sonor octobor maahot "return owo nik kopah" xirxok etaa bixex 'sabun-budwud "xomprosarito hoisil. ei khondotu karagaror poraa mukti puwa, putror xoite teur punormilon, aaru aanoki nikor deutak charlik dekhuuwa hoisil, ji teur soritrotu nihot huwar pray ek doxok pisot bhut hisape ek xongkhipto kemio "uposthiti sristi korisil. ei khondotuwe poroborti xomoyot nikor welfordoloi ubhoti ohaar poth proxosto korisil, zo "too teu mark faularor xoite ek puroni bibad punor aarombho korisil jetiya teu gom paisil je nike teur xoru bhatri martin foulerok aanondor jugan dhorisil. 2001 sonor noboborxor dinaa, marke nikor paniyo spike kore aaru teuk breej streetor viaductor uporoloi proluvito kore aaru nisajukto nik pori juwar dore dekhe, jiye nijoke gurutorbhabe biklango kori tule. iyar pisot, nike exolik markor ghorot jui loguwar nirdex diye kintu teu iyar maajere jaabo nuware aaru nike teuk oswikar korar pisot welford eri yaay. iyar pisot, 2001 sonor februaryt nik osthayibhabe merudondor etaa gutoloi guchi yaay. tini maah aatori thokar pisot, teu 2001 sonor mey "maahot ubhoti aahisil; teu khuj karhiboloi xokhyom hoisil, kintu tothapiu krasor proyujon aasil. ei punorbagomon teur purbor tulnat aaru komm hoh "bob lagisil, aaru taar pisot onusthanor poraa bohu digholiya onuposthiti aasil. markor xoite dwondo obyahot rakhiboloi drirhoprotigyo hoi nike markor gorbhoboti premika lisak bhabuki diboloi aarombho kore aaru oti xunkalei markor motorbiker breakbur dhongxo korar pisot exolir mrityu ghotay, kewol exoliye iyak suri kori bidhwosto koribo paare. exoler mrityur pisot, dote nik aaru markor maajot huwa torko xuni paay aaru upolobdhi kore je nike markor motorbiker breakburot hostokhyep korisil. exoler ontyestikriyar pisot, dote nikok taair jiwanor poraa bohiskar kore aaru teuk jaboloi koy aaru ketiyau ubhoti naahe, kiyonu taai ketiyau teuk khyoma koribo nuware. obosye, centere byakhya korisiloh "xoday nikor baabe dotoloi ubhoti juwar etaa upay thakibo", "" estander "lekhok james paine xomorthon koraa etaa sthiti, jiye koichiloh" [dott] biswax kore, moi bhabu, gobhirbhabe, je teur poribortonor xombhawona aase, je teu ejon bhaal lo "raa hoh" bob paare. moi bhabu je taai xeitu kaamna kori thakibo."2006 sonot jim brankinge korkot rugot akranto karagar sikitsaloyot thoka nikor poraa phone paisil jetiya punormilonor dixot prothom podokhyep luwa hoisil. jim aaru teur naati breadlye prothomote ei kotha etaa gupon rakhisil, kintu breadlye teur premika stacyk koichil, jiye iyak binduloi pori jaboloi disil. dott nikok saboloi goisil, kintu jetiya teu korkot rugor poraa mukto hoisil, teu dotok teuk saboloi diboloi oswikar korisil. 2008 sonor 2 octoborot prokax paisil je xaat bosorotkoiu odhik durotwor pisot xei bosor khristomasor dinaa nik "estanders" loi ghuri ahibo. karzobahi projujok dederik centere nikor ubhoti ohaar xomoyot teur uttejonar kotha koichil, soritrotuk "estanders" kingbodonti aaru "swo" tur onyotomo smoroniyo aaru ataitkoi priyo kholonayok "hisape proxongxa korisil. altmane koichiloh "xaat bosoror onuposthitir pisot, moi elbert scoweroloi ubhoti aahi anondito hoisu. bibisiye xoday muk nik kopahor dore xundor kahinir rup dise aaru nike aakou ebaar xomogro soturkhyetrot bhoy aaru ghrina biyopabo neki saboloi moi aagrohi!"june braune prokax korisil je teu projujokxokolok choy baa xaat bosor dhori altmanok sabunoloi ghurai aaniboloi koichil, kiyonu duyure maajot imaan bhaal kaamor xomporko aasil. walsolot xomoy kotaboloi juwar pisot kopah ghuri aahisil; punor swabhabikbhabe khuj kaarhi goi teur xoite aasil teur xaat bosoriya konya dotty. teu byakhya korisil je teu dotir maak chendy gibosonok etaa skwatot baax kori thokar xomoyot log paisil, aaru teu egoraki xurari aasil ji xehotiyakoi mrityu hoisil, aaru teuk dotir jimmat eri disil. altmane byakhya korisiloh "nikok kiba etaar proyujon aasil, kiyonu moi bhabu jodi teur usorot xoru dotty nasil, teu xei duwarkhonor maajere khuj kaarhi jaboloi, taai teuk xompurno bohiskrito hisape gonyo korisil." obhinetajone teur xex uposthitir poraa teur soritrot huwa onyanyo poribortonxomuh bornona korisil, teu kenekoi ejon plumbor hoisil, odhik smartly xaaj-puchak pindhiboloi aarombho korisil, suli pisfale uluwa bondho korisil aaru aaru kaanor aangur pindha nasil. jodiu aarombhonite xondehjonok aasil, dote duyuke taair ghoroloi grohon korisil, ei biswax kori je nik xosakoiye eibar xoloni hoise. nik xosakoiye etaa xongskarito soritro aasil neki buli xudhar pisot, altman osposto hoi thakiloh "nik pisfale aase, teur etaa dhuniya xoru suwali aase. teu ejon kolkar hoi porise, teu ejon poribortito manuh. ...baa teu?"kahinitu aagbarhi juwar loge loge nikor prokrito agenda prokax paisil jetiya teu maakok dotir jimmat rakhiboloi dhon diboloi blackmail korisil. 2009 sonot kahinir aan etaa murh luwar xomoyot dorxokor aagot prokax paisil je dotty (prokrito naam kirsti) ye gutei xomoikhini taair deutakor xoite mitrota kori aasil. kahinitut, dotty-ye teur jiwanor aaswax nitir baabe killing dotor poramorxo disil. iyar pisot nik lifse dotik dotot kaam koriboloi onumoti diye. tini maah pisot teu ubhoti aahe, jaar pisot teuluke dott aaru taair bondhuborgok biswax korar baabe teulukor porikolpona aarombho kore je taai demenciat akranto, nikor lokhyo aasil dott hotya koraa aaru taair owonoti huwa manoxik owosthar baabe taair mrityuk duxarup koraa. schwarot nikor xongkhipto thokar xomoyot, teu billy miselok dott buli kuwa xunisil je kenekoi teu jes diarok moriboloi disil aaru niyomiya dhon daabi kori bileek blackmail korisil baa teu jesor putro jek biliye ki korisil koo 'bob. jetiya bilir khurak bhai philoi ei bixoye gom paisil, tetiya teu nikok rani bhikor berel sto "roloi loi goisil, zo" too teu teuk pitiyai ekhon seyorot bandhi disil. fill-e bilik bhoy korar xujug disil aaru eitu xex korisil, obosye, biliye teuk jaboloi disil aaru je-koo nijei xotyotu koichil. 2009 sonor june maahot nijor konyar xoite teur priyo maakok hotya korar xorojontro pordat suranto porzayoloi yayoh dotir hridoy xoloni huwar pisot nikor porikolponatu bhul hoi yaay aaru owoxexot nikok drugg diyar poriworte taair aaitak bix diyar poraa rokhya kore. iyar folot keibatau ghotona xonghotit hoy zo "too nikke, teur porikolpona mukoli huwar pisot polayon korar prochestat, xomprodayor bibhinno xodosyok kefot bondhok raakhe aaru hithaar trote nisok chip penoloi theli diyar pisot ek aakosmik ognikando aarombho hoy. nick aaru rian maloyor maajot huwa jujor folot jimmixokole polayon koriboloi xokhyom hoy, ji ejon jimmito aasil. iyar folot kefer bhitorot nik aaru breadly brainingor xoite etaa bisfuron hoy. kahinituwe aakou ebaar altmanor onusthanor poraa aatori juwar kotha ullekh korisil. teur prosthan koraa khondotu etaa clifhanger hisape sitrito koraa hoisil, kiyonu khondotur xexot nik bisfuronor poraa jiyai aasil ney naai xeya prokax koraa huwa nasil. obosye, poroborti khondot, 4 june 2009-too, nik bisfuronot jiyai thoka dekha yaay aaru bradleak sokut aaghat paai sikitsaloyot bhorti koraa hoy. aakou ebaar dotor dwara oswikar korar pisot nik prosthan kore. nike maakok dotty beyaa buli bujai diyar pisotu dotty dotor suwasitar bhitorot rokha hoy. 2014 sonor januaryt dotor lojar pupi meduwe nikor poraa etaa phone koll paay, jiye dotor xoite kotha patibo bisare. sweron rickmane nikok beyaa khobor buli kuwar pisot, taai teuk taair xoite kotha patiboloi oswikar kore. dumahor pisot, dotok arokhyiye koy je juwa xoptahot herr "inor otyadhik matrar folot swax-proswax bondho hoi juwar folot nikor mrityu hoisil. ei khobortu prokax koraa aarokhyi bixoyaxokolor bhitorot ejon hoise nikor putro charley koton. charliye byakhya kore je 1980-ror doxokot nike teur maatri ibhunor xoite koraa ek xongkhipto bibahor poraa teur gorbhodharon hoisil. ontyestikriyar xomoyot charley aaru untertaker lex kukare kofinot dott suwat baadha diye. dott xondehjonok aaru ivonok xotyotu koo 'boloi aamontron jonay aaru taai dotok aaswax diye je charley teur naati. keixoptahmanor pisot, kerol jeksone charlik poramorxo bisare, jetiya teu teur phuntu taair ghorot eri diye, taai etaa kolor uttor diye aaru janibo paare je nik etiyau jiyai aase. iyar pisot, eitu prokax paay je charliye ejon aarokhyi bixoyar sodmowex dekhuwaise aaru prokritote yobhone kaam koraa etaa jotno grihor suwasita kori aase. charley eri teur garir khiriki bhangi juwar baabe kaam kore, nikor poraa etaa bartar xoite, teu eitu korise buli nischito kore. 2014 sonor octobor maahot, nokol mrityur xaat maah pisot, nik albert scowarot punor dekha yaay. karzobahi projujok dominick tradewell collinse suranto beyaa nik kahinitu prodan korar protisruti disil aaru xokolu nik kahini xex koratu nikhut kahini hoh 'bob. charley aaru teur bagdotta roni misel dotor ghorot nik bisari paai aatongkit hoi pore. dintur xexoloike nike teulukok 10,000 poundor baabe blackmail kore, noho 'ley teu jiyai aase buli prokax koribo. charliye philok rino bisare, teu xonmot hoy kintu charlyr ojante teu teuk kagojore bhora etaa munaa diye aaru charliye jetiya nikok diye tetiya teu gom paay je taat tokaa naai. heluwinor nixa charliye prokax kore je nik jiyai aase, teu taak bisari uliyay kintu teu juwar loge loge dote teuk taair ghorot bisari paay. nike prokax kore je teu ejon gohona bikretat surir xoite jorito aasil aaru charliye teuk teur mrityu nokol koriboloi biswax koraisil. dott nik lukuwaboloi xonmot hoy jetiyaloike teuluke teuk jaboloi porzapto dhon xongroho koribo nuware. ei xomoisuwat, dottu punorbar nikor dwara byobohar koraa hoy aaru teu taat thokar baabe xukhi hoh 'boloi aarombho kore, biswax kore je owoxexot taair xoite maatri-putror xomporko thakibo paare. dotor ghorot aabodho hoi thokar baabe klanto hoi nike bahiroloi juwar xiddhanto loy kintu ian bele taak dekha paay, jiye fill aaru sweronok nik jiyai aase buli koy. fill nikok aakromon koriboloi dotor ghoroloi yaay kintu roniye baadha diye. roniye filor 100,000 pound tokaa suri kori nikok furiboloi utkuch diboloi chesta kore kintu teu charley aaru ronir biyar baabe ubhoti aahe. roni aaru filor poraa ebaar aaru sirkalor baabe mukti paboloi teuk hotya korar kotha xuni, nike ronir garir break kaati diyar xiddhanto loy. bibahor obhyorthona onusthanot proxowot juwar pisot, roni, charley aaru teur bhoniyek, roxi ekhon gaari durghotonat jorito hoy ji pisot emma xamorheisok hotya kore, aanhate roni kumat thaake. ibhone gom paay je nike garikhonor break katise kintu teu nijor kutor poketot toilakto ragtu raakhi taik fill frame koriboloi protisruti diye. yobhone charlik nike ki korise koy kintu teu taik biswax nokore jetiyaloike teu nikok ghux diboloi byobohar koraa ronir kichu tokar xoite dhori noloy. taar pisot nike ronir durghotonat eve 'nok probhabito kore xeyehe charliye duyuke jaboloi koy. dote nikok kaxor porityokto ghortut lukai raakhe aaru nikor baabe herr "inn laabh kore. dots lojar fatboye gom paay aaru taik rakhiboloi onurudh kore, xeyehe jetiya taai nikok dekhe tetiya taai teuk ronir baabe philok faki diyar bixoye aarokhyir usorot swikar koriboloi onurudh kore kintu teu koy je teu ronir bixoye chinta nokore, taai aaxa kore je taai faati jaabo. pisot, dote nikok ocheton owosthat paay kintu teu olop xomoyor baabe setona ghurai paay. teur ontim muhurtot, nike dotoloi prokax kore je 1985 sonot regg koo 'khyor mrityur baabe teu dayee aasil. nik dotor bahut mrityuboron kore, xei eke sthanot zo' too trix bosor aagote regg abiskar koraa hoisil. dote charlyr usorot nikok moriboloi diyar kotha swikar kore jiye dotok karagaroloi juwar poraa rokhya koriboloi lex kukaror xohayot nikor xorirtur poraa mukti diyar porikolpona kore. 2015 sonor 19 februaryt onusthantur trixotomo barxiki upoloxe xomprosarito huwa live khondotut, onusthanor prothom khondor prothom drishyotu punor sristi koraa hoisil. stacy, martin aaru kux kajemiye ekedhorone nikor xorir bisari paay jenekoi dane waatch, aarthar faular aaru aali uxmene trix bosor aagote regg koo 'x paisil. dote nikok hotya korar kotha swikar kore aaru arokhyiye loi yaay. pisdina teur mritodeh ghoror poraa uliyai onaa hoy. tini maahor pisot, dote nikor norhoityar baabe 14 maahor karadondo laabh kore kintu pisot chaari maahor pisot taik mukoli kori diya hoy. 2015 sonor june maahot nikor ontyestikriya xomponno hoy, zo 'too kewol charley, roxi aaru teur naati, methiu uposthito thaake. 2021 sonot, nikor mrityur pray aath bosoror pisot, eitu prokax paay je dotty (millie jiru) teur konya nohoy aaru teur deutak nikor xot bhatri tomm koton (briyan konoli). obosye, 2022 sonot eitu prokax paay je eitu etaa misa kotha aaru xei nik prokritote dotir pitri. altmane prokax korisil je teur soritrotuk xomokami korar xiddhantor birudhita korar pisot projujokxokolok swo 'ror poraa' teuk likhiboloi 'kuwa hoisil. obhyorthona. nik koton "estander" ror ataitkoi bikhyat kholonayokxokolor bhitorot ejon hoi porise. 2004 sonot paskhon jonomot xobhat teur 'oslilota' 'oslilota' "xorbosrestho sup muhurto" hisape nirbasito hoisil, aaru 4 nong senelor jonomotot teuk teuk xorbadhik kholonayok television soritro hisapeu nirbasito koraa hoisil. "gorbhoboti" stombholekhok charley brookore nikor kholonayok soritrikoron oswikar korise, obosye likhiseh "byoktijon ekebare bhoyongkor nohoy; teu ejon aarg" cho ketlogor dore aadha bhoyongkor. aanhate ["koo" runeson street "ror kholonayok] jez kuigoliye ene lagisil zen teu koponire bhora potharor maajere etaa onyx ghura solai aanondo laabh koribo, xehotiyakoi biddho huwa bhuktobhugixokole pori juwa lukor tejot gaa dhuboloi ghoroloi douri juwar aagote, nik kopah kewol ene dekha yaay zen teu hoyotu, etaa prochestar xomoyot, aapuni teur pisfale opekhya kori thokar xomoyot ejon supermarket secout suwalir xoite custardor dinted tinor mulyor bixoye bitorko koribo paare, teu xexbaror baabe ketiya suli dhuisil buli bhabisil."dyo timesor fiyuna macade xixur tibhi swo" "balam" "ror altmanor uposthitit soritrotu byongo korisil, pitri-matrik poramorxo disiloh" "aapunar xoru lo 'raa-suwalir soku dhaaki rakhiboloi xaju houk jetiya sabunor beyaa lo' ratuwe rongin, kalponik sworgoloi aagbarhi yaay, kunu xondeh naai je miss huli buli kuwa, computer plamok bisolito koraa aaru jo 'chi zamp koraa. moi gulapi kilt pindhi etaa dangor gulapi durgot okole baax koraa aarchi, mutaa, haxikhusi aaromborpurno lo "raar xurokhyar babeu bhoy koru. nogorot nikor xoite, teur kunu xujug nathake." john altmanok "dyo britis sopuwer awards 2015" too 'bosoror kholonayok' ror baabe monunit koraa hoisil, kintu holliox taroka jeremi swefieldor haatot porasto hoisil.

nick suti nicolas charles "nick" cotton british sope apera "eastenders"-err ekti kalponik choritro, jaa john altman 19 february 1985-ayee sabaner prothom porbo theke adha-niyamita vittite abhinoy korechilen. altman bolechen jey projojok julia smith taanr choritrotike samakami korar siddhanter birodhita korar porey taanke lekha hoyechilo boley daabi korar karone taanr prathomik prosthan hoyechilo. smither choley yawar porr, choritroti 2015 saaler februaryte taar onscreen mrityur agey porjonto asankhya sangkhipto baa arow dirghayita kaaj korey, jaa "eastenders"-err "eastenders"-err barshiki upolokkhe lekha hoyechilo. nick cotton ullekhjoggobhabe reega coxer (johnny clayton) mrityur jonno dayee chhilen, jini 1985 saale anusthaner prothom drishye achetan abosthai abishkrito hohn ebong poroborti porbe maaraa gechen boley prakash corren. niker mrityu angshikbhabe reger mrityur punarbibechana hisabe lekha hoyechilo, kaaron nick thhik 30 bochor agey ekoi jaiga maaraa giechilen jekhane reega maaraa giechilen. niker prathomik kaaj chhilo ekjon birodhi, ekjon madok-byaboharkari ebong ekjon khuni hisabe. shoyer srashta tonny holland ebong julia smith taanke kalpana korechilen. mool cust-aper ekti derite antarbhukta, holland ebong smither mool chitronatter lekhoker protikriyar vittite nikke antarbhukta koraa hoyechilo, jaa reega coxer hotyar upor vitti korey chhilo, jaar hottakarike taaraa mulat prakash korte chayni. nikke akramankari hisabe ebong anusthantike arow natakiya golper sombhabona prodaner jonno toiri koraa hoyechilo. eyi anusthane thakakalin nick phila mitchel (stibha mcfadden), billy mitchel (perry fenuic), mishela faular (sujan tooley), marqa faular (david scarboro/todd curty), lissa faular (luci benzamin), tonny carpenter (askar james), ally osman (nedjet salih), pitey bell (pitter dinn), cathy bell (gillian telforth), clyde tevernier (steven udcock), nigel bates (poll bradley), deena wats (lesley granthum), edee skinner (ritch vanstone), taar baba charley hencoke (copper mohila) ebong charley hencoke (copper mohila)-err saathe ekadhik dwandwa shuru corren. nikke "out anned out villen" hisabe byabohar koraa hoy. nirbahi projojok dominic tradewell-collinser poramorsho chhilo jey, anyanno saban choritrogulir moto noy, jaaraa kharap acharan korechilo ebong jaader arow sukkho charitrayan ebong muktir prayojan chhilo, taader moto nikke sampurna "kharap looka" hisabe byabohar koraa sombhob chhilo. abhibhabok"-err ekjon television somalochok poramorsho diyechilen jey, eyi karone, choritrotir nrishongsho uddeshyoguli dorshokder dwara khub komoi proshno koraa hoyechilo, kaaron taar prathomik kaaj holl "bishrinkhalar protinidhi". etio poramorsho deoa hoyechilo jey shote niker uposthiti sangkhipto haoya darkar kaaron tini jey dharaner dushtota chitrito korechen taa ekti choritre deergho somoyer jonno bojay rakha yaay naa. niker sabcheye bishishto somporko taar maa dott sutir (june braun) saathe. etike jotil, akarjokor ebong kichuta chakrakar hisabe chitrito koraa hoyeche, nick chirkal taar mayer jeebone probesh korey, seey taake atiter opokormer jonno khama korey deyo (taar bingo joy churi korar jonno taake hotya korar chesta soho), tarpor jokhon niker asol uddeshya prakash paay tokhon hotash hoy, prayashai taar nirbasone shesh hoy, jodio samoyikbhabe, chokrer punorabritti howar agey. 2015 saale niker shesh mrityu eyi somporker proti shroddha jaanaay, dott-abosheshe niker khalnaik achoroner matra upolobdhi korey ebong taar poriborton korte okkhomota sweekar korey-shesh porjonto nikke mrityur anumati deoar siddhanta neyo, heroiner proti marattok protikriya howar porey chikitsa sahayata neoar poriborte, taar uddeshya chhilo nikke banchte hobey naaki maaraa jaabe taa jishuke siddhanta nitey deoa. srishti. nick suti chhilo chabbishtama choritro jaa "eastender"-err srashta, tonny holland ebong julia smith udbhaban korechilen. nick holland ebong smither "eastender"-err mool drishtibhongir ongsho chhilen naa ebong taanr srishtiti ekti poroborti chintabhabna hisabe esechilo. eyi sirijer prothom porbe ekjon boyosko basinda, reega coxer mrityu antarbhukta koraa hoyechilo, jaake taar barite nrishongsobhabe akraman koraa hoyechilo ebong mrityur jonno chhede deoa hoyechilo. prothom lekhokder boithoke, jekhane lekhokder uddeshyomulok choritro ebong prathomik chitronatter saathe porichoy koriye deoa hoyechilo, protteke swadhinbhabe jaante cheyechilo jey coone choritroti regke hotya koreche. tobey, holland ebong smith kokhonyi hottakarike prakash korte channi. keey reega coxke hotya koreche seey somporke taader konao dharona chhilo naa ebong taaraa onubhob korechilo jey "keey" guruttopurno noy. ekti akromoner porey tini maaraa giechilen eyi vishayti guruttopurno vishay chhilo, ebong reger hotyar samadhan korar uddeshya chhilo naa, etty cable dorshokder bolar jonno chhilo, shuru thekei, jey walford ekti rukkho ebong kathin jaiga chhilo. lekhakra err birodhita corren. taaraa hollandke ekti durdanto sujog noshto korar jonno abhijukto korey ebong poramorsho deyo jey ekti hotya shicker natakiya sombhabonar ekti binnas pradan korbe jaa dorshokder mugdho korbe. teishti mool choritroi aporadh korte akkham boley siddhanta neoar porr, holland nick sutir akare ekti sampurna notun choritro udbhaboner siddhanta neyo. niker mool choritrer ruprekhati chhiloh "taar chitroti ekchetiabhabe maco. saptahkhanek dhorey adrishya hoye yaay. maa proshno korey naa... deena-err biporite, nick ekti asol protarok. manusher gopaniyata ebong barite pokamakad probesh korey. tarpor theke, taar buddhir upor benche thaake. aghat korar muhurter jonno apekkha koraa; nagad taaka berr korey adrishya hoye yawa...sadharonoto taar shikarder beche neyo jaaraa, konao naa konao karone, taake janate bhoy paay...nick ekjon heroin asokto. jehetu nick shudhumatra ekti adha-niyamita choritro howar uddeshye chhilen, julia smith taanr custinger saathe jorito chhilen naa ebong abhineta john altmanke porichalokder dwara nirbachito koraa hoyechilo. tobey, tini anurodh korechilen jey taake borkhasto koraa hoyeche, jokhon tini niker uchcho holle (tomm oyata)-err saathe samakami somporker chitro aankte aswikar korechilen kaaron tini bhebechilen jey etty choritrer baire. unnayan ebong golper rekha. nikke "eastenders"-err nirbahi projojok diederic santer "shoyer prodhan khalnaik" hisabe bornona korechen. ekti "eastanders prakash koreche" documentary shote choritrotir samayke bornona korey taake ekjon mithyabadi, chore ebong ekjon khuni boley money korey jey "taar kachher lokder byatha ebong durdoshar upor unnoti korechilo. soho-tarka charley clements (bradley branning) bolechen, "upney saban kharap lokder kotha bhaben, nick suti aboshyoi taader modhye seratir saathe royeche", onnodike lesley grantum (deena wats) motamot diyechen jey "nick tulo somporke konao readeaming baisishtya nei. eyi mulyayanti bhag korechen sirijer golpo projojok dominic tradewell-collins, jini byakhya korechenoh "ekjon out anned out khalnaik thaka vall. aami money corry kokhono kokhono upney ekti choritro petey paren ebong 'oh, tadero ekti vall dick thaka uchito, ebong sombhoboto amader taader kichuta punoruddhar koraa uchito.'niker khettre, etaa cono byapar naa. upney puro pelt korte paren, foot-ono-dya-accelerator kharap looka."john altman eyi vishayti niye alochona korechen jey, shoishobe babar onuposthitir jonno niker aniyamer jonno dayee korey tini taanr choritroti ekbaro sundar howar kotha money korte paren naa. santer taar maa dott cotton (june braun)-err saathe niker bhag koraa "bismoikorvabe akarjokor maa-chheler somporko" ebong taar anyay kaajer itihas nirbisheshe nikke arekti sujog deoar jonno taar chirasthayi ichcha niye alochona korechen. santer byakhya korechilenoh "emon kichhu achhe jekhane upney aasha korar sahos corren jey keu poribortito hoyeche, jaa sottii dukkhojonok. taaraa aponake eksho barr hotash koreche, ebong tobuo upney ekhono aasha corren jey prothombar taaraa bodole jaabe."grantham bolechen jey bindu holl" "[niker] jeeboner ekmatro bondhu", "onnodike tradewell-collins nischito korechenoh" "bindu sabsamoy taake khama korbe. arr etai nick anned dott-err soundorjo."eyi anubhutir sange ekmat hoye, altman ekmat hoyechilenoh" seey jaai koruk naa keena, seey taake khama korey debe. itihas judey onek gangsterder maerao taai korechen. sombhoboto all capone-err maa bhebechilen jey seey ekjon mishti chhele, upney jaanen." eastenders"-err prothom porboti shuru hoy taar flatte boyosko basinda reega cox (johnny clayton)-err ochetonotar abishkarer madhyome. reega porey maaraa yaay ebong poroborti porbogulite etty prokashito hoy jey taake nick hotya korechilo. holland ebong smith eyi sirijtike natokiyobhabe uposthapon korte cheyechilen ebong biswas korechilen jey, reega coxer kahiniti ekti vall suchona bindu, jaa sampradayer bivinno sadasyader briddho byaktir hotyar poristhitir saathe jorito hotey baa montobbo korar anumati deyo. santer byakhya korechen jey, nikke "shuru thekei thuthu feller moto, jhanjhalo jontu" hisabe protisthito koraa hoyechilo, prothom porber sheshe nikke "eastenders"-err prothom drum roll deoa hoyechilo jokhon tini allie osman (nazdat salih)-err saathe ladaiyer porey runny victoria paaber kacher darjar janala diye ghushi marchilen. pulisher todonter koyek saptaha porr, prodhan sandehabhajan nick ethel skinner (grechen franklin) keey gundanor chesta korar porr chattor chhede choley yaay ebong april maase jaanaa yaay jey taake greptar koraa hoyeche. julai maase niker maa dotke abhinetader saathe porichoy koriye deoar porey, tini shrotader zanan jey nick probeshone namte perechen ebong porer maase, tini albert squarey firey asen. firey aasaar porr, tini harrold leega (leonard fenton)-err astropachar corren ebong cathy beler (gillian telforth) chikitsa sangkranta nothi khunje paan, ebong abishkar corren jey 14 bochor boyse taanr ekti santan hoyeche. nick cathyr swami piter (pitter dinn) kachhe eyi vishayti prakash korar humki deyo jodi naa seey taake niyamita ortho pradan korey. cathy shighroi pitke satya boley, jaar foley seey rastar majhkhane nikke mardhar korey. err porey, deena nikke sotorko korey deyo jey, majhe majhe vigiting dott chhada, valor jonno borgokhetro chhede choley jete, onnothai seey marattok porinotir mukhomukhi hobey. nick poroborti koyek bochor dhorey sangkhiptabhabe uposthito hoy ebong abosheshe 1987 saaler octobore taar baba charlir (christopher hancock) saathe dekha hoy jokhon taaraa dujonei kaktaliyobhabe dott poridorshon korte aase. nick ebong charley eke oporke sposhto korey deyo jey taaraa eke oporke charpashe chaay naa. charley abishkar korey jey nick kichhu aporadhider kachh theke churi korar porey lukiye achhe ebong niker aporadher jonno karagare yawa niker eka purano bondhu graham clerker kachh theke lukiye achhe. charley grahamke niker mukhomukhi howar jonno barite probesh korte deyo ebong taake choley jete badhyo korey, onnothai seey taake seii aporadhider haate tuley debe jaader theke seey lukiye achhe. 1988 saale, nick dickens pahadi karagare madok aporadher jonno kararuddho hohn, jekhane kaktaliyobhabe, agnisanjoger jonno deena rakha hachche. eyi samaykalei abosheshe reger hotyar rahasyer samadhan hoy jokhon nick sweekar korey jey seey dayee chhilo. 1989 saale, dott niker saathe off-screen sakkhater madhyome jaante paare jey seey hazell (virginia fial) naame eka mohilake biye koreche ebong taar ekti chhoto meye royeche; nick taar ebong dott-err tikto somporker karone taake agey theke bolla ediye giechilo. hazell 1989 saaler meey maase dott daaun track corren ebong shishu dorothy nicolar saathe taar saathe dekha corren; dott etotai khushi jey taaraa poridorshon korey jey tini moe kosai (edna dorrey) ebong marge grin (pyata coombs) err saathe ekti brauni michile jog deoa theke sorey asen. porey etty ekti mithya boley jaanaa yaay ebong shishuti hazeler bhagni boley promanito hoy. jodio nick cable ekti adha-niyamita choritro chhilo, taar birotihin uposthiti sabsamoy shote ekti borh prabhab feller jonno script koraa hoyechilo, pashapashi taar golper saathe jorito samasta choritro. tini shoyer prothom koyek bochore besh koyekbar punra uposthito hohn ebong choley zaan, jaa protibar sorbadhik sarbanash ghotay ebong tabloidguli choritrotike "baaje nick" branned korte shuru korar khub beshi deane hoyney. altman montobbo korechenoh "aami money corry taaraa nikke firiye aante thaake kaaron seey british televisioner emon ekti choritro jaa lokera ghrina korte pochondo korey. choritroti somporke jonosadharoner eyi opochondo walforder kalponik basindader modhye bhag korey neoa hoyechilo, ebong altman byakhya korechilenoh "protibar firey aasaar saathe saathe seey sobai theke doore sorey yaay. etaa kharap cauboy hoye shohore aasaar moto-sobai shutter namiye barti bondho korey deyo." choritrotir cheharati eyi opochondojoggo, "baaje" chitrer saathe samanjasyapurna chhilo, "eastanders" sirijer poramorshodata saimon ashdown montobbo korechilen; "jokhon seey aase, upney jaanen jey eyi lokti kharap. taar kaalo chull, scholl ebong chamdar jackett achhe. seey emonyi, seey ekjon dickensian baddy."franki fitzerald, jini 2000 theke 2001 saal porjonto niker chhele ashley cotton choritre abhinoy korechilen, tini ekmat hoyechilenoh" "nongra niker chehara, upney jaanen, seey ekjon kharap looka chhilo. emonki jokhon seey ekti suite porey, tokhono taar kaaner dull achhe, taar ekhono angti achhe, taar golay ekhono ulki achhe." eyi sirije niker sabcheye ullekhjoggo prottabortongulir modhye ekti 1990 saale ghotechilo. nick taar mayer jeebone eyi daabi niye firey esechilen jey tini abar jonmogrohonkari khristan, jaa bingote taar 10,000 pound joyer saathe mille yaay. "eastenders"-err lekhok sarah felps byakhya korechilenoh "dott-err jonno, jeeshu abosheshe niker saathe kotha bolechen eyi dharonati, taar krismasguli ekbarei asche! nick seta janoto. etaa sposhto chhilo jey nick bolte paare 'jeeshu amar sange hantchen' ebong tarpor baire giye kauke lathi marun baa taader manibag nick korun."ekjon bhuo purohiter sahajye, nick taar maake taar notun biswas somporke bojhate sokkhom hohn ebong tarpore taar khabarer abhyash niyantran korte ebong taar ortho daabi korar jonno taake bish prayog korar jonno ekti dheer abhijan shuru corren. jey porboti golper samapti ghotay, pii dwara likhito.jeey. hammond, shudhumatra dott-err barite seeta koraa hoyechilo ebong nockle purohito nick, dott, charley, ethel ebong alastair samanwaye gothito ekti aswabhabik chhoto cust baisistyajukta chhilo. shesh muhurte, altman jaake "ekbar amra niker vall diker ekti jholok dekhechi" boley abhihito korechen, nick taar parikalpana theke sorey esechilo ebong taake hotya korar uddeshye bishakto khabar khaoa theke biroto hoyechilo. arow ekbar, dott ekaa hoye giechilo, taar nijer chhele taar saathe qee korte prostuto chhilo taate bhagnahridaya. nick anekdin walforder theke doore chhilen naa. 1991 saale, tini heroin asakti niye firey asen kintu dott prathomikbhabe taake ediye zaan ebong sahajyer jonno taanr abedon upekkha corren. charley maaraa gechen jaante perey nikyi taar ekmatro poribar ebong taar sangoskarer jonno dridhapratigya chhilen. golpoti niye alochona korey altman bolenoh "aami heroin asakti besh klantikar boley money korechi, kaaron aami sottii ekti puru dadi badalam ebong amar chull sabsamoi khub nongra chhilo. aami jokhon eyi drishyogulir shooting karchilam tokhon aami ekjon asokto byaktir saathe dekha karechilam ebong tini amake emon kichhu bolechilen jaar modhyo diye upney jete paren, jemon upney jokhon etty theke beriye aasaar chesta korchen tokhon upney shithil korte parben naa. upney ghumate parben naa taai upney prachur porimane alcohol paan korey byatha door korar chesta corren. ghadita khub komoi nadachada korche boley money hachche. ekjon abhineta hisebe amar jonno, taaraa amake jotodur sombhob jete diyeche. amader kachhe lokder kachh theke chitthio chhilo jey kibhabe etty taader saaraa jeeboner jonno heroin theke doore sariye diyeche, taai aami money corry amra ekti vall kaaj korechi."chokrantoti prakash howar saathe saathe dott nikke taar ghore atke rekhe ebong pitt beler sahajye thhanda turkey jete badhyo korey taar asakti hrass korar chesta korey. eyi somoye, runny victoria badiwalar edee royelke hotya koraa hoyechilo. 1991 saaler sharatkale eyi hottakandoti chhilo anusthaner mool kahini. jey porbe edike hotya koraa hoyechilo taa tonny mckelle likhechilen; etty ekti cliffhanger diye shesh hoyechilo jekhane bagane clyde saraikhana edir deher upor dandiye ekti chhuri dhorey chhilo, jaa nick taar shobar ghorer janala theke dekhechilo. nick policeke boley jey seey kii dekheche, jaar foley mishela fouler sahajye clyde paliye yaay. jooe walles abosheshe egiye eshe boley jey seey taar ghor theke paliye giye ekti nalar piper niche uthhe giye edir hotyar raate chottore nick out dekhechilo. nick sweekar korey jey seey dayee chhilo kintu jore diye boley jey etty ekti durghotona chhilo. nikke porobortikale greptar koraa hoy ebong edir hotyar abhijoge abhijukto koraa hoy ebong 1993 saaler januaryte taar bitcher hoy. eka saptaher mulyaban porboguli bicharer jonno nibedito chhilo ebong sabgulii tonny jordan likhechilen. niker bicharer golpoti uposthapon korar jonno, programa nirmatader nijeder proman porjalochona korte hoyechilo ebong edir mrityur dike porichalito porboguli dekhte hoyechilo. shesh porjonto, jodio etaa sposhto chhilo jey nick edike chhurikaghater jonno dayee, tobey etaa sposhto chhilo naa jey etty ekti hotya chhilo, ebong jurie doshi noy boley raay diyechilo. altman sangkhiptabhabe bolechilenoh "sottii vall protirokkha korar ebong abar matha nichu korey rakhar madhyome, seey hotya korey paliye yaay. 1993 saaler auguste june braun (jini dott khelen) sirij theke beriye yawar siddhanta nille nick dott soho shoe theke beriye zaan. taader prosthaner kahiniti taar sangi jooe ebong chhoto chhele ashley too dotke porichoy koriye deyo, jini prathomikbhabe nischito chhilen jey jooe taake thokanor chesta korchen, kaaron tini koyek bochor agey hazeler saathe ghotonati smaran korechilen. ekbar dott nischito hoye yaay jey nick satyabadi, tobey, seey druto ashleyr kachakachi choley aase ebong poribarti eksathe koborsthane choley yaay. 1997 saal porjonto ate sheshbar dott ebong nick pordai thakbe, jokhon june braunke dott hisabe taar bhumikati punorabritti korte raji koraa hoyechilo. firey aasaar porr, dott byakhya corren jey nikke abar madok rakhar jonno pordar baire greptar koraa hoyeche ebong jooe ebong ashley taar oporadhmulok kaaje klanto hoye choley geche. firey aasaar porpori pulish taake jaanaay jey nick taar selmet, demion spinks soho karagar theke paliye geche. demion bindu khunjte eshe taake boley jey nick taake orther binimoye protarona koreche. seey taake saaraa raat dhorey jimmi korey rakhe ebong taar taaka khunje pawar porei choley yaay. porer deane, pulish prakash korey jey damion nibid porichorjai royeche, sekhane nick dwara rakha hoyeche. john altman 1998 saaler march maase panch bochorer onuposthitir porr niker bhumikai punra abhinoy corren. nigel bates govir raate dotter barite niker guptacharbritti abishkar korey ebong taake doore thakte bolar porey, nick nigelke sotorko korey jey seey firey asbe. koyek saptaha porey nick firey aase, jokhon dott taake taar barite lukiye thakte dekhe. nick dotke boley jey seey taar heroin asoktir karone aids-ayee maaraa jachche, jaa seey prothome biswas korey naa kintu porey nischito hoy. nick prakash korey jey seey taar oshudher jonno ortho prodaner jonno ekti soshostro dakatir parikalpana korche. nikke err modhyo diye jete naa cheye dott niker jonno orther byabostha korar siddhanta neyo. porey marqa fouler kachhe zaan ebong jigyasa corren jey tini madoker kotha shunechen kina, jaa marqa aswikar korey. dott tarpor kler bateser computere drugti dekhe ebong abishkar korey jey dragguli cable ghumer oshudh. nick taar oshusthotar bishoye sarakkhon mithya boley asche bujhte perey dott taar mukhomukhi howar agey policeke phone korey, taake punra greptar korey karagare ferat pathay. 2000 saaler octobore, "return off nick suti" shironame ekti bishesh 'saban-budwud' somprocharito hoy. eyi porboti karagar theke niker mukti, taar chheler saathe taar punarmilan ebong emonki niker baba charlikeo kendra korey, taar choritroti maaraa yawar pray eka doshok porey bhuto hisabe ekti sangkhipto cameo uposthiti toiri korey. eyi porboti niker poroborti walforde prottabortoner poth proshosto korey, jekhane tini marqa fouler saathe ekti purano dwandwa punorujjibito corren jokhon tini abishkar corren jey nick taar chhoto bhai martin foulerke extasy sarbaraha korche. 2001 saaler noboborsher diney, marqa niker paniyoke spike korey ebong taake brij streeter viaducter shirshe prolubdho korey ebong dekhe jey ekti neshachchonno nick porey yaay, jaa nijeke gurutorvabe pangu korey deyo. err porey, nick ashleyke marker barite agun dhoriye deoar nirdesh deyo kintu seey err modhyo diye jete paare naa ebong nick taake aswikar korar porey walford chhede choley yaay. err porey, 2001 saaler februaryte nick samoyikbhabe merudonder ekti unite choley yaay. tinn maas doore thucker porr, tini 2001 saaler meey maase firey asen; tini hantte sokkhom hoyechilen, kintu tarporeo kracher prayojan chhilo. eyi prottabortonti taar agertir tulna arow sangkhipto hotey jachchilo ebong tarpore shoe theke onek deergho onuposthiti chhilo. marker saathe dwandwa chaliye yawar jonno dridhapratigya, nick marker gorbhoboti bandhobi lisake humki ditey shuru korey ebong shighroi marker motorbiker breakguli dhongso korey ashleyr mrityur kaaron hoy, shudhumatra ashleyr churi ebong venge deoar jonno. ashleyr mrityur porr, dott nick ebong marker modhye ekti torko shune ebong bujhte paare jey nick marker motorbiker breakgoolite karchupi koreche. ashleyr antyeshtikriyar porey, dott nikke taar jeebon theke bohishkar korey ebong taake choley jete ebong arr kokhono firey naa aste boley, kaaron seey taake kokhono khama korte parbe naa. tobey, santer byakhya korechilenoh "sarbada niker jonno firey yawar ekti upay thakbe", "eastanders lekhok james paine dwara somorthito ekti abosthan, jini bolechilenoh" [dott] biswas korey, aami money corry, govirbhabe, jey taar poribortoner sombhabona royeche, jey seey ekti vall chhele hotey paare. aami money corry seey etaa kamna korey jaabe."punarmilaner dike prothom podokkhep neoa hoyechilo 2006 saale jokhon zima branning niker kachh theke ekti phone qala peyechilen jini cancerey akranto hoye karagarer hospitale chhilen. zima ebong taar naati bradley prothome etike dott theke gopon rekhechilen, kintu bradley taar bandhobike bolechilo, stacey jey etike bindute pichle jete deyo. dott niker sange dekha korte giechilo, kintu jokhon seey taar cancer theke mukti paay, tokhon seey dotke taake dekhte ditey aswikar korey. 2008 saaler 2raa octobor jaanaa yaay jey, nick shaat bochorero beshi somoy porr seii bochor chrismuser diney "eastanders"-ayee firey asben. nirbahi projojok dederick santer niker prottabortone taanr uttejonar kotha bolechen, choritrotike "eastenders" kingbadanti ebong "shoyer onnotomo smaraniya ebong priya khalnaik" hisabe proshongsha korechen. altman bolenoh "shaat bochor onuposthitir porr, aami albert squarey firey aste perey romanchito. bbc sabsamoi amake nick sutir moto durdanto golper line diyeche ebong aami dekhar jonno unmukh jey nick abar charpashe bhoy ebong ghrina chhoriye debe kina!"june braun prakash korechilen jey tini chhoy baa shaat bochor dhorey projojokder altmanke sabane firiye aante bolchilen, kaaron taader dujoner modhye eto vall kaajer somporko chhilo. walsale somoy katanor porr, tulo firey aase; abar swabhabikbhabe hantachala korey, taar shaat bochorer meye dotty taar saathe chhilo. tini byakhya korechilen jey, ekti squate thakakalin tini dottyr mayer sange dekha korechilen ebong tini ekjon madyap chhilen jini samprati maaraa gechen, ebong taake dottyr hefazte rekhe gechen. altman byakhya korechilenoh "niker kichhu darkar chhilo, kaaron aami money corry jodi taar kachhe samanno bindu naa thakat, jodi seey seii darja diye hente jete parto, tobey seey taake sampurna bohishkrito hisabe bibechona koroto." abhineta taanr shesh uposthitir porr theke taanr choritrer anyanno poribortonguli bornona korechilen, tini kibhabe ekjon nalkar hoye uthechilen, arow smart poshak porte shuru korechilen, chull padaa bondho korey diyechilen ebong kaaner dull porenni. jodio prothome sondehojonok chhilo, dott taader dujonke taar barite grohon korechilo, biswas korechilo jey nick sottii eiber poribortito hoyeche. nikke jigyasa koraa hoyechilo jey nick sottii ekti sangoskarkrito choritro kina, altman osposhto theke giechilenh "nick firey eseche, taar ekti mishti chhotto meye hoyeche. seey ekjon kalkar hoye utheche, seey ekjon poribortito manush. ...naaki seey?"golper aggrogotir saathe saathe niker asol agenda prokashito hoy jokhon seey taar maake dottyr hefazoter jonno ortho deoar jonno blackmail korey. 2009 saale arow ekti chokranter moder modhye, dorshokder kachhe etty prakash koraa hoyechilo jey dotty (asol naam christy) taar babar saathe sarakkhon milemishe chhilo. golpe, dotty taar jeebon ashwas nitir jonno killing dott-err poramorsho diyechilen. err porey nick paata, dotike dott-ayee kaaj korar anumati deyo. tinn maas porr seey firey aase, jaar porey taaraa dott ebong taar bondhuder bojhanor parikalpana shuru korey jey seey dementia bhugche, niker lakkhya chhilo dotke hotya koraa ebong taar abonotishil mansik abosthar jonno taar mrityuke dosh deoa. chottore niker sangkhipto thucker somoy, tini billy michelke bolte shunechilen jey kibhabe tini jesha diarke morte deena ebong niyamita ortho prodaner daabi korey bilike blackmail corren athoba tini jeser chhele jeke bolten jey billy qee koreche. bilir khudtuto bhai phila jokhon eyi bishoye jaante paare, tokhon seey nikke runny viker barreler dokane niye yaay, jekhane seey taake mardhar korey ebong ekti cheyare bendhe deyo. phila bilike nick offke bhoy dekhanor ebong etty shesh korar sujog diyechilen, tobey, billy taake jete deyo ebong jeey-keey nijei satyati boley. taar nijer meyer saathe taar priya maake hotya korar chokrantoti 2009 saaler june maase pordai chudanta porjaye pouche yaayah dottyr hridaya poribortoner porey niker porikolponati bibhranto hoye yaay ebong shesh porjonto taar dadike bish prayog theke rakkha korey, poriborte nikke drugg deyo. err foley besh koyekti ghotona ghote jaar modhye nick, ekbar taar parikalpana prakash hoye gele palanor jonno, cafete sampradayer bivinno sadasyake jimmi korey rakhe ebong heather trott chip pyane nikke dhakka deoar porey ekti durghatanakrame agun shuru hoy. nick ebong rian maloyer modhye ladaiyer karone jimmira palate sokkhom hoy, jini jimmider modhye ekjon chhilen. err foley cafete ekti bishforon ghote jaar vitore nick ebong bradley branning hoy. golpoti ultmaner abar shoe theke prosthanke chinnito korey. taar prosthan porboti ekti cliffhanger hisabe lekha hoyechilo, kaaron porber sheshe nick bishforon theke benche giechilen kina taa prakash koraa hoyney. zaihok, poroborti porbe, 4 june 2009-ayee, nikke bishforone benche thakte dekhano hoy ebong bradlike taar chokhe aghat soho hospitale bhorti koraa hoy. nick abar dott dwara aswikar korar porey choley yaay. dotty taar maake dotty kharap boley byakhya koraa sotteo dottyr jotne rakha hoy. 2014 saaler januaryte, dott-err lodger poppy medo niker kachh theke ekti phone qala paay, jey dott-err saathe kotha bolte chaay. sharron rickman nikke kharap khobor bolar porr, seey taake taar saathe kotha bolte ditey aswikar korey. dui maas porey, dotke pulish jaanaay jey ager saptahe heroiner atirikto matra shashkoshter karone nick maaraa geche. jey pulish officerra eyi khabarti prakash corren, taander modhye ekjon hollen niker chhele charley cotton. charley byakhya corren jey, 1980-err doshke niker sange taar maa ivoner ekti sangkhipto bibah theke tini gorbhodharon korechilen. antyeshtikriyar somoy, charley ebong undertaker leesa kokara kofiner modhye bindu dekhte badha deyo. dott sondehojonok ebong evoneke satya bolar jonno amantran jaanaay ebong seey dotke ashwas deyo jey charley taar naati. koyek saptaha porey, caroll jackson charlir kachhe poramorsho chaay, jokhon seey taar phoneti taar barite rekhe yaay, tokhon seey ekti koler uttor deyo ebong abishkar korey jey nick ekhono benche achhe. err porey, etty prokashito hoy jey charley ekjon pulish officer chhoddobesh dharon korche ebong asle ekti cair homey tottabodhayok jekhane evone kaaj korey. charley taar gaadir janala venge fela hoyeche khunje berr korar jonno kaaj chhede deyo, niker ekti barta soho, nischito korey jey seey etty koreche. 2014 saaler octobore, nick taar nockle mrityur shaat maas porr albert squarey punra uposthito hohn. nirbahi projojok dominic tradewell collins chudanta baaje nick kahini sarbaraha korar protishruti diyechilen ebong samasta nick golpo shesh korar jonno etty nick golpo hobey. charley ebong taar baghdutta ronnie mitchel dott-err barite nikke khunje peye atongkito hoye porey. diner sheshe nick taader 10,000 pounder jonno blackmail korey, natuba seey bindute prakash korbe jey seey benche achhe. charley filke rino chaay, seey raji hoy kintu charlir ajante seey taake kagoje bhora ekti byag deyo ebong charley jokhon nikke deyo tokhon seey jaante paare jey sekhane konao taaka nei. hallouiner raate, charley prakash korey jey nick benche achhe, seey taake khunje berr korte yaay kintu jokhon seey choley yaay, dott taake taar barite khunje paay. nick prakash korey jey seey ekjon gohona bikretar barite dakatir sange jorito chhilo ebong charley taake taar mrityur nockle proman ditey raji korey. dott nick lukate raji hoy jotokkhon naa taaraa taar choley yawar jonno jotheshto ortho sangraha korte paare. eyi somoye, dott abar nick dwara porichalito hoy ebong seey sekhane achhe boley khushi hotey shuru korey, biswas korey jey seey abosheshe taar saathe maa-chheler somporko rakhte paare. dott-err barite atke porey birokto hoye nick baire yawar siddhanta neyo kintu iyana bell taake dekhte paay, jey phila ebong shyaranke boley jey nick benche achhe. phila nikke akraman korte dott-err barite yaay kintu ronnie taake thamay. ronnie filer 100,000 pound taaka churi korey nikke ghush deoar chesta korey kintu seey charley ebong ronir biyete firey aase. ronnie ebong filke chirokaler jonno taake hotya korar kotha shune nick ronir gaadir break ketey deoar siddhanta neyo. biyer abhyarthanai prosob bedna bhog korar porr, ronnie, charley ebong taar boone, roxy ekti gaadi durghotonai joriye porey jaa porey emma summerheiske hotya korey, ebong ronnie komay thaake. evone abishkar korey jey nick gaadir break ketey deyo kintu seey taar koter pokete toilakto kapadti rekhe taake phila frame korte raji korey. evone charlike boley nick qee koreche kintu seey taake biswas korey naa jotokkhon naa seey ronir ghush deoar jonno byabohrito kichhu taaka niye nikke dhorey feley. tarpor nick evonke ronir durghotonai jadaay taai charley taader dujonke choley jete boley. dott pasher porityokto barite nick lukiye rakhe ebong niker jonno heroin paay. dott-err lodger fatboy jaante paare ebong taake thamte anurodh korey, taai jokhon seey nikke dekhe tokhon seey taake ronir jonno filke faande feller bishoye pulisher kachhe swikarokti janate anurodh korey kintu seey boley jey seey ronir kotha chinta korey naa, taake boley jey seey aasha korey jey seey pochobe. porey, bindu nikke achetan abosthai khunje paay kintu seey sangkhipto somoyer jonno gyan firey paay. taar shesh muhurte, nick dott prakash korey jey 1985 saale reega coxer mrityur jonno seey dayee chhilo. nick dott-err bahute maaraa yaay, ekoi sthane jekhane reega trish bochor agey abishkrito hoyechilo. dott charlir kachhe nikke morte deoar kotha sweekar korey jey jele yawa theke dotke banchate leesa kokarer sahajye niker shorir theke mukti pawar parikalpana korey. 19 february 2015-ayee shoyer trishtama barshiki upolokkhe somprocharito live porbe, shoyer prothom porber prothom drishyoti punra toiri koraa hoyechilo. stacey, martin ebong kush kazemi niker dehoti ekibhabe khunje paan jemon deena wats, arthar faular ebong ally osman trish bochor agey reega cox khunje peyechilen. dott nikke hotyar kotha sweekar korey ebong pulish taake niye yaay. porer deane taar mritodeho baadi theke berr korey deoa hoy. tinn maas porey, niker narhatyar jonno dott 14 maaser jeela paay kintu chaar maas porey seey mukti paay. niker sheshkritya 2015 saaler june maase onusthito hoy, jekhane shudhumatra charley, roxy ebong taar naati matheau uposthito chhilen. 2021 saale, niker mrityur pray aatt bochor porr, etty prokashito hoy jey dotty (millie jiro) taar meye noy ebong taar baba niker sott bhai tomm cotton (bryan conley). tobey, 2022 saale, etty prokashito hoy jey etty ekti mithya ebong nick asle dottyr baba. altman prakash corren jey, tini taanr choritrotike samakami korar siddhanter birodhita korar porr projojokder shoe theke 'taanke baad ditey' bolla hoyechilo. abhyarthana. nick suti "eastender"-err onnotomo bikhyato khalnaik hoye utheche. 2004 saale panchti joripe taanr 'ashlilata' 'ashlilata' 'sorboshrestho saban muhurta' hisabe nirbachito hoyechilo ebong tini ekti channel 4 poler choturtho sabcheye khalnaik television choritro hisabeo nirbachito hoyechen. "abhibhabok" colomist charley brooker niker khalnaik charitrayanke aswikar korechen, tobey likhechenoh "lokti cable bipojjonok noy; seey ekti argos cataloger moto ardhek bhayankar. jekhane ["karoneshana strita" khalnaik] jeza quiglike dekhe money hachchilo jeno seey kandte kandte ekti maathe ekti onix stallione chadey ananda paabe, samprati-biddho shikarra porey yawa byaktir rokte snan korar jonno barite lafiye yawar agey, nick suti cable dekhe money hachche seey ekti dhakka diye, ekti supermarket checkout meyer saathe custarder ekti dant koraa tiner daam niye bitorko korte paare jokhon upney taar pichhone apekkha korchen, bhabchen jey seey sheshbar kakhan taar chull dhuechilo."" "dya times" "-err fiona mccade choritrotike byanga korey jokhon altman shishuder tibhi shoe" "balamori" "-teey uposthito hoyechilen, pitamatader poramorsho diyechilenah" "sabaner kharap chheleti rongin, kalponik swarge paa rakhar somoy upner bachchader chokh ddheke rakhar jonno prostuto thakun, nisshondehe miss hulike gunjan koraa, pissy plumke birokto koraa ebong jossy jump koraa. aami archie, motaa, hasikhushi adambarpurna chheler nirapottar jonnou bhoy paai, jey golapi kilt porey ebong ekti borh golapi durge ekaa thaake. shohore niker saathe, seey konao sujog danda naa." john altman 'british sope awards 2015'-ayee 'villen off dya ear'-err jonno manoneet hoyechilen, kintu holliox tarka jeremi shefielder kachhe herey zaan.

niqa cotton nicolaus charles "niqa" cotton aee british sopa opera "eastanders" noon aek kaalpaneek paatra chhe, jeey john oltman dwara 19 februari 1985naa roj sopnaa pratham episodemathi ardh-niyameet dhorane bhajavvama aavyu hatoo. oltamene janaavyu chhe keey temnee praarambhik bahaar nikalvani maang nirmata julia smeethne kaarane hatee, kaaran keey temane temnaa paatrane geey banavvana nirnayno veerodh karyaa pachhi temne lakhvaamaa aavyaa hataa. smeethnaa gayaa pachhi, paatrae februari 2015maan tenaa onscreen mrutyu sudhee asankhya tunkaa athavaa vadhu laambaa samay sudhee kaama karyoo, jeey "eastanders" nee 30mee varshgaanth saathe mela khaatee hatee. niqa cotton reega coaks (johnny clayton) naa mrutyu maate nondhpaatra reete jawabdar hataa, jeey 1985maan kaarykramna pratham drashyamaa bebhaan haalatmaa malee aavyaa hataa aneey pachhinaa episodema mrutyu pamya hovaanu jaaher thayu hatoo. neeknu mrutyu anshatah regnaa mrutyunaa punahpravartan tareeke lakhvaamaa aavyu hatoo, kaaran keey neeknu mrutyu teey jaj sthale thayu hatoo jyaan regnu mrutyu thayu hatoo, barabar 30 varsh pahelaa. neeknu praathmeek kaary veerodhi, drugg-vapraashkartaa aneey khooni tareeke hatoo. aaa shonaa nirmatao tonny holland aneey julia smith dwara tenee kalpanaa karvaamaa aavee hatee. mool kalaakaaroni shreneema modaathi samaavesh, holland aneey smithnee mool patkathaa parr lekhaknaa pratisaadnaa aadhare neekno samaavesh karvaamaa aavyo hato, jeey reega coxnee hatyaa parr kendrit hatee, jenaa khoonino mool hetu teo jaaher karvaano nahoto. neekne humlakhor banvaa aneey shone vadhu naatkeey kathaani kshamata pradaan karvaa maate banavvama aavyo hato. aaa karykrama temnaa samay darmiyan, niqa phila mishel (steve mcfedden), biilii mishel (peree fanvic), mishel pholara (sujan tooley), marqa pholara (david scarboro/tooad carty), lisa pholara (lucie benjamin), tonny suthaar (oskar james), allie osman (nedjet salih), piit beele (pieter deane), kethee bail (gillion telforth), clyde tevernier (steven woodcock), nigal bates (poola breadly), dayne wats (leslie grantham), aedee skinner (ritch wenstone), tenaa pitaa charley hancock (cotton woomen) aneey charley hancock (woomen hancock) saathe bahuveedh zaghadao sharoo karyaa hataa. neekno upyog "out anned out veelan" tareeke thaay chhe. executive producer dominiqa tradewell-collins dwara aevu soochan karvaamaa aavyu hatoo keey anya saabuna paatro keey jeo kharaab vartan kartaa hataa aneey vadhu sookshm lakshanikta aneey vimochanni jaroor hatee, tenaathi vipareet, neekno upyog sampoorn "kharaab vyaktee" tareeke karvo shakya hato. vaalee" maate aek television vivechake soochavyu hatoo keey, aaa kaaranosar, paatrana kaayartaapurn hetuo parr darshako dwara bhagye jaj sawal uthavvama aavyaa hataa, kaaran keey tenu praathmeek kaary "andhadhundhina agent" noon chhe. aevu pann suchavvama aavyu hatoo keey shomaa neeknee haajari tunkee hovi jaroori chhe kaaran keey teey jeey dushtataanu chitran karey chhe teey patramaa laambaa samay sudhee tucky shakatu nathee. neekno sauthee agranee sambandh tenee maataa dooat cotton (juuna braaun) saathe chhe. tene jatil, nishkreey aneey kaneek anshe chakreey tareeke darshavvama aavyu chhe, jemaa niqa satat tenee maataana jeevanma pravesh karey chhe, tenee tene bhutkaalnaa dushkrutyo maate maaf karey chhe (jemaa teneeni bingo jeetni choree karvaa maate tene maaree nakhvano prayaas pann saamel chhe), pachhi jyaare neeknaa saacha iradao jaaher thaay chhe tyaare nirash thaay chhe, ghanivaar chakranu punraavartan thaay teey pahelaa, asthaayi rupe hovaa chhataa, tenaa deshnikaalmaa anta aave chhe. 2015maan neeknu aakhare avsaan aaa sambandhne shraddhaanjali aape chhe, jemaa dooat-aakhare neeknaa khalnayak vartannee hadne samajeene aneey badalvani tenee asamarthataane sweekarine-aakhare neekne mrutyu paame teey nakki karvaanu nakki karey chhe, heroin pratye jeevalen pratikriyaa pachhi tabibi sahaay melavvaane badale, teno hetu aee hato keey neekne jivavu joiae keey marvu joiae teey isune nakki karvaa devaano hato. sarjan. niqa cotton chovismu paatra hatoo jenee shodh "eastanders", tonny holland aneey julia smeethnaa nirmataoae curry hatee. niqa holland aneey smithnee "eastanders" maateni mool drashtino bhaag naa hato, aneey tenee rachnaa aek vichaar pachhini hatee. shreneena pratham episodema aek vruddh nivasi, reega coxna mrutyuno samaavesh karvaano hato, jenaa parr tenaa ghare nirdaytathi humalo karvaamaa aavyo hato aneey tene marvaa maate chhodi devaamaa aavyo hato. pratham lekhakoni bethak darmiyan, jyaan lekhakone ichchhit paatro aneey praarambhik scriptsthee parichit karavvama aavyaa hataa, darek swatantra reete jaanvaa maangtaa hataa keey kayaa paatre regne maaree nakhyo hato. jooe keey, holland aneey smeethno kyaarey irado nahoto keey khoonino pardafash thaay. temne khabar nahoti keey reega coxne kone maaree nakhyo hato, aneey temne laagyu hatoo keey "koona" mahatvapurn nathee. hakeekat aee hatee keey humla pachhi teey mrutyu paamyo hato teey mahatvapurn muddo hato, aneey regnee hatyaano hetu ukelavaano nahoto, teey maatra prekshakone kaheva maate hato, sharuaatthi, keey walford aek ruff aneey mushkel jagya hatee. lekhakoae aano veerodh karyo hato. teoae holland parr aek mahaan takno bagaad karvaano aarop lagaavyo aneey soochavyu keey hatyani shodh naatkeey shakyataoni shrenee pradaan karashe jeey prekshakone moheet karashe. teey nakki karyaa pachhi keey tamaam tevees mool paatro guno karvaamaa asamarth hataa, hollande niqa kotannaa rupmaan sampurnpane navaa paatrani shodh karvaanu nakki karyoo. niqa maate mool paatrani ruprekha vaanche chheh "tenee chhabi sampurnpane maacho chhe. athvaadiyaao sudhee gayab rahe chhe. maataa prashno puchhati nathee... denthi vipareet, niqa aek vaastavik badmash chhe. lokonee guptataa aneey gharomaa krumee pravesh karey chhe. tyaarthi, teey potaani buddhi parr jeeve chhe. prahaar karvaa maate kshannee raah jovi; rokad bahaar kaadhvaa aneey adrushya thavaa maate...saamanya reete tenaa piditone pasand karey chhe, jeo koik kaaranosar tenee jaana karvaamaa dartaa hoya chhe...niqa heroinno vyasnee chhe. neekno hetu maatra ardh-niyameet paatra banvaano hato, tethee julia smith temnee castingma saamel nahoti aneey abhineta john oltmanne digdarshako dwara pasand karvaamaa aavyaa hataa. jooe keey, tene vinanti curry keey tene kaadhee mukvaamaa aavyo chhe, kaaran keey tene neekne uchch hollo (tooma voota) saathe geey sambandh hovaanu darshaavvaano incar karyo hato kaaran keey tene laagyu hatoo keey teey paatrani bahaar chhe. vikaas aneey vaartao. neekne "eastanders" naa kaarykaari nirmata diadric center dwara "shonaa mukhya khalnayak" tareeke varnavama aavyaa chhe. estandersay shho parnaa paatrana samaynu varnan karatee dastaveji" "jaaher curry hatee, jemaa tene jutho, chor aneey khooni ganaavyo hato, jeey" "tenee najiknaa lokonee pidaa aneey dukkh parr samruddh thayo hato". saha-kalakar charley clements (breadly branning) aee kahyoo chheh "tame saabuna kharaab loko vishe vichaaro chho, niqa cotton chokkaspane temathi shreshth saathe chhe", jyaare leslie grantham (dayne wats) aee abhipray aapyo keey "niqa cotton vishe koee redeaming suveedha nathee". aaa mulyankan shrenee vaarta nirmata dominiqa tradewell-collins dwara shhare karvaamaa aavyu chhe, jemane samjaavyu chheh "bahaarthi khalnayak hovu saaru chhe. maney laage chhe keey ketalikvaar tame paatra melvee shako chho aneey 'oh, temnee pann saaree baaju hovi joiae, aneey kadaach aapane temne thodunk mukt karavu joiae.'niqa saathe, tenaathi koee farak padato nathee. tame zadpi gateeae aagad vadhvaa maate kharaab vyaktee parr sampoorn reete prahaar curry shako chho."john oltamene aee hakeekatni charcha curry chhe keey teey aek vakhat saaru paatra hovaanu kyaarey yaad raakhi shakato nathee, aneey tenaa baadpan darmiyan tenaa pitani gerhajari parr neeknee anaitiktaane dosh aapyo hato. centare neeknee tenee maataa, dooat cotton (juuna braaun) saathe shhare karelaa "adbhoot reete nishkreey maataa-putranaa sambandho" aneey neekne beeja taka aapvani tenee satat ichcha, tenaa khotaa kaarynaa itihaasne dhyanma leedha vinaa, tenee charcha curry chhe. centare samjaavyu "aevee aek vastu chhe jyaan tame aevee aashaa rakhvani himmat karoo chho keey koee badlai gayoo chhe, jeey kharekhar dukkhad chhe. teoae tamane soow vakhat nirash karyaa chhe, aneey tema chhataa tame haju pann aashaa raakho chho keey teo pahelee vaar soow vakhat badlai gayaa hashe."granthame janaavyu chhe keey bindu aee" "[neeknaa] jeevanma aek mitra chhe", "jyaare tradewell-collinse pushti curry chheh" "bindu hammesha tene maaf karashe". aneey teey niqa aneey dotnee sundarta chhe."aaa laagani saathe sammat thaine, oltman sammat thayah" teey game teey karey, teey tene maaf curry deshe. samagr itihaasmaa ghanaa gundaaoni maataoae pann aavu jaj karyoo. kadaach all keponnee maatae vichaaryu keey teey aek meethee chhokari chhe, tame jaano chho." eastanders" naa pratham episodeni sharuaat vruddh nivasi reega coaks (johnny clayton) naa tenaa flatmaa bebhaan hovani shodh saathe thaee hatee. reega paachhalthi mrutyu paame chhe aneey pachhinaa episodema teey jaaher thaay chhe keey tenee hatyaa niqa dwara karvaamaa aavee hatee. holland aneey smith shreneene naatkeey reete rajoo karvaa maangtaa hataa, aneey maantaa hataa keey reega coxnee kathaa aek saaro praarambhik bindu chhe, jenaathi samudaaynaa viveedh sabhyo vruddh maanasnee hatyaana sanjogo saathe sankalaayela chhe athavaa tippani curry shake chhe. centare samjaavyu chhe keey neekne "sharuaatthi jaj thunktaa, ghonghaat karnara pashu" tareeke sthaapit karvaamaa aavyo hato, pratham episodena ante neekne "eastanders" tareeke pratham drum roll aapvama aavyo hato, jyaare tene allie osman (najdaat salih) saatheni ladaai pachhi raanee viktoriya pabni kaachnee darvajani barimathi mukko maaryo hato. police tapasna thodaa athvadiya pachhi, mukhya shankaspad niqa ethel skinner (gratchen franklin) neey kachadi nakhvano prayaas karyaa pachhi choqa chhodi gayo, aneey aprilma tenee dharapkad karvaamaa aavee hovaanu nondhvaamaa aavyu hatoo. julyma neeknee maataa, dotno kalakaro saathe parichay thayaa pachhi, temane prekshakone jaana curry keey niqa probation parr chhutvama safal rahyo chhe, aneey teey pachhinaa maheene, teey albert square parat faryo. parat faryaa pachhi, temane hayrold leeyg (leonard fenton) nee shastrakriya curry aneey kethee bail (gillion telforth) naa tabibi reqorda joyaa, jemaa jaanvaa malyun keey teneene 14 varshnee ummare aek baadak chhe. niqa ketheena patee, piit (pieter deane) neey aaa vaat jaaher karvaanee dhamki aape chhe, sivaay keey teey tene niyameet chukavani naa karey. kethee toonk samayma jaj piteene satya kahe chhe, jenaa parinaame teey shereeni vachche neekne dhakko maare chhe. aaa pachhi, dayne neekne chetvani aape chhe keey teey kyarek mulakat bindu sivaay, saaraa maate choras chhodi deey, nahee too tene jeevalen parinaamono saamno karvo padashe. niqa aagaami ketlaak varsho darmiyan toonk samayma dekhaay chhe aneey aakhare october 1987maan tenaa pitaa charley (christopher hancock) neey maley chhe jyaare teo banne sanyogthi mulakat levaa maate aave chhe. niqa aneey charley aekbeejaane spasht karey chhe keey teo aekbeejaane aaspaas nathee ichchhata. charleyne khabar padey chhe keey niqa ketlaak gunegaaro pasethi choree karyaa pachhi temnee pasethi chhupai rahyo chhe aneey teey pann shodhe chhe keey niqa tenaa junaa mitra graaham clarkthee chhupayelo chhe, jeey neeknaa gunaao maate jailma gayo hato. charley graahamne neekno saamno karvaa maate gharmaa praveshvaa deey chhe, aneey tene javaa maate dabaan karey chhe, nahee too teey tene gunegaarone sonpee deshe jenaathi teey chhupai rahyo chhe. 1988maan, neekne dickens hill jailma drugg gunaao maate jailni sajaa thaee, jyaan sanyogthi, aagchampi maate gufaane rakhvama aavee rahee chhe. aaa samaygaalaa darmiyan jaj jyaare neeke kaboolaat curry keey teey jawabdar hato tyaare regnee hatyaanu rahasy aakhare ukelee levaamaa aavyu hatoo. 1989maan, dotne neeknee off-screen mulakat dwara khabar padey chhe keey tene hazel (virginia fiol) naamnee maheela saathe lagna karyaa chhe, aneey tene aek naanee putri chhe; niqa tenaa aneey dotnaa tanaavpurn sambandhone kaarane tene agaauthi kahevaanu taalee chookyo hato. hazelle meey 1989maan dooat daaun track karyoo aneey baadak, dorothi nikola saathe tenee mulakat leedhi; dooat etalaa khush hataa keey teo mulakat letaa hataa keey teneeae moow kasai (aednaa dorrey) aneey marge green (payt combus) saathe braauni koochma bhaag levaanu chhodi didhu. paachhalthi aaa juthaanu hovaanu bahaar aavyu hatoo aneey baadak hazelni bhatriji hovaanu bahaar aavyu hatoo. niqa maatra aek ardh-niyameet paatra hovaa chhataa, temnee avaaranvaarni haajari hammesha shho parr motee assar karvaa maate lakhvaamaa aavtee hatee, temaj temnee vaartaama saamel tamaam paatro pann. teey shonaa pratham thodaa varsho darmiyan ghanee vakhat fareethi dekhaayo aneey chaalyo gayo, jenaathi darr vakhate sauthee vadhu tabaahi machee hatee, aneey akhbaaroae paatrane "kharaab niqa" tareeke odakhaavvaanu sharoo karyoo teey pahelaa teey laambo samay naa hato. oltamene tippani curry chheh "maney laage chhe keey teo neekne paachha laavvaanu chaalu raakhe chhe kaaran keey teey british tivi parnaa patromathi aek chhe jene loko nafrat karvaanu pasand karey chhe". loko dwara paatra pratyeni aaa napsandgi wolfordnaa kaalpaneek rahevasio dwara shhare karvaamaa aavee hatee, jemaa oltman samjaave chheh "jyaare pann teey paachho aave chhe tyaare teey badhaa dwara door karvaamaa aave chhe. teey kharaab kaauboy banvaa jevu chhe jeey shaherma savaari kareene aave chhe-darek vyaktee shutter neeche mooke chhe aneey baarne taalu maare chhe." paatrano dekhaav aaa apreey, "kharaab" chhabine anuroop hato, jemaa "eastanders" shreneena salaahkaar simone ashdown tippani kartaa hataa; "jyaare teey aave chhe, tyaare tame jaano chho keey aaa vyaktee kharaab chhe. tenee paase kaalaa vaad aneey skaul aneey chaamadaani jackett chhe. teey aevo chhe, teey aek decancian bedee chhe."2000 thee 2001 sudhee neeknaa putra aeshali kotannee bhoomika bhajavnar franky fitzgerald sammat thayah" "kharaab neekno dekhaav, tame jaano chho, teey aek kharaab vyaktee hato". jyaare teey soot pahere chhe, tyaare pann tenee paase haju pann vintee chhe, tenee paase haju pann vinteeo chhe, tenee gardan parr haju pann tetu chhe." aaa shreneema neeknu sauthee nondhpaatra punaragaman 1990maan thayu hatoo. niqa tenee maataana jeevanma aaa daava saathe paachho faryo keey teey fareethi janmelo khristi chhe, jeey bingo parr tenee £10,000nee jeet saathe mela khaay chhe. "estandersnaa lekhak sarah felpse samjaavyu" dooat maate, isuae aakhare niqa saathe vaat curry hatee teey vichaar, teey jaj tenaa badhaa chrismus aek jaj samaye aavtaa hataa! niqa teey jaanato hato. teey aek prakaarnu spasht hatoo keey niqa kahee shake chhe keey 'isu maaree saathe chaale chhe' aneey pachhi bahaar jaao aneey koine laat maaro athavaa temnu pakit niqa karoo."aek nakali paadarini madadthi, niqa tenee maatane tenaa navaa malelaa vishvaas vishe samjavvama safal rahyo aneey pachhi tenaa paisa melavaa maate teneeni khaavaani aadatone niyantrit karvaa aneey tene zer aapvaa maate dheemee zumbesh sharoo curry. episode keey jeey vaartane parakashthae pahonchyo, jeey pii.jeey. haymond, maatra dotnaa gharmaa seeta karvaamaa aavyu hatoo aneey temaa nakali paadari, niqa, dooat, charley, ethel aneey elisterni banelee asamanya reete naanee cast darshavvama aavee hatee. chhelli kshane, jene oltamene "aek vakhat aapane neeknee saaree baajuni zankhi joee" kahee chhe, temaa niqa tenee yojnamathi paachhal hutty gayo aneey tene maarvaano irado dharaavto zerii khoraak khaavanu bundh curry didhu. pharii aekvaar, dooat aekalo rahee gayo hato, tenaa potaana putra tenaa maate shun karvaa taiyar hato tenaa parr tutee gayo hato. niqa laambaa samay sudhee walfordthee door nahoto. 1991maan, teey heroinnaa vyasan saathe paachho faryo hato, parantu sharuaatmaa tene tene chhodi deedho hato aneey madad maateni tenee vinantione avgani hatee. charleynu mrutyu thayu hovani jaana thayaa pachhi jaj niqa teno ekmatra parivaar bachyo hato aneey tene sudhaarvaa maate makkam hato. vaartaani charcha kartaa, oltamene kahyoo chheh "maney heroinnun vyasan kharekhar khoob jaj kantalajanak laagyu, kaaran keey maaree kharekhar jaadee daadhi hatee aneey maaraa vaad hammesha kharekhar gandee hatee. jyaare huun teey drashyo shhoot curry rahyo hato tyaare huun aek vyasnee vyakteene malyo hato, aneey tene maney aevee vastuo kahee hatee jemathi tame pasaar thaao chho, jaim keey jyaare tame temathi bahaar aavvaano prayaas curry rahyaa hove tyaare tame aaraam curry shaktaa nathee. tame unghee shaktaa nathee tethee tame pidaane door karvaa maate pushkal daaru pivo chho. ghadiyaad bhagye jaj halatee hoya tevu laage chhe. aek abhineta tareeke maaraa maate, temane maney kharekhar teey maate shakya tetalu aagad vadhvaa didhu. amaari paase lokonaa patro pann hataa keey kevee reete temne jivanbhar maate herointhi door rakhvama aave chhe, tethee maney laage chhe keey amey saaru kaama karyoo chhe."jaim jaim aaa kaavtaru bahaar aavyu, dotae neekne tenaa roomma bundh kareene aneey tene piit belnee madadthi thandaa turkeyma javaa maate dabaan kareene tenaa vyasanne ghataadvaano prayaas karyo. aaa samaygaalaa darmiyan, raanee viktoriyaanaa makaanmaaleek aedee roilnee hatyaa karvaamaa aavee hatee. 1991naa pankhar darmiyan aaa hatyani mukhya kathaa hatee. jeey episodema aedeeni hatyaa karvaamaa aavee hatee teey tonny mccalle dwara lakhvaamaa aavee hatee; teey bagichaamaa aedeena shareer parr ubhelaa clyde tevernierne darshaavtaa cliffhanger saathe samaapt thayu hatoo aneey chhari pakadi hatee, jeey niqa tenaa bedroomni barimathi sakshi banyo hato. niqa policene kahe chhe keey tene shun joyu, jenaa kaarane clyde mishel follerni madadthi bhaagi gayo. jooe walles aakhare aagad aavyo, tene kahyoo keey tene aedeeni hatyani raatre choqa parr niqa out joyo, tenaa oradamathi bhaagi gayo aneey drain pipe neeche chadee gayo. niqa dottane kabool karey chhe keey teey jawabdar hato parantu aagrah karey chhe keey teey aek akasmaat hato. tyarbad neeknee dharapkad karvaamaa aave chhe aneey aedeeni hatyaano aarop mukvaamaa aave chhe aneey january 1993maan tenee saame cases chaale chhe. aek athvadiyana episode trial maate samarpeet hataa, aneey teey badhaa tonny jordana dwara lakhvaamaa aavyaa hataa. neeknee sunavanini vaarta rajoo karvaa maate, kaarykram nirmataoae pote puraavaani samiksha karvee puddy hatee aneey aedeena mrutyu sudhinaa episode jovana hataa. ante, jooe keey teey spasht hatoo keey niqa aedeene chharina ghaa maarvaa maate jawabdar hato, teey spasht nahotu keey teey hatyaa hatee, aneey jurie dosheet naa hovaano chukaado parat karyo. oltamene saransh aapyoh "kharekhar saaro bachaav kareene aneey pharii aekvaar maathu namavine, teey hatyaa kareene bhaagi gayo". neekne dooat saathe shomathi bahaar karvaamaa aavyo hato, jyaare juuna braaun (jeey dooat bhajve chhe) aee august 1993maan shrenimathi bahaar nikalvaanu nakki karyoo hatoo. temnee vidayni kathaae tenaa bhagidar zho aneey naana putra aeshaleene dooat saathe rajoo karyo hato, jene sharuaatmaa khaatari thaee gaee hatee keey zho tene chhetarvano prayaas curry rahyo chhe, kaaran keey tene ghanaa varsho pahelaa hazel saatheni ghatnaa yaad aavee hatee. aekvaar dotne khaatari thaee gaee keey niqa saacho chhe, jooe keey, teey zadapthi aeshaleenee najik aavee gaee, aneey parivaar eksaathe kabrastaanmaa rahevaa gayo. 1997 sudhee aaa chhello dooat hashe aneey niqa ghanaa varsho sudhee padada parr hashe, jyaare juuna braaunne dooat tarikeni temnee bhoomikane punraavartit karvaa maate samjavvama aavee hatee. tenee parat faryaa pachhi, dooat samjaave chhe keey neeknee drugs raakhvaa badal pharii aekvaar padada parr dharapkad karvaamaa aavee hatee, aneey zho aneey aeshali tenaa gunaahit krutyothi kantaaline door chaalya gayaa hataa. tenee parat faryaa pachhi tarat jaj, teneene police dwara jaana karvaamaa aavee hatee keey niqa tenaa selmet, damien spinks saathe jailmathi bhaagi gayo chhe. demion bindu shodhine aave chhe, tene kahe chhe keey neeke tene paisaathi chhetaryo chhe. teey tene aakhee raat bandhak banaave chhe aneey tenaa paisa malyaa pachhi tarat jaj tyaanthi neekali jaay chhe. beeja divase, police janaave chhe keey demion saghan sambhaalmaa chhe, jene tyaan rakhvama aave chhe. john oltamene march 1998maan paanch varshnee gerhajari pachhi niqa tarikeni temnee bhoomikane punraavartit curry. naigal batsne modee raatre dotnaa ghare jasusi kartaa neeknee shodh thaay chhe aneey tene door rahevaanu kahyoo pachhi, nikae niglene chetvani aapee keey teey paachho aavashe. niqa thodaa athvadiya pachhi paachho aave chhe, jyaare dooat tene tenaa gharmaa chhupayelo shodhe chhe. niqa dotne kahe chhe keey teey tenaa heroinnaa vyasanne kaarane aidsne kaarane murry rahyo chhe, jeno teey pahelaa too asveekar karey chhe parantu pachhithi tene khaatari thaee jaay chhe. niqa janaave chhe keey teey tenee davaani keemat chukavva maate sashastr luntanee yojnaa banaavi rahyo chhe. niqa tenee saathe pasaar thavaa maangato naa hato, dooat niqa maate nananni vyavastha karvaanu nakki karey chhe. pachhithi marqa follerni mulakat leey chhe aneey puchhe chhe keey shun tene aaa drugs vishe saambhalyu chhe, jeey marqa nakaare chhe. pachhi dotte clair batsnaa computer parr davaa juae chhe aneey shodhe chhe keey davaao maatra unghani goleeo chhe. niqa tenee mandgi vishe hammeshaa juthu bolle chhe teey samajata, dooat teno saamno kartaa pahelaa policene phone karey chhe, tene fareethi dharapkad kareene jailma mokali deey chhe. october 2000maan, "return off niqa cotton" sheershak dharaavto aek vishesh 'saabu-bubble' prasaarit thayo hato. aaa episode jailmathi neeknee muktee, tenaa putra saathe tenaa samadhan parr kendrit hato aneey temaa neeknaa pitaa charley pann hataa, jemane temnaa paatrani hatyaana lagbhag aek daaykaa pachhi bhoot tareeke sankshipt kemiyo dekhaav karyo hato. aaa prakaranthi neeknaa pachhinaa walford parat farvaano maarg mokalo thayo, jyaan tene marqa faller saathena junaa zaghadaane fareethi sharoo karyo, jyaare tene khabar puddy keey niqa tenaa naana bhaai martin follerne aanand puuro paadee rahyo chhe. navaa varshnaa divase 2001, marqa neeknaa pinaane spike karey chhe aneey tene brij streetma wyductnee toach parr aakarshe chhe aneey nashaama niqa padey chhe, jeey potaane gambhir reete apang banaave chhe. aaa pachhi, niqa aeshaleene marknaa gharne aag lagaadvaano aadesh aape chhe parantu teey temathi pasaar thaee shakato nathee aneey niqa teno incar karey teey pachhi teey walford chhodi deey chhe. aaa pachhi, niqa februari 2001maan kaamchalaau dhorane karodrajjunaa ekammaa ravaana thaay chhe. trana maheena door rahyaa pachhi, teo meey 2001maan parat faryaa; teo chaali shaktaa hataa, parantu tema chhataa temne baisakhini jaroor hatee. aaa punaragaman tenaa agaauna punaragaman karataa pann tunku thavaanu hatoo, aneey tyarbad shomaa ghanee laambi gerhajari hatee. marqa saathe zaghado chaalu raakhvaa maate makkam, niqa marknee garbhavati girlfriend lisaane dhamki aapvaanu sharoo karey chhe aneey toonk samayma marknee motorbikeni breakma todfod karyaa pachhi aeshaleena mrutyunu kaaran baney chhe, maatra aeshaleene choree karvaa aneey tene todee paadvaa maate. aeshaleena mrutyu pachhi, dooat niqa aneey marqa vachcheni daleel saambhale chhe aneey jaane chhe keey neeke marknee motorbikeni brack saathe chedaa karyaa hataa. aeshaleena anteem sanskaar pachhi, dooat neekne tenaa jivanmathi haankee kaadhe chhe aneey tene kahe chhe keey teey tyaanthi chaalyo jaay aneey kyaarey paachho naa aave, kaaran keey teey tene kyaarey maaf curry shakshe nahee. jooe keey, centare samjaavyu "niqa maate dooat parr paachha javaano hammesha aek rasto hashe", jeey "eastanders" lekhak james pene dwara samartheet sthitee chhe, jemane kahyoo hatoo keh "[dooat] maane chhe, maney laage chhe, undanpurvak, keey tenee paase parivartanni sambhavna chhe, keey teey aek saaro chhokaro bunny shake chhe. maney laage chhe keey teey aaa ichchhvaanu chaalu rakhshe."samadhan tarafnu pratham pagalu 2006maan levaamaa aavyu hatoo jyaare jima braningne neekno phone aavyo hato jeey kensarthi pidit jailni hospitalma hato. jima aneey tenaa pautra, breadley sharuaatmaa aaa vaatne dotthi goopt raakhi hatee, parantu breadley tenee girlfriend stacine kahyoo, jene tene dooat parr javaa deedhi. dooat neekne malvaa gayo hato, parantu jyaare tene kensarthi muktee malee tyaare tene dotne tene jovaa devani naa paadee deedhi hatee. 2 october 2008naa roj aevu nondhvaamaa aavyu hatoo keey niqa saat varshthi vadhu door rahyaa pachhi teey varshe natalna divase "eastanders" parr paachha farshe. executive producer dederic centare neeknaa parat faryaa pachhi temnaa utsaah vishe vaat curry hatee, aneey paatrane "eastanders" dantkathaa aneey "shonaa sauthee vadhu yaad karaayela aneey sauthee vadhu preey khalnayakomana aek" tareeke birdaavyu hatoo. oltamene kahyunh "saat varshnee gerhajari pachhi, huun albert square parr paachha farvaa maate romaanchit chhu. bbca maney hammesha niqa cotton tareeke saras vaartao aapee chhe aneey huun aee jovaa maate aatur chhu keey shun niqa pharii aekvaar aakhaa chokma bhay aneey nafrat felavshe keey nahee!"juuna braaune khulaso karyo keey teey chh keey saat varshthi nirmataone oltmanne saabu parr paachha laavvaa maate kahee rahee hatee, kaaran keey banne vachche aatala saaraa kamkaji sambandho hataa. volsolmaa samay pasaar karyaa pachhi, kapaas paachho faryo; fareethi saamanya reete chaaltaa, tenee saathe tenee saat varshnee putri, dotty pann hatee. tene samjaavyu keey teey dottini maataa sandy gibsonne besatee vakhate malyo hato, aneey teey aek madhyapaan karnaar hatee jeey taajetarma mrutyu paamee hatee, aneey tene dottini custody saathe chhodi deedhi hatee. oltamene samjaavyu "neekne kaneek joiae chhe, kaaran keey maney laage chhe keey jooe tenee paase teey darvajamathi pasaar thavaa maate thodee dotty naa hota, too teey tene sampoorn bahishkrut tareeke ganatee." abhinetaae temnaa chhella dekhaav pachhi temnaa patramaa anya ferfaro varnavyaa hataa, jemaa temane vigatvaar janaavyu hatoo keey teo kevee reete plumber banyaa hataa, vadhu chaturtathi poshaak pahervaanu sharoo karyoo hatoo, temnaa vaad paachha khenchavaanu bundh curry didhu hatoo aneey havey teo kaannee vintee pahertaa nahota. sharuaatmaa shankaspad hovaa chhataa, dotae aaa vakhate niqa kharekhar badlai gayo chhe aema maaneene teey bannene tenaa gharmaa sweekarya. puchhvama aavyu keey shun niqa kharekhar aek sudharel paatra hatoo, oltman aspasht rahyoh "niqa paachho faryo chhe, tene aek sunder naanee putri malee chhe. teey plumber bunny gayo chhe, teey badalaayelo maanas chhe. ...athavaa teey chhe?"jaim jaim vaarta aagad vadhati gaee, neekno saacho agenda tyaare bahaar aavyo jyaare tene tenee maatane dottini custody maate paisa aapvaa maate blackmail curry. vadhu aek kathaanaknaa valaankmaa, 2009maan prexako samaksh khulaso thayo hato keey dotty (vaastavik naam kirstee) tenaa pitaa saathe santhganth curry rahee hatee. vaartaama, dotiae tenee jeevan veema neetee maate killing dooat soochavyu hatoo. aaney pagale niqa leafs, dottyne bindu parr kaama karvaanee manjuri aape chhe. teey trana maheena pachhi paachho aave chhe, jenaa pachhi teo dooat aneey tenaa meetrone samjavvani temnee yojnaa sharoo karey chhe keey teey dementiathi pidaay chhe, neekno udesh dotne maarvaano aneey tenaa bagadati mansik sthitee parr tenaa mrutyune dosh aapvaano chhe. chokma neeknaa tunkaa rokaan darmiyan, tene biilii meechelne kaheta saambhalyu keey tene kevee reete jais dierne marvaa deedho aneey niyameet chukavanini maang kareene bileene blackmail karyo athavaa teey jesnaa putra jayane kaheto keey biliae shun karyoo. jyaare bilinaa pitarai bhaai feelne aaa vishe khabar puddy, tyaare teey neekne raanee viknee beralnee dukaanmaa laee gayo, jyaan teey tene maar maare chhe aneey tene khurshi saathe baandhi deey chhe. phil bileene niqa offane daraavvaani aneey aano anta laavvaani taka aapee, jooe keey, biliae tene javaa deedho aneey pote jayane satya kahyoo. tenee potaani deekari saathe tenee preey maatane maaree nakhvanu kaavtaru juuna 2009maan padada parr parr parakashthae pahonche chheh doteenaa dilmaa ferfar thayaa pachhi neeknee yojnaa avyavasthit thaee jaay chhe aneey aakhare neekne drugg aapvaane badale tenee daadine zerthi bachaave chhe. aaa shrenibaddh ghatanao taraf doree jaay chhe jemaa niqa, aekvaar tenee yojnaa khulli puddy jaay pachhi chhataki javaana prayasma, samudaaynaa viveedh sabhyone kaafema bandhak banaave chhe aneey heather trot chip penmaa neekne dhakeli deey chhe teey pachhi aakasmik aag sharoo thaay chhe. bandhakomana aek niqa aneey raayan meloy vachcheni ladaaine kaarane bandhako chhataki javama safal thaay chhe. aanaa parinaame kaafema visfot thaay chhe aneey andar niqa aneey breadly braan thaay chhe. aaa kathaae pharii aekvaar altmanna shomathi vidaayne chinhit curry. temnaa prasthaanna episodene cliffhanger tareeke lakhvaamaa aavyo hato, kaaran keey episodena ante niqa visfotma bachee gayo hato keey qema teey jaaher karvaamaa aavyu naa hatoo. jooe keey, pachhinaa episodema, 4 juuna 2009naa roj, niqa visfotma bachee gayo hovaanu darshavvama aavyu chhe aneey bradleyne tenee aankhne ijaao thataa hospitalma dakhal karvaamaa aavyo chhe. niqa pharii aekvaar dooat dwara nakarya pachhi ravaana thaay chhe. dattine dotnee sambhaalmaa chhodi devaamaa aave chhe, tema chhataa niqa tenee maatane samjaave chhe keey dooat kharaab chhe. january 2014maan, dotnaa lojar khaskhas ghaasnaa medaanne neekno phone aave chhe, jeey dooat saathe vaat karvaa maange chhe. sheron rickman dwara neekne kharaab samachar kahevathi, teey tene tenee saathe vaat karvaa devaano incar karey chhe. beey maheena pachhi, police dwara dotne kahevama aave chhe keey neeknu mrutyu agaauna athvaadiye heroinnaa vadhu padata sevanthi shvasan nishfaltaane kaarane thayu chhe. aaa samachar bahaar paadtaa police adhikariomana aek neekno putra charley cotton chhe. charley samjaave chhe keey 1980naa daykama neeknaa tenee maataa yavon saathe thayela tunkaa lagnathi tenee kalpanaa thaee hatee. anteem sanskaar darmiyan, charley aneey undertaker leesa cocker shabpetima bindune jovaanu atkaave chhe. dooat shankaspad chhe aneey yavonne satya kaheva maate aamantran aape chhe aneey teey dotne khaatari aape chhe keey charley teno pautra chhe. thodaa athvadiya pachhi, kerol jaikson charleyne salah maange chhe, jyaare teey teno phone tenaa ghare chhodi deey chhe, tyaare teey aek kolano javaab aape chhe aneey shodhe chhe keey niqa haju pann jivant chhe. aaa pachhi, aevu bahaar aave chhe keey charley aek police adhikarini nakal curry rahee chhe aneey vaastavma teey aek cair homamaa kertekar chhe jyaan yavon kaama karey chhe. charley tenee kaarnee baareeo todee nakhvama aavee chhe teey shodhvaa maate kaama karey chhe, neeknaa sandesh saathe, tene teey karyoo hovani pushti karey chhe. october 2014maan, niqa tenaa nakali mrutyunaa saat maheena pachhi albert squarema fareethi dekhaay chhe. executive producer dominiqa tradewell collinse anteem kharaab niqa kathaa aapvaanu vachan aapyu hatoo aneey teey tamaam niqa vaartaaono anta laavvaani niqa vaarta hashe. charley aneey tenee mangetar ronee mishel dotnaa gharmaa neekne shodhine durry jaay chhe. divasnaa anta sudhimaa niqa temne 10,000 poundma blackmail karey chhe, nahee too teey jivant hovaanu jaaher karashe. charley feelne loona maange chhe, teey sammat thaay chhe parantu charleyne khabar nathee, teey tene kagadthi bharelee thelee aape chhe aneey jyaare charley teey neekne aape chhe tyaare tene khabar padey chhe keey tyaan paisa nathee. heloveennee raatre, charley jaana curry keey niqa jivant chhe, teey tene shodhvaa jaay chhe parantu jyaare teey gayo hoya, tyaare dotte tene tenaa ghare shodhee kaadhyo. niqa janaave chhe keey teey aek zaverini luntamaa saamel hato aneey charley tene tenaa mrutyune banaavati banaavvaa maate manaavyo hato. jyaan sudhee teo tene javaa maate purtaa paisa aektra naa karey tyaan sudhee dooat niqa chhupavva maate sammat thaay chhe. aaa samay darmiyan, dotne pharii aekvaar niqa dwara hairfare karvaamaa aave chhe aneey teey khush thavaa laage chhe keey teey tyaan chhe, aema maaneene keey teey aakhare tenee saathe maataa-putrano sambandh raakhi shake chhe. dotnaa gharmaa atvaaine kantaaline, niqa bahaar javaanu nakki karey chhe parantu iaan bail tene juae chhe, jeey phila aneey sheronne kahe chhe keey niqa jivant chhe. phila niqa parr humalo karvaa maate dotnaa ghare farey chhe parantu ronee tene atkaave chhe. ronee feelnaa 100,000 poundna paisa choreene neekne javaa maate laanch aapvaano prayaas karey chhe parantu teey charley aneey roneena lagna maate paachho aave chhe. ronee aneey feelne aekvaar aneey kaayam maate tene chhutkaro melavaa maate tene maaree nakhvani vaat kartaa sambhaline, niqa roneeni kaarnee brack kaapvaanu nakki karey chhe. lagnana receptionma teneene prasooti thaee jaay pachhi, ronee, charley aneey tenee bahen, roxy aek kaar akasmatma saamel thaay chhe, jeey paachhalthi emma samarheyasne maaree naakhe chhe, jyaare ronee komaamaa rahe chhe. yavonne khabar padey chhe keey niqa kaarnee brack kaapee naakhe chhe parantu teey tenaa kotnaa khissama tailee raag mookine tene feelne frame karvaa maate manaave chhe. yavon charleyne kahe chhe keey neeke shun karyoo chhe parantu jyaan sudhee teey tene laanch aapvaa maate upyogmaa levaata ketlaak paisa saathe neekne pakadato nathee tyaan sudhee teey tenaa parr vishvaas karato nathee. pachhi niqa yavonne roneena akasmatma fasavshe tethee charley teey bannene javaa maate kahe chhe. dooat neekne bajunaa jarjarit gharmaa chhupave chhe aneey niqa maate heroin melve chhe. dotno lodger fatboy tene shodhee kaadhe chhe aneey tene rokvaa vinanti karey chhe jethee jyaare teey neekne juae chhe tyaare teey tene ronee maate feelne fasavva vishe police samaksh kaboolaat karvaa vinanti karey chhe parantu teey kahe chhe keey tene roneeni kaaljee nathee, tene kahe chhe keey teey aashaa raakhe chhe keey teey suddy jashe. paachhalthi, bindune niqa bebhaan dekhaay chhe parantu teey toonk samayma bhaanmaa aavee jaay chhe. tenee anteem kshano darmiyan, niqa dottane janaave chhe keey teey 1985maan reega coxna mrutyu maate jawabdar hato. niqa dottana haathmaa mrutyu paame chhe, teey jaj sthale jyaan regnee shodh tris varsh pahelaa thaee hatee. dooat charleyne neekne marvaa devani kaboolaat karey chhe jeey jailma javaathi dotne bachavva maate leesa kokarnee madadthi neeknaa sharirthi chhutkaro melavani yojnaa dharaave chhe. 19 februari 2015naa roj prasaarit thayela jivant episodema, shonaa pratham episodena pratham drashyane fareethi banavvama aavyu hatoo. stacy, martin aneey koosh kazemi aee jaj reete neeknu shareer shodhe chhe jeey reete dayne wats, arther fouler aneey allie osmenne tris varsh pahelaa reega coaks malyun hatoo. dooat neekne maaree nakhvani kaboolaat karey chhe aneey police tene laee jaay chhe. beeja divase tenaa mrutdehne gharmathi bahaar kadhvama aave chhe. trana maheena pachhi, dotne neeknee manavavadh maate 14 maheenani jail maley chhe parantu chaar maheena pachhi teneene mukt karvaamaa aave chhe. neeknaa anteem sanskaar juuna 2015maan thaay chhe, jemaa maatra charley, roxy aneey teno pautra, methyu haajar rahe chhe. 2021maan, neeknaa mrutyunaa lagbhag aath varsh pachhi, aevu bahaar aavyu chhe keey dotty (millie ziro) tenee putri nathee aneey tenaa pitaa neeknaa savka bhaai tooma cotton (bryan konali) chhe. jooe keey, 2022 maan, teey jaaher thaay chhe keey aaa aek juthaanu chhe aneey teey niqa kharekhar doteenaa pitaa chhe. oltamene khulaso karyo keey nirmataone temnaa paatrane geey banavvana nirnayno veerodh karyaa pachhi temne shomathi 'bahaar kaadhvaa' kahevama aavyu hatoo. swaagat. niqa cotton "eastanders" naa sauthee prakhyaat khalnayakomano aek bunny gayo chhe. 2004maan paanch matdaanmaa temnee 'ashlilata' neey 25mee 'sauthee motee saabuni kshan' tareeke pasand karvaamaa aavee hatee, aneey chenal 4naa matdaanmaa temne chothaa sauthee khalnayak television paatra tareeke pann pasand karvaamaa aavyaa chhe. "vaalee" katarlekhak charley brookeray neeknaa khalnayak paatrane nakaari kaadhyu chhe, jooe keey, lakhyu chheh "teey maanas fakt khatarnaak nathee; teey argos soochi jetalo adadho bhayanak chhe. jyaare ["rajyabhishhek sheree" veelan] jez kwigley aevu laagtu hatoo keey jaane teey puddy gayelaa lokonaa loheemaa snaan karvaa maate ghare dodee jataa pahelaa, taajetarma jaj puddy gayelaa piditothi bharela khetarmathi aek gomedni ghodaani savaareeno aanand maanshe, niqa cotton aevu laage chhe keey teey, dabaan parr, supermarket checkout chhokari saathe custardnee dent karelee teennee keemat ange vivaad curry shake chhe jyaare tame tenee paachhal raah juo chho, aashchary thaay chhe keey tene chhelle tenaa vaad kyaare dhoyaa hataa."" "dhaa times" "naa fiona mccade baadakona tivi shho" "balamori" "maan oltman dekhaaya tyaare paatra parr vyang karyo hato, aneey matapitane salah aapee hatee keh" "tamara naana baadakoni aankhone dhhankva maate taiyar raho kaaran keey saabuno kharaab chhokaro rangeen, kaalpaneek swargma aagad vadhe chhe, temaa koee shankaa nathee keey miss hooline goose karey chhe, pisi plumne pareshaan karey chhe aneey josie jump banaave chhe". maney gulabi kilt paherato aneey motaa gulabi keellama aekalo raheto golmatol, khushkhushal posha chhokaro aarchini salaamateeno pann darr chhe. shaherma niqa saathe, tene taka malatee nathee." john oltmanne "british sopa awards 2015" maan 'veelan off dhaa year' maate namankit karvaamaa aavyaa hataa, parantu holyox staar, jeremi shafield saame haaree gayaa hataa.

nick kapas nicolaus charles "nick" cotton british sope opera "eastanders" kaa ack kaalpanik charitra haye jise johnn altman ney 19 farwari 1985 koo sabun key pahale episode seey ardh-niyamit aadhar parr nibhaaya thaa. altman ney kahaa haye kii unakaa praarambhik nikas nirmaata julia smith kii maang key kaaran thaa kii unhone apane charitra koo samlaingik banaane key nirnay kaa virodh karane key baad unhein likhaa gayaa thaa. smith key jaane key baad, charitra ney farwari 2015 mein apani onscreen mrityu taka kaee sankshipt yaa adhik lambe samay taka kaam kiya, joe "eastanders" kii 30 veen varshgaanth key saath mell khaane key liye likhaa gayaa thaa. nick cotton vishesh roop seey regg cox (johnny clayton) kii mrityu key liye jimmedaar thaa, jise 1985 mein karyakram key pahale drishya mein behosh paaya gayaa thaa, aur agale prakaran mein pataa chalaa kii usaki mrityu hoe gaee thee. nick kii mrityu koo aanshik roop seey regg kii mrityu key punarnirdharan key roop mein likhaa gayaa thaa, kyonki nick kii mrityu usee sthaan parr hui thee jahan thheek 30 saal pahale regg kii mrityu hoe gaee thee. nick kaa praathamik kaary ack virodhi, ack nashili dawa kaa upayog karane vaale aur ack hatyare key roop mein thaa. show key rachnakaron, tonny holland aur julia smith ney unaki kalpana kii thee. mool kalakaron kii shrinkhala mein dair seey shamil, nick koo holland aur smith kii mool patkatha key lekhak pratikriya key aadhar parr shamil kiya gayaa thaa, joe regg cox kii hatyaa parr kendrit thee, jisake hatyare kaa mool roop seey khulasa karane kaa irada naheen thaa. nick koo hamlawar banane aur show koo adhik naatakiya kahani kshamata pradaan karane key liye banaaya gayaa thaa. show mein apane samay key dauran, nick ney phil michel (steve mcfedden), billy michel (perry fenwick), michel faller (susan tully), maark faller (david scarboro/toddy), lissa faller (lucie benjamin), tonny corpenter (auskar james), ellie ausman (nedjet salih), pett beele (peater deane), kaithi bell (gillion telforth), clyde tevernier (steven woodcock), nigel bates (paul bradley), danes (lazely grantham), addie (ritch wanstone), charchel (cotton) aur unake pitaa (cotton) charchel mitsonka (cotton) key saath kaee jhagadon kii shuruat kii. nick kaa upayog "out aind out villen" key roop mein kiya jaataa haye. karyakari nirmaata dominic tradewell-collins ney yeh sujhaav diyaa thaa kii anya sabun paatron key vipareet, jinhone buraa vyavhaar kiya aur jinhen adhik sookshm charitra chitran aur mochan kii aavashyakta thee, nick koo ack poorna "burey vyakti" key roop mein upayog karna sambhav thaa. abhibhaavak" key liye ack television aalochak ney sujhaav diyaa kii, iss kaaran seey, charitra key kayartapurna uddeshyon parr darshakon dwara shayed hii kabhi sawal uthaaye gaye they, kyonki unakaa praathamik kaary "arajakta key agent" kaa haye. yeh bhee sujhaav diyaa gayaa thaa kii show mein nick kii upasthiti sankshipt honey chaahiye kyonki vaha jiss tarah kii dushtata kaa chitran karate hain, usey lambe samay taka ack charitra mein banaae naheen rakhaa jaa sakata haye. nick kaa sabse pramukh sambandh usaki maan dott cotton (juuna braun) key saath haye. ise jatil, nishkriya aur kuchh hudd taka chakreeya key roop mein chitrit kiya gayaa haye, jisamen nick lagaatar apani maan key jeevan mein pravesh kartaa haye, vaha usey pichhale duracharon key liye kshama curr detee haye (jisamen usaki jeet kii chori karane key liye usey maarne kaa prayaas bhee shamil haye), phir jaba nick key sachche iradon kaa khulasa hotaa haye tou usey nirash kiya jaataa haye, aksar usake nirvaasan mein samaapt hoe jaataa haye, halanki asthaayi roop seey, chakr key dohrao seey pahale. 2015 mein nick kaa antim nidhan iss rishte koo shraddhanjali detaa haye, anta mein nick key khalnayak vyavhaar kii seema koo mahsoos karate hue aur badalane mein usaki asamarthata koo sweekaar karate hue-antatah nick koo marane kii anumati dene kaa nirnay lete hue, usake baad chikitsa sahaayata lene key bajaay usaki ghaatak pratikriya heroin key liye, uska uddeshya yeh haye kii nick koo yeh taya karane denaa haye kii nick koo jeena chaahiye yaa marna chaahiye. srijan. nick cotton "eastanders", tonny holland aur julia smith key rachnakaron dwara aavishkaar kiya gayaa chaubiswan charitra thaa. nick "eastanders" key liye holland aur smith kii mool drishti kaa hissa naheen thaa, aur unaki rachana ack vichaar key baad hui. shrinkhala key pahale episode mein ack bujurg nivasi, regg cox kii maut shamil thee, jiss parr usake ghar mein berahami seey hamla kiya gayaa thaa, aur usey marane key liye chhod diyaa gayaa thaa. pahali lekhakon kii baithak key dauran, jahaan lekhakon koo ichchit paatron aur praarambhik lipiyon seey parichit karaaya gayaa thaa, pratyek swatantra roop seey jaanana chaahata thaa kii kiss charitra ney shasson koo maar daala thaa. haalaanki, holland aur smith ney kabhi bhee hatyare kaa anaavaran karane kaa irada naheen kiya thaa. unhein pataa naheen thaa kii regg cox koo kisane maaraa thaa, aur unhein lagaa kii "kaun" mahatvapurna naheen thaa. yeh tathya kii vaha ack hamale key baad marr gayaa thaa, mahatvapurna mudda thaa, aur regg kii hatyaa kaa irada hull karane kaa naheen thaa, yeh kewal darshakon koo bataane key liye thaa, shuru seey hii, kii kharaab sthiti ack kathin aur kathin jagah thee. lekhakon ney iska virodh kiya. unhone holland parr ack mahaan avsar koo fenkane kaa aarop lagaaya aur sujhaav diyaa kii ack hatyaa kii khoj naatakiya sambhaavanaon kii ack shrinkhala pradaan karegi joe darshakon koo mohit karegi. yeh taya karane key baad kii sabhi teis mool paatr aparaadh karane mein asamarth they, holland ney nick cotton key roop mein ack poori tarah seey nae charitra kaa aavishkaar karane kaa faisala kiya. nick key liye mool charitra kii ruprekha mein likhaa haih "unaki chhavi vishesh roop seey maacho haye. anta mein hafton key liye gayab hoe jaataa haye. maan sawal naheen poochhati... daine key vipareet, nick ack vaastavik badmash haye. logon kii gopaniyata aur gharon mein apana raasta banaate hain. taba seey, apani buddhi parr rahata haye. hadtaal karane key liye pull kii prateeksha karna; nakadi nikaalana aur gayab honah...aamtaur parr apane peediton koo chunata haye joe kissy naa kissy kaaran seey usey report karane seey darte hain...nick ack heroin kaa aadee haye. choonki nick kaa irada kewal ack ardh-niyamit charitra honey kaa thaa, isaliye julia smith unaki bhoomika mein shamil naheen theen aur abhineta johnn altman koo nirdeshakon dwara chunaa gayaa thaa. haalaanki, usane anurodh kiya kii usey hataa diyaa gayaa, jaba usane nick key saath uchch khokhale (tomm vaat) key saath samlaingik sambandh rakhane seey incar curr diyaa kyonki usey lagaa kii yeh charitra seey baahar haye. vikas aur kathaanak. nick koo "eastanders" key karyakari nirmaata diaric saintar ney "show key pramukh khalnayak" key roop mein varnit kiya haye. ack "eastanders" ney show mein charitra key samay kaa varnan karane vaali ack vrittachitra kaa khulasa kiya, jisamen usey jhoothaa, chor aur ack hatyara maanaa gayaa, joe "apane aas-paas key logon key dard aur dukh parr panpa". saha-kalakar charley clements (bradley branning) ney kahaa haih "aap sabun key baare mein sochate hain, kharaab loga, nick kapas nishchit roop seey unamen seey sabse achche key saath haye", jabaki leslie grantham (daine wats) ney kahaa kii "nick kapas key baare mein koee redeem karane kii suvidha naheen haye. iss mulyankan koo shrinkhala key kahani nirmaata dominic tradewell-collins dwara saajha kiya gayaa haye, jinhone samajhaayah "ack out aind out khalnayak honah achchha haye. mujhe lagata haye kii kabhi-kabhi aap ack charitra praapt curr sakate hain aur 'oh' jaa sakate hain, unakaa bhee ack achchha paksh honah chaahiye, aur shayed hamein unhein thodaa saa bhunana chaahiye.'nick key saath, isase koee fark naheen padata. aap poorna roop seey tej gati seey chala sakate hain, tej gati vaale burey aadami key pair parr."johnn altman ney iss tathya parr charcha kii haye kii vaha apane bachpan key dauran apane pitaa kii anupasthiti parr nick kii anaitikta koo dosh dete hue apane charitra koo kabhi bhee achchha honey key baare mein yaad naheen curr sakate hain. saintar ney apani maan, dott cotton (juuna braun) key saath nick key "adbhut roop seey nishkriya maan-bete key rishte" aur nick koo ack aur mauka dene kii usaki nirantar ichcha parr charcha kii haye, bhale hii usake galat kaam key itihas kii parwah kiye binaa. saintar ney samajhaayah "aisee cheej haye jahan aap yeh ummeed karane kii himmat karate hain kii koee badal gayaa haye, joe vaastav mein dukhad haye. unhone aapako sou baar nirash kiya haye, aur phir bhee aap abhee bhee ummeed karate hain kii sou aur pahali baar way badal gaye honge."grentham ney kahaa haye kii bindu" "[nick key] jeevan mein ack dost haye", "jabaki tradewell-collins ney pushti kii haih" "bindu hamesha usey maaf karane jaa rhaa haye. aur yahee nick aur dott kii sundarta haye."iss bhavna seey sahmat hocker, altman sahmat hoe gayaah" chaahe vaha kuchh bhee karey, vaha usey maaf curr degi. poore itihas mein bahut saare gangsters kii maataon ney aisaa kiya. shayed all capone kii maan ney socha kii vaha ack pyaara ladka thaa, aap jaanate hain." eastanders" kaa pahala episode apane flat mein bujurg nivasi regg cox (johnny clayton) kii behoshi kii khoj key saath shuru huaa. baad mein regg kii mrityu hoe jaati haye aur baad key episode mein yeh pataa chalata haye kii usaki hatyaa nick ney kii thee. holland aur smith shrinkhala koo ack naatakiya tareeke seey pesh karna chaahte they, aur maanate they kii regg cox kahani ack achchha praarambhik bindu haye, jisase samudaay key vibhinn sadasya boodhe aadami kii hatyaa kii paristhitiyon mein shamil hoe sakate hain yaa tippani curr sakate hain. saintar ney samajhaaya haye kii nick koo "shuru seey hii thookane vaale, jhunjhuni karane vaale janwar" key roop mein sthaapit kiya gayaa thaa, pahale episode key anta mein nick koo "eastanders" key pahale drum roll koo dete hue dekhaa gayaa thaa, kyonki usane raani victoria pub kii kaanch key darwaaje kii khidki seey mukka maaraa thaa. pulis jaanch key kuchh hafton key baad, mukhya sandigdh nick ney mug athel skinner (gratchen franklin) kaa prayaas karane key baad chauk chhod diyaa, aur aprail mein yeh bataaya gayaa kii usey giraftar curr liya gayaa thaa. nick kii maan, dott, koo julaai mein kalakaron seey parichit karaane key baad, unhone darshakon koo soochit kiya kii nick pariveeksha parr jaane mein kamyab rhaa thaa, aur agale maheene, vaha albert squire laut aaya. apani vaapsee parr, unhone harold legg (leonard fenton) kii sergery kii aur kaithi bell (gillion telforth) key chikitsa record koo dekhaa, jisamen pataa chalaa kii unakaa 14 saal kii umr mein ack bachcha thaa. nick kaithi key pati, pett (peater deane) koo yeh bataane kii dhamki detaa haye jaba taka kii vaha usey niyamit bhugtan naheen detee. kaithi jald hii pett koo sach bataati haye, jisake parinamswarup vaha sadak key beach mein nick koo peetata haye. isake baad, daine nick koo achche key liye chauk chhodane kii chetavani detaa haye, sivaay kabhi-kabhi visit karane key bindu key, yaa usey ghaatak parinamon kaa saamana karna padegaa. nick agale kuchh varshon mein sankshipt roop seey dikhaai detaa haye aur antatah octuber 1987 mein apane pitaa, charley (christopher hancock) seey milata haye jaba way donon sanyog seey dott parr jaate hain. nick aur charley ack-dusare koo spasht karate hain kii way ack-dusare koo aspas naheen chaahte hain. charley koo pataa chalata haye kii nick kuchh apraadhiyon seey chhip rhaa haye jaba usane unase chori kii aur yeh bhee pataa chalata haye kii nick graham clark seey chhipa huaa haye, nick key ack puraane dost joe nick key apraadhon key liye jail gayaa thaa. charley graham koo nick kaa saamana karane key liye ghar mein pravesh karane detaa haye, aur usey jaane key liye majboor kartaa haye, anyatha vaha usey una apraadhiyon koo saunp dega jinase vaha chhipa huaa haye. 1988 mein, nick decance pahaadi jail mein nashili davaaon key apraadhon key liye jail mein bund hoe jaataa haye, jahan sanyog seey, aagajani key liye rakhaa jaa rhaa haye. yeh iss avadhi key dauran haye kii regg kii hatyaa kaa rahasya aakhirkaar taba hull hoe jaataa haye jaba nick ney sweekaar kiya kii vaha jimmedaar thaa. 1989 mein, dott koo nick key off-screen daure key madhyam seey pataa chalata haye kii usane hazell (virginia fiol) naamak ack mahila seey shaadi kii haye, aur usaki ack chhoti betty haye; nick ney apane aur dott key tanaavpurna rishte key kaaran usey pahale seey bataane seey parhej kiya thaa. hazel ney maee 1989 mein dott down track kiya aur bachche, dorothy nikola key saath usase milane gayaa; dott itna khush thaa kii way moe kasai (edna dorre) aur marge green (pait comb) key saath ack brauni march mein bhaag lene seey baahar nickle gaee. baad mein yeh jhooth honey kaa pataa chalaa aur bachcha hazel kii bhatiji nikla. halanki nick kewal ack ardh-niyamit charitra thaa, lekin unake beach-beach mein dikhaai dene kii patkatha hamesha show parr ack badaa prabhaav daalane key liye likhi gaee thee, saath hii saath unaki kahani mein shamil sabhi paatron koo bhee. vaha show key pahale kuchh varshon key dauran kaee baar phir seey dikhaai diye aur chaley gaye, jisase harr baar adhikatam tabahi mutch gaee, aur yeh bahut pahale naheen thaa jaba tabloid ney charitra koo "kharaab nick" brand karna shuru curr diyaa thaa. altman ney tippani kii haih "mujhe lagata haye kii way nick koo vaapas laate rahate hain kyonki vaha british tv parr una paatron mein seey ack haye jinase loga nafrat karna pasand karate hain. janata dwara charitra key iss napsand koo walford key kaalpanik nivaasiyon dwara saajha kiya gayaa thaa, jisamen altman ney samajhaayah "harr baar jaba vaha vaapas aataa haye tou vaha sabhi seey door hoe jaataa haye. yeh shahar mein sawari karane vaalaa buraa couboy honey jaisa haye-harr koee shutter daal detaa haye aur baar koo bund curr detaa haye." charitra kii upasthiti iss apriya, "kharaab" chhavi key anuroop thee, jisamen "eastanders" shrinkhala salaahkaar saiman ashdown tippani curr rahey they; "jaba vaha aataa haye, tou aap jaanate hain kii yeh aadami buraa haye. usake kaale baal aur scholl aur chamade kii jackett haye. vaha aisaa haye, vaha ack decancian badmash haye."2000 seey 2001 taka nick key bete ashley cotton kii bhoomika nibhaane vaale franky fitzgerald ney sahamati vyakt keeh" "kharaab nick kaa roop, aap jaanate hain, vaha ack buraa aadami thaa. jaba vaha soot pahanata haye, taba bhee usake paas kaana kii angoothi haye, usake paas abhee bhee angoothiyaan hain, usake galey parr abhee bhee taitu haye." shrinkhala mein nick kii sabse ullekhaniya vaapsee 1990 mein hui. nick ney apani maan key jeevan mein iss daave key saath vaapsee kii kii vaha ack baar phir seey paida huaa isai thaa, joe bingo parr usaki £10,000 kii jeet key saath huaa. "eastanders" lekhak saaraa felps ney samajhaayah "dott key liye, yeh vichaar kii yeeshu ney aakhirkaar nick seey baat kii thee, yeh sub usake chrismus ack hii baar mein aaa rahey they! nick koo yeh pataa thaa. yeh ack tarah seey spasht thaa kii nick kaha sakata thaa kii 'yeeshu merey saath chalata haye' aur phir baahar jaakar kissy koo laat maaren yaa unake batue koo nikaal dein."ack nakali pujari kii madad seey, nick apane nae vishvaas key baare mein apani maan koo samajhaane mein kamyab rhaa aur phir usake khaane kii aadton koo niyantrit karane aur usey jahar dene key liye ack dheema abhiyaan shuru kiya taaki vaha usake paise kaa daavaa curr sakey. episode joe pee dwara likhit kahani kii parinati thee.jey. hammond, poori tarah seey dott key ghar mein sthaapit kiya gayaa thaa aur isamen nakali pujari, nick, dott, charley, athel aur alastyre seey banaa ack asamanya roop seey chhota kalakar thaa. antim kshan mein, jise altman ney kahaa haye, "ack baar hamane nick key achche paksh kii ack jhalak dekhi", nick apani yojana seey peechhe hutt gayaa aur usa jaharile bhojan koo khaane seey roque diyaa jisake saath usane usey maarne kaa irada kiya thaa. ack baar phir, dott akela reh gayaa thaa, joe usake apane bete ney usake saath karane key liye taiyar kiya thaa, usa parr toote dill seey. nick lambe samay taka walford seey door naheen thaa. 1991 mein, vaha heroin kii lutt key saath lauta, lekin shuru mein usane usey chhod diyaa aur madad key liye usaki daleelon koo nazarandaj curr diyaa. charley kii mrityu kii khoj key baad hii nick kaa ekmatra parivaar bachaa thaa aur vaha usey sudhaarne key liye dridh thaa. kahani kii charcha karate hue, altman ney kahaah "mujhe heroin kii lutt vaastav mein kaafee thakaa dene vaali luggy, kyonki maine vaastav mein motee daadhi badhaai aur merey baal hamesha vaastav mein gandey they. jaba main una drishyon kii shooting curr rhaa thaa tou main ack aise vyakti seey milaa joe ack vyasani thaa, aur usane mujhe aisee cheejen bataain jinase aap gujarate hain, jaise kii jaba aap ise chhodane kii koshish curr rahey houn tou aap aaraam naheen curr sakate. aap sou naheen sakate hain isaliye aap dard koo door karane key liye bahut saaree sharaab peete hain. ghadee mushkil seey chalati prateet hoti haye. ack abhineta key roop mein unhone mujhe vaastav mein usa parr jitna hoe sakey utanaa jaane diyaa. hamaare paas logon key patra bhee they kii kaise yeh unhein jeevan bhar key liye heroin seey door curr rhaa haye, isaliye mujhe lagata haye kii hamane ack achchha kaam kiya."jaise hii sajish saamane aaee, dott ney nick kii lutt koo apane kamare mein bund karke aur usey pett bell kii madad seey thhande turkey mein jaane key liye majboor karke usey cumm karane kii koshish kii. iss avadhi key dauran, raani victoria key makaan malik addie roil kii hatyaa curr dee gaee thee. 1991 kii sharad ritu key dauran hatyaa show kii pramukh kahani thee. jiss prakaran mein addie kii hatyaa kii gaee thee, vaha tonny matchell dwara likhaa gayaa thaa; yeh ack cliffhanger key saath samaapt huaa jisamen bageeche mein addie key shareer parr khade clyde tevernier aur ack chaku pakade hue they, jise nick ney apane bedroom kii khidki seey dekhaa thaa. nick pulis koo bataata haye kii usane kyaa dekhaa, jisase clyde michel faller kii madad seey bhaag rhaa thaa. joe wallace antatah aage aaya, yeh kahate hue kii usane addie kii hatyaa kii raat koo chauk parr nick out dekhaa, apane kamare seey bhaag gayaa aur ack naali key pipe seey neeche chadh gayaa. nick ney yeh sweekaar kiya kii vaha jimmedaar thaa lekin jore dekar kahata haye kii yeh ack durghatana thee. nick koo baad mein giraftar curr liya gayaa aur addie kii hatyaa kaa aarop lagaaya gayaa aur usa parr janwari 1993 mein mukadama chalaaya gayaa. ack saptah key episode mukadame key liye samarpit they, aur sabhi tonny jorden dwara likhe gaye they. nick key mukadame kii kahani koo prastut karane key liye, karyakram nirmaataon koo khud sabooton kii sameeksha karni padee aur addie kii mrityu taka key episode koo dekhana padaa. anta mein, halanki yeh spasht thaa kii nick addie koo chaku maarne key liye jimmedaar thaa, yeh spasht naheen thaa kii yeh hatyaa thee, aur juurii ney doshi naheen honey kaa faisala vaapas curr diyaa. altman ney sankshep mein kahaah "vaastav mein ack achchha bachaav karane aur ack baar phir apana sir bund karane key madhyam seey, vaha hatyaa key saath bhaag gayaa. nick koo dott key saath show seey baahar likhaa gayaa thaa, jaba juuna braun (joe dott khelata haye) ney agast 1993 mein shrinkhala seey jaane kaa faisala kiya. unaki prasthaan kahani ney apane saathi, zho aur yuva bete, ashley koo dott seey parichit karaaya, joe shuru mein aashvast thaa kii zho usey dhokha dene kaa prayaas curr rhaa thaa, kyonki usey kaee saal pahale hazel key saath hui ghatana yaad thee. ack baar jaba dott koo yakeen hoe gayaa kii nick sachcha thaa, haalaanki, vaha jaldi seey ashley key karib hoe gaee, aur parivaar ack saath kabron mein chalaa gayaa. yeh aakhiri baar hoga jaba 1997 taka nick kaee varshon taka parde parr rahega, jaba juuna braun koo dott key roop mein apani bhoomika koo doharaane key liye raaji kiya gayaa thaa. usaki vaapsee parr, dott ney samajhaaya kii nick koo drugs rakhane key liye phir seey off-screen giraftar kiya gayaa thaa, aur vaha zho aur ashley apane aaparaadhik krityon seey thakkar door chaley gaye they. usaki vaapsee key turant baad, usey pulis dwara soochit kiya gayaa kii nick apane selmet, dayman spinks key saath jail seey bhaag gayaa thaa. damien dott kii talash mein aataa haye, usey bataata haye kii nick ney usey paise seey dhokha diyaa haye. vaha usey raat bhar bandhak banaata haye aur usake paise milane key baad jald hii chalaa jaataa haye. agale dinn, pulis ney khulasa kiya kii damien gahan dekhbhal mein haye, vahaan nick dwara rakhaa gayaa haye. johnn altman ney march 1998 mein paanch saal kii anupasthiti key baad nick key roop mein apani bhoomika koo dohraya. nigel bett koo dair raat dott key ghar parr jasusi karane kaa pataa chalata haye aur usey door rahane key liye kahane key baad, nick ney nigel koo chetavani dee kii vaha vaapas aaa jaayega. kuchh hafton baad nick vaapas aataa haye, jaba usey usake ghar mein chhipa huaa pataa chalata haye. nick dott koo bataata haye kii vaha usaki heroin kii lutt key kaaran aids seey marr rhaa haye, jise vaha pahale tou aswikar karati haye lekin baad mein usey yakeen hoe jaataa haye. nick ney khulasa kiya kii vaha apani dawa key liye bhugtan karane key liye ack sashastr dakaiti kii yojana banaa rhaa haye. nick koo isake saath naheen jaanaa chaahte, dott nick key liye paise kii vyavastha karane kaa faisala kartaa haye. baad mein maark faller seey mulakat karate hain aur poochate hain kii kyaa unhone vicharadhin davaaon key baare mein sunaa haye, joe maark incar kartaa haye. dott taba clair bett key computer parr dawa koo dekhta haye aur pataa chalata haye kii davaaen kewal neend kii goliyaan hain. yeh mahsoos karate hue kii nick apani bimari key baare mein jhooth boll rhaa haye, uska saamana karane seey pahale pulis koo phone kartaa haye, usey phir seey giraftar karke jail bhej detaa haye. octuber 2000 mein, "nick cotton kii vaapsee" sheershak seey ack vishesh 'sabun-bulbula' prasaarit kiya gayaa. yeh prakaran jail seey nick kii rihaai, apane bete key saath usake sulah parr kendrit thaa, aur yahaan taka kii nick key pitaa charley koo bhee dikhaaya gayaa, joe unake charitra key maare jaane key lagbhag ack dashak baad ack bhoot key roop mein ack sankshipt cameo upasthiti banaate they. iss prakaran ney nick kii baad mein welford mein vaapsee kaa maarg prashast kiya, jahan unhone maark faller key saath ack puraane jhagade koo phir seey shuru kiya jaba unhein pataa chalaa kii nick apane chhote bhaai martin faller koo parmanand kii aapoorti curr rhaa thaa. nae saal 2001 key dinn, nick key peya koo chihnit karein aur usey pull kii sadak parr pull key oopar lubhaate hue ack nashe mein dhut nick key roop mein dekhta haye, joe khud koo gambhir roop seey apang curr detaa haye. isake baad, nick ney ashley koo maark key ghar mein aag lagaane kaa adesh diyaa, lekin vaha isake saath naheen jaa sakata aur nick dwara usey aswikar karane key baad vaha kharaab sthiti mein chalaa jaataa haye. isake baad, nick farwari 2001 mein asthaayi roop seey ack reedh kii huddy ikai key liye ravaana hoe jaataa haye. teen maheene door rahane key baad, vaha maee 2001 mein laut aae; vaha chalane mein saksham they, lekin phir bhee unhein baisakhi kii aavashyakta thee. yeh vaapsee unake pichhale pradarshan kii tulanaa mein aur bhee cumm honey vaali thee, aur isake baad show seey bahut lambi anupasthiti thee. maark key saath jhagada jaari rakhane key liye dridh sankalpit, nick maark kii garbhavati premika lissa koo dhamki denaa shuru curr detaa haye aur jald hii maark kii motorbike parr break koo toda-phod karane key baad ashley kii maut kaa kaaran banata haye, kewal ashley key liye ise chori karane aur durghatanagrast karane key liye. ashley kii mrityu key baad, dott nick aur maark key beach ack bahas sunata haye aur mahsoos kartaa haye kii nick ney maark kii motorbike parr break key saath chhedchhaad kii thee. ashley key antim sanskar key baad, dott nick koo usake jeevan seey nirvaasit curr detaa haye aur usey jaane aur kabhi vaapas naheen aaney key liye kahata haye, kyonki vaha usey kabhi maaf naheen curr paayegi. haalaanki, saintar ney samajhaayah "hamesha vaapas nick key liye ack raasta hoga", ack sthiti joe "eastanders" lekhak james paayane dwara samarthit haye, jinhone kahaah "[dott] kaa maanana haye, mujhe lagata haye, gaharaai seey, kii vaha parivartan kii kshamata rakhta haye, kii vaha ack achchha ladka hoe sakata haye. mujhe lagata haye kii vaha yahee chaahati rahegi."sulah kii disha mein pahala kadam 2006 mein uthaaya gayaa thaa jaba zim branning koo nick seey phone aaya thaa joe cancer seey peedit jail aspatal mein thaa. zim aur usake potey, bradley ney shuru mein ise dott seey gupt rakhaa, lekin bradley ney apani premika, stacy seey kahaa, jisane ise dott taka jaane diyaa. dott nick seey milane gayaa, lekin jaba vaha apane cancer seey mukt hoe gayaa, tou usane usey dekhane seey incar curr diyaa. 2 octuber 2008 koo yeh bataaya gayaa thaa kii nick saat saal seey adhik door rahane key baad usa saal chrismus key dinn "eastanders" mein laut aayega. karyakari nirmaata derrick saintar ney nick kii vaapsee parr apane utsaah key baare mein baat kii, charitra koo ack "eastanders" kinvadanti aur "show key sabse achche yaad kiye jaane vaale aur sabse pasandida khalnayak mein seey ack" key roop mein saraha. altman ney kahaah "saat saal kii anupasthiti key baad, main albert squire mein lautane key liye romanchit huun. bee. bee. see. ney hamesha mujhe nick cotton key roop mein shandar kahani dee haye aur main yeh dekhane key liye utsuk huun kii kyaa nick ack baar phir poore varg mein darr aur nafrat failaayega!"juuna braun ney khulasa kiya kii vaha nirmaataon seey chhah yaa saat varshon seey altman koo sabun mein vaapas laane key liye kaha rahee thee, kyonki donon key beach itane achche kamkaji sambandh they. walsal mein samay bitaane key baad, kapas vaapas aaa gayaa; phir seey samanya roop seey chalate hue, vaha apani saat saal kii betty, dotty key saath thaa. unhone samajhaaya kii vaha ack squat mein rahate hue dotty kii maan sandy gibson seey mille they, aur vaha ack sharabi thee joe haal hii mein marr gaee thee, aur usey dotty kii hirasat mein chhod diyaa thaa. altman ney samajhaayah "nick koo kuchh chaahiye thaa, kyonki mujhe lagata haye kii aggar usake paas usa darwaaje seey chalane key liye thodaa bindi naheen hoti, tou vaha usey poori tarah seey bahishkrit maanati." abhineta ney apani pichhali upasthiti key baad seey apane charitra mein anya parivartanon kaa varnan kiya, jisamen bataaya gayaa kii kaise vaha ack nalsaj bunn gaye they, adhik chaturai seey kapade pahanana shuru curr diyaa thaa, apane baalon koo vaapas karna bund curr diyaa thaa aur abb unhone ack jhumka naheen pahana thaa. halanki shuru mein sandeh thaa, dott ney una donon koo apane ghar mein sweekaar curr liya, yeh maanate hue kii nick vaastav mein iss baar badal gayaa thaa. yeh poochhe jaane parr kii kyaa nick vaastav mein ack sudhaar charitra thaa, altman aspasht rahah "nick vaapas aaa gayaa haye, usey ack pyaari chhoti betty millie haye. vaha ack nalsaj bunn gayaa haye, vaha ack badala huaa aadami haye. ...yaa vaha haye?"jaise-jaise kahani aage badhati gaee, nick kaa asli agenda taba saamane aaya jaba usane apani maan koo dotty kii hirasat key liye paise dene key liye blackmail kiya. ack aur kathaanak modd mein, 2009 mein darshakon key saamane yeh khulasa kiya gayaa thaa kii dotty (asli naam christy) apane pitaa key saath milibhugi curr rahee thee. kahani mein, dotty ney apani jeevan ashvasana neeti key liye hatyaa bindu kaa sujhaav diyaa. isake baad nick key patte nikalate hain, jisase dott parr kaam karane kii anumati milati haye. vaha teen maheene baad lautata haye, jisake baad way dott aur usake doston koo yeh samajhaane kii apani yojana shuru karate hain kii vaha dementia seey peedit haye, nick kaa uddeshya dott koo maarnaa aur usaki bigadati mansik sthiti parr usaki mrityu koo doshi thaharaana haye. chauk mein nick key sankshipt pravaas key dauran, usane billy michel koo yeh bataate hue sunaa kii kaise usane jais dier koo marane diyaa aur niyamit bhugtan kii maang karke billy koo blackmail kiya yaa vaha jais key bete jey koo bataayega kii billy ney kyaa kiya. jaba billy key chachere bhaai, phil koo iss baare mein pataa chalaa, tou vaha nick koo raani wick key bairal store mein leey gayaa, jahan vaha usey peetata haye aur usey ack kursi seey baandh detaa haye. phil ney billy koo daraane aur ise samaapt karane kaa avsar diyaa, haalaanki, billy ney usey jaane diyaa aur khud jaya koo sach bataaya. apani pyaari maan koo maarne key liye apani betty key saath sajish juuna 2009 mein parde parr charmotkarsh parr pahunchati haih dotty key dill badalane key baad nick kii yojana gadbad hoe jaati haye aur antatah nick koo nashili dawa dene key bajaay usaki daadi koo jahar diye jaane seey bachaati haye. yeh ghatnaaon kii ack shrinkhala kii or leey jaataa haye, jisamen nick, apani yojana key ujagar honey key baad bachane key liye, samudaay key vibhinn sadasyon koo kaife mein bandhak banaa letaa haye aur heather trott dwara chip paine mein nick koo dhakelane key baad ack aakasmik aag shuru hoe jaati haye. nick aur reyan malloy key beach ladaai key kaaran bandhak bhaagne mein kamyab hoe jaate hain, joe bandhakon mein seey ack they. isake parinamswarup kaife mein ack visfot hotaa haye jisamen ander nick aur bradley branning hoti haye. kahani ney ack baar phir altman key show seey jaane koo chihnit kiya. unake prasthaan prakaran koo ack cliffhanger key roop mein likhaa gayaa thaa, kyonki yeh pataa naheen chalaa thaa kii kyaa episode key anta mein nick visfot seey butch gayaa thaa. haalaanki, agale prakaran mein, 4 juuna 2009 koo, nick koo visfot seey bachate hue dikhaaya gayaa haye aur bradley koo usaki aankh mein choton key saath aspatal mein bharti karaaya gayaa haye. ack baar phir dott dwara asweekrit honey key baad nick prasthaan kartaa haye. nick dwara apani maan koo samajhaane key bavjood kii dotty burai haye, dotty kii dekhbhal mein chhod diyaa jaataa haye. janwari 2014 mein, dott key lodger poppy mido koo nick seey ack phone coll aataa haye, joe dott seey baat karna chaahata haye. sharon rickman dwara nick koo buri khabar bataae jaane key baad, vaha usey usase baat karane seey incar curr detee haye. dou maheene baad, pulis dwara dott koo bataaya jaataa haye kii pichhale saptah heroin kii adhik matra seey nick kii shwasan viphalata seey mrityu hoe gaee haye. nick kaa betaa charley cotton pulis adhikaariyon mein seey ack haye joe iss khabar koo todata haye. charley bataati hain kii 1980 key dashak mein nick ney apani maan yavon key saath ack sankshipt vivaah kiya thaa. antim sanskar key dauran, charley aur undertaker less kokar taaboot mein dekhane seey rokte hain. dott sandigdh haye aur yavon koo sach bataane key liye aamantrit kartaa haye aur vaha dott koo ashvasana detee haye kii charley uska potaa haye. kuchh hafton baad, caroll jackson charley seey salah maangata haye, jaba vaha uska phone usake ghar parr chhodata haye, tou vaha ack coll kaa jawab detee haye aur pataa chalata haye kii nick abhee bhee jeevit haye. isake baad, yeh pataa chalata haye kii charley ack pulis adhikaari kaa pratiroopan curr rahee haye aur vaastav mein ack dekhbhal grih mein ack karyavahak haye jahan yavon kaam karati haye. charley apani kaar kii khidakiyon koo todane key liye kaam kartaa haye, nick key sandesh key saath, pushti kartaa haye kii usane aisaa kiya haye. octuber 2014 mein, nick apani nakali mrityu key saat maheene baad albert squire mein phir seey dikhaai diyaa. karyakari nirmaata dominic tradewell collins ney antim kharaab kahani dene kaa vaadaa kiya aur yeh sabhi nick kahaaniyon koo samaapt karane key liye nick kahani hogi. charley aur usaki mangetar rony michel dott key ghar mein nick koo dhoondhane key liye bhayabheet hain. dinn key anta taka unhein 10,000 pound mein blackmail karein, yaa vaha bataata haye kii vaha jeevit haye. charley phil seey rinn maangata haye, vaha sahmat hoe jaataa haye lekin charley koo pataa naheen hotaa haye, vaha usey kagaj seey bharaa ack thaila detaa haye aur jaba charley usey nick koo detaa haye tou usey pataa chalata haye kii paise naheen hain. hallowein kii raat koo, charley bataati haye kii nick jeevit haye, vaha usey khojane jaataa haye lekin jaba vaha chalaa jaataa haye, tou vaha usey usake ghar mein paataa haye. nick ney khulasa kiya kii vaha ack jauhari kii dakaiti mein shamil thaa aur charley ney usey apani maut koo nakali banaane key liye manaa liya. dott taba taka nick chhipaane key liye sahmat hoe jaataa haye jaba taka kii way usake jaane key liye paryaapt paisa naheen jutaa lete. iss dauran, dott koo ack baar phir nick dwara herfer kiya jaataa haye aur vaha khush honey lagata haye kii vaha vahaan haye, yeh maanate hue kii vaha aakhirkaar usake saath ack maan-bete kaa rishta banaa sakati haye. dott key ghar mein fansane seey tanga aakar, nick baahar jaane kaa faisala kartaa haye, lekin usey iaan bell dwara dekhaa jaataa haye, joe phil aur sharon koo bataata haye kii nick jeevit haye. phil nick parr hamla karane key liye dott key ghar jaataa haye lekin rony dwara rokaa jaataa haye. rony phil key paise seey 100,000 pound kii chori karke nickle jaane key liye nick koo rishwat dene kii koshish kartaa haye lekin vaha charley aur rony kii shaadi key liye lautata haye. ronny aur phil koo ack baar aur hamesha key liye usase chhutkara paane key liye usey maarne key baare mein baat karate hue, nick ronny kii kaar parr break kaatane kaa faisala kartaa haye. shaadi key reception mein prasav peedaa mein jaane key baad, rony, charley aur usaki bahan, roxy ack kaar durghatana mein shamil hoe jaate hain, jisamen baad mein emma summerhays kii maut hoe jaati haye, jabaki rony komaa mein reh jaati haye. yavon koo pataa chalata haye kii nick ney kaar key break kaat diye hain, lekin vaha apane coat kii jeb mein tailiya raag lagaakar usey fill banaane key liye manaa letaa haye. yavon charley koo bataata haye kii nick ney kyaa kiya haye, lekin vaha usa samay taka usa parr vishvaas naheen kartaa jaba taka kii vaha usey rishwat dene key liye istemal kiye gaye kuchh paise key saath nick koo pakad naheen letaa. phir nick yavon koo rony kii durghatana mein fansaataa haye isaliye charley una donon koo jaane key liye kahati haye. dott nick koo agale ghar mein chhipa detaa haye aur nick key liye heroin praapt kartaa haye. dott kaa lodger fatboy usey dhoondh letaa haye aur usey rukane kaa aagrah kartaa haye isaliye jaba vaha nick koo dekhti haye tou vaha usase rony key liye phil koo fansaane key baare mein pulis key saamane kabool karane kaa aagrah karati haye, lekin vaha kahata haye kii usey rony kii parwah naheen haye, usey bataata haye kii usey ummeed haye kii vaha sarh jaayegi. baad mein, dott koo nick behosh hoe jaataa haye lekin vaha kuchh samay key liye hosh mein aaa jaataa haye. apane antim kshanon key dauran, nick ney dott koo bataaya kii vaha 1985 mein regg cox kii mrityu key liye jimmedaar thaa. nick dott kii baahon mein marr jaataa haye, usee sthaan parr jahan tees saal pahale regg kii khoj kii gaee thee. dott charley koo nick koo marane dene kii baat kabool kartaa haye joe jail jaane seey dott koo bachaane key liye less kokar kii madad seey nick key shareer seey chhutkara paane kii yojana banaata haye. 19 farwari 2015 koo show kii teesavin varshgaanth key saath prasaarit live episode mein, show key pahale episode kaa pahala drishya phir seey banaaya gayaa thaa. stacy, martin aur kush kazemi nick key shareer koo usee tarah seey paate hain jaise daine wats, arther faller aur allie osman koo tees saal pahale regg cox paaya gayaa thaa. dott nick koo maarne kii baat kabool kartaa haye aur pulis dwara leey jaaya jaataa haye. agale dinn usake shareer koo ghar seey nikaal diyaa jaataa haye. teen maheene baad, dott koo nick kii hatyaa key liye 14 maheene kii jail milati haye, lekin baad mein usey chaar maheene baad riha curr diyaa jaataa haye. nick kaa antim sanskar juuna 2015 mein hotaa haye jisamen kewal charley, roxy aur unake potey, matue upasthit hotey hain. 2021 mein, nick kii mrityu key lagbhag aathh saal baad, yeh pataa chalaa haye kii dotty (millie jeero) usaki betty naheen haye aur usake pitaa nick key sautele bhaai, tomm cotton (bryan connelly) hain. haalaanki, 2022 mein, yeh pataa chalata haye kii yeh ack jhooth haye aur yeh nick vaastav mein dotty kaa pitaa haye. altman ney khulasa kiya kii nirmaataon koo apane charitra koo samlaingik banaane key nirnay kaa virodh karane key baad show seey 'unhein baahar likhane' key liye kahaa gayaa thaa. swaagat. nick cotton "eastanders" key sabse prasiddh khalnayak mein seey ack bunn gayaa haye. 2004 mein paanch sarvekshanon mein unaki 'neechata' koo 25vaan "sabse badaa sabun kshan" chunaa gayaa thaa, aur unhein ack channel 4 poul mein chauthe sabse khalnayak television charitra key roop mein bhee chunaa gayaa haye. "abhibhaavak" stambhakaar charley broker ney nick key khalnayak charitra chitran seey incar kiya haye, halanki, likhate hueh "aadami buss daravana naheen haye; vaha ack argos soochi key roop mein aadhaa bhayaanak haye. jabaki ["rajyabhishek sadak" khalnayak] jez quigley ney dekhaa jaise kii vaha karaah seey bharey ack khet mein ack gomed kii sawari karane kaa anand legaa, haal hii mein giraaye gaye peediton koo giraaye gaye key khoon mein nahaane key liye ghar parr koodane seey pahale, nick kapas kewal aisaa lagata haye jaise vaha ack dhakka parr, ack supermarket checkout ladki key saath custard key dent kiye hue tinn kii keemat parr vivaad curr sakata haye, jabaki aap usake peechhe intezar curr rahey hain, ashcharya hoe rhaa haye kii usane aakhiri baar apane baal kaba dhoye they."dha times" key fiona mccade ney usa charitra parr vyangya kiya jaba altman bachchon key tv show "balamori" mein dikhaai diyaa, maataa-pitaa koo salah dete hue kahaah "apane chhote bachchon kii aankho koo dhakane key liye taiyar rahein kyonki sabun kaa buraa ladka rangeen, kaalpanik swarg mein aage badhata haye, isamen koee sandeh naheen haye kii vaha chusi koo choomata haye, pc plum koo pareshan kartaa haye aur jossy koodata haye. mujhe archie, motaa, khushmizaz posh ladke kii suraksha kaa bhee darr haye joe gulabi kilt pahanata haye aur ack badey gulabi mahal mein akela rahata haye. shahar mein nick key saath, vaha ack mauka khadaa naheen haye." johnn altman koo "british sope awards 2015" mein 'villen off dha ear' key liye namankit kiya gayaa thaa, lekin holyox starr, jeremi schafield seey haar gaye.

nick hatti nicolus charles "nick" cotton british sope opera "eastenders" naa ondu kaalpanika patravagiddu, zaan altman avaru 19 phebravari 1985 randu sopna modala sanchikeyinda arey-niyamita aadhaarada mele natisiddaare. altman avaru tamma patravannu salingakami maaduva nirdhaaravannu virodhisida nantara nirmaapaka julia smith avaru tammannu baredubidabekendu ottayisiddarindagi tamma arambhika nirgamanavu sambhaviside endu heliddaare. smith nirgamisida nantara, ee patravu phebravari 2015 ralli tanna tereya melina maranadavaregu halavaaru sankshipta athawa hecchu deerghaavadhiya avadhigalannu maaditu, idannu "eestendargala" 30 neey vaarshikotsavadondige hondikolluvante bareyalaayitu. 1985ralli kaaryakramada modala drashyadalli pragnaaheena sthitiyalli patteyaada regg cox (johnny clayton) avara saavige nick cotton pramukha kaaranavaagiddu, mundina sanchikeyalli avaru savannappiddare endu bahirangapadisalaayitu. nikna maranavannu bhagashah regna saavina marunirmaanavendu bareyalaagide, ekendare nikharavaagi 30 varshagala hinde regg nidhanaraada adhe sthaladalli nick nidhanaraadaru. nikna praathamika kaaryavu eduraali, maadakavastu balakedaara mattu kolegaranagiddanu. kaaryakramada srushtikartaraada toney hallend mattu julia smith avaru aatanannu roopisidaru. moola patravargada saalinalli tadavagi serpadegonda nick annu hallend mattu smith avara moola scriptge barahagarara pratikriyeya aadhaarada mele serisalaayitu, idu regg coxna koleyannu kendrikariside, avara kolegaaranannu avaru moolatah bahirangapadisalu uddeshisiralilla. nikannu aakramanakaaranaagalu mattu pradarshanakke hecchu natakiya kathaahandarada saamarthyavannu odagisalu rachisalaagide. pradarshanadallidda samayadalli, nick phil mitchel (steve mcfadden), billi mitchel (perri fenvic), mitchel faular (susanne tully), maark faular (david scarboro/todd corty), lisa faular (luci benjamin), toney badagi (askar james), allie osman (nedget salih), peete beal (peater deane), cathy beal (gillion tailforth), clyde tavernier (steven woodcock), nigel bates (paul broadley), denne wats (lesley grantham), edi skinner (richard wanstone), charley christopher (women women) mattu avana tande charley roncock (women women) avarondige aneka vaishamyagalannu praarambhisidaru. nick annu "out und out vilan" aagi balasalaaguttade. karyanirvahaka nirmaapaka dominic treadwell-collins avaru kettadaagi vartisida mattu hecchu sookshmavaada patra niroopaneya mattu vimochaneya agatyaviruva itara sope patragaliginta bhinnavagi, nick annu sampoorna "ketta vyakti" yaagi balasalu saadhyavide endu soochisidaru. raksaka" dha duradarshana vimarshakaru, ee karanakkagi, patrada heya uddeshagalannu vikshakaru aparoopavaagi prashnisiddare, ekendare avara praathamika kaaryavendare "avyavastheya agent". avaru chithrisida dushkrutyada mattavannu ondu patradalli deerghakaaladavarege ulisikollalu saadhyavaagada kaarana pradarshanadalli nick avara pradarshanagalu sankshiptavagirabeku endu soochisalaagittu. nikna atyanta pramukha sambandhavu avana taayi dott cotton (zoon braun) jotegiruttade. idannu sankeerna, nishkriya mattu svalpamattige aavartaka endu chithrisalaagide, nick tanna taayiya jivanavannu nirantaravagi praveshisuttaane, hindina dushkrutyagaligaagi (tanna bingo geluvugalannu kadiyalu avalannu kolluva prayatnavannu olagondante) avalu avanannu kshamisuttaale, nantara nikna nijavaada uddeshagalu bahirangavadaga niraashegolluttaale, aagaagge avana gadiparu, aadare tatkalikavagi, saikal punaraavartaneyaaguva modalu konegolluttade. 2015ralli nikna antimavagi nidhanavu ee sambandhakke gouravavannu sallisuttade, daatnondige-antimavagi nikna khalanayakana nadavalikeya vyaaptiyannu aritukondu mattu badalaagalu avana asamarthateyannu oppikolluvudu-antimavagi nikge heraayinge maaranaantika pratikriyeyannu hondiruva nantara vaidyakeeya sahayavannu padeyuva badalu, nick sayalu avakasha maadikodalu nirdharisuttade, nick badukabeke athawa saayabeke endu nirdharisalu yesuvige avakasha niiduvudu avala uddeshavaagittu. srushti. nick cotton "eastender" gala srushtikartaraada toney hallend mattu julia smith avaru kanduhidida ippattanaalkane patravagide. nick hallend mattu smith avara "eastender" naa moola drashtiya bhagavagiralilla, mattu avana srushtiyu nantarada chintaneyagi banditu. ee saraniya modala sanchikeyu, tanna maneyalli krooravaagi daaligolagaada mattu sayalu bidalaagidda, vruddha nivasi regg coxna saavannu olagondittu. barahagarara modala sabheyalli, allie barahagaararige uddeshita patragalu mattu arambhika scriptgalannu parichayisalaayitu, pratiyobbaroo svatantravagi yaava patravu regg annu konditu endu tiliyalu bayasiddaru. aadaagyoo, hallend mattu smith kolegaaranannu bahirangapadisuva uddeshavannu hondiralilla. regg kaksnannu yaaru kondiddaarendu avarige tilidiralilla, mattu "yaaru" mukhyavalla endu avaru bhavisiddaru. daaliya nantara aata sattiddanu emba amshavu pramukha samasyeyagittu, mattu regna koleyannu pariharisuva uddeshaviralilla, adhu modalinindaloo, walpard orataada mattu kathina sthalavagittu endu prekshakarige helalu maatra ittu. idannu lekhakaru virodhisidaru. avaru hallend ondu dodda avakaashavannu halugedaviddare endu aaropisidaru mattu kole beteyu prekshakarannu aakarshisuva natakiya saadhyategala saraniyannu odagisuttade endu soochisidaru. ellah ippattamuru moola patragalu aparaadhavannu maadalu asamarthavagive endu nirdharisida nantara, hallend nick cotton roopadalli sampoornavaagi hosa patravannu kanduhidiyalu nirdharisitu. nikna moola patrada rooparekheyu heege baredideh "avana chithranavu pratyekavagi maco aagide. idu vaaragalavarege kanmareyaguttade. amma prashne keluvudilla... dengintha bhinnavagi, nick nijavaada vanchaka. hulugalu janara goupyate mattu manegalige praveshisuttave. andininda, tanna buddhivantikeya mele badukuttaane. hodetada kshanakkagi kayuvudu; hanavannu nickle maadalu mattu kanmareyagalu...samanyavagi, yaavudaadarondu karanakkagi, aatana bagge varadi maadalu hedaruva balipashugalannu ayke madikolluttare...nick obba heraine vyasani ". nick arey-niyamita patravagalu maatra uddeshisiddarinda, julia smith avara patravargadalli bhagiyagiralilla mattu nata zaan altman avarannu nirdeshakaru ayke maadidaru. aadaagyoo, nick tanna salingakami sambandhavannu udaattavaada holove (tomm wyaat) nondige chithrisalu nirakarisida nantara, adhu svabhaavadinda horagide endu avanu bhavisiddarinda, avanannu vajagolisuvante avalu vinantisidalu. abhivruddhi mattu kathaahandaragalu. nick avarannu "eastenders" naa karyanirvahaka nirmaapaka dederick santer "kaaryakramada pramukha khalanayaka" endu bannisiddaare. eestendargalu" prakatisida sakshyachitravu, aaa patrada samayavannu niroopisuttaa, avanannu sullugaara, kalla mattu "tanna hattiradavara novu mattu dukkhadinda abhivruddhi hondida" kolegaara endu pariganisitu. saha-taare charley clements (broadley branning) heege heliddaareh "neevu sope ketta vyaktigala bagge yochisuttiri, nick cotton khanditavaagiyoo avugalalli atyuttamavaadavugalondige iruttade", aadare lesley grantham (denne whats) "nick cotton bagge yaavude redeaming vaishishtyavilla" endu abhiprayapattiddare. ee moulyamaapanavannu sarani kathe nirmaapaka dominic treadwell-collins hanchikondiddare, avaru vivarisiddaareh "obba horagina khalanayakanannu hondiruvudu olleyadu. kelavomme neevu ondu patravannu padeyabahudu mattu 'oh, avaru olleya bhagavannu hondirabeku, mattu bahushah naavu avugalannu svalpamattige redeem maadabeku endu naanu bhavisuttene.'niknondige, adhu aprastutavaguttade. neevu phul pelt, phoot-aun-dhii-accelerator byaad vyaktige hogabahudu."zaan altman, nick avara baalyadalli avara tandeya anupasthitiya kaaranadindaagi avara anaitikateyannu dushisutta, omme avara patravu chennagiruttittu embudannu nenapinallittukollalu sadhyavilla emba amshavannu charchisiddare. nick tanna taayi dott cotton (zoon braun) avarondige hanchikolluva "adbhutavaagi nishkriyavaada taayi-magana sambandha" mattu nick tanna tappina itihaasavannu lekkisade, mattondu avakaashavannu needuva aakeya nirantara ichcheyannu santer charchisiddare. santer vivarisidah "yaaraadaru badalaagiddaare endu nirikshisalu neevu dhairya maaduvantaha vishayavide, idu nijavagiyoo durantavagide. avaru nimmannu nooru baari nirasegolisiddare, aadaroo avaru noorane modala baarige badalaaguttaare endu neevu innoo bhavisuttiri."dott" "[nikna] jeevanadalli obba sneehita" "endu grantham heliddaare, aadare treadwell-collins drudhapadisiddaareh" "dott yavagalu avanannu kshamisuttaane". mattu adhu nick mattu dotna soundaryavaagide."ee bhavaneyannu oppikonda altman," avanu ene maadidaroo, avalu avanannu kshamisuttaale ". itihaasaduddakku aneka darodekorara taayandiru haageye maadidaru. bahushah all capone taayi avanu obba sihi huduga endu bhavisiddaru, nimage gotta." eastenders" naa modala sanchikeyu tanna flatnalli pragnaaheena sthitiyalliruva vruddha nivasi regg cox (johnny clayton) patteyondige praarambhavaayitu. regg nantara saayuttaane mattu nantarada kantugalalli avanannu nick kole maadiddaane endu bahirangavaguttade. hallend mattu smith ee saraniyannu natakiya reetiyalli parichayisalu bayasiddaru, mattu regg cox kathaahandaravu uttama aarambhada hantavagide endu nambiddaru, idu samudaayada vividha sadasyarige vruddhana koleya sandarbhagalalli todagisikollalu athawa pratikriyisalu avakasha maadikottitu. nick annu "modalinindaloo uguluva, gonagisuva praniyagi" sthaapisalaagide endu santer vivarisiddaare, modala sanchikeya koneyalli nick "eestendargala" modala drum roll annu niiduvudannu nodi, allie osman (nezdet salih) nondige jagalavadida nantara queen victoria pabna gaajina bagilina kitakia moolaka guddi mugisidaru. kelavu vaaragala police tanikheya nantara, pramukha shankita nick ethel skinner (gretchen franklin) annu mug maadalu prayatnisida nantara chaukavannu toredanu mattu aprilnalli avanannu bandhisalaagide endu varadiyaayitu. julainalli nikna taayi dott avarannu patravargakke parichayisida nantara, nick pariksheyinda horabaralu yashasviyaagiddaarendu avaru prekshakarige tilisidaru, mattu mundina tingalu, avaru albert squarege maralidaru. hindirugida nantara, aata harrold legg (leonard fenton) avara shastrachikitsege olagaadaru mattu cathy beal (gillion tailforth) avara vaidyakeeya daakhalegalannu kandukondaru, aakege 14 neey vayassinalli maguvide endu kanduhididaru. nick, cathige niyamitavagi hana pavatisadiddare, avala pathi peete (peater deane) ge idannu bahirangapadisuvudaagi bedarike haakuttaane. cathy shighradalle peetige satyavannu heluttaane, idara parinaamavaagi avanu beediya madhyadalli nikge hodeyuttaane. idara nantara, sandarbhikavagi bheti needuva chukkeyannu horatupadisi, nick chaukavannu olleyadakkaagi biduvante denne echcharisuttade, illadiddare avanu maaranaantika parinaamagalannu edurisabekaguttade. nick mundina kelavu varsagalalli sankshiptavaagi kanisikolluttane mattu antimavagi 1987rahra octobernalli tanna tande charley (christopher hancock) avarannu bhetiyaguttane, aaga avaribbaroo kakataliyavagi bheti needalu baruttaare. nick mattu charley avaru paraspara suttaloo bayasuvudilla endu paraspara spashtapadisuttaare. nick kelavu aparaadhigalinda kaddidda nantara nick avarinda adagikondiddaane endu charley kandukolluttaane mattu nikna aparadhagaligagi jailige hoda nikna haleya sneehita graham clarkninda nick adagikondiddaane endu kandukolluttaane. charley niknannu edurisalu graham annu maneyolage biduttaane mattu avanannu horahoguvante ottaayisuttaane, illadiddare avanu tannannu adagisiduttiruva aparaadhigalige hastaantarisuttaane. 1988ralli, nick maadakavastu aparadhagaligagi decons hill jailinalli jailu siksheyannu anubhavisuttaane, allie, kakataliyavagi, agnisparshakkagi denne annu irisalaaguttade. ee avadhiyalli, nick taanu taane hone endu oppikondaga regna koleya rahasyavu antimavagi bagehariyuttade. 1989ralli, dott nikge teremareyalli bheti needuva moolaka, taanu hyajhel (virginia fiol) emba mahileyannu maduveyagiddene mattu chikka magalannu hondiddene endu tilidukondanu; nick tanna mattu dotna ottadada sambandhadindaagi modale avalige heluvudannu tappisiddanu. hejhel 1989rahra mayee tingalalli dott down annu pattehachchidaru mattu maguvaada dorothy nikolaadondige avalannu bhetiyaadaru; dott avaru bheti niididdakke eshtu santoshapattarendare avalu moow kasayigara (edna dorre) mattu marge green (pyaat combs) avarondige braunie meravanigeyalli bhagavahisuvudannu hintegedukondalu. idu sullu endu nantara bahirangavaayitu, mattu magu hyajhelna sodara sose endu tilidubandide. nick kevala arey-niyamita patravagiddaru, avara madhyantara patragalu yavagalu pradarshanada mele dodda prabhaava beeralu script maadalpattavu, jotege avara kathaahandaradalli olagondiruva ellah patragalu. avaru kaaryakramada modala kelavu varsagalalli halavaaru baari matte kanisikondaru mattu toredaru, idu prati baariyu garishta haaniyannuntumaaditu, mattu patrikegalu "asahya nick" patravannu brand maadalu prarambhisuvudakke bahala samayavagiralilla. altman heege pratikriyisiddaareh "avaru nick annu marali taruttiddaare endu naanu bhavisuttene ekendare avaru british tvyallina janaru dveshisalu ishtapaduva patragalalli obbaru". ee patrada bagge saarvajanikarige iruva ee asamaadhaanavannu walfordna kaalpanika nivasigalu hanchikondiddu, altman heege vivarisiddaareh "avanu hintirugidaagalellaa avanu ellarannoo duraviduttaane. idu ketta kaubay pattanakke sawari maaduvanteye-ellaroo shatargalannu kelagilisi barge beega haakuttaare." patrada notavannu ee ishtapadada, "asahya" chitrakke sarihonduvante vinyaasagolisalaagide, "eastender" saraniya salahegaara saiman aash down comment maadiddaare; "avanu bandaaga, ee vyakti kettavanu endu nimage tilidide. aatanige kappu koodalu, schoul mattu charmada jackett ide. avanu haage, avanu deconcian baddy."2000 rinda 2001 ravarege nikna maga ashley cotton patravannu nirvahisida franky fitzgerald oppidaruh" "asahya nikna nota, nimage gotta, avanu ketta vyaktiyagiddanu". avanu suit dharisiddaroo, avana kiviole innoo ide, avanu innoo unguragalannu hondiddaane, avana kuttigege innoo hachche hakisikondiddane." ee saranige nick avara atyanta gamanarhavada maraluvikeyu 1990 ralli sambhavisitu. nick avaru matte janisida christian emba helikeyondige tamma taayiya jeevanakke maralidaru, idu bingodalli avara £ 10,000 geluvinondige hondikeyaayitu. "eastenders" barahagaarti saaraa phelps vivarisuttaaleh "dotge, yesu antimavagi nick jote maatanaadiddaane emba kalpane, avala krismasgalu ekakaaladalli baruttave! nikge adhu tilidittu. nick 'yesu nannondige nadeyuttaane' endu heluttirabahudu mattu nantara horage hogi yaarannaadaru odeyabahudu athawa avara kaicheelavannu kattarisabahudu embudu spashtavagittu."nakali padriyobbara sahayadinda, nick tanna taayiyannu tanna hosadaagi kandubanda nambikeya bagge manavarike maduvalli yashasviyaadanu mattu nantara aakeya aahara paddhatiyannu niyantrisalu mattu aakeya hanavannu padeyalu vishapoorita abhiyaanavannu praarambhisidanu. kathaavastuvannu konegolisida sanchikeyannu pii.zhe. hammond annu dotna maneyalli maatra hondisalaagittu mattu nakali paadriyaada nick, dott, charley, ethel mattu alastyre avarannu olagonda asadharanavada sanna patravargavannu olagondittu. koneya kshanadalli, altman "omme naavu nikna olleya badiya ondu minuguvikeyannu nodiddeve" endu karediddalli, nick tanna yojaneyinda hinde saridanu mattu aakeyannu kollalu uddeshisidda vishapoorita aahaaravannu tinnuvudannu nillisidanu. mattomme, dott tanna swanta maganu tanage enu maadalu siddhanagiddanembudara bagge bhagnahrudayaraagi ekangiyagi ulidalu. nick deerghakaaladavarege walfordninda duraviralilla. 1991ralli, aata heraine vyasanadondige hindirugidanu, aadare dott aarambhadalli aatanannu duravididaru mattu sahayakkagi aatana manaviyannu nirlakshisidaru. charley tirikondiddannu tilida nantarave nick aakeya ekaika kutumbavagi ulididdanu mattu avanannu sudharisalu nirdharisidanu. kathaavastuvina bagge charchisutta, altman heege heliddaareh "heraine vyasanavu nanage tumba danidante kanditu, ekendare naanu nijavagiyoo dappa gaddavannu belesikondiddene mattu nanna koodalu yavagalu nijavagiyoo kolaku aagiruttade. naanu aaa drashyagalannu chitrikarisuvaga naanu vyasaniyagidda vyaktiyannu bhetiyaade mattu neevu adarinda horabaralu prayatnisuvaga neevu vishraanti padeyalu saadhyavilladantaha neevu anubhavisuva vishayagalannu avaru nanage helidaru. neevu nidde maadalu sadhyavilla, aaddarinda neevu novannu nivaarisalu saakashtu madyavannu kudiyuttiri. gadiyaaravu chalisuttiruvante kanuttilla. obba natanagi, avaru nanage saadhyavaadashtu doora hogalu avakasha maadikottaru. idu hege heraine annu jivanaduddakkoo nilliside endu heluva janarinda patragaloo namma bully iddavu, aaddarinda naavu uttama kelasa madiddeve endu naanu bhavisuttene."kathaavastuvu teredukolluttiddante, dott nikna vyasanavannu tanna kooneyalli bandhisi, peat beal sahayadinda tannaneya tarkiyannu hoguvante ottaayisuva moolaka tadeyalu prayatnisidanu. ee avadhiyalli, raani viktoriyaada jameenudaara eddi rayilannu hatye maadalaayitu. 1991rahra sharatkaaladalli ee koleyu kaaryakramada pramukha kathaahandaravaagittu. eddiya hatyeyaada prasangavannu toney mccale barediddanu; idu udyaanadalli clyde towernier annu olagonda cliffhanger annu eddiya dehada mele nintukondu chakuvannu hididukondu konegonditu, idannu nick tanna malaguva kooneya kitakiyinda nodidanu. nick taanu nodida vishayavannu polisarige heluttaane, idu micheal foularna sahayadinda clyde odihogalu kaaranavaaguttade. zoo vallace antimavagi munde bandu, tanna kotadiyinda tappisikondu drain pipe annu hattida nantara, eddiya koleya ratri chaukadalli nick out annu nodiddene endu helidanu. nick taanu javaabdaaranendu oppikolluttaane aadare adhu apaghaata endu ottaayisuttaane. niknannu taruvaaya bandhisi, eddiya koleya aaropa horisalaaguttade mattu 1993rahra janavariyalli aatanannu vichaaranege olapadisalaaguttade. ondu vaarada moulyada kantugalannu vichaaranege misalidalaayitu, mattu avellavannoo toney jordan barediddaare. nikna vichaaraneya katheyannu prastutapadisalu, karyakrama tayaarakaru swatah saakshyavannu parishilisabekagittu mattu eddiya saavige kaaranavaaguva kantugalannu nodabekagittu. koneyalli, eddiyannu iridu kondaddu nick endu spashtavaadaru, adhu koleye embudu spashtavagiralilla, mattu tirpugaararu tappitastharalla emba tirpannu hindirugisidaru. altman sankshiptavaagi heege helidaru "nijavagiyoo uttama raksaneyannu honduva moolaka mattu mattomme tanna taleyannu kelagilisuva moolaka, avanu koleyinda paaraagiddanu". 1993rahra augustinalli zoon braun (dott patravannu nirvahisuva) saraniyinda nirgamisalu nirdharisidaaga nick annu dott jotege pradarshanadinda horahaakalaayitu. avara nirgamanada kathaahandaravu avara paludara, zoo mattu chikka maga, ashley tuu dott avarannu parichayisitu, avaru aarambhadalli zoo tannannu mosagolisalu prayatnisuttiddaare endu manavarike maadikondaru, ekendare halavaaru varshagala hinde hyaajhelnondige nadeda ghataneyannu avaru nenapisikondaru. nick satyavantaraagiddaarendu dotge manavarikeyaada nantara, avalu shighradalle ashliya hattiravaadalu, mattu kutumbavu ottige samadhige sthalaantaragonditu. 1997ralli zoon braun avaru dott patravannu punaraavartisuvante manavolisuvavarege idu dott mattu nick halavaaru varshagala kaala tere mele kanisikonda koneya chitravagittu. nick hindirugida nantara, nick nannu maadaka dravyagalannu hondiddakkagi matte tereya horage bandhisalaagide mattu zoo mattu ashley aatana aparadha krutyagalinda besattu doora hogiddaare endu dott vivarisidalu. avalu hindirugida swalpa samayada nantara, nick tanna selmate, damien spinksnondige jailininda tappisikondiddaane endu polisaru aakege mahiti niididaru. nick tannannu hanadinda vanchisiddaane endu heluttaa damian chukkeyannu hudukutta baruttaane. avanu ratriyidi avalannu otteyaalaagi ittukolluttaane mattu avala hanavannu kandukonda nantara shighradalle horatu hoguttaane. marudina, polisaru damien teevra niga ghatakadalliddu, allie nikninda irisalaagide endu bahirangapadisuttaare. zaan altman march 1998 ralli aidu varshagala anupasthitiya nantara nick patravannu punaraavartisidaru. nick tadaratri dotna maneyalli behugaarike maaduttiruvudannu nigel bates kandukolluttaane mattu avanige duraviralu helida nantara, nick taanu hintiruguttene endu nigelge echcharike niiduttaane. nick kelavu vaaragala nantara hindiruguttaane, dott tanna maneyalli adagiruvudannu kandukonda nantara. nick dotge tanna heraine vyasanadinda untaaguva aidsninda sayuttiddane endu heluttaane, idannu avalu modalige nambuvudilla aadare nantara manavarike maadikolluttaale. tanna aushadhigaagi hana pavatisalu taanu sashastra darodege yojisuttiddene endu nick bahirangapadisuttaane. nick adannu maaduvudannu bayasade, dott nikgaagi hanavannu vyavasthe maadalu nirdharisuttaane. dott nantara maark foularge bheti needi, avaru prashneyalliruva aushadhigala bagge keliddira endu keluttaare, adhu maark nirakarisuttade. dott nantara clair batesna computernalli aushadhavannu noduttaane mattu aaa aushadhigalu kevala nidre matregalagive endu kandukolluttaane. nick tanna anarogyada bagge sullannu heluttiddaanendu arita dott, avanannu edurisuva modalu polisarige karey maadi, avanannu matte bandhisi jailige kaluhisuttaane. october 2000 ralli, "return off nick cotton" emba shirshikeya vishesha 'sope-bubble' prasaaravaayitu. ee prasangavu nick jailininda bidugadeyaguvudara mele, avana maganondige avana saamarasyada mele kendrikrutavagittu mattu nikna tande charley saha kanisikondiddanu, avana patravu kollalpatta sumaru ondu dashakada nantara pretavagi sankshiptavaagi kanisikondanu. ee prasangavu nick tanna kiriya sahodara martin foularge bhaavaparavashateyannu pooraisuttiruvudannu kanduhidida nantara, nick walfordge maralalu daari maadikottitu, allie avanu maark faular jotegina haleya dveshavannu punarujjeevanagolisidanu. 2001rahra hosa varshada dinadandu, maark nikna paniyavannu spike maadi mattu bridge streetnalliruva viaductne melbhagakke avanannu akarshisi mattu maadaka nick beeluvudannu noduttaane, tannannu taanu tivravagi angavikalagolisikolluttaa. idara nantara, markna manege benki hachchuvante nick aashlege adeshisuttane aadare nick avanannu nirakarisida nantara avanu adannu daatalu sadhyavilla mattu walfordninda horatu hoguttaane. idara nantara, nick phebravari 2001 ralli tatkalikavagi bennuhuri gatakakke nirgamisuttaane. mooru tingala duravidda nantara, avaru 2001rahra mayee tingalalli maralidaru; avarige nadeyalu saadhyavaayitu, aadare innoo uurugoolugala agatyavittu. ee punaragamanavu avara hindina punaragamanakkinta innoo chikkadaagittu, mattu nantara pradarshanadinda hecchu samayada anupasthitiyittu. maarknondige vairavannu munduvarisalu nirdharisida nick, markna garbhini gelati lisaalige bedarike haakalu prarambhisuttane mattu shighradalle markna motaru baikina breakgalannu haalumaadida nantara ashliya saavige karananaguttane, kevala ashliyu adannu kadiyalu mattu crash maadalu maatra. ashliya maranada nantara, dott nick mattu maark naduvina vaadavannu keluttaane mattu nick markna motaru baikina breakgalannu tiruchiddaane endu aritukolluttaane. ashliya antyakriyeya nantara, dott niklannu tanna jeevanadinda horahaakuttaane mattu avanige bittubidalu mattu endigoo hintirugabaaradendu heluttaane, ekendare avalu avanannu endigoo kshamisalu sadhyavaguvudilla. aadaagyoo, santer vivarisidanteh "nikge marali hogalu yavagalu ondu maargaviruttade", ee sthaanavannu "eastender" barahagara james paine bembalisiddaare, avaru heege helidaru "[dott] avaru nambuttaare, naanu bhavisuttene, aalavaagi, avaru badalaavaneya saamarthyavannu hondiddaare, avaru olleya huduganaagirabahudu. avalu adannu bayasuttale iruttaale endu naanu bhavisuttene."2006ralli cancerninda balaluttidda jailu aaspatreyallidda nikninda zim branninge duravani karey bandaaga saamarasyada modala hejje idalaayitu. zim mattu avana mommaga, broadley aarambhadalli idannu chukkeyinda rahasyavagittukondiddaru, aadare broadley tanna gelatige, stacige helidanu, avalu adannu chukkegalige jaaralu bittalu. dott nick avarannu bheti maadalu hodaru, aadare avara cancerninda muktaraadaaga, dott avarannu nodalu nirakarisidaru. 2008rahra october 2randu, nick elu varshagaliginta hecchu duravidda nantara aaa varshada chrismus dinadandu "eestendargalige" maraluttaane endu varadiyaayitu. karyanirvahaka nirmaapaka dedrick santer nick avara maraluvikeyallina avara utsaahada bagge matanadutta, ee patravannu "eestendargala" dantakathe mattu "kaaryakramada atyanta nenapinalliruva mattu atyanta preetiya khalanayakaralli obbaru" endu shlaghisidaru. altman helidaru "elu varshagala anupasthitiya nantara, naanu albert squarege maralalu romanchanagondiddene. bbcu nanage yavagalu nick cotton nante uttama kathaahandaragalannu niidide mattu nick mattomme chaukadaadyanta bhaya mattu dveshavannu haraduttadeye endu nodalu naanu eduru noduttiddene!"zoon braun avaru altmannannu saaboonige marali taralu aaru athawa elu varshagalinda nirmaapakarannu keluttiddaarendu bahirangapadisidaru, ekendare avaribbaroo antaha uttama kelasada sambandhavannu hanchikondaru. valsalnalli samaya kaleda nantara, cotton maralidaru; matte saamaanya reetiyalli nadeyutta, avara elu varshada magalu daatiyondige bandaru. taanu kulitukolluva sthaladalli vasisuttiddaga datiya taayiyaada sandy gibson avarannu bhetiyagiddene mattu aake madyavyasani aagiddu, ittichege nidhanaragiddare, idarindaagi datiya vashadalliddaane endu aata vivarisiddaane. altman vivarisidah "nikge enaadaroo bekittu, ekendare avanu aaa bagilina moolaka nadeyalu avanige swalpa chukke illadiddare, avalu avanannu sampoorna bahishkruta endu pariganisuttiddalu endu naanu bhavisuttene." natanu tanna koneya pradarshanada nantara tanna patradalli itara badalaavanegalannu vivarisidanu, avanu hege kolayigaranagiddanu, hecchu buddhivantikeyinda uduge dharisalu praarambhisidanu, tanna koodalannu hintirugisuvudannu nillisidanu mattu kiviyoleyannu dharisalilla. aarambhadalli anumanaspadavagiddaru, ee baari nick nijavagiyoo badalaagide endu nambi dott avaribbarannoo tanna manege oppikondalu. nick nijavagiyoo sudhaarita patrave endu kelidaaga, altman aspashtavagi ulidaruh "nick maraliddaane, avanige muddaada putta magalu sikkiddaale. avanu kolayigaaranaagiddaane, avanu badalaada manushya. ...athawa aatane?"kathaavastuvu munduvaredante, nick tanna taayiyannu blackmail maadi daatiyannu vashakke tegedukollalu hana niiduvante helidaaga avana nijavaada kaaryasoochiyannu bahirangapadisalaayitu. kathaavastuvina mattondu tiruvinalli, 2009ralli, dotty (nijavaada hesaru kirsty) tanna tandeyondige ottaagi kelasa maaduttiddalu endu prekshakarige bahirangavaayitu. kathaahandaradalli, dotty tanna jeevavima nitigaagi killing dott annu soochisidalu. idannu anusarisi nick elegalu, chukke mele kelasa maadalu anuvu maadikoduttade. mooru tingala nantara avanu hindiruguttaane, nantara avaru dott mattu avala sneehitarige avalu buddhimaandyateyinda balaluttiddaale endu manavarike maaduva yojaneyannu prarambhisuttare, dott annu kolluvudu mattu avala kshinisuttiruva manasika sthitige avala saavannu dooshisuvudu nikna guriyagide. chaukadalli nick avara alpavadhiya vaastavyada samayadalli, avaru jays dier avarannu hege sayalu bittaru mattu niyamita pavatigalannu beduva moolaka billiyannu blackmail maadidaru athawa billi enu maadidaru endu jaysna maga jege heluttiddaru endu billi mitchel dotge heluvudannu avaru kelidaru. billia sodarasambandhi philge ee vishaya tilidaaga, avanu nick nannu raani vikna barrell angadige karedoydanu, allie avanu avanannu thalisi kurchiyondakke kattihakuttane. nick off annu hedarisalu mattu idannu konegolisalu phil billige avakasha niididaru, aadaagyoo, billi avanannu bittu hogi jege swatah satyavannu helidanu. tanna preetiya taayiyannu kollalu tanna swanta magalondige sanchu zoon 2009 ralli paradeya mele parakashthegolluttadeh daatiyu manassu badalaayisida nantara nikna yojaneyu avyavasthegolluttade mattu antimavagi nikge maadaka dravyavannu sevisuva badalu tanna ajjige vishapooritavaguvudarinda rakshisuttade. idu halavaaru ghatanegalige kaaranavaaguttade, adara moolaka nick, tanna yojaneyannu bahirangapadisida nantara tappisikolluva prayatnadalli, samudaayada vividha sadasyarannu kepheyalli otteyalagittukondidda mattu heather trat nick annu chip pange tallida nantara aakasmika benkiyannu prarambhisuttane. otteyaalugalli obbaraagidda nick mattu rayan maloy naduvina jagaladindagi otteyaalugalu tappisikolluvalli yashasviyaguttare. idu kepheyalli spotakke kaaranavaaguttade mattu olage nick mattu bradley hottugalu huttuttave. kathaavastuvu mattomme altman pradarshanadinda nirgamisuvudannu gurutisitu. avana nirgamanada prasangavannu cliffhanger endu bareyalaagide, ekendare sanchikeya koneyalli nick spotadinda badukulididdaaneye endu bahirangapadisalaagilla. aadaagyoo, mundina sanchikeyalli, zoon 4,2009 randu, nick spotadinda badukulididdaanendu torisalaagide mattu broadley kannige gaayagalaagiddu aaspatrege daakhalisalaagide. mattomme daatninda nirakarisalpatta nantara nick nirgamisuttaane. nick tanna taayige dotty kettadu endu vivarisidaroo daatiyannu dotna aaraikeyalli bidalaaguttade. 2014rahra janavariyalli, dotna ladger gasagase hullugaavalige nikninda phone karey baruttade, avaru dott jote maatanaadalu bayasuttaare. nick ketta suddi endu shaaran rickman helida nantara, avalu tannondige maatanaadalu avanige avakasha needalu niraakarisuttaale. eradu tingala nantara, hindina vaaradalli heraine mitimeerida sevaneyinda nick usiraatada vaiphalyadinda savannappiddane endu polisaru dotge tilisuttaare. nikna maga charley cotton ee suddiyannu bahirangapadisuva police adhikarigalalli obbanagiddane. 1980rahra dasakadalli nick tanna taayi yavonne avarondige maadikondidda alpavadhiya maduveyinda aata garbhiniyagiddane endu charley vivarisuttaane. antyakriyeya samayadalli, charley mattu undertaker less kokar shavapettigeyalli chukkegalannu noduvudannu tadeyuttaare. dott anumanaspadanagiddu, satyavannu helalu yavonnelannu ahvaanisuttaale mattu charley tanna mommaga endu dotge bharavase niiduttaale. kelavu vaaragala nantara, caroll jackson chaarlige salahe keluttaane, avanu tanna phone annu avala maneyalli bittuhodaaga, avalu karege uttarisuttaale mattu nick innoo badukiddaane endu kandukolluttaale. idara nantara, charley police adhikaariyante natisuttiddaane mattu vaastavaagi yavonne kelasa maaduva aaraike maneyalli aaraikedaaranaagiddaane endu tilidubandide. charley tanna kaarina kitakigalannu odedide endu kanduhidiyalu kelasa maaduttaane, nikninda sandeshadondige, avanu adannu maadiddaane endu drudhikarisuttaane. october 2014 ralli, nick tanna nakali saavina elu tingala nantara albert squarenalli matte kanisikolluttane. karyanirvahaka nirmaapaka dominic treadwell collins avaru antima ketta nick kathaahandaravannu niiduvudaagi bharavase niididaru mattu ellah nick kathegalannu konegolisuvudu nick katheyagiruttade. charley mattu avana nishchita vara rony mitchel dott avara maneyalli nick annu kandu hedaruttaare. nick avarige dinada antyada velege £10,000 ge blackmail maaduttaane, athawa avanu jivantavagiddane endu bahirangapadisuttaane. charley philnannu saala keluttaane, avanu opputtaane aadare chaarlige tiliyade, avanu avanige kagadada chilavannu niiduttaane mattu charley adannu nikge niididaaga hanavilla endu kandukolluttaane. hallowein ratriyalli, charley nick jivantavagiddane endu bahirangapadisuttaane, avanu avanannu hudukalu hoguttaane aadare avanu hodaaga, dott avanannu tanna maneyalli kandukolluttaane. taanu abharana vyaparigalobbara maneyalli darode nadesiddene endu nick bahirangapadisuttaane mattu charley tanna saavannu nakali endu manavarike maadikoduttaane. dott nick annu maremachalu opputtaane, avaru avanannu bittuhogalu saakashtu hanavannu sangrahisuvavarege. ee samayadalli, dott mattomme nikninda kushalateyinda nirvahisalpaduttaane mattu avanu alliddaane endu santoshapadalu prarambhisuttane, avalu antimavagi avanondige taayi-magana sambandhavannu hondabahudu endu nambuttaale. dotna maneyalli silukikonda nick, horage hogalu nirdharisuttaane aadare avanannu gurutisida eoin beal, nick jivantavagiddane endu phil mattu sharange heluttaane. phil nick mele daali maadalu dotna manege suttuttaane aadare rony adannu nillisuttaane. philna 100,000 pound hanavannu kadiyuva moolaka nikge lancha needalu rony prayatnisuttaane aadare avanu charley mattu rony avara maduvege hindiruguttaane. avanannu shaashvatavaagi todeduhaakalu avanannu kolluva bagge rony mattu phil matanaduvudannu kelida nick, rony kaarina breakgalannu kattarisalu nirdharisuttaane. maduveya svaagata samaarambhadalli avalu herigege olagaada nantara, rony, charley mattu avala sahodari, roxy kaaru apaghaatadalli todaguttaare, adhu nantara emma summerhase annu kolluttade, aadare rony komaadalli ulidide. nick kaarina breakgalannu kattarisiddaane endu yavonne kandukolluttaane aadare tanna coat paaketnalli enneyukta rogg annu neduva moolaka phil annu frame maadalu manavolisuttaane. nick enu maadiddaanendu yavonne chaarlige heluttaane aadare rony avanige lancha needalu balasida hanada swalpa bhagadondige nick annu hidiyuvavarege avanu avalannu nambuvudilla. nantara nick yavonnenannu rony apaghaatadalli silukisuttaane aaddarinda charley avaribbarigoo horatuhogalu heluttaane. dott pakkada maneyalli nick annu adagisiduttaane mattu nikge heraine annu padeyuttaane. dotna ladger fatboy adannu kandukolluttaane mattu nillisalu avalannu ottaayisuttaane, aaddarinda avalu nick annu nodidaga avalu ronigaagi phil annu frame maaduva bagge polisarige oppikolluvante ottaayisuttaale aadare avanu rony bagge kalaji vahisuvudilla endu heluttaane, avalu koleyuttaale endu taanu bhavisuttene endu heluttaane. nantara, dott nick pragnaaheena sthitiyalliddaanendu kandukolluttaane aadare swalpa samayadavarege pragne marali padeyuttaane. tanna koneya ksanagalalli, nick 1985ralli regg coxna saavige taanu kaarananendu bahirangapadisuttaane. nick dotna tolugalalli saayuttaane, moovattu varshagala hinde regg patteyaada adhe sthaladalli. dott jailige hoguvudannu tappisalu less kokarna sahayadinda nikna dehavannu todeduhaakalu yojisuva chaarlige nick sayalu biduvudaagi dott oppikolluttaane. kaaryakramada moovattane vaarshikotsavada sandarbhadalli 19 phebravari 2015 randu prasaaravaada nera sanchikeyalli, kaaryakramada modala sanchikeya modala drashyavannu marusrushtisalaayitu. stacey, martin mattu kush kazemi avaru denne whats, orther faller mattu allie osman avaru moovattu varshagala hinde regg cox annu kandukonda reetiyalliye nikna dehavannu kandukolluttaare. dott nick nannu kolluttiruvudannu oppikolluttaane mattu polisaru avanannu karedoyyuttaare. marudina aatana dehavannu maneyinda horategeyalaaguttade. mooru tingala nantara, dott nikna narahatyegaagi 14 tingala jailu siksheyannu padeyuttaane aadare naalku tingala nantara avalu bidugadeyaguttale. nick avara antyakriyeyu zoon 2015 ralli nadeyuttade, charley, roxy mattu avara mommaga mathue maatra hajariruttare. 2021ralli, nick marana hondida sumaru entu varshagala nantara, dotty (millie jheero) avana magalalla mattu avala tande nikna malasahodara tomm cotton (brian conley) endu bahirangavaguttade. aadaagyoo, 2022ralli, idu sullu mattu nick nijavagiyoo datiya tande endu bahirangavaguttade. tanna patravannu salingakami maaduva nirdhaaravannu virodhisida nantara nirmaapakarige pradarshanadinda 'avanannu horahakalu' helalaayitu endu altman bahirangapadisidaru. svaagata. nick cotton "eastender" naa atyanta prasiddha khalanayakaralli obbaragiddare. 2004rahra aidu samikshegalalli avara 'nichate' yuu 25neey "shreshtha sope ksana" endu aaykeyaagittu, mattu channel 4rahra samiksheyalli avaru 4neey atyanta khalanayakana duradarshana patravagi aaykeyaagiddaru. "raksaka" ankanakara charley brooker nikna khalanayakana patravannu nirakarisiddare, aadaagyoo, heege bareyuttaareh "aaa vyakti kevala bedarikeyalla; avanu argos catalognastu ardhadashtu bhayanakanagiddane. ["pattaabhisheka beedi" khalanayaka] jez kwigliyu, ittichege sikkibidda balipashugalu, aluttaa, biddavara raktadalli snana maadalu manege dhavisuva modalu, onix stallion sawari maaduvudannu anandisuttiddante kanuttiddaga, nick cotton, neevu avana hinde kayuttiruvaga, avanu tanna koodalannu koneyadaagi yavaga tolediddanendu ashcharya paduvantaha, supermarket checkout hudugiyondige custard tinna beleyannu vivaadisabahudu."makkala duradarshana karyakramavada" "balamori" "yalli altman kanisikondaga" "dhii times" "naa fiona mccade ee patravannu vidambanege olapadisuttaa, poshakarige heege salahe niididaruh" "sopna ketta huduga varnaranjita, kaalpanika swargakke eruvaaga nimma makkala kannugalannu mucchikollalu siddaragiri, miss hooley, pisi plum annu asamaadhaanagolisuvudu mattu josie jump maaduvudu embudaralli sandehavilla". gulabi bannada kettaneyannu dharisi dodda gulabi koteyalli obbantiyagi vasisuva dundaada, harshachittadinda aisharami hudugana surakshateya baggeyoo nanage bhayavide. pattanadalli nick jote, avanige avakashavilla." zaan altman avaru "british sope awards 2015" nalli 'varshada khalanayaka' endu namanirdeshanagondaru, aadare holliox starr jeremi shefield viruddha sotaru.

nick kottan 1985 februvari 19 nuu soppinte aadya episodil ninnu ardha-pathiv adisthaanathil joonn altman avatharippicha britiish sopp oopparayaaya "eestendezhsil" ninnulla oru saangalppika kathapaathramaanu nicolas chaals "nick" kottan. nirmmaathaav juuliya smith thante kathaapaathrathe swavarggaanuraagiyaakkaalanu theerumaanathe athirthathinethudarnnu thanne ezhuthikkazhiyanamennu aavasyappettathaanu thante aadya purathukadakkalennu altman prasthaavichu. smithinte pokkinu sesham, "eesttendezhsinte" 30-aamm vaarshikathodanubandhichu 2015 februvariyil addehathinte oonskreen maranam vare eee kathaapaathram niravadhi hraswamo kooduthal dairkhyameriyatho aaya pravartthanangal nadatthi. 1985-ll paripaadiyude aadya ramgathil abodhaavasthayil kandethiya regg koksinte (johnny kleydan) maranathinu nick kottan pradhana kaaranamaayi, thudarnnulla episodil addeham marichathaayi velippeduthi. krithyamaayi 30 varsham munbu regg maricha athe sthalathu nick marichathinaal nikkinte maranam bhaagikamaayi reginte maranatthinte punarnirmmaanamaayi ezhuthappettu. oru ethiraali, mayakkumarunnu upayogikkunnayaal, kolayali ennee nilakalilaayirunnu nikkinte praadhamika pravartthanam. shoyude srashtaakkalaaya tonny holland juuliya smith chernnaanu addehathe vibhavanam cheythath. hollandileyum smithinteyum yadhaartha thirakkathayekkurichulla ezhuthukaarante prathikaranatthe adisthaanamaakki nick ulppeduthi, ithu regg koksinte kolapaathakatthe kendreekarichaayirunnu, avarude kolayali aadyam velippeduthaan uddeshichirunnilla. aakramanakaariyaayirikkunnathu shoyk kooduthal naadakeeyamaaya kathaasaahithyam nalkunnathinumaayaan nick srishtikkappettathu. shoyile thante kaalayalavil, phil michel (steevu mcfadden), billie michel (perry fenwick), mishel foular (susanne tilly), maarkk foular (david scarboro/tooad carty), lisa foular (lucie benjamin), tonny marappanikkaaran (ooskaar jaims), alii oosmaan (nedjatt salih), peette beal (peettar deane), kaathi beal (gillian tailforth), clyde tavernier (steevan woodcock), naigal betts (pooll bradley), denne whats (lessie graandham), edii skinner (richard vaanstan), charley chaarliston (charley chaarliston), charley hancock (vuman chaarliston), charley chaarliston (vuman chaa nick oru "outtu aandu outtu villan" aayi upayogikkunnu. moshamaayi perumaarukayum kooduthal sookshumamaaya swabhaavavum veendedukkalum aavasyamulla mattu sopp kathapaathrangalil ninnu vyathyasthamayi, nikkine oru samboornna "mosham manushyan" aayi upayogikkaan kazhiyumennu executive nirmmaathaav dominic treadwell-collins nirddeshichu. guardian" enna kathaapaathrathinte oru television niroopakan abhipraayappettath, eee kaaranathaal, kathaapaathrathinte bheeruthvaparamaaya uddeshyangal kazhchakkaar apoorvvamaayi maathrame chodyam cheythittulloo, kaaranam addehathinte praadhamika pravartthanam "araajakathvathinte ejantu" aanu. oru kathaapaathrathil addeham avatharippikkunna dushtathayude thoth kooduthal kaalam nilanirthaan kazhiyaathathinal shoyile nikkinte prathyakshappedal hraswamaayirikkanamennum abhiprayappettu. nikkinte ettavum pradhanappetta bandham amma dott kottanumayullathaanu (juun braun). ithu sankeernavum pravarthanarahithavum oru paridhivare chaakrikavumaayathaayi chithreekarikkappedunnu, nick thante ammayude jeevithathil nirantharam praveshikkukayum munkaala kuttakrithyangalkku aval avanodu shamikkukayum cheiyunnu (avalude bingo vijayangal moshtikkaan avale kollan sramikkunnathu ulppede), thudarnnu nikkinte yadhaartha uddeshyangal velippeduthumbol niraasanaakunnu, palappozhum saikkil aavarthikkunnathin munbu thaalkkaalikamaayi aanenkilum naadukadatthalil avasaanikkunnu. 2015-ll nikkinte aathyanthika maranam eee bandhathinu adaranjali arppikkunnu, dotinoppam-oduvil nikkinte villan perumaattatthinte vyaapthi manassilakkukayum mattaanulla kazhivillaayma amgeekarikkukayum cheiyunnu-aathyanthikamayi nikkine marikkaan anuvadikkaan theerumaanikkunnu, heroininode marakamaaya prathikaranam undayathinushesham vaidyasahaayam thedunnathinupakaram, nick jeevikkano marikkano ennu theerumaanikkaan yeshuvine anuvadikkuka ennathaanu avalude uddeshyam. srishti. tonny hollandinteyum juuliya smithinteyum eestendarmaarude srashtaakkal kandupidicha irupathinaalaamathe kathapaathramaanu nick kottan. eestendarmaare" kurichulla hollandinteyum smithinteyum yadhaartha kaazhchappaadinte bhagamaayirunnilla nick, addehathinte srishti oru pilkkala chinthayaayi vannu. parambarayude aadya episodil thante veettil krooramaayi aakramikkappedukayum marikkaan vidukayum cheytha oru prayamaaya thaamasakkaaranaaya regg koksinte maranam ulppeduthuka ennathaayirunnu. uddeshicha kathaapaathrangaleyum aadyakaala thirakkathakaleyum ezhuthukaarkku parichayappedutthiya aadyathe ezhuthukaarude yogathil, oororutharum swathanthramaayi arian aagrahichu eathu kathapaathramaanu regine konnath. ennirunnaalum, holland smith orikkalum kolayaliye anaavaranam cheyyaan uddeshichirunnilla. aaraan regg coxine konnathennu avarkk ariyillaayirunnu, koodaathe "aaraan" ennathu pradhaanamallenn avarkk thonni. oru aakramanathethudarnnu addeham marichuvennathu pradhana prashnamaayirunnu, reginte kolapathakam pariharikkappedaan uddeshichullathalla, thudakkam muthal, walford parukkan kadinavumaaya sthalamaanennu prekshakarodu parayaan mathramaayirunnu athu. ezhuthukaar ithine ethirthu. holland oru valia avasaram paazhaakkiyenn avar aaropikkukayum oru kolapathaka vetta prekshakare aakarshikkunna naadakeeyamaaya saadhyathakalude oru nira nalkumennu nirddeshikkukayum cheythu. irupathimoonnu yadhaartha kathapaathrangalkkum kuttakrithyam cheyyaan kazhiyillennu theerumaanicha sesham, nick kottan roopathil poornnamaayum puthiya oru kathaapaathram kandupidikkaan holland theerumaanichu. nikkinte yadhaartha kathapatra rooparekha ingane "addehathinte chithram maacho maathramullathaan. aazhchakal kazhiyumbol aprathyakshamaakunnu. amma chodyangal chodikkunnilla... denil ninnu vyathyasthamayi, nick oru yadhaartha vanjakanaanu. aalukalude rahasyathmakathayilekkum veedukalilekkum puzhukkal kadannupokunnu. annumuthal, thante budhiyil jeevikkunnu. adikkaan nimishatthinaayi kaathirikkunnu; panam nikatthi aprathyakshamakkaan...saadhaaranayaayi, eathenkilum kaaranathaal, avane report cheyyaan bhayappedunna irakale thiranjedukkunnu...nick oru heroine adimayaanu ". nick oru ardha-pathiv kathaapaathramaakaan mathramullathinaal, juuliya smith addehathinte abhinethaakkalil ulppettirunnilla, nadan joonn altmane samvidaayakar thiranjedutthu. ennirunnaalum, nick uyarnna holloway (toom vaatt) yumayi swavarggaanuraagabandham pularthunnuvennu chithreekarikkaan nick visammathichathinethudarn athu swabhaavathinu purathaanennu karuthiyathinaal avane purathaakkanamennu avar abhyarthichu. vikasanavum kathakalum. eestendezhs" executive producer dedrick saantar nikkine "shoyude pradhana villan" ennaanu visheshippichathu. thante aduthullavarude vedanayilum durithatthilum abhivridhi praapicha" oru nunayanum kallanum kolapaathakiyumaanennu shoyile kathaapaathrathinte samayam vivarikkunna oru "eastendarmaar velippeduthi" enna documentary addehathe kanakkakki. sahatharam charley clements (bradley branning) prasthaavichu "ningal sopp mosham aalukaleyaan chinthikkunnathu, nick kottan theerchayaayum avaril ettavum mikachavarodoppam undu", athesamayam lesley graandam (denne whats) abhipraayappettath "nick kottanil oru rideem savisheshathayum illa" ennaanu. eee vilayiruthal parambarayude katha nirmmathaavaaya dominic treadwell-collins pankittu, addeham vishadeekarichu "oru outtu aandu outtu villan undaayirikkunnathu nallathaanu. chilappol ningalkk oru kathaapaathram labikkukayum 'ooo, avarkkum oru nalla vashamundaayirikkanam, orupakshe nammal avaye alppam veendedukkanam.'nikkinte kaaryatthil athonnum prashnamalla. ningalkk phul pelttu, phoott-oonn-dhii-aaksilarettar mosham aalkk pookaam."kuttikkaalathu pithaavinte abhaavathil nikkinte adhaarmikathaye kuttappedutthi, orikkal polum thante kathaapaathram manoharamaayirunnuvennu thanikk oorkkaan kazhiyunnilla enna vastutha joonn altman charcha cheythittundu. nick thante ammayaya dott kottanumaayi (juun braun) pankidunna "athbhuthakaramaayi pravarthanarahithamaaya amma-makan bandham", nikkinte thettaaya pravartthanangalude charithram pariganikkathe thanne avalkk mattoru avasaram nalkaanulla avalude nirantharamaaya sannadhatha ennivayekkurichu saantar charcha cheythittundu. saantar vishadeekarichu "aarenkilum maariyenn pratheekshikkan ningal dhairyappedunna oru kaaryamund, athu sarikkum daarunamaanu. avar ningale nooru thavana niraashappeduthiyittundu, ennittum avar noorum aadyavum maarumennu ningal ippozhum prathekshikkunnu."dott" "[nikkinte] jeevithathile oru suhruthu" "aanennu graandam prasthaavichittundel treadwell-collins urappichu" "dott ellaayppozhum avanodu shamikkaan pookunnu". athaanu nikkinteyum dottinteyum soundaryam."eee vikaarathodu yojichukondu, altman sammathichu" avan enthu cheythaalum aval avanodu shamikkum. charithrathiludaneelam niravadhi gundakalude ammamarum angane thanne cheythu. orupakshe alle kaponinte amma avan oru madhuramulla kuttiyaanennu karuthi, ningalkariyaamo?" eestendezhs" enna chithratthinte aadya episode aarambhichath thante flaattil prayamaaya resident regg cox (johnny kleydan) abodhaavasthayilaayenna kandethalilanu. regg pinneedu marikkukayum pinneedulla episodukalil addehathe nick kolappeduthiyathaayi velippeduthukayum cheiyunnu. holland smith eee parambara naadakeeyamaaya reethiyil avatharippikkan aagrahichu, koodaathe regg cox katha oru nalla thudakkamaanennu vishwasikkukayum ithu samoohathile vividha amgangale vrudhante kolapaathakatthinte saahacharyangalil earppedaano abhiprayam parayaano anuvadikkukayum cheythu. alii oosmaanumaayulla (najdat salih) poraattatthinu sesham kween victoria pabbinte glass doorr vindoyiloode kuthikkondu avasaanikkunna aadya episodinte avasaanathil nick "eestendezhs" enna aadya drum roll anuvadichukondu avasaanikkunna aadya episodinte avasaanam "thudakkam muthal thanne thuppunna, chulivulla oru mrugamaayi" nick sthaapithamaayathaayi saantar vishadeekarichu. police anweshanathinte eathaanum aazhchakalkk sesham, pradhana prathi nick ethel skinnare (grechan franklin) mug cheyyaan shramicha sesham square vittu, eprilil addehathe arast cheythathayi report cheyyappettu. joolaiyil nikkinte amma dottine abhinethaakkalkku parichayappedutthiya sesham, nikkinu probationil ninnu rakshappedaan kazhinjuvennu avar prekshakare ariyichu, adutha maasam addeham albert squarilekku madangi. madangiyethiya addeham harrold leginte (leonard phentan) sasthrakriya nadathukayum kaadhi beelinte (gillian tailforth) medical rekhakal kandethukayum avarkk 14-aamm vayassil oru kunju undennu kandethukayum cheythu. kaathiyude bharthaavaaya peettinodu (peettar deane) pathivayi panam nalkiyillengil ithu velippeduthumennu nick bheeshanippeduthunnu. kaadhi taamasiyaathe peettinodu sathyam parayunnu, athinte falamaayi avan theruvinte madhyathil nikkine adikkunnu. ithinethudarnnu, idaykkide sandarshikkunna dott ozhike, nallathin square vidaan denne nikkine munnariyipp nalkunnu, allengil avan marakamaaya prathyaaghaathangal neridendivarum. adutha kurachu varshangalil nick hrasvamaayi prathyakshappedukayum oduvil 1987 octoberil thante pithaav charley (christopher hancock) kandumuttukayum cheyyumbol iruvarum yaadrishchikamaayi dott sandarshikkaan athunnu. thangalkk parasparam chuttikkaranganamenn aagrahamillenn nikkum charley parasparam vyakthamaakkunnu. chila kuttavaalikalil ninnu moshtichathinu sesham nick olichirikkukayaanennu charley kandethukayum nikkinte kuttakrithyangalkku jayilil poya nikkinte pazhaya suhruthaaya graham clarkil ninnu nick olichirikkukayaanennum kandethukayum cheiyunnu. charley graahathe veettilekku praveshippichu nikkine neridaan anuvadikkukayum avane pookaan nirbandhikkukayum cheiyunnu, allengil avan avane olippichirikkunna kuttavaalikalkk kaimarunnu. 1988-ll, nick mayakkumarunnu kuttakrithyangalkku dickens hill jayilil jayil shiksha anubavikkunnu, avide, yaadrishchikamaayi, theevechathinu denne thadavilaakkappedunnu. eee kaalayalavilaanu reginte kolapaathakatthinte rahasyam oduvil pariharikkappedunnathu, nick utharavaadiyaanennu sammathichappozhaan. 1989-ll, nikkilekkulla oof-screen sandarshanangaliloode, thaan hassel (virgenia fiol) enna sthriye vivaham kazhichuvennum oru kochumakalundennum dott manassilakkunnu; thanteyum dottinteyum pirimurukkamulla bandham kaaranam nick avalodu munkootty parayaathirunnu. 1989 meyy maasathil hassel dott daun track cheyyukayum dorothy nikkola enna kuttiyumayi avale sandarshikkukayum cheythu; avar sandarshichathil dott valare santhushtayaayathinaal moow kasaayikkoottunnayaalum (edna dorre) maarj green (paatt combs) oru brauni maarchil pankedukkunnathil ninnu aval pinmari. ithu nunayaanennu pinneedu velippedukayum kunju haasalinte anantharavalaanennu kandethukayum cheythu. nick oru ardha-pathiv kathaapaathram maathramaayirunnuvenkilum, addehathinte edaykkideyulla veshangal ellaayppozhum shoyil valia swaadheenam cheluthunnathinaayi thirakkathayezhuthi, athupole thanne addehathinte kathaasaahithyangalil ulppettirikkunna ellah kathaapaathrangalum. shoyude aadya kurachu varshangalil addeham veendum prathyakshappedukayum palathavana pookukayum cheythu, ithu oro thavanayum ettavum valia naashamundakki, koodaathe pathrangal "mosham nick" enna kathaapaathrathe brand cheyyaan thudangunnathinu adhikam samayamayirunnilla. altman abhiprayappettu "aalukal verukkan eshtappedunna britiish tvyile kathaapaathrangalilonnaayinathil avar nick thirike konduvarunnathayi njaan karuthunnu". pothujanangal eee kathaapaathrathe eshtappedaathathine walfordile saangalppika nivaasikal pankittu, altman vishadeekarichu "oro thavanayum avan madangiyethumbol ellaavarum avane upekshikkunnu. mosham kauboy pattanatthilekku varunnathupoleyaanu ithu-ellaavarum shutterukal thaazhtthi baar poottunnu." eestendezhs" seerees kansalttant saiman aashdoun abhipraayappettukondu eee kathaapaathrathinte roopam eee eshtappedaatha, "vrithiketta" chithrathinu anuyojyamaaya reethiyil roopakalppana cheythittundu; "avan varumbol, eee vyakthi moshamaanenn ningalkariyam. avanu karutha mudiyum skaulum lether jacket undu. avan atharakkaaranaanu, avan oru dicancian baadiyaan."2000 muthal 2001 vare nikkinte makan ashley kottan aayi abhinayicha franky fittsjerald sammathichu" "mosham nikkinte roopam, ningalkariyaamo, avan oru mosham aalaayirunnu". avan oru suit dharikkumbozhum, avanu ippozhum kammal undu, avanu ippozhum mothirangalundu, avante kazhuthil ippozhum taattoo undu." 1990-ll nikkinte ettavum sradheyamaaya thirichuvaravukalilonnu sambhavichu. thaan veendum janicha kristhyaaniyaanennu avakaashappett nick ammayude jeevithathilekku madangi, ithu bingoyil avalude 10,000 poundu vijayavumaayi poruthappettu. "eestendezhs" ezhuthukaariyaaya saaraa felps vishadeekarichu "dottinayi, yeshu oduvil nikkinodu samsaarichuvenna ashayam, avalude chrismus oresamayam varunnathaayirunnu! nikkinu athu ariyamaayirunnu. yeshu ennodoppam nadakkunnu' ennu nick parayukayum thudarnnu purathupoyi aareyengilum chavittukayo avarude pezhs nikathukayo cheiyumennu vyakthamaayirunnu."oru vyaja purohithante sahaayathode, thante ammaye thante puthuthayi kandethiya vishwaasathekkurichu bodhyappedutthaan nikkinu kazhinju, thudarnnu avalude bhakshanasheelangal niyantrikkaanum panam aavasyappedunnathinaayi visham nalkaanum oru mandagathiyilulla pracharanam aarambhichu. pii ezhuthiya kathayude paryavasanamaaya episode.jeey. dottinte veettil maathram sajjeekarichirikkunna hammondil nick, dott, charley, ethel, alastair ennee vyaja purohithanmaar adangunna asaadhaaranamaaya oru cheria abhinethaakkal undaayirunnu. avasana nimisham, "orikkal nikkinte nalla vashathinte oru thilakkam njangal kandappol" ennu altman vilichathil, nick thante padhathiyil ninnu pinmaarukayum avale kollan uddeshicha vishamulla bhakshanam kazhikkunnathil ninnu dott nirthukayum cheythu. orikkalkkoodi, thante makan thannodu cheyyaan thayyarayathil takarnna hridayam kondu dott thanichaayi. nick walfordil ninnu adhikam neram akaleyaayirunnilla. 1991ll addeham heroine aasakthiyumayi madangiyethiyenkilum thudakkathil dott addehathe ozhivaakkukayum sahayathinaayulla addehathinte abhyarthanakal avaganikkukayum cheythu. charley marichuvennu kandethiyathinushesham maathramaan nick avalude eaka kudumbam avasheshikkukayum avane parishkarikkaan dridanishchayam nadathukayum cheythath. kathayekkurichu charcha cheythukondu altman paranju "heroine asakti sarikkum ksheenithamaanennu njaan kandethi, kaaranam njaan valare kattiyulla thaadi valarthi, ente mudi ellaayppozhum sarikkum malinamaayirunnu. aaa ramgangal chithreekarikkumbol njaan oru adimayaaya oraale kandumutty, ningal athil ninnu rakshappedaan shramikkumbol ningalkk vishramikkaan kazhiyaathathupolulla ningal kadannupokunna karyangal addeham ennodu paranju. ningalkk urangaan kazhiyaathathinal vedana illaathaakkaan dhaaraalam madyam kudikkunnu. clock chalikkunnathayi thonnunnilla. oru nadanenna nilayil, avar enne sarikkum enikku kazhiyunnathra munnott kondupokaan anuvadichu. athu engane avare aajeevanantha heroyinil ninnu ozhivaakkunnuvenn parayunna aalukalil ninnulla kathukalum njangalude pakkalundaayirunnu, athinaal njangal oru nalla jolie cheythuvennu njaan karuthunnu."goodaalochana nadannappol, nikkinte asakti niyantrikkaan dott avane muriyil poottukayum peett beelinte sahaayathode thanutha turkic pookaan nirbandhikkukayum cheythu. eee kaalayalavil victoria raajnjiyude bhoovudama eddi royil kollappettu. 1991 leeii sharathkaalathe shoyude pradhana kathaavasthuvaayirunnu kolapathakam. eddi kollapetta episode tonny maachal ezhuthiyathaanu; poonthottatthil eddiyude sareerathinu mukalil nilkkunna clyde tavernier oru kathiyum pidichu nick thante kidappumuriyude janala ninnu saakshyam vahikkunna oru cliffhangerilaanu ithu avasaanichathu. thaan kandathenthaanenn nick policinode parayukayum ithu maikkil foularude sahaayathode clyde oodippokunnathilekku nayikkukayum cheiyunnu. ediyude kolapaathakatthinte raathriyil thante muriyil ninnu rakshappett oru draine pipe kayarikkond squareil nick outtu kandathayi joou valas oduvil munnott vannu. thaan utharavaadiyaanennu nick sammathikkunnu, pakshe athoru apakadamaanennu nick vaadikkunnu. pinneedu nick arastilaavukayum ediyude kolapaathakathinu kuttaropithanaakukayum 1993 januvariyil vichaarana neridukayum cheiyunnu. oraazhchathe moolyamulla episodukal vichaaranaykkaayi neekkivachu, avayellaam tonny jordan ezhuthiyathaanu. nikkinte vichaaranayude katha avatharippikkunnathin, prograam nirmmaathaakkalkk thanne thelivukal avalokanam cheyyukayum ediyude maranathilekku nayicha episodukal kaanukayum cheyyendivannu. oduvil, eddiye kuthiyathinu nick utharavaadiyaanennu vyakthamaayirunnuvenkilum athu kolapaathakamaayirunnuvennu vyakthamalla, juurii kuttakkaaranallenna vidhi thirike nalki. altman sangrahichu "sarikkum nalla prathirodham nadathukayum orikkalkkoodi thala kunikkukayum cheythathiloode addeham kolapaathakatthil ninnu rakshapettu". 1993 augustil juun braun (dott play cheiyunna) parambarayil ninnu pinmaran theerumaanichappol nick dotinoppam shoyil ninnu ezhuthappettu. avarude purappedunna katha addehathinte pankaliyaaya soyeyum ilaya makanaaya ashley dotilekku parichayappedutthi, varshangalkk munbu hassel upayogichulla sambhavam oorthappol zoo thanne kabalippikkaan shramikkukayaanennu thudakkathil bodhyappettu. nick sathyasandhanaanennu dottinu bodhyappettappol, aval vegathil aashliyumaayi aduppathilaavukayum kudumbam orumichu shavakudeerathilekku maarukayum cheythu. 1997ll juun brounine dott enna kathaapaathrathe aavarthikkaan prerippikkunnathuvare niravadhi varshangalolam dott nikkum screenil prathyakshappedunnathu ithaadyamaayirunnu. mayakkumarunnu kaivasham vachathinu nick veendum screenin purathu arastilaayathaayum, joyum ashley criminal pravrithikalil maduthu maarippoyathaayum dott thirichethiyappol vishadeekarichu. madangiyethiya udan thanne, nick thante selmett damian spinkukalodoppam jayilil ninnu rakshappettathayi police avale ariyichu. panatthil ninnu nick thanne vanjichuvennu paranju damian dott thirayunnu. avan avale oru ratri bandiyaakkukayum avalude panam kandethiya udan thanne pookukayum cheiyunnu. adutha divasam, damian theevraparicharana vibhaagathilaanennu police velippeduthunnu, avide nick aanu. 1998 maarchil anchu varshathe abhaavathinu sesham joonn altman nick enna kathaapaathrathe aavarthichu. ratri vaikiyum nick dottinte veettil chaarappani cheiyunnathaayi nigel betts kandethukayum avanodu akannunilkkaan paranja sesham, nick nigelinu thaan thirichethumennu munnariyipp nalkukayum cheiyunnu. eathaanum aazhchakalkk sesham nick madangiyethunnu, avan avalude veettil olichirikkunnathayi dott kandethunnu. nick dottinode parayunnu, heroine asakti moolamundaakunna aids moolamaanu thaan marikkunnathenn, athu aval aadyam vishwasikkunnillengil pinneedu bodhyappedunnu. thante marunnin panam nalkunnathinaayi oru sayudha kavarcha aasoothranam cheiyukayaanennu nick velippeduthunnu. nick athiloode kadannupokaan aagrahikkathe, nikkinu panam krameekarikkaan dott theerumaanikkunnu. dott pinneedu maarkk foulare sandarshikkukayum samshayaaspadamaaya mayakkumarunnukalekkuri kettittundo ennu chodikkukayum cheiyunnu, athu maarkk nishedhikkunnu. dott pinneedu clair bettsinte computeril marunnu nokkukayum marunnukal urakka gulikakal maathramaanennu kandethukayum cheiyunnu. nick thante rogathekkurichu ellaayppozhum kallam parayukayaanennu manassilakkiya dott avane abhimukeekarikkunnathinu munbu poleesine vilikkukayum veendum arast cheyth jaililekku ayaykkukayum cheiyunnu. 2000 octoberil "ritten oof nick kottan" enna peril oru prathyeka 'sopp-bubble' sampreshanam cheythu. jayilil ninnu nick mochithanaayathum makanumaayulla anuranjanavum nikkinte pithaav charleyepolum ulkkollichathum, nikkinte kathaapaathram kollappett ekadesham oru pathittaandin sesham oru prethamaayi oru hraswa athidhivesham avatharippikkunnathumaaya episode kendreekarichaayirunnu. eee episode nikkinte thudarnnulla walfordilekkulla thirichuvaravinu vazhiyorukki, avide nick thante ilaya sahodaran martin foularinu aanandam nalkunnuvennu kandethiyathinethudarnn maarkk foularumaayulla oru pazhaya kalahathe addeham punarujjeevippichu. 2001 leeii puthuvalsara dinathil, nikkinte paaneeyam spike cheyyukayum bridge streettile vayadakttinte mukalilekku aakarshikkukayum madyalahariyil nick veezhunnathu kaanukayum svayam gurutharamaayi amgavaikalyam varuthukayum cheiyunnu. ithinethudarnnu, maarkkinte veedinu theeyidan nick ashliyodu utharavidunnu, pakshe nick avane nirasichathinethudarnnu ayalkku athu cheyyaan kazhiyilla. ithinethudarnnu, nick 2001 februvariyil oru nattellu unitilekku thaalkkaalikamaayi purappedunnu. moonnu maasathe edavelaykku sesham 2001 meyy maasathil addeham thirichetthi; addehathinu nadakkaan kazhiyumaayirunnu, pakshe appozhum krachukal aavashyamaayirunnu. eee thirichuvaravu addehathinte munthethinekkaal hraswamaayirikkukayum thudarnnu shoyil ninnu valare neenda abhavam undaakukayum cheythu. markkumaayulla tharkkam thudaraan theerumaanicha nick maarkkinte garbhiniyaya kaamukiyaya lisa bheeshanippeduthaan thudangukayum maarkkinte motorbikile breakkukal nashippicha sesham ashley kollappedukayum cheiyunnu, ashley athu moshtikkukayum thakarkkukayum cheiyunnu. aashliyude maranathethudarnnu, nikkum mark thammilulla oru tharkkam dott kelkkukayum maarkkinte motorbikile breakkukalil nick krithrimam nadathiyathaayi manassilakkukayum cheiyunnu. aashliyude shavasamskaarathin sesham, dott nikkine avalude jeevithathil ninnu puratthaakkukayum avanodu orikkalum shamikkaan kazhiyaathathinal orikkalum madangivararuthennu parayukayum cheiyunnu. ennirunnaalum, saantar vishadeekarichu "ellaayppozhum nikkinu oru vazhi undaakum", "eastendarmaar" ezhuthukaaranaaya jaims paine pinthunaykkunna oru sthaanam, addeham paranju "[dott] vishwasikkunnu, njaan karuthunnu, aazhathil, thanikk maattathinulla kazhivundennu, thanikk oru nalla aankuttiyaakaan kazhiyumennu. aval athu aagrahikkunnath thudarumennu njaan karuthunnu."2006ll kyaansar baadhichu jayil ashupathriyil kazhiyunna nikkil ninnu jiim branningin oru phoon kooll labhichathodeyaanu anuranjanathilekkulla aadya chuvadukal eduthathu. jimm kochumakan bradley thudakkathil ithu rahasyamaayi sookshichirunnuvenkilum bradley thante kaamukiyaya stesiyodu paranju, aval athu kuthilekku vazhuthiveezhaan anuvadichu. dott nikkine kaanaan pooyi, pakshe cancer mukti nediyappol dottine kaanaan anuvadikkaan addeham visammathichu. ezhu varshathilere akale kazhinjathinushesham aaa varshathe chrismus dinathil nick "eestendezhsilekku" madangumennu 2008 october 2 nuu report cheyyappettu. executive nirmmaathaav dedrick saantar nikkinte thirichuvaravile thante aaveshathekkurich samsaarikkukayum kathaapaathrathe oru "eestendezhs" ithihaasam ennum "shoyile ettavum oormmikkappedunnathum ettavum ishtappedunnathumaaya villanmaaril oraal" ennum prashamsikkukayum cheythu. altman paranju "ezhu varshathe abhaavathinu sesham, albert squarilekku madangiyethunnathil njaan aaveshathilaanu. bii. bii. sii ellaayppozhum enikku nick kottan enna mikacha kathakalaanu nalkiyirikkunnath, nick veendum skvayariludaneelam bhayavum veruppum pracharippikkumo ennu kaanaan njaan aagrahikkunnu!"aaroo ezho varshamaayi altmane sopilekku thirike konduvaraan nirmmaathaakkalod aavasyappedukayaanennu juun braun velippeduthi, kaaranam iruvarum thammil nalla thozhil bandham pankittu. valsalil samayam chelavazhicha sesham kottan thirichetthi; saadhaaranagathiyil veendum nadannukondu, addehathodoppam ezhu vayassulla makal dotty undaayirunnu. oru skvaattil thaamasikkumbol dotiyude amma sandy gibsone kandumuttiyathaayum aval aduthide maricha oru madyapaaniyaanennum dotiyude samrakshanathil upekshichuvennum addeham vishadeekarichu. altman vishadeekarichu "nikkinu enthengilum aavashyamaayirunnu, kaaranam aaa vaathililoode nadakkaan addehathinu cheria dotty illaayirunnengil, aval avane oru samboornna purathaakkappettayaali kanakkaakkumaayirunnu." thaan oru plumberayi maariyathum kooduthal samarthamaayi vasthram dharikkan thudangiyathum mudi cheekunnathu nirtthiyathum pinne oru kammal dharikkaathathum enganeyennu vishadeekarichukondu thante avasaanathe veshathinu sheshamulla thante kathaapaathrathile mattu mattangal addeham vivarichu. thudakkathil samshayaaspadamaanenkilum, ithavana nick sarikkum maariyenn vishwasichu dott avare randupereyum thante veettilekku sweekarichu. nick sarikkum oru parishkaricha kathaapaathramaano ennu chodichappol, altman avyakthanayi thudarnnu "nick thirichetthi, avanu oru sundariyaaya kochu makalundu. avan oru plumberayi maari, avan marria manushyanaan. ...atho avanaano?"katha purogamikkumbol, dotiyude samrakshanathinaayi panam nalkaan ammaye black meyil cheythappol nikkinte yadhaartha ajanda velippettu. kathayude mattoru twisttiloode, 2009-ll dotty (yadhaartha peru kirsti) thante pithavumaayi othukoodiyirunnathaayi prekshakarkku velippeduthi. kathayil, dotty thante life ashwarans policic killing dott nirddeshichu. ithine pinthudarnnu nick elakal, dotty dottle pravartthikkaan anuvadikkunnu. moonnu maasathinu sesham avan madangiyethunnu, thudarnnu aval demensia baadhichuvennu dotineyum avalude suhruthukkaleyum bodhyappeduthaanulla padhathi avar aarambikkunnu, dottine kollukayum avalude maranathe avalude vashalaayikkondirikkunna maanasikaavasthaye kuttappeduthukayum cheyyuka ennathaanu nikkinte lakshyam. squareil nick hrasvamaayi thaamasikkumbol, jaas diarine marikkaan anuvadikkukayum pathivayi panam aavasyappettukondu billy blackmayil cheyyukayum cheythathenganeyennu billie michel dottinode parayunnath addeham kettu allengil billie enthaanu cheythathennu jaasinte makan jeyodu parayumaayirunnu. billiyude cussin phil ithinekkurichu arinjappol, avan nikkine wick raajnjiyude barrell storilekku kondupoyi, avide avane marddikkukayum oru kaserayil kettukayum cheythu. nick oof bhayappeduthaanum ithu avasaanippikkaanum phil billic avasaram nalki, ennirunnaalum, billie avane vittayachu, jayy thanne sathyam paranju. thante priyappetta ammaye kollaanulla swantham makalumaayulla goodaalochana 2009 juunil screenil climax cheiyunnu dotty hridayam maarukayum aathyanthikamayi ammoomma visham nalkunnathil ninnu rakshikkukayum cheiyunnathinu pakaram nick mayakkumarunnu kazhikkunnathinu pakaram nikkinte padhathi thettayi maarunnu. ithu niravadhi sambhavangalilekku nayikkunnu, athil nick, thante padhathi thurannukaattappettukal rakshappedaanulla shramathil, kammyoonittiyile vividha amgangale kafeyil bandikalaakkukayum heather trott nikkine chipp paanilekk thalliyathinushesham aakasmikamaaya theepiduttham aarambikkukayum cheiyunnu. bandikalil oralaaya nikkum rayan malloy thammilulla pooraattatthe thudarnnu bandikal rakshapettu. ithu kafeyil nikkum bradley branning ulla oru spodanathinu kaaranamaakunnu. altman veendum shoyil ninnu purathupoyathinte adayaalamaanu katha. episodinte avasaanathil nick spodanathe athijeevicho ennu velippeduthaathathinaal addehathinte purappedunna episode cliffhangerayi skript cheythu. ennirunnaalum, adutha episodil, 2009 juun 4 nuu, nick spodanathe athijeevichathaayi kaanikkukayum bradley kannin parikkukalode ashupathriyil praveshippikkukayum cheiyunnu. dott veendum nirasichathinu sesham nick purappedunnu. dotty cheethayaanennu nick ammayodu vishadeekarichenkilum dotty dottinte paricharanatthil upekshikkunnu. 2014 januvariyil dottinte lodger poppi medoic dottinode samsarikkaan aagrahikkunna nikkil ninnu oru phoon kooll labhikkunnu. nick oru mosham vaarthayaanennu shaaron rickman paranjathinu sesham, avane thannodu samsarikkaan aval visammathikkunnu. rund maasathinu sesham, kazhinjayazhcha heroine amithamaayi kazhichathinaal nick shwaasakosha takaraar moolam marichathaayi police dottinode parayunnu. nikkinte makan charley kottan aanu vaartha purathukonduvarunna police udyogastharil oraal. 1980kalil amma yvonayumaayi nick nadatthiya hraswa vivaahathil ninnaan thaan garbhiniyaayathenn charley vishadeekarikkunnu. shavasamskara samayat, charley undertaker less cocker shavappettiyil nokkunnathil ninnu dott thadayunnu. dott samshayaaspadamaayathinaal sathyam parayaan yvonine shanikkukayum charley thante kochumakanaanennu aval dottinu urappu nalkukayum cheiyunnu. eathaanum aazhchakalkk sesham, karol jaaksan charleod upadesham chodikkunnu, avan avalude veettil phoon upekshikkumbol, aval oru kolinu utharam nalkukayum nick ippozhum jeevichirippundennu kandethukayum cheiyunnu. ithinethudarnnu, charley oru police offeesarude almaratom nadathukayaanennum yadhaarthathil yvon jolie cheiyunna oru cair homil caretaker aanennum velippedunnu. nikkil ninnulla oru sandeshathode, thaan athu cheythuvennu sthireekarikkunna thante kaarinte janalakal thakarnnathayi kandethaan charley jolie upekshikkunnu. 2014 octoberil, nick thante vyaja maranathinu ezhu maasathinu sesham albert squareil veendum prathyakshappedunnu. executive producer dominic treadwell collins athyanthikamaaya mosham nick katha nalkumennu vaagdaanam cheythu, ellah nick kathakalum avasaanippikkunnath nick kathayaayirikkum. charley prathisrutha varan ronnie michelum dottinte veettil nick kandappol bhayappedunnu. divasaavasaanathode 10,000 poundinu nick avare black meyil cheiyunnu, allengil thaan jeevichirippundennu addeham velippeduthum. charley philinu oru vaaypa chodikkunnu, avan sammathikkunnu, pakshe charley ariyaathe, avan avanu oru bagg niraye paper nalkunnu, charley athu nikkinu nalkumbol panamillennu avan kandethunnu. haloveen raathriyil, nick jeevichirippundennu charley velippeduthunnu, avan avane kandethaan pookunnu, pakshe avan pookumbool dott avane avalude veettil kandethunnu. oru jewallariyilwechu thaan oru kavarchayil earppettirunnathaayi nick velippeduthukayum thante maranam vyajamaakkaan charley addehathe bodhyappeduthukayum cheythu. avan pookaan mathiyaya panam swaroopikkunnathuvare nick maraykkaan dott sammathikkunnu. eee samayat, dottine orikkalkkoodi nick kaikaaryam cheyyukayum avan avideyundennu santhoshikkaan thudangukayum cheiyunnu, oduvil avalkk avanumaayi oru amma-makan bandham pularthaan kazhiyumennu vishwasikkunnu. dottinte veettil kudungi madutha nick purathupokaan theerumaanikkunnu, pakshe ayaale ayaan beal kaanukayum nick jeevichirippundennu phil, shaaron ennivarodu parayukayum cheiyunnu. nikkine akramikkaan phil dottinte veettilekku chuttikkarangunnunde ronnie avane thadayunnu. filsinte 100,000 poundu panam moshtichu nikkinu kaikkooli nalkaan ronnie shramikkunnundenkilum avan charleyudeyum roniyudeyum vivaahathin madangunnu. avane ennekkum ozhivakkaan roniyum phil avane kollunnathinekkurichu samsaarikkunnath ketta nick roniyude kaarinte breakkukal murikkan theerumaanikkunnu. vivaahasalkkaarathil prasavavedanaykku vidheyayaya sesham, roniyum charley sahodariyum oru kaar apakadatthil pedukayum pinneedu emma sammarhesine kollukayum ronnie komayil kazhiyukayum cheiyunnu. nick kaarinte breakkukal murichathaayi vaivon kandethunnu, pakshe ennamayamulla thunikal thante kottu pokkattil vechukondu phil frame cheyyaan avane bodhyappeduthunnu. nick enthaanu cheythathennu yvon charleod parayunnu, pakshe ronnie kaikkooli nalkaan upayogicha panatthil ninnu kurachu nikine pidikoodunnathuvare avan avale vishwasikkunnilla. appol nick yovone roniyude apakadatthil ulppeduthunnu, athinaal charley avarodu pookaan parayunnu. dott aduthulla upekshikkappetta veettil nick olippikkukayum nikkinu heroine vaangukayum cheiyunnu. dottinte lodger faatboy athu kandethukayum nirthaan avalodu abhyarthikkukayum cheiyunnu, athinaal aval nick kaanumbol roniye vanchichathinekkurichu poleesinu munnil kuttasammatham nadatthaan aval avanodu aavashyappedunnu, pakshe roniyekkurich thanikk thaalpparyamillenn avan parayunnu, aval azhukumennu pratheekshikkunnathayi avalodu parayunnu. pinneedu, dott nikkine abodhaavasthayil kandethunnu, pakshe avan hrasvamaayi bodham veendedukkunnu. thante avasana nimishangalil, 1985-ll regg koksinte maranathinu utharavaadikal thaanaanennu nick velippeduthunnu. muppath varsham munbu regg kandethiya athe sthalathu nick dottinte kaikalil marikkunnu. jayilil pookunnathil ninnu dottine rakshikkaan less kokkarinte sahaayathode nikkinte shareeram ozhivakkaan padhathiyidunna charleod nikkine marikkaan anuvadichathaayi dott sammathikkunnu. shoyude muppatham vaarshikathodanubandhichu 2015 februvari 19 nuu sampreshanam cheytha thalsamaya episodil, shoyude aadya episodil ninnulla aadya rangam thanne punarnirmmichu. muppath varsham munbu denne whats, arther foular, alii oosmaan ennivar regg cox kandethiya athe reethiyil staasi, martin, kush kasemi ennivar nikkinte shareeram kandethunnu. nikkine konnathayi dott sammathikkukayum police kondupovukayum cheiyunnu. pittennu addehathinte mrithadeham veettil ninnu neekkam cheiyunnu. moonnu maasathinu sesham, nikkinte narahathyaykk dottinu 14 maasam thadavu labhikkunnu, ennaal naalu maasathinu sesham aval mochithayaakunnu. 2015 juunil charley, roxy, addehathinte kochumakan maathyoo ennivar maathram pankedukkunna vidhathilaan nikkinte shavasamskaram nadakkunnathu. 2021-ll, nikkinte maranathinu ekadesham ettu varshathinu sesham, dotty (millie seero) addehathinte makalallennum avalude pithaav nikkinte ardhasahodaranaaya toom kottan (brian koonli) aanennum velippedunnu. ennirunnaalum, 2022-ll, ithu oru nunayaanennum nick yadhaarthathil dotiyude pithaavaanennum velippedunnu. thante kathaapaathrathe swavarggaanuraagiyaakkaalanu theerumaanathe ethirthathine thudarnnu addehathe shoyil ninnu 'ozhivakkaan' nirmmaathaakkalod paranjathaayi altman velippeduthi. sweekaranam. nick kottan eesttendezhsile ettavum prashasthanaaya villanmaaril oralaayi maari. 2004-leeii anchu votteduppil addehathinte 'nastiness' 25-aamathe 'ettavum valia sopp nimisham' aayi thiranjedukkappettu, koodaathe oru chaanal 4 votteduppil ettavum villan television kathapaathrangalil naalaamathethaayum addeham thiranjedukkappettu. "guardian" colomist charley brooker nikkinte villan kathaapaathrathe nishedhichu, ennirunnaalum, ingane ezhuthi "aaa manushyan bhayappeduthunnavanalla; avan oru argos kaattalogineppole pakuthiyolam bhayappeduthunnayaalaanu. ["kireedadhaarana theruvu" villan] jess kwigley veenathine rakthathil kulikkaan veettilekku kuthikkunnathinu munbu karachil niranja oru vayaliloode oru ooniks staaliyan sawari cheiyunnathu aasvadikkunnathupole kaanapettu, nick kottan, oru thallalil, oru supermarket aukkt penkuttiyumayi oru kashanagal kuranja tinn kastaardinte vilayekkurichu tharkkikkunnuvennu thonnunnu, ningal avante pinnil kaathirikkumbol, avan avasaanamaayi eppozhaanu mudi kazhukiyathennu athbhuthappedunnu."kuttikalude television paripaadiyaaya" "balamari" "yill altman prathyakshappettappol" "dhii times" "-nte pheona mccad kathaapaathrathe aakshepahaasyamaakki, maathaapithaakkale upadeshichu" "soppinte mosham kutty varnnabhamaaya, saangalppika parudeesayilekku neengumbol ningalude kochukuttikalude annukal maraykkaan thayyarakuka, miss hooliye kaliyaakkuka, pisi plumine aswasthamaakkuka, josie jump cheyyuka". pink niratthilulla oru kotta dharichu oru valia pink kottayil ottaykku thamasikkunna, thadichathum santhoshamullathumaaya aadambarakkaaranaaya aarchiyude surakshayekkurichum njaan bhayappedunnu. nagaratthil nick ullathinaal, avanu oru avasaravum labhikkunnilla." britiish sopp award 2015" ll 'villan oof dhaa iyar' aayi joonn altman naamanirddesham cheyyappettenkilum holyox thaaramaya jeremi shefieldinode parajayappettu.

nick kapus nicolas charles "nick" cotton heey british sope aupera "eastanders" madheel eka kalpanik patra aahe, jyachi bhoomika johnn altmanne 19 februwari 1985 roji sopchya pahilya bhagatoon ardh-niyamit aadharavar sakarli hotee. altmanne mhatale aahe qee nirmata julia smithne tyachya patrala samalingi banavanyachya nirnayala virodh kelyanantar tyala lihoon kadhanyachi magani kelyamule tyachi suruvatichi bhoomika baher padali. smithchya jaanyanantar, februwari 2015 madhye tyachya padadyavaril mrutyuparyant yaa patrane anek sankshipt kinwa adhik pradirgh kaal kaam kele, jeey 'eastanders' chya 30 vya vardhapan dinanimitt lihile gele hote. nick cotton haah regg cocks (johnny clayton) yachya mrutyusathi visheshtah jababdar hota, joou 1985 madhye karyakramachya pahilya drushyat beshuddhavasthet aadhalala aanee pudhil bhagat tyacha mrutyu jhalyache ughad jhaale. nikcha mrutyu anshatah regchya mrutyuche punarujjivan mhanoon lihile gele hote, kaaran nikcha mrutyu tyach thikani jhaala jethe regcha mrutyu jhaala hota, agadi 30 varshanpurvi. nikche prathamik karya eka virodhak, madak padarthancha vapar karnara aanee khuni mhanoon hote. yaa karyakramache nirmate toney holland aanee julia smith yanni tyachi kalpana kelee hotee. mool kalakaranchya ranget usheera samavesh, holland aanee smithchya mool patkathevaril lekhakanchya abhiprayavar aadharit nikcha samavesh karnyat aala, jee regg coxchya hatyevar kendrit hotee, jyachya jyachya tyanni moolatah ughad karnyacha hetu navhata. nick haah hallekhor honyasathi aanee karyakramala adhik natyamay katha kshamata pradan karnyasathi tayar karnyat aala hota. yaa karyakramatil tyachya kalat, nikne phil michel (steve mcfadden), biilii michel (peree fenwick), michel fouler (sujan tully), marqa fouler (david scarboro/todd carty), lisa fouler (lucie benjamin), toney sutar (auskar james), allie osman (nedjet salih), piit beele (pieter deane), cathy bail (gillion telforth), clyde tevernier (steven woodcock), naigal bates (paul bradley), dayne wats (lesley grantham), edee skiiner (ritch wanstone), tyache vadil charley hennock (cotton women) aanee cathon roncock (cotton women) yanchyashi anek ladhaya suru kelya. nikcha vapar 'out andd out vilan' mhanoon keela jaato. karyakari nirmate dominiq tradewell-collins yanni asey suchavale hote qee, itar sope patranpramane, jyanna white vaganuk dilee aanee jyanna adhik sookshm varnanatmak aanee vimochan aavashyak hote, nikcha vapar sampoorn 'white manus' mhanoon karane shakya hote. daad guardian' chya eka durchitravani samikshakane suchavale qee, yaa karanastav, patrachya bhyad hetunvar prekshak kvachitach prashna vichartat, kaaran tyache prathamik karya 'arajakatecha pratinidhi' aahe. nikche yaa karyakramatil sadarikaran sankshipt asane aavashyak aahe, asey suchavanyat aale hote, kaaran tyane chitrit kelelya dushtapanachi patali ekhadya patrat jaast kaal tikavoon thevata yet nahee. nikche sarvat pramukh naate tyachya aaee dott cotton (juuna braun) sobat aahe. heey guntaguntiche, akaryaksham aanee kahise chakriy mhanoon chitrit kele gele aahe, nick tyachya aaichya jeevanat satat pravesh karat asato, tee tyala mageel dushkrutyansathi (tichya bingo jinkanyachya goshti choranyasathi teela thaar marnyachya prayatnasah) maaf karate, nantar jevha nikche kharey hetu ughad hotat tevha nirash hote, anekada tyachya haddapar honyat samapt hote, jaree tatpurte asale taree, cyclechi punaravrutti honyapurvi. 2015 madhye nikche akherche nidhan yaa natyala shraddhanjali arpan karate, shevati nikchya khalnayak vartanachi vyapti lakshat yete aanee badalanyat tyachi asamarthata swikarte-akheris nikala vaidyakeey madat ghenyaivaji nikala marnar denyacha nirnay ghete, heroinla ghatak pratikriya midalyanantar, nick jagala pahije qee nahee heey yeshula tharvu dene haah ticha hetu hota. nirmiti. nick cotton heey 'eastanders', toney holland aanee julia smith yanchya nirmatyanni shodhalele chovisve patra hote. nick haah holland aanee smithchya 'eastanders' sathichya mool drushticha bhag navhata aanee tyachi nirmiti vicharanantar jhaali. yaa malikechya pahilya bhagamadhye, tyachya gharee nirghrunpane hallah karnyat aala hota aanee marnyasathi sodoon denyat aalelya regg cocks yaa vruddha rahivashachya mrutyucha samavesh hota. pahilya lekhakanchya baithakit, jithe lekhakanchi olakh ichchit patre aanee suruvatichya patkathanshi jhaali, tyaa pratyekala swatantrapane heey jaanun ghyayache hote qee konatya patrane regcha vadh keela aahe. matra, holland aanee smith yancha yancha anavaran karnyacha kadhihi hetu navhata. regg coxla konee marle yachee tyanna kalpana navhati aanee tyanna vatale hote qee 'kona' mahattvache nahee. hallyanantar tyacha mrutyu jhaala haah mahattvacha muddah hota aanee regchya hatyecha hetu sodavanyacha navhata, too keval prekshakanna sanganyasathi hota, agadi suruvatipasunach, qee walford eka khadatar aanee katheen jaaga hotee. lekhakanni yala virodh keela. tyanni hollandver eka uttam sandhee gamavalyacha aarop keela aanee suchavale qee hatyecha shodh prekshakanche munn mohoon mohoon natyamay shakyatanchi eka shreni pradan karel. serve tevis mool patre gunha karnyas asamarth aahet heey tharvalyanantar, hollandne nick kapusachya swarupat eka purnapane naveen patra shodhanyacha nirnay ghetala. nikchya mool varn rupareshevar asey lihile aaheh "tyachi pratima keval matcho aahe. kahee aathvadyanparyant gayab hote. aaee prashna vicharat nahee... denschya ulat, nick haah kharaa badmash aahe. lokanchya guptatemadhye aanee gharanmadhye too pokalpane pravesh karato. tevhapasoon, too tyachya buddhivar jagato. marnyachya kshanachi vaat pahat; rokh rakkam kadhoon gayab karnyasathi...sahasa tyachya piditanchi nivad karatat, jeey, ekhadya karanastav kinwa dusarya karanastav, tyala takrar karnyas ghabartat...nikala heroinche vyasan aahe. nikcha keval ardh-niyamit patra bananyacha hetu asalyane, julia smith tyachya patranirmanat sahbhagi navhati aanee digdarshakanni abhineta johnn altmanchi nivad kelee. tathapi, tine tyala kadhoon takanyachi vinanti kelee, kaaran tyane nikche uchch pokali (tomm watt) saha samalingi sambandh asalyache chitrit karnyas nakar deela kaaran tyala vatale qee teey charitrabaher aahe. vikas aanee katha. nikche varnan 'eastanders' chey karyakari nirmate diadric santer yanni 'karyakramacha pramukh khalnayak' mhanoon kele aahe. yaa maliketil patrachya veleche varnan varnan 'eastandersney' kelelya mahitipatat tyala eka labad, chor aanee khooni manale gele, joou 'tyachya jawalchya lokanchya vedna aanee dukkhavar bharkatla'. saha-kalakar charley clements (bradley branning) yanni mhatale aaheh "tumhi sabanacha white vichar karata, nick kapus nishchitpane tyanchyapaiki sarvottam lokansah aahe", tarr lesley grantham (dayne wats) yanni mutt vyakt kele qee "nick kapsababat konatehi redeaming vaishishtya nahee". heey moolyankan katha nirmate dominiq tradewell-collins yanni samayik kele aahe, jyanni spasht kele aaheh "eka bahercha khalnayak asane changle aahe. mallah vatate qee kadhikadhi tumhala eka patra miloo shakate aanee 'oh, tyanchihi eka changli bajoo asali pahije aanee kadachit aapan tyanna thodese mukt kele pahije.'nikchya babatit kahee farak padat nahee. tumhi purn vegat, vegwan chalkachya payavar, white manus mhanoon jaau shakata."johnn altmanne yaa vastusthitivar charcha kelee aahe qee, nikchya anaitiktela tyachya balpanatil tyachya vadilanchya anupasthitivar dosh dett, tyache patra ekada changle hote heey tyala kadhich aathavat nahee. santerne nikchya tyachya aaee, dott cotton (juuna braun) sobat asalelya "aashcharyakarakpane nishkriy aaee-mulachya natyabaddal" aanee nikala tyachya chukichya karyacha itihas kahihi asso, aanakhi eka sandhee denyachya tichya satatchya ichhevar charcha kelee aahe. santerne spasht keleh "ashee eka gosht aahe jithe tumhi aasha karnyache dhadas karata qee konitari badalale aahe, jeey kharokharach dukkhad aahe. tyanni tumhala shambhar vela nirash kele aahe, aanee tarihi tumhi ajunahi aasha karata qee teey shambhar aanee prathamach badalale asateel."granthamne mhatale aahe qee bindu haah [nikchya] aayushyatil eka mitra aahe", tarr tradewell-collinsney pushti kelee aaheh "bindu nehmich tyala maaf karnar aahe. aanee hetch nick aanee dotche saundarya aahe."yaa bhavneshi sahmat houn, altmanne hokar dilah" too kahihi keela taree tee tyala maaf karel. sampoorn itihasat anek gundanchya matanni asech kele. kadachit all caponechya aaeela vatale qee too eka god mulga aahe, tumhala maheet aahe." eastanders' chya pahilya bhagachi suruvat vruddha rahivasi regg cocks (johnny clayton) tyachya flatmadhye beshuddhavasthet sapadalyane jhaali. regg nantar marto aanee nantarchya bhaganmadhye nikne tyachi hatya kelyache ughad hote. holland aanee smith yanna yaa malikechi natyamay paddhatine olakh karoon dyaychi hotee aanee tyancha assa vishvas hota qee regg cocks katha haah eka changla prarambh bindu aahe, jyamule samajatil vividh sadasya vruddha vyaktichya hatyechya paristhitishi sambandhit asoo shakatat kinwa tyavar bhashya karoo shakatat. santerne spasht kele aahe qee nick haah 'agadi suruvatipasunach thunkanara, kurkurit karnara prani' mhanoon sthapit jhaala hota, pahilya bhagachya shevati nikala 'eastanders' chaa pahila drum roll midala aanee tyane ranee victoria pabchya kachechya daratil khidakitoon mukka marat samapt jhaala. polisanchya tapasachya kahee aathvadyannantar, mukhya sanshayit nikne ethyl skiiner (grechen franklin) gundalanyacha prayatna kelyanantar chauk sodala aanee eprilmadhye tyala atak karnyat aalyache sanganyat aale. julaimadhye nikchya aaichi, dotchi kalakaranshi olakh jhalyanantar, tine prekshakanna sangitale qee nick prabeshanvar jaanyat yashasvi jhaala aahe aanee pudhchya mahinyat too albert squarela paratala. paratalyavar, tyane harrold legg (leonard fenton) chya shastrakriyecha bhang keela aanee cathy bail (gillion telforth) chya vaidyakeey nondi pahilya, jyat teela 14 varshanchya vayat mool asalyache aadhalale. nick cathycha patee, piit (pieter deane) yala tee niyamit paise dett nahee toparyant heey ughad karanyachi dhamki deto. cathy lavkarach pitala satya sangate, parinami too rastyachya madhyabhagi nikala marhan karato. yanantar, denne nikala adhunmadhun bhet bindu vagalata, changalyasathi chauras sodanyacha ishara deela, anyatha tyala jivghene parinam bhogave lagtil. pudhil kahee varshant nick kahee kalasathi disato aanee akheris aktoobar 1987 madhye tyache vadil charley (christopher hancock) yanna bhetato, jevha teey doghe yogayogane bhetanyasathi yetat. nick aanee charley ekmekanna spasht karatat qee tyanna ekmekanchi aaspas ichcha nahee. charlila kalate qee nick kahee gunhegaranpasun choree kelyanantar too tyanchyapasun lapala aahe aanee nikchya gunhyansathi turungat gelelya nikchya junya mitra graham clarkpasoon nick lapala aahe asehi tyala kalate. charley grahamla nikcha samna karnyasathi gharat pravesh karoo dete aanee tyala nighun jaanyas bhag padate, nahitar too tyala lapavalelya gunhegaranchya tabyat deil. 1988 madhye, nikala dickens hiill turungat amali padarthanchya gunhyansathi turungwas bhogava lagato, jithe yogayogane, jaalpolisathi talghar thewale jaat aahe. yaa kalatach, jevha nikne swatahla jababdar asalyache kabool kele tevha regchya hatyeche rahasy shevati sutate. 1989 madhye, dotla nikala padadyabaher bhet deuun kalate qee tyane hazell (virginia fiol) navachya mahileshi lagn kele aahe aanee tyala eka lahan mulgi aahe; nikne tyachya aanee dotchya tanavpurn natesambandhanmule teela aadhi sangane talhale hote. meey 1989 madhye hazelne dott downcha magova ghetala aanee dorothy nikola yaa mulasah teela bhet dilee; dotla itake anand jhaala qee tyanni bhet dilee qee tine moow kasai (edna dorey) aanee marge green (patt combus) yanchyasobat brauni marchla upasthit rahnyas nakar deela. heey khote asalyache nantar ughad jhaale aanee baal hazelchi bhachi asalyache nishpann jhaale. nick heey jaree keval eka ardh-niyamit patra asale, taree tyachya adhunmadhun adhunmadhun bhoomika nehmi shover motha prabhav padnyasathi tasech tyachya katheteel serve patransathi lihilya jaat asat. karyakramachya pahilya kahee varshant too punha disala aanee anek vela nighun gela, jyamule pratyek velee sarvadhik vidhvans jhaala aanee vartmanpatranni 'white nick' yaa patrala brand karnyas suruvat kelee hotee. altmanne tippani kelee aaheh "mallah vatate qee teey nick parat aanat rahatat kaaran too british durchitravanivaril asha patranpaiki eka aahe jyacha lokanna fakt dvesh karayala aavadato". walfordchya kalpanik rahivashanni yaa patrabaddal janatechi hii napasanti vyakt kelee, altmanne spasht keleh "pratyek velee jevha too parat yeto tevha too sarvankadoon door jaato. heey white kauboy asanya sarkhe aahe jeey shaharat gadine yete-pratyekjan shutter khalee thevato aanee barla kuloop lavoon deto." patrache swaroop yaa apriy, "white" pratimenusar tayar kele gele hote, jyat "eastanders" maliketil sallagar sayman ashdown tippani karat hote; "jevha too yeto, tevha tumhala mahit aahe qee haah manus white aahe. tyachyakade kaale cases aanee scholl aanee chamadyache jackett aahe. too asach aahe, too eka dickensian baddy aahe."2000 teey 2001 paryant nikchya mulachi eshale cottonchi bhoomika sakarnari franky fitzgerald sahmat hotih" "white nikche swaroop, tumhala mahitee aahe, too eka white manus hota". jaree too suut paridhan karato, tarihi tyachyakade kanatale aahet, tyachyakade ajunahi angathi aahet, tyachya manevar adyap gond aahe." yaa maliketil nikcha sarvat ullekhaneey paratava 1990 madhye jhaala. nick punha janmalela khrishchan asalyacha dawa karoon tyachya aaichya aayushyat paratala, joou bingovaril tichya £10,000 chya vijayabarobar jhaala. "eastanders" chya lekhika saara felps yanni spasht keleh "dotsathi, yeshu shevati nikashi bolala hota hii kalpana, tee serve khrismas ekach velee yet hotee! nikala teey maheet hote. heey kahise spasht hote qee nick 'yeshu majhyabarobar chalato' asey mhanat asel aanee nantar baher jaaun ekhadyala laath marel kinwa tyanche pakit nick karel."eka banavat banavat madatine, nick tyachya aaeela tyachya navyane sapadalelya shraddhebaddal patvoon denyat yashasvi jhaala aanee nantar tichya khanyapinyachya savayinvar niyantran thevanyasathi aanee tichya paishancha dawa karnyasathi teela vish denyasathi eka mand moheem suru kelee. jyaa bhagane kathecha shevat keela, too bhag pii.jeey. hammond, keval dotchya gharat seet karnyat aala hota aanee tyat nick, dott, charley, ethel aanee nakali pujari, elistyre yancha banalela eka asamanyapane lahan kalakar hota. shevatchya kshani, jyala altmanne mhatale aahe qee "ekada aamhi nikchya changlya bajuchi zalak pahili", nick tyachya yojanetoon mage hutla aanee tyane teela thaar marnyacha hetu asalele vishari jevan khanyapasun thambavale. punha ekada, dott ektach rahila, tichya swatachya mulane tichyasobat kaay karanyachi tayari kelee hotee yabaddal too tutalela hota. nick barach kaal walfordpasoon door navhata. 1991 madhye too heroinche vyasan gheuun paratala, parantu suruvatila tyane tyala talhale aanee madatisathichya tyachya vinantyankade durlaksh kele. charlicha mrutyu jhalyache kalalyanantarch nick heey tiche ekmev kutumb rahile aanee tyane tyat sudharana karnyacha nirdhar keela. kathevar charcha kartana altman mhanalah "mallah heroinche vyasan kharokharach khoop kantalvane vatale, kaaran majhi dadhi kharokharach jaad jhaali hotee aanee majhe cases nehmich kharokharach ghaan asat. jevha mea tyaa drushyanche chitrikaran karat hoto tevha mea eka vyasanadhin vyaktila bhetalo aanee tyane mallah asha goshti sangitalya jyaa tumhi anubhavata, jase qee jevha tumhi tyatoon baher padanyacha prayatna karat asata tevha tumhi aaram karoo shakat nahee. tumhi zopu shakat nahee mhanoon tumhi vedna qamee karnyasathi bharpur daroo pito. ghadyal kvachitach haltana disate. eka abhineta mhanoon tyanni mallah kharokharach mallah shakya titke pudhe jaau dile. aamhala lokanchi patrehi midali hotee jyat tyanna heroin aayushyabharasathi kase bund thewale aahe asey mhatale hote, mhanoon mallah vatate qee aamhi changle kaam kele."jevha haah cutt ughadakis aala, tevha dotney nikala tyachya kholeet bund karoon aanee piit belchya madatine tyala thund turkeymadhye jaanyas bhag padoon tyache vyasan qamee karnyacha prayatna keela. yaa kalat, ranee victoriyachya gharmalakachi eddie roil hitchy hatya karnyat aalee. 1991 chya sharad rututil yaa karyakramachi mukhya katha hii hatya hotee. jyaa bhagat edichi hatya jhaali hotee too bhag toney matchellne lihila hota; too cliffhangers sampala jyamadhye baget edichya shariravar ubha asalela clyde tevernier aanee chakoo dharoon hota, joou nikne tyachya shayankakshatil khidakitoon pahila. nick tyane jeey pahile teey polisanna sangato, jyamule clyde michel fallerchya madatine paloon jaato. edichya hatyechya ratri tyane tyachya kholitoon pall kadhala aanee nalyachya paipavarun khalee chadhatana chaukat nick out pahilyache sangoon joou wallace akheris pudhe aala. nikne too jababdar asalyache kabool kele parantu too eka apghat hota assa aagrah dharato. tyanantar nikala atak kelee jaate aanee edichya hatyecha aarop thevanyat yeto aanee janewari 1993 madhye tyachyavar khatala chalato. eka aathvadyache mojke bhag khatalyala samarpit hote aanee serve toney jordenne lihile hote. nikchya khatalyachi katha sadar karnyasathi, karyakram nirmatyanna swatah puravyancha aadhava ghyava lagla aanee edichya mrutyuparyantche bhag pahave lagale. shevati, jaree heey spasht hote qee eddila chakoo marnyasathi nick jababdar hota, taree tee hatya hotee heey spasht navhate aanee jurine doshi nasalyacha nikal parat deela. altmanne saransh dilah "kharokharach changla bachav karoon aanee punha ekada aapale doke khalee thevun, too hatyesah paloon gela". august 1993 madhye jevha juuna braunane (joou dott khelato) maliketoon baher padanyacha nirnay ghetala tevha nikala dots shomadhun baher kadhanyat aale. tyanchya nighun gelelya kathene tyacha jodidar zho aanee lahan mulga, eshale too dotchi olakh karoon dilee, jyala suruvatila khatri patali hotee qee zho teela fasavanyacha prayatna karat aahe, kaaran teela anek varshanpurvi hazels ghadaleli ghatana aathavate. ekada dotla khatri patali qee nick pramanik aahe, tathapi, tee patkan aeshalechya jawal gelee aanee kutumb ekatra kabarimadhye gele. 1997 paryant, jevha juuna braunla dott mhanoon tichi bhoomika punha sakaranyasathi patvoon denyat aale, toparyant anek varshe dott aanee nick padadyavar yenyachi hii shevatchi vel asel. tee parat aalyavar, dotney spasht kele qee nikala punha ekada amali padarth balgalyabaddal padadyabaher atak karnyat aalee hotee aanee zho aanee eshale tyachya gunhegari krutyanna kantaloon nighun gele hote. tee paratalyanantar lagechach, nick tyachya selmets turungatoon paloon gelyachi mahitee polisanni teela dilee, damien spinks. damien bindu shodhat yeto, teela sangato qee nikne paishatoon tyachi fasavanuk kelee aahe. too teela ratrabhar olis thevato aanee tiche paise sapadlyanantar lavkarach nighun jaato. jaatat divashi, polisanni ughad kele qee damien atidakshata vibhagat aahe, tyala tethe thewale aahe. march 1998 madhye paach varshanchya anupasthitinantar johnn altmanne nikchya bhoomikechi punaravrutti kelee. naigal batus yanna ratri ushira nick dotchya gharee hergiri karat asalyache samajate aanee tyala door rahnyas sangitalyanantar, nikne naigalala ishara deela qee too parat yeil. kahee aathvadyannantar nick parat yeto, jevha tyala tichya gharat lapoon basalyache dotney shodhun kadhale. nick dotla sangato qee too tyachya heroinchya vyasanamule edsamule marat aahe, jyacha teela suruvatila avishvas aahe parantu nantar tyachi khatri patate. nick ughad karato qee too tyachya aushadhachya kimmatinsathi sashastr darodyachi yojana aakhat aahe. nikne heey karave ashee ichcha naan balgata, dott niksathi paishanchi vyavastha karnyache tharvato. nantar dott marqa fowlerla bhet deto aanee tyala vichara qee tyane vicharadhin aushadhambaddal aikale aahe qaa, jeey marqa nakarte. tyanantar dott clair betschya sangankavar aushadh pahato aanee tyala kalate qee hii aushadhe keval zopechya golya aahet. nick tyachya aajarabaddal nehmich khote bolat hota heey lakshat aalyanantar, dott tyala samore jaanyapurvi polisanna phone karato, tyala punha atak karoon turungat pathavato. aktoobar 2000 madhye, 'return auph nick cotton' navache eka vishesh 'sabanache-budbude' prasarit jhaale. haah bhag nikchi turungatoon sutka, tyachya mulashi tyacha samet yavar kendrit hota aanee nikche vadil charlidekhil tyat hote, jeey tyachya patrachya hatyenantar jawaljawal eka dashkanantar bhoot mhanoon eka sankshipt pahune bhoomika sakarat hote. yaa prakaranane nikchya tyanantarchya walfordla paratanyacha marg mokala keela, jithe nick tyachya dhakatya bhawala martin foulerla anand puravat asalyache tyala kalalyanantar tyane marqa follershee juna vaad punha suru keela. 2001 chya navavarshachya divashi, marqa nikche pey vadhavato aanee tyala brij streetvaril viaductchya shirshasthani aakarshit karato aanee eka nashet asalela nick padato, jyamule too gambhirpane apang hoto. yanantar, nick aeshaleela markchya gharala aag lavnyache aadesh deto parantu too tyatoon jaau shakat nahee aanee nikne tyala nakarlyanantar too walford sodoon jaato. yanantar, nick februwari 2001 madhye tatpurte pathichya kanyat nighun jaato. teen mahine door rahilyanantar, meey 2001 madhye too paratala; tyala chalane shakya hote, parantu tarihi tyala payathyachi garaj hotee. heey punragman tyachya aadhichya punaragamanapeksha aanakhi lahan asanar hote aanee tyanantar shomadhun barach kaal anupasthiti hotee. markshee vair suru thevanyacha nirdhar karoon, nick markchi garbhavati preyasi lisala dhamkavanyas suruvat karato aanee markchya motorcycleveril break todalyanantar lavkarach aeshalicha mrutyu ghadavun aanato, keval aeshaleene tee choroon too padnyasathi. aeshalechya mrutyunantar, dott nick aanee marqa yanchyatil vaad aikato aanee tyala kalate qee nikne markchya motorcycleveril breakmadhye chhedchhad kelee aahe. aeshalechya antyasanskaranantar, dott nikala tichya aayushyatun kadhoon takto aanee tyala nighun jaanyas aanee kadhihi parat naan yenyas sangato, kaaran tee tyala kadhihi maaf karoo shakanar nahee. tathapi, santerne spasht keleh "niksathi bindu parat karnyacha nehmich eka marg asel", "asey mutt 'eastanders' lekhak james payane yanni mandale, jyanni mhatleh" [dott] vishvas thevato, mallah vatate, kholvar, qee tyachyakade badalachi kshamata aahe, qee too eka changla mulga houu shakato. mallah vatate qee tee tashee ichcha karat raheel."salokyachya dishene pahile paul 2006 madhye taknyat aale jevha jiim branningla karkarogane grast asalelya turungatil rugnalayat asalelya nikcha phone aala. jiim aanee tyacha natoo, bradley yanni suruvatila heey gupit thewale, parantu bradleyne tyachya maitrinila sangitale, stacy jyane teey thipkyavar jaau dile. dott nikala bhetayala gela, parantu jevha tyala karkarogmukt karnyat aale, tevha tyane tyala bhetanyas nakar deela. 2 aktoobar 2008 roji asey sanganyat aale qee nick saat varshanhun adhik kaal door rahilyanantar tyaa varshi khrisamasachya divashi 'eastanders' kadey parat yeil. karyakari nirmata dederick santerne nikchya parat yenyachya tyachya utsahabaddal sangitale aanee yaa patrala 'eastanders' dantkatha aanee 'shochya sarvat jaast lakshat rahana-yaa aanee sarvat aavadatya khalnayakanpaiki eka' mhanoon prashansa kelee. altman mhanalah "saat varshanchya anupasthitinantar, albert squaremadhye parat yenyasathi mea romanchit aahe. bii. bii. see. neey mallah nehmich nick cottonchya rupat uttam katha dilya aahet aanee nick punha ekada sampoorn chaukat bheeti aanee dvesh pasarvel qaa heey pahanyasathi mea utsuk aahe!"juuna braunane ughad kele qee tee nirmatyanna sahaa kinwa saat varshanpasun altmanla punha sabanat aananyas sangat hotee, kaaran tyaa doghanmadhye itake changle kamache sambandh hote. walsalmadhye vel ghalavalyanantar, kapus parat aala; punha samanyapane chaalat asatana, tyachyabarobar tyachi saat varshanchi mulgi dotty hotee. tyane spasht kele qee too dottychi aaee sandy gibsonla eka squatmadhye rahat asatana bhetala hota aanee tee eka madyadhund hotee jee alikadech maran pavali hotee, jyamule tyala dottychya tabyat sodale. altmanne spasht keleh "nikala kahitari havey hote, kaaran mallah vatate qee jarr tyachyakade tyaa daratoon jaanyasathi thodese thipke nasate, tarr tine tyala fakt eka purnapane bahishkrut mhanoon vagavale asate." abhineta tyachya shevatchya dekhavyapasun tyachya patratil itar badalanche varnan karato, jyat too nalkar kassa banala hota, adhik chaturaine kapade ghaloo lagla, tyache cases parat ghalane thambavale aanee aata tyane kanatil angathi ghatali nahee. suruvatila sanshayaspad asale taree, yaveli nick kharokharach badalala aahe assa vishvas thevun dotney tyaa doghannahi tichya gharee sweekarle. nick heey kharokharach eka sudharit patra aahe qaa asey vicharale asata, altman sandigdha rahilah "nick parat aala aahe, tyala eka gondus mulgi midali aahe. too nalkar banala aahe, too eka badallela manus aahe. ...kinwa too aahe?"katha jasjashi pudhe jaat gelee, tasatasa nikcha kharaa ajenda ughad jhaala jevha tyane tyachya aaeela dottychya tabyat thevanyasathi paise denyasathi blackmail kele. kathanakachya aanakhi eka valanavar, 2009 madhye prekshakanna heey ughad jhaale qee dotty (kharey naav kirstee) tichya vadilansobat nehmich santhganth karat hotee. kathet, dottyne tichya jeevan hummy dhoranasathi killing dott suchavala. yanantar nick leaves yetat, jyamule dottyla binduvar kaam karata yete. teen mahinyanantar too parat yeto, jyaveli teey dott aanee tichya mitranna patvoon denyachi tyanchi yojana suru karatat qee teela smrutibhransh aahe, dotla thaar marane aanee tichya bighadalelya mansik sthitivar tichya mrutyula dosh dene haah nikcha uddesh aahe. chaukat nikchya alpakalin vastavyadarmyan, tyane biilii michelala jais dierla kase maroo dile aanee niyamit paise magoon bilila blackmail kase kele heey sangtana aikale kinwa too jesachya mulala jela biline kaay kele teey sangat asey. jevha bilicha chulat bhau philala yabaddal kalale, tevha too nikala ranee vikchya barrelchya dukanat gheuun gela, jithe too tyala marhan karato aanee tyala khurchivar bandhato. philane bilila nick aufla ghabaravanyachi aanee heey sampavanyachi sandhee dilee, tathapi, biline tyala jaau dile aanee swatah jayala satya sangitale. tyachya swatachya mulibarobar tyachya priy aaeela thaar marnyacha cutt juuna 2009 madhye padadyavar charmotkarsh sadhatoh dottyche munn badallyanantar nikchi yojana gondhalaleli disate aanee shevati nikche aushadh ghenyaivaji tichya aajila vishbadhepasun vachavate. yamule anek ghatananchi malika ghadate, jyat nick, ekada tyachi yojana ughad jhaali qee paloon jaanyachya prayatnat, samudayachya vividh sadasyanna cafemadhye olis thevato aanee heather trotney nikala chip panmadhye dhakalalyanantar apghati aag lagate. nick aanee reyan malloy yanchyatil ladhaimule bandhu paloon jaanyat yashasvi hotat, joou bandhakanpaiki eka hota. yamule cafemadhye sphot hoto aanee aat nick aanee bradley branning hote. yaa kathene altmanche punha ekada karyakramatun prasthan chinhankit kele. tyacha nighanara bhag cliffhanger mhanoon lihila gela hota, kaaran bhagachya shevati nick sphotat vachala hota qee nahee heey ughad jhaale navhate. tathapi, pudhil bhagat, 4 juuna 2009 roji, nick sphotatoon vachalyache dakhavale jaate aanee bradleyla dolhyala dukhapat jhalyane rugnalayat dakhal karnyat aale aahe. punha ekada bindune nakarlyanantar nick nighun jaato. dotty white aahe heey nikne tyachya aaeela samajavun sangitalyanantarhi dottyla dotchya dekharekhikhali sodale jaate. janewari 2014 madhye, dotchya lodger poppy medola nikcha phone yeto, jyala dotshee bolayache aahe. nick hii white batami aahe asey sharon rickmanne sangitalyanantar, tee tyala tichyashi bolu denyas nakar dete. done mahinyanantar, polisankadun dotla sangitale jaate qee mageel aathvadyat heroinchya atipramanamule nikcha shwasankriya bund padalyane mrutyu jhaala aahe. nikcha mulga charley cotton haah jyaa police police hii batami ughad kelee aahe. charley spasht karate qee nikne 1980 chya dashakat tyachi aaee yvonsobat kelelya eka chhotyasha vivahatoon tyachi garbhadharana jhaali hotee. antyavidhidarmyan, charley aanee undertaker leesa kokar heey shavpetimadhye thipke pahanyapasun rokhatat. dott sanshayaspad asato aanee yvonla satya sanganyasathi aamantrit karato aanee tee dotla khatri dete qee charley ticha natoo aahe. kahee aathvadyannantar, caroll jackson charlila sallah vicharato, jevha too tyacha phone tichya gharee sodato, tevha tee eka colla uttar dete aanee nick ajunahi jiwant aahe heey teela kalate. yanantar, asey ughad hote qee charley eka police police veshbhusha karat aahe aanee pratyakshat tee yvon kaam karate tyaa dekharekhichya gharat kaljivahu aahe. charley tyachya gadichya khidakya fodalya gelya aahet heey shodhanyasathi kaam karato, nikchya sandeshasah, tyane heey kele asalyachi pushti karato. aktoobar 2014 madhye, nick tyachya banavat mrutyunantar saat mahinyanni albert squaremadhye punha disala. karyakari nirmata dominiq tradewell collins yanni atyant white nix katha denyache vachan dile aanee serve nix katha sampavanyasathi hii nix katha asel. charley aanee tyachi mangetar ronny michel dotchya gharat nick sapadalyane ghabartat. divasachya akheris nick tyanna 10,000 poundsathi blackmail karato, nahitar too jiwant asalyache ughad karel. charley philala karj vicharte, too sahmat hoto pann charlila maheet nastana too tyala kagadachi eka pishavi deto aanee jevha charley nikala deto tevha tyala paise nasalyache kalate. halloweenchya ratri, charleyne nikka jiwant asalyache ughad kele, too tyala shodhayala jaato parantu too gela asatana, dont tyala tichya gharat shodhato. nick ughad karato qee too eka daginyanchya gharamadhye jhalelya darodyat sameel hota aanee charleyne tyala tyacha mrutyu banavat banavanyasathi patvoon dile. joparyant teey tyala jaanyasathi purese paise gola karoo shakat naheet toparyant dott nick lapavanyas tayar hoto. yaa kalat, bindu punha ekada nikne hatalala jaato aanee too tithe aahe yacha anand houu lagato, vishvas thevun qee tee shevati tyachyasobat aaee-mulache naate thevu shakate. dotchya gharat adakoon padoon kantaloon nick baher jaanyache tharvato parantu tyala iaan bail disato, joou phil aanee sharonla nick jiwant asalyache sangato. phil nikavar hallah karnyasathi dotchya gharee jaato parantu ronny tyala thambavato. ronny filache 100,000 poundche paise choroon baher jaanyasathi nikala laach denyacha prayatna karato parantu too charley aanee ronnychya lagnasathi parat yeto. ronny aanee philane tyachyapasun kayamchi sutka vhavi mhanoon tyala thaar maranyabaddal bolane aikalyanantar, nick ronnychya gadiche break kapanyache tharvato. lagnachya receptionmadhye teela prasooti jhalyanantar, ronny, charley aanee tichi baheen, roxy eka qaar apghatat adaktat, jyat nantar emma samarhesacha mrutyu hoto, tarr ronny komat rahate. yvonla kalate qee nikne karche break kapale aahet parantu too tyachya kotchya khishat telkat rang lavoon teela phil frame karnyasathi patavato. yvon charlila nikne kaay kele aahe teey sangato parantu ronine tyala laach denyasathi vaparlelya kahee paishansah nikala pakadeparyant too tichyavar vishvas thevat nahee. mug nick yvonla ronnychya apghatat adakavato mhanoon charley tyaa doghanna nighun jaanyas sangate. dott shejarchya nirjan gharat nick lapavato aanee niksathi heroin gheto. dotcha lodger fatboy teela shodhun kadhato aanee teela thambanyacha aagrah karato, tyamule jevha teela nick disato tevha tee tyala ronisathi philala fasavanyabaddal polisansamor kabuli denyas aagrah karate parantu too mhanato qee tyala ronnychi parva nahee, teela sangato qee teela aasha aahe qee tee sadaleli aahe. nantar, bindula nick beshuddha padato parantu too thodya velasathi bhanavar yeto. tyachya shevatchya kshani, nikne thasun sangitale qee 1985 madhye regg coxchya mrutyusathi too jababdar hota. tees varshanpurvi regcha shodh lagalyane tyach thikani nick dotchya bahunmadhye marto. dotney charlila nikala maroo denyachi kabuli dilee, joou jailmadhye jaanyapasun dotla vachavanyasathi leesa kokarchya madatine nikchya shariratoon sutka karanyachi yojana aakhto. 19 februwari 2015 roji karyakramachya teesavya vardhapan dinanimitt prasarit jhalelya thet bhagamadhye, karyakramachya pahilya bhagatil agadi pahile drushya punha tayar karnyat aale. stacy, martin aanee kush kazemi yanna nikche shareer tyach prakare sapadate jyaa prakare dayne wats, arther fowler aanee allie osman yanna tees varshanpurvi regg cocks aadhalale hote. dott nikala thaar maralyachi kabuli deto aanee polis tyala gheuun jaatat. jaatat divashi tyacha mrutdeh gharatoon baher kadhala jaato. teen mahinyanantar, nikchya manavahakkasathi dotla 14 mahinyancha turungwas hoto parantu chaar mahinyanantar tichi sutka hote. nikavar juuna 2015 madhye antyasanskar hotat, jyat fakt charley, roxy aanee tyacha natoo mathyu upasthit asatat. 2021 madhye, nikchya mrutyunantar jawaljawal aath varshanni, asey ughad hote qee dotty (miilii ziro) hii tyachi mulgi nahee aanee tiche vadil nikche savatra bhau, tomm cotton (bryan connelly) aahet. tathapi, 2022 madhye, heey ughad hote qee heey khote aahe aanee nick kharokharach dottyche vadil aahet. altmanne ughad kele qee tyane tyachya patrala samalingi banavanyachya nirnayala virodh kelyanantar nirmatyanna tyala karyakramatun 'baher kadhanyas' sanganyat aale hote. swagat. nick cotton haah 'eastanders' chya sarvat prasiddha khalnayakanpaiki eka banala aahe. 2004 madhye jhalelya paach nivadnukanmadhye tyachya 'nichpana' laa 25 vaa 'sarvat motha sope kshan' mhanoon matdan karnyat aale aanee channell 4 chya matdanat tyala chauthya kramankache sarvat khalnayak patra mhanoon dekhil matdan karnyat aale aahe. "snrakshak" stambhalekhak charley brokerne nikche khalnayak patra nakarle aahe, tathapi, asey lihile aaheh "too manus fakt dhokadayak nahee; too aargoschya soochiitkach ardha bhayanak aahe. ['rajyabhishek rastyavar' khalnayak] jez quigley asey disat hota qee, alikadech khilalelya piditanni, piditanni bharalelya shetatoon, padalelya vyaktichya raktane aanghol ghalanyasathi gharee dhavnyapurvi, tyala gomans ghodya chadhvayala awadel, nick kapus fakt asey disate qee, too eka dhakke martana, supermarketchya checkout mulishi custardchya dent kelelya dabyachya kimmativar vaad ghaloo shakato, jevha tumhi tyachya mage vaat pahat asata, tevha tyala aashchary vatale qee tyane tyache shevatche cases kevha dhutale."mulanchya television karyakram" "balamori" "madhye altman disala tevha 'daad times' chya fiona mckedney yaa patravar vyang kele, palakanna sallah dilah" "tumchya lahan mulanche dolhe jhakanyasathi tayar rahaa, kaaran sabanacha white mulga rangiberangi, kalpanik nandanavanat paay rovto, miss hoolivar gundgiri karato, peesi plumla aswasth karato aanee jossy jump karato yaat shanka nahee". mallah gulabi kilt paridhan karnara aanee eka mothya gulabi killyat ekta rahnara, lathth, anandi posh mulga, aarchichya surakshechi dekhil bheeti vatate. shaharat nick asalyane tyala sandhee milat nahee." johnn altmanla 'daad british sope awards 2015' madhye 'vilan auph daad ear' sathee namankan midale hote, parantu holliox starr, jeremi shefieldkadun too parabhoot jhaala.

nick kapas nicolus charles "nick" kapas 19 february 1985 maa sabunko pahilo episodbata ardha-niyamit adharma john altmanle kheleko britis sope opera "estanders" ko ek kalpanik charitra how. altmanle bhane kii unko prarambhik nicas nirmata julia smithle unko charitralai samalingi banaune nirnayako virodh garepachhi unlai lekhnuparne mag garda bhaeko thiyo. smithko prasthan pachhi, patrale february 2015 maa unko unscreen mrityu nabhaesamma dherai chhoto wa adhik lamo karyakalharu banayo, june "estanderharu" ko 30 aun warshikotsawko sath mail khane gari lekhieko thiyo. nick kapas vishesh gari regg cokes (johnny clayton) ko mrityuka lagi jimmewar thiyo, jo sann 1985 maa karyakramko pahilo drishyama behos fela pareka thie, rar arko episodema unko mrityu bhaeko khulasa bhayo. nikako mrityu anshik rupma regko mrityuko punah adhiniyamanko rupma lekhieko thiyo, kinki nikako mrityu thik 30 warsha pahile regko mrityu bhaeko thaunma bhaeko thiyo. nikako prathamik karya ek virodhi, ek laguaushadh-prayogkarta rar ek hatyarako rupma thiyo. soka rachanakar tony halyand rar julia smithle unko kalpana gareka thie. muel cast line-apama dhilo samawesh, niklai halyand rar smithko muel scriptma lekhakko pratikriyako adharma samawesh garieko thiyo, june regg koksako hatyama kendrit thiyo, jasko hatyarale suruma khulasa garne irada rakheko thiena. niklai akramankari banna rar solai thap natakiya kathako kshamata pradan garna sirjana garieko thiyo. karyakramma afno samayama, nikle fill michel (steve mcfaden), billy michel (peri fenwick), michel fouler (sujan tolly), mark fouler (devid scarboro/tud carty), lisa fouler (luci benjamin), tony carpenter (oskar james), alie osman (nedjet saliha), pett bile (pieter dinn), cathy bayle (gillion telforth), clyde tewarniyar (steven woodcock), naigal batus (pall bradley), dayne wats (leslie grantham), edi skinner (ritch bhanstone), unka buba charchel rar kapali sanka (kapali rar mahila) rar samok (kapali) sanga dherai jhagada suru gare. niklai "out anned out khalanayak" ko rupma prayog garinchha. karyakari nirmata dominick treadwell-collinsle sujhawa dieka thie kii anya sabun patraharu viparit jasle naramro wyawahar gare rar adhik sukshma charitra chitran rar chhutka lagi awashyak thiyo, niklai purna "kharab manchhe" ko rupma prayog garna sambhawa thiyo. abhibhawak" kaa lagi ek television samikshakle sujhawa die kii, yass karanle garda, charitrako kayartapurna uddeshyaharu darshakharule wirlai prashna gareka thie, kinki unko prathamik karya "arajaktako agent" how. karyakramma nikako upasthiti chhoto hunu awashyak chha kinbhane unle chitran gareko dushtatako star lamo samayasamma charitrama kayam rakhna sakindaina bhanne pani sujhawa diieko thiyo. nikako sabaibhanda pramukh sambandha unaki amah dott kapas (june brauna) sanga chha. yasalai jatil, nishkriya rar kehi hadasamma chakriyako rupma chitran garieko chha, nick nirantar afno amako jiwanma prawesh gardai, unle usalai wigatka duracharharuka lagi maff garin (unko bingo jitharu chorna unlai marney prayas sahit), tyasapachhi nikako saancho uddeshya prakat hunda nirash parinchha, prayaha unko nirvasanma samapta hunchha, yadyapi asthayi rupma, chakra dohouyaunu aghi. sann 2015 maa nikako antim nidhanle yass sambandhalai samman gardacha, datsanga-antatah nikako khalanayak wyawaharko hadd mahasus garera rar pariwartan garna asamarthatalai swikar gardai-antatah niklai mern dine nirnaya gardai, usalai heroinko ghatak pratikriya bhaepachi chikitsa sahayata linuko satta, unko uddeshya niklai banchna wa mern dinu how kii bhanera yeshulai nirnaya garna dinu how. srishti. nick kapas "eastander", tony halyand rar julia smithka sirjanakartaharule awishkar gareko chaubisaun patra thiyo. nick halyand rar smithko "estanderharu" kaa lagi maulik darshanko hissa thiena, rar unko srishti pachhiko wicharko rupma ayo. shringkhalako pahilo episodema ekjana wriddha niwasi, regg koksako mrityu samawesh garieko thiyo, jaslai unko gharma kruratapurwak akraman garieko thiyo, rar marnaka lagi chhodiyo. pahilo lekhakharuko baithakma, jahaan lekhakharulai ichchit patraharu rar prarambhik scriptharusanga parichaya garaieko thiyo, pratyek swatantra rupma kuna charitrale reglai mareko thiyo bhanera janna chahanthe. yadyapi, halyand rar smithle hatyarako pardafas garne kahilyai irada gareka thienan. uniharulai thaha thiena kii kasale regg kokslai mareko thiyo, rar uniharule "ko" mahatwapurna thiena bhanne mahasus gareka thie. akramanpachi uni mareka thie bhanne tathya mahatwapurna mudda thiyo, rar regko hatya samadhan garne uddeshyale garieko thiena, yo kewal darshakharulai bhannaka lagi thiyo, surudekhi nai, kii walford ek kharab rar kathina thaaun thiyo. lekhakharule yasako virodh gare. uniharule halyandlai euta thulo awasar khera falne arop lagae rar hatyako sikarle darshakharulai mohit parney natakiya sambhawanaharuko ek shringkhala pradan garne sujhawa die. teis muel patraharu sabai aparadh garna asamartha thie bhanne nirnaya garepachhi, halyandle nick kapasko rupma purna rupma nayan charitra awishkar garne nirnaya garyo. nikaka lagi muel charitrako ruparekha yasto thiyoh "unko chhawi vishesh rupma macho how. antyama haptaunsamma haraunchha. amale prashna sodhdainan... denko viparit, nick wastawik badmash how. manisharuko gopaniyata rar gharma kiraharu prawesh garchhan. tyasabeladekhi, afno buddhimattama jiundacha. prahar garne kshanko pratiksha gardai; nagad nick garna rar harauna...samanyataya afna piditharu chhanauta garchhan jo, kunai naha kunai karanle, usalai report garna daraunchhan...nick heroinko latma chha. nick kewal ardha-niyamit charitra banne uddeshyale bhaeko hunale, julia smith unko castingma sanlagna thienan rar abhineta john altmanlai nirdeshakharule rojeka thie. yadyapi, unle niklai uccha holo (tom watt) sanga samalingi sambandha rakheko chitran garna aswikar garepachhi unlai barkhasta garna anurodh garin kinbhane unle soche kii yo charitra bahira thiyo. vikas rar kathawastu. niklai "estanders" kaa karyakari nirmata diarich santerle "soko pramukh khalanayak" ko rupma warnan gareka chhan. karyakramma charitrako samayalai warnan garne euta "estandersle khulasa gare" writtachitrale unlai jhuto, chor rar hatyara manyo jasle "unko najikaka manisharuko pida rar dukhama fastae. saha-kalakar charley clements (bradley branning) ley bhaneka chhanh "tapain sabun kharab ketaharubare sochnuhunchha, nick kapas nishchit rupma tiniharumadhe utkrishtasanga mathi chha", jabki leslie grantham (dayne wats) ley bhane kii "nick kapasko barema kunai readyming suwidha chhaina. yo mulyankan shringkhalaka katha nirmata dominick treadwell-kolinsdwara sajha garieko chha, jasle wyakhya gareka chhanh "ek out anned out khalanayak hunu ramro how. malai lagchha kahilekaahin tapainle euta charitra prapta garna saknuhunchha rar 'oh, tiniharuko pani ramro paksha hunuparchha, rar sayed hamile tiniharulai thorai chhutyaunuparchha.'nikasanga, yasale farak pardaina. tapain purna pelt, foot-unn-da-accelerator kharab manchhe zahn saknuhunchha."john altmanle afno balyakalma afno bubako anupasthitima nikako anaitiktalai dosh dindai afno charitra ek patak pani ramro bhaeko samjhana garna sakdainan bhanne tathyako barema chhalfal gareka chhan. santerle nikle afnie amah dott kapas (june brauna) sanga sajha gareko "ashcharyajanak rupma nishkriya amah-chhorako sambandha" rar niklai arko mauka dine unko nirantar ichchhako barema chhalfal gareka chhan, unko galat kamko itihas jastosukai bhae tapani. santerle wyakhya gareh "tyahan tyo kura chha jahaan tapainle kohi pariwartan bhaeko asha garne himmat garnuhunchha, june sanchchai dukhad chha. tiniharule tapainlai saya patak nirash gareka chhan, rar ajhai pani tapainle asha garnuhunchha kii saya rar pahilo patak tiniharu pariwartan bhaeka chhan."granthamle bhaneka chhan kii dott" "[nikako] jiwanma ek sathi how", jabki treadwell-collinsle pushti gareka chhanh "" dutle sadhain usalai maff garne chha. rar yahi nick rar datko sundarta how."yass bhawanasanga sahamat bhaera, altman sahamat bhaeh" usale jey gare pani, unle usalai kshama garchhin. itihasbhari dherai gundaharuka amaharule pani tyastai gare. sayed all caponki amale uni ek pyara ketako thiyo bhanne socheki thiin, tapainlai thaha chha." estanders" ko pahilo episode wriddha niwasi regg cokes (johnny clayton) afno flatma behos bhaeko patta lage. regg pachhi marchha rar pachhika episodharuma yo khulasa hunchha kii unko hatya nikle gareka thie. halyand rar smithle shringkhalalai natakiya rupma prastut garna chahanthe, rar regg cokes kathalai ramro suruwat bindu bhaeko vishwas gare, jasle samudayaka vibhinna sadasyaharulai wriddha wyaktiko hatyako paristhitima sanlagna huna wa tippani garna anumati diyo. santerle batae kii niklai "surudekhi nai thukune, chuchuro parney janawar" ko rupma sthapit garieko thiyo, pahilo episodko antyama niklai "estanders" ko pahilo drum roll diieko dekhda unle rani victoria pabako kaanchko dhoka jhyalbata mukka prahar gare. police anusandhanko kehi haptapachhi, mukhya sandigdha nikle ethyl skinner (grechen franklin)-lai ghisaune prayas garepachhi squire chhode, rar aprilma unlai pakrau garieko report gariyo. julyma nikaki amah datko castsanga parichaya bhaepachi, unle darshakharulai nikle probationma niscan safal bhaeko jankari diin, rar arko mahina, uni albert squirema farke. uni farkiepachhi, unle harrold legg (leonard fenton) ko shalyakriyama bhag lie rar cathy bayle (gillion telforth) ko medical recordharu bhettae, unko 14 warshako umerma bachcha bhaeko patta lagae. nikle kyathika pati, pite (pieter dinn) lai yo khulasa garne dhamki dinchha jabasamma unle usalai niyamit bhuktani dindainan. cathyle chaandai pitlai satya bataunchha, jasko parinamswarup usale sadakko bichma niklai pitaidincha. yasapachhi, denle niklai kahilekaahin visiting dott bahek, ramroka lagi warga chhodna chetawani dinchha, anyatha usale ghatak parinamharuko samana garnechha. nick arko kehi warshaharuma chhoto rupma dekha parchhan rar antatah october 1987 maa afna buba charley (christopher hancock) lai bhetchhan jab tiniharu duwai sanyogawash dott bhraman garna aunchhan. nick rar charleyle ekarkalai spashta parchhan kii uniharu ekarkalai waripari chahandainan. charleyle nikle kehi aparadhiharubata chori garepachhi lukaeko patta lagaaunchhin rar nikako aparadhka lagi zell gaeka nikako purano sathi graham clarkbatt lukiraheko pani patta lagaaunchhin. charleyle grahamlai nikako samana garna gharbhitra prawesh garna dinchhin, rar usalai chhodna badhya parchhin, anyatha usale usalai lukaeka aparadhiharulai sumpa dinechha. sann 1988 maa, nikle decons hill jailma laguaushadh aparadhka lagi jailma samaya bitaunchhan, jahaan sanyogawash, ago lagaieka karan jailma rakhieko chha. yass awadhima nai regko hatyako rahasya antatah samadhan hunchha jab nikle afu jimmewar bhaeko swikar gare. sann 1989 maa, dutle niklai aff-screen bhramanharu marfat thaha paunchha kii usale hazell (bharjinia fiol) namak mahilasanga vivaha gareko chha, rar aut chhori chha; nikle afno rar datko tanawapurna sambandhaka karan unlai pahile nai bataunabata jogie. hazelle mey 1989 maa dott dauna patta lagae rar bachcha dorothy nikolasanga unlai bhetna gae; dott yati khusi bhae kii uniharule bhraman gare kii unle moe kasai (edna dorey) rar marge green (pyat kumbs) sanga brauni marchma bhag linbata pachhi hatchhin. yo pachhi jhuto bhaeko khulasa bhayo, rar bachcha hejalko bhatiji bhaeko thaha bhayo. yadyapi nick kewal ek ardha-niyamit charitra thiyo, unko antarayik upasthiti sadhain karyakramma thulo prabhawa parnaka lagi scripted garieko thiyo, sathai unko kathama sanlagna sabai patraharu. soko pahilo kehi warshaharuma uni punah dekha pare rar dherai patak chhodera gae, pratyek patak adhikatam vinash nimtyae, rar tabloidharule "kharab nick" charitralai brand garna suru garnubhanda dherai samaya pahile thiena. altmanle tippani gareka chhanh "malai lagchha uniharule nick firta lyaundaichhan kinbhane uni britis tibhika patraharu madhye ek hun jaslai manisharule ghrina garna munn paraunchhan. janatadwara charitrako yo napsand walfordka kalpanik basindaharule sajha gareka thie, altmanle wyakhya gareh "pratyek patak jab uu farkanchha usale ek rar sabaibata tadha janchha. yo naramro kaubwaya saharma sawari gardai aunu jastai how-sabaile shutterharu tall rakhchhan rar barr banda garchhan." charitrako upasthiti yass apriya, "kharab" chhawi anurup banaieko thiyo, "estanders" shringkhalaka sallahakar syman ashdownle tippani gare; "jab uu aunchha, tapainlai thaha chha yo manchhe kharab chha. unisanga callo kapal rar scull rar chhalako jackett chha. uni yastai chhan, uni decancian baddy hun."sann 2000 dekhi 2001 samma nikako chhora ashle kapasko bhumika nirvaha garne franky fitzgerald sahamat bhaeh" "kharab nikako roop, tapainlai thaha chha, uni kharab manchhe thie. jab usale suit lagaeko hunchha, usale ajhai pani kanko dul paeko chha, usale ajhai pani aunthiharu paeko chha, usale ajhai pani afno ghantima tatue banaeko chha." shringkhalama nikako sabaibhanda ullekhaniya firtiharu madhye ek sann 1990 maa bhayo. nick afnie amako jiwanma afu feri janmeko isai bhaeko dabi gardai farke, june bingoma unko aaa 10,000 ko jitsanga mail khanchha. "estanders" kaa lekhak sarah felpsle wyakhya gareh "datka lagi, yeshule antatah nikasanga kura garnubhaeko vichar, yahi unko sabai christmas ekaichoti aaundai thiyo! niklai tyo thaha thiyo. yo spashta thiyo kii nikle 'yeshu masanga hindchan' bhandai huna sakchha rar tyasapachhi bahira gaera kasailai laat hannuhos wa uniharuko wallet nick garnuhos."nakkali pujariko sahayogma, nikle afnie amalai afno nayan vishwasbare vishwas dilauna safal bhae rar tyasapachhi unko khanako bani niyantran garna rar paisa davi garna unlai vish dina dhilo abhiyan suru gare. episode jasle kathako samapan garyo, pee dwara lekhieko.jey. hammond, kewal datko gharma sett garieko thiyo rar yasama nick, dott, charley, ethel rar nakkali pujari alastyre milera baneko asamanya rupma sano cast thiyo. antim kshanma, jaslai altmanle "ek patak hamile nikako ramro paksha dekhyaun" bhanera bhaneka chhan, nick afno yojanabata pachhi hatnubhayo rar usalai marney uddeshyale vishakta khana khanbata rokidinubhayo. ek patak feri, dott eklai chhodieko thiyo, unko afnai chhoro unko lagi key garna tayar bhaeko thiyo bhanera tuteko hridaya. nick lamo samayasamma walfordbata tadha thienan. sann 1991 maa, uni heroinko lata liera farke tara dutle suruma unlai tyage rar maddatka lagi unko nivedanlai bewasta gare. charleyko mrityu bhaeko patta lagepachhi nai nick unko ek matra pariwar baanki thiyo rar unlai sudhar garna dridha thiyo. kathanakko barema chhalfal gardai, altmanle bhaneka chhanh "maile heroinko lata wastawma dherai thakaune paen, kinki maile sanchchai baklo dahri badhaen rar mero kapal sadhain sanchchai ganda thiyo. jab mahm tee drishyaharuko chhayangkan gardai thien maile ek manisasanga bhet garen jo ek lata thiyo, rar unle malai tee kuraharu bhane june tapaimbata januhunchha, jastai jab tapain yasalai bahira nikalne prayas gardai hunuhunchha bhane tapain aram garna saknuhaunna. tapain sutna saknuhaunna tyasaile tapainle dukhai marney prayas garna dherai raksi piunuhunchha. ghadi mushkille chalcha jasto dekhinchha. ek abhinetako rupma mera lagi, tiniharule sanchchai malai tyasamathi sakesamma zahn die. hamisanga manisharubata patraharu pani thie kii yasale uniharulai jiwanbharka lagi heroinbata kasari hataeko chha, tyasaile malai lagchha kii hamile ramro kaam garyaun."kathanak khulera jaanda, dutle niklai afno kothama banda garera rar pitt belko sahayogma chiso tarkima zahn badhya pardai nikako latlai cum garne prayas gare. yass awadhima rani wictoriaca gharmalik eddi roilko hatya bhaeko thiyo. sann 1991 ko sharad rituko samayama hatya soko mukhya katha thiyo. ediko hatya bhaeko episode tony machelele lekheka thie; yo clifhangerko sath samapta bhayo jasma bagainchama ediko sharirmathi ubhieko clyde tewarniyar rar chhuri samatera, june nikle afno shayankakshako jhyalbata dekhe. nikle afule dekheko kura policelai bataunchha, jasle garda clyde michel foulerko sahayogma bhagna thalcha. jo wallace antatah agadi ae, unle ediko hatyako ratma chokma nick out dekheko batae, afno kothabata bhagera naliko pipema chadhera. nikle afu jimmewar bhaeko kura swikar gardacha tara yo durghatana bhaeko dabi gardacha. niklai pachhi giraftar gariyo rar ediko hatyako arop lagaieko chha rar uni janawari 1993 maa mudda khada hunchhan. ek haptako episodharu muddama samarpit thie, rar sabai tony jordendwara lekhieka thie. nikako muddako katha prastut garna, karyakram nirmataharule afaile pramanharuko samiksha garna rar ediko mrityuparyantaka episodharu hernuparne thiyo. antyama, yadyapi yo spashta thiyo kii nick edilai chhura prahar garna jimmewar thiyo, yo spashta thiena kii yo hatya thiyo, rar jurile doshi nabhaeko faisala firta garyo. altmanle saransh dieh "sanchchai ramro raksha garera rar feri ek patak afno tauko jhukeko madhyambata, uni hatya garera bhagera gae. june brauna (jo dott khelchha) ley august 1993 maa shrinkhalabata bahirine nirnaya garda niklai datko sath sobata bahira lekhieko thiyo. uniharuko prasthan kathale unko sathi, jo rar jawan chhora, ashle too datlai parichaya garaeko thiyo, jo suruma wishwasta thiyo kii jole unlai thagne prayas gariraheko thiyo, kinki unle dherai warsha pahile hejalko ghatana samjhain. ek patak datlai nick saancho bhaeko vishwas bhayo, tathapi, uni chaandai eshleko najik puge, rar pariwar sangai kabrama sare. sann 1997 samma dott rar nick pardama rahekama yo antim patak hunechha, jab june braunalai datko rupma unko bhumika dohouyauna raji gariyo. uni farkiepachhi, dutle batae kii niklai laguaushadh rakheko aropma feri aff-screen pakrau garieko thiyo, rar jo rar asley unko aparadhik karyaharubata thakit bhaera tadha sareka thie. uni farkepachhi kehi samayapachi, unlai policele jankari diyo kii nick afno selmet, damien spinkssanga jailbata bhageko thiyo. demion dott khojdai aunchhin, unlai nikle usalai paisabata dhoka dieko bataunchhan. usale usalai ratbhari bandhak rakhchha rar unko paisa paepachi chaandai nai janchha. bholipalta, policele demiyanlai saghan herchahma rakhieko khulasa gardacha, tyahan nikdwara rakhieko chha. john altmanle march 1998 maa paanch warshako anupasthiti pachhi nikako rupma afno bhumikalai दोहोऱ्याए।. naigal betharule nikle raati dhilo datko gharma jasusi gareko patta lagae rar usalai tadha rahan bhanepachhi, nikle naigallai afu farkane chetawani dinchha. kehi haptapachhi nick farkanchha, jab dutle usalai afno gharma lukeko thaha paunchha. nikle datlai bataunchha kii uu edsbata mardaicha, usako heroinko latka karan, jaslai unle suruma vishwas gardainan tara pachhi wishwasta hunchhan. nikle afno aushadhiko kharcha tirna sashastra dakaitiko yojana banaeko khulasa gardacha. nikle yasalai parr garna nachaheko, dutle nikaka lagi paisako wyawastha garne nirnaya gardacha. dott pachhi mark foulerlai bhetchha rar usale prashnama raheko drugsko barema suneko chha kii bhanera sodhcha, june markley aswikar gardacha. tyasapachhi dutle clair betasko computerma aushadhi herchha rar patta lagaunchha kii aushadhiharu kewal nidrako goliharu hun. nikle afno rogko barema sadai jhuto boliraheko mahasus gardai, dutle usalai punah pakrau gari jailma firta pathaundai, usalai samana garnu aghi policelai fone gardacha. october 2000 maa, "nick kapasko firti" shirshakko vishesh 'sabun-bubble' prasaran bhayo. episode jailbata nikako rihai, afno chhorasangko melmilapma kendrit thiyo, rar nikaka buba charlilai pani chitrit garyo, unko charitra marieko lagbhag ek dashak pachhi bhutko rupma chhoto cameo upasthiti banayo. yass prakaranle nikako walfordma pachhiko firtiko lagi marga prashasta गऱ्यो।, jahaan unle nikle afno kanchho bhai martin foulerlai paramanandako apurti gariraheko patta lagaepachhi mark foulersanga purano jhagada punah suru gare. nayan warshako dina 2001 maa, markley nikako peya padarthalai spike gardacha rar usalai brij streetko bhiyadaktako shirshama luhaunchha rar ek nashama raheko nick khasda dekhcha, jasle afulai gambhir rupma ashakta banaunchha. yasapachhi, nikle eslilai markko gharma ago lagauna adesh dinchha tara usale yasalai parr garna sakdaina rar nikle aswikar garepachhi walford chhodchha. yasapachhi, nick asthayi rupma february 2001 maa merudandako ekaima prasthan gardacha. tinn mahina tadha rahepachhi, uni mey 2001 maa farke; uni hindna saksham thie, tara ajhai pani cratch chahinchha. yo punaragman unko aghillo bhanda pani chhoto hune thiyo, rar tyasapachhi sobata dherai lamo anupasthiti thiyo. marksanga jhagada jaari rakhna dridha sankalpa gardai, nikle markaki garbhawati premika lisalai dhamki dina thalcha rar chaandai markko motorbikeko breklai todfod garepachhi eshaliko mrityu hunchha, kewal ashleyle yasalai chori garna rar kryas garna. eshleko mrityu pachhi, dutle nick rar mark bichko bahas sunchha rar nikle markko motorbikeko breakma chhedchhad gareko mahasus gardacha. eshleko antyeshti pachhi, dutle niklai afno jiwanbata nirwasit garchha rar usalai chhodna rar kahilyai naha farkan bhancha, kinki unle usalai kahilyai maff garna saksham hune chhaina. yadyapi, santerle wyakhya gareh "tyahan sadhain nikaka lagi dutma farkane bato hunechha", "eastander lekhak james penedwara samarthit sthiti, jasle bhaneh" [dott] vishwas gardacha, malai lagchha, gahiro tall, kii unisanga pariwartanko sambhawana chha, kii uni ek asal keta huna sakchhan. malai lagchha kii unle tyo chahana rakhchhin."sann 2006 maa zim branningle cancerko sikar bhaeko zell aspatalma raheka nikbata fone prapta garepachhi melmilapatarf pahilo kadam chaleko thiyo. zim rar unka naati, bradleyle suruma yasalai databata gopya rakhe, tara bradleyle afnie premika stacylai bhane, jasle yasalai dutma jharna die. dott niklai bhetna gae, tara jab uni cancerbata mukta bhae, unle datlai bhetna dina aswikar gare. 2 october 2008 maa yo report garieko thiyo kii nick saat warsha bhanda badhi tadha pachhi tyo warsha krisamasko dinma "estanders" maa farkane chha. karyakari nirmata dederick santerle nikako firtima afno utsahako barema kura gardai, charitralai "estanders" kinwadanti "rar" karyakramko sabaibhanda badhi samjhane rar sabaibhanda manaparne khalanayakharu madhye ek "ko rupma prashansa gare. altmanle bhaneh "saat warshako anupasthiti pachhi, mahm albert squirema farkan paunda romanchit chhu. bibisile malai sadhain nick kapasko rupma utkrishta kathaharu dieko chha rar nikle feri ek patak darr rar ghrina wargabhari failaune chha kii bhanera mahm hern utsuk chhu!"june braunle khulasa garin kii unle nirmataharulai chha wa saat warshadekhi altmanlai sabunma firta lyauna agraha gariraheki thiin, kinki uniharu duile yati ramro kaam garne sambandha sajha gare. walsalma samaya bitaepachhi kapas farkie; feri samanya rupma hindda unisangai unaki saat warshiya chhori doti pani thiin. unle batae kii unle dattiki amah sandy gibsanlai euta sitma basda bheteka thie, rar uni ek sharabi thiin jasko bharkharai mrityu bhaeko thiyo, unlai dattiko hirasatma chhode. altmanle wyakhya gareh "niklai kehi chahieko thiyo, kinki malai lagchha yadi unisanga tyo dhokabata hindnaka lagi thorai dutty thiena bhane, unle usalai purna bahishkritko rupma wyawahar garne thiin." abhinetale afno antim upasthitidekhi afno charitrama anya pariwartanharu warnan gare, kasari uni plumber baneka thie, ajha chaturatapurwak luga lagauna thale, afno kapal firta garna chhode rar ab kanko dulgi lagaundainan. suruma shankaspad bhae tapani, dutle nick sanchchai yass patak pariwartan bhaeko vishwas gardai tee duwailai afno gharma swikar garin. nick sanchchai euta sudharieko charitra thiyo kii bhanera sodhda, altman aspashta raheh "nick farkieko chha, usale euta pyari chhori paeko chha. uni plumber baneka chhan, uni badalieka manis hun. ...wa uni hun?"katha agadi badhdai jaanda, nikako saancho agenda prakat bhayo jab usale afnie amalai dattiko hirasatka lagi paisa dina blackmail गऱ्यो।. arko kathanak twistma, sann 2009 maa darshakharu samaksha yo khulasa bhaeko thiyo, kii doti (wastawik naam christy) afno bubasanga sabai samaya milijuli gardai thiin. kathama, dottile afno jiwan ashwasana nitika lagi killing dott sujhau die. nikle yasalai pachhyaundai chhodchha, dattilai dutma kaam garna anumati dinchha. tinn mahinapachhi uni farkanchhan, tyasapachhi uniharule dott rar unka sathiharulai uni demenciabata pidit chhan bhanera vishwas dilaune yojana suru garchhan, nikako uddeshya datlai marnu rar unko bigrandai gaeko manasik awasthalai unko mrityulai dosh dinu how. chokma nikako chhoto prawasko samayama, unle billy michellai key bhandai sune kii unle kasari jais diarlai mern die rar niyamit bhuktaniko mag garera bililai blackmail gare wa unle jeska chhora jayalai bilile key gare bhanera bataaunthe. jab bilika chachera bhai fille yo kura thaha pae, unle niklai rani bhikako barrel storema lage, jahaan unle unlai kutpit gare rar kursima bandhera rakhe. fille bililai nick aflai daraune rar yo samapta garne awasar die, yadyapi, bilile usalai zahn die rar jayalai nai satya batae. afnie pyari amalai marney afnai chhorisangko shadyantra june 2009 maa pardama charmotkarsha hunchhah dattiko hridaya pariwartan bhaepachi nikako yojana awyawasthit hunchha rar antatah niklai drugsko satta afnie hajuramalai vishakta hunbata bachaunchha. yasale ghatanaharuko shringkhalama laijanchha jahaan nick, afno yojana ujagar bhaepachi bhagne prayasma, samudayaka vibhinna sadasyaharulai cafema bandhak rakhchha rar heather trutle chip pyanma niklai dhakelda akasmik ago lagchha. bandhakharu madhye ek nick rar ryan malloyabichko ladainka karan bandhakharu bhagna safal bhae. yasako parinam swarup cafema nick rar bradliko bhitrako bhagko sath wisfot hunchha. kathanakle altmanko feri ek patak karyakrambata prasthanlai chihnit गऱ्यो।. unko prasthan episodlai clifhangerko rupma scripted garieko thiyo, kinki episodko antyama nick wisfotbata bancheka thie kii bhanera khulasa garieko thiena. yadyapi, arko episodema, 4 june 2009 maa, nick wisfotbata baancheko dekhaieko chha rar bradlilai ankhama chot lageko chha rar aspatalma bharna garieko chha. nick feri ekpatak datdwara aswikrit bhaepachi prasthan gardacha. dutty naramro how bhanera nikle afnie amalai wyakhya gare tapani dattilai datko herchahma chhodiyo. janawari 2014 maa, datko lazar pappi medole nikbata fone cull prapta gardacha, jo datsanga kura garna chahanchha. nick naramro khabar how bhanera sharon rickmanle bataepachhi, unle usalai unisanga kura garna dina aswikar garchhin. dui mahinapachhi, datlai policele bhaneko chha kii nikako aghillo hapta heroinko adhik matrabata shwasprashwasko wifaltabata mrityu bhaeko thiyo. samacharlai binduma failaune prahari adhikariharu madhye ek nikako chhora charley kapas hun. charleyle batae kii uni sann 1980 ko dashakma nikle afnie amah yabhonsanga gareko chhoto vivahabata garbhadharan gareka thie. antyeshti sanskarko samayama, charley rar undertaker less kokarle datlai kafinma hernbata rokchhan. dott shankaspad hunchha rar yabhonlai satya batauna amantrit gardacha rar unle charley unko naati how bhanera datlai ashwasana dinchhin. kehi haptapachhi, caroll jacksonle charlilai sallahaka lagi sodhchan, jab usale afno fone unko gharma chhodchha, unle kalko jawaf dinchhin rar nick ajhai jiwit chha bhanera patta lagaaunchhin. yasapachhi, charleyle ek prahari officerko pratirupan gariraheko rar wastawma yobhon kaam garne herchah gharma herchah garne wyakti bhaeko khulasa hunchha. charleyle afno karko jhyalharu bhaanchieko fela parne kaam chhodchha, nikako sandeshsanga, usale gareko pushti gardai. october 2014 maa, nick afno nakkali mrityuko saat mahina pachhi albert squirema punah dekha parchhan. karyakari nirmata dominick treadwell collinsle antim kharab nick katha dine wacha gare rar sabai nick kathaharu samapta garne nick katha hunechha. charley rar unko mangetar rony michel datko gharma nick fela parne daraunchhan. nikle dinko antyasammama uniharulai £10,000 kaa lagi blackmail gardacha, wa usale afu jiwit chha bhanera thyakkai prakat garnechha. charleyle filalai rina magchha, uu sahamat hunchha tara charlilai thaha nabhaeko karan usale usalai kagajle bharieko jhola dinchha rar jab charleyle niklai dinchha usale paisa chhaina bhanera thaha paunchha. helovinko ratma, charleyle nick jiwit chha bhanera patta lagaaunchhin, uu usalai khojna janchha tara uu jaanda, dutle usalai afno gharma bhetchha. nikle afu ek jauhariko gharma dakaitima sanlagna bhaeko khulasa garchha rar charleyle usalai afno mrityu nakkali banauna raji garaunchha. dott nick lukauna sahamat hunchha jabasamma uniharule usalai chhodnaka lagi paryapta paisa uthauna sakdainan. yass samayama, datlai ek patak feri nikle herfer gardacha rar uu tyahan chha bhanera khusi huna thalcha, uni antatah unisanga amah-chhorako sambandha rakhna sakchha bhanne vishwas gardai. datko gharma adkiera thakit bhaera nikle bahira jaane nirnaya garchha tara ian belle usalai dekhe, jasle fill rar sharonlai nick jiwit chha bhani bataunchha. fill niklai akraman garna datko gharma ghumchha tara ronile rokchha. ronile filko £100,000 paisa chordai niklai chhodna ghusa dine prayas garchha tara uu charley rar roniko vivahaka lagi farkanchha. rony rar fille usalai ek patak rar sadaka lagi chhutkara pauna usalai marney kura sunera, nikle roniko karko break katne nirnaya gardacha. wiwahako receptionma prasava prasavma pugepachhi, rony, charley rar unaki bahini, roxy carr durghatanama sanlagna hunchhan jasle pachhi emma samarhejlai marchha, jabki rony komama chha. yabhonle nikle karko break kateko thaha paunchha tara usale afno kotko paketma tailiya luga rakhera filalai frame banauna manaunchha. yabhonle charlilai nikle key gareko chha bhanera bataunchha tara ronile usalai ghusa dina prayog gareko kehi paisako sath niklai samatdasamma usale unlai vishwas gardaina. tyasapachhi nikle yobhanlai roniko durghatanama parchha tyasaile charleyle tee duwailai chhodna bhancha. dutle niklai chheuko ghartira lukaunchha rar nikaka lagi heroin prapta gardacha. datko lazar fatbwyle patta lagaunchha rar usalai rokna agraha gardacha tyasaile jab usale niklai dekhcha usale usalai roniko khatira filalai frame garne barema policema swikar garna agraha gardacha tara usale roniko khyal rakhdaina bhanera bhancha, usalai usale rotchha bhanne asha gardacha. pachhi, dutle niklai behos fela parchha tara usale kehi samayaka lagi chetana prapta garchha. afno antim kshanharuma, nikle sann 1985 maa regg koksako mrityuka lagi afu jimmewar bhaeko kura patta lagaunchhan. nick datko hatma marchha, uhi sthanma jahaan regg tees warsha pahile fela pareko thiyo. dutle charlilai niklai mern dieko swikar gardacha jasle datlai zell janbata bachauna less kokarko maddatle nikako sharirbata chhutkara paune yojana banaeko chha. soko tehraun warshikotsawko awasarma 19 february 2015 maa prasarit laibh episodema, soko pahilo episodko pahilo drishya punah sirjana garieko thiyo. stacy, martin rar kush kajemile nikako sharira jastai dayne watt, arther fouler rar alie osamanle tees warsha pahile regg cokes fela parey. dutle nikako hatya gareko swikar gardacha rar policele usalai liera janchha. bholipalta unko shav gharbata nikalinchha. tinn mahinapachhi, dutle nikako manawawadhko aropma 14 mahinako zell paunchha tara uni chaar mahinapachhi riha hunchhin. nikako antyeshti june 2015 maa charley, roxy rar unka naati mathyu matra upasthit bhaera hunchha. sann 2021 maa, nikako mrityuko lagbhag atha warshapachhi, yo khulasa hunchha kii doti (millie shunya) unaki chhori hoinan rar unka buba nikako sauteni bhai, tom kapas (bryan konli) hun. yadyapi, sann 2022 maa, yo jhuta how rar nick wastawma dotika buba hun bhanne khulasa hunchha. altmanle afno charitralai samalingi banaune nirnayako virodh garepachhi nirmataharulai unlai sobata 'lekhna' bhanieko khulasa gare. swagat. nick kapas "eastander" ko sabaibhanda prasidha khalanayakmadhye ek baneko chha. unko 'ashlilata' lai sann 2004 maa panchwata matadanma 25 aun "sabaibhanda thulo sabun kshan" ko rupma matadan garieko thiyo, rar unlai channel 4 ko matadanma chautho sabaibhanda khalanayak television charitrako rupma pani matadan garieko chha. "abhibhawak" stambhakar charley brookerle nikako khalanayak charitra chitranlai aswikar gareka chhan, tathapi, lekhdaih "tyo manis kewal khatarnak chhaina; uu argos catalog jattikai adha darlagdo chha. jabki ["rajyabhishek sadak" khalanayak] jaze kwiglile bharkharai chuhieka piditharule khaskeko ragatma nuhauna ghar daudane aghi karahale bharieko khetma onix stelianko sawariko ananda linchhan jasto dekhinthyo, nick kapas matra dekhinchha kii usale, ek dhakka maa, supermarket checkout ketisanga custardko dunt garieko tinko mulya vivad garna sakchha jab tapain usako pachhadi parkhanuhunchha, usale antim patak afno kapal kahile dhune bhanera sochdai."da timesko fiona mcadele bachchaharuko tivi karyakram" "balamori" "maa altman dekha parda charitralai wyangya gare, amababulai sallaha dindaih" "sabunko naramro keta rangin, kalpanik swargama ufriraheko bela afna sanah bachchaharuko aankha dhakna tayar rahanuhos, nissandeha miss hulilai gaabhindai, pc plamlai wichlit gardai rar josie jump gardai. malai archiko surakshako darr pani chha, mota, khusi posh keta jasle gulabi kilt lagaunchha rar thulo gulabi mahalma eklai baschha. saharma nikako sathama, usale mauka khada gardaina." john altmanlai "britis sabun award 2015" maa 'willen aff da ear' kaa lagi manonit garieko thiyo, tara holyox starr, jeremi seyfieldsanga parajit bhae.

nick kapaa nicolas charles "nick" cotton heuchhi british sope apera "estanders" rahr eka kalpanika charitra jaahaa zohn altamyanka dwara 19 februari 1985 ray sopra pratham episodaru ardha-nijamita aadhaarare abhinai karajaithila. altman kahichanti je taanka charitraku samalingi karibara nishpattiku birodha kariba parey tanku lekhajiba paain prajojaka julia smith daabi kariba karanaru tankara prarambhika prasthana hoithila . smithnka prasthana parey, ehi charitra februari 2015 ray taanka unscreen mrutyu parjyanta aneka sankhipta kimba adhika dirgha karjyakala karithile, jaahaa "estanders" rahr 30 tama barshiki sahita mela karibaku lekhajaithila . nick cotton regg cokes (janii clayton) nka mrutyu paain bisesh bhabare daie thile, jieki 1985 ray karjyakramara pratham drushyare chetashunya abasthare aabiskruta hoithile, ebong parabarti adhyajare mrutyu hoithiba prakash karithile . niknka mrutyu aanshika bhabare regnka mrutyura punahprabartana bhabare lekhajaithila, kaaran thika 30 barsha purbe, regg mrutyubarana karithiba sehi sthanare nick mrutyubarana karithile. niknka prathamika karjya thila jane birodhi, jane nishadrabya byabaharakaree ebong jane hatyakari bhabare . shoe 'rahr nirmata, tony holland ebong julia smithnka dwara shay kalpana karithile. moola kalakaranka line-apare bilambare antarbhukta, nick holland ebong smithnka moola script upare lekhakanka pratikrija aadhaarare antarbhukta karajaithila, jaahaa regg koksanka hatya upare kendrit thila, jahara hatyakari semane moolatah prakash karibaku chahunanathile . nick aakramanakaree heba paain ebong shoe 'ku adhika natakiah kahani sambhabana pradan kariba paain srusti karajaithila . shoe 'ray thiba samajare, nick phil michel (stibh mcfaden), billy michel (peri phenawik), mishel fouler (susanne tooley), marck fouler (devida scarboro/todd carty), lissa fouler (lussy benjamin), tonny carpenter (askara james), aali osman (nedjet salih), pite bail (pieter dinn), kyathi bail (gillian telforth), clyde tebharniar (stiven udkak), nigal bates (pull bradley), dayne wats (lessly grantom), edi skinner (ritch stone), taanka pita charley hack (kapaara mahila) ebong kapaara rack (kapaara mahila) rack (hack) nka saha ekadhika bibada arambha karithile. nick eka "out anded out khalanajaka" bhabare byabahruta hue . karjyanirbahee nirmata dominic tradewell-kalinsnka dwara ehaa paramarsha diajaithila je anya sabun charitramananka thaaru bhinna jeunmane kharap byabahara karuthile ebong adhika sukshma charitrayan ebong mukti aabasyaka karuthile, nick ku sampurna "kharap byakti" bhabare byabahara kariba sambhaba thila . abhibhabaka" rahr jane television samalochaka paramarsha deithile je, ehi karanaru, charitrara kapurushochita uddeshyaku darshakamane kwachit prashna karithile, kaaran tankara prathamika karjya heuchhi "bishrunkhalara agent" . ehaa madhya paramarsha diajaithila je shoe 'ray niknka upasthiti sankhipta heba aabasyaka kaaran shay chitrita karithiba dustatara staraku eka charitrare adhika samai dhari bajaiah rakhajaipariba naahin . niknka sabutharu pramukh samparka heuchhi taanka maa 'daat cotton (june braun) sahita . ehaaku jatila, nishkriya ebong kichhi matrare chakrakara bhabare chitrita karajaichi, nick sarbada taanka maa 'nka jeebanare prabesha karanti, shay tanku ateeta kukarma paain khyama karanti (taanka bingo bijai chori karibaku tanku hatya karibaku udyama kariba sahita), taa' parey niknka prakruta uddeshya prakash paiba parey nirash huanti, prajatah taanka nirbasanare shesh hue, jadio samajika bhabare, chakra punarabrutti heba purbaru . 2015 ray niknka sheshare mrutyu ehi samparkaku shradhanjali arpan kare, dott sahita-sheshare niknka khalanajaka acharanara parimana anubhaba kare ebong badalibare tankara akhyamataku sweekara kare-sheshare niknku mrutyu paain anumathi debaku nishpatti neichi, heroin prati maratmaka pratikrija parey daktari sahajata neba paribarte, taanka uddeshya heuchhi jeeshunku nick banchiba kimba mrutyu heba uchit bolly nishpatti nebaku deba . srusti. nick cotton heuchhi chabisatama charitra jaahaa "estanders" rahr srustikarta, tony holland ebong julia smithnka dwara udbhabita hoithila . estanders" paain nick holland ebong smithnka moola drustikonara ansha nathile, ebong tankara srusti eka parabarti chintadhara bhabare asithila . ehi shrunkhalara pratham adhyajare jane bayaska basinda, regg koksanka mrutyu antarbhukta thila, jahanku taanka ghare nirdaya bhabare aakraman karajaithila ebong mrutyu paain chhadi diajaithila. pratham lekhakanka baithaka samajare, jeunthare lekhakamananku uddista charitra ebong prarambhika script sahita parichita karajaithila, pratyeka swadheena bhabare janibaku chahunthile je keun charitra regnku hatya karichhi. tebe, holland ebong smith kebe bii hatyakariku unmochan karibaku chahunanathile. kie regg koksanku hatya karichhi shay bishajare semanankara kaunasi dharana nathila, ebong semane anubhaba karithile je "kie" gurutwapurna nuhen. eka aakraman parey shay mrutyubarana karithile, ebong regnka hatyakandara samadhan kariba uddeshya nathila, ehaa kebala darshakamananku kahiba paain thila, aarambharu, walford eka kathina ebong kathina sthana thila . lekhakamane ehaaku birodha karithile. semane holyandaku eka mahan sujogaku nust karideba paain abhijoga karithile ebong paramarsha deithile je eka hatya shikara aneka natakiah sambhabana pradan kariba jaahaa darshakanku akarshita kariba . teishati moola charitra aparadha karibare asamartha bolly sthira kariba parey, holland nick kapaa aakarare eka sampurna nutan charitra udbhabana karibaku nishpatti neithila. niknka paain moola charitra rooparekhare lekhathilah "taanka pratichabi kebala macho . saptahaka parjyanta adrushya hoijae. maa 'prashna pacharunahanti..... dayne thaaru bhinna, nick eka prakruta thaka . lokanka gopaneejata ebong gharaku poke prabesha karithae. sebetharu, shay niz buddhi upare banchanti. aaghata kariba paain muhurttaku apekhya kariba; nagad tanka nick karibaku ebong adrushya hebaku .....sadharanatah taanka shikara hoithiba byaktimananku chayan karanti, jeunmane kaunasi naa kaunasi karanaru tanku khabara debaku bhaja karanti.....nick jane heroinra aasakta. jehetu nick kebala eka ardha-nijamita charitra hebaku uddista thila, julia smith taanka kastingre jadita nathile ebong abhineta zohn altamyanku nirdeshakamane bachithile. tebe, shay tanku bahishkara karibaku anurodha karithile, jetebele shay niknku uccha holey (tomm waat) sahita samalingi samparka rakhithiba chitrana karibaku manah karideithile kaaran shay bhabuthile je ehaa charitra bahare . bikash ebong kahani. estanders" rahr karjyanirbahee nirmata dederick santer niknku "shoe 'rahr pramukh khalanajaka" bhabare barnana karichanti. shoe 'ray charitrara samaira barnana karuthiba eka "estanders" documentary tanku jane mithyabadi, jane chore ebong jane hatyakari bolly bibechana karithila jie "taanka nikatabartee lokanka jantrana ebong duhkhare samruddha hoithile" . saha-tarka charley clements (bradley braninga) kahichantih "apana sabun kharap lokamananka bishajare bhabuchanti, nick kapaa nischita bhabare semananka madhyaru sarbottama sahita achhi", jetebele lessly grantom (dayne wats) mott deichhanti je "nick kapaa bishajare kaunasi ridiming baisistya naahin" . ehi mulyankanati dharabahika kahani nirmata dominic tradewell-collins dwara seyara karajaichi, jie byakhya karichantih "jane out anded out khalanajaka rahiba bhal. mun bhabuchhi belebele apana eka charitra paai paribe ebong 'oh, semanankara madhya eka bhal pakhya rahiba uchit, ebong bodhahue aame semananku tike mukta kariba uchit.'nick sahita, ehaa kichhi faraka pakaae naahin. apana sampurna bhabe drutagami, paadare drutagami kharap lokaku neiparanti."zohn altman ehi satya bishajare alochana karichanti je shay taanka charitraku thare sunder bolly maneh pakai paribe naahin, taanka piladinare taanka bapanka anupasthiti paain niknka anijamataku daie karichanti. santer taanka maaa, daat cotton (june braun) nka saha nick seyara karithiba "chamatkara bhabare nishkriya maa-pua samparka" ebong niknku aau eka sujoga debaku tankara nirantara ichha bishajare alochana karichanti, taanka bhul karjyara itihas nirbisheshare . santer bujhaithileh "epari kichhi jinish achhi jeunthare apana aasha karibaku sahasa karanti je kehi badalichanti, jaahaa prakrutare duhkhada . semane aapananku shahe thara nirash karichanti, ebong tathapi apana aasha karanti je pratham thara paain semane badalithibe."grantom kahichanti je bindu heuchhi" "[niknka] jeebanare jane bandhu", jetebele kii tradewell-collins nischita karichantih "" bindu sarbada tanku khyama karibaku jauchhi. ebong taaha heuchhi nick ebong dott rahr saundarjya ."ehi bhabana sahita sahmat hoi, altman raaji hoithileh" shay jaahaa bii karantu, shay tanku khyama karidebe. itihas saaraa aneka gangsteranka maaa madhya epari karithile. bodhahue all kaponnka maaa bhabile shay jane madhur balaka, apana jananti." estanders" rahr pratham adhyajati taanka flatare brudha basinda regg cokes (janii clayton) nka chetashunya abishkara sahita arambha hoithila . parey regg mrutyubarana karanti ebong parabarti adhyajare ehaa prakash paae je tanku nick hatya karithile. holland ebong smith ehi dharabahikaku natakiah dhangare upasthapana karibaku chahunthile, ebong regg cokes kahaniku eka bhal prarambhika bindu bolly biswasa karithile, jaahaa sampradayara bibhinna sadasyanku brudha byaktinka hatyakandara paristhiti sahita jadita hebaku kimba mantabya debaku anumathi deithila. santer barnana karichanti je nick eka "aarambharu hinn thuthuba, snarling pashu" bhabare pratisthita hoithila, pratham adhyaja sheshare niknku "estanders" rahr pratham drum roll pradan karajiba dekhi shay allie osman (nazdet salih) nka saha ladhei parey raanee victoria pabra catch dwara jharaka dei mustijuddha kariba sahita shesh hoithila . police anusandhanara kichhi saptaha parey, mukhya sandigdha nick ethyl skinner (grechen phrankalin) ku mug karibaku chesta kariba parey squara chhadi chaali jaithile, ebong eprilare tanku girapha karajaithiba suchana milithila. julyre niknka maa 'datnku kalakaramananka saha parichita karajiba parey, shay darshakamananku suchana deithile je nick parikhyanaru bahariba paain sakhyama hoithile, ebong parabarti maasare, shay albert squaraku pherithile. feriba parey, shay harrold legg (leonard fenton) nka astropachara karithile ebong kyathi bail (gillian telforth) nka daktari record dekhithile, jaahaa janibaku paithila je 14 barsha bajasare tankara eka santan achhi. nick kyathinka swamee, pite (pieter dinn) nku ehaa prakash karibaku dhamaka dianti jadi shay tanku nijamita deiah naah dianti . kyathi shighra pitanku satyati kahithae, phalaswaroopa shay rasta majhire niknku eka prahara kare . ehaa parey, dayne niknku bhal paain berg chhadiba paain chetabani die, belebele paridarshan bindu byatita, nachet shay maratmaka parinamara sammukheen hebe . parabarti kichhi barsha madhyare nick sankhipta bhabare dekhajanti ebong sheshare october 1987 ray taanka pita charley (christopher hancock) nku bhetithanti jetebele semane ubhaja sanjogabashatah dott paridarshan karibaku aasanti . nick ebong charley parasparaku spust karanti je semane parasparaku aakhapaakhare chahanti naahin . charley janibaku paile je nick kichhi aparadhinka thaaru chori kariba parey semanankatharu luchi rahichanti ebong ehaa madhya janibaku paile je nick aparadha paain jail jaithiba niknka jane puruna bandhu graham klarkanka thaaru nick luchi rahichanti. charley grahamanku ghara bhitaraku prabesha karai niknka saha mukabila karibaku dianti, ebong tanku jibaku badhya karanti, nachet shay tanku sehi aparadhimananku hastantara karibe jeunmanankatharu shay luchi rahichanti. 1988 masihare, nick decons pahadia karagarare nishadrabya aparadha paain jail samai samapta karanti, jeunthare sanjogabashatah, agnisanjoga paain dayne rakhajaichhi . ehi samai madhyare regnka hatyakandara rahasya sheshare samadhan hoithila jetebele nick nijaku daie bolly sweekara karithile. 1989 ray, dott niknku off-screen paridarshan madhyamare janibaku paile je shay hazel (bharjinia fiol) namaka jane mahilanku bibaha karichanti, ebong tankara eka chhot jhia achhi; nick taanka ebong datnka tikta samparka hetu tanku purbaru kahiba edai jaithile . hazel meey 1989 ray daat down track karithile ebong pila dorothy nikolanka saha tanku bhetithile; daat ete khusi hoithile je semane moe kasai (edna dore) ebong marge green (paata kumbs) nka saha eka brauni padajatrare jogadeba chhadi deithile. parey ehaa eka micha bolly prakash paithila, ebong sisuti hajelnka bhaniji bolly janapadithila . jadio nick kebala eka ardha-nijamita charitra thile, tankara biramahina upasthiti sarbada shoe 'ray eka budd prabhaba pakaiba paain script karajaithila, tatha taanka kahanire jadita samasta charitra . shoe 'rahr pratham kichhi barsha madhyare shay aneka thara punarbara upasthita hoithile ebong chaali jaithile, jaahaa pratyeka thara sarbadhika dhwansa srusti karithila, ebong khabarakagajagudika charitraku "kharap nick" brand kariba arambha karibara adhika samai nathila . altman mantabya deichhantih "mun bhabuchhi semane nick ferai aananti kaaran shay british tibhire thiba charitra madhyaru jane jaahaaku lokamane ghruna karibaku bhal paanti. ehi charitraku janasadharananka dwara napsand karajaithiba kathaa walfordra kalpanika basindanka dwara bantajaithila, ebong altman barnana karithileh "jetebele shay pheranti, shay samaste tanku parityaga karanti. ehaa kharap kaubae heba bhali saharaku aase-samaste shutter pakai barku taalaa pakai dianti ." charitratira roop ehi apritikara, "kharap" pratichabi sahita khap khuaiba paain prastuta karajaithila, "estanders" sirij paramarshadata symon ashdown mantabya deithile; "jetebele shay aasanti, apana jananti ehi byakti kharap . taanka pakhare kalaa kesh, scull ebong chamada jackett achhi. shay epari, shay jane decancion byadi."2000 ru 2001 parjyanta niknka pua ashley kapaa bhumikare abhinai karithiba phranki fitzgerald raaji hoithileh" kharap nick rahr roop, apana jananti, shay jane kharap lock thile. epariki jetebele shay eka suit pindhithanti, tathapi taanka pakhare kaanara mudi achhi, taanka pakhare tathapi mudi achhi, shay tathapi taanka bekare taatu paichanti ." ehi shrunkhalaku niknka sabutharu ullekhaneeah pratyabartana 1990 ray ghatithila. nick taanka maa 'nka jeebanaku ehi daabi sahita pherithile je shay jane punarbara janmita khristian, jaahaa bingore tankara £ 10,000 bijai sahita mela khauthila . "estanders" rahr lekhaka saaraa felps byakhya karithileh "bindu paain, yeeshu sheshare niknka saha kathaa hoithile, taaha tankara samasta christmas ekatharake asuthila! nick ehaa janithile. ehaa eka prakara spust thila je nick kahiparanti je 'yeeshu moe sahita chaali jauchhanti' ebong taa 'parey kebala baharaku jaai kahaku laathi marantu kimba semananka wallet nick karantu ."jane nakali purohitanka sahajatare, nick taanka maanku taanka nutan biswasa bishajare bujhaibare saphala hoithile ebong taa 'parey taanka khadya abhyasaku nijantrana karibaku ebong tanku bisha deba paain eka manthara abhijana arambha karithile. ehi adhyajati, jaahaa pii. nka dwara likhita, kahanira parisamapti ghataithila.jay. hammond, kebala datnka ghare sett karajaithila ebong nakali purohita nick, daat, charley, ethel ebong alistejaranku nei gathita eka aswabhabika chhot cast pradarshita hoithila . shesh muhoorttare, jaahaaku altman kahichanti "thare aame niknka bhal parswara eka jhalaka dekhilu", nick taanka jojanaru pachaku hatigale ebong tanku hatya karibaku chahunthiba bishakta khadya khaiba banda karidele. puni thare, dott ekutia rahigala, taa 'rahr niz pua taa' sahita qa 'naa karibaku prastuta thila sethire bhangi padila . nick dirgha samai dhari walfordnkatharu doorare nathile. 1991 masihare shay eka heroin aasakti nei pherithile, kintu prathame dott tanku parityaga karithile ebong sahajya paain taanka anurodhaku anadekha karithile. charlinka mrutyu parey hinn nick taanka ekamatra paribara thile ebong tanku sanskara karibaku sankalpabaddha thile. kahani bishajare alochana curry, altman kahichantih "mun heroin aasakti prakrutare bahuta klantikar bolly anubhaba colly, kaaran mun prakrutare eka mota dadhi badheithili ebong moe kesh sarbada apabitra thila . jetebele mun sehi drushyagudikara suting karuthili, mun jane nishasakta byaktinku bhetithili, ebong shay mote epari kichhi kathaa kahithile jaahaa apana dei gati karuchanti, jepariki apana ethiru bahariba paain chesta karuthiba samajare aram kariparibe naahin. apana soiparibe naahin, tenu apana jantrana doora kariba paain prachur madyapana karanti. ghantati kwachit gati karuthiba pari manehue. jane abhineta bhabe, semane prakrutare mote jetedoora sambhaba jibaku deithile. aama pakhare lokanka thaaru chithi madhya thila je ehaa kipari semananku jeebanasara heroin banda karideichi, tenu mun anumana kare je aame eka bhal kaama karichhu."ehi shadajantrati prakash paiba parey, dott niknku taanka kothareere banda curry ebong pitt bail sahajyare thanda turkey jibaku badhya curry taanka nisha hrass karibaku chesta karithile. ehi samajare, raanee victoriara jamidara edi roilanku hatya karajaithila. 1991rahr sharat ruture ehi hatyakanda ehi shoe 'rahr mukhya kahani thila. jeun adhyajare edinku hatya karajaithila taaha tonny myalenka dwara lekhajaithila; ehaa eka clifhanger sahita samapta hoithila jeunthire bagichare clead tebharniar edinka sharira upare thia hoi eka chhuri dharithila, jaahaa nick taanka shoiba ghara jharaka ru sakhi thile . nick polisaku jaahaa dekhithile taaha kuhanti, jahaphalare clyde mishel phaularanka sahajatare palai jaanti . joe wallace sheshare aagaku aasi kahithile je shay edinka hatya raatire skwarare nick out dekhithile, taanka kothareeru palajana curry eka drain pipe talaku chadhi jaithile. nick dosh swikara karanti je shay daie thile kintu ehaa eka durghatana bolly jore dei kuhanti. parabarti samajare niknku girapha karajaithila ebong edinka hatya abhijogare abhijukta karajaithila ebong januari 1993 ray taanka bichara chhida hoithile. eka saptahara mulyara episode bichara paain utsargeekruta hoithila, ebong samasta tony jardananka dwara likhita hoithila . niknka bichar kahani upasthapana kariba paain, karjyakram nirmatanku nije pramanara samikhya karibaku padithila ebong edinka mrutyu parjyanta episode dekhibaku padithila. sheshare, jadio ehaa spust thila je edinku chhureere pitiba paain nick daie thile, ehaa spust nathila je ehaa hatya thila, ebong jurie doshi nuhen bolly eka raiah pradan karithila. altman sankhyepare kahileh "prakrutare eka bhal pratirakhya curry ebong puni thare munda talaku curry shay hatya curry palai jaithile. nick dott sahita shoe 'ru bahara hoijaithile, jetebele june braun (jie dott play karanti) august 1993 ray sirij chhadibaku nishpatti neithile. semanankara prasthana kahani taanka saathee joe ebong chhot pua, ashley tuu datnku parichita karaithile, jie prathame nischita thile je joe tanku thakaibaku chesta karuchanti, kaaran shay aneka barsha purbe hazel sahita ghatithiba ghatana maneh pakaithile . thare dott nischita hoithile je nick satyabadi, tathapi, shay shighra aashlenka nikatatar hoithile, ebong paribara ekathi kabaraku chalijaithile . 1997 masiha parjyanta, jetebele june braunnku taanka dott bhumikare punarabrutti karibaku prabartajaithila, ehaa shesh thara paain dott ebong nick aneka barsha dhari paradare rahibe. feriba parey, dott bujhaithile je nishanku drugs rakhiba abhijogare puni thare paradaru girapha karajaichi, ebong joe ebong ashley taanka aparadhika karjyakalapare klanta hoi chaali jaithile. shay pheribara kichhi samai parey, police tanku suchana deithila je nick taanka selmet, demian spinks sahita jelru palai jaichanti. demian bindu khojibaku aasi taaku kahila je nick tanku tanka dei thakichi. shay ratisara taaku panabandi curry rakhithae ebong taa 'rahr tanka paiba parey shighra chalijae . pardin, police prakash kare je demian intensive keyar ray achhi, sethare nick dwara rakhajaichhi . march 1998 ray pancha barshar anupasthiti parey zohn altman nick bhabare taanka bhumikaku punarabrutti karithile. nigal bates bilambita raatire datnka ghare nick guptacharatwa karuthiba janibaku paile ebong tanku doorare rahibaku kahiba parey, nick nigalnku chetabani deichhanti je shay pheribe . nick kichhi saptaha parey pheranti, jetebele dott tanku taanka ghare luchithibara abishkara karanti . nick datku kuhanti je shay taanka heroin aasakti karanaru aids dwara mrutyubarana karuchanti, jaahaaku shay prathame biswasa karanti naahin kintu parey nischita huanti . nick prakash karanti je shay taanka oushadha paain artha pradan karibaku eka sashastra dakajati yojana karuchanti . nick ehaa sahita jibaku chahunanathiba dott nick paain tanka byabastha karibaku nishpatti nianti . parey daat marck phaularanku bheti prashna karanti je shay ukta drugs bishajare sunichanti kii, jaahaa marck asweekara karanti. ehapare daat clair betasnka kampyutarare oushadhaku khojanti ebong abishkara karanti je oushadhagudika kebala nidra batika . nick taanka asusthata bishajare sabubele micha kahuthibara hrudajangama curry, dott tanku samnah kariba purbaru polisaku phone karanti, tanku punarbara girapha curry jail pathanti . october october, "return off nick cotton" shirshaka eka swatantra 'sabun-budwuda' prasarita hoithila. ehi adhyajati niknka jelru mukti, taanka pua sahita tankara bujhamana upare kendrit thila, ebong epariki niknka pita charlinku madhya pradarshita karithila, taanka charitrati hatya hebara praiah eka dashandhi parey eka bhuta bhabare eka sankhipta cameo upasthiti karithila . ehi ghatanati niknka parabarti walford pratyabartana paain path parishkara karithila, jeunthare shay marck phaularanka saha eka puruna bibadaku punarbara arambha karithile jetebele shay janibaku paile je nick taanka saana bhai martin phaularanku ananda pradan karuchanti. 2001 masiha nababarsa absarare, marck niknka panijaku spike karanti ebong tanku brij streeter bhajadoct upare luchai dianti ebong eka nishasakta nick padiba bhali dekhuthanti, jaahaa tanku gurutara bhabe akhyama karideithae. ehaa parey, nick markanka ghare niaan lagaibaku aashlenku nirdesh dianti kintu shay ehaa sahita jaiparibe naahin ebong nick tanku pratyakhyana kariba parey walford chhadidianti . ehaa parey, nick februari 2001 ray asthajee bhabare eka merudanda junitaku prasthana karanti . tini maasa doorare rahiba parey, shay meey 2001 ray pherithile; shay chalibaku sakhyama hoithile, kintu tathapi cratch aabasyaka karithile . ehi pratyabartana taanka purba apekhya ahuri chhot hebaku jauthila, ebong ehaa parey shoru bahuta adhika anupasthita thila . marck sahita bibada jaari rakhibaku sthira curry, nick markanka garbhabati girlfriend lisanku dhamaka deba arambha karanti ebong shighra markanka motorbiker brekaku nust kariba parey aashlenka mrutyu ghatanti, kebala ashley ehaaku chori kariba ebong krasha kariba paain . aashlenka mrutyu parey, dott nick ebong markanka madhyare eka juktitarka sunanti ebong anubhaba karanti je nick markanka motorbiker brekare tampering karichanti. aashlenka antim sanskara parey, dott niknku taanka jeebanaru bahishkara kare ebong tanku jibaku ebong kadapi pheribaku kahe naahin, kaaran shay tanku kadapi khyama kariparibe naahin. tebe, santer bujhaithileh "sarbada eka baata thiba 'back tuu dott pharr nick', eka sthiti jaahaa" estanders "lekhaka james pennka dwara samarthita, jie kahithileh" [dott] biswasa kare, mun bhabuchhi, gabhira bhabare, je taanka pakhare paribartanara sambhabana achhi, je shay jane bhal balaka hoiparibe. mun bhabuchhi shay ehaa chahunthibe."2006 masihare jetebele zim braninganku karkata rogare peedita eka jail daktarakhanare thiba niknka thaaru eka phone cull asithila, setebele ehi bujhamana digare pratham padakhyepa niajaithila. zim ebong taanka naati, bradley prathame ehaaku eka gupta binduru rakhithile, kintu bradley taanka garlaphrendanku kahithile, stacy jie ehaaku bindure khasijibaku deithile. dott niknku bhetibaku jaithile, kintu jetebele shay taanka karkata rogaru mukta hoithile, shay datnku tanku dekhibaku debaku manah karideithile. 2008 masiha october 2 tarikhare khabara asithila je, saata barsharu adhika samai parey, sehi barsha christmas deane nick "estanders" ku pheribe. karjyanirbahee nirmata dederick santer niknka pratyabartanare taanka utsaha bishajare kahithile, ehi charitraku eka "estanders" kimbadanti ebong "shoe 'rahr sabutharu smaraniah ebong sabutharu priya khalanajakamananka madhyaru jane" bhabare prashansa karithile. altman kahithileh "saata barshar anupasthiti parey, mun albert skweraku pherithibaru romanchita. bibisi mote sabubele nick kapaa bhali sunder kahani deichi ebong mun dekhiba paain apekhya karichhi je nick punithare samagra bargare bhaja ebong ghruna bistara kariba kii naahin!"june braun prakash karithile je shay nirmatanku chhaa kimba saata barsha dhari altamyanku sabunaku ferai aanibaku kahuthile, kaaran ubhajanka madhyare ete bhal karjya samparka thila . walsalre samai bitaiba parey, kapaa pherithila; puni sadharana bhabe chaliba parey, taanka saha taanka saata barshar jhia dotty madhya thile. shay bujhaithile je shay eka squatre rahuthiba samajare datinka maaa sandi gibsanku bhetithile, ebong shay jane madyapa thile jie nikatare mrutyubarana karithile, tanku datinka hepajatare chhadi deithile. altman bujhaileh "nick kichhi darakara thila, kaaran mun bhabuchhi jadi taanka pakhare sehi dwara dei chaliba paain chhot dotty naah thanta, tebe shay tanku sampurna nirbasita bhabare byabahara karithante." abhineta taanka shesh upasthiti paratharu taanka charitrare anyanya paribartana bishajare barnana karithile, shay kipari eka plumber hoithile, adhika chatur bhabare poshaka pindhiba arambha karithile, taanka keshaku pachaku ghunchaiba banda karithile ebong aau eka ijarring pindhi nathile . jadio prathame sandeha karajauthila, dott ubhajanku niz gharaku grahan karithile, biswasa karuthile je nick ether prakrutare badali jaichhi. nick prakrutare eka sanskarita charitra kii bolly pacharajibaru, altman aspasta rahithileh "nick ferry aasichanti, tankara eka sunder chhot jhia achhi. shay jane plumber palatichanti, shay jane badali jaithiba byakti. ......naa shay?"kahani aagaku badhiba sahita, niknka prakruta agenda prakash paithila jetebele shay taanka maanku datinka hepajat paain tanka deba paain blackmail karithile. eka aau kahani modare, 2009 ray darshakanka sammukhare ehaa prakash paithila je dotty (prakruta naama kirsti) taanka pitanka saha sarbada milita thile. kahanire, dotty taanka zeeban aaswasana neeti paain kilinga dott paramarsha deithile. ehaa parey nick liff, datinku bindu upare kaama karibaku anumathi die . shay tini maasa parey pheranti, jaahaa parey semane dott ebong taanka bandhumananku bujhaibaku semanankara yojana arambha karanti je shay demenciare peedita, niknka lakhya datnku hatya kariba ebong taanka kharap manasika abastha upare taanka mrutyuku dosh deba . squarre niknka sankhipta rahani samajare, shay billy michelanku dott kahibara sunithile je shay kipari jays dajaranku maribaku deithile ebong nijamita deiah daabi curry bilinku blackmail karithile kimba shay jesnka pua jenku billy qa 'naa karithile taaha kahibe . jetebele bilinka samparkeeah bhai phil aii bishajare janibaku paile, shay niknku raanee bhikanka barrell storaku neigale, jeunthare shay tanku pitithile ebong eka chejarare bandhi deithile. phil bilinku nick afnku bhajabhita kariba ebong ehaaku samapta karibara sujoga deithile, tathapi, billy tanku jibaku deithile ebong jajanku nije satya kahithile. niz priya maanku hatya kariba paain niz jhia sahita sadajantra june 2009 ray paradare climax hueh dotty hrudai paribartana heba parey niknka yojana bhul hoijae ebong sheshare nick nishadrabya seban kariba paribarte taanka jejema 'nku bisha prajogaru uddhara kare . ehaa aneka ghatana aadaku neijae, jeunthire nick, taanka yojana unmochita heba parey, sampradayara bibhinna sadasyanku kaafere panabandi curry rakhi palai jibaku chesta karanti ebong heather trut nick ku chip pyana bhitaraku thelideba parey eka durghatanajanita agnikanda arambha hue . panabandimananka madhyaru jane nick ebong rayan malajanka madhyare ladhei hetu panabandeemane khasi palaibare saphala hoithile. ehara parinam swaroopa kaafere eka bisphorana ghatithila ebong bhitare nick ebong bradley braning hoithila. ehi kahaniti punithare altamyanka shoru bidajaku chinhita karithila. taanka prasthana adhyajaku eka clifhangara bhabare script karajaithila, kaaran adhyaja sheshare nick bisphoranaru banchithile kii naahin taaha prakash karajai nathila . tebe, parabarti adhyajare, june 4,2009 ray, nick bisphoranaru banchithiba darshajaichhi ebong bradley taanka aakhire aaghata saha daktarakhanare bhartti hoichhanti. nick punithare bindu dwara pratyakhyana heba parey prasthana kare . dotty kharap bolly nick taanka maanku bujhaiba satwe dotty datnka tatwabadhanare rahijaithae . januari 2014 ray, dott rahr lazar poppy medo nick nka thaaru eka phone cull paithae, jie dott sahita kathaa hebaku chahanti . shaaran rikmyanka dwara nick eka kharap khabara bolly kahiba parey, shay tanku taanka sahita kathaa hebaku debaku manah karanti . dui maasa parey, police dwara dott ku kuhajaichhi je gata saptahare adhika matrare heroin khaithibaru nick swasakrija biphal hoi mrutyubarana karichanti. ehi khabarku spust karuthiba police adhikarinka madhyaru jane heuchhanti niknka pua charley cotton. charley barnana karanti je 1980 dashakare nick taanka maa 'jabhonanka saha eka sankhipta bibaharu shay garbhadharana karithile. antim sanskara samajare, charley ebong undertaker less kokara kaphinare bindu dekhiba thaaru atakanti . dott sandigdha ebong satya kahibaku jabhonanku nimantran kare ebong shay datnku aaswasana dianti je charley taanka naati . kichhi saptaha parey, caroll jackson charlinku paramarsha magithile, jetebele shay taanka phoneku taanka ghare chhadi dianti, shay eka kalra uttara dianti ebong abishkara karanti je nick eparjyanta jeebita achanti. ehaa parey, ehaa janapade je charley jane police afisaranka chadmabesha dhaaran karuchanti ebong bastabare eka jatna gruha jeunthare jobhona kaama karanti sethare jane tatwabadharaka . charley taanka carror jharaka bhangijaithiba janibaku kaama karanti, niknka eka barta sahita, shay ehaa karichanti bolly nischita karanti . october 2014 ray, nick taanka nakali mrutyura saata maasa parey albert skwarare punarbara dekhajanti . karjyanirbahee nirmata dominic tradewell collins chudanta kharap nick kahani pradan karibaku pratishruti deithile ebong samasta nick kahaniku samapta kariba paain ehaa nick kahani heba . charley ebong taanka bagadatta rony michel datnka ghare nick paai bhajabhita huanti . deane shesh suddha nick semananku 10,000 paundare blackmail karanti, nachet shay jeebita thiba bishajare prakash karibe. charley philnku eka runa magithae, shay raaji hue kintu charlinka ajanatare, shay tanku kagajare bhartti eka bagg die ebong jetebele charley ehaaku niknku die shay janibaku paae je tanka naahin . halowin raatire, charley dott karibaku prakash kare je nick jeebita achhi, shay tanku khojibaku jaanti kintu shay jibabele dott tanku taanka ghare paithae . nick prakash karanti je shay jane alankara byabasajeenka ghare dakajati karithile ebong charley tanku taanka mrutyuku nakali karibaku raaji karaithile. dott nick luchaibaku raaji huanti je parjyanta semane taanka jiba paain yathesta tanka sangraha kariparibe . ehi samajare, dott punithare nick dwara herfer hue ebong shay sethare khusi hebaku arambha kare, biswasa kare je shay sheshare taanka sahita eka maa-pua samparka rakhiparibe . datnka ghare fasi rahi birakta hoi, nick baharaku jibaku nishpatti nianti kintu ian bail tanku dekhanti, jie phil ebong sharanku nick jeebita bolly kuhanti . phil niknku aakraman karibaku datnka gharaku jaanti kintu rony tanku atakai dianti. rony philnka 100,000 pound tanka chori curry niknku lanch debaku chesta kare kintu shay charley ebong roninka bibaha paain pheranti . rony ebong phil tanku thare ebong sabuddin paain mukta kariba paain tanku hatya kariba bishajare kathabartta suniba parey, nick roninka carror break katibaku nishpatti nianti . bibahara receptionre prasaba jantrana heba parey, rony, charley ebong taanka bhaunee, raxi eka kaara durghatanare jadita huanti jaahaa parey emma samarhajesanku hatya kare, jetebele kii rony komare rahe . yabhona janibaku paile je nick carror break katideithile, kintu shay taanka coat paketare tailara lugapata rakhi tanku phil frame karibaku raaji karaile. yabhona charleenku nick qa "naa karichhi taaha kuhanti, kintu rony tanku lanch deba paain byabahara karuthiba kichhi tanka sahita niknku dhariba parjyanta shay tanku biswasa karanti naahin. taa 'parey nick raninka durghatanare jabhonanku fasai dianti, tenu charley ubhajanku chalijibaku kuhanti. dott paakh ghararu nishkriya hoithiba ghare nick luchai rakhe ebong nick paain heroin paithae . dott 'saas lazar fott bayya janibaku paithae ebong tanku atakiba paain anurodha kare, tenu jetebele shay nick dekhanti, shay tanku roninka uddeshyare philnku fasaiba bishajare police nikatare sweekara karibaku anurodha karanti, kintu shay kuhanti je shay roninka bishajare chinta karanti naahin, tanku kuhanti je shay aasha karanti je shay lucheibe. parey, bindu niknku chetashunya abasthare paithae kintu shay alpa samai paain cheta pheripaithae . taanka shesh muhoorttare, nick bindure prakash karanti je 1985 ray regg koksanka mrutyu paain shay daie thile. nick bindunka baahure mrutyubarana karanti, sehi sthanare jeunthare tirish barsha purbe regg aabiskruta hoithila . dott niknku charlinka nikatare maribaku deba kathaa sweekara kare, jie datnku jail jibatharu banchaiba paain less kokarnka sahajatare niknka shareeraru mukti paibaku yojana kare . shoe 'rahr tirisatama barshiki absarare 19 februari 2015 ray prasarita hoithiba live episode ray, shoe' rahr pratham episoder pratham drushyaku punah srusti karajaithila. stacy, martin ebong kush kazemi niknka shareeraku thick sehibhali bhabe khoji paithanti, jepari dayne waat, arther fouler ebong aali osman tirish barsha purbe regg koksanku paithile. dott niknku hatya karithiba sweekara kare ebong police dwara neijaithae . pardin taanka mrutadehaku gharu bahara karidiajae. tini maasa parey, niknka narahatya paain dott 14 maasa jail paanti kintu chaari maasa parey shay mukta huanti . niknka antim sanskara june 2015 ray anusthita hue jeunthire kebala charley, raxi ebong taanka naati, myathiu upasthita thile . 2021 ray, niknka mrutyura praiah aatha barsha parey, ehaa prakash paichi je dotty (millie jiro) taanka jhia nuhen ebong taanka pita niknka sabata bhai, tomm cotton (brian conley) . tebe, 2022 ray, ehaa prakash paichi je ehaa eka micha ebong nick prakrutare datinka pita . altman prakash karithile je taanka charitraku samalingi karibara nishpattiku birodha kariba parey prajojakamananku tanku shoru 'lekhibaku' kuhajaithila. swagata. nick cotton "estanders" rahr sabutharu prasidha khalanajakamananka madhyaru jane hoiparichhi . 2004 ray panchti matadanare tankara 'ashlilata' 25 tama "sarbashrestha sabun muhurta" bhabare bhot diajaithila, ebong shay eka channell 4 matadanare chaturtha sarbadhika khalanajaka television charitra bhabare madhya bhot paichanti . "abhibhabaka" stambhakara charley brooker niknka khalanajaka charitraku asweekara karichanti, tathapi lekhichhantih "byakti janaka kebala bhajankara nuhnti; shay eka argos katalog pari adhaa bhajankara . jetebele ["coronation street" khalanajaka] jaze quigly epari dekhuthile je shay eka anix stallionre chaleibaku upavoga karibe, eka khetare purna, nikatare-phingi diajaithiba peeditamane padijaithiba byaktinka raktare gadhoiba paain gharaku druta gatire jiba purbaru, nick kapaa kebala epari laguchhi je shay eka dhakka dei, eka supermarket checkout jhia sahita eka dented tinn custarder mulyaku nei bibada kariparanti jetebele apana taanka pachare apekhya karanti, ashcharjya huanti je shay shesh thara paain kebe taanka kesh dhoithile."" "dee timeser fiona mccade ehi charitraku byangatmaka karithile jetebele altman pilamananka tibhi shoe" "balamori" "ray upasthita hoithile, pitamatanku paramarsha deithileh" "sabun rahr kharap balaka rangina, kalpanika swargare paada deba sahita aapananka pilamanankara aakhi dhankiba paain prastuta ruhantu, ethire kaunasi sandeha naahin je miss huli, pisi plum ku birakta kariba ebong josie jump kariba . mun archie, mota, hasakhusire thiba adambarapurna balaka, jie golapi rangara eka pilt pindhithae ebong eka budd golapi durgare ekutia ruhe, taa 'rahr surakhya paain madhya bhaja kare. saharare nick sahita, shay eka sujoga thia karanti naahin ." zohn altman 'british sope awards 2015' ray 'bhilen off dee iyar' paain manoneet hoithile, kintu holyox starr, jeremi shefieldnkatharu haari jaithile.

nick kapaah nicholls charles "nick" cotton british sope opera "eastanders" daa ikk kalpanik paatar haii jiss noon jauhan altman neey 19 farvari 1985 noon saaban dey pahile episode toon aradh-niyamat adhaar 'teey nibhaiaa see. altman neey kiha haii kii uss daa shuruati nikas nirmata julia smith dey caarn see jiss neey mung keeti see kii uss noon aapne charittar noon samlingi banaun dey faisle daa virodh curran toon baad likhiaa giaa see. smith dey jaanh toon baad, paatar neey farvari 2015 witch aapni onscreen maut takk kaee sankhep jaan vadhere lambe samein takk kamm keeta, joe kii "eastanders" dee 30 veen varehgandh dey naal mail khanda haii. nick cotton vishesh taur utte regg cox (johnny clayton) dee maut laee zimmevar see, joe 1985 witch program dey pahile drish witch behosh paaiaa giaa see, atey agle episode witch maut daa khulasa hoiaa see. nick dee maut noon anshak taur utte regg dee maut dey punar-sanchalan dey roop witch likhiaa giaa see, kiunki nick dee maut use sathaan utte hoee see jitthe theek 30 saal pahilan regg dee maut hoow gaee see. nick daa mukkh kamm ikk virodhi, ikk nashile padarath daa upbhogta atey ikk kaatal vajon see. uss dee kalpana shoa dey sirjanhar, tonny holland atey julia smith duaara keeti gaee see. mool cast line-upp witch dair naal shamal keeta giaa, nick noon halland atey smith dee asal script laee lekhak feedback dey adhaar teey shamal keeta giaa see, joe kii regg cox dey katal 'teey kendrit see, jiss dey kaatal daa uh asal witch khulasa naheen karna chahunde sunn. nick noon hamlawar bannan atey shoa noon vadhere nataki kahani dee samratha pardan curran laee banaiaa giaa see. shoa witch aapne samein dauran, nick neey phil michel (steve mcfedden), billie michel (pairi fenwick), michel fouler (susan tlee), maarak fouler (david scarboro/tudd carty), leesa fouler (luci benjamin), tonny corpenter (aaskar james), allie osman (nedjet salih), pett beele (pieter deane), kaithi bail (gillion telforth), clide tevernier (steven wood kaak), nigal bates (paal bradley), daena wats (leslie grantham), aidii skinner (ritched wenston), chartson chaart (chartson) atey uss dey pitaa chartson (chartson) naal kaee ladaiaan shuru keetiaan. nick noon "aaoot aind aaoot khalnaik" vajon vartiaa jaanda haii. karajkari nirmata dominic tradewell-collins duaara ih sujhaa ditta giaa see kii horr saaban patran dey ulat jinhan neey buraa vivhaar keeta atey vadhere sookham charittar atey mukti dee zaroorat see, nick noon ikk sampuran "burey viakati" vajon varatna sambhav see. sarprast" laee ikk television aalochak neey sujhaa ditta kii, iss caarn karke, paatar dey kairtapuran iradiaan utte darshakan duaara ghatt hii swal uthaae gaye sunn, kiunki uss daa mukkh kamm "arajakta dey agent" daa haii. ih vee sujhaa ditta giaa see kii shoa witch nick dee peshkari sankhep honee chahidi haii kiunki uss duaara darsai gaee burai daa paddhar ikk charittar witch lambe samein takk kaaim naheen rahi sakda. nick daa sabh toon pramukh rishta uss dee maan dott cotton (juun baraoon) naal haii. iss noon gunjhaldar, karjahin atey kujh chakkarvati dey roop witch darsaiaa giaa haii, jiss witch nick lagatar aapni maan dee zindagi witch dakhal hunda haii, uh uss noon pichle kukram laee maaf qarr dinda haii (jiss witch uss dee bingo jittan noon chori curran laee uss noon maaran dee koshish vee shamal haii), firr jadon nick dey sacche iradiaan daa khulasa hunda haii taan uss noon nirash keeta jaanda haii, aksar uss dee jalawatni witch khatam hunda haii, halanki asthai taur 'teey, chakkar noon duhraun toon pahilan. 2015 witch nick dee akheer witch maut iss rishte noon shardhanjali dindi haii, bindu dey naal-ant witch nick dey khalnaik vivhaar dee hadd noon mahisus karde hoye atey uss dee badlan dee asamratha noon savikar karde hoye-aakharkar nick noon meron dee aagiaa denh daa faisla keeta, naa kii uss dey ilaaj dee sahaita lainn dee bajaae jadon uss dee ghatak pratikiriaa haii. sirjanatmak. nick cotton chauvivan paatar see jiss dee khoj "eastanders", tonny holland atey julia smith dey sirjanharan duaara keeti gaee see. nick "eastanders" laee holland atey smith dey mool drishtikon daa hissa naheen see, atey uss dee sirjana ikk baad dey vichaar vajon aaee. luddy dey pahile episode witch ikk bazurg nivasi, regg cox dee maut shamal see, jiss utte uss dey gharr witch berhimi naal hamla keeta giaa see, atey uss noon meron laee chhadd ditta giaa see. pahili lekhakan dee meating dauran, jitthe lekhakan noon lodinde patran atey shuruati scriptan naal jaanhu karvaiaa giaa see, harr koee sutantar taur 'teey ih jaanna chahunda see kii kiss paatar neey regg noon maar ditta see. halanki, halland atey smith daa kadey vee kaatal daa pardafash curran daa irada naheen see. uhanan noon pataa naheen see kii raig cox noon kiss neey maariaa see, atey uhanan neey mahisus keeta see kii "kaunn" mahattavpuran naheen see. ih tatth kii uh ikk hamle toon baad marr giaa see, mahattavpuran mudda see, atey regg dey katal daa udesh hall naheen keeta giaa see, ih siraf darshakan noon dassan laee see, shuru toon, kii walford ikk aukhi atey sakhat jagha see. lekhakan neey iss daa virodh keeta. unhan neey halland utte ikk vadhiaa mauka guaun daa dosh lagaiaa atey sujhaa ditta kii ikk katal dee bhaal bahut saariaan nataki sambhavnavan pardan karegi joe darshakan noon aakarshit karegi. ih faisla curran toon baad kii saare 23 mool paatar apradh curran witch asamrath sunn, halland neey nikk kapaah dey roop witch ikk puurii tarahan navein charittar dee kaadh kaddhan daa faisla keeta. nick laee mool akkhar dee roop rekha witch likhiaa haiyav "uss daa chittar vishesh taur 'teey maco haii. haftiaan dey ant witch alop hoow jaanda haii. maan swal naheen puchhdi... dayne dey ulat, nick ikk asli dhokhebaaz haii. keeda lokan dee guptata atey gharan witch dakhal hoow jaanda haii. udon toon, uh aapni buddhi 'teey jiunda haii. pall dee udeek karna; nakdi noon nikalna atey alop honaa...aam taur utte uh aapne peedtan noon chunhda haii joe kise naa kise caarn karke uss noon report curran toon darde hunn...nick ikk heroin daa aadee haii. kiunki nick daa udesh siraf ikk aradh-niyamat paatar banna see, julia smith uss dee casting witch shamal naheen see atey adakar jauhan altman noon nirdeshakan duaara chunhiaa giaa see. halanki, uss neey benati keeti kii uss noon barkhast qarr ditta giaa haii, jadon uss neey ucche khokhle (tomm vaat) naal samlingi sabndh rakkhan vaale nick noon darsaun toon inkaar qarr ditta kiunki uss neey sochiaa kii ih charittar toon bahr see. vikas atey kahani. nick noon "eastanders" dey karajkari nirmata dedrick center duaara "shoa dey pramukh khalnaik" vajon darsaiaa giaa haii. shoa witch paatar dey samein daa varnan curran vaali ikk "eastanders neey khulasa keeta" dastavezi film neey uss noon ikk jhootha, ikk chor atey ikk kaatal manniaa joe "aapne nazdiki lokan dey darad atey dukkh witch prafullat hoiaa". sahi-starr charley clements (bradley branning) neey kiha haiyav "tusin saaban dey burey mundiaan baare sochde hoow, nick kapaah yakini taur 'teey unhan vicchon sabh toon vadhiaa dey naal haii", jadon kii leslie grantham (dayne wats) neey raae ditti kii "nick kapaah baare koee redeeming visheshta naheen haii. ih mulankan ladiwar kahani nirmata dominic tradewell-collins duaara sanjha keeta giaa haii, jiss neey samjhaiaa haiyav "ikk aaoot aind aaoot khalnaik honaa changa haii. mainoon lagda haii kii kaee vaar tusin ikk charittar prapat qarr sakde hoow atey 'oh' kahi sakde hoow, uhanan daa ikk changa pakkh vee honaa chahida haii, atey shayed saanoon uhanan noon thoda jiha chhutkara denna chahida haii.'nick naal, iss naal koee farak naheen painda. tusin poore pellet, pair-teey-tez curran vaale burey aadmi noon jaa sakde hoow."john altman neey iss tatth 'teey charcha keeti haii kii uh aapne bachpan dauran aapne pitaa dee gairhazari noon nick dee beinsafi laee zimmevar thahiraunde hoye aapne charittar noon kadey vee changa naheen mann sakda. center neey nick dey aapni maan, dott cotton (juun baraoon) naal sanjhe keete gaye "shandar taur 'teey ayog maan-puttar dey rishte" atey nick noon ikk horr mauka denh dee uss dee nirantar ichha baare charcha keeti haii, bhaven uss dey galat kamman dey itihaas dee parwah keete binan. center neey samjhaiaai "itthe uh cheez haii jitthe tusin umeed curran dee himmat karde hoow kii koee badal giaa haii, joe kii sachmuch dukhdai haii. unhan neey tuhanun saun vaar nirash keeta haii, atey firr vee tusin umeed karde hoow kii saun pahili vaar uh badal gaye honge."grantham neey kiha haii kii bindu" [nick dey] jeevan witch ikk dosat haii ", jadon kii tradewell-collins neey pushti keeti haiyav" bindu hamesha usnoon maaf curran jaa riha haii. atey ih nick atey bindu dee sundarta haii."iss bhavna naal sehmat hoow keey, altman neey sehmati pragtaiee" koee farak naheen painda kii uh qee karda haii, uh uss noon maaf qarr devegi. itihaas dauran bahut saare gundagardan deeaan maavan neey vee ajiha hii keeta. shayed all capone dee maan neey sochiaa kii uh ikk mittha munda see, tusin janade hoow." eastanders" daa pahila episode aapne flat witch bazurg nivasi regg cox (johnny clayton) dee behoshi dee khoj naal shuru hoiaa. baad witch regg dee maut hoow jaandi haii atey baad dey episodan witch ih pataa chalda haii kii uss daa katal nick neey keeta see. holland atey smith luddy noon ikk nataki dhang naal pesh karna chahunde sunn, atey uhanan daa mannana see kii raig cox kahani ikk changa shuruati bindu haii, jiss naal bhaichare dey vakkh-vakkh member buddhe aadmi dey katal dey halatan witch shamal hoow sakde hunn jaan tippni qarr sakde hunn. center neey samjhaiaa haii kii nick noon "shuru toon hii thukkan vaale, dhundli janwar" vajon sathapit keeta giaa see, pahile episode dey ant witch nick noon "eastanders" daa pahila drum roll ditta giaa see jadon usne allie osman (najdet salih) naal ladai toon baad raanee victoria pabb dey shishe dey darwaze dee khidki vicchon mukka maariaa see. pulis jaanch dey kujh haftiaan baad, mukkh shakki nick neey aithal skinner (grechen franklin) noon gutt curran dee koshish curran toon baad varag chhadd ditta, atey aprail witch ih dassiaa giaa kii uss noon griftar qarr liaa giaa haii. julai witch nick dee maan, dott dee cast naal jaanh-pachanh honn toon baad, usne darshakan noon dassiaa kii nick probation toon bahr nikalan witch kamyab hoow giaa see, atey agle maheene, uh albert squair waps aaa giaa. aapni vaapsee utte, uss neey haerold legg (leonard fanton) dee sarjari keeti atey kaithi beele (gillion telforth) dey medical ricard noon vekhiaa, jiss witch pataa lagga kii uss daa 14 saal dee umar witch ikk baccha haii. nick kaithi dey patee, pieter deane noon iss daa khulasa curran dee dhamki dinda haii jadon takk uh uss noon niyamat bhugtan naheen dindi. kaithi jaldi hii pett noon sacch dassdi haii, jiss dey natije vajon uh sadak dey vichkaar nick noon kuttda haii. iss toon baad, dayne neey nick noon change laee varag chaddan dee chetavani ditti, sivaae kadey-kadayin visiting bindu dey, naheen taan uss noon ghatak natijiaan daa sahmana karna pavega. agle kujh saalan dauran nick sankhep witch dikhai dinda haii atey aakharkar aktubar 1987 witch aapne pitaa charley (christopher hancock) noon milda haii jadon uh doven sanjog naal visit dott 'teey aaunde hunn. nick atey charley ikk dooje noon spasht karde hunn kii uh ikk dooje noon aas paas naheen chahunde. charley noon pataa laggda haii kii nick kujh apradhiaan toon luka riha haii jadon uss neey unhan toon chori keeti atey ih vee pataa laggda haii kii nick graham clark toon lukiaa hoiaa haii, joe nick dey purane dosat hunn joe nick dey apradhan laee jailh gaye sunn. charley graham noon nick daa sahmana curran laee gharr witch dakhal honn dindi haii, atey uss noon jaanh laee majbur kardi haii, naheen taan uh uss noon unhan apradhiaan dey havale qarr devega jinhan toon uh lukiaa hoiaa haii. 1988 witch, nick dickens pahadi jailh witch nashile padarthan dey apradhan laee jailh witch bnd hoow jaanda haii, jitthe, sanjog naal, agg lagaun laee daena rakkhiaa jaa riha haii. ih iss samein dauran haii jadon nick neey savikar keeta kii uh zimmevar see taan reeg dey katal daa rahass aakharkar hall hoow giaa. 1989 witch, dott noon nick naal aaf-screen mulakatan raahin pataa chalda haii kii uss neey hazel (virginia fiol) namak ikk aurat naal viaah keeta haii, atey uss dee ikk chhoti dhee haii; nick neey aapne atey dott dey tanapuran rishte caarn uss noon pahilan dassan toon parhez keeta see. hazel neey maee 1989 witch bindu noon track keeta atey bacche, dorothy nikola naal uss noon milann giaa; bindu inna khush see kii uh moow kasai (aidna dorey) atey maaraj green (pait combus) naal ikk brauni march witch hissa lainn toon pichhe hutt gaee. baad witch ih jhooth saabat hoiaa atey baccha hazel dee bhatiji saabat hoiaa. halanki nick siraf ikk aradh-niyamat paatar see, parr uss dee rook-rook keey peshkari hamesha shoa utte vadda prabhav paunh laee likhi jaandi see, naal hii uss dee kahani witch shamal saare patran noon vee. uh shoa dey pahile kujh saalan dauran kaee vaar dubara pragat hoiaa atey chalaa giaa, jiss naal harr vaar vaddh toon vaddh tabahi hundi haii, atey ih bahut samaan naheen see jadon akhbaran neey paatar noon "kharaab nick" brand karna shuru qarr ditta see. altman neey tippni keeti haiyav "mainoon lagda haii kii uh nikk noon waps liaunde rahinde hunn kiunki uh british teevi dey uhanan patran vicchon ikk haii jinhan naal lock nafrat karna pasand karde hunn. janata duaara charittar dee ih napsand walford dey kalpanik vasnikan duaara sanjhi keeti gaee see, jiss witch altman neey samjhaiaai "harr vaar jadon uh waps aaunda haii taan uh ikk atey saare duaara door hoow jaanda haii. ih iss tarahan haii jiven kii buraa kaoobuae shehar witch swari curran aaunda haii-harr koee shtar lagaa dinda haii atey baar noon bnd qarr dinda haii." paatar dee dikkh noon iss napsand, "bhaidi" tasveer dey anukool banaiaa giaa see, jiss witch "eastanders" seereez salahkar saiman ashdown neey tippni keeti see; "jadon uh aaunda haii, taan tusin janade hoow kii ih munda buraa haii. uss dey kaale vaal atey sakaul atey chamde dee jackett haii. uh iss tarahan daa haii, uh ikk deconcian baddy haii."franky fitzgerald, jiss neey 2000 toon 2001 takk nick dey puttar aishle cotton dee bhumika nibhai, neey sehmati pragtaiee" "badsurat nick dee dikkh, tusin janade hoow, uh ikk buraa munda see. jadon uh soot pahinada haii, udon vee uss cole mundra haii, uss cole ajey vee mundariaan hunn, uss dee gardan utte taitu haii." iss luddy witch nick dee sabh toon mahattavpuran vaapsee 1990 witch hoee see. nick neey aapni maan dey jeevan witch iss daave naal vaapsee keeti kii uh ikk janam-dubara isai see, joe kii bingo utte uss dee £10,000 dee jitt dey naal hoiaa see. "eastanders" dee lekhak sarah felps neey samjhaiaai "bindu laee, ih vichaar kii yisu neey aakharkar nick naal gall keeti see, ih sabh uss dey christmas ikko samein aaa rahey sunn! nick noon ih pataa see. ih spasht see kii nick kahi riha see kii 'yisu merey naal chalda haii' atey firr bahr jaao atey kise noon kutt dio jaan unhan daa batua nick crow."ikk jaali padri dee madad naal, nick aapni maan noon aapne navein vishwas baare yakeen divaun witch kamyab riha atey firr uss dey khaane deeaan aadatan noon niyantrit curran atey uss dey paise daa daava curran laee uss noon zahir denh laee ikk hauli muhim shuru keeti. uh episode jiss neey kahani dee samapati keeti, pee.jey. hammond, puurii tarahan dott dey gharr witch sathapat keeta giaa see atey iss witch nick, dott, charley, ethal atey nakli padri elistair dee ikk asdharan chhoti cast shamal see. aakhri pall witch, jiss noon altman neey kiha haii "ikk vaar jadon aseen nick dey change paase dee jhalak vekhi", nick aapni yojna toon pichhe hutt giaa atey uss neey uss zahirile bhojan noon khaann toon roque ditta jiss naal uh uss noon maaran daa irada rakkhda see. ikk vaar firr, dott noon ikalla chhadd ditta giaa see, tuttiaa hoiaa dill see kii uss daa aapna puttar uss naal qee curran laee tiaar see. nick lambe samein toon walford toon door naheen see. sann 1991 witch, uh ikk heroin dee latt lae keey waps aaiaa parr shuru witch uss neey uss noon chhadd ditta atey madad laee uss deeaan benatiaan noon nazarandaz qarr ditta. charley dee maut daa pataa laggan toon baad hii nick uss daa iklauta parivaar bachiaa see atey uss noon sudharan laee dridh see. kahani dee charcha karde hoye, altman neey kiha haiyav "main asal witch heroin dee latt noon kaafi thakaoo paaiaa, kiunki main sachmuch ikk motty daadhi vadhai atey merey vaal hamesha gandey hunde sunn. jadon main unhan drishan dee shooting qarr riha see taan main ikk viakati noon miliaa joe ikk aadee see, atey usne mainoon uh cheezan dassiaan jinhan vicchon tusin langhde hoow, jiven kii jadon tusin iss toon bahr aaunn dee koshish qarr rahey hoow taan tusin aaram naheen qarr sakde. tusin saun naheen sakde iss laee tusin darad noon khatam curran dee koshish curran laee bahut saaree sharab pee lainde hoow. ghadi mushkil naal chaldi jaapadi haii. ikk adakar dey roop witch, unhan neey sachmuch mainoon jinna hoow sake uss utte jaanh ditta. saade cole lokan dey pattar vee sunn jinhan witch kiha giaa see kii kiven ih uhanan noon jeevan bharr laee heroin toon door rakkh riha haii, iss laee mainoon lagda haii kii aseen ikk changa kamm keeta haii."jiven hii sazish daa khulasa hoiaa, bindu neey nick noon aapne kamre witch bnd karke atey uss noon piit bail dee madad naal thande turkey jaanh laee majbur karke uss dee latt noon ghataun dee koshish keeti. iss samein dauran, raanee victoria dey makaan maalak aidii roel daa katal qarr ditta giaa see. katal 1991 dee patjhad dauran shoa dee mukkh kahani see. jiss episode witch aidii daa katal keeta giaa see, uh tonny matchel duaara likhiaa giaa see; ih ikk clifhanger naal khatam hoiaa jiss witch bagichiaan witch clead tevernier aidii dey sareer utte khadah see atey ikk chaku fadd keey see, jiss noon nick neey aapne badroom dee khidki toon dekhiaa see. nick pulis noon dassda haii kii uss neey qee dekhiaa, jiss naal michel panchhi dee madad naal clide bhajj giaa. joye valace aakharkar agge aaiaa, ih kahinde hoye kii uss neey aidii dey katal dee raat noon varag utte nick aaoot dekhiaa, aapne kamre toon bhajj giaa atey ikk naali dee pipe toon hethan chadh giaa. nick neey manniaa kii uh zimmevar see parr zor dey keey kiha kii ih ikk durghatna see. baad witch nick noon griftar qarr liaa giaa atey aidii dey katal daa dosh lagaiaa giaa atey uss utte janwari 1993 witch mukaddama chall riha haii. ikk hafte dey episode mukkadme laee samarpit sunn, atey ih saare tonny jorden duaara likhe gaye sunn. nick dey mukkadme dee kahani pesh curran laee, program nirmatavan noon khud sabootan dee samikhiaa curney paee atey aidii dee maut takk dey episodan noon vekhna piaa. ant witch, halanki ih spasht see kii nick aidii noon chaku maaran laee zimmevar see, parr ih spasht naheen see kii ih katal see, atey jioori neey doshi naa honn daa faisla waps qarr ditta. altman neey sankhep witch kihaau "sachmuch changa bachaa curran atey ikk vaar firr aapna sir utaar keey, uh katal karke bhajj giaa. nick noon shoa toon bahr, bindu dey naal likhiaa giaa see, jadon juun baraoon (joe bindu dee bhumika nibhaunda haii) neey agast 1993 witch luddy toon bahr jaanh daa faisla keeta. unhan dee jaanh vaali kahani neey uss dey saathi, zho atey chhote puttar, aishle noon bindu naal pesh keeta, jiss noon shuru witch yakeen hoow giaa see kii zho uss noon thaggan dee koshish qarr riha see, kiunki uss noon kaee saal pahilan hazel naal hoee ghatna yaad see. ikk vaar jadon bindu noon yakeen hoow giaa kii nick saccha see, halanki, uh jaldi hii aishle dey nede hoow gaee, atey parivaar ikkathe kabran witch chalaa giaa. ih aakhri vaar hovega jadon 1997 takk kaee saalan takk dott atey nick parade utte honge, jadon juun baraoon noon dott vajon aapni bhumika noon duhraun laee manaiaa giaa see. uss dee vaapsee 'teey, dott neey samjhaiaa kii nick noon nashile padarath rakkhan laee ikk vaar firr parade toon bahr griftar keeta giaa see, atey zho atey aishle uss dey apradhik kamman toon thakk keey chaley gaye sunn. uss dee vaapsee toon turant baad, uss noon pulis duaara soochit keeta giaa kii nick aapne selmet, damien spinux naal jailh toon bhajj giaa see. damien bindu dee bhaal witch aaundi haii, uss noon dassdi haii kii nick neey uss noon paise vicchon dhokha ditta haii. uh uss noon raat bharr bndhak bnaa keey rakkhda haii atey uss dey paise labbhan toon baad jaldi hii chalaa jaanda haii. agle dinn, pulis neey khulasa keeta kii damien noon intensive cair witch rakkhiaa giaa haii. john altman neey march 1998 witch panj saal dee gairhazari toon baad nick dey roop witch aapni bhumika noon duhraiaa. nigal bates noon dair raat noon dott dey gharr jasusi curran daa pataa laggda haii atey uss noon door rahinn laee kahinn toon baad, nigal noon chetavani dinda haii kii uh waps aaa javega. kujh haftiaan baad nick waps aaunda haii, jadon bindu noon uss noon aapne gharr witch lukiaa hoiaa pataa chalda haii. nick dott noon dassda haii kii uh aids caarn marr riha haii, joe uss dee heroin dee latt caarn haii, jiss utte uh pahilan taan vishwas naheen kardi parr baad witch uss noon yakeen hoow jaanda haii. nick neey khulasa keeta kii uh aapni dawai daa bhugtan curran laee ikk hathiaarband dakaiti dee yojna bnaa riha haii. nick iss naal langhna naheen chahunda, dott nick laee paise daa parbandh curran daa faisla karda haii. baad witch maarak panchhi daa daura karde hunn atey puchhde hunn kii qee uss neey nashile padarthan baare suniaa haii, jiss toon maarak inkaar karda haii. firr dott clair bates dey computer utte drugg noon vekhda haii atey pataa laggda haii kii drugs siraf neend deeaan goliaan hunn. ih ahsas hunda haii kii nick aapni bimari baare hamesha jhooth bolda riha haii, dott uss daa sahmana curran toon pahilan pulis noon qaal karda haii, uss noon dubara griftar karke jailh bhej dinda haii. aktubar 2000 witch, "return aaf nick cotton" sirlekh vaala ikk vishesh 'saaban-bulbula' prasarit keeta giaa. ih episode jailh toon nick dee rihayi, aapne puttar naal uss dey sulha-sulha 'teey kendrit see, atey ithon takk kii nick dey pitaa charley noon vee pradarshit keeta giaa see, jiss neey uss dey charittar dey maare jaanh toon lagbhag ikk dahake baad ikk bhoot dey roop witch ikk sankhep cameo peshkari keeti see. iss ghatna neey nikk dee walford witch vaapsee daa raah padhra keeta, jitthe uss neey maarak panchhi naal ikk purani ladai noon mudd shuru keeta jadon uss noon pataa lagga kii nikk aapne chhote bharaa martin panchhi noon anand dee saplai qarr riha see. navein saal dey dinn 2001 witch, maarak nick dey peenn noon spike karda haii atey uss noon brij street witch pull dey sikhar 'teey lubhaunda haii atey ikk nashile nick dey dhiggan noon vekhda haii, joe aapne aap noon gambhir taur' teey apahaj qarr dinda haii. iss toon baad, nick aishle noon maarak dey gharr noon agg lagaun daa adesh dinda haii parr uh iss naal naheen langh sakda atey jadon nick uss toon inkaar qarr dinda haii taan uh welford noon chhadd dinda haii. iss toon baad, nick farvari 2001 witch asthai taur utte reedh dee haddi dee ikai laee ravana hoow giaa. tinn mahiniaan dee doori toon baad, uh maee 2001 witch waps aaiaa; uh turan dey yog see, parr firr vee uss noon baisakhi dee zaroorat see. ih vaapsee uss dee pichli vaapsee naalon vee chhoti honn vaali see, atey iss toon baad shoa toon bahut lambi gairhazari see. maarak naal jhagda jaari rakkhan laee dridh, nick maarak dee garbhavati premika leesa noon dhamkiaan denna shuru qarr dinda haii atey jaldi hii maarak dey motorbike dey brekan noon todan toon baad aishle dee maut daa caarn banada haii, siraf aishle laee iss noon chori curran atey crashes curran laee. aishle dee maut toon baad, dott nick atey maarak vichkaar ikk bahis sunada haii atey mahisus karda haii kii nick neey maarak dee motorbike dey brekan naal chhedchhad keeti see. aishle dey antim sanskar toon baad, dott nick noon uss dee zindagi toon bahr kaddh dinda haii atey uss noon chaddan atey kadey waps naa aaunn laee kahinda haii, kiunki uh uss noon kadey maaf naheen qarr sakadi. halanki, center neey samjhaiaai "hamesha nick laee bindu 'teey waps jaanh daa ikk tarika hovega", ikk sathiti jiss daa samarthan "eastanders" lekhak james pene neey keeta, jiss neey kihaau "[bindu] mannada haii, mainoon lagda haii, dunghai naal, kii uss witch tabdili dee samratha haii, kii uh ikk changa munda hoow sakda haii. mainoon lagda haii kii uh iss dee kamna kardi rahegi."sulha dee disha witch pahila kadam 2006 witch chukkiaa giaa see jadon jimm branning noon nick daa phone aaiaa see joe cancer naal peedat jailh hospital witch see. jimm atey uss dey pote, bradley neey shuru witch iss noon ikk bindu toon gupat rakkhiaa, parr bradley neey aapni premika, stacy noon dassiaa, jiss neey iss noon bindu takk khiskan ditta. dott nick noon milann giaa, parr jadon uss noon cancer toon mukat qarr ditta giaa, taan uss neey dott noon uss noon vekhan denh toon inkaar qarr ditta. 2 aktubar 2008 noon ih dassiaa giaa see kii satt saal toon vaddh door rahinn toon baad nick uss saal christmas dey dinn "eastanders" witch waps aaa javega. karajkari nirmata dedrick center neey nick dee vaapsee 'teey aapne utshah baare gall keeti, iss paatar noon ikk "eastander" dantkatha atey "shoa dey sabh toon vadhiaa yaad keete atey sabh toon pasandida khalnaikan vicchon ikk" vajon shalagha keeti. altman neey kihaau "satt saalan dee gairhazari toon baad, main albert squair witch waps aaunn laee bahut khush haan. bee. bee. see. neey hamesha mainoon nikk cotton dey roop witch shandar kahaniaa dittiaan hunn atey main ih vekhan dee umeed karda haan kii qee nikk ikk vaar firr darr atey nafrat noon poore varag witch failayega!"juun baraoon neey khulasa keeta kii uh chhe jaan satt saalan toon nirmatavan noon altman noon saaban witch waps liaun laee kahi rahee see, kiunki dovan dey inne change kammkaji sabndh sunn. valsal witch samaan bitaun toon baad, kapaah waps aaa gaee; firr toon aam wang turde hoye, uh aapni satt saala dhee, daati naal see. uss neey samjhaiaa kii uh ikk squate witch rahinde hoye daati dee maan sandy gibson noon miliaa see, atey uh ikk sharabi see jiss dee haal hii witch maut hoow gaee see, jiss naal uss noon daati dee hirasat witch chhadd ditta giaa see. altman neey samjhaiaai "nick noon kise cheez dee zaroorat see, kiunki mainoon lagda haii kii jey uss cole uss darwaze toon langhan laee, uss cole thoda jiha bindu naa hunda, taan uh uss noon puurii tarahan bahr kaddhe hoye vajon mannadi." adakar neey aapni aakhri peshkari toon baad aapne charittar witch horr tabdiliaan daa varnan keeta, jiss witch dassiaa giaa kii uh kiven ikk plumber bann giaa see, vadhere chusat kappde pahinane shuru qarr ditte sunn, aapne vaalan noon waps karna bnd qarr ditta see atey hunn ikk mundari naheen pahinada see. halanki shuru witch shakki see, dott neey unhan dovan noon aapne gharr witch savikar qarr liaa, ih mann keey kii nick sachmuch iss vaar badal giaa see. ih puchhe jaanh 'teey kii qee nick asal witch ikk sudhariaa hoiaa charittar see, altman aspasht rihaau "nick waps aaa giaa haii, uss noon ikk piaari chhoti dhee millie haii. uh ikk plumber bann giaa haii, uh ikk badliaa hoiaa aadmi haii. ...jaan uh haii?"jiven-jiven kahani agge vadhee, nick daa asal ejanda udon sahmane aaiaa jadon uss neey aapni maan noon blackmail karke uss noon daati dee hirasat laee paise ditte. ikk horr kahani modd witch, 2009 witch darshakan noon ih pataa lagga kii daati (asal naam christy) aapne pitaa naal milibhugat qarr rahee see. kahani witch, daati neey aapni jeevan beema neeti laee katal bindu daa sujhaa ditta. iss dey baad nick patte, dotti noon bindu utte kamm curran dee aagiaa dinde hunn. uh tinn mahiniaan baad waps aaunda haii, jiss toon baad uh dott atey uss dey dostan noon yakeen divaun dee aapni yojna shuru karde hunn kii uh dementia toon peedat haii, nick daa udesh dott noon marna atey uss dee maadi hoow rahee mansik sathiti laee uss dee maut noon zimmevar thehrauna haii. chauk witch nick dey sankhep parvas dauran, usne billie michel noon ih dassde hoye suniaa kii kiven usne jais dier noon meron ditta atey niyamat bhugtan dee mung karke billie noon blackmail keeta jaan uh jais dey puttar jaii noon dassega kii billie neey qee keeta. jadon billie dey chachere bharaa, phil noon iss baare pataa lagga, taan uh nick noon raanee wick dey bairal store witch lae giaa, jitthe uh uss noon kuttda haii atey uss noon ikk kursi naal bnnh dinda haii. phil neey billie noon nick aaf noon draun atey iss noon khatam curran daa mauka ditta, halanki, billie neey uss noon jaanh ditta atey jaii noon khud sachchai dassi. aapni piaari maan noon maaran laee aapni dhee naal sazish juun 2009 witch parade utte sikhar utte pahunchadi haiyav daati dey dill badlan toon baad nick dee yojna vigaad jaandi haii atey aakharkar uss dee daadi noon zahir denh toon bachaundi haii, iss dee bajaae nick noon nashile padarath dindi haii. iss naal kaee ghatnavan vapardiaan hunn jiss witch nick, aapni yojna daa pardafash honn toon baad bachann dee koshish witch, bhaichare dey vakkh-vakkh memberan noon kaife witch bndhak bnaa lainda haii atey heather trott duaara chipp paen witch nick noon dhakkan toon baad ikk durghatna naal agg lagg jaandi haii. bndhak nick atey reyan malloy, joe bandhkan vicchon ikk see, darmiaan ladai caarn bhajjan witch kamyab hoow jaande hunn. iss dey natije vajon kaife witch ikk dhamaka hoiaa jiss dey ander nick atey bradley branning see. kahani neey altman dey shoa toon ikk vaar firr jaanh noon darsaiaa. uss dey jaanh vaale episode noon ikk chattan noon hilaun vaale dey roop witch likhiaa giaa see, kiunki ih khulasa naheen keeta giaa see kii qee nick episode dey ant witch dhamake toon bach giaa see. halanki, agle episode witch, 4 juun 2009 noon, nick noon dhamake witch bachde hoye dikhaiaa giaa haii atey bradley noon akkh witch sattan laggan caarn hospital witch dakhal karvaiaa giaa haii. ikk vaar firr bindu duaara aswikar keete jaanh toon baad nick ravana hoow jaanda haii. nikk duaara aapni maan noon samjhaye jaanh dey bavjood kii nikki burai haii, daati noon dott dee dekhbhal witch chhadd ditta jaanda haii. janwari 2014 witch, dots lajjar popi mido noon nick toon ikk phone qaal aaundi haii, joe dots naal gall karna chahunda haii. sharon rickman duaara dasse jaanh toon baad kii nick buri khabar haii, uh uss noon uss naal gall curran toon inkaar qarr dindi haii. doou mahiniaan baad, pulis duaara dott noon dassiaa jaanda haii kii nick dee pichle hafte ikk heroin dee overdos caarn saah lainn witch asafalta caarn maut hoow gaee haii. ih khabar denh vaale pulis adhikariaan vicchon ikk nick daa puttar charley cotton haii. charley dassdi haii kii uss dee garabh avastha 1980 dey dahake witch aapni maan yavon naal hoye ikk sankhep viaah toon hoee see. antim sanskar dauran, charley atey undertaker lais cocker bindu noon taboot witch vekhan toon rokde hunn. dott shakki haii atey yavon noon sacch dassan laee sadda dinda haii atey uh dott noon bharosa divaundi haii kii charley uss daa pota haii. kujh haftiaan baad, caroll jackson charley toon salaah mangda haii, jadon uh uss dey gharr aapna phone chadda haii, taan uh ikk qaal daa jawab dindi haii atey pataa laggda haii kii nick ajey vee zinda haii. iss toon baad, ih pataa chalda haii kii charley ikk pulis adhikari daa roop badal rahee haii atey asal witch ikk dekhbhal gharr witch ikk dekhbhal curran vaali haii jitthe yavon kamm kardi haii. charley ih labbhan laee kamm karda haii kii uss dee qaar deeaan khidkiaan tutt gaeeaan hunn, nick dey sandesh naal, iss gall dee pushti karde hoye kii usne ih keeta haii. aktubar 2014 witch, nick aapni nakli maut dey satt mahiniaan baad albert squair witch dubara dikhai dinda haii. karajkari nirmata dominic tradewell collins neey antam maadi nikk kahani denh daa vaada keeta atey saariaan nikk kahaniaan noon khatam curran laee ih nikk kahani hovegi. charley atey uss dee mangetar ronnie michel dott dey gharr witch nick noon labbh keey ghabra jaande hunn. dinn dey ant takk nick uhanan noon 10,000 pond witch blackmail karda haii, jaan uh bindu noon dassega kii uh zinda haii. charley phil toon karza mangadi haii, uh mann lainda haii parr charley toon anjaan, uh uss noon kagaz naal bhariaa ikk baig dinda haii atey jadon charley iss noon nick noon dinda haii taan uss noon pataa laggda haii kii paise naheen hunn. helovin dee raat noon, charley neey dassiaa kii nick jinda haii, uh uss noon labbhan jaanda haii parr jadon uh chalaa jaanda haii, taan dott uss noon aapne gharr witch labbh lainda haii. nick neey khulasa keeta kii uh ikk jauhri dey gharr witch lutt witch shamal see atey charley neey uss noon aapni maut noon jaali banaun laee manaa liaa. dott udon takk nick noon lukaun laee sehmat hoow jaanda haii jadon takk uh uss noon chaddan laee kaafi paise ikkathe naheen qarr lainde. iss samein dauran, bindu noon ikk vaar firr nick duaara heraferi keeti jaandi haii atey uh khush honaa shuru hoow jaanda haii kii uh utthe haii, ih vishwas karde hoye kii uh aakharkar uss naal maan-puttar daa rishta bnaa sakadi haii. dott dey gharr witch phas keey tang aaa keey, nick bahr jaanh daa faisla karda haii parr iaan bail duaara dekhiaa jaanda haii, joe phil atey sharon noon dassda haii kii nick zinda haii. phil nick utte hamla curran laee dott dey gharr jaanda haii parr ronnie duaara roque ditta jaanda haii. ronnie phil dey 100,000 pond dey paise chori karke nickle jaanh laee rishwat denh dee koshish karda haii parr uh charley atey ronnie dey viaah laee waps aaa jaanda haii. ronnie atey phil noon uss toon chhutkara paunh laee uss noon maaran baare gall karde suniaa, nick neey ronnie dee qaar dey break kattan daa faisla keeta. viaah dey reception witch prasav peed honn toon baad, ronnie, charley atey uss dee bhainn, roxy ikk qaar hadse witch shamal hoow jaande hunn jiss witch baad witch aima summerhays dee maut hoow jaandi haii, jadon kii ronnie coma witch rahi jaandi haii. yavon noon pataa laggda haii kii nick neey qaar dey break katt ditte parr uh aapne coat dee jeb witch tail vaala kappda paa keey uss noon phil noon frame curran laee manaa lainda haii. yavon charley noon dassdi haii kii nick neey qee keeta haii parr uh uss utte udon takk vishwas naheen karda jadon takk uh uss noon rishwat denh laee varte gaye kujh paise naal naheen fadd lainda. firr nick neey yavon noon ronnie dey hadse witch fasaiaa iss laee charley unhan dovan noon jaanh laee kahindi haii. dott nick noon agle gharr witch lukaunda haii atey nick laee heroin prapat karda haii. dott daa lajjar fatboy pataa lagaa lainda haii atey uss noon rukann dee takid karda haii iss laee jadon uh nick noon vekhadi haii taan uh uss noon ronnie dee khaatar phil noon fadiaa jaanh baare pulis cole ikbaal curran dee apeel kardi haii parr uh kahinda haii kii uss noon ronnie dee parwah naheen haii, uss noon dassde hoye kii uss noon umeed haii kii uh shudd javegi. baad witch, bindu noon nick behosh hoow jaanda haii parr uh sankhep witch behosh hoow jaanda haii. aapne aakhri palaan dauran, nick neey dassiaa kii uh 1985 witch regg cox dee maut laee zimmevar see. nick dee maut use sathaan utte hundi haii jitthe tees saal pahilan regg dee khoj keeti gaee see. dott charley noon nick noon meron denh dee gall kabool karda haii joe kii jailh jaanh toon dott noon bachaun laee lais cocker dee madad naal nick dey sareer toon chhutkara paunh dee yojna bnaa riha haii. shoa dee tihvin varehgandh dey mauke 'teey 19 farvari 2015 noon prasarit keete gaye live episode witch, shoa dey pahile episode daa pahila drish dubara banaiaa giaa see. stacy, martin atey kush kazmi neey nick dey sareer noon use tarahan labhiaa jiven daena wats, arther faular atey allie osman neey teeh saal pahilan regg cox noon labhiaa see. dott nick noon maaran dee gall kabool karda haii atey pulis uss noon lae jaandi haii. uss dee laash noon agle dinn gharr toon bahr kaddh ditta jaanda haii. tinn mahiniaan baad, dott noon nick dey katal laee 14 mahiniaan dee jailh mildi haii parr baad witch uss noon chaar mahiniaan baad rihaa qarr ditta jaanda haii. nick daa antim sanskar juun 2015 witch hunda haii jiss witch siraf charley, roxy atey uss daa pota, maithyu maujood hunda haii. 2021 witch, nick dee maut toon lagbhag atth saal baad, ih khulasa hoiaa kii daati (millie ziro) uss dee dhee naheen haii atey uss daa pitaa nick daa matreaa bharaa, tomm cotton (bryne conley) haii. halanki, 2022 witch, ih khulasa hunda haii kii ih ikk jhooth haii atey ih nick asal witch daati daa pitaa haii. altman neey khulasa keeta kii nirmatavan noon kiha giaa see kii uh aapne charittar noon samlingi banaun dey faisle daa virodh curran toon baad uss noon shoa toon 'likh keey bahr' qarr denh. suagat. nick cotton "eastanders" dey sabh toon prasidh khalnaikan vicchon ikk bann giaa haii. uss dee 'beizzati' noon 2004 witch panj chonhan witch 25vaan "sabh toon vadda saaban pall" chunhiaa giaa see, atey uss noon ikk channel 4 pole witch chautha sabh toon vadda khalnaik television paatar vee chunhiaa giaa haii. "sarprast" kalmanvis charley brooker neey nick dey khalnaik charittar toon inkaar keeta haii, halanki, likhade hoei "aadmi siraf drauna naheen haii; uh ikk argos catalog jinna drauna haii. jadon kii ["tajposhi street" khalnaik] jaze kigli neey vekhiaa jiven kii uh dhigge hoye dey khoon witch nahaun laee gharr jaanh toon pahilan karah naal bharey khet witch ikk godhi ghode dee swari curran daa anand lavega, haal hii witch fadey gaye peedat, nick kapaah siraf injh japda haii jiven uh ikk dhakke naal, ikk supermarkeet checkout ladki naal custard dey dented tean dee keemat baare vivaad qarr sakda haii jadon tusin uss dey pichhe udeek karde hoow, ih soch keey kii usne aakhri vaar aapne vaal kadon dhote sunn."times dee fiona macade neey bacchiaan dey teevi shoa" "balamori" "witch altman dey aaunn utte iss paatar utte viang keeta, maapiaan noon salaah dittia" "aapne chhote bacchiaan deeaan akkhan noon dhakkan laee tiaar raho kiunki saaban daa buraa munda rangeen, kalpanik firdos witch vadhda haii, binan shakk miss hooley noon goonjda haii, peesi palam noon pareshan karda haii atey josie jump karda haii. mainoon aarchi dee surakhiaa daa vee darr haii, mota, khushhal paush munda joe gulabi rung daa bnnh pahinada haii atey ikk vadde gulabi kilhe witch ikalla rahinda haii. shehar witch nick dey naal, uss noon koee mauka naheen milda." john altman noon "british saaban award 2015" witch 'saal dey khalnaik' laee namzad keeta giaa see, parr uh holyox starr, jairemi shafield toon haar giaa.

nick-kaarpaasah nicolas charles "nick" kaatan iti 19 februvari 1985 tame dine jaan altman ityanena abhineetasy british-sope-operaa "eastanders" ityasya kaalpanikam paatram asti, yat sope-ityasya prathama-prakaranaat ardha-niyamitaroopen abhineetam aasit. altman ityanena avadat yat tasya praarambhik-nishkramanasya karanam nirmatruna julia smit ityanena, swasya paatram samalingi iti nirdhaarayitum nirnayasya virodham krutvaa, tam likhitasya iti aagrah aasit iti. smith ityasya prasthananantaram, 2015 februvari-maase tasya unscreen-mrutyum yaavat, etat paatram anekaani sankshiptaani vaa deerghaani vaa padaani niramaat, yat "eastanders" ityasya 30 tama-vaarshikotsavasya sangatartham likhitam aasit. nick-kaatan ityeshah regg-cox (jaanee-clayton) ityasya mrutyoho krute visheshatayaa uttaradaayi aasit, yah 1985 tame varshe karyakramasya prathamadrushye achetanah iti dnyaatah, agrima-prakaranasya mrutah iti prakatitah. nick ityasya mrutyuhu aamshikaroopena regg ityasya mrutyoho punah abhinayah iti likhitah aasit, yatah nick ityeshah tasmin eva sthaane mrutah yatra regg ityasya mrutyuhu abhavat, yatharthataya 30 varshapoorvam. nick ityasya prathamikam karyam pratidwandweeroopen, madakadravyanam upayoktruroopena, hantakaroopen cha aasit. tasya kalpanaa pradarshanasy nirmaatrubhihi toney halland tathaa julia smit ityetabhyam krutaa. mool-paatravargasya vilambena samaaveshanam, nick iteedam halyand-deshasya lekhakasy pratikriyayaha aadhaaren, tathaa cha smit-ityasya mool-chitrakathaayaah aadhaaren, samaavishtam, yat regg cox ityasya hatyayam kendritam aasit, yasya hantakah moolatah prakatayitum naa icchati sma. nick ityasya nirmaanam akramanakarinam rupena, pradarshanasy naatakeey-kathaa-kshamatam cha pradadat iti. pradarshanasy samaye, nick-varyaha phil mitchel (steve mcfyadden), bilee mitchel (peree fenwick), mishel faular (susanne tallie), maark faular (david scarboro/taad carty), lisaa faular (lassie benjamin), toney carpenter (oscar james), allie osman (nedjet saalih), peete beel (peater dean), kaithee beel (gillion telforth), clad tevernier (steven woodcock), nigel bates (paal broadley), dens wats (lesley graantham), edee skinner (richstone), charley cristone (charley vuman), charley hankaak (kapaalah), samonkak (vuman) cha. nick ityasya upayogah "aut and aut vilan" iti rupena bhavati. karyakari-nirmata dominic-treadwell-callins ityanena etat soochitam aasit yat anyaih saaboonah paatraih vipareetam, ye durbhaashinah vartante sma, adhika-sukshma-varnanam, vimochanam cha aavashyakam cha aasan, teshaam niryam purnataya "dushtah vyaktihi" iti rupena upayoktum shakyate. da guardian" ityasya dooradarshan-vimarshakah soochitavaan yat, etasmaat karanat, paatrasya kapurushoddeshyan prekshakaih viralatayaa prashnabanam krutam, yatah tasya prathamikam karyam "arajakasya pratinidhihi" iti asti. asmin kaaryakrame nick ityasya upasthitihi sankshiptah bhavet iti api soochitam aasit, yatah saha chitrayan dushtatayaha starah adhikakalam yaavat paatre naa sthaatum shaknoti sma. nick ityasya pramukhah sambandhah tasya mataya daat-kaatan ityanena (joon-braun) saha asti. etat jatilam, nishkriyam, kinchitkalam cha chakreeyam iti chitritam asti, nick nirantaram swamaatrujeebane pravishati, saa purvakarmanam krute tam kshamaagacchati (tasyaah bingo-vijayaan chorayitum tasyaah vadhasya prayaasah cha antarbhavati), tatah yadaa nick ityasya vaastavika-uddeshyah prakatah bhavati tadaa praayah tasya nirbaasane samaapyate, yadyapi chakrasya punaraavartanaat poorvam asthaayeeroopen. 2015 tame varshe nick ityasya antimam nidhanam, daat ityanena saha, asya sambandhasya prati shraddhaanjalim adadaati-ante nick ityasya khalanaayak-vyavahaarasya vyaaptim pratyabhidnyaat, tasya parivartanasya asamarthataam cha sweekaroti-ante nick ityasya mrutyum anumanyum nirdhaarayati, tasya herayin ityasya ghaatak-pratikriyayaha anantaram chikitsaasamvedanam praaptum naa, tasyaah uddeshyam, nick jeevati vaa mriyate vaa iti yeeshum nirdhaarayitum diwah iti aasit. srushtihi. nick-kaatan iti chaturvimshati-paatram aasit yat "eastanders" ityasya nirmaatrubhihi toney-halland tathaa julia-smit ityetabhyam aavishkrutam. nick ityeshah "eastanders" ityasya krute halland-smit-ityetayoho mooladrushteh bhaagah naseet, tasya srushtihi cha anantarachintaaroopen abhavat. shrunkhalaayaah prathamam prakaranam vruddhanivaasinaha regg cox ityasya mrutyum samaaveshayitum aasit, yah swagruhe krurataya aakramitah, mrutyum cha nikshiptah aasit. prathama-lekhaka-sabhayam, yatra lekhakaah apekshita-patran, praarambhik-lipihi cha parichitaah aasan, pratyekam swatantraroopena dnyaatum icchati sma yat kah paatrah regg-ityasya vadham krutavaan iti. parantu, halland-smit-ityetayoho kadaapi hantakam anaavaranam naa icchantau. regg cox ityasya vadhah kah iti te naa jaananti sma, "kah" iti mahattvam naasti iti api te manyante sma. akramanat anantaram saha mrutah iti mahattwapoornah vishayah aasit, tathaa cha regg ityasya hatyaah samadhanartham naa aasit, kevalam shrotrubhyah kathayitum aasit, prarambhat eva, walford ekaha kathinah kathinah cha sthaanah aasit iti. lekhakaah asya virodham krutavantah. te halland-deshah mahatee avasaram apasaarayati iti aropam krutvaa, hatyaa-shikaaram prekshakaah akarshayantah natakiyaha sambhaawanaah pradadaati iti soochitavantah. tetrimshati mulapatrani aparaadham kartum asamarthah iti nirnayaat param, halland-deshah nick-karpasa-rupena sampurnataya nootanam paatram aavishkartum nishchitavaan. nick ityasya mool-paatra-ruparekhayam likhitam aasit, "tasya chitram visheshatayaa maacho asti. saptaahaantaparyantam adrushyate. maataa naa prashne... denn ityasya vipareetam, nick iti vaastavikah crock asti. krumihi jananam guptataam gruham cha pravishati. tatah param, swabuddhyaa jeevati. kshanamaatrasya pratiksham kurvantu, dhanasya nick krutvaa adrushyam karotu...praayah swapidan chinoti ye, kasyaapi anyasya karanena, tasya vishaye vaartaam kartum bheetaah bhavanti...nick ityeshah heroyin-vyasanee asti ". nick ityasya kevalam ardha-niyamitam paatram eva bhavitum icchitam aasit, julia smit tasya paatranirdhaaranasy vishaye naa samlagnaa aasit, tathaa cha nirdeshakaih abhinetaa jaan altman ityasya chayanam krutam. parantu saa tam nishkaasitum yachanat, yadaa saha nick ityasya uccha-holey (taam-vaat) ityanena saha samalingi-sambandham chitrayitum niraakarot, yatah saha tatt charitraateetam iti manyat. vikaasah kathaa cha. eastanders" ityasya karyakari-nirmata dadrick santer ityanena nick ityasya varnanam "karyakramasya pramukhah khalanaayakah" iti krutam asti. eastanders" iti vruttachitram, pradarshanasy paatrasya kaalasy vivaranam krutvaa, saha mithyabhineta, choraha, hantakah cha iti manyatam, yah "swasya samipasthanam duhkhaan, duhkhaan cha uposhayat" iti. saha-abhinetree charley clements (broadley branning) ityeshaa avadat yat "bhavaan saaboonah dushtaan janaan chintayati, nick-kaarpaasah avashyameva teshu sarwottamaih saha asti" iti, lesley-graantam (denn-wats) ityeshaa abhimatavatee yat "nick-kaarpaasasy vishaye kimapi redeeming-visheshanam naasti" iti. etat mulyamkanam shrunkhalaayaah kathaa-nirmaatru dominic treadwell-callins ityanena saha saha saha samyam krutam asti, yah vyakhyaayitah asti yat "bahihi-bahihi-khalanaayakah bhavet iti uttamm. kadaachit bhavaan paatram praapya 'o' iti vadati, teshaam api uttamah pakshah bhavet, kadaachit vayam taan kinchitkalam vimochayitum arhaamah iti mama vichaarah asti.'nick ityanena saha, tatt naa mahattvam. bhavaan poorna-pelt-dwara, paada-dwara-vegavardhakasya durjanam kartum shaknoti."jaan altman ityayam, balyakale pituhu anupasthitim nick ityasya ashobhakataayaah krute dosharopam krutvaa, swasya paatrasya ekam sundaram paatram kadaapi smaryitum naa shaknoti iti vishaye charchaam akarot. santer ityayam "adbhutatayaa nishkriyam maataa-putra-sambandham" vishaye, daat-kaatan (joon-braun) ityetena saha nick ityasya sahabhaagitvam, nick ityasya anyatayam karyasya itihasasya avahelanaa vinaa, tasyaah aparam avakaasham daatum nirantaram icchaam cha charchayat. santer avadat yat, "tatra kimapi vastu asti yatra bhavaan asha kartum sahasam karoti yat kashchit parivartitah asti, yat vastutah duhkhakaram vartate. te shatavaaram yushmaan niraashavantah, tathaapi bhavaan api aasham karoti yat prathamavaaram shatavaaram te parivartitaah bhavishyanti iti."grantham ityanena" daat "iti" [nick ityasya] jeevane ekaha mitrah "iti avadat, treadwell-callins ityanena drudeekrutam yat" daat sarvadaa tam kshamishyti. tathaa cha nick-and-daat ityasya saundaryam bhavati."etayaa bhaawen saha sahamatah altman angeekrutavaan," saha kimapi karotu, saa tam kshamishyti. sampoorne itihaase anekanam gundaah mataraha api tathaiva krutavantah. sambhawatah all-kaapon ityasya maataa saha madhurah baalakah iti manyantee, bhavaan jaanaati." eastanders" ityasya prathama-prakaranasya aarambhah vruddhasya nivaasinah regg cox (jaanee clayton) ityasya swasya flyaat-madhye achetanasya aawishkaranen abhavat. pashchat regg-varyaha mriyate, pashchat prakaraneshu saha nick ityanena maaritah iti dnyaayate. halland-smit-cha naatakeeyaroopen shrunkhalaam praavartayitum icchantau, tathaa cha regg-cox iti kathaa uttamm aarambhabinduh iti manyante, yena samudaayasy vibhinnehe sadasyaah vruddhasya hatyayaha paristhitishu samlagnaah vaa tippanyah vaa kartum shaknuvanti sma. santer ityanena spashteekrutam yat nick-varyaha "arambhat eva ekataram thukanam, snarling-pashuhu" iti sthaapitah aasit, prathama-prakaranasya ante nick-ityasya "eastanders" iti prathama-drum-roll-ityasya anumatihi drushyate, yadaa saha allie osman (najdet saalih) ityanena saha yuddhanantaram queen victoria-pub ityasya kaach-dwaarasya janalayaha madhyamena mushtyaghatam karoti sma. arakshakanam anveshanasya katipayeshu saptahanam anantaram, pramukhah shankitah nick, ethel-skinner (grechen-franklin) ityasya mug-prayatnaat cha chaukaat nishkaasitah, april-maase saha gruheetah iti soochitam. julai-maase nick ityasya matayaha daat ityasyaah paatravargasya parichayah abhavat, tadaa saa shrotrubhyah soochitavatee yat nick parikshanartham nishkaasane saphalah abhavat, agrime maase saha albert square-nagaram pratyagatavan. pratyaagatya, saha harold legg ityasya (leonard fenton) shalyakriyaam abhyantary, kaithee beel ityasya (gillion telfort) chikitsaa-abhilekhaah drushtavaan, tasyaah 14 varsheshu baalah asti iti dnyaatavaan. nick ityeshah kethee ityasya pati peete (peater dean) ityasmai etat prakatayitum dhamayati, yaavat saa tam niyamitam dhanam naa dadati. kaithee sheeghramev peete ityasmai satyam vadati, yasya parinaamen saha margamadhye nick ityasya praharam karoti. tadanantaram denn-nagarah nick-ityenam satkaram karoti yat saha sadasarvada visiting daat ityetam vihaay, mangalartham chavargaat bahihi gacchatu, anyathaa saha pranaghatakam parinamam sammukheebhavati. nick ityeshah agrimeshu katipayeshu varsheshu alpakalam yaavat drushyate, ante 1987 october-maase swapituh charley (christopher hancock) ityanena saha militavaan, yadaa tau ubhau samyogena visit daat kartum aagacchan. nick charley cha parasparm spashtam kurvanti yat te parasparm paritah naa icchanti iti. charley ityeshaa jaanaati yat nick ityeshah keshaanchan aparaadhibhyah guptah asti, yadaa saha taan choritavaan, api cha nick ityasya aparadhartham karagaram gatasya nick ityasya puraanaam mitraat graham clark ityatah nick guptah asti iti api jaanaati. charley graham ityenam gruham pravishati, nick ityetam pratyushtum, tam nirvodum nirbandhayati, anyathaa saha tam guptaanaam aparaadhibhyah samarpayishyati. 1988 tame varshe, nick ityeshah decons-parvata-karagare madakadravyanam aparadhartham kaaraagaaravaasam karoti, yatra samyogavashaat agnisamyogasya krute antahsthah asti. asmin eva kaale regg ityasya hatyayaha rahasym ante pariharyate yadaa nick svameva uttaradaayi iti angeekrutavaan. 1989 tame varshe daat, nick-ityetam prati pardaarahitadarshanasy madhyamena jaanaati yat saha hazell (virginia fiol) iti mahilaam parineetavaan, tasyaah ekasyaah yuvaam putree asti iti; nick-varyaha swasya daat-ityasya cha tanaavapoornasya sambandhasya karanat poorvamev tasyaah kathanam naa avahat iti. hazell 1989 mey-maase daat-down iteedam anvishya, dorothy-nikolaa iti balakena saha tasyaah darshanm krutavaan; daat etaavat prasanah aasit yat te mo-buchar (edna-dorey), maarj-green (paat-combs) ityetaih saha braunee-yatrayam bhaagam naa sveekrutya nishkaasan. pashchat etat mithyaa iti prakatitam, tathaa cha shishuhu hazell ityasya bhatijee iti nishpanah. yadyapi nick kevalam ardha-niyamitam paatram aasit, tathaapi tasya antaraale upasthitihi sarvadaa kaaryakrame mahatee prabhaavam janayitum, tathaiva tasya kathaam saha sambaddhaani sarvaani paatraani cha likhitaani aasan. saha pradarshanasy prathama-katipayeshu varsheshu punah prakatah, bahuvaaram cha nishkaasitah, yena pratisaari adhikatamm vinaashah abhavat, tathaa cha patrikaasu "nasty nick" iti paatrasya mudranam arabhyatat adhikam kaalam naa abhavat. alt-myaan ityanena tippaneeh krutah-"aham manyate yat te nick-ityetam punah aanayan eva bhavanti, yatah saha british-dooradarshanasy paatreshu anyatamah asti, yasya janaan kevalam dweshishyate" iti. walford-nagarasya kaalpanikanivaasinah janaihi asya paatrasya vishaye etat apritikaram aasit, altman ityanena spashteekrutam aasit yat, "yadaa yadaa saha punaraagacchati tadaa saha sarwaih doorah bhavati. etat mandah kaubaay ityayam iva asti yat nagaram prati savaari krutvaa aagacchati-sarve shutters sthapayitva baar-ityasya talaha sthaapayanti." asya paatrasya swaroopam asya apriyasya, "dushtasya" chitrasya anuroopam nirmitam aasit, "eastanders" iti shrunkhalaayaah paraamarshadaatru saiman ashdown ityanena tippaneeh krutah; "yadaa saha aagacchati, tadaa bhavaan jaanaati yat ayam purushah dushtah asti iti. tasya krushna-keshah, schoul, charma-jaaket cha santi. saha tathaiva asti, saha dickensian byadee asti."2000 taha 2001 paryantam nick ityasya putrasya eshle-kaatan ityasya paatram nirvahantee franky-fitzgerald ityeshaa sahamatawateeh" dushta-nick ityasya roopam, bhavaan jaanaati, saha ekaha dushtah purushah aasit. yadaa saha soot-vastram api dharati, tadaa api tasya karnamudraa asti, tasya api angulihi santi, tasya kanthasya upari api tyatoo asti." 1990 tame varshe, nick ityasya shrunkhalaayaah ekaha ullekhaneeyah punaraagamanam abhavat. nick punah janmagrastaa christian iti davaya swamaatru-jeevanam prati pratyagatavan, yat bingo-kridaayaam tasyaah £10,000-vijayasya sangatah abhavat. "eastanders" ityasya lekhikaa saara felps avadat yat, "daat ityasya krute, yeshuhu ante nick ityanena saha bhaashitah iti vichaarah, tatt eva tasyaah chrismus-parwah ekavaaram aagacchan! nick ityayam jaanaati sma. nick ityayam "yeeshuh mama saha gacchati" iti vadati sma, tatah bahihi gatvaa kasminshchit uta yanchit uta vaa swapeyam nick karoti iti vaa spashtam aasit."ekaa nakalee-purohitasya saahaayyen, nick svamatam swasya nootan-vishvaasasya vishaye sammohayitum samarthah abhavat, tatah tasyaah aahar-abhyasan niyantrayitum, vishaprayogam kartum cha mandam abhiyanam prarabhata, yena tasyaah dhanam praapyate. pee. ityanena likhitasya kathaavastunah samaapanam krutasya prakaranasya.jey. hammond, kevalam daat ityasya gruhe eva sthaapitam aasit, tathaa cha nick, daat, charley, ethel tathaa alastair iti nakali-purohitena yukttam asamanyam laghu-paatravargam cha darshitam aasit. antimanimeshe, "ekadaa vayam nick ityasya uttamapakshasy prakaasham apashyama" iti alt-myaan ityanena kathitasya, nick-varyaha swasya yojanam prati apagacchati, tathaa cha tam maarayitum uddeshitam vishaaktam bhojanam khadanat daat-ityetam prati rodhate. punah ekadaa daat ekaki parityaktaa, swaputrah tasyaah krute yat kartum sajjaha aasit tatt drushtvaa bhagnahrudayah aasit. nick ityeshah walford-nagaraat bahubhyah doore naseet. 1991 tame varshe, saha heroyin-vyasanena saha pratyagatavan, parantu daat-varyaha praarambhe tam parityajy, sahayyartham tasya praarthanaani avahelayat. charley ityasya mrutyoho anantaram eva tasyaah ekamaatrah parivaarah nick eva avashishtah aasit, tasya samskarartham drudanishchayah cha aasit. kathayaha vishaye charchaam kurvan alt-myaan ityeshah avadat, "aham heroyin-vyasanam vastutah atyantam ksheenam avadat, yatah aham vastutah sthoolam daadeem agruhnaat, mama keshah sarvadaa apavitrah aasit. yadaa aham taani drushyaani chitrayan tadaa aham vyasanee purushena saha militavaan, tathaa cha bhavaan yasmaat samasyam saha saha gatim karoti sma, yathaa bhavaan yadaa tatt parihartum prayatate tadaa vishraantim naa kartum shaknoti iti saha mahyam avadat. bhavaan nidraam naa kartum shaknoti ataha peedaam nivaarayitum cha bhavaan prachuram madyapanam karoti. ghadiyaalah praayah naa gatim karoti. abhinetaaroopen mama krute, te yathaashaktim yaavat saadhyamiti maam anumanyanta. asmakam sameepe jananam patraani api aasan ye taan jeevanabharam herayin-aushadham katham nishkaasayati iti avadat, ataha vayam uttamm karyam krutavantah iti mama dharana."yadaa kathanakam udghaatitam, daat ityeshah nick ityasya vyasanam nyooneekartum prayatat, tam tasya prakoshte bandhya, peete beel ityasya saahaayyen sheetal-turkey-desham gantum cha balaat. asmin kaale victoria-raajnyaah bhuswamyah eddie royal ityasya hatyaa abhavat. 1991 tamasya varshasya sharatkaale, eddie ityasya hatyaa karyakramasya mukhyakathaa aasit. yah prakaranah eddie ityasya hatyayaha abhavat, saha toney mckell ityanena likhitah aasit; udyaanasya cliffhyanger ityanena saha, yatra eddie ityasya sharirasya upari sthitah clad-tevernier iti chitrah, cha chaakooh dhaaritah aasit, yat nick-varyaha swasya shayanakashasy janalayaha sakshyam praapnot. nick ityeshah yat drushtavaan tatt aarakshakaih kathayati, yena clad ityeshah mishel-faular ityasya saahaayyen palaayanam karoti. jo-wallace ityeshah ante agre aagatah, saha eddie ityasya hatyayaha raatrau chaukasya upari nick-aut iti drushtavaan, swasya prakoshtaat palaayanam krutvaa jala-nalikaa adhirohat iti avadat. nick, saha eva uttaradaayi iti ankitavaan, parantu saha durghatanaa aasit iti drudatayaa pratipaadayati. tadanantaram nick ityeshah eddie ityasya hatyayaha aaropena bandhitah, 1993 janavareemaase tasya vichaaranam abhavat. ekasaptahaha moolyayutaani prakaranaani vichaaranaartham samarpitaani aasan, sarvaani toney jordan ityanena likhitaani aasan. nick ityasya vichaaranasya kathaam prastuvayitum, kaaryakramanirmaatrubhyah svayameva sakshyasy samiksha karaniyaa, eddie ityasya mrutyum yaavat parinatyaah prakaranan cha drashtum cha aavashyakam aasit. ante, yadyapi eddie ityasya chhurikaaghaatasy krute nick iti uttaradaayi iti spashtam aasit, tathaapi saha hatyaa aasit iti naa spashtam aasit, tathaa cha nirnaayakamandalen nirdoshasya nirnayah pratyarpitah. altman saaraamsham krutavaan-"yathaarthamev uttamm pratiraksham praapya, punah shiraha nikshiptvaa, saha hatyaya palaayanam krutavaan". 1993 tame varshe august-maase yadaa joon-braun (yah daat-paatram nirvahati) iti shrunkhalaayaah nishkramanasya nirnayam akarot tadaa daat-ityanena saha nick-varyaha pradarshanat bahihi likhitavaan. teshaam nirgamana-kathaa tasya sahabhagim zo-ityasya, yuva-putrasya eshle-too-daat ityasya cha parichayam dattavatee, yah praarambhe nishchitah aasit yat zo-varyaha tam vanchayitum prayatamanah aasit, yatah saa anekavarshapoorvam hazell-ityanena saha ghatanaayaah smaryantee aasit. ekadaa daat ityasmai nick satyavatah iti nishchayah abhavat, tathaapi saa sheeghramev eshle ityanaya saha nikatata praaptavatee, tathaa cha parivaarah militvaa gravesand-nagaram prati gatavaan. 1997 tamavarshaparyantam, yadaa joon braun ityeshaa daat iti paatram punaraavartayitum preritaa, taavat yaavat, daat tathaa nick ityetaah anekavarshaani yaavat pardayam antimavaaram aasan. tasyaah pratyaagamanasamaye daat ityanena spashteekrutam yat nick ityeshah madakadravyanam krute punah paradaayaah bahihi gruheetah aasit, tathaa cha zo tathaa eshle cha tasya aparadhakaryeshu vyathitau bhutva dooram agacchan iti. tasyaah pratyaagamanasy kinchitkalanantaram, aarakshakaih saa soochitavatee yat nick swasya selamet demian spinks ityanena saha karagarat palaayanam krutavaan iti. demian ityeshah binduhu anvishya aagacchati, tam vadati yat nick-varyaha dhanaat tam vanchayat iti. saha raatrau tasyaah bandhakam karoti, tasyaah dhanam praapya sheeghramev nirgacchati. aparadine aarakshakaah prakatayanti yat demian atigambhir-paricharyayam asti, tatra nick ityanena sthaapitam asti iti. jaan altman 1998 maarch-maase panchavarshasya anupasthitehe anantaram nick iti paatram punaravartitavan. nigel bates ityeshah raatrau daat ityasya gruhe nick ityasya goodacharyaam dnyaatavaan, tam doore nyastum uktvaa nick ityeshah nigel ityasmai aagacchan yat saha punah aagamishyati iti. katipayasaptahaha anantaram nick pratyaagacchati, yadaa daat swagruhe guptam vilokyati. nick daat ityasmai vadati yat saha hayed-rogena mriyate iti, yat tasya heroyin-vyasanaat bhavati iti, yat saa prathamam naa vishvasati parantu pashchat pratyabhidnyaatavatee. nick ityeshah prakatayati yat saha swa-aushadhasya krute dhanadanam kartum sashastra-luntanasya yojanaa karoti iti. nick ityasya tatt naa icchati, daat ityeshah nick ityasya krute dhanasya vyavasthaa kartum nirdhaarayati. daat-varyaha pashchat maark-faular-ityenam gatvaa prucchati yat saha vichaaraadheenaanaam aushadhaanaam vishaye shrutavaan vaa iti, yat maark-nishedhayati. daat tadaa clair bates ityasya sanganake aushadham pashyati, tathaa cha te aushadhaani kevalam nidraaviplayaah eva santi iti jaanaati. nick ityeshah sarvadaa swasya rogasya vishaye mithyam avadat iti dnyaatvaa daat ityeshah tasya samana kartum poorvam arakshakanam aahvayati, yena saha punah gruheetah karagaram prati punah preshitah bhavati. 2000 october-maase "return aaf nick-kaatan" iti vishesham "sope-bubble" iti samprachaaritam. prakaranam nick ityasya karagarat vimochanam, swaputrena saha tasya melanam, api cha nick ityasya pitaa charley ityetam api darshitam, tasya paatrasya vadhasya praayah dashakanantaram bhutarupena sankshiptam atithi-pradarshanm krutavaan. asmin prakaranena nick ityasya tadanantaram walford-nagaram pratyaagamanasy maargah prashastah, yatra saha maark-faular ityanena saha puratanam vairam punah praavartayat, yadaa saha dnyaatavaan yat nick ityeshah swabhraatuh martin faular ityasmai paramanandam pradadaati iti. 2001 tame varshe navavarshasya dine, maark-spack-ityanena nick ityasya paaniyam krutvaa, bridge-street-madhye vidoct-ityasya upari taan pralobhayitvaa, madyapaanena nick-faals iti drushtavaan, yah teevratayaa swasyaah ashaktataam cha janayati. tadanantaram nick-varyaha eshle-ityasmai marks-ityasya gruham agnim kartum aadesham dadaatu, parantu saha tatt naa kartum shaknoti, nick-ityanena niraakrutya walford-nagaram parityaajyate. tadanantaram 2001 februvari-maase nick asthaayeeroopen merudandasya ekakam prati prasthanam karoti. masatrayanantaram 2001 mey-maase saha pratyagatavan; saha chalitum samarthah aasit, parantu tatah api kruch-ityasya aavashyakataa aasit. etat punaraagamanam tasya poorvasya punaragamanasya apekshayaa api alpakalam yaavat bhavitum arhati sma, tadanantaram pradarshanat bahu dirghakalam yaavat anupasthitim cha syaat. marken saha vairam pravartayitum drudanishchayena nick, maark ityasya garbhavati preyasee lisaam prati dhaman-uddeepanam aarabhate, sheeghramev marks ityasya motaaru-baike breaks-vidhvamsya eshle ityasya mrutyum cha kaarayati, kevalam eshle-krute chauryaartham kryaash kartum cha. eshle ityasya mrutyoho anantaram daat ityeshah nick-maark-ityetayoho madhye vaadam shrutavaan, tathaa cha nick-varyaha marks-ityasya motaaru-baike break-ityetaih saha vikshepanam krutavaan iti jaanaati. eshle ityasya antyeshtikriyeh anantaram daat, nick ityenam tasyaah jeevanaat bahishkaroti, tam nirgantum, kadaapi naa punaraagamanam kartum cha vadati, yatah saa kadaapi tam kshamyitum naa shaknoti. parantu, santer ityeshah avadat yat "nick ityasya krute daat prati punah maargah sarvadaa bhavishyati" iti, "eastanders" ityasya lekhakah james penn ityanena samarthitah ekaha padah, yah avadat yat "[daat] vishvasati, aham manyate, gabheere, tasya parivartanasya kshamata asti, saha ekaha uttamah baalakah bhavitum shaknoti iti. saa tatt icchati eva iti mama dharana."sanmilanasya krute prathamam sopanam 2006 tame varshe krutam yadaa jim branning ityeshah nick ityatah doorabhaash-kaal praptavan yah karkarogena peeditah karagara-chikitsaalaye aasit. jim, tasya pautrah broadley cha praarambhe etat daat-taha rahasym rakshitavantah, parantu broadley swamitreem stacy ityenam avadat, yaa tam bindu-prati pataat. daat ityeshah nick-varyasya darshanm kartum gatah, parantu yadaa saha karkarogaat muktah abhavat, tadaa saha daat-varyam drashtum niraakarot. 2008 october 2 dinaanke saptavarshaat adhikakalat param, tasmin varshe chrismus-dine nick "eastanders" prati punaraagacchati iti soochitam. karyakari-nirmata dadrick santer ityeshah nick ityasya pratyaagamanasy samaye swasya utsahasya vishaye avadat, tasya paatrasya "eastanders" iti akhyayika, "pradarshanasy sarvaadhikam smaryate, atyantam priyah cha khalanaayakah" iti cha prashamsaam akarot. alt-myaan avadat yat, "saptavarshaanaam anupasthitehe anantaram, albert square-nagaram prati punaraagantum aham romaanchitah. bee. bee. see.-samsthayaa mahyam nick-kaatan-rupena uttamaani kathaam sadasarvada dattaani, nick punah sarvatra bhayam, dwesham cha prasarishyati vaa iti drashtum aham utsukah!"joon braun ityeshaa prakatayt yat saa nirmaatrubhyah shut saptavarshaani yaavat alt-myaan ityetam punah sope-krute aanayitum yaacchantee aasit, yatah tau dwau api etaadrusham uttamm kaaryasambandham vahantau. valsal-nagare samayam yapayitva, kaarpaasah pratyagatavan; punah saamaanyaroopen gacchan, swa saptavarsheeyaam putrena daatee ityanena saha aasit. saha avadat yat saha dotty ityasya matam sendee gibson ityanaya saha militavaan, yadaa saa ekaa squat-madhye nivasati sma, saa madyapikaa aasit yaa sadyah mrutaa aasit, yena saha dotty ityasya abhirakshaayaam nyastah. altman avadat yat, "nick ityasya kimapi aavashyakam aasit, yatah aham chintaami yat tasya sameepe yadi tasya dwaaram param gantum laghu-binduhu naseet tarhi saa tam purnataya bahishkrutah iti eva manayati sma." abhinetaa swasya antimasya pradarshanat aarabhy swapaatrasya anyaan parivartanaan varnitavaan, katham saha plumber abhavat, adhika-chaturatapurnam vastradhaaranam aarabdhavaan, kesham punah kshauram naa krutavaan, tathaa cha karnamudraa naa dharitavaan iti vivaranam dattavaan. yadyapi praarambhe shankitah aasit tathaapi daat ityeshaa tam dwayam swagruhe sveekrutavatee, asmin samaye nick vastutah parivartitavaan iti vishvasat. nick iti vastutah samskrutam paatram aasit vaa iti prushtavaan, altman ityeshah aspashtah aasith "nick ityasya punaraagamanam, tasya ekam sundaram laghuputreem praaptam. saha plumber abhavat, saha parivartitah purushah asti. ...vaa saha?"yathaa kathaam pragatim agruhnaat, nick ityasya vaastavikam kaaryasoochih prakashita yadaa saha daatee ityasya abhirakshartham dhanam daatum swamatam blackmail krutavaan. kathaavastuve, 2009 tame varshe prekshakanam samaksham prakatitam yat daatee (vaastavikam naam kirstee) swapituh saha nirantaram sangamitaa aasit iti. kathaavastuve, daatee swajeevana-aashvaasan-neetau killing daat iti soochayat. tadanantaram nick-leaves iti, daatee-ityetam daat-upari karyam kartum anumanyate. saha masatrayanantaram pratyaagacchati, tatah te daat-ityetam tasyaah mitraani cha sammohitum yojanayaha arambham kurvanti yat saa dementia ityanena pidita asti iti, nick ityasya uddeshyam daat-ityetam maaritum tasyaah kshinatam maanasikasthitim karanena tasyaah mrutyum dosham daatum cha asti iti. square madhye nick ityasya alpavaasakaale, saha bilee mitchel ityenam daat iti vadan shrutavaan yat saha katham jays dair ityenam mriyat, niyamitam dhanam yachayitva bilee ityenam blackmail karoti, athavaa jays ityasya putrah jey ityasmai bilee kim krutavaan iti vadati sma. yadaa bilee ityasya bhraatruvyah phil ityayam asya vishaye dnyaatavaan, tadaa saha nick ityenam raajnyaah wick ityasya byaarel-bhandaram prati agruhnaat, yatra saha tam marshya kursyaa saha bandhayati. phil, bilee ityasmai nick-aaf ityenam bhayaat samaaptum cha avasaram adadat, parantu bilee tam gatvaa jey ityasmai satyam avadat. swaputrena saha swapriyaam matam maarayitum krutasya shadyantram 2009 joon-maase paradayam paraakaashtaam praapnot-daatee ityasya hrudayaparivartanasya anantaram nick ityasya yojanaa avyavasthitam bhavati, ante nick ityasya aushadhasya sthaane swamatamaham vishaprayogaat rakshayati. anena ghatana-shrunkhalaa jaataa, yasmin nick, swasya yojanaa udghatitat param palaayanam kartum, samudaayasy vibhinnebhyah sadasyan kefe-madhye bandhakam karoti, tathaa cha header trat ityanena nick-ityetam chip-paan-madhye prasthapayitva akasmikam agniprajwalanam praarabdham bhavati. bandhakeshu anyatamah nick-ryaan-malloy-ityasya cha madhye yuddhasya karanat bandhakaah palaayanam kartum shaknuvanti. anena kefe-madhye visphotah bhavati yasya antah nick tathaa broadley branning bhavati. kathaavastu punah ekadaa alt-myaan ityasya pradarshanat nishkramanam ankayat. tasya prasthana-prakaranam cliffhyanger iti likhitam aasit, yatah prakaranasya ante nick visphotaat praanet vaa iti naa prakatitam. parantu, agrime prakarane, 2009 joon 4 dinaanke, nick ityeshah visphotaat jeevitah iti darshitah, broadley cha netrasya aaghaaten chikitsaalaye aagacchati. nick punah ekadaa daat ityanena niraakrutya nirgacchati. daatee dushtah iti nick swamatam avadat satsu api daatee daat ityasya paricharyayam eva avashishtah asti. 2014 janavaree-maase daat-ityasya ladger-pappee-medo-ityatra nick-ityanena doorabhaash-kaal praaptah, yah daat-ityanena saha vaartaalaapam kartum icchati. shaaran rickman ityanena nick iti ashubh-varta iti avadat, saa tam swena saha vaartaalaapam kartum niraakaroti. masadvayanantaram daat ityasmai aarakshakaih kathitam yat, poorvam saptaahe adhikamatrayam heroyin-aushadham sevanena nick ityasya shwaasochawaasah viphalatayaa mrutah iti. ye arakshakadhikarinaha tu tu tu varta prakatayanti teshu ekaha nick ityasya putrah charley kaatan asti. charley kathayati yat 1980 tame dashake nick-varyasya svamatra yavonne ityanaya saha alpakaalaporvavivaahaat saha garbhasthah iti. antyeshtikriye, charley tathaa untertaker less kokar ityeshaa daat ityetam shavapetikaayaam drashtum naa vilambayanti. daat shankitah bhavati, satyam vakttum yavonne ityetam aamantrayati, saa daat ityasmai charley tasyaah pautrah iti aashvastavatee. katipayasaptahaha anantaram, caroll-jaaksan charley ityenam upadesham prucchati, yadaa saha svadooravaanyaah tasyaah gruhe nishkaasayati, tadaa saa doorabhaashasy uttaram dadati, nick ityapi jeevati iti jaanaati. tadanantaram, charley aarakshak-adhikaarinah pratiroopanam karoti sma, tathaa cha yavonne ityasya kaarye yat yat yat yat yat yat yat yat yat yat yat yat yat yat yat yat yat yat yat yat yat yat yat yat yat yat yat yat yat yat yat yat yat yat yat yat yat yat yat yat yat yat yat yat yat yat yat tatt yat yat yat yat yat yat yat yat yat yat yat yat yat yat yat yat yat yat yat yat yat yat yat tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt. charley-leaves ityeshaa kaaryam aarabhate yat tasya kaarnah kitikaah bhagnaani santi iti, nick ityasya sandeshena saha, saha tatt krutavaan iti drudheekrutavatee. october 2014 tame varshe, nick-varyaha swasya kalpitamaranasya saptamasanantaram, albert square ityatra punah drushyate. karyakari-nirmata dominic treadwell callins ityeshah antimam dushtam nick iti kathaam pradadat iti pratijnaam krutavaan, tathaa cha sarvaani nick iti kathaam samaapayitum nick iti kathaa bhavishyati. charley, tasya varyaa roney mitchel cha daat ityasya gruhe nick-ityetam drushtvaa bheetaah bhavanti. nick divasachya ante taan £10,000 krute blackmail karoti, athavaa saha jeevati iti bindubhyah prakatayishyati. charley fill ityenam runam prucchati, saha sammatam karoti, parantu charley ityanena adnyaatah, saha tam kagadena pooritam sanchikam dadati, yadaa charley nick ityasmai dadaati tadaa saha jaanaati yat dhanam naasti iti. halovin-raatrau, charley, nick jeevati iti bindu-dwara prakatayati, saha tam anveshtum gacchati, parantu yadaa saha gatah, daat swagruhe tam pashyati. nick ityeshah prakatayati yat saha ekasmin aabhooshanakaarasy luntane samlagnah aasit, charley cha tam swasya mrutyum mithyaa-rupena kartum pratyarpayat. daat ityeshah nick-ityasya guptam sthaapayitum sammatam karoti yaavat te tasya nirgamanartham paryaaptam dhanam sangruheetum naa shaknuvanti. asmin samaye daat ityeshah punah ekadaa nick ityanena hastaantareekrutah bhavati, saha tatra asti iti prasanah bhavitum aarabhate, antatah saa tena saha maataa-putrasya sambandham sthaapayitum shaknoti iti vishvasati. daat ityasya gruhe vyaakulah nick bahihi gantum nishchinoti parantu ian beel ityanena drushtah, yah phil shaaran ityetau nick jeevati iti vadati. phil ityeshah nick ityasya akramanam kartum daat ityasya gruham paritah gacchati, parantu roney ityanena rodhitah bhavati. roney, phil ityasya dhanasya 1,00,000 paund-dhanam chorya nick-ityasmai bahihi gantum utkocham daatum prayatate, parantu saha charley-roney-ityetayoho vivaahaartham pratyaagacchati. roney tathaa phil cha tam maaritum, ekavaaram cha chirakalam yaavat mukttum, kathayanti iti shrutvaa, nick, roney ityasya karasya break-cutt kartum nirdhaarayati. vivaah-svaagata-bhojane prasava-praapti-anantaram roney, charley, tasyaah bhaginee cha kaar-durghatanayam samlagnaah bhavanti, yasmin pashchat emmaa sammarhes amriyate, roney cha komaa-sthitau bhavati. yavonne ityeshah jaanaati yat nick ityeshah karayanasya breaks-khandayati, parantu saha swasya kott-paaket madhye taileeya-raag-ropitvaa phil-frame-kartum taan sammohayati. yavonne charley ityasmai nick ityanena kim krutam iti vadati, parantu yaavat roney ityanena utkocham daatum prayuktena dhanasya kinchitakena nikena saha naa dharati taavat saha tam naa vishvasati. tatah nick, yavonne ityenam roney ityasya apaghaate nimagnam karoti, ataha charley tau ubhau cha gantum vadati. daat ityeshah nikam paarshve parityaktagruhe guptam krutvaa, nick-krute heroyin-dravyam cha sweekaroti. daat ityasya ladger-fyatboy iteedam dnyaatvaa tam sthagayitum prerepayati, ataha yadaa saa nick iteedam pashyati tadaa saa tam roney ityasya krute phil ityasya choshanam vishaye arakshakebhyah sakshyam daatum prerepayati, parantu saha roney ityasya vishaye naa chintayati iti vadati, saa saa kshiptah iti aashayati iti vadati. pashchat daat ityeshah nick-ityenam achetanam avaapnot parantu saha alpakalat chetanam punah prapnuyat. swasya antimanimesheshu nick ityeshah daat-dwara prakatayati yat 1985 tame varshe regg-cox ityasya mrutyoho kaaranah saha eva aasit iti. nick daat-ityasya bahunam mrutah, tasmin eva sthaane yatra trishavarshapoorvam regg-ityasya aavishkaarah abhavat. daat, charley ityasmai nick-ityasya mrutyum daatum angeekaroti, yah daat-ityasya karagaram gacchanaat rakshayitum laes-kokar ityasya saahaayyen nick-ityasya shariraat mukttim praaptum yojanam karoti. 19 februvari 2015 dinaanke karyakramasya trishatakavaarshikasya upalabhy prasaritasya pratyaksha-prakaranasya prathama-prakaranasya prathama-drushyam punah nirmitam. stacy, martin, kush kajemee cha nikasya shareeram tathaiva anvishyanti yathaa denn-wats, aarthar-faular, allie-osman cha trishavarshapoorvam regg-cox ityetam praaptavantah. daat ityeshah nick ityasya vadham angeekaroti, aarakshakaih cha vahati. tasya shareeram aparadine gruhaat nishkasyate. masatrayanantaram daat-varyaha nick-ityasya narahatyayaha karanat 14 maasaani karagaram praapsyati, parantu pashchat chaturmasanantaram saa mukttaa bhavati. nick ityasya antyeshtihi 2015 joon-maase bhavati, kevalam charley, roxy, tasya pautrah myathyoo cha upasthitau stah. 2021 tame varshe, nick ityasya mrutyoho praayah ashtavarshaanantaram, daatee (millie jeero) tasya putree naa asti, tasyaah pitaa nick ityasya ardhabhrata taam kaatan (brian conley) iti cha prakaashyate. parantu 2022 tame varshe etat mithyaa iti, nick ityeshah vastutah daatee ityasya pitaa iti cha prakaashyate. alt-myaan ityeshah prakatitavaan yat, swasya paatram samalingi-rupena nirmaatum nirnayasya virodham krutvaa nirmaatrubhyah saha karyakramat 'lekhitam kartum' vadati sma iti. sweekaranam. nick-kaatan iti "eastanders" ityasya atyantam prasiddhasu khalanayakanam madhye anyatamah abhavat. 2004 tame varshe panchasu janamatasangraheshu tasya 'nastiness' 25 tamam "bruhattamam sope moment" iti matam avaapnot, tathaa cha saha chaanal-4 pole ityasmin chaturtham atyantam khalanaayak-paatram api nirwaapitah asti. "da guardian" iti stambhakaarah charley brooker ityeshah nick ityasya khalanaayak-varnanam niraakarot, tathaapi likhati yat, "saha purushah kevalam bhayapradah naasti; saha argos-suchirupena ardhah bhayapradah asti. yadaa ["coronation street" khalanaayakah] jez quigley, patite raktena snanartham gruham dhavanat poorvam, aahaty utkantayaa poornam kshetram, samprati utkeernam peeditam, onix-stallion-savaarim aanandayati iti prateeyate sma, nick-carpeton kevalam drushyate yat saha, ekena push-dwara, supermarket-check-aut-balikaya saha custard-daant-tinn-ityasya mulyasya vishaye vivaadam aacharati, yadaa bhavaan tasya pashchad prateekshate, saha antimavaaram kadaa kesham dhautavaan iti ashcharyate."da tams" ityasya fiona mccade ityayam balanam dooradarshan-kaaryakrame "balamori" ityasmin alt-myaan ityasya pradarshanasy paatram vyangya, matapitrubhyaha upadesham dattavaan yat "yadaa saaboonah dushtah baalakah varnaranjitam, kaalpanikam swargam prati gacchati tadaa swasantananam netraan aacchaadayitum sajjaha bhavet, nihsandeham miss-hooley iti gustihi, peesi-plum ityetam vyathitam, josee-jamp cha kalpayatu. aham aarchi ityasya surakshayai api bhayate, yah sthoolah, harshoddeepakah baalakah asti yah gulaabi-kilt dharati, vishaalah gulaabi-durgah ekaki nivasati. nagare nick ityanena saha, saha naa avasarah prapnuyat." jaan altman "da british sope awards 2015" ityasmin "vilena-aaf-da-iyar" iti puraskaaraay namankitaha abhavat, parantu holyox-starr-jeremi shafield-ityanena parajitah abhavat.

nick paruththi nikkalas charles "nick" paruththi enbathu british soap ooparaa "eastenders" inn oru karpanaiyaana kathaapaaththiramaagum, idhu 19 pipravari 1985 andru soappin muthal aththiyaayaththilirunthu arai valakkamaana adippadaiyil john altman naditthaar. altman thanathu kathaapaaththiraththai oorinachchaerkkaiyaanaraakku mudivai ethirththa pinnar thannai ezhutha vaendum endru koariya thayaarippaalar juulia smith thaan muthalil veliyaeriyathaaka kooriyullaar. smith veliyaeriya piragu, pipravari 2015 ill avarathu thirai irappu varai inththa kathaapaaththiram pala kurugiya allathu neenda kaala pathavikalaich seithathu, idhu "eestendargalin" 30 vadhu aandu niraivudan oththuppoaga ezhuthappattathu. 1985 aam aandil nigazhchchiyin muthal kaatchiyil mayakkamadainthathaakak kandariyapatta reck cox (johnny claten) maranaththirku nick kaattan kurippidatthakka vagaiyil kaaranamaaga irunthaar, maelum aduththa aththiyaayaththil avar iranththuvittathaaka theriyavanthathu. nikkin maranam oralavu rekkin maranaththin maruseeramaippaaga ezhuthappattathu, aenenil sariyaaga 30 aandugalukku munbu reck iranththa athae idaththil nick iranthaar. nikkin muthanmaip panii oru ethiriyaagavum, poathaipporul payanpaduththupavaraagavum, kolaiyaaliyaagavum irunththathu. nigazhchchiyin padaippaalarkalaana donny haaland mattrum juulia smith aakiyoaraal avar uruvaakkappattathu. asal nadigargal varisaiyil thaamathamaaga serkkappatta nick, haaland mattrum smithin asal scripttukkaana ezhuththaalar pinnoottaththin adippadaiyil serkkappattathu, idhu reck cox kolaiyai maiyamaagak kondadhu, avarathu kolaiyaaliyai avarkal muthalil velippaduththa virumbavillai. nick thaakkuthal nadaththubavaraagavum, nigazhchchikku migavum viyaththagu kadhaikkala thiranai vazhangkuvatharkaagavum uruvaakkappattathu. nigazhchchiyil irunththa kaalaththil, nick pill mitchell (steve mcfadden), billie mitchell (berry fenvic), michael faller (susann dully), maark faller (davit scarboro/tott cardy), lissa faller (luci benjamin), donny tachar (aaskar james), alii osman (netjet saalih), beat beal (piittar deane), keththi beal (killion dailboarth), clite davernier (steven wood kaak), nigal bates (paal broadly), dense (lesley kiraandam), edii skinner (richard wanstone), avarathu thanthai chaarli sancel (chaarli hancock) mattrum avarathu thanthai sancel sancel (saambiyan hancock) aakiyoarudan pala sandaigalai thodangkinaar. nick oru "awood andd awood villanaaga" payanpaduththappadukirathu. nirvaaga thayaarippaalar tominic treadwell-collins, moasamaaga nadanthukonda mattra soap kathaapaaththiranggalaip poalallaamal, migavum nunukkamaana thanmai mattrum meetpu thaevaippadum, nikkai oru muzhumaiyaana "ketta baiyan" aagap payanpaduththa mudiyum endru parinthuraiththaar. paathukaavalar" endra kathaapaaththiraththin tholaikaatchi vimarsagar, inththa kaaranaththirkaaga, kathaapaaththiraththin kodooramaana nokkangkal paarvaiyaalargalaal arithaagavae kaelvi ezhuppappattana, aenenil avarathu muthanmaip panii "kuzhappaththin mugavar" aagum. nigazhchchiyil nikkin thoattram surukkamaaga irukka vaendum endrum parinthuraikkappattathu, aenenil avar siththarikkum theeya thanmaiyin alavai oru kathaapaaththiraththil neenda kaalaththirku thakkavaikka mudiyaathu. nikkin miga mukkiyamaana uravu avarathu thaai tott paruththi (juun paluppu) udan ullathu. idhu sikkalaana, seyalizhandha mattrum oralavu suzharchi reethiyaaga siththarikkappadukirathu, nick thanathu thaayin vaazhkkaiyil thodarnthu nuzhaigiraar, kadantha kaala thavaraana seyalkalukkaaga (avarathu bingo vetrtrikalaith thiruda avalaik kolla muyarchippathu udpada) avar avarai mannikkiraar, pinnar nikkin unmaiyana nokkangkal velippadumpoathu aemaattrappadukiraar, perumpaalum avarathu naadukadaththalil mudivadaigirathu, iruppinum thartkaaligamaaga, suzharchi meendum varuvatharku munbu. 2015 aam aandil nikkin iruthi maranam inththa uravukku anjali seluththukirathu, tott udan-iruthiyaaka nikkin villan nadaththaiyin alavai unarnthu, maattra mudiyaatha thanmaiyai aetrtrukkondaar-iruthiyil nick irakka anumathikka mudivu seithaar, herayinukku oru aabaththaana ethirvinai aerpatta piragu maruththuva udhaviyai naaduvathai vida, nick vaazha vaendumaa allathu irakka vaendumaa enbathai iyaesu theermaanikka anumathippathae avarathu noakkam. padaippu. nick paruththi enbathu "eestendargal", donny haaland mattrum juulia smith aagiyoarin padaippaalarkalaal kandupidikappatta irupaththi naankaavathu kathaapaaththiramaagum. nick haaland mattrum smithin "eestendargal" pattriya asal paarvaiyin oru paguthiyaaga irukkavillai, maelum avarathu padaippu oru pinnoakkiya sinthanaiyaaga vanthathu. inthath thodarin muthal aththiyaayaththil, thanathu veettil kodooramaaga thaakkapatta oru vayathaana kudiyiruppaalar reck cox iranththathai ulladakkiyathu, avar irakka vidappattaar. muthal ezhuththaalargal koottaththin poathu, ezhuththaalargal virumbiya kathaapaaththirangal mattrum aarambagaala scriptkalai arimugappaduththiyapoathu, ovvoruvarum suyaatheenamaaga endha kathaapaaththiram rekkaik kondrathu enbathai ariya virumbinar. iruppinum, haalanthum smiththum kolaiyaaliyai ambalappaduththa orupoathum virumbavillai. reck coxike kondrathu yaar endru avarkalukkuth theriyaathu, maelum "yaar" mukiyamalla endru avarkal unarnththanar. oru thaakkuthalaith thodarnthu avar iranthuvittaar endra unmai mukkiyamaana pirachchanaiyaaga irunththathu, maelum rekkin kolai theerkkappada vaendum endra noakkam illai, aarambaththil irunththae, walfordu oru kadinamaana mattrum kadinamaana idam endru paarvaiyaalarkalukkuch solla mattumae adhu irunththathu. ezhuththaalargal idhai ethirththanar. haaland oru sirantha vaaippai veenaakkiyathaaga avarkal kuttram saattinar, maelum oru kolai vaettai paarvaiyaalargalai eerkkum viyaththagu saaththiyakkoorukalai vazhangkum endru parinthuraiththanar. irupaththi moontru asal kathaapaaththirangal anaiththum kuttraththaich seiya mudiyaathu endru mudivu seitha piragu, haaland nick paruththi vadivaththil muttrilum puthiya kathaapaaththiraththaik kandupidikka mudivu seithathu. nikkin asal kathaapaaththiraththin avutline pinvarumaaru irunthathu "avarathu uruvam piraththiyaegamaaga macho aagum. iruthiyil pala vaarangkalukku marainththuvidum. amma kaelvi ketkavillai... tenne poalallaamal, nick oru unmaiyana vanjagan. makkalin ragasiyaththanmai mattrum veedugalukkul puzhukkal nuzhaigindrana. appoathirunthu, avarathu puddhisaaliththanaththil vaazhkiraar. vaelainiruththam seiya vaendiya tharunaththirkaaga kaaththiruppathu; panaththai veliyae eduththu marainthuviduvathu...podhuvaaga paathikkappattavargalaith thaerntheduppathu, aethoa oru kaaranaththirkaaga, avaraip pukaaralikka payappadugiraargal...nick oru heraain adimai ". nick oru arai valakkamaana kathaapaaththiramaaga mattumae irukka vaendum endra noakkam kondathaal, juulia smith avarathu nadigargalil eedupadavillai, maelum nadigar john altman iyakkunarkalaal thernthedukkappattaar. iruppinum, nick uyarnththa holle (daam vaat) udan orinachchaerkkai uravaik kondiruppathai siththarikka maruthathaal, adhu thanmaiyil illai endru avar ninaithathaal, avaraik kazhattra vaendum endru avar koorinaar. valarchi mattrum kadhaikkalangkal. nikkai "eastenders" nirvaaga thayaarippaalar tederic sander "nigazhchchiyin muthanmai villan" endru vivaritthullaar. nigazhchchiyil kathaapaaththiraththin neraththai vivarikkum oru "eestendargal" aavanappadam avarai oru poiyar, oru thirudan mattrum oru kolaiyaali endru karuthinaar, avar "thanakku nerukkamaanavargalin valii mattrum thuyaraththil sezhiththu valarnthaar". saga-natchatthiramaana chaarli clements (broadly franning) kooriyathu "neengkal soap kettavargalaip pattri sinthikkireerkal, nick paruththi nichchayamaaga avattril siranthavattrudan ullathu", athae neraththil lesley kiraandam (tenne whats) "nick paruththiyaip pattri endha meetpu amsamum illai" endru karutthu therivitthaar. inthath mathippeettaith thodar kadhaith thayaarippaalar tominic treadwell-collins pagirnthu kondaar, avar vlakkiyullar "oru villan iruppathu nallathu. sila nerangalil neengkal oru kathaapaaththiraththaip pettru 'ooo, avarkalukkum oru nalla pakkaththaik kondirukka vaendum, oruvaelai naam avattrai konjam meettukkolla vaendum endru naan ninaikkiraen.'nick, adhu oru porutalla. neengkal muzhu belt, kaall-meethu-thii-auxillerator ketta baiyan sella mudiyum."john altman thanathu kuzhandhai paruvaththil thanathu thanthai illaathathaal nikkin kattukkadangaadha thanmaiyai kuttram saatti, thanathu kathaapaaththiram oru murai nandraaga irunthathai ninaivil kolla mudiyaathu endra unmaiyai vivaathithullaar. santer nick thanathu taayaar tott kaattan (juun pravun) udan pagirnthu kollum "arputhamaana seyalizhandha thaai-magan uravu" pattriyum, nick seitha thavaraana varalaattraip porutpaduththaamal, mattroru vaaippai vazhangkuvatharkaana avarathu niranthara viruppam kuriththum vivaathithullaar. santer vlakkinaar "yaravathu maarivittaargal endru nambuvatharku neengkal thyrium kaattum vishayam ullathu, idhu unmaiyil sogamaanathu. avarkal ungkalai nooru murai veelththiyullanar, iruppinum avarkal muthal muraiyaaga noottrukku maarivittaargal endru neengkal nambukireerkal."kiraandam" "[nikkin] vaazhkkaiyil oru nanbar" "endru kooriyirukkiraar, athae neraththil treadwell-collins urudhippaduththiyullaar" "tott eppoathum avarai mannikkap poakirathu". adhuvae nick andd tattin azhagu."inththa unarvudan udanpatta altman," "avar enna seithaalum, aval avarai manniththuviduvaal". varalaaru muzhuvathum pala kundarkalin thaaimaarkalum avvaarae seithanar. all cabone taayaar avar oru inimaiyaana baiyan endru ninaitthirukkalaam, ungkalukkuth theriyum." eastenders" inn muthal aththiyayam vayathaana reck cox (johnny claten) thanathu plaattil mayakkamadaintha nilaiyil kandupidikkappattathil thodangiyathu. reck pinnar iranthaar, pirkaala aththiyaayangkalil avar nick enbavaraal kolai seiyappattathaaga theriya varukirathu. haalanthum smiththum inthath thodarai oru viyaththagu paaniyil arimugappaduththa virumbinar, maelum reck cox kadhaikkalam oru nalla thodakka pulliyaaga nambiyathu, idhu samoogaththin palvaeru uruppinargalai muthiyavarin kolaiyin soozhnilaigalil eedupadavoa allathu karutthu therivikkavoa anumathiththathu. nick oru "aarambaththil irunththae thupum, munumunupaana mirugamaaga" niruvappattathaaga santer vilakkiyullaar, muthal aththiyaayaththin mudivil nick alii osmanudan (najdet saalih) sandaiyitta piragu raani victoria pappin kannadi kadhavu jannal vazhiyaaga kuththiyapoathu nick "eestendargalin" muthal trum roll mudivathaik kandaar. bolees visaaranaiyin sila vaarangkalukkup piragu, mukiya santhegaththirkuriya nick, ethel skinnarai (cretson franklin) kuvikka muyandra piragu sathukkaththai vittu veliyaerinaar, aepral maathaththil avar kaithu seiyappattathaaga therivikkappattathu. nikkin taayaar tott juulai maatham nadikarkalukku arimugappaduththappatta piragu, nick thaguthigaan paniyil irunthu veliyaera mudinthathu endru paarvaiyaalarkalukkuth therivitthaar, aduththa maatham, avar albert sathukkaththirkuth thirumbinaar. avar thirumbiya piragu, avar haarold leckin (leonard fenton) aruvai sigichchaiyai maerkondaar, maelum keththi beelin (killion dailboarth) maruththuva pathivukalaik kandaar, avalukku 14 vayathil oru kuzhandhai iruppathaik kandupiditthaar. keththikku valakkamaana koduppanavugalai valangkaavittaal, keththi (piittar deane) inn kanavaridam idhai velippaduththuvathaaka nick achuruththukiraar. keththi viraivil peettidam unmaiyaich solkiraar, idhan vilaivaaga avar theruvin naduvil nick oru addii kodukkiraar. idhaith thodarnthu, avvappoathu varugai pulliyaith thavira, nalla nokkaththirkaaga sathuraththai vittu veliyaerumaaru tenne nikkai echcharikkiraar, illaiyenil avar aabaththaana vilaivugalai ethirkolvaar. nick aduththa sila aandugalil surukkamaaga thoandrugiraar, iruthiyil october 1987 ill avarathu thanthai chaarliyai (christopher hancock) santhikkiraar, appoathu avarkal iruvarum thartcheyalaaka pulliyaip paarvaiyida varuvaargal. nikkum chaarliyum oruvarukkoruvar oruvarukkoruvar suttri vara virumbavillai enbathai oruvarukkoruvar thelivupaduththukiraarkal. nick sila kuttravaaligalidamirunthu thirudiya piragu nick avarkalidam irunthu marainthu kondiruppathaik kandupidittha chaarli, nikkin kuttrangalukkaaga siraikkuch sendra nikkin pazhaiya nanbaraana kiraham kilaarkkilirunthu nick marainthu kondiruppathaik kandupiditthaar. chaarli kirahaamai veettirkul nuzhainthu nikkai ethirkolla anumathikkiraal, maelum avarai veliyaerumpadi kattaayappaduthugiraal, illaiyenil avar maraiththu vaiththirukkum kuttravaaligalidam avarai oppadaippaar. 1988 aam aandil, nick poathaipporul kuttrangalukkaaga dickens malai siraiyil siraikkuch selkiraar, angku thartcheyalaaka, theevaiththatharkaaga kugai vaikkappadukirathu. inthak kaalakattathilthaan rekkin kolai marmam iruthiyaaka theerkkappadukirathu, nick thaan thaan poruppu endru oppukkondaar. 1989 aam aandil, tott nikkirku tiraikku veliyae varugai thanthathan moolam, avar haesal (virginia fiol) endra pennai tirumanam seithu kondathaagavum, oru ilam magal iruppathaakavum ariyiraar; nick thanathu mattrum tattin pathattamaana uravu kaaranamaaga munbae avalidam solvathaith thavirthaar. haesal 1989 mae maatham tott downai kankaanitthu, kuzhandhaiyaana dorothy nikkoalaavudan avalaip parvaiyittaar; tott avarkal varugai thanthathil migavum magizhchchiyadainthathaal, moow kasapukkarar (edna doray) mattrum maarj green (paat comps) aakiyoarudan oru pravuni anivaguppil kalandhu kolvathilirunthu vilaginaar. idhu oru poy endru pinnar theriyavanthathu, maelum kuzhandhai haesalin marumagal endru theriyavanthathu. nick oru arai valakkamaana kathaapaaththiramaaga mattumae irunththapoathilum, avarathu idaividaatha thoattranggal eppoathum nigazhchchiyil oru periya thaakkatthai aerpaduththuvatharkaaka script seiyappattana, athae poal avarathu kadhaikkalanggalil eedupattulla anaitthu kathaapaaththirangalum. nigazhchchiyin muthal sila aandugalil avar meendum thoantri pala murai veliyaerinaar, ovvoru muraiyum adhigapatcha azhivai aerpaduththinaar, maelum seithiththaalgal "moasamaana nick" endra kathaapaaththiraththai mutthirai kutthath thodanguvatharku neenda kaalaththirku munbuthaan. altman karutthu therivithullaar "makkal verukkum british tholaikaatchiyil ulla kathaapaaththiranggalil ivarum oruvar enbathaal avarkal nikkaith thirumbak kondu varuvaargal endru naan ninaikkiraen". inththa kathaapaaththiraththai podhumakkal virumbavillai enbathai walfordil ulla karpanaiyaana kudiyiruppaalargal pagirnthu kondanar, altman vlakkinaar "avar thirumbi varumpoathellaam avar anaivaraalum odhukki vaikkappadugiraar. idhu moasamaana kavpaai nagaraththirku sawari seivathu poantrathu-elloarum kadhavugalai keezhae vaiththu pattiyai poottukiraargal." kathaapaaththiraththin thoattram inththa virumbaththagaatha, "moasamaana" padaththirku aerpa vadivamaikkappattullathu, "eastenders" thodar aaloasagar saiman ashtown karutthu therivikkiraar; "avar varumpoathu, inththa baiyan moasamaaga irukkiraar enbathu ungkalukkuth theriyum. avarukku karuppu mudi mattrum scall mattrum thoal jackett ullathu. avar appadippattavar, avar oru dickensian paet."2000 muthal 2001 varai nikkin magan ashley paruththiyaaga nadiththa franki fitzgerald, oppukkondar "moasamaana nikkin thoattram, ungkalukkuth theriyum, avar oru moasamaana baiyan. avar oru suut aninthaalum, avarukku innum kaathanigal ullana, avarukku innum moathirangkal ullana, avar innum kazhuththil pacchai kutthappattullaar." inthath thodaril nikkin migavum kurippidatthakka thiruppumunaigalil ondru 1990 ill nigazhnththathu. nick thanathu thaayin vaalkkaikku thirumbinaar, avar meendum pirantha christhavar endra koottrudan, idhu bingovil avarathu £ 10,000 vetrtriyudan oththuppoanathu. "eastenders" ezhuththaalar saaraa felps vlakkinaar "" pullikku, iyaesu iruthiyaaka nikkudan paesiya yoasanai, avaludaiya christhumas oray neraththil vanthathu! nick adhai arinthirunthaar. nick 'iyaesu ennudan nadanthu selkiraar' endru solli, pinnar veliyae sendru yaaraiyaavathu udhaiththu allathu avarkalin panappaiyai nigil seithuvidalaam enbathu velippadaiyaaga irunththathu."oru poali paathiriyaarin uthaviyudan, nick thanathu thaayai thanathu puthithaagak kandupidikappatta nambikkaiyai nambavaikka mudinthathu, pinnar avarathu unavup palakkaththaik kattuppadutthavum, visham kodukkavum oru methuvaana prachchaaraththaith thodangkinaar. kadhaikkalaththai uchchakkattaththirku kondu vantha aththiyayam, pii.jay. haammand, tattin veettil mattumae amaikkappattathu mattrum poali poosaariyaana nick, tott, chaarli, ethel mattrum alastair aakiyoaraal aana vazhakkaththirku maaraaga siriya nadigargalaik kondirundhadhu. kadaisi neraththil, altman "oru murai nikkin nalla pakkaththin oru olirum kaatchiyaik kandoam" endru azhaiththathil, nick thanathu thittaththilirunthu binwangi, avalaik kolla virumbiya visham niraintha unavai saappiduvathai niruththunggal. meendum, tott thaniyaaga vidappattaar, thanathu sontha magan thanakku enna seiyath thayaaraaga irunthaan enbathaip paarththu udainththa manathudan. nick neenda kaalamaaga vaalpoardilirunthu vilagi irukkavillai. 1991 aam aandil, avar heraain poathaikku adimaiyaanavaraagath thirumbinaar, aanaal aarambaththil avaraith thavirthaar, maelum uthavikkaana avarathu vaendukoalgalai purakkanitthaar. chaarli iranthuvittathaik kandupidittha pinnarae nick mattumae avarathu oray kudumbam enjchiyirunththathu, maelum avarai seerthiruththuvathil uruthiyaaka irunthaar. kadhaikkalaththaip pattri vivaathikkaiyil, altman koorinaar "heraain poathaikku adimaiyaanathu unmaiyil migavum soarvaaga irunththathu, aenentraal naan migavum adarththiyaana thaadi valarththaen, enn mudi eppoathum migavum asuththamaaga irunththathu. naan antha kaatchigalai padamaakkik kondirunthapoathu, adimaippatta oru paiyanai chandiththen, neengkal kadanthu sellum vishayangkalai avar ennidam koorinaar, neengkal athilirunthu veliyaera muyarchikkumpoathu neengkal oaivedukka mudiyaathu. neengkal thoonga mudiyaathu, enavae valiyaik kolla niraiya madhu arunthukireerkal. kadikaaram asaivathillai endru thoandrugirathu. oru nadigaraaga ennaip porutthavarai, avarkal unmaiyil ennaal mudinthavarai ennai athil sella anumathiththanar. heraayinai vaazhnaal muzhuvathum eppadi nirutthi vaiththathu endru engkalidam irunththavargalidamirunthu kadidhangalum irunththana, enavae naangkal oru nalla vaelaiyaich seithom endru ninaikkiraen."sathi velivanththavudan, nikkin poathai palakkaththaik kuraikka tott muyantraar, avarai thanathu araiyil puutti, beat beelin uthaviyudan kulirntha vaankoazhikkuch sellumaaru kattaayappadutthinaar. inthak kaalakattathil, victoria raaniyin nila urimaiyaalar edii royle kollapattaar. 1991 ilaiyuthirkaalaththil inththa nigazhchchiyin mukiya kadhaikkalamaaga inthak kolai irunththathu. edii kollapatta aththiyaayatthai donny mccale ezhuthinaar; thoattangalil clite unavagam ediyin udalin meethu nindru oru kaththiyudan nick thanathu padukkaiyarai jannalilirunthu parththapadi oru kundrinmael oru kundrinmael oru kundrinmael oru kundrinmael oru kundrinmael oru kundrinmael oru kundrinmael oru kundrinmael oru kundrinmael oru kundrinmael oru kundrinmael oru kundrinmael oru kundrinmael oru kundrinmael oru kundrinmael oru kundrinmael oru kundrinmael oru kundrinmael oru kundrinmael oru kundrinmael oru kundrinmael oru kundrinmael oru kundrinmael oru kundrinmael oru kundrinmael oru kundrinmael oru kundrinmael oru kundrinmael oru kundrinmael oru kundrinmael oru kundrinmael oru kundrin mael oru kundrin mael oru nick thaan paarththathai poleesaaridam koorukiraar, ithanaal michael folarin uthaviyudan clite thappi oodukirathu. joow valus iruthiyil muun vanthaar, edii kollapatta eravil sathukkaththil nick awood paarththathaagak koorinaar, thanathu araiyilirunthu thappiththu oru vadikaal kuzhaayil aerinaar. nick thaan thaan poruppu endru pulli oppukkolkiraar, aanaal adhu oru vibaththu endru valiyuruththukiraar. nick pinnar kaithu seiyappattu edii kolaik kuttraththirkaaga kuttram saattappattaar, avar janavari 1993 ill visaaranaikku utpaduththappattaar. oru vaara mathippulla aththiyaayangkal visaaranaikku arppanikkappattana, avai anaiththum donny jordanal ezhuthappattana. nikkin visaaranaiyin kadhaiyai munvaikka, niral thayaarippaalarkal saandrugalai mathippaaivu seithu, edii irappatharku vazhivagukkum aththiyaayangkalaip paarkka vaendiyirunththathu. iruthiyil, edii katthiyaal kuththappattatharku nick thaan kaaranam enbathu thelivaaga irunththapoathilum, adhu kolai enbathu thelivaagath theriyavillai, maelum naduvar mandram kuttravaali alla endra theerppaith tiruppith thanthathu. altman surukkamaaga koorinaar "oru nalla paathukaappaik kondiruppathan moolamum, meendum oru murai thalaiyai irukkuvathan moolamum, avar kolaiyil irunthu thappitthaar". juun pravun (yaar tott vilaiyaadugiraar) august 1993 ill thodarilirunthu veliyaera mudivu seithapoathu nick daattudan nigazhchchiyilirunthu ezhuthappattaar. avarkalin purappadum kadhaikkalam avarathu koottaaliyaana joow mattrum ilam magan ashley duu daattai arimugappaduththiyathu, avar aarambaththil joow avalai aemaattra muyarchikkiraar endru nambinaar, aenenil pala aandugalukku munbu haesal moolam nadantha sambavaththai avar ninaivil kondaar. nick unmaiyullavar endru pulli nambiyavudan, iruppinum, avar viraivil ashliyudan nerukkamaaga valarnthaar, maelum kudumbam ontraaka kallaraikku kudipeyarndhadhu. 1997 varai pala aandugalukku tott mattrum nick thiraiyil irukkum kadaisi muraiyaaga idhu irukkum, juun pravun tott endra thanathu paaththiraththai meendum seiya varpurutthappattaar. aval thirumbiya piragu, nick poathaipporul vaiththirunththatharkaaka meendum tiraikku veliyae kaithu seiyappattathaagavum, joow mattrum ashley avarathu kuttrach seyalgalaal soarvadainthu vilagich sentrathaagavum tott vilakkinaar. aval thirumbi vantha sirithu neraththilaeyae, nick thanathu siraith thoazhiyaana damian spinksudden siraiyilirunthu thappiyathaaga kaavalthuraiyinaraal therivikkappattathu. damin pulliyaith thaedi varukiraar, nick panaththilirunthu thannai aemaattriyathaaka avalidam koorukiraar. avar avalai oray eravil pinaik kaithiyaaga vaiththirukiraar, viraivil avaludaiya panatthaik kandupiditthu veliyaerividugiraar. aduththa naall, damian theevira sigichchaiyil iruppathaakavum, angku nick moolam vaikkappattullathaakavum poleesaar velippaduththukiraarkal. maarch 1998 ill ainthu aandugal illaatha piragu john altman nick endra thanathu paaththiraththai meendum naditthaar. naigal bates nick tattin veettil nalliravil ulavu paarththathaik kandupiditthaar, avaraith thavirththuvidumaaru kooriya piragu, nick nigalai avar thirumbi varuvaar endru echcharikkiraar. nick sila vaarangkalukkup piragu thirumbi varukiraar, avar thanathu veettil marainthiruppathaik kandupiditthaar. nick taattidam heraain poathaikku adimaiyaanathaal aerpadum eids noayaal thaan iranththu kondiruppathaagak koorukiraar, adhai aval muthalil nambavillai, aanaal pinnar nambukiraal. thanathu marunthukku panam seluththuvatharkaaga aayuthamaenthiya kollaikkuth thittamittullathaaka nick velippaduthukiraar. nick athaich seiya virumbavillai, tott nikkirku panaththai aerpaadu seiya mudivu seikiraar. pinnar maark folaraip parvite, kelvikkuriya marunthugalaip pattri kelvippattirukkiraara endru ketkiraar, idhu maark marukkirathu. tott pinnar clar patsin kaneneyil marunththaip paarththu, marunththugal verumanae thookkak kundugal enbathaik kandupidippaar. nick thanathu noyaip pattri eppoathum poy solkiraar enbathai unarntha tott, avarai ethirkolvatharku munbu kaavalthuraiyai alaikkiraar, avarai meendum kaithu seithu meendum siraikku anuppukiraar. october 2000 ill, "return off nick paruththi" endra thalaippil oru sirappu 'soap-kumizhi' oliparappappattathu. inththa aththiyayam nick siraiyilirunthu viduvikkappattathaiyum, avarathu maganudanaana avarathu nallinakkaththaiyum maiyamaagak kondirundhadhu, maelum nikkin thanthai chaarli kooda idampettraar, avarathu kathaapaaththiram kollapatta kittatthatta oru thasaapthaththirkup piragu oru paei poala oru surukkamaana cameo thoattraththai uruvaakkiyathu. inththa aththiyayam nikkin aduthaduththa valpoardukku thirumbuvatharku vazhi vaguththathu, angku avar thanathu ilaiya cakootharar martin faalarukku paravasaththai valangkuvathaik kandupidittha pinnar maark faalarudan oru pazhaiya sandaiyai meendum ezhuppinaar. 2001 aam aandu putthaandu thinaththandru, maark nikkin bhaanaththai spike seithu, bridge theruvil ulla baalaththin uchchiyil avarai kavarnthizhukkiraar, maelum oru poathaiyil nick vizhuvathaip paarkkiraar, thannai kadumaiyaaga mudakkukiraar. idhaith thodarnthu, markin veettirku thee vaikkumaaru nick ashlikku utharavidugiraar, aanaal avaraal athaik kadanthu sella mudiyaathu, maelum nick avarai maruththa piragu walfordai vittu veliyaerinaar. idhaith thodarnthu, nick pipravari 2001 ill oru muthukelumbu privukku thartkaaligamaaga purappadugiraar. moontru maathangkalukkup piragu, avar mae 2001 ill thirumbinaar; avaraal nadakka mudinthathu, aanaal innum uuntrukoalgal thevaippattana. inththa marupiravaesam avarathu munthaiyathai vida innum kurukiyathaaga irukkap poakirathu, adhaith thodarnthu nigazhchchiyil irunthu miga neenda idaiveli irunththathu. maarkkudan sandaiyaith thodara uruthiyaaka, nick markin karppini kaathali lisavukku achuruththalkalaith thodangukiraar, viraivil markin motor cycle piraekkugalai naasappaduththiya pinnar ashley iranthuvidukiraar, ashley adhaith thirudi norukka mattumae seikiraar. ashleyin maranatthaith thodarnthu, nick mattrum maarkkirku idaiyilaana vaakkuvaathaththai tott ketkiraar, maelum markin motor cycle ulla piraekkugalai nick sethappaduththiyiruppathai unarkiraar. ashleyin iruthich sadangirkup piragu, tott nikkai thanathu vaazhkkaiyilirunthu veliyaettri, avarai vittu veliyaeravum, orupoathum thirumbi varavum koorukiraal, aenenil avalaal avarai orupoathum mannikka mudiyaathu. iruppinum, santer vlakkinaar "nikkirku oru vazhi eppoathum irukkum", "eestendargal" ezhuththaalar james beyne aathariththa oru nilaippaadu, avar koorinaar "[tott] nambukiraar, naan aazhamaaga, aazhamaaga, avar maattraththirkaana thiran ullathu endru, avar oru nalla paiyanaaga irukka mudiyum endru. aval adhai virumbuvaar endru naan ninaikkiraen."nallinakkatthai noakkiya muthal padigal 2006 aam aandil jiim fraaningirku puttrunoayaal sirai maruthuvamanaiyil irunththa nikkidamirunthu oru tholaipaesi alaippu vanthapoathu seiyappattana. jiim mattrum avarathu paeran broadly aarambaththil idhai oru ragasiyamaaga vaiththirunthanar, aanaal broadly thanathu kaathaliyaana staciyidam koorinaar, avar adhai pullikku naluvavittaar. tott nikkaip paarkkach sentraar, aanaal avar puttrunoayilirunthu vidupattapoathu, tott avaraip paarkka anumathikka marutthuvittaar. october 2,2008 andru, aezhu aandugalukkum maelaaga vilagi irunththa antha aandu christhumas naalil nick "eestendargalukku" thirumbuvaar endru therivikkappattathu. nirvaagath thayaarippaalar tederic santer nikkin thirumbiyathil thanathu urchaakaththaip pattri paesinaar, inththa kathaapaaththiraththai oru "eastenders" puraanakkathai endrum "nigazhchchiyin sirantha ninaivukoorappatta mattrum migavum virumbappadum villangalil oruvar" endrum paaraattinaar. altman koorinaar "aezhu aandugal illaatha piragu, albert sathukkaththirkuth thirumbuvathil naan magizhchchiyadaigiraen. ppc eppoathum enakku nick paruththi poantra sirantha kadhaigalai valangkiyullathu, maelum nick meendum sathuram muzhuvathum payaththaiyum veruppaiyum parapukiraaraa endru paarkka naan ethirnoakkukiraen!"juun pravun, altmanai soappirku meendum kondu varumaaru thayaarippaalargalidam aaru allathu aezhu aandugalaagak kaettuk kondathaaga velippaduththinaar, aenenil avarkal iruvarum ivvalavu nalla panii uravaip pagirnthu kondanar. valsalil neraththai selavitta piragu, paruththi thirumbinaar; meendum iyalbaaga nadanthu, avarudan avarathu aezhu vayathu magal taattiyum irunthaar. avar oru utkaarum araiyil vaalnththapoathu taattiyin taayaar saandi kipsonai santhiththathaagavum, avar oru madhubaana vyaapaari endrum, avar sameepaththil iranthuvittaar endrum, avarai taattiyin kavalil vittuvittathaagavum vilakkinaar. altman vlakkinaar "nikkirku aethoa thevaippattathu, aenentraal avar antha kadhavaik kadanthu sella avaridam siriya pulli illaiyendraal, aval avarai oru muzhumaiyaana veliyaettrappattavaraakak karuthiyiruppaal endru naan ninaikkiraen." nadigar thanathu kadaisi thoattraththilirunthu thanathu kathaapaaththiraththil aerpatta pira maattrangkalai vivaritthaar, avar eppadi oru pilambaraaga maarinaar, innum puththisaaliththanamaaga aadai aniyath thodangkinaar, thanathu thalaymudi meendum vettuvathai nirutthinaar, inii kaathaniyai aniyavillai. aarambaththil santhegamaaga irunththapoathilum, inththa murai nick unmaiyilaeyae maarivittaar endru nambi, tott avarkal iruvaraiyum thanathu veettirkul aetrtrukkondaar. nick unmaiyil oru seerthiruththappatta kathaapaathiramaa endru kaettatharku, altman thelivattravaraaga irunthaar "nick thirumbi vanthuvittaar, avarukku oru azhagaana siriya magal kidaitthullaar. avar oru plumber aakivittaar, avar oru maattrappatta manithar. ...allathu avar thaanaa?"kadhaikkalam munnaerumpoathu, taattiyin kaavalukkaaga panam kodukkumpadi thanathu thaayai blackmail seithapoathu nikkin unmaiyana nigazhchchi niral theriyavanthathu. maelum oru kadhai thiruppaththil, 2009 aam aandil paarvaiyaalarkalukku theriyavanthathu, totty (unmaiyana peyar kirsty) thanathu thanthaiyudan eppoathum koottu saernthaar. kadhaikkalaththil, totty thanathu aayul uththaravaathak kolgaikku kolai pulliyai parinthuraiththaar. idhaith thodarnthu nick leaves, taattiyai pulliyil vaelai seiya anumathikkirathu. moontru maathangkalukkup piragu avar thirumbi varukiraar, adhan piragu avarkal taattaiyum avaludaiya nanbarkalaiyum aval demensiawal paathikkappattirukkiraal endru namba vaippatharkaana thangal thittatthai thodangkukiraarkal, nikkin noakkam taattaik kondru, avaludaiya moasamaana mananilaiyin kaaranamaaga avaludaiya maranatthai kuttram saattuvathaagum. nick sathukkaththil sirithu kaalam thangiyirunthapoathu, avar eppadi jays diarai irakka anumathitthaar mattrum valakkamaana koduppanavugalaik kettu pilliyai blackmail seithaar allathu billie enna seithaar endru jazine magan jaeyidam solwar endru billie mitchell pulli solvathaik catar. piliyin uravinar pill idhaik kandupidiththapoathu, avar nikkai raani vikkin peeppaai kadaikku alaiththuch sentraar, angku avar avarai adiththu oru naarkaaliyil kattinaar. pill pilikku nikkai payamuruththavum, idhai mudivukkuk konduvaravum vaaippaliththaar, iruppinum, billie avarai vittuvittu jaidam unmaiyaich sonnaar. thanathu sontha magaludan thanathu anbaana thaayaik kollum sathi juun 2009 ill thiraiyil climax aagirathu totty manam maari, iruthiyil nick poathaipporul kudippatharkup pathilaaka, thanathu paattikku visham kodukkappaduvadhilirundhu kaappaatrukiraar. idhu thodarchchiyaana nigazhvugalukku vazhivagukkirathu, idhan moolam nick, thanathu thittam ambalappaduththappattavudan thappikkum muyarchiyil, samoogaththin palvaeru uruppinargalai kafaevil pinaik kaithigalaaga vaiththirukiraar, maelum heather traut nikkai chip paanukkul thalliya piragu thartseyalaana thee vibaththu thodangukirathu. panayakkaithikalil oruvaraana nick mattrum rian malloy idaiyae aerpatta sandaiyin kaaranamaaga panayakkaithikal thappikka mudigirathu. idhan vilaivaaga kafaevil nick mattrum broadly franning ulla oru vedippu aerpadukirathu. kadhaikkalam meendum altman nigazhchchiyilirunthu veliyaeriyathaik kuriththathu. avarathu purappadum aththiyayam oru kundrup paguthiyaaga script seiyappattathu, aenenil aththiyaayaththin mudivil nick vedippil irunthu thappippilaiththaaraa enbathu veliyidappadavillai. iruppinum, aduththa aththiyaayaththil, juun 4,2009 andru, nick vedippil irunthu thappippizhaiththathaagak kaattappadugiradhu, maelum broadly kannil kaayangaludan maruthuvamanaiyil anumathikkappattullar. nick meendum pulliyal niraagarikkappatta piragu purappadugiraar. totty kettathu endru nick thanathu thaayidam vilakkiya poathilum totty tattin paraamarippil vidappadugiraar. janavari 2014 ill, tattin ladger paappi maido nikkidamirunthu oru tholaipaesi azhaippaip perukirathu, avar daattudan paesa virumbukiraar. nick oru moasamaana seithi endru sharon rigmanol koorappatta piragu, avar avanudan paesa anumathikka marukkiraar. irandu maathangkalukkup piragu, munththaiya vaaram heraain alavukku athigamaaga udkondathaal nick suvaasak koolaaraal iranththathaaka tott poleesaaridam koorukiraar. inththa seithiyai velikkaattum bolees athikaarigalil oruvar nikkin magan chaarli kaattan aavaar. 1980 kazhil nick thanathu taayaar yvoanudan nadaththiya oru kurugiya thirumanaththilirunthu thaan karuththariththathaaga chaarli vilakkukiraar. iruthich sadangkin poathu, chaarli mattrum maelaalar less gokar savappettiyil pulli paarppathaith thadukkiraarkal. tott santhegaththirkuriyavar mattrum yavonai unmaiyaich solla alaikkiraar, maelum chaarli thanathu paeran endru tott uruthiyalikkiraar. sila vaarangkalukkup piragu, caroll jackson chaarliyidam aaloasanai ketkiraar, avar thanathu tholaipaesiyai avarathu veettil vittuch sellumpoathu, aval oru alaippukku pathilaliththu, nick innum uyirudan iruppathai kandupiditthaal. idhaith thodarnthu, chaarli oru bolees athikaariyaaga aalmaaraattam seithu varuvathum, unmaiyil yvon panipuriyum oru paramarippu illaththil paraamarippaalaraaka iruppathu theriyavarukirathu. chaarli thanathu kaarr jannalgal udaikkappattiruppathaik kandariya vaelai seikiraar, nikkin seithiyudan, avar athaich seithathai uruthippaduththukiraar. october 2014 ill, nick thanathu poali maranaththirkup piragu aezhu maathangkalukkup piragu albert sathukkaththil meendum thoandrugiraar. nirvaaga thayaarippaalar tominic treadwell collins iruthi moasamaana nick kadhaiyai vazhangkuvathaaga uruthiyaliththaar, maelum anaitthu nick kadhaigalaiyum mudivukkuk konduvaruvadharkaana nick kathaiyaaga idhu irukkum. chaarliyum avarathu varungkaala manaivi ronnie mitchalum tattin veettil nick iruppathaik kandu payappadugiraargal. naall mudivil nick avarkalukku 10,000 pavundugalukku blackmail seikiraar, allathu avar uyirudan iruppathai pulli kaattuvaar. chaarli fill-aii kadanaagak ketkiraar, avar oppukkolkiraar, aanaal chaarlikkuth theriyaamal, avar oru paiyil kaakitham nirambiyiruppathaik kodukkiraar, chaarli adhai nikkidam kodukkumpoathu, panam illai enbathaik kandupiditthaar. haaloveen eravil, nick uyirudan iruppathaaka chaarli pulli velippaduthukiraar, avar avaraik kandupidikkach selkiraar, aanaal avar sendruvittaal, pulli avarai thanathu veettil kaankiraar. oru nagaikkadaikkaararin veettil thaan kollaiyadiththadhaaga nick velippaduthukiraar, maelum chaarli thanathu maranatthai poaliyaagach seiya avarai samaathaanappaduththinaar. tott avar veliyaera poathumaana panaththai thirattum varai nikkai maraikka oppukkolkiraar. inththa neraththil, pulli meendum nick moolam kaiyalapattu, avar angku iruppathai ninaiththu magizhchchiyadaiyath thodangukiraar, iruthiyaaka avarudan oru thaai-magan uravaip pera mudiyum endru nambukiraar. tattin veettil sikkik kondathaal salippadaintha nick veliyae sella mudivu seikiraar, aanaal iyaan beal avaraik kaankiraar, avar nick uyirudan iruppathaaka pill mattrum sharonidam koorukiraar. pill nikkaith thaakka tattin veettirkuch selkiraar, aanaal roniyaal thadukkappadugiraar. pill-inn panaththil 100,000 pavundugalaith thiruduvathan moolam nikkirku lanjam kodukka ronnie muyarchikkiraar, aanaal avar chaarli mattrum roaniyin thirumanaththirkuth thirumbukiraar. avarai oru murai mattrum eppoathum viduvippatharkaaga roaniyum pill avaraik kolvathu pattri paesuvathaik kelvippatta nick, roaniyin kaarin piraekkugalai vetta mudivu seikiraar. thirumana varavaerpil aval pirasavaththirkuch sendra piragu, ronnie, chaarli mattrum avaludaiya chakoothari, roxy oru kaarr vibaththil eedupadukiraargal, idhu pinnar emma summerheisike kolkirathu, athae neraththil ronnie cooma nilaiyil irukkiraar. nick kaarin piraekkugalai vettiyathai yvon kandupiditthaar, aanaal avar thanathu code paakkettil ennei kuchchiyai naduvathan moolam fill frame seiya avalai namba vaikkiraar. nick enna seithirukkiraar endru yvon chaarliyidam koorukiraar, aanaal ronnie thanakku lanjam kodukkap payanpaduththiya panaththil silavattrai nikkaip pidikkum varai avar avalai nambavillai. pinnar nick roaniyin vibaththil yvoanai sikka vaikkiraar, enavae chaarli avarkal iruvaraiyum veliyaerach solkiraar. tott pakkaththu veettil nikkai maraiththu, nikkirku heraayinaip perukiraar. tattin ladger fadboy kandupiditthu avalai niruththumaaru valiyuruththukiraar, enavae aval nikkaip paarkkumpoathu roaniyin poruttu pill frame seivathu pattri kaavalthuraiyidam oppuk kollumaaru aval avanai valiyuruththukiraal, aanaal roaniyaip pattri thanakuk kavalai illai endru avar koorukiraar, aval azhuguvaar endru nambuvathaaga avalidam koorukiraar. pinnar, pulli nick mayakkamadainthiruppathaik kaankiraar, aanaal avar sirithu neram suyaninaivaip perukiraar. thanathu iruthi tharunangalil, 1985 aam aandil reck coxin maranaththirku thaan kaaranam endru nick pullivivarangkalukku velippaduthukiraar. muppathu aandugalukku munbu reck kandupidikappatta athae idaththil nick tattin kaikalil iranthaar. siraikkuch selvathilirunthu pulliyaik kaappaattra less kokkarin uthaviyudan nikkin udalai agattrath thittamitulla chaarliyidam nikkai irakka anumathiththathaaga tott oppukkolkiraar. nigazhchchiyin muppathaavathu aandu niraivudan oththuppoaga 19 pipravari 2015 andru oliparapappatta neradi aththiyaayaththil, nigazhchchiyin muthal aththiyaayaththin muthal kaatchi meendum uruvaakkappattathu. muppathu aandugalukku munbu tenne whats, aarthar folar mattrum alii osman aagiyoar reck coxike kandupidiththathaip poalavae stacey, martin mattrum kush kasemi aagiyoar nikkin udalaiyum kandupidiththanar. tott nikkaik kondradhaaga oppukkolkiraar, maelum kaavalthuraiyinaraal alaiththuch sellappadugiraar. marunaal avarathu udal veettilirunthu agatrtrappadukirathu. moontru maathangkalukkup piragu, nikkin manithak kolaikkaaga tott 14 maatha siraiththandanai perukiraar, aanaal naanku maathangkalukkup piragu avar viduvikkappadugiraar. nikkin iruthich sadangu juun 2015 ill chaarli, roxy mattrum avarathu paeran methev mattumae kalandhu kondu nadaiperukirathu. 2021 aam aandil, nick iranththa kittatthatta ettu aandugalukkup piragu, totty (millie poojjiyam) avarathu magal alla endrum, avarathu thanthai nikkin ondruvitta cakootharar daam kaattan (praiyan conley) endrum theriyavarukirathu. iruppinum, 2022 aam aandil, idhu oru poy endrum, nick unmaiyil taattiyin thanthai endrum theriya varukirathu. thanathu kathaapaaththiraththai oorinachchaerkkaiyaalaraakkum mudivai avar ethirththathai aduththu, thayaarippaalarkal avarai nigazhchchiyilirunthu 'veliyaettrumaaru' koorappattathaaga altman velippaduththinaar. varavaerpu. nick paruththi "eestendargalin" migavum pugazhpettra villangalil oruvaraaga maarivittaar. 2004 aam aandil ainthu vaakkeduppil avarathu 'nastinus' 25 vadhu "migapperiya soap tharunam" endru thaernthedukkappattathu, maelum avar oru saenal 4 vaakkeduppil 4 vadhu miga villan tholaikaatchi kathaapaaththiramaagavum thernthedukkappattaar. "paathukaavalar" katturaiyaalar chaarli brooker nikkin villan kathaapaaththiraththai marutthullaar, iruppinum, ezhudhugiraar "antha manithar verumanae achchuruththum nabar alla; avar oru arcos pattiyalaip poala paathi payamuruththukiraar. [mudisoottu theru "villan] jez kwikley, sameepaththil kutthiya paathikkappattavarkal, moochchuththinaral niraintha violil ooniks kudhirai sawari seivathai rasippathaip poala thoattramaliththaar, keezhae vizhunththavarin iraththaththil kulikka veettirku viraivatharku munbu, nick paruththi, avar oru thalluthalil, oru palporul angaadiyin secoud pennudan custardu dinin vilaiyai vivaathikkalaam, neengkal avarukkup pinnaal kaaththirukkumpoathu, avar kadaisiyaaga eppoathu thanathu thalaimudiyaik kaluvinaar endru aachariyappadugiraar."" "thii times" "inn fiona mccate kuzhandhaigalin tholaikaatchi nigazhchchiyaana paalamoariyil altman thoantriyapoathu kathaapaaththiraththai naiyandi seithaar, pettroarukku arivurai koorinaar" "soappin ketta baiyan vannamayamaana, karpanaiyaana sorkkaththirkul munnaerumpoathu ungkal kuzhandhaigalin kankalai maraikka thayaaraaga irungkal, miss hooley, pisi pilam thontharavu mattrum josey jump seivathu aagiyavattril santhegamillai". ilanjchivappu nirak koattai anindhu oru periya ilanjchivappu aranmanayil thaniyaaga vasikkum parumanaana, magizhchchiyaana aadambaramaana siruvan aarchiyin paathukaappirkaakavum naan payappadugiraen. nagaraththil nick iruppathaal, avarukku oru vaaippu illai." john altman "british soap viruthugal 2015" ill 'aandin villan' viruthukku parinthuraikkappattaar, aanaal holliox natchatthiramaana jeremi shefieldidam thoalviyadainthaar.

nick cotton nicolus charless "nick" cotton anedi british sope opera "eastenders" nundi oka kaalpanika paatra, idhi 19 fibravari 1985naa sope yokka toli episode nundi pakshika-kramabaddhamaina praatipadikana zaan altman pooshinchaaru. altman thana paatranu swalinga samparkudigaa cheyalane nirnayaanni vyatirekinchina taruvaata tananu vraayaalani demand chesina nirmaata julia smith kaaranamgaa thana prarambha nishkramana jarigindani paerkonnaadu. smith vellipoyina taruvaata, eee paatra fibravari juun thana terapai maranam varaku aneka klupta ledhaa ekkuva sudeerghamaina padaveekaalam chesindi, idhi "eastenders" yokka 30va vaarshikotsavam sandarbhamgaa vraayabadindi. kshanaallo karyakramam yokka modati sannivesamlo apasmaraka sthithilo kanugonabadina regg cox (johnny clayton) maranaaniki nick cotton mukhyamgaa baadhyata vahinchaadu, mariyu taruvaati episodelo athanu maraninchinatlu velladaindi. nick maranam paakshikamgaa regg maranam yokka punarnirmaanamgaa vraayabadindi, endukante nick sarigga 30 samvatsaraala kritam regg maraninchina adhe pradaesamloe maraninchaadu. nick yokka praadhamika pani virodhigaa, maadakadravyaala viniyogadaarugaa mariyu hantakudigaa undedi. eee pradarsana srushtikartalu toney halland mariyu julia smith aayananu roopondinchaaru. asalu taaraaganam shrenilo aalasyamgaa cherchabadina nick, halland mariyu smith yokka asalu script gurinchi rachayita abhiprayam aadhaaramgaa cherchabadindi, idhi regg cox hatyapai kendrikrutamai undhi, athani hantakudu vaaru modata bahirgatam cheyalanukoledu. nick daadi chese vyaktigaa mariyu pradarsanaku marinta naatakeeya kathaamsa saamarthyaanni andinchadaaniki srushtinchabadindi. pradarsanalo unna samayamlo, nick phil michel (steve mcfudden), billie michel (perri fenwick), michel foular (susanne tully), maark foular (david scarboro/tud carty), lisa foular (lucie benzmin), toney vadrangi (askar james), allie osman (nedget saliha), peat beal (peater deane), kaathee beal (gillion taleforth), clyde tavernier (steven woodcock), nigel bates (paal broadley), denne wats (lessie mitchell), edi skinner (ritch stone), athani tandri charley (vaan stone), charley (vaan stone), charley (women), shamoncock (women), nick nuu "avt und avt vilan" gaa upayogistaaru. karyanirvahaka nirmaata dominic treadwell-callins, chedugaa pravartinchina mariyu marinta suukshmamaina paatra mariyu vimukti avasaramayye itara sabbu paatrala maadirigaa kakunda, niknu puurti "chedda vyakti" gaa upayoginchadam saadhyamani suuchimchaaru. dhi guardian" kosam oka television vimarsakudu, eee kaaranamgaa, paatra yokka piriki uddeshaalanu prekshakulu arudugaa prasninchaarani, endukante athani praathamika paatra "gandaragolaniki agent" anie suuchimchaaru. athanu chithreekarinchina durmargapu sthaayini oka paatralo ekkuva kaalam konasaginchalenanduna pradarsanalo nick yokka pradarsanalu kluptamgaa undaalani kooda soochinchabadindi. nick yokka atyanta pramukha sambandham athani talli dott cotton (juun braun) thoo undhi. idhi sanklishtamainadi, panicheyanidi mariyu kontavaraku chakreeyamainadigaa chithreekarinchabadindi, nick nirantaram thana talli jeevitamloki pravesistaadu, aame gatha dushpravartanalaku (aame bingo vijayaalanu dongilinchadaaniki aamenu champe prayatnamtho sahaa) atanni kshamistundi, taruvaata nick yokka nijamaina uddeshaalu velladainappudu niraasaku gurichestundi, tarachugaa athani bahishkaranalo mugustundi, ayithe tatkalikamga, chakram punaraavrutamayye mundu. juun nick maranam eee sambandhaaniki nivaalularpistundi, dott thoo-chivaraku nick yokka pratinaayaka pravartana yokka paridhini grahinchi, marchukolekapovadanni angeekarinchi-chivariki nick maraninchadaaniki anumatinchaalani nirnayinchukuntaadu, herainku praanaantakamaina pratispandana vacchina tarvaata vaidya sahayam koradam kante, nick jeevinchala ledhaa chanipowala anie yesu nirnayinchukovadaanni anumatinchadame aame uddesyam. srushti. nick cotton anedi "eastenders", toney halland mariyu julia smith srushtikartalu kanugonna iravai naalugava paatra. eastenders" kosam halland mariyu smith yokka asalu drushtilo nick bhaagam kaadu, mariyu athani srushti oka aalochana taruvaata vachindi. eee dhaaraavahika modati bhaagamlo thana intlo krooramgaa daadi cheyabadi, chanipovadaniki vadiliveyabadina vruddha nivasi regg cox maranam cherchabadindi. modati rachayitala samavesamlo, rachayitalaku uddesinchina paatralu mariyu prarambha scriptlanu parichayam chesinappudu, prati okkaroo swatantramgaa yea paatra regnu champindo telusukoovaalanukunnaaru. ayithe, halland mariyu smith hantakudini bahirgatam cheyaalani eppuduu anukoledu. regg cauxnu evaru champaro vaariki teliyadu, mariyu "evaru" anedi mukhyam kaadani vaaru bhaavinchaaru. daadi tarvaata athanu chanipoyadane vaastavam mukhyamaina samasya, mariyu regg hatya parishkarinchataaniki uddesinchinadi kaadu, modati nundi, walford oka kathinamaina mariyu kathinamaina pradaesam anie prekshakulaku cheppadaniki matrame idhi undhi. rachayitalu dheenini vyatiraekimchaaru. vaaru halland oka goppa avakaasaanni vrudhaa chesaarani aaropinchaaru mariyu oka hatya vaeta prekshakulanu aakarshinche naatakeeya avakaasaalanu andistundi anie suuchimchaaru. iravai moodu asalu paatralu mottam neeraaniki palpadalekapoyayani nirnayinchukunna taruvaata, halland nick cotton roopamlo puurtigaa kotta paatranu kanipettaalani nirnayinchukundi. nick yokka asalu paatra roopurekhalu ilaa unnaih "athani chitram pratyaekamgaa maco. vaaraala chivarilo adrusyamavutundi. amma prasnalu adaganu... denne kakunda, nick nijamaina crook. prajala gopyata mariyu illaloki purugulu pravesistaayi. appati nundi, thana telivi meeda jeevistaadu. kottadaniki kshanam kosam vechi; nagadu nick chesi adrushyam cheyadaaniki...saadhaaranamgaa edho oka kaaranamgaa, athani gurinchi firyadu cheyadaaniki bhayapade thana baadhitulanu enchukuntaadu...nick herainku baanisa "anie cheppadu. nick pakshika-kramabaddhamaina paatragaa matrame uddesinchabadindi kabatti, julia smith athani taaraaganamlo paalgonaledu mariyu natudu zaan altmannu darsakulu empika chesaaru. ayithe, nick unnata holle (tomm vaat) thoo swalinga samparka sambandhaanni kaligi unnatlu chithreekarinchadaaniki niraakarinchina taruvaata, adhi swabhaavam laenidani athanu bhaavinchinanduna, aamenu tolaginchamani aame abhyardhinchindi. abhivruddhi mariyu kathaamsaalu. niknu "eastenders" executive producer dederick santer "show yokka pradhana vilan" gaa abhivarninchaaru. pradarsanalo paatra yokka samayanni vivarinche oka "eastenders velladinchina" documentary atanni abaddhikudu, donga mariyu hantakudugaa bhaavinchi, "thana sannihitula baadha mariyu kashtalanu edurkuntu abhivruddhi chendaadu". saha-nati charley clements (broadley branning) ilaa annaru "meeru sabbu chedda vyaktula gurinchi aalochistaaru, nick cotton khachitamgaa vaatilo uttamamaina vaatitho untundi", ayithe lessie grandham (denne wats) "nick cotton gurinchi etuvanti redeaming feature ledhu" anie abhiprayapaddaru. eee anchanaanu syries katha nirmaata dominic treadwell-callins panchukunnaru, ayana ilaa vivarinchaaduh "oka out und avt vilan undatam manchidi. konnisaarlu meeru oka paatranu pondavacchu mariyu 'oh, vaariki kooda manchi vaipu undaali, mariyu bahusha manam vaatini konchem tirigi pondaali.'nick thoo, adhi pattimpu ledhu. meeru puurti pelt, phut-aann-dhi-accelerator chedda vyaktigaa vellavacchu."zaan altman thana paatra okappudu bagundani gurthunchukoledane vaastavaanni charchinchaadu, nick thana baalyamlo thana tandri lekapovadam valla athani arachakanni nindinchaadu. nick thana talli dott cotton (juun braun) thoo panchukune "adbhutamaina panicheyani talli-koduku sambandham" gurinchi, mariyu nick chesina tappu charithratho sambandham lekunda, maroka avakaasam ivvadaaniki aame nirantara sumukhata gurinchi santer charchinchaaru. santer ilaa vivarinchaaduh "evarainaa maaraarani aasinchadaaniki meeru dhairyam chese vishayam undhi, idhi nijamgaa vishaadakaram. vaaru mimmalni vanda saarlu niraasaparichaaru, ayinappatikee vaaru noota modati saari maarutaarani meeru ippatikee aasistunnaaru."dott" "nick jeevitamlo oka snehitudu" "anie grandham perkonnappudu, treadwell-callins dhruvikarincharuhu" "dott ellappuduu atanni kshaminchabotaadu". mariyu adhi nick und dott yokka andam."eee bhaavamtho ekibhavistu, altman angeekarinchaduh" athanu emi chesina, aame atanni kshamistundi. charitra antataa chaalaa mandhi mushkarula tallulu kooda alaage chesaaru. bahusha all capone talli athanu oka madhuramaina abbai anie anukundi, meeku telusu." eastenders" yokka toli episode thana flatlo vruddha nivasi regg cox (johnny clayton) apasmaraka sthithilo unnatlu kanugonadamtho praarambhamaindi. regg taruvaata maranistaadu mariyu taruvaati bhagalalo athanu nick chetha hatya cheyabaddadani telustundi. halland mariyu smith eee sireesnu naatakeeya paddhatiloo parichayam cheyalanukunnaru, mariyu regg cox kathaamsam oka manchi prarambha binduvugaa bhaavinchaaru, idhi samaajamlooni vividha sabhyulanu vruddhudi hatya paristhithulatho paalupanchukovadaaniki ledhaa vyaakhyaaninchadaaniki veelu kalpinchindi. nick "modati episode mugimpulo" eastenders "modati drum rolnu manjuru cheyadaanni chuusi, nick allie osman (nazdet saliha) thoo poraatam tarvaata queen victoria pub yokka gaaju talupu kitikee gundaa guddadamtho mugustundi, nick" modati episode mugise samayaniki ummivese, gonthu nokkagala mrugam "gaa sthaapinchabadindani santer vivarinchaaru. konni vaaraala pooliisu daryaaptu taruvaata, pradhana anumaanitudu nick ethel skinner (grechen franklin) nuu mug cheyadaaniki prayatninchina taruvaata square nundi bayaludaeraadu, eprillo atanni arrestu chesinatlu nivedinchabadindi. nick talli dott joolailo taaraaganaaniki parichayam cheyabadina taruvaata, nick pariseelanaloo bayatapadagaligadani, marusati nelaloo athanu albert squareku tirigi vacchaadani aame prekshakulaku teliyajesindi. tirigi vacchina taruvaata, athanu harrold legg (leonard fenton) shastrachikitsalo paalgoni, kaathee beal (gillion taleforth) yokka vaidya recordulanu chushadu, aameku 14 samvatsaraala vayassulo bidda unnatlu kanugonnadu. nick, kaathee bhartha peat (peater deane) kuu kramam tappakunda chellimpulu ivvakapothe, eee vishayanni velladistaanani bediristaadu. kaathee tvaralo peeteki nijam chebutundi, phalitamgaa athanu veedhi madhyalo nick kottadaniki daariteestundi. dheeni taruvaata, appudappudu sandarsinche chukka minaha, manchi kosam chaturasraanni vidichipettamani denne niknu heccharistundi, lekapothe athanu praanaantakamaina parinaamaalanu edurkontaadu. nick taruvaati konni samvatsaraallo kluptamgaa kanipistaadu mariyu chivariki october october thana tandri charley (christopher hancock) nuu kalustaadu, appudu vaariddaruu anukokunda sandarsinchadaaniki vastaaru. nick mariyu charley okarinokaru chuttoo chudalani korukovadam ledani okarikokaru spashtam chesukuntaru. nick kontamandi nerasthula nundi dongilinchina tarvaata nick vaari nundi daakkunnaarani charley telusukuntaadu mariyu nick neeraalaku jailuku vellina nick yokka paatha snehitudu graham clark nundi nick daakkunnatlu kooda telusukuntaadu. charley niknu edurkovadaniki graahamnu intloki anumatistundi, atanni vellamani balavantam chestundi, lekapothe athanu daakkunna nerasthulaku appagistaadu. appagistaadu, nick, yaadrucchikamgaa, agnipramaadam kosam unchabadina dickens hill jailulo maadakadravyaala neeraalaku jailu siksha anubhavistaadu. eee kaalamlone nick taanu baadhyudinani oppukunappudu regg hatya rahasyam chivaraku parishkarinchabadutundi. parishkarinchabadutundi, dott nick nuu tera velupala sandarsinchadam dwara, athanu hazel (virginia fiol) anae mahilanu vivaham chesukunnadani, oka chinna kumarte undani telusukuntaadu; nick thana mariyu dott yokka udrikta sambandham kaaranamgaa mundugaane aameku cheppadam manukunnadu. hazel 1989 maeloe dott down nuu track chesi, pillavadu dorothy nikolatho aamenu sandarsinchaadu; dott vaaru sandarsinchinanduku chaalaa santoshinchindi, aame moe kasai (edna doray) mariyu marge green (pott combs) thoo kalisi brouney kavaatuku haajaru kavadam nundi vaidoligindi. idhi abaddham anie taruvaata velladaindi, mariyu sisuvu hazel yokka menakodalu anie telindi. nick paakshikamgaa kramabaddhamaina paatra matrame ayinappatikee, athani adapadadapa pradarsanalu ellappuduu pradarsanapai pedda prabhavam chuupadaaniki, alaage athani kathaamsaalalo palgonna anni paatralapai script cheyabaddaayi. athanu pradarsana yokka modati konni samvatsaraalalo anekasaarlu tirigi kanipinchaadu mariyu vellipoyaadu, pratisaaree garishta vinaasanaanni kaliginchaadu, mariyu patrikalu "dushta nick" paatranu brand cheyadam praarambhinchadaaniki chaalaa kaalam kaaledu. altman ilaa vyaakhyaaninchaaduh "prajalu dveshinchadaaniki ishtapade british tvloni paatralalo athanu okadu kabatti vaaru niknu tirigi teesukuvastune untaarani neenu anukuntunnanu". eee paatra patla prajalakunna eee ayishtatanu walford yokka kalpita nivaasitulu panchukunnaru, altman ilaa vivarinchaaduh "athanu tirigi vacchina pratisaaree athanu andaritho dhooram avtadu. idhi chedda kaubay kavadam laantidi, prati okkaroo shattarlu vesi baarku taalam vaestaaru." paatra yokka roopaanni eee ishtapadani, "dushta" chitraaniki anugunamgaa roopondinchaaru, "eastenders" syries consultant saiman ashdown vyaakhyaanistuu; "athanu vachinappudu, eee vyakti cheddavaadani meeku telusu. ataniki nallati juttu, schoul mariyu tholu jackett unnaayi. athanu alantivadu, athanu oka dickensian baddy."2000 nundi 2001 varaku nick kumarudu yashley cotton paatranu pooshinchina franky fitzgerald, angeekarinchaaruh" "dushta nick roopaanni, meeku telusu, athanu chedda vyakti". athanu suut dharinchinappudu kooda, ataniki inca chevipogulu unnaayi, ataniki inca ungaraalu unnaayi, athani medapai pacchabottu inca undhi." eee siriisku nick yokka atyanta mukhyamaina tirigi ravadam ravadam jarigindi. nick thana talli jeevitaaniki tirigi vacchaadu, athanu tirigi janminchina kraistavudani, idhi aame bingolo £10,000 vijayamtho samanamga jarigindi. "eastenders rachayita saaraa felps ilaa vivarinchaaduh" dott kosam, yesu chivaraku nick thoo matladadane aalochana, aame chrismus okesari ravadam! nikku adhi telusu. nick 'yesu naatho nadustaadu' anie cheppi, aapai bayataku velli evarinainaa tannandi ledhaa vaari jebunu teeseyandi anie cheppadam spashtamgaa anipinchindi."oka nakilee poojaari sahayamtho, nick thana tallini thana kottagaa kanugonna vishwaasam gurinchi oppinchagaligaadu, aapai aame aaharapu alavaatlanu niyantrinchadaaniki mariyu aame dabbunu pondadaaniki vishaprayogam cheyadaaniki nemmadigaa pracharam praarambhinchaadu. kathanu muginchina episode, p.zhe. hammond, dott intlo matrame sett cheyabadindi mariyu nakilee poojaari ayina nick, dott, charley, ethel mariyu alisteyirlatho kuudina asaadhaaranamaina chinna taaraaganam kaligi undhi. chivari kshanamlo, altman "okasari memu nick yokka manchi vaipu yokka oka merupu chushamu" anie pilichina daanilo, nick thana pranaalika nundi vaidoligadu mariyu aamenu champadaaniki uddesinchina vishapuurita bhojanam tinadam manesadu. marosari, dott ontarigaa migilipoyindi, thana sonta kumarudu aameku emi cheyadaaniki siddhamgaa unnado chuusi virigina hrudayam. nick chaalaa kaalam paatu walford nundi dhooramgaa laedu. laedu, athanu heraine vyasanamtho tirigi vacchaadu, conny dott modatlo atanni dhooram chesi, sahayam kosam athani abhyardhanalanu vismarinchaadu. charley maraninchinatlu telusukunna tarwate nick aame ekaika kutumbam migili undi, atanni samskarinchaalani nischayinchukunnaadu. katha gurinchi charchistuu, altman ilaa annadu "heraine vyasanam naaku chaalaa alasataga anipinchindi, endukante neenu nijamgaa mandapati gaddam penchukunnaanu mariyu naa juttu ellappuduu chaalaa murikigaa undedi. neenu aaa sannivesaalanu chithreekaristunnappudu neenu baanisa ayina oka vyaktini kalisanu, mariyu meeru daani nundi bayatapadataaniki prayatnistunnappudu meeru vishraanti teesukolenatlu meeru edurkone vishayalanu athanu naaku cheppadu. meeru nidrapolemu kabatti noppini tagginchadaaniki meeru chaalaa madyam taagutaaru. gadiyaram kadaladam ledhu anipistundi. oka natudigaa, vaaru nannu nijamgaa neenu cheyagaliginanta dhooram vellanicchaaru. idhi vaarini jeevitaantam heraine nundi elaa nilipivesindo cheppe prajala nundi kooda maaku lekhalu vachayi, kabatti memu manchi pani chesamani neenu anukuntunnanu."katha bayatapadagaane, dott nick vyasananni tagginchadaaniki athani gadilo lock chesi, peat beal sahayamtho challani tarkeeki vellamani balavantam chesaadu. eee kaalamlo, victoria raani bhuswamy eddie roel hatyaku gurayyadu. 1991 saradrutuvulo eee hatya eee pradarsanalo keelaka kathaamsamgaa undindi. eddie hatyaku guraina episode toney mechel rachinchaaru; idhi eddie sareerampai nilabadi, kattini pattukunna thotalalo clyde towerniernu kaligi unna cliffhangertho mugisindi, idhi nick thana padakagadi kitikee nundi chushadu. nick taanu chuusinadaanni pooliisulaku chebutaadu, idhi maikhel foular sahayamtho clyde paaripovadaaniki daariteestundi. jooe wallace chivariki munduku vacchi, eddie hatya jarigina raatri thana gadhi nundi tappinchukuni, oka kaaluva paipu kindiki ekki, chadarapu meeda nick avt chushanani cheppadu. nick taanu baadhyata vahinchaanani oppukuntaadu, conny adhi pramaadavasaattu jarigindani nokki cheptaadu. nick taruvaata arrestu cheyabadi, eddie hatyaku paalpadinatlu abhiyogaalu mopabaddadu mariyu athanu janavari janavari vichaaranaku nilabaddadu. oka vaaram viluvaina bhagalu vichaaranaku ankitam cheyabaddaayi, annee toney jordan rachinchaaru. nick vichaarana kathanu pradarsinchadaaniki, karyakrama tayaareedaarulu swayamgaa sakshyalanu sameekshinchi, eddie maranaaniki daariteesina bhaagaalanu chudavalasi vachindi. chivariki, eddeeni kattitoe podichenduku nick kaaranamani spashtamgaa unnappatikee, adhi hatya anie spashtamgaa teliyaledu, mariyu jurie nerasthudani teerpunu tirigi ichindi. altman ilaa sankshiptamgaa cheppadu "nijamgaa manchi rakshana kaligi undi, marosari thala vanchi, athanu hathyatho tappinchukunnadu". 1993 augustulo juun braun (dott plays chesevadu) syries nundi nishkraminchaalani nirnayinchukunnappudu nick dott thoo paatu show nundi vraayabadindi. vaari nishkramana kathaamsam athani bhagaswamy jooe mariyu chinna kumarudu yashley tuu daatnu parichayam chesindi, athanu modatlo jooe aamenu mosam cheyadaaniki prayatnistunnaarani oppinchaadu, endukante aame chaalaa samvatsaraala kritam hazelto jarigina sanghatananu gurthunchukundi. nick nijaayiteegaa unnaadani dott oppinchina tarvaata, aame twaragaa yashliki daggarayyindi, mariyu kutumbam kalisi samadhi pradaesaaniki maarindi. 1997 varaku dott mariyu nick terapai chivarisariga untaaru, juun braun dott gaa thana paatranu tirigi pooshinchamani oppinchabade varaku. aame tirigi vacchina taruvaata, nick maadakadravyaalanu kaligi unnanduku marosari terapai arrestu cheyabaddadani, mariyu jooe mariyu yashley athani neerapuurita charyalatho alasipoyi vellipoyaarani dott vivarinchaadu. aame tirigi vacchina ventane, nick thana selmate damian spinklatho jailu nundi tappinchukunnatlu pooliisulu aameku teliyajesaaru. damian chukka kosam vetukutuu vacchi, nick tananu dabbu dwara mosam chesaadani chebutundi. athanu ratriputa aamenu bandeegaa unchi, aame dabbu dorikina ventane vellipotaadu. marusati roeju, damian intensive kerlo unnaadani, nick dwara akkada unchabaddaadani pooliisulu velladistaaru. zaan altman marchi marchi aidella gairhajaru tarvaata nick paatranu punaraavrutam chesaadu. nick raatri aalasyamgaa dott intlo goodacharyam chestunnatlu nigel bates kanugonnadu mariyu atanni dhooramgaa undamani cheppina taruvaata, nick athanu tirigi vastaadani nigelnu heccharistaadu. nick konni vaaraala taruvaata tirigi vastaadu, dott thana intlo daakkunnatlu kanugonna tarvaata. nick dott kii thana heraine vyasanam valla athanu aids kaaranamgaa maranistunnadani chebutaadu, idhi aame modata nammadu conny taruvaata oppinchabadutundi. thana mandula kosam dabbu chellinchadaaniki saayudha dopideeki pranaalika vestunnaanani nick velladistaadu. nick daanitoe velladam ishtam lekunda, dott nick kosam dabbunu erpaatu cheyaalani nirnayinchukuntaadu. dott taruvaata maark foularnu sandarsinchi, prashnaarthakamaina mandula gurinchi vinnara anie adugutaadu, idhi maark tiraskaristundi. dott appudu clair bates computerlo aushadhaanni chustadu mariyu aaa mandulu kevalam nidra maatralu anie telusukuntaadu. nick thana anaaroogyam gurinchi anni samayaallo abaddham chebutunnadani grahinchi, dott atanni edurkone mundu pooliisulaku coll chestaadu, atanni tirigi arrestu chesi jailuku pampistaadu. october october, "return off nick cotton" anae paerutoe oka pratyeka 'sabbu-babul' prasaram cheyabadindi. eee episode nick jailu nundi vidudala, thana kodukutho athani sayodhya, mariyu nick tandri chaarleeni kooda kaligi undhi, athani paatra champabadina daadaapu oka dasaabdam tarvaata deyyam vale klupta atidhi paatranu chesindi. eee episode nick tadupari walfordku tirigi raavadaaniki maargam sugamam chesindi, akkada nick thana tammudu martin foularku paaravasaanni sarafara chestunnadani telusukunna taruvaata maark foulartho paatha vairanni punarudghaatinchaadu. 2001 noothana samvatsara rojuna, maark nick yokka paaneeyaanni spike chesi, vantena veedhilooni viaduct paibhaagaaniki atanni aakarshinchi, matthu nick padipovadaanni chustadu, tananu taanu teevramgaa angavaikalyam chestaadu. dheeni taruvaata, maark intiki nippu pettamani nick yashleeni aadesistaadu, conny athanu daanini daataledu mariyu nick atanini tiraskarinchina tarvaata walfordnu vadili veltaadu. dheeni taruvaata, nick fibravari fibravari tatkalikamga vennemuka vibhaagaaniki bayaludaeraadu. moodu nelala dhooram taruvaata, athanu 2001 maeloe tirigi vacchaadu; athanu nadavagaligadu, conny inca ooyala avasaram undhi. eee punaragamanam athani munupati kante marinta takkuvagaa undabotondi, aaa taruvaata pradarsana nundi chaalaa kaalam paatu gairhajaravvadam jarigindi. maarkutho vairanni konasaaginchaalani nischayinchukunna nick, maark garbhavati priyuralu lisaku bedirimpulu ivvadam praarambhistaadu mariyu maark yokka motarubaikpai breakulanu naasanam chesina taruvaata yashley maranaaniki kaaranamavutundi, kevalam yashley daanini dongilinchi kuulchivaeyadaaniki matrame. yashley maranam taruvaata, dott nick mariyu maark madhya vaadana vintaadu mariyu nick maark yokka motarubaikloni breaklanu taarumaaru chesinatlu telusukuntaadu. yashley antyakriyala taruvaata, dott niknu aame jeevitam nundi bahishkarinchi, aamenu eppatikee kshaminchalenanduna, aamenu vadili vellipovalani, tirigi rakudadani chebutaadu. edemaina, santer ilaa vivarinchaaduh "nick kosam dott kii tirigi velladaaniki ellappuduu oka maargam untundi", "eastenders" rachayita james payne maddatu icchina sthaanam, athanu ilaa perkonnaduh "[dott] tanaku maarpu vachhe avakaasam undani, athanu manchi baaludu kaagaladani, lothugaa nammutaadu. aame alaa korutune untundani neenu anukuntunnanu."sayodhya disagaa modati adugulu adugulu zim branningku cancertho jailu aasupatrilo unna nick nundi phone coll vachinappudu veyabaddaayi. zim mariyu athani manavadu broadley modatlo dheenini dott nundi rahasyamgaa unchaaru, conny broadley thana priyuraaliki, staceki cheppadu, aame daanini chukkalaki jaaranichindi. dott niknu sandarsinchadaaniki vellaadu, conny athani cancer nundi vimukti pondinappudu, athanu daatnu chuudataaniki niraakarinchaadu. 2008 aktobaru 2naa, edu samvatsaraala kante ekkuva kaalam dhooramgaa unna taruvaata aaa samvatsaram chrismus rojuna nick "eastenders" kuu tirigi vastaadani nivedinchabadindi. executive nirmaata dederick santer nick tirigi vachinappudu thana utsaaham gurinchi matladutu, eee paatranu "eastenders" legend "gaa mariyu" show yokka baga gurthunchukune mariyu baga ishtapade pratinaayakulalo okarigaa "prasamsimchaaru. altman ilaa perkonnaduh "edu samvatsaraalu laena taruvaata, neenu albert squareku tirigi ravadam chaalaa aanandamgaa undhi. bbc ellappuduu naaku nick cotton gaa goppa kathaamsaalanu ichindi mariyu nick marosari chadarapu antataa bhayam mariyu dweshaanni vyaapti chestunda anie chuudataaniki neenu eduruchuustunnaanu!"juun braun matladutu, altmannu sabbuki tirigi teesukuraavaalani aaru ledhaa edu samvatsaraalugaa nirmaatalanu adugutunnanani, endukante vaariddarikee manchi pani sambandham undani velladinchindi. valsallo samayam gadipina taruvaata, cotton tirigi vacchaadu; mallii mamuluga nadustuu, thana edella kumarte daateetho kalisi vacchaadu. athanu kuurchunnappudu dotty talli sandley gibsonnu kalusukunnanani, aame madyaparudu anie, iteevala maraninchindani, atanni dotty adupulo unchindani vivarinchaadu. altman ilaa vivarinchaaduh "nikku edho avasaram undhi, endukante athanu aaa talupu gundaa nadavadaniki ataniki chinna chukkalu lekapothe, aame atanni puurtigaa bahishkarinchina vyaktigaa bhaavinchi undedi." natudu thana chivari pradarsana nundi thana paatralo itara maarpulanu vivarinchaadu, athanu plumber elaa ayyado, marinta telivigaa dustulu dharinchadam praarambhinchaado, thana juttunu tirigi kattirinchadam manesado, ika chevipogulu dharinchaledani vivarinchaadu. modatlo anumanaspadamga unnappatikee, esaari nick nijamgaa maarindani nammi, dott vaariddarinii thana intiki angeekarinchindi. nick nijamgaa samskarinchabadina paatra kaadaa anie adiginappudu, altman aspashtamgaa undipoyaduh "nick tirigi vacchaadu, ataniki oka andamaina chinna kumarte undhi. athanu plumber ayyadu, athanu maarina vyakti. ...ledhaa ayana?"kathaamsam munduku saagutunna koddi, daateeni adupulo unchadaaniki dabbu ivvamani thana tallini blockmail chesinappudu nick yokka nijamaina agenda velladaindi. maroe kathaamsa malupulo, juun prekshakulaku, dotty (asalu paeru kirstee) thana tandritho kalisi panichestundani velladaindi. kathalo, dotty thana jeevita beema palasi kosam killing daatnu suuchimchimdi. nick leaves dheeni taruvaata, dotty chukkapai panicheyadaaniki anumatistundi. athanu moodu nelala taruvaata tirigi vastaadu, aaa taruvaata vaaru dott mariyu aame snehitulanu aame chittavaikalyamtho badhapaduthondani oppinche vaari pranaalikanu praarambhistaaru, daatnu champi, aame ksheenistunna manasika sthithipai aame maranaanni nindinchadam nick lakshyam. squarelo nick koddisepu unna samayamlo, athanu jays diernu elaa chaniponivvalo billie mitchell cheppadam vinnadu mariyu kramam tappakunda chellimpulu demand cheyadam dwara billeeni blockmail chesadu ledhaa billie emi chesado jays kumarudiki chebutaadu. billie bandhuvu phil eee vishayam telusukunnappudu, athanu niknu raani wick yokka baarel dukaanamloki teesukuvellaadu, akkada athanu atanni kotti kurcheeki kattestaadu. nick off nuu bhayapettadaaniki mariyu deenni muginchadaaniki phil billiki avakaasam icchaadu, ayithe, billie atanni vellanicchi, jeki swayamgaa nijam cheppadu. thana priyamaina tallini champadaaniki thana sonta kumarteto kutra juun juun terapai climax avtundi dotty manasu marchukunna tarvaata nick pranaalika gandaragolaniki gurai, chivariki nick kuu mandhu taagadaaniki badulugaa thana amammanu visham ivvakunda rakshistundi. idhi varusa sanghatanalaku daariteestundi, dheenilo nick, thana pranaalika bahirgatam ayina tarvaata tappinchukune prayatnamlo, samaajamlooni vividha sabhyulanu cafelo bandeegaa unchutundi mariyu heather trat niknu chip paanloki nettivesina tarvaata pramaadavasaattu mantalu praarambhamavutaayi. bandeelalo okaraina nick mariyu ryaan malloyla madhya jarigina poraatam kaaranamgaa bandeelanu tappinchukogalugutaaru. idhi cafe lopala nick mariyu broadley branning thoo paeluduku daariteestundi. eee kathaamsam marosari altman pradarsana nundi nishkramananu suuchimchimdi. athani nishkramana episode cliffhangerga script cheyabadindi, endukante episode chivarilo nick paeludu nundi bayatapaddara anedi velladi kaaledu. ayithe, taruvaati episodelo, juun 4,2009naa, nick paeludu nundi bayatapadinatlu choopabadindi mariyu broadley kantiki gaayaalato aasupatrilo cheraadu. nick marosari chukka dwara tiraskarinchabadina taruvaata bayaludaeraadu. dotty cheddadani nick thana talliki vivarinchinappatikii dotty dott samrakshanhalo vadiliveyabadutundi. janavari october, dots ladger gasagasala pacchika bayallaku nick nundi phone coll vastundi, athanu dott thoo matladalanukuntunnadu. nick chedda vaarta anie shahron rickman cheppina taruvaata, aame atanni thanatho maatlaadanivvadaaniki niraakaristundi. rendu nelala taruvaata, munupati vaaram heraine adhika motaadu kaaranamgaa nick swaasakosha vaiphalyamtho maraninchaadani pooliisulu dott kii chepparu. nick kumarudu charley cotton eee vaartanu teliyajese pooliisu adhikaarulalo okaru. okaru nick thana talli yavonnetho chesina swalpa vivaahamtho taanu garbham dalchanani charley vivarinchaadu. antyakriyala samayamlo, charley mariyu undertaker less kokar shavapetikalo chudakunda chukkalanu nirodhistaaru. dott anumanaspadamga untaadu mariyu nijam cheppamani yavonnenu aahvaanistaadu mariyu charley thana manavadu anie aame dott kii haamii istundi. konni vaaraala taruvaata, karol jackson chaarleeni salaha kosam adugutaadu, athanu thana phone aame intlo vadilipettinappudu, aame oka coll kii samadhanam istundi mariyu nick inca sajeevamgaa unnaadani telusukuntundi. dheeni taruvaata, charley oka pooliisu adhikariga natistunnatlu mariyu vaastavaaniki yavonne panichese samrakshana gruhamlo samrakshakudigaa unnatlu telustundi. charley thana kaaru kitikeelu pagulagottabadindani telusukovadaaniki pani chestaadu, nick nundi vacchina sandesamto, athanu alaa chesaadani dhruvikarinchaadu. october october, nick thana nakilee maranam tarvaata edu nelala tarvaata albert squarelo tirigi kanipinchaadu. executive producer dominic treadwell callins antima dushta nick kathaamsaanni andistaamani vaagdaanam chesaaru mariyu anni nick kathalanu muginchadam nick katha avutundi. charley mariyu athani kaboye bhartha roney michel dott intlo nick dorakadam chuusi bhayapadutunnaru. roeju chivari natiki nick vaariki £10,000 kuu block mails chestaadu, ledhaa athanu sajeevamgaa unnaadani velladistaadu. charley philnu runam kosam adugutaadu, athanu angeekaristaadu conny chaarleeki teliyakundaane, athanu ataniki kaagitamto nindina sanchini istaadu mariyu charley daanini nikku icchinappudu dabbu ledani telusukuntaadu. haloveen raatri, charley nick sajeevamgaa unnaadani velladistaadu, athanu atanini vetakadaaniki veltaadu, conny athanu vellipoyinappudu, dott atanini thana intlo kanugontaadu. oka nagala vyapari vadda dopideeki paalpadinatlu nick velladistaadu mariyu charley athani maranaanni nakileega oppinchaadu. dott athanu vellipovadaaniki taginanta dabbunu sekarinche varaku niknu daachadaaniki angeekaristaadu. eee samayamlo, dott marosari nick chetha taarumaaru cheyabadi, athanu akkada unnaadani santoshinchadam praarambhistaadu, chivaraku aame athanitho talli-kumarudi sambandhaanni kaligi undagaladani nammutundi. dott intlo chikkukuni visugu chendhi, nick bayatiki vellaalani nirnayinchukuntaadu, kaani ayan beal gurtistaadu, athanu nick sajeevamgaa unnaadani phil mariyu shahranku chebutaadu. nick meeda daadi cheyadaaniki phil dott intiki veltaadu, kaani roney aapivestaadu. phil yokka £100,000 dabbunu dongilinchadam dwara nikku lancham ivvadaaniki roney prayatnistundi, kaani athanu charley mariyu roney vivaahaaniki tirigi vastaadu. atanni saasvatamgaa vadilinchukovadaaniki atanini champadam gurinchi roney mariyu phil matladatam vinna nick, roney kaarupai breakulu kattirinchaalani nirnayinchukuntaadu. vivaha vedukalo aame prasavaniki guraina taruvaata, roney, charley mariyu aame sodari, roxy oka kaaru pramaadamloo palgontaru, idhi taruvaata emma sammarhaaysnu champutundi, roney komaalo migilipotundi. nick kaaru breakulanu kattirinchaadani vaivonne telusukuntaadu, kaani athanu thana kotu jebulo jiddugala vastraanni naatadam dwara philnu frame cheyamani aamenu oppistaadu. nick emi chesado yavonne chaarleeki chebutundi, conny ataniki lancham ivvadaaniki upayoginche kontha dabbutho niknu pattukune varaku athanu aamenu nammadu. appudu nick roney pramaadamloo yavonnenu chikkukupotadu, kabatti charley vaariddarinii vellipovalani chebutundi. dott pakkane unna intlo nick nii daachi unchi, nick kosam herayinnu pondutaadu. dott yokka ladger fatboy telusukuni, aapamani aamenu korutadu, kabatti aame niknu chusinappudu roney kosam philnu mosam chesinatlu pooliisulaku oppukomani aame atanni korutundi, kaani athanu roney gurinchi pattinchukovadam ledani, aame karigipotundani taanu aasistunnaanani chebutuu, athanu roney gurinchi pattinchukovadam ledani chebutundi. taruvaata, dott nick apasmaraka sthithilo unnatlu kanugontaadu, conny athanu kontakaalam spruhaloki vastaadu. thana chivari kshanaallo, kshanaallo regg cox maranaaniki thaane kaaranamani nick velladistaadu. muppai samvatsaraala kritam regg kanugonabadina adhe pradaesamloe nick dott chetullo maranistaadu. dott jailuku vellakundaa daatnu rakshinchadaaniki less kokar sahayamtho nick sariiraanni vadilinchukovaalani yochistunna chaarleeki nick chanipovadaniki anumatinchinatlu dott angeekaristaadu. pradarsana yokka muppaiva vaarshikotsavamto samanamga 19 fibravari 2015naa prasaram cheyabadina pratyaksha episodelo, pradarsana yokka modati episode nundi modati sannivesam punahsrushti cheyabadindi. stacey, martin mariyu kush kajemeelu denne wats, orther foular mariyu allie osman muppai samvatsaraala kritam regg cauxnu kanugonna vidhamgaane nick sariiraanni kanugonnaru. dott niknu champinatlu angeekaristaadu mariyu pooliisulu atanni teesukellaaru. marusati roeju athani mrutadehaanni inti nundi bayataku teestaaru. moodu nelala taruvaata, nick narahatyaku dott 14 nelala jailu sikshanu andukuntundi, conny naalugu nelala tarvaata aame vidudala cheyabadutundi. nick antyakriyalu juun juun charley, roxy mariyu athani manavadu mathue matrame haajaravutaaru. haajaravutaaru, nick maraninchina daadaapu enimidi samvatsaraala taruvaata, dotty (millie jeero) athani kumarte kaadani mariyu aame tandri nick savati sodarudu tomm cotton (brian conley) anie velladaindi. ayithe, ayithe, idhi abaddham anie, nick nijamgaa dotty tandri anie velladaindi. thana paatranu swalinga samparkudigaa cheyalane nirnayaanni vyatirekinchina taruvaata atanni show nundi 'vrayamani' nirmaatalaku cheppabadindani altman velladinchaadu. swaagatam. nick cotton "eastenders" yokka atyanta prasiddha pratinaayakulalo okarigaa maarindi. maarindi jarigina aidu pollalo athani 'neechatvam' 25va "goppa sope kshanam" gaa ennukoobadindi, mariyu athanu chhaanel 4 pollo 4va atyanta pratinaayaka television paatragaa kooda ennukobaddaadu. "samrakshaka colomist charley broker nick yokka pratinaayaka paatranu khandinchaaru, ayithe, ilaa vraasaaru" aaa vyakti kevalam bhayapettevaadu kaadu; athanu argos ketalog vale sagam bhayapettevaadu. ["pattaabhisheka veedhi" pratinaayakudu] jez quigley, padipoyina vaari raktamtho snanam cheyadaaniki intiki parugette mundu, iteevala gayapadina baadhitulu, muulugutoe nindina polamlo oka onix gurrapu pandem nadapadam aanandistunnatlu kanipinchagaa, nick cotton kevalam athanu, oka push vadda, supermarket checkavut ammayitho oka dented tinn custard dharanu vivaadam chestaadani anipistundi, meeru athani venuka vechi undagaa, athanu chivarisariga thana juttunu eppudu kadukkunnaro anie aascharyapotunnaadu."pillala tv show" "balamori" "loe altman kanipinchinappudu" "times" "yokka fiona makkade aaa paatranu vyangyamgaa chitreekarinchaaru, tallidandrulaku ilaa salaha ichchaaru" "sabbu yokka chedda pillavadu rangurangula, kalpita swargamloki adugupedutundagaa mea chinna pillala kallanu kappukovadaaniki siddhamgaa undandi, miss hooleeni goose cheyadam, pisi plumnu kalataparachadam mariyu joji jump cheyadam vantivi cheyadamlo sandeham ledhu". gulabi rangu kilt dharinchi, pedda gulabi kotalo ontarigaa nivasinche chabbi, ullasamga unde vilaasavantamaina baaludu archie bhadrata gurinchi kooda neenu bhayapadutunnanu. pattanamlo nick thoo, athanu avakaasam nilabadadu." zaan altman "dhi british sope awards 2015" loe 'vilan off dhi iyar' gaa nominate ayyadu, conny haliox starr jeremi shefield chetilo odipoyaadu.

nikk kaatan nakolas charlis "nikk" kaatan bartanvi saabin opera "estanders" kaa eek afsanvi kirdaar hay jasay jaan aalt meen nay 19 faroori 1985 kuu saabin kii pehli qast say neem baqayedah bunyaad parr adaa kiyaa thaa. aalt meen nay kahaa hay kahh inn kaa ibtadayi akhraaj producer joliya samath kay mutalibe kii wajah say thaa jabb inhon nay apnay kirdaar kuu humm jans parsat bananay kay faislay kii mukhalifat kii thee. samath kii rawangi kay baad iss kirdaar nay faroori 2015 mein apnee screen parr moth takk mutadid mukhtasir yaa ziyadah taweel kaam kiyay juu "estanders" kii 30 wein salgrah kay moqaa parr likhaa gayaa thaa. nikk kaatan khaas toor parr reeg kaaks (jaanee cleaton) kii moth kaa zamah daar thaa juu 1985 mein prograam kay pehley manzar mein bay hosh paaya gayaa thaa aur agli qast mein iss kay marnay kaa inkshaf hawaa. nikk kii moth kuu jazwi toor parr reeg kii moth kay dobarah amal kay toor parr likhaa gayaa thaa keunkah nikk asee jagah parr fout hawaa jehaan reeg kii moth hoyee thee balkal 30 saal pehley. nikk kaa bunyadi kaam eek mukhalif manshiyaat istemaal karnay waalay aur qaatil kay toor parr thaa. iss kaa tasavur show kay takhliq kaaron tony holland aur joliya samath nay kiyaa thaa. asl cast line app mein deer say shamoliyat nikk kuu holland aur samath kay asl script kay masnaf kay taasraat kii bunyaad parr shaamil kiyaa gayaa thaa juu reeg kaaks kay qatal parr markoz thaa jiss kay qaatil kuu wah asl mein zahir karnay kaa aradah nahein rakhtay thay. nikk kuu hamlah aawar bannay aur show kuu mazeed dramayi kahaani kii salahiyat farahim karnay kay liye banaya gayaa thaa. show mein apnay waqat kay doraan nikk nay fill macheel (steve meek feden)yee bully macheel (peeri faine wak)yee masheel fowler (sosan tilly)yee maark fowler (dude scarburo/tode carty)yee leesa fowler (losi benjaman)yee tony corpenter (aaskar jaims)yee ailee asmaan (nedjet saalah)yee peetay bail (petter deane)yee kithi bail (galian telforth)yee clyde towernair (steven wode kaak)yee naigal bets (paal breadly)yee deane waatz (lesli mutham)yee aidy sikner (reech stone)yee chaarli hankik (kapaas kay baap) aur chaarli hankik (kapaas kay baap) kay saath mutadid jhagdon kaa aaghaz kiyaa. nikk kuu "aaot aind aaot walan" kay toor parr istemaal kiyaa jaataa hay. execto producer domaink trade weel colance nay yaha tajweez paish kii thee kahh saabin kay dosray kirdaron kay barakas juu braa bartao kartay thay aur jinn kay liye ziyadah barek khususiyat aur chhatkaray kii zarurat hoti thee nikk kuu makmal "braa aadmi" kay toor parr istemaal karnaa mumkin thaa. dee guardine" kay eek teeli vision nqad nay tajweez kiyaa kahh iss wajah say kirdaar kay buzdilana moharrikat parr nazireen kii taraf say shaaz woo naadir hyee sawaal uthaya gayaa thaa keunkah iss kaa bunyadi kaam "afratafri kay agent" kaa hay. yaha bhee tajweez kiyaa gayaa thaa kahh show mein nikk kii maujudgi mukhtasir hony chahiye keunkah iss kii taraf say paish kardah badkari kii satah kuu kasee kirdaar mein taweel arsey takk barqarar nahein rakhaa jaa saktaa. nikk kaa sabb say numayan rishtah iss kii maan ddaat kaatan (joone brown) kay saath hay. asay paichidah ghair faal aur kasee hadd takk chakorana kay toor parr paish kiyaa gayaa hay nikk muslisil apnee maan kii zindagi mein daakhil hotaa hay wah asay maazi kii badantazami kay liye maaf kirr deeti hay (bashmol iss kii bango jeeth choori karnay kay liye asay maarnay kii koshish)yee phir jabb nikk kay haqeeqi aradon kaa inkshaf hotaa hay tuu asay mayus kiyaa jaataa hay aksar cycle kay dohranay say pehley iss kii jalawatni mein khatam hotaa hay halankah aarizi toor parr. 2015 mein nikk kii balaakhir moth iss rishtay kuu kharaaj tehseen paish karti hay ddaat kay saath-aakhir kaar nikk kay walan royay kii hadd kuu mahsus kartay hoay aur iss kii tabdili kii nakami kuu qabool kartay hoay-balaakhir nikk kuu marnay kii ajazat deenay kaa faislah kiyaa bajaye iss kay kahh iss kay heroin kay baaray mein mahlak radamil kay baad tabee madad talab kii jaaye iss kaa maqsad yaha thaa kahh yasua kuu yaha faislah karnay diyaa jaaye kahh nikk kuu zindah rehna chahiye yaa marnaa chahiye. takhliq. nikk kaatan chobees waan kirdaar thaa jasay "aist anders"yee tony holland aur joliya samath kay takhliq kaaron nay aijaad kiyaa thaa. nikk holland aur samath kay "aist anders" kay asl wazan kaa hasah nahein thaa aur iss kii takhliq eek baad kay khayaal kay toor parr aayee. seerez kii pehli qast mein eek buzurg rehaishi reeg kaaks kii moth shaamil thee jiss parr iss kay gahar mein bay dardi say hamlah kiyaa gayaa thaa aur asay marnay kay liye chhod diyaa gayaa thaa. masnafeen kii pehli metting kay doraan jehaan masnafeen kuu matlubah kirdaron aur ibtadayi script say mutaarif karaya gayaa thaa harr eek aazadana toor parr jaanna chahta thaa kahh kiss kirdaar nay reeg kuu qatal kiyaa thaa. tahim holland aur samath kaa kabhi bhee qaatil kii nqab kashayi kaa aradah nahein thaa. inhein andazah nahein thaa kahh reeg kaaks kuu kiss nay qatal kiyaa thaa aur inhon nay mahsus kiyaa thaa kahh "coone" aham nahein thaa. yaha haqeeqat kahh wah eek hamlay kay baad marr gayaa thaa aham masilah thaa aur reeg kay qatal kaa maqsad hall karnaa nahein thaa yaha sarf saamayin kuu yaha batanay kay liye thaa sharoo say hyee kahh walford eek khardari aur mashkal jagah thee. masnafeen nay iss kii mukhalifat kii. inhon nay holland parr eek behat achhaa moqaa zaaye karnay kaa alzaam lagaya aur tajweez kiyaa kahh qatal kii talaash dramayi amkanat kii eek sif farahim karay gee juu saamayin kuu apnee taraf matujah karay gee. yaha faislah karnay kay baad kahh tamaam tayees asl kirdaar jarm karnay say qaasir thay holland nay nikk kaatan kii shakal mein eek makmal toor parr neeya kirdaar aijaad karnay kaa faislah kiyaa. nikk kay liye asl kirdaar kaa khaakah likhaa gayaa: "iss kii tasveer khususi toor parr maacho hay. ikhtatam parr hafton takk ghaib how jaataa hay. maan sawaal nahein karti... deane kay barakas nikk eek haqeeqi badmuash hay. keeday logon kii raaz daari aur gharoon mein daakhil how jaatay haine. tubb say iss kii aqal parr rehta hay. iss lamhay kaa intezar karnaa kahh wah hamlah karay vovo nqd nikalein aur ghaib how jayein...aam toor parr apnay mutasireen kaa intekhaab kartay haine juu kasee naha kasee wajah say iss kii atlaa deenay say dartay haine...nikk heroin kaa aadi hay. chonkah nikk kaa maqsad sarf eek neem baqayedah kirdaar bunna thaa iss liye joliya samath inn kii casting mein shaamil nahein thein aur adakaar jaan aalt meen kuu hidayat kaaron nay muntakhib kiyaa thaa. tahim iss nay darkhwast kii kahh asay nikaal diyaa jaaye jabb iss nay nikk kuu buland holway (tomm waat) kay saath humm jans parsat taluqat kaa kirdaar adaa karnay say ankaar kirr diyaa keunkah iss nay socha kahh yaha kirdaar say baahir hay. tarqi aur kahaani kii lakirein. nikk kuu "estanders" kay execto producer dedrik center nay "show kaa premier walan" qaraar diyaa hay. eek "estanders nay inkshaf kiyaa" dastawezi film jiss mein show mein kirdaar kay waqat kii daastaan biyaan kii gayee hay asay jhutaa choor aur qaatil samjha gayaa juu "apnay qareebi logon kay dard aur maseebat parr phulta phulta rehaa". shareek adakaar chaarli clements (breadly braning) nay kahaa hay: "aap saabin kay bray logon kay baaray mein soochtay haine nikk kaatan yaqeeni toor parr inn mein say behtareen kay saath hay" jabkah lesli grantham (deane waat) nay raaye dee hay kahh "nikk kaatan kay baaray mein koyee chhadanay kii khususiyat nahein hay. iss tashkhis kuu seerez story producer domaink trade weel colanz nay shayer kiyaa hay jinhon nay wazahat kii hay: "eek aaot aind aaot walan kaa honaa achhaa hay. majhay lagtaa hay kahh kabhi kabhi aap kuu eek kirdaar mill saktaa hay aur aap kahah saktay haine kahh awah inn kaa bhee eek achhaa pehlu honaa chahiye aur shayed hamein inhein thoda saa chhadana chahiye.'nikk kay saath iss say koyee farq nahein padta. aap teez raftaar aadmi kay paaon parr paaon ddaal kirr makmal toor parr chull saktay haine."jaan aalt meen nay iss haqeeqat parr tabadlah khayaal kiyaa hay kahh wah apnay kirdaar kuu kabhi bhee yaad nahein rakh saktay kahh wah achhaa thaa nikk kii bay zabitgi kaa alzaam apnay bachpan mein apnay waalid kii ghair maujudgi parr lagatay hoay. center nay nikk kay apnee maan ddaat kaatan (joone brown) kay saath shayer kiye gayey "hairat angez toor parr ghair faal maan betay kay taluqat" aur nikk kuu eek aur moqaa deenay kii iss kii mustaqil aamadgi parr tabadlah khayaal kiyaa hay iss kii ghalat kaam kii tareekh say qataa nazar. center nay wazahat kii: "aisi cheez hay jehaan aap ameed karnay kii hamat kartay haine kahh koyee badal gayaa hay juu waaqee almanaak hay. inhon nay aap kuu sue baar mayus kiyaa hay aur phir bhee aap kuu ameed hay kahh wah pehli baar sue baar badal chakay hoan gay."grantham nay kahaa hay kahh ddaat" "[nikk kii] zindagi mein eek dost hay"yee "jabkah trade weel colance nay tasdiq kii hay:" "ddaat hamishah asay maaf karnay waala hay. aur yahee nikk aind ddaat kii khubsurati hay."iss jazbaat say ittefaq kartay huay altman nay ittefaq kiyaa:" iss say koyee farq nahein padta kahh wah kiyaa karay wah asay maaf kirr day gee. poori tareekh mein behat say gangsters kii maaon nay bhee aisa hyee kiyaa. shayed ill keepon kii maan nay socha kahh wah eek piyaray ladkay thay aap jaantay haine." estanders" kii pehli qast kaa aaghaz buzurg rehaishi reeg kaaks (jaanee cleaton) kay apnay fleet mein bay hosh honay kii driyafat kay saath hawaa. reeg baad mein marr jaataa hay aur baad kii aqsaat mein yaha inkshaf hotaa hay kahh asay nikk nay qatal kiyaa thaa. holland aur samath iss seerez kuu dramayi andaaz mein mutaarif karaana chahtay thay aur inn kaa khayaal thaa kahh reeg kaaks kii kahaani eek achhaa naqtah aaghaz hay jiss say community kay mukhtalif afraad bodhay aadmi kay qatal kay halaat mein malus how saktay haine yaa tabsarah kirr saktay haine. center nay wazahat kii hay kahh nikk kuu "sharoo say hyee thoknay waalay ghonpnay waalay janwar" kay toor parr qayem kiyaa gayaa thaa pehli qast kay ikhtatam parr nikk kuu "estanders" kaa pehla drum roll deetay hoay dekha gayaa jabb iss nay alee asmaan (najdit saalih) kay saath ladayi kay baad malkah victoriah pub kay sheeshe kay darwazay kii khidki say makay maaray. police kii taftish kay chand hafton kay baad markazi mushtabah nikk aithal sikner (greachan franklin) kuu ghonpnay kii koshish kay baad chook say nikal gayaa aur apreel mein yaha atlaa milly kahh asay giraftar kirr liyaa gayaa hay. jolayi mein nikk kii maan ddaat kaa cast say taaruf honay kay baad iss nay saamayin kuu bataya kahh nikk jaanch parr utarnay mein kamiyab how gayaa hay aur aglay mahinay wah albert squire waps aagiya. wapsi parr iss nay herold leeg (leonard fenton) kii sarjari karwayi aur kithi bail (galian telforth) kay tabee record dekhay jiss say patah chalaa kahh iss kaa 14 saal kii amar mein eek bachah hay. nikk kithi kay shohar peetay (petter deane) kuu yaha batanay kii dhamki deeta hay jabb takk kahh wah asay baqayedah adayegi naha day. kithi jald hyee peeti kuu sach bataa deeti hay jiss kay natijay mein wah sadak kay beach mein nikk kuu maarta hay. iss kay baad deane nikk kuu khabardar kartaa hay kahh wah achhayi kay liye chook chhod dayy sawaye kabhi kabhaar wizting ddaat kay warnah asay mahlak nataij kaa saamna karnaa paray gaa. nikk aglay chand saalon mein mukhtasir toor parr zahir hotaa hay aur balaakhir aktobar 1987 mein apnay waalid chaarli (christopher hancok) say milta hay jabb wah donon ittefaq say wizt ddaat karnay aatay haine. nikk aur chaarli eek dosray kuu waazah kartay haine kahh wah eek dosray kay aas paas nahein chahtay. chaarli kuu patah chalta hay kahh nikk kachh mujrimon say chhap rehaa hay jabb iss nay inn say choori kii aur yaha bhee patah chalta hay kahh nikk graham clark say chhapa hawaa hay juu nikk kay jaraim kay liye jail jaanay waalay nikk kay paraaney dost haine. chaarli graham kuu nikk kaa saamna karnay kay liye gahar mein daakhil honay deeti hay aur asay jaanay parr majbur karti hay warnah wah asay inn mujrimon kay hawalay kirr day gaa jinn say wah chhapa hawaa hay. 1988 mein nikk kuu dickins pahaadi jail mein manshiyaat kay jaraim kay liye jail kaa waqat milta hay jehaan ittefaq say aatish zadgi kay alzaam mein deane rakhaa jaa rehaa hay. asee arsey kay doraan reeg kay qatal kaa raaz balaakhir iss waqat hall how jaataa hay jabb nikk nay aiteraf kiyaa kahh wah zamah daar thaa. 1989 mein ddaat kuu nikk kay aaf screen dooron kay zariye patah chalta hay kahh iss nay heasel (warjaniya fewal) naami aurat say shaadi kii hay aur iss kii eek chhoti betty hay. nikk nay apnay aur ddaat kay kashidah taluqat kii wajah say asay pehley say batanay say greez kiyaa thaa. heasel nay mayee 1989 mein ddaat ddaun kaa saraag lagaya aur bachay dorothi nakola kay saath iss say mulaqat kii. ddaat atnaa khush thaa kahh wah muu qasaab (aidna dory) aur maarj grain (pait combus) kay saath brauni maarch mein sharkat say dastbardar how gayee. baad mein yaha jhoot honay kaa inkshaf hawaa aur bachah heasel kii bhatiji saabat hawaa. agarcha nikk sarf eek neem baqayedah kirdaar thaa leakin iss kii waqfe waqfe say maujudgi hamishah show parr badaa asar daalnay kay saath saath iss kii kahaani mein shaamil tamaam kirdaron kay liye bhee likhee jaati thee. wah show kay pehley chand saalon kay doraan kayee baar dobarah namodar hoay aur chalay gayey jiss say harr baar sabb say ziyadah tabahi hoyee aur tabloids nay kirdaar kuu "gandaa nikk" braand karnaa sharoo karnay mein ziyadah deer nahein hoyee thee. aalt meen nay tabsarah kiyaa hay: "majhay lagtaa hay kahh wah nikk kuu waps laatay rehtay haine keunkah wah bartanvi tye wee parr inn kirdaron mein say eek hay jinn say loag sarf nafrat karnaa pasand kartay haine. awaam kii taraf say kirdaar say iss naapsand kuu walford kay afsanvi rehaishiyon nay shayer kiyaa aalt meen nay wazahat kartay hoay kahaa: "harr baar jabb wah waps aataa hay tuu wah sabb say door how jaataa hay. yaha iss tarah hay jeesay braa charwaha shehar mein sawari kay liye aataa hay-harr koyee shutter neechey rakhta hay aur baar kuu bund kirr deeta hay." kirdaar kii zahiri shakal kuu iss naqabil pasand "gandee" tasveer kay mutabiq banaya gayaa thaa jiss mein "aist anders" seerez kay masheer saaiman aish ddaun nay tabsarah kiyaa thaa vovo "jabb wah aataa hay tuu aap jaantay haine kahh yaha aadmi braa hay. iss kay paas kaalay baal aur school aur chamday kii jacket hay. wah aisa hyee hay wah eek dickinseen beady hay."frenki fitzjirald jinhon nay 2000 say 2001 takk nikk kay betay aishli kaatan kaa kirdaar adaa kiyaa nay ittefaq kiyaa:" "gandaa nikk kii shakal aap jaantay haine wah eek braa aadmi thaa. yahaan takk kahh jabb wah sout pehan leeta hay tubb bhee iss kay paas baaliyan haine iss kay paas abb bhee angothiyan haine iss kii girdan parr teto hay." iss seerez mein nikk kii sabb say qaabil zakar wapsi 1990 mein hoyee. nikk iss daway kay saath apnee maan kii zindagi mein waps aayaa kahh wah dobarah paida honay waala eisayi hay juu bango parr iss kii 10,000 pound kii jeeth kay saath mawafiq hawaa. "estanders" kii masnafah saarah felps nay wazahat kii: "ddaat kay liyay yaha khayaal kahh yasua nay aakhir kaar nikk say baath kii thee yaha sabb iss kay karsams eek hyee waqat mein aaney waalay thay! nikk kuu yaha malum thaa. yaha eek tarah say waazah thaa kahh nikk kahah rehaa how saktaa hay kahh 'yasua miray saath chalta hay' aur phir sarf baahir jaa kirr kasee kuu laat maar dain yaa inn kaa batway nikalein."eek jaali pajaari kii madad say nikk apnee maan kuu apnay nayey aqeede parr qayel karnay mein kamiyab how gayaa aur phir iss kay khaaney kii aadaat parr qaabu paaney aur asay zahar deenay kay liye eek sast muham sharoo kii taakah iss kay paisay kaa daawi kiyaa jaa sakay. wah qast jiss nay kahaani kaa ikhtatam kiyaa jasay pee nay likhaa thaa.jay. hammond makmal toor parr ddaat kay gahar mein tartib diyaa gayaa thaa aur iss mein jaali paadri nick ddaat chaarli aithal aur elsteer parr mushtamil eek ghair mamuli chhoti cast thee. aakhri lamhay jasay aalt meen nay "eek baar jabb humm nay nikk kay achhay pehlu kii jhalak dekhi" kahaa hay nikk apnay mansubay say peeche hutt gayaa aur iss zahrile khaaney kuu khaaney say rook diyaa jiss say iss nay asay maarnay kaa aradah kiyaa thaa. eek baar pahar ddaat akeela rahh gayaa iss kay apnay betay nay iss kay saath kiyaa karnay kay liye tayaar kiyaa thaa iss parr tutaa hawaa dall thaa. nikk ziyadah deer takk walford say door nahein thaa. 1991 mein wah heroin kii lath kay saath waps aayaa leakin ddaat nay ibtadayi toor parr iss say greez kiyaa aur madad kay liye iss kii darkhwaston kuu nazar andaaz kirr diyaa. chaarli kii moth kaa patah chalnay kay baad hyee nikk iss kaa waahid khaandaan bachaa aur iss kii aslaah kay liye parazam thaa. kahaani parr baath kartay hoay aalt meen nay kahaa: "majhay heroin kii lath waaqee kaafi thakawat kaa baais lagee keunkah meeri daadhi waaqee motee thee aur miray baal hamishah waaqee gandaa rehtay thay. jabb mein inn munazir kii shoting kirr rehaa thaa tuu meeri mulaqat eek aisey ladkay say hoyee juu eek nashay kaa aadi thaa aur iss nay majhay aisi cheezein batayein jinn say aap guzartay haine jeesay kahh jabb aap iss say nikalnay kii koshish kirr rahay hoan tuu aap aaraam nahein kirr saktay. aap sue nahein saktay iss liye aap dard kuu khatam karnay kii koshish karnay kay liye behat ziyadah sharaab peetay haine. ghadi bamashkal harkat karti dikhayi deeti hay. eek adakaar kay toor parr miray liyay inhon nay waaqee majhay iss parr jehaan takk mein kirr saktaa thaa jaanay diyaa. hamaray paas logon kay khatut bhee thay jinn mein kahaa gayaa thaa kahh kiss tarah iss nay inhein zindagi bhar kay liye heroin say door rakhaa hay iss liye majhay lagtaa hay kahh humm nay achhaa kaam kiyaa."jeesay hyee plaat saamney aayaa ddaat nay nikk kuu apnay kamray mein bund kirr kay aur peetay bail kii madad say asay thanday tarki jaanay parr majbur kirr kay iss kii lath kuu kumm karnay kii koshish kii. iss arsey kay doraan malkah victoriah kay zamindar aidy rawail kuu qatal kirr diyaa gayaa. yaha qatal 1991 kay mosam khazaan kay doraan show kii kaleedi kahaani thee. wah qast jiss mein aidy kaa qatal hawaa thaa tony mikeel nay likhee thee. yaha eek cliff hanger kay saath khatam hawaa jiss mein baghat mein clyde sharaab khaanah aidy kay jasm parr khadaa thaa aur eek chaqo pakda hawaa thaa jasay nikk nay apnay beedd room kii khidki say dekha thaa. nikk police kuu batata hay kahh iss nay kiyaa dekhaa jiss kii wajah say masheel fowler kii madad say clyde bhaag rehaa hay. juu walis balaakhir aagay aayaa yaha kehtay hoay kahh iss nay aidy kay qatal kii raat chook parr nikk aaot dekhaa apnay kamray say faraar how kirr eek drain pipe say neechey chadh gayaa. nikk nay ddaat karnay kaa aiteraf kiyaa kahh wah zamah daar thaa leakin asraar kartaa hay kahh yaha eek haadsah thaa. nikk kuu baad mein giraftar kirr liyaa jaataa hay aur iss parr aidy kay qatal kaa alzaam lagaya jaataa hay aur iss parr januri 1993 mein moqhadhima chalaya jaataa hay. eek haftay kii aqsaat moqhadhime kay liye waqaf kii gayee thein aur yaha sabb tony jorden nay likhay thay. nikk kay moqhadhime kii kahaani paish karnay kay liyay prograam bananay waalon kuu khood shawahid kaa jaizah leena padaa aur aidy kii moth takk kii aqsaat kuu dekhna padaa. aakhir mein agarcha yaha waazah thaa kahh nikk aidy kuu chharaa ghonpnay kaa zamah daar thaa leakin yaha waazah nahein thaa kahh yaha qatal thaa aur jewari nay qasoorwaar naha honay kaa faislah waps kirr diyaa. aalt meen nay khalasah kiyaa: "waaqee achhay dafaa kay zariye aur eek baar phir apnaa sarr neechey rakh kirr wah qatal kay saath faraar how gayaa. nikk kuu ddaat kay saath show say baahir likhaa gayaa thaa jabb joone brown (juu ddaat adaa kartaa hay) nay agast 1993 mein seerez say rakhsat honay kaa faislah kiyaa. inn kii rawangi kii kahaani nay iss kay saathi zoo aur chhotay betay aishlay tuu ddaat kuu mutaarif karaya jasay ibtadayi toor parr yaqeen thaa kahh zoo asay dhokah deenay kii koshish kirr rehaa thaa keunkah asay kayee saal pehley heasel kay saath honay waala waaqiah yaad thaa. eek baar jabb ddaat kuu yaqeen how gayaa kahh nikk sachaa hay tahim wah jald hyee aishlay kay qareeb how gayee aur khaandaan eek saath qabar kii taraf chalaa gayaa. yaha aakhri baar hoga jabb ddaat aur nikk 1997 takk kayee saalon takk screen parr rahein gay jabb joone brown kuu ddaat kay toor parr apnay kirdaar kuu dohranay kay liye raazi kiyaa gayaa. iss kii wapsi parr ddaat nay wazahat kii kahh nikk kuu manshiyaat rakhnay kay alzaam mein eek baar phir aaf screen giraftar kiyaa gayaa thaa aur yaha kahh zoo aur aishli iss kii mujarimanah karwaiyon say thakk kirr door chalay gayey thay. iss kii wapsi kay foraa baad asay police nay atlaa dee kahh nikk apnay sail meat demain spinks kay saath jail say faraar how gayaa hay. demain ddaat kii talaash mein aataa hay asay batata hay kahh nikk nay asay paisay say dhokah diyaa hay. wah asay raat bhar yarghumal banaa kirr rakhta hay aur iss kay paisay milnay kay baad jald hyee chalaa jaataa hay. aglay dunn police nay inkshaf kiyaa kahh demain intehayi nigahdasht mein hay asay wahaan rakhaa gayaa hay. jaan aalt meen nay maarch 1998 mein paanch saal kii ghair maujudgi kay baad nikk kay toor parr apnay kirdaar kuu dohraya. naigal bets kuu deer raat kuu ddaat kay gahar parr jasusi karnay kaa patah chalta hay aur asay door rehney kay liye kahnay kay baad nikk nay naigal kuu khabardar kiyaa kahh wah waps aaa jaaye gaa. nikk chand hafton baad waps aataa hay jabb ddaat kuu patah chalta hay kahh wah iss kay gahar mein chhapa hawaa hay. nikk ddaat kuu batata hay kahh wah iss kii heroin kii lath kii wajah say aidz say marr rehaa hay jiss parr asay pehley tuu yaqeen nahein hay leakin baad mein asay yaqeen aaa jaataa hay. nikk nay inkshaf kiyaa kahh wah apnee dawaa kii adayegi kay liye maslah dakiti kaa mansubah banaa rehaa hay. nikk kuu iss say guzarna nahein chahtay ddaat nikk kay liye paisay kaa intezam karnay kaa faislah kartaa hay. ddaat baad mein maark fowler say milta hay aur poochta hay kahh kiyaa iss nay zeer bahas manshiyaat kay baaray mein sunaa hay jiss kii maark tardid kartaa hay. ddaat phir clair bets kay computer parr manshiyaat kuu dekhta hay aur patah chalta hay kahh manshiyaat mahaz naind kii goliyan haine. yaha ahsaas kartay hoay kahh nikk hamishah say apnee bemari kay baaray mein jhoot boul rehaa hay ddaat iss kaa saamna karnay say pehley police kuu phone kartaa hay asay dobarah giraftar kirr kay jail bhej deeta hay. aktobar 2000 mein "return aaf nikk kaatan" kay anwaan say eek khususi "saabin kaa balbalah" nashar kiyaa gayaa. yaha waaqiah jail say nikk kii rehayi apnay betay kay saath iss kay mufahimat parr markoz thaa aur yahaan takk kahh nikk kay waalid chaarli kuu bhee dikhaya gayaa jiss mein iss kay kirdaar kay qatal honay kay taqriba eek dahayi baad bhoot kay toor parr eek mukhtasir chemio zahoor kiyaa gayaa. iss waaqiah nay nikk kii walford wapsi kii raah hamwaar kii jehaan iss nay maark fowler kay saath eek paraaney jhagday kuu dobarah sharoo kiyaa jabb asay patah chalaa kahh nikk apnay chhotay bhayee maartan fowler kuu khushi kii farahami kirr rehaa hay. nayey saal kay dunn 2001 mein maark nikk kay mashrubaat kuu spike kartaa hay aur asay barj strait mein viadict kay opri hasay mein raghib kartaa hay aur eek nashay mein nikaltay hoay nikalta hay juu khood kuu shadeed toor parr apahij kirr deeta hay. iss kay baad nikk aishlay kuu maark kay gahar kuu aag laganay kaa hakam deeta hay leakin wah iss say nahein guzar saktaa aur nikk kay ankaar karnay kay baad walford chhod deeta hay. iss kay baad nikk faroori 2001 mein aarizi toor parr reedh kii huddy kay yount kay liye rawanah how jaataa hay. teen maah kay door rehney kay baad wah mayee 2001 mein waps aayaa. wah chull saktaa thaa leakin phir bhee asay creach kii zarurat thee. yaha wapsi inn kay pachlay muqabilay mein aur bhee mukhtasir honay waali thee aur iss kay baad show say behat taweel ghair maujudgi thee. maark kay saath jhagda jaari rakhnay kay liye parazam nikk maark kii haamilah garal friend leesa kuu dhamkiyan deena sharoo kirr deeta hay aur jald hyee maark kii motor bike kay break kuu sabutaz karnay kay baad aishli kii moth kaa sabab bantaa hay sarf aishli kay liye asay choori karnay aur giranay kay liye. aishlay kii moth kay baad ddaat nikk aur maark kay darmiyan bahas santaa hay aur asay ahsaas hotaa hay kahh nikk nay maark kii motor cycle kay break say chhed chhaad kii thee. aishlay kii aakhri rasumaat kay baad ddaat nikk kuu iss kii zindagi say nikaal deeta hay aur asay chhodnay aur kabhi waps naha aaney kuu kehta hay keunkah wah asay kabhi maaf nahein kirr sakay gee. tahim center nay wazahat kii: "nikk kay liye ddaat parr waps jaanay kaa hamishah eek raastah hogaa" eek position jiss kii himayat "aist anders" kay masnaf jaims payeen nay kii jiss nay kahaa: "[ddaat] kaa khayaal hay majhay lagtaa hay gahrayi say kahh iss mein tabdili kii salahiyat hay kahh wah eek achhaa ladka how saktaa hay. majhay lagtaa hay kahh wah iss kii khwahish karti rahay gee."salah kii taraf pehla qadm 2006 mein uthaya gayaa jabb jumm braning kuu nikk kaa phone aayaa juu cancer kay saath jail kay hospital mein thaa. jumm aur iss kay potay breadley nay ibtadayi toor parr asay eek raaz say ddaat rakhaa leakin breadley nay apnee garal friend steesi kuu bataya jiss nay asay daheer takk phisalnay diyaa. ddaat nikk say milnay gayaa leakin jabb iss kaa cancer theek how gayaa tuu iss nay ddaat kuu asay dekhnay say ankaar kirr diyaa. 2 aktobar 2008 kuu yaha atlaa dee gayee kahh nikk saat saal say ziyadah door rehney kay baad iss saal karsams kay dunn "estanders" mein waps aayey gaa. execto producer dedrik center nay nikk kii wapsi parr apnay josh woo kharoosh kay baaray mein baath kartay hoay iss kirdaar kuu "aist anders" legend aur "show kay sabb say ziyadah yaad kiye jaanay waalay aur sabb say ziyadah pasand kiye jaanay waalay walan mein say eek" kay toor parr saraha. aalt meen nay kahaa: "saat saal kii ghair maujudgi kay baad mein albert squire mein waps aakar behat khush hoan. bee bee see nay hamishah majhay nikk kaatan kii tarah emdah kahaniyan dee haine aur mein yaha dekhnay kay liye prameed hoan kahh aayaa nikk eek baar phir puray chook mein khoof aur nafrat phailaye gaa!"joone brown nay inkshaf kiyaa kahh wah prodiosaron say chh yaa saat saal say aalt meen kuu saabin mein waps laanay kay liye kahah rahee thein keunkah inn donon kay darmiyan atnay achhay kaam karnay kay taluqat thay. walsaal mein waqat guzarnay kay baad kapaas waps aayaa vovo dobarah mamul kay mutabiq chaltay huay iss kay saath iss kii saat saalah betty ddaati bhee thee. iss nay wazahat kii kahh wah ddatee kii maan sendy gibson say eek squat mein rehtay hoay milaa thaa aur yaha kahh wah eek sharaabi thee juu haal hyee mein marr gayee thee jiss kii wajah say asay ddatee kii tahweel mein chhod diyaa gayaa thaa. altman nay wazahat kii: "nikk kuu kasee cheez kii zarurat thee keunkah majhay lagtaa hay kahh agar iss kay paas iss darwazay say chalnay kay liye chhoti chhoti kachee naha hoti tuu wah asay makmal toor parr bay gahar samajhti." adakaar nay apnee aakhri paishi kay baad say apnay kirdaar mein honay waali deegar tabdiliyon kuu biyaan kiyaa jiss mein tafsil say bataya gayaa kahh wah kiss tarah plumber bunn gayey thay inhon nay ziyadah hoshiyar labaas pehanna sharoo kiyaa apnay baalon kuu waps karnaa bund kirr diyaa aur abb inhon nay baal kii angothi nahein pehni. agarcha sharoo mein shakk thaa leakin ddaat nay inn donon kuu apnay gahar mein qabool kirr liyaa yaha maan kirr kahh iss baar nikk waaqee badal gayaa hay. yaha pooche jaanay parr kahh kiyaa nikk waaqee eek aslaah shadah kirdaar thaa aalt meen mubham rehaa: "nikk waps aagiya hay asay eek pyaari chhoti betty milly hay. wah plumber bunn gayaa hay wah badal gayaa hay. ...yaa wah hay?"jeesay jeesay kahaani aagay badhti gayee nikk kaa asl agenda iss waqat saamney aayaa jabb iss nay apnee maan kuu bleek meel kiyaa kahh wah asay ddaati kii tahweel kay liye paisay day. eek aur plaat moad mein 2009 mein saamayin kay saamney yaha inkshaf hawaa kahh ddaati (asl naam crist) apnay waalid kay saath hamishah milly bhagat kirr rahee thee. kahaani mein ddaati nay apnee life ashwarens palisi kay liye cling ddaat tajweez kiyaa. iss kay baad nikk patay ddaati kuu ddaat parr kaam karnay kii ajazat deetay haine. wah teen maah baad waps aataa hay jiss kay baad wah ddaat aur iss kay doston kuu qayel karnay kaa mansubah sharoo kartay haine kahh wah dementia kaa shikaar hay nikk kaa maqsad ddaat kuu maarna aur iss kii bigadti hoyee zahni haalat parr iss kii moth kaa alzaam lagaana hay. chook mein nikk kay mukhtasir qayaam kay doraan iss nay bully macheel kuu yaha batatay hoay sunaa kahh iss nay jees dier kuu kisay marnay diyaa aur baqayedah adayegiyon kaa mutalibah karkay bully kuu bleek meel kiyaa yaa wah jees kay betay jay kuu batata kahh bully nay kiyaa kiyaa. jabb bully kay kazan fill kuu iss kay baaray mein patah chalaa tuu wah nikk kuu malkah wak kay biral store mein lay gayaa jehaan wah asay maarta hay aur asay karsi say baandh deeta hay. fill nay bully kuu nikk aaf kuu daranay aur asay khatam karnay kaa moqaa diyaa tahim bully nay asay jaanay diyaa aur khood jay kuu sach bataya. apnee pyaari maan kuu qatal karnay kay liye apnee hyee betty kay saath sazish joone 2009 mein screen parr arooj parr pahunchti hay: ddaati kay dall badalnay kay baad nikk kaa mansubah alt jaataa hay aur balaakhir nikk kuu manshiyaat deenay kay bajaye apnee daadi kuu zahar aalud honay say bachata hay. iss say waaqiaat kaa eek silsilah sharoo hotaa hay jiss mein nick apnay mansubay kay bay nqab honay kay baad faraar honay kii koshish mein community kay mukhtalif afraad kuu kaifay mein yarghumal banaa leeta hay aur haidar trot kay chap peen mein nikk kuu dhakelne kay baad hadsati toor parr aag lugg jaati hay. yarghumaliyon mein say eek nikk aur riyaan meluay kay darmiyan ladayi kii wajah say yarghumaliyan faraar honay mein kamiyab how jaatay haine. iss kay natijay mein kaifay mein eek dhamakah hawaa jiss kay andar nikk aur breadly kii chhaal thee. kahaani nay aalt meen kii eek baar phir show say rawangi kuu nashaan zad kiyaa. iss kii rawangi kii qast kuu eek cliff hanger kay toor parr likhaa gayaa thaa keunkah yaha inkshaf nahein hawaa thaa kahh aayaa nikk qast kay ikhtatam parr dhamakay say bach gayaa thaa. tahim agli qast mein 4 joone 2009 cow nikk kuu dhamakay say bachtay hoay dikhaya gayaa hay aur breadly kuu aankh parr chooton kay saath hospital mein daakhil karaya gayaa hay. nikk eek baar phir ddaat kay zariah mustarid honay kay baad rawanah hotaa hay. nikk kii taraf say apnee maan kuu batanay kay bawajood kahh batwa braa hay batwa ddaat kii deekh bhaal mein rahh jaataa hay. januri 2014 mein ddaat kay laajar popi medo kuu nikk kii taraf say eek phone kaal mosul hoti hay juu ddaat say baath karnaa chahta hay. sharoon rakmeen kii taraf say nikk kuu bury khabar bataye jaanay kay baad wah asay iss say baath karnay say ankaar kirr deeti hay. duu maah baad ddaat kuu police nay bataya kahh nikk guzashta haftay heroin kii ziyadah maqdar kii wajah say saans kii nakami say marr gayaa hay. inn police afsaran mein say eek juu yaha khabar batata hay wah nikk kaa betaa chaarli kaatan hay. chaarli bataati haine kahh wah 1980 kii dahayi mein apnee maan yuwan kay saath nikk kii eek mukhtasir shaadi say haamilah hawaa thaa. janazay kay doraan chaarli aur inder tekar lees kokar ddaat kuu tabut mein dekhnay say roktay haine. ddaat mashkok hotaa hay aur yuwan kuu sach bolnay kii daawat deeta hay aur wah ddaat kuu yaqeen dilaati hay kahh chaarli iss kii potee hay. chand hafton baad kirol jackson chaarli say mashurah maangti hay jabb wah apnaa phone iss kay gahar parr chhodta hay tuu wah eek kaal kaa jawaab deeti hay aur patah chalta hay kahh nikk abb bhee zindah hay. iss kay baad yaha inkshaf hotaa hay kahh chaarli eek police afsar kaa ruup badal rahee hay aur darasil eek nigahdasht gahar mein nigahdasht kaar hay jehaan yuwan kaam karti hay. chaarli yaha jaannay kay liye kaam karti hay kahh iss kii kaar kii khidkiyan toot gayee haine nikk kay paigham kay saath iss baath kii tasdiq kartay hoay kahh iss nay yaha kiyaa hay. aktobar 2014 mein nikk apnee jaali moth kay saat maah baad albert squire mein dobarah zahir hotaa hay. execto producer domaink trade weel colanz nay hatmi nagwar nikk kahaani paish karnay kaa waadah kiyaa aur yaha tamaam nikk kahaniyon kuu khatam karnay kay liye nikk kahaani hogi. chaarli aur iss kii mangitar runy macheel ddaat kay gahar mein nikk kuu dhond kirr khufzadah haine. dunn kay aakhir takk inhein 10,000 pound mein bleek meel karein warnah wah batanay kay liye zahir karay gaa kahh wah zindah hay. chaarli nay fill say qarz maanga wah raazi how jaataa hay leakin chaarli say nawaqif how kirr wah asay kaghiz say bharaa eek beeg deeta hay aur jabb chaarli asay nikk kuu deeta hay tuu asay patah chalta hay kahh paisay nahein haine. helovin kii raat cow chaarli ddaat kuu batata hay kahh nikk zindah hay wah asay talaash karnay jaataa hay leakin jabb wah chalaa jaataa hay ddaat asay apnay gahar mein dhond leeta hay. nikk nay inkshaf kiyaa kahh wah eek zewaraat farosh kay gahar mein dakiti mein malus thaa aur chaarli nay asay apnee moth jaali bananay parr raazi kiyaa. ddaat nikk chhapanay parr raazi how jaataa hay jabb takk kahh wah iss kay jaanay kay liye kaafi raqam aktha naha kirr lain. iss doraan ddaat kuu eek baar phir nikk nay joad toad kiyaa aur wah khush honay lagaa kahh wah wahaan hay yaha yaqeen kartay hoay kahh wah aakhir kaar iss kay saath maan betay kaa rishtah qayem kirr sakti hay. ddaat kay gahar mein phans kirr tung aaa kirr nikk baahir jaanay kaa faislah kartaa hay leakin ayaan bail asay dekhta hay juu fill aur sharoon kuu batata hay kahh nikk zindah hay. fail nikk parr hamlah karnay kay liye ddaat kay gahar jaataa hay leakin runy asay rook deeta hay. runy fill kay 100,000 pound kay paisay charaa kirr nikk kuu rashwat deenay kii koshish kartaa hay leakin wah chaarli aur runy kii shaadi kay liye waps aataa hay. runy aur fill kuu iss say hamishah kay liye chhatkara paaney kay liye asay maarnay kay baaray mein baath kartay hoay sunn kirr nikk runy kii kaar kay break kaatnay kaa faislah kartaa hay. shaadi kay isteqbaliya mein zachgi honay kay baad ronee chaarli aur iss kii behan raaksi eek kaar haadise mein malus how jaatay haine jiss mein baad mein amaa samarheez halaak how jaati hay jabkah runy komaa mein rahh jaati hay. yuwan kuu patah chalta hay kahh nikk nay kaar kay break cott diye leakin wah apnay coat kii jeeb mein teel kaa chabutarah lagaa kirr asay fail kuu freem karnay parr raazi kartaa hay. yuwan chaarli kuu batata hay kahh nikk nay kiyaa kiyaa hay leakin wah iss waqat takk iss parr yaqeen nahein kartaa jabb takk kahh wah iss kay saath kachh raqam kay saath nikk kuu nahein pakad leeta juu runy asay rashwat deenay kay liye istemaal kartaa thaa. phir nikk yuwan kuu runy kay haadise mein phansata hay lehza chaarli inn donon kuu jaanay kuu kehti hay. ddaat neek kuu aglay gahar mein chhapata hay aur nikk kay liye heroin haasil kartaa hay. ddaat kaa laajar fait bawaae patah lagaata hay aur asay raknay kii taakid kartaa hay lehza jabb wah nikk kuu dekhti hay tuu wah iss say runy kii khaatir fill kuu phansanay kay baaray mein police kay saamney aiteraf karnay kii taakid karti hay leakin wah kehta hay kahh asay runy kii parwah nahein hay asay yaha kehtay hoay kahh asay ameed hay kahh wah sarh jaaye gee. baad mein ddaat nikk kuu bay hosh paa leeta hay leakin wah mukhtasir toor parr hosh how jaataa hay. apnay aakhri lamhaat kay doraan nikk nay ddaat kuu inkshaf kiyaa kahh wah 1985 mein reeg kaaks kii moth kaa zamah daar thaa. nikk ddaat kii baanhon mein marr jaataa hay asee jagah parr jehaan reeg kuu tees saal pehley driyafat kiyaa gayaa thaa. ddaat chaarli kuu nikk kuu marnay deenay kaa aiteraf kartaa hay juu ddaat kuu jail jaanay say bachanay kay liye lees kokar kii madad say nikk kay jasm say chhatkara paaney kaa aradah rakhta hay. show kii teeswein salgrah kay moqaa parr 19 faroori 2015 kuu nashar honay waali laiyo qast mein show kii pehli qast kaa pehla manzar dobarah takhliq kiyaa gayaa thaa. steesi maartan aur kash kazimi nikk kii laash kuu asee tarah dhondtay haine jiss tarah deane waat aarthar fowler aur alee asmaan kuu tees saal pehley reeg kaaks milaa thaa. ddaat nikk kuu qatal karnay kaa aiteraf kartaa hay aur police asay lay jaati hay. aglay dunn iss kii laash kuu gahar say nikaal diyaa jaataa hay. teen maah baad ddaat kuu nikk kii qatal aam kay jarm mein 14 maah qaid kii sazaa milti hay leakin baad mein asay chaar maah baad rehaa kirr diyaa jaataa hay. nikk kii aakhri rasumaat joone 2015 mein hoti haine jiss mein sarf chaarli raaksi aur iss kay potay methio mojud hotay haine. 2021 mein nikk kii moth kay taqriba aath saal baad yaha inkshaf hawaa kahh ddaati (milly zeero) iss kii betty nahein hay aur iss kay waalid nikk kay sautelay bhayee tomm kaatan (brine konli) haine. tahim 2022 mein yaha inkshaf hotaa hay kahh yaha jhoot hay aur yaha kahh nikk waaqee ddaati kaa baap hay. aalt meen nay inkshaf kiyaa kahh prodiosaron kuu kahaa gayaa thaa kahh wah apnay kirdaar kuu humm jans parsat bananay kay faislay kii mukhalifat karnay kay baad asay show say 'likh dain'. isteqbaliya. nikk kaatan "aist anders" kay sabb say mashhur walan mein say eek bunn gayaa hay. inn kii 'badkari' kuu 2004 mein paanch intekhabat mein 25 waan 'sabb say badaa saabin lamhah' qaraar diyaa gayaa thaa aur inhein chinal 4 kay sarway mein chotha sabb say ziyadah walan kirdaar bhee muntakhib kiyaa gayaa hay. "dee guardine" kaalim nigaar chaarli broker nay nikk kii walan kirdaar kii tardid kii hay tahim likhtay hoay: "wah aadmi mahaz khatarnaak nahein hay vovo wah argos catalog kii tarah aadha khufnaak hay. jabb kahh ["tajposhi kii glee" kay walan] jaiz koegle kuu aisa lugg rehaa thaa jeesay wah giray hoay kay khoon mein nahanay kay liye gahar kuu teez raftari say dodnay say pehley haal hyee mein phainkay gayey mutasireen say bharay kheet mein oonks kay ghoday parr sawaar how kirr lataf andoz how rehaa how nikk kaatan mahaz aisa lagtaa hay jeesay wah eek dhakaa parr eek spir market cheek aaot ladki kay saath custard kay dended tunn kii qeemat parr bahas kirr saktaa hay jabb aap iss kay peeche intezar kirr rahay hoan yaha soch kirr kahh iss nay aakhri baar apnay baal kabb dhoye thay."" "times" "kii feuna mccade nay iss kirdaar parr tanz kiyaa jabb aalt meen bachon kay tye wee show" "balamori" "mein namodar huay waldeen kuu mashurah deetay hoay:" "apnay bachon kii aankhon kuu dahaanpane kay liye tayaar rahein jabb saabin kaa braa ladka rangeen afsanvi jinat mein qadm rakhta hay iss mein koyee shakk nahein kahh miss holee kuu ghonp rehaa hay computer bair kuu preshan kirr rehaa hay aur josi koad rehaa hay. majhay aarchi motay khush mazaaj posh ladkay kii hifazat kaa bhee khoof hay juu gulaabi rung kaa guldasta pehanta hay aur eek baday gulaabi qalye mein akeela rehta hay. shehar mein nikk kay saath asay koyee moqaa nahein milta." jaan aalt meen kuu "british saabin ewards 2015" mein 'walan aaf dee aiyar' kay liye namzad kiyaa gayaa thaa leakin wah haali oaks staar gerimi sheefeld say haar gayey.

fffe5948e069f2d6acef35f9febc9e885125a53eb40380241829a4d2c6cc7dad

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=156834

Hulshout

Hulshout Hulshout () is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Antwerp. The municipality comprises the towns of Houtvenne, Hulshout proper and Westmeerbeek. In 2021, Hulshout had a total population of 10,553. The total area is 17.35 km2. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

hallshout hoolshout () belgiumer antwerp prodeshe abosthito ekti pourosobha. pourosobha holl shaharguli niye gothito, jaa holshout ebong. 2021 saale, halshouter moat jonosongkha chhilo 10,553 john. moat elaka holl 17.35 borgo kilometres.

hullsout hulshaut () aee belgian praant entwerpma stheet aek nagarpalika chhe. nagarpalikama shahero, yogya aneey yogya shaherono samaavesh thaay chhe. chhe, hoolshoutnee coole vastee 10,553 hatee. coole vistaar 17.35 km2 chhe.

hullsout hulshout () belgium key entwerp praant mein sthit ack nagar palika haye. nagarpalika mein shahar shamil hain, joe uchit aur upayukt hain. 2021 mein, hulshout kii kull aabaadi 10,553 thee. kull kshetra 17.35 varg kimmy haye.

hulshout hulshout () belgian praantyada aantverpnalliruva ondu purasabheyagide. purasabheyu pattanagalannu olagondide, sariyaada mattu. 2021ralli, hulshout ottu 10,553 janasankhyeyannu hondittu. ottu vistirnavu 17.35 km2 aagide.

hulshout beljian pravisyayaaya aant verppil sthithicheyyunna oru munisippaalittiyaan hulshout (). munisippalittiyil, sariyaaya pattanangalum ulppedunnu. 2021ll halshouttile motham janasamkhya 10,553 aayirunnu. motham vistheernnam 17.35 chathurashra kilometres.

hullsout hulshout () hii belgiumchya antwerp prantatil eka nagarpalika aahe. nagarpalikemadhye, yogya aanee yogya asha shaharancha samavesh hoto. 2021 madhye, hulshoutchi ekoon loksankhya 10,553 hotee. ekoon kshetra 17.35 chauras kiimii aahe.

halsout hoolsout () belgiumko antworp prantama awasthit nagarpalika how. nagarpalikale saharharu samawesh gardacha, hoolsout uchit rar. sann 2021 maa, halasautako kull janasankhya 10,553 thiyo. kull kshetrafal 17.35 warga kilometer chha.

holshout holshout (<unk>) heuchhi belgian pradesh antworp ray abasthita eka pourapalika . pourapalika saharagudiku nei gathita, jathah holshout ebong. 2021 masihare, halshoutra mote janasankhya 10,553 thila. mote khetraphala heuchhi 17.35 berg kii. mea..

halshaut halshaut () belgian prant antiverp witch sathit ikk nagarpalika haii. municipality witch shehar shamal hunn, sahee atey sahee hunn. saal 2021 witch, halshaut dee kull aabadi 10,553 see. kull khetarfal 17.35 km2 haii.

halsaut halshout () iti belgian-deshasya ent-verp-pradeshe sthitah nagarapalika asti. nagarapalikayam, samuchitam tathaa samuchitam nagaram cha antarbhavati. 2021 tame varshe halshout-nagarasya kula-janasankhyaa 10,553 aasit. asya kula-kshetrafalam 17.35 vargakilomeetar asti.

hullshoud hulshoud () enbathu beljiya maagaanamaana antwerple amainthulla oru nagaraatchi aagum. nagaraatchi, sariyaana mattrum nagarangalai ulladakkiyathu. 2021 aam aandil, hulshowtin moththa makkal thogai 10,553 aagum. moththa parappalavu 17.35 km2 aagum.

halshawat halshot (angrezi: Hulshat) eek baldiyah hay juu belgium kay subah antwerp mein waaqa hay. baldiyah saheeh aur munasib qasbon parr mushtamil hay. 2021 mein halshawat kii kill aabadi 10,553 thee. kill raqbah 17.35 marbaa chlometer hay.

fffe5a8588e02d39cb38058ed1a767fc06d06292f0da1e88ca7dfdd8e8981a59

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=156209

Strong Poison

Strong Poison 1930 mystery novel by Dorothy L. Sayers Strong Poison is a 1930 mystery novel by Dorothy L. Sayers, her fifth featuring Lord Peter Wimsey and the first in which Harriet Vane appears. Plot. The novel opens with mystery author Harriet Vane on trial for the murder of her former lover, Phillip Boyes: a writer with strong views on atheism, anarchy, and free love. Publicly professing to disapprove of marriage, he had persuaded a reluctant Harriet to live with him, only to renounce his principles a year later and to propose. Harriet, outraged at being deceived, had broken off the relationship. Following the separation, the former couple had met occasionally, and the evidence at trial pointed to Boyes suffering from repeated bouts of gastric illness at around the time that Harriet was buying poisons under assumed names, to demonstrate – so she said – a plot point of her novel then in progress. Returning from a holiday in North Wales in better health, Boyes had dined with his cousin, the solicitor Norman Urquhart, before going to Harriet's flat to discuss reconciliation, where he had accepted a cup of coffee. That night he was taken fatally ill, apparently with gastritis. Foul play was eventually suspected, and a post-mortem revealed that Boyes had died from acute arsenic poisoning. Apart from Harriet's coffee and the evening meal with his cousin (in which every item had been shared by two or more people), the victim appeared to have taken nothing else that evening. The trial results in a hung jury. As a unanimous verdict is required, the judge orders a re-trial. Lord Peter Wimsey visits Harriet in prison, declares his conviction of her innocence and promises to catch the real murderer. Wimsey also announces that he wishes to marry her, a suggestion that Harriet politely but firmly declines. Working against time before the new trial, Wimsey first explores the possibility that Boyes killed himself. Wimsey's friend, Detective Inspector Charles Parker, disproves that theory. The rich great-aunt of the cousins Urquhart and Boyes, Rosanna Wrayburn, is old and senile, and according to Urquhart (who is acting as her family solicitor) when she dies most of her fortune will pass to him, with very little going to Boyes. Wimsey suspects that to be a lie, and sends his enquiry agent Miss Climpson to get hold of Rosanna's original will, which she does in a comic scene exposing the practices of fraudulent mediums. The will in fact names Boyes as principal beneficiary. Wimsey plants a spy, Miss Joan Murchison, in Urquhart's office where she finds a hidden packet of arsenic. She also discovers that Urquhart had abused his position as Rosanna's solicitor, embezzled her investments, then lost the money on the stock market. Urquhart recognised that he would face inevitable exposure should Rosanna die and Boyes claim his inheritance. However, Boyes was unaware of the will's contents and Urquhart reasoned that if Boyes were to die first, nobody could challenge him as sole remaining beneficiary, and his fraud would not be revealed. After perusing A.E. Housman's "A Shropshire Lad" (in which the poet likens the reading of serious poetry to King Mithridates' self-immunization against poisons) Wimsey suddenly understands what had happened: Urquhart had administered the arsenic in an omelette which Boyes himself had cooked. Although Boyes and Urquhart had shared the dish, the latter had been unaffected as he had carefully built up his own immunity beforehand by taking small doses of the poison over a long period. Wimsey tricks Urquhart into an admission before witnesses. At Harriet's retrial, the prosecution presents no case and she is freed. Exhausted by her ordeal, she again rejects Wimsey's proposal of marriage. Wimsey persuades Parker to propose to his sister, Lady Mary, whom he has long admired. The Hon. Freddy Arbuthnot, Wimsey's friend and stock market contact, finds a long-delayed domestic bliss with Rachel Levy, the daughter of the murder victim in "Whose Body?" Title. The novel's title appears in some variants of the Anglo-Scottish border ballad "Lord Rendal" whose title character was poisoned by his lover: <poem> "What did you have for your breakfast, my own pretty boy? What did you have for your breakfast, my comfort and joy?" "A cup of strong poison; mother, make my bed soon, There's a pain in my heart, and I mean to lie down." </poem> Literary significance and criticism. In their review of crime novels (1989 edition), the US writers Barzun and Taylor called the novel "highest among the masterpieces. It has the strongest possible element of suspense – curiosity "and" the feeling one shares with Wimsey for Harriet Vane. The clues, the enigma, the free-love question, and the order of telling could not be improved upon. As for the somber opening, with the judge's comments on how to make an omelet, it is sheer genius." The effect of arsenic as described in the novel was accepted by the science of the time, but it is now believed that long-term consumption would in fact have caused many health problems. Adaptations. The novel was adapted for a BBC television series in 1987 starring Edward Petherbridge as Lord Peter and Harriet Walter as Harriet Vane. It has been adapted for radio three times: Background. While Sayers was working on her first novel, "Whose Body?", she began a relationship with John Cournos, a writer of Russian-Jewish background. Cournos was an advocate of free love: he did not believe in marriage and did not want children. Cournos pressed Sayers to have sex with contraception, but she, a High Anglican, resisted to avoid what she called "the taint of the rubber shop". Their relationship foundered on the mismatch of expectations, and within two years Cournos – apparently not believing in the ideas he had professed – had married somebody else. Both Sayers and Cournos later wrote fictionalised versions of their relationship: Sayers in "Strong Poison" (1930) and Cournos in "The Devil Is an English Gentleman" (1932). References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

xoktixali bix xoktixali bix hoise 1930 sonot doruthi el-ror ekhon rohosyo uponyax. teur ponchomtu boixistyo lord pitter uimse aaru prothom zo 'too harriet bhen dekha yaay. plot. uponyaxkhonor aarombhoni hoy rohosyomoy lekhok harriet venor xoite teur prakton premik phillip boychor hotyar baabe bisarot thokar xoiteh nastikota, orajkota aaru mukto premor uporot drirho dristibhongi thoka egoraki lekhok. rajohuwabhabe bibahok oswikar koraa buli swikar kori, teu ejon onischuk heriyetok teur xoite thakiboloi preron korisil, kewol ebosoror pisot teur nitibur tyag koriboloi aaru prostab diboloi. protarito huwat khyubdho hoi heriyete xomporkotu bhangi disil. bischedor pisot, prakton dompotihale maaje maaje log paisil, aaru bisaror promanbure heriyete dharona koraa naamot bix kroy korar xomoyot baare baare pakostholir rugot akranto lo "raa-suwalir faale anguliyai disil-xeyehe teu koichil-teur uponyaxkhonor ek kahini bindu tetiya soli aasil. uttor welsot bhaal swasthyore bondhor poraa ubhoti ohaa boyeje teur khurak bhai, suliciter norman urkuhartor xoite hoiriyetor flateloi goi punormilonor bixoye alusona korar aagote aahar khaisil, zo 'too teu ek kaap kofi grohon korisil. xei nixa teuk jiwontobhabe oxustho kori tulaa hoisil, spostobhabe pakostholir bixot akranto hoi. owoxexot oporadhor xondeh koraa hoisil, aaru moronuttor porikhyar poraa janibo poraa goisil je lo "raa-suwalir mrityu tibro arcenic bixokriyar folot hoisil. heriyetor kofi aaru teur khurakor xoite xondhiyar aaharor baahire (zo 'too protitu xamogri dujon baa totudhik luke bhag botora korisil), bhuktobhugiye xei xondhiya aan eku luwa nasil zen lagisil. bisaror pholsworupe ekhon jhulonto juree hoy. ek xorboxomot rayor proyujon huwar baabe, nyayadhixjone punor bisar korar nirdex diye. lord pitter uimse karagarot heriyetoloi yaay, taair nirduxitar baabe duxi xabyosto huwa buli ghuxona kore aaru prokrito hotyakarik dhora peluwar protisruti diye. uimse logote ghuxona kore je teu taik biyaa korabo bisare, ene ek poramorxo jitu heriyete binomrotare kintu drirhobhabe oswikar kore. notun bisaror purbe xomoyor biporite kaam kori uimse prothome lo "raa-suwaliye atmohoitya korar xombhawona onwexon kore. uimsir bondhu, detective inspector charls parkare xei totwok oswikar kore. khurak-bhonee urkuhart aaru boychor dhoni khurak rusana rayerburn briddho aaru briddho, aaru urkuhartor (ji teur poriyalor odhibokta hisape kaam kori aase) mote teur mrityur xomoyot teur besibhag bhagyo teuloi jaabo, aaru lo "raa-suwalir usorot bohut komhe jaabo. uimseye eitu misa buli xondeh kore, aaru teur onuxondhan agent miss climpsionok rusanar mool uiltu dhoriboloi pothiyai, jitu teu etaa koutuk drishyot kore jiye protaronar madhyomor onuxilonxomuh mukoli kore. issapotrot prokritote balokxokolok prodhan labharthi hisape naam diya hoy. uimse urkuhartor karzaloyot miss june marchison naamor ejon guptosor raakhe zo 'too taai aarxenikor etaa lukuwai rokha peket bisari paay. taai eituu gom paay je urkuharte rusannar cho 'lisiter hisape nijor podor opobyobohar korisil, taair biniyugor opobyobohar korisil, taar pisot sweyar bojarot dhon heruwaisil. urkuharte swikar korisil je rusannar mrityu hoh 'ley aaru lo' raxokole teur uttoradhikar daabi korile teu onibarzo exposuror xonmukhin hoh 'bob. obosye, boy 'jo uilor bixoybostur bixoye ogyat aasil aaru urkuharte jukti disil je jodi lo' raa-suwalir prothome mrityu hoy, tente kuneu teuk ekmatro baaki thoka xubidhadhari hisape proityahban jonabo nuware, aaru teur protarona prokax koraa noho 'bob. e-ror porikhya korar pisot.ee. housemanor "e sroposwayar lade" (zo 'too kobigorakiye gurutor kobita porhatu roja mithridatesor bixor biruddhe aatmo-protixedhokor xoite tulona kore) uimse hothate buji paay je ki ghotisiloh urkuharte aamlet etat arcenic disil jitu boyese nijei rondha aasil. jodiu boyos aaru urkuharte ei khadyokhini bhag botora korisil, pisortu probhabito huwa nasil kaaron teu dirghodin dhori bixor xoru paali loi aagotiyakoi nijor rug protirudh khyomota xabodhane gorhi tulisil. uimse urkuhartok prosar kori xakhyir xonmukhot prowex kore. heriyetor punor bisarot, rajpokhyoi kunu gusor uposthapon nokore aaru taik mukoli kori diya hoy. nijor ogniporikhyat klanto hoi taai punor uimsir bibahor prostab nakoch kore. uimse parkarok teur bhoniyek leady maryk prostab diboloi preron koray, jaak teu dirghodin dhori proxongxa kori aahise. hoh 'noo. uimsir bondhu aaru stock marketor xongsporxor freddy aarbathonote hotyar bolly huwar konya rechel lebhir xoite "kaar xorirot" dirghodin dhori bilombito huwa ghoruwa aanondo bisari paay?" xirunam. uponyaxkhonor xirunamtu inglu-scotlandor ximanto ballad "lord rendel" ror kisuman rupot dekha yaay jaar xirunam soritrotu teur premike bix diya hoisiloh <kobita> "tumi tumar ratipuwar aaharot ki khaisa, mur nijor xundori lo" raa? tumi tumar ratipuwar aahar, mur aaram aaru aanondor baabe ki khaisa?" "ek kaap tibro bix; maa, mur bisonatu xunkale bonai diya, mur hridoyot etaa bix aase, aaru moi xuboloi bisaru." </kobita> xahityik gurutwo aaru xomaluchona. teulukor oporadh uponyaxor porzaluchonat (1989 xongskoron) aamerika juktorastror lekhok barjun aaru tailore uponyaxkhonok "shrestho xilpokolar bhitorot xorbuscho" buli obhihito korisil. iyat xospensor ataitkoi xoktixali xombhabyo upadan aase-koutuhol "aaru" harriet venor baabe uimsir xoite bhag botora koraa onubhob. xutro, rohosyo, mukto-premor prosno, aaru kuwar krom unnot koribo nuwari. xumbar uponingor khetrot, omlet kenekoi toiyar koribo laage taar uporot bisarokor montobyor xoite, ee xompurno protibha." uponyaxkhonot bornona koraa aarxenikor probhab xei xomoyor bigyane swikar korisil, kintu etiya biswax koraa hoy je dirghomyadi xewone prokritote bohutu swasthyo xomosyar sristi koribo paare. obhijujon. uponyaxkhon 1987 sonot bibisi television dharabahikor baabe obhijujit koraa hoisil zo 'too edward patherbridge lord pitaror soritrot aaru harriet waltere harriet bhen soritrot obhinoy korisil. iyak tinibar readyo 'ror baabe obhijujit koraa hoiseh potobhumi. jetiya teur prothom uponyax "kunor deh?" ror uporot kaam kori aasil.", teu rasian-ihudi potobhumir ejon lekhok john kornusor xoite xomporko aarombho korisil. kornus aasil mukto premor xomorthokoh teu bibahot biswax nokorisil aaru xontan bisora nasil. kornuse maat kuwaxokolok gorbhonirudhor xoite jouno xomporko sthapon koriboloi saap disil, kintu teu, egoraki uscho ingraj, "roboror dukanor daag" buli obhihito korar poraa haat xariboloi protirudh korisil. teulukor xomporko aaxar mill nuhuwar uporot bhitti kori gorhi uthe, aaru dubosoror bhitorot kornuse-apatdristito teu daabi koraa dharonaburot biswax nokori-aan karubak biyaa koraisil. poroborti xomoyot, sweiyar aaru kornu duyujone teulukor xomporkor kalponik xongskoron likhisiloh "strong poijon" (1930) too thoka swayers aaru "dyo debhil ij eno ingraji gentleman" (1932) too thoka kornus.

shaktishali bish strong paijan 1930 saale dorothy ell-err ekti rahasya uponyas. sayers, taar pancham baisistyajukta lord pitter uimsi ebong prothom jekhane harriet vyana uposthito hoy. plot. rahasyamay lekhok harriet bhyane taar praktan premik phillip boyez hotyar jonno bicharer sammukhin howar saathe uponyasti shuru hayah nastikyobad, arajkata ebong mukto premer upor dridha drishtibhongi soho ekjon lekhok. prokashye bibahke aswikar korar kotha sweekar korey, tini ekjon anichchuk harrietke taanr saathe thakte raji koriyechilen, cable eka bochor porey taanr nitiguli tyag korte ebong prostab ditey. protarito howar jonno khubdho harriet samparkati venge diyechilo. bichcheder porey, praktan dampati majhe majhe dekha korechilen, ebong bicharer promanguli ingito korechilo jey harriet jokhon dhorey neoa naame bish kinchilo tokhon barbar gastric oshusthotai bhugchilo-taai tini bolechilen-taar uponyasher ekti plot point tokhon cholche. sustho hoye north wellsey chhuti katiye firey, boyce taar khudtuto bhai, aainjibi norman urkuharter saathe harriter flatte punarmilan niye alochona korte yawar agey khabar kheyechilo, jekhane seey eka cup coffey grohon korechilo. seii raate tini marattokbhabe oshustho hoye paden, sposhtotoi gastritiser karone. shesh porjonto faul play sandeha koraa hoyechilo, ebong ekti moyonatdonte jaanaa geche jey chhelera teebro arsenic vishakriyay maaraa geche. harrieter coffey ebong taar chachat bhaiyer saathe sondhyar khabar (jekhane protiti jinis dui baa totodhik loker dwara bhag koraa hoyechilo) chhada, bhuktobhogi sedin sandhyay arr kichui neoni boley money hoy. bicharer falaswarup ekti jhulonto jurie hoy. sorbosommoto raay prayojan howa bicharok punra bicharer nirdesh deena. lord pitter uimsi karagare harrieter saathe dekha korey, taar nirdoshotar doshi sabbosto howar kotha ghoshana korey ebong asol khunike dhorar protishruti deyo. uimsi arow ghoshana korey jey seey taake biye korte chaay, emon ekti poramorsho jaa harrit binitovabe kintu dridhobhabe prottakhyan korey. notun bicharer agey somoyer biruddhe kaaj korey uimsi prothome chhelera atmohotta korar sombhabonati anweshan korey. uimsir bondhu, goenda poridorshok charles parker eyi tottoke aswikar korechen. ujir ebong chheleder chachat bhaider dhonee massie, rojana reiburn, briddho ebong briddho, ebong ujir (jini taar paribarik aainjibi hisabe kaaj korchen) onusare jokhon seey maaraa yaay tokhon taar beshirbhag bhagyo taake choley yaay, ebong chheleder kachhe khub komoi yaay. uimsi sandeha korey jey etty ekti mithya, ebong taar todonto agent miss climpsonke rojanar asol uilti dhorar jonno pathay, jaa seey ekti koutuk drishye korey protaronamulok madhyomer anushilanguli prakash korey. uilti asle prodhan subidhabhogi hisabe chheleder naam deyo. uimsi urkuharter office miss joone morchison naame eka guptocharke bosai jekhane seey arseniker ekti lucano packett khunje paay. tini arow abishkar corren jey, urkuheart rojanar aainjibi hisabe taanr poder apobyobohar korechilen, taanr biniyog atmosat korechilen, tarpor sheyara bajare ortho hariechilen. urkuheart sweekar korechilen jey rojanna maaraa gele ebong chhelera taar uttoradhikar daabi korle tini anibarjo exposure mukhomukhi hoben. tobey, boyce uiler visayavastu somporke abogoto chhilen naa ebong urkuheart jukti diyechilen jey jodi chhelera prothome maaraa yaay tobey keu taake ekmatro aboshishto subidhabhogi hisabe challenge korte paare naa ebong taar jaliati prakash koraa hobey naa. ayee-keey porjobekkhon korar porr.ee. housemaner "aaa shropshire lyada" (jekhane cobby gurutoro kobita pathke raja mithridateser bisher biruddhe swa-tikadaner saathe tulna korechen) uimsi hothat bujhte paren jey qee ghoteche urkuheart ekti amlete arsenic diyechilen jaa boyez nijei ranna korechilen. jodio boyce ebong urkuheart eyi khabarti bhag korey niyechilen, tobey porerti probhabito hoyney kaaron tini deergho somoy dhorey bisher chhoto doze niye agey thekei jotno sahokare nijer protirodh khomota toiri korechilen. uimsi eurkuheartke sakkhider saamone swikarokti deoar jonno prorochito korey. harrieter punoh bichare, prosecution konao mamla uposthapon korey naa ebong seey mukti paay. taar agniparikkhay klanto hoye, seey abar uimsir biyer prostab prottakhyan korey. uimsi parkarke taar boone, lady merir kachhe biyer prostab ditey raji corran, jaake tini dirghadin dhorey pochondo korey aschen. dya hohn. uimsir bondhu ebong sheyara bajarer sangosparshe assa freddy arbuthnot, khuner shikarer meye rechel levir saathe deergho bilambito gharoa ananda khunje paay, "kaar shorire?" shironam. uponyashtir shironamti anglo-scottish border ballad "lord rendall"-err kichhu rooper modhye pawa yaay, jaar shironam choritroti taar premik dwara bish prayog koraa hoyechiloh <kobita> "sokaler nastai kii kheyechile, amar nijer sundari chhele? upney upner sokaler nasta, amar aram ebong anander jonno qee kheyechen?" "eka cup bish, maa, amar bichhana tadatadi toiri korey daao. amar hridaye byatha achhe, ebong aami shue padte chaai." </kobita> sahityer tatporjo oo samalochana. aporadh uponyasher porjalochonai (1989 sanskaran) markin lekhok barjun ebong telor uponyashtike "sera shilpokormer modhye sorbochcho" boley abhihito korechen. err modhye suspenser sabcheye shaktishali sombhabbo upadan royeche-kautuhal ebong "harriet bhyane uimsir saathe bhag korey neoa anubhuti. sootro, rahasya, mukto-premer proshno ebong bolar kromer unnoti koraa yayni. ekti amlet kibhabe toiri koraa yaay seey somporke bicharoker montobbo soho, etty ekti nikhunt protibha." uponyashtite bornito arseniker prabhab seii somoyer bigyan dwara grihito hoyechilo, tobey ekhon biswas koraa hoy jey dirghameyadi seboner foley asle onek swastho samasya hotey paare. abhijojon. uponyasti 1987 saale bbc television sirijer jonno abhijojito hoyechilo, jekhane lord pieter choritre edward petherbridge ebong harriet bhyaner choritre harriet walter abhinoy korechilen. etty tinbar betarer jonno abhijojito hoyeche patabhumi. jokhon boktara taanr prothom uponyas "kaar shorir?" niye kaaj korchilen."tini russian-ihudi potobhumir lekhok john carnoser saathe somporko shuru korechilen. corns chhilen mukto premer proboktah tini biyete biswas korten naa ebong santano channi. cornos boktader gorbhonirodhok diye jouno millon korar jonno chup diyechilen, kintu tini, ekjon uchcho ingrez, jaake tini "rabarer dokaner kolonko" boley abhihito korechilen taa edate protihoto korechilen. taader somporko prottashar asamanjasyer upor vitti korey protisthito hoyechilo ebong dui bochorer modhye carnos-sposhtotoi tini jey dharonaguli daabi korechilen taate biswas naa korey-onno kauke biye korechilen. porey, 'sayers' ebong 'carnos' dujonei taader somporker kalponik sanskaran likhechilenh 'sayers inn strong paijan' (1930) ebong 'dya deville iza ayana inglish gentleman' (1932)-ayee 'carnos'.

majboot zer strong poison aee dorothi aela. nee nee rahasyamay navalkathaa chhe. kahe chhe, teneeni paanchmee visheshta looard pieter vimsee aneey pratham jemaa harriet veena dekhaay chhe. plooat. navalkathaa rahasy lekhak harriet veena saathe tenaa bhutpurv premi phillip boyznee hatyaa maate sunavani saathe sharoo thaay chheh naastikvaad, araajaktaa aneey mukt prem parr majboot mantavyo dharaavtaa lekhak. jaaherma lagnane namanjur karvaano daavo kartaa, tene aek anichchha dharaavati harrietne tenee saathe rahevaa maate samjaavyo hato, maatra aek varsh pachhi tenaa siddhaantono tyaag karvaa aneey prastaav mukavaa maate. chhetarai javaane kaarane gusse thayelee harriette sambandh todee nakhyo hato. alag thayaa pachhi, bhutpurv dampati prasangopaat malyaa hataa, aneey sunavanina puraavao darshaave chhe keey chhokarao vaaramvaar jatharni bimarithi pidaataa hataa, teey samaye harriet dhaarela naamo hethal zer khareedi rahyo hato, teey darshaavvaa maate-tethee teneeae kahyoo-teneeni navalkathaanaa aek plooat point teey samaye pragatimaa chhe. saaree tandurasti saathe north velsamaa rajaao gaadeene parat fartaa chhokaraoae tenaa pitarai bhaai, vakeel norman urkhart saathe bhojan karyoo hatoo, teey pahelaa harriotnaa flatmaa samadhanni charcha karvaa gayaa hataa, jyaan temane aek cup kofee sweekari hatee. teey raatre teey gambhir reete beemar padyo hato, dekheeti reete jatharno sojo hato. aakhare khotee kaamgirini shankaa karvaamaa aavee hatee, aneey postmortem jaanvaa malyun hatoo keey chhokaraonu mrutyu teevra arsenic zerthi thayu hatoo. harrietnee kofee aneey tenaa pitarai bhaai saathe sanje bhojan (jemaa darek vastu beey keey tethee vadhu loko dwara vahenchvaamaa aavee hatee) sivaay, pidita teey sanje beeju kanee leedhu naa hovaanu janaay chhe. aaa sunavaninu parinam lataktee juryma aave chhe. sarvasanmat chukaadaani jaroor hovathi, nyayadhish fareethi sunaavaneeno aadesh aape chhe. looard pieter vimsee jailma harrietnee mulakat leey chhe, teneeni nirdoshtani tenee dosheet tharaav jaaher karey chhe aneey vaastavik khoonine pakadvaanu vachan aape chhe. vimse aee pann jaaherat karey chhe keey teey tenee saathe lagna karvaa maange chhe, aaa soochan vinamratathi parantu nishchitpane nakaari kaadhe chhe. navee sunavani pahelaa samaynee viruddhma kaama kartaa, vimse saupratham aee sambhavnani shodh karey chhe keey chhokaraoae aatmahatya curry leedhi. vimsinaa mitra, detective inspektara charles parker, teey siddhaantne nakaari kaadhe chhe. pitarai bhaaio urkhart aneey boyznee samruddh kaakee, rozana reburn, vruddh aneey vruddh chhe, aneey urkhart (jeey tenaa parivaarnaa vakeel tareeke kaama karey chhe) anusaar jyaare tenee mrutyu paame chhe tyaare teneenu motaabhaagnu naseeb tene malashe, jemaa chhokaraone khoob ochhu jashe. vimsine teey juthaanu hovani shankaa chhe, aneey teey tenaa tapaas agent miss climpsionne rosanani mool vaseeyat melavaa maate mokale chhe, jeey teey aek haasy drashyamaa karey chhe jeey chhetarpindi maadhyamoni prathaaone ujagar karey chhe. vasiyatma vaastavma chhokaraone mukhya laabhaarthi tareeke naam aapvama aavyu chhe. vimse aek jasus miss joona merchisonne urkhartnee officema rope chhe, jyaan tene arseniknu chhupayelu packett maley chhe. teneene aee pann khabar padey chhe keey urkuharte rosanana vakeel tarikenaa temnaa hoddaano durupyog karyo hato, tenaa rokaanono gando kharch karyo hato, pachhi sherbazaarmaa naanaa gumaavyaa hataa. urkharte sveekaaryu keey jooe rosenna mrutyu paame aneey chhokarao tenaa vaarso daavo karey too tene aneevary samparkno saamno karvo padashe. jooe keey, boys vasiyatni saamgrithi ajaan hataa aneey urkuharte tark aapyo hato keey jooe chhokarao pahelaa mrutyu paame, too koee tene ekmatra baakee rahela laabhaarthi tareeke padkaar aapee shakshe nahee, aneey tenee chhetarpindi jaaher karvaamaa aavashe nahee. aee vaanchya pachhi.ee. housemannu "aek shropshire leeda" (jemaa kavee gambhir kaveetana vaanchannee sarkhaamani king methridatesna zer saame swa-rasikaran saathe karey chhe) vimsee achaanak samaje chhe keey shun thayu hatuh urkuharte aek aamletma arsenic aapyu hatoo jeey boyse pote raandhyu hatoo. chhokarao aneey urkharte aaa vaangee shhare curry hovaa chhataa, baadmaanee vastune koee assar thaee naa hatee kaaran keey tene laambaa samay sudhee zernaa naana dose laeene kaljipurvak agaauthi potaani rogpratikarak shaktee banaavi hatee. vimse sakshio samaksh praveshmaa eurkhartne yuktee karey chhe. harrietnee punahvicharna vakhate, fariyadi paksh koee cases rajoo karato nathee aneey teneene mukt karvaamaa aave chhe. teneeni agniparikshathi thaakeene, tenee fareethi vimsinaa lagnana prastaavne nakaari kaadhe chhe. vimsee parkerne tenee bahen lady mereene propose karvaa maate samjaave chhe, jenee tene laambaa samaythi prashansa curry chhe. dhaa hoow. vimsinaa mitra aneey sherbazaarnaa sampark freddy urbuthnotene hatyaana bhog bananaarni putri, "konaa shareerma", ratchell levee saathe laambaa samaythi vilambit gharelu aanand maley chhe." sheershak. navalkathaanu sheershak anglow-skotisha sarhadi lokgeet "looard rendle" naa ketlaak svarupomaa jovaa maley chhe, jenaa sheershak paatrane tenaa premi dwara zer aapvama aavyu hatuh <kaveeta> "tame tamara nastama shun pidhu, maaraa potaana sunder chhokara? tame tamara naasta maate, maaraa aaraam aneey aanand maate shun pidhu?" "aek cup jordaar zer; maataa, jaldithi maaro palang banaavi doo, maaraa hradayma pidaa chhe, aneey huun soovaa mangu chhu." </kaveeta> saahityik mahatv aneey teeka. gunaa navalkathaaoni temnee samikshaamaa (1989 aavrutti), yuu. aesa. lekhako barzun aneey tellare navalkathaane "shreshth kruteeoma sauthee vadhu" ganaavi hatee. temaa rahasyamaytaanu sauthee majboot sambhaveet tatva chhe-jeegnasa "aneey" harriet veena maate vimsee saathe shhare karelee laagani ". sanketo, rahasy, mukt-prem prashna aneey kahevaano krama sudhaari shakayo naa hato. somer opening maate, jajnee tippaneeo saathe keey kevee reete aamlet banaavvu, teey ekdam pratibhashali chhe." navalkathaamaa varnavyaa mujab arsenikni asarne teey samaynaa vigyaan dwara svikarvama aavee hatee, parantu havey aevu manvama aave chhe keey laambaa gaalaana sevanthi hakeekatma ghanee aarogya samasyao thaee hashe. anukoolan. aaa navalkathaane navalkathaane bbc television shrenee maate rupantarit karvaamaa aavee hatee, jemaa edward patherbridge looard pieter tareeke aneey harriet volterae harriet veena tareeke abhinay karyo hato. tene trana vakhat rediyo maate svikarvama aavyu chheh prushthbhumi. jyaare kahevatao temnee pratham navalkathaa parr kaama curry rahyaa hataa, "konaa shareer?", teneeae russian-yahudi prushthbhuminaa lekhak john cornos saathe sambandh sharoo karyo. cornos mukt premnaa himayati hataah teo lagnamaa maantaa naa hataa aneey temne baadako pann joita naa hataa. cornose kahenaraone garbhanirodhak saathe sambhog karvaa maate dabaan karyoo, parantu tenee, aek uchch angreji, jene tenee "rabarnee dukaanno kalank" kahe chhe tene taalvaa maate pratikaar karyo. temnaa sambandho apekshaoni mela khaatee naa hatee aneey beey varshmaa jaj-dekheeti reete temane jeey vichaaro rajoo karyaa hataa temaa vishvaas naa kartaa-temane beeja koee saathe lagna curry leedha hataa. kahevatao aneey cornus banneae paachhalthi temnaa sambandhoni kaalpaneek aavruttio lakheeh 'majboot zer' (1930) maan kahevatao aneey 'dhaa deville iz aena inglish gentleman' (1932) maan cornus.

majboot jahar majboot jahar dorothy ell dwara 1930 kaa ack rahasya upanyaas haye. kahane vaalon, unaki paanchvin visheshta lord peater vimse aur pahali jisamen harriot wein dikhaai detaa haye. plot. upanyaas kii shuruat rahasya lekhak harriot wein key saath hoti haye joe apane poorv premi phillip boys kii hatyaa key liye mukadame parr haih naastiktaa, arajakta aur swatantra prem parr majboot vichaaron key saath ack lekhak. saarvajanik roop seey vivaah koo aswikar karane kaa daavaa karate hue, unhone ack anichhuk premi koo apane saath rahane key liye raaji kiya thaa, kewal ack saal baad apane siddhanton koo tyagane aur prastaav dene key liye. dhokha diye jaane parr naraj harriot ney rishta toda diyaa thaa. alag honey key baad, poorv dampati kabhi-kabhi milate they, aur mukadame key sakshya ney usa samay key aspas baar-baar gastric bimari seey peedit ladakon kii or ishara kiya jaba harriot kathit naamon key tahat jahar khareed rhaa thaa, yeh pradarshit karane key liye-isaliye usane kahaa-usake upanyaas kaa ack kathaanak bindu taba pragati mein thaa. behtar swaasthya mein uttari wells mein ack chhutti seey lautate hue, ladakon ney sulah parr charcha karane key liye harriot key flat jaane seey pahale apane chachere bhaai, solicitor norman urkhart key saath bhojan kiya thaa, jahan unhone ack cup coffey sweekaar kii thee. usa raat vaha gambhir roop seey beemar hoe gayaa thaa, jahira taur parr jatharshoth key saath. antatah gadbadi kaa sandeh kiya gayaa, aur ack postmortem seey pataa chalaa kii ladakon kii mrityu teevra arsenic vishaaktata seey hui thee. harriot kii coffey aur apane chachere bhaai key saath shaam key bhojan (jisamen harr vastu koo dou yaa dou seey adhik logon dwara saajha kiya gayaa thaa) key alawa, peedit ney usa shaam kuchh aur naheen liya thaa. mukadame kaa parinam ack latka huaa juurii mein hotaa haye. ack sarvasammat faisale kii aavashyakta key roop mein, nyayadhish phir seey mukadame kaa adesh detaa haye. lord peater vimsi jail mein harriot kaa daura kartaa haye, usaki begunahi key baare mein usaki sajaa kii ghoshana kartaa haye aur asli hatyare koo pakadane kaa vaadaa kartaa haye. vimse yeh bhee ghoshana kartaa haye kii vaha usase shaadi karna chaahata haye, ack aisaa sujhaav joe vinamrata seey lekin dridhata seey aswikar kartaa haye. nae mukadame seey pahale samay key khilaf kaam karate hue, vimse pahale iss sambhavana kii khoj kartaa haye kii ladakon ney khud koo maar daala. vimse key dost, jasus nireekshak charles parker, usa siddhant koo galat bataate hain. chachere bhaaiyon urkuhart aur ladakon kii ameer chaachi, rozana reburn, boodhi aur boodhi haye, aur urkuhart (joe usake parivaar key vakeel key roop mein kaam curr rahee haye) key anusaar jaba vaha marr jaati haye tou uska adhikansh bhaagya usey mill jaayega, jisamen bahut cumm ladke jaate hain. vimsi koo sandeh haye kii yeh ack jhooth haye, aur vaha apane jaanch agent miss climpson koo rosanna kii mool ichcha koo pakadane key liye bhejata haye, jise vaha ack haasya drishya mein dhokhadhadi key madhyamon kii prathaon koo ujagar karati haye. vaastav mein ichcha pramukh labharthi key roop mein ladakon kaa naam letee haye. vimse ack jasus, miss johnn merchison koo urkhart key karyalaya mein lagaati haye, jahan usey arsenic kaa ack chhipa huaa paiket milata haye. usey yeh bhee pataa chalata haye kii urkhart ney rosanna key vakeel key roop mein apani sthiti kaa durupyog kiya thaa, usake nivesh kaa gaban kiya thaa, phir share bajar mein paisa khou diyaa thaa. urkhart ney maanaa kii aggar rosanna marr jaataa haye aur ladke usaki viraasat kaa daavaa karate hain tou usey apariharya jokhim kaa saamana karna padegaa. haalaanki, ladke vaseeyat kii samagri seey anjaan they aur urkhart ney tark diyaa kii aggar ladke pahale marr jaate hain, tou koee bhee unhein ekmatra shesh labharthi key roop mein chunauti naheen dey sakata haye, aur unaki dhokhadhadi kaa khulasa naheen kiya jaayega. aeye koo padhane key baad.ee. houseman kaa "ack shropshire ladka" (jisamen kavi gambhir kavita key padhane kii tulanaa raajaa mythridates key jahar key khilaf aatm-teekaakaran seey karate hain) vimse koo achaanak samajh mein aataa haye kii kyaa huaa thaah urkhart ney ack amlet mein arsenic diyaa thaa jise ladke ney khud pakaaya thaa. halanki ladke aur urkuhart ney vyanjan saajha kiya thaa, lekin baad vaalaa aprabhaavit thaa kyonki usane lambe samay taka jahar kii chhoti khuraak laker saavdhaanipoorvak apani pratiraksha kaa nirmaan kiya thaa. vimse chaal chalaata haye kii gavaahon key saamane ack pravesh mein shamil hoe jaataa haye. harriot key punah mukadame mein, abhiyojan paksh koee mamla prastut naheen kartaa haye aur vaha mukt hoe jaati haye. apani agnipareeksha seey thakkar, vaha phir seey vimse key shaadi key prastaav koo aswikar curr detee haye. vimse parker koo apani bahan lady mairi koo propose karane key liye manaata haye, jisaki vaha lambe samay seey prashansa kartaa rhaa haye. hohn. vimse key dost aur share bajar key sampark mein aaney vaale freddy arbuthnot koo rachelle levi key saath lambe samay seey vilambit gharelu anand milata haye, joe hatyaa key shikaar kii betty haye "kisake shareer mein?" sheershak. upanyaas kaa sheershak anglo-scotish border gaathaagit "lord rendle" key kuchh roopon mein dikhaai detaa haye, jisake sheershak charitra koo usake premi dwara jahar diyaa gayaa thaah <kavita> "subah key nashte mein kyaa khaaya, merey apane sunder ladke? aap apane nashte key liye kyaa khaa rahey they, merey aaraam aur khushi key liye?" "ack cup zahar; maan, jaldi hii meraa bistar banaa dou, merey dill mein dard haye, aur meraa matlab haye lait jaanaa." </kavita> saahityik mahatva aur aalochana. aparaadh upanyason kii apani sameeksha (1989 sanskaran) mein, americi lekhak barjun aur teller ney upanyaas koo "utkrisht kritiyon mein sabse adhik" kahaa. isamen suspenses kaa sabse majboot sambhaavit tatva haye-jigyasa aur "bhavna joe kissy key saath harriot wein key liye saajha karati haye. surag, rahasya, mukt-prem prashn aur kahane key crum mein sudhaar naheen kiya jaa sakaa. jahan taka somer opening kaa sawal haye, ack amlet banaane key tareeke parr nyayadhish kii tippaniyon key saath, yeh sarasar pratibhashali haye." upanyaas mein varnit arsenic key prabhaav koo usa samay key vigyaan dwara sweekaar kiya gayaa thaa, lekin abb yeh maanaa jaataa haye kii lambe samay taka sevan karane seey vaastav mein kaee swaasthya samasyaaen paida hui hongi. anukoolan. upanyaas koo 1987 mein ack bee. bee. see. television shrinkhala key liye rupaantarit kiya gayaa thaa jisamen edward patherbridge ney lord peater key roop mein aur harriot walter ney harriot wein key roop mein abhinay kiya thaa. ise teen baar radio key liye anukoolit kiya gayaa haih prishthabhoomi. jabaki vaktaa unake pahale upanyaas parr kaam curr rahey they, "kiska shareer?", unhone russie-yahudi prishthabhoomi key lekhak johnn cornus key saath sambandh shuru kiya. cornos swatantra prem key samarthak theh way vivaah mein vishvaas naheen karate they aur naa hii bachche chaahte they. cornos ney kahane vaalon koo garbhanirodhak key saath yaun sambandh banaane key liye dabaav daala, lekin vaha, ack uchch anglican, ney "rubber kii dukaan kaa daag" seey bachane key liye virodh kiya. unake rishte ummeedon key bemel honey parr sthaapit hue, aur dou saal key bheetar-jahira taur parr una vichaaron mein vishvaas naheen karate they joe unhone sweekaar kiye they-kissy aur seey shaadi curr lii thee. donon vaktaaon aur cornus ney baad mein apane rishte key kaalpanik sanskaran likheh "majboot jahar" (1930) mein kahane vaale aur "dha deville ijj aine inglish gentleman" (1932) mein cornus.

prabala visha strang poison embudu dorothy ell. avara 1930rahra nigoodha kaadambariyaagide. avalu heluvavara prakara, lard peater vimsiyannu olagonda aidane chitra mattu harriet wyaan kanisikolluva modala chitra. plat. ee kadambariyu nigoodha lekhaki harriet wyaan tanna maaji premi phillip boysna koleya vichaaraneyondige prarambhavaguttadeh naastikate, araajakate mattu mukta preetiya bagge balavaada drashtikonagalannu hondiruva barahagara. maduveyannu nirakarisuvudagi saarvajanikavaagi helikonda aata, ondu varshada nantara tanna tatvagalannu tyajisi, prastapisalu maatra, tannondige vaasisalu ishtavillada harrietna manavolisiddanu. mosa hogiddarinda kopagonda harriet, sambandhavannu kadidukondiddalu. berpatta nantara, hindina dampatigalu sandarbhikavagi bhetiyagiddaru, mattu vichaaraneyallina sakshyagalu harriet uhisalaada hesarugala adiyalli vishavannu kharidisuttidda samayadalli padhe padhe jathara kaayileyinda balaluttiruva hudugarannu torisidavu-aaddarinda avalu helidalu-aakeya kadambariya kathaavastuvina hantavu aaga pragatiyallittu. uttama aarogyadinda uttara velsnalli rajadinadinda hindirugida hudugaru, harritna flatge hogi saamarasyada bagge charchisuva modalu, tanna sodarasambandhi, solicitor norman urkhartnondige uuta maadiddaru, allie avaru ondu cup kaafhiyannu sweekarisiddaru. aaa ratri aatanige jatharaduritadantaha gambhiravaada anarogya untaayitu. antimavagi faul play shankisalaayitu, mattu maranottara pariksheyu teevra arsenic vishadinda hudugaru savannappiddare endu bahirangapadisitu. harrietna kaafhi mattu avana sodarasambandhi jotegina sanje uutavannu horatupadisi (idaralli prati vastuvannu ibbaru athawa adakkinta hecchu janaru hanchikondiddaru), aaa sanje balipashu bere enannoo tegedukondiralilla. vichaaraneyu tooguhaakida tirpugaarara mandaliyalli phalitaamshavannu niiduttade. sarvaanumatada tirpina agatyaviruvudarinda, nyayadhisharu maru-vichaaranege adeshisuttare. lard peater vimse seremaneyalli harrietge bheti needi, avala niraparaadhitvada bagge tanna aparadha nirnayavannu ghooshisuttaane mattu nijavaada kolegaaranannu hidiyuvudaagi bharavase niiduttaane. taanu avalannu maduveyagalu bayasuttene endu vimse ghooshisuttaane, ee salaheyannu harritt nayavagi aadare drudhavaagi niraakarisuttaane. hosa vichaaraneya modalu samayakke viruddhavaagi kelasa maaduttiruva vimse, hudugaru atmahatye maadikolluva saadhyateyannu modalu parishoodhisuttaare. vimseya sneehita, pattedaari inspector charles parkar, aaa siddhaantavannu niraakarisuttaane. sodarasambandhigalaada urkhart mattu boysna srimanta dodda-chikkamma, rosanna rayburn, vayassaada mattu vayassaadavalaagiddu, urkhart (aakeya kutumbada vakilaraagi kaaryanirvahisuttiruva) prakara avalu maranahondidaaga avala bahupalu sampattu avanige hoguttade, hudugarige bahala kadime hoguttade. idu sullu endu vimse shankisuttaane mattu mosa madhyamagala abhyasagalannu bahirangapadisuva haasya drashyadalli avalu maaduva rosannala moola uyilannu hidiyalu tanna tanikha agent miss climpson avarannu kaluhisuttaane. ee uyilu vaastavaagi hudugarannu pramukha phalaanubhaviyaagi hesarisuttade. vimseyu miss zoan merchison emba pattedaaranannu urkhartne kacheriyalli neduttaale, allie aakege arsenicna gupta packett siguttade. urkhart rosannala vakilaraagi tanna sthaanavannu durupayogapadisikondidda, aakeya hoodikegalannu durupayogapadisikondidda, nantara sheru marukatteyalli hanavannu kaledukondiddaane endu avalu kandukolluttaale. rosanna sattare mattu hudugaru tanna uttaraadhikaaravannu padedare anivaaryavaada odduvikeyannu edurisabekaguttade endu urkhart gurutisidanu. aadaagyoo, baysge uyilina vishayada bagge tilidiralilla mattu hudugaru modalu sattare, ulidiruva ekaika phalaanubhaviyaagi yaaroo avanannu prashnisalu sadhyavilla mattu avana vanchaneyannu bahirangapadisalaaguvudilla endu urkhart tarkisidaru. aa annu odida nantara.ii. houseman "aa shropshire lyaad" (idaralli kavi gambhira kaviteya oduvikeyannu king mithridatesna vishada viruddha swayam-pratirakshanege hoolisiddaare) vimsege enaayitu embudu iddakkiddante arthavaguttadeh arkhart swatah boys beyisida amletnalli arsenic annu niididdaane. boys mattu urkhart ee khadyavannu hanchikondiddaroo, nantaradavaru deerghakaaladavarege sanna pramanada vishavannu tegedukolluva moolaka echcharikeyinda tanna swanta pratiraksheyannu nirmisikondiddarinda yaavude parinama biriralilla. vimse eurcuhart annu sakshigala munde praveshisuvante mosagolisuttaane. harrietna maru vichaaraneyalli, prosecution yaavude prakaranavannu prastutapadisuvudilla mattu aakeyannu bidugade maadalaaguttade. tanna agnipareeksheyinda danidu, avalu matte vimseya maduveya prastapavannu tiraskarisuttaale. parkar tanna sahodari lady merige propose maaduvante vimse manavolisuttaane, aakeyannu aata bahala hindinindaloo mechchikondiddane. dhii hohn. vimseya sneehita mattu sheru marukatteya samparkiyagiruva freddy arbatnat, koleyaada balipashuvina magalaada rachel leviyondige deerghakaalada vilambita deshiya anandavannu kandukolluttaane." shirshike. kadambariya shirshikeyu anglo-scottish barder ballad "lard rendle" naa kelavu rupantaragalalli kandubaruttade, avara shirshike patravannu avara premi vishapooritagolisiddaane <kavite> "nanna swanta sundara huduga, ninna belagina upaharakke enu tindiddiya? nimma belagina upaharakkagi, nanna aarama mattu santoshakkagi neevu enu tindiddiri?" "ondu cup balavaada visha; taayi, bega nanna haasigeyannu tayarisi, nanna hrudayadalli novu ide, mattu naanu malagabeku endukolluttene." </kavite> saahityika mahatva mattu teeke. aparadha kaadambarigala vimarsheyalli (1989rahra aavrutti), yuu. ess. barahagararada barjun mattu taylor ee kaadambariyannu "merukrutigalalli atyunnata" endu karediddaare. idu suspensen prabalavaada amshavannu hondide-kutuhala "mattu" harriet vyangagi vimsiyondige hanchikolluva bhavane. sulivugalu, nigoodhate, mukta-preetiya prashne mattu heluva kramavannu sudharisalu sadhyavagalilla. amlet annu hege tayaarisabeku embudara kuritu nyayadhishara abhiprayagalondige, somer openingge sambandhisidante, idu sampoorna pratibheyagide." kaadambariyalli vivarisidante arsenicna parinaamavannu aaa kaalada vignaanavu oppikondittu, aadare deerghaavadhiya sevaneyu vaastavaagi aneka aarogya samasyegalige kaaranavaagabahudendu eega nambalaagide. roopaantaragalu. ee kaadambariyannu kaadambariyannu bbc duradarshana saranigaagi alavadisalaayitu, idaralli edward petherbridge lard peater mattu harriet walter harriet wyaan patragalalli natisidaru. idannu mooru baari radiokke alavadisalaagideh hinnele. aaa maatugaararu aakeya modala kadambariya mele kelasa maduttiddaga, "yaara deha?", avaru russian-yahoodi hinneleya barahagara zaan carnos avarondige sambandhavannu praarambhisidaru. cornos avaru mukta preetiya pratipaadakaraagiddaruh avaru maduveyalli nambikeyidalilla mattu makkalannu bayasalilla. garbhanirodhakadondige laingika sambandha honduvante cornos matugararannu ottayisidalu, aadare unnata aanglikanaada avalu, "rabbar angadia kalanka" endu kareyuvadannu tappisalu virodhisidalu. nirikshegala hondaanikeyaagada aadhaarada mele avara sambandhavu sthaapaneyaayitu, mattu eradu varshagalolage carnos-spashtavagi avaru pratipaadisida vichaaragalalli nambikeyilla-berobbarannu vivaahavaadaru. nantara, heluvavaru mattu kaarnogalu ibbaroo tamma sambandhada kaalpanika aavruttigalannu baredaruh 'strang poison' (1930) nalli heluvavaru mattu 'dhii deville ees aun inglish gentlemen' (1932) nalli heluvavaru.

tivra vish strong poison hii dorothy ell. yanchi 1930 salchi eka rahasyamayi kadambari aahe. sayers' madhye, laurd pieter vimsecha samavesh asaleli tichi pachvi aanee harriot venchi pahili. plot. yaa kadambarichi suruvat rahasy lekhak harriot venvar ticha majee premi phillip boyjchya hatyesathi khatala suru hoteh nastik, arajakta aanee mukt prem yavar majboot matey asalela lekhak. sarvajanikaritya vivah nakarat asalyache sangoon, tyane eka anichchhuk harriotla tyachyasobat rahnyasathi patvoon dile hote, keval eka varshanantar tyachi tattve sodoon denyasathi aanee prastav thevanyasathi. fasavanuk jhalyabaddal santapt jhalelya harrietne heey naate todale hote. vegale jhalyanantar, majee jodape adhunmadhun bhetale hote aanee khatalyachya puravyanvarun asey disun aale qee harriot gruheet dharalelya navanni vish vikat ghet asatana varanvar jatharvikarane grast asalelya mulankade, tine mhatale-tevha tichya kadambaricha eka kathanak bindu pragatipathavar hota. uttarekadil velsmadhil suttitoon changlya aarogyane paratalelya mulanni, salokha karnyasathi harriotchya flatmadhye jaanyapurvi, jithe tyane eka cup coffey sweekarli hotee, tyacha chulat bhau, vakeel norman urkhartsobat jevan kele hote. tyaa ratri teey gambhirpane aajari padale, varvar pahata tyanna jatharshoth jhaala hota. akheris gairprakar jhalyacha sanshay aala aanee shavavichedan ahavalat asey ughad jhaale qee mulancha mrutyu tivra arsenic vishbadhemule jhaala hota. harriotchi coffey aanee tyachya chulat bhavasobatchya sandhyakalchya jevanashivay (jyamadhye pratyek vastoo done kinwa adhik lokanni samayik kelee hotee), tyaa sandhyakali piditane dusare kahihi naan ghetalyache disun aale. khatalyacha parinam fashichya shikshikemadhye hoto. ekmatane nikal aavashyak asalyane, nyayadhish punha sunavaniche aadesh detat. laurd pieter vimse turungat harriotla bhet deto, teela nirdosh tharvalyache ghoshit karato aanee khyan marekyala pakadanyache vachan deto. wimsey asehi jaheer karato qee tyala tichyashi lagn karayache aahe, hii soochana vinamrapane pann thampane nakarte. naveen khatalyapurvi velechya virodhat kaam kartana, vimse pratham mulanni aatmahatya kelyachi shakyata shodhato. vimsecha mitra, guptaher nirikshak charles parker haah haah siddhant nakarto. chulat bhavandanchi shrimant aajee, rozana reburn, vruddha aanee vruddha aahe aanee urkhartchya (jee tiche kautumbik vakeel mhanoon kaam karat aahe) matey jevha tee maran pavte tevha tiche bahutek bhagya tyachyakade jaate, aanee mulankade phaar qamee jaate. vimsila heey khote asalyacha sanshay yeto aanee too tyachya chaukashi agent miss climpsionla rozannachi mool ichcha midvanyasathi pathavato, jee tee eka vinodi drushyat fasavya madhyamanchya paddhati ughad karate. pratyakshat, vasuleet mulanchi nave pramukh labharthi mhanoon dilee jaatat. wimsey eka hair, miss johnn merchison, urkhartchya karyalayat thevate, jithe teela aarsenikche eka lapalele pakit sapadate. teela asehi samajate qee urkhartne rozannacha vakeel mhanoon tyachya padacha gairavapar keela hota, tichya guntavanukicha gairavapar keela hota, nantar share bajaratil paise gamavale hote. rozannacha mrutyu jhaala aanee mulanni tyachya varshacha dawa keela tarr tyala apariharyapane ughad honyala samore jaave lagel heey urkhartne olakhale. tathapi, boys yanna ichchhapatratil majkurachi mahitee navhati aanee urkhart yanni assa tark keela qee jarr mulancha aadhi mrutyu jhaala tarr konihi tyala ekmev urvarit labharthi mhanoon aavhan deu shakat nahee aanee tyachi fasavanuk ughad kelee jaanar nahee. aaa vachalyanantar.eae. hausamanacha 'aaa shropshire land' (jyamadhye kavee gambhir kavita vachanyashi raja mithridateschya vishaviruddha swayam-lasikaranasah tulana karato) vimsila achanak kaay ghadale heey samajateh urkhartne aamletmadhye arsenic dile hote jeey boysne swatah shijavale hote. jaree boys aanee urkhart yanni haah padarth samayik keela asala taree, nantarchya padarthavar tyacha konatahi parinam jhaala navhata kaaran tyane dirghkal vishache lahan doses gheuun kaljipurvak swatachi pratikarshakti tayar kelee hotee. vimse eurkhartla sakshidaransamor pravesh midvoon denyasathi fasavato. harrietchya punha sunavanimadhye, firyadi konatahi khatala sadar karat nahee aanee tichi sutka hote. tichya agniparikshene thakaleli tee punha vimsecha lagnacha prastav nakarte. vimse parkerla tyachi baheen lady merila propose karnyas pravrutt karato, jiche tyane byanch kalapasoon kautuk kele aahe. daad hohn. vimsecha mitra aanee share bajaracha sampark asalelya freddy arbuthnotla, khoon jhalelya piditechi mulgi, rashell leevi, 'konachya sharirat', hyamadhye dirghkal vilambit asalela gharguti anand aadhalato." shirshak. kadambariche shirshak anglo-scottish border ballad 'laurd rendle' chya kahee prakaranmadhye disate, jyachya shirshak patrala tyachya priyakarane vish dile hoteh <kavita> "majhya swatachya sunder mulah, tuu tuzya nashtyasathi kaay khalles? tumhi tumchya nashtyasathi, majhya aaramasathi aanee aanandasathi kaay khalle?" "eka cup prachand vish; aaee, lavkarach majha bichhana tayar curr. majhya hrudayat vedna aahet aanee mallah zopayache aahe." </kavita> sahityik mahatva aanee teeka. gunhegari kadambyanche (1989 aavrutti) punaravalokan kartana, american lekhak barzun aanee teller yanni yaa kadambarila "utkrusht kalakrutinpaiki sarvoch" mhatale aahe. tyat rahasyamayatecha sarvat majboot ghatak aahe-jidnyasa aanee 'harriot venasathi vimsesobat samayik keleli bhavna. sanket, goodhata, mukt-prem prashna aanee sanganyacha kram sudharata aala nahee. somer opaningsathi, nyayadhishanchya amlet kase banvayche yavarchya tippanyansah, tee nivval pratibha aahe." kadambarimadhye varnan kelyapramane aarsenikcha prabhav tyaa kalatil vidnyanane swikarla hota, parantu aata asey manale jaate qee dirghakalin sevanamule kharey tarr anek aarogya samasya nirman jhalya asatya. anukulan. 1987 madhye, yaa kadambariche rupantar bii. bii. see. chya durchitravani malikesathi karnyat aale hote, jyat edward petherbridgene laurd pieterchi bhoomika sakarli hotee aanee harriot walterne harriot venchi bhoomika sakarli hotee. teey teen vela rediosathi rupantarit kele gele aaheh parshvabhoomi. konache shareer?' yaa tichya pahilya kadambarivar vakte kaam karat asatana.", tine russian-jyoo parshvabhoomichya lekhak johnn cornos yanchyashi sambandh suru kele. cornos haah mukt premacha samarthak hotah tyacha vivahavar vishvas navhata aanee tyala mule nako hotee. cornossney vaktyanna garbhanirodhakansah laingik sambandh thevanyas sangitale, parantu tine, eka uchch ingraji, jyala tee 'rubber dukanacha kalank' mhanate teey talhanyasathi virodh keela. tyanche naate apekshanchya visangativar prasthapit jhaale aanee done varshantach, tyane mandalelya kalpananvar vishvas naan thevata, cornossney dusya konashi taree lagn kele. sayers' aanee 'cornos' yaa doghannihi nantar tyanchya natyachya kalpanik aavrutya lihilyah 'sayers inn strong poison' (1930) aanee 'daad deville ij aine inglish gentlemen' (1932) madheel 'cornos'.

baliyo vish strung poison dorothy eldwara sann 1930 maa lekhieko rahasya upanyas how. cerrors, unko panchaun visheshta leard pieter wimsy rar pahilo jasma harriot bhyan dekha pardachha. plut. upanyasko suruwat rahasya lekhak harriot bhensanga unko purva premi phillip bwayasah nastik, arajakta rar swatantra premma baliyo vichar rakhne lekhakko hatyako muddama hunchha. sarvajanik rupma vivahalai aswikar garne dabi gardai, unle ek anicchuk harrietlai aafusanga basna raji garaeka thie, kewal ek warshapachhi afna siddhantaharu tyagna rar prastawa garna. thagiekoma risaera harriotle sambandha todeko thiyo. alag bhaepachi, purva dampati kahilekaahin bheteka thie, rar muddama pramanharule ketaharulai barambar gastric rogbata pidit gareko kura aunlyae jab harriotle anumanit namharuma vish kindai thiyo, pradarshan garna-tyasaile unle bhanin-unko upanyasko kathanak bindu taba pragatima thiyo. ramro swasthyaka sath north welsma chhuttibata farkeka ketaharule afno chachera bhai, wakil norman urkuhartasanga khana khaeka thie, harrietko flatma melmilapko chhalfal garna janu aghi, jahaan unle ek cup kafi swikar gareka thie. tyas raat uni gambhir rupma birami pareka thie, spashta rupma gastritisko sath. antatah galat khel bhaeko shanka garieko thiyo, rar postmortemle keta tiwra arsenic vishaktatabata mareko khulasa bhayo. harrietko kafi rar unka chachera bhaisanga saanjhako khana (jasma harek wastu dui wa duibhanda badhi manisharule bandeka thie) bahek piditle tyas sanjha aru kehi nabheteko dekhinchha. muddako parinam hang jurima hunchha. sarwasammat nirnaya awashyak bhaekale nyayadhishle punah muddako adesh dinchhan. leard pieter wimsy jailma harriotko bhraman garchhan, unko nirdoshtako doshasidhi ghoshana garchhan rar wastawik hatyaralai samatne wacha garchhan. wimsile unisanga vivaha garna chaheko pani ghoshana garchhan, yo sujhawa harrietle winamratapurwak tara dridhatapurwak aswikar gardacha. nayan mudda aghi samayako viruddhama kaam gardai, wimsile pahile ketaharule atmahatya gareko sambhawanako anweshan garchhan. wimsiko sathi, jasusi nirikshak charles parkerle tyo siddhantalai aswikar garchhan. chachera bhaiharu urkuhart rar balakharuko dhani hajurama, rosana reburn, budho rar wriddha chhin, rar urkuhart (jo unko pariwarik wakilko rupma kaam gariraheki chhin) kaa anusar jab uni marchhin unko adhikansh bhagya unlai janchha, ketaharuka lagi dherai thorai janchha. wimsile tyo jhuta bhaeko shanka garchhan, rar afno sodhpuchha agent miss climpsionlai rosannako muel iccha prapta garna pathaunchhan, june unle kapatpurna madhyamharuko abhyasharu ujagar garne hasya drishyama garchhin. ichchhale wastawma balakharulai pramukh labharthiko rupma naam dinchha. wimsile ek jasusi, miss john marchisanlai, yurkhartko karyalayama ropchhin jahaan unle arsenikko lukeko packett fela parchhin. unle yo pani patta lagaaunchhin kii urkuhartle rosannako wakilko rupma afno padako durupyog gareko thiyo, unko lagani gaban gareko thiyo, tyasapachhi seyar bajarma paisa gumaeko thiyo. yurkhartle rojanna marda rar ketaharule afno virasata dabi gare bhane usale apariharya exposureko samana garnuparnecha bhanera swikar gare. yadyapi, keta ichchhashaktiko samagribare anajan thie rar yurkhartle tarka gare kii yadi keta pahile marchhan bhane kasaile unlai ekmatra baanki labharthiko rupma chunauti dina sakdaina, rar unko dhokhadhadi khulasa hune chhaina. ae-lai herepachhi.ei. housemanko "ae shropshire lyad" (jasma kawile gambhir kawita padhnalai raja mithridetsko vish viruddha atma-pratirakshansanga tulana garchhan) wimsile achanak key bhaeko thiyo bhanera bujhchhanh urkuhartle amaletma arsenic halney gareka thie june ketale afaile pakaeko thiyo. yadyapi ketaharu rar urkuhartle yo parikar sajha gareka thie, tara pachhillo kunai asar bhaeko thiena kinbhane unle lamo samayasamma wishko sano khurak liera sawadhanipurwak aghi nai afnai pratiraksha nirman gareka thie. wimsile yurkhartlai sakshiharu samu prawesh dilauna chalaunchha. harriotka punah muddama abhiyojanle kunai mudda prastut gardaina rar uni mukta hunchhin. afno agniparikshabata thakit bhaera, unle feri wimsiko wiwahako prastawa aswikar garchhin. wimsile parkarlai afnie bahini leady merilai prastawa garna raji garaunchha, jaslai unle lamo samayadekhi prashansa gardai aeka chhan. how how. wimsiko sathi rar stock markett samparka freddy arbathanatle hatya piditki chhori "ko sharirma", rechel leviko sath lamo samayadekhi dhilai bhaeko gharelu ananda fela parchha." shirshak. upanyasko shirshak englo-scottish boarder ballad "leard rendle" kaa kehi sanskaranharuma dekha pardachha jasko shirshak charitralai usako premile vish dieko thiyoh <kawita> "tapainle afno bihanko khaja key khaunubhayo, mero afnai sunder chhoro? tapainle afno bihanko khaja, mero aram rar anandaka lagi key khaunubhayo?" "ek cup baliyo vish; amah, chaandai mero ochhyan banaunuhos, mero hridayama pida chha, rar mahm sutna chahanchha." </kawita> sahityik mahatwa rar alochana. aparadh upanyasharuko afno samikshama (1989 sanskaran), americi lekhakharu barjun rar tailerle upanyaslai "utkrishta kritiharu madhye sarvochcha" bhaneka chhan. yasama suspensko sabaibhanda baliyo sambhawit tatwa chha-jigyasa "rar" harriet bhyanka lagi wimsisanga sajha garne bhawana. sanket, rahasya, swatantra prem prashna, rar bolne kram sudhar garna sakiena. somer opaningko lagi, amlett kasari banaune bhanne bare nyayadhishko tippaniko sath, yo sarasar pratibha how." upanyasma warnan garieanusar arsenikko prabhawalai tyas samayaka vigyanle swikar gareko thiyo, tara ab yo vishwas garinchha kii dirghakalin sewanle wastawma dherai swasthya samasyaharu nimtyaeko hunchha. anukulan. yo upanyas sann 1987 maa bibisi television shringkhalaka lagi rupantaran garieko thiyo jasma edward petherbridgele leard pieterko bhumika rar harriet walterle harriet bhyanko bhumika nibhaeka thie. yasalai tinn patak radioca lagi anukulit garieko chhah prishthabhumi. jabki uktakartaharule unko pahilo upanyasma kaam gariraheka thie, "ko sharira?", unle rusi-yahudi prishthabhumika lekhak john kornosasanga sambandha suru garin. cornos swatantra premka samarthak thieh uni vivahama vishwas gardainathe rar santan chahandainathe. cornosle garbhanirodhakko sath yauna sambandha rakhna agraha garneharulai dabab die, tara unle, ek uccha angreji, jaslai unle "robber pasalko dag" bhanin, tyasabata bachna virodh garin. uniharuko sambandha apekshaharuko bemelma sthapit bhayo, rar dui warsha bhitra cornos-spashta rupma unle davi gareka vicharharuma vishwas nagari-aru kasaisanga vivaha gareko thiyo. pachhi duwai seyar rar cornosle uniharuko sambandhako kalpanik sanskaranharu lekheh "strung poison" (1930) maa seyarharu rar "da deville iz enn angreji gentleman" (1932) maa cornos.

shaktishali bisha strang pasin' heuchhi dorothy elnka 1930 masihar eka rahasyamai upenyas. sayers, tankara panchamati lord pieter wimse ebong prathamati jeunthire harriet bhyan dekhajae . plut. ehi upanyasati arambha hoichhi rahasyamai lekhaka heriet bhanenka saha, jieki taanka purbatana premika phillip boejnka hatya paain bichara achantih nastika, arajakata ebong mukta prem upare drudha drustikona thiba jane lekhaka. bibahaku asweekara karuthiba sarbajaneena bhabe sweekara curry, shay jane anichhuka hyarietanku taanka sahita rahibaku raaji karaithile, kebala eka barsha parey taanka neetigudiku parityaga karibaku ebong prastaba debaku. pratarita hoithibaru krodhita hoi, harriet samparkaku bhangi deithile. alga heba parey, purbatana dampati belebele bhetithile, ebong bichar pramana darshaithila je puamane barambar pakasthali janita rogare peedita thile, jetebele harriot anumita naamare bisha kinuthile, pradarshan karibaku-tenu shay kahithile-taanka upanyasara eka plut point setebele agragati heuthila . swasthya bhal thiba karanaru north welsre chhutidinaru pheruthiba balakamane taanka samparkeeah samparkeeah okil narman urkhartanka saha mishi bhojan karithile ebong parey shay eka cop kaphi grahan curry thiba harriet flatku jaai bujhamana bishajare alochana karithile. sehi raatire shay gurutara asustha hoi padithile, bodhahue pakasthali pradahare. sheshare kalankita hebara sandeha karajaithila, ebong eka postmartamaru janaa padithila je balakamane tibra arsenic bishakrija dwara mrutyubarana karithile. herietra kaphi ebong taanka samparkeejanka saha sandhyare bhojan (jeunthire pratyeka jinish dui kimba adhika lock dwara bantajaithila) byatita, peedita sehi sandhyare anya kichhi khaai nathiba pari janapadila . ehi bichar phalaphal eka hanga jurie ray parinata hue . jehetu eka sarbasammata raiah aabasyaka, bicharapati punarbichara adesh dianti . lord pieter wimse karagarare thiba harriet paridarshan karanti, taanka nirdoshata bishajare tankara dosharopa ghoshana karanti ebong prakruta hatyakariku dhariba paain pratishruti dianti . wimse ehaa madhya ghoshana karanti je shay tanku bibaha karibaku chahunchhanti, eka paramarsha jaahaa namra bhabare kintu drudha bhabare pratyakhyana kare . nutan bichara purbaru samai biruddhare karjya curry, wimse prathame sambhabya anusandhana karanti je balakamane aatmahatya karithile . wimsenka bandhu, detective inspector charles parker, ehi siddhantaku khandan karichanti. samparkeeah bhai urkuhart ebong puamananka dhani mausi, rojana reburn, brudha ebong brudha, ebong urkuhart (jie taanka paribarika okil bhabare karjya karuchanti) nka anujai jetebele shay mrutyubarana karanti, tankara adhikansha bhagya tanku chalijiba, ebong puamananku bahuta comm diajiba . wimse ehaaku eka micha bolly sandeha karanti, ebong taanka anusandhana agent miss climpsionanku rojannanka moola ichhaku dharibaku pathanti, jaahaa shay eka hasyarasa drushyare jaliati madhyamara abhyasaku ujagara karanti . ehi uilare prakrutare balakamananku mukhya hitadhikari bhabe namit karajaichi. wimse urkuhartanka karjyalajare jane guptachar, miss john marchisananku ropana karanti jeunthare shay arsenikar eka luchai rakhithiba packett paanti . shay ehaa madhya janibaku paile je urkuhart rojannanka okil bhabare taanka padabira apabyabahara karithile, taanka nibeshaku atmagopana karithile, ebong parey stock bajaarare tanka haraithile. urkuhart sweekara karithile je jadi rosanna mrutyubarana karanti ebong balakamane taanka uttaradhikara daabi karanti tebe shay anibarjya exposurer sammukheen hebe. tebe, bayas ichhapatrara bishajabastu bishajare agya thile ebong urkhart jukti karithile je jadi prathame puamane mrutyubarana karanti, tebe kehi tanku ekamatra abasista hitadhikari bhabare challenge kariparibe naahin, ebong tankara thakei prakash paiba naahin. aii. ku anudhyana kariba parey.ee. housemananka "aii shrapashajara laad" (jeunthire kabi gambhira kabita pathaku raja mithridetsanka bisha biruddhare aatma-tikakarana sahita tulana karichanti) wimse hathat bujhichhanti je qa 'naa ghatithilah urkuhart eka aamaletare arsenic deithile jaahaa boes nije roshei karithile . jadio bayas ebong urkuhart ehi khadyaku seyara karithile, kintu parabarteeti prabhabita hoinathila kaaran shay dirgha samai dhari bisara chhot matra nei purbaru nijara roga pratirodhaka shakti jatna sahakaare nirmana karithile. wimse urkuhartanku sakheenka sammukhare eka swekruti deba paain kaushala karanti . herietra punarbicharare, prosecution kaunasi mamla upasthapana kare naahin ebong shay mukta huanti . taanka agniparikhyare klanta hoi, shay puni wimsenka bibaha prastabaku pratyakhyana karanti . wimse parkaranku taanka bhaunee, ledi mereenku prastaba debaku raaji karaithae, jaahaaku shay dirgha deane dhari prashansa kariasichhanti. sammani. wimsenka bandhu ebong stock marketra samparka freddy arbuthnut, 'kahar sharira' ray hatya peeditanka jhia rachel lebhi sahita eka dirgha-bilamba gharoi ananda khojanti?" shirshaka. upanyasara shirshaka ingraji-scottish seema ballad "lord rendall" rahr kichhi sanskaranare dekhajae jahara shirshaka charitraku taanka premeenka dwara bisha prajoga karajaithilaha <kabita> "sakaala jalakhiaare qa" naa khaithila, moe sunder pua? apana sakaala jalakhiaa paain, more aram ebong ananda paain qa "naa khaile?" "eka cop prachanda bisha; maa, shighra moe bichana tiari curr. moe hrudajare jantrana achhi, ebong mun soibaku chahunchhi." </kabita> sahityika gurutwa ebong samalochana. aparadha upenyas (1989 sanskarana) rahr samikhyare, americae lekhaka barjun ebong taylor ehi upanyasaku "shrestha kruti madhyare sarbocha" bolly kahichanti. ethire suspensor sabutharu shaktishali sambhabya upadan rahichhi-kautuhal "ebong" harriet bhyan paain wimsinka saha jane anshidara karuthiba bhabana . sutra, rahasya, mukta-prem prashna, ebong kahiba kramare unnati karajaiparila naahin. eka amalet kipari tiari karajiba shay bishajare bicharapatinka mantabya sahita, ehaa eka chamatkara pratibha ." upanyasare barnita arsenikar prabhaba sehi samaira bigyana dwara sweekara karajaithila, kintu bartamana biswasa karajae je deerghakaleena seban bastabare aneka swasthya samasya srusti karithiba . abhijojana. ehi upanyasati 1987 masihare eka bibisi television sirij paain rupantarita hoithila jeunthire edward patherbridge lord pieter bhabare ebong harriet walter harriet bhyan bhabare abhinai karithile. ehaaku tini thara redio paain anukoolita karajaichihi prusthabhumi. jetebele sayers taanka pratham upenyas upare kaama karuthile, "kahar sharira?", shay rushiah-ihudi prusthabhumira jane lekhaka zohn kornosnka saha samparka arambha karithile. cornos mukta premer jane prabakta thileh shay bibaahare biswasa karunathile ebong santan chahunanathile. cornos ukta byaktimananku garvanirodhaka sahita jouna samparka rakhibaku chaap pakaithile, kintu shay jane uccha ingrajibhashi, jaahaaku shay "rabar dokanara kalanka" bolly kahithile, taahaaku edaibaku pratirodha karithile. semananka samparka ashar mela naah khaiba aadhaarare sthapita hoithila, ebong dui barsha madhyare carnos-spastatah shay daabi karithiba bichara biswasa karunathile-anya kahaku bibaha karithile . ubhaja sayers ebong cornos parey semananka samparkara kalpanika sanskarana lekhithileh 'strang pasin' (1930) ray sayers ebong 'daa devil ija enn ingraji gentleman' (1932) ray cornos .

tez zahir mazboot zahir dorothy ail duaara 1930 daa ikk rahassmai nawal haii. kahinde hunn, uss daa panjwan lard pieter vimse dee visheshta atey pahila jiss witch harriet vain dikhai dinda haii. plaat. nawal dee shuruat rahassmai lekhak harriet vain naal hundi haii jiss utte uss dey sabka premi, philip boeza nastikta, arajakta atey sutantar piaar baare mazboot vicharan vaala ikk lekhak dey katal daa mukaddama chall riha haii. jantak taur utte viaah noon aswikar curran daa daava karde hoye, uss neey ikk anchahe harriet noon aapne naal rahinn laee raaji keeta see, siraf ikk saal baad aapne sidhantan noon tiaagan atey prastav denh laee. harriet neey dhokha khaann toon naraz hoow keey aapna rishta todd liaa see. alagg honn toon baad, sabka jodda kadey-kadayin milda see, atey mukkadme dey saboot neey uss samein dey aale-duaale pett dee bimari dey vaar-vaar daur toon peedat mundiaan vall ishara keeta jadon harriet manne gaye naavan heth zahir khareed riha see, ih darsaun laee-iss laee usne kiha-uss dey nawal daa ikk kahani bindu joe udon chall riha see. uttri wells witch chhuttiaan toon waps aaa rahey mundiaan neey aapne chachere bharaa, vakeel norman urkuhart naal khaana khaadha see, iss toon pahilan kii uh harriet dey flat witch sulha baare charcha curran gaye, jitthe unhan neey ikk kapp kaufi savikar keeti see. uss raat uh gambhir roop naal bimar hoow giaa see, jahar taur utte gastritis naal. akheer witch iss witch gadbadi daa shakk see, atey postmortem toon pataa lagga kii mundiaan dee maut gambhir arsenic zahir naal hoee see. harriet dee kaufi atey aapne chachere bharaa naal shaam dey khaane (jiss witch harr cheez noon doou jaan doou toon vaddh lokan duaara sanjha keeta giaa see) toon ilava, peedat neey uss shaam noon kujh horr naheen liaa japda see. mukkadme daa natija ikk latkadi jioori witch hunda haii. jiven kii sarabsanmati naal faisle dee zaroorat hundi haii, jajj dubara mukkadme daa adesh dinda haii. lard pieter vimsi jailh witch harriet daa daura karda haii, uss noon nirdosh thehraunda haii atey asal kaatal noon fadan daa vaada karda haii. vimsi neey ih vee ailaan keeta kii uh uss naal viaah karna chahunda haii, ikk ajiha sujhaa jiss noon nimrata naal parr mazbooti naal inkaar qarr ditta jaanda haii. navein mukkadme toon pahilan samein dey virudh kamm karde hoye, vimsi pahilan iss sambhavna dee padchol karda haii kii mundiaan neey aapne aap noon maar liaa. vimsi daa dosat, jasus inspector charles parker, iss sidhant noon nakarda haii. chachere bharavan urkuhart atey boys dee ameer padpoti, rosana reburn, buddhi atey buddhi haii, atey urkuhart (joe uss dey parivarak vakeel vajon kamm qarr rahee haii) dey anusar jadon uh marr jaandi haii taan uss dee ziaadaatar kismat uss noon mill javegi, jiss witch bahut ghatt munde jaande hunn. vincy noon shakk haii kii ih ikk jhooth haii, atey uh aapne jaanch agent miss climpsion noon rosana dee asal vasiat noon haasal curran laee bhejda haii, joe uh ikk hasohine drish witch dhokhadhadi madhiam dey abhiaasan noon bencob karda haii. vasiat asal witch mukkh labharthi vajon ladkiaan daa naam laindi haii. vinse neey urkuhart dey daftar witch ikk jasus, miss john merchison noon lagaiaa, jitthe uss noon arsenic daa ikk lukiaa hoiaa paeket milda haii. uss noon ih vee pataa laggda haii kii urkuhart neey rosana dey vakeel dey roop witch aapni sathiti dee durvarton keeti see, uss dey niveshan daa gaban keeta see, firr stock markeet witch paisa guaa ditta see. urkuhart neey manniaa kii jey rosana marr jaandi haii atey munde uss dee virasat daa daava karde hunn taan uss noon lazmi samparak daa sahmana karna pavega. halanki, boys vasiat dee samaggari toon anjaan sunn atey urkuhart neey tarak ditta kii jey munde pahilan marr jaande hunn, taan koee vee uss noon iklauta baaki labharthi vajon chunhauti naheen dey sakda, atey uss dee dhokhadhadi daa khulasa naheen keeta javega. aii noon padhan toon baad.ee. houseman daa "ikk shropshire ladka" (jiss witch kavee gambhir kavita dey padhan dee tulna king methoridates dey zahiran virudh sway-tikakaran naal karda haii) vincy noon achanak samajh aaa gaee kii qee hoiaa seeuuu urkuhart neey ikk omelet witch arsenic daa parbandh keeta see joe kii boys neey khud pakaiaa see. halanki mundiaan atey urkuhart neey pakwan sanjha keeta see, parr baad vaala prabhavit naheen hoiaa see kiunki usne lambe samein toon zahir dee chhotiaan khurakan lae keey savdhani naal pahilan hii aapni pratirodhak shakti daa nirman qarr liaa see. vimsi urkuhart noon gavahan dey sahmane dakhal curran laee chaal chalaunda haii. harriet dey mudd mukkadme witch, istagasa pakkh koee case pesh naheen karda atey uh rihaa hoow jaandi haii. aapni musibat toon thakk keey, uh firr toon vimsi dey viaah dey prastav noon radd qarr dindi haii. vimsi parker noon aapni bhainn lady mairi noon prastav denh laee manaunda haii, jiss dee uh lambe samein toon parshansa karda haii. maan. vinse dey dosat atey stock markeet dey samparak witch aaunn vaale freddy arbuthnut noon katal peedat dee dhee raichel levi naal lambe samein toon gharelu anand milda haii, jiss dey sareer witch?" sirlekh. nawal daa sirlekh angrezi-scottish sarhaddi gaatha "lard randle" dey kujh roopan witch dikhai dinda haii jiss dey sirlekh dey charittar noon uss dey premi duaara zahir ditta giaa seeuuu <kavita> "tusin aapne sware dey khaane laee qee khaadha, merey aapne sunder munde? tusin aapne sware dey khaane, merey aaram atey khushi laee qee khaadha?" "ikk kapp tez zahir; maan, jaldi hii meraa bistra bnaa lae. merey dill witch darad haii, atey meraa matlab haii letna." </kavita> sahitak mahatta atey alochna. apradh navlan (1989 edition) dee aapni samikhiaa witch, amriki lekhakan barzun atey teller neey nawal noon "masterpiece vicchon sabh toon uccha" kiha. iss witch rahass daa sabh toon mazboot tatt haii-utsukta "atey" harriet vain laee vincy naal sanjhi bhavna. surag, rahass, sutantar-piaar daa swal atey dassan dey kram witch sudhar naheen keeta jaa sakiaa. jithon takk saumar opening dee gall haii, jajj deeaan tippniaan dey naal kii omelet kiven banaiaa jaave, ih bahut pratibha haii." nawal witch varnit arsenic dey prabhav noon uss samein dey vigiaan duaara savikar keeta giaa see, parr hunn ih manniaa jaanda haii kii lambe samein dee khapat asal witch bahut saariaan sihat samassiaavan daa caarn bnee hovegi. anukulta. iss nawal noon 1987 witch ikk bee. bee. see. television luddy laee rupantrit keeta giaa see jiss witch edward patherbridge neey lard pieter atey harriet walter neey harriet vain vajon abhinai keeta see. iss noon tinn vaar radio laee anukulit keeta giaa haiyav pichokad. jadon kii kahinde uss dey pahile nawal 'teey kamm qarr rahey sunn, "kiss daa sareer?", uss neey russie-yahudi pichokad dey lekhak jauhan cornos naal rishta shuru keeta. cornos sutantar piaar daa parocar seeuuu uh viaah witch vishwas naheen karda see atey bacche naheen chahunda see. cornos neey bolann valiaan noon garabh nirodh naal jinsi sambandh banaun laee dabaa paaiaa, parr uss neey, ikk ucch angrezi, neey uss toon bachann daa virodh keeta jiss noon uh "rubbed dee dukan daa daag" kahindi haii. unhan daa rishta umeedan dey bemel honn 'teey sathapat hoiaa, atey doou saalan dey ander-ander cornos-spasht taur' teey unhan vicharan witch vishwas naheen karde joe unhan neey daava keeta see-neey kise horr naal viaah karwa liaa see. baad witch doven sacch bolann vaale atey cornos neey aapne rishte dey kalpanik sanskaran likhea 'mazboot zahir' (1930) witch sacch bolann vaale atey 'shaitan ikk angrezi sajjan haii' (1932) witch cornos.

prabalavisham. stroung-visham iti dorothy-ell ityasya 1930 tame varshe rachitam rahasy-upanyasam asti. saars ityeshaa, tasyaah panchamam chitram lard peater vimse ityanena saha, prathamam cha yatra harriot ven drushyate. plut. rahasyalekhika harriot ven ityeshaa tasyaah poorvapremikasya phillip buys ityasya hatyayaha vishaye vichaaranaartham, naastikatvam, arajakata, swatantra-prema ityetayoho vishaye drudha-vichaarayuktaa lekhikaa iti, upanyaasasy aarambhah bhavati. vivaahasya asweekrutim saarvajanikaroopena prakatayan, saha ekena anicchukam harriet ityenam swena saha nivasitum prerayat, kevalam ekavarshaanantaram swasiddhantan parityajy prastaavayitum cha. harriet, vanchite sati kruddhah, sambandham vicchinnavaan. pruthakkaranaantaram, poorva-dampatee kadaa kadaa militavantah, tathaa cha vichaaranasya sakshyam, yadaa harriot-samsthaa kalpita-namnam visham kreenaati sma, tadaa aavartanam jathar-rogena piditan baalakaah prati nirdeshm karoti sma, yena tasyaah upanyaasasy kathanakam tadaa pragatim asti iti saa uktavatee. naarth wells-nagare viraamadinaat swasthatayaa pratyaagatya, boys ityeshah harriet-ityasya flaat-madhye anuranjanasya vishaye charchaam kartum gacchatah poorvam swasahodarah, adhivaktaa naarman urkhart ityanena saha bhojanam krutavaan, yatra saha ekakapp kaafee sveekrutavaan. tasmin raatrau saha pranaghataka-rogena grasitah, pratyakshataya jatarashothena. ante durbhaawanaah shankitaa abhavat, shavaparikshayam cha baalakaah teevra-arsenic-vishaprayogena mrutaah iti spashtam. harriet ityasya kaafee, tasya bhraatrubhihi saha sayankale bhojanam (yasmin pratyekam vastu dvivaaram vaa adhikaih janaihi vaa vibhaajitam aasit) ityetaan vihaay, peeditah tasmin sayankale anyat kimapi naa gruheetavaan iti prateeyate sma. vichaaranasya parinaamah hang-jyooree iti bhavati. sarvasammatasya nirnayasya aavashyakataa bhavati ataha nyayadhishaha punah vichaaranasya aadesham karoti. lard peater vimse karagaram gatvaa harriet-nagaram gacchati, tasyaah nirdoshataa vishaye swasya aparaadhanirnayam ghoshayati, tathaa cha vaastavikam hantakam dharitum pratijnaam karoti. vimse api ghoshayati yat saha tasyaah saha vivaaham icchati iti, yat paraamarshah harrit-ityanena vinayapoorvakatayaa parantu drudatayaa nirakruta. nutanasya vichaaranaat poorvam samayaviruddham karyam kurvan, vimse prathame balakanam atmahatyayaha sambhaavanaam anveshayati. vimse ityasya mitrah, jaasoos-nireekshakah charles parker ityeshah, tasya siddhaantam niraakaroti. urkhart tathaa boys ityetayoho bhraatruganayoho dhanika-maatuh rosanna reburn ityeshaa vruddhaa vruddhaa cha asti, tathaa cha urkhart ityasya (yaa tasyaah parivaarasya nyaayavaadeeroopen karyam karoti) matena yadaa saa mriyati tadaa tasyaah adhikaamsham dhanam tasya krute gacchati, baalakebhyah atyalpam cha bhavati. vimse ityeshah tam mithyaa iti shankayati, tathaa cha swasya anveshana-pratinidhim miss clampson ityenam rosanna ityasya mool-icchaam graheetum preshayati, yat saa kapata-madhyamanam abhyasan udghaatayan hasya-drushye karoti. vastutah icchaapatram balanam naamaani pramukha-laabhaartheeroopen soochayati. vimse ityeshaa, miss john merchison iti goodachaaram, urkhart ityasya karyalaye sthaapayati, yatra saa arsenic ityasya guptam peckett anvishyati. saa api jaanaati yat urkuhart rosanna ityasya adhivaktaa iti padasya durupayogam krutavaan, tasyaah niveshasya ganayantranm krutavaan, tatah stack-markett madhye dhanam nashtavaan iti. urkhart ityanena dnyaatam yat yadi rosanna mriyate, baalakaah cha tasya uttaradhikaram graheeshyanti tarhi saha anivaaryam bahirgamanam sammukheekaroti iti. parantu, boyas ityeshah icchaapatrasya vishayavastuh anabhidnyah aasit, tathaa cha urkhart ityeshah tarkam krutavaan yat yadi prathame baalakaah mriyante tarhi, kashchidapi tam ekamaatrah avashishtah labharthi iti pratipratisandhih naa kartum shaknoti, tasya vanchanaa naa prakaashyate iti. a ityasya patanaanantaram.ee. houseman ityasya "a shraapshair ledd" (yasmin kavihi gambhir-kaavyasya pathanasya tulanam kinng-mithridates ityasya vishaviruddhasya swa-pratirakshayaa saha karoti) vimse ityeshah akasmaat jaanaati yat abhavath urkuhart ityeshah aamlet ityasmin arsenic-aushadham dattavaan, yat boys-varyaha svayameva paakam akarot. yadyapi boys tathaa urkhart ityeshaa cha khadyapadartham saha-saha vyanjan, tathaapi uttaratah aprabhaawitah aasit, yatah saha dirghakalam yaavat vishasya laghu-maatraah sveekrutya poorvamev swasya pratiraksham savadhanataya niramaat. vimse, yurkhart ityenam sakshinam samaksham praveshaartham prerepayati. harriet ityasya punah vichaaranakaale abhiyojanapakshah kimapi prakaranam naa prastooyati, saa cha mukttaa bhavati. swapareekshaabhih vyathitayaa saa punah vimse ityasya vivaahaprastaavam niraakrutavatee. vimse parker ityenam swabhagineem leady merry ityanaya saha vivaah-prastaavanam kartum prerepayati, yaa cha saha bahukalat prashamsati sma. dhaatoh. vimse ityasya mitrah stack-markett-samparkah cha freddy arbatnat ityeshah, "kasmin shareere?" iti hatyayaha peeditaayaah putree rechel-levi ityanena saha dirghakaalaat vilambitam gruha-aanandam prapnuyat." sheershakam. aangl-skaatish-sima-gathayaha "lard rendle" ityasya keshuchit roopeshu asya upanyaasasy sheershakam drushyate, yasya sheershak-paatram tasya premee visham adadat. <kaavyam.> "pratahbhojanartham kim khaditavan, mama sundarah putrah? pratahbhojanartham kim khaditavan, mama sukhaya aanandaay cha?" "ekam kapam prabalavisham; maataa, sheeghramev mama shayanam nirmaatu. mama hrudaye peedaa asti, shayanam kartum icchaami." </kaavyam.> sahityikam mahattvam tathaa vimarshah. aparaadh-upanyasanam samikshayam (1989 samskaranam), amerikaadeshasy lekhakau barjun tathaa teller ityeshaa "utkrushta-krutishu sarvochcham" iti uktavantah. asmin rahasyasy prabalatamah ghatakah asti-jijnaasaa "tathaa cha" harriet ven krute vimse ityanena saha saha saha vahaneeyah bhaawah. sootraani, rahasym, mukta-premaprashnam, kathanakramah cha naa sudhaarayitum shakyam. somer-opening vishaye, amlet-katham nirmaatum shakyate iti vishaye nyayadhishasya vyaakhyaayuktah, saha atyantam pratibhaasampannah asti." upanyaase varnitam arsenic ityasya prabhaawah tatkaaleen-vijnaanena sweekrutah aasit, parantu idaaneem manyate yat dirghakalam yaavat sevanena vastutah anekaani swaasthya-samasyaah abhavan iti. anukoolan. 1987 tame varshe bee. bee. see. dooradarshan-shrunkhalaayaah krute asya upanyaasasy rupantaranam krutam, yasmin edward patherbridge-varyaha lard peater-paatrasya, harriet valter-varyaha harriet ven-paatrasya cha patradharinaha aasan. etat tribhihi radio-krute parivartitam asti. prushtabhoomau. yadaa vaktaarah tasyaah prathamam upanyasam "kasmin shareeram?" iti vishaye karyam kurwantah aasan."saa rusee-yahoodee-prushtabhoomyaah lekhaken jaan cornos ityanena saha sambandham prarabhata. cornos swatantra-premasya samarthakah aasit, saha vivaahe naa vishvasitavaan, santanan naa icchati sma. cornos ityeshaa matavaadinah garbhanirodhaken saha yaunamilanaartham sammardayat, parantu saa uccha-anglabhashya "rabbar-shaap ityasya kalam" iti namna abhinidishtam tatt nivaarayitum pratirodham akarot. teshaam sambandhah apekshaayaah asangatyaa sthaapitah, varshadvayeshu carnos---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- pare, seyar-carnos-ityetaah cha swasambaddhataayaah kalpanikasamskaranan likhitavantah-"stroung-poyasan" (1930) ityasmin seyar-ityetau, "da devill eej enn aangl gentlemen" (1932) ityasmin carnos ityetau cha.

valuvaana visham valuvaana visham enbathu dorothy ell ezhuthiya 1930 aam aandu marma naaval aagum. sears, avarathu ainthaavathu lard piittar vimsi mattrum muthal haarit vaen thoandrugirathu. sathi. marma ezhuththaalar haariyat vaen thanathu munnaal kaathaliyaana pilip poisin kolaikaana visaaranaiyil naaval thodangukirathuh naaththigavaatham, araajagam mattrum sudhanthira kaathal kuritthu valuvaana karutthukkalaik konda oru ezhuththaalar. thirumanatthai maruppathaaka pagirangkamaaga ariviththa avar, thayakkam kaattum oru haariyattai thannudan vaazha varpurutthinaar, oru varudam kaliththu thanathu kolgaigalai kaivittu munmozhinthaar. aemaattrappattathaal koopamadaindha haariyat, uravai muriththuk kondaar. pirinthathaith thodarnthu, munnaal thambathiyinar eppoathaavathu santhiththanar, maelum visaaranaiyil ulla saandrugal, haariyat karudhappatta peyarkalil vishangkalai vaangkum neraththil meendum meendum iraippai noayaal paathikkappatta siruvarkalai suttikkaattina, enavae avar koorinaar-avarathu naavalin oru kadhaippulli pinnar nadanthu varukirathu. north valcil oru vidumuraiyil irunthu nalla aaroakkiyaththudan thirumbiya siruvarkal, thanathu uravinaraana vazhakkarinyar norman urguhartudan saapittu, haarit plaattukkuch sendru nallinakkam pattri vivaathikka munbu, angku avar oru kapp kaabiyai aetrtrukkondaar. andru iravu avar vayitrtruppoakkudan maaradaippaal paathikkappattaar. iruthiyil thavaraana seyalpaadu santhekikkappattathu, maelum piraethap parisoathanai theevira arsenic vishathaal siruvarkal iranththathaaka theriyavanthathu. haariyatin kaapi mattrum avarathu uravinarudan maalai unavu (idhil ovvoru porulum irandu allathu adharku maerpattavargalaal pagirnthu kollappattathu) thavira, paathikkappattavar andru maalai vaeru ethaiyum saappidavillai endru thoantriyathu. inththa vazhakku visaaranai thongku naduvar kuzhuvil mudivadaigirathu. orumittha theerppu thaevaippaduvathaal, neethipathi maruu visaaranaikku utharavidugiraar. lard piittar vimsi siraiyil ulla haariyattaich santhiththu, aval kuttramattravar endru avar theerppaliththu, unmaiyana kolaiyaaliyaip pidippathaaga uruthiyalikkiraar. vimsi thaan avalai tirumanam seithu kolla virumbuvathaagavum arivikkiraar, idhu oru aaloachanaiyaakum, idhu panivudan aanaal uruthiyaaka marukkirathu. puthiya visaaranaikku munbu neeraththirku ethiraaga vaelai seiyum vimsi, siruvarkal thartkolai seithu kollum saaththiyakkoorukalai muthalil aaraaikiraar. vimsiyin nanbarum thuppariyum aaivaalarumaana charles bargarh inthak kootpaattai marukkiraar. uravinar urguhard mattrum siruvarkalin panakkaara periya aththai, rosanna rabourn, vayathaanavar mattrum vayathaanavar, maelum urguhartin (avarathu kudumba vazhakkarinyaraaga seyalpadum) koottruppadi, aval irakkumpoathu avaludaiya selvaththin perumbaguthi avanidam sellum, siruvarkalukku migak kuraivaagavae sellum. idhu oru poy endru vimsi santhekikkiraar, maelum thanathu visaaranai mugavar miss climpsonai rosannaavin asal uyilaip pera anuppukiraar, idhu oru nagaichchuvaik kaatchiyil moasadi uudakangkalin nadaimuraigalai ambalappaduththukirathu. uyil unmaiyil siruvarkalai muthanmai payanaalikalaaka peyarittullathu. vimsi oru ulavaali, miss joann mursisanai, urkhartin aluvalagaththil valarkkiraar, angku avar oru maraikappatta arsenic paakkettaik kaankiraar. urguhard rosannaavin vazhakkarinyar endra thanathu nilaiyai dushprayogam seithathaiyum, avarathu muthaleedugalai moasadi seithathaiyum, pinnar pankuch santhaiyil panaththai ilanththathaiyum aval kandupiditthaal. rosanna iranthaal, siruvarkal avarathu parambarai urimiyaik koorinaal, avar thavirkka mudiyaatha velipaattai ethirkolvaar enbathai urguhard angeekariththaar. iruppinum, uyilin ulladakkangkal kuritthu siruvarkalukkuth theriyaathu, siruvarkal muthalil iranthaal, enjchiyirukkum oray payanaaliyaaga avarai yaarum sawal seiya mudiyaathu endrum, avarathu moasadi velippaduththappadaathu endrum urguhard niyaayappaduththinaar. a aip padiththa piragu.ii. howsman "oru shroffshire laet" (idhil kavignar theeviramaana kavidhaigalin vaasippai king mithridates vishangkalukku ethiraana suya noiththaduppu marunthudan oppidugiraar) vimsi thideerendru enna nadanthathu enbathaip purinthukolkiraar urguhard oru amlettil arsenic koduththirundhaar, idhu boys thaanae samaiththirunthathu. siruvarkalum urguhaardum inththa unavaip pagirnthu kondaalum, neenda kaalamaaga nachchupporulin siriya alavai eduththukkolvathan moolam avar thanathu sontha noai ethirppu sakthiyai kavanamaaga kattamaiththathaal pinthaiyavar paathikkappadavillai. vimsi urkhartai saatchigal muun oru opputhalukku thanthirappaduththukiraar. haariyatin maruu visaaranaiyil, arasu tharappu endha vazhakkaiyum munvaikkavillai, aval viduvikkappadugiraal. thanathu sothanaiyaal soarvadaintha aval, vimsiyin thirumana munmozhivai meendum niraagarikkiraal. vimsi thanathu sagoathariyaana laedi maeriyidam vivaagaraththu seiya paarkarai varpuruththukiraar, avarai avar neenda kaalamaaga poattri varukiraar. thii hawn. vimsiyin nanbarum pankuch santhaith thodarbubavarumaana freddy arbatnat, kolai seiyappattavarin magal "yaarudaiya udalil" endra rassell leevi moolam neendakaalamaaga thaamathamaana ullnaattu magizhchchiyaik kaankiraar." thalaippu. naavalin thalaippu anglo-skaatlaanthu ellai paadalaagiya "lard rendell" inn sila vagaikalil thoandrugirathu, adhan thalaippu kathaapaaththiram avarathu kaathalanaal visham poosappattathu <kavidhai> "kaalai unavirku enna saappittaai, enn azhagaana baiyan? ungkal kaalai unavirkum, enn aaruthal mattrum magizhchchikkum neengkal enna saappitteerkal?" "oru kapp valimaiyana visham; amma, viraivil enn padukkaiyai uruvaakkungkal, enn idhayaththil oru valii ullathu, naan paduththuk kolla virumbukiraen." </kavidhai> ilakkiya mukkiyathuvam mattrum vimarsanam. kuttra naavalkal pattriya thangal mathippaaivil (1989 pathippu), america ezhuththaalargal barzun mattrum dailor inththa naavalai "thalaisirantha padaippugalil miga uyarnthathu" endru azhaiththanar. idhu suspensin valuvaana uruppaik kondullathu-aarvam mattrum "haariyat vaenukkaaka vimsiyudan oruvar pagirnthu kollum unarvu. thadayangal, marmam, sudhanthira kaathal kaelvi mattrum sollum varisaiyai maempaduththa mudiyavillai. soambar oopaningkaip porutthavarai, oru amlettai evvaaru thayaarippathu enbathu kuriththa neethipathiyin karuththugaludan, idhu muttrilum maethai." navalil vivarikkappattullapadi arsenic vilaivu akkaala ariviyalaal aetrtrukkollappattathu, aanaal neenda kaala nugarvu unmaiyil pala sugaathaara pirachchanaikalai aerpaduththiyirukkum endru ippoathu nambappadugirathu. thazhuvalkal. inththa naaval 1987 aam aandil ppc tholaikaatchi thodarukkaaga thazhuvi edukkappattathu, idhil edward bether bridge lard peettaraagavum, haariyat walder haariyat vaenaagavum nadiththanar. idhu moontru murai vanolikku thazhuvappattullathuh pinnani. avarathu muthal navalil "yaarudaiya udal?" endra noolil paesubavargal vaelai seithu kondirunthapoathu,", avar russia-yoothap pinnaniyaich saerntha ezhuththaalar john carnosuden oru uravaith thodangkinaar. cornos sudhanthira anbin aatharavaalaraaka irunthaar avar thirumanatthai nambavillai, kuzhandhaigalai virumbavillai. carnos karuththadai moolam udaluravu kollumaaru koottaaligalai valiyurutthinaar, aanaal avar oru uyar aangkilaviyalaaraaka irunthaar, avar "rubber kadaiyin karai" endru azhaiththathaith thavirkka marutthaar. avarkalin uravu ethirpaarppukalin porunthaatha thanmaiyin adippadaiyil niruvappattathu, maelum irandu aandugalukkul carnos-avar kooriya karutthukkalai nambavillai-vaeru oruvarai tirumanam seithu kondaar. paechchaalarkal mattrum cornos iruvarum pinnar thangal uravin karpanaiyaana pathippukalai ezhuthinar "valuvaana vishaththil" (1930) paechchaalarkal mattrum "thii devill iss auuu ingleesh gentleman" (1932) ill cornos.

balamaina visham strang poison anedi dorothy ell rachinchina 1930 mystery navala. aame aidavadi lard peater vimse mariyu modatidi harriet wayne kanipistundi. plaat. eee navala rahasya rachayita ayina harriet vaane thana maajee premikudu phillip boys hatyaku vichaaranalo vichaaranhatho praarambhamavutundih naastikatvam, arachakam mariyu swechchaayuta premapai balamaina abhiprayalu kaligina rachayita. vivahanni angeekarinchanani bahirangamgaa prakatistuu, athanu ayishtamgaa unna oka harrietnu thanatho kalisi jeevinchamani oppinchaadu, oka samvatsaram taruvaata thana suutraalanu thyajinchi, pratipaadinchaadu. mosapoyinanduku kopamgaa unna harriet, aaa sambandhaanni tenchukundi. vidipoyina taruvaata, maajee janta appudappudu kalusukunnaru, mariyu vichaaranalo unna aadharalu harriet oohinchina paerlatoe vishalanu konugolu chestunna samayamlo padepade gastric anaarogyamtho badhapaduthunna abbayilanu choopinchaayi, kabatti aame cheppindi-aame navala yokka kathaamsam appudu purogatilo undhi. merugaina aarogyamtho north vaelsloo selavula nundi tirigi vacchina boys, thana bandhuvu, nyaayavaadi norman urkhartto kalisi bhojanam chesi, sayodhya gurinchi charchinchadaaniki harriet flaatku velle mundu, akkada athanu oka kappu kaafeeni sweekarinchaadu. aaa raatri athanu pottalo vaaputo teevramgaa anaarogyamtho unnadu. chivariki faul play anumaaninchabadindi, mariyu postmortem teevramaina arsenic vishaprayogam valla baluru maraninchaarani velladinchindi. harriet coffey mariyu athani bandhuvutho saayantram bhojanam (dheenilo prati vastuvunu iddaru ledhaa anthakante ekkuva mandhi panchukunnaru) tappa, baadhitudu aaa saayantram vaerae aemee teesukoledani telustondi. vichaarana oka uri nyaayanirnaetagaa jarugutundi. ekagreeva teerpu avasaram kabatti, nyaayamuurti tirigi vichaaranaku aadesistaaru. lard peater vimse jailulo harrietnu sandarsinchi, aame amaayakatvaanni thana neraaropanagaa prakatinchi, nijamaina hantakudini pattukuntaanani vaagdaanam chestaadu. vimse kooda aamenu vivaham chesukovalanukuntunnani prakatistaadu, eee suuchananu maryaadagaa conny gattiga tiraskaristaadu. kotta vichaaranaku mundu samayaniki vyatiraekamgaa pani chestu, vimse modata baluru aatmahatya chesukune avakaasaanni anveshistaadu. vimse snehitudu, detective inspector charless parker, aaa siddhaantaanni khandinchaaru. urkhart mariyu boys anae daayaadula dhanavanthulaina pedda attha, rosanna rayburn, vruddhuraalu mariyu vruddhuraalu, mariyu urkhart (aame kutumba nyayavadiga vyavaharistunna) prakaram aame maraninchinappudu aame sampadalo ekkuva bhaagam ataniki velutundi, abbayilaku chaalaa takkuva velutundi. vimse adhi abaddham anie anumaanistaadu, mariyu mosapurita maadhyamaala paddhatulanu bahirgatam chese haasya sannivesamlo aame chese rosanna asalu veelunama pondadaaniki thana vichaarana agent miss climpson pamputaadu. veelunama vaastavaaniki baaludini pradhana labdhidarugaa perkontundi. vimse urkhart karyalayamlo miss john merchison anae guudachaarini naatutundi, akkada aame arsenic yokka daachina pyaaketnu kanugontundi. urkhart rosanna nyayavadiga thana padavini durviniyogam chesaadani, aame pettubadulanu durviniyogam chesaadani, aapai stock marketlo dabbunu kolpoyadani kooda aame telusukuntundi. rosanna maraniste, baluru athani vaarasatvaanni korithe athanu anivaarya bahirgatatanu edurkontaanani urkhart gurtinchaadu. ayithe, veelunama vishayaala gurinchi boys kuu teliyadu mariyu baaludu modata chanipothe, evaruu atanni migilina ekaika labdhidarugaa savaalu cheyalerani, athani mosam velladi kaadani urkhart tarkinchaaru. a nii pariseelinchina taruvaata.ii. houseman yokka "eah shropshire laad" (indulo kavi teevramaina kavitvam chadavadaanni king mithridates vishaniki vyatiraekamgaa sweeya-roganirodhaka saktitoe polchadu) emi jarigindo vimseki akasmaattugaa ardham avtundi arkhart arsenic nuu amletlo icchaadu, idhi boys swayamgaa vandaaru. boys mariyu urkhart eee vantakaanni panchukunnappatiki, athanu chaalaa kaalam paatu visham yokka chinna motaadulanu teesukovadam dwara mundugaane thana roganirodhaka saktini jagrattagaa penchukunnanduna taruvaatidi prabhaavitam kaaledu. vimse urkhartnu saakshula mundu pravaesaaniki mosagistaadu. harriet yokka punah vichaaranalo, prosecution etuvanti kesunu samarpinchadu mariyu aame vidudala cheyabadutundi. thana agnipareekshato alasipoyina aame, vimse yokka vivaha pratipaadananu mallii tiraskaristundi. parker thana sodari laedii maereeki propose cheyamani vimse oppistaadu, aamenu athanu chalakalamga mecchukunnadu. dhi hohn. vimse snehitudu mariyu stock market parichayastudaina freddy arbatnat, hatyaku guraina badhiturali kumarte rachel leveetho "evari sareeram?" thoo chaalaa kaalam aalasyamaina desheeya aanandaanni kanugontaadu." sheershika. navala yokka sheershika aanglo-scottish sarihaddu yakshaganam "lard rendle" yokka konni roopaalalo kanipistundi, dheeni sheershika paatranu athani premikudu vishapuuritam chesadu <kavita> "naa andamaina abbai, meeru mea alpaharam kosam emi tinnaru? meeru mea alpaharam, naa soukaryam mariyu aanandam kosam emi tinnaru?" "oka kappu balamaina visham; talli, twaragaa naa mancham tayaaru cheyi, naa hrudayamlo noppi undhi, mariyu neenu padukovalani anukuntunnanu." </kavita> saahitya praamukhyata mariyu vimarsha. naera navalala sameekshalo (1989 edition), yuu. ess. rachayitalu barjun mariyu taylor eee navalanu "kalakhandala atyunnatamainadi" anie paerkonnaaru. idhi suspense yokka balamaina amsaanni kaligi undhi-utsukata "mariyu" harriet wayne kosam vimsetho panchukune bhavana. aadharalu, rahasyam, swechchaayuta prema prasna mariyu cheppe kramaanni meruguparachalekapoyaru. somer opening vishayaanikosthe, amlet elaa tayaaru cheyalane daanipai nyaayamuurti vyaakhyalatoo, idhi puurtigaa medhavi." navalalo vivarinchina vidhamgaa arsenic prabhavanni aaa kaalapu shaastram angeekarinchindi, conny deerghakaalika viniyogam vaastavaaniki aneka aarogya samasyalaku kaaranamai undavacchani ippudu nammutaaru. anusaranalu. eee navala 1987loe bbc television syries kosam sweekarinchabadindi, indulo edward petherbridge lard peetargaa mariyu harriet walter harriet venga natinchaaru. idhi moodu saarlu radeo kosam sweekarinchabadindih nepathyam. aame modati navala "evari sareeram?" paie rachayitalu pani chestunnappudu,", aame russian-yoodu nepathyam gala rachayita zaan carnosto sambandhaanni praarambhinchindi. cornos swechchaayuta premaku maddatudaaruduh athanu vivahanni viswasinchaledu mariyu pillalanu korukoledu. garbhanirodhakatato laingika sambandham pettukoovaalani cornolu cheppevaarini ottidi chesaaru, conny aame, unnata angleyuralu, "rabbaru dukaanam yokka kalankam" anie piliche daanini nivaarinchadaaniki pratighatinchindi. vaari sambandham anchanaala asamatulyatapai sthaapinchabadindi, mariyu rendu samvatsaraalalone cornolu-spashtamgaa athanu perkonna aalochanalanu nammaledu-marokarini vivaham chesukunnaru. aaa taruvaata, aaa rendoo cheppevaaru mariyu cornolu vaari sambandham gurinchi kalpita samskaranalanu rasaru "balamaina visham" (1930) loe cheppevaaru mariyu "dha deville eej yaan inglish gentlemen" (1932) loe cornolu.

mazboot zahar mazboot zahar dorothi eel kaa 1930 kaa eek prasrar naawal hay. kahnay waalon iss kaa panchwan fatcher laard petter wamase aur pehla jiss mein harriot ween zahir hotaa hay. plaat. naawal kaa aaghaz israar masnaf harriot ween kay saath hotaa hay jiss parr iss kay saabiq premi flip boiz kay qatal kaa moqhadhima chalaya jaataa hay: eek masnaf jiss kay paas malhadiyat inteshaar aur aazaad mohabat parr mazboot khayalat haine. awami toor parr shaadi kuu mustarid karnay kaa daawi kartay huay iss nay eek hichkichahat waalay harriot kuu apnay saath rehney parr aamadah kiyaa thaa sarf eek saal baad apnay asulon kuu turk karnay aur tajweez karnay kay liye. dhokah dahee parr naraaz harriot nay rishtah toad diyaa thaa. alaihadgi kay baad saabiq joday kii kabhi kabhaar mulaqat hoti thee aur moqhadhime kay shawahid nay ladkon kii taraf asharah kiyaa kahh wah iss waqat kay aas paas maaday kii bemari kay baar baar honay waalay waaqiaat mein mubtala thay jabb harriot farz kardah naamon kay tahat zahar khareed rehaa thaa iss kaa mazahirah karnay kay liye-lehza iss nay kahaa-iss kay naawal kaa eek plaat point juu iss waqat jaari thaa. naarth wells mein chhatti say behatar sehat kay saath waps aatay huay boiz nay apnay kazan wakeel naarman arkohart kay saath khaana khaaya thaa iss say pehley kahh wah harriot kay fleet mein salah parr baath cheet karnay gayaa jehaan iss nay eek cup kaafi qabool kii thee. iss raat wah bazahir maaday kay aarzay say shadeed beemaar how gayaa. balaakhir ghalat fehmi kaa shabah hawaa aur post martem say patah chalaa kahh ladkon kii moth shadeed arsenic zahar aalud honay say hoyee thee. harriot kii kaafi aur apnay kazan kay saath shaam kay khaaney kay elawah (jiss mein harr cheez kuu duu yaa duu say ziyadah logon nay shayer kiyaa thaa)yee mutasirah shaqs nay iss shaam kachh aur nahein liyaa thaa. moqhadhime kii samaat kay natijay mein eek haing jewari hoti hay. chonkah mutafaqah faislay kii zarurat hoti hay jajj dobarah moqhadhime kaa hakam deeta hay. laard petter wamase jail mein harriot kaa dorah kartaa hay iss kii bay gunahi kii sazaa kaa aalaan kartaa hay aur haqeeqi qaatil kuu pakadnay kaa waadah kartaa hay. wamase yaha bhee aalaan kartaa hay kahh wah iss say shaadi karnaa chahta hay yaha tajweez shayestagi say leakin mazbuti say mustarid kirr deeti hay. nayey moqhadhime say pehley waqat kay khalaaf kaam kartay huay wamase pehley iss amkaan kuu talaash kartaa hay kahh ladkon nay khudkashi kirr lee. wamase kaa dost jasus inspector charlis paarkar iss nazariyah kuu mustarid kartaa hay. kazan arkohart aur boyez kii ameer bury aanti rozana ray burn bodhi aur bodhi hay aur arkohart (juu iss kay khaandaani wakeel kay toor parr kaam kirr rahee hay) kay mutabiq jabb wah marr jaaye gee tuu iss kii ziyadah tarr dolat iss kay paas muntaqil how jaaye gee jiss mein ladkon kuu behat kumm jaaye gaa. wamase kuu shabah hay kahh yaha jhoot hay aur wah apnay inquiree agent miss climpsin kuu rozana kii asl marzi kuu pakadnay kay liye bhejta hay juu wah eek mazahiya manzar mein dhokah dahee kay zaraye kay tareeqon kuu bay nqab karti hay. asl mein marzi ladkon kuu asl mustafid kay toor parr namzad karti hay. wamase nay arkohart kay daftar mein eek jasus miss joone merchison kuu lagaya jehaan asay arsenic kaa eek poshidah pecket milta hay. asay yaha bhee patah chalta hay kahh arkohart nay rozana kay wakeel kii haisiyat say apnay ahday kaa ghalat istemaal kiyaa thaa iss kii sarmayah kaaree kaa ghaban kiyaa thaa phir stock market mein paisah khoo diyaa thaa. arkohart nay tasleem kiyaa kahh agar rozana marr jaaye aur ladkay iss kii warasat kaa daawi karein tuu asay naguzir numaish kaa saamna karnaa paray gaa. tahim boyez wasiyat kay mandarjat say bay khabar thay aur arkaart nay istedlal kiyaa kahh agar ladkay pehley marr jayein tuu koyee bhee asay waahid baqiyah mustafid kay toor parr challenge nahein kirr saktaa aur iss kii dhokah dahee kaa inkshaf nahein hoga. a kuu padhnay kay baad.ayee. house meen kaa "aey shropshire leed" (jiss mein shayer sanjidah shayeri kay padhnay kaa mawaznah king methraditis kay zahar kay khalaaf khood hifazati teekon say kartaa hay) wamase kuu achanak samajh aayaa kahh kiyaa hawaa thaa: arkohart nay aamlet mein arsenic kaa intezam kiyaa thaa jasay boiz nay khood pakaya thaa. agarcha boyez aur arkohart nay dish shayer kii thee leakin moakhar alzikar parr koyee asar nahein padaa thaa keunkah iss nay taweel arsey takk zahar kii chhoti maqdar lay kirr ahtiyaat say pehley hyee apnee qoot madafat badhaa lee thee. wamase gawahon kay saamney daakhil honay kay liye arkohart kuu chaalon mein daalta hay. harriot kay dobarah moqhadhime kii samaat mein astaghasah koyee moqhadhima paish nahein kartaa aur wah rehaa how jaati hay. apnee aazmaish say thakk kirr wah eek baar phir wamase kii shaadi kii tajweez kuu mustarid kirr deeti hay. wamase parkar kuu apnee behan leady meeri kuu propose karnay parr aamadah kartaa hay jiss kii wah taweel arsey say tareef kartaa rehaa hay. hown. friedy arbuthont wamase kaa dost aur stock market say raabtah qatal kaa shikaar honay waali kii betty reechal leevi kay saath eek taweel takhir say gharilo khushi kuu "kiss kay jasm mein" talaash kartaa hay?" anwaan. naawal kaa anwaan anglo scotsh barder geeth "laard rendle" kii kachh shaklon mein zahir hotaa hay jiss kay anwaan kirdaar kuu iss kay premi nay zahar day diyaa thaa: <shayeri> "aap nay apnay naashte mein kiyaa khaayaa miray apnay khubsurat ladkay? aap nay apnay naashtay miray scone aur khushi kay liye kiyaa khaaya?" "eek cup sakht zahar vovo maan miraa bastar jald banaa lay. miray dall mein dard hay aur miraa matlab hay lait jaana." </shayeri> adbi ahmiyat aur tanqeed. jaraim kay naawalon (1989 edition) kay apnay jaizay mein americi masnafeen barzon aur teller nay iss naawal kuu "shahkaron mein sabb say oopar" qaraar diyaa. iss mein sespense kaa sabb say mazboot mamkanah ansar hay-tajsas "aur" wah ahsaas juu humsi kay saath harriot ween kay liye mushtarik hay. saraag mukhmase aazaad mohabat kaa sawaal aur batanay kii tartib kuu behatar nahein banaya jaa sakaa. jehaan takk somber opening kaa taaluq hay jajj kay tabsaray kay saath kahh aamlet kisay banaya jaaye yaha balkal basalahiyat hay." jaisa kahh naawal mein biyaan kiyaa gayaa hay kahh arsenic kay asar kuu iss waqat kii science nay qabool kiyaa thaa leakin abb yaha khayaal kiyaa jaataa hay kahh taweel madti istemaal darhaqiqat sehat kay behat say masail kaa sabab banaa hoga. mawafiqat. iss naawal kuu 1987 mein bee bee see teeli vision seerez kay liye dahaala gayaa thaa jiss mein edward paithar barj nay laard petter aur harriot walter nay harriot ween kay toor parr adakari kii thee. asay teen baar redio kay liye dahaal liyaa gayaa hay: piss manzar. jabb kahh kahnay waalay inn kay pehley naawal "kiss kaa jasm?" parr kaam kirr rahay thay."yee iss nay rosee-yahudi piss manzar kay masnaf jaan cornos kay saath taluqat kaa aaghaz kiyaa. cornos aazaad mohabat kaa haami thaa: wah shaadi parr yaqeen nahein rakhta thaa aur naha hyee wah bachay chahta thaa. cornos nay kahnay waalon parr maanaa hamal kay saath jansi taluqat qayem karnay kay liye dabao daalaa leakin wah juu eek aalee angrez thee nay iss say bachnay kii mazahimat kii jasay wah "rabad kii dakaan kaa daagh" kehti thee. inn kay taluqat tauqaat kay bay meel honay parr qayem huay aur duu saal kay andar andar cornos-bazahir inn khayalat parr yaqeen naha kartay hoay juu iss nay daawi kiyaa thaa-nay kasee aur say shaadi kirr lee thee. kahnay waalon aur carnos donon nay baad mein apnay taluqat kay afsanvi warzan likhay: "mazboot zahar" (1930) mein kahnay waalay aur "shaitan eek angrezi shareef aadmi hay" (1932) mein carnos.

fffe5c8e4e9e374de487116bc80ac3e9a5895f554354d4bac592670a9ad5846d

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2652223

Whitney Lakes Provincial Park

Whitney Lakes Provincial Park Provincial park in Alberta, Canada Whitney Lakes Provincial Park is a provincial park located in Alberta, Canada. It is located in the southeastern part of the County of St. Paul No. 19. It was established on June 23, 1982.

huitoni hrod pradexik udyan huitoni lakes pradexik udyan kanadar albertat owosthito ekhon pradexik udyan. ee saint countyr dokhyin-pubo ongxot owosthito. poll naai. 19. 1982 sonor 23 junot iyak sthapon koraa hoisil.

huitney lakes pradeshik uddan huitney lakes pradeshik uddan kanadar alberta abosthito ekti pradeshik uddan. etty seenta kauntir dakkhin-purbo ongshe abosthito. poll naa. 19. etty 1982 saaler 23shhey june protisthito hoy.

whiteney leeka praantiy udhyaan whiteney leeka praantiy udhyaan aee kenedana alberta khaate aavelu aek praantiy udhyaan chhe. teey saint kaauntinaa dakshinpurv bhagma stheet chhe. poola naa. 19. tenee sthaapnaa 23 juuna, juuna roj karvaamaa aavee hatee.

whiteney jheel praantiya udyaan whiteney jheel praantiya udyaan kanada key alberta mein sthit ack praantiya udyaan haye. yeh sent county key dakshin-purvi bhaag mein sthit haye. paul naheen. 19. isaki sthaapana 23 juuna, 1982 koo hui thee.

whiteney lakes praantiya udyana whiteney lakes praantiya udyaanavanavu kenadaada albartaadalliruva ondu praantiya udyaanavanavaagide. idu saint kountiya agneya bhagadallide. paul illa. 19. idannu 1982rahra zoon 23randu sthaapisalaayitu.

whitney lakes prantiy udyan whitney lakes prantiy udyan heey canadatil alberta yethe sthit eka prantiy udyan aahe. heey seent kauntichya aagney bhagat sthit aahe. paul kra. 19. yachee sthapana 23 juuna 1982 roji jhaali.

whitney lake prantiya park whitney lake prantiya park canadako albertama awasthit euta prantiya park how. yo cent countyko dakshinpurvi bhagma awasthit chha. pall nan. 19. yo 23 june 1982 maa sthapit bhaeko thiyo.

whitney hrada pradeshika udyan whitney hrada pradeshika udyan kanadara albertathare abasthita eka pradeshika udyan. ehaa cent kauntira dakhina-purba bhagare abasthita. pull nong. 19. ehaa 1982 masiha juna 23 tarikhare sthapita hoithila.

whiteney lakes subai park witney lakes subai park canada dey alberta witch sathit ikk subai park haii. ih cent kaoonti dey dakkhan-purbi hisse witch sathit haii. paal nann. 19. iss dee sathapana 23 juun 1982 noon keeti gaee see.

whitney lakes prantiya-udyaanam whitney lakes prantiya-udyaanam kenada-deshasya alberta-nagare sthitah prantiya-udyaanam asti. eshah sent-nagarasya dakshinapoorvabhaage sthitah asti. paal nam. 19. 1982 joon 23 dinaanke asya sthapana abhavat.

widney aerikal maagaana poongaa widney aerikal maagaanap poongaa kanadaavin alberdavil amainthulla oru maagaanap poongaa aagum. idhu saint maavattaththin thenkizhakku paguthiyil amainthullathu. paal illai. 19. idhu juun 23,1982 andru niruvappattathu.

whiteney lakes provincial park whiteney lakes provincial park kenadaaloni albertalo unna oka praantiiya udyaanavanam. idhi county off seyint yokka aagneya bhaagamlo undhi. paal ledhu. 19. idhi 1982 juun 23naa sthaapinchabadindi.

whiteny lekz soobayi paark whiteny lekz soobayi paark canada kay shehar alberta mein waaqa eek soobayi paark hay. yaha sent county kay janub mashriqi hasay mein waaqa hay. paal number. 19. yaha 23 joone 1982 kuu qayem kiyaa gayaa thaa.

fffe5fa48a5ea84a3a158049529d3f02901ca864e3fab96f4d5f1ecca190f986

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47276883

Koniska, Minnesota

Koniska, Minnesota Koniska is an unincorporated community in McLeod County, in the U.S. state of Minnesota. History. Koniska was platted in 1856. A post office was established at Koniska in 1860, and remained in operation until it was discontinued in 1882. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

koniska, minexuta koniska hoise eu. e. ror mcleod countyr ek onigomito xomproday.ess. minexutar owostha. itihax. 1856 sonot koniska sthapon koraa hoisil. 1860 sonot koniskat etaa dakghor sthapon koraa hoisil, aaru 1882 sonot bondho nuhuwaloike ee karjyokori hoi aasil.

koniska, minnesota koniska holl markin juktorashtrer mcleod kauntir ekti onigomito sampradai.esha. minnesota rajyo. itihas. 1856 saale koniska sthapon koraa hoy. 1860 saale koniska ekti dakghar protisthito hoy ebong 1882 saale etty bondho naa haoya porjonto etty chaalu chhilo.

koniska, minnesota koniska aee yuu. aesa. maan macleod kaauntimaa aek binsangathit samudaay chhe.aesa. minnesota raajy. itihas. koniskani sthaapnaa sthaapnaa karvaamaa aavee hatee. hatee koniskama aek poosta officeni sthaapnaa karvaamaa aavee hatee aneey aneey bundh karvaamaa aavee tyaan sudhee teey kaaryarat rahee hatee.

koniska, minnesota koniska, yuu mein, macleod county mein ack anigamit samudaay haye.aiss. minnesota kii sthiti. itihas. koniska koo 1856 mein sthaapit kiya gayaa thaa. 1860 mein koniska mein ack dakghar sthaapit kiya gayaa thaa, aur 1882 mein ise bund kiye jaane taka yeh chaalu rhaa.

koniska, minnesota koniska yuu yuu. esna mcleod kountiyalliruva ondu asanghatita samudaayavaagide.ess. minnesotaada sthiti. itihaasa. koniskavannu 1856ralli sthaapisalaayitu. 1860ralli koniskaadalli anche kacheriyannu sthaapisalaayitu mattu 1882ralli adannu sthagitagolisuvavaregu adhu karyacharaneyallittu.

koniska, minnesotta yuu. esile macleod kaundiyile oru incorporate cheyyaatha samoohamaanu koniska.ezz. minnesotta avastha. charithram. 1856ll koniska plait cheythu. 1860ll koniskayil oru poost oafees sthaapikkukayum 1882ll nirthalaakkunnathuvare athu pravarthanakshamamaavukayum cheythu.

koniska, minnesota koniska haah yuu. aii. madheel macleod countymadhil eka asanghatit samuday aahe.ess. minnesotachi sthitee. itihas. koniska 1856 madhye tayar karnyat aale. 1860 madhye koniska yethe eka tapal karyalay sthapan karnyat aale aanee 1882 madhye teey bund hoiparyant teey karyarat rahile.

koniska, minnesota koniska sanyukta rajya americako macleod countyma raheko euta anigamit samudaya how.ess. minnesota rajya. itihas. koniska sann 1856 maa sthapana bhaeko thiyo. sann 1860 maa koniskama euta hulak karyalaya sthapana bhaeko thiyo, rar sann 1882 maa banda nabhaesamma sanchalanma rahyo.

koniska, minnesota koniska heuchhi jayu. aii. rahr mcleod kauntire eka anigamita sampradai .ess. minnesota sthiti. itihas. 1856 masihare koniska sthapana karajaithila. 1860 masihare koniska thaare eka dakghar pratistha karajaithila, ebong 1882 masihare ehaa banda heba parjyanta karjyakhyama rahithila.

koniska, minnesota koniska yuu. aiss. witch mcleod kaoonti witch ikk gair-sangathit bhaichara haii.aiss. minnesota dee sathiti. itihaas. koniska noon 1856 witch tiaar keeta giaa see. 1860 witch koniska vikhe ikk dakghar sathapat keeta giaa see, atey 1882 witch bnd honn takk ih kamm karda riha.

koniskaa, minnesotaa koniskaa iti samyuktarajyamerikadesha macleod-prantasya ekam anigamitah samudayah asti.ess. minnesotaa-raajyam. itihaasah. koniskaa-nagaram 1856 tame varshe nirmitam aasit. 1860 tame varshe koniskaa-nagare ekam tapala-karyalayam sthaapitam, 1882 tame varshe tasya samaaptiparyantam tatt karyam cha akarot.

koniska, minesota koniska enbathu yuu. ess. ill ulla macleod kavundiyil ulla oru inaikkappadaatha samoogamaagum.ess. minesota maanilam. varalaaru. koniska 1856ill kattappattathu. 1860ill kooniskaavil oru tabal aluvalagam niruvappattathu, 1882ill adhu niruththappadum varai adhu seyalpaattil irunththathu.

koniska, minnesota koniska anedi yuu. ess looni macleod counteeloo oka incorporated community.ess. minnesota rashtram. charitra. koniska 1856loe nirminchabadindi. 1860loe koniska vadda oka tapala karyalayam sthaapinchabadindi, 1882loe nilipiveyabade varaku idhi amalulo undipoyindi.

konska menisota konska riyasathaye muthadah mein mcleod county mein eek ghair marbut community hay.aiss. riyasat menisota. tareekh. konska kuu 1856 mein tayaar kiyaa gayaa thaa. 1860 mein konska mein eek ddaak khaanah qayem kiyaa gayaa thaa aur 1882 mein asay bund kiye jaanay takk yaha kaam jaari rehaa.

fffe5fbba737fba57e907e716c3d41d0db14028b5bdd3f1ce0e71520ae4c49d7

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=449532

Rosenhan experiment

Rosenhan experiment Experiment to determine the validity of psychiatric diagnosis The Rosenhan experiment or Thud experiment was an experiment conducted to determine the validity of psychiatric diagnosis. Participants submitted themselves for evaluation at various psychiatric institutions and feigned hallucinations in order to be accepted, but acted normally from then onward. Each was diagnosed with psychiatric disorders and were given antipsychotic medication. The study was conducted by psychologist David Rosenhan, a Stanford University professor, and published by the journal "Science" in 1973 under the title "On Being Sane in Insane Places". It is considered an important and influential criticism of psychiatric diagnosis, and broached the topic of wrongful involuntary commitment. Rosenhan along with eight other people (five men and three women) entered 12 hospitals across five states along the west coast of the US. Three of the participants were admitted for only a short period of time, and in order to obtain sufficient documented experiences, they re-applied to additional institutions. Respondents defended psychiatry against the experiment's conclusions, arguing that as psychiatric diagnosis relies largely on the patient's report of their experiences, faking their presence no more demonstrates problems with psychiatric diagnosis than lying about other medical symptoms. More recently, it has been alleged that at least part of the published results were distorted or falsified. Pseudopatient experiment. Rosenhan described his study as having two parts. The first part involved the use of healthy associates or "pseudopatients" (three women and six men, including Rosenhan himself) who briefly feigned auditory hallucinations in an attempt to gain admission to 12 psychiatric hospitals in five states in the United States. All were admitted and diagnosed with psychiatric disorders. After admission, the pseudopatients acted normally and told staff that they no longer experienced any additional hallucinations. As a condition of their release, all the patients were forced to admit to having a mental illness and had to agree to take antipsychotic medication. The average time that the patients spent in the hospital was 19 days. All but one were diagnosed with schizophrenia "in remission" before their release. The second part of his study involved a hospital administration challenging Rosenhan to send pseudopatients to its facility, whose staff asserted that they would be able to detect the pseudopatients. Rosenhan agreed, and in the following weeks 41 out of 193 new patients were identified as potential pseudopatients, with 19 of these receiving suspicion from at least one psychiatrist and one other staff member. Rosenhan then revealed that he sent no pseudopatients to the hospital. While listening to a lecture by R. D. Laing, who was associated with the anti-psychiatry movement, Rosenhan conceived of the experiment as a way to test the reliability of psychiatric diagnoses. The study concluded "it is clear that we cannot distinguish the sane from the insane in psychiatric hospitals" and also illustrated the dangers of dehumanization and labeling in psychiatric institutions. It suggested that the use of community mental health facilities which concentrated on specific problems and behaviors rather than psychiatric labels might be a solution, and recommended education to make psychiatric workers more aware of the social psychology of their facilities. Rosenhan himself and seven mentally healthy associates, called "pseudopatients", attempted to gain admission to psychiatric hospitals by calling for an appointment and feigning auditory hallucinations. The hospital staff were not informed of the experiment. The pseudopatients included a psychology graduate student in his twenties, three psychologists, a pediatrician, a psychiatrist, a painter, and a housewife. None had a history of mental illness. Pseudopatients used pseudonyms, and those who worked in the mental health field were given false jobs in a different sector to avoid invoking any special treatment or scrutiny. Apart from giving false names and employment details, further biographical details were truthfully reported. During their initial psychiatric assessment, the pseudopatients claimed to be hearing voices of the same sex as the patient which were often unclear, but which seemed to pronounce the words "empty", "hollow", or "thud", and nothing else. These words were chosen as they vaguely suggest some sort of existential crisis and for the lack of any published literature referencing them as psychotic symptoms. No other psychiatric symptoms were claimed. If admitted, the pseudopatients were instructed to "act normally", reporting that they felt fine and no longer heard voices. Hospital records obtained after the experiment indicate that all pseudopatients were characterized as friendly and cooperative by staff. All were admitted, to 12 psychiatric hospitals across the United States, including rundown and underfunded public hospitals in rural areas, urban university-run hospitals with excellent reputations, and one expensive private hospital. Though presented with identical symptoms, seven were diagnosed with schizophrenia at public hospitals, and one with manic-depressive psychosis, a more optimistic diagnosis with better clinical outcomes, at the private hospital. Their stays ranged from 7 to 52 days, and the average was 19 days. All but one were discharged with a diagnosis of schizophrenia "in remission", which Rosenhan considered as evidence that mental illness is perceived as an irreversible condition creating a lifelong stigma rather than a curable illness. Despite constantly and openly taking extensive notes on the behavior of the staff and other patients, none of the pseudopatients were identified as impostors by the hospital staff, although many of the other psychiatric patients seemed to be able to correctly identify them as impostors. In the first three hospitalizations, 35 of the total of 118 patients expressed a suspicion that the pseudopatients were sane, with some suggesting that the patients were researchers or journalists investigating the hospital. Hospital notes indicated that staff interpreted much of the pseudopatients' behavior in terms of mental illness. For example, one nurse labeled the note-taking of one pseudopatient as "writing behavior" and considered it pathological. The patients' normal biographies were recast in hospital records along the lines of what was expected of schizophrenics by the then-dominant theories of its cause. The experiment required the pseudopatients to get out of the hospital on their own by getting the hospital to release them, though a lawyer was retained to be on call for emergencies when it became clear that the pseudopatients would not ever be voluntarily released on short notice. Once admitted and diagnosed, the pseudopatients were not able to obtain their release until they agreed with the psychiatrists that they were mentally ill and began taking antipsychotic medications, which they flushed down the toilet. No staff member reported that the pseudopatients were flushing their medication down the toilets. Rosenhan and the other pseudopatients reported an overwhelming sense of dehumanization, severe invasion of privacy, and boredom while hospitalized. Their possessions were searched randomly, and they were sometimes observed while using the toilet. They reported that though the staff seemed to be well-meaning, they generally objectified and dehumanized the patients, often discussing patients at length in their presence as though they were not there, and avoiding direct interaction with patients except as strictly necessary to perform official duties. Some attendants were prone to verbal and physical abuse of patients when other staff were not present. A group of patients waiting outside the cafeteria half an hour before lunchtime were said by a doctor to his students to be experiencing "oral-acquisitive" psychiatric symptoms. Contact with doctors averaged 6.8 minutes per day. Non-existent impostor experiment. For this experiment, Rosenhan used a well-known research and teaching hospital, whose staff had heard of the results of the initial study but claimed that similar errors could not be made at their institution. Rosenhan arranged with them that during a three-month period, one or more pseudopatients would attempt to gain admission and the staff would rate every incoming patient as to the likelihood they were an impostor. Out of 193 patients, 41 were considered to be impostors and a further 42 were considered suspect. In reality, Rosenhan had sent no pseudopatients; all patients suspected as impostors by the hospital staff were ordinary patients. This led to a conclusion that "any diagnostic process that lends itself too readily to massive errors of this sort cannot be a very reliable one." Impact. Rosenhan published his findings in "Science", in which he criticized the reliability of psychiatric diagnosis and the disempowering and demeaning nature of patient care experienced by the associates in the study. In addition, he described his work in a variety of news appearances, including to the BBC:<templatestyles src="Template:Blockquote/styles.css" />I told friends, I told my family: "I can get out when I can get out. That's all. I'll be there for a couple of days and I'll get out." Nobody knew I'd be there for two "months" ... The only way out was to point out that they're [the psychiatrists are] correct. They had said I was insane, "I "am" insane; but I am getting better." That was an affirmation of their view of me. The experiment is argued to have "accelerated the movement to reform mental institutions and to deinstitutionalize as many mental patients as possible". Criticisms. Many respondents to the publication defended psychiatry, arguing that as psychiatric diagnosis relies largely on the patient's report of their experiences, faking their presence no more demonstrates problems with psychiatric diagnosis than lying about other medical symptoms. In this vein, psychiatrist Robert Spitzer quoted Seymour S. Kety in a 1975 criticism of Rosenhan's study: If I were to drink a quart of blood and, concealing what I had done, come to the emergency room of any hospital vomiting blood, the behavior of the staff would be quite predictable. If they labeled and treated me as having a bleeding peptic ulcer, I doubt that I could argue convincingly that medical science does not know how to diagnose that condition. Kety also argued that psychiatrists should not necessarily be expected to assume that a patient is pretending to have mental illness, thus the study lacked realism. Instead of considering realistic problems in diagnosis, such as comorbidity or differential diagnosis between disorders with similar symptoms, Rosenhan dismissed the criticism as further examples of the "experimenter effect" or "expectation bias," and support for his interpretation that he had uncovered genuine problems of diagnosis rather than being fooled by his methodology. Accusation of hoax. In "The Great Pretender", a 2019 book on Rosenhan, author Susannah Cahalan questions the veracity and validity of the Rosenhan experiment. Examining documents left behind by Rosenhan after his death, Cahalan finds apparent distortion in the "Science" article: inconsistent data, misleading descriptions, and inaccurate or fabricated quotations from psychiatric records. Moreover, despite an extensive search, she is only able to identify two of the eight pseudopatients: Rosenhan himself, and a graduate student whose testimony is allegedly inconsistent with Rosenhan's description in the article. In light of Rosenhan's seeming willingness to bend the truth in other ways regarding the experiment, Cahalan questions whether some or all of the six other pseudopatients might have been simply invented by Rosenhan. In February 2023, Andrew Scull of the University of California at San Diego published an article in the peer-reviewed journal "History of Psychiatry" in support of Cahalan's allegations. Related experiments. In 1887 American investigative journalist Nellie Bly feigned symptoms of mental illness to gain admission to a lunatic asylum and report on the terrible conditions therein. The results were published as "Ten Days in a Mad-House". In 1968 Maurice K. Temerlin split 25 psychiatrists into two groups and had them listen to an actor portraying a character of normal mental health. One group was told that the actor "was a very interesting man because he looked neurotic, but actually was quite psychotic" while the other was told nothing. Sixty percent of the former group diagnosed psychoses, most often schizophrenia, while none of the control group did so. In 1988, Loring and Powell gave 290 psychiatrists a transcript of a patient interview and told half of them that the patient was black and the other half white; they concluded of the results that "clinicians appear to ascribe violence, suspiciousness, and dangerousness to black clients even though the case studies are the same as the case studies for the white clients." In 2004, psychologist Lauren Slater claimed to have conducted an experiment very similar to Rosenhan's for her book "Opening Skinner's Box". Slater wrote that she had presented herself at 9 psychiatric emergency rooms with auditory hallucinations, resulting in being diagnosed "almost every time" with psychotic depression. However, when challenged to provide evidence of actually conducting her experiment, she could not. The serious methodologic and other concerns regarding Slater's work appeared as a series of responses to a journal report, in the same journal. In 2008, the BBC's "Horizon" science program performed a similar experiment over two episodes entitled "How Mad Are You?". The experiment involved ten subjects, five with previously diagnosed mental health conditions, and five with no such diagnosis. They were observed by three experts in mental health diagnoses and their challenge was to identify the five with mental health problems solely from their behavior, without speaking to the subjects or learning anything of their histories. The experts correctly diagnosed two of the ten patients, misdiagnosed one patient, and incorrectly identified two healthy patients as having mental health problems. Unlike the other experiments listed here, however, the aim of this journalistic exercise was not to criticize the diagnostic process, but to minimize the stigmatization of the mentally ill. It aimed to illustrate that people with a previous diagnosis of a mental illness could live normal lives with their health problems not obvious to observers from their behavior. References. Notes. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> Bibliography. <templatestyles src="Refbegin/styles.css" />

rusenhan porikhya rusenhan porikhya baa thod porikhya aasil manoxik rug nirnoyor boidhota nirdharonor baabe koraa ek porikhya. ongxogrohonkarixokole bibhinno manoxik protisthanot mulyayonor baabe nijoke daakhil korisil aaru grohon korar baabe motibhromor prosar korisil, kintu tetiyar poraa swabhabikbhabe kaam korisil. proityekore manoxik rug dhora porisil aaru teulukok monuboigyanik ouxodh diya hoisil. ei odhyoyontu stanford biswobidyaloyor odhyapok monubigyani david rusenhene korisil aaru 1973 sonot "oh 'noo sein inn unmad place" xirxokore "science" alusonikhone prokax korisil. iyak manoxik rug nirnoyor ek guruttopurno aaru probhawxali xomaluchona hisape gonyo koraa hoy, aaru bhul onischakrito protisrutir bixoitu utthapon koraa hoy. rusenhane aan 8 john lukor xoite (5 john purux aaru 3 goraki mohila) aamerikar poschim upokulor upokulor rajyor rajyor sikitsaloyot prowex korisil. ongxogrohonkarixokolor bhitorot tinijonoke kewol komm xomoyor baabe naambhorti koraa hoisil, aaru porzapto nothibhukto obhigyota laabh koriboloi, teuluke otirikto protisthanxomuhot punor aabedon korisil. seudopacient porikhya. rusenhane teur odhyoyonor dutaa ongxo thoka buli bornona korisil. prothom ongxot xustho xohojugi baa "siud" pacint "(tinijon mohila aaru soijon purux, rusenhanoke dhori) ror byobohar koraa hoisil, jiye aamerika juktorastror paskhon rajyor rajyor manoxik sikitsaloyot bhorti huwar prochestat xongkhiptobhabe srobonjonito hallucinationor prosar korisil. xokoluke bhorti koraa hoisil aaru manoxik bikarot akranto huwa buli sinakto koraa hoisil. prowexor pisot syud "pesinte swabhabikbhabe kaam korisil aaru kormosarixokolok koichil je teuluke aaru kunu otirikto hallucination onubhob koraa naai. teulukor muktir ek owostha hisape, xokolu rugiye manoxik rug huwa buli swikar koriboloi badhyo hoisil aaru monuboigyanik ouxodh khaboloi xonmot hoh 'bob logaa hoisil. rugixokole sikitsaloyot otibahito koraa gorh xomoy aasil 19 dinn. muktir purbe ejonor baahire xokoluwe "upoxomot" sijufreniyat akranto huwa buli dhora porisil. teur odhyoyonor dwitiyo ongxot rusenhanok siud "pesintxokolok iyar xubidhaloi pothiyaboloi proityahban jonuwa etaa sikitsaloy proxaxone jorito aasil, jaar kormosarixokole drirhotare koichil je teuluke siud" pesintxokolok sinakto koriboloi xokhyom hoh "bob. rusenhene xonmot hoisil, aaru poroborti xoptahot 193 john notun rugir bhitorot 41 john xombhabyo siud "pacint hisape sinakto koraa hoisil, iyar bhitorot 19 john komeu ejon monurug bixexogyo aaru aan ejon kormosarir poraa xondeh laabh korisil. rusenhene kunu siudupesintok sikitsaloyoloi pothuwa nasil. ror dwara etaa boktrita xunar xomoyot. di. monurug protirudhi andulonor xoite jorito leinge rusenhane ei porikhyak monurug nirnoyor nirbhorjugyota porikhya korar ek upay hisape kolpona korisil. odhyoyontuwe ei xiddhantot uponeet hoisil je "eitu sposto je aami manoxik sikitsaloyor unmador poraa buddhimanok prithok koribo nuwaru" aaru logote manoxik protisthanxomuhot omanobikoron aaru labelingor bipodburu sitrito korisil. ee poramorxo disil je monurugor labelor poriworte nirdisto xomosya aaru aasoronor uporot kendribhut koraa xamuhik manoxik swasthyo xubidhar byobohar ek xomadhan hoh 'bob paare, aaru monurug kormixokolok teulukor xubidhar xamajik monubigyanor bixoye odhik xoseton koriboloi xikhyar poramorxo disil. rusenhan nijei aaru "siud" pacint "buli kuwa xatjon manoxikbhabe xustho xohojugiye appointmentor baabe aahban kori aaru srobonxoktir hallucinationor prosar kori manoxik sikitsaloyot bhorti huwar chesta korisil. sikitsaloyor kormosarixokolok ei porikhyar bixoye jonuwa huwa nasil. sudupsitor bhitorot aasil bix bosoriya monubigyanor snatok saatro, tinijon monubigyani, ejon xixu sikitsok, egoraki monurug bixexogyo, egoraki sitroxilpi aaru egoraki grihini. kaaru manoxik rugor itihax nasil. sudupetor rugixokole sodmonam byobohar korisil, aaru manoxik swasthyor khetrot kaam koraa lukoxokolok kunu bixex sikitsa baa porikhya-nirikhyar poraa haat xariboloi beleg etaa khondot misa sakori diya hoisil. bhuwa naam aaru nijuktir xobixex diyar uporiu, odhik jibonimulok biboron xotyobhabe prokax koraa hoisil. teulukor prarombhik manoxik mulyayonor xomoyot syud "pesinte rugir xoite eke lingor konthoswor xuniboloi daabi korisil jibur praye osposto aasil, kintu jibure" khaali "," fapa ", baa" thod "xobdobur ussoron koraa zen lagisil, aaru aan eku nasil. ei xobdobur ospostobhabe kunu dhoronor ostitwogot xongkotor poramorxo diyar baabe aaru xeiburok manoxik lokhyon hisape ullekh koraa kunu prokaxito xahityor obhawor baabe basoni koraa hoisil. aan kunu manoxik lokhyonor kotha kuwa huwa nasil. jodi bhorti koraa hoy, syud "pesintxokolok" swabhabikbhabe kaam koriboloi "nirdex diya hoisil, aaru teuluke bhaal onubhob korisil aaru aaru kunu konthoswor xuna nasil buli prokax korisil. porikhyar pisot puwa sikitsaloyor tothyoxomuhe xusay je xokolu siud "pesintok kormosarixokolor dwara bondhutwopurno aaru xohojugitamulok hisape sinhito koraa hoisil. xokoluke aamerika juktorastror 12taa manoxik sikitsaloyot bhorti koraa hoisil, jaar bhitorot aase gramyo oncholor rundown aaru komm pujir rajohuwa sikitsaloy, sohoriya biswobidyaloyor dwara porisalito utkristo xunamor sikitsaloy, aaru etaa byoybohul byoktigoto sikitsaloy. jodiu ekedhoronor lokhyon dekha goisil, rajohuwa sikitsaloyot xatjon sijufreniyat akranto huwa buli sinakto koraa hoisil, aaru ejon menik-depressive saikuchisot akranto aasil, jitu unnot clinical folafolor xoite odhik axabadi rug nirnoy aasil. teulukor thokar xomoy 7ror poraa 52 dinor bhitorot aasil, aaru gorh aasil 19 dinn. ejonor baahire xokoluke "rehair owosthat" sijufreniyar rug nirnoyor xoite suti diya hoisil, jaak rusenhane proman hisape gonyo korisil je manoxik rugok ek oporibortonjugyo owostha hisape gonyo koraa hoy jiye niramoyjugyo rugor poriworte aajiwon kolongko sristi kore. kormosari aaru onyanyo rugir aasoronor uporot nirontorbhabe aaru mukolibhabe byapok tuka luwar pisotu, sikitsaloyor kormosarixokole kunu sodmo rugeek protarok hisape sinakto koraa nasil, jodiu aan bohutu manoxik rugiye teulukok xothikbhabe protarok hisape sinakto koriboloi xokhyom huwa zen lagisil. prothom tinita sikitsaloyot bhorti huwar xomoyot, muth 118 john rugir bhitorot 35 jonoi xondeh prokax korisil je siud "pesintxokol buddhiman aasil, kisumane poramorxo disil je rugixokol sikitsaloyor todonto koraa gowexok baa xangbadik aasil. sikitsaloyor tukabure ingito disil je kormosarixokole siudupesintxokolor besibhag aasoronok manoxik rugor khetrot byakhya korisil. udahoronsworupe, egoraki nursey ejon sodmowex rugir tuka luwatu "likhaar aasoron" buli label disil aaru iyak rugjonit buli gonyo korisil. rugeexokolor swabhabik jiwonixomuh sikitsaloyor recordot sijuphrenikxor poraa iyar karonor tetiyar probhawxali totwoxomuhor dwara aaxa korar dharona onuxori punor rosona koraa hoisil. ei porikhyar baabe siud "pesintxokolok mukoli koriboloi sikitsaloyor poraa uliyai nije nije bahiroloi ulai ohaar proyujon hoisil, jodiu ejon ukilok jorurikalin owosthar baabe phunot rokha hoisil jetiya eitu sposto hoisil je siud" pesintxokolok ketiyau swoischare mukoli koraa noho "bob. ebaar bhorti huwar pisot aaru sinakto korar pisot siudupesintxokole teulukor mukti laabh koriboloi xokhyom noho 'lo jetiyaloike teuluke monurug bixexogyoxokolor xoite ekmot noho' lo je teuluk manoxikbhabe oxustho aaru monurug protirudhi ouxodh lo 'boloi aarombho korile, jibur teuluke xousagarot proxarito korisil. kunu kormosariye prokax koraa nasil je siudupesintxokole xousagarot teulukor ouxodhbur flas kori aasil. rusenhan aaru onyanyo siudupesinte sikitsaloyot bhorti huwar xomoyot omanobikoron, guponiyotar uporot gurutor aakromon aaru ekghera onubhob huwar kotha prokax korisil. teulukor xompotibur jadrisikbhabe onuxondhan koraa hoisil, aaru xousagar byobohar korar xomoyot ketiyaba xeibur lokhyo koraa hoisil. teuluke prokax korisil je jodiu kormosarixokol xu-orthopurno zen lagisil, teuluke xadharonote rugeexokolok bostunistho aaru omanobik kori tulisil, praye rugeexokolok teulukor uposthitit digholiya alusona korisil zen teuluk taat nasil, aaru rugeexokolor xoite proityokhyo bartalap porihar korisil jodiu sorkari kortobyo paalon koriboloi kothurbhabe proyujoniyo. aan kormosari uposthito nothokar xomoyot kisuman porisaroke rugir moukhik aaru xaririk nirzatonor probonota aasil. duporiyar aaharor aadha ghonta aagote cafeterier bahirot opekhya kori thoka rugir etaa doltuk ejon sikitsoke teur saatro-satrixokolok "moukhik-aahoronxil" manoxik lokhyonxomuh onubhob kori thoka buli koichil. sikitsokor xongosporxoloi ohaar protidine gore 6.8 minute xomoy laage. ostitwohin protarok porikhya. ei porikhyar baabe rusenhane etaa xuporisito gowexona aaru xikhyon sikitsaloy byobohar korisil, jaar kormosarixokole prarombhik odhyoyonor folafolor bixoye xunisil kintu daabi korisil je teulukor protisthanot ekedhoronor bhul koribo nuwari. rusenhene teulukor xoite byowostha korisil je tini maahor xomoisuwat, ek baa totudhik siud "pesinte naambhortir chesta koribo aaru kormosarixokole ohaa protijon rugeek teuluk egoraki protarok huwar xombhawonar baabe mulyayon koribo. 193 john rugir bhitorot 41 jonok protarok buli gonyo koraa hoisil aaru aan 42 jonor xondeh koraa hoisil. bastobot, rusenhane kunu siudupesint preron koraa nasil; sikitsaloyor kormosarixokole protarok buli xondeh koraa xokolu rugee xadharon rugee aasil. iyar folot etaa xiddhantot uponeet hoh "bob paari je" jikunu rug nirnoy prokriya ji ei dhoronor brihot trutir baabe oti xohoje nijoke dhaaron kore xeya oti nirbhorjugyo hoh "bob nuware." probhab. rusenhene "bigyan" too teur onuxondhanxomuh prokax korisil, zo "too teu manoxik rug nirnoyor nirbhorjugyota aaru odhyoyonot xohojugixokole onubhob koraa rugir jotnor durbol aaru nikristo prokritik xomaluchona korisil. iyar uporiu, teu bibisi-koo dhori bibhinno xongbadot teur kaamor bornona korisiloh ei porikhyai "manoxik protisthanxomuhor xongskar aaru jiman paari manoxik rugeexokolok protisthanik kori tuliboloi andulon tworanwito korisil" buli jukti diya hoise. xomaluchona. prokaxokor bohu uttordatai monurug bixexogyok xomorthon kori jukti disil je jihetu manoxik rug nirnoy mulotoh rugir teulukor obhigyotar protibedonor uporot nirbhor kore, teulukor uposthitir nokol korile aan sikitsa lokhyonor bixoye misa kuwatkoi manoxik rug nirnoyor xomosya aaru prodorxon nokore. ei roktot monurug bixexogyo robert spitzere seimar ess-ror uddhriti disil. rusenhanor odhyoyonor 1975 sonor xomaluchonat ketiyeh jodi moi ek cowart tez paan koru aaru moi ki korisilu xeitu lukuwai raakhi, rokto bomi huwa jikunu sikitsaloyor jorurikalin kuthaloi aahisu, kormosarixokolor aasoron jothesto onumanjugyo hoh 'bob. jodi teuluke muk roktokhyoron huwa peptic aalsar buli label logai sikitsa kore, tente moi xondeh koru je moi biswaxjugyobhabe jukti dibo parim je sikitsa bigyane xei owosthatu kenekoi sinakto koribo laage najane. ketiye logote jukti disil je monubigyanixokole ejon rugiye manoxik rug huwar bhaan korise buli dharona korar proyujon naai, xeyehe odhyoyontut bastobbador obhab aasil. rusenhene iyak "porikhyamulok probhab" baa "proityaxa pokhyopat" buli obhihito korisil, jitu teur poddhotir xomosyar poriworte teu abiskar koraa xomosyaburor ingito. bhuwa buli obhijug. rusenhanor uporot 2019 sonor ekhon grontho "dyo great pretender" too lekhok susanna kahalane rusenhan porikhyar xotyota aaru boidhotar uporot prosno utthapon kore. rusenhane mrityur pisot eri thoi juwa nothipotroxomuh porikhya kori kahalane "bigyan" probondhotut sposto bikriti bisari paayoh oxamonjosyopurno tothyo, bibhrantimulok bornona, aaru manoxik rugor recordor poraa bhul baa monor monor logot jorito uddhriti. iyar uporiu, ek bistrito onuxondhanor pisotu, teu aathjon siudupesintor bhitorot maatro dujonoke sinakto koriboloi xokhyom hoiseh rusenhan nijei, aaru ejon snatok chatri jaar xakhyo probondhotut rusenhanor bornonar xoite oxamonjosyopurno buli obhijug koraa hoise. porikhyar xondorbhot xotyok onyo dhorone nomai rusenhanor aapat issar alukot, kahalane prosno kore je aan soijon siud "pesintor bhitorot kisuman baa xokolu rusenhanor dwara udbhawon koraa hoisil neki. 2023 sonor februaryt, chaan diyegur california biswobidyaloyor endru scale kahalanor obhijugor xomorthonot xomoniya-porzaluchona koraa journal "histri owo saisaiteri" too etaa probondho prokax korisil. xomporkiyo porikhyaxomuh. 1887 sonot aamerikar onuxondhani xangbadik nelli blye etaa unmad aasroyosthanot prowex koriboloi aaru taat thoka bhoyongkor poristhitir bixoye protibedon diboloi manoxik rugor lokhyonor prokax korisil. folafolbur "etaa unmad-grihot doh dinn" hisape prokax koraa hoisil. 1968 sonot moo 'rich key. temarline 25 john monurug bixexogyok dutaa dolot bibhokto kori teulukok ejon obhinetai swabhabik manoxik swasthyor soritrotu bornona korar kotha xuniboloi disil. etaa gutok kuwa hoisil je obhineta goraki "ejon oti aakorxoniyo manuh aasil kaaron teuk snayowik zen lagisil, kintu prokritote teu jothesto monuboigyanik aasil" aanhate aanjonok eku kuwa huwa nasil. purbor guttur xaathi xotangxo luke monurug sinakto korisil, besibhagei schizophrenia, aanhate kunu niyontron guttuwe tene koraa nasil. 1988 sonot, loring aaru puwele 290 john monurug bixexogyok rugir xakyatkaror etaa protilipi disil aaru teulukor bhitorot aadha lukok koichil je rugigoraki koo 'laa aaru baaki aadha bogaa; teuluke folafolor porinotitut uponeet hoisil je "sikitsokxokole koo' laa grahokxokolok hingxa, xondehjonokota aaru bipodjonok buli obhihito koraa dekha yaay jodiu kes stadibur bogaa grahokor kes stadir dore eke." 2004 sonot monubigyani loren slatere teur grontho "oh 'penning skinners boxes" ror baabe rusenhanor xoite ekedhoronor ek porikhya soluwa buli daabi korisil. slatere likhisil je teu nijoke 9taa manoxik jorurikalin kuthat srobon bibhromor xoite uposthapon korisil, jaar folot "pray protibare" manoxik bixonnotar xoite sinakto koraa hoisil. obosye, jetiya prokritote teur porikhya-nirikhya korar proman prodan koriboloi proityahban jonuwa hoisil, tetiya teu koribo nuwarile. slateror kaam xomporkiyo gurutor poddhotigot aaru onyanyo udweg ekekhon journalot ekhon journal protibedonor protikriyar sringkhola hisape prokax paisil. 2008 sonot, bibisir "digonto" bigyan karzoxusiye dutaa khondot "aapuni kiman unmad?" xirxok ekedhoronor porikhya-nirikhya korisil.". porikhyakhonot dohta bixoy jorito aasil, pasta purbote sinakto koraa manoxik swasthyor owosthar xoite, aaru pasta ene kunu rug nirnoy nuhuwa. manoxik swasthyor sinaktokoronor tinijon bixexogyor dwara xeibur porzobekhyon koraa hoisil aaru teulukor proityahban aasil bixoiburor xoite kotha nokorakoi baa teulukor itihaxor bixoye eku xikibo nuwarakoi kewol teulukor aasoronor poraa manoxik swasthyor xomosya thoka pasjonok sinakto koraa. bixexogyoxokole dohojon rugir bhitorot dujon xothikbhabe sinakto korisil, ejon rugeek bhulbhabe sinakto korisil, aaru dujon xustho rugeek bhulbhabe manoxik swasthyo xomosya thoka buli sinakto korisil. iyat talikabhukto onyanyo porikhyaxomuhor biporite, obosye, ei xangbadikotar onuxilonor uddesyo aasil rug nirnoy prokriyak xomaluchona koraa nohoy, boroncho manoxikbhabe oxusthoxokolor kolongko hraax koraa. iyar lokhyo hoise eitu sposto koraa je purbote manoxik rugor sinaktokoron koraa lukoxokole teulukor swasthyo xomosyaburere swabhabik jiwan jaapon koribo paare jibur teulukor aasoronor poraa porzobekhyokxokolor baabe sposto nohoy.

rosenhan porikkha rosenhan porikkha baa thod porikkha chhilo mansik roga nirnoyer boidhota nirdharoner jonno porichalito ekti porikkha. ongshogrohonkarira bivinno monorog protisthane mulyayaner jonno nijeder jomaa diyechilen ebong grohonjoggo howar jonno hallucinationgulir vaan korechilen, tobey tarpor theke swabhabikbhabe kaaj korechilen. prottekeri mansik byadhi dhora porey ebong taader monoboigganik oshudh deoa hoy. stanford bishwobidyaloyer adhyapak manobigyani david rosenhan eyi gobeshonati porichalona korechilen ebong 1973 saale "unmad jaiga buddhiman haoya" shironame "sayensa" journal dwara prokashito hoyechilo. etty mansik roga nirnoyer ekti guruttopurno ebong prabhabshali samalochana hisabe bibechito hoy ebong bhul anichchakrito protishrutir vishaytike tuley dhorey. rosenhan arow 8 john (5 john purush ebong 3 john mohila) soho markin juktorashtrer poschim upokul borabor 5 tii rajyer 12 tii hospitale probesh corren. ongshogrohonkarider modhye tinjanke alpo somoyer jonno bhorti koraa hoyechilo ebong porjapto nothibhukto obhiggota orjoner jonno taaraa atirikto protisthane punra abedon korechilo. seudopatient porikkha. rosenhan taanr adhyayaner duti ongsho royeche boley bornona korechen. prothom ongshe swasthokor sahojogi baa "chhaddobeshi rogider" (tinjan mohila ebong chhoyjon purush, rosenhan soho) byabohar koraa hoyechilo, jaaraa markin juktorashtrer panchti rajyer 12tii monorog hospitale bhorti howar prayase sangkhepe shrobonshokti hallucination-err vaan korechilo. sobaike bhorti koraa hoyechilo ebong mansik byadhite akranto dhora porechilo. bhortir porr, chhaddobeshira swabhabikbhabe kaaj korey ebong karmider boley jey taaraa arr konao atirikto hallucination onubhob koreni. taader muktir shorto hisabe, samasta rogike mansik oshusthota sweekar korte badhyo koraa hoyechilo ebong taader anticycotic oshudh nitey raji hotey hoyechilo. rogider hospitale garh somoy chhilo 19 deane. ekjon chhada onno sobai taader muktir agey "uposhom"-ayee schizophrenia akranto hoyechilo. taanr gobeshonar dwitiya ongshe ekti hospital proshashon jorito chhilo jaa rosenhanke seudopacintder taar subidhai pathanor jonno challenge janiyechilo, jaar karmira jore diye bolechilo jey taaraa seudopacintder sonakto korte sokkhom hobey. rosenhan raji hohn ebong poroborti saptahogulite 193 john notun rogir modhye 41 jonke sombhabbo chhaddobeshi rogee hisabe chinnito koraa hoy, jaader modhye 19 john ontoto ekjon monorog biseshoggo ebong onno ekjon karmi sadasyer kachh theke sandeha peyechilen. rosenhan konao chhaddobeshi rogike hospitale pathanoni. ekti boktrita shonara somoy arr. dii. layeng, jini anty-cychiatry andoloner saathe jukto chhilen, rosenhan eyi porikkhake mansik roga nirnoyer nirbhorjoggota porikkha korar ekti upay hisabe kalpana korechilen. gobeshonati eyi uposonghare poucheche jey "etaa sposhto jey amra mansik hospitalgulite unmad theke buddhimanke alada korte paari naa" ebong mansik protisthangulite amanabikkaran ebong lebelingyer bipodgulio chitrito koreche. etty poramorsho deyo jey, mansik swasther lebeler poriborte nirdishto samasya oo achoroner upor kendribhuto sampradayer mansik swastho subidhar byabohar ekti samadhan hotey paare ebong mansik karmider taader subidhar samajik manobigyan somporke arow sachetan korar jonno shikkhar superish korey. rosenhan nize ebong satjon manosikbhabe sustho sahojogi, jaader "seudopacints" bolla hoy, ekti appointmenter ahoban ebong shrobonshokti hallucination-err vaan korey mansik hospitale bhorti howar chesta korechilen. hospitaler karmider porikkhar bishoye janano hoyney. chhaddobeshi rogider modhye chhilen bish bochor vayasi monobigganer snatok shikkharthi, tinjan manobigyani, ekjon shishu biseshoggo, ekjon monorog biseshoggo, ekjon chitroshilpi ebong ekjon grihini. karoryi mansik oshusthotar itihas chhilo naa. chhaddobeshira chhaddanam byabohar korten ebong jaaraa mansik swasther khettre kaaj korten taader konao bishesh chikitsa baa porikkha-nirikkha edate onno konao khettre mithya chakri deoa hoto. mithya naam ebong kormosongsthaner biboron deoa chharao, arow jeebonimulok biboron satyikarbhabe report koraa hoyechilo. taader prathomik mansik mulyayaner somoy, chhaddobeshira rogir moto ekoi linger kanthaswar shunte pawar daabi korechilen jaa prayashai osposhto chhilo, tobey jaa "khaali", "fanpa" baa "thhod" shabdaguli uchcharon korey boley money hoyechilo ebong onno kichhu noy. eyi shabdaguli beche neoa hoyechilo kaaron eguli osposhtobhabe eka dharaner ostittogoto sangkater poramorsho deyo ebong egulike mansik lakkhan hisabe ullekh korey emon konao prokashito sahityer abhaber jonno. onno konao mansik uposorger daabi koraa hoyney. jodi bhorti koraa hoy, chhaddobeshi rogider "swabhabikbhabe kaaj korar" nirdesh deoa hoyechilo, taaraa janiyechilo jey taaraa vall bodh korche ebong arr kanthaswar shunte pachche naa. porikkhar porey prapto hospitaler nathiguli ingito korey jey samasta chhaddobeshi rogider karmider dwara bondhuttopurno ebong sahojogitamulak hisabe chinnito koraa hoyechilo. sobaike markin juktorashtro judey 12tii monorog hospitale bhorti koraa hoyechilo, jaar modhye gramin anchaler swalpo ebong swalpo orthayone porichalito sarkari hospital, shahure vishwavidyalaya porichalito chamatkar sunamer hospital ebong ekti byabahul besarkari hospital royeche. jodio ekoi dharaner uposorgo dekha giechilo, sarkari hospitale satjoner schizophrenia dhora porey ebong ekti byaktigato hospitale manic-depressive psychosis, arow vall clinical folafol soho arow ashabadi roga nirnoy. taader thucker samaykal chhilo 7 theke 52 deane ebong garh chhilo 19 deane. ekjon chhada sobaike schizophrenia "uposhom" nirnoyer madhyome chhede deoa hoyechilo, jaa rosenhan proman hisabe bibechona korechilen jey mansik oshusthota ekti aporibortoniyo abostha hisabe bibechito hoy jaa niramoyogyo oshusthotar poriborte ajibon kolonko toiri korey. karmi ebong anyanno rogider acharan somporke kromagoto ebong prokashye byapok note neoa sotteo, hospitaler karmira konao chhaddobeshi rogike protarok hisabe chinnito korenni, jodio anyanno onek monorog rogee taader sathikbhabe protarok hisabe chinnito korte sokkhom boley money hoyechilo. prothom tinti hospitale bhortir somoy, moat 118 john rogir modhye 35 john sandeha prakash korechilen jey chhaddobeshi rogira buddhiman chhilen, keu keu poramorsho diyechilen jey rogira hospitaler todontokari gobeshok baa sangbadik chhilen. hospitaler notguli ingito korey jey karmira mansik oshusthotar poriprekkhite chhaddobeshi rogider beshirbhag acharanke byakhya korechen. udahoronsorup, ekjon nurse ekjon chhaddobeshi byaktir note-grohonke "lekhar acharan" hisabe chinnito korechilen ebong etike pathological boley money korechilen. cizophrenicser karoner tatkalin prabhabshali tottoguli theke jaa aasha koraa hoyechilo taar vittite rogider swabhabik jeeboniguli hospitaler nothite punarbinyas koraa hoyechilo. eyi porikkhai chhaddobeshi rogider hospital theke chhede diye taader nijerai hospital theke beriye aasaar prayojan chhilo, jodio ekjon aainjibike joruri abosthar jonno ahobaner jonno rakha hoyechilo jokhon etty sposhto hoye giechilo jey chhaddobeshi rogider kokhonyi swalpo notishe swechchai chhede deoa hobey naa. ekbar bhorti hoye roga nirnoy hoye gele, seudopacintra taader mukti petey sokkhom hoyney jotokkhon naa taaraa monorog biseshoggoder saathe ekmat hoy jey taaraa manosikbhabe oshustho ebong anticycotic oshudh khete shuru korey, jaa taaraa shouchagare feley deyo. konao karmi sadasya jananni jey chhaddobeshira taader oshudhguli shouchagarer niche namiye dichche. rosenhan ebong anyanno chhaddobeshira hospitale bhorti howar somoy amanabikkaran, gopaniyatar upor gurutoro akraman ebong ekgheyemi onubhob korechilen. taader jinispatra elomelovabe tallashi koraa hoyechilo ebong shouchagar byabohar korar somoy kokhono kokhono taader porjobekkhon koraa hoyechilo. taaraa janiyeche jey jodio karmira suchintito boley money hoyechilo, taaraa sadharonoto rogider uddeshyomulok ebong amanobik korey toley, prayashai rogider uposthitite emanbhabe deergho alochona korey jeno taaraa sekhane nei, ebong sarkari dayitto paloner jonno kathorbhabe prayojaniya byatito rogider saathe sarasari jogajog ediye choley. kichhu poricharok anyanno karmi uposthito naa thakle rogider moukhik oo sharirik nirjatoner probonota chhilo. dupur khabarer aadh ghanta agey cafeterior baire apekkha koraa ekodol rogike ekjon daktar taanr chhatroder bolechilen jey taaraa "moukhik-anusandhanmulak" mansik uposorgo onubhob korchen. protidin gadey 6.8 minit chikitsakder sange jogajog koraa hoy. astittohin protarok porikkha. eyi porikkhar jonno, rosenhan ekti suporichito gobeshona oo shikkhon hospital byabohar korechilen, jaar karmira prathomik gobeshonar folafoler kotha shunechilen kintu daabi korechilen jey taader protisthane anurup truti koraa jaabe naa. rosenhan taader saathe byabostha korechilen jey tinn maaser samaykale, eka baa ekadhik chhaddobeshi rogee bhorti howar chesta korbe ebong karmira protiti agoto rogike mulyayan korbe jey taaraa ekjon protarok howar sombhabona royeche. 193 john rogir modhye 41 jonke protarok ebong arow 42 jonke sandehabhajan hisabe bibechona koraa hoyechilo. bastobe, rosenhan konao chhaddobeshi rogee pathanoni; hospitaler karmider dwara protarok hisabe sandeha koraa samasta rogeei sadharan rogee chhilen. err foley eyi siddhante uponeeto hotey hoy jey, "jey konao roga nirnoy prokriya jaa eyi dharaner bishal trutir jonno khub sahojei nijeke dhaar deyo taa khub nirbhorjoggo hotey paare naa." prabhab. rosenhan taanr anusandhanguli "sayensa"-ayee prakash korechilen, jekhane tini mansik roga nirnoyer nirbhorjoggota ebong gobeshonai sahojogider dwara obhiggo rogir jotner akkham oo abomanonakor prokritir samalochana korechilen. echhadao, tini bbc soho bivinno sangbade taanr kaajer bornona diyechenah eyi porikkhati "mansik protisthangulir sangoskar ebong joto beshi sombhob mansik rogider pratisthanikkoroner andolonke twarannito koreche" boley jukti deoa hoy. samalochana. prokashonar onek uttordata manorogbidyar pokkhe jukti dekhiyechilen jey jehetu monorog nirnoy mulat rogir obhiggotar protibedoner upor nirbhar korey, taader uposthiti nockle koraa anyanno chikitsa lakkhan somporke mithya bolar cheye monorog nirnoyer samasyaguli arr prodorshon korey naa. eyi shiray, monorog biseshoggo robbert spitzer seimor esha-err uddhriti diyechen. 1975 saale rosenhaner gobeshonar samalochanar somoy ketih aami jodi eka choturthangsho rokto paan corry ebong jaa korechi taa gopon korey hospitaler rokto bommy koraa joruri kokkhe assie, tahle karmider acharan besh onumanjoggo hobey. jodi taaraa amake roktokhoronkari peptic alsar hisabe chinnito korey ebong chikitsa korey, tobey aami sandeha corry jey aami biswasjogyobhabe jukti ditey paari jey chikitsa bigyan kibhabe eyi abostha nirnoy korte hoy taa jaane naa. ketty arow jukti diyechilen jey monorog biseshoggoder kachh theke agatya aasha koraa uchito noy jey ekjon rogee mansik oshusthotar vaan korchen, taai gobeshonai bastobotar abhab royeche. rosenhan etike "poriikkhamulok prabhab" baa "prottashar pokkhopat" boley abhihito korechilen, jaa taanr poddhotite ekti samasyar poriborte tini jey samasyaguli abishkar korechilen taar ingito deyo. protaronar abhijog. 2019 saale rosenhaner upor lekha ekti boi 'dya greta pretander'-ayee lekhok susana kahalan rosenhan porikkhar satyata ebong boidhota niye proshno tulechen. mrityur porr rosenhaner rekhe yawa nathiguli porikkha korey, kahalan "bigyan" nibondhe apat bikriti khunje paanoh asangatipurna tothyo, bibhrantikar biboron ebong mansik record theke bhul baa banoat uddhriti. uporontu, ekti bistrito anusandhan sotteo, tini atjon chhaddobeshi rogir modhye cable dujonke sonakto korte sokkhom hoyechenoh rosenhan nijei, ebong ekjon snatok chhatro jaar sakkhyo nibondhe rosenhaner bornonar saathe asangatipurna boley abhijog koraa hoyeche. porikkha somporke onno upaye sottoke bankanor jonno rosenhaner apat ichchar aloke, kahalan proshno korey jey onno chhoyjon seudopacinter modhye kichhu baa sabgulii rosenhan dwara udbhabito hotey paare kina. 2023 saaler februaryte, shaan diegote california bishwobidyaloyer andru scull kahalaner abhijoger somorthone piar-review journal "histry off cychiatry"-teey ekti nibondho prakash korey. somporkito porikkha-nirikkha. 1887 saale markin anusandhani sangbadik nelli bly ekti pagli ashraye bhorti howar jonno ebong taar bhayankar abosthar bishoye report korar jonno mansik oshusthotar lakkhangulir vaan korechilen. falafalguli "dosho deane ekti pagal-barite" hisabe prokashito hoyechilo. 1968 saale morris keey. temerlyn 25 john monorog biseshoggoke duti doley bhag korey ekjon abhinetake swabhabik mansik swasther choritrer choritre abhinoy korte bollen. eka dolke bolla hoyechilo jey abhineta "khub akarshaniya manush chhilen kaaron tini snaybik chhilen, kintu asle besh mansik chhilen" onno dolke kichui bolla hoyney. praktan gosthir shaat shotangsho psychosis nirnoy koreche, prayashai schizophrenia, jokhon niyantran gosthir keu taa koreni. 1988 saale, loaring ebong pawel 290 john monorog biseshoggoke rogir ekti sakkhatkarer ekti protilipi diyechilen ebong taader modhye ardhekke bolechilen jey rogiti kaalo ebong bucky ardhek saadaa; taaraa folafoler uposonghare pouchechilen jey "chikitsakra krishnanga makkelder jonno hingsa, sandeha ebong bipojjonkotar kaaron boley money corren jodio cases stadiguli saadaa makkelder cases studdyr moto ekoi." 2004 saale, manobigyani lorren slater taanr boi "opening skinner 'shha boxes"-err jonno rosenhaner anurup ekti porikkha chaliechen boley daabi corren. slater likhechen jey tini shrobonshokti hallucination soho 9tii mansik jaruri kokkhe nijeke uposthapon korechilen, jaar foley pray protibari mansik bishannata dhora porechilo. kintu, jokhon taanke prokritopokkhe taanr porikkha porichalonar proman deoar jonno challenge koraa hoy, tokhon tini taa korte parenni. slater kaaj somporkito gurutoro poddhotigoto ebong anyanno udwegguli ekoi journale ekti journal protibedoner protikriyar ekti sirij hisabe prokashito hoyechilo. 2008 saale, bibisir "diganta" bigyan karmasuchi duti porbe "upney kotota pagal?" shironame ekoi dharaner porikkha-nirikkha korechilo.". porikkhai dashti vishay jorito chhilo, panchti purbe nirnoy koraa mansik swasther abosthar saathe ebong panchti emon konao roga nirnoy chharai. mansik swastho nirnoyer tinjan biseshoggo taader porjobekkhon korechilen ebong taader challenge chhilo vishaygulir saathe kotha naa boley baa taader itihas somporke kichhu naa zene cable taader acharan theke mansik swastho samasya akranto panchjonke chinnito koraa. biseshoggora dashjaner modhye dujonke sathikbhabe nirnoy korechen, ekjon rogike bhulbhabe nirnoy korechen ebong duijon sustho rogike bhulbhabe mansik swastho samasya hisabe chinnito korechen. tobey, ekhane talikabhukto anyanno porikkhar biporite, eyi sangbadikatar onushiloner uddeshya roga nirnoy prokriyar samalochana koraa chhilo naa, borong manosikbhabe oshusthoder kolonko hrass koraa chhilo. err lakkhya holl, jey-lokeder mansik oshusthota agey theke nirnoy koraa hoyeche, taanra taander swastho samasya niye swabhabik jeebonjapon korte paren, jaa porjobekkhokder kachhe taander acharan theke sposhto noy.

rosenhan prayog rosenhan prayog athavaa thada prayog aee mansik nidanni maanyata nakki karvaa maate haath dharaayelo aek prayog hato. sahbhagioae viveedh mansik sansthaoma mulyankan maate potaane rajoo karyaa aneey sweekarva maate aabhasno dhhong karyo, parantu tyaarthi saamanya reete kaama karyoo. darekne mansik vikrutionun nidan thayu hatoo aneey temne manovikruti veerodhi davaa aapvama aavee hatee. stanford universityna prophesara, manovaigyanik david rosenhan dwara aaa abhyaas haath dharvaamaa aavyo hato aneey 1973maan 'ona beeing seena ina insen places' sheershak hethal 'science' journal dwara prakashit karvaamaa aavyo hato. tene mansik nidanni aek mahatvapurn aneey prabhavshali teeka manvama aave chhe, aneey khotee anaichchik pratibaddhtaanaa vishhayne rajoo karvaamaa aave chhe. rosenhan anya 8 loko (5 purusho aneey 3 maheelao) saathe americana pashchim keenare aavela 5 rajyoni 12 hospitaloma dakhal thayaa hataa. trana sahbhagione maatra tunkaa gaadaa maate dakhal karvaamaa aavyaa hataa, aneey purtaa dastaveji anoobhavo melavaa maate, teoae vadhaaraani sansthaoma fareethi arji curry hatee. seudopatient prayog. rosenhe temnaa abhyasne beey bhaag tareeke varnavyo hato. pratham bhagma tandurast sahyogeeo athavaa "seudopatient" (trana maheelao aneey chh purusho, pote rosenan saheet) noow upyog saamel hato, jemane united statesnaa paanch rajyoma 12 manorog hospitaloma pravesh melavaanaa prayasma tunkma shravan bhrantino dhhong karyo hato. badhaane dakhal karvaamaa aavyaa hataa aneey mansik vikrutionun nidan thayu hatoo. dakhal thayaa pachhi, seudopashitse saamanya reete kaama karyoo aneey karmcharione kahyoo keey temne havey koee vadharana aabhasno anoobhav thayo nathee. temnaa muktini sharat tareeke, tamaam dardione mansik beemari hovaanu sweekarvani faraj puddy hatee aneey temne manovikruti veerodhi davaa levaa maate sammat thavu padyu hatoo. dardioae hospitalma sarerash 19 divas vitaavyaa hataa. aek sivaaynaa badhaane temnaa mukt thataa pahelaa schizophrenia "maafeema" hovaanu nidan thayu hatoo. temnaa abhyasna beeja bhagma hospital vahivatitantra saamel hatoo, jemaa rosenanne seudopatientsne tenee suvidhama mokalvaa maate padkarvama aavyo hato, jenaa karmchaareeoae bhaarpurvak janaavyu hatoo keey teo seudopatientsne shodhee shakshe. rosenhan sammat thayaa, aneey pachhinaa athvadiyama 193 navaa dardiomathi 41 sambhaveet seudopatient tareeke odakhaaya, jemathi 19neey ochhama ochha aek manochikitsak aneey anya aek karmchari sabhy tarafthi shankaa malee. rosenhe koee seudopacitintne hospitalma mokalya nahota. aar dwara vyakhyan saambhaltaa. dii. manochikitsa veerodhi chalval saathe sankalaayela leinge, rosenhane aaa prayogni kalpanaa manochikitsa nidanni vishvasniyataani chakasani karvaanaa maarg tareeke curry hatee. abhyase taaran kaadhyu hatoo keey "teey spasht chhe keey aapane mansik hospitaloma samajdaar aneey pagalne alag curry shaktaa nathee" aneey mansik sansthaoma amanvikaran aneey lablingnaa jokhamone pann sachitra karyaa hataa. teey soochave chhe keey saamudaayik mansik svaasthya suvidhaaono upyog keey jeey mansik labalone badale chokkas samasyao aneey vartanuko parr kendrit hoya teey aek ukel hoi shake chhe, aneey mansik kaamdaarone temnee suveedhaona saamaajik manovigyaan vishe vadhu jagrut karvaa maate shikshanni bhalaaman curry hatee. rosenhan pote aneey "seudopatients" tareeke odakhaata saat mansik reete tandurast sahyogioae nimanook maate bolaaveene aneey shravan sambandhi aabhasno dhhong kareene mansik hospitaloma pravesh melavvaano prayaas karyo hato. hospital staffne aaa prayog vishe jaana karvaamaa aavee naa hatee. seudopatientsma aek visimaa manovigyaan snaatak vidhyarthi, trana manovaignaniko, aek baadrog chikitsak, aek manochikitsak, aek chitrakaar aneey aek gruhineeno samaavesh thaay chhe. koine pann mansik beemarino itihas nahoto. seudopatits upnaamono upyog kartaa hataa, aneey jeo mansik svaasthya kshetramaa kaama kartaa hataa temne koee pann vishesh saarvaar athavaa tapaasthi bachvaa maate alag kshetramaa khotee nokareeo aapvama aavtee hatee. khotaa naamo aneey rojgaarni vigato aapvaa upraant, vadhu jivancharitratmak vigato satyatathi nondhvaamaa aavee hatee. temnaa praarambhik mansik mulyankan darmiyan, seudopashitse dardee jevaa jaj jaatinaa avaajo sambhalvano daavo karyo hato jeey ghanivaar aspasht hataa, parantu jeey "khaalee", "khoto" athavaa "thada" shabdono uchchaar kartaa hoya tevu laagtu hatoo aneey beeju kanee nahee. aaa shabdo aspasht reete astitvani katokati soochave chhe aneey temne mansik lakshano tareeke sandarbhit kartaa koee prakashit sahityanaa abhavne kaarane pasand karvaamaa aavyaa hataa. anya koee mansik lakshano hovaano daavo karvaamaa aavyo naa hato. jooe dakhal karvaamaa aave too, seudopatientne "saamanya reete vartavaani" soochnaa aapvama aavee hatee, jemaa janavama aavyu hatoo keey teo saaru anoobhave chhe aneey havey avaajo saambhaltaa nathee. prayog pachhi melvelaa hospital reqorda soochave chhe keey tamaam seudopasheetsne staff dwara maitripurn aneey sahakaari tareeke darshavvama aavyaa hataa. aaa badhaane united statesnee 12 manorog hospitaloma dakhal karvaamaa aavyaa hataa, jemaa graameen vistaroma ochhi aneey ochha bhandolthi chaalati jaaher hospitalo, uttam pratishtha dharaavati shaheri university sanchaalit hospitalo aneey aek monghi khangi hospitalno samaavesh thaay chhe. samaan lakshano hovaa chhataa, saatne jaaher hospitaloma schizophrenia hovaanu nidan thayu hatoo, aneey aekne manic-depressive cycosis hovaanu nidan thayu hatoo, jeey vadhu saaraa tabibi parinaamo saathe vadhu aashavadi nidan chhe. temno rokaan 7 thee 52 divasno hato aneey sarerash 19 divasno hato. aek sivaaynaa badhaane schizophrenia nidan saathe rajaa aapvama aavee hatee, jene rosenne puraava tareeke ganaavyo hato keey mansik beemarine aek badalee naa shakaay tevee sthitee tareeke jovama aave chhe jeey aek saadhy beemarine badale aajivan kalank banaave chhe. staff aneey anya dardionaa vartan parr satat aneey khulleaam vyaapak nondh levaa chhataa, hospital staff dwara koee pann seudopatheantne chhetarpindi karnara tareeke odakhvaamaa aavyaa naa hataa, jooe keey anya ghanaa mansik dardeeo temne chhetarpindi karnara tareeke yogya reete odakhvaamaa saksham hovaanu janaay chhe. pratham trana hospitalma dakhal thayela 118 dardiomathi 35 dardioae shankaa vyakt curry hatee keey seudopatient samajdaar hataa, ketlaak soochave chhe keey dardeeo hospitalni tapaas kartaa sanshodhako athavaa patrakaaro hataa. hospitalni nondho soochave chhe keey karmchaareeoae mansik beemarina sandarbhma seudopatientsna motabhagna vartannu arthghatan karyoo chhe. udaaharan tareeke, aek nursey aek seudopatientni nondh-levaane "lekhan vartan" tareeke label karyoo aneey tene pathological ganaavyu. schizophrenicsna kaaranaa teey samaynaa prabal siddhaanto dwara jeey apekshit hatoo teey pramaane dardionaa saamanya jivancharitrone hospital rekordmaan fareethi lakhvaamaa aavyaa hataa. aaa prayogmaa seudopatiotone hospitalmathi mukt karaaveene jaate jaj hospitalmathi bahaar nikalvani jaroor hatee, joke jyaare teey spasht thaee gayoo keey seudopatiotone tunkaa notice parr svechchhae kyaarey mukt karvaamaa aavashe nahee tyaare katokati maate vakeelne coll parr rakhvama aavyaa hataa. aekvaar dakhal thayaa aneey nidan thayaa pachhi, seudopathint jyaan sudhee teo manochikitsako saathe sammat naa thayaa keey teo mansik reete beemar chhe aneey manovikruti veerodhi davaao levaanu sharoo karyoo tyaan sudhee teo temnee muktee melvee shakyaa nahee, jene teoae shauchalayma fenki deedhi. koee pann karmchaareeae jaana curry naa hatee keey seudopatient temnee davaaone shauchalaymathi neeche fenki rahyaa hataa. rosenhan aneey anya seudopatientse hospitalma dakhal karatee vakhate amanvikaran, gopaniyataanaa gambhir aakraman aneey kantaalaani jabardast laaganini jaana curry hatee. temnee sampattioni avyavasthit reete tapaas karvaamaa aavee hatee, aneey shauchaalayno upyog karatee vakhate ketalikvaar temnu nirikshan karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. teoae ahewal aapyo keey staff saaro arth dharaavto hovaanu janaay chhe, tema chhataa teo saamanya reete dardione vandhajanak aneey amanviy banaave chhe, ghanivaar temnee hajarima laambi charcha karey chhe jaane keey teo tyaan naa hoya, aneey sattavaar farajo karvaa maate sakhat jaroori sivaay dardeeo saathe seedhi vaatchit karvaanu taale chhe. jyaare anya karmchaareeo haajar naa hataa tyaare ketlaak parichaarako dardionaa maukheek aneey shaaririk durvyavhaarno bhog banata hataa. bapornaa bhojannaa adadhaa kalaak pahelaa kafeteriyani bahaar raah joee rahela dardionaa juthane aek doctoray temnaa vidhyarthione "maukheek-tapaas" mansik lakshanono anoobhav curry rahyaa hovaanu kahyoo hatoo. darroj sarerash 6.8 minut doctorono sampark thaay chhe. astitvamaa naa hoya tevo dhhongi prayog. aaa prayog maate, rosenhane aek jaaniti sanshodhan aneey shikshan hospitalno upyog karyo, jenaa karmchaareeoae praarambhik abhyasna parinaamo vishe saambhalyu hatoo parantu daavo karyo hato keey temnee sansthama samaan bhoolo curry shakaati nathee. rosenhe temnee saathe vyavastha curry keey trana mahinaanaa samaygaalaa darmiyan, aek athavaa vadhu seudopatient dakhal thavaano prayaas karashe aneey staff darek aavtaa dardine teo chhetarpindi karnaar hovani shakyata tareeke mulyankan karashe. 193 dardiomathi 41neey chhetarpindi karnara manvama aavyaa hataa aneey anya 42neey shankaspad manvama aavyaa hataa. vaastavma, rosenhane koee seudopatient mokalya nahota; hospital staff dwara chhetarpindi karnara tareeke shankaspad tamaam dardeeo saamanya dardeeo hataa. aanaathi aek nishkarsh parr pahonchyu keey "koipan nidan prakriyaa keey jeey aaa prakaarnee vishaal bhoolo maate potaane khoob jaj sahelaithi udhaar aape chhe teey khoob jaj vishvasneey naa hoi shake." assar. rosenhe "vigyaan" maan temnaa taarano prakashit karyaa, jemaa temane mansik nidanni vishvasniyataa aneey abhyasma sahyogeeo dwara anoobhavaati dardee sambhaalni asamarth aneey apmanjanak prakrutini teeka curry hatee. vadhumaa, temane bbc saheet viveedh samacharoma temnaa kaamnu varnan karyoo hatuh aaa prayoge "mansik sansthaoma sudhaaro karvaa aneey shakya tetalaa mansik dardione sansthakeey banaavvaa maate chalvalne veeyg aapyo" tevee daleel karvaamaa aave chhe. tikaao. prakashanna ghanaa uttardataoae manochikitsaano bachaav karyo hato, aevee daleel curry hatee keey manochikitsaanu nidan mote bhaage dardinaa temnaa anubhavonaa ahewal parr aadhaar raakhe chhe, temnee haajareene banaavati banaavvi anya tabibi lakshano vishe juthu bolvaa karataa manochikitsaanaa nidan saathe samasyao darshaavtu nathee. aaa nasmaa, manochikitsak roobert spitzere seimore aesa. noow ullekh karyo hato. rosenhanna abhyasni 1975nee tikaamaa ketih jooe huun aek chaturthansh lohee piun aneey meyn jeey karyoo hatoo teey chhupavine, loheeni ulatee karatee koipan hospitalni katokatinaa roomma aavu, too karmchaarionu vartan taddan anumanit hashe. jooe teo maney raktsraav peptic alsar hovaanu label karey aneey saarvaar karey, too maney shankaa chhe keey huun khataripurvak daleel curry shakoo chhu keey tabibi vigyaan teey sthitinu nidan kevee reete karavu teey jaantu nathee. kta aevee pann daleel curry hatee keey manochikitsakoae aevu manvani apeksha rakhvi joiae nahee keey dardee mansik beemari hovaano dhhong curry rahyo chhe, tethee abhyasma vaastivaktaano abhaav chhe. rosenhe aaney "prayogik assar" athavaa "apeksha purvgrah" tareeke odakhaavyo hato, jeey temnee karypaddhatini samsyaane badale temane jeey samasyao ujagar curry hatee tenu soochak chhe. chhetarpindino aarop. rosenhan parr 2019maan lakhaayela pustak 'dhaa greta pretendara' maan lekhak susannah kehlan rosenhan prayogni satyata aneey maanyata parr sawal uthaave chhe. rosenhan dwara temnaa mrutyu pachhi paachhal chhodi devaayela dastavejoni tapaas kartaa, kehalanne "vigyaan" lekhamaa spasht vikrutee jovaa maley chheh asangat maahitee, bhraamak varnan aneey mansik recordmaanthi achokkas athavaa banaavati avtarano. vadhumaa, vyaapak shodh chhataa, teey aath seudopatientmathi maatra bene jaj odakhee shake chheh pote rosenhan aneey aek snaatak vidhyarthi jenee jubani lekhamaa rosenhanna varnan saathe katheet reete asangat chhe. prayogne lagatee satyane anya reete vaadvaani rosenhanni dekheeti ichchhaane dhyanma rakheene, kehlan prashna karey chhe keey shun anya chh seudopathetesmaanthi ketlaak athavaa tamaamni shodh rosenhan dwara karvaamaa aavee hashe. februari 2023maan, saana diyego khaate university off california khaatena andrew sculley kehlannaa aaropona samarthanma pier-review journal "histree off cychiatry" maan aek lekh prakashit karyo hato. sambandhit prayogo. 1887maan american tapaas patrakaar nellie bleeae pagal aashraysthanma pravesh melavaa aneey tenee bhayanak paristhitio parr ahewal aapvaa maate mansik beemarina lakshanono dhhong karyo. parinaamo "dass divas aek pagal-gharmaa" tareeke prakashit karvaamaa aavyaa hataa. 1968 maan mauris keey. tamerlyne 25 manochikitsakone beey juthomaa vahenchyaa aneey temne saamanya mansik swaasthyanaa paatranu chitran kartaa abhinetaane sambhalva kahyoo. aek juthane kahevama aavyu hatoo keey abhineta "khoob jaj rasprad maanas hato kaaran keey teey chetatantravadi laagto hato, parantu vaastavma teey khoob jaj mansik hato" jyaare beejaane kashoo kahevama aavyu naa hatoo. bhutpurv juthanaa saath takaa lokoae manovikrutinu nidan karyoo, motebhage schizophrenia, jyaare koee pann niyantran juthe aavu karyoo naa hatoo. 1988maan, loaring aneey povelae 290 manochikitsakone dardinaa interviewni nakal aapee aneey temathi adadhaa lokone kahyoo keey dardee kaado hato aneey baakino adadho safed hato; teoae parinaamo parr nishkarsh kaadhyo keey "chikitsako kaalaa graahakone hinsa, shankaa aneey jokhami hovaanu ganaave chhe, tema chhataa cases studies shvet graahako maatena cases studies jevee jaj chhe." 2004maan, manovaigyanik lorren slatter temnaa pustak "oppaning skinner booaks" maate rosenan jevo jaj aek prayog haath dharvaano daavo karyo hato. slatter lakhyu hatoo keey teneeae potaane 9 mansik katokatinaa roomma shravan sambandhi aabhas saathe rajoo curry hatee, parinaame mansik hatasha saathe "lagbhag darek vakhate" nidan thayu hatoo. jooe keey, jyaare teneene kharekhar tenaa prayognaa puraava aapvaa maate padkarvama aavyo, tyaare teey naa curry shakee. slatternaa kaaryane lagatee gambhir paddhatisarni aneey anya chintaao aee jaj journalma journalna ahevaalnaa pratibhaavoni shrenee tareeke dekhai hatee. 2008maan, bii. bii. see. naa "kshitij" vigyaan karykrama "tame ketala pagal chho?" shirshakvala beey episodema samaan prayog karyo hato.". aaa prayogmaa dass vishhayo saamel hataa, jemaa paanch agau nidan karaayel mansik swaasthyani sthitee dharaavtaa hataa aneey paanch aevaa hataa keey jenu koee nidan thayu naa hatoo. mansik svaasthya nidaannaa trana nishnato dwara temnu nirikshan karvaamaa aavyu hatoo aneey temno padkaar aee hato keey vishhayo saathe vaat karyaa vinaa athavaa temnaa itihasmathi kaneepan sheekhya vinaa, maatra temnaa vartanthi mansik svaasthya samasyao dharaavtaa paanchne odakhvaa. nishnatoae dasmathi beey dardionu yogya nidan karyoo, aek dardinu khotu nidan karyoo aneey beey tandurast dardione mansik svaasthya samasyao hovaanu khotee reete odakhaavyu. aheen soochibaddh anya prayogothi vipareet, joke, aaa patrakaratva kavaayatno udesh nidan prakriyaanee teeka karvaano nahoto, parantu mansik reete beemar lokonee kalankitataane ghataadvaano hato. teno udesh aee samjaavvaano hato keey mansik bimaareenu agaaunu nidan karnara loko temnaa svaasthya samasyao saathe saamanya jeevan jeevee shake chhe jeey temnaa vartanthi nirikshako maate spasht nathee.

rosenhan prayog rosenhan prayog yaa thada prayog manochikitsa nidan kii vaidhata nirdhaarit karane key liye kiya gayaa ack prayog thaa. pratibhagiyon ney vibhinn manorog sansthanon mein mulyankan key liye khud koo prastut kiya aur sweekaar kiye jaane key liye matibhram kaa naatak kiya, lekin taba seey samanya roop seey kaary kiya. pratyek koo manorog vikaaron kaa pataa chalaa aur unhein manovikriti-rodhi dawa dee gaee. yeh adhyayan manovaigyaanik david rosenhan, ack steinford vishvavidyalaya key professor dwara kiya gayaa thaa, aur 1973 mein "vigyaan" patrika dwara "pagal sthaanon mein samajhdaar honey" sheershak key tahat prakaashit kiya gayaa thaa. ise manochikitsa nidan kii ack mahatvapurna aur prabhaavshaali aalochana maanaa jaataa haye, aur galat anaichhik pratibaddhata key vishay koo bataaya jaataa haye. rosenhan ney 8 anya logon (5 purush aur 3 mahilaaen) key saath america key paschimi tata key saath 5 raajyon key 12 aspatalon mein pravesh kiya. pratibhagiyon mein seey teen koo kewal ack chhoti avadhi key liye bharti kiya gayaa thaa, aur paryaapt pralekhit anubhav praapt karane key liye, unhone atirikt sansthanon mein phir seey aavedan kiya. chhadm rogi prayog. rosenhan ney apane adhyayan koo dou bhaagon vaalaa bataaya. pahale bhaag mein swasth sahyogiyon yaa "chhadm rogiyon" (teen mahilaaon aur chhah purushon, jinamen khud rosenhan bhee shamil hain) kaa upayog shamil thaa, jinhone sanyukt raajya america key paanch raajyon mein 12 manorog aspatalon mein pravesh praapt karane key prayaas mein sankshipt roop seey shravan matibhram kaa naatak kiya. sabhi koo bharti kiya gayaa aur unhein mansik vikaaron kaa pataa chalaa. bharti honey key baad, chhadm rogiyon ney samanya roop seey kaam kiya aur karmchaariyon koo bataaya kii unhein abb kissy bhee atirikt matibhram kaa anubhav naheen huaa haye. apani rihaai kii sthiti key roop mein, sabhi rogiyon koo mansik bimari honey kaa sweekaar karane key liye majboor kiya gayaa aur unhein manovikriti-rodhi dawa lene key liye sahmat honah padaa. rogiyon ney aspatal mein ausatan 19 dinn bitaaye. ack koo chhodkar sabhi koo unaki rihaai seey pahale "maafi mein" schizophrenia kaa pataa chalaa thaa. unake adhyayan key dusare bhaag mein ack aspatal prashaasan shamil thaa jisamen rosenan koo chhadm rogiyon koo isaki suvidha mein bhejane key liye chunauti dee gaee thee, jinake karmchaariyon ney jore dekar kahaa kii way chhadm rogiyon kaa pataa lagaane mein saksham honge. rosenhan sahmat hue, aur agale hafton mein 193 nae rogiyon mein seey 41 kii pehchaan sambhaavit chhadm rogiyon key roop mein kii gaee, jinamen seey 19 koo cumm seey cumm ack manochikitsak aur ack anya karmchari sadasya seey sandeh praapt huaa. rosenhan ney kissy chhadm rogi koo aspatal naheen bheja. aar dwara ack vyakhyan koo sunane key dauran. dee. laing, joe manochikitsa-rodhi andolan seey judey they, rosenhan ney manochikitsa nidan kii vishvasaniyata kaa pareekshan karane key tareeke key roop mein prayog kii kalpana kii. adhyayan ney nishkarsh nikala kii "yeh spasht haye kii humm manochikitsa aspatalon mein vivekpurna aur pagal koo alag naheen curr sakate hain" aur manochikitsa sansthanon mein amanavikaran aur labeling key khatron koo bhee chitrit kiya. isane sujhaav diyaa kii samudayik mansik swaasthya suvidhaon kaa upayog joe manochikitsa label key bajaay vishisht samasyaon aur vyavhaaron parr kendrit haye, ack samadhan hoe sakata haye, aur manochikitsa kaaryakartaon koo unaki suvidhaon key samajik manovigyaan key baare mein adhik jagrook karane key liye shiksha kii sifarish kii. rosenan ney khud aur saat mansik roop seey swasth sahyogiyon, jinhen "chhadm rogi" kahaa jaataa haye, ney ack niyukti key liye coll karke aur shravan matibhram kaa naatak karke manorog aspatalon mein pravesh praapt karane kaa prayaas kiya. aspatal key karmchaariyon koo prayog key baare mein soochit naheen kiya gayaa thaa. chhadm rogiyon mein ack manovigyaan snaatak chhaatr, teen manovaigyaanik, ack baal roga visheshagya, ack manochikitsak, ack chitrakaar aur ack grihini shamil they. kissy kaa bhee mansik bimari kaa itihas naheen thaa. chhadm rogiyon ney chhadm naamon kaa upayog kiya, aur joe loga mansik swaasthya key kshetra mein kaam karate they, unhein kissy bhee vishesh upchaar yaa jaanch seey bachane key liye ack alag kshetra mein jhoothi naukariyan dee jaati theen. jhoothe naam aur rojgar vivaran dene key alawa, aage key jeevani vivaran sachchai seey bataae gaye they. apane praarambhik manorog mulyankan key dauran, chhadm rogiyon ney rogi key samaan ling kii aavaazen sunane kaa daavaa kiya joe aksar aspasht theen, lekin joe "khaali", "khokhla" yaa "thada" shabdon kaa uchchaaran karate prateet hotey they, aur kuchh aur naheen. inn shabdon koo isaliye chunaa gayaa kyonki way aspasht roop seey kissy prakaar key astitvagat sankat kaa sujhaav dete hain aur kissy bhee prakaashit saahitya kii kamee key kaaran unhein manovaigyaanik lakshnon key roop mein sandarbhit karate hain. koee anya manorog lakshan naheen paae gaye. yadi bharti kiya jaataa haye, tou chhadm rogiyon koo "samanya roop seey kaary karane" kaa nirdesh diyaa jaataa thaa, yeh bataate hue kii way thheek mahsoos karate hain aur abb aavaajen naheen sunee jaati hain. prayog key baad praapt aspatal key record seey sanket milata haye kii sabhi chhadm rogiyon koo karmchaariyon dwara anukool aur sahakaari key roop mein chihnit kiya gayaa thaa. sabhi koo sanyukt raajya america key 12 manorog aspatalon mein bharti karaaya gayaa thaa, jisamen graameen kshetron mein cumm aur cumm vitt poshit saarvajanik aspatal, utkrisht pratishtha vaale shahari vishvavidyalaya dwara sanchaalit aspatal aur ack mahanga niji aspatal shamil they. halanki samaan lakshnon key saath prastut kiya gayaa thaa, saat koo saarvajanik aspatalon mein schizophrenia key saath nidan kiya gayaa thaa, aur ack koo unmaadi-avasaadgrast manovikriti key saath, behtar naidaanik parinamon key saath ack adhik ashawadi nidan, niji aspatal mein. unake thaharane kii avadhi 7 seey 52 dinon taka thee aur ausat 19 dinn thaa. ack koo chhodkar sabhi koo "maafi mein" schizophrenia key nidan key saath chhutti dey dee gaee thee, jise rosenan ney iss baat key pramaan key roop mein maanaa kii mansik bimari koo ack aparivartaniya sthiti key roop mein maanaa jaataa haye joe ack upchaar yogya bimari key bajaay aajivan kalank paida karati haye. karmchaariyon aur anya rogiyon key vyavhaar parr lagaatar aur khule taur parr vyaapak nott lene key bavjood, aspatal key karmchaariyon dwara kissy bhee chhadm rogi kii pehchaan dhokhebaaz key roop mein naheen kii gaee, halanki kaee anya manorog rogi unhein dhokhebaaz key roop mein sahee dhang seey pahchaanane mein saksham prateet hotey they. pahale teen aspatal mein bharti honey mein, kull 118 rogiyon mein seey 35 ney sandeh vyakt kiya kii chhadm rogi samajhdaar they, kuchh ney sujhaav diyaa kii rogi aspatal kii jaanch curr rahey shodhkarta yaa patrakaar they. aspatal key noton ney sanket diyaa kii karmchaariyon ney mansik bimari key sandarbh mein chhadm rogiyon key adhikansh vyavhaar kii vyakhya kii. udaaharan key liye, ack nurse ney ack chhadm rogi key nott-lene koo "lekhan vyavhaar" key roop mein label kiya aur ise rogjanak maanaa. rogiyon kii samanya jeevani koo aspatal key record mein iss tarah seey punarnirmit kiya gayaa thaa kii schizophrenics key kaaran key tatkalin pramukh siddhanton dwara kyaa apekshit thaa. prayog key liye chhadm rogiyon koo aspatal seey baahar nikalkar unhein chhodane kii aavashyakta thee, halanki ack vakeel koo aapaat sthiti key liye coll parr rakhaa gayaa thaa jaba yeh spasht hoe gayaa kii chhadm rogiyon koo kabhi bhee swechha seey cumm samay mein riha naheen kiya jaayega. ack baar bharti honey aur nidan honey key baad, chhadm rogi taba taka apani rihaai praapt karane mein saksham naheen they jaba taka kii way manochikitsakon key saath sahmat naheen hoe gaye kii way mansik roop seey beemar they aur manovikriti-rodhi davaaen lena shuru curr diyaa, jise unhone shauchalaya mein fenk diyaa. kissy bhee karmchari ney yeh naheen bataaya kii chhadm rogi shauchalayon mein apani davaaen bahaa rahey they. rosenhan aur anya chhadm rogiyon ney aspatal mein bharti honey key dauran amanavikaran, gopaniyata parr gambhir aakraman aur oob kii bhaari bhavna kii soochana dee. unaki sampatti kii yaadrichhik roop seey talashi lii gaee, aur kabhi-kabhi shauchalaya kaa upayog karate samay unhein dekhaa gayaa. unhone bataaya kii halanki karmchari achche arth vaale prateet hotey hain, way aam taur parr rogiyon koo aapattijanak aur amanviya banaate hain, aksar rogiyon kii upasthiti mein lambi charcha karate hain jaise kii way vahaan naheen hotey hain, aur aadhikarik kartavyon koo karane key liye sakhti seey aavashyak honey key alawa rogiyon key saath seedhe baatchit seey bachate hain. kuchh parichaarak rogiyon key maukhik aur shaaririk durvyavahar key liye pravan they jaba anya karmchari maujood naheen they. dopahar key bhojan seey aadhe ghante pahale cafeteria key baahar intezar curr rahey rogiyon key ack samooh koo ack doctor ney apane chhatron koo "maukhik-aquisitive" manorog lakshnon kaa anubhav karane key liye kahaa. doctors key saath sampark ausatan pratidin 6.8 minut thaa. gair-astitva mein dhong prayog. iss prayog key liye, rosenhan ney ack prasiddh shodh aur shikshan aspatal kaa upayog kiya, jisake karmchaariyon ney praarambhik adhyayan key parinamon key baare mein sunaa thaa, lekin daavaa kiya kii unake sansthaan mein isi tarah kii trutiyaan naheen kii jaa sakati theen. rosenhan ney unake saath vyavastha kii kii teen maheene kii avadhi key dauran, ack yaa adhik chhadm rogi pravesh praapt karane kaa prayaas karenge aur karmchari pratyek aaney vaale rogi koo iss sambhavana key roop mein mulyankan karenge kii way ack dhokhebaaz they. 193 rogiyon mein seey 41 koo dhokhebaaz maanaa gayaa aur 42 koo sandigdh maanaa gayaa. vaastav mein, rosenhan ney koee chhadm rogi naheen bheja thaa; aspatal key karmchaariyon dwara dhokhebaaz key roop mein sandigdh sabhi rogi samanya rogi they. isase yeh nishkarsh nikla kii "koee bhee naidaanik prakriya joe iss tarah kii badee trutiyon key liye bahut aasaani seey khud koo udhaar detee haye, vaha bahut vishvasaniya naheen hoe sakati haye." prabhaav. rosenhan ney "vigyaan" mein apane nishkarsh prakaashit kiye, jisamen unhone manochikitsa nidan kii vishvasaniyata aur adhyayan mein sahyogiyon dwara anubhav kii gaee rogi dekhbhal kii aksham aur apmaanjanak prakriti kii aalochana kii. isake alawa, unhone bee. bee. see. sahit vibhinn samacharon mein apane kaam kaa varnan kiyaah prayog kaa tark haye kii "mansik sansthanon mein sudhaar aur adhik seey adhik mansik rogiyon koo sansthaagat banaane key liye andolan koo gati dee gaee haye. aalochanaaen. prakaashan key kaee uttardaataon ney manochikitsa kaa bachaav karate hue tark diyaa kii choonki manorog nidan kaafee hudd taka rogi key apane anubhavon kii report parr nirbhar kartaa haye, isaliye unaki upasthiti koo anya chikitsa lakshnon key baare mein jhooth bolane kii tulanaa mein manorog nidan key saath samasyaon koo pradarshit naheen kartaa haye. iss nus mein, manochikitsak robbert spitzer ney simore aiss koo uddhrit kiya. 1975 mein rosenhan key adhyayan kii aalochanah aggar main ack chauthai khoon pee letaa aur joe maine kiya thaa usey chhipaakar, kissy bhee aspatal key rakt ulti key aapaatkaaleen kaksh mein aataa, tou karmchaariyon kaa vyavhaar kaafee anumaanit hoga. aggar unhone mujhe raktasravi peptic alsar honey key roop mein label kiya aur ilaaj kiya, tou mujhe sandeh haye kii main aashvast roop seey tark dey sakata huun kii chikitsa vigyaan koo usa sthiti kaa nidan karna naheen pataa haye. ketty ney yeh bhee tark diyaa kii manochikitsakon seey yeh maan lene kii apeksha naheen kii jaani chaahiye kii ack rogi mansik bimari kaa naatak curr rhaa haye, iss prakaar adhyayan mein yathaarthvaad kii kamee haye. rosenhan ney ise "prayog karane vaalaa prabhaav" yaa "apeksha purvagrah" kahaa, joe unaki karyapranali mein ack samasya key bajaay ujagar kii gaee samasyaon kaa sanket haye. dhokhadhadi kaa aarop. dha grate pretender" mein, rosenhan parr 2019 kii ack pustak, lekhak susana kahlan rosenhan prayog kii sachchai aur vaidhata parr sawal uthaati haye. rosenhan dwara apani mrityu key baad chhode gaye dastavejon kii jaanch karate hue, kahalan koo "vigyaan" lekh mein spasht vikriti milati haih asangat detta, bhraamak vivaran, aur manorog record seey galat yaa mangadhant uddharan. isake alawa, ack vyaapak khoj key bavjood, vaha kewal aathh chhadm rogiyon mein seey dou kii pehchaan karane mein saksham haih khud rosenhan, aur ack snaatak chhaatr jisaki gawahi lekh mein rosenhan key vivaran key saath kathit roop seey asangat haye. prayog key sambandh mein satya koo anya tarikon seey modane kii rosenhan kii prateet ichcha key aalok mein, kahalan sawal kartaa haye kii kyaa chhah anya chhadm rogiyon mein seey kuchh yaa sabhi kaa aavishkaar rosenhan dwara kiya gayaa hoga. farwari 2023 mein, saine diago mein california vishvavidyalaya key andreau scull ney kahalan key aaropon key samarthan mein sahakarmi-sameeksha patrika "manochikitsa key itihas" mein ack lekh prakaashit kiya. sambandhit prayog. 1887 mein americi khoji patrakaar nelly bellie ney ack pagal sharan mein pravesh paane aur vahaan kii bhayaanak sthitiyon parr report karane key liye mansik bimari key lakshnon kaa naatak kiya. parinam "ack pagal ghar mein duss dinn" key roop mein prakaashit kiye gaye they. 1968 mein mauris key. temerlyn ney 25 manochikitsakon koo dou samoohon mein vibhajit kiya aur unhein ack abhineta kii baat sunai joe samanya mansik swaasthya key charitra koo chitrit kartaa haye. ack samooh koo bataaya gayaa kii abhineta "ack bahut hii dilchasp vyakti thaa kyonki vaha neurotic lugg rhaa thaa, lekin vaastav mein kaafee manovikrit thaa" jabaki dusare koo kuchh naheen bataaya gayaa thaa. poorv samooh key saath pratishat logon ney manovikriti kaa nidan kiya, aksar schizophrenia, jabaki kissy bhee niyantran samooh ney aisaa naheen kiya. 1988 mein, lorring aur powell ney 290 manochikitsakon koo ack rogi sakshatkar kii pratilekh dee aur unamen seey aadhe koo bataaya kii rogi kaalaa thaa aur baaki aadhaa safed thaa; unhone parinamon key baare mein nishkarsh nikala kii "chikitsak kaale grahakon koo hinsa, sandeh aur khatarnak bataate hain, bhale hii cases studdy safed grahakon key liye cases studdy key samaan hii houn." 2004 mein, manovaigyaanik lauren slatter ney apani pustak "opening skinner boxes" key liye rosenan key samaan ack prayog karane kaa daavaa kiya. slatter ney likhaa kii usane khud koo 9 manorog aapaatkaaleen kamaron mein shravan matibhram key saath prastut kiya thaa, jisake parinamswarup "lagbhag harr baar" manorog avasaad kaa nidan kiya gayaa thaa. haalaanki, jaba usey vaastav mein apane prayog key sanchaalan kaa saboot dene key liye chunauti dee gaee, tou vaha naheen curr sakee. slatter key kaam key sambandh mein gambhir paddhatigat aur anya chintaaen usee patrika mein ack patrika report key liye pratikriyaon kii ack shrinkhala key roop mein dikhaai deen. 2008 mein, bee. bee. see. key "kshitij" vigyaan karyakram ney dou prakarnon parr ack samaan prayog kiya jiska sheershak thaa "aap kitane pagal hain?". prayog mein duss vishay shamil they, jinamen seey paanch mein pahale seey nidan kii gaee mansik swaasthya sthitiyaan theen, aur paanch mein aisaa koee nidan naheen thaa. mansik swaasthya nidan mein teen visheshagyon dwara unakaa avalokan kiya gayaa thaa aur unaki chunauti kewal apane vyavhaar seey mansik swaasthya samasyaon vaale paanch logon kii pehchaan karna thaa, vishayon seey baat kiye binaa yaa unake itihas key baare mein kuchh bhee seekhane key binaa. visheshagyon ney duss rogiyon mein seey dou kaa sahee nidan kiya, ack rogi kaa galat nidan kiya, aur dou swasth rogiyon kii galat pehchaan mansik swaasthya samasyaon key roop mein kii. haalaanki, yahaan soochibaddh anya prayogon key vipareet, iss patrakaarita abhyaas kaa uddeshya naidaanik prakriya kii aalochana karna naheen thaa, balki mansik roop seey beemar logon key kalank koo cumm karna thaa. iska uddeshya yeh spasht karna thaa kii mansik bimari key pichhale nidan vaale loga apane swaasthya samasyaon key saath samanya jeevan jee sakate hain joe paryavekshakon key liye unake vyavhaar seey spasht naheen hain.

rosenhan prayoga rosenhan prayoga athawa thud prayogavu manovaidyakiya roganirnayada sindhutvavannu nirdharisalu nadesida prayogavagide. bhagavahisuvavaru vividha manovaidyakiya samsthegalalli moulyamaapanakkaagi tammannu taavu sallisidaru mattu sweekarisuva saluvaagi bhramegalante natisidaru, aadare andininda saamaanya reetiyalli vartisidaru. pratiyobbarigoo manovaidyakiya asvasthategaliruvudu patteyaayitu mattu manovikruti-nirodhaka aushadhigalannu nidalaayitu. stanford vishvavidyaanilayada pradhyapakarada manashshaastragna david rosenhan avaru ee adhyayanavannu nadesidaru mattu 1973 ralli "aun saine inn sains" emba shirshikeyadiyalli "sains" emba niyatakaalikadalli prakatisidaru. idannu manovaidyakiya roganirnayada pramukha mattu prabhavashali tikeyendu pariganisalaagide mattu tappu anaichchika baddhateya vishayavannu pratipaadisalaagide. rosenhan itara 8 janarondige (5 purusharu mattu 3 mahileyaru) americada paschima karavaliya 5 rajyagala 12 aaspatregalannu praveshisidaru. bhagavahisidavaralli moovarannu alpavadhige maatra praveshisalaayitu mattu saakashtu daakhalita anubhavagalannu padeyuva saluvaagi, avaru hechchuvari samsthegalige maru-arji sallisidaru. sudopatient prayoga. rosenhan tanna adhyayanavu eradu bhagagalannu hondide endu vivarisiddaane. modala bhagavu united statesna aidu rajyagala 12 manovaidyakiya aaspatregalige pravesha padeyuva prayatnadalli shravanendri bhramegalante sankshiptavaagi natisida aarogyakara sahavartigalu athawa "sudopeshentgala" (swatah rosenhan seridante moovaru mahileyaru mattu aaru purusharu) balakeyannu olagondittu. ellarannoo daakhalisalaayitu mattu manasika asvasthategalinda balaluttiddaarendu gurutisalaayitu. daakhalaada nantara, syoodoopeshentgalu samanyavagi vartisidaru mattu taavu innu munde yaavude hechchuvari bhramegalannu anubhavisuvudilla endu sibbandige helidaru. avara bidugadeya sharattinante, ellah rogigalu manasika asvasthateyannu oppikollabekaayitu mattu manovikruti-virodhi aushadhigalannu tegedukollalu oppikollabekaayitu. rogigalu aaspatreyalli kaleda sarasari samaya 19 dinagalu. obbarannu horatupadisi ellarigoo schizophrenia bidugadeyaguva modalu "upashamanadalli" iruvudu patteyaayitu. avara adhyayanada eradane bhagavu aaspatreya aadalitavannu olagondittu, adara soulabhyakke sudopeshentgalannu kaluhisalu rosenhange savaalu haakitu, avara sibbandi avaru sudopeshentgalannu pattehachchalu saadhyavaaguttade endu pratipaadisidaru. rosenhan wappikondaru, mattu mundina vaaragalalli 193 hosa rogigalalli 41 janarannu sambhaavya sudopeshentgalu endu gurutisalaayitu, avaralli 19 mandi kanishta obba manovaidya mattu innobba sibbandi sadasyarinda anumaanavannu padedaru. rosenhan yaavude husi rogigalannu aaspatrege kaluhisalilla. aarr avara upanyaasavannu keluvaaga. dii. manovaidyashastra virodhi chalavaliyondige sambandha hondidda lying, manovaidyakiya roganirnayagala vishvaasaarhateyannu parikshisuva maargavaagi ee prayogavannu rosenhan kalpisikondaru. manovaidyakiya aaspatregalalli vivekavannu huchchaninda pratyekisalu sadhyavilla embudu spashtavagide" endu adhyayanavu tirmaanisitu mattu manovaidyakiya samsthegalalli amanavikarana mattu label maaduva apayagalannu saha vivariside. manovaidyakiya gurutugala badalige nirdishta samasyegalu mattu nadavalikegala mele kendrikarisida samudaaya manasika aarogya soulabhyagala balakeyu parihaaravaagirabahudu endu adhu soochisitu mattu manovaidyakiya kaaryakartarige avara soulabhyagala samajika manovignanada bagge hecchu arivu moodisalu shikshanavannu shipharasu maaditu. swatah rosenhan mattu "sudopatients" endu kareyalpaduva elu maanasikavaagi aarogyavanta sahavartigalu, appointmentgaagi karey needuva moolaka mattu shravanendri bhramegalante natisuva moolaka manovaidyakiya aaspatregalige pravesha padeyalu prayatnisidaru. prayogada bagge aaspatreya sibbandige tilisalaagalilla. sudopeshentgalalli ippattara hareyada obba manovignaana padavidhara vidyarthi, moovaru manashshaastragnaru, obba shishuvaidya, obba manovaidya, obba varnachitrakaara mattu obba gruhini seriddaru. yaarigu manasika asvasthateya itihaasaviralilla. husi rogigalu guptanamagalannu balasuttiddaru, mattu manasika aarogya kshetradalli kelasa maadidavarige yaavude vishesha chikitse athawa parishilaneyannu prachodisuvudannu tappisalu bere valayadalli sullu udyogagalannu nidalaaguttittu. sullu hesarugalu mattu udyogada vivaragalannu niiduvudara jotege, hecchina jivanacharitreya vivaragalannu satyavagi varadi maadalaayitu. tamma arambhika manovaidyakiya moulyamaapanada samayadalli, sudopeshentgalu rogiyanteye adhe lingada dhwanigalannu keluttiddaarendu helikondaru, adhu samanyavagi aspashtavagittu, aadare "khaali", "tollaada" athawa "thud" emba padagalannu uchcharisuvante toruttade mattu bere enoo illa. ee padagalannu aspashtavagi astitvada bikkattannu soochisuvudarinda mattu avugalannu manasika rogalakshanagalendu ullekhisuva yaavude prakatita saahityada korateyindagi ayke maadalaagide. bere yaavude manovaidyakiya rogalakshanagalannu helalaagilla. daakhalaadalli, husi rogigalige "samanyavagi vartisalu" soochisalaayitu, avaru chennagiddare mattu innu munde dhwanigalannu keluvudilla endu varadi maadidaru. prayogada nantara padeda aaspatreya daakhalegalu ellah husi rogigalannu sibbandigalu snehapara mattu sahakariyagi gurutisiddaare endu soochisuttave. grameena pradeshagalallina kadime anudaanita saarvajanika aaspatregalu, atyuttama khyaatiya nagara vishvavidyaalaya-chaalita aaspatregalu mattu ondu dubari khasagi aspatre seridante united statesnadyanta 12 manovaidyakiya aaspatregalige ellarannoo daakhalisalaayitu. onde reetiya rogalakshanagalannu hondiddaroo, saarvajanika aaspatregalalli elu janarige schizophrenia iruvudu patteyaayitu, mattu khasagi aaspatreyalli, uttama vaidyakeeya phalitaamshagalondige hecchu aashaavaadada roganirnayavada unmaada-khinnateya manovikrutiyondigina ondu roganirnaya maadalaayitu. avara vaastavyavu 7 rinda 52 dinagalavarege ittu mattu sarasari 19 dinagalaagittu. obbarannu horatupadisi ulidavarellarigoo schizophreniyada "upashamana" dha roganirnayadondige bidugade maadalaayitu, idu manasika asvasthateyannu gunapadisabahudaada kayileya badalu jeevamaanada kalankavannu srushtisuva badalaayisalaagada sthitiyendu pariganisalaagide embudakke puraaveyaagi rosenhan pariganisiddaare. sibbandi mattu itara rogigala nadavalikeya bagge nirantaravagi mattu bahirangavagi tippanigalannu tegedukondaru, yaavude husi rogigalannu aaspatreya sibbandi mosagaararu endu gurutisalilla, aadaagyoo itara aneka manovaidyakiya rogigalu avarannu mosagaararu endu sariyagi gurutisalu saadhyavaayitu. modala mooru baari aaspatrege daakhalaada ottu 118 rogigalalli 35 mandi husi rogigalu vivekayutaru emba anumaanavannu vyaktapadisidaru, kelavaru rogigalu aaspatreya tanikhe nadesuttiruva samshoodhakaru athawa patrakartaru endu soochisiddaare. manasika asvasthateya drashtiyinda hecchina husi rogigala nadavalikeyannu sibbandi vyakhyaanisiddaare endu aaspatreya tippanigalu soochisive. udaaharanege, obba daadiyu obba husi rogiya tippani-tegedukolluvikeyannu "baravanigeya nadavalike" endu hesarisidaru mattu adannu rogashaastriyavendu pariganisidaru. schizophrenicsninda adara kaaranada aagina prabala siddhaantagalinda nirikshisiddannu aadharisi rogigala saamaanya jivanacharitregalannu aaspatreya daakhalegalalli marusrushtisalaayitu. ee prayogadalli husi rogigalu aaspatreyinda bidugade padeyuva moolaka taavaagiye aaspatreyinda horabarabekaagittu, aadaagyoo husi rogigalannu endigoo svayampreraneyinda bidugade madalaguvudilla embudu spashtavadaga turtu paristhitigaligaagi vakilarannu karey maadalu ulisikollalaayitu. omme daakhalaada mattu roganirnayavada nantara, sudopeshentgalu taavu manasika asvastharaagiddeve endu manovaidyarondige oppikolluvavarege mattu manovikruti-virodhi aushadhigalannu tegedukollalu praarambhisuvavarege tamma bidugadeyannu padeyalu sadhyavagalilla, adannu avaru shauchaalayadalli flush maadidaru. sudopeshentgalu tamma aushadhigalannu shouchaalayagala kelage eseyuttiddaare endu yaavude sibbandi varadi madalilla. rosenhan mattu itara husi rogigalu aaspatrege daakhalaadaga agaadhavaada amanavikarana, goupyateya teevra akramana mattu besarada bhavanegalannu varadi maadidaru. avara aastiyannu yaadruchchikavaagi shoodhisalaayitu, mattu shauchaalayavannu balasuvaaga kelavomme avugalannu gamanisalaayitu. sibbandigalu olleya arthavannu hondiddaroo, avaru samanyavagi rogigalannu vastunishthavagi mattu amaanaveeyagolisidaru, aagaagge rogigalu allie illadante avara upasthitiyalli sudeerghavaagi charchisidaru mattu adhikruta kartavyagalannu nirvahisalu kattunittaagi agatyavaadudannu horatupadisi rogigalondige nera samvahanavannu tappisidaru endu avaru varadi maadidaru. itara sibbandigalu illadiruvaaga kelavu paricharakaru rogigala moukhika mattu daihika kirukulakke olagaaguttiddaru. madhyaahnada uutakke ardha gante modalu kfeteriyaada horage kayuttidda rogigala gumpannu vaidyaru tamma vidyaarthigalige "moukhika-parishilanaa" manovaidyakiya rogalakshanagalannu anubhavisuttiddaare endu helidaru. vaidyarondige samparkakke baralu dinakke sarasari 6.8 nimishagalu bekaguttave. astitvadallillada mosagaara prayoga. ee prayogakkagi, rosenhan prasiddha samshoodhane mattu bodhana aaspatreyannu balasidaru, adara sibbandi arambhika adhyayanada phalitaamshagala bagge keliddaru aadare tamma samstheyalli idhe reetiya doshagalannu maadalu sadhyavilla endu helidaru. mooru tingala avadhiyalli, ondu athawa hecchu sudopeshentgalu pravesha padeyalu prayatnisuttaare mattu sibbandi avaru olabaruva pratiyobba rogiyannoo avaru mosagararagirabahudada saadhyateya bagge moulyamaapana maaduttaare endu rosenhan avarondige vyavasthe maadidaru. 193 rogigalalli, 41 janarannu vanchakaru endu pariganisalaayitu mattu innoo 42 janarannu shankitaru endu pariganisalaayitu. vaastavadalli, rosenhan yaavude husi rogigalannu kaluhisalilla; aaspatreya sibbandigalu mosagaararu endu shankisida ellah rogigalu saamaanya rogigalaagiddaru. idu "ee reetiya brihat doshagalige sulabhavaagi saala needuva yaavude roganirnaya prakriyeyu bahala vishvaasaarhavaagiruvudilla" emba tirmaanakke kaaranavaayitu." parinama. rosenhan avaru tamma samshoodhanegalannu "vignaana" dalli prakatisidaru, idaralli avaru manovaidyakiya roganirnayada vishvaasaarhate mattu adhyayanadalli sahavartigalu anubhavisuva rogiya aaraikeya durbalagolisuva mattu kilumattada svaroopavannu tikisidaru. idara jotege, avaru bbc seridante vividha suddigalalli tamma kelasavannu vivarisiddaareh ee prayogavu "manasika samsthegalannu sudhaarisuva mattu saadhyavaadashtu manasika rogigalannu saamsthikagolisuva chalavaliyannu vegagoliside" endu vaadisalaagide. tikegalu. prakatanege pratikriyisida anekaru manovaidyashaastravannu samarthisikondaru, manovaidyakiya roganirnayavu hechchaagi rogiya anubhavagala varadiyannu avalambisiruvudarinda, avara upasthitiyannu nakali maaduvudu itara vaidyakeeya rogalakshanagala bagge sullu heluvudakkinta manovaidyakiya roganirnayada samasyegalannu pradarsisuvudilla endu vaadisidaru. ee dhaatiyalli, manovaidya robbert spitzer simer ess annu ullekhisiddaare. rosenhan avara adhyayanada bagge 1975ralli tikisida kt naanu kaalu bhagadashtu raktavannu kudiyuttiddare mattu naanu enu maadiddene embudannu maremachutta, yaavude aaspatreya rakta vaanti maaduva turtu koonege bandare, sibbandiya nadavalikeyannu saakashtu uhisabahudu. avaru nannannu raktasraavada peptic hunnu endu gurutisidare mattu pariganisidare, aaa sthitiyannu hege pattehachchabekendu vaidyakeeya vignaanakke tilidilla endu naanu manavarike maadikodabahudendu nanage anumaanavide. manovaidyaru rogiyu manasika asvasthateyannu hondiddaane endu natisuttiddaarendu bhavisuva agatyaviruvudilla, aaddarinda adhyayanavu vaastavikateya korateyannu hondide endu ketty vaadisidaru. rosenhan idannu "prayogakaari parinama" athawa "niriksheya pakshapaata" endu karedaru, idu avara vidhaanadalli samasyeya badalige avaru bahirangapadisida samasyegalannu soochisuttade. sullu aaropa. rosenhan kuritaada 2019rahra pustakavaada "dhii grate pretender" nalli, lekhaka susannah kahalan rosenhan prayogada satyasatyate mattu sindhutvavannu prashnisuttaare. rosenhan tanna maranada nantara bittuhoda daakhalegalannu parishilisuvaga, "vignaana" lekhanadalli spashtavaada viroopavannu saha saha tahan kandukolluttaaneh asamanjasavaada dattaamsha, daaritappisuva vivaranegalu mattu manovaidyakiya daakhalegalinda tappaada athawa kalpita ullekhagalu. idallade, vyaapakavaada hudukaatada horataagiyoo, aakege entu husi rogigalalli ibbarannu maatra gurutisalu sadhyavagideh swatah rosenhan mattu obba padavi vidyaarthiya saakshyavu lekhanadalli rosenhan avara vivaranege asamanjasavagide endu aaropisalaagide. prayogakke sambandhisidante satyavannu bere reetiyalli tirugisuva rosenhan toruva ichcheya belakinalli, itara aaru husi rogigalalli kelavarannu athawa ellarannu rosenhan saralavagi kanduhididideye endu kahalan prashnisuttaane. 2023rahra phebravariyalli, syaan diyagodalliruva california vishvavidyaalayada andrew scull, sahavarti-vimarshe journal "history off saikiyatri" yalli, kahalan avara aaropagalannu bembalisi ondu lekhanavannu prakatisidaru. sambandhita prayogagalu. 1887ralli americada tanikha patrakarte nelli bly avaru manasika asvasthateya laksanagala sogu hockey huchhu ashrayakke pravesha padedaru mattu adaralliruva bhayanaka paristhitigala bagge varadi maadidaru. phalitaamshagalannu "hattu dinagala huchhu-maney" endu prakatisalaayitu. 1968 ralli maris keey. temerlyn 25 manovaidyarannu eradu gumpugalaagi vingadisidaru mattu saamaanya manasika aarogyada patravannu chithrisuva natanannu keluvante maadidaru. ondu gumpige nata "bahala asaktidayaka vyaktiyagiddu, ekendare aata nararogiyagi kaanuttiddanu, aadare vaastavaagi saakashtu manovikrutanagiddanu" endu helalaagiddare, innobbarige enannoo helalilla. hindina gumpina shekada aravattarashtu janaru manovikrutigalannu gurutisidaru, hechchaagi schizophrenia, aadare yaavude niyantrana gumpu haage madalilla. 1988ralli, loaring mattu powell 290 manovaidyarige rogiya sandarshanada pratilekhanavannu niididaru mattu avaralli ardhadashtu janarige rogiyu kappu mattu ulida ardha bili endu helidaru; avaru phalitaamshagala bagge tirmaanisidaru, "vaidyaru himsachara, anumaana mattu apaayavannu kappu grahakarige apadisuttare, aadaagyoo cases studies bili clientgala cases stadisnanteye ive." 2004ralli, manashshaastragna lauren slater avaru tamma pustaka "opening skinners boxes" gaagi rosenhan avara prayogavannu holuva prayogavannu nadesiddaare endu heliddaare. slater avaru shravanendri bhramegalondige 9 manovaidyakiya turtu kotadigalalli tammannu taavu prastutapadisikondiddal endu barediddaare, idara parinaamavaagi manasika khinnateyondige "bahuteka prati baariyu" roganirnaya maadalaagide. aadaagyoo, tanna prayogavannu nijavagi nadesida bagge puraavegalannu odagisalu savaalu hakidaga, aakege sadhyavagalilla. slatern kelasakke sambandhisida gambhira kramashaastriya mattu itara kalajigalu adhe jarnalnalli journal varadige pratikriyegala saraniyagi kanisikondavu. 2008ralli, bbc "harizan" vignaana kaaryakramavu "neevu eshtu huchcharaagiddiri?" emba shirshikeya eradu kantugalalli idhe reetiya prayogavannu nadesitu."endu baredukondiddaare. ee prayogavu hattu vishayagalannu olagondittu, aidu ee hinde roganirnaya maadalaada manasika aarogya paristhitigalannu hondiddavu mattu aidu antaha roganirnayavannu hondiralilla. manasika aarogya roganirnayadalli moovaru tagnaru avugalannu gamanisidaru mattu manasika aarogya samasyegaliruva aivarannu avara nadavalikeyinda maatra gurutisuvudu, vishayagalondige matanadade athawa avara itihaasada bagge enannoo kaliyade gurutisuvudu avara savaalaagittu. tagnaru hattu rogigalalli ibbarannu sariyagi pattehachchidaru, obba rogiyannu tappagi pattehachchidaru mattu ibbaru aarogyavanta rogigalu manasika aarogya samasyegalannu hondiddaarendu tappagi gurutisidaru. aadaagyoo, illi patti maadalaada itara prayogagaliginta bhinnavagi, ee patrikodyamada uddeshavu roganirnayada prakriyeyannu tikisuvudagiralilla, aadare manasika asvasthara kalankavannu kadime maaduvudu. manasika asvasthateya hindina roganirnayavannu hondiruva janaru tamma aarogya samasyegalondige saamaanya jivanavannu nadesabahudu endu vivarisuva guriyannu idu hondide, idu avara nadavalikeyinda vikshakarige spashtavagilla.

rosenhan prayog rosenhan prayog kinwa thadd prayog haah manasopacharvishayak nidanachi vaidhata nishchit karnyasathi aayojit kelela eka prayog hota. sahbhaginni vividh mansopchar sansthanmadhye mulyamapanasathi swatahla sadar kele aanee sweekarle jaave yasathi matibhramanchi fiti lavali, parantu tevhapasoon teey samanyapane vagale. pratyekala mansik vikar asalyache nidan jhaale aanee tyanna manovikrutivirodhi aushadhe denyat aalee. stanford vidyapithache pradhyapak, manasshastradnya david rosenhan yanni haah abhyas keela aanee 1973 madhye 'aun sene inn vede places' yaa shirshakakhali 'science' yaa niyatkalikane prakashit keela. hii manasopacharvishayak nidanachi eka mahattvachi aanee prabhavshali teeka manali jaate aanee chukichya anaichhik bandhilakicha vishay mandala jaato. rosenhanne itar 8 lokansah (5 purush aanee 3 mahila) amerikechya paschim kinanyavaril 5 rajyanmadhil 12 rugnalayanmadhye pravesh keela. teen sahbhaginna keval alp kalavadhisathi pravesh denyat aala aanee purese dastaivajikaran kelele anubhav midvanyasathi tyanni atirikt sansthanmadhye punha arj keela. chhadm rogee prayog. rosenhanne tyachya abhyasache done bhag asalyache varnan kele. pahilya bhagat nirogi sahkari kinwa 'chhadm rugnan' chaa (teen mahila aanee swatah rosenhans sahaa purush) vapar samavisht hota, jyanni united statesmadhil paach rajyanmadhil 12 mansopchar rugnalayanmadhye pravesh midvanyachya prayatnat shravan bhramanchi thodishi dhong kelee. sarvanna dakhal karnyat aale aanee tyanna mansik vikar asalyache nidan jhaale. dakhal kelyanantar, chhadmarugnanni samanyapane kaam kele aanee karmchanyanna sangitale qee tyanna yapudhe konatehi atirikt matibhram anubhavale naheet. tyanchya sutakechi aut mhanoon, serve rugnanna mansik aajaar asalyachi kabuli denyas bhag padale gele aanee tyanna manovikrutivirodhi aushadhe ghenyas sahmati darshavavi lagali. rugnanni rugnalayat ghalavalela sarasari vel 19 divasancha hota. eka vagalata sarvanna tyanchya sutkepurvi 'mafeet' schizophrenia asalyache nidan jhaale. tyachya abhyasachya dusya bhagat rugnalay prashasanamadhye rosenhanla tyachya suvidhet seudopatient pathvinyas aavhan dile gele, jyachya karmchanyanni thampane sangitale qee teey seudopatient shodhanyat saksham asateel. rosenhanne hokar deela aanee pudhil aathvadyanmadhye 193 paiki 41 naveen rugnanna sambhavya chhadm rugna mhanoon olakhale gele, tyapaiki 19 jananna kiman eka mansopacharatadnya aanee itar eka karmchanyakadun sanshay aala. rosenhanne konatyahi chhadm rugnanna rugnalayat pathavale nahee. aar. chey vyakhyan aikatana. dii. manochikitsa virodhi chalvalishi sambandhit asalelya lengane, manochikitsa nidananchya vishvasarhatechi chachani karnyacha eka marg mhanoon yaa prayogachi kalpana kelee. abhyasane assa nishkarsh kadhala qee "heey spasht aahe qee aapan mansik rugnalayanmadhil vedepanapasun vivekshilanmadhye farak karoo shakat nahee" aanee mansopchar sansthanmadhil amanavikaran aanee labelche dhoke dekhil spasht kele. mansik lebalaivaji vishisht samasya aanee vartananvar laksh kendrit karananya samudayik mansik aarogya suvidhancha vapar haah eka upay asoo shakato asey suchavale aanee mansik karyakartyanna tyanchya suvidhanchya samajik manashastrabaddal adhik jagruk karnyasathi shikshanachi shifaras kelee. swatah rosenhan aanee 'seudopatient' mhanoon olakhalya jaananya saat manasikdrushtya nirogi sahakanyanni bhetisathi bolavanyacha aanee shravanvishayak matibhramanchi funny khelee karoon mansopchar rugnalayat pravesh midvanyacha prayatna keela. yaa prayogachi mahitee rugnalayatil karmchanyanna denyat aalee nahee. chhadm rugnanmadhye tyachya visavya varshicha manasshastracha padvidhar vidyarthi, teen manasshastradnya, eka balrogatadnya, eka mansopacharatadnya, eka chitrakar aanee eka gruhini yancha samavesh hota. konalahi mansik aajaracha itihas navhata. chhadmarugnanni topananav vaparale aanee mansik aarogya kshetrat kaam karnanyanna konatyahi vishesh upcharancha kinwa chhananicha vapar talhanyasathi vegalya kshetrat khotya nokya dilya gelya. khotee nave aanee rojgaracha tapasheel denyabarobarach, pudhil charitratmak tapasheel pramanikpane nondavale gele. tyanchya prarambhik mansopchar mulyankanadarmyan, chhadmarugnanni rugnachya samaan lingache aavaj aikanyacha dawa keela jeey anekada aspasht hote, parantu jeey 'rikame', 'pokal' kinwa 'thadd' heey shabd uchcharat hote aanee dusare kahee navhate. heey shabd aspashtapane astitvache sankat soochit karatat aanee tyanna mansik lakshane mhanoon sandarbhit karnare konatehi prakashit sahitya naslyamule nivadle gele. itar konatihi mansik lakshane aadhalali naheet. dakhal kelyas, chhadmarugnanna tyanna barey vatat asalyache aanee yapudhe aavaj aikoo yet nasalyache sangat, 'samanyapane vagnyachya' soochana denyat aalya. prayoganantar midavalelya rugnalayatil nondi soochit karatat qee serve chhadmarugnanna karmchari maitripurna aanee sahkari mhanoon darshavitat. yaa sarvanna united statesmadhil 12 mansopchar rugnalayanmadhye dakhal karnyat aale, jyat grameen bhagatil qamee aanee qamee nidhi asaleli sarvajanik rugnalaye, utkrusht pratishtha asaleli shahari vidyapithadvare chalavali jaanari rugnalaye aanee eka mahagade khajgi rugnalay samavisht aahe. jaree eksarkhi lakshane disun aalee asali taree, saat jananna sarvajanik rugnalayanmadhye schizophrenia asalyache nidan jhaale aanee ekala manic-depressive cycosis, changle vaidyakeey parinam asalele adhik aashavadi nidan, khajgi rugnalayat jhaale. tyanche vastavya 7 teey 52 divasanparyant hote aanee sarasari 19 divas hote. eka vagalata sarvanna schizophrenia 'mafeet' nidanane sodanyat aale, jyala rosenhanne purava mhanoon manale qee mansik aajaar hii eka aparivartaniy sthitee mhanoon olakhali jaate jee barah karnyayogya aajarapeksha aajivan kalank nirman karate. karmchari aanee itar rugnanchya vartanavar satat aanee ughadpane vyapak nondi karoonahi, rugnalayatil karmchanyanni konatyahi chhadm rugnala fasavanuk karnare mhanoon olakhale nahee, jaree itar anek mansopchar rugna tyanna fasavanuk karnare mhanoon yogyaritya olakhoo shakale asey disate. pahilya teen rugnalayat dakhal jhalelyanpaiki, ekoon 118 rugnanpaiki 35 rugnanni, heey chhadm rugna sudnya hote assa sanshay vyakt keela, tarr kahinni asey suchavale qee heey rugna rugnalayache sanshodhak kinwa patrakar hote jeey rugnalayachi chaukashi karat hote. rugnalayatil nondinni asey soochit kele qee karmchanyanni mansik aajarachya sandarbhat chhadm rugnanchya bahutek vartanacha arth lavala. udaharanarth, eka paricharikene eka chhadm-rugnala nond-ghenyala 'lekhan vartan' asey label lavale aanee tyala rogshastriy manale. schizophrenicschya karanabaddalachya tatkalin pramukh siddhantannusar, tyachyakadun kaay apekshit hote, tyaa dhartivar rugnanchya samanya charitranchi rugnalayatil nondinmadhye punaravrutti karnyat aalee. yaa prayogasathi, chhadmarugnanna rugnalayatun sodanyasathi tyanna gheuun jaaun swatach rugnalayatun baher padane aavashyak hote, jaree, alpavadhichya soochanevar chhadmarugnanna swechhene kadhihi sodanyat yenar nahee heey spasht jhalyavar aapatkalin paristhitisathi eka vakilala bolavanyat aale hote. ekada dakhal jhalyavar aanee nidan jhalyavar, teey manasikdrushtya aajari aahet heey manasopacharatadnyanshi sahmat hoiparyant aanee manovikrutivirodhi aushadhe ghenyas suruvat kareparyant, chhadmapeshinna tyanchi sutka miloo shakali nahee, jee tyanni shauchalayat fekoon dilee. konatyahi karmchanyane asey sangitale nahee qee chhadm rugna tyanchi aushadhe shauchalayatun khalee fekat hote. rosenhan aanee itar chhadm rugnanmadhye rugnalayat dakhal asatana amanavikaranachi prachand bhavna, gopaniyatevar gambhir aakraman aanee kantalvanepanachi nond jhaali. tyanchya malmattecha yadruchchik shodh ghenyat aala aanee shauchalay vapartana kadhikadhi tyanche nirikshan kele gele. tyanni nondavale qee karmchari jaree yogya arthane kaam karat asale taree, tyanni samanyatah rugnanna vastunishtha aanee amanavi kele, anekada teey upasthit naslyapramane tyanchya upasthitit dirghkal charcha kelee aanee adhikrut kartavye paar padnyasathi katekorpane aavashyak asalyakherij rugnanshi thet sanvad talhala. itar karmchari upasthit nastana kahee paricharanna rugnanvar shabdik aanee sharirik atyachar karanyachi shakyata hotee. duparchya jevanachya ardha taas aadhi cafeteriachya baher vaat pahana rugnanchya eka gatala doctoranni tyanchya vidyarthyanna 'tondi-samupadeshanatmak' mansik lakshane anubhavat asalyache sangitale. doctoranshi darroj sarasari 6.8 minite sampark sadhava. astitvaheen dhongi prayog. yaa prayogasathi, rosenhanne eka suprasiddha sanshodhan aanee shikshan rugnalay vaparale, jyachya karmchanyanni prarambhik abhyasachya parinamambaddal aikale hote parantu tyanchya sansthet ashach chuka kelya jaau shakat naheet assa dawa keela. rosenhanne tyanchyashi vyavastha kelee qee teen mahinyanchya kalavadhit, eka kinwa adhik chhadm rugna pravesh midvanyacha prayatna kartil aanee karmchari yenanya pratyek rugnala teey eka dhongi asanyachi shakyata asalyache moolyankan kartil. 193 rugnanpaiki 41 rugnanna fasavanuk karnare manale gele aanee aanakhi 42 rugnanna sanshayit manale gele. pratyakshat, rosenhanne konatehi chhadm rugna pathavale navhate; rugnalayatil karmchanyanni fasavanuk karnare mhanoon sanshay asalele serve rugna samanya rugna hote. yamule assa nishkarsh nighala qee "asha prakarchya mothya chukanna swatahla khoop sahajpane udhar denari konatihi nidan prakriya atishay vishvasarh asoo shakat nahee." prabhav. rosenhanne tyache nishkarsh 'vidnyan' madhye prakashit kele, jyamadhye tyane mansik nidanachi vishvasarhata aanee abhyasatil sahakanyanni anubhavalelya rugnachya sevechya aksham aanee apmanaspad swarupavar teeka kelee. yavyatirikt, tyanni bii. bii. see. saha vividh batmyanmadhye tyanchya karyache varnan keleh yaa prayogamule "mansik sansthanmadhye sudharana karnyasathi aanee shakya titkya mansik rugnanche sansthatmakakaran karnyasathichya chalvalila gatee midali" assa yuktivad keela jaato. teeka. prakashanachya anek pratisadkartyanni mansopacharshastracha bachav keela, assa yuktivad keela qee manasopacharvishayak nidan heey mukhyatve rugnachya tyanchya anubhavanchya ahavalavar avalambun asalyane, tyanchi upasthiti banavat karane itar vaidyakeey lakshanambaddal khote bolanyapeksha manasopacharvishayak nidanatil samasya darshavat nahee. yaa dhatanit, mansopacharatadnya robbert spitzer yanni cymore ess. chaa hawala deela. rosenhanchya abhyasavar 1975 saalee jhalelya tiket keteeh jarr mea eka chaturthansh rakt pyayalo aanee mea kaay kele hote teey lapvoon, raktachya ulatya hott asalelya konatyahi rugnalayachya aapatkalin kholeet aalo, tarr karmchanyanche vartan agadi andajaspad asel. jarr tyanni mallah raktastrav peptic alsar asalyache label lavale aanee vagavale, tarr mallah shanka aahe qee mea khatrishirpane yuktivad karoo shaken qee vaidyakeey vidnyanala tyaa sthitiche nidan kase karave heey mahit nahee. keteene asehi yuktivad keela qee mansopacharatadnyanni rugnala mansik aajaar asalyache bhasavat aahe asey gruheet dharane aavashyak nahee, tyamule abhyasat vastavadacha abhav aahe. rosenhanne yala 'prayogasheel parinam' kinwa 'apeksha purvagrah' mhatale, jeey tyachya karyapaddhatitil samasyeaivaji tyane ughad kelelya samasyanche soochak aahe. fasavanukicha aarop. rosenhanvaril 2019 madheel pustak 'daad gret pretender' madhye, lekhak susanna kahlan rosenhan prayogachi satyata aanee vaidhata yavar prashna vichartat. rosenhanne tyachya mrutyunantar mage thevalelya kagadpatranchi tapasani kartana, kahalanla 'vidnyan' lekhat spasht vikrutee aadhalateh visangat mahitee, dishabhul karnari varnane aanee mansik nondinmadhil chukiche kinwa banavat uddharane. shivay, vyapak shodh gheunahi, tee aath sudopecientpaiki keval donach olakhoo shakalih swatah rosenhan aanee eka padvidhar vidyarthi jyachi saksh lekhatil rosenhanchya varnanashi kathitpane visangat aahe. prayogashi sambandhit satyala itar marganni vakavanyachi rosenhanchi ichcha darshavanyachya prakashat, itar sahaa chhadm rugnanpaiki kahee kinwa sarvancha shodh rosenhanne lavala asava qee nahee assa prashna kahlan vicharato. februwari 2023 madhye, california vidyapithachya sann diego yetheel andrew scull yanni, kahalanchya aaropanchya samarthanarth, samvayaskanni punaravalokan kelelya 'histree auph cychiatry' yaa niyatkalikat eka lekh prakashit keela. sambandhit prayog. 1887 madhye american shodh patrakar nellie bleene vede aashrayamadhye pravesh midvanyasathi aanee tyateel bhayanak paristhiticha ahwal denyasathi mansik aajarachi lakshane asalyache natak kele. nikal 'daha divas vede gharat' mhanoon prakashit karnyat aale. 1968 madhye mauris keey. temerlinne 25 mansopacharatadnyanna done gatanmadhye vibhagale aanee tyanna samanya mansik aarogyache patra sakarnanya abhinetyache mhanane aikoon ghetale. eka gatala sanganyat aale qee abhineta "eka atishay manoranjak manus hota kaaran too majjatantuyukt disat hota, parantu pratyakshat too khoop mansik hota" tarr dusyalaaa kahich sangitale gele nahee. purvichya gatatil saath takke lokanni manovikaranche nidan kele, bahutekda schizophrenia, tarr konatyahi niyantran gatane tase kele nahee. 1988 madhye, lorring aanee powell yanni 290 mansopacharatadnyanna rugnachya mulakhatichi prat dilee aanee tyanchyapaiki ardhyanna sangitale qee rugna kaala hota aanee urvarit ardha pandhara hota; tyanni nikalancha nishkarsh kadhala qee "jaree cases studdy pandhya grahakanchya cases stadipramanech asali taree chikitsak kalya grahakansathi hinsachar, sanshayaspadpana aanee dhokadayakpana darshavitat." 2004 madhye, manasshastradnya lauren slatter yanni tyanchya 'opening skiiner boxes' yaa pustakasathi rosenhan yanchyasarkhach eka prayog kelyacha dawa keela. slatterne lihile qee tine shravanvishayak matibhram asalelya 9 mansik aapatkalin kholyanmadhye swatahla sadar kele hote, parinami jawaljawal pratyek velee mansik nairashyache nidan jhaale. matra, jevha teela ticha prayog pratyakshat aayojit kelyacha purava denyache aavhan denyat aale, tevha tee karoo shakali nahee. slaterchya karyashi sambandhit gambhir paddhatshir aanee itar chinta tyach niyatkalikat niyatkalik ahwalala pratisadanchi malika mhanoon disun aalya. 2008 madhye, bii. bii. see. chya kshitij vidnyan karyakramane "tumhi kitee vede aahat?" yaa shirshakachya done bhaganmadhye asach prayog keela.". yaa prayogat daha vishayancha samavesh hota, paach jann purvi nidan kelelya mansik aarogyachya sthitisah aanee paach jann asey nidan naan kelele. mansik aarogyachya nidanatil teen tadnyanni tyanche nirikshan kele aanee vishayanshi naan bolata kinwa tyanchya itihasabaddal kahihi naan shikata, keval tyanchya vartanavarun mansik aarogyachya samasya asalelya paach jananna olakhane heey tyanche aavhan hote. tadnyanni daha rugnanpaiki doghanche yogya nidan kele, eka rugnache chukiche nidan kele aanee done nirogi rugnanna mansik aarogyachya samasya asalyache chukiche olakhale. tathapi, yethe soochibaddha kelelya itar prayoganpramane, yaa patrakaritechya abhyasacha uddesh nidan prakriyevar teeka karane haah navhata, tarr manasikdrushtya aajari asalelyanche kalank qamee karane haah hota. jyaa lokanna mansik aajarache purviche nidan jhaale aahe, teey tyanchya aarogyachya samasyansah samanya jeevan jagoo shakatat, jeey tyanchya vartanavarun nirikshakanna spasht hott naheet, heey spasht karane haah tyacha uddesh hota.

rosenhan prayog rosenhan prayog wa thad prayog manochikitsa nidanko vaidhata nirdharan garna sanchalan garieko prayog thiyo. sahabhagiharule vibhinna manorog sansthanharuma mulyangkanka lagi afulai prastut gare rar swikar garnaka lagi matibhramko natak gare, tara tyasapachhi samanya rupma karya gare. pratyeklai manorog vikar bhaeko patta lageko thiyo rar uniharulai manovikriti virodhi aushadhi diieko thiyo. yo adhyayan stanford vishwavidyalayaka pradhyapak manovaigyanik devid rosenhanle gareka thie rar sann 1973 maa "vigyan" patrikale "pagal thaunma vivekpurna hunu" shirshakma prakashit gareko thiyo. yasalai manorog nidanko mahatwapurna rar prabhawashali alochana manincha, rar galat anaichik pratibadhatako vishayalai prachar garinchha. rosenhan anya 8 zana (5 purush rar 3 mahila) sanga sanyukta rajya americako paschimi tatama 5 rajyaka 12 wata aspatalma prawesh gare. tinjana sahabhagiharulai chhoto awadhika lagi matra bharna garieko thiyo, rar paryapta dastawej garieko anubhav prapta garna, tiniharule thap sansthaharuma punah avedan die. chhadma rogi prayog. rosenhanle afno adhyayanlai dui bhag bhaeko batae. pahilo bhagma swastha sahayogiharu wa "syudopesintharu" (tean mahila rar chha purushharu, rosenan afai sahit) ko prayog samawesh thiyo jasle sanyukta rajyaka paanch rajyaka 12 manorog aspatalharuma bharna hune prayasma sankshipta rupma shrawan matibhramko natak gare. sabailai bharna gariyo rar manasik wikarharuko nidan gariyo. bharna bhaepachi, syudopesintharule samanya rupma kaam gare rar karmachariharulai bhane kii uniharule ab kunai atirikta matibhram anubhav garenan. uniharuko rihaiko sartako rupma, sabai biramiharu manasik rog bhaeko swikar garna badhya bhae rar anticycotic aushadhi lyne sahamat hunuparyo. biramiharule aspatalma bitaeko ausat samaya 19 dina thiyo. ek zana bahek sabailai uniharuko rihai aghi "mafima" schizophrenia bhaeko patta lageko thiyo. unko adhyayanko dosro bhagma aspatal prashasanle rosenhanlai yasako suwidhama syudopesintharu pathauna chunauti dieko thiyo, jaska karmachariharule uniharule syudopesintharu patta lagauna saksham hune dabi gare. rosenhan sahamat bhae, rar pachhilla haptaharuma 193 madhye 41 nayan biramiharulai sambhawit syudopesintharuko rupma pahichan gariyo, jasmadhye 19 ley kamtima ek manochikitsak rar ek anya karmachari sadasyabata shanka prapta gare. rosenhanle kunai pani syudopesintalai aspatalma pathaenan. arr dwara wyakhyan sundai garda. dee. anty-cychiatry andolansanga sambandhit laing, rosenhanle manovaigyanik nidanko vishwasaniyata parikshan garne tarikako rupma prayogko kalpana gare. adhyayanle nishkarsh nikalyo "yo spashta chha kii hammy manorog aspatalharuma pagalbata samajhadarlai chhutyauna sakdainaun" rar manorog sansthanharuma amanawikaran rar leblingko khataraharu pani chitran gardacha. yasale sujhau diyo kii samudayik manasik swasthya suwidhaharuko prayog jasle manorog lebelharuko satta wishishta samasyaharu rar wyawaharharuma kendrit gardacha samadhan huna sakchha, rar manorog karyakartaharulai uniharuko suwidhaharuko samajik manovigyanko barema badhi sachet banauna shikshako sifaris garyo. rosenan swayan rar saat manasik rupma swastha sahayogiharu, jaslai "syudopesintharu" bhaninchha, appointmentko lagi bolaera rar shrawan matibhramko natak garera manorog aspatalharuma bharna hune prayas gare. aspatalka karmachariharulai prayogko barema jankari diiena. chhadma rogiharuma biss warshako umerma ek manovigyan snatak vidyarthi, tean manovaigyanik, ek ball rog visheshagya, ek manochikitsak, ek chitrakar rar ek grihini samawesh thie. kasailai pani manasik rogko itihas thiena. chhadma rogiharule chhadmanamharu prayog garthe, rar manasik swasthya kshetrama kaam garneharulai kunai vishesh upchar wa chhanwinbata bachna farak kshetrama jhuto kaam diinthyo. jhuto naam rar rojgari wiwaranharu dinuka sathai, thap jiwani wiwaranharu satyasandha rupma report gariyo. uniharuko prarambhik manorog mulyangkanko samayama, syudopesintharule birami jastai saman lingka awazharu suneko dabi gare june prayaha aspashta thie, tara jasle "khali", "khokhla", wa "thad" shabdaharu uchcharan gareko jasto dekhinchha, rar aru kehi pani hoina. yee shabdaharu chhanauta garieko thiyo kinbhane tiniharule aspashta rupma kunai prakarko astitwagat sankatko sujhawa dinchhan rar tiniharulai manovaigyanik lakshanharuko rupma sandarbha garne kunai prakashit sahityako abhawaka lagi. anya kunai manasik lakshanharu davi garieko thiena. yadi bharna gariyo bhane, chhadma rogiharulai "samanya rupma karya garna" nirdeshan diieko thiyo, uniharule ramro mahasus gare rar ab awazharu suneka chhainan bhanera report gare. prayogpachhi prapta aspatal recordharule sabai syudopesintharulai karmachariharudwara maitripurna rar sahayogiko rupma chitran garieko sanket gardacha. sabailai sanyukta rajya americaka 12 wata manorog aspatalharuma bharna garieko thiyo, jasma gramin kshetraka sarvajanik aspatalharu, utkrishta pratishthaka sath sahari vishwavidyalayadwara sanchalit aspatalharu, rar euta mahango niji aspatal samawesh chha. saman lakshanharu dekha pare pani, saat zana sarvajanik aspatalharuma schizophreniako nidan garieko thiyo, rar ek zana unmadi-awasadgrasta manovikriti, ramro clinical parinamharuko sath adhik ashawadi nidan, niji aspatalma. tiniharuko prawas 7 dekhi 52 dinasamma thiyo, rar ausat 19 dina thiyo. ek zana bahek sabailai schizophreniako "mafima" nidanko sath discharge gariyo, jaslai rosenanle manasik roglai ek apariwartaniya awasthako rupma manincha jasle upcharyogya rogko satta ajiwan kalank sirjana gardacha bhanne pramanko rupma mandachan. karmachari rar anya biramiharuko wyawaharma nirantar rar khulera wyapak noteharu lindai pani, aspatal karmachariharule kunai pani chhadma rogiharulai thattako rupma pahichan garenan, yadyapi anya dherai manorog biramiharule uniharulai thattako rupma sahi rupma pahichan garna saksham dekhinthe. pahilo tean aspatalma bharna hunda, kull 118 zana biramiharu madhye 35 ley syudopesintharu vivekpurna thie bhanne shanka wyakta gare, katipayale biramiharu aspatalko anusandhan gariraheka shodhkartaharu wa patrakarharu thie bhani sujhau die. aspatalko noteharule karmachariharule manasik rogko sandarbhama dherai jaso syudopesintharuko wyawaharko wyakhya gareko sanket gardacha. udaharanka lagi, ekjana nursele euta chhadma rogiko note-linelai "lekhan wyawahar" ko rupma lebel gare rar yasalai rogjanak mane. sijophreniksko tatkalin pramukh siddhantaharudwara schizophrenicsbat key apeksha garieko thiyo bhanne adharma biramiharuko samanya jiwaniharu aspatalko recordharuma punah rachana garieko thiyo. prayogle syudopesintharulai aspatalbata riha garaunaka lagi aspatalbata bahira niscan awashyak banayo, yadyapi syudopesintharulai chhoto suchanama swechchhale kahilyai chhodne chhaina bhanne spashta bhaepachi ek wakillai apatkalinka lagi kalma rakhieko thiyo. ek patak bharna rar nidan bhaepachi, syudopesintharule afno rihai prapta garna saksham bhaenan jabasamma tiniharu manochikitsakharusanga afuharu manasik rupma birami chhan bhanera sahamat bhaenan rar anticycotic aushadhiharu lyne thale, jaslai uniharule shauchalayama flus gare. kunai pani karmachari sadasyale syudopesintharule shauchalayabata afno aushadhi flus gariraheko jankari dieka chhainan. rosenhan rar anya chhadma rogiharule aspatalma bharna hunda amanawikaran, gopaniyatako gambhir akraman rar boriyatko bhari bhawanako report gare. tiniharuko sampatti aniyamit rupma khoji garieko thiyo, rar tiniharu kahilekaahin shauchalaya prayog garda awalokan garieko thiyo. uniharule report gare kii karmachariharu ramro arthama dekhinchhan, tara uniharule samanyataya biramiharulai wastunishtha rar amanawiya banae, prayaha biramiharu uniharuko upasthitima lamo samayasamma chhalfal gare jasto kii tiniharu tyahan chhainan, rar adhikarik kartawyaharu garna kada rupma awashyak bahek biramiharusanga pratyaksha antarkriyabata jogin. anya karmachariharu upasthit nabhaeko bela kehi paricharakharu biramiharuko maukhik rar sharirik durwyawaharko prawan thie. cafeteria bahira diunsoko bhojanko adha ghantaaghi parkhiraheka biramiharuko euta samuhalai ekjana doctorle afna vidyarthiharulai "maukhik-adhigrahan" manochikitsa lakshanharu anubhav gariraheko batae. doctorharusanga samparka garna dainik ausat 6.8 minet lagchha. astitwahin dhilai prayog. yass prayogka lagi, rosenhanle euta prasidha anusandhan rar shikshan aspatal prayog gare, jaska karmachariharule prarambhik adhyayanko natijako barema suneka thie tara uniharuko sansthanma yastai trutiharu garna sakindaina bhanera dabi gare. rosenhanle tinn mahinako awadhima ek wa badhi syudopesintharule bharna hune prayas garne wyawastha gare rar karmachariharule harek aune biramilai uniharu thatta garne sambhawanako mulyankan garne wyawastha gare. 193 zana biramimadhye 41 janalai thattako rupma liiyo rar thap 42 janalai sandigdha manieko thiyo. wastawma, rosenhanle kunai chhadma rogiharu pathaeka thienan; aspatalka karmachariharule thatta garne bhanera shankit sabai biramiharu samanya biramiharu thie. yasale euta nishkarshma pugyo kii "kunai pani nidan prakriya jasle yass prakarko vishal trutiharuma afulai dherai sajilaisanga udharo dinchha dherai bharapardo huna sakdaina." prabhawa. rosenhanle "vigyan" maa afno nishkarsh prakashit gare, jasma unle manasik nidanko vishwasaniyata rar adhyayanma sahayogiharule anubhav gareko birami herchahko ashakta rar apamanjanak prakritiko alochana gare. thap rupma, unle bibisi sahit vibhinna samachar upasthitiharuma afno kamko warnan gareh prayogle "manasik sansthaharuma sudhar garna rar sakesamma dherai manasik biramiharulai sansthagat banaunako lagi andolanlai gati dieko" tarka garieko chha. alochana. prakashanka dherai uttaradataharule manochikitsa raksha gare, tarka gare kii manorog nidan dherai hadasamma biramiko uniharuko anubhawharuko reportma nirbhar gardacha, uniharuko upasthiti nakkali banaunule anya chikitsa lakshanharuko barema jhuto kura bhanda manorog nidanka samasyaharu dekhaundaina. yass shirama, manochikitsak robert spitzerle saimore ess uddhrit gare. rosenhanko adhyayanko sann 1975 ko alochanama ketih yadi maile ek chauthai ragat pien rar maile gareko kura lukaera, ragat banti bhaeko kunai pani aspatalko apatkalin kothama aen bhane, karmachariharuko wyawahar ekdam anumanyogya hunechha. yadi tiniharule malai ragat bagne peptic ulcer bhaeko rupma lebel gare rar upchar gare bhane, malai shanka chha kii mahm wishwastatapurwak tarka garna sakchhu kii chikitsa vigyanlai tyo awasthako nidan kasari garne bhanera thaha chhaina. ketile yo pani tarka gare kii manochikitsakharule biramilai manasik rog bhaeko natak gariraheko chha bhanera manne apeksha garnu awashyak chhaina, tyasaile adhyayanma yatharthawadko abhawa chha. rosenhanle yasalai "prayogatmak prabhawa" wa "apeksha purvagraha" bhane, june unle afno paddhatima samasya bhanda ujagar gareka samasyaharuko sanket how. thattako arop. rosenhanmathi sann 2019 maa lekhieko pustak "da great pretender" maa lekhak susanna kahalanle rosenhan prayogko satyata rar manyatama prashna uthaunchhan. rosenhanle afno mrityupachhi chhodeka kagajatharuko jaanch garda, kahalanle "vigyan" lekhma asangat deta, bhramak wiwaranharu, rar manorog recordharubata galat wa managadhant uddharanharu spashta wikriti fela parchha. yasabahek, wyapak khojiko bawajud, uni atha chhadma rogiharu madhye duilai matra pahichan garna saksham chhinh rosenhan afai, rar ek snatak vidyarthi jasko gawahi lekhma rosenhanko wiwaransanga kathit rupma asangat chha. prayogko sandarbhama satyalai anya tarikama jhukeko rosenhanko dekhine ichchhako prakashma, kahalanle prashna gardacha kii kehi wa anya chhawata syudopesintharu madhye sabai rosenhandwara awishkar garieko huna sakchha. february 2023 maa, saan diyegoma california vishwavidyalayaka endru skalle kahalanko aropharuko samarthanma sahakarmi-samiksha garieko journal "histri aff cychiatry" maa euta lekh prakashit gare. sambandhit prayogharu. sann 1887 maa americi khoji patrakar nelly bleele pagal sharanma bharna huna rar tyahan bhaeka bhayanak awasthaharubare report garna manasik rogko lakshanko natak gare. parinamharu "pagal gharma das dina" ko rupma prakashit garieko thiyo. sann 1968 maa mauris key. temperlinle 25 zana manochikitsakharulai dui samuhama vibhajan gare rar uniharulai samanya manasik swasthyako charitra chitran garne abhinetalai sunna die. euta samuhalai abhineta "dherai rochak manis thie kinbhane uni neurotic dekhinthe, tara wastawma dherai manovaigyanik thie" bhane arkolai kehi bhaniena. purva samuhaka 60 pratishatle cycosisko nidan gare, prayaha schizophrenia, jabki kunai pani niyantran samuhale tyaso garena. sann 1988 maa, loring rar pawelle 290 manochikitsakharulai ek birami antarwartako pratilipi die rar tiniharu madhye adha birami callo rar baanki adha seto bhaeko batae; uniharule parinamharuko nishkarsh nikale kii "chikitsakharule callo grahakharulai hinsa, shanka rar khatarako arop lagaunchhan yadyapi cases stadiharu seto grahakharuka lagi cases stadiharu jastai chhan." sann 2004 maa, manovaigyanik laren slaterle afno pustak "opping skinner bucks" kaa lagi rosenanko jastai prayog gareko dabi gare. slaterle lekhe kii unle afulai shrawan matibhramka sath 9 manorog apatkalin kothaharuma prastut gareki thiin, jasko parinamswarup "lagbhag harek patak" manovaigyanik awasadko nidan bhaeko thiyo. yadyapi, jab wastawma unko prayog sanchalan gareko praman pradan garna chunauti diiyo, unle garna sakenan. slaterko kaam sambandhi gambhir paddhatigat rar anya chintaharu uhi journalma journal reportko pratikriyaharuko shringkhalako rupma dekha paryo. sann 2008 maa, bibisiko "kshitij" vigyan karyakramle "tapain kati pagal hunuhunchha?" shirshakka dui episodharuma yastai prayog pradarshan गऱ्यो।"।. yass prayogma das vishayaharu samawesh thie, panchwata pahile nidan garieko manasik swasthya awasthaharu, rar panchwata tyasto nidan bina. manasik swasthya nidanka tinjana vigyaharule uniharulai awalokan gareka thie rar uniharuko chunauti vishayaharusanga kura nagari wa uniharuko itihasko kehi pani naha sikdai uniharuko wyawaharbata matra manasik swasthya samasyaharu bhaeka paanchalai pahichan garnu thiyo. vigyaharule das madhye dui zana biramilai sahi rupma nidan gare, ek biramilai galat nidan gare, rar dui swastha biramiharulai manasik swasthya samasyaharu bhaeko rupma galat rupma pahichan gare. yadyapi yahan suchibadha anya prayogharu viparit, yass patrakaritako abhyasko uddeshya nidan prakriyako alochana garnu thiena, tara manasik rupma biramiharuko kalankalai cum garnu thiyo. yasako uddeshya yo chitran garnu how kii manasik rogko aghillo nidan bhaeka wyaktiharule uniharuko swasthya samasyaharusanga samanya jiwan bitauna sakchhan june uniharuko wyawaharbata paryawekshakharulai spashta hundaina.

rosenhan parikhyana rosenhan parikhyana kimba thod parikhyana thila eka parikhyana jaahaa manasika roga nirnajara baidhata nirdharana kariba paain parichalita hoithila . anshagrahanakareemane bibhinna manasika anusthanare mulyankana paain nijaku dakhal karithile ebong grahan kariba paain matibhramara abhinai karithile, kintu sebetharu swabhabika bhabare karjya karithile . pratyekanku manasika bikruti chinhat karajaithila ebong semananku manobaigyanika oushadha diajaithila. stanford biswabidyalajara professor manobigyanee devida rosenahanka dwara ehi adhyajana karajaithila ebong 1973 ray "aun saine inn bayne places" sheershakare "sines" patrika dwara prakashita hoithila. ehaa manasika roga nirnajara eka gurutwapurna ebong prabhabasali samalochana bolly bibechana karajae, ebong bhul anaichika pratibaddhatara bishajaku prachara kare . rosenhan anya 8 john lokanka (5 john purush ebong 3 john mahila) sahita americara paschima upakoolare thiba thiba rajyara americara daktarakhanare prabesha karithile. anshagrahanakareenka madhyaru tini jananku maatra eka swalpa samai paain bhartti karajaithila, ebong parjyapta documented abhigyata hassel kariba paain, semane atirikta anusthanare punarbara abedan karithile. chhadma roggy parikhyana. rosenhan taanka adhyajanara duiti bhaga thiba barnana karithile. pratham bhagare sustha sahajogee kimba "chhadma roggy" (tini john mahila ebong chhaa john purush, nije rosenahanka sameth) nka byabahara antarbhukta thila, jeunmane americara panchti rajyara 12 tii manasika daktarakhanare bhartti heba prajasare shrabanjanita matibhramara abhinai karithile. samastanku bhartti karajaithila ebong manasika rogare akranta hoithiba chinhat karajaithila. bhartti heba parey, chhadma rogimane swabhabika bhabare karjya karithile ebong karmacharinku kahithile je semane aau kaunasi atirikta mativrama anubhaba karinahanti. semananka muktira eka sarta bhabare, samasta roggy manasika asusthata sweekara karibaku badhya hoithile ebong manobaigyanika oushadha nebaku raaji hoithile. rogimane daktarakhanare bitaithiba harahari samai thila 19 deane. semananka mukti purbaru jane byatita anya samaste schizophreniare "upashamare" chinhat hoithile. taanka adhyajanara dwiteeja bhagare eka daktarakhana prashasana rosenhananku ehara subidhaku chhadma roggy pathaiba paain challenge karithila, jahara karmacharimane drudhatara saha kahithile je semane chhadma rogimananku chinhat karibare sakhyama hebe. rosenhan raaji hoithile, ebong parabarti saptahare 193 john nutan rogeenka madhyaru 41 john sambhabya chhadma roggy bhabare chinhat hoithile, semananka madhyaru 19 john ati kamare jane manochikitsaka ebong anya jane karmachari sadasyankatharu sandeha grahan karithile. rosenhan kaunasi chhadma rogeenku daktarakhanaku pathainathile. eka baktruta suniba samajare r. dii. anty-cychiatry andolana sahita jadita thiba ling, rosenhan ehi parikhyanaku manasika nidanara biswasaneejata parikhya karibara eka upaiah bhabare kalpana karithile. adhyajanati ehi siddhantare upneet hoithila je "ehaa spust je aame manasika daktarakhanagudikare thiba pagalatharu buddhimanaku alga kariparibu naahin" ebong manasika anusthanagudikare amanabikarana ebong lebel karibara bipadaku madhya chitrana karithile. ehaa paramarsha deithila je gosthi manasika swasthya subidhara byabahara jaahaa manasika lebel paribarte nirdista samasya ebong acharan upare dhyana deithae eka samadhan hoipare, ebong manasika karmeemananku semananka subidhara samajika manobigyana bishajare adhika sachetan kariba paain sikhya suparish karithila . seudopacint" kuhajauthiba rosenhan nije ebong saata john manasika sustha sahajogee, eka nijukti paain dakidele ebong shrabanjanita matibhramara abhinai curry manasika daktarakhanare bhartti hebaku chesta karithile. daktarakhana karmacharinku ehi parikhyana bishajare abgat karajainathila. chhadma rogimananka madhyare jane kodie barsha baisar manobigyana snataka chhatra, tini john manobigyanee, jane shishu chikitsaka, jane manobigyanee, jane chitrakar ebong jane gruhinee antarbhukta thile. kahari manasika rogara itihas nathila. chhadma rogimane chadmanam byabahara karuthile, ebong jeunmane manasika swasthya khetrare kaama karuthile semananku kaunasi swatantra chikitsa kimba janchaku edaiba paain eka bhinna khetrare mithya chakiri diajaithila. mithya naama ebong nijukti bibaranee deba byatita, adhika jeebani sambandheeah bibaranee satyatara saha report karajaithila . semanankara prarambhika manasika mulyankana samajare, chhadma rogimane roggy sahita samaana linga swara sunithiba daabi karithile jaahaa prajatah aspasta thila, kintu jaahaa "khaali", "pokala", kimba "thod" sabda uchharana karuthiba pari laguthila, ebong anya kichhi nuhen . ehi shabdagudika chayan karajaithila kaaran segudika aspasta bhabare kaunasi prakarara astitwa sankataku suchita kare ebong kaunasi prakashita sahityara abhaba hetu segudiku manasika lakhyan bhabare ullekha kare . anya kaunasi manasika lakhyan daabi karajai nathila. jadi bhartti karajae, chhadma rogimananku "sadharana bhabare karjya karibaku" nirdesh diajaithila, semane bhal anubhaba karuthiba ebong aau swara sunanti naahin bolly report karithile . parikhyana parey prapta daktarakhana record suchita kare je samasta chhadma roggy karmachari dwara bandhutwapurna ebong sahajogakaree bhabare chinhita hoithile . samastanku americara americara manasika daktarakhanare bhartti karajaithila, jeunthire gramanchalara comm ebong comm arthare parichalita sarkari daktarakhana, utkrusta pratistha thiba saharanchal biswabidyalaja parichalita daktarakhana ebong gotie mahanga gharoi daktarakhana antarbhukta . jadio samaana lakhyan sahita upasthapita hoithila, saata john sarkari daktarakhanare schizophreniare chinhat hoithile, ebong jane manic-depressive psychosis sahita, bhal clinical phalaphal sahita eka adhika ashabadi nidan, gharoi daktarakhanare . semanankara rahani 7 ru 52 deane madhyare thila, ebong harahari 19 deane thila . jane byatita anya samastanku schizophrenia "upashamare" roga nirnai sahita discharge karajaithila, jaahaaku rosenhan pramana bhabare bibechana karithile je manasika asusthata eka aparibartaneeja abastha bhabare bibechana karajae jaahaa eka aarogyajogya asusthata paribarte eka ajiban kalanka srusti kare . karmachari ebong anya rogeenka acharan upare nirantara ebong kholakholi bhabare note neba satwe, daktarakhana karmacharinka dwara kaunasi chhadma rogeenku prataraka bhabare chinhat karajai nathila, jadio anya aneka manasika roggy semananku thakithiba bhabare sathik bhabare chinhat karibare sakhyama hoithile . pratham tinoti daktarakhanare bhartti heba samajare, mote 118 john rogeenka madhyaru 35 john sandeha prakash karithile je chhadma rogimane buddhimana thile, keteka paramarsha deithile je rogimane daktarakhana anusandhana karuthiba gabeshaka kimba sambadika thile. daktarakhana note suchita karithila je karmacharimane manasika asusthata drustiru chhadma rogeenka adhikansha acharanaku byakhya karithile. udaharana swaroopa, jane nurse jane chhadma roginkara note-neba karjyaku "likhan acharan" bhabare chinhita karithile ebong ehaaku roga sambandheeah bolly bibechana karithile. schizophrenicsor karanara tatkaleena pramukh siddhanta dwara jaahaa aasha karajauthila, sehi aadhaarare rogeenka sadharana jeebaneeku daktarakhana recordre punahnirmita karajaithila. ehi parikhyanare chhadma rogimananku daktarakhanaru mukta karai nije daktarakhanaru bahariba aabasyaka hoithila, jadio jane okilanku jarureekaleena samajare daakare rakhiba paain rakhajaithila jetebele ehaa spust hoijaithila je chhadma rogimananku swechakruta bhabare swalpa notisare mukta karajiba naahin. thare bhartti heba parey ebong roga nirnai heba parey, siudopesitmane semananka mukti paibare sakhyama hoinathile jeparjyanta semane manasika chikitsakamananka saha sahmat hoinathile je semane manasika asustha ebong manobaigyanika oushadha khaiba arambha karithile, jaahaa semane shouchalajaku flus karithile . kaunasi karmachari sadasya suchana deinathile je chhadma rogimane shouchalajaru semananka oushadha flus karuchanti. rosenhan ebong anya chhadma rogimane daktarakhanare bhartti heba samajare amanabikarana, gopaneejataara gurutara aakraman ebong biraktikara anubhaba bishajare suchana deithile. semananka sampattiku aniyamita bhabare anusandhana karajaithila, ebong shouchalaja byabahara kariba samajare belebele segudika dekhajaithila . semane suchana deithile je jadio karmacharimane bhal artha rakhuthiba pari maneh heuthile, semane sadharanatah rogimananku bastunistha ebong amanabiah karithile, prajatah rogimananka upasthitire dirgha samai dhari alochana karuthile jepariki semane sethare nahanti, ebong sarkari karttabya sampadana kariba paain kathore bhabare aabasyaka byatita rogeenka sahita sidhasalakha kathabartta edai chalithile . anya karmacharimane upasthita nathiba samajare keteka paricharaka rogeenka moukhika ebong sharirika durbyabaharara prabanata thile. madhyahna bhojan samaira adha ghanta purbaru cafeteria bahare apekhya karithiba rogeenka eka gostheenku jane daktara taanka chatramananku "moukhika-anusandhanakari" manasika lakhyan anubhaba karuthiba kahithile. daktaranka sahita jogajogare pratidina harahari 6.8 minute. anah-bidyamana prataraka parikhyana. ehi parikhyana paain, rosenhan eka janashuna gabeshana ebong sikhyadana daktarakhanara byabahara karithile, jahara karmacharimane prarambhika adhyajanara phalaphal bishajare sunithile kintu daabi karithile je semananka anusthanare samaana truti karajaipariba naahin. rosenhan semananka sahita byabastha karithile je tini maasa madhyare, eka kimba adhika chhadma roggy bhartti hebaku chesta karibe ebong karmacharimane pratyeka asuthiba rogeenku semane jane prataraka hebara sambhabana bishajare mulyankana karibe. 193 john rogeenka madhyaru 41 john prataraka bolly bibechana karajaithila ebong anya 42 jananku sandigdha bolly bibechana karajaithila. bastabare, rosenhan kaunasi chhadma roggy pathainathile; daktarakhana karmacharinka dwara prataraka bolly sandigdha samasta roggy sadharana roggy thile. ehaa eka siddhantare pahanchila je "kaunasi nidan prakriya jaahaa ehi prakarara byapaka truti paain nijaku ati sahajare dhaar die taaha atyanta biswasaneeja hoipariba naahin ." prabhaba. rosenhan "bigyana" ray tankara anusandhana prakash karithile, jeunthire shay manasika roga nirnajara biswasaneejata ebong adhyajanare sahajogeemananka dwara anubhaba karajaithiba roggy jatnara akhyama ebong abamananakari prakrutiku samalochana karithile. ehaa byatita, shay bibisi sameth bibhinna sambadare taanka karjya barnana karithileh ehi parikhyana "manasika anusthanagudikara sanskara ebong jathasambhaba adhika manasika rogimananku anusthanagata kariba paain andolanaku twaranwita karichhi" bolly jukti karajaichi. samalochana. prakashanara aneka uttaradata manobigyanaku samarthan karithile, jukti karithile je jehetu manasika roga nirnai mukhyatah rogeenka abhigyata report upare nirbhara kare, semanankara upasthiti nakali kariba anya daktari lakhyan bishajare micha kahiba apekhya manasika roga nirnai sahita aau samasya pradarshan kare naahin . ehi dharare, manobigyanee robert spitzer saimore ess. ku uddhruta karithile. 1975 masihare rosenahanka adhyajanaku samalochana curry ketih jadi mun eka chaturthansha rakta piebi ebong mun qa "naa karithili taaha luchai rakhibi, rakta banti heuthiba kaunasi daktarakhanara jarureekaleena kothareeku asibi, tebe karmacharinka acharan yathesta purbanumanajogya heba . jadi semane mote raktasraba peptic alsara thiba bolly chinhat karanti ebong chikitsa karanti, tebe mun sandeha kare je mun biswasajogya bhabare jukti kariparibi je chikitsa bigyana sehi abasthaku kipari nirnai kariba jaani naahin . ketty ehaa madhya jukti karithile je manobigyaneemane jane roggy manasika asusthatara abhinai karuchanti bolly anumana kariba aabasyaka nuhen, tenu adhyajanare bastababadara abhaba rahichhi. rosenhan ehaaku "parikhyamulaka prabhaba" kimba "aasha pakhyapatita" bolly kahithile, jaahaa taanka paddhatire eka samasya paribarte shay abishkara karithiba samasyara sanketa deithae. mithya abhijoga. daa great protender' ray, rosenhan upare 2019 rahr eka pustaka, lekhaka susanna kahalan rosenhan parikhyanara satyata ebong baidhata upare prashna uthaichhanti. mrutyu parey rosenahanka dwara chhadi jaithiba dastabijagudiku jancha curry, kahlan "bigyana" nibandhare spust bikruti paithaeh asangata tathya, bibhrantikara barnana, ebong manasika rekardaru bhul kimba managadha uddhruti . adhikantu, eka byapaka anusandhana satwe, shay aatha john chhadma roggy madhyaru kebala dui jananku chinhat karibare sakhyama hoichhantih rosenhan nije, ebong jane snataka chhatra jahara sakshya nibandhare rosenahanka barnana sahita asangata bolly abhijoga karajaichi . parikhyana sambandheeah anya upaajare satyaku namaibaku rosenahanka aapatatah ichhashaktiku alokita curry, kahlan prashna karanti je anya chhaa john chhadma roggy madhyaru kichhi kimba samasta kebala rosenahanka dwara udbhabita hoithaipare kii. februari 2023 ray, shaan dijegore thiba california biswabidyalajara andru scull kahalananka abhijogaku samarthan curry sahakarmee-samikhya patrika "histry off saikijatri" ray eka nibandha prakash karithile. samprukta parikhyana. 1887 masihare americae anusandhanakari sambadika nelli bly eka pagala aashrajasthaleere bhartti heba ebong sethare bhajankara paristhiti bishajare report kariba paain manasika rogara lakhyanman abhinai karithile. phalaphalagudika "eka pagala-ghare dasha deane" bhabare prakashita hoithila . | mauris kee. temperlyn 25 john manobigyaneenku duiti dalare bibhakta karithile ebong semananku jane abhinetanka kathaa sunithile, jieki eka sadharana manasika swasthyara charitraku chitrana karuthile. gotie gostheeku kuhajaithila je abhineta "jane atyanta aakarshaneeah byakti thile kaaran shay snajabika dekhajauthile, kintu bastabare besh manasika thile" anyajanakanku kichhi kuhajainathila. purbatana gosthi madhyaru shathie pratishata cycose chinhat karithile, adhikansha samajare schizophrenia, jetebele kii kaunasi nijantrana gosthi taaha karinathile . 1988 masihare, loring ebong pawela 290 john manobigyaneenku eka roggy sakhyatakarara eka pratilipi deithile ebong semananka madhyaru adhaa lokanku kahithile je roggy kalaa ebong anya adhaa dhalaa; semane phalaphal bishajare siddhanta neithile je "chikitsakamane kalaa grahakanka paain hinsa, sandeha ebong bipadajanakata darshaichhanti jadio cases study dhalaa grahakanka paain cases study sahita samaana ." 2004 ray, manobigyanee lauren slater taanka pustaka "opening skinner bucks" paain rosenahanka pari eka parikhyana karithiba daabi karithile. slater lekhichhanti je shay shrabana sambandheeah mativrama sahita sahita manasika jarureekaleena kothareere nijaku upasthapana karithile, jahara phalaswaroopa "praiah pratyeka thara" manasika abasadare akranta hoithile. tebe, jetebele tanku prakrutare taanka parikhyanara pramana pradan karibaku aahwana diajaithila, shay kariparinathile. slaternka karjya sambandheeah gambhira paddhatigata ebong anyanya chinta sehi samaana patrikare eka journal reportaku pratikrijara eka sirij bhabare prakash paithila . 2008 masihare, bbsira "digadarshan" bigyana karjyakram duiti adhyajare samaana parikhyana karithila jahara shirshaka thila "apana kete pagala?". ehi parikhyanare dashati bishai samil thila, panchti purbaru chinhat hoithiba manasika swasthya abastha sahita, ebong panchti epari kaunasi nidan sahita . manasika swasthya nidaanare tini john bisheshagyanka dwara segudiku parjyabekhyana karajaithila ebong semanankara aahwana thila kebala semananka aacharanaru manasika swasthya samasya thiba pancha jananku chinhat kariba, bishai sahita kathaa naah hoi kimba semananka itihas bishajare kichhi naah shikhi. bisheshagyamane dasha john rogeenka madhyaru dui jananku sathik bhabare chinhat karithile, jane rogeenku bhul bhabare chinhat karithile ebong dui john sustha rogeenka manasika swasthya samasya thiba bhul bhabare chinhat karithile. ethaare talikabhukta anya parikhyanagudika tulanare, ehi sambadikata abhyasara uddeshya nidan prakrijaku samalochana kariba nathila, barang manasika rogimananka kalankaku hrass kariba thila. ehara uddeshya heuchhi ehaa spust kariba je jeun lokamane purbaru manasika rogara nidan karithile, semane semananka swasthya samasya sahita sadharana jeebanajapana kariparibe, jaahaa parjyabekhyakamananka paain semananka aacharanaru spust nuhen.

rosenhan prayog rosenhan prayog jaan thadd prayog ikk prayog see joe mnovigiaanak nidan dee vaidhta noon nirdharat curran laee keeta giaa see. bhagidaran neey vakkh-vakkh mnovigiaanak sansthavan witch aapne aap noon mulankan laee pesh keeta atey savikar keete jaanh laee matibhram daa natak keeta, parr udon toon aam taur 'teey kamm keeta. harek noon mnovigiaanak vigadan daa pataa laggiaa atey uhanan noon mano-virodhi dawai ditti gaee. ih adhiaen manovigiaani david rosenhan, ikk stanford university dey professor duaara keeta giaa see atey 1973 witch journal "science" duaara "pagal thaavan witch samajhdar honn" dey sirlekh heth prakashit keeta giaa see. iss noon mnovigiaanak nidan dee ikk mahattavpuran atey prabhavshali alochna manniaa jaanda haii, atey galat annichat pratibadhta dey vishe noon pesh keeta jaanda haii. rosenhan neey 8 horr lokan (5 purash atey 3 aurtan) naal amrica dey pachmi tatt dey naal 5 raajan dey 12 hospitals witch dakhal hoye. tinn bhagidaran noon siraf thode samein laee dakhal keeta giaa see, atey kaafi dastavezit tazarbe prapat curran laee, unhan neey vadhu sansthavan witch dubara arzi ditti. sudopatient prayog. rosenhan neey aapne adhiaen dey doou hisse dasse. pahile hisse witch tandrusti sahiyogiaan jaan "sudopatient" (tinn aurtan atey chhe marad, jinhan witch khud rosenhan vee shamal hunn) dee varton shamal see, jinhan neey sanyukat raaj dey panj raajan dey 12 mnovigiaanak hospitals witch dakhal honn dee koshish witch sankhep witch sunan dey matibhram daa natak keeta. saariaan noon dakhal keeta giaa atey uhanan noon mansik vigadan daa pataa lagga. dakhal honn toon baad, sudopatient neey aam taur 'teey kamm keeta atey staff noon dassiaa kii unhan noon hunn kise vee vadhu matibhram daa anubhav naheen hoiaa. aapni rihayi dee sharat dey roop witch, saare mareezan noon mansik bimari honn dee gall savikar curran laee majbur keeta giaa atey uhanan noon mano-rodhak dawai lainn laee sehmat honaa piaa. mareezan neey hospital witch austan 19 dinn bitaae. uhanan dee rihayi toon pahilan ikk noon chhadd keey saare lokan noon schizophrenia daa pataa laggiaa see. uss dey adhiaen dey dooje hisse witch ikk hospital parshasana neey rosenhan noon iss dee sahulat witch sudopatients bhejan laee chunhauti ditti, jiss dey staff neey zor dey keey kiha kii uh sudopatients daa pataa lagaun dey yog honge. rosenhan neey sehmati pragtai, atey agle haftiaan witch 193 navein mareezan vicchon 41 dee pachanh sambhavit sudopatient vajon keeti gaee, jinhan vicchon 19 noon ghatto ghatt ikk mano-vigiaani atey ikk horr staff member toon shakk prapat hoiaa. rosenhan neey koee vee sudopecient hospital naheen bhejiaa. r duaara ikk bhashan sunade hoye. dee. leng, joe ainti-cychiatry andolan naal jude hoye sunn, rosenhan neey iss prayog noon mnovigiaanak nidan dee bharoseyogta dee jaanch curran dey ikk tarike vajon manniaa. adhiaen neey sitta kaddhiaa "ih spasht haii kii aseen mansik hospitals witch samajhdar atey pagal witch farak naheen qarr sakde" atey mnovigiaanak sansthavan witch amanavikaran atey labeling dey khatriaan noon vee darsaiaa. iss neey sujhaa ditta kii community mansik sihat sahulatan dee varton joe mnovigiaanak label dee bajaae vishesh samassiaavan atey vivharan 'teey kendrit haii, ikk hall hoow sakda haii, atey mnovigiaanak karamchariaan noon unhan deeaan sahulatan dey smajik manovigiaan baare vadhere jagrook curran laee sikkhiaa dee sifarash keeti. rosenhan neey khud atey satt mansik taur 'teey tandrust sahiyogiaan, jinhan noon "sudopatient" kiha jaanda haii, neey mulakat dee mung karke atey sunan dey bharam daa natak karke mansik hospitals witch dakhal honn dee koshish keeti. hospital dey staff noon iss prayog baare soochit naheen keeta giaa see. sudopatient witch ikk manovigiaan graduate vidiaarthi, tinn manovigiaani, ikk baal rogg vigiaani, ikk mano-vigiaani, ikk chittarkar atey ikk gharelu aurat shamal sunn. kise noon vee mansik bimari daa itihaas naheen see. sudopatients neey upnam varte, atey mansik sihat dey khetar witch kamm curran valiaan noon kise vishesh ilaaj jaan padtal toon bachann laee ikk vakkhre khetar witch jhuthiaan naukariaan dittiaan gaeeaan. jhoothe naam atey rozgaar dey verve denh toon ilava, horr jeevani dey verve sachmuch report keete gaye sunn. aapne shuruati mnovigiaanak mulankan dauran, sudopatients neey mareez dey samaan ling deeaan aavazan sunan daa daava keeta joe aksar aspasht hundiaan sunn, parr joe "khaali", "khokhle" jaan "thadd" shabdan daa ucharan kardiaan jaapdiaan sunn, atey horr kujh naheen. ih shabad iss laee chunhe gaye sunn kiunki ih aspasht roop witch kise kisam dey hond sankat daa sujhaa dinde hunn atey kise prakashit saahit dee ghaat caarn uhanan noon mnovigiaanak lachhnan vajon darsaunde hunn. koee horr mansik lachhan naheen sunn. jey dakhal keeta jaanda haii, taan sudopatients noon "aam taur 'teey kamm curran" dee hidait ditti gaee see, ih dassde hoye kii uh theek mahisus qarr rahey hunn atey hunn unhan deeaan aavazan naheen suniaan gaeeaan. prayog toon baad prapat keete gaye hospital dey ricard darsaunde hunn kii saare sudopatients noon staff duaara dostana atey sehyogi vajon darsaiaa giaa see. saariaan noon sanyukat raaj dey 12 mnovigiaanak hospitals witch dakhal keeta giaa see, jiss witch pendu khetran witch ghatt atey ghatt fund vaale jantak hospital, shandar pratishtha vaale shahiri university duaara chalaae jaande hospital atey ikk mahinga private hospital shamal hunn. halanki ikko jihe lachhnan naal pesh keeta giaa see, satt noon jantak hospitals witch schizophrenia daa pataa laggiaa see, atey ikk noon nijji hospital witch, bihtar clinical natijiaan dey naal ikk vadhere aashavadi nidan, pagal-udasi manovikti naal. unhan daa thahirna 7 toon 52 dinan takk see, atey ausat 19 dinn see. ikk noon chhadd keey saare noon "raahat witch" schizophrenia dee jaanch naal chhutti ditti gaee see, jiss noon rosenan neey iss gall daa saboot manniaa kii mansik bimari noon ikk vapsiyog sathiti vajon manniaa jaanda haii joe ikk ilajyog bimari dee bajaae ikk jeevan bharr clunk paida kardi haii. staff atey horr mareezan dey vivhaar baare lagatar atey khulheaam notes lainn dey bavjood, hospital dey staff duaara kise vee sudopatient dee pachanh dhokhebazan vajon naheen keeti gaee, halanki horr bahut saare mnovigiaanak mareez unhan noon dhokhebazan vajon sahee tarahan pachanan dey yog jaapde sunn. pahile tinn hospital witch dakhal honn witch, kull 118 mareezan vicchon 35 neey shakk pragat keeta kii sudopatient samajhdar sunn, kujh neey sujhaa ditta kii mareez hospital dee jaanch qarr rahey khojkarta jaan pattarkar sunn. hospital dey notes neey sanket ditta kii staff neey mansik bimari dey sandrabh witch bahut saare sudopatients dey vivhaar dee viaakhiaa keeti. udaharan dey laee, ikk nurse neey ikk sudopatient dey nott-lainn noon "likhan dey vivhaar" vajon label keeta atey iss noon pathological manniaa. mareezan deeaan aam jeevaniaan noon hospital dey ricard witch iss dey caarn dey uss samein dey pramukh sidhantan duaara cyzophrenics toon joe umeed keeti jaandi see, uss anusar dubara tiaar keeta giaa see. prayog laee sudopatients noon hospital toon chhutti karwa keey aapne aap hospital toon bahr nikalan dee zaroorat see, halanki ikk vakeel noon emergency laee qaal 'teey rakkhiaa giaa see jadon ih spasht hoow giaa see kii sudopatients noon kadey vee swaiichha naal chhutti naheen ditti javegi. ikk vaar dakhal honn atey nidan honn toon baad, sudopatient udon takk aapni rihayi prapat curran dey yog naheen sunn jadon takk uh mano-vigiaaniaan naal sehmat naheen sunn kii uh mansik taur 'teey bimar sunn atey unhan neey mano-rodhak davaiaan lainiaan shuru qarr dittiaan, jiss noon unhan neey tilet witch sutt ditta. kise vee staff member neey dassiaa naheen kii sudopecient pakhane witch aapniaan davaiaan noon flush qarr rahey sunn. rosenhan atey horr sudopatient mareezan neey hospital witch dakhal honn dauran amanavikaran, nijjata utte gambhir hamle atey boring dee bhaari bhavna dee report keeti. unhan dee jaidad dee betartibe dhang naal talashi laee gaee atey kaee vaar pakhane dee varton karde samein unhan noon dekhiaa giaa. uhanan neey dassiaa kii halanki staff changa laggda see, uh aam taur utte mareezan noon udeshpuran atey amanavi banaunde sunn, aksar mareezan dee maujudgi witch lambi charcha karde sunn jiven kii uh utthe naheen hunde, atey mareezan naal siddhi gallbat toon parhez karde sunn sivaae iss dey kii sarkari kartavvan noon poora curran laee sakhti naal zaruri haii. jadon horr staff maujood naheen see taan kujh attendant mareezan dey zubani atey sarirak shoshan daa shikar hunde sunn. duphir dey khaane toon addha ghanta pahilan cafeteria dey bahr udeek qarr rahey mareezan dey ikk samooh noon ikk doctor neey aapne vidiaarthiaan noon kiha kii uh "maukhik-khoj" dey mansik lachhnan daa anubhav qarr rahey hunn. rozana austan 6.8 mint doctor dey samparak witch rahinde hunn. gair-maujood dhokhebaaz prayog. iss prayog laee, rosenhan neey ikk prasidh khoj atey adhiaapan hospital dee varton keeti, jiss dey staff neey shuruati adhiaen dey natijiaan baare suniaa see parr daava keeta see kii unhan dee sanstha witch ajihiaan galtiaan naheen keetiaan jaa sakdiaan sunn. rosenhan neey unhan naal parbandh keeta kii tinn mahiniaan dee miaad dey dauran, ikk jaan ikk toon vaddh sudopents dakhal honn dee koshish karange atey staff harek aaunn vaale mareez noon iss sambhavna dey adhaar 'teey darja devega kii uh ikk dhokhebaaz sunn. 193 mareezan vicchon 41 noon dhokhebaaz manniaa giaa atey horr 42 noon shakki manniaa giaa. asal witch, rosenhan neey koee vee sudopecient naheen bhejiaa see; hospital dey staff duaara dhokhebazan dey roop witch shakki saare mareez aam mareez sunn. iss naal ih sitta nikliaa kii "koee vee nidan prakiriaa joe iss kisam deeaan vaddiaan galtiaan laee aapne aap noon bahut asani naal udhaar dindi haii, bahut bharoseyog naheen hoow sakadi." prabhav. rosenhan neey "science" witch aapniaan khojan prakashit keetiaan, jiss witch usne mnovigiaanak nidan dee bharoseyogta atey adhiaen witch sahiyogiaan duaara anubhav keeti gaee mareez dee dekhbhal dey shaktihin atey ghatiaa subhaa dee alochna keeti. iss toon ilava, usne bee. bee. see. samet kaee tarahan deeaan khabran witch aapne kamm daa varnan keetaau iss prayog neey "mansik sansthavan witch sudhar atey vaddh toon vaddh mansik mareezan noon sansthagat banaun laee andolan noon tez keeta haii". aalochnavan. parkashan dey bahut saare uttardatavan neey mano-vigiaan daa bachaa keeta, ih daleel dinde hoye kii jiven kii mnovigiaanak nidan vadde paddhar 'teey mareez dee aapne tazarbiaan dee report' teey nirbhar karda haii, uhanan dee maujudgi noon horr medical lachhnan baare jhooth bolann naalon mnovigiaanak nidan naal samassiaavan noon horr naheen darsaunda. iss naadi witch, mano-vigiaani robert spitzer neey simore aiss daa havala ditta. rosenhan dey adhiaen dee 1975 dee alochna witch kta jey main ikk chauthai khoon peenda haan atey joe main keeta see uss noon luka keey, khoon dee ultiaan vaale kise vee hospital dey emergency kamre witch aaunda haan, taan staff daa vivhaar kaafi anumanat hovega. jey unhan neey mainoon khoon vahin vaale peptic alsar dey roop witch label keeta atey ilaaj keeta, taan mainoon shakk haii kii main yakinan daleel dey sakda haan kii medical vigiaan noon iss sathiti daa pataa naheen haii kii iss dee jaanch kiven curney haii. ketty neey ih vee daleel ditti kii mano-vigiaaniaan toon ih mannan dee umeed naheen keeti jaanhi chahidi kii ikk mareez mansik bimari daa natak qarr riha haii, iss laee adhiaen witch yatharathvad dee ghaat haii. rosenhan neey iss noon "prayogatmak prabhav" jaan "umeed pakhpat" kiha, joe uss neey aapni vidhi witch ikk samassiaa dee bajaae unhan samassiaavan daa sanket ditta. dhokhadhadi daa dosh. rosenhan utte 2019 dee ikk kitaab "mahaan dhokhebaaz" witch, lekhak susanna kahlan rosenhan prayog dee sachchai atey vaidhta utte swal uthaundi haii. rosenhan duaara aapni maut toon baad chadde gaye dastavezan dee jaanch karde hoye, kahlan noon "vigiaan" lekh witch spasht vigaad milda haiyav asangat ankade, gumrahkun varnan, atey mnovigiaanak ricard toon galat jaan manghadat havale. iss toon ilava, ikk viaapak khoj dey bavjood, uh atth sudopatientan vicchon siraf doou dee pachanh curran dey yog haiyav khud rosenhan, atey ikk graduate vidiaarthi jiss dee gawahi lekh witch rosenhan dey varnan naal kathit taur 'teey asangat haii. prayog dey sambandh witch sachchai noon horr tarikiaan naal moden dee rosenhan dee prateet hundi ichha dey maddenazar, kaihlan swal karda haii kii qee chhe horr sudopesheetan vicchon kujh jaan saare dee khoj rosenhan duaara keeti gaee hovegi. farvari 2023 witch, sainn digo vikhe california university dey andru scull neey kaihlan dey doshan dey samarthan witch witch journal "history aaf cychitery" witch ikk lekh prakashit keeta. sabandhat prayog. sann 1887 witch amriki khoji pattarkar naili balaai neey ikk pagal panaah witch dakhal honn atey uss witch bhiaanak sathitiaan baare report curran laee mansik bimari dey lachhnan daa natak keeta. natije "ikk pagal-gharr witch dass dinn" dey roop witch prakashit keete gaye sunn. 1968 witch mauris keey. temerlyn neey 25 mano-vigiaaniaan noon doou samoohan witch vandiaa atey uhanan noon ikk abhineta noon aam mansik sihat dey charittar noon darsaunde hoye suniaa. ikk samooh noon dassiaa giaa kii adakar "ikk bahut hii dilchsap aadmi see kiunki uh dimagi taur 'teey kamzor laggda see, parr asal witch kaafi mnovigiaanak see" jadon kii dooje noon kujh naheen dassiaa giaa see. sabka samooh dey sathh pratishat neey manovigiaanan daa pataa lagaiaa, aksar schizophrenia, jadon kii kise vee niyantaran samooh neey ajiha naheen keeta. sann 1988 witch, loring atey pavel neey 290 mano-vigiaaniaan noon ikk mareez dee interview dee ikk transcript ditti atey unhan vicchon addhe noon dassiaa kii mareez qaala see atey baaki addha chitta see; unhan neey natijiaan dey sitte vajon kiha kii "clinician hinsa, shakk atey kaale gaahkan noon khatarnak dassde hunn, bhaven kii case adhiaen chitte gaahkan laee case adhiaen dey samaan hunn." saal 2004 witch, manovigiaani lauran slatter neey aapni kitaab "opening skinners boxes" laee rosenan dey samaan ikk prayog curran daa daava keeta. slatter neey likhiaa kii uss neey aapne aap noon 9 mnovigiaanak emergency kamriaan witch pesh keeta see, jiss witch sunan dey bharam sunn, jiss dey natije vajon "lagbhag harr vaar" mnovigiaanak udasi daa pataa lagaiaa giaa see. halanki, jadon uss noon asal witch aapna prayog curran daa saboot denh dee chunhauti ditti gaee, taan uh naheen qarr skii. slatter dey kamm dey sambandh witch gambhir vidhi atey horr chintavan use journal witch ikk journal report dey jawaban dee ikk luddy dey roop witch pragat hoiaan. saal 2008 witch, bee. bee. see. dey "horizon" vigiaan program neey doou episodan witch ikk samaan prayog keeta jiss daa sirlekh see "tusin kinne pagal hoow?". prayog witch dass vishe shamal sunn, panj jinhan witch pahilan mansik sihat deeaan sathitiaan daa pataa laggiaa see, atey panj jinhan witch ajihi koee jaanch naheen see. unhan noon mansik sihat dey nidan witch tinn maaharan duaara dekhiaa giaa see atey unhan dee chunhauti vishiaan naal gall keete binan jaan unhan dey itihaas baare kujh vee sikkhe binan, siraf unhan dey vivhaar toon mansik sihat samassiaavan vaale panjan dee pachanh karna see. maaharan neey dass mareezan vicchon doou daa sahee nidan keeta, ikk mareez daa galat nidan keeta atey doou tandrusti mareezan dee galat pachanh keeti jinhan noon mansik sihat samassiaavan hunn. halanki, itthe suchibadh horr prayogan dey ulat, iss pattarkari abhiaas daa udesh nidan prakiriaa dee alochna karna naheen see, balki mansik taur 'teey bimar lokan dey clunk noon ghatt karna see. iss daa udesh ih darsauna see kii mansik bimari dee pichli jaanch vaale lock aapni sihat samassiaavan naal aam zindagi jee sakde hunn joe nirikhakan noon unhan dey vivhaar toon spasht naheen hundiaan.

rosenhan prayogah rosenhan prayogah athavaa thud prayogah manovaidyakeeya-nidanasya vaidhataayaah nirdharanartham krutah prayogah aasit. pratibhaaginah vividha-manorog-samsthaasu mulyamkanaya swam samarpayan, svikaryatayai matibramam darshayan, parantu tatah param saamaanyaroopen karyam krutavantah. pratyekam manovaidyakeeya-vikaaraih peeditah iti nidanam krutam, tathaa cha manovikruti-nivaarak-aushadham dattam. stanford-vishvavidyaalayasya pradhyapakaha manochikitsakah devit rosenhan ityanena ayam adhyayanah sanchaalitah, 1973 tame varshe "aan senn itt weins" iti sheershake "sains" iti patrikayaa prakaashitah. etat manochikitsaayaah nidanasya mahattvapoornam prabhaavakam cha vimarshakam manyate, tathaa cha anuchitam anaicchikam pratibadhataam cha pratipaadayati. rosenhan ityeshah anyaih 8 janaihi saha (5 purushaah 3 mahilaah cha) samyuktarajyamerikadesha pashchimatate sthitanam 5 raajyeshu 12 chikitsaalayeshu pravishtavaan. pratibhaaginah trayah alpakaalaay eva praveshitaah, paryaaptam pralekhitaanubhavam praaptum te atiriktasamsthaasu punah aavedanam krutavantah. chadma-roga-parikshanam. rosenhan ityayam swasya adhyayanasya bhaagadwayam iti varnayat. prathamabhaage swasthasahayoginam vaa "sudopatients" ityasya vaa upayogah aasit (trayah mahilaah, shut purushaah, rosenhan ityanena saha) ye samyuktarajyamerikadesha pancharaajyeshu 12 manorog-chikitsaalayeshu pravesham praaptum prayatnaroopen shravana-matibhramasya laghuroopen naatakam akurvan. sarve cha praveshitaah, manasika-vikaaraah iti nidanam cha krutam. praveshaanantaram, chadma-roginah saamaanyaroopen karyam kurvanti sma, karmachaarinah avadat yat te idaaneem kimapi atirikta-matibramam naa anubhavanti iti. teshaam vimochanasya sthityaa, sarve roginah manasikarogam angeekartum baadhyaah abhavan, manovikruti-virodhee-aushadham sweekartum cha sammatam kartavyam. chikitsaalaye roginah vyatitah maadhyah samayah 19 diwasah aasit. ekaha vihaay sarve cha muktteh poorvam "upashamanasy" schizophrenia ityanena rogena peeditah iti nidaanam abhavat. tasya adhyayanasya dwiteeyabhaage chikitsaalayasy prashasanam rosenhan ityenam tasya suvidhaam prati chadmaroginaam preshayitum chunauteem adadat, yasya karmachaarinah soodopeshants ityetaan anveshtum shaknuvanti iti drudatayaa pratipaadayan. rosenhan sahamatavaan, tadanantaram saptaaheshu 193 madhye 41 nootan-roginah sambhaavya-chadma-roginah iti abhinirdishtaah, teshu 19 janaah nyunatinyoonam ekena manochikitsakena anyena karmachaareesadasyen cha samshayam praaptavantah. rosenhan ityeshah naa chadmarogineem chikitsaalayam preshitavaan. aar ityasya vyaakhyaanam shraavayamaanah. dee. laing, yah manorog-virodhee-andolanena saha sambadhah aasit, rosenhan ityeshah manasika-nidanasya vishvasaneeyataam pareekshayitum prayogasya upaayah iti kalpayat. adhyayanasya nishkarshah aasit yat "etat spashtam asti yat vayam manorog-chikitsaalayeshu vivekinah unmattah iti vibhedyum naa shaknuvanti" iti, tathaa cha manorog-samsthaasu amaanaveekaranasya labeling ityasya cha vishayaah api chitritaah. saha soochitavaan yat samudayika-manasika-swaasthya-suvidhaanaam upayogah, ye manorog-label-ityasya sthaane vishishta-samasyanam vyavahaaraanaam cha upari kendreekrutaani bhavanti, te samadhanam bhavitum arhanti, tathaa cha manorog-kaaryakartrubhyah teshaam suvidhaanaam samajika-manovidnyaanasya vishaye adhika-jagarukatam praaptum shikshaam anushamsayat. rosenan-varyaha, swayam sapta manasika-swastha-sahacharau cha, "seudopationts" iti namna khyataha, niyuktim prarthayitva, shravana-matibramam cha darshayan, manorog-chikitsaalayeshu pravesham praaptum prayatanta. chikitsaalayasy karmachaarinah prayogasya vishaye naa soochitavantah. chadmaroginaam madhye, 20 varshe manoshaastrasya snaatakah chhaatrah, trayah manovaidyah, ekaha baalarogavidah, manochikitsakah, chitrakaarah, gruhinee cha aasan. naa kenaapi manasikarogasya itihaasah aasit. chadma-roginah chadmanaamaani upayunjanta, tathaa cha ye manasika-swaasthyakshetre karyam kurvanti tebhyah bhinnakshetre mithyaa-karyani dattaani, yena kasyaapi vishesha-chikitsayaha athavaa parikshanasya vaa aahwaanah naa bhavet. mithyaa-naamaani, rojagaar-vivaranaani cha daatum vihaay, adhika-jeevanacharitra-vivaranaani satyataya niveditaani aasan. praarambhik-manorog-mulyankanakale, chadma-rogeeh roginaam samaan-lingasya swaraan shrutavantah iti pratipaadayan, ye praayah aspashtaani aasan, parantu "rikttam", "rikttam", athavaa "thud" iti shabdaan uccharanti sma, anyat kimapi naa. ete shabdaani chitaani yatah te aspashtatayaa kasminshchit prakarasya astitvasankatasya soochanam kurvanti, tathaa cha teshaam manorog-lakshanani iti ullekham kurvataam kasminshchit prakashitasahityasya abhaawah asti iti. anyaani manovaidyakeeyalakshanaani naa abhiprayojitaah. yadi praveshah bhavati tarhi chhadmaroginah "saamaanyaroopen karyam kartum" nirdeshitaah, te swasthaah abhavan, swaraan naa shrutavantah iti soochitavantah. prayogasya anantaram praaptaani chikitsaalayasy abhilekhaah soochayanti yat sarve chadma-roginah karmachaaribhih sneheeh sahakaarinah cha iti varnitaah aasan. sarve samyuktarajyamerika-deshasya 12 manorog-chikitsaalayeshu, graminakshetreshu alpa-vittaposhita-saarwajanik-chikitsaalayeshu, utkrushta-pratishtaayuktaih nagar-vishvavidyaalaya-sanchaalit-chikitsaalayeshu, ekaha mahata nijee-chikitsaalaye cha, praveshitaah. yadyapi samaanalakshanaih saha upasthitaah, tathaapi saarwajanik-chikitsaalayeshu sapta schizophrenia ityanena saha nidanam krutam, ekasmin cha menic-depressive-saikosis ityanena saha, uttama-naidaanika-parinaamaih saha adhika-aashaavaadee nidaanam, nijee-chikitsaalaye. teshaam nivaasah 7 taha 52 dinaparyantam aasit, tathaa cha 19 dinaani eva aasit. ekaha vihaay sarve schizophrenia ityasya "upashamanasy" nidanena nishkaasitaah, yat rosenan ityanena maanasikarogah aparivartaneeyah sthitihi iti manyante, yat upacharayogyah rogah naa bhutva aajeevanah kalamkah janayati iti pramaanaroopen manyante. karmacharinam anyaroginam cha vyavahaarasya vishaye nirantaram, khulyena cha vistrutam vivaranam sveekrutya api, chikitsaalayasy karmachaareebhih naa kaapi chhadmaroginah vanchakaah iti abhinirdishtaah, yadyapi anye bahavah manoroginah taan vanchakaah iti samyak abhinirdishtum samarthah iti prateeyate sma. prathamatrayeshu chikitsaalayeshu, 118 roginaam madhye 35 janaah, roga-roginah vivekinah iti sandeham prakatayan, kechan roginah chikitsaalayasy anveshanaartham samshodhakaah vaa patrakaraha vaa aasan iti soochayanti. chikitsaalayasy tippanyah soochayanti yat karmachaarinah manasikarogasya drushtyaa chadmaroginaam adhikaamshasya vyavahaarasya vyaakhyaam kurvanti iti. yathaa, ekaa paricharika, ekasya chadma-roginaam tippanyah sweekaranam "lekhan-vyavahaarah" iti mudraam krutvaa, rogashaastriyam iti manyatam. roginaam samanya-jeevanavruttaantaani chikitsaalaya-abhilekheshu, schizophrenics ityasya karanasya tatkaaleen-prabal-siddhaantaih apekshitasya anuroopam punah rachitaah. prayogena soodopeshants-roginah swakeeyaroopen chikitsalayat bahihi gantum aavashyakam, chikitsaalayam praapya taan mukttim daatum, yadyapi aapatkaalasy aahvaanaartham ekaha adhivaktaa rakshita aasit, yadaa soodopeshants-roginah kadaapi alpasuchanaya swaicchayaa mukttaah naa bhavishyanti iti spashtam abhavat. ekadaa pravesham krutvaa nidanam cha krutvaa, sudopationts ityete yaavat manochikitsakaih saha te maanasikaroginah iti sammatam naa praapya manovikruti-virodhee-aushadhaan sweekartum aarabhant, taavat yaavat te swamuktim praaptum naa samarthaah, ye cha te shauchalayat adhah prasaran. sudopationts ityetaah shauchaalaye swa-aushadham prakshaalayanti iti naa karmachaarinah soochitavantah. rosenhan tathaa anyeshu chhadmaroginah cha chikitsaalaye atyantam amaanaveekaranam, gopaniyatayaha teevram akramanam, viraktihi cha abhilikhan. teshaam sampattih yaadrucchikaroopena anveshtum shaknuvanti sma, tathaa cha shauchaalayasya upayogakaale kadaachit te nirikshitaha bhavanti sma. te soochitavantah yat yadyapi karmachaarinah saarthakah iva drushyante tathaapi te samanyataya roginaam vastunishtam amaanaveekaranam cha kurvanti sma, praayah roginaam upasthitau dirghakalam yaavat teshaam upasthitau charchayanti yathaa te tatra naa santi, aadhikaarik-kartavyaani nirvodum katoratayaa aavashyakam vihaay roginaam saha pratyaksha-samvaadam nivaarayanti. anye karmachaarinah naa upasthitau kechan paricharakaha roginaam maukhikam sharirikam cha utpeedanam anvavartante sma. bhojanasya ardhaghantaayaah poorvam cafeteria-ityasya bahihi pratikshamananam roginaam ekaha samoohah, ekaha vaidyah swachhaatraan "maukhika-anweshanaatmakah" manasika-lakshanan anubhavati iti uktavaan. pratidinam vaidyaihi saha samparkah praayah 6.8 nimeshaparyantam bhavati. aprachalitah vanchakah prayogah. asya prayogasya krute rosenhan ityayam ekaha suprasidhah anusandhaana-shikshan-chikitsaalayah cha upayujyate sma, yasya karmachaarinah praarambhik-adhyayanasya parinaman shrutavantah, parantu swasamsthayam etaadrushaani doshaani naa kartum shaknuvanti iti abhiprayat. rosenhan-varyaha teshaam sangruham krutavaan yat, maasatrayam yaavat, ekaha vaa adhikah vaa chhadmaroginah praveshaartham prayatante, tathaa cha karmachaareeh pratyekasya agamanam roginah te kapatah iti sambhavanayaha mulyankanam karishyati iti. 193 roginaam madhye 41 roginah vanchakaah iti manyante, anye 42 roginah cha shankitaah iti manyante sma. vastutah rosenhan ityeshah naa chadma-roginaam preshitavaan aasit; chikitsaalayasy karmachaarinah, vanchakaah iti shankitaah sarve roginah samanya-roginah aasan. anena nishkarshah abhavat yat "etaadrusheshu bruhad-doshanam krute ati-sahajataya runam adadat kimapi nidaana-prakriya ati-vishvasaneeyam naa bhavitum arhati." prabhaawah. rosenhan varyaha "vidnyaanam" ityasmin swasya nishkarshaan prakashitavan, yasmin saha manasika-nidanasya vishvasaneeyataam, adhyayanasya sahakarmibhihi anubhavite roginaam paricharyayaha asahakaar, avamaanakam cha swaroopam cha vimarshichchu. tadatiriktam, saha bee. bee. see. sahitam vividha-vaartaasu swasya karyasya varnanam akarot. prayogena "manasika-samsthanam sudharartham, yathaashakti manasika-roginaam samsthaneekaranam kartum cha andolanam tvaritam" iti tarkah krutah. vimarshah. prakashanasya bahavah pratyarthinah manochikitsaa-chikitsaam samarthayan, tarkayan yat manorog-nidanam roginah svaanubhavaanaam vivaranam bahudhaa ashritya bhavati, teshaam upasthitim mithyaankanam anya-chikitsaa-lakshananam vishaye mithyaa vadati chet manochikitsaa-nidanasya samasyaah naa pradarshayati iti. asmin shirayam manochikitsakah rabert spitzer ityeshah semore ess iti uddhrutah. rosenhan ityasya adhyayanasya 1975 tame varshe tikayam keteeh yadi aham chaturthaamsham rakttam panam karishyaami, tathaa mayaa krutaani karmmaani guptam krutvaa, raktavrushtehe chikitsaalayasy aapatkaaleen-prakoshtam aagamishyaami, tarhi karmacharinam vartanam bahu poorvaanumeya bhavati. yadi te mama raktasraavam peptic-ulcer iti mudraam krutvaa, chikitsaam akurvan, tarhi vaidyashaastram tasya sthitim katham nidanam kartum naa jaanaati iti drudatayaa vaadayitum shaknomi iti mama sandehah asti. ketty api tarkayat yat manochikitsakaah roginah manasikarogasya bhaanam akurvan iti naa anumanyante iti, ataha adhyayanasya yathaarthavaadasy abhaawah aasit iti. rosenhan ityeshah etat "prayogaatmak-prabhaawah" athavaa "apekshaa-pakshapaatah" iti uktavaan, yat tasya karyapaddhatyam samasyaayaah apekshayaa saha udghatitanam samasyanam sanketah asti. mithyaachaarasy aaropah. rosenhan ityasya vishaye 2019 tame varshe prakashitasya "da gret pretender" ityasmin, lekhakah susannaah kahlan ityeshah rosenhan-prayogasya satyataam, vaidhataam cha prashnim karoti. rosenhan ityanena mrutyoho anantaram parityaktaanaam lekhanam parikshanam kurvan, kahalan ityeshah "vijnaana" lekhasya spashtam vikruteem anvishyati, asangatah dattaamshah, bhraamakavivaranam, manorog-abhilekhananam ashuddham vaa kalpitam vaa uddharanam cha. api cha, vistrutam anveshanam satsu api saa ashtasu seudopeshants madhye dwau eva chinwantih swayam rosenhan, tathaa ekaha snaatakah chhaatrah yasya sakshyam lekhasya rosenhan ityasya varnanena saha asangatipoornam iti kathyate. prayogasya vishaye satyasya anyeshu vidheshu vakrataayaah rosenhan ityasya pratyaksha-icchaayaah prakaashe, anyeshu shatshu chadmaroginaam madhye kechan vaa sarve vaa rosenhan ityanena eva aavishkrutaah aasan vaa iti kahlan-prashnim karoti. 2023 februvari-maase, syaan-diyego-nagarasya california-vishvavidyaalayasya endroo-scull-varyaha, kahalan-ityasya aropanam samarthane "history aaf saikiyaatri" iti samavayaska-samikshita-patrikaayaam ekam lekham prakashitavan. sambaddhaani prayogaani. 1887 tame varshe amerikaadeshasy anveshaka-patrakara nellie blai ityeshaa manasikarogasya lakshanan darshayantee unmatt-aashraye pravesham praapya tasya bhayaanak-sthitim prativedayat. parinaamaah "dashadinani unmattagruham" iti namna prakashitani. 1968 tame varshe mauris key. temerlyn ityayam 25 manochikitsakaan dwayoh samoohayoh vibhaktavaan, tathaa cha samanya-manasika-swaasthyasya paatrasya paatrasya abhinetuhu kathanam shrutavaan. ekasmin samoohe avadat yat abhinetaa "atyantam rochaka purushah aasit yatah saha neurotic iva drushyate sma, parantu vastutah atyantam manovikrutah aasit" iti, aparasya kimapi naa vadati sma iti. poorvasamoohasya shashtashatamaanam manovikaaram nidanam krutavaan, praayah schizophrenia iti, parantu niyantranasamoohasy kimapi naa krutavaan. 1988 tame varshe, loring tathaa paavel ityeshaa 290 manochikitsakaan roginaam saakshaatkaarasy pratilipim dattavantah, teshu ardhaan avadat yat rogee krushnavarnee, aparam ardhavarnee cha iti; te parinaamaah nishkarsham akurvan yat "chikitsakaah krushnavarneeyebhyaha himsaam, samshayam, apaayam cha aaropayanti iti drushyate, yadyapi prakarana-adhyayanaani shwetawarneeyebhyah prakarana-adhyayanaani iva santi." 2004 tame varshe, manochikitsikaa lauren slatter ityeshaa swapustakam "opening skinners baaks" ityasya krute rosenhan ityasya sadrusham prayogam krutavatee iti avadat. slatter ityeshaa likhati yat saa shravana-matibhramaih saha 9 manorog-aapatkaaleen-prakoshteshu swasyaah upasthaapanaam akarot, yasya parinaamen "praayah pratisaari" manorog-avasaadah iti nidanam jaatam. parantu yadaa swaprayatnam vastutah sanchaalayati iti pramanam daatum prashrayam dattam, tadaa saa naa shaktavatee. slatter ityasya karyasya vishaye gambhir-paddhati-vishayaka-anya-chintaah cha, tasmin eva niyatakaalikasy prativedanasya pratikriyanam shrunkhalaaroopena prakatitah. 2008 tame varshe bee. bee. see. ityasya "kshitija" vidnyaanakaaryakramah "bhavantah kiyat unmattah santi?" iti sheershake dwayoh prakaranayoho samaanam prayogam krutavaan."iti. prayoge dash vishayaah aasan, pancha poorvanirdhaarit-manasika-swaasthya-sthitayah, pancha etaadrushaah nidaana-vinaaha cha. manasika-swaasthya-nidanasya trayanam visheshadnyaih te avaditaah, teshaam chunauteeh aasit, kevalam teshaam vyavahaaraat eva, vishayaabhih saha bhashitam vaa, teshaam itihasasya kimapi naa pathitam vaa, manasika-swaasthya-samasyayuktan panchaan chinvantu iti. visheshadnyaah dashamadhye dwau roginah samyak nidanam krutavantah, ekaha roginah galatam nidanam krutavantah, dwau swasthau rogau manasika-swaasthya-samasyaayuktau iti cha galatarupena abhinirdishtavantah. atra soochiteshu anyeshu prayogeshu naa tu asya patrakaaritaavishkaarasy uddeshyah nidanaprakriyayaha vimarshah naa aasit, apitu manasikaroginam kalamkam nyooneekartum aasit. manasikarogasya poorvanishchita-rogena peeditaah janaah swaswaasthya-samasyaih saha saamaanyajeevanam yaapayitum shaknuvanti iti spashtayitum tasya uddeshyam aasit, yat teshaam vyavahaaraat nireekshakaih naa spashtam aasit.

rosenhan parisoathanai rosenhan parisoathanai allathu thud parisoathanai enbathu mananala noayarithalin sellupadiyai theermaanikka nadatthappatta oru parisoathanaiyaagum. pankerpaalarkal palvaeru mananala niruvanangalil mathippeettirkaaga thangalai samarppiththanar mattrum aetrtrukkollappaduvatharka maayaththoattrangkalaip poala naditthaar, aanaal appoathirunthu iyalbaaga seyalpattanar. ovvoruvarukkum mananala koolaarugal iruppathu kandariyappattu mananala ethirppu marunththugal vazhangkappattana. inththa aaivai stanford palkalaikkazhaga paeraasiriyaraana ulaviyalaar davit rosenhan nadaththinaar, maelum 1973 aam aandil "paiththiyakkaaraththanamaana idangkalil puththisaaliththanamaaga iruppathu" endra thalaippil "ariviyal" idhazhaal veliyidappattathu. idhu mananala noayarithal pattriya oru mukkiyamaana mattrum selvaakkumikka vimarsanamaagak karudhappadugiradhu, maelum thavaraana thannichaiyaana arppanippu endra thalaippai munvaiththathu. rosenhan mattra 8 paerudan (5 aangal mattrum 3 penkal) americavin maerku kadarkaraiyil ulla 5 maanilangkalil ulla 12 maruththuvamanaigalil nuzhainthaar. pankerpaalarkalil moontru paer kurugiya kaalaththirku mattumae anumathikkappattanar, maelum poathumaana aavanappaduthappatta anubavangkalaip peruvatharkaaka, avarkal koodudhal niruvanangalukku meendum vinnappiththanar. poali noai parisoathanai. rosenhan thanathu padippil irandu pakuthikal iruppathaaka vivaritthaar. muthal pakuthi aaroakkiyamaana koottaaligal allathu "poali noayaaligalaip" (moontru penkal mattrum aaru aangal, rosenhan udpada) payanpaduththuvathai ulladakkiyathu, avarkal americavil ainthu maanilangkalil ulla 12 mananala maruththuvamanaigalil saerkkai perum muyarchiyil surukkamaaga seviththiran maayaththoattrangkalaip poala naditthaar. anaivarum anumathikkappattanar mattrum mananala koolaarugalaal kandariyappattanar. anumathikkappatta piragu, poali noayaaligal iyalbaaga seyalpattanar, maelum avarkal inii endha koodudhal maayaththoattrangkalaiyum anubavikkavillai endru oozhiyargalidam theriviththanar. avarkal viduvikkapatta oru nibanthanaiyaaga, anaitthu noayaaligalum mananoai iruppathai oppukolla vaendiya kattaayam aerpattathu, maelum mananoai ethirppu marunthugalai edukka oppukolla vaendiyirunththathu. noayaaligal maruthuvamanaiyil kaliththa sarasari neram 19 naatkal aagum. oruvaraith thavira mattra anaivarum schizophreniawal viduvikkappaduvatharku munbu "nivaaranaththil" iruppathu kandariyappattathu. avarathu aaivin irandaam paguthiyil, rosenhanai adhan vasathikku poali noayaaligalai anuppa sawal seiyum oru maruthuvamanai nirvaagam irunththathu, adhan oozhiyargal poali noayaaligalaik kandariya mudiyum endru valiyuruththinar. rosenhan oppukkondaar, aduththa vaarangkalil 193 puthiya noayaaligalil 41 paer saathiyamaana poali noayaaligalaaga adaiyaalam kaanappattanar, avarkalil 19 paer kurainthathu oru mananala maruthuvar mattrum mattroru oozhiyar uruppinaridamirunthu santhegaththaip pettranar. rosenhan poali noayaaligalai maruthuvamanaikku anupavillai. oru sorpozhivaik kaetkumpoathu r. dii. mananala noai ethirppu iyakkaththudan thodarpudaiya laing, mananala noayarithalkalin nambagaththanmaiyai soathippatharkaana oru vazhiyaaga inththa parisoathanaiyai rosenhan karuthinaar. mananala maruththuvamanaigalil ulla paiththiyakkaararkalidamirunthu puddhisaaliththanaththai naam vaerupaduththip paarkka mudiyaathu enbathu thelivaagirathu" endru aaivu mudivu seithathu, maelum mananala niruvanangalil manithanaeyamattra thanmai mattrum mutthirai kuththalin abaayangkalaiyum vilakkiyathu. mananalap peyarkalai vida kuripitta pirachchanaikal mattrum nadaththaigalil kavanam seluththum samooga mananala vasathigalaip payanpaduththuvathu oru theervaaga irukkalaam endru adhu parinthuraiththathu, maelum mananalap paniyaalarkalukku avarkalin vasathigalin samooga ulaviyal kuritthu adhiga vizhippunarvai aerpaduththa kalviyai parinthuraiththathu. rosenhanum, "poali noayaaligal" endru azhaikkappadum aezhu mananala koottaaligalum, oru santhippukku alaippu viduththathan moolamum, seviththiran maayaththoattrangkalaip poalavum mananala maruththuvamanaigalil anumathi pera muyantranar. inththa soathanai kuritthu maruthuvamanai oozhiyargalukku therivikkappadavillai. poali noayaaligalil irupathukalil ulla oru ulaviyal pattathaari maanavar, moontru ulaviyalaalargal, oru kuzhandhai maruthuvar, oru mananala maruthuvar, oru ooviyar mattrum oru illaththarasi aagiyoar adangkuvar. yaarukkum mananoai irunththa varalaaru illai. poali noayaaligal punaippeyargalaip payanpaduththinar, maelum mananalath thuraiyil panipurinthavarkalukku vaeru thuraiyil thavaraana vaelaigal vazhangkappattana, ithanaal endhavoru sirappu sigichchaiyaiyum allathu aaivaiyum thoonduvathaith thavirkka mudiyum. thavaraana peyarkal mattrum vaelaivaaippu vivarangkalai vazhangkuvathaith thavira, maelum vaazhkkai varalaattru vivarangkal unmaiyaaga therivikkappattana. avarkalin aaramba mananala mathippeettin poathu, poali noayaaligal noayaaliyin athae paalinaththin kuralgalaik kaetkindranar endru koorinar, avai perumpaalum thelivattravai, aanaal avai "vetrtru", "vetrtru" allathu "thud" endra vaarththaigalai ucharippathaagath thoantriyathu, vaeru ethuvum illai. inththa vaarththaigal thelivattra muraiyil oruvitha iruththaliyal nerukkadiyai parinthuraikkirathu mattrum avattrai mananoai arikurigalaaka kurippidum endha veliyidappatta ilakkiyamum illaathathaal thaernthedukkappattana. vaeru endha mananala arikurigalum koorappadavillai. anumathikkappattal, poali noayaaligal "iyalbaaga seyalpada" arivurutthappattanar, avarkal nandraaga unarnththathaakavum, inii kuralgalaik ketkavillai endrum theriviththanar. parisoathanaiyin pinnar perappatta maruthuvamanai pathivukal anaitthu poali noayaaligalum oozhiyargalaal natpaagavum oththuzhaippudanum vagaippaduththappattathaaka suttikkaattukintrana. kiraamappurangalil ulla podhu maruththuvamanaigal, sirantha narpeyarudan nagarppura palkalaikkazhagaththaal nadatthappadum maruththuvamanaigal mattrum oru vilaiyuyarnththa thaniyar maruthuvamanai udpada america muzhuvathum ulla 12 mananala maruththuvamanaigalil anaivarum anumathikkappattanar. oray maathiriyaana arikurigaludan valangkappattaalum, aezhu paerukku podhu maruththuvamanaigalil schizophrenia iruppathu kandariyappattathu, maelum oruvar maenik-manachoarvu mananoayaal paathikkappattaar, idhu sirantha maruththuva mudivugaludan koodiya migavum nambikkaiyaana noayarithal, thaniyar maruthuvamanaiyil. avarkal thangkiyiruntha kaalam 7 muthal 52 naatkal varai irunththathu, sarasari 19 naatkal aagum. oruvaraith thavira mattra anaivarum schizophreniavai "kuraippil" kandarindhu discharge seiyappattanar, idhu mananoai oru gunappaduthakkoodiya noayai vida vaazhnaal muzhuvathum kazhangaththai uruvaakkum oru maattra mudiyaatha nilaiyaaga karudhappadugiradhu enbatharkaana saantraaga rosenhan karuthinaar. oozhiyargal mattrum pira noayaaligalin nadaththai kuritthu thodarnthu velippadaiyaagavum virivaana kurippugalai eduththukkonda poathilum, poali noayaaligal yaarum maruthuvamanai oozhiyargalaal aemaattrunarkalaaka adaiyaalam kaanappadavillai, iruppinum pala mananala noyaaligalaal avarkalai moachadiyaalarkalaaka sariyaaga adaiyaalam kaana mudinthathu. muthal moontru maruthuvamanaiyil serkkappattavargalil, moththam 118 noayaaligalil 35 paer poali noayaaligal puththisaalikal endru santhegam theriviththanar, silar noayaaligal maruththuvamanaiyai visaarikkum aaraaychchiyaalarkal allathu paththirigaiyaalarkal endru koorinar. poali noayaaligalin nadaththaiyin perumbaguthiyai mananoai adippadaiyil oozhiyargal vilakkiyathaaka maruthuvamanai kurippugal suttikkaattina. eduththukkaattaaga, oru nurse oru poali noayaaliyin kurippai "ezhuthum nadaththai" endru peyarittu adhai noayiyal endru karuthinaar. schisophrenics noikkaana kaaranatthai appoathaiya aathikkam seluththiya koatpaadugalaal ethirpaarkkappattathaip poalavae noayaaligalin iyalpaana vaazhkkai varalaarugal maruthuvamanai pathivukalil maruseeramaikkappattana. inththa parisoathanaiyil poali noayaaligal maruththuvamanaiyilirunthu veliyae vara vaendum, maruththuvamanaiyai viduvikka vaendum, iruppinum oru vazhakkarinyar avasarakaala azhaippil irukka thakkavaikkappattaar, idhu poali noayaaligal orupoathum thaanaaga munvanthu viduvikkappada maattaargal enbathu thelivaaga maariyathu kurugiya arivippu. oru murai anumathikkappattum kandariyappattum, poali noyaaligalaal mananala maruththuvargaludan thaangkal mananalam paathikkappattavarkal endru oppuk kondu mananala marunthugalai edukkath thodangum varai thangal viduthalaiyaip pera mudiyavillai, avai kazhipparaiyil parakavittana. poali noayaaligal thangal marunthugalai kazhipparaigalil veesuvathaaga endha oozhiyarum therivikkavillai. rosenhan mattrum pira poali noayaaligal maruthuvamanaiyil anumathikkappattapoathu manithanaeyamattra thanmai, thaniyurimai meethaana kadumaiyaana padaiyeduppu mattrum salippu aagiyavattrin migapperiya unarvai theriviththanar. avarkalin udaimaigal seerattra muraiyil thaedappattana, maelum avai sila nerangalil kazhipparaiyaip payanpaduththum poathu kaanappattana. oozhiyargal nalla arthamullavargalaagath thoantrinaalum, avarkal podhuvaaga noayaaligalai puranilaipaduththi manithaapimaanamattravarkalaaka aakkinar, perumpaalum noayaaligal angku illaathathu poal avarkalin munnilaiyil neenda neram vivaathiththanar, maelum athikaarappoorva kadamaigalaich seiya kandippaagath thaevaippaduvathaith thavira noayaaligaludan neradi thodarbugalaith thavirththanar. sila uthaviyaalargal mattra oozhiyargal illaathapoathu noayaaligalai vaaimozhi mattrum udal reethiyaana thushprayoagaththirku aalaaka neridum. mathiya unavukku arai manii neeraththirku munbu sittrundichaalaikku veliyae kaatthirukkum noayaaligalin kuluvukku oru maruthuvar thanathu maanavargalidam "vaaivazhi-aaivu" mananala arikurigalai anubavippathaagak koorinaar. oru naalaikku saraasariyaaga 6.8 nimidangal maruththuvargaludan thodarbu kollungal. illaatha aemaattrupavar soathanai. inththa parisoathanaikku, rosenhan oru nanku ariyapatta aaraaichi mattrum karpiththal maruthuvamanaiyaip payanpaduththinaar, adhan oozhiyargal aaramba aaivin mudivugalaip pattri kelvippattirundhanar, aanaal thangal niruvanaththil idhae poantra pizhaigalaich seiya mudiyaathu endru koorinar. moontru maatha kaalappagudhiyil, ondru allathu adharku maerpatta poali noayaaligal saerkkai pera muyarchippaarkal endrum, ulvarum ovvoru noayaaliyum oru aemaattrukkaarar enbatharkaana saaththiyakkoorugal kuritthu oozhiyargal mathippiduvaargal endrum rosenhan avarkaludan aerpaadu seithaar. 193 noayaaligalil, 41 paer aemaattruvoaraakak karudhappattanar, maelum 42 paer santhegaththirkuriyavargala karudhappattanar. unmaiyil, rosenhan poali noayaaligalai anupavillai; maruthuvamanai oozhiyargalaal aemaattrupavarkal endru santhekikkappadum anaitthu noayaaligalum saathaarana noayaaligal. idhu oru mudivukku vazhivaguththathu, "inththa vagaiyaana periya pizhaigalukku miga elithaaka thannaik cuddon vazhangkum endhavoru noayarithal seyalmuraiyum migavum nambagamaana ontraaka irukka mudiyaathu." thaakkam. rosenhan thanathu kandupidippugalai "ariviyal" idhazhil veliyittaar, athil avar mananala noayarithalin nambagaththanmai mattrum aaivil ulla koottaaligalaal anubavikkappatta noyaali kavanippin palaveenamaana mattrum izhivupaduththum thanmaiyai vimarsiththaar. koodudhalaaga, ppc udpada palvaeru seithigalil avar thanathu padaippugalai vivarithaar inththa parisoathanai "mana niruvanangalai seerthiruththuvatharkum, mudinthavarai pala mana noayaaligalai niruvanamayamaakkuvatharkum iyakkaththai thurithappaduththiyathu" endru vaathidappadukirathu. vimarsanangkal. inththa veliyeettil pathilaliththa palar mananala maruththuvatthai aathariththanar, mananala noayarithal perumpaalum noayaaliyin anubavangkalin arikkaiyai nambiyullathu, avarkalin iruppai poaliyaagak kooruvathu mattra maruththuva arikurigalaip pattri poy solvathai vida mananala noayarithalil ulla sikkalkalai niroobikkaathu endru vaathittanar. inththa narambil, mananala maruthuvar robbert spitzer saimur ess. aii maerkoal kaattinaar. rosenhan aaivu kuritthu 1975ill veliyaana vimarsanaththil ketty naan kaall pangku iraththaththaik kuditthu, naan seithathai maraiththu, iraththa vaanthi edukkum endha maruthuvamanaiyin avasara araikkum vanthaal, oozhiyargalin nadaththai migavum kanikkakkoodiyadhaaga irukkum. avarkal ennai iraththappoakku peptic punn iruppathaagak kuripittu, karudhinaal, maruththuva ariviyalukku antha nilaiyai evvaaru kandarivathu endru theriyavillai endru naan uruthiyaaka vaathida mudiyumaa endru naan santhekikkiraen. mananala maruththuvargal oru noyaali mananoai iruppathaaka paasaangku seikiraar endru karudha vaendum endru ethirpaarkkakkoodaathu endrum ketty vaathittaar, enavae aaivil yadhaarththavaatham illai. rosenhan idhai "parisoathaka vilaivu" allathu "ethirpaarppu saarbu" endru alaiththaar, idhu avarathu vazhimuraiyil oru sikkalaik kaattilum avar kandupidittha sikkalkalaik kurikkirathu. moasadi kuttrachchaattu. rosenhan pattriya 2019 aam aandu puththagamaana "thii grade paadendar" endra puththagaththil, ezhuththaalar susana kahalan rosenhan parisoathanaiyin unmaithanmai mattrum sellupadiyaagum thanmaiyai kaelvi ezhuppukiraar. rosenhan thanathu maranaththirkup piragu vittuch sendra aavanangkalai aaraaynthapoathu, "ariviyal" katturaiyil velippadaiyaana sithaivaik kaankiraar seerattra tharavu, thavaraana vilakkangkal mattrum mananala pathivukalilirunthu thavaraana allathu ittukattappatta maerkoalgal. maelum, oru virivaana thaedal irunththapoathilum, ettu poali noayaaligalil iruvarai mattumae avalaal adaiyaalam kaana mudigirathu rosenhan thaanae, mattrum oru pattathaari maanavar, avarathu saatchiyam katturaiyil rosenhan vilakkaththudan muranpaduvathaagak koorappadugiradhu. soathanaiyaip porutthavarai unmaiyai vaeru vazhigalil valaikka rosenhan viruppaththin velichchaththil, mattra aaru poali noayaaligalil silar allathu anaivarum rosenhanal verumanae kandupidikkappattirukkam endru kahalaan kaelvi ezhuppukiraar. pipravari 2023 ill, chaan diagovil ulla california palkalaikkazhagaththin andrew scull, sahalanin kuttrachchaattugalukku aatharavaaka saga mathippaaivu seiyappatta idhazhaana "mananala maruththuvaththin varalaaru" ill oru katturaiyai veliyittaar. thodarpudaiya soathanaigal. 1887 aam aandil america pulanaaivu paththirigaiyaalar nelli ply oru paiththiyakkaara pugalidaththil anumathikkappattu, athil ulla payankaramaana nilaimaigal kuritthu therivikka mananoayin arikurigalaip poala naditthaar. mudivugal "oru paiththiyakkaara veettil paththu naatkal" endru veliyidappattana. 1968 ill mouris kae. demerlyn 25 mananala maruththuvargalai irandu kuzhukkalaagap piriththu, oru nadigaraal iyalpaana mana aaroakkiyaththin kathaapaaththiraththai siththarippathai kaetka vaitthaar. oru kuzhuvidam nadigar "migavum suvarasyamaana manithar, aenenil avar narambiyal thoattramudaiyavar, aanaal unmaiyil migavum mananoayaali" endru koorappattathu, mattravaridam ethuvum sollappadavillai. munnaal kuzhuvil arupathu sathaveetham paer mananoaikalaik kandarindhanar, perumpaalum schizophrenia, athae neraththil kattuppaattuk kuzhu ethuvum avvaaru seiyavillai. 1988 aam aandil, loaring mattrum paval 290 mananala maruthuvarkalukku oru noyaali nerkaanalin transcriptike kodutthaar, avarkalil paathi paer noyaali karuppu endrum mattra paathi vellai endrum koorinaar; avarkal mudivugalai mudivu seithanar, "noayaaligal vanmurai, santhegam mattrum aabaththai karuppina vaadikkaiyaalargalukkuk kooruvathaagath therikirathu, iruppinum vazhakku aaivugal vellai vaadikkaiyaalargalukkaana vazhakku aaivugalukku samamaaga ullana." 2004 aam aandil, ulaviyalaar lauren slatter thanathu puththagamaana "oopaning skinners backs" kkaaga rosenhanukku migavum oththa oru parisoathanaiyai nadaththiyathaagak koorinaar. sevivazhi maayaththoattrangkaludan 9 mananala avasara araikalil thannai munvaiththathaaka slatter ezhuthinaar, idhan vilaivaaga "kittatthatta ovvoru muraiyum" mananoai manachoarvu iruppathu kandariyappattathu. iruppinum, unmaiyil thanathu parisoathanaiyai nadaththiyatharkaana aathaarangkalai vazhangka sawal vidappattapoathu, avalaal mudiyavillai. slatterin panii thodarpaana theeviramaana muraiyil mattrum pira kavalaigal athae idhazhil oru paththirigai arikkaikku thodarchchiyaana pathilkalaaka thoantrina. 2008 aam aandil, pipichiyin "adivaana" ariviyal thittam "neengkal evvalavu paiththiyam pidiththirukkireerkal?" endra thalaippil irandu aththiyaayangkalil idhaepoandra parisoathanaiyai nadaththiyathu."endru koorinaar. inththa parisoathanaiyil paththu nabarkal irunththanar, ainthu paer munbu kandariyapatta mananala nilaimaigal mattrum ainthu paer aththagaiya noayarithal illaamal irunththanar. mananala noayarithalil moontru nipunarkalaal avai kavanikkappattana, maelum avarkalin sawal mananalap pirachchanaikal ulla ainthu paeraiyum avarkalin nadaththaiyilirunthu mattumae adaiyaalam kaanpathu, paadangkaludan paesaamal allathu avarkalin varalaarugalil ethaiyum karrukkollaamal. paththu noayaaligalil iruvarai nipunarkal sariyaaga kandarindhanar, oru noayaaliyai thavaraaga kandarindhanar, maelum irandu aaroakkiyamaana noayaaligalukku mananalap pirachchanaikal iruppathaaka thavaraaga adaiyaalam kandanar. iruppinum, ingkae pattiyalidappattulla mattra soathanaigalaip poalallaamal, inththa paththirigai payirchiyin noakkam noayarithal seyalmuraiyai vimarsippathu alla, aanaal mananalam paathikkappattavarkalin kazhangaththaik kuraippathaagum. mananoyai munbu kandarindhavargal thangal udalnalap pirachchanaikaludan saathaarana vaazhkkaiyai vaazha mudiyum enbathai vilakkuvathai idhu nokkamaagak kondadhu, avarkalin nadaththaiyilirunthu paarvaiyaalarkalukku velippadaiyaagath theriyavillai.

rosenhan prayogam rosenhan prayogam ledhaa thud prayogam anedi manasika roganirdhaarana yokka praamaanikatanu nirnayinchadaaniki nirvahinchina prayogam. paalgonevaaru vividha manasika samsthalalo moolyaankanam kosam tamanu taamu samarpinchukunnaaru mariyu aamodinchabadataaniki bhraantulugaa natinchaaru, conny appati nundi saadhaaranamgaa vyavaharinchaaru. prati okkariki manasika rugmatalu unnatlu nirdhaarana cheyabaddaayi mariyu vaariki anticycotic mandulu ivvabaddaayi. stanford vishwavidyaalaya professor ayina manastatvavetta david rosenhan eee adhyayananni nirvahinchaaru mariyu 1973loe "aann saine inn verri pradaesaalu" anae sheershikato "sains" anae patrika prachurinchindi. idhi manasika rooga nirdhaaranapai mukhyamaina mariyu prabhaavavantamaina vimarsagaa pariganinchabadutundi mariyu tappudu asankalpita nibaddhata anae amsaanni vivaristundi. rosenhan maroe 8 manditho (5 mandhi purushulu mariyu 3 mandhi mahilalu) kalisi america paschima teeram vembadi 5 raashtraalloni 12 aasupatrulloki pravesinchaadu. paalgonevaarilo mugguriki swalpa kaalaaniki matrame pravesam kalpinchaaru, mariyu taginanta document chesina anubhavalanu pondadaaniki, vaaru adanapu samsthalaku tirigi darakhaastu chesukunnaru. sudopatient prayogam. rosenhan thana adhyayanamlo rendu bhagalu unnayani varninchaadu. modati bhaagamlo aarogyakaramaina sahacharulu ledhaa "sudopatients" (mugguru mahilalu mariyu aruguru purushulu, rosenhanto sahaa) nuu upayoginchadam jarigindi, veeru samyukta raashtraalloni aidu raashtraalloni 12 manasika aasupatrulalo pravesam pondhe prayatnamlo kluptamgaa shravana bhraantulugaa natinchaaru. vaarandarinii chaerchaaru mariyu manasika rugmatalato baadhapadutunnatlu nirdhaarinchaaru. pravesam taruvaata, sudopatients saadhaaranamgaa vyavaharinchaaru mariyu vaaru ikapai adanapu bhraantulanu anubhavinchaledani sibbandiki chepparu. vaari vidudala sharatuga, rogulandaru manasika anaaroogyam undani angeekarinchavalasi vachindi mariyu anticycotic mandulu teesukoovadaaniki angeekarinchaalsi vachindi. rogulu aasupatrilo gadipina sagatu samayam 19 rojulu. vaaru vidudala kaavadaaniki mundhe okaru minaha andarikee schizophrenia "upasamanamlo" unnatlu nirdhaarana ayindi. athani adhyayanam yokka rendava bhaagamlo, sudopeshentlanu daani sadupaayaaniki pampamani rosenhannu savaalu chestu aasupatri paripalana undhi, dheeni sibbandi vaaru sudopeshentlanu gurtinchagalarani nokki chepparu. rosenhan angeekarinchaadu, taruvaati varallo 193 mandhi kotta rogulalo 41 mandhi sambhaavya sudopeshentluga gurtinchabaddaaru, veerilo 19 mandhi kaneesam oka manoroga vaidyudu mariyu maroka sibbandi nundi anumanalu pondaaru. rosenhan yea sudopeshentsnu aasupatriki pampaledu. oka upanyaasam vintunnappudu aarr. dii. yanti-saikiyatri udyamaaniki sambandhinchina laing, rosenhan eee prayogaanni manasika rooga nirdhaaranala viswasaneeyatanu pareekshinche maargamgaa bhaavinchaaru. manasika aasupatrulalo vivekaanni picchivaadini vaeru cheyalemani spashtamavutundi" anie adhyayanam teelchindi mariyu manasika samsthalalo amaanaveekarana mariyu label cheyadam valla kalige pramaadaalanu kooda vivarinchindi. manasika lebullaku badulugaa nirdishta samasyalu mariyu pravartanalapai drushti saarinche saamaajika manasika aarogya soukaryaalanu upayoginchadam oka parishkaramga undavacchani idhi suuchimchimdi mariyu manasika kaaryakartalaku vaari soukaryaala saamaajika manastatvasaastram gurinchi marinta avagahana kalpinchadaaniki vidyanu sifaarsu chesindi. sudopatients" anie piluvabade maanasikamgaa aarogyakaramaina eduguru sahacharulu, rosenhan swayamgaa appointment kosam pilavadam dwara mariyu shravana bhraantula laaga natinchadam dwara manasika aasupatrulalo pravesam pondadaaniki prayatninchaaru. prayogam gurinchi aasupatri sibbandiki teliyajeyabadaledu. sudopeshentlalo iravailalo unna manastatvasastra graduate vidyaarthi, mugguru manastatvavettalu, oka pediatrician, oka manoroga vaidyudu, oka chitrakaarudu mariyu oka gruhini unnaaru. evarikee manasika anaaroogyam charitra ledhu. sudopatients anevaaru maaruperulanu upayoginchaaru, manasika aarogya rangamlo panichesina vaariki pratyeka chikitsa ledhaa pariseelananu nivaarinchadaaniki vaerae rangamlo tappudu udyogaalu ivvabaddaayi. tappudu paerlu, upaadhi vivaraalanu ivvadame kakunda, marinni jeevitacharitra vivaralu nijaayiteegaa nivedinchabaddaayi. vaari prarambha manasika anchanaa samayamlo, sudopeshantlu rogitho samaana lingaaniki chendina swaraalanu vintunnaarani paerkonnaaru, ivi tarachugaa aspashtamgaa undevi, conny "khaalii", "bolu" ledhaa "thud" anae padaalanu uchcharinchinatlu anipinchevi, inca aemee laevu. eee padaalu aspashtamgaa oka vidhamaina astitva sankshobhaanni suuchistunnanduna mariyu vaatini manasika lakshanaalugaa soochinche prachurinchina saahityam lekapovadam valla enchukoobaddaayi. itara manasika lakshanaalu aevee perkonabadaledu. aasupatrilo cherinatlayithe, sudopeshentlaku "saadhaaranamgaa vyavaharinchamani" aadesinchabaddaaru, vaaru bagane unnaarani mariyu ikapai swaraalu vinabadavani nivedinchaaru. prayogam tarvaata pondina aasupatri recordulu sudopeshentlandaru snehapuurvakamgaa mariyu sahakaramga unnaarani sibbandi suuchistunnaaru. graameena praantaallooni takkuva nidhulatho kuudina prabhutva aasupatrulu, adbhutamaina keerti kaligina pattana vishwavidyaalayam naduputunna aasupatrulu mariyu oka khareedaina private aasupatrito sahaa united states antataa 12 manasika aasupatrulalo andarinee chaerchaaru. oke vidhamaina lakshanaalatoo pradarsinchabadinappatiki, prabhutva aasupatrulalo eduguru schizophreniatho baadhapadutunnaarani, mariyu okari manasika-nispruha manasika rugmatato baadhapadutunnaarani, idhi merugaina clinical phalitaalato marinta aasaajanaka roganirdhaarana anie private aasupatrilo nirdhaarinchabadindi. vaari basa 7 nundi 52 rojula varaku undedi, mariyu sagatu 19 rojulu. okarinaina minahayinchi andaruu schizophrenia "upasamanamlo" nirdhaaranatoo discharge cheyabaddaaru, idhi manasika anaaroogyam nayam cheyagala anaaroogyam kante jeevitakaala kalankaanni srushtinche kolukoleni paristhitigaa bhaavinchabadutundani rujuvugaa rosenhan bhaavinchaaru. sibbandi mariyu itara rogula pravartanapai nirantaram mariyu bahirangamgaa gamanikalu teesukunnappatiki, sudopeshentlalo evarinee aasupatri sibbandi mosagaallugaa gurtinchaledu, ayinappatikee chaalaa mandhi itara manasika rogulu vaarini mosagaallugaa sarigga gurtinchagaliginatlu anipinchindi. modati moodu aasupatrilo cherina vaarilo, mottam 118 mandhi rogulalo 35 mandhi sudopeshantlu telivigalavaarani anumanam vyaktam chesaaru, kondaru rogulu aasupatrini parisoedhistunna parisoedhakulu ledhaa paatrikeyulu anie suuchimchaaru. manasika anaaroogyam paramgaa nakilee rogula pravartananu sibbandi chaalaa varaku ardham chesukunnarani aasupatri gamanikalu suuchimchaayi. udaaharanaku, oka narsu oka nakilee roogi yokka note-takingnu "vraata pravartana" gaa label chesi, daanini pathologicalga pariganinchindi. schizophrenics nundi daani kaaranam yokka appati prabalamaina siddhaantaala dwara aasinchina vidhamgaa rogula saadhaarana jeevita charitralu aasupatri recordulalo tirigi roopondinchabaddaayi. eee prayogamlo sudopeshantlanu vidudala cheyadaaniki aasupatrini pondadam dwara sudopeshantlu swayamgaa aasupatri nundi bayataku ravalsi vachindi, ayithe sudopeshantlanu ennatikee swachchandamgaa vidudala cheyabomani spashtamainappudu atyavasara paristhitula kosam oka nyaayavaadini unchaaru. okasari pravesapetti, roganirdhaarana chesina tarvaata, sudopatients vaaru maanasikamgaa anaarogyamtho unnaarani manoroga vaidyulatoe angeekarinchi, anticycotic mandulu teesukovadam praarambhinchae varaku vaari vidudalanu pondalekapoyaru, vaatini vaaru toiletlo nimpaaru. sudopatients tama mandulanu marugudodlaloki jaaravidichestunnaarani yea sibbandi kooda nivedinchaledu. rosenhan mariyu itara sudopatients aasupatrilo unnappudu amaanaveekarana, gopyatapai teevramaina daadi mariyu visugu yokka adhika bhavanni nivedinchaaru. vaari aastulanu yaadrucchikamgaa sodhinchaaru, mariyu toiletnu upayogistunnappudu konnisaarlu vaatini gamaninchaaru. sibbandi manchi uddesyam unnatlu kanipinchinappatikii, vaaru saadhaaranamgaa rogulanu objective chesi, amanaveeyamgaa chesaarani, tarachugaa rogulu akkada laenatlugaa vaari samakshamlo sudeerghamgaa charchinchaarani, adhikaarika vidhulanu nirvartinchadaaniki khachitamgaa avasaramainavi tappa rogulatho pratyaksha paraspara charyanu nivaarinchaarani vaaru nivedinchaaru. itara sibbandi lenappudu kontamandi parichaarakulu rogulanu moukhikamgaa mariyu saareerakamgaa vedhinche avakaasam undedi. madhyahna bhojananiki araganta mundu phalahaarasaala velupala vechi unna rogula brundaanni oka vaidyudu thana vidyaarthulaku "noti-pariseelanaatmaka" manasika lakshanaalanu anubhavistunnatlu cheppadu. vaidyulatoe rojuku sagatuna 6.8 nimishalu sampradinchandi. unikilo laeni mosagadu prayogam. eee prayogam kosam, rosenhan oka prasiddha parisoedhana mariyu bodhanaa aasupatrini upayoginchaaru, dheeni sibbandi praathamika adhyayanam phalitaala gurinchi vinnaru, conny vaari samsthalo ilanti lopaalu cheyalemani paerkonnaaru. moodu nelala vyavadhilo, okati ledhaa anthakante ekkuva sudopeshantlu pravesam pondadaaniki prayatnistaarani, vachhe prati rogiki vaaru mosagadu anae sambhaavyatanu sibbandi anchanaa vestaarani rosenhan vaaritho erpaatu chesaaru. 193 mandhi rogulalo 41 mandhi mosagaallugaa pariganinchabaddaaru, maroe 42 mandhi anumaanitulugaa pariganinchabaddaaru. vaastavaaniki, rosenhan etuvanti sudopeshentlanu pampaledu; aasupatri sibbandi mosagaallugaa anumaaninchina rogulandaru saadhaarana rogulu. idhi "eee vidhamaina bhaarii lopalaku chaalaa sulabhamgaa runapadi unde edainaa roganirdhaarana prakriya chaalaa nammadaginadi kaadu" anae nirdhaaranaku daariteesindi." prabhavam. rosenhan thana parisoedhanalanu "sains" loe prachurinchaadu, dheenilo athanu manasika rooga nirdhaarana yokka viswasaneeyatanu mariyu adhyayanamlo sahacharulu anubhavinche roogi samrakshana yokka balaheenamaina mariyu avamaanakaramaina swabhaavaanni vimarsinchaadu. adanamgaa, athanu bbc thoo sahaa vividha rakaala vaartalalo thana panini vivarinchaaduh eee prayogam "manasika samsthalanu samskarinchadaaniki mariyu veelainanta ekkuva mandhi manasika rogulanu samsthaagatheekarinchadaaniki udyamaanni vegavantam chesindi" anie vaadinchabadindi. vimarsalanu. prachuranaku chaalaa mandhi prativaadulu manorogachikitsanu samarthinchaaru, manasika rooga nirdhaarana ekkuvagaa roogi vaari anubhavaala nivedikapai aadharapadi untundi kabatti, vaari unikini nakilee cheyadam itara vaidya lakshanaala gurinchi abaddham cheppadam kante manasika rooga nirdhaaranatoo samasyalanu pradarsinchadani vaadinchaaru. eee dhaatilo, manoroga vaidyudu robbert spitzer seemur ess nuu utamkimchaaru. rosenhan adhyayanam gurinchi 1975loe chesina vimarsalo catey neenu paavu vanthu raktam taagithe, neenu chesina panini dachipetti, raktam vaantulu avtunna edainaa aasupatri atyavasara gadiki vasthe, sibbandi pravartana chaalaa oohinchadaginadigaa untundi. vaaru nannu raktasraavam peptic alsar unnatlu label chesi, chikitsa chesthe, aaa paristhitini elaa nirdhaarinchaalo vaidya saastraaniki teliyadani neenu nammadagina vidhamgaa vaadinchagalanani neenu anumaanistunnaanu. oka roogi manasika anaaroogyam unnatlu natistunnadani manoroga vaidyulu bhaavinchaalani anukovalsina avasaram ledani, anduvalla adhyayanamlo vaastavikata ledani ketty vaadinchaaru. rosenhan dheenini "prayogaatmaka prabhavam" ledhaa "nireekshana pakshapaatam" anie pilicharu, idhi thana paddati loe samasya kakunda athanu velikiteesina samasyalanu suuchistumdi. nakilee aaropana. rosenhan paie 2019loe vacchina pustakam "dhi grate pretender" loe rachayita susanna kahlan rosenhan prayogam yokka nijayiti mariyu praamaanikatanu prasnistunnaaru. rosenhan thana maranam taruvaata vadilipettina patraalanu pariseelinchinappudu, "sains" vyaasamlo spashtamaina vakreekarananu kanugonnaduh asthiramaina dayta, tappudova pattinche vivaranalu mariyu manasika recordula nundi sarikani ledhaa kalpita ullekhanaalu. antekakunda, vistrutamaina shodhana unnappatikee, aame enimidi mandhi sudopeshentlalo iddarini matrame gurtinchagaligindih rosenhan swayamgaa, mariyu oka graduate vidyaarthi, athani sakshyam vyaasamlo rosenhan vivaranaku viruddhamgaa undani aaropinchabadindi. prayogaaniki sambandhinchi satyaanni itara margallo vangadaaniki rosenhan sumukhata chuupinatlugaa kanipinche nepathyamlo, maroe aruguru sudopeshentlalo kondaru ledhaa andaruu rosenhan chetha kanipettabadi undavachaa anie kahlan prasnistaadu. fibravari 2023loe, shaan diagoloni california vishwavidhyaalayaaniki chendina andrew scull, kahalan aaropanalaku maddatugaa peer-reviewed journal "history off saikiyatri" loe oka kathanaanni prachurinchindi. sambandhita prayogaalu. 1887loe american parisoedhaka paatrikeyudu nellie bly manasika anaaroogyam yokka lakshanaalanu chuupistuu verri aasrayamloki pravesam pondadaaniki mariyu daanilooni bhayankaramaina paristhitulapai nivedinchadaaniki natinchindi. phalitaalu "padhi rojulu picchi intlo" gaa prachurinchabaddaayi. 1968loe maris keey. temerlyn 25 mandhi manoroga vaidyulanu rendu samuhaluga vibhajinchi, saadhaarana manasika aarogyam yokka paatranu poeshistunna natudini vinamani vaariki cheppadu. oka samuuhaaniki aaa natudu "chaalaa aasaktikaramaina vyakti endukante athanu naralavyadhiga kanipinchaadu, conny vaastavaaniki chaalaa maanasikamgaa badhapadevadu" anie cheppaga, marokariki aemee cheppabadaledu. munupati samuuhamloo aravai saatam mandhi psychosisnu nirdhaarinchaaru, chaalaa tarachugaa schizophrenia, ayithe niyantrana samuuhamloo evaruu alaa cheyaledu. 1988loe, loaring mariyu pavel 290 mandhi manoroga vaidyulaku roogi interview yokka transcript icchaaru mariyu vaarilo sagam mandhi roogi nallaga mariyu migilina sagam tellagaa unnaarani chepparu; vaaru phalitaala gurinchi nirdhaarinchaaru, "vaidyulu nallajati khaataadaarulaku himsa, anumaanaaspadatvam mariyu pramaadakaramani aapaadinchinatlu kanipistaaru, ayinappatikee cases studies tella clientla cases studies maadirigaane untaayi." 2004loe, manastatvavetta lauren slatter thana pustakam "opening skinners baaks" kosam rosenhan maadirigaane oka prayogaanni nirvahinchinatlu paerkonnaaru. slatter taanu 9 manasika atyavasara gadullo shravana bhraantulatoe tananu taanu pradarsinchukunnaani, phalitamgaa manasika niraasatoe "daadaapu pratisaaree" nirdhaaranaku vacchaanani rasindi. ayithe, vaastavaaniki thana prayogaanni nirvahinchinanduku sakshyalanu andinchaalani savaalu chesinappudu, aame cheyalekapoyindi. slatter yokka paniki sambandhinchina teevramaina paddati mariyu itara aandolanalu adhe jarnallo journal nivedikaku pratispandanala varusaga kanipinchaayi. 2008loe, bbc yokka "horizone" sains programme "meeru entha picchivaallu?" anae paerutoe rendu bhagalalo idhe vidhamaina prayogaanni nirvahinchindi."anie paerkonnaaru. eee prayogamlo padhi subjectlu unnaayi, aidu gatamlo manasika aarogya paristhithulatho nirdhaarana cheyabaddaayi mariyu aidu atuvanti rooga nirdhaarana lekunda unnaayi. manasika aarogya nirdhaaranalalo mugguru nipunulu vaatini gamaninchaaru mariyu vaari savaalu emitante, manasika aarogya samasyalatho badhapaduthunna aidugurini vaari pravartana nundi matrame gurtinchadam, vishayaalatoe matladakunda ledhaa vaari charitrala gurinchi aemee nerchukokunda. nipunulu padhi mandhi rogulalo iddarini sarigga nirdhaarinchaaru, oka rogini tappugaa nirdhaarinchaaru mariyu iddaru aarogyakaramaina rogulanu manasika aarogya samasyalu unnatlu tappugaa gurtinchaaru. ayithe, ikkada jabita cheyabadina itara prayogaala maadirigaa kakunda, eee patrikeya abhyasam yokka lakshyam roganirdhaarana prakriyanu vimarsinchadam kaadu, conny maanasikamgaa anaarogyamtho unnavaari kalankaanni tagginchadam. manasika anaaroogyam yokka munupati rooga nirdhaarana unna vyaktulu vaari aarogya samasyalatho vaari pravartana nundi pariseelakulaku spashtamgaa kanipinchakundaa saadhaarana jeevitaalanu gadapagalarani vivarinchadam dheeni lakshyam.

rozinhan tajarbah rozinhan tajarbah yaa thadd tajarbah eek tajarbah thaa juu nafsiyati tashkhis kii sadaqat kaa tayeen karnay kay liye kiyaa gayaa thaa. sharkaa nay mukhtalif nafsiyati idaaron mein tashkhis kay liye khood kuu paish kiyaa aur qabool kiye jaanay kay liye waham kaa bahanah kiyaa leakin iss kay baad say mamul kay mutabiq kaam kiyaa. harr eek kuu nafsiyati awariz kii tashkhis hoyee aur inhein ainti cycotic dawayein dee gayein. yaha mutalah stenford university kay professor maahir nafsiyaat dude rozanhan nay kiyaa thaa aur 1973 mein jareede "science" nay "paagal jighon parr samajhdar honay parr" kay anwaan say shaye kiyaa thaa. asay nafsiyati tashkhis kii eek aham aur baasir tanqeed samjha jaataa hay aur iss nay ghalat ghair araadi azam kay mozua kuu paish kiyaa. rozanhan 8 deegar afraad (5 mard aur 3 khwatin) kay saath america kay maghrabi saahil say mutsil 5 riyasaton kay 12 spitalon mein daakhil hoay. sharkaa mein say teen kuu sarf mukhtasir madat kay liye daakhil kiyaa gayaa aur kaafi dastawezi tajarbaat haasil karnay kay liyay inhon nay izaafi idaaron mein dobarah darkhwast dee. farzi mareez tajarbah. rozanhan nay apnay mutalay kuu duu hasoon parr mushtamil qaraar diyaa. pehley hasay mein sehat mund saathiyon yaa "sedopatits" (teen khwatin aur chh mard jinn mein khood rozinhan bhee shaamil haine) kaa istemaal shaamil thaa jinhon nay riyasathaye muthadah kii paanch riyasaton kay 12 nafsiyati spitalon mein daakhlah haasil karnay kii koshish mein mukhtasir toor parr samaat kay waham kaa bahanah kiyaa. sabb kuu daakhil kiyaa gayaa aur inn mein nafsiyati awariz kii tashkhis hoyee. daakhil honay kay baad sedopatits nay mamul kay mutabiq kaam kiyaa aur amley kuu bataya kahh inhein abb kasee izaafi halosi neeshan kaa tajarbah nahein hawaa. inn kii rehayi kii sharat kay toor parr tamaam mareezon kuu zahni bemari kaa aiteraf karnay parr majbur kiyaa gayaa aur inhein ainti cycotic dawayein leenay parr raazi honaa padaa. mareezon nay hospital mein guzaray gayey ausat waqat 19 dunn thay. inn kii rehayi say pehley eek kay elawah sabb kuu "maafi mein" shizophrenia kii tashkhis hoyee. inn kay mutalay kay dosray hasay mein hospital intezamiya nay rozinhan kuu iss kii sahulat mein seudopatits bhejnay kay liye challenge kiyaa jiss kay amley nay zoor day kirr kahaa kahh wah seudopatits kaa patah laganay kay qaabil how jayein gay. rozanhan nay ittefaq kiyaa aur aglay hafton mein 193 mein say 41 nayey mareezon kii shanakhat mamkanah sedopatits kay toor parr kii gayee jinn mein say 19 kuu kumm az kumm eek maahir nafsiyaat aur eek dosray amley kay rakan say shabhaat kaa saamna karnaa padaa. rozanhan nay koyee farzi mareez hospital nahein bhejay. aar kay lecture kuu santay hoay. ddee. lung juu ainti cycotry tehreek say waabistah thay rozinhan nay iss tajarbay kuu nafsiyati tashkhis kii washosaniyata kii jaanch karnay kay eek tareeqe kay toor parr tasavur kiyaa. mutalah nay yaha natijah akhz kiyaa kahh "yaha waazah hay kahh humm nafsiyati spitalon mein samajhdar aur paagal mein farq nahein kirr saktay" aur nafsiyati idaaron mein ghair insani aur labling kay khatraat kii bhee wazahat kii. iss nay tajweez kiyaa kahh community mental health sahuliyaat kaa istemaal juu nafsiyati leebal kay bajaye makhsus masail aur tarz amal parr markoz hay eek hall how saktaa hay aur nafsiyati karkanon kuu inn kii sahuliyaat kii samaji nafsiyaat say ziyadah aagah karnay kay liye taleem kii sfarish kii. khood rozanhan aur saat zahni toor parr sehat mund saathiyon jinhein "seudopatits" kahaa jaataa hay nay mulaqat kaa mutalibah karkay aur suutee halosi neeshan kaa dikhawa kartay hoay nafsiyati spitalon mein daakhil honay kii koshish kii. hospital kay amley kuu iss tajarbay say aagah nahein kiyaa gayaa. farzi mareezon mein bees kii dahayi mein nafsiyaat kaa graduate taalib alam teen maahir nafsiyaat eek maahir amraz atfaal eek maahir nafsiyaat eek penter aur eek gharilo khaatun shaamil thein. kasee kii bhee zahni bemari kii tareekh nahein thee. farzi mareezon nay farzi naam istemaal kiyay aur juu loag zahni sehat kay shobay mein kaam kartay thay inhein kasee bhee khaas alaaj yaa jaanch padtaal say bachnay kay liye mukhtalif shobay mein jhuti mulazimatein dee jaati thein. jhootay naam aur mulazimat kii tafsilaat deenay kay alawah mazeed sawanhi tafsilaat sachayi say report kii gayein. apnee ibtadayi nafsiyati tashkhis kay doraan farzi mareezon nay mareez kii tarah eek hyee jans kii aawazein sunnay kaa daawi kiyaa juu aksar ghair waazah thein leakin juu alfaz "khaali"yee "khokhla"yee yaa "thadd"yee aur kachh nahein bolti thein. inn alfaz kaa intekhaab iss liye kiyaa gayaa thaa keunkah wah mubham toor parr kasee qasm kay wajood kay behraan kii tajweez kartay haine aur inn kaa hawalah deetay hoay kasee shaye shadah adab kii kamee kii wajah say nafsiyati elamaat kay toor parr. koyee dosri nafsiyati elamaat kaa daawi nahein kiyaa gayaa. agar daakhil kiyaa jaataa hay tuu farzi mareezon kuu "aam toor parr kaam karnay" kii hidayat dee jaati thee yaha batatay hoay kahh wah theek mahsus kartay haine aur abb inhein aawazein nahein sanayi deeti haine. tajarbay kay baad haasil honay waalay hospital kay record say patah chalta hay kahh tamaam farzi mareezon kuu amley kay zariah dostana aur taawan parr mubni qaraar diyaa gayaa thaa. inn sabb kuu riyasat haaye muthadah america kay 12 nafsiyati spitalon mein daakhil kiyaa gayaa jinn mein deehi elaqon mein kumm aur kumm maali aanat waalay sarkaari aspatal behtareen shahrat kay saath shehri university kay zeer intezam hospital aur eek mahunga najee hospital shaamil haine. agarcha eek jaisi elamaat kay saath paish kiyaa gayaa saat kuu sarkaari spitalon mein shizophrenia kii tashkhis hoyee aur eek kuu najee aspataal mein behatar tabee nataij kay saath ziyadah parr ameed tashkhis menk depression cycosis kay saath. inn kaa qayaam 7 say 52 dunn takk thaa aur ausat 19 dunn thaa. eek kay elawah sabb kuu "maafi mein" shizophrenia kii tashkhis kay saath faarig kiyaa gayaa jasay rozanhan nay iss baath kaa sabut samjha kahh zahni bemari kuu eek naqabil wapsi haalat kay toor parr samjha jaataa hay juu qaabil alaaj bemari kay bajaye zindagi bhar badnuma daagh paida karti hay. amley aur deegar mareezon kay royay parr muslisil aur khalay aam nott leenay kay bawajood hospital kay amley nay kasee bhee farzi mareez kii shanakhat jaalsaz kay toor parr nahein kii halankah behat say dosray nafsiyati mareez inhein jaalsaz kay toor parr darsat tareeqe say shanakhat karnay mein kamiyab nazar aatay thay. pehley teen hospitalon mein daakhil honay mein kill 118 mareezon mein say 35 nay shabah zahir kiyaa kahh farzi mareez samajhdar thay kachh nay bataya kahh mareez hospital kii tehqiqat karnay waalay mohqaqeen yaa sahafi thay. hospital kay noton say patah chalta hay kahh amley nay ziyadah tarr farzi mareezon kay royay kii tashrih zahni bemari kay lahaaz say kii hay. misaal kay toor parr eek nars nay eek farzi mareez kay nott leenay kuu "tehriri royay" kay toor parr leebal kiyaa aur asay pathological samjha. mareezon kii aam sawanah umri kuu hospital kay record mein iss kii wajah kay iss waqat kay ghalib nazaryaat kay zariah shizophranks say juu toqaa kii jaati thee iss kay mutabiq dobarah tartib diyaa gayaa. iss tajarbay kay liye farzi mareezon kuu hospital say faarig kirr kay khood hospital say baahir nikalnay kii zarurat thee halankah eek wakeel kuu hungami halaat kay liye kaal parr rakhaa gayaa thaa jabb yaha waazah how gayaa kahh farzi mareezon kuu kabhi bhee razakarana toor parr mukhtasir notes parr rehaa nahein kiyaa jaaye gaa. eek baar daakhil honay aur tashkhis honay kay baad farzi mareez iss waqat takk apnee rehayi haasil karnay kay qaabil nahein thay jabb takk kahh wah maahir nafsiyaat say mutafiq naha how gayey kahh wah zahni toor parr beemaar haine aur inty cycotic dawayein leena sharoo kirr dain jasay inhon nay beeth alkhala mein phaink diyaa. kasee bhee amley kay rakan nay atlaa nahein dee kahh seudopatient beeth alkhala say apnee dawayein neechey phaink rahay thay. rozanhan aur deegar farzi mareezon nay hospital mein daakhil honay kay doraan ghair insani honay razdari parr shadeed hamlay aur boriyat kay zabardast ahsaas kii atlaa dee. inn kay maal kii bay tartib talashi lee gayee aur baaz auqaat beeth alkhala istemaal kartay waqat inn kaa mashahidah kiyaa gayaa. inhon nay bataya kahh agarcha emlah maanee khaiz lagtaa hay leakin wah aam toor parr mareezon kuu aiteraz aur ghair insani banatay haine aksar mareezon kii maujudgi mein inn kii maujudgi mein iss tarah baath cheet kartay haine jeesay wah wahaan mojud naha hoan aur mareezon kay saath braah raast baath cheet say greez kartay haine sawaye iss kay kahh sarkaari faraiz anjaam deenay kay liye sakhti say zaruri how. kachh hazireen mareezon kay zabani aur jasmani istehsaal kaa shikaar thay jabb kahh deegar emlah mojud nahein thaa. dopahar kay khaaney say aadhay ghantay pehley kaifay terria kay baahir intezar karnay waalay mareezon kay eek grop kuu eek doctor nay apnay talbaa say kahaa kahh wah "zabani-parkashish" nafsiyati elamaat kaa tajarbah kirr rahay haine. rozanah austa 6.8 mint takk doctoron say raabtah kiyaa jaataa. ghair mojud jaalsazi kaa tajarbah. iss tajarbay kay liyay rozanhan nay eek maruf recerch aind teaching hospital kaa istemaal kiyaa jiss kay amley nay ibtadayi mutalah kay nataij kay baaray mein sunaa thaa leakin daawi kiyaa thaa kahh inn kay idaarey mein aisi ghaltiyan nahein kii jaa sakti thein. rozanhan nay inn kay saath yaha intezam kiyaa kahh teen maah kii madat kay doraan eek yaa eek say ziyadah sedopatits daakhil honay kii koshish karein gay aur emlah aaney waalay harr mareez kii darjah bundi karay gaa kahh wah eek jaalsaz thay. 193 mareezon mein say 41 kuu dhokah dahee karnay waala samjha gayaa aur mazeed 42 kuu mushtabah samjha gayaa. haqeeqat mein rozinhan nay koyee farzi mareez nahein bhejay thay. hospital kay amley kii taraf say dhokah dahee kay shabah mein tamaam mareez aam mareez thay. iss say yaha natijah akhz hawaa kahh "koyee bhee tashkhisi amal juu iss qasm kii bury ghaltiyon kay liye behat aasani say khood kuu paish kartaa hay wah behat qaabil aetemad nahein how saktaa." asar. rozanhan nay apnay nataij "science" mein shaye kiyay jiss mein inhon nay nafsiyati tashkhis kii washosaniyata aur mutalah mein saathiyon kay zariah tajarbah kardah mareez kii deekh bhaal kii ghair mustahkam aur toheen aamiz noiyat parr tanqeed kii. iss kay alawah inhon nay apnay kaam kuu mukhtalif khabron mein biyaan kiyaa bashmol bee bee see: iss tajarbay kay baaray mein istedlal kiyaa jaataa hay kahh "zahni idaaron mein aslahaat aur ziyadah say ziyadah zahni mareezon kuu ghair idaarah jaati bananay kii tehreek kuu teez kiyaa gayaa hay". tanqeed. ashaat kay behat say jawaab dehandgan nay nafsiyati alaaj kaa dafaa kartay hoay istedlal kiyaa kahh chonkah nafsiyati tashkhis ziyadah tarr mareez kay apnay tajarbaat kii report parr munhasir hay iss liye inn kii maujudgi kuu jaali banana deegar tabee elamaat kay baaray mein jhoot bolnay kay bajaye nafsiyati tashkhis kay masail kaa mazahirah nahein kartaa hay. iss rugg mein maahir nafsiyaat raabart spitzer nay simor aiss kaa hawalah diyaa. 1975 mein rozinhan kay mutalay parr keaty kii tanqeed: agar mein eek chothayi khoon peeta aur juu mein nay kiyaa thaa asay chhapatay huay khoon kii alty waalay kasee bhee hospital kay hungami kamray mein aataa tuu amley kaa royah kaafi paish goyee kay qaabil hotaa. agar inhon nay majhay khoon behnay waalay peptik alsar kay toor parr leebal kiyaa aur alaaj kiyaa tuu majhay shakk hay kahh mein iss baath parr qayel how saktaa hoan kahh tabee science iss haalat kii tashkhis nahein karti hay. keaty nay yaha bhee istedlal kiyaa kahh maahir nafsiyaat say yaha toqaa nahein kii jaanee chahiye kahh wah yaha farz karein kahh koyee mareez zahni bemari kaa bahanah kirr rehaa hay iss tarah iss mutalay mein haqeeqat pasandi kaa faqdan hay. rozanhan nay asay "tajarbati asar" yaa "toqaa kaa taasib" kahaa juu inn masail kii nishandahi kartaa hay juu inhon nay apnay tariqah kaar mein eek masilah kay bajaye bay nqab kiye thay. dhokah dahee kaa alzaam. rozinhan parr 2019 kii kitaab "dee great pretender" mein masnaf sosana kihaan nay rozinhan tajarbay kii sadaqat aur sadaqat parr sawaal uthaya hay. rozinhan kii moth kay baad chhodi gayee dastawezaat kii jaanch kartay huay kelaan kuu "science" mazmun mein waazah maskh milta hay: mutzad dditaa gumrah kunn wazahatein aur nafsiyati record say ghalat yaa minn ghadat hawalah jaat. iss kay alawah eek wasee talaash kay bawajood wah aath mein say sarf duu farzi mareezon kii shanakhat karnay mein kamiyab hay: khood rozanhan aur eek graduate taalib alam jiss kii gawahi mazmun mein rozanhan kii tafsil say mubinah toor parr mutzad hay. tajarbay kay hawalay say dosray tareeqon say sachayi kuu modnay kay liye rozanhan kii bazahir aamadgi kii roshni mein kelaan sawaal kartaa hay kahh kiyaa chh deegar farzi mareezon mein say kachh yaa sabhi kuu sarf rozanhan nay aijaad kiyaa hoga. faroori 2023 mein saan diyago mein california university kay andrev sakal nay kelaan kay alzamaat kii himayat mein humm martabah jaizah leenay waalay jareede "histry aaf cycotry" mein eek mazmun shaye kiyaa. mutaliqah tajarbaat. 1887 mein americi taftishi sahafi neeli bully nay eek paagal panah gaah mein daakhlah leenay aur iss kay khufnaak halaat kay baaray mein report karnay kay liye zahni bemari kii elamaat kaa dikhawa kiyaa. nataij "eek paagal gahar mein duss dunn" kay toor parr shaye kiye gayey thay. 1968 mein maarees kay. temerlan nay 25 maahir nafsiyaat kuu duu gropon mein taqsim kiyaa aur inhein eek adakaar kii baath sanayi juu mamul kii zahni sehat kaa kirdaar adaa kirr rehaa thaa. eek grop kuu bataya gayaa kahh adakaar "eek behat hyee dilchasp aadmi thaa keunkah wah aisaabi lugg rehaa thaa leakin haqeeqat mein kaafi nafsiyati thaa" jabkah dosray kuu kachh nahein bataya gayaa. saabiq grop kay saath faisad afraad nay nafsiyati amraz kii tashkhis kii aksar shizophrenia jabkah kasee bhee control grop nay aisa nahein kiyaa. 1988 mein loring aur pawal nay 290 maahir nafsiyaat kuu eek mareez kay intervieve kaa nql diyaa aur inn mein say nasf kuu bataya kahh mareez seeyah faam thaa aur baaqi aadha safed thaa. inhon nay nataij kay baaray mein yaha natijah akhz kiyaa kahh "mualjin seeyah faam moaklon kuu tashdad mashkok aur khatarnaak qaraar deetay dikhayi deetay haine halankah kees study safed faam moaklon kay kees studies kii tarah hyee haine." 2004 mein maahir nafsiyaat lauran slater nay daawi kiyaa kahh inhon nay apnee kitaab "opening sikners baaks" kay liye rozinhan say behat milta jaltaa tajarbah kiyaa hay. slater nay likhaa kahh iss nay khood kuu 9 nafsiyati hungami kamaron mein samaat kay waham kay saath paish kiyaa thaa jiss kay natijay mein "taqriba harr baar" nafsiyati afsardagi kii tashkhis hoyee thee. tahim jabb asay challenge kiyaa gayaa kahh wah asl mein apnaa tajarbah karnay kaa sabut farahim karay tuu wah nahein kirr skee. slater kay kaam say mutaliq sangeen tariqah kaar aur deegar khadshaat asee jareede mein eek jareede kii report kay jawabat kay silsilay kay toor parr zahir hoay. 2008 mein bee bee see kay "horizon" science prograam nay duu aqsaat parr asee tarah kaa tajarbah kiyaa jiss kaa anwaan thaa "aap katnay paagal haine?". iss tajarbay mein duss mazamin shaamil thay jinn mein say paanch mein pehley say tashkhis shadah zahni sehat kay halaat thay aur paanch mein aisi koyee tashkhis nahein thee. zahni sehat kii tashkhis kay teen mahireen nay inn kaa mashahidah kiyaa aur inn kaa challenge yaha thaa kahh inn paanchon kii shanakhat sarf inn kay royay say kii jaaye baghair mazamin say baath kiye yaa inn kii tareekh say kachh seekhay. mahireen nay duss mein say duu mareezon kii darsat tashkhis kii eek mareez kii ghalat tashkhis kii aur duu sehat mund mareezon kii ghalat shanakhat zahni sehat kay masail kay toor parr kii. tahim yahaan darj deegar tajarbaat kay barakas iss sahafat kii mashq kaa maqsad tashkhisi amal parr tanqeed karnaa nahein thaa balkah zahni toor parr beemaar afraad kii badnami kuu kumm karnaa thaa. iss kaa maqsad yaha batana thaa kahh zahni bemari kii sabqah tashkhis waalay loag apnay sehat kay masail kay saath aam zindagi guzaar saktay haine juu mubsareen kuu inn kay royay say waazah nahein haine.

fffe5fc08e410811b0fea00d31a677dc24b0fbc1e81c8dfcaf2e68c012bde457

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30779462

The Lost Planet (novel)

The Lost Planet (novel) 1953 novel by Angus MacVicar The Lost Planet is a 1953 juvenile science fiction novel by Angus MacVicar, published by Burke, London. It is the first of the popular novel series The Lost Planet, which was adapted for radio (1952 Childrens Hour, BBC Home Service) and later on television There are six novels in the main series: "The Lost Planet" (1953), "Return to the Lost Planet" (1954), "Secret of the Lost Planet" (1955), "Red Fire on the Lost Planet" (1959), "Peril on the Lost Planet" (1960) and "Space Agent from the Lost Planet". Two further books continue the adventures of the Space Agent: "Space Agent and the Isles of Fire" (1962), and "Space Agent and the Ancient Peril" (1964). It was the first science fiction series ever translated to Hebrew and had considerable impact on the development of this genre in Israel. Plot summary. The narrator, 16-year-old Jeremy Grant, who has been recently orphaned, travels from Australia to Scotland to stay with his scientist uncle, Dr Lachlan McKinnon, at his estate, Inverard. He discovers that the irascible McKinnon and his colleagues, including Swedish Professor Lars Bergman, American engineer Spike Stranahan, science student Janet Campbell, Cockney housekeeper Madge Smith and engineer Kurt Oppenheim, are building an atomic-powered spaceship to travel to Hesikos, the wandering 'lost planet' which is now within a few days' flight of Earth, and which is known to have near-Earth gravity and a breathable atmosphere. It transpires that Oppenheim is a spy and saboteur working for a rival expedition, led by Professor Hermanoff, from an Eastern European country. Oppenheim is dismissed, and later Hermanoff visits Inverard to try to persuade the two expeditions to join forces, but there is too much suspicion and animosity. Oppenheim's place is taken by Grant. Their take-off and voyage are trouble-free, but a mechanical fault causes a crash-landing on Hesikos, damaging the radio, and making it almost certain that the ship cannot take off again. Nevertheless, the crew start to explore the area, finding an atmosphere of peace which calms their anxieties and tempers. They gradually realise that much of the planet is covered by deep snow and ice in the winter, making all but plant life impossible and their own survival unlikely. On one trip they encounter Hermanoff and his assistant, Andrieff, whose spaceship has landed a few miles away. Hermanoff's personality has also mellowed, and he immediately offers to take McKinnon and his colleagues back to Earth before the imminent onset of winter. McKinnon is worried about overloading the spaceship, and at the last minute, unbeknown to the rest, he leaves the ship to return to his own, hoping to survive the cold until a relief expedition can be organised. Safely back on Earth, Grant and Campbell pick up a Morse code radio message from Hesikos confirming that McKinnon is alive. Within a few days Hermanoff and Stranahan have taken off to rescue him. The sequel "Return to the Lost Planet" continues from this point.

heruwa groho (uponyax) dyo lo 'sto planet hoise 1953 sonot londonor barker dwara prokaxito engas macviceror ekhon kixur bigyan kolpokahinimulok uponyax. eitu jonopriyo uponyax dharabahik dyo lo 'sto planetor bhitorot prothomtu, jaak readyo' (1952 sonor xixur ghonta, bibisi hoom charbhis) aaru pisot televisionot obhijujit koraa hoisil. mool dharabahiktut soikhon uponyax aaseh "dyo lo 'sto planet" (1953), "return tu dyo lo' sto planet" (1954), "sirekot owo dyo lo 'sto planet" (1955), "redd fayar ono dyo lo' sto planet" (1959), "bipodaxongka ono dyo lo 'sto planet" (1960) aaru "space agent for dyo lo' sto planet". aan dukhon gronthot mohakax agentor duxahxik obhijan obyahot aaseh "mohakax agent aaru dyo eyelands owo fayar" (1962), aaru "mohakax agent aaru prasin bipod" (1964). eitu hebruloi onubad koraa prothom bigyan kolpokahini sringkhola aasil aaru ijorailot ei dharar bikaxot jothesto probhab pelaisil. plotor xarangxo. bornonakari, 16 bosoriya jeremi grant, ji xehotiyakoi onath hoi porise, teu australier poraa scotlandoloi teur bigyani khurak daah laslan mckinnor xoite teur istet, inveradot thakiboloi yaay. teu abiskar kore je odomyo mckinnon aaru teur xohokormixokol, jaar bhitorot aase suidix odhyapok lars bergman, aamerikan enginier spike strainahan, bigyanor saatro jenet campbell, kokoni housekeeper mej smith aaru enginier cart oppenheim, teuluke hesikucholoi bhromon koriboloi etaa parmanobik xokti salit mohakax zaan nirman kori aase, ji etiya prithibir poraa keidinmanor bhitorote uri ohaa 'hest granet', aaru zo 'too prithibir usoror madhyakorxon aaru swax-proswaxor bayumondol aase buli jonaa yaay. eitu sposto je oh 'penheim hoise pubo europor ekhon dexor odhyapok hermanfor netritwot ek protidondi obhijanor baabe kaam koraa ejon guptosor aaru dhongxatmok. oh 'penheimok borkhasto koraa hoy, aaru pisot hermanoffe duyuta obhijanok bahineet jugdan koriboloi preron koriboloi inverardoloi yaay, kintu iyat bohut besi xondeh aaru xotruta aase. oh 'penheimor sthan grantor dwara luwa hoy. teulukor tek-off aaru jatra xomosya-mukto, kintu jantrik trutiye hesikuchot cress-lending kore, readyo 'tur khyoti kore, aaru jahajkhone punor uribo nuware buli pray nischito kore. tothapiu, nabikxokole oncholtu onwexon koriboloi aarombho kore, ek xantir poriwex bisari paay jiye teulukor udweg aaru uttejona xanto kore. teuluke laahe laahe upolobdhi kore je xitkalot grohotur besibhag ongxo gobhir borof aaru borofere abrito hoi thaake, jaar folot udbhidor baahire xokolu jiwan oxombhob hoi pore aaru teulukor nijor jiyai thokar xombhawona komm. etaa bhromonot teuluke hermanf aaru teur xohokari andrifor mukhamukhi hoy, jaar mohakaxjan kei mileman durot owotoron korise. hermanfor byoktitwou xanto hoise, aaru teu totkhyonat xitkal aarombho huwar purbe mackinon aaru teur xohokormixokolok prithibiloi ghurai loi juwar prostab diye. mckinnon mohakaxjankhon otiriktobhabe lo 'dodd korar baabe sintit, aaru xex muhurtot, bakiburor ojante, teu jahajkhon eri nijor usoroloi ubhoti yaay, etaa xahajyo obhijanor aayujon nokoraloike thandar poraa jiyai thakiboloi aaxa kore. xurokhyitobhabe prithibiloi ubhoti ohaar pisot, onudan aaru campbelor dwara hesikuchor poraa etaa morcho koo 'dodd readyo' barta luwa hoy ji nischito kore je mackinon jiyai aase. keidinmanor bhitorote hermanof aaru stranahane teuk uddhar koriboloi ulaise. heruwa groholoi ghuri ohaa" ror uttorangxotu ei porzayor porai obyahot aase.

hariye yawa groho (uponyas) dya lost planette 1953 saale angus mcquicker lekha ekti kishore bigyan kalpakahini uponyas, jaa bark, london dwara prokashito. etty janapriya uponyas sirij dya lost planette-err modhye prothom, jaa redio (1952 shishu ghanta, bbc home service) ebong porey televisione abhijojito hoyechilo. mool sirije chhoyti uponyas royeche "dya lost planette" (1953), "return too dya lost planette" (1954), "secret off dya lost planette" (1955), "reeda fayara ono dya lost planette" (1959), "peril ono dya lost planette" (1960) ebong "space agent from dya lost planette". arow duti boi space agenter adventure chaliye yaayah "space agent anned dya iles off fayara" (1962), ebong "space agent anned dya encient peril" (1964). etty chhilo prothom bigyan kalpakahini sirij jaa hibru bhasay anubad koraa hoyechilo ebong israele eyi gharanar bikashe jotheshto prabhab felechilo. plot sarsongkhep. bornonakari, 16 bochor vayasi jermi granta, jini samprati anath hoyechen, taar bigyani caca daah latchlan mckinner saathe taar esteta, inverarde thucker jonno australia theke scotlande bhromon corren. tini abishkar corren jey, suidish adhyapak lears bergman, american engineer spike stranahan, bigyaner chhatro janette campbell, cockney housekeeper myaja smith ebong engineer curt oppenheim soho adamya mackinon ebong taar sahakarmira hessicos bhromoner jonno ekti paromanobik-chaalito mahakashjan toiri korchen, jaa ekhon prithibir koyek diner modhye 'hariye yawa groho' ebong jaar prithibir madhyakarshan ebong shwas-proshashjoggo bayumandal royeche boley jaanaa yaay. etaa promanito hoy jey, openheim ekjon guptachar ebong dhongshokari, jini purbo europea desher adhyapak hermanfer netritte ekti protidwondi abhijaner jonno kaaj korchen. openheim borkhasto hohn ebong porey hermanoff inverarder kachhe giye duti abhijanke bahinite jog deoar jonno prorochito korar chesta corren, tobey etey onek beshi sandeha ebong shatruta royeche. openheimer sthan onudaner madhyome neoa hoy. taader uddayan ebong jatra jhamela-mukto, tobey ekti jantrik trutir karone hesicoser upor crash-landing hoy, radior khoti hoy ebong etty pray nischito korey jey jahajti abar uddayan korte parbe naa. taa sotteo, nabikra elakati anweshan korte shuru korey, shantir poribesh khunje paay jaa taader udweg ebong mejazke shanto korey. taaraa dheere dheere bujhte paare jey shitkale groher beshirbhag ongsho govir tushar ebong borofe ddhaka thaake, jaar foley udbhid chhada bucky samasta jeebon asambhab hoye porey ebong taader benche thucker sombhabona qama. eka bhromone taaraa hermanf ebong taar sahokari andrifer mukhomukhi hoy, jaar mahakashjan koyek myle doore abataran koreche. hermanfer byaktittao komey geche ebong tini abilambe sheeter asonno suchonar agey mackinon ebong taar sahokarmider prithibite firiye niye yawar prostab deena. mackinon mahakashjanti atirikto laude korar bishoye chintito, ebong shesh muhurte, bakider ajante, seey ekti trano abhijaner ayojan naa haoya porjonto thhanda theke benche thucker ashay jahajti chhede taar nijer kachhe firey yaay. nirapode prithibite firey asun, anudan deane ebong campbell hesicoser kachh theke ekti morse code redio barta tuley neen jaa nischito korey jey mackinon benche achhe. koyek diner modhyei taake uddhar korte hermanoff ebong stranahan raona hoyeche. sequel "hariye yawa grohe firey assa" eyi bindu theke cholte thaake.

khovaayelo grah (navalkathaa) dhaa looast planet aee aee angus mekveekarni kishore vigyaan saahitya navalkathaa chhe, jeey barqa, london dwara prakashit karvaamaa aavee chhe. teey lokpreey navalkathaa shrenee dhaa looast planetnee pratham shrenee chhe, jeey rediyo (1952 childrance avar, bbc hooma service) aneey pachhithi television parr rupantarit karvaamaa aavee hatee. mukhya shreneema chh navalkathaao chheh "dhaa looast planet" (1953), "return too dhaa looast planet" (1954), "secret off dhaa looast planet" (1955), "reeda fayara ona dhaa looast planet" (1959), "peril ona dhaa looast planet" (1960) aneey "spaces agent phroma dhaa looast planet". beey vadhu pustako avkaash agentnaa saahasone chaalu raakhe chheh "avkaash agent aneey agneena taapuo" (1962), aneey "antariksh agent aneey praachin jokham" (1964). teey pratham vigyaan kathaa shrenee hatee jeno hibrumaa anuvaad thayo hato aneey israelma aaa shaileena vikaas parr tenee nondhpaatra assar puddy hatee. plooat saransh. 16 varsheey jeremi grant, jeey taajetarma anath thaee gayo chhe, teey tenaa vaignanik kaaka, doow. lechlan mckinnon saathe tenee estate, inverardma rahevaa maate australiathi scotland jaay chhe. tene khabar padey chhe keey swedish prophesara lars bergman, american angineer spike stranahan, vignanna vidhyarthi genet campbell, koknee housekeeper mej smith aneey angineer curt oppenham saheet atisamvedansheel mckinnon aneey tenaa sathidaro, hesikosnee musafari karvaa maate anoo sanchaalit avkashayannu nirmaan curry rahyaa chhe, jeey bhatakto 'khovaayelo grah' chhe jeey havey pruthvini udaannaa thodaa divasomaa chhe, aneey jeey pruthvini najik gurutvakarshan aneey shvaas levaa yogya vatavaran maate jaanitu chhe. aevu janaay chhe keey oppenham aek jasus aneey vidhvansak chhe, jeey purveey european deshnaa prophesara hermanoffney aagevani hethalnaa harif abhiyaan maate kaama karey chhe. openhamne bartaraf karvaamaa aave chhe, aneey pachhithi hermanoff beey abhiyaanone dalomaa jodava maate samjaavvaano prayaas karvaa maate inverardnee mulakat leey chhe, parantu temaa ghanee shankaa aneey dushmanavat chhe. openhamnu sthaan anudaan dwara levaamaa aave chhe. temnee teqa-off aneey suffer mushkeli mukt hoya chhe, parantu yaantrik khaamee hesicos parr crash-landingnu kaaran baney chhe, rediyone nuksan pahonchaade chhe, aneey teey lagbhag chokkas banaave chhe keey jahaaj fareethi teqa-off curry shakshe nahee. tema chhataa, cru aaa vistaarni shodhkhol karvaanu sharoo karey chhe, shaantinu vatavaran shodhe chhe jeey temnee chintaao aneey gussane shaant karey chhe. teo dheeme dheeme anoobhave chhe keey grahano motaabhaagno bhaag shiyaalaamaa undaa baraf aneey barafthi dhankayelo hoya chhe, jenaathi vanaspati jeevan ashaky baney chhe aneey temnu potaanu astitva asambhav baney chhe. aek safarma teo hermanoff aneey tenaa sahayak, andriffano saamno karey chhe, jenu avkashayan thodaa mile door utaryu chhe. hermanoffnu vyaktitva pann hadvu thaee gayoo chhe, aneey teey tarat jaj shiyaalaani nikatvarti sharuaat pahelaa mckinnon aneey tenaa saathione pruthvi parr paachha laee javaani rajuaat karey chhe. mckinnon avkashayanne vadhu padatu looad karvaa ange chintit chhe, aneey chhelli ghadiae, baakinaa lokothee ajaan, teey raahat abhiyaannu aayojan naa thaay tyaan sudhee thandima tucky rahevani aashaa rakheene potaana vatan parat javaa maate jahaaj chhodi deey chhe. suraksheet reete pruthvi parr paachha aavo, anudaan aapo aneey campbell hesicos tarafthi morse qoda rediyo sandesho upaado jeey pushti karey chhe keey mckinnon jivant chhe. thodaa divasomaa jaj hermanoff aneey stranahan tene bachavva maate ravaana thaee gayaa chhe. sikwal "khovaayela grah parr paachha pharo" aaa binduthi chaalu rahe chhe.

khoya huaa grah (upanyaas) dha lost planet 1953 mein angus mcweaker dwara likhit ack kishore vigyaan kathaa upanyaas haye, jise barke, landan dwara prakaashit kiya gayaa haye. yeh lokpriya upanyaas shrinkhala dha lost planet kii pahali shrinkhala haye, jise radio (1952 bachchon kaa ghanta, bbc home service) aur baad mein television parr anukoolit kiya gayaa thaa. mukhya shrinkhala mein chhah upanyaas hainh "khoya huaa grah" (1953), "khoye hue grah parr vaapsee" (1954), "khoye hue grah kaa rahasya" (1955), "khoye hue grah parr laal aag" (1959), "khoye hue grah parr khatra" (1960) aur "khoye hue grah seey antariksh agent". dou aur pustaken antariksh agent key romanch koo jaari rakhti hainh "antariksh agent aur aag key dweep" (1962), aur "antariksh agent aur pracheen sankat" (1964). yeh pahali vigyaan kathaa shrinkhala thee jiska anuvaad hibru mein kiya gayaa thaa aur israel mein iss shally key vikas parr iska kaafee prabhaav padaa thaa. kathaanak kaa saransh. kathakar, 16 varsheeya jermi grant, joe haal hii mein anath hoe gayaa haye, apane vaigyaanik chaacha, dow. lachlan mackinnon key saath apani sampatti, inverred mein rahane key liye australia seey scotland kii yatra kartaa haye. unhein pataa chalata haye kii swedish professor lars bergman, americi engineer spike stranhan, vigyaan chhaatr genet campbelle, cockony housekeeper maid smith aur engineer curt openheim sahit durbhavanapurna mackinnon aur unake sahayogi, hesicos kii yatra key liye ack paramanu-sanchaalit antariksh yaan kaa nirmaan curr rahey hain, joe kii bhatakata huaa 'khoya huaa grah' haye joe abb prithvi kii udaan key kuchh dinon key bheetar haye, aur joe prithvi key nikat gurutvaakarshan aur saans lene yogya vatavaran key liye jaanaa jaataa haye. yeh spasht hotaa haye kii openheim ack purvi europeeya desh seey professor hermnoff key netritva mein ack pratidvandi abhiyaan key liye kaam karane vaalaa ack jasus aur vidhvansak haye. openheim koo barkhast curr diyaa jaataa haye, aur baad mein dou abhiyaanon koo senaa mein shamil honey key liye manaane kii koshish karane key liye unakaa daura inverred parr hotaa haye, lekin isamen bahut adhik sandeh aur dushmani hoti haye. openheim kaa sthaan anudan dwara liya jaataa haye. unaki udaan aur yatra pareshani mukt hoti haye, lekin ack yaantrik kharabi seey hesicos parr crashes-landing hoti haye, jisase radio koo nuksan hotaa haye, aur yeh lagbhag nishchit hoe jaataa haye kii jahaaj phir seey udaan naheen bhar sakata haye. phir bhee, chaalak dall kshetra kaa pataa lagaana shuru curr detaa haye, shaanti kaa vatavaran dhoondhata haye joe unaki chintaon aur gusse koo shaant kartaa haye. way dheere-dheere mahsoos karate hain kii sardiyon mein grah kaa adhikansh hissa gahari burf aur burf seey dhakaa hotaa haye, jisase paudhon key alawa sabhi jeevan asambhav hoe jaate hain aur unake apane astitva kii sambhavana cumm hoe jaati haye. ack yatra mein unakaa saamana hermanoff aur usake sahayak, andrief seey hotaa haye, jiska antariksh yaan kuchh meal door utaraa haye. hermnoff kaa vyaktitva bhee shaant hoe gayaa haye, aur vaha turant sardiyon kii aasann shuruat seey pahale mackinnon aur unake sahyogiyon koo prithvi parr vaapas leey jaane kii peshkash kartaa haye. mackinnon antariksh yaan koo adhik bhaarit karane key baare mein chintit haye, aur antim samay mein, baaki logon key binaa, vaha jahaaj koo apane ghar lautane key liye chhod detaa haye, iss ummeed mein kii jaba taka ack raahat abhiyaan aayojit naheen kiya jaa sakata haye, taba taka vaha thhand seey butch jaayega. surakshit roop seey prithvi parr vaapas, anudan dein aur campbelle seey hesicos seey ack morse code radio sandesh lein joe pushti kartaa haye kii mackinnon jeevit haye. kuchh dinon key bheetar hii usey bachaane key liye hermanoff aur stranahan ravaana hoe gaye. khoye hue grah parr vaapsee" kii agali kadee iss bindu seey jaari haye.

kaleduhoda graha (kadambari) dhii laust planet embudu london burk prakatisida angus mcvicar avara 1953rahra balaparadhi vaignaanika kaalpanika kaadambariyaagide. idu janapriya kadambari sarani dhii laust planetnalli modalaneyadaagide, idannu radeo (1952 makkala gante, bbc home service) mattu nantara duradarshanadalli alavadisalaayitu. mukhya saranialli aaru kaadambarigaliveh "dhii laust planet" (1953), "return tuu dhii laust planet" (1954), "secret off dhii laust planet" (1955), "redd fire aun dhii laust planet" (1959), "upper aun dhii laust planet" (1960) mattu "space agent frum dhii laust planet". innoo eradu pustakagalu bahyakasha agentna saahasagalannu munduvarisuttaveh "space agent und dhii ails off fire" (1962), mattu "space agent und dhii ancient apaayada" (1964). idu heebroo bhaashege anuvaadagonda modala vaignaanika kaalpanika saraniyagiddu, isrelnalli ee prakaarada abhivruddhiya mele gananeeya parinama beeritu. kathaavastuvina saramsha. ittichege anaathanaada 16 varshada jeremi grant emba niroopakanu, tanna vignaani chikkappa daa. latchlon mckinnon avarondige inverardnalliruva tanna estatenalli uliyalu australiyadinda skaatlendge prayanisuttane. sweedish professor lars bergman, american enginiyar spike stranahan, vignaana vidyarthi johnet camp bell, kakni house keeper madge smith mattu enginiyar curt oppenheim seridante asahyakara mckinnon mattu avana sahodyogigalu eega bhumiya kelave dinagalli harata nadesuttiruva aledaaduva 'kaleduhoda graha' hesikosge prayanisalu paramanu-chaalita bahyakasha naukeyannu nirmisuttiddaare mattu idu bhumiya hattirada gurutvakarshaneyannu mattu usiraaduva vatavaranavannu hondide endu tilidubandide. purva european deshada professor hermanoff netrutvada pratispardhi dandayaatregaagi kelasa maaduva pattedaari mattu vidhvamsaka oppenheim endu idu torisuttade. oppenheim avarannu vajagolisalaguttade, mattu nantara hermanoff eradu dandayaatregalannu seralu manavolisalu inverrdge bheti niiduttaare, aadare hecchina anumaana mattu dveshavide. openheimn sthaanavannu anudaanadinda tegedukollalaguttade. avara take-off mattu prayanavu tondare-muktavagiruttade, aadare yaantrika doshavu hesikogala mele crash-landinge kaaranavaaguttade, idu rediyovannu haanigolisuttade mattu hadagu matte take-off aguvudilla endu bahuteka khachitagolisuttade. aadaagyoo, sibbandigalu ee pradeshavannu anveshisalu prarambhisuttare, avara aatankagalu mattu koopavannu shantagolisuva shaantiya vatavaranavannu kandukolluttaare. chaligaaladalli grahada hecchina bhagavu aalavaada hima mattu manjugaddeyinda aavrutavaagide endu avaru kramena aritukolluttaare, idu sasyagala jivanavannu horatupadisi ellavannoo asaadhyavaagisuttade mattu avugala swanta badukuliyuvikeya saadhyateyilla. ondu pravaasadalli avaru hermanoff mattu aatana sahayaka andriff avarannu edurisuttaare, avara bahyakasha nauke kelavu maili dooradalli iliyitu. hermanoffn vyaktitvavoo saha shaantavaagide, mattu avanu takshanave chaligaalada sannihita aarambhada modalu mckinnon mattu avana sahodyogigalannu bhoomige marali karedoyyalu prastaapisuttaane. mckinnon bahyakasha naukeyannu atiyagi load maaduva bagge chintisuttaane, mattu koneya galigeyalli, ulidavarige tiliyade, parihara dandayaatreyannu ayojisuvavarege chaliyinda badukuliyuva niriksheyalli tannade aada stalakke maralalu hadagu biduttaane. surakshitavagi bhoomige hintirugi, grant mattu camp bell mckinnon jivantavagide endu drudhikarisuva hesikosninda morse code radeo sandeshavannu tegedukolluttade. kelave dinagalli hermanoff mattu stranahan avanannu rakshisalu horataru. kaleduhoda grahakke hintirugi" emba uttarabhaagavu ee hantadinda munduvariyuttade.

nashtappetta graham (noval) landanile burk prasidheekaricha 1953-ll angus makwikkaar ezhuthiya juvenile sayans fiction novalaanu dhii loost plaanat. radio (1952 childrance avar, bbc hoome sarvees), pinneedu television ennivaykkaayi sweekaricha janapriya novalaaya dhii loost plaanat parambarayile aadyathethaanu ithu. nashtappetta graham" (1953), "nashtappetta grahathilekkulla madangivaravu" (1954), "nashtappetta grahatthinte rahasyam" (1955), "nashtappetta grahatthile chuvanna thee" (1959), "nashtappetta grahatthile apakadam" (1960), "nashtappetta grahathil ninnulla bahirakasha ejantu" enningane aarr novalukalaanu pradhana parambarayilullathu. rund pusthakangal koodi bahirakasha ejantinte sahasikathakal thudarunnu "space ejantu aandu dhii ailans oof fayar" (1962), "space ejantu aandu dhii aantin apakadavum" (1964). hebruvilekk vivarthanam cheyyappetta aadyathe sayans fiction parambarayaayirunnu ithu, israelile eee vibhaagathinte vikasanathil ithu ganyamaaya swaadheenam chelutthi. plott sangraham. aduthide anaathanaaya 16 kaaranaya jeremi graant enna aakhyaathaavu austreliyayil ninnu skotlandilekku yaatra cheyth thante shaasthranjanaaya ammavan doow. lachlan makkinnoninoppam inverrardile thante estettil thaamasikkunnu. sweedish professor larse bergman, american enchineeyar spike stranahan, sayans vidyaarthi jaanett campbel, kokni house keeper madge smith, enchineeyar kurt ooppanhaim ennivarulppedeyulla abhedyamaaya mckinnonum sahapravarthakarum ippol bhoomiyil ninnu eathaanum divasangalkkullil parakkunna alanjuthiriyunna 'nashtappetta graham' aaya hesicosylake yaatra cheiyunnathinaayi aattomik power spaceship nirmmikkukayaanennu addeham kandethunnu, ithu bhoomiyodu aduthulla guruthwaakarshanavum shwasikkaan kazhiyunna anthareekshavumundu. oru kizhakkan europian rajyath ninnulla professor hermanoffinte neethrthwathilulla oru ethiraaliyude paryaveshanathinaayi pravartthikkunna oru charren attimarikkaaranumaan ooppanhaim ennu ithu vyakthamaakkunnu. openheim pirichuvidappedunnu, pinneedu hermanoff inverrardine sandarshichu rund paryaveshanangaleyum sainyathil cheraan prerippikkaan shramikkunnu, pakshe valareyadhikam samshayavum sathruthayum undu. oopenhaiminte sthaanam graant vazhiyaan. avarude take oof, yaatra enniva prashnangalillaathathu, ennaal oru mechanical takaraar hesicosil crash landingin kaaranamaakukayum radioic kedupaadukal varuthukayum kappalin veendum take oof cheyyaan kazhiyillennu eathaandu urappakkukayum cheiyunnu. ennirunnaalum, samgham eee pradesham paryavekshanam cheyyaan thudangukayum avarude uthkandakalum kopavum shaanthamaakkunna samadhaanathinte anthareeksham kandethukayum cheiyunnu. shaithyakaalath grahatthinte bhooribhaagavum aazhathilulla manjum manjum kondu moodappettirikkunnave avar kramena manassilakkunnu, ithu sasyajeevikalozhike matellaam asaadhyamaakkukayum avarude athijeevanam asaadhyamaakkukayum cheiyunnu. oru yaathrayil avar hermanophene eathaanum mile akale bahirakasha pedakam erangiya addehathinte sahayiyaaya andrifine kandumuttunnu. hermanoffinte vyakthithvavum shaanthamaayi, thanupp aarambhikkunnathin munbu mckinnone sahapravarthakareyum bhoomiyilekku thirike kondupokaan addeham udan vaagdaanam cheiyunnu. bahirakasha pedakatthil amithabharam ealkkunnathinekkurichu mckinnon aashankaakulanaanu, avasana nimisham, mattullavar ariyaathe, oru durithaashwaasa paryaveshanam samghadippikkunnathuvare thanuppine athijeevikkaan kazhiyumenna pratheekshayil addeham kappal upekshichu swantham veettilekku madangunnu. surakshithamaayi bhoomiyilekku madangiyethukayum, mekkinnon jeevichirippundennu sthireekarikkunna hesicosil ninnulla oru mozhs coode radio sandesham graantum campbell edukkukayum cheyyuka. eathaanum divasangalkkullil hermanoff stranahan avane rakshikkaan purappettu. nashtappetta grahathilekkulla thirichuvaravu" enna thudarcha eee ghattam muthal thudarunnu.

daad lost planet (kadambari) daad lost planet hii 1953 saalee angus mcvickarne lihileli baal vidnyan katha kadambari aahe, jee londonchya berkney prakashit kelee aahe. daad lost planet yaa lokpriy kadambari maliketil hii pahili malika aahe, jee rediosathi (1952 baal taas, bii. bii. see. hoome service) aanee nantar durchitravanivar rupantarit karnyat aalee hotee. mukhya maliket sahaa sahaa aaheth 'daad lost planet' (1953), 'return too daad lost planet' (1954), 'secret auph daad lost planet' (1955), 'reed phayar aun daad lost planet' (1959), 'peril aun daad lost planet' (1960) aanee 'space agent fraum daad lost planet'. aanakhi done pustake antaral agentchya sahsanvishayi pudhe sangatatah 'space agent andd daad iles auph phayar' (1962) aanee 'space agent andd daad ancient peril' (1964). hii pahili vidnyan katha malika hotee jiche hibru bhashet bhashantar jhaale hote aanee israyalmadhye yaa shailichya vikasavar tyacha lakshaniy parinam jhaala. plot saransh. alikadech anath jhalela 16 varshiy jermi grant haah kathakar, tyache shastradnya kaka dow. latchlan mackinnon yanchyasobat tyachya inverard yetheel malmattet rahnyasathi austreliyahoon scotlandla pravas karato. tyala asey aadhalale qee swedish pradhyapak lars bergman, american abhiyanta spike stranahan, vidnyan vidyarthi genette campbelle, cockney housekeeper madge smith aanee abhiyanta curt oppenheim yanchyasah durmil mackinnon aanee tyache sahkari, hesicos yaa yaa 'haravalelya graha' kadey pravas karnyasathi anoo-chalit antaral yaan tayar karat aahet, joou aata pruthvichya kahee divasanchya uddanat aahe aanee jyache pruthvijavalache gurutvakarshan aanee shwas ghenyasarkhe vatavaran aahe. asey disun yete qee oppenheim haah purv europeey deshatoon pradhyapak hermnoff yanchya netrutvakhalil pratispardhi mohimesathi kaam karnara eka guptaher aanee vidhvansak aahe. openhamela baad kele jaate aanee nantar hermnoff done mohimanna sainyat sameel honyasathi patvoon denyacha prayatna karnyasathi inverardla bhet deto, parantu tyat khoop jaast shanka aanee vaimansya aahe. openheimchi jaaga anudanane ghetali jaate. tyanche uddan aanee pravas heey adchanimukt asatat, parantu yantrik bighadamule hesikojvar crash-landing hote, jyamule redioche nuksan hote aanee jahaj punha uddan karoo shakat nahee yachee jawaljawal khatri hote. taridekhil, karmchari yaa bhagacha shodh ghenyas suruvat karatat, tyanna shantateche vatavaran milate jyamule tyanchya chinta aanee raag shant hotat. tyanna haloohaloo lakshat yete qee hivalyat grahacha barachsa bhag khol barfane aanee barfane jhakalela asato, jyamule vanaspati vagalata serve prakarche jeevan ashakya hote aanee tyanche swatache astitva ashakya hote. eka pravasat tyanna hermnoff aanee tyacha sahayyak andriff bhetatat, jyache antaral yaan kahee mail door utarale aahe. hermanoffche vyaktimatvahi saumya jhaale aahe aanee too lagechach hivalyachya aagmanapurvi mackinnon aanee tyachya tyachya pruthvivar parat nenyachi tayari darshavato. mackinanla antaralayanavar atibhar lavnyachi chinta vatate aanee shevatchya kshani, itaranna maheet nastana, too jahaj sodoon tyachya swatachya gharee paratato, madat mohimeche aayojan hoiparyant thanditun vachanyachya aashene. surakshitpane pruthvivar parat jaa, anudan dya aanee campbelle hesikoskadun morse code redio sandesh ghya, joou mackinnon jiwant asalyachi pushti karato. kahee divasantach hermnoff aanee stranahan tyala vachavanyasathi ravana jhaale aahet. haravalelya grahavar parat yene' haah pudhcha bhag yaa tappyapasoon suru aahe.

da lust planet (upanyas) da lust planet sann 1953 maa angus mcwicherdwara likhit kishore vigyan katha upanyas how, june berk, landandwara prakashit garieko thiyo. yo lokpriya upanyas shringkhala da lust planetko pahilo how, june radio (1952 children awar, bbc home sarbhis) rar pachhi televisionma anukulit garieko thiyo. mukhya shringkhalama chhawata upanyasharu chhanh "haraeko graha" (1953), "haraeko grahama farkanuhos" (1954), "haraeko grahako rahasya" (1955), "haraeko grahama rato ago" (1959), "haraeko grahama khatara" (1960) rar "haraeko grahabata antariksha agent". duiwata thap pustakharule antariksha agentko sahasik karyaharu jaari rakhchhanh "space agent anned da ilus aff fire" (1962), rar "space agent anned da ancient peril" (1964). yo hibruma anuwad garieko pahilo vigyan katha shringkhala thiyo rar israelma yass widhako vikasma yasale ullekhaniya prabhawa pareko thiyo. plut saransh. kathakar, 16 warshiya jeremi grant, jo bharkharai anath bhaeka chhan, afno vaigyanik kaka, dah lachlan mckinnonsanga afno estate, inverardma basna australiabata scotland yatra garchhan. unle patta lagae kii swidis professor lars bergman, americi engineer spike stranahan, vigyan vidyarthi genet campbelle, kakani housekeeper myaz smith rar engineer curt oppenheim lagayat irasible mckinnon rar unka sahakarmiharule hesikosko yatra garna anawik-sanchalit antariksha yann nirman gariraheka chhan, june ahile prithwiko udan kehi dina bhitrai chha, rar june prithwiko gurutwakarshan rar sas fern sakine watawaranko najik chha bhanera chininchha. yasale dekhaunchha kii oppenheim ek jasusi rar vidhwansak how june purvi europeli deshko professor harmanafko netritwama pratidwandi abhiyanka lagi kaam gariraheko chha. openhaimlai barkhasta garinchha, rar pachhi hermanfle dui abhiyanharulai senama samel huna raji garaune prayas garna inverardko bhraman garchhan, tara tyahan dherai shanka rar shatruta chha. openhaimko sthan anudandwara liinchha. tiniharuko tech-aff rar yatra samasya-mukta hunchha, tara mechanical trutile hesikosma kryas-landing garaunchha, radiolai kshati puryaunchha, rar jahaz feri udan garna sakdaina bhanne lagbhag nishchit banaunchha. jey hose, tolile yass kshetrako anweshan garna thalcha, shantiko watawaran fela parchha jasle uniharuko chinta rar krodhlai shanta parchha. tiniharule bistarai grahako dherai bhag jadoma gahiro hiun rar barafle dhakieko mahasus garchhan, jasle vanaspati jiwanlai asambhawa banaunchha rar tiniharuko afnai astitwa asambhawa banaunchha. ek yatrama uniharule hermanaf rar unka sahayak andrifko samana garchhan, jasko antariksha yann kehi mile tadha awataran bhaeko chha. harmanafko wyaktitwa pani naram bhaeko chha, rar usale turuntai mckinnon rar unka sahakarmiharulai jadoko asanna suruwat aghi prithvima firta laijan prastawa gardacha. mckinnon antariksha yanlai overload garne barema chintit chhan, rar antim minetma, arulai thaha nabhaeko karan, usale rahat abhiyanko ayojana nabhaesamma chisobata baanchne ashama jahaz chhodera afno thaunma farkanchha. surakshit rupma prithvima farkie, anudan rar campbelle hesikosbata morse code radio sandesh uthaera mckinnon jiwit chha bhanera pushti gardacha. kehi dinbhitrai hermanaf rar stranahanle unlai bachaunaka lagi prasthan gareka chhan. sequel "haraeko grahama farkanuhos" yass bindubata jaari chha.

hozzy jaithiba graha (upenyas) daa lust planet heuchhi londner berk dwara prakashita angas makbhikarnka dwara 1953 masihare likhita eka kishore bigyana kalpanika upenyas. ehaa lokpriya upenyas dharabahika 'daa lust playnet "rahr pratham, jaahaa redio (1952 shishu ghanta, bibisi home sarbhis) ebong parey telivijanare rupantarita hoithila. mukhya shrunkhalare chhaati upenyas rahichhih "daa lust playnet" (1953), "return tuu daa lust playnet" (1954), "secret off daa lust playnet" (1955), "redd fire aun daa lust playnet" (1959), "peril aun daa lust playnet" (1960) ebong "spaces agent frum daa lust playnet". ahuri duiti pustaka mahakash agentnka duhsahasika karjya jaari rakhichhih "spaces agent anded daa iles off fire" (1962), ebong "spaces agent anded daa encient peril" (1964). ehaa pratham bigyana kalpanika dharabahika thila jaahaa hibruku anubada karajaithila ebong israelare ehi saileera bikash upare yathesta prabhaba pakaithila . plut saransha. kahanikara, 16 barsha bayaska jerami grant, jie nikatare anath hoichhanti, taanka baigyanika maamun doctor lachlan myakinanka saha taanka estate, invardare rahiba paain astreliaaru scotland jatra karanti . shay abishkara kale je adrushya mckinnon ebong taanka sahakarmee, jeunthire swidisha professor lars bergman, americae engineer spike stranahan, bigyana chhatra janette campbelle, kakni housekeeper maz smith ebong engineer court oppenheim antarbhukta, hesikosku jatra kariba paain eka paramanu shakti chalita mahakash yaana nirmana karuchanti, bhraman karuthiba 'hajijaithiba graha' jaahaa bartamana pruthibira kichhi dinara udaana madhyare achhi, ebong jahara nikata-pruthibira madhyakarshana ebong eka niswasa praswasajogya bajumandala achhi . ehaa spust hue je openheim jane guptachar ebong bidrohi jie purba europeah deshar professor harmanafanka netrutware eka pratidwandee abhijana paain karjya karuchanti. openheim barakhasta huanti, ebong parey hermnoff invered paridarshan curry duiti abhijanaku baahineere jogadebaku prabartaibaku chesta karanti, kintu ethire atyadhika sandeha ebong shatruta achhi . openheimra sthana anudan dwara niajae. semanankara udaana ebong jatra badhamukta, kintu eka jantrika truti hesikogudikare crass-lyanding srusti kare, redioku khyati pahanchaithae, ebong ehaa praiah nischita kare je jahajati punarbara udaana karipariba naahin . tathapi, nabikamane ehi anchalaku anweshana kariba arambha karanti, eka shantira paribesha khojanti jaahaa semanankara udwega ebong krodhaku shant kare . semane dheere dheere anubhaba karanti je sheetadine grahara adhikansha ansha gabhira baraf ebong baraphare aachadita, jaahaa udbhida zeeban byatita anya samasta jeebanaku asambhaba karideithae ebong semanankara nijaswa banchiba asambhaba karideithae . gotie jatrare semane hermnoff ebong taanka sahajaka aandrifnku bhetithanti, jahanka mahakash yaana kichhi mile doorare abataran karichhi. harmanafanka byaktitwa madhya hrass paichi, ebong shay turanta sheeta rutu arambha heba purbaru mckinnon ebong taanka sahakarmeemananku pruthibeeku ferai aanibaku prastaba deichhanti. mckinnon mahakashajanaku atyadhika loaded kariba bishajare chintita, ebong shesh muhoorttare, anyamananka ajanatare, shay jahaz chhadi niz gharaku pheranti, eka releaf abhijana ayojan naheba parjyanta thandaru banchibara aasha rakhi . surakhita bhabe pruthibeeku pherigale, anudan diantu ebong campbelle hesikosankatharu eka morse code redio barta uthantu jaahaa nischita kare je mckinnon jeebita achanti. kichhi deane madhyare hermnoff ebong stranahan tanku uddhara kariba paain baharichhanti. ehi samajaru "hozzy jaithiba grahaku feriba" rahr parabarti bhaga jaari rahichhi.

gumm hoiaa grahi (nawal) dha laust planet 1953 witch barak, london duaara prakashit angus mackiever duaara likhiaa giaa ikk baal vigiaan glup nawal haii. ih prasidh nawal ladiwar 'dha laust planet' dee pahili luddy haii, jiss noon radio (1952 bacchiaan daa ghanta, bee. bee. see. home service) atey baad witch television utte apnaiaa giaa see. mukkh luddy witch chhe nawal hann "gumm hoye grahi" (1953), "gumm hoye grahi utte waps jaao" (1954), "gumm hoye grahi daa raaz" (1955), "gumm hoye grahi utte laal agg" (1959), "gumm hoye grahi utte khatra" (1960) atey "gumm hoye grahi toon pulad agent". doou horr kitaban pulad agent dey saahas noon jaari rakhdiaan hann "pulad agent atey agg dey tapu" (1962), atey "pulad agent atey prachin khatra" (1964). ih pahili vigiaan glup luddy see jiss daa anuvad ibrani bhasha witch keeta giaa see atey israeel witch iss vidha dey vikas utte kaafi prabhav piaa see. plaat daa sankhep. birtantkar, 16 saala jairemi grant, joe haal hii witch anath hoow giaa haii, aapne vigiaani chaache, daa. latchlen mackinnon naal aapni jaidad, inverard witch rahinn laee australia toon scotland dee yaatra karda haii. uss noon pataa laggda haii kii ascharaj mackinnon atey uss dey sehyogi, jinhan witch swedish professor lars bergman, amriki engineer spike stranhan, vigiaan vidiaarthi genette campbell, kakni housekeeper maij smith atey engineer curt oppenham shamal hunn, ikk pramanu-shakti vaale pulad jahaz daa nirman qarr rahey hunn joe hasicos dee yaatra curran laee haii, bhatakda hoiaa 'gumm hoiaa grahi' joe hunn dharti dee udaann dey kujh dinan dey ander haii, atey jiss witch dharti dee gravity atey saah lainn yog vatavaran dey nede haii. ih siddh hunda haii kii oppenham ikk jasus atey todd-fodd curran vaala haii joe ikk purbi european desh dey professor hermanoff dee agvai witch ikk virodhi muhim laee kamm qarr riha haii. openheim noon barkhast qarr ditta jaanda haii, atey baad witch hermanoff inverard daa daura karda haii taan joe dovan muhimman noon faujan witch shamal honn laee manaun dee koshish keeti jaa sake, parr bahut ziaada shakk atey vair haii. oppenheim dee jagha grant duaara laee jaandi haii. unhan dee udaann atey yaatra mushkal-mukat hundi haii, parr ikk mechanical nuks hasicos utte crash-landing daa caarn banada haii, jiss naal radio noon nuksan pahunchada haii, atey ih lagbhag yakini banaunda haii kii jahaz dubara udaann naheen bharr sakda. firr vee, chaalak dall neey khetar dee padchol curney shuru qarr ditti, shanti daa mahaul labhiaa joe unhan deeaan chintavan atey gusse noon shaant karda haii. uh hauli-hauli mahisus karde hunn kii sardiaan witch grahi daa bahut saara hissa dunghi baraf atey baraf naal dhakkiaa hunda haii, jiss naal paudiaan dey jeevan noon chhadd keey horr saare jeevan asambhav hoow jaande hunn atey unhan dey aapne bachaa dee sambhavna naheen hundi. ikk yaatra witch uh hermanoff atey uss dey sahaik, andrief, jiss daa pulad jahaz kujh meal door utar giaa haii, naal milde hunn. hermanoff dee shakhsiat vee naram hoow gaee haii, atey uh turant mackinnon atey uss dey sahiyogiaan noon sardiaan dee aaunn vaali shuruat toon pahilan dharti 'teey waps lae jaanh dee peshkash karda haii. mackinnon pulad jahaz noon overload curran baare chintat haii, atey aakhri mint witch, bakiaan toon anjaan, uh jahaz noon aapne cole waps jaanh laee chhadd dinda haii, thande toon bachann dee umeed witch jadon takk ikk raahat muhim daa ayojan naheen keeta jaa sakda. dharti utte surakhiat waps, grant atey campbell hasicos toon ikk moras code radio sandesh chukkda haii joe iss gall dee pushti karda haii kii mackinnon zinda haii. kujh dinan dey ander-ander uss noon bachaun laee hermanoff atey stranahan ravana hoow gaye hunn. iss bindu toon "gumm hoye grahi 'teey vaapsee" jaari haii.

nashta grahah (upanyaas) da laast planet iti 1953 tame varshe aanglas maikavikaar ityanena likhitam baalawidnyaan-kalpita-upanyasam asti, yat berk, landan ityanena prakaashitam. etat lokapriy-upanyaas-shrunkhalaasu prathamah asti-da laast planet, yat radio-krute (1952 baal-avar, bee. bee. see. home service) anantaram dooradarshanasy krute cha abhiyojitam aasit. mukhyashrunkhalaayaam shut upanyasani santi-"da laast planet" (1953), "return too da laast planet" (1954), "secret aaf da laast planet" (1955), "redd-fair aan da laast planet" (1959), "peril aan da laast planet" (1960), "space agent frum da laast planet" iti. space agent end da ailes aaf fair" (1962), "space agent end da ancient peril" (1964) iti cha anyadwayam pustakam api antariksha-abhikartuhu sahasan anuvartayati. eshaa hibroo-bhashayam anuvadita prathamaa vijnaana-kathaa-shrunkhalaa aasit, isrel-deshe asya prakarasya vikaase api asya mahatee prabhaawah abhavat. plyaat saaraamshaha. kathaavastu, 16 varsheeyah jeremi grant, yah sadyah anatha abhavat, australia-deshaat scatland-desham prati swasya vaidnyaanikasya mamena daa. lachlan mckinnon ityanena saha inverred-nagare swasya sampattau nivaasam kartum pravaasam karoti. saha dnyaatavaan yat swedish-pradhyapakaha lars bergman, american-abhiyantru spack stranahan, vijnaana-chhaatrah genet-kempbel, kaaknee-gruhapaalakah myaaj-smit, abhiyantru curt-oppenham cha saha durlakshitah mekinnan-saha tasya sahakarminah cha hesicos-nagaram gantum paramaanu-shaktiyuktam antarikshayaanam nirmaati iti, yat idaaneem bhoomyaah katipayeshu dineshu eva uddiyamanaha 'luptah grahah' asti, yasya gurutvaakarshanam, shvaasa-vaataavaranam cha asti iti dnyaayate. openham ityeshah poorveeya-europiya-deshasya praadhyaapakasy hermanoff ityasya netrutve pratidwandwinah abhiyaan kartum karyam kurvan goodachaarih vidhvamsakah cha asti iti dnyaayate. openhaim niraakrutah, anantaram hermanoff ityeshah inverred-nagaram gatvaa dwayoh abhiyaanayoh sainyasya sammilanam kartum prayatate, parantu tatra atyadhikam sandeham shatrutvam cha vartate. openhaim ityasya sthaanam anudaanena sweekrutam asti. teshaam uddeeyan-yatrayam cha samasyaah naasti, parantu yantrika-doshena hesicos-madhye kryaash-landing bhavati, radio-kshatihi bhavati, yena cha naukaayaanam punah uddeeyitum naa shaknoti iti praayah nishchayah bhavati. tathaapi, nausainikadalah kshetram anvishya, shaantim vaataavaranam anvishya, yat teshaam chintaam, krodham cha shaantam karoti. te kramena jaananti yat shishirakaale grahasya adhikaamshah bhaagah gabheer-himena himena cha aacchaaditah bhavati, yena sasyajeevaan vihaay sarvam jeevanam asambhavam bhavati, teshaam jeevanam cha asambhavam bhavati. ekasmin yatrayam te hermanoff-varyam, tasya sahayakam andriff-varyam cha militavantah, yasya antarikshayaanam katipaya-mail-doore eva patitam asti. hermanoff ityasya vyaktitvam api mruduhu abhavat, saha sheeghramev makkinnan-varyam tasya sahakarminam cha sheetakaalasy arambhat poorvam bhoomim prati punah netum prastooyati. makkinnan ityeshah antarikshayaanasy atibharasya vishaye chintitah asti, sheshakale, anyebhyah adnyaatah, saha shitat jeevitum, yaavat saahaayy-abhiyanam aayojayitum naa shakyate, tasya ashaya, swasya swasthaanam pratyaagantum naukaayaanam nishkaasayati. surakshitaroopen pruthivyaam pratyaagatya, anudaanam krutvaa, kempbel cha hesicos-taha morse-code-radio-sandesham sveekrutya, mekinnan jeevati iti drudheekaroti. katipayadineshu eva hermanoff tathaa stranahan cha tam rakshayitum uddeeyant. nashtagrahne prati pratyaagamanam" iti uttarabhagah tatah aarabhy prachalati.

ilanththa kiragam (naaval) thii laust planet enbathu 1953 aam aandu angus magvichar ezhuthiya siraar ariviyal punaikathai naavalaagum, idhu landanin burk niruvanatthaal veliyidappattathu. idhu pirabalamaana naaval thodarkalil muthal muraiyaagum, idhu tholaintha kiragamaagum, idhu vanoli (1952 kuzhandhaigal manii neram, ppc hoam sarvees) mattrum pinnar tholaikaatchiyil thazhuvappattathu. tholaintha kiragam" (1953), "tholaintha kiragaththirkuth thirumbuthal" (1954), "tholaintha kiragaththin ragasiyam" (1955), "tholaintha kiragaththil sivappu neruppu" (1959), "tholaintha kiragaththil aabaththu" (1960) mattrum "tholaintha kiragaththilirunthu vinveli mugavar" aagiya aaru mukiya naavalkal inthath thodaril ullana. maelum irandu puththagangkal vinveli mugavarin saagasangalaith thodarkindranah "vinveli mugavar mattrum thee theevin theevugal" (1962), mattrum "vinveli mugavar mattrum pandaiya aabaththu" (1964). idhu hebru mozhiyil molipeyarkkappatta muthal ariviyal punaikathai thodaraagum, maelum idhu israelil inththa vagaiyin valarchchiyil kanisamaana thaakkatthai aerpaduththiyathu. kadhai surukkam. kadhai solbavar, sameepaththil anaathaiyaaka irunththa 16 vayathu jeremi grand, australiavilirunthu skaatlaanthirku thanathu vinjnaana maama doctor locklan mckinnanudan avarathu thottamaana invertonil thangkuvatharkaaga payanam seikiraar. sweedish paeraasiriyar lars bergman, america poriyaalar spike stranahan, ariviyal maanavar johnet campel, kagni veettuppaniyaalar mej smith mattrum poriyaalar curt oopanhaim ullitta azhiyaatha mckinnonum avarathu sagaakkalum ippoathu poomiyin oru sila naatkalukkul parakkum alainthu thiriyum 'ilanththa kiragam' hesikosukku payanikka anusakthiyaal iyangkum vinkalaththai uruvaakki varuvathai avar kandupiditthaar, maelum idhu poomikku arugilulla eerppu visai mattrum swasikkakkoodiya valimandalaththaik kondiruppadhaaga ariyappadugirathu. kilakku iroappiya naattaich saerntha paeraasiriyar hermanoff thalaimaiyilaana oru poatti payanaththirkaaka ooppenhaim oru ulavaali mattrum naasavelai seibavar endru idhu velippadugirathu. ooppenhaim panineekkam seiyappadugiraar, pinnar hermanoff inverrdukkuch sendru irandu padaikalaiyum padaikaludan saerumaaru varpuruththukiraar, aanaal adhiga santhegamum viroathamum ullathu. obenheimin idam maaniyatthaal edukkappadukirathu. avarkalin purappaadu mattrum payanam sikkalattrathu, aanaal oru iyanththirak koolaaru hesicosil vibaththukkullaagi, vanoli sethappaduththukirathu, maelum kappal meendum purappada mudiyaathu enbathu kittatthatta uruthi seiyappadugirathu. iruppinum, kuzhuvinar ippaguthiyai aaraaynthu, avarkalin kavalaigalaiyum koopaththaiyum amaithippaduththum amaithiyaana soozhnilaiyaik kaanath thodangkukiraarkal. kulirkaalaththil kiragaththin perumbaguthi aalamaana panii mattrum panikattiyaal moodappattiruppathai avarkal padippadiyaaga unarkiraargal, ithanaal thaavarangalaith thavira mattra anaiththum saaththiyamattravai mattrum avattrin sontha uyirvaazhvathu saathiyamillai. oru payanaththil avarkal hermanoff mattrum avarathu udhaviyaalar andriff aagiyoarai edhirkolgiraargal, avarathu vinkalam sila mailgal tholaivil tharaiyirangkiyullathu. hermanopin aalumaiyum menmaiyaakkappattullathu, maelum kulirkaalam viraivil thodanguvatharku munbu mckinnonaiyum avarathu sagaakkalaiyum meendum poomikku alaiththuch sella avar udanadiyaaga munvaikkiraar. mckinnon vinkalaththai adhiga sumai aetrtruvathaip pattri kavalaippadugiraar, kadaisi nimidaththil, mattravargalukkuth theriyaamal, avar kappalai vittu veliyaeri, oru nivaaranap payanam aerpaadu seiyappadum varai kuliraith thappikka mudiyum endra nambikkaiyil thanathu sontha idaththirkuth thirumbukiraar. paathukaappaaka poomikku thirumbi, maaniyamum campellum mckinnon uyirudan iruppathai uruthippaduththum hesikosidamirunthu oru morse kuriyeedu radio seithiyai edukkirathu. sila naatkalil hermanoff mattrum stranahan avaraik kaappaattra purappattanar. ilanththa kiragaththirkuth thirumbuthal" endra thodarchchi inththa kattaththil irunthu thodarkirathu.

kolpoyina graham (navala) dhi laast planet anedi anedi angus makivikar raasina baalya sains fiction navala, dheenini landanlooni burk prachurinchindi. idhi radeo (1952 childrance avar, bbc home servies) mariyu taruvaata televisionlo sweekarinchabadina prasiddha navala syries dhi laast planetlo modatidi. pradhana dharavahikalo aaru navalalu unnaih "dhi laast planet" (1953), "return tuu dhi laast planet" (1954), "secret off dhi laast planet" (1955), "redd fair aann dhi laast planet" (1959), "peril aann dhi laast planet" (1960) mariyu "space agent frum dhi laast planet". maroe rendu pustakaalu antariksha agent yokka saahasalanu konasagistayi "antariksha agent mariyu agni dveepaalu" (1962), mariyu "antariksha agent mariyu puraatana pramaadam" (1964). idhi hebru bhaashaloki anuvadinchabadina mottamodati sains fiction syries mariyu ijrayello eee kalaa prakriya abhivruddhipai gananeeyamaina prabhavanni choopindi. katha saaraamsam. iteevala anatha ayina 16 yella jeremi grant anae kathakudu, thana shaastravetta maama doctor latchlon mckinnantho kalisi thana estate, inverardlo undataaniki australia nundi skaatlaandku veltaadu. swedish professor lars bergman, american injanir spike stranahan, sains vidyaarthi johnet camp bell, cockney house keeper madge smith mariyu injanir curt openheimlatho sahaa irasible mckinnon mariyu athani sahacharulu hesikosku prayaaninchadaaniki anusaktitoe nadiche antariksha noukanu nirmistunnaarani athanu kanugonnadu, idhi ippudu bhoomi yokka konni rojula vimaanamlo unna 'kolpoyina graham', mariyu idhi bhoomiki sameepamlo gurutvakarshana mariyu swaasakriya vaataavaranaanni kaligi undani telisindi. thoorpu european deshaaniki chendina professor hermanoff netrutvamloni pratyarthi dandayaatra kosam panichestunna guudachaari mariyu vidhvamsakudu oppenheim anie idhi telustundi. oppenheim tolaginchabadataadu, taruvaata hermanoff rendu dandayaatralanu dalaalalo cheramani oppinchadaaniki inverardnu sandarsistaadu, conny chaalaa anumanam mariyu satrutvam undhi. oppenheim sthaanam manjuru dwara teesukobadindi. vaari takeoff mariyu samudrayaanam ibbandi laenivi, conny yaantrika lopam hesikolapai crash-landingku kaaranamavutundi, radeonu debbateestundi mariyu ooda mallee takeoff kaaledani daadaapu nirdhaaristundi. ayinappatikee, sibbandi eee praantaanni anveshinchadam praarambhistaaru, vaari aandolanalu mariyu kopaanni saantapariche shanti vaataavaranaanni kanugontaaru. sheethaakaalamlo graham chaalaa bhaagam lothaina manchu mariyu manchutho kappabadi undani vaaru kramamga grahistaaru, tadwara mokkala jeevitam tappa migilinadantaa asadhyam mariyu vaari swantha manugada asambhavam. oka prayaanamloo vaaru hermanoff mariyu athani sahayakudu andrifnu edurkontaaru, ayana antariksha nauka konni mailla dhooramlo digindi. hermanoff vyaktitvam kooda taggipoyindi, mariyu athanu ventane sheethaakaalam aasannamayye mundu mckinnon mariyu athani sahacharulanu tirigi bhoomiki teesukelladaaniki munduku vastaadu. mckinnon antariksha noukanu atigaa load cheyadam gurinchi aandolana chendutaadu, chivari nimishamlo, migilinavaariki teliyakundaane, athanu oka upasamana yaatranu nirvahinchagala varaku challani nundi bayatapadaalani aasatoe oodanu vidichipetti thana sonta intiki tirigi vastaadu. surakshitamgaa bhoomiki tirigi vacchi, grant mariyu camp bell hesicos nundi morse code radeo sandesaanni teesukuntaaru, idhi mckinnon sajeevamgaa unnaadani nirdhaaristundi. konni rojullone hermanuff mariyu stranahan atanni rakshinchadaaniki bayaludaeraaru. kolpoyina grahaniki tirigi ravadam" anae seakwell eee dasha nundi konasaagutundi.

gumshidah seyarah (naawal) dee laast seyarah 1953 kaa eek nabalighon kaa science fakshan naawal hay jasay angus macwaker nay likhaa hay jasay burk landan nay shaye kiyaa hay. yaha maqbool naawal seerez dee laast seyarah mein say pehli hay jasay redio (1952 childern aawar bee bee see hoam saros) aur baad mein teeli vision parr dahaala gayaa thaa. markazi seerez mein chh naawal haine: "khoye hoay seeyarey" (1953)yee "khoye hoay seeyarey parr wapsi" (1954)yee "khoye hoay seeyarey kaa raaz" (1955)yee "khoye hoay seeyarey parr sarkh aag" (1959)yee "khoye hoay seeyarey parr khatrah" (1960) aur "khoye hoay seeyarey say khalayi agent". duu mazeed kitabein khalayi agent kii muham joyee kuu jaari rakhti haine: "khalayi agent aur aag kay jazair" (1962)yee aur "khalayi agent aur qadeem khatrah" (1964). yaha pehli science fakshan seerez thee jiss kaa abb takk ibrani zabaan mein tarjumah hawaa thaa aur israel mein iss sanaf kii tarqi parr iss kaa kaafi asar padaa. plaat kaa khalasah. rawee 16 saalah gerimi graant juu haal hyee mein yateem hawaa hay apnay sciencedan chachaa doctor leachlin mckinnon kay saath anwarard mein apnee steat mein rehney kay liye australia say scott lend kaa safar kartaa hay. asay patah chalta hay kahh naqabil taskhir meek cannon aur iss kay saathi jinn mein sweadish professor laarz bergamin americi engineer spike stranhan science kay taalib alam genate camp bail kakni house capper meej samath aur engineer curt openheim shaamil haine hasikos kaa safar karnay kay liye eek johri taaqat say chalnay waala khalayi jehaaz banaa rahay haine juu kahh abb zameen kii chand dunon kii parwaz kay andar hyee ghomta hawaa 'khoya hawaa seyarah' hay aur juu zameen kii kashash saql aur saans leenay kay qaabil maahul kay qareeb hay. yaha zahir hotaa hay kahh openheim eek jasus aur takhrib kaar hay juu mashriqi europi milk say professor herminof kii qayadat mein eek hareef muham kay liye kaam kirr rehaa hay. openheim kuu bartarf kirr diyaa jaataa hay aur baad mein herminof anwarard kaa dorah kartaa hay taakah donon mahmaat kuu afwaj mein shaamil honay kay liye raazi karnay kii koshish kii jaa sakay leakin iss mein behat ziyadah shakk aur dushmani hay. openheim kii jagah grant kay zariye lee jaati hay. inn kaa teek aaf aur safar preshani say paak hay leakin eek mechanical kharaabi hesico parr karesh lending kaa sabab banti hay jiss say redio kuu nqsan pahunchta hay aur yaha taqriba yaqeeni bunn jaataa hay kahh jehaaz dobarah teek aaf nahein kirr saktaa. iss kay bawajood emlah iss elaqay kuu talaash karnaa sharoo kirr deeta hay aman kaa maahul dhondta hay juu inn kii preshaniyon aur ghasey kuu perscon kartaa hay. inhein aahista aahista ahsaas hotaa hay kahh seeyarey kaa ziyadah tarr hasah sardiyon mein gehri barf aur barf say dahkaa hotaa hay jiss say podon kay elawah tamaam zindagi namumkin how jaati hay aur inn kii apnee baqaa kaa amkaan nahein hotaa hay. eek safar mein inn kaa saamna herminof aur iss kay maawan andref say hotaa hay jiss kaa khalayi jehaaz chand meel door utraa hay. herminof kii shaqsiyat bhee naram how gayee hay aur wah fouri toor parr mckinnon aur iss kay saathiyon kuu sardiyon kay aaney waalay aaghaz say pehley zameen parr waps lay jaanay kii paishkash kartaa hay. mckinnon khalayi jehaaz kuu ziyadah bojh daalnay kay baaray mein fakar mund hay aur aakhri lamhaat mein baaqi logon say nawaqif wah jehaaz kuu chhod kirr apnay paas waps chalaa jaataa hay iss ameed parr kahh wah sardi say bach jaaye gaa jabb takk kahh amdadi muham kaa ahtamam naha kiyaa jaa sakay. mahfuz tareeqe say zameen parr waps aatay huay grant aur camp bail hesicos say eek morse code redio paigham uthatay haine jiss mein iss baath kii tasdiq hoti hay kahh mccanon zindah hay. chand dunon kay andar hyee harmanof aur stranahan asay bachanay kay liye rawanah how gayey. sequil "gumshidah seeyarey parr wapsi" iss maqaam say jaari hay.

fffe603bad0d0f49dcbcc362d9a73b147bf715fd85651d93bd8e0492ffd1011f

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12282598

Paul Neumann (basketball)

Paul Neumann (basketball) American basketball player Paul R. Neumann (born January 30, 1938) is an American retired basketball player who played in the National Basketball Association (NBA). Early career. A guard, Neumann attended Newport Harbor High School in Newport Beach, California and played college basketball for Stanford University. NBA career. He was selected in the 4th round of the 1959 NBA draft by the Syracuse Nationals. He played two seasons with the Nationals, and remained with the team as it moved to Philadelphia and was renamed the Philadelphia 76ers. In 1965, he was traded at mid-season along with Connie Dierking and Lee Shaffer to the San Francisco Warriors for Wilt Chamberlain, a trade that is frequently cited as an example of a star player (in this case, Chamberlain) being traded for far less than he is worth. He played two more full seasons with the Warriors before retiring in 1967. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

poll newman (busketball) poll aar. newman (jonmo 30 january, 1938) egoraki aamerikan owoxorprapto busketball kheluwoi ji rastriyo busketball ess "siyesyon (eno. bi. e.) too khelisil. prarombhik keriyar. ejon rokhyok, newmane californier niup 'rt bischor niup' rt harbor haiskulot porha-xuna korisil aaru stanf 'rd biswobidyaloyor baabe kolej busketball khelisil. eno. bi. e. keriyar. 1959 sonor eno. bi. e. ror soturtho porzayor khosorat teuk sirakuj rastriyoxokole nirbasito korisil. teu rastriyoxokolor xoite dutaa sijon khelisil, aaru philadelphialoi sthanantorito huwar loge loge doltur xoite aasil aaru iyak philadelphia 76ers buli punor naamkoron koraa hoisil. 1965 sonot, teur modhyo-sijonot wilt chamberlanor baabe chaan franchisoku juddhaxokolor xoite kuni diarking aaru lee sweferor xoite byoboxai koraa hoisil, jitu byoboxai ejon taroka kheluoir (ei khetrot, chamberlane) teur mulyotkoi bohu komm mulyot byoboxai korar udahoron hisape xoghonai ullekh koraa hoy. 1967 sonot owoxor luwar aagote teu juddhaxokolor xoite aaru dutaa xompurno sijon khelisil.

poll neuman (basketball) poll arr. neuman (jonmo 30shhey januari, 1938) ekjon markin abosarprapto basketball kheload jini jatiya basketball associatione (enn. bii. ayee) khelechen. prathomik karmajiban. ekjon guard, neuman californier newport saikater newport harbar hye schoole padashona korechilen ebong stanford bishwobidyaloyer hoye college basketball khelechilen. nba carrier. 1959 saaler enn. bii. ayee-rawr khasdar khasdar rounde sirakuz nagrikder dwara tini nirbachito hohn. tini jatiyoder saathe duti morshum khelechilen ebong philadelphia choley yawar saathe saathe doler saathe theke zaan ebong naam poriborton korey philadelphia 76ers rakha hoy. 1965 saale, tini wilt chamberlainer jonno shaan francisco joddhader kachhe modhyo-morsume coney dearking ebong ly shofarer saathe byabosa korechilen, ekti banijya jaa prayashai ekjon tarka kheloader (eyi khettre, chamberlain) mulyer tulna onek qama daame byabosa korar udaharan hisabe ullekh koraa hoy. 1967 saale abosar neoar agey tini joddhader saathe arow duti purno morshum khelechilen.

poola neuman (basketball) poola aar. neuman (janm 30 january, 1938) aek american nivrutt basketball khelaadi chhe jeey raashtriy basketball sangathan (aena. bii. aee.) maan ramyo hato. praarambhik karkirdi. aek rakshak, neuman keliforniyana newport beechma newport harber haai schoolma bhanato hato aneey stanford university maate college basketball ramato hato. nba karkirdi. syracuse nagriko dwara 1959 aena. bii. aee. draftnaa chothaa roundma temnee pasandagi karvaamaa aavee hatee. teo raashtriy khelaadeeo saathe beey season ramyaa hataa aneey team saathe rahyaa kaaran keey teey philadelphiya gaee hatee aneey tenu naam badaline philadelphiya philadelphiya rakhvama aavyu hatoo. hatoo, temno vepaar madhya-mosammaa wilt chamberlain maate saana francisco yoddhaaone koonee direking aneey lii shafer saathe karvaamaa aavyo hato, jeey vepaarne vaaramvaar staar khelaadi (aaa kissaamaa, chamberlain) naa udaaharan tareeke tankvama aave chhe. chhe nivrutt thataa pahelaa teo yoddhaao saathe vadhu beey purn rutuo ramyaa hataa.

paul neuman (basketball) paul aar. neuman (janm 30 janwari, 1938) ack americi sevaanivritt basketball khilaadi hain joe rashtriya basketball sangh (aine. bee. aeye.) mein khelate they. praarambhik carrier. ack gaard, neuman ney newport beach, california mein newport harber hyee school mein bhaag liya aur steinford vishvavidyalaya key liye college basketball khela. nba carrier. unhein 1959 key nba draft key chauthe daur mein syracuse nagrikon dwara chunaa gayaa thaa. unhone rashtriya khilaadiyon key saath dou satra khele, aur team key saath baney rahey kyonki yeh philadelphia mein sthanantarit hoe gayaa aur iska naam badalkar philadelphia 76ers curr diyaa gayaa. 1965 mein, unakaa madhya-mausam mein wilt chamberlain key liye saine francisco yoddhaon key saath millie-juli diarking aur lii schafer key saath vyaapaar kiya gayaa thaa, ack aisaa vyaapaar jise aksar ack starr khilaadi (iss mamle mein, chamberlain) key udaaharan key roop mein uddhrit kiya jaataa haye. 1967 mein sevaanivritt honey seey pahale unhone yoddhaon key saath dou aur poorna satra khele.

paul neuman (basketball) paul aarr. neuman (janana janavari 30,1938) americada nivrutta basketball aatagararagiddu, rashtriya basketball sanghadalli (nba) aadidaru. arambhika vrattijeevana. obba kavalugara, neuman californiada newport beechnalliruva newport harber haiskoolnalli vyasanga maadidaru mattu stanford vishvavidyaanilayakkaagi kaaleju basketball aadidaru. nba vrutti. aata 1959rahra enn. bii. aa. karadina 4neey suttinalli syracuse rashtriyarinda aaykeyaadaru. avaru rashtriya tandagalondige eradu rtugalalli aadidaru, mattu tandavu philadelphiyage sthalaantaragondaga adarondige ulidaru mattu philadelphia 76ers endu marunamakarana maadalaayitu. maadalaayitu, aatanu madhya rtuvinalli syaan franciscoda yodharige wilt chamberlanegaagi coney diering mattu lea shaffer jote vyapara madalpattanu, ee vyaapaaravannu starr atagarana (ee sandarbhadalli, chamberlain) moulyakkinta tumba kadime belege vyaapaaravaaguvudakke udaharaneyagi ullekhisalaaguttade. ullekhisalaaguttade nivruttaraguva modalu avaru yodharondige innoo eradu purna rtugalalli aadidaru.

pooll neuman (basketball) pooll aarr. naashanal basketball associationil (enn. bii. eiii) kalicha oru american viramicha basketball kalikkaranaanu neuman (jananam januvari 30,1938). aadyakaala currier. gaardaayirunna neuman kaaliforniyayile newport beechile newport harber haiskoolil padikkukayum stanford sarvakalaashaalaykkaayi koleju basketball kalikkukayum cheythu. enn. bii. eiii. currier. 1959leeii enn. bii. eiii draafttinte naalam roundil syracuse naashanalukal addehathe thiranjedutthu. deseeya teaminoppam rund seasonukal kalicha addeham, philadelphiayilekku marria teaminoppam thudarnnu, philadelphia 76ers ennu punarnaamakaranam cheyyappettu. 1965-ll, oru staar kalikkaaran (eee saahacharyathil, chamberline) vilayekkaal valare kuranja vilaykk vyapaaram cheiyunnathinte udaaharanamaayi palappozhum udharikkappedunna oru vyaapaaramaaya viltt chamberline saan francisco yodhaakkalkku cooney dearking, liie shaffer ennivaykkoppam addeham midu seasonil vyapaaram nadatthi. 1967ll viramikkunnathin munbu addeham yodhaakkalkkoppam rund muzhuvan seasonukalum kalichu.

paul neuman (basketball) paul aar. neuman (janm 30 janewari 1938) haah eka american nivrutt basketball kheladu aahe joou rashtriy basketball sanghatanemadhe (aine. bii. aii.) khelala aahe. prarambhik karkird. eka rakshak, neuman californiatil newport beach yetheel newport harber highschoolmadhye shikala aanee stanford vidyapithasathi mahavidhyalayin basketball khelala. aine. bii. aii. karkird. 1959 chya aine. bii. aii. masudyachya chauthya fereet syracuse nationalsne tyanchi nivad kelee. too rashtriy sanghasobat done hangam khelala aanee philadelphiyala gelyamule sanghasobat rahila aanee tyache naav badaloon philadelphiya 76ers asey karnyat aale. 1965 madhye, madhya hangamat, wilt chamberlainsathi sann francisco yoddhyanna conny diering aanee lii shafers tyacha vyapar karnyat aala, haah eka assa vyavasay aahe jyacha ullekh eka starr kheladuche (yaa prakaranat, chamberlain) tyache moolya tyapeksha khoopach qamee kimmatit vyapar honyache udaharan mhanoon varanvar keela jaato. 1967 madhye nivrutt honyapurvi teey yoddhyansobat aanakhi done purn hangam khelale.

pall neuman (basketball) pall arr. neuman (janma janawari 30,1938) ek americi sewaniwritta basketball kheladi hun jasle rashtriya basketball sangha (enbie) maa kheleka thie. prarambhik currier. ek gard, neumanle newport samudra tata, californiako newport harber hai schoolma padhe rar stanford vishwavidyalayaka lagi college basketball khele. nba currier. uni siracuse rashtriyaharudwara 1959 nba draftko chautho charanma chayan bhaeka thie. unle rashtriyaharusanga dui sijan khele, rar yo filadelfia sardai garda tolisanga rahe rar yasako naam filadelfia 76ers rakhieko thiyo. sann 1965 maa, unko midd-sijanma willet chamberlainka lagi saan francisco yoddhaharulai coney direking rar lea saferko sath wyapar garieko thiyo, ek wyapar june prayaha starr kheladi (yass awasthama, chamberlain) ko udaharanko rupma uddhrit garinchha. sann 1967 maa sewaniwritta hunuaghi unle yoddhaharusanga thap dui purna sijan khele.

pull neuman (basketball) pull aarr. neuman (janma januari 30,1938) jane americae abasaraprapta basketball khelali jie jatiah basketball sangha (enn. bii. aii.) ray khelithile. prarambhika kyariyara. jane gard, neuman californier newport belabhumire newport harber haiskulare adhyajana karithile ebong stanford biswabidyalaja paain college basketball khelithile. enn. bii. aii. kyariyara. syracuse jatijamananka dwara 1959 enn. bii. aii. draftra chaturtha parjyajare shay manoneet hoithile. shay jatiah dala sahita duiti rutu khelithile, ebong dala philadelaphiaaku jiba parey dala sahita rahithile ebong ehara naama philadelphia 76ers rakhajaithila. 1965 masihare, shay madhya-ruture wilt chamberlain paain saana francisco jodhamananku coney dairking ebong ly shaffer sahita karbar karithile, eka byabasai jaahaa eka tarka khelali (ehi khetrare, chamberlain) rahr udaharana bhabare ullekha karajae . 1967 ray absar neba purbaru shay joddhamananka sahita aau duiti purna rutu khelithile.

paal neuman (basketball) paal aar. neuman (janam 30 janwari, 1938) ikk amriki sevamukt basketball khidari haii joe national basketball association (ainn. bee. aii.) witch khediaa. shuruati carrier. ikk gaard, neuman neey newport beach, california witch newport harber hyee school witch padahi keeti atey stanford university laee kaalaj basketball khediaa. ainn. bee. aii. carrier uss noon sirakus nagrikan duaara 1959 ainn. bee. aii. draft dey chauthe daur witch chunhiaa giaa see. uss neey rashtari khidariaan naal doou season khede, atey team dey naal riha kiunki ih fildelfia chalee gaee atey isda naam badal keey fildelfia 76ers rakkhiaa giaa. sann 1965 witch, uss daa vapaar maddh-season witch vilit chamberlain laee sainn francisco yodhiaan noon coney diaring atey lee shaffer dey naal keeta giaa see, ikk ajiha vapaar jiss noon aksar ikk starr khidari (iss mamle witch, chamberlain) dee udaharan vajon darsaiaa jaanda haii. unhan neey 1967 witch sevamukt honn toon pahilan yodhiaan naal doou horr poore season khede.

paal nyumaan (basketball) paal aar. neuman (janma 30 janavaree 1938) ekaha amerikaadeshasy nivruttah basketball-kreedakah asti yah rashtriya-basketball-sanghe (enn. bee. e.) kreeditavaan. prarambhikam vruttijeevanam. rakshaka nyumaan ityeshah california-deshasya newport-samudratatasya newport-harber-ucchavidyaalaye abhyanayt, stanford-vishvavidyaalayasya krute mahaavidyaalaya-basketball-kreedaam api kreeditavaan. ena. bee. e. vruttihi. saha 1959 enn. bee. e. ityasya praaroopasy chaturthapande syracuse-raashtriyaih chitah. saha raashtriyaih saha rutudwayam akreedat, tathaa cha dalasya philadelphia-nagaram prati sthanantaram krutvaa dalasya eva aasit, tasya naam philadelphia philadelphia iti krutam. 1965 tame varshe, wilt chamberlain ityasya krute, sunn-fraamsisko-yoddhrubhyah, madhya-rutau coney-dairking, lee-shaffer ityetaih saha tasya vyaapaarah krutah, yah ekaha vyaapaarah praayah starr-creedlayerasya (asmin kshetre chamberlain) vyaapaarasy udaaharanaroopen uddhrutah asti, yah tasya mulyat bahu nyoonah aasit. 1967 tame varshe nivruttah bhavitum poorvam saha yoddhrubhihi saha poorna-rutudwayam api kreeditavaan.

paal neuman (koodaippandhu) paal aarr. neuman (prappu janavari 30,1938) oru america oaivu pettra koodaippandhu veerar aavaar, avar thaesiya koodaippandhu sangaththil (enn. pii. aee) vilaiyaadinaar. aarambagaala thozhil. oru kaavalar, neuman californiavin newboard kadarkaraiyil ulla newboard haarbar uyarnilaip pallyil payintraar mattrum stanford palkalaikkazhagaththirkaaka kalluri koodaippandhu vilaiyaadinaar. enn. pii. aee. thozhil. 1959 enn. pii. aee varaivin 4 vadhu suttril avar siracuse thaesiyargalaal thernthedukkappattaar. avar thaesiya veerargaludan irandu paruvangkalil vilaiyaadinaar, maelum adhu piladelpiyaavukkuch sentrathaal aniyudan irunthaar, maelum philatelpia 76ers endru marupeyaridappattathu. 1965 aam aandil, avar idai-paruvaththil chaan francisco poarveerargalukku wilt saembarlainukkaana cooney diring mattrum liie shaffer aagiyavattrudan varththagam seiyappattaar, idhu oru natchatthira veerar (inththa vishayathil, samberline) varththagaththirku oru eduththukkaattaaga adikkadi maerkoal kaattappadugiradhu. 1967 ill oaivu peruvatharku munbu avar poarveerargaludan maelum irandu muzhu paruvangkalil vilaiyaadinaar.

paal neuman (basketball) paal aarr. neuman (jananam janavari 30,1938) oka american retired basketball kreedaakaarini, athanu national basketball association (nba) loe aadadu. prarambha vrutti. oka gaardu, neuman californialoni newport beechloni newport harber haiskoollo chadivaadu mariyu stanford vishwavidyaalayam kosam kalaasaala basketball aadadu. nba kereer. athanu 1959 nba draft yokka 4 va roundloo syracuse jaateeyulache empika cheyabaddaadu. athanu jaateeyulato rendu seasonlu aadadu, mariyu adhi philadelphiaku maarinanduna jattuthone unnadu mariyu philadelphia 76ers gaa paeru maarchabadindi. 1965loe, athanu wilt chamberline kosam shaan francisco yodhulaku coney dierking mariyu lii shaffer thoo paatu season madhyalo vartakam cheyabaddaadu, eee vyaparam tarachugaa oka starr player (eee sandarbhamlo, chamberline) viluva kante chaalaa takkuvaku vartakam cheyabadataaniki udaaharanagaa perkonabadindi. 1967loe padavee viramana cheyadaaniki mundu ayana yodhulatho maroe rendu puurti seasonlu aadadu.

paal neoman (basket baal) paal aar. neomen (paidaish 30 januri 1938) eek americi retired basket baal khilaadi hay juu national basket baal aisosi aishan (aine bee aey) mein kheela kartaa thaa. ibtadayi carrier. eek muhafiz neomen nay neoport beach california mein neoport harber hayee school mein taleem haasil kii aur stenford university kay liye college basket baal kheela. aine bee aey carrier. inhein 1959 kay aine bee aey draft kay choothay round mein cyracos nationals nay muntakhib kiyaa thaa. inhon nay shahriyon kay saath duu seezan khailay aur team kay saath rahay keunkah yaha fladelfia muntaqil how gayee aur iss kaa naam badal kirr fladelfia 76ers rakh diyaa gayaa. 1965 mein wast seezan mein inn kii tajarat konee diarking aur lee sheefer kay saath saan francesco kay jangjoon kuu wilt chamberlain kay liye kii gayee eek aisi tajarat jiss kaa aksar eek staar player (iss muamile mein chamberlain) kii misaal kay toor parr hawalah diyaa jaataa hay. iss kii qeemat say kahein kumm mein tajarat kii jaa rahee hay. inhon nay 1967 mein retire honay say pehley jangjoon kay saath mazeed duu makmal seezan khelay.

fffe62af053d88e248ab4f5fe2285b2b169b15777665f88d701ca7e316ca1ea9

https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki?curid=149371

Plasmas/Plasma objects/Astronomy

Plasmas/Plasma objects/Astronomy In physics and chemistry, plasma is a state of matter similar to gas in which a certain portion of the particles are ionized. Plasmas. Plasmas are a state of matter similar to gas in which a certain portion of the particles are ionized. Heating a gas may ionize its molecules or atoms (reduce or increase the number of electrons in them), thus turning it into a plasma, which contains charged particles: positive ions and negative electrons or ions. For plasma to exist, ionization is necessary. The term "plasma density" by itself usually refers to the "electron density", that is, the number of free electrons per unit volume. The degree of ionization of a plasma is the proportion of atoms that have lost or gained electrons, and is controlled mostly by the temperature. Even a partially ionized gas in which as little as 1% of the particles are ionized can have the characteristics of a plasma (i.e., response to magnetic fields and high electrical conductivity). The degree of ionization, "α" is defined as "α" = "n"i/("n"i + "n"a) where "n"i is the number density of ions and "n"a is the number density of neutral atoms. The "electron density" is related to this by the average charge state <Z> of the ions through "n"e = <Z> "n"i where "n"e is the number density of electrons. "Plasma is the fourth state of matter, consisting of electrons, ions and neutral atoms, usually at temperatures above 104 degrees Kelvin." "The sun and stars are plasmas; the earth's ionosphere, Van Allen belts, magnetosphere, etc., are all plasmas. Indeed, plasma makes up much of the known matter in the universe." Plasma objects. Blue jets differ from sprites in that they project from the top of the cumulonimbus above a thunderstorm, typically in a narrow cone, to the lowest levels of the ionosphere 40 to 50 km (25 to 30 miles) above the earth. In addition, whereas red sprites tend to be associated with significant lightning strikes, blue jets do not appear to be directly triggered by lightning (they do, however, appear to relate to strong hail activity in thunderstorms). They are also brighter than sprites and, as implied by their name, are blue in color. The color is believed to be due to a set of blue and near-ultraviolet emission lines from neutral and ionized molecular nitrogen. Theoretical plasma astronomy. Because "of the huge spatiotemporal scales of plasma objects in space, the basic accepted views about the theory of plasma stability, which is now better suited for laboratory applications, are already in need of revision." Meteors. Def. "[a] massive burst of solar wind, other light isotope plasma, and magnetic fields rising above the solar corona or being released into space" is called a coronal mass ejection (CME). Blues. "Blue starters were discovered on video from a night time research flight around thunderstorms and appear to be "an upward moving luminous phenomenon closely related to blue jets." They appear to be shorter and brighter than blue jets, reaching altitudes of only up to 20 km. "Blue starters appear to be blue jets that never quite make it". At left is an image of the Northern Lights on Earth showing the very rare blue lights. Cyans. In spacecraft propulsion, a Hall thruster is a type of ion thruster in which the propellant is accelerated by an electric field. Hall thrusters trap electrons in a magnetic field and then use the electrons to ionize propellant, efficiently accelerate the ions to produce thrust, and neutralize the ions in the plume. Hall thrusters are sometimes referred to as Hall effect thrusters or Hall current thrusters. Hall thrusters are often regarded as a moderate specific impulse (1,600 s) space propulsion technology. Hall thrusters operate on a variety of propellants, the most common being xenon. Other propellants of interest include krypton, argon, bismuth, iodine, magnesium, and zinc. At left are two images of the plasma associated with and a part of NGC 7662. The color of the nebula is very blue-green where the dominant light source is the 500.7 nm oxygen emission. The second image is from the Hubble Space Telescope through three filters: F502N (blue), F555W (green), and F658N (red). The object is a planetary nebula (NGC 7662). A small star in the center has produced the nebula. Reds. "The Hessdalen Light [HL] is an unexplained light usually seen in the Hessdalen valley in the municipality of Holtålen in Sør-Trøndelag county, Norway." "HL [may be] formed by a cluster of macroscopic Coulomb crystals in a plasma produced by the ionization of air and dust by alpha particles during radon decay in the dusty atmosphere." "HL are characterized mostly by white color and sometimes by red color. It occurs mostly at night, more often in the winter season and with a peak around midnight." Sun. "[A] medium-strength flare erupted from the sun on July 19, 2012. The blast also generated the enormous, shimmering plasma loops, which are an example of a phenomenon known as "coronal rain," agency officials said." "Hot plasma in the corona cooled and condensed along strong magnetic fields in the region" slowly falling back to the solar surface as plasma "rain". "Many CMEs have also been observed to be unassociated with any obvious solar surface activity". In the images at right, a CME, or "arcs rise above an active region on the surface of the Sun in this series of images taken by the STEREO (Behind) spacecraft on January 27, 2010. The arcs are plasma, superheated matter made up of moving charged particles (electrons and ions). Just as iron filings arc from one end of a magnet to another, the plasma is sliding in an arc along magnetic field lines. In a movie of STEREO observations made between January 26 and January 29, the dynamic streams were initially just over the Sun’s edge and readily spotted as the Sun rotated them more into view." "About mid-way through the movie clip, a small coronal mass ejection (a stream of charged particles from the Sun) shoots out and into space at about a million miles per hour, carrying some magnetic field with it. The [first] image shows the beginning of the coronal mass ejection, while the [second] image shows the solar matter leaving the Sun’s corona. Most coronal mass ejections are more bulbous and wide: this one is quite narrow and contained. Nonetheless, NASA solar scientists agree that its speed and characteristics suggest that it was indeed a non-typical coronal mass ejection." Solar clouds. The February 10, 1956, event "was observed at Sacramento Peak. A bright ball appears above the [Sun's] surface, grows in size and Hα brightness, and explodes upward and outward." Coronal clouds. Def. "[t]he luminous plasma atmosphere of the Sun or other star, extending millions of kilometres into space, most easily seen during a total solar eclipse" is called a corona, or stellar corona. A coronal cloud is a cloud, or cloud-like, natural astronomical entity, composed of plasma and usually associated with a star or other astronomical object where the temperature is such that X-rays are emitted. While small coronal clouds are above the photosphere of many different visual spectral type stars, others occupy parts of the interstellar medium (ISM), extending sometimes millions of kilometers into space, or thousands of light-years, depending on the size of the associated object such as a galaxy. The high temperature of the coronal cloud gives it unusual spectral features. These features have been traced to highly ionized atoms of elements such as iron which indicate a plasma's temperature in excess of 106 Kelvin (MK). Although a coronal cloud (as part or all of a stellar or galactic corona) is usually "filled with high-temperature plasma at temperatures of T ≈ 1–2 (MK), ... [h]ot active regions and postflare loops have plasma temperatures of T ≈ 2–40 MK." Intergalactic medium. Coronal clouds of the hot intergalactic medium are likely in the Local Group and intergalactic medium, i.e., extragroup. The copious production of hot intragroup and intergalactic gas is a natural consequence of white dwarf-dominated halos. "MHD turbulence, generated during cluster-cluster mergers, may be a source of particle reacceleration in the IGM." Acceleration may be "by compressible turbulence in galaxy clusters, where the interaction between turbulence and the IGM is mediated by plasma instabilities and maintained collisional at scales much smaller than the Coulomb mean free path. In this regime most of the energy of fast modes is channelled into the reacceleration of relativistic particles and the acceleration process approaches a universal behaviour being self-regulated by the back-reaction of the accelerated particles on turbulence itself." Relativistic "protons contribute to several percent (or less) of the cluster energy, consistent with the FERMI observations of nearby clusters, [...] compressible turbulence at the level of a few percent of the thermal energy can reaccelerate relativistic electrons at GeV energies, that are necessary to explain the observed diffuse radio emission in the form of giant radio halos." Technology. Plasma cleaning involves the removal of impurities and contaminants from surfaces through the use of an energetic plasma created from gaseous species. Gases such as argon and oxygen, as well as mixtures such as air and hydrogen/nitrogen are used. The plasma is created by using high frequency voltages (typically kHz to >MHz) to ionise the low pressure gas (typically around 1/1000 atmospheric pressure), although atmospheric pressure plasmas are now also common. See also. <templatestyles src="Div col/styles.css"/> References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

plazma/plasma bostu/jyotirbigyan podartho bigyan aaru roxayon bigyanot, plazma hoise gesor dore podarthor ek owostha zo 'too konaburor etaa nirdisto ongxo aaynito hoy. plasma. plaza hoise gesor dore podarthor ek owostha zo 'too konaburor etaa nirdisto ongxo aaynito hoy. etaa ges gorom korile iyar onu baa pormanuk aaynito koribo paare (taat thoka electronor xongkhya hraax baa briddhi koribo paare), enedore iyak plajmat porinot kore, zo 'too aadhan korito konika thaakeh dhonatmok aayon aaru rinatmok electron baa aayon. plazmar ostitwor baabe aayonikoronor proyujon. plazma ghonotwo" xobdotuwe xadharonote "electron ghonotwo", orthat proti ekok aayotonot mukto electronor xongkhyak bujay. plazmar ayonikoronor matra hoise electron heruwa baa laabh koraa pormanur onupat, aaru ee besibhag taapmatrar dwara niyontron koraa hoy. aanoki aangxik aaynito ges zo 'too 1 xotangxoru komm konabur aaynito hoy taatou plazmar boixistyo thakibo paare (i.ee., soumbok khyetror proti xohari aaru uscho boidyutik poribahita). ayonikoronor matra, "α" koo "α" = "n" i/("n" i + "n" a) hisape xongyayito koraa hoy zo 'too "n" i hoise aayonor xongkhya ghonotwo aaru "n" a hoise nirpekhyo pormanober xongkhya ghonotwo. electron ghonotwo" iyar xoite "n" e = "n" i "ror joriyote aayonxomuhor gorh aadhan owosthar dwara xomporkito zo" too "n" e hoise electronor xongkhyar ghonotwo. "plazma hoise podarthor soturtho owostha, zo" too electron, aayon aaru nirpekhyo pormanu thaake, xadharonote 104 degree kelvinor uporor tapmatrat."xurzo aaru tarkaxomuh hoise plazma; prithibir aynosphere, bhen elen belt, sumbokmondol ityadi., xokolu plazma. prokritote, brahmandor proxidho podarthor odhikangxoi plazmaire gothito." plazma bostu. neela jetbur spritor poraa prithok hoy, zo 'too teuluke bojroborxunor uporot cumulunimbasor uporor poraa, xadharonote etaa thek xongkur uporot, prithibir uporot 40ror poraa 50 kilometer (25ror poraa 30 maail) aynosphere nimnotomo storoloi prodorxon kore. iyar uporiu, ronga spritexomuh ullekhjugyobhabe bojropator xoite jorito huwar probonota thokar biporite, neela jetxomuh proityokhyobhabe bojropator dwara udbhut huwa zen nalage (obosye, xeibur bojropator xomoyot tibro xilabristir xoite xomporkito huwa zen laage). xeibur spritotkoiu ujjwol aaru xeiburor naamor dwara xusit huwar dore neela rongor. ei rong nirpekhyo aaru aaynito aanobik naitrojenor poraa uluwa neela aaru otibenguniya rongor nirgomon rekhar etaa xonghotir folot huwa buli biswax koraa hoy. tatwik plazma jyotirbigyan. kaaron "mohakaxot thoka plazma bostur bixal spetiyo" temp "rail scalor bhitorot, plazma sthirota totwor bixoye moulik grohonjugyo dristibhongi, ji etiya porikhyagaror proyugor baabe odhik upojukto, itimodhye xongxudhonor proyujon." ulka. deph. "[koo] xour bayur byapok bisfuron, onyanyo puhoror aais" tot "poo plazma, aaru xour koo" runar uporot uthi ohaa baa mohakaxoloi mukoli huwa soumbok khetrok koo "koo" ror "lonal maach ejection (chi. em. ee) buli kuwa hoy. neela. "neela aarombhoni korutaxokol video" too bojroborxunor sariufale nixar gowexonar poraa uddhar koraa hoisil aaru "neela jetor xoite ghonisthobhabe xomporkito ek uporoloi goti koraa ujjwol porighotona" zen dekha yaay."xeibur neela jett bimanotkoi suti aaru ujjwol zen laage, maatro 20 kilometer uschotat uponeet hoy. "neela aarombhoni korutaxokol neela jett zen laage ji ketiyau xompurnorupe xokhyom nohoy. baufale prithibir uttor dixor puhoror etaa sobi aase zo 'too oti birol neela puhor dekhuuwa hoise. chian. mohakaxjanor propalsonot, holl thruster hoise ek prokaror aayon thruster zo 'too boidyutik khyetror dwara probahitu tworanwito koraa hoy. holl thrustere electronburok etaa soumbokiyo khetrot fosi raakhe aaru taar pisot probahik aayon koriboloi electronbur byobohar kore, ayonburok dokhyotat tworanwito kori probritti utpadon korr baabe, aaru plumor ayonburok niskriyo koriyo koron korr baabe. holl thrastarxomuhok ketiyaba holl effect thruster baa holl current thruster buli kuwa hoy. holl thrastarxomuhok praye ek modhyomiya nirdisto aabeg (1,600 che) mohakax propulsion projukti hisape gonyo koraa hoy. holl thrusterxomuhe bibhinno propelentot kaam kore, ataitkoi xadharontu hoise jenon. aagrohi onyanyo pronudokxomuhor bhitorot aase crypton, aargon, bixmath, aay 'dinn, magnesium aaru jink. baufale eno. ji. chi. 7662-ror xoite jorito plazmar dutaa sobi aase aaru etaa ongxo aase. niharikar rong oti neela-xeujiya zo 'too probhawxali puhoror utxo hoise <aai. di. 1> eno. em. oxygen nirgomon. dwitiyokhon sobi haabol mohakax durbikhyon jontror poraa tinita filteror joriyote luwa hoiseh f502n (neela), f555w (xeujiya), aaru f658n (ronga). bostutu hoise etaa groho niharika (ngc 7662). kendror etaa xoru torar dwara niharikar sristi hoise. ronga. "hesdalen light [eis. el.] hoise xadharonote norober sor-trondelag countyr holtelen pouroxobhar hesdalen upotyokat dekha puwa ek obyokto puhor." "dhulir bayumondolot raydon khyor xomoyot aalfa konikar dwara bayu aaru dhulir ayonikoronor dwara utpadito plasmat mekro" roscopic kulombo christelor etaa guschor dwara eis. el. gothon hoh "bob paare." "eis. el.-ror boixistyoxomuh besibhagei bogaa rong aaru ketiyaba ronga rongro dwara sinhito koraa hoy. ee besibhag raati hoy, odhik praye xitkalot aaru majnixar aaxe-paxe xirxotat thaake." xurjyo. "2012 sonor 19 julyte xurjyor poraa modhyomiya xoktir jwola-purar xutropat hoisil. bisfurontuwe bixal, jiliki thoka plazma lupburoru sristi korisil, jibur" "korunal rain" "naamere jonajat etaa porighotonar udahoron buli agencyr bixoyaxokole koy." "koo" runar gorom plasma xitol hoi oncholtur xoktixali soumbok khyetror xoite ghonibhut hoi "" laahe laahe plasma "" borxun hisape xour pristholoi ghuri aahe. "bohutu chi. em. ee. kunu sposto xour pristhor karzokolapor xoite xomporkito nohoy buliu lokhyo koraa hoise. xufalor sobixomuhot, 27 january, 2010-too steriu (pisfale) mohakaxjane luwa sobir ei sringkholat xurjyor pristhor etaa xokriyo oncholor uporot etaa chi. em. ee. baa "saap" udoy hoy. sapbur hoise plazma, gotixil aadhan konaa konaa (electron aaron aaru aayon) rey gothito oti uttopto podartho. thik jenekoi aaironor filinge sumbokor etaa prantor poraa aan etaa prantoloi saap diye, thik tenedorei plajmatuwe soumbokiyo khyetror rekhar xoite etaa sapot pisoli yaay. 26 januaryr poraa 29 januaryr bhitorot koraa steriu porzobekhyonor ekhon solositrot, gotixil dharabur prothomote xurjyor thik uporot aasil aaru xurzoi xeibur odhik ghurai suwar loge loge xohoje sinakto koraa hoisil." "chinemar cliptur maajere pray majbhagot, etaa xoru korunal bhos ejection (xurjyor poraa charge koraa konaxomuhor etaa dhaara) proti ghontat pray ek nijut maail begere bahiroloi ulai yaay aaru iyar xoite kichu sumbokiyo khyetro loi mohakaxoloi yaay. [prothom] sobiye korunal bho 'cho ejectionor aarombhoni dekhuway, aanhate [dwitiyo] sobiye xour podarthotuwe xurjyor koo "runa eri juwatu dekhuway. besibhag korr 'naal bhor ejection odhik balbas aaru bohol hoyoh eitu jothesto thek aaru ontorbhukto. tothapiu, nasar xour bigyanixokole ekmot je iyar goti aaru boixistyoxomuhe xusay je ee prokritote ek oh-xadharon korunal bhor ejection aasil." xour megh. 1956 sonor 10 february tarikhe "sekramentu xikhorot" onusthan paalon koraa hoisil. etaa ujjwol boll [xurjyor] pristhor uporot dekha yaay, aakar aaru eis. e. e. ujjwolotat briddhi paay, aaru uporoloi aaru bahiroloi bisfuron hoy." korunal dawor. deph. "xurzo baa onyo tarkar ujjwol plazma bayumondol, ji mohakaxoloi laakh laakh kilometer bistrito, xompurno xurjyogrohonor xomoyot ataitkoi xohoje dekha yaay" koo koo "runa baa starlar koo" runa buli kuwa hoy. korunal cloud hoise ek cloud, baa cloudor dore, prakritik jyotirbigyani xotta, ji plazmare gothito aaru xadharonote etaa taara baa aan jyotirbigyani bostur xoite xomporkito zo 'too tapmatra ene hoy je ex-rey nirgoto hoy. xoru korunal daworbur bibhinno bhijuwel spectrel prokaror taarar alukmondolor uporot thokar biporite aanbure antohnakhyotrik madhyom (aai. ess. em.) ror kichu ongxo dokhol kore, ji ketiyaba mohakaxoloi laakh laakh kilometer baa haajar haajar aaluk-bosoroloike bistrito hoy, ee sayapothor aakaror uporot nirbhor korr korr korr korr kore. korunal daworor uscho tapmatrai iyak oswabhabik bornali boixistyo prodan kore. ei boixistyobur aaironor dore upadanor uscho aaynito pormanut xondhan koraa hoise jiye etaa plazmar usnota 106 kelvin (em. key.) tokoi odhik buli xusay. jodiu etaa korunal megh (etaa nakhyotrik baa galactic koo "runar ongxo baa xokolu) xadharonote" t ±1-2 (mk) tapmatrat uscho taapmatrar plasmare bhori thaake... [eis] oh "tot xokriyo onchol aaru postflare lupor plazma tapmatra ti ± <aai. di. 1> em. key. hoy." antohgyalaktik madhyom. gorom antohgyalaktik madhyomor korunal daworbur sthaniyo gutt aaru antohgyalaktik madhyom, oh. too thokar xombhawona aase.ee., extragroup. gorom aantoxomuh aaru antohgyalaktik gesor prosur utpadon bogaa baamon-odhyuxito hell 'sor ek prakritik porinam. "cluster-cluster ekotrikoronor xomoyot utponno huwa em. eis. di. oxantota, aai. ji. em.-too konika punorbortonor utxo hoh 'bob paare." tworon hoh 'bob paare "sayapothor guschoburot xongkuchonjugyo oxantotar dwara, zo' too oxanto aaru aai. ji. em.-ror maajor parosporik kriya plasmer osthirotar dwara modhyosthota koraa hoy aaru kulombor gorh mukto pothotkoi bohut xoru xoru scalot xonghorxomulok rokha hoy. ei xaxonot drut gotir besibhag xokti aapekhyik konaxomuhor punorbyowortonoloi preron koraa hoy aaru tworon prokriyatuwe ek xarbojonin aasoronor usoroloi yaay jitu oxantito tworito konaxomuhor pisor protikriyar dwara swo-niyontrito hoy." aapekhyik "pro 'tonn"-e usoror guschoxomuhor farmi porzobekhyonor xoite xamonjosyo raakhi guscho xoktir keiba xotangxo (baa tatkoi komm) orihona jugay...] taapiyo xoktir keis xotangxo porzayot xongkuchonjugyo oxantiye ji. ee. bhi. xoktito aapekhyik electronxomuh punor goti koribo paare, jibur brihot readyo 'hell' ror ror rupot porzobekhyon korr bikhyipto readyo 'nirgomonor byakhya diboloi proyujoniyo." projukti. plazma poriskar korat gesiyo projatir poraa sristi huwa ek xoktixali plazma byoboharor joriyote pristhor poraa oxuddhota aaru duxok atoruwa ontorbhukto thaake. aargon aaru oxygenor dore gesor logote bayu aaru hydro "zen/naitro" jenor dore mishron byobohar koraa hoy. nimno sapor gesok (xadharonote 1/1000 bayumondoliyo sapor aaxe-paxe) aaynito koriboloi uscho kompankor voltage (xadharonote key. eis. je.-ror poraa> em. eis. je.) byobohar korr kori plazma sristi koraa hoy, jodiu bayumondoliyo sapor plasma etiya xadharon. logote sauk. proxongo.

plazma/plazma bostu/jyotirbigyan podarthobiggan ebong rasayane, plazma holl gasser anurup podarther ekti abostha jekhane kanagulir ekti nirdishto ongsho aynit hoy. plazma. plazma holl gasser anurup podarther ekti abostha jekhane kanagulir ekti nirdishto ongsho aynit hoy. ekti gaske gorom korle taar onu baa paramanu aynit hotey paare (taader modhye electroner sankhya hrass baa briddhi), eibhabe etike ekti plazma porinoto korey, jaar modhye adhanjukto konaa royeche dhonattok ayon ebong rinattok electron baa ayon. plasmer astitter jonno ayankaran prayojan. plazma ghonotto" shobdoti sadharonoto "electron ghonotto", arthat proti ekok aytone mukto electroner sankhyake bojhai. ekti plasmer ayanikikaraner matra holl electron hariye baa orjon koraa paramanur anupat, ebong beshirbhag tapmatra dwara niyantrita hoy. emonki ekti angshik aynit gyasa, jekhane 1 shotangsher moto konaa aynit hoy, taaro ekti plasmer baisishtya thakte paare (i.ee.chaumbak khettro ebong uchcho boidyutik poribahita) err protikriya. ayankaraner matra, "α" keey "α" = "n" i/("n" i + "n" a) hisabe sangyayita koraa hoy jekhane "n" i holl ayangulir sankhya ghonotto ebong "n" a holl niropekkho paramanur sankhya ghonotto. electron ghonotto" err saathe ayangulir garh adhan abostha dwara "n" e = "n" i err madhyome somporkito jekhane "n" e holl electrongulir sankhya ghonotto. "plazma holl podarther choturtho abostha, jaa sadharonoto 104 degree kelviner upore tapmatrai electron, ayon ebong niropekkho paramanu niye gothito."soorjo ebong taraguli holl plazma; prithibir ionosphere, vyana allen belt, magnetsphere ityadi., sabguloi plazma. prokritopokkhe, mahabishwer gyato podarther beshirbhagi plazma dwara gothito." plazma bostu. neel jetguli sprite theke alada jey taaraa bajrajhader upore cumulonimbuser sheersho theke, sadharonoto ekti sangkirna shankute, prithibir 40 theke 50 kilometres (25 theke 30 myle) upore ionosphere sorbonimno stor porjonto prokkhep korey. uporontu, jodio laal spriteguli ullekhjoggo bojropater saathe jukto, neel jetguli sarasari bojropater dwara trigger koraa boley money hoy naa (tobey, taaraa bojropate shaktishali shilabrishtir kriyakalaper saathe somporkito boley money hoy). eguli spriter cheyeo ujjal ebong taader naam onusare neel ronger. eyi rongti niropekkho ebong aynit anobik nitrogen theke neel ebong atibeguni nirgomon rekhar ekti seter karone boley money koraa hoy. tattik plazma jyotirbigyan. kaaron "mohakashe plazma bostur bishal spatiotemporal scaler modhye, plazma sthitishilota totto somporke moulik grihito motamot, jaa ekhon porikkhagar proyoger jonno arow upojukto, itimadhye sangshodhan prayojan." ulka. depha. "sour bayu, anyanno halka isotope plazma ebong chaumbak khettrer bishal bishforon jaa sour coroner upore uthhe aase baa mohakashe chhede deoa hoy" keey coronal maas ijekashana (shee. emm. ee) bolla hoy. neel. "neel suchanakariguli bajrajhader charpashe ekti raater gobeshona udan theke videote abishkrito hoyechilo ebong" neel jetgulir saathe ghonisthobhabe somporkito ekti urdhomukhi chalman alokito ghotona boley money hoy."eguli neel jeter cheye chhoto ebong ujjal boley money hoy, jaa matro 20 kilometres porjonto uchchotai pouchai. "neel starterder neel jeeta boley money hoy jaa kokhonyi puropuri toiri hoy naa. baan dike prithibir uttor diker alor ekti chhobi royeche jaa khub biral neel alo dekhay. sayan. mahakashjan propulsione, holl thruster holl eka dharaner ayon thruster jekhane propullanti ekti boidyutik khettro dwara twarannito hoy. holl thrusterguly ekti chaumbak khettre electrongulike atke rakhe ebong tarpore pronodokke aynit korte electronguli byabohar korey, ayongulike dokkhotar saathe twarannito korey thrust toiri korey ebong plumer ayongulike niropekkho korey. holl thrustergulike kokhono kokhono holl effect thruster baa holl current thruster hisabe ullekh koraa hoy. holl thrustergulike prayashai ekti majhari nirdishto abeg (1,600 second) space propulsion prajukti hisabe bibechona koraa hoy. holl thrusterguly bivinno pronodoker upor kaaj korey, jaar modhye sabcheye sadharan holl zinon. anyanno akarshaniya pronodokgulir modhye royeche crypton, argon, bismath, iodine, magnessium ebong dosta. baam dike enn. zii. shee 7662-err saathe jukto plasmer duti chitro ebong ekti ongsho royeche. niharikar rongo khub neel-sobuj jekhane prabhabshali alor utso holl <aaee. dii. 1> enn. emm oxygen nirgomon. dwitiya chhobiti hubble space telescope theke tinti filter eff502enn (neel), eff555dobleeu (sobuj) ebong eff658enn (laal)-err madhyome neoa hoyeche. bostuti ekti groher niharika (enn. zii. shee 7662). kendrer ekti chhoto taaraa niharika toiri koreche. laal. "hesdlin alo [aechl] ekti abyakta alo jaa sadharonoto norwer soar-trondelag kauntir holtalen pourosobhar hesdlin upottokai dekha yaay." "dhuloy bhora bayumandale raydon kshayer somoy alfa konaa dwara bayu ebong dhulo ayanikaran dwara utpadito ekti plazma macroscopic kulamba sphotiker ekti guchcho dwara aechl [hotey paare] gothito hoy." "aechl beshirbhag saadaa rongo ebong kokhono kokhono laal rongo dwara chinnito koraa hoy. etty beshirbhag raate ghote, prayashai sheeter morsume ebong modhyorater dike ekti shirshe thaake." soorjo. "2012 saaler 19shhey julai soorjo theke majhari shaktir shikha chhoriye porey. bishforonti bishal, chokchoke plazma lupo toiri korey, jaa" "coronal raine" "naame porichito ekti ghotonar udaharan, sangosthar kormokortara bolechen." "eyi anchaler shaktishali chaumbak khettro borabor corona gorom plazma sheetal ebong ghonibhuto hoy" "dheere dheere sour pristhe firey aase" "plazma hisabe" "brishti. "onek shee. emm. ee.-keey konao susposhto sour pristher kriyakalaper saathe osomporkito hisabeo dekha geche. dandiker chitrogulite, 27shhey januari, 2010-ayee stereo (pichhone) mahakashjan dwara neoa chitrogulir eyi sirije soorjer pristher ekti sakriya anchaler upore ekti shee. emm. ee baa "arch" utthito hoy. arkguli holl plazma, jaa chalman charged konaa (electron ebong ayon) diye gothito oti uttopto podartho. thhik jemon lohar filing ekti chumboker eka pranto theke onno prante chup deyo, temni plazma chaumbak khettrer rekha borabor ekti chaaper modhye pichle jachche. 26shhey januari theke 29shhey januarir modhye koraa stereo porjobekkhoner ekti chhobite, gotishil probahoguli prathomikbhabe soorjer pranter thhik upore chhilo ebong soorjo taader arow drishyoman korey tolar saathe saathe sahojei sonakto koraa yaay." "cholochchitro clipper majhamajhi somoye, ekti chhoto coronal bhor nirgomon (soorjo theke charge koraa kanagulir ekti probaho) proti ghontai pray eka million myle bege mohakashe ebong taar saathe kichhu chaumbak khettro bohon korey. [prothom] chitroti coronal bhor nirgomoner suchona dekhay, onnodike [dwitiya] chitroti sour podarthoke soorjer corona chhede choley jete dekhay. beshirbhag coronal bhor nirgomon arow balbas ebong proshostoh etty besh sangkirna ebong dharon koraa. zaihok, nasser sour bigyanira ekmat jey err goti ebong baisishtaguli theke bojha yaay jey etty prokritopokkhe ekti aaa-sadharan coronal bhor nirgomon chhilo." sour megh. 1956 saaler 10ee february, sacramento shikhore "event" palon koraa hoyechilo. ekti ujjal boll [soorjer] pristher upore prodorshito hoy, akaar ebong eich. ayee. ayee ujjolotai briddhi paay ebong uporer dike ebong bairer dike bishforito hoy." coronal megh. depha. "soorjo baa anyanno tarar alokito plazma bayumandal, jaa lokkho lokkho kilometres mohakashe prosarito, jaa sampurna surjogrohoner somoy sabcheye sahojei dekha yaay", taake bolla hoy corona, baa nakkhotrik corona. ekti coronal megh holl ekti megh, baa megher moto, prakritik jyotirboigyanik sotta, jaa plazma dwara gothito ebong sadharonoto ekti taaraa baa anyanno jyotirboigyanik bostur saathe jukto jekhane tapmatra emon hoy jey eksa-reey nirgoto hoy. chhoto chhoto coronal meghguli bivinno drishyoman bornali dharaner tarar alokmandaler upore thakleo onnoguli antohnakkhotrik madhyomer (aaee. esha. emm) kichhu ongsho dokhol korey, jaa kokhono kokhono lokkho lokkho kilometres baa hazar hazar alokborsho porjonto bistrito hoy, jaa nirbhar korey chhayapather moto somporkito bostur akarer upor. coronal megher uchcho tapmatra etike aswabhabik bornali baisishtya deyo. eyi baisishtaguli lohar moto upadangulir uchcho aynit poromanute sonakto koraa hoyeche jaa ekti plasmer tapmatra 106 kelviner (emke) beshi nirdesh korey. jodio ekti coronal megh (ekti nakkhotrik baa chhayapather coroner ongsho baa samasta) sadharonoto "t ±1-2 (emke) tapmatrai uchcho-tapmatrar plazma diye bhora hoy... [eich] oo. tii sakriya anchal ebong postflair lupgulir plazma tapmatra tii ± 2-40 emke thaake." antahgyalaktik madhyam. gorom antahgyalaktik madhyomer coronal meghguli sombhoboto sthaniya gosthi ebong antahgyalaktik madhyam, i-ayee royeche.ee., extragroup. gorom intragroup ebong antahgyalaktik gasser prachur utpadon saadaa bamon-adhyushito halloser ekti prakritik porinoti. "cluster-cluster sangjuktir somoy utponno mhd osthirota, igm-ayee konaa punorbyoboharer ekti utso hotey paare." twaran hotey paare "chhayapather guchchogulite sangkuchitojoggo ashantir dwara, jekhane ashanta ebong aaee. zii. emm-err modhye mythscrea plazma osthirota dwara modhyosthota koraa hoy ebong kulamba garh mukto pother tulna onek chhoto scaley sangharsha bojay rakha hoy. eyi byabasthai druto gotir beshirbhag shakti apekkhik kanagulir punorbyoboharer modhye probahito hoy ebong twaran prokriyati ekti sorbojonin achoroner dike yaay jaa ashantir upor twarannito kanagulir byaka-protikriya dwara swa-niyantrita hoy." apekkhik protonguli nikatbarti guchchogulir fermi porjobekkhoner saathe samanjasya rekhe guchcho shaktir koyek shotangsho (baa taar qama) abodan rakhe...] taap shaktir koyek shotangsho store sangkochanjogya osthirota zii. ee. vee shoktite apekkhik electrongulike punra twarannito korte paare, jaa bishal redio hallow akare porjobekkhon koraa bichchurito redio nirgomonke byakhya korar jonno prayojaniya." prajukti. plazma porishkar korar sange bayaviya prajati theke toiri ekti shaktishali plazma byaboharer madhyome pristho theke amedhya ebong dushak aposaron jorito. argon oo oxygener moto gasser pashapashi bayu oo hydrogen/nitrogener moto mishran byabohar koraa hoy. nimnochaper gaske (sadharonoto <aaee. dii. 1> bayumandaliya chaaper kachakachi) aynit korar jonno uchcho frequency voltage (sadharonoto keey. eich. jeeda theke> emm. eich. jeeda) byabohar korey plazma toiri koraa hoy, jodio bayumandaliya chaaper plazmao ekhon sadharan. etao dekhun. reference.

plasma/plasma objects/khagolshastra bhautikshastra aneey rasayanshastrama, plasma aee vaayu jevee dravyani sthitee chhe jemaa kanonaa chokkas bhaagnu aaynikaran thaay chhe. plasma. plasma aee vaayu jevee dravyani sthitee chhe jemaa kanonaa chokkas bhaagnu aaynikaran thaay chhe. gesane garam karvaathi tenaa anooo athavaa anooo aaynikaran thaee shake chhe (temaa electronni sankhyaa ochhi athavaa vadhe chhe), aama tene plasmama fervi shakaay chhe, jemaa charge karelaa kano hoya chheh hakaaraatmak aayno aneey nakaaraatmak electron athavaa aayno. plasma astitvamaa rahe teey maate, aaynikaran jaroori chhe. plasma ghanata" shabd pote saamanya reete "electron ghanata" noow ullekh karey chhe, etale keey aekam qada deeth mukt electronni sankhyaa. plasmana aaynikaranni maatraa aee anuonu pramaan chhe keey jene electron gumaavyaa chhe athavaa melvyaa chhe, aneey teey mote bhaage taapmaan dwara niyantrit thaay chhe. aansheek reete aayaneekrut vaayu keey jemaa 1 takaa jetla ochha kano aayaneekrut hoya temaa pann plasma (i.ee., chumbakeey kshetro aneey uchch vidhyut vaahaktaa maate pratisaad). aaynikaranni degree, "α" neey "α" = "n" i/("n" i + "n" a) tareeke vyakhyayit karvaamaa aave chhe jyaan "n" i aee aayanoni sankhyaa ghanata chhe aneey "n" a aee tatasth anuoni sankhyaa ghanata chhe. electron ghanata" "n" e = "n" i dwara aayanoni sarerash charge sthitee dwara aanee saathe sambandhit chhe jyaan "n" e aee electronni sankhyaa ghanata chhe. "plasma aee dravyani chothee sthitee chhe, jemaa saamanya reete 104 degree kelvinthi vadhu taapmaan parr electron, aayan aneey tatasth anuono samaavesh thaay chhe."soorya aneey taarao plasma chhe; pruthvinu ionosphere, veena elen belt, magnetosphere vagere., badhaa plasma chhe. kharekhar, brahmaandmaa motabhagna jaanita padaartho plasmathy banelo chhe." plasma padaartho. vaadadi vimaano spritsthee alag padey chhe, jemaa teo vavazodani upar cumulonimbusni tochthee, saamanya reete saankada shankuma, pruthvithi 40 thee 50 kimee (25 thee 30 mile) upar ionospherena sauthee neecha star sudhee prakshepit karey chhe. vadhumaa, jyaare laal sprite nondhpaatra vijadinaa prahaaro saathe sankalaayela hoya chhe, tyaare vaadadi jett seedha vijadee dwara sharoo thataa nathee (jooe keey, teo vavazodama majboot qaraa pravrutee saathe sambandhit hovaanu janaay chhe). teo sprite karataa pann tejasvi hoya chhe aneey temnaa naamthi soochit thaay chhe tema, vaadadi rangnaa hoya chhe. aaa rung tatasth aneey aayaneekrut parmaanu nitrogenmathi vaadadi aneey najiknaa ultraviolet utsarjan rekhaaona samoohne kaarane hovaanu manvama aave chhe. saiddhaantik plasma khagolshastra. kaaran keey "avkashma plasma padaarthona vishaal spetiotemporal scalesmanthi, plasma sthirtaanaa siddhaant vishenaa mulbhoot sveekrut mantavyo, jeey havey prayogshalana upyogo maate vadhu yogya chhe, temaa pahelethee jaj punraavartanni jaroor chhe." ulkaao. depha. "[a] saur pawan, anya prakaash isotope plasma aneey chumbakeey kshetrono vishaal visfot jeey saur koronathi upar ooge chhe athavaa avkashma chhodvama aave chhe" tene coronal maas ejection (see. aema. ee.) kahevama aave chhe. blues. "vaadadi sharuaat karnaaraao vavazodani aaspaas raatre sanshodhan udanmathi videeyo parr malee aavyaa hataa aneey teey "vaadadi jett saathe najikthi sambandhit aek upar taraf chaalati tejasvi ghatnaa" hovaanu janaay chhe."teo vaadadi jett karataa tunkaa aneey tejasvi dekhaay chhe, jeey maatra 20 kimee sudhini unchai sudhee pahonche chhe. "vaadadi sharuaat karnaaraao vaadadi jett hoya tevu laage chhe jeey kyaarey tene barabar nathee banaavtaa". daabi bajuae pruthvi parr uttareey prakashni chhabi chhe jeey khoob jaj durlabh vaadadi prakaash darshaave chhe. science. avkashayanna pranodanmaa, holl thruster aee aayan thrusterno aek prakaar chhe jemaa vidhyut kshetra dwara pranodakne veeyg aapvama aave chhe. holl thrusters chumbakeey kshetramaa electronne fasavta hoya chhe aneey pachhi propellantne aaynikaran karvaa maate electronno upyog karey chhe, dabaan utpann karvaa maate aayanone asarkarak reete veeyg aape chhe aneey plumema aayanone tatasth karey chhe. holl thrustersne ketalikvaar holl effect thrusters athavaa holl current thrusters tareeke odakhvaamaa aave chhe. holl thrustersne ghanivaar madhyam chokkas aaveg (1,600 second) spaces propulsion technology tareeke ganvaamaa aave chhe. holl thrusters viveedh propellents parr kaama karey chhe, jemaa sauthee saamanya zenon chhe. anya rasnaa propellentsmaa crypton, argon, bismuth, iodine, magnessium aneey zinkno samaavesh thaay chhe. daabi bajuae plasmani beey chhabio chhe aneey ngc 7662noow aek bhaag chhe. niharikano rung khoob jaj vaadadi-leelo chhe jyaan prabhavshali prakaash srot 500.7 nm oxygen utsarjan chhe. beejee chhabi hubble spaces telescopemathi trana gaadako dwara chheh f502n (vaadadi), f555w (leelo), aneey f658n (laal). aaa padaarth grahonee niharika (ngc 7662) chhe. kendramaa aek naana taaraae nebula utpann karyo chhe. laal. "hasdlan prakaash [aech. aela.] aee aek naa samjaay tevo prakaash chhe jeey saamanya reete norwena soora-trondelag kaauntimaa holtelen nagarpalikama hasdlan kheenma jovaa maley chhe." "dhulwala vatavaranma redonnaa sado darmiyan alfa kano dwara havaa aneey dhulnaa aaynikaran dwara utpann plasmama macroscopic kulamb sfatikonaa samooh dwara hl [bunny shake chhe]." "aech. aela. mote bhaage safed rung aneey ketalikvaar laal rung dwara vargikrut thayel chhe. teey mote bhaage raatre thaay chhe, shiyaalaani rutumaa aneey madhyaratrini aaspaas toach saathe." soorya. "[aee] 19 julai, 2012naa roj suryamathi madhyam-shaktini jwala faatee neekali hatee. visfotthi prachand, zagmagati plasma loops pann pedaa thaee hatee, jeey" "coronal varsaad" "tareeke odakhaati ghatanaanu udaaharan chhe, aema agencyna adheekarioae janaavyu hatoo"." "koronama garam plasma thandaa thaay chhe aneey aaa pradeshmaa majboot chumbakeey kshetro saathe ghanikaran thaay chhe" "dheeme dheeme plasma varsaad tareeke saur sapaati parr paachha padey chhe". "ghanaa see. aema. ee. koipan spasht saur sapatini pravrutee saathe asambandhit hovaanu pann jovaa malyun chhe". jamani baajuni chhabioma, 27 january, 2010naa roj stereo (paachhal) avkashayan dwara levaamaa aaveli chhabioni aaa shreneema suryanee sapaati parnaa sakreey pradeshni upar aek see. aema. ee. athavaa chaap ooge chhe. chaap plasma chhe, jeey gatisheel charge kano (electron aneey aayno) thee banelo atiushna padaarth chhe. jaim lokhandani filing chumbakna aek chhedethi beeja chhede farey chhe, tema plasma chumbakeey kshetrani rekhaao saathe chaapma sarkee rahyu chhe. 26 january aneey 29 january vachche karvaamaa aavela stereo avalokanoni filmmaan, gatisheel pravaaho sharuaatmaa suryanee dhaar parr jaj hataa aneey soorya temne vadhu fartaa hovathi sahelaithi jovaa malyaa hataa." "film klipnaa madhyamaa, aek naano coronal maas ejection (suryamathi charge karelaa kanono pravaah) lagbhag aek million mile pratee kalaaknee zadape bahaar nikale chhe aneey tenee saathe ketlaak chumbakeey kshetrane vahan kareene avkashma jaay chhe. [pratham] chhabi coronal maas ejectionni sharuaat darshaave chhe, jyaare [beejee] chhabi darshaave chhe keey saur dravya suryanaa koronaane chhodi rahyu chhe. motabhagna coronal maas ejection vadhu golaakaar aneey paholaa hoya chheh aaa aek khoob jaj saankadi aneey samavisht hoya chhe. tema chhataa, nassana saur vaignaniko sahmat thaay chhe keey tenee zadap aneey lakshaniktao soochave chhe keey teey kharekhar biin-saamanya coronal maas ejection hatoo." saur vaadado. 10 februari, 1956 naa roj, "ghatnaa" sanskaar shikhar parr ujavvama aavee hatee. aek tejasvi dado [suryanee] sapatini upar dekhaay chhe, qada aneey aech. aee. aee. tejmaa vadhe chhe, aneey uparnee aneey bahaarnee taraf visfot karey chhe." coronal vaadado. depha. "soorya athavaa anya taaraanu tejasvi plasma vatavaran, jeey laakho kilometer sudhee avkashma vistare chhe, jeey sampoorn suryagrahan darmiyan sauthee saraltathi dekhaay chhe" tene koronaa athavaa taaraakiy koronaa kahevama aave chhe. coronal vaadad aee vaadad athavaa vaadad jevu koodarti khagoleey astitva chhe, jeey plasmathy banelu hoya chhe aneey saamanya reete taaraa athavaa anya khagoleey padaarth saathe sankalaayelu hoya chhe jyaan taapmaan aevu hoya chhe keey ex-reey utsarjit thaay chhe. jyaare naana coronal vaadado ghanaa judaa judaa drashya varnapat prakaarnaa taaraona photosphereni upar hoya chhe, anya aantartarkiy maadhyam (ism) naa bhaago parr kabajo karey chhe, jeey ketalikvaar laakho kilometer avkashma vistare chhe, athavaa hajaaro prakaash-varsh, akashganga jevaa sankalaayel padaarthnaa kadnaa aadhare. coronal vaadalnu unchu taapmaan tene asamanya varnapat lakshaniktao aape chhe. aaa lakshano aayarn jevaa tatvonaa atyant aayaneekrut anuoma jovaa maley chhe jeey plaazmaanu taapmaan 106 calvin (aema. keey.) thee vadhu hovaanu soochave chhe. jooe keey coronal vaadad (taaraakiy athavaa taaraakiy koronaa bhaag athavaa tamaam) saamanya reete "t ±1-2 (mk) naa taapmaane uchch tapmanna plasmathy bharelu hoya chhe... [aech] oo. tii. sakreey pradesho aneey postflayer loopsma plasma taapmaan t ± 2-40 mk hoya chhe." aantar-akashganga maadhyam. garam aantargyalaktik maadhyamna coronal vaadado sthaaneek jooth aneey aantargyalaktik maadhyamma hovani shakyata chhe, etale keey.ee., extragroup. garam aantargrup aneey aantargyalaktik gesanu pushkal utpaadan aee safed dwarf-prabhutva dharaavtaa prabhamandalnu koodarti parinam chhe. "cluster-cluster vilinikaran darmiyan pedaa thatee aema. aech. dii. ashanti, aaee. jee. aema. maan kana punahpravartanno srot hoi shake chhe." pravegak aakashgangana samoohma sankochak ashanti dwara hoi shake chhe, jyaan ashanti aneey aaee. jee. aema. vachcheni kriyapratikriya plasma asthirtaa dwara madhyasthi karvaamaa aave chhe aneey kulamb sarerash mukt maarg kartaa ghanaa naana scale parr athadaaman jaalvi rakhvama aave chhe. aaa shasanma zadpi sthitioni motabhagni urjaa saapeksh kanonaa punahpravartanmaa vahe chhe aneey pravegak prakriyaa saarvtrik vartanukno sampark karey chhe jeey svayam-niyantrit thaay chhe aneey teey svayam ashantata parr tvareet kanonee pashchaad-pratikriyaa dwara niyantrit thaay chhe." najiknaa samoohnaa fermi avalokno saathe susangat, saapeksh "proton samooh urjaana ketlaak takaa (athavaa ochha) maan faalo aape chhe...] ushmeey urjaana thodaa takaana stare sankochak ashanti jee. ee. vee. urjaa parr saapeksh electronne fareethi veeyg aapee shake chhe, jeey vishaal rediyo prabhamandalna rupmaan avalokan karaayela prasaran rediyo utsarjanne samjavva maate jaroori chhe." technology. plasma safaima vaayuyukt prajatiomathi banaavela urjasbhar plasmana upyog dwara sapatiomathi ashuddhio aneey ashuddhio door karvaano samaavesh thaay chhe. argon aneey oxygen jevaa vaayuo temaj havaa aneey hydrogen/nitrogen jevaa mishranono upyog thaay chhe. plasma neecha dabanwala vaayune (saamanya reete 1/1000 vaataavaraniy dabanni aaspaas) aaynikaran karvaa maate uchch aavartan voltage (saamanya reete khzedthi> mhzed) noow upyog kareene banavvama aave chhe, jooe keey vaataavaraniy dabaan plasma havey pann saamanya chhe. pann juo. sandarbho.

plasma/plasma vastuein/khagol vigyaan bhautiki aur rasayan vigyaan mein, plasma gais key samaan padaarth kii ack avastha haye jisamen kanon kaa ack nishchit hissa aayanit hotaa haye. plasma. plasma gais key samaan padaarth kii ack avastha haye jisamen kanon kaa ack nishchit hissa aayanit hotaa haye. kissy gais koo germ karane seey usake anu yaa parmaanuon kaa ayanan hoe sakata haye (unamen electrons kii sankhya cumm yaa badh jaati haye), iss prakaar ise ack plasma mein badal diyaa jaataa haye, jisamen aaveshit kann hotey hainh sakaratmak aayan aur nakaratmak electron yaa aayan. plasma key astitva key liye, aayaneekaran aavashyak haye. plasma ghanatva" shabd apane aap mein aamtaur parr "electron ghanatva" koo sandarbhit kartaa haye, yaani prati ikai aayatan mukt electrons kii sankhya. plasma key aayaneekaran kii degree una parmaanuon kaa anupaat haye jinhone electron khou diye hain yaa praapt kiye hain, aur jyaadaatar tapman dwara niyantrit kiya jaataa haye. yahaan taka kii ack aanshik roop seey aayanikrit gais jisamen 1 pratishat seey cumm kann aayanikrit hotey hain, mein bhee plasma (i.) kii visheshataaen hoe sakati hain.ee., chumbakiya kshetron aur uchch vidyut chaalakta key liye pratikriya). aayaneekaran kii degree, "α" koo "α" = "n" i/("n" i + "n" a) key roop mein paribhaashit kiya gayaa haye jahan "n" i ayanon kaa sankhya ghanatva haye aur "n" a tatasth parmaanuon kaa sankhya ghanatva haye. electron ghanatva" isase "n" e = "n" i key madhyam seey ayanon kii ausat avesh sthiti seey sambandhit haye jahan "n" e electrons kaa sankhya ghanatva haye. "plasma padaarth kii chauthi avastha haye, jisamen electron, aayan aur tatasth paramanu hotey hain, aamtaur parr 104 degree kelvin seey oopar key tapman parr."soorya aur taare plasma hain; prithvi kaa ionmondal, vaine elen belt, magnetosphere, aadi., sabhi plasma hain. vaastav mein, brahmand mein gyaat padaarth kaa adhikansh hissa plasma seey banaa haye." plasma vastuein. neele jett sprite seey alag hotey hain kyonki way ack aandhi key oopar cumulonimbus key sheersh seey, aamtaur parr ack sankeern shanku mein, prithvi seey 40 seey 50 kimmy (25 seey 30 meal) oopar ionmondal key sabse nichale star taka prakshepit karate hain. isake alawa, jabaki laal sprits mahatvapurna bijli key hamalon seey judey hotey hain, neele jett seedhe bijli seey utpann naheen hotey hain (haalaanki, way garaj key saath tej olavrishti gatividhi seey sambandhit prateet hotey hain). way sprits kii tulanaa mein bhee chamkile hotey hain aur, jaisa kii unake naam seey pataa chalata haye, neele rung key hotey hain. maanaa jaataa haye kii rung tatasth aur aayanikrit aanvik nitrogen seey neeli aur nikat-parabaingani utsarjan rekhaaon key ack samooh key kaaran haye. saiddhaantik plasma khagol vigyaan. kyonki "antariksh mein plasma vastuon key vishal spetiotemporal paimaane key baare mein, plasma sthirata key siddhant key baare mein buniyaadi sweekrit vichaar, joe abb prayogshala anuprayogon key liye behtar anukool haye, pahale seey hii sanshodhan kii aavashyakta haye." ulkaaen. dafe. "saur pawan, anya prakaash samasthaanik plasma, aur chumbakiya kshetron kaa badey paimaane parr visfot joe saur corona key oopar seey oopar uthh rhaa haye yaa antariksh mein chhoda jaa rhaa haye" koo coronal maas ejection (see. aim. ee.) kahaa jaataa haye. blues. "neeli shuruat karane vaalon koo video parr raat mein garaj key saath ack shodh udaan seey paaya gayaa thaa aur yeh" neele vimaanon seey nikatata seey sambandhit ack oopar kii or badhati chamakdaar ghatana prateet hoti haye."way neele vimaanon kii tulanaa mein chhote aur chamkile dikhaai dete hain, joe kewal 20 kimmy taka kii oonchaai taka pahunchate hain. "neeli shuruat karane vaale neele jett prateet hotey hain joe kabhi bhee ise poori tarah seey naheen banaate hain. baain or prithvi parr uttari roshni kii ack chhavi haye joe bahut hii durlabh neeli roshni koo darshaati haye. sines. antariksh yaan pranodan mein, ack holl thruster ack prakaar kaa aayan thruster haye jisamen pranodak koo ack vidyut kshetra dwara twarit kiya jaataa haye. holl thruster ack chumbakiya kshetra mein electrons koo fansaate hain aur phir pranodak koo aayanit karane key liye electrons kaa upayog karate hain, jore dene key liye ayanon koo kushalata seey tej karate hain, aur plume mein ayanon koo beasar karate hain. holl thrusters koo kabhi-kabhi holl effect thrusters yaa holl current thrusters key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye. holl thrusters koo aksar ack madhyam vishisht aaveg (1,600 sekand) antariksh pranodan praudyogiki key roop mein maanaa jaataa haye. holl thruster vibhinn prakaar key pranodak parr kaam karate hain, jinamen seey sabse aam zenon haye. anya ruchi key pranodak mein cryptone, argan, bismuth, iodene, magnicium aur jastaa shamil hain. baain or plasma kii dou chhaviyaan hain joe ngc 7662 seey judee hain aur ack hissa ngc 7662 kaa haye. niharika kaa rung bahut neela-haraa haye jahan pramukh prakaash srot 500.7 nm oxygen utsarjan haye. doosari chhavi teen filters key madhyam seey hablab space telescope seey haih f502n (neela), f555w (haraa), aur f658n (laal). yeh vastu ack grah niharika (ngc 7662) haye. kendra mein ack chhote seey taare ney niharika kaa utpaadan kiya haye. laal. "hasdlen prakaash [aich. ell.] ack aspashteekrit prakaash haye joe aamtaur parr norwey key sore-trondlag county mein holtalen kii nagarpalika mein hasdlen ghaati mein dekhaa jaataa haye." "aich. ell. [hoe sakata haye] ack plasma mein macroscopic kulamb chrystal key ack samooh dwara banaaya gayaa haye joe dhool bharey vatavaran mein raydon kshay key dauran alfa kanon dwara havaa aur dhool key aayaneekaran dwara utpaadit hotaa haye." "aich. ell. kii visheshta jyaadaatar safed rung aur kabhi-kabhi laal rung seey hoti haye. yeh jyaadaatar raat mein hotaa haye, aksar sardiyon key mausam mein aur aadhi raat key aspas charam parr hotaa haye." soorya. "[aeye] 19 julaai, 2012 koo soorya seey madhyam shakti kii jwala bhadki. visfot ney vishal, jhilamilaate hue plasma loop bhee utpann kiye, joe" coronal varsha "key roop mein jaani jaane vaali ghatana kaa ack udaaharan haye, agency key adhikaariyon ney kahaa." "corona mein germ plasma thandaa hoe jaataa haye aur kshetra mein majboot chumbakiya kshetron key saath sanghanit hoe jaataa haye" "dheere-dheere plasma" "barish key roop mein saur satah parr vaapas gir jaataa haye. "kaee see. aim. ee. koo kissy bhee spasht saur satah gatividhi seey asambaddh bhee dekhaa gayaa haye. 27 janwari, 2010 koo stereo (peechhe) antariksh yaan dwara lii gaee chhaviyon kii iss shrinkhala mein daaeen or kii chhaviyon mein, ack see. aim. ee. yaa chaap soorya kii satah parr ack sakriya kshetra key oopar ugate hain. chaap plasma hain, joe gatishil aaveshit kanon (electrons aur ayanon) seey banaa atyadhik germ padaarth haye. jiss tarah lohe kii filing chumbak key ack chhor seey dusare chhor parr chaap karati haye, usee tarah plasma chumbakiya kshetra rekhaaon key saath ack chaap mein fisal rhaa haye. 26 janwari aur 29 janwari key beach kiye gaye stereo avlokanon kii ack film mein, gatishil dhaaraaen shuru mein soorya key kinare parr theen aur aasaani seey dikhaai deen kyonki soorya ney unhein adhik drishti mein ghumaaya." "film clip key beach mein, ack chhota coronal maas ejection (soorya seey aaveshit kanon kii ack dhaara) lagbhag duss laakh meal prati ghante kii gati seey baahar nikalati haye aur antariksh mein jaati haye, joe apane saath kuchh chumbakiya kshetra leey jaati haye. [pahali] chhavi coronal maas ejection kii shuruat dikhaati haye, jabaki [doosari] chhavi saur padaarth koo soorya key corona koo chhodate hue dikhaati haye. adhikansh coronal dravyamaan utsarjan adhik bulbus aur chaude hotey hainh yeh kaafee sankeern aur nihit hotaa haye. phir bhee, nassa key saur vaigyaanik iss baat seey sahmat hain kii isaki gati aur visheshtaon seey pataa chalata haye kii yeh vaastav mein ack gair-samanya coronal dravyamaan nishkasana thaa." saur baadal. 10 farwari, 1956 koo sanskar shikhar parr "ghatana" manai gaee. ack chamkili gend [soorya kii] satah key oopar dikhaai detee haye, aakar aur aich. aeye. aeye. chamak mein badhati haye, aur oopar aur baahar kii or visfot karati haye." coronal baadal. dafe. "soorya yaa anya taare kaa chamakdaar plasma vatavaran, joe antariksh mein laakhon kilometres taka faila huaa haye, jise poorna soorya grahan key dauran sabse aasaani seey dekhaa jaa sakata haye", koo corona yaa taarakiya corona kahaa jaataa haye. coronal baadal ack baadal, yaa baadal jaisa, praakritik khagoliya ikai haye, joe plasma seey banaa hotaa haye aur aamtaur parr ack taare yaa anya khagoliya vastu seey judaa hotaa haye, jahaan tapman aisaa hotaa haye kii aiks-ray utsarjit hotey hain. jabaki chhote coronal baadal kaee alag-alag drishya varnakramiya prakaar key sitaaron key prakashmandal key oopar hotey hain, anya antartarkiya madhyam (aaee. aiss. aim.) key kuchh hisson parr kabja curr lete hain, joe kabhi-kabhi antariksh mein laakhon kilometres yaa hajaaron prakaash-varshon taka failate hain, joe ack akashganga jaisi sambandhit vastu key aakar parr nirbhar kartaa haye. coronal baadal kaa uchch tapman ise asamanya varnakramiya visheshataaen detaa haye. inn visheshtaon kaa pataa loha jaise tatvon key atyadhik aayanikrit parmaanuon seey lagaaya gayaa haye joe ack plasma key tapman koo 106 kelvin (aim. key.) seey adhik kaa sanket dete hain. halanki ack coronal baadal (ack taarakiya yaa galactic corona key hisse key roop mein yaa sabhi) aamtaur parr "t ±1-2 (mk) key tapman parr uchch tapman vaale plasma seey bharaa hotaa haye... [aich] sakriya kshetron aur postflare loop mein plasma tapman tii ± 2-40 emke hotaa haye." antargangiya madhyam. germ antargangiya madhyam key coronal baadal sthaaniya samooh aur antargangiya madhyam, i mein honey kii sambhavana haye.ee., extragroup. germ antahsamuh aur antargyalactic gais kaa prachur utpaadan safed baune-pradhaan prabhamandal kaa ack praakritik parinam haye. "cluster-cluster vilay key dauran utpann aim. aich. dee. ashanti, aaee. jee. aim. mein kann punarsanchayan kaa ack srot hoe sakata haye." twaran akashganga samoohon mein sampeedit ashanti dwara hoe sakata haye, jahaan ashanti aur aaee. jee. aim. key beach kii antahkriya plasma asthirta dwara madhyasthata kii jaati haye aur kulamb mean free paath kii tulanaa mein bahut chhote paimaane parr takraav banaae rakhaa jaataa haye. iss vyavastha mein tej mode kii adhikansh oorjaa saapeksh kanon key punarsanchayan mein pravaahit kii jaati haye aur twaran prakriya ack saarvbhaumik vyavhaar key paas jaati haye joe ashantata parr hii twarit kanon kii back-reaction dwara swa-viniyamit hoti haye." nikatvarti proton samooh oorjaa key kaee pratishat (yaa usase cumm) mein yogdan karate hain, joe aas-paas key samoohon key fermi avalokan key anuroop haye...] kuchh pratishat taapiya oorjaa key star parr sampeedit ashanti, jee. ee. vee. urjaaon parr saapeksh electrons koo punah gati dey sakati haye, joe vishal radio prabhamandal key roop mein dekhe gaye prasaar radio utsarjan kii vyakhya karane key liye aavashyak hain." praudyogiki. plasma safai mein gaisiya prajaatiyon seey baney urjaavaan plasma key upayog key madhyam seey satahon seey ashuddhiyon aur dooshit padarthon koo hataana shamil haye. argan aur oxygen jaisi gasses key saath-saath havaa aur hydrogen/nitrogen jaise mishranon kaa upayog kiya jaataa haye. plasma koo uchch aavritti voltage (aamtaur parr khjd seey> mhjd) kaa upayog karke cumm dabaav vaali gais (aamtaur parr 1/1000 vayumandaliya dabaav key aspas) koo aayanit karke banaaya jaataa haye, halanki vayumandaliya dabaav vaale plasma abb bhee aam hain. yeh bhee dekhein. sandarbh.

plasma/plasma vastugalu/khagolashastra bhautashastra mattu rasaayanashaastradalli, plasma embudu anilavannu holuva dravyada sthitiyaagiddu, idaralli kanagala ondu nirdishta bhagavu ayanikarisalpaduttade. plasma. plaasmaagalu aniladanteye dravyada sthitiyaagiddu, idaralli kanagala ondu nirdishta bhagavu ayanikarisalpaduttade. anilavannu bisimaaduvudarinda adara anugalu athawa paramaanugalannu ayanikarisabahudu (avugalalli electraangala sankhyeyannu kadime maadabahudu athawa hechchisabahudu), heege adannu plasma aagi parivartisabahudu, idu charge maadalaada kanagalannu hondiruttadeh dhanaatmaka ayanugalu mattu runatmaka electraangalu athawa ayanugalu. plasma astitvadalliralu, ayanikaranada agatyaviruttade. plasma saandrate" emba padavu samanyavagi "electron saandrate" yannu soochisuttade, andare, prati ghataka parimanakke mukta electraangala sankhye. plaasmaada ayanikaranada mattavu electraangalannu kaledukonda athawa padeda paramanugala pramaanavaagide mattu idannu hechchaagi taapamaanadinda niyantrisalaaguttade. bhagashah ayanikarisida aniladalli shekada 1rashtu kanagalu ayanikarisalpattiveyadu saha plaasmaada gunalaksanagalannu hondirabahudu (i.ii.kantiya kshetragalige pratikriye mattu hecchina vidyut vaahakateyannu). ayanikaranada matta, "α" annu "α" = "n" i/("n" i + "n" a) endu vyaakhyaanisalaagide, allie "n" i embudu ayanugala sankhya saandrate mattu "n" a embudu tatastha paramanugala sankhya saandrate. electron saandrateyu" "n" e = "n" i moolaka ayanugala sarasari charge sthitiyinda idakke sambandhiside, allie "n" e embudu electraangala sankhyeya saandrateyaagide. "samanyavagi 104 degree kelvinginta hecchina taapamaanadalli, electraangalu, ayanugalu mattu tatastha paramaanugalannu olagondiruva dravyada nalkane sthitiyu plasma aagide."surya mattu nakshatragalu plaasmaagalu; bhumiya ionosphere, wyaan alen beltgalu, magnetosphere ityaadi., ellavoo plasma. vaastavaagi, brahmandadalli tilidiruva hecchina padaarthavannu plasma roopisuttade." plasma vastugalu. neeli jetgalu spritgaliginta bhinnavagiruttave, avu gudugu sahitada mele cumulonimbusna meelbhaagadinda, samanyavagi kiridaada koonnalli, bhumiya mele 40 rinda 50 kimee (25 rinda 30 maili) ionospherena atyanta kadime mattakke prakshepisuttave. idallade, kempu spritegalu gamanarha minchina hodetagalondige sambandha hondiddaroo, neeli jetgalu minchina moolaka neravagi prachodisalpattante kanuvudilla (aadaagyoo, avu gudugu sidilinallina balavaada aalikallu chatuvatikege sambandhisive endu toruttade). avu spritgaliginta prakaashamaanavaagiruttave mattu avugala hesarininda soochisuvante neeli bannadalliruttave. tatastha mattu ayanikarisida aanvika saarajanakadinda neeli mattu neralaatita horasoosuvikeya rekhegala gumpinindaagi ee bannavu untaagide endu nambalaagide. saiddhaantika plasma khagolashastra. ekendare "bahyakashadalliruva plasma vastugala brihat spotiotemporal mapakagalalli, plasma sthirateya siddhaantada bagge moolabhoota sweekruta abhiprayagalu, eega prayogaalayada anvayagalige hecchu suktavagive, eegaagale parishkaraneya agatyaviruttade." ulkegalu. def. "[aa] soura maarutada brihat spota, itara belakina isotope plasma, mattu soura coronada mele eruva athawa bahyakashakke bidugadeyaguva kantiya kshetragalannu" coronal maas ejection (sii. emm. ii) endu kareyalaaguttade. blues. "gudugu sahita ratriya samshodhanaa haaraatadinda neeli aarambhikagalannu veediyodalli kanduhidiyalaagide mattu idu" neeli jetgalige nikata sambandhisiruva melmukhavaagi chalisuva prakashamanavada vidyamaanavendu toruttade."avu neeli jetgaliginta chikkadaagi mattu prakashamanavagi kaanuttave, kevala 20 kii. mea. ettaravannu taluputtave. "neeli aarambhisuvavaru neeli jetgalante kaanuttaare, adhu endigoo purnavagi sadhyavaguvudilla". edabhagadalli bhumiya melina uttarada deepagala chitraviddu, aparoopada neeli deepagalannu torisuttade. saine. bahyakasha naukeya propulsionalli, haal thruster embudu ondu reetiya ayanu thruster aagiddu, idaralli propellent annu vidyut kshetradinda vegagolisalaguttade. haal thrustergalu electraangalannu kantiya kshetradalli bandhisuttave mattu nantara propellent annu ayanikarisalu electraangalannu balasuttave, ayanugalannu parinamakariyagi vegagolisi ottadavannu utpaadisuttave mattu ploomnalliruva ayanugalannu tatasthagolisuttave. haal thrustergalannu kelavomme haal effect thrustergalu athawa haal current thrustergalu endu kareyalaaguttade. haal thrustergalannu samanyavagi madhyama nirdishta aavega (1,600 seey) bahyakasha propulsion tantragyaanavendu pariganisalaaguttade. haal thrustergalu vividha propellentgala mele kaaryanirvahisuttave, avugalalli atyanta saamaanyavaadaddu xenon. itara aasaktiya propellentgalalli crypton, argaon, bismat, iodine, magnesium mattu satu serive. edabhagadalli plaasmaada eradu chitragalu mattu enn. zii. sii 7662rahra ondu bhagavide. neehaarikeya bannavu tumba neeli-hasiru bannaddaagiddu, allie pramukha belakina moolavendare <aii. dii. 1> enn. emm. aamlajanaka horasoosuvike. eradane chitravu hubble bahyakasha dooradarshakadinda mooru shodhakagala moolaka bandideh f502n (neeli), f555w (hasiru), mattu f658n (kempu). ee vastuvu grahagala neehaarike (ngc 7662) aagide. madhyadalliruva ondu sanna nakshatravu neehaarikeyannu utpaadiside. kempu. "hessdalein belaku [hl] samanyavagi narveya soar-trondelog kountiya holtalen purasabheya hesdaleen kaniveyalli kandubaruva vivarisalaagada belakaagide." "dhulina vatavaranadalli raydon koleyuva samayadalli alfa kanagalinda gaali mattu dhulina ayanikaranadinda utpattiyaguva plaasmaadallina sthula coolumb sphatikagala samoohadinda hl [roopugollabahudu]." "hlanu hechchaagi bili bannadinda mattu kelavomme kempu bannadinda niroopisalaagide. idu hechchaagi ratriyalli, hechchaagi chaligaaladalli mattu madhyaraatriya sumaarige garishta mattadalliruttade." surya. "[aa] 2012rahra julai 19randu suryaninda madhyama-shaktiya jwaaleyu spotagonditu. spotavu agaadhavaada, minuguva plasma loopgalannu saha srushtisitu, idu" "coronal maley" "endu kareyalpaduva vidyamaanakke ondu udaaharaneyaagide endu agency adhikaarigalu tilisiddaare"." "koronaadallina bisi plasma tampaguttade mattu ee pradeshada balavaada kantiya kshetragala uddakkoo ghanikrutagolluttade" "plasma maleyagi nidhaanavaagi soura melmaige maraluttade". "aneka sii. emm. ii. galu yaavude spashtavaada soura melmai chatuvatikeyondige sambandha hondilla endu saha gamanisalaagide". balabhagadalliruva chitragalalli, janavari 27,2010 randu stereo (himbhaga) bahyakasha nauke tegeda chitragala ee saranialli suryana melmaiyalli sakriya pradeshada mele ondu sii. emm. ii. athawa "chapagalu" airuttave. chapagalu plasma, chalisuva aaveshada kanagalinda (electraangalu mattu ayanugalu) madalpatta atiyagi bisiyaada padaarthagalaagive. kabbinada kadatagalu aayaskaantada ondu tudiyinda innondu tudiyalli chapavaguttiruvanteye, plasma ayaskantiya kshetra rekhegala uddakkoo chaapadalli jaaruttide. janavari 26 mattu janavari 29rahra naduve maadalaada stereo avalokanagala chalanachitravondaralli, kriyatmaka holegalu aarambhadalli suryana anchina meliddavu mattu suryanu avugalannu hecchu tirugisidaaga sulabhavaagi gurutisalpattavu." "chalanachitrada tunukina madhyabhaagadalli, ondu sanna coronal maas ejection (suryaninda charge maadalaada kanagala ondu stream) gantege sumaru ondu million maili vegadalli horahommuttade mattu bahyakashakke horahommuttade, adarondige kelavu kantiya kshetravannu hottoyyuttade. [modala] chitravu coronal maas ejection aarambhavannu torisuttade, aadare [eradane] chitravu soura dravyavu suryana koronavannu toreyuvudannu torisuttade. hecchina coronal maas ejectiongalu hecchu bulbus mattu agalavagiruttaveh idu saakashtu kiridaagide mattu olagondiruttade. aadaagyoo, nassa soura vignaanigalu adara vega mattu gunalakshanagalu idu nijavagiyoo saamaanyavallada coronal maas ejection endu soochisuttave endu opputtaare." soura modagalu. 1956rahra phebravari 10randu, "ee ghataneyannu pavitra granthada shikharadalli aacharisalaayitu. [suryana] melmaiya mele prakashamanavada chendu kaanisikolluttade, gaatra mattu holapininda beleyuttade mattu melmukhavaagi mattu horakke spotagolluttade." coronal modagalu. def. "surya athawa itara nakshatragala prakashamanavada plasma vatavaranavu, bahyakashakke lakshaantara kilometergalashtu vistariside, sampoorna suryagrahanada samayadalli sulabhavaagi kandubaruttade" endu idannu corona athawa nakshatrika corona endu kareyalaaguttade. coronal modavu plaasmaadinda koodida moda athawa modadantaha naisargika khagola ghatakavagide mattu samanyavagi nakshatra athawa itara khagola vastuvinondige sambandha hondiddu, allie taapamaanavu ksha-kiranagalannu horasusuvantahaddaagide. sanna coronal modagalu aneka vibhinn drashya varnapatalada reetiya nakshatragala dyutigolada meliveyaadaroo, itaravu antaratara madhyamada (aii. ess. emm) bhagagalannu aakramisuttave, kelavomme lakshaantara kilometergalashtu bahyakashakke athawa saaviraaru belakina-varshagalavarege vistarisuttave, idu galaxiantaha sambandhita vastuvina gatravannu avalambisiruttade. coronal modada hecchina taapamaanavu idakke asaamaanya varnapatalada vaishishtyagalannu niiduttade. ee laksanagalannu kabbinadantaha amshagala hecchu ayanikarisida paramanugalalli gurutisalaagide, idu plaasmaada taapamaanavu 106 kelvin (emm. keey.) ginta hechchagiruvudannu soochisuttade. aadaagyoo, ondu coronal modavu (nakshatrika athawa galaxy coronada bhagavagi athawa sampoorna) samanyavagi "t ±1-2 (mk) taapamaanadalli hecchina-taapamaanada plaasmaadinda tumbiruttade... [etch] sakriya pradeshagalu mattu postflare loopgalu plasma taapamaanavannu tii ± 2-40 emm. keey. hondiruttave." antara galaxy madhyama. bisi antaragyalactic madhyamada coronal modagalu sthaliya gumpu mattu antaragyalactic madhyamadalli irabahudu, andare.ii., extragroup. bisi intragroup mattu intergalactic anilada heralavaada utpaadaneyu bili kubja-praabalyada prabhedagala naisargika parinaamavaagide. "cluster-cluster vileenagala samayadalli utpattiyaguva mhd prakshubdhateyu, igmnalli kanagala marukalisuvikeya moolavaagirabahudu." vegavardhaneyu naksatrapunja samoohagalallina sankuchita prakshubdhateyinda agirabahudu, allie prakshubdhate mattu aii. zii. emm naduvina paraspara kriyeu plasma asthirategalinda madhyasthike vahisuttade mattu coolumb sarasari mukta maargakkinta chikkadaada mapakagalalli gharshaneyannu nirvahisuttade. ee vyavastheyalli vegada vidhaanagala hecchina shaktiyannu saapeksha kanagala marukalisuvikege ravaanisalaaguttade mattu vegavardhaneya prakriyeyu saarvatrika nadavalikeyannu taluputtade, idu prakshubdhateya mele vegavardhita kanagala himm-pratikriyeyinda swayam-niyantrisalpaduttade." saapekshavaada "prootaangalu cluster shaktiya halavaaru pratishatakke (athawa kadime) koduge niiduttave, idu hattirada clustergala fermi avalokanagalige anugunavagiruttade...] ushna shaktiya kelavu pratishatada mattadalli sankuchitagollabahudaada prakshubdhateyu gev shaktigalalli saapeksha electraangalannu marukalisabahudu, idu gamanisida prasarana radeo horasusuvikeyannu daitya radeo haalogala roopadalli vivarisalu agatyavagide." tantragyaana. plasma shuddikaranavu anila prabhedagalinda srushtiyaada shaktiyuta plasma balakeya moolaka melmaigalinda kalmashagalu mattu maalinyakaarakagalannu tegeduhaakuvudannu olagondiruttade. argaon mattu aamlajanakadantaha anilagalu, jotege gaali mattu hydrogen/saarajanakadantaha mishranagalannu balasalaaguttade. kadime ottadada anilavannu (samanyavagi 1/1000 vayumandalada ottadada sutta) ayanikarisalu hecchina aavartana voltejgalannu (samanyavagi khz ninda> mhz) balasuva moolaka plaasmaavannu rachisalaaguttade, aadaagyoo vatavaranada ottadada plaasmaagalu eega saamaanyavaagive. saha nodi. ullekhagalu.

plasma/plasma vasthukkal/jyothishaasthram bhauthikashaasthrathilum rasathanthrathilum, kanangalude oru nischitha bhagam ionise cheytha vaathakathin samanamaaya dravyaavasthayaanu plasma. plasma. kanangalude oru nischitha bhagam ionise cheytha vaathakathin samanamaaya dravyaavasthayaanu plasma. oru vaathakam choodaakkunnathu athinte thanmaathrakaleyo attangaleyo ionise cheythekkaam (avayile electronukalude ennam kuraykkukayo vardhippikkukayo cheyyuka), angane athine charjju cheytha kanikakal adangiya oru plasmayakki maattunnu positteev ionukalum negatteevu electronukalum ionukalum. plasma nilanilkkunnathin ionization aavasyamaanu. plasma saandrata" enna padam saadhaaranayaayi "electron saandrata", athaayath oru yoonit voliyathinu swatantra electronukalude ennathe soochippikkunnu. electronukal nashtappedukayo nedukayo cheytha aattangalude anupaathamaan plasmayude ionisationte alavu, ithu kooduthalum thapanilayal niyanthrikkappedunnu. kanangalude oru sathamaanam vare ionized aaya bhagika ionized vaathakathin polum plasmayude savisheshathakal undayirikkaam (i.iii.kaanthikakshethrangalodu prathikaranavum uyarnna vaidyuthachaalakathayum). ionisationte alavu, "α" ennathu "α" = "n" i/("n" i + "n" a) aayi nirvachikkappedunnu, ivide "n" i ayonukalude samkhyaa saandrathayum "n" a ennathu neutral aattangalude samkhyaa saandrathayumaanu. n" e = "n" i vazhi ayonukalude sharashari charge avastha "electron saandrata" yumayi bandhappettirikkunnu, ivide "n" e ennathu electronukalude saandrathayaanu. "saadhaaranayaayi 104 digri kelvinum mukalilulla thapanilayil electronukal, ionukal, neutral attangal enniva ulkkollunna dravyathinte naalaamathe avasthayaanu plasma."suryan nakshathrangalum plaasmakalaan; bhoomiyude ionosphere, vaan alan belttukal, magnetosphere muthalaayava., ellaam plaasmakalaan. theerchayaayum, prapanchatthil ariyappedunna dravyathinte bhooribhaagavum plaasmayaan." plasma vasthukkal. neela jettukal sprittukalil ninnu vyathyasthamaan, avaa oru idiminnalinu mukalil kumulonimbasinte mukalil ninnu, saadhaaranayaayi oru idungiya konilaanu, bhoomiyil ninnu 40 muthal 50 kilometer (25 muthal 30 mile) vare ionospherinte ettavum thaazhnna nilayilekku prakshepanam cheiyunnu. koodaathe, chuvanna sprittukal ganyamaaya minnal aakramanangalumaayi bandhappettirikkumbol, neela jettukal minnal nerittu prachodippikkunnillenni thonnunnu (ennirunnaalum, avaa idiminnalile sakthamaaya aalipazha pravartthanavumaayi bandhappettirikkunnave thonnunnu). avaa sprittukalekkaal thilakkamullathum avayude peril soochippikkunnathu pole neela niramullathumaanu. neutral, ionized molecular nitrajanil ninnulla neela, ultraviolet malineekarana lainukalude oru koottam moolamaanu eee niram undaayathenn vishwasikkappedunnu. saidhaanthika plasma jyothishaasthram. kaaranam "bahiraakaashathe plasma vasthukkalude valia speshiyodemboral skeyilukalil, laborattari aaplikkeshanukalkku ippol kooduthal anuyojyamaaya plasma sthirathayude sidhaanthathekkurichulla adisthaana sveekaaryamaaya kaazhchappaadukal ithinakam punaravalokanam cheyyendathundu." ulkkakal. def. "[a] sourakkaattu, mattu laitt isotope plasma, soura koronaykku mukalil uyarunna kaanthikakshethrangal allengil bahiraakaashathekku vidunnathu ennivayude vann pottitheriye" coronal maas ejection (sii. emm. iii) ennu vilikkunnu. neela. "idiminnaline chuttipattiyulla oru ratri gaveshana parakkalil ninnu veediyoyil neela thudakkakkaare kandethi, ithu" neela jettukalumayi adutha bandhamullah mukalilekku neengunna oru prakasha prathibhaasamaanennu thonnunnu."neela jettukalekkaal cheruthum thilakkamullathumaaya avaa 20 kilometer vare uyarathil athunnu. "neela thudakkakkar orikkalum poornnamaayum nirmmikkaatha neela jettukalayi kaanapedunnu". idathuvashathu bhoomiyile vadakkan laittukalude oru chithram valare apoorvamaaya neela laittukal kaanikkunnu. sians. bahirakasha pedaka propulsionil, oru vaidyutha mandalam propellant thwarithappeduthunna oru tharam ayoon thrasttaraanu haal thrasttar. haal thrasttarukal electronukale oru kaanthikakshethrathil keniyil pedutthukayum thudarnnu proppallantine ionise cheyyaanum ayonukale kaaryakshamamaayi thwarithappeduthukayum oorjjam uthppaadippikkukayum plumile ayonukale nirveeryamaakkukayum cheiyunnu. haal thrasttarukale chilappol haal ephakt thrasttarukal allengil haal karant thrasttarukal ennu vilikkunnu. haal thrasttarukal palappozhum oru mithamaaya nirddishta impulse (1,600 seey) space propulsion saankethikavidyayaayi kanakkaakkappedunnu. haal thrasttarukal vividha proppallantukalil pravartthikkunnu, athil ettavum saadhaaranamaayath senon aanu. kripttan, aargon, bismat, iodine, magneeshyam, sink ennivayaanu mattu thaalpparyamulla proppallantukal. idathu vashath enn. jii. sii 7662-nte oru bhagavumaayi bandhapetta plasmayude rund chithrangalundu. neehaarikayude niram valare neela-pachayaanu, athil pradhana prakasha srothass <aii. dii. 1> enn. emm. ooksijan puranthallalaanu. randaamathe chithram hubble space telescopyl ninnu moonnu filterukaliloode f502n (neela), f555w (pacha), f658n (chuvapp). eee vasthu oru grahangalude neehaarikayaan (enn. jii. sii 7662). madhyabhaagathulla oru cheria nakshatram neeharika nirmmichu. chuvapp. "norwayile soar-trontelag kaundiyile holtalen munisippalittiyile hesdalen thaazhvarayil saadhaaranayaayi kaanapedunna vishadeekarikkappedaatha prakaashamaan hesdalen laitt [echl]." "podunnaneyulla anthareekshathile raadon kshaya samayat alfa kanikakal vaayuvinteyum podiyudeyum ionization vazhi ulppaadippikkunna plaasmayile macroscopic coolomb paralukal chernnaanu echl [roopappettekkaam]." "echl kooduthalum velutha niravum chilappol chuvapp niravumaanu. ithu kooduthalum raathriyilaan sambhavikkunnath, palappozhum shaithyakaalathum ardharaathriyode ettavum uyarnna nilayilumaanu." suuryan. "2012 juulai 19 nuu sooryanil ninnu idatharam-shakti jwaalayude spodanam pottipurappettu. spodanam valia, thilangunna plasma looppukal srishtikkukayum cheythu, ithu" "coronal mazha" "ennariyappedunna oru prathibhaasatthinte udaaharanamaanennu ejansi udyogasthar paranju"." "eee mekhalayile sakthamaaya kaanthikakshethrangalil coronayile choodulla plasma thanuppikkukayum ghaneebhavikkukayum cheythu" "plasma mazhayayi pathukke soura uparithalathilekku madangunnu". "pala sii. emm. ekalum vyakthamaaya soura uparithala pravartthanavumaayi bandhamillaathavayaanennu nireekshikkappettundu". valathuvashathulla chithrangalil, 2010 januvari 27 nuu steeriyo (pinnil) bahirakasha pedakam edutha chithrangalude eee shreniyil sooryante uparithalathile oru sajeeva pradeshathinu mukalil oru cme allengil aarkkukal uyarunnu. aarkkukal plaasmayaan, chalikkunna charjju cheytha kanikakal (electronukalum ionukalum) kondu nirmmicha superheat cheytha dravyamaanu. irumbu fillingukal oru kaanthatthinte oru attathu ninnu mattonnilekku arck cheiyunnathupole, plasma kaanthikakshethra rekhakaliloode oru arkkil slide cheiyunnu. januvari 26num januvari 29num idayil nadatthiya steeriyo nireekshanangalude oru sinimayil, chalanathmakamaaya aruvikal thudakkathil sooryante arikinu mukalilaayirunnu, suuryan avaye kooduthal kaazhchayilekku karakkumbol avaa eluppathil kandethukayum cheythu." "moovi klippiloode ekadesham paathivazhiyil, oru cheria coronal maas ejection (sooryanil ninnulla charjju cheytha kanangalude oru stream) manikkooril ekadesham oru dasalaksham mile vegathayil puratthekku puratthekku puratthekku pookukayum bahiraakaashathekku pookukayum cheiyunnu, athinoppam kurachu kaanthikakshethram vahikkunnu. [aadya] chithram coronal maas ejekshante thudakkam kaanikkunnu, [randaamathe] chithram sooryante coronayil ninnu soura padaartham purathupokunnathu kaanikkunnu. mikka coronal maas ajectionukalum kooduthal bulbus veethiyumullavayaanu ithu valare idungiyathum adangiyathumaanu. ennirunnaalum, naasayude soura shaasthranjar athinte vegathayum savisheshathakalum soochippikkunnathu ithu yadhaarthathil oru saadhaaranamallaatha coronal maas ejection aanennu sammathikkunnu." suurya meghangal. 1956 februvari 10 nuu sacramento kodumudiyil "ivant" aacharichu. sooryante uparithalathinu mukalil oru thilakkamulla panthu prathyakshappedukayum valuppathilum thilakkathilum valarukayum mukalilekkum puratthekkum pottitherikkukayum cheiyunnu." coronal meghangal. def. "sooryanteyo mattu nakshathrangaludeyo prakashikkunna plasma anthareeksham, dasalakshakkanakkinu kilometerukal bahiraakaashathekku vyaapichukidakkunna, poornna sooryagrahanam samayat ettavum eluppathil kaanapedunna", athine corona allengil staarar corona ennu vilikkunnu. plasma kondu nirmmithavum saadhaaranayaayi oru nakshathravumaayo mattu jyotishaasthra vasthukkalumaayo bandhappettathum ex-reey purappeduvikkunna thaapanilayullathumaya oru megham allengil megham polulla prakrithidatha jyotishaasthra gadakamaanu coronal megham. cheria coronal meghangal vyathyastha vishwal spectral tharam nakshathrangalude photospherinu mukalilaayirikkumbol, mattullava interstellar meediyathinte (aii. ezz. emm) bhagangal ulkkollunnu, chilappol dasalakshakkanakkinu kilometerukal bahiraakaashathekku allengil aayirakkanakkin prakashavarshangal vare vyaapikkunnu, oru galaxy polulla anubandha vasthuvinte valuppathe aashrayich. coronal meghatthinte uyarnna thaapanila ithinu asaadhaaranamaaya spectral savisheshathakal nalkunnu. oru plasmayude thaapanila 106 kelvin (emm. keey) ll kooduthalaanennu soochippikkunna irumbu polulla moolakangalude uyarnna ionized aattangalil eee savisheshathakal kandethiyittundu. oru coronal megham (oru nakshatra allengil gaalaktik koronayude bhagamaayo allengil muzhuvanaayo) saadhaaranayaayi "t ±1-2 (mk) thapanilayil uyarnna thapanilayulla plasma kondu nirayunnu... [echu] ooo. tii. active regionukalkkum postflare loopukalkkum plasma thaapanila t ± 2-40 mk aanu." intergaalaaktik meediyam. choodulla intergaalaaktik maadhyamathinte coronal meghangal praadeshika groupilum intergaalaaktik maadhyamathilum aayirikkam.iii., extragroup. choodulla intraagrooppinteyum intergaalaaktik vaathakathinteyum dhaaraalam uthppaadanam velutha kullan aadipathyamulla haalosinte swaabhaavika anantharafalamaanu. "klasttar-klasttar layana velayil srishtikkappedunna emm. echu. dii prakshubdhatha, aii. jii. emmile kanika punarprakriyayude uravidamaayirikkaam." galaxy klasttarukalile compressible turbulance vazhiyaan aaksilareshan, avide turbulance aii. jii. emmum thammilulla prathipravartthanam plasma asthirathakalaal madhyasthatha vahikkukayum coolomb sharashari swatantra paathayekkaal valare cheria skeyilukalil koottiyidi nilanirthukayum cheiyunnu. eee vyavasthayil phaast modukalude oorjjam relativistic kanangalude reaxilerationilekku nayikkappedunnu, koodaathe thwarana prakriya oru saarvathrika swabhaavathe sameepikkunnu, ithu prakshubdhathayil thanne thwarithappeduthiya kanangalude back-reaction vazhi svayam niyanthrikkappedunnu." aduthulla klasttarukalude fermi nireekshanangalumaayi poruthappedunna, klasttar oorjjathinte niravadhi sathamaanam (allengil athil kuravu) sambhavana cheiyunna aapekshika protonukal, [...]..] thaaporjjathinte eathaanum sathamaanam thalatthil compress cheyyaavunna prakshubdhathaykku jevu oorjjangalil aapekshika electronukale punarkrameekarikkan kazhiyum, avaa nireekshicha defuse radio emissione bheeman radio haalosinte roopathil vishadeekarikkaan aavasyamaanu." saankethikavidya. vathaka enangalil ninnu srishtikkappetta oorjjaswalamaaya plasmayude upayogathiloode uparithalathil ninnu maalinyangalum maalinyangalum neekkam cheiyukayaanu plasma vrithiyaakkalil ulppedunnathu. aargon, ooksijan thudangiya vaathakangalum vaayu, hydrajan/naitrajan thudangiya mishrithangalum upayogikkunnu. anthareeksha mardha plaasmakalum ippol saadhaaranamaanenkilum, thaazhnna mardha vaathakathe (saadhaaranayaayi 1/1000 anthareeksha marddathinu chuttum) ionise cheiyunnathinu uyarnna freekwansi voltageukal (saadhaaranayaayi kz muthal> mhz vare) upayogichaanu plasma srishtikkunnathu. athum kaanuka. paraamarshangal.

plazma/plazma vastoo/khagolshastra bhautikshastra aanee rasayanshastrat, plazma hii vayusarkhich dravya sthitee aahe jyamadhye kanancha eka vishisht bhag aayanikaran keela jaato. plazma. plazma hii vayusarkhich dravya sthitee aahe jyamadhye kanancha eka vishisht bhag aayanikrut asato. vayoo garam kelyane tyache renu kinwa anoo aayanikaran houu shakatat (tyateel electronchi sankhya qamee kinwa vadhatat), asha prakare tyache plazmamadhye rupantar hote, jyamadhye charge kelele kann asatatah sakaratmak aayan aanee nakaratmak electron kinwa aayan. plazma astitvat rahnyasathi aayanikaran aavashyak aahe. plazma density' hii sandnya samanyatah 'electron density' mhanje prati ekak ghanata mukt electronchi sankhya darshavate. plasmachya aayanikaran praman mhanje electron gamavalelya kinwa prapt kelelya anoonche praman aanee teey mukhytah tapmanadware niyantrit kele jaate. anshatah aayanikrut vayoo jyamadhye 1 takke kann aayanikrut asatat, tyat dekhil plasmachi vaishishtye asoo shakatat (i.eae., chumbakeey kshetranna pratisad aanee uchch vidyut chalakata). aayanikaran patali, 'α' chee vyakhya 'α' = 'n' i/('n' i + 'n' a) ashee kelee jaate, jethe 'n' i hii aayananchi sankhya ghanata aahe aanee 'n' a hii tatasth anoonchi sankhya ghanata aahe. electron ghanata" yacha sambandh "n" e = "n" i dware aayanchya sarasari charge sthitidvare aahe jethe "n" e hii electronchi sankhya ghanata aahe. "plazma hii padarthachi chauthi avastha aahe, jyamadhye samanyatah 104 ansh kelvinpeksha jaast tapmanat electron, aayan aanee tatasth anoo asatat."surya aanee taare heey plazma aahet; pruthviche ionosphere, vanne elen belt, magnetosphere ii., serve plazma aahet. kharokhar, vishvatil bahutek dnyat padarth plasmapasoon tayar hotat." plazma vastoo. nilya vimananchi spritepeksha vegali aahet kaaran teey vadalavar cumulonimbuschya varchya bhagapasoon, samanyatah arund shankuchya aakarat, pruthvipasoon 40 teey 50 kiimii (25 teey 30 mail) varr ionospherechya sarvat khalchya pataliparyant prakshepit karatat. yavyatirikt, laal sprite heey lakshaniy vijechya dhadkanshi sambandhit asale taree nilya vimananna thet vijene chalana midalyache disat nahee (tathapi, teey vadalatil jordar garpitichya kriyakalapanshi sambandhit asalyache disate). teey spritepeksha adhik ujal dekhil asatat aanee tyanchya navanusar nilya rangache asatat. tatasth aanee aayanikrut aanvik nitrogenmadhun nilya aanee atinil utsarjanachya reshanchya sanchamule haah rung asalyache manale jaate. saiddhantik plazma khagolshastra. kaaran "avkashatil plazma vastoonchya prachand spatiotemporal skellspacky, plazma sthiratechya siddhantabaddal moolbhut sweekrut matey, jee aata prayogshalechya anuprayogansathi adhik yogya aahe, aadhich punaravruttichi aavashyakta aahe." ulka. dafe. "[aaa] saur vaara, itar prakash samasthanik plazma aanee saur koronachya varr uthanari kinwa antaralat sodanyat yenari chumbakeey kshetre yancha prachand sphot yala coronal maas ejection (see. emm. eae.) mhanatat. blue. "vadali suruvat karnare vadalanchya bhovati ratrichya sanshodhan uddanatun videover sapadale aanee teey 'nilya vimananshi jawalun sambandhit eka varchya dishene jaanari chamakdar ghatana asalyache disate."teey nilya vimananpeksha lahan aanee ujal disatat, keval 20 kiimii unchiparyant pohochatat. "nile suruvat karnare nile viman asalyasarkhe disatat jeey teey kadhich purn karoo shakat naheet". davikade pruthvivaril uttarekadil divyanchi pratima aahe jee atishay durmil nile dive darshavate. science. antaral yaan pranodanamadhye, holl thruster haah eka prakarcha aayan thruster aahe jyamadhye vidyut kshetradvare pranodkala gatee dilee jaate. holl thrusters chumbakeey kshetrat electronanna adakavatat aanee nantar pranodak aayanikaran karnyasathi electron vapartat, jore nirman karnyasathi aayananna karyakshamatene gatee detat aanee ploommadhil aayananna nishprabhavi karatat. holl thrustersna kadhikadhi holl effect thrusters kinwa holl current thrusters mhanoon sambodhale jaate. holl thrusters heey anekada madhyam vishisht aaveg (1,600 seey) antaral pranodan tantradnyan manale jaatat. holl thrusters vividh prakarchya pranodkanvar kaam karatat, jyapaiki sarvat samanya zenon aahe. itar swarasyapoorn pranodkanmadhye crypton, argon, bismuth, iodine, magneshiyam aanee jast yancha samavesh hoto. davya bajula aine. jee. see. 7662shhee sambandhit plasmachya done pratima aanee eka bhag aahe. niharikecha rung atishay nila-hirwa aahe jethe prakashacha pramukh srot 500.7 nm auxigen utsarjan aahe. dusari pratima hubble space telescopemadhun teen filterdware aaheh eff502aine (nila), eff555doubleu (hirwa) aanee eff658aine (laal). hii vastoo grahancha niharika (ngc 7662) aahe. madhyabhagi asalelya eka chhotya taanyane nebula tayar keela aahe. laal. "hesdlan prakash [etch. ell.] haah eka aspasht prakash aahe joou samanyatah norwechya soar-trondelag countymadhil holtalen nagarpaliketil hesdlan khonyat disato." "dhoolyukt vatavaranat redonchya kshayadarmyan alfa kanandware havah aanee dhoolichya aayanikaranadvare tayar jhalelya plazmamadhil macroscopic cullomb chrystalschya samoohadvare etch. ell. tayar houu shakate." "etch. ell. heey mukhytah pandhya rangane aanee kadhikadhi laal rangane darshavile jaate. heey bahutekda ratri, adhik vela hivalyachya hangamat aanee madhyaratrichya sumaras shikharasah ghadate." surya. "[aaa] 19 julai 2012 roji suryapasoon madhyam-shaktichi jwala ufalali. yaa sphotamule prachand, chamkanare plazma loop dekhil tayar jhaale, jeey" "coronal raine" "mhanoon olakhalya jaananya ghataneche udaharan aahe, asey agencychya adhikaanyaanee sangitale"." "koronamadhil garam plazma thund jhaala aanee pradeshatil majboot chumbakeey kshetransah ghanikaran jhaale" "plazma paus mhanoon haloohaloo saur prushthbhagavar parat yet aahe". "anek see. emm. eae. saur prushthbhagachya konatyahi spasht kriyakalapashi sambandhit nasalyache dekhil disun aale aahe". 27 janewari 2010 roji styrio (mage) antaralayanane ghetalelya pratimanchya yaa maliket ujavya bajula asalelya pratimanmadhye, suryachya prushthbhagavaril sakriy pradeshachya varr eka see. emm. eae. kinwa kamani ugavatat. kamani plazma asatat, jee halana charge kelelya kananni (electron aanee aayan) banaleli atiushna dravya asate. jyapramane lokhandi filing chumbakchya eka tokapasoon dusya tokala kamaan maratat, tyachpramane plazma chumbakeey kshetra reshanchya bajoone kamanat sarakato aahe. 26 janewari teey 29 janewari darmyan kelelya styrio nirikshananchya chitrapatat, gatishil pravah suruvatila suryachya kathavar hote aanee suryane tyanna adhik drushtis valavale mhanoon sahajpane disale." "chitrapatachya clipchya madhyabhagi, eka lahan coronal maas ejection (suryapasoon charge kelelya kanancha pravah) sumare daha laakh mail prati taas vegane baher padate aanee kahee chumbakeey kshetra gheuun antaralat jaate. [pahili] pratima coronal maas ejectionchi suruvat darshavate, tarr [dusari] pratima sooryacha corona sodanara saur padarth darshavate. bahutek coronal maas ejection adhik kandilyukt aanee rund asatatah heey barech arund aanee samavisht aahe. tathapi, nasache saur shastradnya sahmat aahet qee tyacha veg aanee vaishishtye asey soochit karatat qee too kharokhar eka gair-samanya coronal maas ejection hota." saur dhag. 10 februwari 1956 roji 'sanskar shikhar' varr 'ghatana' sajari karnyat aalee. eka chamakdar chendu [suryachya] prushthbhagachya varr disato, aakar aanee etch. aii. aii. chamak vadhato aanee varchya aanee bahya dishene sphot hoto." coronal dhag. dafe. "surya kinwa itar taache chamakdar plazma vatavaran, jeey lakho kilometer antaralat pasarlele aahe, jeey purn suryagrahanadarmyan sarvat sahajpane disate", tyala corona kinwa tarakeey corona mhanatat. coronal claude haah eka dhag kinwa dhagasarkha naisargik khagolshastriy ghatak aahe, joou plasmapasoon banalela asato aanee samanyatah tayyashi kinwa itar khagolshastriy vastushi sambandhit asato jithe tapman asey asate qee ksh-kiran utsarjit hotat. lahan coronal dhag heey anek vegvegalya drushya varnakrameey prakarchya tanyanchya prakashmandalachya varr asatat, tarr itar aantartarkiy madhyamachya (aay. ess. emm.) kahee bhaganvar vyapatat, jeey kadhikadhi lakho kilometer antaralat vistartat kinwa hajaro prakash-varshe, aakashgangesarkhya sambandhit vastoochya aakaranusar. coronal dhaganche uchch tapman tyala asamanya varnakrameey vaishishtye dete. hii vaishishtye lohasarkhya ghatakanchya atyant aayanikrut anoonmadhye aadhalali aahet, jeey plasmache tapman 106 kelvin (emm. keey.) peksha jaast asalyache darshavtat. jaree coronal dhag (tarakeey kinwa aakashgangechya coronacha bhag kinwa sampoorn) sahasa 'tii ±1-2 (emm. keey.) chya tapmanat uchch-tapmanachya plazmane bharala jaato... [etch] otty sakriy pradesh aanee postflair loopmadhye plazma tapman tii ± 2-40 emke asate." aantargyalaktik madhyam. garam aantargyalaktik madhyamachya coronal dhaganchi shakyata sthanik gut aanee aantargyalaktik madhyamat aahe, i.eae., extragroup. garam antargrah aanee aantargyalatik vayuche vipul utpadan haah pandhya butkya-varchasva asalelya prabhamandalacha naisargik parinam aahe. "cluster-cluster vilinikaranadarmyan nirman honara emm. etch. dii. ashantata haah aay. jee. emm. madheel kananchya punarpravartanacha srot asoo shakato." aakashgangechya samoohanmadhil sankuchit karata yenyajogya ashantatedvare praveg "asoo shakato, jithe ashantata aanee aay. jee. emm. madheel parasparkriya plazma asthiratedvare madhyasthi kelee jaate aanee cullomb mean free pathpeksha khoopach lahan pramanat takkar rakhali jaate. yaa vyavasthemadhye vegwan paddhatinchi bahutek urja sapeksh kananchya punarprakriya madhye pravahit kelee jaate aanee praveg prakriya eka sarvatrik vartanakade jaate jee ashantatevarach pravegit kananchya back-reactiondware swayam-niyantrit kelee jaate." sapekshatavadi proton samooh urjechya anek takke (kinwa tyapeksha qamee) yogdan detat, jeey jawalchya samoohanchya fermi nirikshananshi susangat aahet...] kahee takke aushnik urjechya patalivaril sankuchit karata yenyajoga ashantata, jee. eae. vhee. urjevar sapekshatapurn electron punha vegwan karoo shakate, jeey mothya redio prabhamanachya swarupat nirikshan kelelya pasarlelya redio utsarjanache spashtikaran denyasathi aavashyak aahet." tantradnyan. plazma safsafaimadhye vayujanya prajatinpasun tayar jhalelya urjavan plasmachya vaparadvare prushthbhagavaril ashuddhata aanee dooshit padarth kadhoon takane samavisht aahe. argon aanee oxygensarkhe vayoo, tasech havah aanee hydrogen/nitrogen yasarkhya mishranancha vapar keela jaato. qamee dabachya vayuche (samanyatah 1/1000 vatavaraniy dabachya aaspas) aayanikaran karnyasathi uchch varanvarta voltage (samanyatah khzed teey> mhzed) vapar karoon plazma tayar keela jaato, jaree vatavaraniy daab plazma dekhil aata samanya aahet. hehee pahaa. sandarbh.

plazma/plazma wastuharu/khagol vigyan bhautik vigyan rar rasayanshastrama, plazma gyas jastai padarthako awastha how jasma kanharuko ek nishchit bhag ayanikrit hunchha. plazma. plazma gyas jastai padarthako awastha how jasma kanharuko ek nishchit bhag ayanikrit hunchha. gyaansalai tataunda yasako anu wa paramanuharu ayanit huna sakchha (tiniharuma electronharuko sankhya ghatauna wa badhauna), yasari yasalai plasmama parinat gardacha, jasma charge kanharu hunchhanh sakaratmak ayanharu rar nakaratmak electronharu wa ayanharu. plazma astitwama aunaka lagi, ayanikaran awashyak chha. plazma ghanatwa" shabdale samanyataya "electron ghanatwa" lai janaunchha, arthat, prati ekai ayatanma mukta electronharuko sankhya. plasmako ayanikaranko degree bhaneko electronharu gumaune wa prapta garne paramanuharuko anupata how, rar prayaha tapkramdwara niyantrit hunchha. anshik rupma ayanikrit gyaans jasma 1 pratishat kanharu ayanikrit hunchhan, yasama pani plazma (i) kaa wisheshtaharu huna sakchhan.ei., chumbakiya khetra rar uccha vidyut chalaktako pratikriya). ayanikaranko degree, "α" lai "α" = "n" i/("n" i + "n" a) ko rupma paribhashit garieko chha jahaan "n" i ayanharuko sankhya ghanatwa how rar "n" a tatastha paramanuharuko sankhya ghanatwa how. electron ghanatwa" "n" e = "n" i marfat ayanharuko ausat charge awasthadwara yasasanga sambandhit chha jahaan "n" e electronharuko sankhya ghanatwa how. "plazma padarthako chautho awastha how, jasma electron, ayan rar tatastha paramanuharu hunchhan, samanyataya 104 degree kelwyn bhanda mathiko tapkramma."surya rar taraharu plazma hun; prithwiko ayanmandal, bhyan allen belt, magnetmandal, adi., sabai plazma hun. wastawma, plasmale brahmandma dherai gyat padartha banaunchha." plazma wastuharu. nilo jetharu spritsabhanda farak hunchhan jasma tiniharule aandhibehariko mathiko cumulonimbusko shirshabata, samanyataya sanghuro shankuma, prithvibata 40 dekhi 50 kilometer (25 dekhi 30 mile) mathi ayanmandalko sabaibhanda tallo starma prakshepan garchhan. thap rupma, rato spritsharu mahatwapurna bijuli praharharusanga sambandhit hunchhan, nilo jetharu bijulibata sidhai trigger bhaeko jasto dekhindaina (yadyapi, tiniharu andhibeharima kada asina gatiwidhisanga sambandhit dekhinchha). tiniharu sprits bhanda pani ujyalo hunchhan rar tiniharuko namle sanket garejhain nilo rangka hunchhan. tatastha rar ayanikrit anawik nitrogenbata nilo rar nikat-parabaingani utsarjan rekhaharuko setko karan yo rung bhaeko vishwas garinchha. saidhantik plazma khagol vigyan. kinbhane "antarikshama plazma wastuharuko vishal spatiotemporal scaleharu, plazma sthiratako siddhantako barema adharbhut swikrit vicharharu, june ab prayogshala anuprayogharuka lagi ramro upayukta chha, pahile nai sanshodhanko awashyakta chha." ulka pindharu. def. "[a] saurya hawa, anya halka isotope plazma, rar chumbakiya kshetraharuko vishal wisfot saurya corona bhanda mathi uthcha wa antarikshama chhodiyo" lai coronal mass ejection (sii. emm. eae) bhaninchha. blue. "nilo suruwatharu ratko anusandhan udanbata aandhibehariko waripari bhidiyoma fela pareka thie rar" nilo jetharusanga najikbata sambandhit ek mathi sarne chamakdar ghatana jasto dekhinchha."tiniharu nilo jetharu bhanda chhoto rar ujyalo dekhinchhan, kewal 20 kilometerko uchaima pugchhan. "nilo suruwatharu nilo jetharu jasto dekhinchha june yasalai kahilyai purna rupma banaundaina. bayantira prithvima uttari battiharuko chhawi chha jasle dherai durlabh nilo battiharu dekhaunchha. sines. antariksha yann pranodanma, hull thruster ek prakarko ayan thruster how jasma pranodaklai vidyutiya kshetradwara gati diinchha. hull thrusterharule chumbakiya kshetrama electronharulai samatchhan rar tyasapachhi pranodaklai ayanit garna electronharu prayog garchhan, jore utpadan garna ayanharulai kushalatapurwak gati dinchhan, rar plumma ayanharulai tatastha garchhan. hull thrusterharulai kahilekaahin hull effect thruster wa hull current thruster bhaninchha. hull thrusterharulai prayaha madhyam wishishta aweg (1,600 second) space pranodan prawidhiko rupma manincha. hull thrusterharu vibhinna prakarka propelentharuma sanchalan hunchhan, sabaibhanda samanya jinon how. anya ruchi rakhne pranodakharuma cryptone, argan, bismath, iodine, magnesium rar zink samawesh chhan. bayanma plajmasanga sambandhit dui chhawiharu chhan rar ngc 7662 ko ek bhag. nebulako rung dherai nilo-hariyo chha jahaan pramukh prakash srota 500.7 nm oxygen utsarjan how. dosro chhawi hablab space telescopbata tinn filterharu marfat chhah f502n (nilo), f555w (hariyo), rar f658n (rato). yo wastu grahako nebula (ngc 7662) how. kendrama raheko euta sano tarale nebula utpadan gareko chha. rato. "hesdlen light [hl] ek aspashta prakash how june samanyataya noraweko sore-trondelag countyko holtalen nagarpalikako hesdlen upatyakama dekhinchha." "hl [huna sakchha] dhulo watawaranma redon kshayako samayama alfa kanharudwara hawa rar dhuloko ayanikarandwara utpadit plasmama macroscopic kulamba crystalharuko samuhadwara baneko huna sakchha." "hl prayaha seto rung rar kahilekaahin rato rangdwara visheshta how. yo prayaha ratma hunchha, prayaha jadoko mausamma rar madhyaratko waripari shikharko sath." surya. "[ae] july 19,2012 maa suryabata madhyam-shakti jwala wisfot bhayo. wisfotle vishal, chamkiraheko plazma lupharu pani utpanna garyo, june" "coronal warsha" "bhanera chinine ghatanako udaharan how, agencyka adhikariharule bhane." "koronama tato plazma chiso bhayo rar yass kshetraka baliyo chumbakiya kshetraharuma ghanibhut bhayo" "bistarai plazma" "warshako rupma saurya satahama farkiyo. "dherai sii. emm. ei. haru kunai pani spashta saurya sataha gatiwidhisanga asambandhit bhaeko pani dekhieko chha. dayantirka chhawiharuma, janawari 27,2010 maa stereo (pachhadi) antariksha yanle khicheka chhawiharuko yass shrinkhalama suryako satahama sakriya khetra mathi ek cme, wa chapharu uthchan. chapharu plazma hun, charge garieka kanharu (electron rar ayanharu) ley baneko ati tato padartha. jasari falamko filing chumbakko ek chheumabata arko chheuma chap hunchha, plazma chumbakiya khetra rekhaharusangai chapma slide gardaicha. janawari 26 rar janawari 29 kaa bichma garieko stereo awalokanharuko chalchitrama, gatishil kholaharu suruma suryako kinarma thie rar suryale tiniharulai ajha badhi ghumaunda sajilaisanga patta lagaiyo." "chalchitra clipko madhyama, euta sano coronal mass ejection (suryabata charge garieka kanharuko ek stream) lagbhag ek lakh mile prati ghantako gatima antarikshama niskanchha rar kehi chumbakiya khetra bokchha. [pahilo] chhawilale coronal mass ejeksonko suruwat dekhaunchha, jabki [dosro] chhawilale suryako corona chhodne saurya padartha dekhaunchha. dheraijaso coronal mass ejectionharu adhik bulbus rar chauda hunchhanh yo ekdam sanghuro rar samawesh garieko chha. yadyapi, nasaka saurya vaigyanikharu sahamat chhan kii yasako gati rar wisheshtaharule yo wastawma gaira-samanya coronal mass ejection thiyo bhanne sanket gardacha." saurya badal. february 10,1956, ghatana "sanskar shikharma manaiyo. euta chamkilo ball [suryako] satahako mathi dekha pardachha, akar rar ha chamakma badhcha, rar mathi rar bahirko dishama wisfot hunchha." coronal badalharu. def. "surya wa anya tarako chamkilo plazma watawaran, lakhaun kilometer antarikshama failieko, purna suryagrahanko samayama sajilai dekhna sakine" lai corona, wa tarakiya corona bhaninchha. coronal claude bhaneko ek badal, wa badal jasto, prakritik khagoliya ikai how, plasmabata baneko rar samanyataya tara wa anya khagoliya wastuko sath sambandhit hunchha jahaan tapman yasto hunchha kii ex-rey utsarjit hunchha. jabki sanah coronal badalharu dherai farak bhijual spectral prakarka taraharuko photospheyarko mathi hunchhan, arule intersteller madhyam (isma) kaa kehi bhagharu ogatchhan, kahilekaahin lakhaun kilometer antarikshama wistar gardacha, wa hajaraun prakash-warshaharu, sambandhit wastuko akarko adharma jastai akashgangako rupma. coronal badalko uccha tapkramle yasalai asamanya warnakramiya wisheshtaharu dinchha. yee wisheshtaharu falam jasta tatwaharuko atyadhik ayanikrit paramanuharuma patta lagaieka chhan jasle plasmako tapakram 106 kelwyn (emke) bhanda badhi bhaeko sanket gardacha. yadyapi coronal badal (tarakiya wa galactic koronako bhag wa sabai) samanyataya "t ± 1-2 (mk) ko tapkramma uccha-tapakram plasmale bharieko hunchha... [etch] oti sakriya kshetraharu rar पोस्टफ्leyयrar lupharuma plazma tapman t ± 2-40 mk hunchha." antargyalactic madhyam. tato antargyalactic madhyamko coronal badalharu sthaniya samuha rar antargyalactic madhyam, i maa huna sakchhan.ei., extragroup. tato intragroup rar intergalactic gasko prachur utpadan seto bauna-prabhutwa bhaeko prabhamandalko prakritik parinam how. "cluster-cluster wilayako samayama utpanna bhaeko mhd ashanti, aigmama kana punah prawegko srota huna sakchha." twaran galaxy samuhaharuma compressible टrar्बुleyन्सद्wararा huna sakchha, jahaan turbulance rar aigma bichko antarkriya plazma asthirata dwara madhyasthata garinchha rar kulamba mean free path bhanda dherai sano scaleharuma takarao kayam rakhchha. yass wyawasthama druta modharuko adhikansh urja sapeksha kanharuko punahprawartanma prawahit hunchha rar twaran prakriya vishwawyapi wyawaharma pugchha june ashantatama nai twarit kanharuko back-reactiondwara swa-winiyamit hunchha." sapekshawadi "protonharule cluster urjako dherai pratishat (wa cum) maa yogdan puryaunchhan, najikaika clusterharuko fermi awalokanharusanga anurup, [...] tapiya urjako kehi pratishatko starma compressible turbulancelay jibh urjaharuma sapeksha electronharulai punah gati dina sakchha, june vishal radio prabhamandalko rupma awalokan garieko prasar radio utsarjanko wyakhya garna awashyak chha." prawidhi. plazma safaima gyaans prajatibata sirjana garieko urjawan plasmako prayogko madhyambata satahabata ashuddhata rar dushit padarthaharu hataune samawesh chha. argan rar oxygen jasta gyaansharu, sathai hawa rar hydrogen/nitrogen jasta mishranharu prayog garinchha. plazma cum dabawa gyaans (samanyataya 1/1000 wayumandaliya dabawako waripari) ayanikaran garna uccha awritti bholtej (samanyataya khjd dekhi> mhjd) prayog garera sirjana garinchha, yadyapi wayumandaliya dabawa plazma pani ahile samanya chhan. pani hernuhos. sandarbhaharu.

plasma/plasma bastu/jyotirbigyana padartha bigyana ebong rasayan bigyanare, plasma heuchhi gas bhali padarthara eka abastha jeunthire kanikara eka nirdista ansha ajanikruta hoithae. plasma. plasma heuchhi gas bhali padarthara eka abastha jeunthire kanikara eka nirdista ansha ajanikruta hoithae. eka gyasaku garam kariba dwara ehara anu kimba paramanu ajanikruta hoipare (sethire electron sankhya hrass kimba brudhi), ehipari ehaaku eka plajamare parinata kare, jeunthire charges hoithiba kanika thaeh dhanatmaka ayon ebong runatmaka electron kimba ayon. plasma rahiba paain, ajanikarana aabasyaka. plasma ghanatwa" shabdati sadharanatah "electron ghanatwa" ku bujhae, arthat prati ekaka aajatanare mukta electron sankhya. eka plasmar ajanikaranara matra heuchhi paramanugudikara anupata jaahaa electron haraichi kimba hassel karichhi, ebong mukhyatah tapmatra dwara nijantrita hue . epariki eka aanshika ajanikruta gas jeunthire 1 pratishata kanika ajanikruta hoithae, sethire madhya eka plasmar baisistya thaipare (i.ee.chumbakiah khetra ebong uccha baidyutika paribahita prati pratikrija). ajanikaranara degree, "α" ku "α" = "n" i/("n" i + "n" a) bhabare byakhya karajaichi jeunthare "n" i heuchhi ajanagudikara sankhya ghanatwa ebong "n" a heuchhi nirapekhya paramanugudikara sankhya ghanatwa . electron ghanatwa" ehaa sahita "n" e = "n" i madhyamare ajanagudikara harahari charges sthiti dwara jadita jeunthare "n" e heuchhi electrongudikara sankhya ghanatwa . "plasma heuchhi padarthara chaturtha abastha, jaahaa sadharanatah 104 degree kelabhinaru adhika tapamatrare electron, ayon ebong nirapekhya paramanu nei gathita ."surya ebong taaraa gudika heuchhi plasma; pruthibira ionosphere, bhaan allen belt, magnetosphare ityadi ., samaste plasma. bastabare, brahmandare thiba adhikansha gyaata padarthaku plasma gathan karithae." plasma bastu. neela jetagudika spritegudika thaaru bhinna je semane eka bajrapata upare commulonymbusra shirsharu, sadharanatah eka sankirna shankure, ionospheyarara sarbanimna stara parjyanta pruthibeetharu 40 ru 50 kilometer (25 ru 30 mile) uparaku prakhyepa karanti . ehaa byatita, laal spritegudika gurutwapurna bajrapata sahita jadita thibabele, neela jetgudika sidhasalakha bajrapata dwara trigger hoithiba pari janapade naahin (tathapi, semane bajrapatare prabala kuapathara karjyakalapa sahita jadita bolly dekhajae) . segudika madhya sprit apekhya ujjwala ebong semananka naama dwara suchita bhabare neela rangara . ehi ranga nirapekhya ebong ajanikruta anabika nitrogen ru neela ebong nikata-atibaiganee nirgamana line rahr eka sett karanaru bolly biswasa karajae . tatwika plasma jyotirbigyana. kaaran "mahakashare thiba plasma bastur bishala spatiotemporal scale madhyaru, plasma sthirata siddhanta bishajare moulika swekruta matamata, jaahaa bartamana parikhyagara prajoga paain adhika upajukta, purbaru sanshodhana aabasyaka ." ulka pind. deaf. "saura pabana, anyanya aloka isotope plasmar bishala bisphorana, ebong chumbakiah khetra saura corona upare uthiba kimba mahakashaku chhadiba" ku coronal maas ejection (sii. emm. ee) kuhajae . neela ranga. "neela aarambhakareemane bajrapata charipakhare eka raati anusandhana udanaru bhidiore aabiskruta hoithile ebong neela jett sahita nikatatar jadita eka uparaku gati karuthiba ujjwala ghatana pari dekhajae ."segudika neela jett tulanare chhot ebong ujjwala dekhajae, maatra 20 kilometer uchchata parjyanta pahanche . "neela aarambhakareemane neela jett pari dekhajanti jaahaa kadapi sampurna bhabare tiari hue naahin . baama pate pruthibeere uttara alokagudikara eka chitra rahichhi, jeunthire ati birala neela alokman dekhibaku miluchhi. sayan. mahakashyan pranodanare, eka hull thruster heuchhi eka prakarara ayon thruster jeunthire eka baidyutika khetra dwara pranodaka twaranwita hue . hull thruster eka chumbakiah khetrare electronagudiku phasaithae ebong taa 'parey pranodakaku ajanikarana kariba paain electronagudiku byabahara karithae, aajanagudiku dakhyatara saha twaranwita curry thrust utpadana karithae, ebong plumre thiba aajanagudiku nirapekhya karithae. hull thrastaragudiku belebele hull effect thruster kimba hull corrent thruster kuhajae. hull thrastaragudiku prajatah eka madhyama nirdista abeg (1,600 shay) spaces propulsion technology bhabare bibechana karajae . hull thruster bibhinna prakarara pranodaka upare karjya kare, sabutharu sadharana heuchhi jinan . anya aakarshaneeah pranodakagudika madhyare crypton, argon, bismath, iodine, magnesium ebong jink antarbhukta . baama pate plasmar duiti chitra ebong enn. jii. sii. 7662rahr eka ansha rahichhi. neeharikara ranga atyanta neela-sabuja, jeunthare alokar pramukh utsa heuchhi <aai. dii. 1> enn. emm. oxygen nirgamana. dwiteeja chitrati hubble spaces telescoperu tinoti filter madhyamareh f502n (neela), f555w (sabuja), ebong f658n (laal) . ehi bastuti heuchhi eka graha neeharika (ngc 7662). kendrare thiba eka chhot taaraa neeharika srusti karichhi. laal. "hesdalen aloka [etch. ell.] heuchhi eka aspasta aloka jaahaa sadharanatah narawera soar-trundelag kauntira holtalen pourapalikara hesdalen upatyakare dekhajae ." "dhulibhara bajumandalare raydon khyaja samajare alfa kanika dwara baaju ebong dhuli ajanikarana dwara utpadita eka plasma madhyare bruhata kulamba sphatikar eka samooha dwara hl [hoipare] ." "echa. ell. mukhyatah dhalaa ranga ebong belebele laal ranga dwara chinhita hoithae. ehaa prajatah raatire, sheeta ruture ebong madhyaratrire eka shikhar sahita adhika ghatithae ." surya. "[a] july 19,2012 ray surjyankatharu madhyama shaktira jwalanta bisphorana hoithila. bisphorana madhya bishala, chamakuthiba plasma lupe srusti karithila, jaahaa" "coronal barsha" "bhabare janashuna eka ghatanara eka udaharana bolly agency adhikarimane kahichanti." "ehi anchalare thiba shaktishali chumbakiah khetra sahita, koronare thiba garam plasma thanda hoi ghanibhuta hoi" "dheere dheere saura prusthaku ferry asithae, kaaran plasma" "barsha" "hoithae. "aneka sii. emm. ee. kaunasi spust saura prustha karjyakalapa sahita asampurna bolly madhya parilakhita hoichhi. dahana parsware thiba chitragudikare, januari 27,2010 ray stereo (pacha) mahakashyan dwara niajaithiba chitrara ehi shrunkhalare surya prusthare eka sakriya anchala upare eka sii. emm. ee., kimba "chaap" uthithae. chapagudika heuchhi plasma, gatishila charges kanika (electron ebong ayon) ray gathita atyadhika uttapta padartha . jepari luha phailinga eka chumbakar gotie prantaru anya eka prantaku chaap die, sehipari chumbakiah khetra rekha sahita eka chaapare plasma slide heuchhi . januari 26 ru januari 29 madhyare karajaithiba stereo parjyabekhyanara eka chalachitrare, gatishila prabahagudika prathame surjyanka dhaar upare thila ebong surya semananku adhika drushyaku ghunchaideba sahita sahajare chinhat hoithila ." "chalachitra clipra madhyabhagare, eka chhot coronal maas ejection (surjyankatharu charges hoithiba kanikara eka prabaha) ghantaprati praiah eka nijuta mile begare baharaku ebong mahakashaku prabahita hue, ehaa sahita kichhi chumbakiah khetra bahn kare . [pratham] chitrati coronal maasa ejeksanra aarambhaku darshae, jetebele [dwiteeja] chitrati surjyanka corona chhadi saura padarthaku darshae . adhikansha coronal maas ejection adhika kandajukta ebong prashastah ehaa besh sankirna ebong dhaaran karichhi . tathapi, nassar saura bigyanimane sahmat je ehara bega ebong baisistya suchita kare je ehaa prakrutare eka anah-sadharana coronal maasa ejection thila ." saura megh. 1956 masiha februari 10 tarikhare 'sacramento' shikharare ehi karjyakram palana karajaithila. eka ujjwala bull [suryara] prustha upare dekhajae, aakaar ebong echa. aii. aii ujjwalatare brudhi paae, ebong uparaku ebong bahya digare bisphorana hue ." coronal megh. deaf. "surya kimba anya tarankara ujjwala plasma bajumandala, jaahaa lakhya lakhya kilometer mahakashaku prasarita, jaahaa sampurna suryaparaga samajare sabutharu sahajare dekhajae" ku corona, kimba taaraa corona kuhajae . eka coronal megh heuchhi eka megh, kimba megh pari, prakrutika jyotirbigyana satta, jaahaa plasma dwara gathita ebong sadharanatah eka taaraa kimba anya jyotirbigyana bastu sahita jadita jeunthare tapmatra epari hoithae je ex-ray nirgata hue . chhot chhot coronal meghagudika bibhinna drushyagata bernally prakarara taranka alokamandalara upare thibabele anyagudika aantahnakhyatrika madhyama (aai. ess. emm.) rahr kichhi anshaku dakhal curry, belebele lakhya lakhya kilometer mahakashare prasarita, kimba hazar hazar aloka-barsha, eka galaxy pari samprukta bastur aakaar upare nirbhara kare . coronal meghara uccha tapmatra ehaaku aswabhabika spectral baisistya deithae . ehi baisistyagudika lauha bhali moulikagudikara atyadhika ajanikruta paramanugudikaru chinhat karajaichi, jaahaa eka plasmar tapmatra 106 kelvin (emm. kee.) ru adhika thiba suchaithae. jadio eka coronal megh (eka taaraa kimba galactic coronar ansha bhabare kimba samasta) sadharanatah "t ±1-2 (mk) tapamatrare uccha-tapmatra plasma dwara bhartti ..... [haha] sakriya anchala ebong postflair lupare t ± 2-40 mk rahr plasma tapmatra thaae ." antahgyalaktika madhyama. garam antahgyalaktika madhyamara coronal megh sthaniah gosthi ebong antahgyalaktika madhyamare, i.ee., extragroup. garam antahgosthee ebong antahgyalaktika gasser prachur utpadana dhalaa bammon-pradhan halosra eka prakrutika parinam . "cluster-cluster mishran samajare utpanna emm. etch. dii. ashantata, aai. jii. emm. ray kanika punahprabruttira eka utsa hoipare." twaran aakashaganga samoohare sankuchita ashantata dwara hoipare, jeunthare ashanta ebong aai. jii. emm. madhyare parasparika kriya plasma asthirata dwara madhyasthata hue ebong kulamba artha mukta path apekhya bahuta chhot skelare sangharsha bajaiah rakhe . ehi byabasthare druta gatibidhira adhikansha shakti aapekhika kanikara punahprabartanare sanchalita hue ebong twaran prakriya eka sarbajaneena acharan aadaku agrasara hue jaahaa ashantire twaranwita kanikara back-pratikrija dwara swajang nijantrita hoithae." nikatabartee samuhagudikara fermi parjyabekhyana sahita samanjasya rakhi, aapekhika "proton samooha shaktira aneka pratishata (kimba comm) ray yogdan karanti.....] tapiah shaktira kichhi pratishata starare kampresajogya ashantata jii. ee. bhi. shaktire aapekhika electronagudiku punahprabrutta karipare, jaahaa parjyabekhyana karajaithiba byapita redio nirgamanaku bishala redio hallo aakarare byakhya kariba paain aabasyaka ." technology. gas prajatigudikaru srusti hoithiba eka shaktishali plasma byabahara madhyamare prustharu ashuddhata ebong pradooshakagudiku hataiba heuchhi plasma saphei. argon ebong oxygen bhali gas sahita baaju ebong hydrogen/nitrogen bhali mishran madhya byabahara karajaithae. nimna chaap gyasaku (sadharanatah 1/1000 bajumandalija chapara aakhapaakhare) ajanikarana kariba paain uccha frequency voltage (sadharanatah khjd ru> mhjd) byabahara curry plasma srusti hue, jadio bajumandalija chaap plasma madhya bartamana sadharana atte . madhya dekhantu. sandarbha.

plazma/plazma vastuaan/khagol vigiaan bhautik vigiaan atey rasayan vigiaan witch, plazma gais dey samaan padarath dee ikk avastha haii jiss witch kanaan daa ikk nishchit hissa ionized hunda haii. plazma. plazma gais dey samaan padarath dee ikk avastha haii jiss witch kanaan daa ikk khaas hissa ionized hunda haii. kise gais noon garam curran naal uss dey anuaan jaan parmanuaan noon ionicarn hoow sakda haii (uhanan witch electranan dee ginti ghatt jaan vadh sakadi haii), iss tarahan iss noon plazma witch badal ditta jaanda haii, jiss witch chaaraj keete kann hunde hann skaratmak aainan atey nakaratmak electron jaan aainan. plazma dey maujood rahinn laee, ionization zaruri haii. shabad "plazma ghanta" aapne aap witch aam taur utte "electron ghanta" noon darsaunda haii, bhaav pratee ikai valiam mufat electranan dee ginti. plazma dey ionization dee digri uhanan parmanuaan daa anupat haii jinhan neey electron guaa ditte hunn jaan prapat keete hunn, atey ziaadaatar tapman duaara niyantrit keeta jaanda haii. ithon takk kii ikk anshak taur utte ionized gais jiss witch 1 pratishat kann ionized hunde hunn, witch plazma (i.ee.chumbki khetran atey ucch bijli chalakta pratee hungara). ionization dee digri, "α" noon "α" = "n" i/("n" i + "n" a) vajon paribhashit keeta giaa haii jitthe "n" i aainan dee sankhiaa ghanta haii atey "n" a nirpakh parmanuaan dee sankhiaa ghanta haii. electron ghanta" iss naal "n" e = "n" i raahin aainan dee ausat chaaraj avastha duaara sabandhat haii jitthe "n" e electranan dee sankhiaa ghanta haii. "plazma padarath dee chauthi avastha haii, jiss witch electron, aainan atey nirpakh parmanu hunde hunn, aam taur utte 104 digri calvin toon uppar dey tapman utte."suraj atey taare plazma hunn; dharti daa ionosphere, vain ailan bellet, magnetosphere, aadi., saare plazma hunn. vastav witch, plazma brahmand witch jaane jaande padarath daa bahut saara hissa banaunda haii." plazma vastuaan. neele jett sprites toon vakkhre hunde hunn kiunki uh ikk toofan dey uppar kumulonimbus dey sikhar toon, aam taur utte ikk tang shanku witch, dharti toon 40 toon 50 kilometer (25 toon 30 meal) uppar ionosphere dey sabh toon hethle paddhar takk project karde hunn. iss toon ilava, jadon kii laal sprite bijli dey mahattavpuran hamliaan naal jude hunde hunn, neele jett siddhe taur 'teey bijli duaara chalu naheen hunde (halanki, uh garaj witch tez gadey dee gatividhi naal sabandhat jaapde hunn). uh sprites naalon vee chamakdar hunde hunn atey jiven kii uhanan dey naam toon pataa chalda haii, neele rung dey hunde hunn. manniaa jaanda haii kii ih rung nirpakh atey ionized anoo nitrogen toon neeli atey nede-ultraviolet nikas lines dey ikk samooh dey caarn haii. sidhantak plazma khagol vigiaan. kiunki "pulad witch plazma vastuaan dey vishal spetiotemporal skelan vicchon, plazma sathirta dee thioori baare buniaadi savikar keete vichaar, joe hunn prayogshala applicationan laee bihtar hunn, noon pahilan hii sodh dee zaroorat haii." meteer. dee. eff. "[a] surji havaa, horr parkash isotope plazma, atey chumbki khetran daa vishal dhamaka surji corona toon uppar uthhada haii jaan pulad witch chaddiaa jaa riha haii" noon coronal punj nikas (see. aimm. ee.) kiha jaanda haii. blues. "neeli shuruat curran valiaan noon vdo utte raat dey samein toofan dey duaale khoj udaann toon labhiaa giaa see atey ih" neele jettan naal nediyon sabandhat ikk uppar vall vadh riha chamakdar vartara japda haii."uh neele jettan naalon chhote atey chamakdar dikhai dinde hunn, siraf 20 kilometer dee uchaee takk pahunchade hunn. "neele shuruat curran vaale neele jett jaapde hunn joe iss noon kadey vee puurii tarahan naheen banaunde. khabbe paase dharti utte uttri lightan dee ikk tasveer haii joe bahut hii durlabh neeli lightan noon darsaundi haii. science. pulad yaan dey propulsion witch, ikk haal thruster ikk kisam daa aain thruster hunda haii jiss witch ikk bijli khetar duaara propellent noon tez keeta jaanda haii. haal thruster ikk chumbki khetar witch electranan noon fadade hunn atey firr electranan dee varton propellent noon ionize curran laee karde hunn, thrust paida curran laee aainan noon kushalta naal tez karde hunn, atey plume witch aainan noon beyasar karde hunn. haal thrusteran noon kaee vaar haal prabhav thruster jaan haal current thruster kiha jaanda haii. haal thrusters noon aksar ikk madham vishesh aaveg (1,600 saii) pulad propulsion technology manniaa jaanda haii. haal thruster kaee tarahan dey propellentan utte kamm karde hunn, sabh toon aam zenan haii. dilchaspi dey horr propellentan witch crypton, argan, bismuth, iodene, magnisium atey zink shamal hunn. khabbe paase plazma deeaan doou tasviran hunn joe ainn. jee. see. 7662 naal judiaan hunn atey ikk hissa ainn. jee. see. 7662 daa haii. nibula daa rung bahut neela-haraa haii jitthe pramukh parkash sarot 500.7 ainn. aimm. oxygen nikas haii. dooja chittar hubble pulad durbin toon tinn filteran raahin haiyav f502n (neela), f555w (haraa), atey f658n (laal). ih vastu ikk grahi nibula (ainn. jee. see. 7662) haii. kendra witch ikk chhote jihe taare neey nibula paida keeta haii. laal. "hasdlen light [aich. ail.] ikk ann-spasht roshni haii joe aam taur utte narve dey soar-trondelog county witch holtalen dee municipality witch hasdlen ghaati witch vekhi jaandi haii." "aich. ail. [hoow sakda haii] ikk plazma witch macroscopic coolaum chrystal dey ikk samooh duaara banaiaa giaa haii joe dhood vaale vayumandal witch redon dey sdun dauran alfa kanaan duaara havaa atey dhood dey ionization duaara paida hunda haii." "aich. ail. ziaadaatar chitte rung atey kaee vaar laal rung duaara darsaiaan jandiaan hunn. ih ziaadaatar raat noon hunda haii, aksar sardiaan dey mausam witch atey addhi raat dey aas paas sikhar dey naal hunda haii." suraj. "agency dey adhikariaan neey kiha kii 19 julai, 2012 noon suraj toon madham-shakti dee bhadak ubbhari. dhamake neey vishal, chamakdar plazma loop vee paida keete, joe kii coronal varkha vajon jaane jaande vartare dee ikk udaharan haii." "corona witch garam plazma khetar witch mazboot chumbki khetran dey naal thanda hoow jaanda haii atey sanghane hoow jaanda haii" "hauli-hauli plazma dey roop witch suraj dee satah utte waps dhiggda haii" "meenh". "bahut saare see. aimm. ee. aiss. noon kise vee sapshat surji satah dee gatividhi naal binan kise sabndh dey vee dekhiaa giaa haii. 27 janwari, 2010 noon stereo (pichhe) pulad yaan duaara lae gaye chittran dee iss luddy witch sajje paase dey chittran witch, ikk see. aimm. ee., jaan "chaap suraj dee satah utte ikk sargaram khetar toon uppar uthade hunn. chaap plazma hunde hunn, joe gatishil chaaraj kanaan (electron atey aainan) naal baney superheat padarath hunde hunn. jiven lohe deeaan filingan chumbak dey ikk sire toon dooje sire takk chaap kardiaan hunn, use tarahan plazma chumbki khetar deeaan rekhavan dey naal ikk chaap witch sliding qarr riha haii. 26 janwari atey 29 janwari dey vichkaar keete gaye stereo nirikhanan dee ikk film witch, gatishil dharavan shuru witch suraj dey kinare dey uppar sunn atey suraj dey vadhere ghumde hoye uhanan noon aasani naal dekhiaa giaa." "film clip dey vichkarle raste witch, ikk chhota coronal punj nikas (suraj toon chaaraj keete kanaan dee ikk dhaara) lagbhag ikk million meal pratee ghante dee raftar naal pulad witch bahr nikalda haii atey iss dey naal kujh chumbki khetar lae jaanda haii. [pahila] chittar coronal punj nikas dee shuruat noon darsaunda haii, jadon kii [dooja] chittar surji padarath noon suraj dey corona noon chadde hoye darsaunda haii. ziaadaatar coronal punj nikas vadhere bulbus atey chaude hunde hann ih kaafi tang atey niyantrit hunda haii. firr vee, naasa dey surji vigiaani iss gall naal sehmat hunn kii iss dee gatee atey visheshtavan toon pataa chalda haii kii ih asal witch ikk gair-aam coronal punj nikas see." suraj dey baddal. 10 farvari, 1956 noon 'ghatna' sanskar sikhar 'teey manai gaee see. ikk chamakdar gend [suraj dee] satah dey uppar dikhai dindi haii, aakaar atey aich. aii. chamak witch vadhadi haii, atey uppar atey bahr vall fatadi haii." coronal baddal. dee. eff. "suraj jaan horr taariaan daa chamakdar plazma vayumandal, joe pulad witch lakkhan kilometer takk failiaa hoiaa haii, joe kull suraj grahin dauran sabh toon asani naal dekhiaa jaa sakda haii" noon corona jaan taara corona kiha jaanda haii. ikk coronal baddal ikk baddal, jaan baddal varga, kudrati khagol sambandhi ikai haii, joe plazma naal baniaa hunda haii atey aam taur utte ikk taare jaan horr khagol sambandhi vastu naal judiaa hunda haii jitthe tapman ajiha hunda haii kii aiks-reey nikalde hunn. jadon kii chhote coronal baddal bahut saare vakkh-vakkh visual spectral kisam dey taariaan dey photosphere dey uppar hunde hunn, doosre intersteller madhiam (aaee. aiss. aimm.) dey kujh hissiaan utte kabza karde hunn, joe kaee vaar lakkhan kilometer pulad witch jaan hazaran parkash-saal takk failde hunn, joe kii ikk glaxy varge sabandhat vastu dey aakaar utte nirbhar karda haii. coronal baddal daa ucch tapman iss noon asdharan spectral visheshtavan dinda haii. ih visheshtavan lohe varge tattan dey bahut ziaada ionized parmanuaan witch labbhiaan gaeeaan hunn joe ikk plazma dey tapman noon 106 calvin (aimm. keey.) toon vaddh darsaunde hunn. halanki ikk coronal baddal (ikk taara jaan glaxy corona dey hisse jaan saare dey roop witch) aam taur utte "t ±1-2 (mk) dey tapman utte ucch-tapman plazma naal bhariaa hunda haii... [h] sargaram khetran atey postflare loopan witch plazma daa tapman t ± 2-40 mk hunda haii." interglectic madhiam. garam interglectic madhiam dey coronal baddal sathanak samooh atey interglectic madhiam, i witch honn dee sambhavna haii.ee., extragroup. garam intragroup atey interglectic gais daa bharpur utpadan chitte baune-pardhan prabhashit daa ikk kudrati natija haii. "aimm. aich. dee. ashanti, cluster-cluster raleven dauran paida hundi haii, aaee. jee. aimm. witch kann reaxilleration daa ikk sarot hoow sakadi haii." acceleration glaxy samoohan witch sankuchit ashanti duaara hoow sakda haii, jitthe ashanti atey aaee. jee. aimm. dey vichkaar persper kriaa plazma asthirtavan duaara vichole hundi haii atey coolaum mean free paath naalon bahut chhote skelan 'teey takraa banayi rakkhi jaandi haii. iss shasan witch tez dhangan dee ziaadaatar oorja sapekhik kanaan dey punar-praveg witch bheji jaandi haii atey praveg prakiriaa ikk sarabviaapi vivhaar takk pahunchadi haii joe aapne aap witch ashanti utte tez kanaan dee baek-reaction duaara sway-niyantrit keeti jaandi haii." sapekhik proton samooh dee oorja dey kaee pratishat (jaan ghatt) witch yogdan paunde hunn, joe nedley samoohan dey fermi nirikhanan dey anukool hunde hunn...] kujh pratishat taapiya ooraj dey paddhar utte sankuchit ashanti, jee. ee. vee. oorjavan utte sapekhik electranan noon mudd tez qarr sakadi haii, joe vishal radio haalo dey roop witch vekhe gaye failaa vaale radio nikas dee viaakhiaa curran laee zaruri hunn." technology. plazma dee safai witch gassy prajatiaan toon baney oorjavan plazma dee varton raahin satahan toon ashudhiaan atey dooshit padarthan noon hatauna shamal haii. argan atey oxygen vargiaan gaisan dey naal-naal havaa atey hydrogen/nitrogen varge misharnan dee varton keeti jaandi haii. plazma ghatt dabaa vaali gais (aam taur utte 1/1000 vayumandal dey dabaa dey aale-duaale) noon ionize curran laee ucch frequency voltage (aam taur utte Khz toon> mhz) dee varton karke banaiaa jaanda haii, halanki vayumandal daa dabaa plazma vee hunn aam hunn. ih vee dekho. havale.

plasma/plajma-vastuhu/khagolawidnyaanam bhautikashaastre tathaa rasayanashastre cha, plasma iti dravyasya vaayu-sadrusham avasthaa asti yasmin kananam ekam nishchitam bhaagam ayanikaranam bhavati. plasma. plasma iti dravyasya vaayu-sadrusham avasthaa asti yasmin kananam ekam nishchitam bhaagam ayanikaranam bhavati. vaayum taapeekruty tasya anuhu paramaanuh vaa ayanikaranam kartum shaknuvanti (teshu alectron-sankhyaa nyooneekartum vaa vardhayitum vaa), evam tatt plazma-rupena parivartayitum shakyate, yasmin aaweshit-kanaani bhavantihi dhanaatmak-ayaan-runaatmak-alectron-ayaan vaa. plajma ityasya astitvaaya aayanikaranam aavashyakam asti. plajma-ghanataa" iti padam samanyataya "electron-ghanatvam" arthaat prati ekaka-aayatanasy mukta-electron-sankhyaa soochayati. plajma-ityasya ayanikaranasya matra, electron-nashtanam vaa praptanam vaa paramanunam anupaatah asti, praayah tapamatraya niyantryate. aamshikaroopena ayaneekruta-vaayuh api yasmin 1 pratishatam yaavat kanaani ayaneekrutaani bhavanti, tasya cha plazma-ityasya lakshanani bhavitum arhanti (i.ee.chumbakiyakshetranam prati pratikriyaa tathaa cha uccha-vidyutachalakata). ayanikaranasya matra, "α" iti "α" = "n" i/("n" i + "n" a) iti vyaakhyaayitam asti yatra "n" i ayananam sankhyaa-ghanatvam, "n" a iti tatastha-paramanunam sankhyaa-ghanatvam cha asti. electron-ghanatvam" iti "n" e = "n" i dwara ayananam madhya-aaweg-sthityaa sambaddham asti yatra "n" e iti electron-sankhyaa-ghanataa asti. "plajma" iti dravyasya chaturthah avasthaa asti, yasmin samanyataha 104 degree kelvin-taha adhika-tapamaneshu alectron-ayaan-tatastha-paramaanuh cha bhavanti."sooryah nakshatrau cha plasma-grahau stah; pruthivyaah ionosphere, vyaan elen-belts, magnetosphere ityadini., sarve plasma-santi. vastutah, brahmaande jnaatasya dravyasya adhikaamsham bhaagam plajma ityanena nirmeeyate." plasma-vastuhu. neel-vimaanaani sprit-vimaanaih bhinnani santi, yatah te meghajwalanasya upari cumulonimbus ityasya uparibhagat, samanyataya sankeern-cone-madhye, bhoomyaah oordhvatah 40 taha 50 kii. mee. (25 taha 30 mail) yaavat ionosphere ityasya nimnatamastarebhyah prakshepayanti. tadatiriktam, yadyapi rakta-sprits ityete mahattwapoornaih vidyut-prahaaraih saha sambadhaah bhavanti, tathaapi neel-vimaanaani pratyakshataya vidyudvaaraa preritaah naa drushyante (tathaapi, te garjaneshu prabal-shilaavrushtyaa saha sambadhaah drushyante). te sprits-ityasya apekshayaa api ujjwalaah santi, teshaam namna api neelavarnah drushyate. tatastha-ayaneekruta-aanwik-nitrogen-ityasya neel-atineela-nirgamana-rekhanam samucchayena asya varnaha asti iti manyate. saiddhaamtikah plajma-khagolawidnyaanah. yato hii "antarikshasya plajma-vastoonaam vishaalaanaam spatiotemporal-scales-madhye, plajma-sthirataayaah siddhaantasy vishaye mool-sveekruta-mataani, yat adhunaa prayogashalayaha upayojanana krute uttama-upayuktaani santi, poorvamev samshodhanasya aavashyakataa asti." ulkaapindaani. def. "[a] sauravaayuh, anyaanaam prakasha-isotope-plasma, cha cha chumbakiyakshetranam bruhad visphotah, saura-corona-ityasya upari vardhamaanah athavaa antariksham prati utsarjitah" iti coronal maas-ijekshan (see. emm. ee.) iti kathyate. neelah. "neel-aarambhakaah, raatrau, meghajwalanasya paritah, shodha-uddayanat drushyachitre aavishkrutaani, api cha" neel-vimaanaih saha nikatayaa sambadhaah oordhvagaamee-prakasha-ghatana iva drushyante."te neel-vimaanaanaam apekshayaa laghavah, ujjwalaah cha drushyante, kevalam 20 kii. mee. yaavat ucchataam praaptavantah. "neel-aarambhakaah neel-vimaanaani iva drushyante ye kadaapi naa poornaroopen nirmeeyante" iti. vaamabhaage bhoomau uttar-dipanam chitram asti yat atyantam durlabham neel-deepam darshayati. sain. antarikshayaanapranodanasy kshetre haal-thruster iti ayaan-thruster ityasya prakaarah asti yasmin vidyut-kshetren pranodakasya twaranam bhavati. haal-thrusters-yantraani chumbakeeyakshetre alectron-ityetaan bandhayanti, tatah pranodakasya ayanikaranartham alectron-ityetaan upayunjanti, ayaan-ityetaan dakshataya twaranam krutvaa thrust-utpaadayanti, ploom-madhye ayaan-ityetaan tatastham cha kurvanti. haal-thrusters ityetaani kadaachit haal-effect-thrusters athavaa haal-karant-thrusters iti namna nirdishyante. haal-thrusters ityetaani praayah madhyam-vishishta-aaweg-tantram (1,600 ess) iti antariksha-pranodana-tantram iti manyante. haal-thrusters ityete vividheshu pranodyameshu karyam kurvanti, teshu samanyaha zenan iti asti. anyeshu ruchi-pranodyameshu crypton, aargan, bismat, ayodin, magnesium, jink cha santi. vaamabhaage plajma-sambaddhasy chitradwayam asti, enn. jii. sii. 7662 ityasya ekabhaagah cha asti. niharikayaha varnaha ateeva neelavarnah asti, yatra prakashasya pramukhah srotah <aii. dii. 1> enn. emm. pranavayoho nirgamanah asti. dwiteeyam chitram hubble-space-telescopaat, f502n (neelah), f555w (haritah), f658n (raktah) iti tribhihi filter-dwara asti. vastu grahiya-niharika (enn. jii. sii. 7662) asti. kendre ekasmin laghu-tarakena niharika nirmitah. raktavarnah. "hesdalan-jyotihi [ech. ell.] ekaha avyaktah jyotihi asti yah samanyataha naarve-deshasya sore-trondelag-prantasya holtalan-nagarasya hesdalan-upatyakayam drushyate." "dhooli-vaayumandale redan-kshayasy samaye alfa-kanaihi vaayu-dhooli-aayaneekaranen utpadyamaane plasma-granthe bruhadadarshak-koolomb-chrystal-samuhena ech. ell. [bhavitum arhati]." "echa. ell. ityasya lakshanani praayah shvetavarnena, kadaachit raktavarnena cha bhavanti. praayah raatrau, praayah shitakale, madhyaraatrau cha ayam shikharam prativartate." sooryah. "[a] 2012 julai 19 dinaanke suryat madhyamashakteh jwarah udbhootah. visphotah vishalan, zagamagatah plasma-loops api utpannavaan, ye" coronal-varshah "iti namna prasiddhasy ghatanaayaah udaaharanam asti iti agency-adhikaarinah avadat." "corona-rogena ushnam plasma-draavakam, tasya pradeshasya prabal-chumbakiyakshetreshu sheetalam, ghanibhutam cha bhavati", plasma-varshaayaah rupena, kramena punah sauraprushtam prati patati. "aneke see. emm. ee. ess. api kasyaapi spashta-saura-prushta-kriyaakalaapen saha asamparkitaah iti drushtaah. dakshinadishi sthiteshu chitreshu, 2010 janavaree 27 dinaanke stereo (prushtatah) antarikshayaanen gruhitanam chitraanaam shrunkhalaayaam suryasya prushtabhaagasya sakriyakshetrasy upari ekam see. emm. ee. athavaa "arcs" udbhavati. arcs ityete plasma-padaarthaah santi, ye gatimaanaih aaweshit-kanaihi (lactron-ayaan-ityetaih) nirmitaih atiushna-padaarthaih nirmeeyante. yathaa lohasya chalakani chumbakasya ekatah aparam praantam prati vruttam kurvanti, tathaiva chumbakiyakshetrarekhasu cha plasma chakramati. janavaree 26 taha janavaree 29 paryantam nirmitanam stereo-avalokanaam chalacchitrasya gatisheel-dharaha praarambhe suryasya prantasya upari eva aasan, sooryah taan adhikatayaa drushtavat iva sahajataya drushtaah." "chalacchitrasya drushyasya madhyabhaage, ekam laghu-coronal-dravyaraashi-nirgamanam (suryat aaweshit-kananam dhaaraa) pratighantaam praayah dashalax-mail-vegena baahye, antariksham cha prasarati, tena saha kechan chumbakeeyakshetraani chaalayati. [prathamam] chitram coronal-maas-ijekshan ityasya arambham darshayati, [dwiteeyam] chitram suryasya corona-dravyam nishkaasayati iti darshayati. adhikaamshaah coronal-maas-ejection ityete adhika-bulbus-vistrutaah cha bhavanti-etat ateeva sankeernam, sanyamitam cha bhavati. tathaapi, nassa-sauravidnyaani sahamatavantah yat tasya gatihi, vaishishtyah cha soochayanti yat vastutah eshah samanyaha naa aasit iti." saurameghah. 1956 februvari 10 dinaanke "ghatana" saakremento-shikharam ityatra aacharyat. [suryasya] prushtasya upari ekaha ujjwalaah kandukah drushyate, aakaaren, prakashena cha vardhate, oordhvatah baahyatah cha visphotayati." coronal meghaah. def. "suryasya athavaa anyasya nakshatrasya prakashamanam plajma-vaayumandalam, laxashah kilometer yaavat antariksham yaavat vistaaritam, purnagraasagrahanakaale sahajataya drushyate" iti corona athavaa nakshatrik-corona iti kathyate. coronal-meghah ekaha meghah, athavaa meghasadrushah, praakrutikah khagoleeyah astitwah asti, yah plajma ityanena nirmitah asti, praayah naxatrena vaa anyaih khagoliya-vastunah vaa saha sambadhah asti, yatra taapamaanam evam bhavati yena eksa-rey utsarjyate. laghunagar-coronal-meghaah anekeshaam bhinnanam drushya-varnakrameey-prakarasya nakshatranam prakashamandalasya upari santi, anye cha antaratara-madhyamena (ism) bhagan aakramayanti, kadaachit laksh-kilometer yaavat antariksham yaavat vistaarayanti, athavaa sahasra-prakasha-varshaani yaavat, sambaddhasy aakaarasy aadhaaren yathaa akashaganga. coronal-meghasya uccha-taapamaanam asya asaamaany-varnakrameey-lakshanan pradadaati. ete vaishishtyah loham ityadinam tattvaanaam atyadhika-ayaneekruta-paramaanubhih anudishante, ye plasma ityasya taapamaanam 106 kelvin (emm. key.) taha adhikam soochayanti. yadyapi coronal-meghah (nakshatrasya athavaa akashagangayaha corona ityasya bhagarupena athavaa sampornaroopen) samanyataya "t ±1-2 (mk) tapamane uccha-taapamaatraayukten plajma-yuktena bhavati... [haha] o. tii. sakriyapradesheshu, post-fler-loops madhye cha plajma-taapamaanam tea ± <aii. dee. 1> emm. key. bhavati." antaragyaalaaktik-madhyamam. ushna-antaragyaalaaktik-madhyamena coronal-meghaah sthaniya-samoohe tathaa antaragyaalaaktik-madhyamena cha bhavitum arhanti.ee., extragroup. ushna-antahsamoohasy, antaragyaalaaktik-vaayoh cha prachuram utpaadanam shveta-bauna-pradhanasya prabhamandalasya praakrutikam parinamam asti. "cluster-cluster-vileenam samaye utpaadyamaanah emm. ech. dee. ashaantihi, igm ityasmin kana-punah pravegasya srotah bhavitum arhati." twaranam "aakaashagangaasaagruheshu sankochita-ashantina" bhavitum arhati, yatra ashaantihi, aii. jii. emm. ityetayoho cha madhye kriyayaha madhyasthata plajma-asthirataayaah madhyamena bhavati, tathaa cha koolomb-madhya-mukta-margasya apekshayaa bahu nyoonatameshu scales-madhye gharshana-sthitihi cha nirvahati. asmin vyavasthaayaam druta-paddhatyam adhikaamsha-oorjaa sapeksha-kananam punahpravartane prasarati, tvarana-prakriya cha ashaanti-vishaye eva tvarana-kananam pashch-pratikriyena swaniyantrita-saarwatrik-vyavahaaram prati gacchati." sapekshavadi "protan" samooh-urjaayaah katipaya-pratishatam (athavaa nyoonam) yogadam kurvanti, yat samipasthasamuhanam fermi-nireekshanaih saha susangatam asti...] taapeeyashakteh katipayasya pratishatasya stare sankochita-ashaantihi, jee. ee. vee.-shaktau sapeksha-electron-ityetaan punah praveshtum shaknoti, yaani vishaal-radio-prabhamandalasya rupena avalokite-prasarana-radio-nirgamanasya vyakhyayai aavashyakaani santi." tantradnyaanam. plajma-shucheekarane vaayuprajaatayah nirmitasya oorjaavaanasy plajma-ityasya upayogena prushtabhaagaat ashuddhatam pradushakanam cha nishkasanam bhavati. argan, praanavaayuh ityadinam vayunam, vaayu-hadrogen/nitrogen ityadinam mishranaam cha upayogah bhavati. nimna-chaapa-vaayum (samanyataya 1/1000 vaayumandaleey-chapasya sameepe) ayanikaranam kartum uccha-aavrutti-voltage-ityasya (samanyataya key. ech. jaid-taha> emm. ech. jaid. paryantam) upayogena plajma-ityasya nirmanam bhavati, yadyapi vaayumandaleey-chaapa-plajma-padarthah api adhunaa samanyaha asti. api pashyatu. sandarbhah.

plaasmaakkal/plasma porulgal/vaniel iyarpiyal mattrum vaethiyiyalil, plasma enbathu vaayuvaip poantra oru porulin nilai, idhil thugalgalin oru kuripitta pakuthi ayaniyaakkappadukirathu. plaasmaakkal. plasma enbathu vaayuvaip poantra oru porulin nilai, idhil thugalgalin oru kuripitta pakuthi ayaniyaakkappadukirathu. oru vaayuvai veppappaduththuvathu adhan moolakkoorugal allathu anukkalai ayaniyakkalaam (avattril ulla electraankalin ennikkaiyaik kuraikalaam allathu athikarikkalaam), ithanaal adhai plaasmaavaaga maatralaam, idhil saarj seiyappatta thugalgal ullanah nermarai ayanigal mattrum ethirmarai electraangal allathu ayanigal. plasma irukka, ayaniyakkam avasiyam. plasma adarththi" endra soll podhuvaaga "electron adarththi", athaavathu oru unit thoguthikku ilavasa electraankalin ennikkaiyaik kurikkirathu. plasmavin ayaniyaakkaththin alavu enbathu electraankalai ilanththa allathu pettra anukkalin vigithamaagum, maelum idhu perumpaalum veppanilaiyaal kattuppaduththappadugiradhu. oralavu ayaniyakkappatta vaayu kooda, athil 1 sathaveetham thugalgal mattumae ayaniyaakkappattullana, plasmavin panbugalaik kondirukkalaam (i.ii.kaanthappulangal mattrum adhiga minn kadaththuththiran aagiyavattrukku pathil). ayaniyaakkaththin alavu, "α" enbathu "α" = "n" i/("n" i + "n" a) yena varaiyarukkappadukirathu, idhil "n" i enbathu ayanigalin enn adarththi mattrum "n" a enbathu nadunilai anukkalin enn adarththi aagum. electron adarththi" enbathu "n" e = "n" i moolam ayanigalin sarasari saarj nilaiyaal thodarpudaiyathu, angku "n" e enbathu electraankalin enn adarththi. "plasma enbathu electraangal, ayanigal mattrum nadunilai anukkalaik konda porulin naankaavathu nilaiyaagum, idhu podhuvaaga 104 digiri kelvin veppanilaiyil irukkum."sooriyanum natchaththiranggalum plaasmaakkal; poomiyin ayanimandalam, vaan aalan beltkal, kaantha mandalam poantravai., anaiththum plaasmaakkal. unmaiyil, plasma pirabanjaththil ariyapatta perumpaalaana porulai uruvaakkukirathu." plasma porulgal. neela jedd vimaanangkal spiritkalilirunthu vaerupadugindrana, avai cumulonympasine maerpuraththilirunthu oru idiyudan koodiya mazhaikku maelae, podhuvaaga oru kurugiya koombil, poomiyilirunthu 40 muthal 50 kimee (25 muthal 30 mile) varai ayanikkoalaththin migak kuraindha nilaigal varai thittukindrana. koodudhalaaga, sivappu sprittukal kurippidatthakka minnal thaakkuthalkaludan thodarpudaiyavai entraalum, neela jedd vimaanangkal minnalaal neradiyaagath thoondappaduvathaagath theriyavillai (iruppinum, avai idiyudan koodiya palaththa alangatti mazhai nadavadikkaiyudan thodarpudaiyathaagath thoandrugindrana). avai spiritkalai vida pirakaasamaanavai mattrum avattrin peyaraal kurikkappaduvathu poal neela niraththil ullana. nadunilai mattrum ayaniyakkappatta moolakkooru nitrajanil irunthu neela mattrum pura uuthaa umizhvu koadugalin thoguppu kaaranamaaga inththa niram iruppathaaka nambappadugirathu. thathuvaarththa plasma vaniel. aenenil "vinveliyil ulla plasma porutkalin periya spadiotemporal alavukoalgalil, plasma nilaiththanmai koatpaadu pattriya adippadai aetrtrukkollappatta karuththukkal, ippoathu aaivaga payanpaadugalukku migavum poruththamaanathu, aerkanavae thiruththam thaevaippadukirathu." vinkarkal. diff. "sooriyak kaattru, pira olii isotope plasma mattrum kaanthappulangal sooriyak koronavukku maelae uyarnththu allathu vinveliyil veliyidappaduvathaal aerpadum perum vedippu" enbathu caronal maas ejection (chii. emm. ii) endru azhaikkappadukirathu. neela niram. "neela thodakkangkal idiyudan koodiya oru iravu naera aaraaichi vimaanaththilirunthu veediyoavil kandupidikkappattana, maelum avai" "neela jetkaludan nerukkamaaga thodarpudaiya oru melnoakki nagarum olirum nigazhvu" "endru thoandrugirathu"."avai neela jedd vimaanangkalai vida kurukiyathaagavum pirakaasamaagavum thoandrugindrana, 20 kimee varai mattumae uyaraththai ettum. "neela niraththil thodangum vimaanangkal neela jedd vimaanangkalaagath thoandrugindrana, avai orupoathum athaich seiyaathu". idathupuraththil poomiyil ulla vadakku oligalin padam migavum arithaana neela vilakkugalaik kaattukirathu. science. vinkala unththuthalil, haal thruster enbathu oru vagai ayani undhuvisai aagum, idhil undhuvisai oru minsaara pulatthaal thurithappaduththappadukirathu. haal thrustergal electraankalai oru kaanthappulaththil sikkavaiththu, pinnar unththusakthiyai ayaniyaakka electraankalaip payanpaduththukintrana, unthuthalai uruvaakka ayanigalai thirampada mudukkividugindrana, maelum bloomil ulla ayanigalai nadunilaiyaakkugindrana. haal thirastarkal sila nerangalil haal vilaivu thirastarkal allathu haal current thirastarkal endru kurippidapadugindrana. haal thrustergal perumpaalum oru mithamaana kuripitta undhuvisai (1,600 cheey) vinveli undhuthal thozhilnutpamaaga karudhappadugindrana. haal thrustergal palvaeru unththusakthigalil seyalpadugindrana, avattril migavum podhuvaanathu senon aagum. crypton, argaon, bismuth, ayodin, magnesium mattrum thuththanaagam aagiyavai aarvamulla pira unththusakthigal aagum. idathupuraththil plaasmaavudan thodarpudaiya irandu padangkal mattrum ngc 7662 inn oru pakuthi ullana. nebulaavin niram migavum neelam-pacchai niraththil ullathu, angku 500.7 nm oxygen umizhvaagum olii aathaaram aathikkam seluththukirathu. irandaavathu padam hupple vinveli tholainoakkiyilirunthu moontru vadippaangal vazhiyaaga ullathu f502n (neelam), f555w (pacchai), mattrum f658n (sivappu). inththa porul oru kiraga neeroottru (ngc 7662) aagum. maiyaththil ulla oru siriya natchatthiram neeroottrai uruvaakkiyullathu. sivappu. "hestalan olii [ech. ell] enbathu podhuvaaga noarvaeyin soar-trondelock kavundiyil ulla holdalan nagaraatchiyil ulla hestalan pallaththaakkil kaanappadum oru vivarikkappadaatha olii aagum." "thoosi niraintha valimandalaththil raydon sithaivin poathu alba thugalgalaal kaattru mattrum thoosiyai ayaniyaakkuvathan moolam urpaththi seiyappadum plaasmaavil ulla macroscopic koolamb padigangkalin thoguppaal hl [uruvaagalaam]." "ech. ell perumpaalum vellai niraththilum sila nerangalil sivappu niraththilum vagaippaduththappadukirathu. idhu perumpaalum eravil nigazhkirathu, perumpaalum kulirkaalaththil mattrum nalliravil uchchaththil ullathu." suuriyan. "juulai 19,2012 andru sooriyanil irunthu naduththara valimai konda theeppizhambu vediththathu. inththa kunduvedippu magaththaana, minnum plasma suzhalgalaiyum uruvaakkiyathu, idhu" "caronal mazhai" "endru azhaikkappadum oru nigazhvukku oru eduththukkaattu endru agency athikaarikal theriviththanar"." "coronavil ulla soodaana plasma kulirchchiyadaindhu, piraanthiyaththil ulla valuvaana kaanthappulangalil odukkappattathu" "plasma mazhaiyaaga methuvaaka sooriya maerparappil meendum vizhugirathu". "pala chii. emm. ii. kkal endhavoru velippadaiyaana sooriya maerparappu seyalpaattudanum thodarpupaduththappadaathavai endrum kandariyappattullana". valathupuraththil ulla padangkalil, janavari 27,2010 andru stereo (pinnaal) vinkalaththaal edukkappatta inththa thodar padangkalil suriyanin maerparappil oru seyalil ulla pakuthikku maelae oru chii. emm. ii allathu valaivugal ezhugindrana. valaivugal plasma, nagarum saarj seiyappatta thugalgalaal (electraangal mattrum ayanigal) aana superheet porul. irumbuk kooppugal kaanthaththin oru munaiyilirunthu mattroru munaikku valaippathu poalavae, plasma kaanthappulak koadugal vazhiyaaga oru valaivil sarukkukirathu. janavari 26 muthal janavari 29 varai seiyappatta stereo avathaanippukalin thiraippataththil, maarum neeroadaigal aarambaththil suriyanin vilimbirku sattru maelae irunththana, suuriyan avattrai maelum paarvaikku suzhattriyathaal avattrai udanadiyaagak kandarindhana." "thiraippatak kaatchiyin naduvae, oru siriya caronal vegujana veliyaettram (sooriyanil irunthu saarj seiyappatta thugalgalin oru oottam) manikku sumar oru million mile vaekaththil veliyae sendru vinvelikkuch selkirathu, athanudan sila kaanthappulaththaiyum eduththuch selkirathu. [muthal] padam caronal maas ejection thodakkaththaik kaattukirathu, athae neraththil [irandaavathu] padam sooriyap porul suriyanin coronavai vittu veliyaeruvathaik kaattukirathu. perumpaalaana caronal maas ejectiongal adhiga bulbus mattrum agalamaanavai idhu migavum kurugiya mattrum kattuppaduththappattullathu. iruppinum, naasaavin sooriya vinjnaanigal adhan vaegam mattrum panbugal idhu unmaiyil oru podhuvaana allaatha caronal vegujana veliyaettramaaka irunththathu enbathaik kurikkindrana enbathai oppukkolkiraargal." sooriya maegangkal. pipravari 10,1956, nigazhvu "punitha uchchiyil anusarikkappattathu. oru pirakaasamaana pandhu [suriyanin] maerparappukku maelae thoandrugirathu, alavu mattrum hα pirakaasaththil valarum, maelum melnoakki mattrum velippuramaaga vedikkum." caronal maegangkal. diff. "suriyanin allathu pira natchaththiraththin olirum plasma valimandalam, million kanakkaana kilometer thooram vinveliyil virivadainthu, moththa sooriya kiraganaththin poathu migavum elithaaka kaanappadugiradhu" enbathu oru corona allathu natchatthira carona endru azhaikkappadukirathu. oru caronal maegam enbathu plasmawal aana oru maegam allathu maegam poantra iyarkaiyaana vaniel niruvanam aagum, maelum idhu podhuvaaga oru natchatthiram allathu pira vaniel poruludan thodarpudaiyathu, angku veppanilai ex-kathirkal veliyidappadum. siriya caronal maegangkal pala vevvaeru kaatchi niramaalai vagai natchaththiranggalin olii mandalaththirku maelae irukkumpoathu, mattravai vinmeen naduththaraththin (ism) sila pakuthikalai aakkiramiththu, sila nerangalil million kanakkaana kilometer thooram vinveliyil allathu aayirakkanakkaana olii aandugal varai virivadaigindrana. caronal megaththin adhiga veppanilai adharku asaathaarana niramaalai amsangkalai alikkirathu. inththa amsangkal irumbu poantra thanimangalin adhiga ayaniyakkappatta anukkalil kandariyappattullana, idhu oru plasmavin veppanilai 106 kelvin (emm. kae) kkum athigamaaga iruppathaik kurikkirathu. oru caronal maegam (oru vinmeen allathu vinmeen mandala coronavin oru paguthiyaaga allathu anaitthu) podhuvaaga "t ±1-2 (mk) veppanilaiyil uyar veppanilai plasmawal nirappappadukirathu... [h] active pakuthikal mattrum boastflare loopkal plasma veppanilaiyai t ± 2-40 mk kondullana." vinmeen mandalangkalukku idaiyaeyaana naduttharam. soodaana vinmeen mandala uudakaththin caronal maegangkal ulloor kuzhu mattrum vinmeen mandala uudakaththil irukkalaam, athaavathu.ii., extragroup. soodaana intragroup mattrum vinmeen mandalangkalukku idaiyaeyaana vaayuvin aeraalamaana urpaththi vellai kullan aathikkam seluththum olivattam iyarkaiyaana vilaivaagum. "cluster-cluster inaippugalin poathu uruvaakkappadum emht kondhalippu, sigmill ulla thugal maruvaalvukku oru aathaaramaaka irukkalaam." vinmeen mandalak kuzhukkalil surukkakoodiya kondhalippaal mudukkam aerpadalaam, angku kondhalippukkum sikmukkum idaiyilaana thodarbu plasma nilaiyattra thanmaigalaal madhyastham seiyappadugirathu mattrum cooloamb sarasari ilavasa paathaiyai vida migach siriya alavugalil moathal paraamarikkappadukirathu. inththa aatchiyil vaekamaana muraigalin perumpaalaana aattral saarpiyal thugalgalin maruu mudukkaththirku seluththappadukirathu, maelum mudukkam seyalmurai oru ulagalaaviya nadaththaiyai anugugirathu, idhu kondhalippil ulla mudukkapatta thugalgalin pinnoakkiya ethirvinaiyaal suyamaaga kattuppaduththappadugiradhu." arugilulla clustergalin fermi avathaanippukaludan oththuppoagum vagaiyil, thodarpaadal "proattaangal cluster aattralin pala sathaveethaththirku (allathu atharkum kuraivaaga) pankalikkindrana, [...]..] veppa aattralin oru sila sathaveetha alavil surukkakoodiya kondhalippu, jii. ii. vii aattralkalil saarpiyal electraankalai maruseeramaikka mudiyum, avai maaperum radio haaloakkal vadivaththil kaanapatta paravalaana radio umizhvai vilakkuvatharku avasiyam." thozhilnutpam. plasma suththam enbathu vaayu inangkalilirunththu uruvaakkappatta aattralmikka plasmavaip payanpaduththuvathan moolam maerparappugalil irunthu asuththangkal mattrum asuththangkalai agattruvathai ulladakkiyathu. argaon mattrum oxygen poantra vaayukkalum, kaattru mattrum hydrajan/naitrajan poantra kalavaigalum payanpaduththappadugindrana. kuraindha aluththa vaayuvai (podhuvaaga 1/1000 valimandala aluththaththaich suttri) ayaniyaakka adhiga athirven minnazhuththangkalaip (podhuvaaga kz muthal> mhz varai) payanpaduththuvathan moolam plasma uruvaakkappadugirathu, iruppinum valimandala aluththa plaasmaavum ippoathu podhuvaanavai. idhaiyum paarungkal. kurippugal.

plasma/plasma vastuvulu/khagola shaastram bhouthika shaastram mariyu rasayana saastramlo, plasma anedi vayuvu maadirigaane padaartham yokka sthithi, dheenilo kanaalalo oka nirdishta bhaagam ayaneekaranam cheyabadutundi. plasma. plasma anedi vayuvu maadirigaane padaartham yokka sthithi, dheenilo kanaalalo oka nirdishta bhaagam ayaneekaranam chendutundi. oka vaayuvunu vaedi cheyadam valla daani anuvulu ledhaa anuvulu ayaneekaranam chendavacchu (vaatilo electronla sankhyanu tagginchavachhu ledhaa penchavacchu), tadwara daanini plasma gaa maarchavacchu, indulo charge cheyabadina kanaalu untayih saanukuula ayanlu mariyu pratikuula electronlu ledhaa ayanlu. plasma undalante, ayaneekarana avasaram. plasma saandrata" anae padam saadhaaranamgaa "electron saandrata" nuu suuchistumdi, antey, prati unit valuemku uchita electronla sankhya. plasma yokka ayaneekarana sthaayi anedi electronlanu kolpoyina ledhaa pondina anuvula nishpatti, mariyu ekkuvagaa ushnograta dwara niyantrinchabadutundi. pakshika ayaneekaranam chendina vayuvu kooda, dheenilo 1 saatam kanaalu ayaneekaranam chendutaayi, plasma lakshanaalanu kaligi undavacchu (i.ii.ayaskanta kshetraalaku pratispandana mariyu adhika vidyut vaahakata). ayaneekarana yokka sthaayi, "α" nuu "α" = "n" i/("n" i + "n" a) gaa nirvachistaaru, ikkada "n" i anedi ayanla sankhya saandrata mariyu "n" a anedi tatastha anuvula sankhya saandrata. electron saandrata" dheeniki "n" e = "n" i dwara ayanla sagatu chaarj sthithi dwara sambandham kaligi untundi, ikkada "n" e anedi electronla sankhya saandrata. "plasma anedi electronlu, ayanlu mariyu tatastha anuvulatho kuudina padaartham yokka nalgava sthithi, saadhaaranamgaa 104 degreela kelvin kante ekkuva ushnogratala vadda."suuryudu mariyu nakshatraalu plasma; bhoomi yokka ionosphere, vaan allen beltlu, magnetosphere modalainavi., annee plasma. nijaaniki, vishwamlo telisina padaarthamloo chaalaa varaku plasma untundi." plasma vastuvulu. neelirangu jetlu spritla nundi bhinnamgaa untaayi, avi urumulato kuudina urumulato kuudina cumulonimbus paie nundi, saadhaaranamgaa irukaina sankuvulo, bhoomiki 40 nundi 50 kimmy (25 nundi 30 maillu) ettulo ionosphere yokka atyalpa sthaayila varaku project chestaayi. adanamgaa, errati spritelu gananeeyamaina merupu daadulatoe mudipadi undagaa, neelam jetlu neerugaa meruputho prerepinchabadinatlu kanipinchavu (ayithe, avi urumulato kuudina balamaina vadagallatho mudipadi unnatlu kanipistaayi). avi sprites kante prakaasavantamgaa untaayi mariyu vaati paeru suuchimchinatlugaa, neelam rangulo untaayi. tatastha mariyu ayaneekaranam cheyabadina paramaanu natrajani nundi neelam mariyu atineelalohita udgaara rekhala samiti kaaranamgaa eee rangu undani nammutaaru. saiddhaantika plasma khagola shaastram. endukante "antarikshamlo plasma vastuvula yokka bhaarii spatiotemporal pramaanaala, plasma sthirathvam siddhaantam gurinchi praathamika aamodinchabadina abhiprayalu, ippudu prayogasaala anuvartanaalaku baga saripothayi, ippatike punarvimarsha avasaram." ulkalu. def. "[a] soura gaali, itara telikapati isotope plasma, mariyu soura carona paina paiki leche ayaskanta kshetraalu ledhaa antarikshamloki vidudala cheyabadatam" nuu coronal maas ajection (cme) antaaru. blues. "urumulu, merupula chuttoo raatri parisoedhana vimaanamlo neelirangu prarambhalu veediyolo kanugonabaddayi mariyu" "neelirangu jetlatho daggari sambandham unna paiki kadile prakaasavantamaina drugvishayamgaa kanipistaayi"."avi neelam jetla kante chinnaviga mariyu prakaasavantamgaa kanipistaayi, 20 kilometres ettuku matrame cherukuntaayi. "neelam prarambhalu eppuduu puurti cheyaleni neelam jetlugaa kanipistaayi". edama vaipuna bhoomipai uttara deepaala chitram chaalaa arudaina neelam deepaalanu choopistundi. saine. antariksha nauka chodakamlo, haall thruster anedi oka rakamaina ayan thruster, dheenilo chodaka saktini vidyut kshetram dwara vegavantam chestundi. haall thrusterlu ayaskanta kshetramlo electronlanu bandhinchi, aapai propellentnu ayaneekaranam cheyadaaniki electronlanu upayogistaayi, ayaanlanu samarthavantamgaa vegavantam chesi thrustnu utpatti chestaayi mariyu pluumlooni ayaanlanu tatastheekaristaayi. haall thrustersnu konnisaarlu haall effect thrusters ledhaa haall current thrusters anie pilustaaru. haall thrusterlu tarachugaa mitamaina nirdishta prerana (1,600 seey) antariksha chodaka saanketikatagaa pariganinchabadataayi. haall thrusterlu vividha rakaala chodaka saktulapai panicheestaayi, veetilo atyanta saadhaaranamainadi zinan. itara aasaktigala chodakaalu crypton, orgaon, bismat, iodine, magnitium mariyu jink. edama vaipuna plasma yokka rendu chitraalu mariyu ngc 7662 yokka oka bhaagam unnaayi. neeharika yokka rangu chaalaa neelam-aakupaccha rangulo untundi, ikkada 500.7 nm oxygen udgaaram pradhana kaanti muulam. rendava chitram habul space telescope nundi moodu filterla dwara undih f502n (neelam), f555w (aakupaccha), mariyu f658n (erupu). eee vastuvu oka grahala neeharika (ngc 7662). madhyalo unna oka chinna nakshatram neehaarikanu utpatti chesindi. erupu. "hessdaleen kaanti [hchl] anedi saadhaaranamgaa naarvelooni soar-trondlog kounteelooni holtalen munisipaalitiilooni hesdaleen loyalo kanipinche vivarinchaleni kaanti." "dummugala vaataavaranamloo raydon kshayam samayamlo alfa kanaala dwara gaali mariyu dhooli ayaneekarana dwara utpatti cheyabadina plaasmaaloni sthuula coolumb sphatikaala samuuham dwara hchl [yerpadavachhu]." "hchl ekkuvagaa telupu rangu mariyu konnisaarlu erupu rangu dwara vargeekarinchabadutundi. idhi ekkuvagaa raatri samayamlo, tarachugaa sheethaakaalamlo mariyu ardharaatri samayamlo garishta sthaayiki cherukuntundi." suuryudu. "[a] juulai 19,2012naa suuryuni nundi madhya-shakti mantalu chelaregaayi. paeludu apaaramaina, merise plasma looplanu kooda srushtinchindi, ivi" "coronal varsham" "anie piluvabade drugvishayaaniki udaaharana anie agency adhikarulu telipaaru"." "eee praantamlooni balamaina ayaskanta kshetraala venta karonaloni vaedi plasma challabadi ghaneebhavinchindi" "plasma varshamgaa nemmadigaa soura uparitalaaniki tirigi padipotundi". "aneka sii. emm. eee. luu kooda spashtamaina soura uparitala kaaryakalaapaalato sambandham laenivigaa gamaninchabaddaayi". kudi vaipuna unna chitraalalo, janavari 27,2010naa stereo (venuka) antariksha nauka teesina chitraala shrenilo suuryuni uparitalampai churukaina praantam paina oka cme ledhaa arcs paiki lestaayi. arcs plasma, kadile chaarj kanaalatoe (electronlu mariyu ayanlu) tayaaraina superheated padaartham. ayaskaantam yokka oka chivara nundi maroka vaipuku inupa filing aark chesinatle, plasma ayaskanta kshetra rekhala venta oka aarklo jaarutondi. janavari 26 mariyu janavari 29 madhya chesina stereo pariseelanala chalanachitramlo, dynamic pravahalu praarambhamlo suuryuni anchuku paina undevi mariyu suuryudu vaatini marintagaa tirigela chudagaligela takshaname gurtinchabaddaayi." "cinema clip madhyalo, oka chinna coronal maas ajection (suuryudi nundi chaarj cheyabadina kanaala pravaham) gantaku sumaru oka million mailla vegamtho antarikshamloki bayataku velli, daanitoe paatu kontha ayaskanta kshetraanni mosukelutundi. [modati] chitram coronal maas ajection prarambhanni chooputundi, [rendava] chitram suuryuni carona vidichipetti soura padaarthaanni choopistundi. chaalaa varaku coronal maas ejections marinta gaddakatte mariyu vedalpugaa untayih idhi chaalaa irukainadi mariyu kaligi untundi. edemaina, nassa soura saastravettalu daani vegam mariyu lakshanaalu idhi nijamgaa saadhaaranam kaani coronal maas ajection anie suuchistunnaayani angeekaristunnaaru." soura meghalu. 1956 fibravari 10naa "eee sanghatana" matakarma sikharam vadda jarigindi. [suuryuni] uparitalam paina oka prakaasavantamaina banthi kanipistundi, parimaanam mariyu prakaasamloo perugutundi mariyu paiki mariyu velupaliki pelutundi." coronal meghalu. def. "suuryuni ledhaa itara nakshatram yokka prakaasinchae plasma vaataavaranam, lakshalaadi kilometres maera antarikshamloki vistarinchi, sampoorna suuryagrahanam samayamlo chaalaa sulabhamgaa kanipistundi", dheenini carona ledhaa nakshatra carona antaaru. coronal cloude anedi oka cloude ledhaa cloude lanty sahaja khagola astitvam, idhi plaasmaatho koodi untundi mariyu saadhaaranamgaa oka nakshatram ledhaa itara khagola vastuvutoe sambandham kaligi untundi, ikkada ushnograta ex-kiranaalu vidudalayye vidhamgaa untundi. chinna coronal meghalu aneka vibhina drushya varnapata rakam nakshatraala photosphere paina undagaa, marikonni nakshatraala madhya madhyamam (ii. ess. emm) yokka bhaagaalanu aakramistaayi, konnisaarlu laksala kilometres maera antarikshamloki ledhaa vaelaadi kaanti samvatsaraala varaku vistarinchi untaayi, idhi galaxy vanti anubandha vastuvu parimaanaanni batti untundi. coronal cloude yokka adhika ushnograta dheeniki asaadhaarana varnapata lakshanaalanu istundi. eee lakshanaalu inumu vanti muulakaala yokka adhika ayaneekaranam chendina anuvulalo kanugonabaddayi, ivi plasma yokka ushnograta 106 kelvin (mk) kante ekkuvagaa undani suuchistaayi. oka coronal cloude (oka nakshatra ledhaa galaxy caronalo bhaagamgaa ledhaa mottam) saadhaaranamgaa "t ±1-2 (mk) ushnogratala vadda adhika-ushnograta plaasmaatho nindi untundi... [h] kriyaaseela praantaalu mariyu postflare looplu plasma ushnogratalu t ± 2-40 mk kaligi untaayi." antar galaxy madhyamam. vaedi antar galaxy madhyamam yokka coronal meghalu sthaanika samuuham mariyu antar galaxy maadhyamamlo unde avakaasam undhi, antey.ii., extragroup. vaedi intragroup mariyu intergalactic vayuvu yokka samruddhiga utpatti telupu marugujju-aadhipatya halos yokka sahaja parinaamam. "cluster-cluster viliinaala samayamlo utpannamayye emhechdi allakallolam, igmlo kanaala punahpraarambhaaniki muulam kaavacchu." tvaranam anedi galaxy samoohaalalo kudimpajeyagala allakallolam dwara kaavacchu, ikkada allakallolam mariyu ii. zii. emm madhya paraspara charya plasma asthiratala dwara madhyavartitvam vahistundi mariyu coolumb sagatu uchita maargam kante chaalaa chinna pramaanaala vadda gharshanagaa nirvahinchabadutundi. eee paalanalo vegavantamaina reetula yokka shakti chaalaa varaku saapeksha kanaala punahpraarambhamloki prasaram cheyabadutundi mariyu tvaranam prakriya anedi allakallolampai vegavantamaina kanaala venuka-praticharya dwara sweeya-niyantrinchabadina saarvatrika pravartananu cherukuntundi." saapeksha "protaanlu cluster saktilo aneka saatam (ledhaa anthakante takkuva) dohadam chestaayi, sameepamloni samuuhaala fermi pariseelanalaku anugunamgaa untaayi...] ushna saktilo konni saatam sthaayilo sampeedana kallolam anedi jev saktula vadda saapeksha electronlanu tirigi vegavantam cheyagaladu, ivi pedda radeo haalola roopamlo gamaninchina vyaapti chendina radeo udgaaraalanu vivarinchadaaniki avasaram." saanketikata. plasma shubhraparachadamlo vaayu jaatula nundi srushtinchabadina saktivantamaina plaasmaanu upayoginchadam dwara uparitalaala nundi malinaalu mariyu kalushitaalanu tolaginchadam untundi. orgaon mariyu oxygen vanti vaayuvulu, alaage gaali mariyu hydrogen/natrajani vanti mishramaalanu upayogistaaru. vaataavarana peedana plasma ippudu kooda saadhaaranam ayinappatikee, takkuva peedana vaayuvunu (saadhaaranamgaa 1/1000 vaataavarana peedanam chuttoo) ayaneekaranam cheyadaaniki adhika pounahpunya voltagelanu (saadhaaranamgaa kz nundi> mhz) upayoginchadam dwara plasma srushtinchabadutundi. kooda chudandi. suuchanalu.

plazma/plazma object/falkiyaat tabiyat aur chemistry mein plazma maaday kii eek aisi haalat hay juu gees say milti jalti hay jiss mein zaraat kaa eek khaas hasah ionized hotaa hay. plasma. plazma maaday kii eek aisi haalat hay juu gees say milti jalti hay jiss mein zaraat kaa eek khaas hasah ionized hotaa hay. gees kuu garm karnay say iss kay molecules yaa attoms kuu ionize kiyaa jaa saktaa hay (inn mein electranon kii taadad kumm yaa badh jaati hay)yee iss tarah asay plazma mein tabdil kirr diyaa jaataa hay jiss mein chaarij shadah zaraat hotay haine: masbat aayin aur manfi electron yaa aayin. plazma kay wajood kay liye ionization zaruri hay. plazma kasafat" kii astalah apnay aap mein aam toor parr "electron kasafat" say maraad hay yauni phee yount hajm mein aazaad electranon kii taadad. plazma kii ionization kii digri inn atmon kaa tanasib hay jinhon nay electron khoo diye haine yaa haasil kiye haine aur ziyadah tarr darjah hararat kay zariye control kiyaa jaataa hay. yahaan takk kahh eek jazwi toor parr ionized gees jiss mein 1 vovo say bhee kumm zaraat ionized hotay haine plazma kii khususiyat rakhti hay (i.ayee.maqnatisi shoabon aur aalee barqi chalakta kaa jawaab). ionization kii dagri "α" kii tareef "α" = "n" i/("n" i + "n" a) kay toor parr kii gayee hay jehaan "n" i aainon kii taadad kii kasafat hay aur "n" a ghair janibdar atmon kii taadad kii kasafat hay. electron kii kasafat" kaa taaluq aainon kii ausat chaarij haalat say "n" e = "n" i kay zariye hotaa hay jehaan "n" e electranon kii taadad kii kasafat hay. "plazma maaday kii chothi haalat hay juu electranon aainon aur ghair janibdar atmon parr mushtamil hoti hay aam toor parr 104 digri calone say oopar kay darjah hararat parr."soraj aur sataray plazma haine vovo zameen kaa inosphere ween ailan bellet magnetosphere waghairah.yee tamaam plazma haine. darhaqiqat plazma kainaat mein malum maaday kaa ziyadah tarr hasah banata hay." plazma object. neelay jait sprites say iss lahaaz say mukhtalif haine kahh wah commolonembus kay opri hasay say girj chamak kay oopar aam toor parr eek tung shank mein zameen say 40 say 50 chlometer (25 say 30 meel) oopar inosphere kii sabb say nichli satah takk paish kartay haine. iss kay alawah jabb kahh sarkh sprates kaa taaluq bajli kay numayan hamlon say hotaa hay neelay jait braah raast bajli say mutharik nahein hotay haine (tahim wah girj chamak mein teez aulay kii srgarmi say mutaliq dikhayi deetay haine). wah sprates say bhee ziyadah roshan hotay haine aur jaisa kahh inn kay naam say zahir hotaa hay neelay rung kay hotay haine. khayaal kiyaa jaataa hay kahh yaha rung ghair janibdar aur ionized salmati nitrojan say neeli aur qareeb ultra violet akhraaj linon kay eek seet kii wajah say hay. nazaryati plazma falkiyaat. keunkah "khalaa mein plazma object kay baday spotutemporal paimanay kay baaray mein plazma istehkaam kay nazariyah kay baaray mein bunyadi qabool shadah khayalat juu abb libartry kay istemaal kay liye behatar haine pehley say hyee nazar saani kii zarurat hay." mattier. deef. "[a] shamsi hawaa kaa baday paimanay parr phatnaa deegar halkay aasotop plazma aur maqnatisi medaan shamsi korona say oopar uthtay hoay yaa khalaa mein chhoday jaanay kuu karnal maas ajection (see ayem ayee) kahaa jaataa hay. blues. "neeli sharoaat karnay waalon kuu raat kay waqat girj chamak kay ard gird tehqiqi parwaz say video mein driyafat kiyaa gayaa thaa aur aisa lagtaa hay kahh" "eek oopar kii taraf harkat karnay waala bright rajhaan hay jiss kaa neeli jait tayaron say gehra taaluq hay."wah neelay jait tayaron say chhotay aur roshan nazar aatay haine juu sarf 20 chlometer takk kii bulandi takk pahunchtay haine. "neeli sharoaat karnay waalay neelay jait hotay dikhayi deetay haine juu kabhi bhee balkal nahein bunn paatay. bayein taraf zameen parr shamali roshaniyon kii tasveer hay juu behat hyee nayaab neeli roshaniyon kuu dikhati hay. seean. khalayi jehaaz kay propulsion mein haal thruster eek qasm kaa aayin thruster hay jiss mein barqi medaan kay zariye propellent kuu teez kiyaa jaataa hay. haal thrusters electranon kuu maqnatisi medaan mein phansatay haine aur phir electranon kuu propellent kuu ionize karnay kay liye istemaal kartay haine aainon kuu zoor deenay kay liye mosar tareeqe say teez kartay haine aur plume mein aainon kuu ghair janibdar kartay haine. haal thrusters kuu baaz auqaat haal effect thrusters yaa haal crunt thrusters kahaa jaataa hay. haal thrusters kuu aksar eek muatadil makhsus implis (1,600 second) khalayi propulsion technology samjha jaataa hay. haal thruster mukhtalif qasm kay propellants parr kaam kartay haine jinn mein sabb say aam zeenon hay. dilchaspi kay deegar propellants mein crypton aargan basmath ayudeen magnesium aur zank shaamil haine. bayein taraf plazma kii duu tasavir haine juu aine jee see 7662 say waabistah haine aur eek hasah aine jee see 7662 kaa hay. neebola kaa rung behat neela sabz hay jehaan roshni kaa ghalib zariah 500.7 aine ayem oxygen kaa akhraaj hay. dosri tasveer hubble spees teeli scope say teen filters kay zariye hay: f502n (neela)yee f555w (sabz)yee aur f658n (sarkh). yaha shay eek seyarah neebola (aine jee see 7662) hay. markaz mein eek chhotay say sataray nay neebola paida kiyaa hay. sarkh. "hesdalin light [aich eel] eek ghair waazah roshni hay juu aam toor parr naarway kii suur-travendalig county mein holtalin kii baldiyah mein hesdalin waadi mein dekhi jaati hay." "aich eel [how saktaa hay] eek plazma mein macroscopic columb cristal kay eek cluster say tashkil paaya juu dhol daar maahul mein redaan kii kharaabi kay doraan alfa zaraat kay zariah hawaa aur dhol kay ionization say tayaar hotaa hay." "aich eel ziyadah tarr safed rung aur baaz auqaat sarkh rung kii taraf say khususiyat haine. yaha ziyadah tarr raat kuu hotaa hay ziyadah tarr sardiyon kay mosam mein aur aadhi raat kay aas paas arooj kay saath." soraj. "[a] 19 jolayi 2012 kuu soraj say darmiyani taaqat kaa sholah phataa. dhamakay nay behat ziyadah chamakte hoay plazma lopes bhee paida kiyay juu kahh" "karonal raine" "kay naam say jaanay jaanay waalay rajhaan kii eek misaal hay agency kay hakaam nay bataya." "karona mein garm plazma khatay mein mazboot maqnatisi shoabon kay saath thandaa aur gaadha how jaataa hay" "aahista aahista plazma kii baarish kay toor parr shamsi satah parr waps girr jaataa hay. "behat say see ayem aiz kuu shamsi satah kii kasee bhee waazah srgarmi say ghair waabistah bhee dekha gayaa hay. daayein taraf kii tasavir mein 27 januri 2010 kuu stereo (peeche) khalayi jehaaz kay zariye lee gayee tasavir kay iss silsilay mein soraj kii satah parr eek faal elaqay kay oopar eek see ayem ayee yaa aark uthtay haine. aark plazma haine juu mutharik chaarij shadah zaraat (electron aur aayin) say banaa hawaa spir heated maadah hay. jiss tarah lohay kii filing maqnatisi kay eek saray say dosray saray parr aark karti hay asee tarah plazma maqnatisi medaan kii lakiron kay saath aark mein sliding kirr rehaa hay. 26 januri aur 29 januri kay darmiyan kiye gayey stereo mashahidat kii eek film mein mutharik nadiyan ibtadayi toor parr soraj kay balkal kinaray parr thein aur soraj kay ziyadah ghoomnay kay saath aasani say nazar aayen." "film clip kay darmiyan mein eek chhota saa karonal maas ajection (soraj say chaarij shadah zaraat kaa eek silsilah) taqriba eek millin meel phee ghantah kii raftaar say khalaa mein nikalta hay jiss kay saath kachh maqnatisi medaan bhee hotaa hay. [pehli] tasveer mein karonal maas ajection kaa aaghaz zahir hotaa hay jabkah [dosri] tasveer mein shamsi maaday kuu soraj kay karona kuu chhodte hoay dikhaya gayaa hay. ziyadah tarr karonal maas ajection ziyadah bulb daar aur choday hotay haine: yaha kaafi tung aur mahsur hotaa hay. tahim naasa kay shamsi science daan iss baath say ittefaq kartay haine kahh iss kii raftaar aur khususiyat say patah chalta hay kahh yaha darhaqiqat eek ghair aam karonal maas ajection thaa." shamsi baadil. 10 faroori 1956 kuu "taqrib" muqadas chooti parr manayi gayee. eek roshan gaind [soraj kii] satah kay oopar zahir hoti hay size aur aich aey chamak mein badhti hay aur oopar aur baahir kii taraf phatt jaati hay." karonal baadil. deef. "soraj yaa dosray sataray kaa bright plazma maahul juu khalaa mein laakhon chlometer takk phaila hawaa hay jasay makmal soraj girhan kay doraan sabb say aasani say dekha jaa saktaa hay asay corona yaa steeler korona kahaa jaataa hay. karonal clowed eek baadal yaa baadil jaisa qadarti falkiyati wajood hay juu plazma parr mushtamil hotaa hay aur aam toor parr kasee sataray yaa deegar falkiyati shay say waabistah hotaa hay jehaan darjah hararat aisa hotaa hay kahh aiks ray khaarij hotay haine. jabb kahh chhotay karnal baadil behat say mukhtalif basri spectral qasm kay sataron kay photosphere kay oopar hotay haine dosray interesteller medium (aayee aiss ayem) kay kachh hasoon parr qaabiz hotay haine juu baaz auqaat laakhon chlometer khalaa mein yaa hazaaron roshni saal takk pheltay haine juu kahh waabistah shay kay size parr munhasir hay jeesay kahh kahkashan. karnal clowed kaa aalee darjah hararat asay ghair mamuli spectral khususiyat deeta hay. inn khususiyat kaa saraag lohay jeesay anaasir kay intehayi ionized atmon say lagaya gayaa hay juu plazma kay darjah hararat kuu 106 calone (ayem kay) say ziyadah kii nishandahi kartay haine. agarcha eek karnal baadil (eek taarki yaa kahkashan kay korona kay hasay kay toor parr yaa tamaam) aam toor parr "t ± 1-2 (mk) kay darjah hararat parr aalee darjah hararat kay plazma say bharaa hotaa hay... [aich] aur faal elaqon aur post flyer lopes mein plazma kaa darjah hararat t ± 2-40 mk hotaa hay." inter galactic medium. garm inter galactic medium kay karnal baadil mamkanah toor parr maqami grop aur inter galactic medium mein hotay haine yauni.ayee.yee exter grop. garm intra grop aur inter galactic gees kii waafar paidawar safed bonay ghalbah waalay heloz kaa qadarti natijah hay. "ayem aich ddee hungamah juu cluster-cluster inzamam kay doraan paida hotaa hay aayee jee ayem mein zarah ree acceleration kaa zariah how saktaa hay." acceleration kahkashan kay clusters mein compress aibal turblins kii taraf say how saktaa hay jehaan hungamah aarayi aur aayee jee ayem kay darmiyan taamil plazma kii adam istehkaam kay zariye hotaa hay aur columb kay ausat aazaad raastay say behat chhotay paimanay parr tasadam kuu barqarar rakhta hay. iss nazaam mein teez raftaar tareeqon kii ziyadah tarr tawanayi rishtah daar zaraat kii baziyafat mein muntaqil hoti hay aur acceleration kaa amal eek aalamgir royay kay qareeb pahunchta hay juu khood hyee hungamah aarayi parr teez raftaar zaraat kay beek ree action kay zariye khood manzam hotaa hay." rishtah daar "proton cluster tawanayi kay kayee faisad (yaa iss say kumm) mein hasah daaltay haine juu qareebi clusters kay farmi mashahidat kay mutabiq haine [...]..] thermal tawanayi kay chand faisad kii satah parr compressible hungamah aarayi jee ayee wee tawanaiyon parr rishtah daar electranon kuu dobarah teez kirr sakti hay juu kahh mashahidah shadah phaila hawaa redio akhraaj kii wazahat kay liye washaal redio haalo kii shakal mein zaruri haine." technology. plazma kii safayi mein geeson say paida honay waalay tawanayi bakhash plazma kay istemaal kay zariye sathon say najasat aur aaludgiyon kuu hatana shaamil hay. aargan aur oxygen jaisi geeson kay saath saath hawaa aur hydrogen/nitrojan jeesay markab bhee istemaal hotay haine. kumm dabao waali gees (aam toor parr 1/1000 mahuliyati dabao kay aas paas) kuu ionize karnay kay liye hayee freekwensi voltage (aam toor parr clow heartz say> mhz) kaa istemaal karkay plazma banaya jaataa hay halankah abb mahuliyati dabao waalay plazma bhee aam haine. yaha bhee dekhein. hawalah jaat.

fffe6351b4f7bde13a3bcee7cfdb4286fcc0967c37f22d6dcb0d712360e474e0

https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki?curid=3106728

vanadiumdravite

vanadiumdravite English. Etymology. ? +

venediumdravite ingraji. byutpotti. ? +

vandiamdrabite ingrezi. byutpatti. ? +

vanadiumdravite angreji. vyutpatti. ? +

vanadiumdravite angreji. vyutpatti. ? +

vanadiumdravite inglish. vyutpatti. ? +

vanadiumdravite engleesh. padavyuthpathishaasthram. ? +

vanadiumdrite ingraji. vyutpatti. ? +

भानेडियमड्रावाइट angreji. wyutpatti. ? +

vanediam dravite ingraji. byutpatti. ? +

vanadiumdravite angrezi. shabdawali. ? +

venediumdravait anglabhashayam bhaashate. vyutpattih. ? +

vanadium travite aangkilam. sorpirappiyal. ? +

venediumdravite inglish. vyutpatti. ? +

vinedium drivite angrezi. siftiyat. ?? +

fffe643fcfddc98ab6b8a7088020cca2800b716765a38214d32459da2acc2e5f

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54976317

Ponabalia Massacre

Ponabalia Massacre Ponabalia Massacre () was the mass murder of 20 Bengali Muslims in Ponabalia by members of the Indian Imperial Police on orders of the district magistrate on 7 March 1927. History. On 7 March 1927, Bengali Hindus were going towards the Ponabalia Shiva temple in a procession on the occasion of Shivaratri in Ponabalia, Nalchity, Jhalokati District, Barisal Division, East Bengal, British India. The procession was singing Sankirtan and beating drums. The processions was passing by a mosque where Muslims were praying. The Muslims asked the Hindus to observe silence, which they refused. The Muslims tried to stop the procession by creating a human barricade. Satindranath Sen, a Satyagraha activist, asked the Hindus to perform Sankirtan louder. The District Magistrate, E. N. Blandy, and Superintendent of Police, Taylor rushed to the scene along with a Police force. The Muslims were unable to communicate with the British officials, as they did not know English. So they tried to communicate to the officers through hand gestures that they would rather die than have their prayers disturbed. The Hindus who were literate and could speak English, told the officers that the Muslims wanted to kill them. Blandy, misled, ordered the police to fire, killing 20 Muslims. More were wounded. Other reports suggested a Muslim speared a police officer. Aftermath. Few days later the All Bengal Muslim Conference called for an inquiry commission into the incident. The commission was formed and it submitted a report, which was never published. The incident has been called an evidence of communal disharmony during the post-noncooperation in rural Bengal and was highlighted by the Muslim press. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

punabalia gonohoitya punabalia gonohoitya () aasil 1927 sonor 7 marchot jilaa nyayadhixor nirdexot bharotiyo xamrajyobadi aarokhyir xodosyoxokole punabaliat 20 john bangali musolmanok gonohoitya koraa. itihax. 1927 sonor 7 marchot, bangali hinduxokole punabalia, nalchiti, jhalukti jilaa, barisal bibhag, pubo bongo, britis bharotot xiboratri upoloxe ek xubhajatrat punabalia xibo mondiror faale goi aasil. xubhajatratuwe xongkirton gaisil aaru dhul bojaisil. ei xubhajatrabur ekhon mosjidor maajere paar hoi goisil zo 'too musolmanxokole prarthona kori aasil. musolmanxokole hinduder nirobota paalon koriboloi koichil, jitu teuluke oswikar korisil. musolmanxokole manob barricade sristi kori xubhajatra bondho koriboloi chesta korisil. xotyagroho kormi xotindronath xene hinduxokolok odhik jurere xongkirton koriboloi koichil. jilaa nyayadhix, ee. eno. blandy aaru aarokhyi odhikhyok tailore aarokhyi bahinir xoite ghotonastholiloi yaay. musolmanxokole ingraji najane buli britis bixoyaxokolor xoite jugajug koribo poraa nasil. xeyehe teuluke haator ongobhawor joriyote bixoyaxokolok koo 'boloi chesta korisil je teulukor prarthonat byaghat huwatkoi teulukor mrityu hoh' bob. jixokol hindu xikhyito aasil aaru ingraji koo 'bob parisil, teuluke bixoyaxokolok koichil je musolmanxokole teulukok hotya koribo bisarisil. birokto, bipothe salit hoi aarokhyik gulee soluwar nirdex disil, 20 john musolmanok hotya korisil. odhik luk aahot hoisil. aan protibedonot ejon musolmanoi ejon aarokhyi bixoyar uporot gurutwo aarup koraa buli poramorxo diya hoisil. iyar porinoti. keidinmanor pisote xorbobongo musolman xonmilone ghotonatur todonto aayug gothonor aahban jonay. aayug gothon koraa hoisil aaru ee etaa protibedon daakhil korisil, jitu ketiyau prokax koraa huwa nasil. ei ghotonak gramyo bongot oxohojugor pisot xamprodayik oxamonjosyor proman buli kuwa hoise aaru musolman xongbad madhyome iyak alukpat korisil.

ponabalia ganahatya 1927 saaler 7 march zela magistrater nirdeshe bharatiya samrajyobadi pulisher sadasyader dwara ponabalia 20 john bangali musalmaner ganahatya chhilo ponabalia ganahatya. itihas. 1927 saaler 7 march bangali hindura ponabalia, nalchiti, jhalkathi zela, barishal bibhag, purbobongo, british bharte shivaratri upolokkhe ekti shobhajatrai ponabalia shib mondirer dike jachchilo. shobhajatrati chhilo sangkirtan gaan gaoa ebong drum bajano. ekti mosjid diye michhilguli jachchilo jekhane musalmanra prarthona korchilo. musalmanra hinduder nirobota palon korte boley, jaa taaraa prottakhyan korey. musalmanra ekti manob barricade toiri korey michhilti thamanor chesta korechilo. satyagraha karmi rabindranath seena hinduder arow jorey sangkirtan korte bollen. zela magistrate, ee. enn. blandy ebong pulish super, telor ekti pulish bahini soho ghotonasthole chhute zaan. musalmanra british kormokortader sange jogajog korte akkham chhilo, kaaron taaraa ingrezi janoto naa. taai taaraa haater angabhangi diye kormokortader saathe jogajog korar chesta korechilo jey taaraa taader prarthonake bighnito korar cheye maaraa jaabe. hindura jaaraa shikkhito chhilo ebong ingrezite kotha bolte paroto, taaraa adhikarikder bolechilo jey musalmanra taader hotya korte chaay. bibhranto hoye policeke gully chaalaanor nirdesh diye 20 john musalmanke hotya korey. ahoto hoyechen arow oneke. anyanno protibedone bolla hoyeche jey ekjon musalman ekjon pulish officerke galigalaj koreche. err porr. koyek deane porr sorbobongo muslim sommelon eyi ghotonar todonto kamishaner duck deyo. kamishana gathon koraa hoy ebong etty ekti protibedon jomaa deyo, jaa kokhono prokashito hoyney. eyi ghotonake gramin bangla osohojog-poroborti somoye samprodayik noirajyer proman bolla hoyeche ebong muslim sangbadpatra dwara taa tuley dhora hoyeche.

ponabaliya hatyakand ponabaliya hatyakand () aee 7 march march roj jilla magistratena aadesh parr bhaartiy shaahee polisnaa sabhyo dwara ponabaliyama 20 bangaali muslimoni saamuhik hatyaa hatee. itihas. 7 march march roj bangaali hinduo ponabaliya, nalchiti, zalokati jilla, barisal vibhag, purv bangaal, british bharatma shivaratrina prasange aek shobhayatra kaadhine ponabaliya shhiva mandeer taraf jaee rahyaa hataa. shobhayatra sankeertan gaai rahee hatee aneey dhhol vagaadi rahee hatee. aaa shobhayatrao aek masjidmathi pasaar thaee rahee hatee jyaan muslimo praathnaa curry rahyaa hataa. muslimoae hinduone maun paalvaa kahyoo, jeno teoae incar karyo hato. muslimoae manav barricade banaaveene shobhayatra rokvaano prayaas karyo hato. satyagrah kaarykartaa, satindernath sene hinduone vadhu jorthi sankeertan karvaa kahyoo. jilla magistrate, ee. aena. blandy aneey police adhikshak, taylor police dada saathe ghatnaa sthale dodee aavyaa hataa. muslimo british adheekario saathe vaatchit karvaamaa asamarth hataa, kaaran keey teo angreji jaantaa naa hataa. tethee teoae haathnaa haavbhaav dwara adheekarione vaatchit karvaano prayaas karyo keey teo temnee prathnama khalel pahonchadva karataa mrutyu paame chhe. jeey hinduo sakshar hataa aneey angreji bollie shaktaa hataa, temane adheekarione kahyoo keey muslimo temne maaree nakhva maangtaa hataa. gandee reete, germaarge dorvaamaa, policene golibaar karvaano aadesh aapyo, jemaa 20 muslimo maarya gayaa. vadhu ghaayal thayaa hataa. anya ahevaalo soochave chhe keey aek muslim police adheekarine bolato hato. tenaa pachhi. thodaa divaso pachhi akheel bangaali muslim parishade aaa ghatanaani tapaas maate aayognee haakal curry hatee. aayognee rachnaa karvaamaa aavee hatee aneey tene aek ahewal rajoo karyo hato, jeey kyaarey prakashit thayo naa hato. aaa ghatanaane graameen bangaalmaa asahkaar pachhinaa komee vaimansyano puraavo kahevama aavyo chhe aneey muslim presa dwara tene prakashit karvaamaa aavee hatee.

ponabalia narsamhar ponabalia narsamhar () 7 march 1927 koo jilaa magistrate key adesh parr bhaaratiya shaahi pulis key sadasyon dwara ponabalia mein 20 bangali musalmaanon kii saamoohik hatyaa thee. itihas. 7 march 1927 koo bangali hindu ponabalia, nalchiti, jhaalokati jile, barisal division, purvi bangal, british bhaarat mein shivaratri key avsar parr ack julus mein ponabalia shiv mandir kii or jaa rahey they. julus sankirtan gaa rhaa thaa aur dhol bajaa rhaa thaa. julus ack masjid seey gujar rhaa thaa jahan musalman prarthana curr rahey they. musalmaanon ney hinduon seey maun rahane key liye kahaa, jise unhone aswikar curr diyaa. musalmaanon ney maanav barricade banaakar julus koo rokane kii koshish kii. satyagrah karyakarta, satyendranath saine ney hinduon seey sankirtan koo aur jore seey karane key liye kahaa. jilaa magistrate, ee. aine. blandy aur pulis adheekshak, teller ack pulis bull key saath ghatnasthal parr pahunche. musalman british adhikaariyon key saath samvaad karane mein asamarth they, kyonki way angreji naheen jaanate they. isaliye unhone haath key ishaaron key madhyam seey adhikaariyon seey samvaad karane kii koshish kii kii way apani prarthanaon koo baadhit karane key bajaay marr jaayenge. joe hindu sakshar they aur angreji boll sakate they, unhone adhikaariyon seey kahaa kii musalman unhein maarnaa chaahte they. gumrah hocker, pulis koo goli chalaane kaa adesh diyaa, jisamen 20 musalman maare gaye. aur bhee ghayal hue. anya reports mein ack musalman ney ack pulis adhikaari koo bulaane kaa sujhaav diyaa. isake baad. kuchh dinon baad akhil bangal muslim sammelan ney ghatana kii jaanch aayog kaa ahwan kiya. aayog kaa gathan kiya gayaa aur isane ack report prastut kii, joe kabhi prakaashit naheen hui. iss ghatana koo graameen bangal mein asahyog key baad key dauran sampradayik vaimansya kaa pramaan kahaa gayaa haye aur muslim press dwara ise ujagar kiya gayaa thaa.

ponabalia hatyakanda ponabalia hatyakandavu () 1927rahra march 7randu jilla magistrate aadeshada merege bhaaratiya saamraajyashahi polisara sadasyaru ponabaliyadalli 20 bangali muslimara saamuhika hatyeyagittu. itihaasa. 1927rahra march 7randu, bangali hindoogalu british bhaaratada purva bangaalada, nalchitiya, jalokati jilleya, barisal vibhagada, ponabaliyadalli shivaratriya sandarbhadalli ponabalia shiva devaalayada kadege meravanige nadesuttiddaru. meravanigeyu sankirtana haaduttittu mattu drumgalannu nudisuttittu. muslimaru praarthisuttidda maseediya moolaka meravanigegalu nadeyuttiddavu. muslimaru hindoogalannu mounavannu palisalu kelikondaru, adannu avaru nirakarisidaru. muslimaru manava barricade rachisuva moolaka meravanigeyannu tadeyalu prayatnisidaru. satyagraha kaaryakartaraada, satyendranath saine, hindoogalannu innashtu joragi sankirtanavannu maadalu kelikondaru. jilla magistrate, ii. enn. blandy mattu police superintendent, taylor police padeyondige stalakke dhavisidaru. muslimarige inglish tilidillada kaarana british adhikaarigalondige samvahana nadesalu sadhyavagalilla. aaddarinda avaru tamma praarthanegalige bhanga taruva badalu saayuttaare endu kaii sannegala moolaka adhikaarigalondige samvahana nadesalu prayatnisidaru. sakshara mattu inglish matanadaballa hindoogalu, muslimaru tammannu kollalu bayasuttaare endu adhikaarigalige helidaru. daari tappida, mosa maadida, 20 muslimarannu kondu, polisarige gundu haarisalu aadeshisida. innoo hechchinavaru gayagondiddare. itara varadigalu obba muslim police adhikaariyobbanannu dooshisiddaane endu soochisive. adara nantarada parinamagalu. kelavu dinagala nantara nadeda akhila bangala muslim sammelanavu ghataneya bagge tanikha aayogavannu kareyitu. aayogavannu rachisalaayitu mattu adhu varadiyannu sallisitu, adannu endigoo prakatisalaagalilla. ee ghataneyannu grameena bangaaladalli asahakaarada nantarada komu vaishamyada purave endu kareyalaagide mattu muslim madhyamagalu idannu etti torisive.

ponabalia koottakkola 1927 march 7nuu jilla majistrettinte utharavanusarichu indian saamraajyathva police amgangal ponabaliyayil 20 bangali muslimkale koottakkola cheythu. charithram. 1927 march 7nuu bangali hindukkal britiish indiayile kizhakkan bangaalile ponabalia, nalchitti, jhaalokathi jilla, barisal division ennividangalil shivaratri dinathil oru ghoshayaathrayiloode ponabalia shivakshethrathilekku pookukayaayirunnu. samkeerthanam alapikkukayum drum adikkukayum cheiyukayaayirunnu ghoshayaathra. musleengal praarthikkunna oru palliyiloode kadannupokukayaayirunnu ghoshayaathrakal. hindukkalodu mounam palikkaan musleengal aavasyappettenkilum avar athu nirasichu. manushya barricade srishtichu muslimkal ghoshayaathra thadayaan shramichu. sathyagraha pravarthakanaaya sateendranath seen hindukkalodu sankeerthanam uchathil nadatthaan aavasyappettu. jilla majistrettu, iii. enn. blaantiyum police suuprandum aaya tailor oru police senayodoppam sambhavasthalathethi. engleesh ariyaathathinaal musleengalkk britiish udyogastharumaayi ashayavinimayam nadatthaan kazhinjilla. athinaal avarude praarthanakale thadassappeduthunnathinne marikkaanaan thangal aagrahikkunnathenn kaii aamgyangaliloode udyogastharumaayi ashayavinimayam nadatthaan avar shramichu. saaksharathayullavarum engleesh samsarikkaan kazhiyunnathumaaya hindukkal, musleengal thangale kollan aagrahikkunnuvennu udyogastharodu paranju. vazhithettikkukayum 20 muslimkale kollukayum cheytha policinode vedivaykkaan nirddeshichu. kooduthal perkku parikkettu. oru musleem oru police udyogasthane bheeshanippeduthiyathaayi mattu reportukal soochippikkunnu. anantharafalangal. eathaanum divasangalkku sesham akhilenthyaa bangal muslim sammelanam sambhavathekkurichu anweshana kammeeshane vilichu. kammeeshan roopeekarikkukayum orikkalum prasidheekarikkappedaathu oru report samarppikkukayum cheythu. grameena bangaalile sahakaranananthara kaalaghattatthile vargeeya vairudhyathinte thelivaanennu eee sambhavathe visheshippikkukayum musleem maadyamangal eduthukaanikkukayum cheythu.

ponabalia hatyakand ponabalia hatyakand () hii 7 march 1927 roji jilha jilha aadeshanusar bharatiy shahee polisanchya sadasyanni ponabaliyamadhye 20 bangali muslimanchi samoohik hatya kelee. itihas. 7 march 1927 roji bangali hindu ponabalia, nalchi, zalokati jilha, barisal vibhag, purv bangal, british bharat yethe shivaratrichya nimittane miravnukit ponabalia shiv mandirachya dishene jaat hote. miravanuk sankirtan gaat hotee aanee dhol vajavat hotee. miravanuka eka mashiditoon jaat hotya jithe muslim prathna karat hote. muslimanni hindunna shantata palanyas sangitale, jeey tyanni nakarle. muslimanni manvi barricades banavoon miravanuk thambavanyacha prayatna keela. satyagrah karyakarte, satindernath saine yanni hindunna adhik mothyane sankirtan karnyas sangitale. jilha dandadhikari, udaa. aine. blandy aanee police adhikshak teller yanni police dalasah ghatanasthali dhaav ghetali. musalmananna ingraji yet naslyamule teey british tyanni sanvad sadhu shakat navhate. mhanoon tyanni tyanni hatanni sanganyacha prayatna keela qee tyanchya prathananmadhye vyatyay aananyapeksha teey marnar aahet. jeey sakshar hote aanee ingraji bolu shakat hote, tyanni tyanni sangitale qee muslimanna tyanna marayache aahe. beparvaine, dishabhul karoon, polisanna golibar karnyache aadesh dile, jyat 20 musalman marle gele. aanakhi jakhami jhaale. itar ahavalanmadhye eka muslim vyaktine eka police police marhan kelyache suchavale hote. parinam. kahee divasannantar akhil bangal muslim parishadene yaa ghatanechi chaukashi aayogachi magani kelee. aayogachi sthapana karnyat aalee aanee tyane eka ahwal sadar keela, joou kadhihi prakashit jhaala nahee. grameen bangalmadhil asahkaranantarchya kalat jhalelya jaatiy vaimansyacha purava mhanoon yaa ghatanela sambodhale gele aahe aanee muslim prasarmadhyamanni tyavar prakash takala aahe.

ponabalia narasanhar ponabalia narasanhar () 7 march 1927 maa zilla majistretko adeshma bharatiya shahi policeka sadasyaharudwara ponabaliama 20 bengali muslimharuko samuhik hatya thiyo. itihas. 7 march 1927 maa bengali hinduharu ponabalia, nalchiti, jhalokati zilla, barisal division, purvi bengal, britis bharatma shiwaratriko awasarma julusma ponabalia shiv mandirtarf jaandai thie. julus sankirtan gaundai rar dhol bajaundai thiyo. ukta julus euta masjidbata bitdai thiyo jahaan muslimharule prarthana gariraheka thie. musalmanharule hinduharulai mauna rahan agraha gare, jaslai uniharule aswikar gare. muslimharule manav barricade banaera julus rokne prayas gare. satyagraha karyakarta, satindranath senle hinduharulai charko swarma sankirtan garna agraha gare. zilla magistrate, eae. enn. blandy rar prahari adhikshak taylor prahari balsahit ghatanasthalma puge. muslimharu angreji najanuka karan britis adhikariharusanga kurakani garna asamartha thie. tyasaile uniharule adhikariharulai hatko hawabhawmarfat kurakani garne prayas gare kii uniharu afno prarthanama khalal parnuko satta mern chahanchhan. sakshar rar angreji bolna sakne hinduharule adhikariharulai bhane kii muslimharu uniharulai marne chahanchhan. bhramak, gumrah, policelai goli hanera 20 zana muslimko hatya garne adesh die. thap ghaite bhae. anya reportharule ekjana muslimle ekjana prahari adhikarilai boleko sujhau die. parinam. kehi dinpachhi akhil bengal muslim sammelanle ghatanako anusandhan ayog bolaeko thiyo. ayog gathan gariyo rar yasale euta pratiwedan pesh pesh, june kahilyai prakashit bhaena. yass ghatanalai gramin bengalma asahayogpachhiko sampradayik waimanasyako praman bhanieko chha rar muslim presle yasalai ujagar gareko chha.

ponabalia ganahatya ponabalia ganahatya () thila 1927 masiha march 7 tarikhare zillah majistretnka nirdeshare bharatiah samrajyabadi policer sadasyamananka dwara ponabaliare 20 john bangeeja musalamananka ganahatya. itihas. 1927 masiha march 7 tarikhare, bangeeja hindumane british bharatara purba bangara, nalchiti, jhalokati zillah, barisal divijanara, ponabaliare shibaratri absarare eka shobhajatrare ponabalia shiba mandira aadaku jauthile. sobhajatrati sankirtan gaana karuthila ebong dhola bajaithila. ehi shobhajatra eka masjid dei jauthila jeunthare musalamanamane prarthana karuthile. musalamanamane hindumananku nirabata palana karibaku kahithile, jaahaaku semane pratyakhyana karithile. musalamanamane eka manab barricade srusti curry shobhajatraku atakaibaku chesta karithile. satyagraha karjyakarta satindranath saine hindumananku adhika jorare sankirtan karibaku kahithile. zillah magistrate, ee. enn. blandy ebong police adhikhyaka, taylor eka police force sahita ghatana sthalare pahanchithile. musalamanamane ingraji janinathibaru british adhikarinka saha jogajoga karibare asamartha thile. tenu semane adhikarimananku hatara angabhangi madhyamare jogajoga karibaku chesta karithile je semane semananka prarthanare baadha deba paribarte mrutyubarana karibe. jeun hindumane sikhita thile ebong ingraji kahiparanti, semane adhikarimananku kahithile je musalamanamane semananku hatya karibaku chahunchhanti. bibhranta, bibhranta hoi, 20 john musalamananku hatya curry, polisaku guli chalaibaku nirdesh deithile. ahuri adhika ahata hoithile. anya reportgudikaru janapadichhi je jane musalman jane police adhikarinku galigulaja karithile. ehara parinam. kichhi deane parey sarba banga musalman sammilani ehi ghatanara tadanta aajoganku dakaithila. aajoga gathan karajaithila ebong ehaa eka report dakhal karithila, jaahaa kebe prakashita hoinathila. ehi ghatanaku gramanchalare asahajoga parabarti samajare sampradajika asantoshara pramana bolly kuhajae ebong ehaaku musalman press dwara highlite karajaithila.

ponabalia daa katal 7 march 1927 noon zilha magistrate dey adesh utte bharti shaahi pulis dey memberan duaara ponabalia witch 20 bangali musalmanan daa samoohak katal keeta giaa see. itihaas. 7 march 1927 noon bangali hindu british bharat dey purbi bangal dey ponabalia, nalchiti, jhalokti zilhe, barisal division witch shivratri dey mauke 'teey ikk jalus witch ponabalia shiv mandar vall jaa rahey sunn. ih jalus sankiratan gaa riha see atey dhol vajaa riha see. ih jalus ikk masjid toon langh riha see jitthe musalman prarthna qarr rahey sunn. musalmanan neey hinduaan noon chupp rahinn laee kiha, jiss toon unhan neey inkaar qarr ditta. musalmanan neey manukkhi barricade bnaa keey jalus noon rokann dee koshish keeti. satyagrah karkun satindernath saine neey hinduaan noon sankiratan ucchi aavaaz witch curran laee kiha. zilha magistrate, ee. ainn. beldi atey pulis superdent teller ikk pulis bull naal mauke 'teey pahunche. musalman british adhikariaan naal gallbat curran witch asamrath sunn, kiunki uh angrezi naheen janade sunn. iss laee unhan neey adhikariaan noon hatthan dey ishariaan raahin sanchar curran dee koshish keeti kii uh aapniaan prarthnavan witch vighan paunh dee bajaae marna pasand karange. hindu joe padhe-likhe sunn atey angrezi boll sakde sunn, neey adhikariaan noon dassiaa kii musalman unhan noon marna chahunde hunn. gumrahkun, gumrahkun, neey pulis noon goli chalaun daa adesh ditta, jiss naal 20 musalman maare gaye. horr vee zakhmi hoye. horr reportan witch kiha giaa haii kii ikk musalman neey ikk pulis adhikari noon kuttiaa see. iss dey baad. kujh dinan baad sarab bangali muslim sammelan neey iss ghatna dee jaanch commission dee mung keeti. commission daa gathan keeta giaa atey iss neey ikk report pesh keeti, joe kadey prakashit naheen keeti gaee. iss ghatna noon pendu bangal witch gair-sahiyog toon baad dey samein dauran firku ashanti daa saboot kiha giaa haii atey muslim presses duaara iss noon ujagar keeta giaa see.

ponabalia narasamhaarah ponabalia-narasamhaarah () 1927 maarch 7 dinaanke mandal-nyayadhishanam adeshanusaram bhaarateey-saamraajy-arakshakanam sadasyaih ponabalia-nagare 20 bangali-muslimanam saamoohik-hatyaa aasit. itihaasah. 1927 maarch 7 dinaanke, bangali-hindavah ponabalia, nalchiti, zaalokatee-mandalam, barisal-mandalam, poorva-bangaal, british-bhaarate shivaraatrau shobhayatram krutvaa ponabalia-shivamandiram prati gacchantah aasan. shobhayatra sankeertanam, dhol-vaadanam cha gaatee aasit. ete shobhaayaatraah masjidena gacchanti sma yatra muslimajanaah praarthayanti sma. muslimajanaah hindunam maunam aacharitum aadishan, te niraakarot. muslimajanaah maanav-avarodham nirmitvaa shobhayatram sthagayitum prayatanta. satyaagraha-kaaryakartah sateendranaathasenah hindunam sankeertanam ucchaihi kartum uktavaan. mandal-nyayadhishaha, ee. ena. blandy, tathaa aarakshak-adheekshakah teller ityeshah aarakshak-balena saha tatsthanam prati dhaavan. muslim-janaah anglabhasham naa jaananti sma, ataha british-adhikaribhih saha samvaadam kartum asamarthah abhavan. ataha te adhikaribhyaha hasta-sanketaih sambodhayitum prayatanta yat te prarthanayam vikshepam kartum naa tu mriyante iti. ye hindavah saaksharah anglabhasham vakttum shaknuvanti te adhikaarinah avadat yat muslimajanaah taan maaritum icchanti iti. mandah, bhramitah, arakshakanam krute agniprahaaram kartum adishtavan, 20 muslim-janaah maaritavantah. adhikaani vranitaah. anye prativedanaani soochayanti yat ekaha muslim-janaah aarakshak-adhikaarinam spin-krutavantah iti. parinamam. katipayadinanantaram akhilavangal-muslim-sammelanam asya ghatanaayaah anveshana-ayogasya aahvaanam akarot. ayogah nirmitah, prativedanam cha samarpayt, yat kadaapi naa prakaashitam. graameenavangale asahakaranantaram saampradaayikavivechanasya pramaanam iti eshaa ghatana kathyate, muslim-patrikaabhih cha asya vishaye prakaashah krutah.

ponapalia padukolai ponapalia padukolai () enbathu 1927 maarch 7 andru mavatta neethavaan uththaravin paeril inthiya aekaathipaththiya kaavalthurai uruppinargalaal ponapaaliyaavil 20 bengauli muslimgalin vegujana kolai aagum. varalaaru. 1927 maarch 7 andru, vangkaala hindhukkal british inthiyaavin kilakku vangaalaththin barizal koattaththin, nalcity, jalogathi maavattaththil ulla ponapaaliyaavil sivaraathriyin poathu oru uurvalaththil ponapalia sivan koavilai noakkich sendru kondirunthanar. uurvalam sankeerthan paadum mattrum trums adikkum irunththathu. muslimgal praarththanai seitha oru masoothi vazhiyaaga uurvalangkal nadanthu kondirunthana. muslimgal inthukkalai mounaththaik kadaippidikkumaaru kaettukkondanar, adhai avarkal maruththanar. muslimgal manitha thaduppai uruvaakki uurvalaththai niruththa muyantranar. saththiyaagiraga aarvalar sadindranath chenn, inthukkalai saththamaaga sankeerththanai seiyumaaru kaettuk kondaar. mavatta neethipathi, ii. n. pirammaandamaana, mattrum bolees sooppirandu, dailor oru bolees padaiyudan sambava idaththirku virainthaar. muslimgalukku aangkilam theriyaathathaal, british athikaarigaludan thodarbu kolla mudiyavillai. enavae avarkal thangal piraarththanaigalaith thontharavu seivathai vida avarkal irakka virumbuvaargal endru kaii saigaigal moolam athikaarigaludan thodarbu kolla muyantranar. aangkilam paesakkoodiya inthukkal, muslimgal thangalaik kolla virumbuvathaaga athikaarigalidam koorinar. thavaraaga vazhinadaththappattu, 20 muslimgalaik kondru, kaavalthuraiyai suda uttaravittaar. maelum palar kaayamadainthanar. mattra arikkaikal oru musleem oru bolees athikaariyai paesuvathaaka parinthuraiththana. adhan pinn vilaivugal. sila naatkalukkup piragu anaitthu vangkaala muslim maanaadu inththa sambavam kuritthu visaaranai aanaiyaththirku alaippu viduththathu. aanaiyam amaikappattu oru arikkaiyai samarpiththathu, adhu orupoathum veliyidappadavillai. inththa sambavam graamappura vangaalaththil oththulaippukkup pinththaiya kaalaththil vaguppuvaatha nallinakkaththin saantraaga azhaikkappadukirathu mattrum musleem paththirigaigalaal munnilaippaduththappatta.

ponabalia oochakotha ponabalia oochakotha () anedi 1927 marchi 7naa jilla magistrate aadesaala meraku bharatiya saamraajya pooliisu sabhyulu ponabalialo 20 mandhi bengali muslimlanu saamuhikamgaa hatya chesaaru. charitra. 1927 marchi 7naa, bengali hinduvulu ponabalia, nalchity, jhaalokati jilla, barisal division, thoorpu bengaul, british indiyaalo shivaratri sandarbhamgaa ooregimpugaa ponabalia shivalayam vaipu velutunnaaru. ooregimpu sankeertanam paadutuu, drums paadutuu undedi. muslimlu praardhistunna maseedu gundaa ooregimpulu veltunnaayi. muslimlu hinduvulanu nissabdam paatinchamani adigaru, vaaru niraakarinchaaru. muslimlu maanava barricade erpaatu chesi ooregimpunu aapadaniki prayatninchaaru. satyagraha kaaryakarta ayina shatantranath saine hinduvulanu sankeertanam biggaraga cheyamani koraadu. jilla magistrate, ii. enn. blandy, mariyu pooliisu superintendent, taylor pooliisu balagamtho paatu ghatana sthalaaniki cherukunnaru. muslimlaku aanglam teliyaka british adhikaarulatho sambhashinchalekapoyaru. kabatti vaaru tama praarthanalaku bhangam kaliginchadam kante chanipotarani chethi havabhavala dwara adhikaarulatho maatlaadataaniki prayatninchaaru. aksharaasyata kaligina, aanglam matladagalige hinduvulu, muslimlu tamanu champalani korukuntunnarani adhikaarulaku chepparu. mosapurita, mosapurita, 20 mandhi muslimlanu champi, kaalpulu jarapalani pooliisulanu aadesinchaadu. marinta mandhi gayapaddaru. itara nivedikalu oka muslim oka pooliisu adhikaarini dooshinchinatlu suuchimchaayi. paryavasanamga. konni rojula taruvaata aall bengaul muslim conferences eee sanghatanapai vichaarana commissionku pilupunicchindi. commission erpaatu cheyabadindi mariyu adhi oka nivedikanu samarpinchindi, adhi eppuduu prachurinchabadaledu. eee sanghatana graameena bengaallo sahakaram laeni samayamlo matha vairudhyaaniki nidarsanam anie piluvabadindi mariyu muslim patrikalu dheenini pramukhamgaa choopinchaayi.

ponabaliya qatal aam ponbaliya qatal aam () 7 maarch 1927 kuu zalaa majistrait kay hakam parr hindustani shaahi police kay arkaan kay zariah ponbaliya mein 20 bangali muslimanon kaa ijtemayi qatal thaa. tareekh. 7 maarch 1927 kuu bangali hindo ponabalia nalchati jhalokati zalaa barisal devision mashriqi bangaal bartanvi hindustan mein sheev raatri kay moqaa parr eek jalos mein ponabaliya sheev mandar kii taraf jaa rahay thay. jalos sankirtan gaa rehaa thaa aur dahol bajaa rehaa thaa. jalos eek masjid say guzar rahay thay jehaan musliman namaz padh rahay thay. muslimanon nay hinduon say khamushi akhtiyar karnay kuu kahaa jiss say inhon nay ankaar kirr diyaa. muslimanon nay insani rukawatein banaa kirr jalos kuu roknay kii koshish kii. satiyah girah kay eek carcan satandar naath seen nay hinduon say sankirtan kuu zoor say anjaam deenay kuu kahaa. zalaa majistrait ayee. aine. bulandi aur sprintendent aaf police teller police force kay saath jaaye waquah parr pahunch gayey. musliman bartanvi hakaam say baath cheet karnay say qaasir thay keunkah wah angrezi nahein jaantay thay. lehza inhon nay afsaran say haath kay ashaaron kay zariye baath cheet karnay kii koshish kii kahh wah apnee namazon mein khalal daalnay kay bajaye marnaa pasand karein gay. wah hindo juu khwandah thay aur angrezi boul saktay thay afsaran kuu batatay kahh musliman inhein maarna chahtay haine. bay waqoof gumrah police kuu golee chalanay kaa hakam diyaa jiss say 20 musliman halaak how gayey. mazeed zakhmi hoay. deegar itlaat say patah chalta hay kahh eek musliman nay eek police afsar kuu aawaz dee. iss kay baad kay nataij. kachh dunon baad aal bangaal muslim conference nay waaqiye kii tehqiqat kay liye commission kaa mutalibah kiyaa. commission tashkil diyaa gayaa aur iss nay eek report paish kii juu kabhi shaye nahein hoyee. iss waaqiye kuu deehi bangaal mein adam taawan kay baad kay doraan farqah waaranah adam humm aahingi kaa sabut kahaa gayaa hay aur muslim prais nay asay ajagar kiyaa.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7607236

Simon Pagenaud

Simon Pagenaud French racing driver Simon Pierre Michel Pagenaud (; born 18 May 1984) is a French professional racing driver, who last drove the No. 60 Honda for Meyer Shank Racing in the NTT IndyCar Series. After a successful career in sports car racing that saw him taking the top class championship title in the 2010 American Le Mans Series, he moved to the Indycar Series where he became the 2016 IndyCar champion and the 2019 Indianapolis 500 winner, becoming the first driver born in France to win the Indianapolis 500 since Gaston Chevrolet in 1920 and the first polesitter to have won the race since Helio Castroneves in 2009. Simon Pagenaud won both the 2022 24 Hours of Daytona and 2023 24 Hours of Daytona with Meyer Shank Racing. Early years. Born in Montmorillon, Pagenaud first worked at age 14 in the family's supermarket, eventually managing the video game department. After he attended business school, he returned to the supermarket. His family established a driving school that provided the funds for Pagenaud to begin his racing career. Career. Pagenaud competed in 2002 and 2003 in French Formula Renault and in 2002 and 2004 competed in Formula Renault Eurocup. He then moved up to the Formula Renault 3.5 Series in 2005 where he finished 16th. In 2006 he went to the United States and won the Champ Car Atlantic with Team Australia in his rookie season by just a few points over Graham Rahal. With his Atlantic championship, Pagenaud won US$2 million to apply towards a ride in Champ Car in 2007. On 13 February 2007 Pagenaud and Team Australia confirmed that he would be staying with the team, moving up to the Champ Car program. Pagenaud finished 8th in the points standings in what was a very consistent debut season, with three consecutive 4th-place finishes in the Canadian rounds of the championship. After the demise of the Champ Car World Series, Pagenaud in 2008 moved to the American Le Mans Series co-driving the De Ferran Motorsports Acura ARX-01b LMP2 with former CART champion Gil de Ferran. He finished 14th in the driver's standings. 2009. In 2009, Pagenaud and de Ferran Motorsports took huge steps forward, with the duo taking second place overall in the American Le Mans Series LMP1 class, only 17 points behind drivers David Brabham and Scott Sharp of champions Highcroft Racing. The duo of Pagenaud and de Ferran drove the ARX-01 to three wins over a total of ten races and three pole positions, turning the fastest lap of the ALMS weekend 6 times. Also during 2009, Pagenaud drove in the prestigious 24 Hours of Le Mans in LMP1 for the privateer Pescarolo Sport team in the Peugeot FAP 908. The team did not finish the race, completing 210 laps. The race was won by David Brabham, driving in the factory Peugeot Sport Total No. 9 FAP 908 along with former Formula One drivers Alexander Wurz and Marc Gené. 2010. For the 2010 ALMS season, Pagenaud moved over to the Patrón Highcroft racing team, replacing Scott Sharp to co-drive with Brabham in the ARX-01c in LMP1 after Sharp vacated the seat to jump to the ALMS GT2 class with his own Ferrari team. Through four rounds in the 2010 ALMS series, the team of Pagenaud and Brabham lead the LMP1 class with three wins and 91 points. Pagenaud also earned a seat driving for the Peugeot factory team in 2010 in the prestigious 24 Hours of Le Mans on the renown Circuit de la Sarthe in the Peugeot FAP 908 No. 3 with Pedro Lamy and Sébastien Bourdais. While the No. 3 Peugeot started from pole, it retired early before nightfall after a mere 38 laps when a suspension mount sheared from the car's tub. The same fate eventually befell the no.1 Peugeot car of Anthony Davidson/Gene/Wurz while in second place with mere hours left to go in the race, as Audi reclaimed the 24 Hours of Le Mans title it had retained for five years before Peugeot's 2009 win. During the race, Pagenaud found himself competing against his Highcroft Racing team which traveled to Le Mans for the first time in its history. With Brabham driving the Acura in LMP2 alongside Marino Franchitti and Marco Werner, Highcroft maintained second through most of the race until a cooling issue sidelined the car for much of the race's final four hours. 2014. He won the inaugural Grand Prix of Indianapolis on 10 May. This was the first time his father watched him race at the venue. 2015. Pagenaud moved from Schmidt Peterson Motorsports to Team Penske in 2015. Pagenaud nearly won the 2015 Indianapolis 500, leading with less than 30 laps to go and engaging most of the race in a 3-way battle between Scott Dixon and Tony Kanaan. Pagenaud ended up being overtaken by the field and went on to finish 10th, while teammate Juan Pablo Montoya won the race. Pagenaud didn't win a race in 2015 but renewed his deal with TEAM Penske in 2016. 2016. Pagenaud got off to the best start of his IndyCar career with five consecutive podiums, including three wins in a row. As the season progressed, Pagenaud and his teammate Will Power became the primary contenders for the championship. With a strong run at the end of the season, Pagenaud took his first IndyCar Series championship victory, giving Team Penske another championship victory in its 50th year of racing. He finished the season with five race victories and a total of eight podiums. 2017–2019. Pagenaud would go winless throughout 2018. Pagenaud won the Grand Prix of Indianapolis and he would also win the 2019 Indianapolis 500 from pole position. Pagenaud took the championship lead from Team Penske teammate Josef Newgarden, however Newgarden would retake the championship lead one race later in Detroit. Pagenaud would take pole and the win at the 2019 Honda Indy Toronto and took pole at the 2019 Iowa 300, though the win would go to Newgarden. Pagenaud is currently 3rd in the points standings, one point behind Andretti Autosport driver, Alexander Rossi and 34 points behind points leader Newgarden. 2020. During the 2020 iRacing virtual Indy 500 event, Pagenaud was accused of deliberately crashing into lead driver Lando Norris, which led to him being accused of bad sportsmanship. Pagenaud finished 2nd in the first race of the 2020 season at Texas Motor Speedway. Pagenaud finished 3rd at the IndyGP after starting in 20th. Due to a fuel pump issue, Pagenaud's Iowa IndyCar 250 at Iowa Speedway race 1 entry failed to make qualifying and started the race at the back of the grid in 23rd. By lap 178, Pagenaud took the lead and held on to win the 250 lap race. This would prove to be his last win to date in the IndyCar Series. 2021. Pagenaud would enter 2021 as a contract year. 2021 was a difficult year for Pagenaud and Team Penske in general, as the team only recorded three wins of the season with Pagenaud scoring none of them. Pagenaud's best results of the season were two third-place finishes, one at St. Petersburg and the other at the 2021 Indianapolis 500. Outside of those finishes, he would frequently be beset by poor luck and on-track confrontations with his teammates. He would finish 8th in the drivers' standings for the second year in a row. By the end of the season the racing press reported Pagenaud did not intend to re-sign with Team Penske. 2022. After a difficult 2021 campaign, Pagenaud left the Penske team & joined Meyer Shank Racing alongside former Penske teammate, Hélio Castroneves. Despite an encouraging start to the 2022 season which included a 2nd place finish at the Indy GP, the 60 team gradually lost competitiveness as the season continued, culminating in a 15th place points finish for Pagenaud. 2023. In 2023, Pagenaud returned to the 24 Hours of Le Mans, taking part in the LMP2 class for Cool Racing. It would be the first time Pagenaud competed in the race since 2011, where he finished second overall driving for the Peugeot Sport factory team. During practice for the 2023 Honda Indy 200 at Mid Ohio, Pagenaud suffered a crash in which his car flipped over several times and he ended up in the gravel. Pagenaud credited IndyCar's aeroscreen for saving his life in the crash. Because of injuries he sustained, Pagenaud was forced to sit out the rest of the season. He was replaced in the No. 60 car by Conor Daly for the Honda Indy 200 and the Iowa doubleheader, Tom Blomqvist for the Honda Indy Toronto, the BitNile.com Grand Prix of Portland, and the Firestone Grand Prix of Monterey, and 2022 Indy Lights champion Linus Lundqvist for the Music City Grand Prix, the Gallagher Grand Prix, and the Bommarito Automotive Group 500. Both Blomqvist and Lundqvist made their IndyCar debuts filling in for Pagenaud. Pagenaud was ultimately dropped from Meyer Shank Racing and replaced by Felix Rosenqvist from 2024 on. "1 The Las Vegas Indy 300 was abandoned after Dan Wheldon died from injuries sustained in a 15-car crash on lap 11." 1 Driver competed for the Intercontinental Le Mans Cup, no points awarded for the American Le Mans Series. 1 Driver competed for the Intercontinental Le Mans Cup, no points awarded for the Le Mans Series. 1 Driver did not run for the Intercontinental Le Mans Cup. Motorsports career results. Touring car racing. Complete V8 Supercar results. + Not Eligible for points References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

chimon pagenoud chimon pire michael pagenoud (jonmo 18 mey '1984) ejon france pesadari resing salok. teu nombortu soluwar baabe suktibodho. indicar sirijot meyar swengko resingor baabe 60 honda. 2010 sonor aamerikan ley menoch sirijor xirxo shrenir championswip khitap dokhol koraa krira gaari resingot xofol karrier pisot teu indicar sirijoloi yaay zo 'too teu 2016 sonor indicar champion aaru 2019 sonor indianup' liss 500 bijoyi hoy, 1920 sonot geston sebhro 'letor pisot indianup' liss 500 joy koraa prothom france salok hoy aaru 2009 sonot helio 'kaastro' nebhsor pisot prothom politor hisape res joy kore. chimon pagenoude 2022-ror 24 ghonta detuna aaru 2023-ror 24 ghonta detuna duyutai meyar swengko resingor xoite laabh korisil. prarombhik bosorbur. montmurilonot jonmogrohon koraa pagenoude prothome 14 bosor boyoxot poriyalor supermarkot kaam korisil, owoxexot video 'game bibhag porisalona korisil. byowoxayik bidyaloyot porhar pisot teu supermarketoloi ubhoti aahisil. teur poriyale etaa driving skool sthapon korisil jiye pagenoudor baabe teur resing keriyar aarombho koriboloi puji prodan korisil. keriyar. pagenoude 2002 aaru 2003 sonot forasi formula renultot protidondita korisil aaru 2002 aaru 2004 sonot formula renault eurookpot protidondita korisil. taar pisot teu 2005 sonot renult 3.5 sringkholar xutroloi aagbarhi goisil zo 'too teu 16 nomborot xex korisil. 2006 sonot teu aamerikaloi goisil aaru graham rohalor uporot maatro keitaman pointore teur ruki sijonot australia dolor xoite champion kaar aatlantik joy korisil. teur aatlantik championswipor xoite, pagenoude 2007 sonot champion garit jatra korar baabe aabedon koriboloi aamak 2 nijut dollar laabh korisil. 13 february 2007-too pagenoud aaru australia dole nischito korisil je teu doltur xoite thakibo, champion gaari karzoxusiloi jaabo. pagenoude point standingto 8moo sthan laabh korisil jitu ek oti xuxongot aatmoprokax sijon aasil, championswipor kanadian roundot ekerahe tinita 4rtho sthanor xoite. 2008 sonot champion gaari biswo sringkholar mrityur pisot pagenoude prakton cart champion gill di feranor xoite di ferran motorsports ekyura aarks-1bi lmp2 xoho-salit kori aamerikan ley menoch sringkholar faale guchi goisil. teu salokor sthanot 14 nombor sthan laabh korisil. 2009. 2009 sonot pagenoud aaru di ferran motorsportse brihot podokhyep grohon korisil, aamerikan ley menoch sirij lmp1 shrenit duyujone xamogrikbhabe dwitiyo sthan dokhol korisil, driver david brevom aaru scott swarpo owo champion highcroft resingor poraa maatro 17 point pich porisil. pagenoud aaru di feranor jutituwe aarks-1koo muth dohkhon res aaru tinita pull pojisyonor uporot tinita joyoloi loi goisil, aaru 6 baar bhikhya xoptahantor ataitkoi drutotom leptu ghurai disil. 2009 sonor xomoisuwatu pagenoude piujut ef. e. pi. 908-too privator pesarulu krira dolor baabe el. em. pi. 1-too protisthito 24 ghontar ley menoch solaisil. doltuwe 210taa lape xompurno kori protijugita xompurno koraa nasil. factory piuj "tot krirar muth nomborot gaari solai david brabame ei protijugitat joylabh korisil. 9 ef. e. pi. 908 aaru logote prakton formula waan driver alekjendar warz aaru mark jene. 2010. 2010 sonor bhikhyar sijonor baabe pagenoude petron highcroft resing dololoi yaay, lmp1-too rx-1chi-too brevamor xoite scott swarpor xoloni ku-drive kore, teur nijor ferari dolor xoite bhikhya jiti2 shreniloi jaboloi tikhno aaxon khaali korar pisot. 2010 sonor bhikhya sringkholar sarita roundor joriyote pagenoud aaru brabamor doltuwe tinita joy aaru 91 pointor xoite el. em. pi. 1 shrenir netritwo diye. pagenoude 2010 sonot piujut factory dolor baabe piujut ef. e. pi. 908 nongro proxidho charkit di laa sarther xonmaniyo 24 ghontar ley menchor baabe ekhon aaxon drivingwo orjon korisil. 3 pedoru lemi aaru sebastien burdeisor xoite. aanhate, naai. 3 piuju pulor poraa aarombho hoisil, ee kewol 38taa lepor pisot raati poraa aagote owoxor loisil jetiya garir taabor poraa etaa nilombon mount sirer koraa hoisil. owoxexot eke bhagyore enthoni devidson/jinn/wurjor nombor 1 piuju garikhon dwitiyo sthanot aasil, aanhate dourot jaboloi maatro keitaman ghonta baaki aasil, jihetu oriye piujur 2009 sonor joyor aagote paas bosor dhori rokha 24 ghontar ley menoch khitap punor dokhol korisil. protijugitar xomoyot pagenade teur highcroft resing dolor biruddhe protidondita korisil ji iyar itihaxot prothombaror baabe ley mensoloi jatra korisil. brevame lmp2-too marinu frencity aaru marku werner xoite ekyura solai thokar loge loge hicrofte besibhag dourot dwitiyo sthan bojai rakhisil jetiyaloike xitol xomosyar folot dourkhonor ontim chaari ghontar besibhag xomoy garikhonor poraa aatori juwa nasil. 2014. teu 10 mey 'too indianapolisor udwudhoni grand prikxot joylabh korisil. eituwei aasil prothombaror baabe teur deutake teuk sthanot dour dekhisil. 2015. pagenoude 2015 sonot smitt paterson motorspo "rtosor poraa doll penoskekoi sthanantorito hoisil. pagenoude pray 2015 indianapolix 500too joylabh korisil, zo" too 30 lepotkoi komm xomoyor xoite aagbarhi goisil aaru scott dikxon aaru tonny kananor maajot 3-mukhi juddhot besibhag dourot ongxogrohon korisil. pagenoude khelpotharot otikrom kori 10moo sthan laabh korisil, aanhate xotirtho juwan pabolu montoyai protijugitat joylabh korisil. pagenoude 2015 sonot kunu protijugitat joylabh koraa nasil jodiu 2016 sonot dolor pensker xoite teur sukti punoruddhar korisil. 2016. pagenade teur indicar karrier shrestho aarombhoni ekerahe pasta puriyamor xoite korisil, jaar bhitorot ekerahe tinita joy aasil. sijontu aagbarhi juwar loge loge pagenoud aaru teur xotirthor issaxokti championswipor prathomik protijugi hoi porisil. sijonor xexot ek xoktixali douror xoite, pagenade teur prothom indicar sirij championswip bijoy laabh korisil, jiye doltuk iyar 50 xongkhyok bosoror resingto aan etaa championswip bijoy prodan korisil. teu pasta res bijoy aaru muth aathta puriyamor xoite sijontu xomapto korisil. 2017-2019. pagenoude 2018 sonor gutei xomoisuwat joyhin hoi thakibo. pagenoude indianapolisor grand prix joy korisil aaru teu 2019 sonor indianapolis 500 pule owosthanor porau joy korisil. pagenoude dolor pensoke xotirtho juseph newgardenor poraa championswipor netritwo loisil, obosye newgardene pisot detroitot etaa resor pisot championswipor netritwo punor loisil. pagenade 2019 honda indi torontut poo 'lo aaru joy laabh koribo aaru 2019 aaio' waa 300too poo 'lo laabh koribo, jodiu joytu newgardenoloi jaabo. pagenoud bortoman point standingto tritiyo sthanot aase, andreti autosp 'rt driver, alekjendar ror' chir ek point aaru point leader newgardenor 34 point pich pori aase. 2020. 2020 sonor bharsuwel indi 500 eventor xomoyot pagenoudor uporot issakritobhabe mukhyo salok lendu norisor xoite mukhamukhi huwar obhijug utthapon koraa hoisil, jaar folot teur uporot beyaa krirar obhijug utthapon hoisil. pagenoude 2020 sonor sijonor prothom resot texus motor speedwaite dwitiyo sthan laabh korisil. pagenoude 20tomo tarikhe aarombho huwar pisot indigapot tritiyo sthan laabh korisil. indhon pampor xomosyar baabe, aaiwa speedway res 1-too pagenoudor aaiwa indicar 250-e jugyota orjon korat byortho hoisil aaru 23 tarikhe greedor pisfale res aarombho korisil. 178 lepot pagenoude netritwo loisil aaru 250 lape res joy koriboloi dhori rakhisil. 2021. pagenoude 2021 sonok suktir bosor hisape prowex koribo. 2021 son pagenoud aaru xadharonote dolor pensker baabe ek kothin bosor aasil, kiyonu doltuwe sijonor maatro tinita joyhe record korisil zo "too pagenade eku score koraa nasil. pagenoudor sijonor shrestho folafol aasil dutaa tritiyo sthanor xomapti, etaa saintot. 2021 sonor indianapolis 500-too pietersberg aaru aanjon. xei xomaptixomuhor bahirot, teu xoghonai durbol bhagyo aaru teur xotirthoxokolor xoite ono-trekk xonghator dwara aawori thakibo. sijonor xexoloike resing presoi prokax korisil je pagenade dolor pensker xoite punor swakhyor korar issa koraa nasil. 2022. 2021 sonor ek kothin prosaror pisot pagenoude penske doll eri prakton penske xotirtho heliu kaastro "nebhsor xoite meyar swengko resingot jugdan kore. 2023. 2023 sonot pagenoude thanda resingor baabe el. em. pi. 2 shrenit ongxogrohon kori 24 ghontar ley mensoloi ubhoti aahisil. 2011 sonor pisot eitu prothombaror baabe pagenade protijugitat ongxogrohon koribo, zo 'too teu piuju krira karkhana dolor baabe xamogrikbhabe dwitiyo goraki hisape xomapto korisil. 2023 sonor modhyo uhio "too honda indi 200-ror onuxilonor xomoyot pagenoude ek durghotonar xonmukhin hoisil zo" too teur garikhon keibabaru polti porisil aaru teu bojorito porinot hoisil. pagenoude durghotonat nijor jiwan rokhya korar baabe indikaror er 'skrinok krititwo disil. teur aaghator baabe pagenadok poroborti dourobur torontu aaru aaiwat bohiboloi badhyo koraa hoisil. kunor dayley aaru tomm blomkuviste krome pagenoudor baabe bhori pelaisil. motorspo 'rtos karrier folafol. bhromonkari garir resing. xompurno bhi8 suparkar folafol. + pointor baabe jugyo nohoy

saimon pagenoud saimon piyer mishela pagenoud (jonmo 18 meey 1984) ekjon farasi peshadar racing chaalok. tini nomborti chaalaanor jonno chuktiboddho. indicar sirije maiyar shank resingyer jonno 60 honda. sportasa kaar resingye sofol kormojiboner porr, jekhane tini 2010 saaler american leey mans sirije sheersho shrenir championshiper shiropa jitechilen, tini indicar sirije choley zaan jekhane tini 2016 saaler indicar champion ebong 2019 saaler indianapolis 500 vijayi hohn, 1920 saale gaston chevroleter porr theke indianapolis 500 jetar jonno prothom farasi chaalok hohn ebong 2009 saale helio castronover porr theke reesa jitey neoa prothom politara hohn. saimon pagenoud 2022-err 24 ghanta detona ebong 2023-err 24 ghanta detona ubhayi maiyar shank racing-err saathe jitechen. prathomik bochorguli. montmorillone jonmogrohonkari pagenoud prothom 14 bochor boyse poribarer supermarkete kaaj korechilen, abosheshe vdo gema bibhag porichalona korechilen. bijnes schoole porar porr tini supermarkete firey asen. taanr poribar ekti driving school protistha korechilo jaa taanr racing carrier shuru korar jonno pagenader jonno tehbil sarbaraha korechilo. karmajiban. pagenade 2002 ebong 2003 saale farasi formula renaulte protidwondita korechilen ebong 2002 ebong 2004 saale formula renault eurocup-ayee protidwondita korechilen. erpor tini 2005 saale formula renult 3.5 sirije choley zaan jekhane tini 16tomo sthan orjon corren. 2006 saale tini markin juktorashtre zaan ebong taanr rookie morsume graham rahaler matro koyek pointer byabodhane australia doler saathe champion kaar atlantic jitechilen. taar atlantik championshiper saathe, pagenoud 2007 saale champion gadite chadar jonno abedon korar jonno amader 2 million dollar jitechilen. 13 february 2007-ayee pagenoud ebong australia nischito korechilo jey tini champion gaadi programe choley yawar jonno doler saathe thakben. pagenade point standingye 8maum sthan orjon corren jaa ekti khub dharabahik prothom morshume chhilo, championshiper kanadian rounde porpor tinti 4rtho sthan orjon korey. champion kaar worled sirijer mrityur porr, 2008 saale pagenoud praktan curt champion gill dii ferraner saathe dii ferran motorsports accura arcs-1bii lmp2 soho-driving american leey mans sirije choley zaan. tini chaloker talika 14tomo sthane shesh corren. 2009. 2009 saale, pagenoud ebong dii ferran motorsports bishal podokkhep niyechilo, american leey mans sirij lmp1 classe samogrikbhabe dwitiya sthan orjon korey, chaalok david brabam ebong scott sharpa off champions highcroft resingyer theke matro 17 point pichhiye. pagenoud ebong dii ferran jutee arcs-1-keey moat dashti reesa ebong tinti poola positione tinti joyer dike chaalito korey, jaa saptahante 6 barr bhikkha-err drutotomo lapty ghuriye deyo. 2009 saleo, pagenoud piujot fyapa 908-ayee privator pescarolo sporta doler jonno lmp1-ayee morjadapurno 24 ghanta leey mans-ayee gaadi chaliyechilen. dolti 210tii lyapa shesh korey reesa shesh korte pareni. fectory piujot sporter moat nong-ayee gaadi chaliye david brabam resty jitechilen. 9 fyapa 908 ebong praktan formula oyana driver alekjandar urj ebong marqa zene. 2010. 2010 saaler bhikkha morshumer jonno, pagenoud patron highcroft racing doley choley zaan, taanr nijer ferrari doler saathe bhikkha jitty2 classe jhaanp deoar jonno asonti tikhnobhabe khaali korar porey lmp1-ayee arcs-1shee-teey brabamer saathe scott sharpke koo-driver saathe protisthapon corren. 2010 saaler bhikkha sirije chaar rounder madhyome, pagenoud ebong brabamer doll tinti joy ebong 91 point niye ell. emm. pii1 shrenite egiye yaay. pagenoud 2010 saale piujot factory doler jonno ekti asson driving orjon korechilen, piujot fyapa 908 nong-ayee bikhyato sarkita deey laa sarthe-teey morjadapurno 24 ghanta leey mans-ayee. 3 pedro lammy ebong sebastien bordice soho. jokhon naa. 3 piuzo khunti theke shuru hoyechilo, etty raater agey abosar niyechilo jokhon matro 38tii lyaper porey gaadir tobb theke ekti sasapenashana mount ketey yaay. ekoi bhagyo shesh porjonto anthony davidson/zina/urj-err nong 1 piuzo gaadir upor porey yaay, jokhon daude yawar jonno matro koyek ghanta bucky chhilo, kaaron audie piuzo-err 2009 saaler joyer agey panch bochor dhorey dhorey rakha 24 ghanta leey mans khetab punoruddhar korechilo. dauder somoy, pagenoud nijeke taar highcroft racing doler biruddhe protidwondita korte dekhen jaa taar itihase prothombar leey mans-ayee bhromon korechilo. brabam lmp2-ayee marino franchity ebong marco warner pashapashi accura chaalaanor saathe saathe highcroft beshirbhag daude dwitiya sthan bojay rekhechilo jotokkhon naa ekti cooling issue reser shesh chaar ghantar beshirbhag somoy gaditike paash katiye yaay. 2014. tini 10 meey indianapoliser udwodhoni granned prix jitechilen. eyi prothombar taanr baba taanke eyi vennute dauder somoy dekhte paan. 2015. pagenoud 2015 saale schmitt patterson motorsports theke doll penskete choley zaan. pagenoud pray 2015 indianapolis 500 jitechilen, 30 tiro qama lyapa niye egiye giechilen ebong scott dixon ebong tonny kananer modhye 3-mukhi juddhe beshirbhag reske jorito korechilen. pagenoud matther dwara atikram korey 10maum sthane shesh corren, ebong sotirtho juan publo montoa resty jitey nene. pagenoud 2015 saale konao reesa jitote parenni kintu 2016 saale doll pensker saathe taar chukti punarnabikaran korechilen. 2016. pagenade taanr indicar carrier sera suchona korechilen porpor panchti podium soho, jaar modhye porpor tinti joy chhilo. morshumer aggrogotir saathe saathe, pagenoud ebong taar sotirther ichchashokti championshiper prathomik protijogi hoye othe. morshumer sheshe ekti shaktishali raan soho, pagenoud taar prothom indicar sirij championship joy niyechilen, jaa dolke resingyer 50tomo bochore arekti championship joy eney diyechilo. tini panchti reesa joy ebong moat atti podium niye morsumti shesh corren. 2017-2019. pagenoud 2018 saal judey joyheen thakbe. pagenoud indianapoliser granned prix jitechen ebong tini poola position theke 2019 indianapolis 500oo jitoben. pagenoud doler penske sotirtho josepha newgarden theke championshiper netritto niyechilen, tobey newgarden porey detroite championshiper netritto niyechilen. pagenoud 2019 honda indie torronto poola ebong joy niyechilen ebong 2019 aioa 300-ayee poola niyechilen, jodio joyti newgardene jaabe. pagenoud bortomane point standingye tritiya sthane royechen, andretti autosport driver, alekjandar rossir eka point ebong point leader newgarden-err 34 point pichhone. 2020. 2020 saaler virtual indie 500 eventer somoy, pagenouder biruddhe ichchakritobhabe prodhan chaalok lando noriske dhakka deoar abhijog aanaa hoyechilo, jaar foley taar biruddhe kharap kridavidatar abhijog aanaa hoyechilo. pagenade texus motor speedwayte 2020 morshumer prothom daude 2yoy sthan orjon corren. pagenoud 20tomo theke shuru korey indipite 3yoy sthan orjon corren. jalani pumper samasyar karone, aioa speedway reesa 1-ayee pagenader aioa indicar 250 jogyata orjon korte byartho hoy ebong 23 tarikhe grider pichhone daud shuru korey. 178-err lyaper modhye, pagenoud egiye zaan ebong 250-err lyapa reesa jetar jonno dhorey rakhen. 2021. pagenoud 2021 saale ekti chukti bochor hisabe probesh korbe. 2021 saal pagenoud ebong sadharonbhabe doll pensker jonno ekti kathin bochor chhilo, kaaron dolti morshumer matro tinti joy record korechilo ebong pagenoud taader konotii score koreni. pagenader morshumer sera folafol chhilo duti tritiya sthan orjon, ekti seenta. pietersberg ebong onnoti 2021 indianapolis 500-ayee. seii samaptir baire, tini prayashai taar sotirthoder saathe kharap bhagyo ebong ono-track mukhomukhi hoten. morshumer sheshe racing presha janiyeche jey pagenoud doll pensker saathe punra swakkhar korte chayni. 2022. 2021 saaler ekti kathin procharer porr, pagenoud penske doll chhede praktan penske sotirtho, helio castronever pashapashi mayer shank resingye jog deena. 2023. 2023 saale, pagenoud 24 ghanta leey mansey firey eshe sheetal resingyer jonno ell. emm. pii2 classe ongsho niyechilo. 2011 saaler porr eyi prothom pagenoud eyi protijogitai ongsho neben, jekhane tini piujot sporta factory doler hoye samogrikbhabe dwitiya driving shesh corren. 2023 saaler modhyo ohiote honda indie 200-err onushiloner somoy, pagenoud ekti durghotonar shicker hohn jekhane taanr gaditi besh koyekbar ulte yaay ebong tini nudite porey zaan. pagenoud durghotonai taar jeebon banchanor jonno indicker aeroscreener krititto deena. ahoto howar karone pagenoudke torronto ebong aiwate poroborti dauder baire bosote badhyo koraa hoyechilo. connor dully ebong tomm blomkuvist jothakrome pagenouder jonno bhorti hoyechilo. motorsports carrier folafol. touring gaadi racing. sampurna vee8 supercar folafol. + pointer jonno jogyo noy

simone pagenoud simone pier mishel pagenoud (janm 18 meey 1984) aek french vyaavsaayik racing driver chhe. tene number chalaavvaa maate karaar karvaamaa aavyo chhe. indicar shreneema 60 honda phora myer shaink racing. sports kaar resingma safal karkirdi pachhi, jemaa temane badalya american leey mains shreneema tochnaa vargnee champiyanshipno khitaab jeetyo hato, teo indicar shreneema gayaa jyaan teo teo indicar champiyan aneey aneey indianapolis 500 vijeta banyaa, banyaa gaston chevrolet pachhi indianapolis 500 jitnaar pratham french driver banyaa aneey 2009 heliyo castronaves pachhi reesa jitnaar pratham politara banyaa. simone pagenode 2022 24 kalaaknee detonaa aneey 2023 24 kalaaknee detonaa aema banne match mayer shaink racing saathe jeetee hatee. praarambhik varsho. montmorilanmaa janmela pagenode 14 varshnee ummare parivaarnaa supermarketma kaama karyoo hatoo, aakhare videeyo game vibhagnu sanchalan karyoo hatoo. business schoolma bhanya baad teo supermarketma parat faryaa hataa. temnaa parivaare aek driving schoolni sthaapnaa curry hatee jene pagenoudne temnee racing karkirdi sharoo karvaa maate bhandol purun paadyu hatoo. karkirdi. pagenode 2002 aneey aneey french formula renaultma bhaag leedho hato aneey 2002 aneey aneey formula renault eurocupma bhaag leedho hato. tyarbad teo teo formula renault 3.5 shreneema aagad vadhyaa jyaan teo teo sthaane rahyaa. rahyaa teo united states gayaa aneey temnee rookie seasonma team austreliya saathe champ kaar atlantic jeeteene graaham rahl parr maatra thodaa pointthi jeetya. temnee atlantic championship saathe, pagenode pagenode champiyan kaarnee savaari maate arji karvaa maate amane $2 million jeetya. 13 februari februari roj pagenode aneey team australia pushti curry keey teo team saathe raheshe, champiyan kaar prograamma aagad vadhashe. pagenoude khoob jaj susangat pratham seasonma point standingma standingma sthaan melavyu hatoo, jemaa champiyanshipna kenediyan roundma satat trana chothaa sthaan parr rahyaa hataa. champiyan kaar worled sirizna avsaan pachhi, pachhi pagenode bhutpurv cart champiyan gill dii ferran saathe dii ferran motorsports accura accura aela. aema. pii. 2neey saha-chalaavati american leey mains sirizma gayaa. teey driverni yaadimaa yaadimaa sthaane rahyo hato. 2009. 2009, pagenoud aneey dii ferren motorsportse vishaal pagalaa leedhaa, jemaa aaa jodiae american leey mains shrenee aela. aema. pii. 1 vargmaa ekandare beeja sthaane raheene, driver david brebham aneey sqota shaarp off champiyan highcroft resingthi maatra 17 point paachhal rahyaa. pagenoud aneey dii ferrani jodiae jodiae coole dass reesa aneey trana poola positions parr trana jeet apaavi, daan saptaahnaa sauthee zadpi lepane 6 vakhat fervyo. 2009 darmiyan pann, pagenode pyujo aef. aee. pii. pii khangi pescarolo ramat team maate aela. aema. pii. pii pratishthit 24 kalaaknaa leey mensamaa vaahan chalaavyu hatoo. teame 210 laps purn kareene reesa purn curry naa hatee. factory pyujo ramatmaa driving kartaa david brabame reesa jeetee hatee. 9 aef. aee. pii. 908 saathe bhutpurv formula vana drivero alexander wurz aneey marqa jiina. 2010. badalya daannee mosam maate, pagenoud petron highcroft racing team gayaa, temnee potaani ferrari team saathe daanmaa javaa maate seat khaalee karyaa pachhi aela. aema. pii. pii 1maan brabam saathe sqota shaarpne qoo-drivemaa badalya. badalya bhiksha shreneema chaar roundma, pagenoud aneey brabamni team trana jeet aneey 91 point saathe aela. aema. pii. 1 vargmaa aagad chhe. pagenode pagenode pyujo factory team maate pratishthit 24 kalaaknaa leey mains ona dhaa prone circuit dii laa saarthema seat driving pann melavyu hatoo. 3 pedro lemee aneey sebastian boardes saathe. jyaare naa. 3 pyujo polthi sharoo thayo, teey maatra 38 laps pachhi raatre vahelaa nivrutt thayo jyaare kaarnaa tubmathi suspension mount shear thayu. aee jaj naseeb aakhare aenthanee davidson/jiina/wurznee number 1 pyujo kaar parr padyu jyaare beeja sthaane maatra kalaako baakee hataa, kaaran keey odeeae pyujoni 2009 nee jeet pahelaa paanch varsh sudhee jaalvi rakhela 24 kalaaknaa leey mains khitaabne fareethi melvyo hato. reesa darmiyan, pagenode potaani highcroft racing team saame spardhaa curry hatee, jene tenaa itihaasmaa pratham vakhat leey mensanee musafari curry hatee. marino franchity aneey marco vernerni saathe aela. aema. pii. pii brabam dwara accura chalavvama aavtaa, hicrofte motabhagni resamaa beeja sthaane jaalvi raakhyu hatoo, jyaan sudhee cooling issue resnaa anteem chaar kalaak sudhee kaarne bajuae mookie deedhi naa hatee. 2014. temane 10 menaa roj indianapolisno udghaatan bhavya puraskar jeetyo hato. aaa pratham vakhat hatoo jyaare tenaa pitaae tene sthal parr resamaa joyo hato. 2015. pagenoud pagenoude schmitt pieterson motorsportsthee team penske taraf aagad vadhyo hato. pagenoude lagbhag 2015 indianapolis 500 jeetyu hatoo, jeey jeey ochha laps saathe aagad hatoo aneey sqota dixon aneey tonny canan vachche 3-maargiy yuddhmaa motabhagni resamaa bhaag leto hato. pagenoud medaan dwara aagad neekali gayo aneey aneey sthaane rahyo, jyaare teamnaa saathee juan pablo montoya reesa jeetee. pagenoude pagenoude reesa jeetee nahoti parantu parantu team penske saatheno teno sodo navesarthi karyo hato. 2016. pagenode satat paanch podiyam saathe tenee indicar karkidrini shreshth sharuaat curry, jemaa salang trana jeetno samaavesh thaay chhe. jaim jaim season aagad vadhati gaee tema tema pagenoud aneey tenee teamnaa saathini ichchhashakti championship maate praathmeek daavedaar bunny gaee. seasonna ante majboot dod saathe, pagenode tenee pratham indicar shrenee championship jeet melvee, jene teamne tenaa tenaa varshnaa resingma vadhu aek championship jeet apaavi. temane paanch reesa jeet aneey coole aath podiyam saathe season samaapt curry. 2017-2019. pagenoud samagr 2018 darmiyan jeet vinaa jashe. pagenode indianapolisno bhavya puraskar jeetyo hato aneey teey poola positionthi 2019 indianapolis 500 pann jitashe. pagenode teamnaa saathee khelaadi joseph newgarden pasethi champiyanshipni aagevani leedhi hatee, jooe keey newgarden pachhithi detroitmaa aek resamaa champiyanshipni aagevani pharii leshe. pagenoud 2019 honda indii torrentoma dhruv aneey jeet melavashe aneey 2019 iova iova dhruv melavashe, joke jeet newgardenma jashe. pagenoud haalmaa point standingma trija sthaane chhe, andretti autosport driver, alexander rosithee aek point paachhal aneey point leader newgardenthi 34 point paachhal chhe. 2020. 2020 virtual indii 500 event darmiyan, pagenoud parr iraadaapurvak mukhya driver lando norris saathe athadaavvaano aarop mukvaamaa aavyo hato, jenaa kaarane tenaa parr kharaab ramatgamatno aarop mukvaamaa aavyo hato. pagenoude taxas motara speedway khaate 2020 seasonni pratham resamaa beeja sthaane samaapt karyoo. pagenoude pagenoude sharoo karyaa pachhi indigp parr triju sthaan melavyu hatoo. indhan pampani samsyaane kaarane, pagenoudni iova indicar 250 iova speedway reesa 1 entry qualifying karvaamaa nishfal rahee aneey aneey greedni paachhalthi reesa sharoo curry. curry lape sudhimaa, pagenode aagevani leedhi aneey aneey lape reesa jeetee leedhi. 2021. pagenoud 2021neey karaar varsh tareeke dakhal karashe. 2021 pagenoud aneey team penske maate saamanya reete mushkel varsh hatoo, kaaran keey teame seasonni maatra trana jeet nondhi hatee, jemaa pagenade temathi koee pann jeet melvee naa hatee. pagenoudna seasonna shreshth parinaamo beey trija sthaane rahyaa hataa, aek saint parr. 2021 indianapolis indianapolis pietersberg aneey anya. teey samaptini bahaar, teey vaaramvaar nabalaa naseeb aneey tenaa saathee khelaadeeo saathe track parr athadaamanthi gheraayelo hato. seasonna anta sudhimaa racing prese ahewal aapyo hato keey pagenoud team penske saathe fareethi sahee karvaano irado dharaavto naa hato. 2022. 2022 mushkel abhiyaan pachhi, pagenode penske team chhodi deedhi aneey bhutpurv penske teamnaa saathee, heliyo castronaves saathe mayer shaink resingma jodaayo. 2023. 2023 maan, pagenoud coole racing maate aela. aema. pii. 2 vargmaa bhaag laeene 24 kalaaknaa leey mensamaa paachho faryo. 2011 pachhi pahelee vakhat pagenode resamaa bhaag leedho hato, jyaan tene pyujo sporta factory team maate ekandare beeja sthaane raheene driving purn karyoo hatoo. 2023 honda indii 200 maate madhya oheo khaate practices darmiyan, pagenoudne akasmatno saamno karvo padyo hato jemaa tenee kaar ghanee vakhat palatee khaai hatee aneey teey kankarima puddy gayo hato. pagenode durghatnama potaano jeev bachavva maate indikaarni aeroscreenne shrey aapyo hato. tene thayelee ijaaone kaarane, pagenoudne torrento aneey aayovama anugaamee resamaa besvani faraj puddy hatee. konor delly aneey tooma bloemqvist anukrame pagenoud maate bharvama aavyaa hataa. motorsports karkirdi parinaamo. tour kaar racing. sampoorn sampoorn supercar parinaamo. + point maate paatra nathee

saiman pagenoud saiman piyare michel pagenoud (janm 18 maee 1984) ack francisi peshevar racing driver hain. usey number drive karane kaa anubandh diyaa gayaa haye. indicar shrinkhala mein 60 honda forr myer shank racing. sports kaar racing mein ack safal currier key baad, jisamen unhone 2010 kii americi leey maine shrinkhala mein sheersh shreni championship kaa khitaab jeetaa, way indicar shrinkhala mein chaley gaye, jahan way 2016 key indicar champion aur 2019 key indianapolis 500 vijeta baney, 1920 mein gaston chevrolet key baad seey indianapolis 500 jeetane vaale pahale francisi chaalak baney aur 2009 mein helio castronaves key baad seey races jeetane vaale pahale politer baney. saiman pagenoud ney 2022 24 ghante key detona aur 2023 24 ghante key detona donon koo meyer shank racing key saath jeetaa. praarambhik varsh. montmorillan mein janme, pagenoud ney pahali baar 14 saal kii umr mein parivaar key supermarket mein kaam kiya, antatah video game vibhaag kaa prabandhan kiya. business school mein padhane key baad, vaha supermarket mein laut aae. unake parivaar ney ack driving school kii sthaapana kii jisane unake racing currier kii shuruat key liye paise pradaan kiye. carrier. pagenoud ney 2002 aur 2003 mein french formula reynolt mein pratispardha kii aur 2002 aur 2004 mein formula renault eurocup mein pratispardha kii. isake baad unhone 2005 mein 3-5 shrinkhala key formule koo puuraa kiya, jahaan way 16vein sthaan parr rahey. 2006 mein vaha sanyukt raajya america gaye aur apane rookie season mein australia kii team key saath graiham rahl parr kuchh hii ankon seey champion kaar atlantic jeetaa. apani atlantic championship key saath, pagenoud ney 2007 mein champion kaar mein sawari key liye aavedan karane key liye hamein $20 laakh jeete. 13 farwari 2007 koo pagenoud aur team australia ney pushti kii kii vaha team key saath rahenge, champion kaar karyakram mein aage badhenge. pagenoud ney championship key kanadai daur mein lagaatar teen chauthe sthaan key saath, ack bahut hii susangat padaarpan satra mein ank talika mein 8vein sthaan parr samaapt kiya. champion kaar vishva shrinkhala key nidhan key baad, 2008 mein pagenoud poorv cart champion gill dee ferran key saath dee ferran motorsports accura arcs-1bee ell. aim. pee. 2 koo saha-driving karane vaali americi leey maine shrinkhala mein chaley gaye. vaha chaalak kii sthiti mein 14vein sthaan parr rahey. 2009. 2009 mein, pagenoud aur dee ferren motorsports ney bahut kadam aage badhe, donon ney americi lii maine shrinkhala ell. aim. pee. 1 varg mein kull milakar doosara sthaan hassil kiya, driver david braibham aur scott sharp off champions highcroft racing seey kewal 17 ank peechhe. pagenoud aur dee ferran kii jodee ney kull duss daud aur teen poul sthitiyon parr teen jeet key liye arcs-1 koo chalaaya, joe saptahant mein 6 baar bhiksha kii sabse tej laip koo modata haye. 2009 key dauran bhee, pagenoud ney pueso aff. aeye. pee. 908 mein niji pescarolo khel team key liye ell. aim. pee. 1 mein pratishthit 24 ghante key leey maine mein gaadi chalaai. team ney 210 laps puuraa karate hue daud poori naheen kii. daud david brabam dwara jeeti gaee thee, karkhane mein driving karate hue pueso khel kull sankhya. 9 aff. aeye. pee. 908 poorv formula ack driver alekjendar wurj aur maark jeane key saath. 2010. 2010 key bhiksha satra key liye, pagenoud patron highcroft racing team mein chaley gaye, ell. aim. pee. 1 mein aar. aiks-1see mein braibham key saath scott sharp koo koo-drive karane key liye badal diyaa, jaba unhone apani khud kii ferrari team key saath bhiksha jee. tii. 2 varg mein koodane key liye seat koo tej khaali curr diyaa. 2010 kii bhiksha shrinkhala mein chaar daur key madhyam seey, pagenoud aur brabam kii team teen jeet aur 91 ankon key saath ell. aim. pee. 1 varg kaa netritva karati haye. pagenoud ney 2010 mein pueso factory team key liye pratishthit 24 ghante key lii manus onn dha prone circuit day laa saarthe mein pueso aff. aeye. pee. 908 number mein seat driving bhee arjit kii. 3 pedro lammy aur sebastian bordes key saath. jabaki naheen. 3 pyujo poul seey shuru huaa, yeh raat mein kewal 38 laps key baad jaldi sevaanivritt hoe gayaa jaba ack suspension kaar key tub seey kataraata haye. usee bhaagya ney antatah anthany davidson/jeane/wurj kii number 1 pueso kaar koo parajit kiya, jabaki daud mein jaane key liye kewal ghanton key saath dusare sthaan parr, kyonki audie ney pueso kii 2009 kii jeet seey pahale paanch varshon taka banaae rakhe gaye 24 ghante key leey maine khitaab koo phir seey hassil curr liya thaa. daud key dauran, pagenoud ney khud koo apani uchch croft racing team key khilaf pratispardha karate hue paaya, jisane apane itihas mein pahali baar lii maine kii yatra kii. braibham dwara ell. aim. pee. 2 mein marino franchity aur marco werner key saath accura chalaane key saath, highcroft ney adhikansh daud key madhyam seey doosara sthaan banaae rakhaa jaba taka kii ack sheetlan mudde ney daud key antim chaar ghanton key liye kaar koo darkinar naheen curr diyaa. 2014. unhone 10 maee koo indianapolis kaa udghaatan grand prix jeetaa. yeh pahali baar thaa jaba unake pitaa ney unhein ayojan sthal parr daudate hue dekhaa thaa. 2015. pagenoud 2015 mein schmitt pieterson motorsports seey team penske mein chaley gaye. pagenoud ney lagbhag 2015 indianapolis 500 jeetaa, 30 seey cumm laps key saath aage badhkar scott dixon aur tonny canan key beach 3-tarfa ladaai mein adhikansh daud mein shamil hue. pagenoud koo maidan seey aage nikaal diyaa gayaa aur vaha 10vein sthaan parr rahey, jabaki team key saathi juan pablo montoya ney daud jeeti. pagenoud ney 2015 mein ack daud naheen jeeti, lekin 2016 mein team penske key saath apane saude koo navinikrit kiya. 2016. pagenoud ney lagaatar paanch podium key saath apane indicar currier kii sarvshreshth shuruat kii, jisamen lagaatar teen jeet shamil hain. jaise-jaise satra aage badhaa, pagenoud aur unake saathi kii ichcha shakti championship key liye praathamik davedar bunn gaee. satra key anta mein ack majboot daud key saath, pagenoud ney apani pahali indicar shrinkhala championship jeet hassil kii, jisase team koo racing key apane 50vein varsh mein ack aur championship jeet millie. unhone paanch daud jeet aur kull aathh manchon key saath satra samaapt kiya. 2017-2019. pagenoud poore 2018 mein binaa kissy jeet key jaayega. pagenoud ney indiapolis kaa grand prix jeetaa aur vaha poul position seey 2019 indiapolis 500 bhee jeetenge. pagenoud ney team key penske saathi joseph newgarden seey championship kii badhat leey lii, halanki newgarden ney baad mein detroit mein ack races mein championship kii badhat phir seey leey lii. pagenoud 2019 key honda indee torrento mein poul aur jeet hassil karenge aur 2019 key iova 300 mein poul lenge, halanki jeet newgarden koo jaayegi. pagenoud vartamaan mein ank talika mein teesare sthaan parr haye, joe andretti autosport driver, alekjendar rossie seey ack ank peechhe haye aur ank leader newgarden seey 34 ank peechhe haye. 2020. 2020 key aabhaasi indee 500 karyakram key dauran, pagenoud parr jaanboojhkar pramukh chaalak lando norris koo takkar maarne kaa aarop lagaaya gayaa thaa, jisake kaaran una parr kharaab khel bhavna kaa aarop lagaaya gayaa thaa. pagenoud ney texas motor speedway parr 2020 season kii pahali daud mein doosara sthaan hassil kiya. pagenoud 20vein mein shuru honey key baad indgp mein teesare sthaan parr rhaa. eendhan pump kii samasya key kaaran, pagenoud kii iva indicar 250 iva speedway races 1 mein pravesh yogyata praapt karane mein whiffle rahee aur 23 tarikh koo grid key peechhe daud shuru kii. 178 kii laip taka, pagenoud ney badhat banaa lii aur 250 laip races jeetane key liye aage badhe. 2021. pagenoud 2021 koo anubandh varsh key roop mein pravesh karega. 2021 pagenoud aur team penske key liye ack kathin varsh thaa, kyonki team ney season kii kewal teen jeet darj kii, jisamen seey koee bhee pagenoud ney score naheen kiya. season key pagenoud key sarvshreshth parinam dou teesare sthaan parr rahey, ack sent parr. pietersberg aur doosara 2021 indianapolis 500 mein. una samaptiyon key alawa, vaha aksar kharaab bhaagya aur apane sathiyon key saath onn-track takraav seey ghiraa rahata thaa. season key anta taka racing press ney bataaya kii pagenoud kaa team penske key saath phir seey hastakshar karane kaa irada naheen thaa. 2022. 2021 key ack kathin abhiyaan key baad, pagenoud ney penske team chhod dee aur penske key poorv saathi, helio castronaves key saath meyer shank racing mein shamil hoe gaye. 2023. 2023 mein, pagenoud ney shaant racing key liye ell. aim. pee. 2 varg mein bhaag lete hue 24 ghante key lii maine mein vaapsee kii. yeh pahali baar hoga jaba pagenoud ney 2011 key baad seey daud mein bhaag liya, jahan unhone pueso khel karkhane kii team key liye samagr roop seey doosara sthaan hassil kiya. 2023 key madhya ohiyo mein honda indee 200 key abhyaas key dauran, pagenoud koo ack durghatana kaa saamana karna padaa jisamen unaki kaar kaee baar palat gaee aur vaha bajari mein gir gayaa. pagenoud ney durghatana mein apani zaan bachaane key liye indicar key aeroscreen koo shreya diyaa. choton key kaaran, pagenoud koo torrento aur ayova mein baad kii daud mein baithane key liye majboor honah padaa. konor delly aur tomm blomcovist kramshah pagenoud key liye bharey gaye. motorsports carrier parinam. touring kaar racing. poorna vee8 supercar parinam. + ank key liye paatr naheen

saiman pazenad saiman pier micheal pazenad (janana 18 mayee 1984) obba french vruttipara racing chalaka. aatanige namm. indicar saranialli 60 honda phaar mayer shank racing. 2010rahra american leey mans saranialli agra darjeya championship prashastiyannu gedda creeda kaaru racingnalli yashasvi vrattijeevanada nantara, avaru indicar saranige teralidaru, allie avaru 2016rahra indicar champiyan mattu 2019rahra indianapolis 500 vijetaraadaru, 1920ralli gaston chevrolet nantara indianapolis 500 gedda modala french chalaka mattu 2009ralli helio castroneves nantara otavannu gedda modala polsitor aadaru. saiman pazenad 2022rahra 24 gantegala daytona mattu 2023rahra 24 gantegala daytona eradannoo mayer shank resingnondige geddaru. arambhika varshagalu. montamorillannalli janisida pazenad, modala baarige 14 neey vayassinalli kutumbada supermarketnalli kelasa maadidaru, antimavagi video game vibhagavannu nirvahisuttiddaru. bisiness shaalege serida nantara, avaru sooparmaarketge maralidaru. avara kutumbavu ondu chalana shaaleyannu sthaapisitu, adhu avara racing vrattijeevanavannu prarambhisalu pajenadge hanavannu odagisitu. vrattijeevana. pazenad 2002 mattu 2003ralli french farmula renaultnalli spardhisidaru mattu 2002 mattu 2004ralli farmula renault eurokapnalli spardhisidaru. nantara avaru 2005 ralli farmula reinault 3.5 saranige teralidaru, allie avaru 16 neey sthana galisidaru. 2006ralli avaru united statesge hogi, tamma rookie rtuvinalli australia tandadondige champions kaaru atlantic annu graham raahalginta kelave ankagalinda geddaru. tanna atlantic champiyanshipnondige, 2007ralli champiyan kaarinalli sawari maadalu arji sallisalu pazenad namage $2 million geddaru. 13 phebravari 2007 randu pazenad mattu australia tandavu avaru tandadondige uliyuvudaagi drudhapadisidaru, champiyan kaar prograange teralidaru. pazenad avaru atyanta sthiravaada chocchala rtuvinalli ankagala pattiyalli 8neey sthaanavannu galisidaru, championshipna kenadian suttugalalli satatavagi mooru 4neey sthana galisidaru. champions kaaru vishwa saraniya nidhanada nantara, 2008ralli pagenade, maaji cort champiyan gill dii ferranondige dii ferran motorsports accura arcs-1bii lmp2 annu saha-chaalane maaduva american leey mans saranige teralidaru. avaru chalakara sthaanamanadalli 14neey sthana galisidaru. 2009. 2009ralli, pagenad mattu dii ferran motorsports dodda hejje mundittavu, ee jodiyu american leey mans sarani lmp1 taragatiyalli ottaareyaagi eradane sthaanavannu galisitu, chalakaru david brabum mattu scott sharp off champiyan highcraft resingginta kevala 17 ankagalu hindulididdavu. pazenad mattu dii ferran jodiyu arcs-1 annu ottu hattu resgalu mattu mooru pole sthaanagala mele mooru geluvugalige odisitu, vaaraantyadalli 6 baari bhikseya vegada lyap annu tirugisitu. 2009rahra avadhiyalli, pyugot phyap 908ralli khasagi pescarolo creeda tandakkagi pratishthita 24 gantegala leey myaan inn ell. emm. pii. 1nalli pagenade odisidaru. tandavu 210 suttugalannu poornagolisi otavannu poornagolisalilla. ee otavannu david brabum geddaru, avaru ottu namm. 9 fap 908 jotege hindina farmula one chalakaru alexander wurz mattu maark jene. 2010. 2010rahra bhikshe rtuvinalli, pagenade patron highcraft racing tandakke sthalaantaragondanu, tannade aada ferrari tandadondige bhikshe gt2 vargakke jigiyalu aasanavannu tikshnavagi khaali maadida nantara lmp1nalli arcs-1sii yalli braabhaamnondige scott sharp annu koo-drivege badalaayisidanu. 2010rahra bhikshe saranialli naalku suttugala moolaka, pazenad mattu brabum tandavu mooru geluvugalu mattu 91 ankagalondige ell. emm. pii1 vargavannu munnadesitu. pazenad 2010ralli puezo factory tandakkagi pratishthita 24 overs off leey mans aun dhii renon circuit dii laa saarthe inn dhii puezo phyap 908 namm. 3 pedro lammy mattu sebastian bourdice. aadare, illa. 3 puezo kambadinda praarambhavaayitu, idu kevala 38 suttugala nantara ratriya modalu nivruttaraayitu, kaarina tabninda amaanatugondaaga. adhe adrushtavu antimavagi anthony davidson/zeane/wurz avara namm. 1 pyugot kaarannu solisitu, aadare otadalli hogalu kevala gantegalashte ulidiruva eradane sthaanadalli, audy avaru pyugot avara 2009 rahra geluvina modalu aidu varshagala kaala ulisikonda 24 gantegala leey myaan prashastiyannu marupadeyitu. otada samayadalli, tanna itihaasadalli modala baarige leey mangay prayanisida tanna highcraft racing tandada viruddha pagenade spardhisuvudannu kandukondanu. brabum avaru marino franchity mattu marco verner jotege lmp2 nalli accuravannu chaalane maaduvudarondige, highcraft otada antima naalku gantegala kaala kaarannu badigiduvavarege hecchina otada moolaka eradane sthaanavannu ulisikondaru. 2014. avaru mayee 10randu indianapolisna udghatana grand prix annu geddaru. idhe modala baarige avara tande avaru spardheyalli bhagavahisuvudannu vikshisidaru. 2015. pagenade 2015ralli schmid patterson motorsportsninda team penskege sthalaantaragondaru. pagenade 2015rahra indianapolis 500 pandyavannu geddaru, 30kkinta kadime suttugalalli munnadedaru mattu scott dixon mattu toney connon naduvina 3-way yuddhadalli hecchina otavannu todagisikondaru. pagenade avaru maidaanadinda hindikkalpattaru mattu 10 neey sthana galisidaru, aadare tandada saha atagara juwan pablo montoya otavannu geddaru. pazenad 2015ralli otada spardheyalli gellalilla, aadare 2016ralli tandada penske jotegina tanna oppandavannu navikarisidaru. 2016. pazenad avaru satatavagi aidu podiyangalondige tamma indicar vrattijeevanada atyuttama aarambhavannu padedaru, idaralli satatavagi mooru geluvugalu serive. rtuvu munduvaredante, pazenad mattu avara tandada saha atagarana ichchaashaktiyu championshipna praathamika spardhigalaadavu. rtuvina koneyalli balavaada otadondige, pazenad tanna modala indicar sarani championship vijayavannu padedaru, idu tandavu tanna 50 neey varshada racingnalli mattondu championship vijayavannu needitu. avaru aidu otada geluvugalu mattu ottu entu vedikegalondige rtuvannu mugisidaru. 2017-2019. pagenade 2018rahra uddakkoo geluvu padeyade hoguttade. pazenad avaru indianapolisna grand prix annu geddaru mattu avaru pole sthaanadinda 2019 rahra indianapolis 500 annu saha gelluttaare. pazenad tandavu penske tandada saha atagara joseph newgaardanninda championship munnade saadhisitu, aadaagyoo newgarden nantara detroitnalli championship munnade saadhisitu. 2019rahra honda indee torontodalli pazenad pole mattu geluvu saadhisidaru mattu 2019rahra aiyova 300ralli pole padedaru, aadaroo geluvu newgardenge hoguttade. pagenade prastuta ankagala pattiyalli 3neey sthaanadalliddu, andretti autosport chalaka, alexander rosiginta ondu point mattu point leader nyoogaardanginta 34 point hindulididdaare. 2020. 2020rahra virtual indi 500 kaaryakramadalli, pagenade uddeshapoorvakavaagi pramukha chalaka lando norrisge dikki hodeda aaropa horisalaayitu, idu avana mele ketta creeda manobhaavada aaropakke kaaranavaayitu. texas motor speedwayalli 2020rahra rtuvina modala otadalli pazenad 2neey sthana galisidaru. 20neyalli praarambhavaada nantara pazenad indigpiyalli 3neey sthana galisidaru. indhana pump samasyeyindaagi, ayova speedway rays 1 praveshadalli pazenadna ayova indicar 250 arhate padeyalu viphalavaayitu mattu 23 neyalli gridna himbhagadalli otavannu praarambhisitu. 178 rahra lyap velege, pazenad munnade saadhisidaru mattu 250 lyap rays annu geddaru. 2021. pagenade 2021nnu oppandada varshavaagi praveshisuttade. 2021 rahra varshavu pazenad mattu tandada penskege samanyavagi kashtakara varshavaagittu, ekendare tandavu rtuvina kevala mooru geluvugalannu daakhalisitu mattu pazenad avugalalli yaavudannoo galisalilla. ee rtuvina pazenadna atyuttama phalitaamshagalu eradu moorane sthana galisidavu, ondu sentnalli. pietersburg mattu 2021rahra indianapolis 500rallina innobbaru. aaa finishgala horataagi, avaru aagaagge kalape adrushta mattu avara tandada sadasyarondige aun-track mukhamukhiyinda suttuvariyalpaduttiddar. rtuvina antyada velege racing press pagenade tandavu penskeyondige maru-sahi haakuva uddeshavannu hondiralilla endu varadi maaditu. 2022. 2021rahra kathina abhiyaanada nantara, pazenad penske tandavannu toredu maaji penske tandada saha atagara, helio castroneves avarondige mayer shank racinge seridaru. 2023. 2023ralli, pazenad 24 gantegala leey mansgay maralidaru, coole racingagi ell. emm. pii. 2 taragatiyalli bhagavahisidaru. idu 2011rahra nantara modala baarige pagenade otadalli spardhisiddu, allie avaru pugo creeda karkhane tandakkagi ottare eradane chaalaneyannu mugisidaru. 2023rahra honda indee 200 pandyada abhyaasada samayadalli, ohiyoda madhyabhaagadalli, pazenad apaghaatakkidaagi, aatana kaaru halavaaru baari pulty hodedu, jallige silukitu. apaghaatadalli tanna jivavannu ulisiddakkagi indicarna aeroscreenge pazenad mannane niididaru. aatanige aada gayagalindagi, pazenad toronto mattu ayovaadalli nantarada resgalalli kulitukollabekayitu. connor dolly mattu tomm blankvist kramavagi pajenadgagi tumbidaru. motaru kridegala vrattijeevanada phalitaamshagalu. touring kaar racing. sampoorna vii8 supercar phalitaamshagalu. + ankagalige arharalla

saiman pagenode oru franch professional racing driveranu saiman piyari maikkal pajenode (jananam 18 meyy 1984). nambar oodikkaan addehathinu karar undu. indi kaar seereesil mayer shank racinginaayi 60 honda. 2010 leeii american leeii mans seereesil topp klaas chaambyanshippu kireedam nediya sports kaar racingile vijayakaramaya kariyarinu sesham, addeham indi kaar seereesilekk maari, avide addeham 2016 indi kaar chaambyanum 2019 indianpolis 500 vijayi aayi, 1920 ll gyaastan chevrolattinu sesham indianpolis 500 nedunna aadya franch driver 2009 ll healio castronevsinu sesham rays nedunna aadya polsittarum aayi. 2022-leeii 24 manikkoor dettonayum 2023-leeii 24 manikkoor dettonayum meyar shank racingle simoon pajenode nedi. aadyakaala varshangal. montmorillanil janicha pagenode 14-aamm vayassil kudumbatthinte soopparmaarkkattil aadyamaayi jolie cheyyukayum oduvil viidiyoo geyim vibhaagam kaikaaryam cheyyukayum cheythu. bisinus schoolil chernna sesham addeham soopparmaarkkattilekku madangi. addehathinte kudumbam oru driving school sthaapichu, athu addehathinte racing currier aarambhikkunnathinayi pagenodine panam nalki. currier. renoltilum 2002lum franch formula renoltilum renoltilum 2002lum formula renault eurokkappilum pagenode malsarichu. 2005ll addeham formula renault 3.5 seereesilekk neengi, avide addeham 16-aamm sthaanathethi. 2006ll addeham amerikkayilekku pooyi, thante rookie seasonil australian teaminoppam chaampyan kaar atlaantik graham rahalinekkaal kurachu poyintukalkku nedi. 2007ll atlaantik chaambyanshippiloode, chaambyan kaar savaarikkaayi apekshikkaan pagenode njangalkk 2 dasalaksham dollar nedi. 2007 februvari februvari pagenode team austreliyayum chaambyan kaar prograamilekku neengikkond teaminoppam thudarumennu sthireekarichu. chaambyanshippinte canadian roundukalil thudarchayaayi moonnu thavana naalam sthaanathethiya pagenode valare sthirathayulla arangetta seasonil pooyint staandingil ettaam sthaanathethi. 2008-ll chaambyan kaar waled seereesinte niryaanathinushesham, muun cart chaambyan gill dii ferranumaayi chernnu dii ferran motorsports acura acura arcs-01bii oodichu american leeii mans seereesilekk pagenode maari. drivermaarude nilavaaratthil addeham 14-aamm sthaanathethi. 2009. 2009ll, pagenode dii ferran motorsports valia chuvadukal munnott pooyi, american leeii mans seerees elmp 1 classil iruvarum mothatthil randaam sthaanam nedi, drivermaaraaya david brabamin scott sharpin 17 pooyint maathram pinnilayi. pajenode dii ferran chernnu motham patthu resukalil moonnu vijayangal nedi, daana vaaraanthyathile ettavum vegathayeriya laap 6 thavana thirikkukayum cheythu. 2009-lum, pyusho phapp 908-ll swakaarya pescarolo sports teaminu vendi ell. emm. pii. 1-ll 24 manikkoor leeii mans enna abhimaanakaramaaya malsarathil pagenode oodichu. 210 laap poortthiyaakkiya team malsaram poortthiyaakkiyilla. factory pyusho sports nambaril drive cheytha david braabaamaan rays vijayichathu. 9 eph. eiii. pii 908, muun formula vann drivermaaraaya alexander woors, maarkk jeane ennivarkkoppam. 2010. 2010 leeii daana seasonil, pajenode paatran highcroft racing teamilek maari, scott sharpinu pakaram elmp 1 leeii leeii braabhaamumaayi qoo-drive cheythu, sharp seett ozhinjathinushesham swantham ferrari teaminoppam jidi 2 classilake chaadikkalanju. chaadikkalanju bhikshaadana parambarayile naalu roundukaliloode, pagenodinteyum brabaminteyum team moonnu vijayangalodum 91 pooyintinoodum koodi ell. emm. pii 1 classil munnilaanu. 2010ll pyusho factory teaminayi pyusho fact 908 nambarile prashastha surcuted dii laa saartheyile 24 manikkoor leeii maansil oru seett driving pajenode nedi. 3 pedro lamy sebaastyan bordays. athesamayam nambar. 3 pyusho poolil ninnu aarambhich, kaarinte tabbil ninnu oru suspension moundu kashanangalaakkiyappol verum 38 lapsinu sesham ratri veezhunnathinu munbu athu viramichu. viramichu pyooshoyude vijayathin munbu anchu varshatholam nilanirtthiya 24 manikkoor leeii mans kireedam oodi veendeduthathinaal randaam sthaanathaayirunnappol randaam sthaanathulla aanthani davidson/jeane/vursinte onnaam nambar pyusho kaarinu oduvil ithe vidhi sambhavichu. oottathinidayil, charithratthil aadyamaayi leeii mansilekku yaatra cheytha thante highcroft racing teaminethire pagenode malsarichu. marino franchity, marco verner ennivaykkoppam ell. emm. pii 2-ll brabam acura oodichathinaal, oru cooling prashnam oottathinte avasana naalu manikorinullil kaarine paarshwalkkarikkunnathu highcroft mikka malsarangalilum randaam sthaanam nilanirtthi. 2014. meyy meyy indianpolisinte udghaadana grand prix addeham nedi. ithaadyamaayaanu pithaav addehathe vediyil malsaram kaanunnath. 2015. 2015ll shmidt peettezhsan motorsportsil ninnu team penscaylake marria pajenode 2015 indianpolis 500 eathaandu nedi, 30 lapsil thaazhe pooyi scott dixon tonny kananum thammilulla 3-way yudhathil bhooribhaagam malsarangalum earppeduthi. pagenode feeldil marikadannu patthaam sthaanathethiyappol sahatharam juvan pablo montoya malsarathil vijayichu. 2015ll pagenode oru malsarathilum vijayichillengilum 2016ll team penskeyumaayulla karar puthukki. 2016. thudarchayaayi moonnu vijayangal ulppede thudarchayaayi anchu podiyangalumaayi thante indi kaar kariyarinte ettavum mikacha thudakkathilekku pagenode erangi. season purogamikkumbol, pagenode addehathinte sahathaaravum chaambyanshippinte praadhamika malsaraarthikalaayi maari. seasoninte avasaanathil sakthamaaya oottathoode, pagenode thante aadya indi kaar seerees chaambyanshippu vijayam nedi, ithu team penscake athinte 50-aamm varshathe racingle mattoru chaambyanshippu vijayam nalki. anchu rays vijayangalum motham ettu podiyangalumaayaanu addeham season avasaanippichathu. 2017-2019. 2018 ll udaneelam pagenode vijayamillathe pookum. indianpolisinte grand prix nediya pajenode pooll positionil ninnu 2019 indianpolisi 500 umm nedum. team penskeyude sahatharam joseph newgardenil ninnu pagenode chaambyanshippu leed nedi, ennirunnaalum newgarden pinneedu detroyittil oru raceil chaambyanshippu leed veendedukkum. 2019 honda indi torrentoyile vijayavum polum nediya pagenode 2019 ayowa 300 ll pooll nedi, ennirunnaalum vijayam newgarden pookum. aandretti autosport driver alexander rossic oru pooyint pinnilum pooyint leader newgaardanekkaal 34 pooyint pinnilum pooyint nilavaaratthil nilavil moonnaam sthaanathaanu pajenode. 2020. 2020 leeii vertual indi 500 evantil, pradhana driver lando norisine manahpoorvvam idichathaayi pejenodinethire aaropikkapettu, ithu mosham kaayikakshamathayude aaropanathilekku nayichu. texes motor speedwayil 2020 seasonile aadya malsarathil pagenode randaam sthaanathethi. 20-aamm theeyathi aarambhicha pajenode indijipiyil moonnaam sthaanathethi. indhana pump prashnam kaaranam, ayowa speedway rays 1 entriyile pejenodinte ayowa indi kaar 250 yogyatha nedunnathil paraajayappedukayum 23-nuu gridinte pinbhaagathu rays aarambikkukayum cheythu. 178-aamm laap aayappozhekkum, pagenode leed nedukayum 250-aamm laap rays vijayikkukayum cheythu. 2021. pagenode 2021 oru karar varshamaayi praveshikkum. 2021 pagenodinum team penscake pothuve budhimuttulla varshamaayirunnu, kaaranam team seasonile moonnu vijayangal maathrame rekhappeduthiyulloo, pagenode onnum score cheythilla. eee seasonile pejenodinte ettavum mikacha phalangal rund moonnaam sthaana finishukalaayirunnu, onnu sent. peettezhsburg 2021 indianpolis 500-leeii matte thaaravum. aaa finishukalkku purathu, bhagyam moshamayathum teemamgangalumaayulla oonn-track ettumuttalukalum addehathe palappozhum valayam cheiyumaayirunnu. seasoninte avasaanathode pagenode team penskeyumaayi veendum oppidaan uddeshichillennu racing pras report cheythu. 2022. 2021 leeii oru budhimuttulla prachaaranatthinu sesham, pagenode penske team upekshichu muun penske teemangamaaya helio castronevsinoppam mayer shank racingle chernnu. 2023. 2023-ll, kool racinginaayi ell. emm. pii 2 classil pankedutthukondu pagenode 24 manikkoor leeii mansilekku madangi. pyusho sports factory teaminu vendi mothatthil randaamathe driving poortthiyaakkiya 2011 nuu sesham ithaadyamaayaanu pagenode malsarathil pankedukkunnathu. ohaayoyude madhyathil 2023 honda indi 200-nulla parisheelanatthinide, pajenodinu oru apakadam sambhavichu, athil addehathinte kaar niravadhi thavana marinju, addeham charalil veenu. apakadatthil thante jeevan rakshichathinu indikkaarinte aeroscreenin pagenode credit nalki. addehathinu parikkettathinaal, torrentoyilum ayovayilum thudarnnulla malsarangalil pankedukkaan pagenode nirbandhithanaayi. connor dally, toom blomkvist ennivar yathaakramam pejenodinaayi aninirannu. motor sports currier phalangal. touring kaar racing. poornnamaaya poornnamaaya soopparkaar phalangal. + poyintukalkku arhathayilla

sayman pejnaud sayman piyare michel pagenoud (janm 18 meey 1984) haah eka french vyavsayik sharyati chalak aahe. tyala kramank chalavanyacha karar aahe. indicar maliketil myer shank sharyatisathi 60 honda. 2010 chya american leey mans maliket sarvoch darjache ajinkyapad ajinkyapad sports qaar sharyatitil yashasvi karkirdinantar, too indicar maliket gela, jithe too 2016 chaa indicar vijeta aanee 2019 chaa indiapolis 500 vijeta tharala, 1920 madheel gaston shevrolet nantar indiapolis 500 jinkanara too pahila french chalak tharala aanee 2009 madhye helio castronaves nantar sharyat jinkanara pahila politar tharala. sayman pagenodne 2022 24 taas detona aanee 2023 24 taas detona heey donhi samne myer shank sharyatisah jinkale. suruvatichi varshe. montmorillan yethe janmalelya pagenodne vayachya 14 vya varshi kutumbachya supermarketmadhye kaam kele aanee akheris video game vibhagache vyavasthapan kele. business skoolmadhye shikshan ghetalyanantar too supermarketmadhye paratala. tyachya kutumbane eka vahanchalak shaala sthapan kelee jyane tyachya sharyatitil karkird suru karnyasathi pejenaudala nidhi pradan keela. karkird. pagenodne 2002 aanee 2003 madhye french formula reynoltmadhye spardha kelee aanee 2002 aanee 2004 madhye formula reynolt eurocupmadhye spardha kelee. tyanantar tyane 2005 madhye formula renault 3.5 maliket pravesh keela, jithe too 16 vya sthanavar rahila. 2006 madhye too americela gela aanee tyachya navodit hangamat austreliya sanghasah graham rahalchya tulanet kahee gunanni champian qaar atlantic jinkley. tyachya atlantic ajinkyapad spardhes, pagenodne 2007 madhye vijetya karmadhye pravas karnyasathi arj karnyasathi aamhala $20 laakh jinkale. 13 februwari 2007 roji pagenod aanee austreliyachya sanghane pushti kelee qee too sanghabarobar raheel, vijetya qaar karyakramaparyant jaeel. pagenaudne ajinkyapad spardhechya canadian chaar salag teen vela chauthya sthanasah, joou eka atishay satatyapurn padarpan hangam hota, tyat gunataliket gunataliket sthan midavale. vijetya qaar world sirijchya nidhananantar, 2008 madhye pagenaudne majee cart champian gill dii ferransobat dii ferran motorsports accura accura ell. emm. pii. 2 saha-chalvat american leey mans sirijmadhye pravesh keela. chalkachya kramvarit too too sthanavar rahila. 2009. 2009 madhye, pagenoud aanee dii ferren motorsportsney mothee pavale uchalali, american leey mans malika ell. emm. pii. 1 vargat yaa jodine ekoon dusare sthan midavale, chalak david brabham aanee scott sharpchya champian highcroft resingpeksha keval 17 guna mage. pagenod aanee dii ferren yaa jodine arcs-1 laa ekoon daha sharyati aanee teen khamb sthananvar teen vijay midvoon dile, daan saptahantatil sarvat vegwan lapp 6 vela valavali. 2009 madhye dekhil, pagenodne pyujo phap 908 madheel privator pescarolo creeda sanghasathi ell. emm. pii. 1 madheel leey manschya pratishthit 24 tasanmadhye gaadee chalavali. sanghane 210 laps purn karoon sharyat purn kelee nahee. hii sharyat david brabhamne jinkley hotee, jyane karkhanyatil ekoon kramank eka asalelya pyujo khelat gaadee chalavali hotee. 9 eff. aii. pii. 908, tasech purviche formula vann chalak alekzandar wurz aanee marqa jeane. 2010. 2010 chya bhiksha hangamasathi, pagenod patron highcroft racing sanghat gela, jyane tyachya swatachya ferrari sanghasah bhiksha gt 2 vargat udee marnyasathi sharpne jaaga rikami kelyanantar ell. emm. pii. 1 madheel aar. aar madhye brabhams saha-chalvinyasathi scott sharpchi jaaga ghetali. 2010 chya bhiksha maliketil chaar chaar, pagenod aanee brabham yancha sangh teen vijay aanee 91 gunansah ell. emm. pii. 1 shreneet aaghadivar aahe. pagenodne 2010 madhye pyujo factory sanghasathi pratishthit 24 tasanchya leey mans aun daad prone circuit day laa sarthemadhye, 908 nambarchya pyujo fapmadhye seat driving dekhil midavali. 3 pedro lammy aanee sebastian boardess. tarr kra. 3 pyujo khambapasoon suru jhaala, too ratri padnyapurvich keval 38 38 nivrutt jhaala jevha karchya tubmadhun eka suspension mount kapla gela. tyach nashibane akheris anthany davidson/jeane/wurzchya number 1 pyujo karla dhakka basala, tarr sharyatit jaanyasathi keval taas shillak asatana ekoon sthanavar asatana, audine pyujochya 2009 chya vijayapurvi paach varshe rakhoon thevalele 24 tasanche leey mansche vijetepad punha midavale. sharyatidarmyan, pagenaudne swatahla tyachya uchch croft sharyati sanghashi spardha kartana pahile, jyane tyachya itihasat prathamach leey manscha pravas keela. brabhamne ell. emm. pii. 2 madhye marino franchity aanee marco werners accura chalavalyamule, hicroftney bahutek sharyatit dusare sthan kayam thewale, joparyant eka thund samasya sharyatichya shevatchya chaar tasansathi karla bajula sarat nahee. 2014. tyane 10 meey roji indiapolischa udghatan grand prix jinkla. tyachya vadilanni tyala yaa thikani sharyat kartana pahanyachi hii pahilich vel hotee. 2015. pejenaudne 2015 madhye schmitt pieterson motorsportsmadhun team penskemadhye pravesh keela. pejenaudne 2015 indianapolis 500 jawaljawal jinkale, 30 peksha qamee laps aaghadi ghetali aanee bahutek sharyati scott dixon aanee toney qaan yanchyatil 3-margi ladhait sahbhagi jhalya. pagenaudla maidanane mage takale aanee too too sthanavar rahila, tarr sahkari juan pablo montoya yane sharyat jinkley. pejnaudne 2015 madhye sharyat jinkley nahee parantu 2016 madhye penske sanghashi tyacha karar nutanikaran keela. 2016. pejnaudne tyachya indicar karkirdichi sarvottam suruvat salag paach podiums kelee, jyat salag teen vijayancha samavesh hota. jasjasa hangam pudhe sarkat gela, pagenod aanee tyacha sahkari vijetepadasathi prathamik davedar banale. hangamachya shevati jordar dhavsankhyesah, pagenodne tyacha pahila indicar malika ajinkyapad vijay midavala, jyamule sanghala tyachya sharyatichya 50 vya varshat aanakhi eka ajinkyapad vijay midala. tyane paach sharyati jinkalya aanee ekoon aath padake midvat hangam sampavala. 2017-2019. sampoorn 2018 madhye pejnaudcha vijay jhaala nahee. pagenaudne indianapolisachi grand prix jinkley aanee too pole positionvarun 2019 indianapolis 500 dekhil jinkel. pagenodne penske sanghacha sahkari joseph newgardenkadun ajinkyapad spardhet aaghadi ghetali, matra newgardenne nantar detroitmadhye eka sharyatit ajinkyapad spardhet aaghadi ghetali. pagenod 2019 honda indii torontomadhye pole aanee vijay midvel aanee 2019 iova 300 madhye pole gheil, jaree vijay newgardenla jaeel. pagenoud sadhya gunataliket gunataliket kramankavar aahe, andratti autosport driver, alekzandar rossichya eka guna mage aanee newgardenchya gunataliket 34 guna mage aahe. 2020. 2020 chya aabhasi indii 500 spardhedarmyan, pejenaudavar pramukh chalak lando norrisla jaanunbujun dhadak dilyacha aarop karnyat aala hota, jyamule tyachyavar white creeda kaushalyacha aarop karnyat aala. texas motor speedwaver speedwaver hangamachya pahilya sharyatit pagenodne dusare sthan midavale. pagenodne pagenodne sthanavar suru jhalyanantar indijipimadhye tisra kramank patkavla. indhan pump samasyemule, aayva speedway sharyat 1 praveshatil pagenodchi aayva indicar 250 patra honyas ayashasvi tharali aanee 23 tarkhela greedchya mageel bajus sharyat suru jhaali. 178 vya lapparyant, pagenodne aaghadi ghetali aanee 250 vya lapp sharyat jinkanyasathi pudhe sarsavle. 2021. pejnaud 2021 heey karar varsh mhanoon pravesh karel. 2021 heey pagenoud aanee sarvasadharanpane team penaskesathi eka katheen varsh hote, kaaran sanghane hangamatil keval teen vijay nondavale, tyapaiki ekahi pagenaudne midavalela nahee. padgenoudche yaa hangamatil sarvottam parinam mhanje done truteey-sthan purn karane, eka seent. 2021 chya indianapolis 500 madheel pietersberg aanee dusra. tyaa samaptichya baher, tyala anekada kharab nasheeb aanee tyachya tyachya margavar sangharshachi lagan hote. hangamachya akheris racing presne nondavale qee pejnaudcha penskes punha swakshari karnyacha hetu navhata. 2022. 2021 chya katheen mohimenantar, pagenodne penske sangh sodala aanee penskecha majee sahkari, helio castronaves myer shank sharyatit sameel jhaala. 2023. 2023 madhye, pagenoud shant sharyatisathi ell. emm. pii. 2 vargat bhag gheuun 24 tasanchya leey mansmadhye paratala. 2011 nantar pagenodne sharyatit bhag ghenyachi hii pahilich vel asel, jithe tyane pyujo spoort factory sanghasathi ekoon ekoon kramankachi chaal purn kelee. kelee madhya ohayo yethe honda indii indii saravadarmyan, pagenodla apghat jhaala jyamadhye tyachi qaar anek vela ulatali aanee too khadkal avasthet padala. yaa apghatatil aapala jeev vachavanyache shrey pagenodne indikarchya aeroscreenla dile. tyala jhalelya dukhapatimule, pagenaudla tyanantarchya toronto aanee ayova yetheel sharyatinmadhun baher padane bhag padale. konor delly aanee tomm blomkvist anukrame pejenaudsathi bharale gele. motorsportsche karkird parinam. tour qaar racing. racing suparkarche purn parinam. + gunansathi patra nahee

syman pagenoud syman piyare michel pagenoud (janma 18 mey 1984) ek francelli peshewar resing chalak hun. uni number drive garne anubandhit chhan. indicar shringkhalama myer sanka resingka lagi 60 honda. sann 2010 ko american ley mans shringkhalama shirsha shreniko championshipko upadhi jitepachhi sports carr resingma safal kariyarpachi uni indicar shringkhalama sare jahaan uni sann 2016 ko indicar champion rar sann 2019 ko indianapolis 500 vijeta bane, sann 1920 maa gaston chebhroletpachhi indianapolis 500 jitne pahilo francelli chalak bane rar sann 2009 maa helio castronabhspachhi race jitne pahilo politer bane. syman pagenadle 2022 24 ghanta detona rar 2023 24 ghanta detona duwai meyer sanka resingsanga jiteka thie. prarambhik warshaharu. montmorillanma janmeka pagenadle pahilo patak 14 warshako umerma pariwarko supermarketma kaam gare, antatah bhidiyo game vibhagko wyawasthapan gare. business schoolma padhepachi uni supermarketma farkie. unko pariwarle euta driving schol sthapana report jasle pagenaudlai unko resing currier suru garna kosh pradan report. currier. pagenadle 2002 rar 2003 maa francelli sutra renaultma pratispardha gare rar 2002 rar 2004 maa sutra reynolt yurokapma pratispardha gare. tyasapachhi uni sann 2005 maa 3-5 ko farmula renoult shringkhalama puge jahaan uni 16 aun sthanma rahe. sann 2006 maa uni sanyukta rajya america gae rar afno rookie sijanma graham rahalmathi kehi ankale australiako tolisanga champion carr atlantic jite. afno atlantic championshipko sath, pagenadle 2007 maa champion karma sawarika lagi avedan dina hamilai $20 lakh jityo. 13 february 2007 maa pagenoud rar tolly astreliyale uni champ carr karyakramma sardai tolisanga rahane pushti gare. pagenaudle championshipko canadali roundma lagatar tean patak chautho sthan hasil gardai dherai lagatar debue sijanma ankako sthitima 8 aun sthanma samapta gare. champion carr vishwa shringkhalako nidhan pachhi, 2008 maa pagenoud purva cart champion gill day feransanga day ferran motorsports accura accura lmp 2 saha-driving gardai americi ley mans shringkhalama sare. uni driverko standingma 14 aun sthanma rahe. 2009. sann 2009 maa, pagenoud rar day ferran motorsportsle thulo kadam chaale, americi ley mans shringkhala shringkhala wargama samagrama dosro sthan prapta gardai, chalak devid brabam rar scott sharp aff champion highcroft resingbhanda kewal 17 anka pachhadi. pagened rar day ferranko jodile archs-1 lai kull das daud rar tean pole positionharuma tean jitma lagayo, daan saptahantako sabaibhanda chhito lyap 6 patak ghumaeko thiyo. sann 2009 ko samayama pani, pagenadle pyujo fap 908 maa privator peskarolo khel tolika lagi lmp 1 maa pratishthit 24 ghanta ley mansma drive gare. tolile 210 lyapharu pura garera daud samapta garena. factory pyujo sport kull nambarma driving gardai devid brabamle daud jiteka thie. 9 fap 908 purva sutra ek chalak alekjander wurz rar mark jinko sath. 2010. sann 2010 ko bhiksha sijanka lagi, pejenad petron highcroft resing tolima sare, scott sharplai lmp 1 maa maa brabamsanga saha-drivema pratisthapan gare, jab sharplay sitt khali gare rar afnai ferrari tolisanga bhiksha gt 2 kakshama ufryo. sann 2010 ko bhiksha shringkhalama chaar roundma, pagenoud rar brabhamko tolile tean jiit rar 91 ankaka sath lmp 1 wargako netritwa gareko thiyo. pagenadle 2010 maa pyujo factory tolika lagi pratishthit 24 ghanta ley mansma pratishthit circuit day lah sarthema pyujo fap 908 nambarma sitt driving pani kamae. 3 pedro lemi rar sebastian bordaisako sath. jabki nan. 3 pyujo polbata suru bhayo, yo karko tababata nilamban mount kataran garda matra 38 lyap pachhi raat hunu aghi nai sewaniwritta bhayo. uhi bhagya antatah anthony devidson/zin/wurjako number 1 pyujo karsanga parajit bhayo jabki daudama zahn matra ghanta baanki chha, kinki adile pyujoko 2009 ko jit bhanda pahile paanch warshasamma kayam rakheko 24 ghantako ley mans upadhi punah prapta garyo. daudako samayama, pagenadle afulai afno uccha croft resing toliko viruddha pratispardha gareko pae jasle yasako itihasma pahilo patak ley mansko yatra garyo. brabamle lmp 2 maa marino franchity rar marco wernerko sathama accura chalaundai, highcroftle daudako antim chaar ghantasamma karlai chiso muddale chheuma nachhodesamma dherai daudama dosro sthanma rahyo. 2014. unle 10 mema indianapolisko udghatan grand prix jite. unko bubale unlai sthalma daud hernu yo pahilo patak thiyo. 2015. pagenoud sann 2015 maa schmitt pieterson motorsportsbatt tolly penskeko sthanma sareka thie. pagenadle lagbhag 2015 indianapolis 500 jiteka thie, 30 bhanda cum lyapharu liera agadi badheka thie rar scott dickson rar tony canan bichko 3-margako yudhama adhikansh daudama sanlagna thie. pagened maidanbata uchhindai 10 aun sthanma puge, jabki tolika sathi juan pablo montoyale daud jite. pagenadle sann 2015 maa daud jitna sakenan tara sann 2016 maa team penskeksangko afno samjhauta nawikaran gare. 2016. pagenedle lagatar paanch podiyamsahit lagatar tean jitsahit afno indicar kariyarko utkrishta suruwat gare. sijan agadi badhdai jaanda, pagenoud rar unko tolika sadasyaharu championshipka lagi prathamik davedar bane. sijanko antyama baliyo daudaka sath, pagenadle afno pahilo indicar shringkhala championship jit lie, jasle tolly penskelai resingko 50 aun warshama arko championship jit diyo. unle panchwata daud vijaya rar kull atha podiyamsahit sijan samapta gare. 2017-2019. pagenoud sann 2018 samma winless hunechha. pagenadle indianapolisko grand prix jite rar unle pole positionbata 2019 indianapolis 500 pani jitnechhan. pagenadle toliko penske tolika sathi josef newgardenbata championshipko agrata lie, yadyapi newgardenle pachhi detroitma ek daudama championshipko agrata punah line thiyo. pagenadle pole linchha rar 2019 honda indie torantoma jit linchha rar 2019 iova 300 maa pole linchha, yadyapi jiit newgardenma janchha. pejenad hall anka talikama tesro sthanma chhan, andretti autosport driver, alekjander rosibhanda ek anka pachhi rar anka leader newgardenbhanda 34 anka pachhadi chhan. 2020. sann 2020 ko bharchual indie 500 karyakramko samayama, pagenaudlai janajani pramukh chalak lando norisasanga takkar marera naramro khelkudma aropit garieko arop lagaieko thiyo. pagenoud texas motor speedwema 2020 sijanko pahilo daudama dosro sthanma rahe. pagened 20 aunma suru bhaepachi indigipima tesro sthanma rahyo. indhan pampako samasyaka karan, iova speedway race 1 prawishtima pagenaudko iova indicar 250 yogyata prapta garna asafal bhayo rar 23 maa gridko pachhadi daud suru bhayo. lyap 178 samma, pagenadle agrata lie rar 250 lyap daud jitnaka lagi rakhe. 2021. pagenoud sann 2021 maa anubandha warshako rupma prawesh garnechha. 2021 pagenoud rar samanya rupma tolly penskeka lagi gahro warsha thiyo, kinki tolile sijanko kewal tean jitharu record garyo jasma pejnadle kunai pani score garena. pagenaudko sijanko utkrishta parinamharu dui tesro sthan samapta bhaeko thiyo, ek centma. pietersberg rar arko 2021 indianapolis 500 maa. tee samaptika bahira, uni prayaha kharab bhagya rar afna tolika sathiharusanga unn-track takarawale gherieka thie. sijanko antyasammama resing presle pagenaudle tolly penskeksanga punah hastakshar garne irada nabhaeko report report. 2022. 2021 ko gahro abhiyanpachhi, pagenadle penske tolly chhode rar penskeka purva tolika sathi, helio castronivesangai meyer sanka resingma samel bhae. 2023. sann 2023 maa, pagenoud kull resingka lagi lagi kakshama bhag liera ley mansko 24 ghanta farkie. pagenadle sann 2011 pachhi daudama pratispardha gareko yo pahilo patak hunechha, jahaan unle pyujo khel karkhana tolika lagi dosro samagra driving samapta gare. ohayoko madhyama sann 2023 ko honda indie 200 ko abhyasko kramama, pagenaudko durghatana bhayo jasma unko carr dherai patak paltieko thiyo rar uni bajarima pare. pagenadle durghatanama afno jiwan bachaekoma indicarko aeroscreenlai shreya die. unlai chot lageko karan, pagenoud toranto rar ayowama tyasapachhiko daudabata bahira basna badhya bhae. konor deli rar tom blomkwist kramashah pagenaudka lagi bharieka thie. motorsports currier parinamharu. tour carr resing. purna purna superkar parinamharu. + ankaka lagi yogya chhaina

symon pagenoud symon pier mishel pagened (janma 18 meey 1984) jane francer pesadara resing driver. tanku nambara gaadi chalaiba paain chuktinama diajaichhi. indicar sirijre meyara sanka resing paain 60 honda. 2010 americae leey mans sirijare shay shirsha shrenira championship title hassel karithiba krida carr resingre eka saphala kyariyara parey, shay indicar sirij ku jaithile jeunthare shay 2016 indicar champion ebong 2019 indianapolis 500 bijeta hoithile, 1920 ray gaston chevrolet parey indianapolis 500 jitithiba pratham farasi driver hoithile ebong 2009 ray helio castronive parey rays jitithiba pratham politer hoithile . symon pagenad meyara sank resing sahita 2022 24 ghanta detona ebong 2023 24 ghanta detona jitithile. prarambhika barsha. montamorilanare janmita pagenoud prathame 14 barsha bajasare paribarara supermarketre kaama karithile, sheshare bhidio game bibhagara parichalana karithile. byabasai bidyalajare padhiba parey shay supermarketaku pherithile. taanka paribara eka draiving skula pratistha karithile jaahaa pejenadnku taanka resing kyariyara arambha kariba paain panthi pradan karithila . kyariyara. pagenoud 2002 ebong 2003 ray french farmula renaltare pratidwandita karithile ebong 2002 ebong 2004 ray farmula renault jurokapare pratidwandita karithile. ehapare shay 2005 ray farmula renault 3.5 sirij parjyanta jaithile jeunthare shay 16 tama sthanare rahithile. 2006 masihare shay america jaithile ebong taanka rookie sijanare astrelia dala sahita gramm rahalnka thaaru maatra kichhi paentare champion carr atlantic jitithile. tankara atlantic championship sahita, pagenad 2007 ray champion karare jatra paain abedan karibaku $2 nijuta jitithile. 13 februari 2007 ray pagenad ebong team astrelia nischita karithile je shay champion carr programaku jiba sahita dala sahita rahibe. pagenad point standingre 8maha sthanare rahithile, jaahaa eka sthira debyu sijina thila, championshipra canadian roundre kramagata tinoti chaturtha sthana hassel karithila . champion carr biswa shrunkhalara mrutyu parey, 2008 ray pagened purbatana cart champion gill dii pherannka saha dii ferran motorsports akura archs-1bii ell. emm. pii. 2 saha-draiving curry americae leey mans sirij ku jaithile. shay driver standingre 14tama sthanare rahithile. 2009. 2009 ray, pagenoud ebong dii ferran motorsports bahuta aagaku badhithila, ubhaja americae leey mans sirij ell. emm. pii. 1 shreneere samagrika bhabare dwiteeja sthana hassel karithile, driver devida brabam ebong scott sharp off champion highcroft resing thaaru maatra 17 point pachare thile . pagenoud ebong dii pherannka jodi archs-1 ku mote dashati rays ebong tinoti pole position upare tinoti bijajare parichalita karithile, saptaha sheshare 6 thara bhikhya rahr drutatam lapaku badalaithile . 2009 masihare madhya, pagenoud piojo fap 908ray praivetara pescarolo sports dala paain pratisthita 24 ghanta leey mans inn ell. emm. pii. 1ray gaadi chalaithile. dala 210tii laap shesh curry rays shesh karinathila. ehi daudare devida brabam bijai hoithile, karakhanara mote nambara eka pizzo sportre gaadi chalaithile. 9 fap 908 sahita purbatana farmula waan driver alekjander warja ebong marck zin. 2010. 2010 bhikhya rutu paain, pagened petron highcroft resing dalaku chalijaithile, taanka niz ferrari dala sahita bhikhya gt2 shreniku deinba paain siit khaali kariba parey ell. emm. pii. 1 ray archs-1sii ray brabam sahita scott sharpaku coe-drive karibaku badalaithile. 2010rahr bhikhya shrunkhalare charoti roundre, pagenoud ebong brabam dala tinoti bijai ebong 91 point saha ell. emm. pii. 1 shrenira netrutwa neithile. pagenoud 2010 ray piujo factory dala paain eka siit draiving madhya arjan karithile, piojo fap 908 nong ray prasidha circuit day laa sarthere sammanajanaka 24 ghanta leey myansare. 3 pedro laami ebong sebasten boardice sahita . jetebele kii nong. 3 piujo polaru arambha hoithila, maatra 38tii laap parey raati heba purbaru ehaa absar neithila jetebele carror tabru eka nilamban mount katithila . sehi ekaa bhagya sheshare anthony devidson/zin/warjanka nambara 1 piujo kaaraku aaghata karithila, jetebele daudare jibaku maatra kichhi ghanta baaki thibabele dwiteeja sthanare thila, kaaran audy piujonka 2009 bijai purbaru pancha barsha paain bajaiah rakhithiba 24 ghantara leey mans title punaruddhara karithila . ehi dauda samajare, pagenoud nijaku taanka highcroft resing dala bipakhyare pratidwandita karuthiba dekhibaku paithile, jieki itihasare pratham thara paain leey myansaku jatra karithile. marino franchity ebong marco wernaranka sahita ell. emm. pii. 2ray brabam akura chalaiba sahita, highcroft adhikansha daudare dwiteeja sthanare rahithile, jeparjyanta eka shital samasya daudara shesh chaari ghanta parjyanta kaaraku parsware rakhi nathila . 2014. shay meey 10 tarikhare indianapolisara udaghatani grand prix jitithile. pratham thara paain taanka bapa tanku ehi sthanare daudare bhaga neba dekhithile. 2015. pagenoud 2015 ray schmitt pieterson motorsports ru team penske ku sthanantarita hoithile. pagenoud praiah 2015 indianapolis 500 jitithile, 30 ru comm laap sahita agrani hoithile ebong scott dickson ebong tony kananka madhyare eka 3-we juddhare adhikansha resare jadita hoithile . pagenoud padiaare parasta hoi 10maha sthanare rahithile, jetebele kii saathee khelali juan pablo montoah ehi daudare bijai hoithile. pagenoud 2015 ray kaunasi rays jiti nathile kintu 2016 ray team penske sahita tankara chukti nabikarana karithile. 2016. pagenad kramagata panchti podiam sahita taanka indicar carriara sarbottama arambha karithile, jeunthire kramagata tinoti bijai antarbhukta . rutu aagaku badhiba sahita, pagenoud ebong taanka saathee dala ehi championshipra prathamika pratidwandee hoithile. sijin sheshare eka shaktishali runn sahita, pagenad tankara pratham indicar sirij championship bijai hassel karithile, jaahaa dala penskeku ehara 50 tama barshar resingre aau eka championship bijai pradan karithila . shay panchti rays bijai ebong mote athati podiam sahita sijin samapta karithile . 2017-2019. pagenad 2018 saaraa bina kaunasi bijajare chalijiba. pagenoud indianapolisara grand prix jitithile ebong shay pole positionaru 2019 indianapolis 500 madhya jitibe. pagenad dala penske saathee joseph nyugardenankatharu championshipra netrutwa neithile, tebe newgarden parey detroit resare championshipra netrutwa punarbara grahan karithile. pagenad pole ebong 2019 honda indi torantore bijai hassel karibe ebong 2019 iowa 300 ray pole grahan karibe, jadio bijai nyugardenaku jiba . pagenad bartamana point standingre truteeja sthanare achanti, andreti autosport driver alekjandar rosinka thaaru eka point pachare ebong point leader nyugardenankatharu 34 point pachare achanti. 2020. 2020 masihar bharchyal indi 500 event samajare, pejenadnka upare mukhya driver lando norisnku janishuni dhakka deithiba abhijoga hoithila, jaahaa tanku kharap kridabitta abhijogare abhijukta karithila. texas motor spidwere 2020 sijinara pratham resare pagened dwiteeja sthana hassel karithile. pagenoud 20tamare arambha kariba parey indigy. pii. ray truteeja sthanare rahithile. indhan pump samasya karanaru, iowa spidway rays 1 prabeshare pagendra iowa indicar 250 jogyata hassel karibare biphal hoithila ebong 23 ray greeder pachapate dauda arambha karithila . 178tama parjyaja suddha, pagened agrani hassel karithile ebong 250tama parjyaja daudare bijai hoithile. 2021. pagenoud 2021 ku eka chukti barsha bhabare prabesha kariba . 2021 pagenad ebong dala penske paain eka kathina barsha thila, kaaran dala sijinara kebala tinoti bijai record karithila ebong pagenad segudika madhyaru kaunasi score karinathile. ehi ruture pejanadra sarbottama phalaphal thila duiti truteeja sthana samapta, gotie sentare . pietersberg ebong anya 2021 indianapolis 500 ray. sehi samapti byatita, shay prajatah kharap bhagya ebong taanka saathee khelalinka sahita aun-track sangharsha dwara gheri rahibe . rutu shesh suddha resing press report karithila je pagenad dala penske sahita punarbara dastakhat karibaku chahunanathile. 2022. 2021 masihar eka kathina abhijana parey, pagenad penske dala chhadi purbatana penske saathee, helio castronivenka saha meyara sanka resingre joga deithile. 2023. 2023 ray, pagenad 24 ghanta leey myansaku pherithile, shital resing paain ell. emm. pii. 2 shreneere anshagrahana karithile. 2011 masiha parey pratham thara paain pagenoud ehi daudare bhaga neithile, jeunthare shay piujo sports factory dala paain samagrika draivingre dwiteeja sthana adhikara karithile. 2023 honda indi 200 paain abhyasa samajare, pagenoud eka durghatanara sammukheen hoithile jeunthire taanka carr aneka thara olati padithila ebong shay pathara bhitare padijaithile. ehi durghatanare niz zeeban banchaiba paain pagenad indicar eroskrinku shreya deithile. taanka aaghata karanaru, pagenad parabarti daudare torranto ebong aioware basibaku badhya hoithile. pagenoud paain jathakrame connor daali ebong tomm blamkvista bhartti hoithile. motorsports kyariyara phalaphal tour carr resing. bhi8 supercar phalaphal sampurna karantu. + point paain jogya nuhen

saiman pagenoud saiman peear michel pagenoud (janam 18 maee 1984) ikk francisi peshevar racing driver haii. uss noon number chalaun daa theka ditta giaa haii. indicar seereez witch mayer shank racing laee 60 honda. sports qaar racing witch ikk safal carrier toon baad, jiss witch uss neey 2010 dee amriki leey mainas seereez witch choti dey darje dee championship daa khitaab jittiaa, uh indicar seereez witch chaley gaye jitthe uh 2016 indicar champion atey 2019 indianapolis 500 jetu baney, 1920 witch gastone sheverlet toon baad indianapolis 500 jittan vaale pahile franch driver baney atey 2009 witch helio castronives toon baad daud jittan vaale pahile politer baney. saiman pagenoud neey mayer shank racing naal 2022 24 ghante detona atey 2023 24 ghante detona doven jitte. shuruati saal. montmorilan witch paida hoye, pagenoud neey pahili vaar 14 saal dee umar witch parivaar dey supermarkeet witch kamm keeta, akheer witch vdo game vibhag daa parbandhan keeta. busions school witch padhan toon baad uh supermarkeet witch waps aaa gaye. uss dey parivaar neey ikk driving school sathapat keeta jiss neey uss dey racing carrier noon shuru curran laee pagenoud laee fund pardan keete. carrier. pagenoud neey 2002 atey 2003 witch franch farmula renault witch hissa liaa atey 2002 atey 2004 witch farmula renault eurocup witch hissa liaa. firr uh 2005 witch farmula renault 3.5 seereez witch chaley gaye jitthe uh uh sathaan 'teey rahey. sann 2006 witch uh sanyukat raaj amrica giaa atey aapne rookie season witch team australia naal graiham rahl utte siraf kujh ankan naal champion qaar atlantic jittiaa. aapni atlantic championship dey naal, pagenoud neey 2007 witch champion qaar witch swari laee arzi denh laee saanoon $20 lakkh jitte. 13 farvari 2007 noon pagenoud atey team australia neey pushti keeti kii uh team dey naal rahega, champion qaar program takk javega. pagenoud neey ank suchi witch witch sathaan haasal keeta joe kii ikk bahut hii nirantar daibioo season see, championship dey canadian daur witch lagatar tinn chauthe sathaan utte riha. champion qaar vishav luddy dee maut toon baad, 2008 witch pagenoud sabka cart champion gill dee ferren naal dee ferren motorsports aikura aikura ail. aimm. pee. 2 dee sahi-driving curran laee amriki leey mainas luddy witch chaley gaye. uh driver dee sathiti witch witch sathaan 'teey riha. 2009. 2009 witch, pagenoud atey dee ferren motorsports neey bahut vadde kadam chukke, dovan neey amriki leey mainas seereez aill. aimm. pee. 1 class witch kull milaa keey dooja sathaan haasal keeta, driver david braibham atey scott sharp toon siraf 17 ank pichhe sunn. pagenoud atey dee ferren dee jodee neey arcus-1 noon kull dass daudan atey tinn pole positionan utte tinn jittan takk pahuncha ditta, jiss naal daan dey hafte dey ant witch 6 vaar sabh toon tez laip noon modd ditta. 2009 dey dauran vee, pagenod neey pioozo fap 908 witch private pescarolo khed team laee ail. aimm. pee. 1 witch leey mans dey vakkari 24 ghante witch gaddi chalai. team neey 210 laps puriaan karke daud puurii naheen keeti. ih daud david brabham neey jitti see, jiss neey factory pioozo khed nann. 9 eff. aii. pee. 908 dey naal-naal sabka farmula vann driver alegzander verse atey maarak jeane. 2010. 2010 dey daan season laee, pagenoud patron highcraft racing team witch chalaa giaa, jiss neey aapni khud dee ferrari team naal daan curran laee seet khaali curran toon baad aill. aimm. pee. 1 witch witch witch braibham naal scott sharp noon sahi-drive witch badal ditta. 2010 dee daan luddy witch chaar gedan witch, pagenoud atey brabham dee team tinn jittan atey 91 ankan naal aill. aimm. pee. 1 class dee agvai kardi haii. pagenoud neey 2010 witch pioozo factory team laee seet driving vee prapat keeti, jiss witch pioozo fap 908 number witch prasidh circut dee laa saarthe utte 24 ghante lee mans dee pratishathit seet see. 3 pedro lammy atey sebastian boardes dey naal. jadon kii nann. 3 pioozo neey khambhe toon shuruat keeti, ih raat honn toon pahilan siraf 38 laipan baad retire hoow giaa jadon ikk muattal mount qaar dey tubb toon katt giaa. isey kismat neey aakharkar anthony davidson/jeane/verse dee number 1 pioozo qaar noon haraiaa jadon kii daud witch jaanh laee siraf ghante baaki rahinde hoye dooje sathaan 'teey see, kiunki audie neey pioozo dee 2009 dee jitt toon pahilan panj saalan laee barkarar rakkhe gaye 24 ghante dey leey mainas khitaab noon mudd prapat keeta see. daud dauran, pagenoud neey aapne aap noon aapni highcraft racing team dey virudh mukabala karde hoye paaiaa jiss neey aapne itihaas witch pahili vaar leey mans dee yaatra keeti. braibham neey aill. aimm. pee. 2 witch marino franchity atey marco verner dey naal aikura chalaunde hoye, highcraft neey ziaadaatar daud witch dooja sathaan kaaim rakkhiaa jadon takk kii ikk thanda mudda daud dey aakhri chaar ghantiaan laee qaar noon kinare naheen qarr dinda see. 2014. unhan neey 10 maee noon indianapolis daa udghatni grand prix jittiaa see. ih pahili vaar see jadon uss dey pitaa neey uss noon daud sathaan 'teey daudade dekhiaa see. 2015. pagenoud 2015 witch shmitt pieterson motorsports toon team penske witch chaley gaye. pagenoud neey lagbhag 2015 indianapolis 500 jittiaa, 30 toon ghatt laipan dey naal agge vadhiaa atey scott dickson atey tonny canan dey vichkaar 3-pakkhi ladai witch ziaadaatar daud witch shamal hoiaa. pagenoud noon maidaan neey pachad ditta atey atey sathaan 'teey riha, jadon kii saathi juan pablo montoa neey daud jitti. pagenoud neey 2015 witch koee daud naheen jitti parr 2016 witch team penske naal aapna sauda navinikaran keeta. 2016. pagenoud neey lagatar panj podium naal aapne indicar carrier dee sarbottam shuruat keeti, jiss witch lagatar tinn jittan shamal hunn. jiven-jiven season agge vadhada giaa, pagenoud atey uss dey saathi dee shakti championship laee mukkh daavedaar bann gaee. season dey ant witch ikk mazboot daud dey naal, pagenoud neey aapni pahili indicar seereez championship jitt prapat keeti, jiss naal team penske noon racing dey aapne aapne saal witch ikk horr championship jitt millie. unhan neey season daa ant panj daud jittan atey kull atth podium naal keeta. 2017-2019. pagenoud 2018 dauran binan kise jitt dey rahega. pagenoud neey indianapolis daa grand prix jittiaa atey uh pole position toon 2019 indianapolis 500 vee jittega. pagenoud neey team penske dey saathi josaf newgarden toon championship dee agvai laee, halanki newgarden neey baad witch detroit witch ikk daud witch championship dee agvai mudd prapat keeti. pagenoud pole atey 2019 honda indee torranto witch jitt prapat karega atey 2019 iova 300 witch pole lae lavega, halanki jitt newgarden noon javegi. pagenoud iss vele ank suchi witch teeje sathaan 'teey haii, joe andretti autosport driver, alegzander rossie toon ikk ank pichhe haii atey ank leader newgarden toon 34 ank pichhe haii. 2020. 2020 dey virtual indee 500 event dauran, pagenoud utte janbujh keey mukkh driver lando nauris noon takkar maaran daa dosh lagaiaa giaa see, jiss caarn uss utte maadi khed bhavna daa dosh lagaiaa giaa see. taxas motor speedway vikhe 2020 season dee pahili daud witch pagenoud dooje sathaan 'teey riha. pagenoud pagenoud sathaan toon baad indigipi witch teeje sathaan 'teey riha. baalan pump dey mudde caarn, iova speedway races 1 entary witch pagenoud dee iova indicar 250 qualifying curran witch asfal rahee atey 23 veen witch grid dey pichle hisse witch daud shuru keeti. laip 178 takk, pagenoud neey leed lae laee atey 250 laip dee daud jitt laee. 2021. pagenod ikk ikrarname dey saal vajon 2021 witch dakhal hovega. pagenoud atey team penske laee 2021 ikk mushkal saal see, kiunki team neey season deeaan siraf tinn jittan daraj keetiaan jinhan vicchon koee vee pagenoud neey naheen keeta. season dey pagenoud dey sarbottam natije doou teeje sathaan 'teey rahey, ikk cent' teey. pietersburg atey dooja 2021 indianapolis 500 witch. uhanan finish toon bahr, uh aksar maadi kismat atey aapne sathiaan naal track utte takraa naal ghiriaa rahinda see. season dey ant takk racing presses neey dassiaa kii pagenoud daa team penske naal dubara dastkhat curran daa irada naheen see. 2022. 2021 dee ikk mushkal muhim toon baad, pagenoud neey penske team noon chhadd ditta atey penske dey sabka saathi, helio castronives dey naal mayer shank racing witch shamal hoow giaa. 2023. 2023 witch, pagenoud neey thande racing laee ail. aim. pee. 2 class witch hissa lainde hoye 24 ghante dey leey mans witch vaapsee keeti. ih pahili vaar hovega jadon pagenoud neey 2011 toon baad daud witch hissa liaa, jitthe usne pioozo khed factory team laee samuche taur 'teey dooja sathaan haasal keeta. maddh ohio vikhe 2023 honda indee 200 dey abhiaas dauran, pagenoud noon ikk durghatna daa sahmana karna piaa jiss witch uss dee qaar kaee vaar pult gaee atey uh bajjari witch phas giaa. pagenoud neey hadse witch aapni jaan bachaun laee indicar dee aeroscreen noon credit ditta. sattan laggan caarn, pagenoud noon torranto atey iova witch agliaan daudan witch bahr baithna piaa. conor delly atey tomm blomkwist kramvaar pagenoud laee bharey gaye. motor sports carrier dey natije. tour qaar racing. V8 supercar dey natije poora crow. + ank laee yog naheen

saiman pejenad saiman piyare mishel pejenad (janma 18 mey 1984) ekaha french-vyaavasaayikah resing-chaalakah asti. saha nam-vaahanachaalayitum anubandhitah asti. indikaar-shrunkhalaayaam meyar-shyaank-resing krute 60 hondaa iti. 2010 tame varshe american leey myaans shrunkhalaayaam shirsha-shrenee-championship-upaadhim praapya creedaa-kaar-resing-kridaayaam safal-vruttijeevanasya anantaram, saha indikaar-shrunkhalaam prati gatavaan, yatra saha 2016 tame varshe indikaar-chaampiyan abhavat, 2019 tame varshe indianapolis-500 vijetah cha abhavat, 1920 tame varshe gaston-chevrolet-ityasya anantaram indianapolis-500 vijetah prathamah french-chaalakah abhavat, 2009 tame varshe heliyo-castronaves-ityasya anantaram spardhaam jitaha prathamah polsitor cha abhavat. saiman pejenad ityeshah 2022 tame varshe 24-avars detona, 2023 tame varshe 24-avars detona cha meyar-shaank-resing ityanena saha vijayam praapnot. praarambhikavarshaani. montmorillan-nagare janma praapnot, pejenad ityayam prathamam 14 varshe parivaarasya soopar markett-madhye karyam krutavaan, ante veediyo-gem-vibhaagasya prabandhanam krutavaan. vaanijyavidyaalaye pathitvaa saha soopar-markett-nagaram pratyagatavan. tasya parivaarah ekaha chaalak-vidyaalayam sthapitavan, yah pejenad ityasya resing-vruttijeevanasya aarambhaay dhanam pradadat. vruttihi. pejenad-varyaha 2002 tame varshe 2003 tame varshe cha french-farmula-renault ityasmin spardhaam krutavaan, 2002 tame varshe 2004 tame varshe cha farmula-renault-eurocup ityasmin spardhaam krutavaan. tatah saha 2005 tame varshe renault 3.5 iti sootram shrunkhalaam prati agacchat yatra saha 16 tamam sthaanam praptavan. 2006 tame varshe saha samyuktaraajyam agacchat, swasya rookee-rutau australia-dalena saha champion-kaar-atlaantik-kridaayaam graham-rahl ityasya apekshayaa katipayeshu ankaihi eva vijayam praapnot. atlaantik-championship-kreedayaa saha pejenad 2007 tame varshe chaampiyan-kaar-yanasya yatrayaha krute aavedanam kartum $20 laksham avaapnot. 2007 februvari 13 dinaanke pejenad tathaa australia-dalah cha nishchitam yat saha champion-kaar-kaaryakramaay gacchan dalena saha eva nivasati iti. pejenad ityeshah anka-shrenee-madhye 8 tamam sthaanam praptavan, yat atyantam sthiratayaa prathama-rutuhu aasit, championship-kreedaayaah kenada-desheshu charaneshu kramashah treeni chaturtha-sthanani praaptavantah. chaampiyan kaar world-siris ityasya nidhananantaram, 2008 tame varshe pejenad ityayam american leey-myaans-siris-madhye leey-myaans-siris-madhye. emm. pi. 2 iti cart-chaampiyan gill-dee-ferren ityanena saha saha-chalanam krutvaa aagatah. saha chalakasya sthitau 14 tamam sthaanam praptavan. 2009. 2009 tame varshe pejenad tathaa dee ferran motorsports ityete mahatim padaani agruhnan, american leey-myaans-siris-ell. emm. pi. 1 vargasya samagraroopen dwiteeyasthaanam praaptavantah, chalakanam david-braabam-taha scott-shaarp-ityetayoho champion-highcryaft-resing-kreedaayaah kevalam 17 ankaan anyaah. pejenad tathaa dee ferran ityetayoho yugalah arcs-1 iteedam, aahaty dash-spardhaasu, trayam dhruvasthaanam cha, trayam vijayam praapnot, tathaa cha saptahante 6 praavashyam bhikshaa-prakriyayaha drutatamam charanam parivartayat. 2009 tame varshe api pejenad ityayam pyoozo-fape 908 ityasmin nijee-peskaarolo-creedaa-dalasya krute pratishtitam 24 avars leey-myaans inn ell. emm. pi. 1 iti kridaayaam kaarayatah. dalah 210 laps iti poornam krutvaa spardhaam naa samaapayat. pyoozo-kreedaayaah karakhanayam motaha nam. vaahanachaalaken david braabam ityanena spardhaa vijayee abhavat. 9 ef. e. pi. 908 poorva-sootra-eka-chaalakaih aleksaandar wurz tathaa maark jeane ityetaih saha. 2010. 2010 tame varshe bhikshaarutuve, pejenad ityayam petron-hackryaft-resing-dalam agacchat, tasya sthaane scott-shaarp-ityasya sthaane ell. emm. pi. 1 ityasmin ityasmin ityasmin braabam ityanena saha-drave kartum, swasya ferrari-dalena saha bhikshaa-jee. tea. 2 vargam aagantum asanasya tikshna-riktataayaah anantaram. 2010 tame varshe bhikshaa-shrunkhalaayaam chaturnam charanayoho, pejenad tathaa braabam ityetayoho dalah, treeni vijayaan, 91 ankaan cha praapya, ell. emm. pi. 1 vargasya netrutvam karoti. pejenad ityayam 2010 tame varshe pyoozo factory-dalasya krute, pyoozo-fape 908 nam madhye prasiddh-circuit dey laa saarthe ityatra pratishtita-24 avars-aaf leey-myaans ityasmin aasan-chalanam api arjitavaan. 3 pedro-lemi tathaa sebastian-bordais ityetaih saha. yadaa nam. 3 pyoojo-yaanaani pole-taha aarabdhaani, kevalam 38 laip-ityasya anantaram ratrikalat poorvam eva nivruttaani abhavan, yadaa kaar-tub-taha ekaha suspension-maunt-shear abhavat. ante eva niyati enthonee devidson/jeane/wurz ityasya nam. 1 pyoozo-kaar-yaanam avaapnot, yadaa spardhayam gantum kevalam ghantaah eva avashishtaani aasan, dwiteeyasthaane aasit, yatah aadee, pyoozo-ityasya 2009 tame varshe vijayaat poorvam panchavarshaani yaavat dhaaritam 24 ghantaah leey-myaan-upaadhim punah praaptavatee. spardhayaha samaye, pejenad ityeshah swasya uccha-craft-resing-dalasya viruddham spardhaam kurvan drushtavaan, yah itihaase prathamavaaram leey-myaans-nagaram prati pravaasam krutavaan. braabam ityanena ell. emm. pi. 2 madhye maarino-franchaitee tathaa maarko-werner ityetaih saha ecura-yaanam chaalitam krutvaa, hackroft ityeshah adhikaamsha-spardhayam dwiteeyasthaanam praapnot yaavat sheetalak-samasyaa, spardhayaha antima-chaturvaaram yaavat kaar-yaanam apasarayat. 2014. saha mey 10 dinaanke indianapolis-nagarasya udghaatanee grand pricks-kridaayaam vijayam praapnot. asmin eva prathamavaaram tasya pitaa tam kridaasthale res-kreedaam apashyat. 2015. pejenad 2015 tame varshe schmid peterson motorsports ityatah penske-dalam prati gatavaan. pejenad ityeshah 2015 tame varshe indianapolis 500 iti kridaayaam praayah vijayam praapnot, 30 taha nyoon-lyap-yaavat agre gatvaa scott dickson-toney kaanan-ityetayoho madhye tri-margiyayuddhe adhikaamshaah spardhaasu bhaagam praapnot. pejenad iti kshetren agraahitah bhutva 10 tame sthaane samaapitah, tathaa sahakarminaa juvaan paablo montoyaa iti spardhayam vijayee abhavat. pejenad 2015 tame varshe spardhayam naa jitavaan, parantu 2016 tame varshe penske-dalena saha swasya ooppandasya naveekaranam akarot. 2016. pejenad ityeshah swasya indikaar-vruttijeevanasya sarvottamam arambham nirantaram pancha podiyam-sahitam krutavaan, yatra ekavaaram treeni vijayaani api aasan. yathaa rutuhu pragatim avaapnot, pejenad tathaa tasya sahakarminah cha championship-kreedaayaah praathamikapratisandhih abhavan. rutoho ante prabal-dhavanena, pejenad ityayam swasya prathamam indikaar-shrunkhalaayaah championship-vijayam praapnot, yena penske-dalasya 50 tame varshe resing-kridaayaam anyat championship-vijayam praaptam. saha pancha spardhaasu vijayaihi, aahaty ashta-podium-dwara cha creedaa-kaalam samapitavan. 2017-2019. pejenad iti 2018 tame varshe vijayarahitah bhavishyati. pejenad ityeshah indianapolis-nagarasya grand pricks-kridaayaam vijayam praapnot, tathaa cha 2019 tame varshe indianapolis-500-kridaayaam cha pole-sthanat vijayam praapnot. pejenad ityeshah penske-dalasya sahakarminaa joseph newgarden ityatah championship-netrutvam praapnot, tathaapi newgarden ityeshah pashchat detroit-nagare ekam res-spardhayam punah championship-netrutvam sweekaroti. pejenad ityeshah 2019 hondaa-indee-torrento-kridaayaam dhruvam, vijayam cha graheetum shaknoti sma, 2019 ayovaa-300 kridaayaam dhruvam graheetum shaknoti sma, yadyapi vijayah newgarden-kridaayaam bhavishyati. pejenad ityeshah samprati ankasuchyam truteeye sthaane asti, andretti-autosport-chalakat aleksaandar rossie ityatah ekabinduh, newgarden-ityasya ankanetrubhyah 34 ankaan cha anitah asti. 2020. 2020 tame varshe varchuval-indee 500 ityasmin kaaryakrame pejenad ityasmai mukhyachalakam lando noris ityenam janajanat apakramayt iti aaropah krutah, yena saha durr kridaabhinetaa iti aaropitah abhavat. pejenad ityayam 2020 tamavarshasya prathama-spardhayam texas-motor-speedway ityatra dwiteeyasthaanam praapnot. pejenad 20 tame varshe aarabhy indigipi-kridaayaam trutiyasthanam praapnot. indhana-pampa-samasyaayaah karanat, ayovaa-speedway-res-1 praveshasya pejenad-ityasya ayovaa-indikaar-250, arhataapraaptim kartum asaphalam abhavat, 23 tame dinaanke grid-ityasya prushtabhaage spardhaam aarabhat. 178 tame lyap-paryantam pejenad ityeshah agrasthanam praapya 250 lyap-spardhaam jitavaan. 2021. pejenad 2021 tame varshe anubandhawarsharoopen pravishati. 2021 tame varshe pejenad-krute tathaa samanyataha penske-dalasya krute cha kathinam varsham aasit, yatah dalah kevalam rutoho treeni vijayaani eva abhilekhitavaan, pejenad-ityanena teshu kimapi naa ankitam. pejenad ityasya asya rutau sarvottamaani parinaamaani trutiyasthanam praaptau dwau, ekaha sent-nagare aasit. pietersberg tathaa anyah 2021 indianapolis 500 madhye, tebhyah samaapteh bahihi, saha praayah durbhagyena, sahakarmibhihi saha margasya madhye cha sangharshaih pariveshtitah syaat. rutoho ante resing-patrikaa prativedanam adadat yat pejenad ityasya penske-dalena saha punah hastaaksharam kartum naa icchati iti. 2022. 2021 tame varshe katinasya abhiyanasya anantaram pejenad penske-dalam parityajy poorva-penske-sahakarminaa heliyo castronaves ityanena saha meyar-shaank-resing-kridaayaam sammilitah. 2023. 2023 tame varshe pejenad ityayam 24 ghantaah leey-myaans-kridaayaam punaraagacchat, coole-resing krute ell. emm. pi. 2-vargasya bhaagam agruhnaat. 2011 tamavarshaat param prathamavaaram pejenad-varyaha spardhayam bhaagam agruhnaat, yatra saha pyoozo-creedaa-karakhana-dalasya krute samagram dwiteeya-vaahanachaalanam samaapayat. 2023 tame varshe ohiyo-nagarasya madhyabhaage hondaa indee 200 ityasya abhyasakale pejenad-yanasya durghatanaa abhavat, yasmin tasya kaar-yaanam anekavaaram palteebhootam, saha charaniteshu patitah. pejenad ityeshah, durghatanakale swasya praanam rakshayitum indikaar-vimaanasya aeroscreen-ityasya shreyah dattavaan. tasya vrananam karanat pejenad ityeshah torrento-ayovaa-nagareshu anantaram jaatau spardhaasu upavishya nirbandhitah abhavat. connor delly tathaa taam bloemkwist kramashah pejenad krute pooritaah. motorsports vruttijeevanasya parinaamah. bhraman-kaar-resing. poornaani poornaani supercar-parinaamaani. + ankaanaam krute ayogyah.

saiman bejenat saiman piyarae michael bajenat (prappu 18 mae 1984) oru pirenchu thozhilmurai pandhaya oottunar aavaar. avar enn ootta oppantham seiyappattullaar. indigaar thodaril 60 hoondaa phaar mear shank racing. 2010 aam aandu american liie manes thodaril uyarmatta saambiyanship pattatthai ventra sports kaarr panthayaththil vetrtrikaramaana vaazhkkaikkup piragu, avar indigaar thodarukkuch sentraar, angku avar 2016 indigaar saambiyanaagavum, 2019 indianapolis 500 vetrtriyaalaraakavum aanaar, 1920 aam aandil caston sevroalettirkup piragu indianapolis 500 aii ventra muthal pirenchu oottunar aanaar mattrum 2009 aam aandil healio castronavsukkup piragu panthayaththai ventra muthal polter aanaar. saiman bajenat 2022 24 manii naera tatona mattrum 2023 24 manii naera tatona aagiya irandaiyum meyar shank panthayaththudan ventraar. aaramba aandugal. montmorillanil pirantha bejenat, thanathu 14 vayathil kudumbaththin palporul angaadiyil muthanmuthalil panipurinthaar, iruthiyil veediyoa came thuraiyai nirvagittaar. vanigap pallyil padiththa piragu, avar palporul angkaadikkuth thirumbinaar. avarathu kudumbam oru oottunar palliyai niruviyathu, idhu avarathu pandhaya vaazhkkaiyaith thodanga pajenaattukku nidhiyai valangkiyathu. thozhil. bejenat 2002 mattrum 2003 aam aandugalil pirenchu sooththiramaana renaultil poattiyittaar, maelum 2002 mattrum 2004 aam aandugalil sooththira reinault eurogabil poattiyittaar. pinnar avar 2005 aam aandil farmula reinault 3.5 thodarukku sentraar, angku avar 16 vadhu idaththaip pidiththaar. 2006 aam aandil avar amerikkaavirkuch sendru, thanathu rookie seasonil australia aniyudan adlandic saambiyan kaarr kiraham raahal meethu oru sila pulligalaal ventraar. avarathu adlandic saambiyanshippudan, 2007 aam aandil saambiyan kaaril sawari seiya vinnapikka bajenat engkalukku 2 million dollarkalai ventraar. pipravari 13,2007 andru bajenat mattrum australia anii avar aniyudan thangiyiruppathai uruthippaduthinaar, saambiyan kaarr thittaththirku nagarnthaar. bejenat migavum nilaiyaana arimuga seasonil pulligal tharavarisaiyil 8 vadhu idaththaip pidiththaar, saambiyanshippin kanadiyan suttrugalil thodarchchiyaaga moontru 4 vadhu idaththaip pidiththaar. saambiyan kaarr ulagath thodarin maraivukkup piragu, 2008 aam aandil bajenat american liie manes thodarukkuch sentraar, munnaal kaardu saambiyanaana kill dii ferranudden dii ferran motorsports akura arcs-1pii elmp 2 aii inai oottich sentraar. oottunar tharavarisaiyil avar 14 vadhu idaththaip pidiththaar. 2009. 2009 aam aandil, bagenat mattrum dii ferran motorsports periya padigalai eduththu vaithana, american liie manes thodar elmp 1 vaguppil ottumoththamaaga irandaavathu idaththaip pidiththana, oottunargal davit piraapam mattrum scott sharp off sampions highraft panthayaththil 17 pulligal mattumae pinthangkina. bagenat mattrum dii ferran irattaiyargal arcs-1 aii moththam paththu panthayangkal mattrum moontru poal nilaigalil moontru vetrtrikalukku oottich sendranar, pichchai vaara iruthiyil 6 murai vaekamaana madiyil maarinar. 2009 aam aandilum, beaujo fabeb 908 ill thaniyar bescarolo vilayaattu anikkaaga elmp 1 ill mathippumikka 24 maninaera leeii manes oottaththil bajenat oodinaar. anii 210 suttrugalai niraivu seithu panthayaththai mudikkavillai. inththa panthayaththil davit praabaam vettri pettraar, beaujo vilaiyaattin thozhirchaalaiyil oottunar moththam enn. 9 fabeb 908 udan munnaal farmula onn drivergal alexander wurz mattrum maark jaen. 2010. 2010 pichchaikkaalaththil, bajenat paatran highraft pandhaya anikku sentraar, elmp 1 ill arcs-1chii ill piraapaamudan scott sharbooku inai-trive seiya maattrappattaar, avarathu sontha ferrari aniyudan pichchai jidi 2 vaguppirku kuthikka irukkaiyai koormaiyaaga kaalii seithaar. 2010 aam aandu pichaith thodaril naanku suttrugal moolam, bagenat mattrum piraapam anii moontru vetrtrikal mattrum 91 pulligaludan elmp 1 vaguppai vazhinadaththukirathu. 2010 aam aandil beaujo factory kuzhuvirku peyaralavilaana 24 manii naera leeii manes off thii pugazhpettra surcute dii laa saardhe ill beaujo fabeb 908 enn ill oru irukkai oottunaraip pettraar. 3 petro laami mattrum sebastian poartaayisudan. athaevaelai illai. 3 beaujo kambaththilirunthu thodangiyathu, adhu kaarin thottiyil irunthu oru suspension mound kaththarikkattappattapoathu verum 38 suttrugalukkup piragu iravu vizhuvatharku munbae oaivu pettrathu. athae vidhi iruthiyil anthoni davitson/jeane/wurzin nambar 1 beaujo kaarai muriyadiththathu, athae neraththil panthayaththil sella verum maninaerangkaludan irandaavathu idaththil irunththathu, aenenil aadii beaujovin 2009 vettrikku munbu ainthu aandugalaaka thakkavaiththa 24 maninaera liie manes pattatthai meetteduththathu. panthayaththin poathu, adhan varalaattril muthal muraiyaaga liie mansukku payanam seitha thanathu highraft pandhaya anikku ethiraaga bajenat poattiyiduvathaik kandaar. piraapam elmp2 ill asiraavai oottich selvathoadu, marino urimaiyaalar mattrum marco vernarudan saernthu, highraft perumpaalaana panthayangkalil irandaavathu idaththaip pidiththathu, oru kuliroottum prachchinai oottaththin iruthi naanku maninaerangkalil kaarai oorangattiyathu. 2014. avar mae 10 andru indianapolisin thodakka grand piriyai ventraar. avarathu thanthai antha idaththil avarai panthayaththil paarppathu idhuvae muthal murai. 2015. bagenat 2015 aam aandil shmitt petterson motorsportsil irunthu anii benscaveukku sentraar. bagenat kittatthatta 2015 indianapolis 500 aii ventraar, 30 suttrugalukkum kuraivaaga sendru scott dickson mattrum donny kaananukku idaiyilaana 3-vazhi poaril perumpaalaana panthayaththil eedupattaar. bagenat kazhaththil munthappattu 10 vadhu idaththaip pidiththaar, athae neraththil anii veerar yuwan bablo montoya panthayaththil vettri pettraar. bejenat 2015 aam aandil oru panthayaththai vellavillai, aanaal 2016 aam aandil anii benscaveudon thanathu oppanthaththai pudhuppiththaar. 2016. bagenat thanathu indigaar vaazhkkaiyin sirantha thodakkaththirku thodarchchiyaaga ainthu poadiyangkaludan irangkinaar, idhil thodarchchiyaaga moontru vetrtrikal adangkum. season munnaerumpoathu, bajenat mattrum avarathu anii veerar vettri peruvaarkal endra sakthi saambiyanshippukkaana muthanmai poattiyaalargalaaka maarinar. season mudivil oru valuvaana oottaththudan, bagenat thanathu muthal indigaar thodar saambiyanship vetrtriyai pettraar, idhu anii benscaveukku adhan 50 vadhu aandu panthayaththil mattroru saambiyanship vetrtriyai aliththathu. avar ainthu pandhaya vetrtrikal mattrum moththam ettu maedaigaludan paruvatthai muditthaar. 2017-2019. bejenat 2018 muzhuvathum vettri peraathu. bagenat indianapolisin grand brixai ventraar, maelum avar 2019 indianapolis 500 aii poal nilaiyil irunthu velvaar. benske anii veerar josaph nucarden-ilirunththu bagenat saambiyanship munnilai pettraar, iruppinum nucarden pinnar tetroitle oru panthayaththil saambiyanship munnilaikku thirumbuvaar. 2019 hoondaa indee torrandovil bagenat poal mattrum vetrtriyai eduppaar mattrum 2019 iyova 300 ill poal eduppaar, iruppinum vettri neu kaardanukku sellum. bagenat tharpoothu pulligal tharavarisaiyil 3 vadhu idaththil ullaar, andreddy autasport driver, alexander roasikku oru pulli pinnaal mattrum pulligal thalaivar neu kaardanukku 34 pulligal pinnaal ullaar. 2020. 2020 meinigar indi 500 nigazhvin poathu, munnani oottunar lando norizai vaendumentrae moathiyathaaka bagenat meethu kuttram saattappattathu, idhu moasamaana vilaiyaattuth thiran kondavar endru kuttram saattappattathu. texas motor speedwayil 2020 season muthal panthayaththil bajenat 2 vadhu idaththaip pidiththaar. bejenat 20 aam thaethi thodangiya piragu indicubil 3 vadhu idaththaip pidiththaar. eriporul pump prachchinai kaaranamaaga, ayova speedway rays 1 ulla bajenatin ayova indigaar 250 thaguthi perath thavarivittathu mattrum 23 aam thaethi critin pinpuraththil panthayaththaith thodangiyathu. 178 madiyil, bagenat munnilai pettru 250 madiyil panthayaththai ventraar. 2021. bejenat 2021 aam aandai oru oppantha aandaaga nuzhiyum. 2021 aam aandu bagenat mattrum anii benscaveukku podhuvaaga oru kadinamaana aandaaga irunththathu, aenenil anii paruvaththin moontru vetrtrikalai mattumae pathivu seithathu, avattril ethuvum bagenat score seiyavillai. inththa paruvaththil bajenadin sirantha mudivugal irandu moontraam idangkalaip pidiththana, ondru saint. beatersburg mattrum 2021 indianapolis 500 ill mattravar. antha mudivugalukku veliyae, avar adikkadi moasamaana athirshtam mattrum avarathu anii veerargaludan paathaiyil moathalkalaal soozhappaduvaar. inththa paruvaththin mudivil bejenat anii benscaveudon meendum kaiyezhuththida virumbavillai endru pandhaya uudakangkal theriviththana. 2022. 2021 aam aandin kadinamaana pirachchaaraththirkup piragu, bejenat benske aniyai vittu veliyaeri, munnaal benske anii veeraraana healio castronaveston saernthu mayer shank panthayaththil saernthaar. 2023. 2023 aam aandil, bajenat 24 manii naera leeii maensukkuth thirumbinaar, kulir panthayaththirkaaka ell. emm. pii 2 vaguppil pankettraar. 2011 aam aandukkup piragu muthal muraiyaaga bejenat panthayaththil poattiyiduvaar, angku avar beaujo vilayaattu thozhirchaalai anikkaaga ottumoththamaaga irandaavathu oottunaraaga muditthaar. 2023 hoondaa indee 200 kkaana payirchiyin poathu, ohiyoavin naduppaguthiyil, bajenat oru vibaththai sandhiththaar, athil avarathu kaarr pala murai purattappattathu, maelum avar saralaikkul vilunththaar. inththa vibaththil thanathu uyiraik kaappaattriya indigaarin aeroscreenai bajenat paaraattinaar. avarukku aerpatta kaayangal kaaranamaaga, bajenat torrento mattrum ayovaavil aduthaduththa panthayangkalil utkaara vaendiya kattaayam aerpattathu. koonar dolly mattrum daam plomkvist muraiyae pagenattukku nirappappattanar. motor sports thozhil mudivugal. touring kaarr racing. muzhumaiyaana vii8 suuppar kaarr mudivugal. + pulligalukku thaguthiyattravar

saiman pazenad saiman piere maikhel pazenad (jananam 18 mae 1984) oka french professional racing driver. athanu nem. drive cheyadaaniki oppandam kudurchukunnadu. indicar siriisloo 60 honda pharr myer shank racing. 2010 american lae maans siriisloo agrashreni championship titlenu geluchukunna sports kaar racinglo vijayavantamaina kereer taruvaata, athanu indicar siriisku vellaadu, akkada athanu 2016 indicar chhampian mariyu 2019 indianapolis 500 vijaeta ayyadu, 1920loe gaston chevrolet tarvaata indianapolis 500nuu geluchukunna modati french driver ayyadu mariyu 2009loe helio castronves tarvaata resunu geluchukunna modati polsitor ayyadu. saiman pazenad 2022 24 gantala daytona mariyu 2023 24 gantala daytona rendintinee mayer shank racingto geluchukunnadu. prarambha samvatsaraalu. montmorillanlo janminchina pazenad modata 14 samvatsaraala vayassulo kutumbam yokka suupar marketlo panicheesaaru, chivariki veediyo game vibhaganni nirvahinchaaru. business schoollo chadivina taruvaata, athanu suupar marketku tirigi vacchaadu. athani kutumbam athani racing vruttini praarambhinchadaaniki pagenade kosam nidhulanu andinche driving paatasaalanu sthaapinchindi. vrutti. pazenad 2002 mariyu 2003loe french formula renaultlo pootii paddadu mariyu 2002 mariyu 2004loe formula renault eurocuplo pootii paddadu. aaa tarvaata 2005loe formula renault 3.5 siriisku cherukuni 16va sthaanamlo nilichaadu. 2006loe athanu united states velli, thana rookie seasonlo australia jattutho kalisi champ kaar atlaantiknu gram rahal kante konni paayintlatho geluchukunnadu. thana atlantic chhampiyanshipto, 2007loe chhampian kaarulo prayaaninchadaaniki darakhaastu cheyadaaniki pazenad maaku $2 millionlu geluchukunnadu. 13 fibravari 2007naa pazenad mariyu australia jattu athanu jattuthone untaanani, chhamp kaaru kaaryakramaaniki velataanani dhruveekarinchindi. pazenad chaalaa sthiramaina toli seasonlo paayintla standinglo 8va sthaanamlo nilichaadu, championship yokka kenadian roundlalo varusaga moodu 4va sthaanamlo nilichaadu. chhampian kaaru prapancha syries mugisina taruvaata, 2008loe pazenad maajee cart chhampian gill dii ferranto kalisi dii ferran motorsports accura arcs-1bii lmp2nuu naduputuu american lii maans siriisku vellaaru. driver standingslo athanu 14va sthaanamlo nilichaadu. 2009. 2009loe, pagenad mariyu dii ferran motorsports bhaarii adugulu vaesaayi, american lii maans syries lmp1 taragatilo mottamgaa eee janta rendava sthaanaanni dakkinchukunnaaru, driverlu david brabum mariyu scott sharp off champions highcraft racing kante kevalam 17 paayintlu venukabadi unnaaru. pazenad mariyu dii ferran dvayam arcs-1 nuu mottam padhi resulu mariyu moodu pole sthaanaalapai moodu vijayalaku nadipinchindi, vaaraantamlo 6 saarlu bhiksa yokka vegavantamaina lyapnu tippindi. 2009loe kooda, pyugot phaap 908loe private pescarolo sport team kosam pratishtaatmaka 24 gantala leey maans inn lmp1లoouu pazenad drive chesaadu. jattu 210 lyaplanu puurti chesi, resunu puurti cheyaledu. factory pyugot sport loe mottam nem. 9 fap 908 thoo paatu maajee formula vann driverlu alegzander wurz mariyu maark zen. 2010. 2010 bhiksa season kosam, pazenad patron highcraft racing jattuku vellaadu, thana sonta ferrari jattutho kalisi bhiksa gt2 taragatiki dookadaaniki seetunu padunaina khaalii chesina taruvaata lmp1లoouu arcs-1seelo braabhaamto scott sharp tuu koo-drive sthaanamlo vellaadu. 2010 bhikshala siriisloo naalugu roundla dwara, pazenad mariyu brabum jattu moodu vijayalu mariyu 91 paayintlatho elpi1 taragatilo mundanjalo undhi. pazenad 2010loe puezo factory jattuku pratishtita 24 avars off lae maans aann dhi renon circuit dii laa saarthelo seatu drivingnu kooda sampaadinchaadu. 3 pedro laamii mariyu sebastian bourdois thoo. ayithe, ledhu. 3 puezo pole nundi praarambhamaindi, kaaru tub nundi suspension mount sheer ayinappudu kevalam 38 lyapla tarvaata raatri padataniki mundugaane adhi retair ayyindi. adhe vidhi chivariki anthony davidson/zeane/wurz yokka number 1 pyugot kaarunu odinchindi, ayithe resulo velladaaniki kevalam gantalu migili undagaa rendava sthaanamlo undhi, endukante puezot yokka 2009 vijayaniki mundu aidu samvatsaraalu nilupukunna 24 gantala lii maans titlenu aadi tirigi pondindi. resu samayamlo, pazenad thana charitralo modatisaarigaa lii mansku prayaaninchina thana highcraft racing jattutho pootii padatam kanugonnadu. marino fraanchaitii mariyu marco vernarlatho paatu lmp2loe brabum accuranu naduputuu, highcraft chaalaa varaku resulo rendava sthaanamlo konasagaru, oka sheetaleekarana samasya resulo chivari naalugu gantala paatu kaarunu pakkana pette varaku. 2014. athanu mae 10naa indianapolis prarambha grand prixnu geluchukunnadu. athani tandri atanni vedikapai pootiiloo chudatam idhe modatisaari. 2015. pazenad 2015loe schmid petterson motorsports nundi team penskeku maaradu. pazenad daadaapu 2015 indianapolis 500nuu geluchukunnadu, 30 kante takkuva laplatho mundanjalo unnadu mariyu scott dickson mariyu toney connon madhya 3-maargam yuddhamlo chaalaa varaku palgonnadu. pazenad feeled dwara adhigaminchabadi 10va sthaanamlo nilichaadu, ayithe sahacharudu juvan paablo montoya resunu geluchukunnadu. pagenade 2015loe resulo gelavaledu conny 2016loe jattu pensketho thana oppandaanni punaruddharinchaadu. 2016. pazenad thana indicar kereerlo varusaga aidu podiyamlatho, varusaga moodu vijayaalato uttama praarambhaaniki digaadu. season munduku saagutunna koddi, pazenad mariyu athani sahacharudu eee chhampiyanshipku pradhana pootiidaarulu ayyaru. season mugimpulo balamaina parugu thoo, pazenad thana modati indicar syries championship vijayanni saadhinchaadu, idhi jattu penskeki daani 50va samvatsaram racing loe maroka championship vijayanni ichindi. athanu aidu rays vijayalu mariyu mottam enimidi podiyamlatho seejannu muginchaadu. 2017-2019. pagenade 2018 antataa gelavaledu. pazenad indianapolis grand prixnu geluchukunnadu mariyu athanu pole sthaanam nundi 2019 indianapolis 500 nuu kooda geluchukunnadu. pazenad jattu penske sahacharudu joseph newgarden nundi championship aadhikyanni pondaadu, ayithe newgarden taruvaata detroitlo oka resulo championship aadhikyanni tirigi pondaadu. pazenad 2019 honda indii torrentolo pole mariyu vijayanni saadhinchi, 2019 iova 300loe pole teesukunnadu, ayithe vijayam newgardenku velutundi. pagenade prastutam paayintla pattikalo 3va sthaanamlo unnadu, andretti autosport driver, alegzander rossie kante oka point venukabadi, paayintla leader nyuu garden kante 34 paayintlu venukabadi unnadu. 2020. 2020 virtual indii 500 eevent samayamlo, pazenad uddeshapoorvakamgaa pradhana driver lando norisnu dheekonnaadani aaropinchabadindi, idhi atanipai chedu creeda naipunhyam aaropanalu cheyadaaniki daariteesindi. texas motor speedway vadda 2020 season modati resulo pazenad 2va sthaanamlo nilichaadu. 20va thedhee nundi praarambhamaina tarvaata indigplo pazenad 3va sthaanamlo nilichaadu. indhana pampu samasya kaaranamgaa, ayova speedway rays 1 entriiloo pazenad yokka ayova indicar 250 arhata saadhinchadamlo viphalamaindi mariyu 23va teedeena grid venuka bhaagamlo resu praarambhinchindi. 178 lyap natiki, pazenad adhikyam saadhinchi 250 lyap resunu geluchukunnadu. 2021. pagenade 2021loe oka oppanda samvatsaramgaa pravesistundi. 2021 pazenad mariyu team penskeku saadhaaranamgaa kashtamaina samvatsaram, endukante jattu seasonlo moodu vijayaalanu matrame namodu chesindi, pazenad vaatilo edhee score cheyaledu. seasonlo pazenad yokka uttama phalitaalu rendu moodava sthaanaalu, okati St. pietersburg mariyu 2021 indianapolis 500 loe marokati. aaa mugimpula velupala, athanu tarachugaa thana sahacharulatho paelavamaina adrushtam mariyu track gharshanalato chuttumuttabadataadu. season mugise samayaniki racing press pazenad jattu pensketho tirigi santakam cheyalanukoledani nivedinchindi. 2022. 2021loe kashtataramaina pracharam taruvaata, pagenade penske jattunu vidichipetti, maajee penske sahacharudu, helio castronevsto kalisi mayer shank racinglo cheraadu. 2023. 2023loe, pagenade 24 gantala lii mansku tirigi vacchaadu, coole racing kosam lmp2 taragatilo palgonnadu. 2011 nundi pazenad resulo pootii padatam idhe modatisaari, akkada athanu pyugot sport factory jattuku mottam meeda rendava driving puurti chesaadu. 2023 honda indii 200 kosam ohiyo madhyalo practies chestunnappudu, pazenad oka pramaadaaniki gurayyadu, indulo athani kaaru chalasarlu palteelu kottindi mariyu athanu kankaralo chikkukunnadu. eee pramaadamloo thana praanaalanu kaapaadinanduku indicar yokka aeroscreennu pazenad ghanata icchaadu. athanu gaayapadinanduna, pazenad torranto mariyu ayovalo tadupari resulalo kuurchoevalasi vachindi. konar dolly mariyu tomm blankvist varusaga pazenad kosam nimpaaru. motorsports kereer phalitaalu. touring kaaru racing. puurti v8 suupar kaaru phalitaalu. + paayintlaku arhata ledhu

saaiman paginad saaiman paiyar masheel pagenoud (paidaish 18 mayee 1984) eek francisi paishah warr resing driver hay. asay number chalanay kaa muahidah kiyaa gayaa hay. indikar seerez mein mear shank resing kay liye 60 honda. sports kaar resing mein kamiyab carrier kay baad jiss mein inhon nay 2010 kii american lee menz seerez mein topp klaas champine ship kaa khataab haasil kiyaa wah indikar seerez mein chalay gayey jehaan wah 2016 kay indikar champine aur 2019 kay indinapolis 500 kay faatah bunn gayey 1920 mein gastin sheverlet kay baad indinapolis 500 jeetnay waalay pehley francisi driver bunn gayey aur 2009 mein helio castrovenes kay baad rees jeetnay waalay pehley poultator bunn gayey. saaiman pagenoud nay mear shank resing kay saath 2022 24 ghantay detona aur 2023 24 ghantay detona donon jeetay. ibtadayi saal. montmorlan mein paida huay pagenoud nay pehli baar 14 saal kii amar mein khaandaan kay spir market mein kaam kiyaa balaakhir video gaim kay shobay kaa intezam kiyaa. buznis school mein taleem haasil karnay kay baad wah spir market waps chalay gayey. iss kay khaandaan nay eek driving school qayem kiyaa jiss nay paginad kuu iss kay resing carrier kay aaghaz kay liye funds farahim kiye. carrier. pagenoud nay 2002 aur 2003 mein francisi farmola renault mein hasah liyaa aur 2002 aur 2004 mein farmola renault eurocup mein hasah liyaa. iss kay baad wah 2005 mein farmola renavalt 3.5 seerez mein chalay gayey jehaan wah 16 wein number parr rahay. 2006 mein wah america gayey aur apnay rooki seezan mein team australia kay saath champine kaar atlantik graham raheel parr sarf chand points say jeeta. apnee atlantik champine ship kay saath pagenoud nay 2007 mein champine kaar mein sawari kay liye darkhwast deenay kay liye hamein 20 laakh ddaalar jeetay. 13 faroori 2007 kuu pagenoud aur team australia nay tasdiq kii kahh wah team kay saath rahein gay champine kaar prograam takk jayein gay. pagenoud points kii haisiyat say 8 wein number parr rahay juu kahh eek behat hyee mustaqil debio seezan thaa champine ship kay canadian rounds mein lagatar teen choothay number parr rahay. champine kaar world seerez kay inteqal kay baad 2008 mein pagenoud saabiq cart champine gull ddee ferren kay saath ddee ferren motor sports accora aarkas-1 bee eel ayem pee 2 kuu shareek driving kartay hoay american lee menz seerez mein muntaqil how gayey. wah driver kii haisiyat mein 14 wein number parr rehaa. 2009. 2009 mein pagenoud aur ddee ferren motor sports nay behat baday qadm aagay badhaye jiss mein yaha jodee american lee menz seerez eel ayem pee 1 klaas mein majmuyi toor parr dosri position haasil kirr rahee thee juu kahh driver dude brabham aur scott shaarp aaf champines hayee craft resing say sarf 17 points peeche thee. pagenoud aur ddee ferren kii jodee nay aarkas-1 kuu kill duss reeson aur teen poul positionon parr teen jeeth takk pahunchaya aur haftay kay aakhir mein 6 baar khairaat kii teez tareen god kuu moad diyaa. 2009 kay doraan bhee pagenoud nay piyoju aif aey pee 908 mein privator paiskarolo sports team kay liye eel ayem pee 1 mein lee menz kay bawaqar 24 ghantay mein gaadi chalayi. team nay 210 leep makmal kartay hoay rees makmal nahein kii. yaha dodh dude brabham nay jeeti thee factory peojot sports mein gaadi chalaa kirr kill number. 9 aif aey pee 908 saabiq farmola winn driveron alegzender warz aur maark jaine kay saath. 2010. 2010 kay khairaat kay seezan kay liyay pagenoud patron hayee craft resing team mein muntaqil how gayaa jiss nay eel ayem pee 1 mein aarkas-1 see mein brebham kay saath scott shaarp kuu shareek drive mein tabdil kirr diyaa jabb shaarp nay apnee apnee firari team kay saath khairaat jee tye 2 klaas mein kodnay kay liye seet khaali kirr dee. 2010 kii khairaat kii seerez mein chaar rounds kay zariye pagenoud aur brabham kii team teen jeeth aur 91 points kay saath eel ayem pee 1 klaas mein sarfehrist hay. pagenoud nay 2010 mein paijo factory team kay liye paijot faip 908 number mein maruf circuit ddee laa saarthay parr bawaqar 24 ghantay kay lee menz mein seet driving bhee haasil kii. 3 pedro leemi aur sebistin bordes kay saath. jabkah number. 3 peogot khambe say sharoo hawaa yaha raat kay waqat say pehley mahaz 38 leep kay baad retire hawaa jabb eek maatli pahaad kaar kay tubb say kachra gayaa. aakhir kaar asee qasmat kaa saamna ainthoni dudeson/jaine/warz kii number 1 peojot kaar say hawaa jabb kahh dodh mein jaanay kay liye mahaz chand ghantay baaqi rahh gayey thay keunkah audy nay peojo kii 2009 kii jeeth say pehley paanch saal takk barqarar rakhay gayey 24 ghantay kay lee menz tytle kuu dobarah haasil kiyaa. rees kay doraan pagenoud nay khood kuu apnee hayee craft resing team kay khalaaf muqabilah kartay hoay paaya jiss nay apnee tareekh mein pehli baar lee menz kaa safar kiyaa. brabham kay saath eel ayem pee 2 mein marino franchisity aur marco werner kay saath accora chalatay huay hayee craft nay ziyadah tarr rees mein dosray number parr barqarar rakhaa yahaan takk kahh coling aisho nay rees kay aakhri chaar ghanton takk kaar kuu side line kirr diyaa. 2014. inhon nay 10 mayee kuu indinapolis kaa iftatahi grend perks jeeta. yaha pehli baar thaa jabb iss kay waalid nay asay maqaam parr dodtay hoay dekha thaa. 2015. pagenoud 2015 mein shamat patterson motor sports say team painske mein muntaqil how gayaa. pagenoud nay taqriba 2015 indinapolis 500 jeetaa jiss nay jaanay kay liye 30 say bhee kumm lapes kay saath bartari haasil kii aur scott dikson aur tony kinaan kay darmiyan 3 tarfah jung mein ziyadah tarr rees mein hasah liyaa. pagenoud kuu medaan say peeche chhod diyaa gayaa aur wah 10 wein number parr rehaa jabkah team kay saathi joaan publo montoya nay rees jeeth lee. pagenoud nay 2015 mein koyee rees nahein jeeti leakin 2016 mein team painske kay saath apnay muahide kii tajdid kii. 2016. pagenoud nay apnay indikar carrier kaa behtareen aaghaz lagatar paanch podium kay saath kiyaa jiss mein lagatar teen jeeth shaamil haine. jeesay jeesay seezan aagay badhaa pagenoud aur iss kay saathi kii taaqat champine ship kay bunyadi dawedar bunn gayey. seezan kay ikhtatam parr eek mazboot dodh kay saath pagenoud nay apnee pehli indikar seerez champine ship jeeth lie jiss say team painske kuu resing kay apnay 50 wein saal mein eek aur champine ship jeeth milly. inhon nay seezan kuu paanch rees jeetnay aur kill aath podium kay saath khatam kiyaa. 2017-2019. pagenoud 2018 kay doraan baghair kasee jeeth kay rahay gaa. pagenoud nay indinapolis kaa grend perks jeeta aur wah poul position say 2019 indinapolis 500 bhee jeetay gaa. pagenoud nay team painske kay saathi jozaf neo guarden say champine ship kii bartari haasil kii tahim neo guarden baad mein detervite mein eek rees mein champine ship kii bartari dobarah haasil karay gaa. pagenoud poul lay gaa aur 2019 honda indee torrento mein jeeth lay gaa aur 2019 aaiyowa 300 mein poul lay gaa halankah jeeth neo guarden kuu jaaye gee. pagenoud iss waqat points kii haisiyat mein teesre number parr hay juu andreti auto sports driver alegzender rosee say eek point peeche aur points leader neo guarden say 34 point peeche hay. 2020. 2020 kay virtual indee 500 avent kay doraan pagenoud parr jaan bojh kirr leed driver lendo norse say takranay kaa alzaam lagaya gayaa thaa jiss kii wajah say iss parr bury sports meen ship kaa alzaam lagaya gayaa thaa. paginad taxas motor speed way parr 2020 seezan kii pehli rees mein dosray number parr rehaa. pagenoud 20 wein mein sharoo honay kay baad indee jee pee mein teesre number parr rehaa. aindhan pump kay masilay kii wajah say aaiyowa speed way rees 1 mein pagenoud kii aaiyowa indikar 250 qualifying karnay mein nakaam rahee aur 23 wein mein gird kay peeche rees sharoo kii. 178 kii leep takk pagenoud nay bartari haasil kii aur 250 leep rees jeetnay kay liye barqarar rakhaa. 2021. pagenoud 2021 kuu eek muahide kay saal kay toor parr daakhil karay gaa. 2021 pagenoud aur team painske kay liye aam toor parr eek mashkal saal thaa keunkah team nay seezan kii sarf teen jeeth record kein jinn mein pagenoud nay inn mein say koyee score nahein kiyaa. seezan kay pagenoud kay behtareen nataij duu teesri position kay ikhtatam thay eek sent parr. pattersburg aur dosra 2021 kay indinapolis 500 mein. inn ikhtatami muqabilon kay alawah wah aksar naqis qasmat aur apnay saathiyon kay saath raastay parr tasadam say dochaar rehta thaa. seezan kay ikhtatam takk resing prais nay atlaa dee kahh paginad kaa team painske kay saath dobarah dastakhat karnay kaa aradah nahein thaa. 2022. 2021 kii eek mashkal muham kay baad pagenoud nay painske team chhod dee aur saabiq painske team kay saathi helio castronose kay saath mear shenk resing mein shaamil how gayey. 2023. 2023 mein pagenoud cole resing kay liye eel ayem pee 2 klaas mein hasah leetay hoay 24 ghantay lee menz mein waps aayaa. 2011 kay baad yaha pehla moqaa hoga jabb pagenoud nay rees mein hasah liyaa jehaan inhon nay peojot sports factory team kay liye majmuyi toor parr dosri driving makmal kii. wast auhaiyo mein 2023 honda indee 200 kay liye mashq kay doraan pagenoud kuu eek haadise kaa saamna karnaa padaa jiss mein iss kii kaar kayee baar alt gayee aur wah bajri mein jaa giraa. pagenoud nay haadise mein apnee jaan bachanay kaa sehra indikar kii airo screen kuu diyaa. chooton kii wajah say pagenoud kuu torrento aur aaiyowa mein baad kii reeson say baahir bethnay parr majbur kiyaa gayaa. konor daili aur tomm blomcoast baltarteeb pagenoud kay liye bharay gayey. motor sports carrier kay nataij. toring kaar resing. makmal wee 8 spir kaar kay nataij. + points kay ahal nahein

fffe667856b81c9f99a6810934f5b6bce2f0da5a2da5dd46e0939ff3f8612e7a

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2328271

Bethany McLean

Bethany McLean American journalist Bethany Lee McLean (born December 12, 1970) is an American journalist and contributing editor for "Vanity Fair" magazine. She is known for her writing on the Enron scandal and the 2008 financial crisis. Previous assignments include editor-at-large, columnist for "Fortune," and a contributor to "Slate". Early life and education. McLean was born in Hibbing, Minnesota on December 12, 1970, she graduated from Hibbing High School in 1988, and received a B.A. in English and mathematics from Williams College in 1992. Career. McLean started her career as an investment banking analyst for Goldman Sachs and joined "Vanity Fair" as a contributing editor in 2008. She began as a contributor to "Slate"'s Moneybox column, in 2010 and "The Bulldog" column in "Fortune". She authored an article on Enron for the March 5, 2001, issue of "Fortune" entitled, "Is Enron Overpriced?" The article noted some irregularities in Enron's financial documents that were available to the public, suggesting the company's then-record high stock price was unjustified but she did not at that point suspect fraud at Enron. After Enron's rapid collapse later in 2001, McLean co-authored, with Peter Elkind, the book "The Smartest Guys in the Room" (2003) which detailed the corrupt business practices of Enron officials. The book was later made into the Academy Award-nominated documentary "". In 2005, McLean got into a spat with then-CEO of Overstock.com Patrick M. Byrne after she wrote a negative article about Overstock and him. She co-authored with Joe Nocera a book on the 2008 financial crisis titled "All the Devils Are Here". In September 2015, she published "Shaky Ground: The Strange Saga of the U.S. Mortgage Giants" which examines the governance and financial situation of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac seven years after the 2008 financial crisis. The "Washington Post" selected it as one of the best nonfiction books of 2015. In September 2018, she published "Saudi America: The Truth about Fracking and How It's Changing the World" which examined the "fracking revolution" and U.S. energy independence. In 2019, Mclean launched a podcast titled "Making a Killing" on Luminary. She also joined the "Capitalisn't" podcast as a co-host in season 2, along with Chicago Booth Professor Luigi Zingales. Personal life. McLean married Chris Wilford in 2000 and divorced in 2006. In May 2008, she married attorney Sean Berkowitz, the former Director of the United States Department of Justice Enron Task Force. They divorced in 2020. McLean resides in Chicago with her children. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

bethoni makelane bethoni lee makelane (jonmo 12 disembor, 1970) egoraki aamerikan xangbadik aaru "venity feyar" alusonir obodankari xompadok. teu eron kelendar aaru 2008 sonor bittiyo xongkotor uporot likhaar baabe jonajat. purbor kamburor bhitorot aase brihot xompadok, "forsun" ror stombhokar, aaru "slate" ror ejon obodankari. prarombhik jiwan aaru xikhya. 1970 sonor 12 disemborot minesutar hibbingot mcleane jonmogrohon korisil. 1988 sonot hikoliye haai schoolor poraa snatok degree laabh korisil. 1992 sonot teu bi degree laabh korisil.e. uiliams collegeor poraa ingraji aaru gonitot. keriyar. macleane goldman sesosor biniyug benking bislexok hisape keriyar aarombho korisil aaru 2008 sonot obodankari xompadok hisape "venity feyar" too jugdan korisil. teu 2010 sonot "slate" ror manibox stombho aaru "forsun" too "dyo bulldog" stombhot obodankari hisape aarombho korisil. 2001 sonor 5 marchor "forsun" xongkhyar baabe teu eronor uporot etaa probondho likhisil, jaar xirxok aasil "eronor mulyo besi neki?"probondhotut jonoxadharonor baabe upolobdho eronor bittiyo nothipotrot kisuman oniyomot ullekh koraa hoisil, jiye poramorxo disil je companytur tetiyar obhilekh uscho stock mulyo onyay aasil kintu xei xomoyot teu eronot jaliyat xondeh koraa nasil. 2001 sonor pisot eronor drut potonor pisot, macleane "dyo smartest gaiz inn dyo rum" (2003) naamor kitapkhonor xoho-lekhok hisape kaam korisil zo 'too eronor bixoyaxokolor durnitipurno byowoxayik onuxilonor bixoye bixodbhabe ullekh koraa hoisil. ei gronthokhon pisoloi academy botaa-monunit tothyositro hisape nirman koraa hoisil. 2005 sonot, macleane tetiyar otirikto stokor xoite bibadot porisil.komm petorik em. bairne teur aaru teur bixoye etaa netibasok probondho likhaar pisot. teu 2008 sonor bittiyo xongkotor uporot "xokolu xoyotan iyat aase" xirxok ekhon gronthor xoho-lekhok aasil. 2015 sonor septembor maahot teu "xeki groundoh dyo strend saaga owo dyo eu" prokax korisil.ess. bondhokor brihot company "jiye 2008 sonor bittiyo xongkotor xaat bosoror pisot fenee mey aaru freddy mekor xaxon aaru bittiyo poristhiti porikhya kore. waswington post"-e iyak 2015 sonor shrestho nono-fiction kitapxomuhor bhitorot ekhon hisape basoni korisil. 2018 sonor septembor maahot teu "soudi aamerikah dyo trooth ewaat fracking endo haau its changing dyo world" prokax korisil jiye "fracking revolution" aaru eu porikhya korisil.ess. xoktir swadhinota. 2019 sonot, macleane luminerit "making e killing" xirxok etaa podcast mukoli korisil. teu sikagu buthor odhyapok luiji jingalesor xoite sijon 2-too xoho-xonsalok hisape "capitalies nott" podokastotu jugdan korisil. byoktigoto jiwan. mcleane 2000 sonot crich wilfordok biyaa koray aaru 2006 sonot bibah bisched hoy. 2008 sonor mey "maahot teu aamerika juktorastror nyay bibhagor eron tusk pho" rchor prakton xonsalok etornee chenn berkuwitjok biyaa koray. 2020 sonot teulukor bibah bisched hoy. mcleane nijor xontanor xoite sikagut baax kore.

bethanie mocklin bethanie ly mclean (jonmo 12 december, 1970) ekjon markin sangbadik ebong "vanity feyara" magaziner abodankari sompadok. tini enron kelenkari ebong 2008 saaler arthik sangkat niye lekhar jonno porichito. purboborti karjobharer modhye royeche 'borh' sompadok, 'bhagyo'-err colomist ebong 'slate'-err ekjon abodankari. prathomik jeebon oo shikkha. 1970 saaler 12ee december minnesoter hibbing-ayee jonmogrohon corren. 1988 saale hibing uchcho vidyalaya theke snatok hohn. 1992 saale tini bii degree orjon corren.ayee. uilliams college theke ingrezi ebong gonite. pesha. clean goldman saxer biniyog banking bishleshok hisabe taar karmajiban shuru corren ebong 2008 saale abodankari sompadok hisabe "vanity fairey" jog deena. tini 2010 saale "slate"-err manibox kolame ebong "fortune"-ayee "bulldog" kolame abodankari hisabe shuru corren. tini 5ee march, 2001-ayee enroner upor ekti nibondho likhechilen, jaar shironam chhilo "bhagyo", "kii enroner daam beshi?"nibondhoti enroner arthik nothite kichhu aniyamer kotha ullekh koreche jaa jonosadharoner kachhe upolobdho chhilo, jaa ingito korey jey companyr tatkalin record uchcho stock mulya anyajya chhilo tobey tini seii somoye enrone jaliatir sandeha korenni. 2001 saale enroner druto potoner porr, mocklin "dya smartest gaiz inn dya room" (2003) boiti soho-rachona corren jaa enron kormokortader durnitigrasta byabasayik onushiloner bishad biboron deyo. boiti porey academy puraskar-manoneet tothyochitre porinoto hoy. 2005 saale, mclean takhankar atirikto stocker sange bibade joriye paden.qama patrick emm. overstock ebong taar somporke ekti netibachak nibondho lekhar porr buyern. tini 2008 saaler arthik sangkater upor "samasta shaytan ekhane" shironame ekti boi soho-rachona korechilen. 2015 saaler septembore, tini "sheki ground dya strange saga off dya eu" prakash corren.esha. bondhoki giants "jaa 2008 saaler arthik sankater shaat bochor porr fanny meey ebong freddy myaker shasson oo arthik poristhiti porikkha korey. washington poosta" etike 2015 saaler sera aaa-kathasahitya boigulir modhye ekti hisabe nirbachito koreche. 2018 saaler septembore, tini "soudi america fracking somporke satya ebong etty kibhabe bishwoke poriborton korche" prakash corren jaa "fracking biplob" ebong eu porikkha korey.esha. shaktir swadhinota. 2019 saale, mocklin luminary-teey "making ayee killing" shironame ekti podcast chaalu corren. tini shikago boother adhyapak luizi jingaleser saathe dwitiya morshume soho-uposthapok hisabe "capitalisant" podcaste jog diyechilen. byaktigato jeebon. 2000 saale mclean criss wilfordke biye corren ebong 2006 saale bibahobiched corren. 2008 saaler meey maase tini markin juktorashtrer bitcher bibhager praktan porichalok enron tusk forcer attorney seena barkovitske biye corren. 2020 saale taader bibahobiched hoy. mocklin taar santander saathe shikagote thaken.

bethnee clean bethnee lii mcclean (janm 12 december, 1970) aek american patrakaar chhe aneey "venity phera" magazine maate yogdaan aapnaar sampaadak chhe. teo enron kaubhand aneey "jeey nanakiy katokati parr temnaa lekhan maate jaanita chhe. agaauni sopaniomaa editor-aeta-large, "fortune" maate katarlekhak aneey "slate" maate faalo aapnaarno samaavesh thaay chhe. praarambhik jeevan aneey shikshan. mcleanno janm 12 december, december roj hibbing, minnesota khaate thayo hato. mccullin mccullin hibbing haai schoolmathi snaatak thayaa hataa. hataa temne bii.aee. veeliyam collegemathi angreji aneey ganeetma. karkirdi. mccleane goldman seysh maate rokaan banking vishleshak tareeke potaani karkidrini sharuaat curry hatee aneey meey yogdaan aapnaar sampaadak tareeke "venity phera" maan jodai hatee. temane temane "slate" naa moneybox kolamma aneey "fortune" maan "bulldog" kolamma yogdaan aapnaar tareeke sharuaat curry hatee. temane 5 march, march roj 'enron' parr aek lekh lakhyo hato, jeno sheershak 'enronni keemat vadhaare chhe?' hato."lekhamaa enronnaa nanakiy dastavejoma ketalik aneeyamitataoni nondh levaamaa aavee hatee jeey loko maate uplabdh hatee, jeey soochave chhe keey companyni teey samaynee vikramee unchee shhare keemat anyaayi hatee parantu teey samaye teneeae enronmaa chhetarpindini shankaa curry naa hatee. hatee enronnaa zadpi patan pachhi, mccleane "dhaa smartest guys ina dhaa room" (2003) pustaknu saha-lekhan karyoo hatoo, jemaa enron adhikarioni bhrasht vyavsayik prathaaoni vigatvaar maahitee aapvama aavee hatee. aaa pustakne paachhalthi academy award-namankit dastavejima banavvama aavyu hatoo. hatoo, mccullin teey samaynaa overstock saathe zaghado thayo hato.qoma patrick aema. teneeae overstock aneey tenaa vishe nakaaraatmak lekh lakhyaa pachhi byrn. temane "jeey nanakiy katokati parr "badhaa shetan aheen chhe" sheershak dharaavtu pustak saha-lakhyu hatoo. september september, temane "astheer jameenah yunee vichitra gaatha" prakashit curry.aesa. geero aapnara diggajo "jeey "jeey nanakiy katokatinaa saat varsh pachhi phenee meii aneey freddy makena shaasan aneey nanakiy paristhitini tapaas karey chhe. washington poosta" aee tene tene shreshth biin-saahitya pustakomana aek tareeke pasand karyoo. september september, temane "saudi america dhaa trooth about fracking anned haau itz changing dhaa worled" prakashit karyoo hatoo, jemaa "fracking revolution" aneey yuu. nee tapaas karvaamaa aavee hatee.aesa. urjaa svatantrataa. svatantrataa, mccleane luminary parr "macking aaa killing" sheershak dharaavtu podcast sharoo karyoo hatoo. teo shikago booth prophesara luigi zingales saathe season season saha-yajmaan tareeke "capitalicent" podcastma pann jodaya hataa. angat jeevan. mccullyne mccullyne criss wilford saathe lagna karyaa aneey aneey chhutachheda leedha. meey meey, temane united states department off justice enron task forcenaa bhutpurv director atterni siina bercowitz saathe lagna karyaa. teo 2020 maan chhutachheda leedha. mccullin tenaa baadako saathe shikagoma rahe chhe.

bethany maklin bethany lii mcclean (janm 12 disambar, 1970) ack americi patrakaar aur "vanity fair" patrika key liye yogdan sampaadak hain. unhein enron ghotale aur 2008 key vittiya sankat parr apane lekhan key liye jaanaa jaataa haye. pichhale karyon mein sampaadak-aitt-large, "fortune" key liye stambhakaar aur "slate" key liye ack yogadankarta shamil hain. praarambhik jeevan aur shiksha. mcclean kaa janm 12 disambar, 1970 koo hibbing, minnesota mein huaa thaa. mcclean ney 1988 mein hibbing hyee school seey snaatak kiya. 1992 mein unhone bee. aeye. praapt kiya.aeye. villium college seey angreji aur ganit mein. carrier. mcclean ney goldman sax key liye ack nivesh banking vishleshak key roop mein apana currier shuru kiya aur 2008 mein ack yogdan sampaadak key roop mein "vanity fair" mein shamil huin. unhone 2010 mein "slate" key moneybox collum aur "fortune" mein "bulldog" collum mein ack yogadankarta key roop mein shuruat kii. unhone 5 march, 2001 koo enron parr ack lekh likhaa, jiska sheershak thaa "kyaa enron kii keemat adhik haye?"lekh mein enron key vittiya dastavejon mein kuchh aniyamitataon kaa ullekh kiya gayaa joe janata key liye upalabdh they, yeh sujhaav dete hue kii company kaa tatkalin record uchch stock moolya anuchit thaa, lekin usa samay unhein enron mein dhokhadhadi kaa sandeh naheen thaa. baad mein 2001 mein enron key teji seey patan key baad, maklin ney "kamare mein sabse chatur loga" (2003) pustak kaa saha-lekhan kiya jisamen enron adhikaariyon kii bhrasht vyaavsaayik prathaon kaa vivaran diyaa gayaa thaa. iss pustak koo baad mein akadami puraskar-namankit vrittachitra mein banaaya gayaa. 2005 mein, mcclean kaa usa samay key adhik stock key saath vivaad hoe gayaa.comm patrick aim. byrn ney overstock aur usake baare mein ack nakaratmak lekh likhaa. unhone 2008 key vittiya sankat parr "sabhi shaitan yahaan hain" sheershak seey ack pustak kaa saha-lekhan kiya. sitambar 2015 mein, unhone "sheki groundah dha vrange saaga off dha yuu" prakaashit kiya.aiss. bandhak diggaj "joe 2008 key vittiya sankat key saat saal baad fanny maaee aur freddy mack key shasson aur vittiya sthiti kii jaanch kartaa haye. washington post" ney ise 2015 kii sarvshreshth gair-kathaa pustakon mein seey ack key roop mein chunaa. sitambar 2018 mein, unhone "saudi amerikaah fracking key baare mein sachchai aur yeh duniya koo kaise badal rhaa haye" prakaashit kiya, jisane "fracking kranti" aur yuu kii jaanch kii.aiss. oorjaa swatantrata. 2019 mein, maklin ney luminary parr "making aeye killing" sheershak seey ack podcast launch kiya. vaha shikago booth professor luigi zingels key saath season 2 mein saha-mezban key roop mein "capitalis nott" podcast mein bhee shamil huin. vyaktigat jeevan. mcclean ney 2000 mein criss wilford seey shaadi kii aur 2006 mein unakaa talaak hoe gayaa. maee 2008 mein, unhone sanyukt raajya america key nyaay vibhaag enron task force key poorv nideshak, attorney seane bercovitz seey shaadi kii. unakaa 2020 mein talaak hoe gayaa. mcclean apane bachchon key saath shikago mein rahati haye.

bethanie mcclean bethanie lea mcclean (janana december 12,1970) obba american patrakarte mattu "vanity fair" niyatakaalikeya koduge sampaadaka. aake enron hagaran mattu 2008rahra arthika bikkattina bagge barediddakkagi hesaruvasiyagiddare. hindina kaaryayojanegalalli dodda sampaadaka, "adrushta" dha ankanakara mattu "slate" ge kodugedaararu seriddaare. arambhika jeevana mattu sikshana. 1970rahra december 12randu minnesotaada hibbingnalli janisida mcclean 1988ralli hibbing proudhashaaleyinda padavi padedaru. 1992ralli avaru bii. padavi padedaru.aa. villiams kaalejininda inglish mattu ganitadalli. vrattijeevana. goldman sachsgagi hoodike banking vishleshakaraagi tamma vrattijeevanavannu praarambhisida avaru 2008ralli "vanity fair" ge koduge needuva sampaadakaraagi seridaru. avaru 2010ralli "slatena" moneybox ankanakke mattu "fortune" nalli "bulldog" ankanakke kodugedaararaagi praarambhisidaru. avaru march 5,2001 randu enron bagge ondu lekhanavannu baredaru, "fortune" emba shirshikeya sanchikeyu enron annu atiyagi belege nigadipadiside?"saarvajanikarige labhyavidda enron hanakasu daakhalegalallina kelavu akramagalannu lekhanavu gamanisiddu, kampaniya andina daakhaleya hecchina stock beleyu nyaayasammatavalla endu soochisuttade aadare aaa samayadalli aake enraannalli vanchaneyannu sankisalilla. 2001ralli enron ksipra kusitada nantara, mcclean avaru "dhii smartest guys inn dhii room" (2003) emba pustakavannu saha-baredaru, idu enron adhikaarigala bhrashta vevahaara paddhatigalannu vivariside. ee pustakavannu nantara academy prashasti-naamanirdeshita sakshyachitravannagi maadalaayitu. 2005ralli, aaa kaalada athi-stock jote klin jagalavadidaru.com patrick emm. aake overstock mattu avana bagge nakaaraatmaka lekhanavannu bareda nantara byrne. avaru 2008rahra arthika bikkattina bagge "ellah devvagalu illive" emba shirshikeya pustakavannu saha-barediddaare. september 2015 ralli, avaru "sheki ground dhii strange saga off dhii yuu" annu prakatisidaru.ess. 2008rahra arthika bikkattina elu varshagala nantara fanny mayee mattu freddy mcna aadalita mattu arthika paristhitiyannu parisheelisuva adamana daityaru. washington post" idannu 2015rahra atyuttama kaalpanikavallada pustakagalalli ondaagi ayke maaditu. september 2018 ralli, avaru "soudi americah fracking bagge satya mattu adhu jagattannu hege badalaayisuttide" endu prakatisidaru, idu "fracking kranti" mattu yuu annu parisheelisitu.ess. shaktiya swatantrya. 2019ralli, mcclen avaru luminary mele "making aa killing" emba shirshikeya podcast annu praarambhisidaru. avaru chikago booth professor luyigi jingles avarondige season 2 ralli saha-niroopakaraagi "capital 's' nott padcastge seridaru. vaiyaktika jeevana. 2000ralli criss wilford avarannu vivaahavaada avaru 2006ralli vichchedana padedaru. 2008rahra mayee tingalalli, avaru united states department off justice enron task forsna maaji nirdeshakaraada attorney seane berkovitz avarannu vivaahavaadaru. avaru 2020 ralli vichchedana padedaru. mcclean tanna makkalondige chikagodalli vasisuttiddare.

bethanie mcclean oru american pathrapravartthakayum "vaanity fair" maasikayude sambhavana edittarumaanu bethanie liie mcclean (jananam desember 12,1970). entoon kumbhakonathekkurichum 2008 leeii saambathika prathisandhiyekkurichum ezhuthiyathinte perilaanu avar ariyappedunnathu. edittar-attu-large, "fortune" ennathinte colomist, "slate" ennathinte sambhavana nalkunnayal enniva muun niyamanangalil ulppedunnu. aadyakaala jeevithavum vidyaabhyaasavum. 1970 desember 12nuu minnesottayile hibbingilaanu mcclean janichathu. 1988ll hibing haiskoolil ninnu mcclean birudam nedi. 1992ll avarkk bii. eiii. birudam labhichu.eiii. vilyams collegil ninnu engleeshilum ganithathilum birudam nedi. currier. goldman saaksinte investment banking analystaayi thante currier aarambhicha mcclen 2008 ll oru sambhavana edittaraayi "vaanity fairil" chernnu. 2010 ll "slettinte" manibox kolatthilum "fortune" enna "bulldog" kolatthilum sambhavana nalki. 2001 march 5 nuu "fortune" enna lakkathil entoninekkurichu avar oru lekhanam ezhuthi, "entoninu amita vilayaano?"pothujanagalkk labhyamaya entoninte saambathika rekhakalile chila kramakkedukal lekhanam shradhichu, kambaniyude annathe record uyarnna stokku vila nyaayeekarikkaanaavaathaanathe soochippikkunnu, ennaal aaa samayat entonile vanchanaye avar samshayichilla. 2001ll entoninte druthagathiyilulla thakarchaykku sesham, entoon udyogastharude azhimathi niranja bisinesses reethikal vishadamaakkunna "muriyile ettavum smaartist gays" (2003) enna pusthakam mcclean rachichu. eee pusthakam pinneedu akkadami awardinu naamanirddesham cheyyappetta dokyumentariyaayi maari. 2005ll, annathe ovarstokkumaayi mcclean tharkkatthilaayi.coom patrick emm. ovarstokkinekkurim avanekkurichum oru negatteevu lekhanam ezhuthiyathinu sesham bairne. 2008leeii saambathika prathisandhiyekkurichu "ellah pishaachukkalum ivideyundu" enna peril avar oru pusthakam rachichu. 2015 septambaril avar "shakey graunda dhii strench saga oof dhii yuu" prasidheekarichu.ezz. 2008leeii saambathika prathisandhikkusesham ezhu varshathinusesham phaani maay, freddy mack ennivarude bharanavum saambathika sthithiyum parishodhikkunna mortgage bhimanmar. 2015leeii ettavum mikacha nonfiction pusthakangalilonnayi 'washington poost' ithine thiranjedutthu. 2018 septambaril avar "soudi america fraakkinginekkurichulla sathyavum athu lokathe engane maattunnu" ennathum "fracking viplavam", yuu. ezz. enniva parisodhikkunnathum prasidheekarichu.ezz. oorjjaswaathanthryam. 2019ll, mcclean luminaryil "making eiii killing" enna peril oru podcast puratthirakki. chikkago booth professor luigi singalasinoppam season 2-ll saha-avatharakayaayi "capitalisnt" podcastil avar chernnu. vyakthiparamaaya jeevitam. 2000-ll kriss wilfordine vivaham kazhicha mcclean 2006-ll vivaahamochanam nedi. 2008 meyy maasathil avar yunaittad stetts department oof justice entoon task fozhsinte muun director attorni seane bercovitsine vivaham kazhichu. 2020ll avar vivaahamochanam nedi. makkalkkoppam chikkagoyilaanu mcclean thaamasikkunnath.

bethany maklin bethany lii mcclean (janm 12 december 1970) hii eka american patrakar aanee 'vanity phair' masikachi yogdan sampadak aahe. enron ghotalyavar aanee 2008 chya aarthik sankatavar lihilelya lekhanasathi tee olakhali jaate. mageel kamanmadhye sampadak-aii-large, 'fortune' sathee stambhalekhak aanee 'slate' sathee yogdankartyacha samavesh aahe. prarambhik jeevan aanee shikshan. 12 december 1970 roji minnesota yetheel hibbing yethe mccleancha janm jhaala. 1988 madhye mcclean hibbing highschoolmadhun padvidhar jhaali. 1992 madhye teela bii. aii. midale.aaa. williams mahavidhyalayatun ingraji aanee ganitat. karkird. mccleanney goldman saxasathi guntavanuk banking vishleshak mhanoon tichya karkirdichi suruvat kelee aanee 2008 madhye yogdan sampadak mhanoon 'vanity phair' madhye sameel jhaali. tine 2010 madhye 'slate' chya moneybox stambhat aanee 'fortune' madheel 'daad bulldog' stambhat yogdan denari mhanoon suruvat kelee. tine 5 march 2001 roji 'fortune' chya ankasathi 'enronchi kimmat jaast aahe qaa?' yaa shirshakakhali enronver eka lekh lihila."yaa lekhat enronchya aarthik kagadpatranmadhil kahee aniyamitata nondavalya gelya jyaa lokansathi upalabdh hotya, asey suchavate qee companychya tatkalin vikrami uchch sambhagachi kimmat anyaykarak hotee, parantu tyaveli teela enronmadhil fasavanukicha sanshay navhata. 2001 madhye enronchya zapatyane kosalalyanantar, mccleanney 'daad smartest guys inn daad room' (2003) yaa pustakache saha-lekhan kele, jyat enron adhikadhyanchya bhrasht vyavsayik paddhatincha tapasheel denyat aala. heey pustak nantar akadami puraskar-namankit mahitipatat banavanyat aale. 2005 madhye, mccleanche tatkalin atibjareshi vaad jhaale.com patrick emm. byrnane overstock aanee tyachyabaddal eka nakaratmak lekh lihilyanantar. tine 2008 chya aarthik sankatavar 'serve rakshas yethe aahet' yaa shirshakakhali eka pustak saha-lihile. september 2015 madhye tine 'sheki groundah daad vandarag saga auph daad yuu' prakashit kele.ess. 2008 chya aarthik sankatanantar saat varshanni fanny meey aanee freddy mack yanchya prashasana aanee aarthik paristhitiche parikshan karnari 'gahan thev diggaj'. washington poost' neey 2015 chya sarvotkrusht gair-kalpanik pustakanpaiki eka mhanoon tyachi nivad kelee. september 2018 madhye, tine 'saudi americah frackingbaddalche satya aanee teey jug kase badalat aahe' prakashit kele jyane 'fracking kranti' aanee yuu. chey parikshan kele.ess. urja swatantrya. 2019 madhye, mccleanney luminarivar 'making aaa killing' navache podcast suru kele. shikago boothche pradhyapak luigi zingales yanchyasobat tee dusya hangamat saha-sutrasanchalak mhanoon 'capitalicent' podcastmadhyehi sameel jhaali. vaiyaktik jeevan. mekaleenane 2000 madhye criss wilfordshee vivah keela aanee 2006 madhye ghatasfot ghetala. meey 2008 madhye tine united states department auph justices enron task forcechya majee sanchalak vakeel seane barkovitzshee vivah keela. 2020 madhye tyancha ghatasfot jhaala. mcclean tichya mulansah shikagomadhye rahate.

bethany maklin bethany lea maklin (janma december 12,1970) ek americi patrakar rar "bhyaniti fair" patrikaka lagi yogdan garne sampadak hun. uni enron scandle rar 2008 ko wittiya sankatma unko lekhanka lagi parichit chhin. aghillo karyaharuma sampadak-att-large, "bhagya" kaa lagi stambhakar, rar "slate" kaa lagi yogadankarta samawesh chhan. prarambhik jiwan rar shiksha. maklinko janma december 12,1970 maa hibbing, minnesota maa bhaeko thiyo. maklinle 1988 maa hibbing hai schoolbata snatak gareki thiin. sann 1992 maa unle bee prapta garin.ae. william kalejbata angreji rar ganitma. currier. maklinle goldman saksaka lagi lagani banking wishleshakko rupma afno currier suru garin rar sann 2008 maa yogdan garne sampadakko rupma "bhyaniti fair" maa samel bhain. unle sann 2010 maa "slate" ko moneybox stambha rar "fertune" maa "bulldog" stambhama yogadankartako rupma suru garin. unle march 5,2001 kaa lagi enronma euta lekh lekhe, "bhagya" ko ank shirshak, "key enronko mulya badhi chha?"lekhle enronko wittiya kagajatharuma kehi aniyamittaharu ullekha garyo june janataka lagi upalabdha thiyo, companyko tatkalin record uccha stock mulya anyayapurn thiyo tara unle tyas samayama enronma dhokhadhadiko shanka garenan. sann 2001 maa enronko druta patanpachhi, maklinle "da smartest keta inn da room" (2003) pustakko saha-lekhak bane jasle enron adhikariharuko bhrashta wyapar abhyasharuko vivaran diyo. yo pustak pachhi ekedemy puraskar-manonit writtachitrama banaieko thiyo. sann 2005 maa, maklin overstokko tatkalin sioosanga jhagada bhayo.cum patrick emm. unle overstok rar unko barema nakaratmak lekh lekhepachhi byrne. unle sann 2008 ko wittiya sankatma "sabai shaitanharu yahan chhan" shirshakko pustakko saha-lekhan gareki thiin. september 2015 maa, unle "sheki groundah da wrinz saga aff da yu" prakashit garin.ess. dhito giantharu "jasle 2008 ko wittiya sankatko saat warshapachhi fenny mai rar freddy mcco shasson rar wittiya awasthako jaanch gardacha. wassington post" ley yasalai sann 2015 ko utkrishta gaira-kalpanik pustakharu madhye ekko rupma chayan gareko chha. september 2018 maa, unle "saudi amerikaha fracking rar yasale kasari sansar pariwartan gariraheko chha bhanne barema satya" prakashit garin jasle "fracking kranti" rar yu-ko jaanch गऱ्यो।एस।. urja swatantrata. sann 2019 maa, maklinle luminaryma "making aha killing" shirshakko podcast suru gare. uni sikago booth professor luigi jingelssanga sijan 2 maa saha-hostko rupma "capitalicent" podcastma pani samel bhain. wyaktigat jiwan. maklinle sann 2000 maa criss wilfordsanga vivaha garin rar sann 2006 maa sambandhawiched garin. mey 2008 maa, unle sanyukta rajya americako nyaya vibhag enron task forska purva nirdeshak, wakil sayne barkowitzsanga vivaha garin. uniharule sann 2020 maa sambandhawiched gare. maklin afna bachchaharusanga sikagoma baschhin.

bethanie mclean bethanie lea mclean (janma december 12,1970) jane americae sambadika ebong "bhaniti fair" patrikara sampadaka. shay enron scandall ebong 2008 arthika sankata upare lekhalekhi paain janashuna . purba karjyagudika madhyare 'budd' sampadaka, 'bhagya' paain stambhakara ebong 'slate' paain jane abadanakari antarbhukta . prarambhika zeeban ebong sikhya. 1970 masiha december 12 tarikhare minnesota antargata hibbingare mclean janmagrahana karithile. 1988 masihare mclean hibbing haiskularu snataka hassel karithile. 1992 masihare shay bii. aii. hassel karithile.aii. williams kalejaru ingraji ebong ganitare. kyariyara. mcclean goldman sax paain jane nibesh byankinga bishleshaka bhabare nijara carrier arambha karithile ebong 2008 ray jane yogdan sampadaka bhabare "bhaniti fair" ray joga deithile. shay 2010 ray "slate" rahr moneybox stambhare ebong "fortune" ray "bulldog" stambhare jane abadanakari bhabare arambha karithile. shay march 5,2001 ray enron upare eka nibandha lekhithile, "fortune" rahr sankhya shirshaka, "enron adhika moolyare achhi kii?"ehi nibandhare enerner arthika dastabijare kichhi anijamitata ullekha karajaithila jaahaa janasadharananka paain upalabdha thila, jaahaa suchaithae je companyra tatkaleena record uccha stock mulya anyaya thila kintu shay sehi samajare enaranare thakei sandeha karinathile. parey parey enerner druta patana parey, mcclean 'daa smartest guise inn daa room' (2003) pustaka saha-rachna karithile, jeunthire enron adhikarinka durnitigrasta byabasajika abhyasa bishajare bistruta bhabe barnana karajaithila. parey ehi pustakaku ekademy puraskara-manoneet dakyumentareere parinata karajaithila. 2005 masihare, mcclean tatkaleena sii. ee. oh. overstock sahita bibaadare padithile.qama patrick emm. overstock ebong taanka bishajare eka nakaratmaka nibandha lekhiba parey byrne. shay 2008 arthika sankata upare "samasta shaitan ethaare achanti" shirshaka eka pustaka saha-rachna karithile. september 2015 ray, shay "sheki graundah daa strange saga off daa jayu" prakash karithile.ess. bandhaka daitya "jaahaa 2008 arthika sankatara saata barsha parey fanny meey ebong freddy mack rahr shasson ebong arthika paristhitiku jancha kare . washington post" ehaaku 2015 rahr sarbottama anah-kalpanika pustaka madhyaru gotie bhabare chayan karithila . september 2018 ray, shay "saudi aamerikah franking bishajare satya ebong ehaa kipari biswaku paribartana karuchhi" prakash karithile jaahaa "franking biplaba" ebong jayu.ess. shakti swadheenata. 2019 ray, mcclean luminary upare "mekinga aii killing" shirshaka eka podcast arambha karithile. shay madhya chikago booth professor luiji jingalesnka saha sijan 2 ray saha-host bhabare "capitalis naat" padakastare joga deithile. byaktigata zeeban. 2000 masihare clean criss wilfordnku bibaha karithile ebong 2006 masihare chadapatra deithile. meey meey shay americara nyaaja bibhagara purbatana nirdeshaka, enron task forcer purbatana nirdeshaka, atterni sinh barkobhitjnku bibaha karithile. 2020 ray semane chadapatra deithile. mclean taanka pilamananka sahita chikagore ruhanti .

bethanie clean bethanie lee mclean (janam 12 dasambar, 1970) ikk amriki pattarkar haii atey "vanity fair" magazine laee yogdan paunh vaala sampadak haii. uh enron ghutale atey 2008 dey vitti sankat baare likhan laee jaanhi jaandi haii. pichle kaarjan witch sampadak-aett-large, "fortune" laee kalmanvis atey "slate" witch yogdan paunh vaale shamal hunn. mudhla jeevan atey sikkhiaa. mclean daa janam 12 dasambar, 1970 noon hibbing, minnesota witch hoiaa see. mclean neey 1988 witch hibbing hyee school toon graduation keeti. 1992 witch uss neey bee. aii. prapat keeta.aii. villiams kaalaj toon angrezi atey ganit witch. carrier. mclean neey aapne carrier dee shuruat goldman saich laee ikk nivesh banking vishleshankar vajon keeti atey 2008 witch ikk yogdan paunh vaale sampadak vajon "vanity fair" witch shamal hoee. usne 2010 witch "slate" dey moneybox kaalam atey "fortune" witch "bulldog" kaalam witch yogdan paunh vaale vajon shuruat keeti. uss neey 5 march, 2001 noon "fortune" dey ank laee enron utte ikk lekh likhiaa, jiss daa sirlekh see, "qee enron dee keemat ziaada haii?"lekh witch enron dey vitti dastavezan witch kujh beniyamiaan daa zikar keeta giaa joe janata laee upalbadh sunn, ih sujhaa dinde hoye kii company dee uss samein dee ricard ucch stock keemat beinsafi see parr uss samein uss noon enron witch dhokhadhadi daa shakk naheen see. baad witch 2001 witch enron dey tezi naal dheh jaanh toon baad, mclean neey "kamre witch sabh toon chusat munde" (2003) kitaab daa sahi-lekhak see jiss witch enron adhikariaan dey bhrishtachar vaale vaparak abhiaasan daa vistaar ditta giaa see. iss pustak noon baad witch academy award-namzad dastavezi witch banaiaa giaa see. 2005 witch, mclean daa uss vele dey overstock dey naal jhagda hoow giaa.qaam patrick aimm. uss neey overstock atey uss baare ikk nakaratmak lekh likhan toon baad byron neey kiha. uss neey 2008 dey vitti sankat 'teey ikk kitaab likhi jiss daa sirlekh see "saare shaitan itthe hunn". satambar 2015 witch, uss neey "shack graoond dha wurang gaatha aaf dha yuu" prakashit keeti.aiss. morgage giants "joe kii 2008 dey vitti sankat toon satt saal baad fanny myee atey freddy maek dey shasan atey vitti sathiti dee jaanch karda haii. washington post" neey iss noon 2015 dee sarbottam gair-glup kitaban vicchon ikk vajon chunhiaa. satambar 2018 witch, uss neey "saaoodi amrica fracking baare sachchai atey ih dunia noon kiven badal riha haii" prakashit keeta jiss witch "fracking inqalaab" atey yuu dee jaanch keeti gaee.aiss. bijli sutantarta. saal 2019 witch, mclean neey luminary utte "making aii killing" sirlekh vaala ikk podcast lanch keeta. uh shikago booth professor lugi zingless dey naal season 2 witch sahi-mezban dey roop witch "capitalist" podcast witch vee shamal hoee. nijji jeevan. mclean neey 2000 witch criss wilford naal viaah keeta atey 2006 witch talaak lae liaa. maee 2008 witch, usne sanyukat raaj dey niaan vibhag enron task forus dey sabka director attarney seen bercovitz naal viaah karwa liaa. unhan daa 2020 witch talaak hoow giaa. mclean aapne bacchiaan naal shikago witch rahindi haii.

bethany mcclean bethany lee mcclean (jananam december 12,1970) ekaa amerikiya-patrakara, "vanity ferr" patrikaayaah sampaadakah cha asti. enraan-vivaadasya vishaye, 2008 tamavarshasya vitteeyasankatasya cha vishaye lekhanartham saa prasiddha asti. poorvaniyukteshu sampaadakah-att-large, "faarchoon" ityasya stambhalekhak, "slate" ityasya yogadanakarta cha antarbhavanti. praarambhikajeevanam tathaa shiksha. clean ityasyaah janma 12 december 1970 dinaanke minnesotaa-nagarasya hibbing-nagare abhavat. clean 1988 tame varshe hibbing-ucchavidyaalayaat snaatakapadaveem praapnot. 1992 tame varshe saa bii. e. praaptavatee.a. viliums mahaavidyaalayaat anglabhashayam ganite cha. vruttihi. mcclean ityeshaa goldman saachs ityasya nivesha-byaanking-vishleshakaroopen swasya vruttijeevanam aarabhat, 2008 tame varshe "vanity ferr" ityasmin yogdan-sampaadakatven cha sammilitaa. saa 2010 tame varshe "slate" ityasya moneybox-stambhe, "da buldag" iti stambhe "faarchoon" ityasmin cha yogadaanakartruroopen aarabhat. saa 2001 maarch 5 dinaanke "faarchoon" iti sheershake "kyaa enraan adhikamoolyam bhavati?" iti vishayasya lekham enraan vishaye lekhayat."lekhah enraan ityasya vitteey-abhilekheshu kaanichan aniyamitatah ullikhat, yaani janaanaam krute upalabhyante sma, yena suchitam yat kampenee ityasya tatkaaleen-abhilekha-uccha-stack-moolyam anyayapurnam aasit, parantu tasmin samaye saa enraan-madhye vanchanaayaah sandeham naa krutavatee. 2001 tame varshe enraan ityasya druta-patananantaram, makliyan ityanena "da smartest gais inn da room" (2003) iti pustakasya saha-lekhanam krutam, yasmin enraan-adhikarinam bhrasht-vyaapaar-abhyasanam vivaranam dattam. pashchat idam pustakam akadami-puraskaar-naamaankit-vruttachitraroopena nirmitam "iti. 2005 tame varshe, makleen-varyaha tatkaaleen see. ee. o. ityanena saha overstock ityanena saha vivaade abhavat.kaam-petrick emm. overstock ityasya vishaye tasya cha vishaye nakaratmakam lekhanam likhitvaa bairn ityeshaa. saa 2008 tamavarshasya vitteeyasankatasya vishaye "aal da devils aar hayer" iti sheershakam pustakam saha-lekhitaa. 2015 september-maase saa "shekee graundh da strange saga aaf da yoo" iti prakaashanam krutavatee.ess. 2008 tamasya varshasya vitteeyasankatasya saptavarshaanaam anantaram, fenny mey tathaa freddy myaak ityetayoho shasanasya vitteeyasthiteh cha parikshanam kurwantah bandhaka-daityah. washington post" iti patrikayaa 2015 tamavarshasya sarvottamanam akalpita-saahitya-pustakanam madhye anyatam iti etat chitam. 2018 september-maase saa "saudee-amerikaah da-troot-abaat-freking-end-haau itt-chenj-da-world" iti prakaashanam krutavatee, yasmin "freking-revolution" tathaa cha yu iti parikshanam krutam.ess. urjaayaah swaatantryam. 2019 tame varshe, makleen-varyaha luminary-vishaye "making a killing" iti sheershakam podcast-karyakramam prarabhata. saa "kepital-nt" iti podcast ityasmin saha-upasthapika rupena dwiteeya-parvane, chikaago-boot-pradhyapakaya luyigi-jingels ityanena saha api sammilitaa. vyaktigatajeevanam. mcclean 2000 tame varshe criss wilford ityenam parineetavatee 2006 tame varshe cha vivaahavicchedam praapnot. 2008 tame varshe mey-maase saa amerikaadeshasy nyaayavibhaagasya enraan-karyabalasya poorvanirdeshaken attarney seen berkovitz ityenam parineetavatee. 2020 tame varshe te vivaahavicchedam krutavantah. maklain swaputraihi saha shikaago-nagare nivasati.

bethanie mcclean bethanie liie mcclean (prappu disambar 12,1970) oru america paththirigaiyaalar mattrum "vanity fair" paththirigaiyin pankalippu aasiriyar aavaar. enron oozhal mattrum 2008 nidhi nerukkadi kuritthu avar ezhuthiyatharkaaga avar ariyappadugiraar. munththaiya panikalil periya alavil aasiriyar, "athirshtam" endra katturaiyaalar mattrum "slate" endra katturaiyil bangalippaalar aagiyoar adangkuvar. aarambagaala vaazhkkai mattrum kalvi. mcclean disambar 12,1970 andru minnesotavin hibbingle piranthaar. mcclean 1988 ill hipping uyarnilaip pallyil pattam pettraar. 1992 ill avar oru pii pettraar.auuu. villiams kallooriyil irunthu aangkilam mattrum kanithaththil. thozhil. mcclean goldman sachzin muthaleettu vangki aaivaalaraaka thanathu vaazhkkaiyaith thodangkinaar, maelum 2008 aam aandil oru pankalippu aasiriyaraaga "vanity fair" ill saernthaar. avar 2010 aam aandil "slatin" panappalakai neduvarisaiyilum, "fortune" ill "bultach" neduvarisaiyilum bangalippaalaraagath thodangkinaar. maarch 5,2001 andru enron kuritthu oru katturaiyai avar ezhuthinaar, "athirshtam" endra thalaippil, enron vilai athigamaaga ullathaa?"enron nidhi aavanangkalil sila muraikaedugal podhumakkalukkuk kidaitthana endru anthak katturai kurippittathu, niruvanaththin appoathaiya saathanaiyaana adhiga pangku vilai niyaayamattrathu endru parinthuraiththathu, aanaal antha neraththil avar enraanil moasadi seithathaaga santhekikkavillai. 2001 aam aandil enron viraivaana sarivukkup piragu, mcclean "araiyil ulla puththisaalithanamaana nabarkal" (2003) endra puththagaththai inainthu ezhuthinaar, idhu enron athikaarigalin oozhal vaniga nadaimuraigalai virivaaga vivarikkirathu. inththa puththagam pinnar akaadami viruthukku parinthuraikkappatta aavanappadamaaga maattrappattathu. 2005 aam aandil, mcclean appoathaiya ovarstaakkudan oru sandaiyil vilunththaar.kaam paetrik emm. avar overstack mattrum avaraip pattri oru ethirmaraiyaana katturaiyai ezhuthiya piragu biren. 2008 nidhi nerukkadi kuritthu "anaitthu pisaasugalum ingkae ullana" endra thalaippil oru puththagaththai avar inainthu ezhuthinaar. septumber 2015 ill, avar "shakey crownd thii vinoathamaana kadhai off thii yuu" endra puththagaththai veliyittaar.ess. 2008 nidhi nerukkadikkup piragu aezhu aandugalukkup piragu fani mae mattrum freddy makin nirvaagam mattrum nidhi nilaimaiyai aarayum adamaana jaambavaangal. washington poast" 2015 aam aandin sirantha punaikathai allaatha puththagangkalil ontraaka idhaith thaerntheduththathu. septumber 2018 ill, avar "savuthi america fracking pattriya unmai mattrum adhu ulagai evvaaru maattrukirathu" enbathai veliyittaar, idhu "fracking puratchi" mattrum yuu.ess. aattral suthanthiram. 2019 aam aandil, mcclean luminary meethu "oru kolai seithal" endra thalaippil oru potcast thodangkinaar. avar sikago pooth paeraasiriyar luiji jingleston season 2 ill inai thoguppaalaraaga "capidalitioned" potcastil saernthaar. thanipatta vaazhkkai. 2000 aam aandil chriss wilfordai tirumanam seithu konda mcclean, 2006 aam aandil vivaagaraththu pettraar. mae 2008 ill, avar america neethiththuraiyin munnaal iyakkunaraana vazhakkarinyar chiin bergovits enbavarai mananthaar. avarkal 2020 ill vivaagaraththu seithanar. mcclean thanathu kuzhandhaigaludan sikakovil vasikkiraar.

bethany mcclean bethany lii mcclen (jananam december 12,1970) oka american paatrikeyudu mariyu "vanity fair" patrikaku sampaadakudigaa panicheestunnaaru. enron kumbhakonam mariyu 2008 aardhika sankshobhampai aame raasina rachanalaku aame prasiddhi chendindi. munupati panulalo editor-ett-large, "fortune" kosam colomist mariyu "slate" kuu contributor unnaaru. prarambha jeevitam mariyu vidya. 1970 december 12naa minnesotaaloni hibbinglo janminchina mcclen mcclen hibbing unnata paatasaala nundi pattabhadruraalaindi. pattabhadruraalaindi aame bii. graduation pondindi.eah. villiams kalaasaala nundi aanglam mariyu ganitamlo. vrutti. mcclen goldman satchs kosam pettubadi banking vislaeshakudigaa thana vruttini praarambhinchindi mariyu mae "vanity fair" loe sahakaara sampaadakudigaa cherindi. aame aame "slate" yokka moneybox kaalamku mariyu "fortune" loe "bulldog" kaalamku contributorga praarambhamaindi. aame marchi 5,2001 kosam enron paie oka kathanaanni rachinchindi, "fortune" anae sanchikaku, "enron dhara ekkuva?"prajalaku andubaatulo unna enron yokka aardhika patraalalo konni avakatavakalanu aaa vyaasam perkondi, company yokka appati rikaardu adhika stock dhara anyayamani suuchimchimdi, conny aaa samayamlo aame enron vadda moesaanni anumaaninchaledu. anumaaninchaledu enron vaegamgaa kuppakuulina taruvaata, mcclean "dhi smart gays inn dhi room" (2003) anae pustakaanni saha rachayitagaa chesaaru, idhi enron adhikaarula avineeti vyapara paddhatulanu vivarinchindi. eee pustakaanni taruvaata academy avaardu-nominated documentaryga marcharu. marcharu, aaa samayamlo adhika stock thoo mcclean godava paddadu.com patrick emm. aame overstack mariyu athani gurinchi pratikuula vyaasam raasina taruvaata byrne. 2008 aardhika sankshobhampai "aall dhi devils aarr hear" anae pustakaanni aame saha rachayitagaa raasaaru. 2015 septembarulo, aame "shaki ground dhi vintha saaga off dhi yuu" nuu prachurinchindi.ess. 2008 aardhika sankshobham taruvaata edu samvatsaraala tarvaata funny mae mariyu freddy maak yokka paalana mariyu aardhika paristhitini pariseelinchae tanakha diggajaalu. washington post" dheenini dheenini uttama naan fiction pustakaallo okatigaa empika chesindi. september september, aame "soudhi america fracking gurinchi nijam mariyu idhi prapanchaanni elaa maarustondi" anae pustakaanni prachurinchindi, idhi "fracking viplavam" mariyu yuu nii pariseelinchindi.ess. shakti swaatantryam. swaatantryam, mcclen luminarypy "making eah killing" anae paerutoe oka podcastnu praarambhinchaadu. aame chikago booth professor luigi jingelsto paatu season season saha-hostga "capital 's nott" podcastlo kooda cherindi. vyaktigata jeevitam. mcclen mcclen criss wilfordnu vivaham chesukuni chesukuni vidaakulu teesukunnaru. mae mae, aame united states department off justice enron task fores maajee director attarney seen berkovitznu vivaham chesukunnaru. vaaru vaaru vidaakulu teesukunnaru. mcclen thana pillalatho kalisi chikagolo nivasistunnaaru.

bethan macklin bethan lee maklan (paidaish 12 dasambar 1970) eek americi sahafi aur "venty fair" megzin kii maawan editor haine. wah ainraan scandle aur 2008 kay maali behraan parr apnee tehreer kay liye jaanee jaati haine. pachlay tafviz mein editor-aett-large "fortune" kay liye kaalim nigaar aur "sleet" mein hasah leenay waala shaamil haine. ibtadayi zindagi aur taleem. makilan 12 dasambar 1970 kuu hubbing menisota mein paida hoyee. makilan nay 1988 mein hubbing hayee school say graduation kiyaa. 1992 mein iss nay bee.aey. waleems college say angrezi aur riyaazi mein. carrier. macklin nay apnay carrier kaa aaghaz gold meen seks kay liye investment banking tajziya kaar kay toor parr kiyaa aur 2008 mein batoor maawan editor "venty fair" mein shamoliyat akhtiyar kii. inhon nay 2010 mein "sleet" kay manee baaks kaalim aur "fortune" mein "buildag" kaalim mein batoor maawan kaam sharoo kiyaa. iss nay 5 maarch 2001 kuu ainraan parr eek mazmun likhaa jiss kaa anwaan "fortune" hay "kiyaa ainraan kii qeemat ziyadah hay?"mazmun mein ainraan kay maaliyaati dastawezaat mein kachh bay zabitgion kaa zakar kiyaa gayaa juu awaam kay liye dastiyaab thein jiss say patah chalta hay kahh company kay iss waqat kay record stock kii qeemat blajwaz thee leakin iss waqat inhon nay ainraan mein dhokah dahee kaa shabah nahein kiyaa. baad mein 2001 mein ainraan kay teezi say garnay kay baad macklin nay "kamray mein sabb say hoshiyar loag" (2003) kitaab kaa shareek masnaf thaa jiss mein ainraan kay ahdidaron kay badanwan karobari tareeqon kii tafsil dee gayee thee. iss kitaab kuu baad mein academy aiward namzad dastawezi film mein banaya gayaa. 2005 mein macklin iss waqat kay auvar stock kay saath jhagday mein parh gayaa.kaam patrick ayem. byron nay auvar stock aur iss kay baaray mein eek manfi mazmun likhnay kay baad. inhon nay 2008 kay maaliyaati behraan parr eek kitaab mushtarkah toor parr likhee jiss kaa anwaan thaa "tamaam shaitan yahaan haine". satambar 2015 mein iss nay "sheeki ground: dee isrenj saaga aaf dee yuu" shaye kiyaa.aiss. rehan deenay waalay baday idaarey "juu 2008 kay maaliyaati behraan kay saat saal baad fenny may aur friedy meek kii hukmarani aur maali surathaal kaa jaizah leetay haine. washington post" nay asay 2015 kii behtareen ghair afsanvi kitaabon mein say eek kay toor parr muntakhib kiyaa. satambar 2018 mein iss nay "saudi america: freking kay baaray mein sachayi aur yaha duniya kuu kisay tabdil kirr rehaa hay" shaye kiyaa jiss mein "freking inqilaab" aur yuu kaa jaizah liyaa gayaa.aiss. tawanayi kii aazadi. 2019 mein macklin nay roshni parr "qatal karnaa" kay anwaan say eek podd cast laanch kiyaa. wah shikago booth kay professor loegi zangalis kay saath seezan 2 mein shareek mezban kay toor parr "captals naat" podd cast mein bhee shaamil hoyein. zaati zindagi. macklin nay 2000 mein curse wilford say shaadi kii aur 2006 mein talaaq lay lee. mayee 2008 mein iss nay riyasathaye muthadah kay mohkamah insaaf ainraan taask force kay saabiq director attarni seen barkovatz say shaadi kii. 2020 mein inn kii talaaq how gayee. maklan apnay bachon kay saath shikago mein rehti hay.

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https://en.wikisource.org/wiki?curid=850960

Zayas v. Lothrop Luce & Company

Zayas v. Lothrop Luce & Company <templatestyles src="Header/styles.css" /> <templatestyles src="Header/main block/styles.css" /> Court Documents Opinion of the Court United States Supreme Court231 U.S. 171Zayas  v.  Lothrop Luce & Company Argued: October 31, 1913. --- Decided: December 1, 1913 Mr. C. M. Boerman for appellant and plaintiff in error. [Argument of Counsel from page 172 intentionally omitted] Mr. Malcolm Donald for appellees and defendants in error. Mr. Chief Justice White delivered the opinion of the court: Notes.

jaaya bhi. lothrop luch endo company aadalotor nothipotroxomuh aadalotor motamot aamerika juktorastror uschotom nyayaloy-221 eu.ess. 171 jayax bonam. lothrop luch endo companye jukti disiloh 31 octobor, 1913.---- xiddhantoh 1 disembor, 1913 shree. chi. em. abedonkari aaru badik bhul korar baabe burmen. [172 pristhar poraa poramorxodatar jukti issakritobhabe baad diya hoise] shree. bhulot abedonkari aaru birudhixokolor baabe malcom donald. shree. mukhyo nyayadhix huwaite aadalotor motamot prodan korisiloh noot.

jayas vee. lothrop luce anned company adaloter nothi adaloter motamot markin juktorashtrer supreme court-221 eu.esha. 171zaya bonam. lothrop luce anned company jukti diyechilah 31shhey octobor, 1913.---- siddhanta neoa hoyeche 1laa december, 1913 mii. shee. emm. apilkari ebong baadee bhuler jonno boerman. [172 pristha theke poramorsher jukti ichchakritobhabe baad deoa hoyeche] mii. malcom donald apilkari ebong bibadider jonno bhul. mii. prodhan bicharpati hoait adaloter motamot diyechenah note.

zaayaa wii. lothrop luce anned kampani adalatna dastavejo courtno abhipray united states suprem court-221 yuu.aesa. 171 zaayaa wii. lothrop luce anned kampaniae daleel curry hateeh 31 october, 1913.---nakki karyunh 1 december, 1913 shree. see. aema. apilkarta aneey bhulthi vaadee maate borman. [paan 172 parthee salaahnee daleel iraadaapurvak avganvama aavee] shree. melcum donald bhulthi apil karnaaraao aneey prativadio maate. shree. mukhya nyayadhish white adaalatno abhipray aapyoh nondho.

zaayaa banaam. lothrop luce aind company adalati dastavej adalat kii raay sanyukt raajya america kaa sarvocch nyayalaya-231 yuu.aiss. 171zaayaa banaam. lothrop luce aind company ney tark diyaah 31 octuber, 1913.---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- shree. see. aim. appelarthy aur galati seey vaadi key liye borman. [prishth 172 seey vakeel key tark koo jaanboojhkar hataa diyaa gayaa] shree. galati seey appeal karane vaalon aur prativaadiyon key liye malcum donald. shree. mukhya nyayadhish white ney adalat kii raay deeh notes.

jhayas vii. lothrope loose & kampani nyaayaalayada daakhalegalu nyaayaalayada abhipraya united states supreme court-221 yuu.ess. 171 jhayas vii. lothrope loose & kampani vaadisituh october 31,1913.---nirdharisideh december 1,1913 shree. sii. emm. tappagi melmanavidaara mattu firyadige borman. [172neey putada vakilara vaadavannu uddeshapoorvakavaagi kaibidalaagide.] shree. melmanavidaararu mattu tappaada prativaadigalige malcum donald. shree. mukhya nyayamurthy white nyaayaalayada abhiprayavannu niididaruh tippanigalu.

sayas vii. lothrop loose & kambani kodathi rekhakal kodathiyude abhiprayam yunaittad stetts supreme kodathi-221 yuu.ezz. 171 sayas vii. lothrop loose & kambani vaadichu october 31,1913.---- theerumaanichu desember 1,1913 emm. sii. emm. appeelkkaaranum paraathikkaaranum thettayi borman. [172-aamm pejil ninnulla abhibhaashakante vaadam manappoorvvam ozhivaakki] emm. malcom donald appeel cheiyunnavarkkum thettayi prathikalkkum vendi. emm. cheef justice vaitt kodathiyude abhiprayam paranju kurippukal.

zaya wii. lothrop luce andd company nyayalayin kagadpatre nyayalayache mutt united states sarvoch nyayalay-221 yuu.ess. 171 zaya wii. lothrope luce andd companyne yuktivad kelah 31 aktoobar 1913.---- tharavalany-1 december 1913 shree. see. emm. apilkarta aanee firyadisathi boerman. [172 vya panavaril vakilacha yuktivad jaanunbujun vagalanyat aala] shree. melcum donaldne apilkartyansathi aanee chukun prativadinsathi. shree. mukhya nyayadhish white yanni nyayalayache mutt mandaleh nondi.

jayas wee. lothrop luce anned company adalati kagajatharu adalatko mutt sanyukta rajya americako sarvochcha adalat-231 yu.ess. 171 jais banam. lothrop lyus anned companyle tarka gareh october 31,1913.---nirnayah december 1,1913 shree. see. emm. apilkarta rar wadika lagi trutima borman. [prishtha 172 batt sallahako tarka janajani hataiyo] shree. melcom donaldle apil garneharu rar pratiwadiharulai galtima. shree. mukhya nyayadhish whitele adalatko raaya dieh noteharu.

jaiah v. lothrop luce anded company adalat kagajpatra nyajalajanka matamata juktarastra americara sarbocha nyajalaja-231 jayu.ess. 171jaiah banam. lothrop luce anded company jukti karithilah october 31,1913.---- nishpattih december 1,1913 mea. sii. emm. trutipurna abedanakari ebong badinka paain boerman. [172 prustharu paramarshara jukti janishuni baada diajaichhi] mea. trutipurna abedanakari ebong pratibadeenka paain malcome donald. mea. mukhya bicharapati white nyajalajanka matamata pradan karithileh note.

zayas vee. lothrop luce aind company adalati dastavez adalat dee raae sanyukat raaj dee superim court-221 yuu.aiss. 171 zayas banaam lothrop luce aind company neey daleel dittia 31 aktubar 1913.---- faisla keetaau 1 dasambar 1913 sriman jee. see. aim. appealkarta atey mudai laee galti witch boerman. [safaa 172 toon vakeel dee daleel noon janbujh keey hataa ditta giaa haii.] sriman jee. galti witch apeel curran valiaan atey bachaa pakkh laee malcom donald. sriman jee. cheef justice white neey adalat dee raae dittia notes.

zayas vi. lothrop lus & kampanee nyayalayasya dastaawejah nyayalayasya abhiprayah samyuktarajyamerika-sarwochchanyaayaalayah-231 yoo.ess. 171 zayas vi. lothrop lues end kampanee vaadam akarot-october 31,1913.---- nirdhaaritah december 1,1913 shree. sii. emm. apeeleeyasy tathaa doshayuktasya vaadeeh cha krute borman iti. [172 prushtasya paraamarshasy tarkah icchaakrutaroopena apasaaritah.] shree. maalkam donald-ityanena apiliyanam doshayuktaanaam pratipakshanam cha krute. shree. mukhyanyayadhishaha vait ityeshah nyayalayasya abhiprayam adadat. tippanyah.

sayaa vii. lothrobe loose & kambeni neethimandra aavanangkal neethimandraththin karutthu america uchcha neethimandram-221 yuu.ess. 171 sayasu vii. lothrobe loose & kambeni vaathittathu october 31,1913.---mudivu seithathu disambar 1,1913 thiru. chii. emm. maelmuraiyeettaalar mattrum vaathikku pizhaiyaaga ullathu. [pakkam 172-ll ulla aaloasanaiyin vaatham vaendumentrae thavirkkappattathu] thiru. maelmuraiyeettaalargal mattrum pirathivaathikalukku thavaraaga maalgam donault. thiru. thalaimai neethipathi vellai neethimandraththin karutthai vazhangkinaar kurippugal.

jayas vii. lothrope loose & company kortu patraalu kortu abhiprayam united states supreme court-221 yuu.ess. 171 jayas vii. lothrope loose & company vaadinchindihi october 31,1913.---nirnayinchabadindih december 1,1913 mister. sii. emm. appeeludaaru mariyu tappugaa vaadi kosam boerman. [172va paejee nundi nyaayavaadi vaadana uddeshapoorvakamgaa tolaginchabadindi] mister. appealylu mariyu doshapurita prativaadula kosam malcum donald. mister. pradhana nyaayamuurti white kortu abhiprayanni vyaktam chesaru gamanikalu.

zayaas wee. lothrop laus aind company adalati dastawezaat adaalat kii raaye riyasathaye muthadah kii suprem court-221 yuu.aiss. 171 zayaas v. lothrop laus aind company nay istedlal kiyaa: 31 aktobar 1913.---faislah kiyaa: 1 dasambar 1913 mister. see. ayem. apeel karnay waalay aur madayi kay liye ghalti say boirmeen. [safha 172 say wakeel kii dalil kuu jaan bojh kirr khaarij kirr diyaa gayaa] mister. ghalti mein appeliyon aur madaa alaihan kay liye melcom donald. mister. cheef justice waait nay adaalat kii raaye paish kii: nott.

fffe68a397899b3a12c0350600367615006fb44345f442e4141637dfc3670817

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29190427

George Parry (MP)

George Parry (MP) Sir George Parry (1600–1660) was an English lawyer and politician who sat in the House of Commons of England from 1640 until 1644. Parry was probably the son of Henry Parry, Bishop of Worcester and matriculated at Merton College, Oxford on 14 March 1617 aged 16. He was admitted at the Inner Temple in 1616 and was awarded BA at Oxford in 1619. He became a Fellow at Cambridge in 1619 and was awarded LLd from Magdalene College, Cambridge in 1628. He was admitted advocate on 3 November 1628 and became Recorder of Exeter. In April 1640, Parry was elected Member of Parliament for St Mawes for the Short Parliament and was returned in November for the Long Parliament. Parry supported King Charles I and was knighted on 12 May 1644. He was disabled from Parliament in the same year. Parry later lived in the City of London and died around 1670, as administration was then granted to his son Suetonius. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

jorjo peree (mp) chaar jorjo peree (1600-1660) ejon ingraj odhibokta aaru rajneetibid aasil ji 1640 sonor poraa 1644 sonoloike englandor house owo komonxot bohi aasil. peree xombhobotoh 1617 sonor 14 marchot oxfordor marton collegeot metrik degree laabh koraa orthat warchesteror bixop henori perir putro aasil. teuk 1616 sonot bhitoror mondirot bhorti koruwa hoisil aaru 1619 sonot oxfordot bi. e. botaa prodan koraa hoisil. 1619 sonot teu cambridgeor felu hoisil aaru 1628 sonot cambridgeor magdaline collegeor poraa el. el. di. botaa laabh korisil. 1628 sonor 3 novemborot teuk aid 'koo' loto bhorti koraa hoisil aaru teu exteror recorder hoisil. 1640 sonor aprilot peree suti xongxodor baabe saint mawesor baabe xongxodor xodosyo nirbasito hoisil aaru novembor maahot digholiya xongxodor baabe ghurai diya hoisil. periye king charls prothomok xomorthon korisil aaru 1644 sonor 12 mey 'too teuk night upadhi prodan koraa hoisil. xei bosorote teu xongxodor poraa biklango hoisil. periye pisoloi london sohorot baax korisil aaru 1670 sonor aaxe-paxe mrityuboron korisil, kiyonu tetiya teur putro suituniosok proxaxon prodan koraa hoisil.

george pyari (mp) syara george pyari (1600-1660) chhilen ekjon ingrez aainjibi ebong rajnitibid jini 1640 theke 1644 saal porjonto house off commons off englande bosechilen. pyari sombhoboto versester bishop henry pyari-rawr putro chhilen ebong 1617 khristabder 14ee march 16 bochor boyse oxforder marton college matriculate hohn. 1616 khristabde tini abhyantarin mondire bhorti hohn ebong 1619 khristabde oxforder baa puroskare bhushito hohn. 1619 khristabde tini cambridger fello hohn ebong 1628 khristabde cambridger magdalin college theke lld puroskare bhushito hohn. 1628 khristabder 3raa navembar tini aainjibi hisebe bhorti hohn ebong prosthaner recorder hohn. 1640 saaler april maase, pyari sangkhipto sangsader jonno seenta maoyeser jonno sangsad sadasya nirbachito hohn ebong navembar maase deergho sangsader jonno firey asen. pyari raja prothom charloske samarthan korechilen ebong 1644 saaler 12ee meey night upadhi laav corren. ekoi bochore tini sangsad theke akkham hoye paden. pyari porey london shohore bosobas corren ebong 1670 khristabder dike maaraa zaan, kaaron proshashon taanr putro suitoniuske deoa hoyechilo.

george peree (mp) surr george peree (1600-1660) aek angrej vakeel aneey rajkarani hataa jeo 1640 thee 1644 sudhee house off commons off englandma bethaa hataa. peree kadaach warcesternaa bishop henry pereena putra hataa aneey 14 march 1617naa roj oxfordnee merton collegemaa 16 varshnee ummare metrika paas karyaa hataa. temne 1616maan aantarik mandeerma dakhal karvaamaa aavyaa hataa aneey 1619maan oxford khaate temne baa enayat karvaamaa aavyo hato. teo 1619maan cambridgema phelo banyaa hataa aneey 1628maan cambridgeni magdallin collegemathi lld enayat karvaamaa aavyaa hataa. temne 3 november 1628naa roj vakeel tareeke dakhal karvaamaa aavyaa hataa aneey teo bahaar nikalvaanaa reqordara banyaa hataa. april 1640maan, peree tunkee sansad maate saint moves maate sansadnaa sabhy tareeke chuntaya hataa aneey novemberma laambi sansad maate parat faryaa hataa. pereeae raajaa charles prathamne teko aapyo hato aneey 12 meey 1644naa roj temne nightni padvi aapvama aavee hatee. teey jaj varshe teo sansadmathi apang thaee gayaa hataa. peree paachhalthi london shaherma raheta hataa aneey 1670nee aaspaas temnu avsaan thayu hatoo, kaaran keey vaheevat temnaa putra suitoniusne aapvama aavyo hato.

george pairi (mp) surr george pairi (1600-1660) ack angreji vakeel aur rajneta they joe 1640 seey 1644 taka house off commons off ingland mein baithe they. pairi shayed heinry pairi key bete they, joe versester key bishap they aur 14 march 1617 koo 16 saal kii umr mein oxford key merton college mein matrick kii padhaai kii thee. unhein 1616 mein aantarik mandir mein bharti karaaya gayaa thaa aur 1619 mein oxford mein bee. aeye. seey sammaanit kiya gayaa thaa. way 1619 mein cambridge mein ack saathi bunn gaye aur 1628 mein cambridge key magdlean college seey ell. ell. dee. seey sammaanit kiye gaye. unhein 3 navambar 1628 koo adhivakta key roop mein bharti kiya gayaa aur way exeter key recorder bunn gaye. aprail 1640 mein, pairi koo chhoti sansad key liye sent maws key liye sansad kaa sadasya chunaa gayaa aur navambar mein lambi sansad key liye vaapas curr diyaa gayaa. pairi ney raajaa charles pratham kaa samarthan kiya aur 12 maee 1644 koo unhein night kii upaadhi dee gaee. usee varsh way sansad seey viklang hoe gaye. pairi baad mein landan shahar mein rahate they aur 1670 key aspas unaki mrityu hoe gaee, kyonki prashaasan taba unake bete suetonius koo diyaa gayaa thaa.

georg pyaari (mp) surr georg pyaari (1600-1660) obba inglish vakeela mattu raajakaaraniyaagiddu, avaru 1640rinda 1644ravarege house off commons off englendnalli kulitiddaru. pyaari bahushah versestern bishop henry pyaari avara maganagiddanu mattu 1617rahra march 14randu oxfordn merton colleginalli metriculation padedanu. 1616ralli ola devaalayadalli pravesha padedanu mattu 1619ralli oxfordnalli baa prashastiyannu padedanu. 1619ralli cambridgenalli phelo aadanu mattu 1628ralli cambridgen magdaleen kaalejininda lld prashastiyannu padedanu. 1628rahra november 3randu aata vakilaraagi daakhalaadanu mattu nirgamanada recorder aadanu. 1640rahra aprilnalli, pyaari avaru sanna samsattige saint mavsgagi samsattina sadasyaraagi aaykeyaadaru mattu novembernalli sudirgha samsattige maralidaru. pyaari king charles I annu bembalisidaru mattu 1644rahra mayee 12randu nait emba birudannu padedaru. adhe varshadalli avaru samsattininda angavikalaraadaru. pyaari nantara london nagaradalli vaasisuttiddaru mattu 1670rahra sumaarige nidhanaraadaru, ekendare aadalitavannu nantara avara maga suetoniusge nidalaayitu.

george parry (mp) surr george parry (1600-1660) heey eka ingraji vakeel aanee rajkarani hote, jeey 1640 teey 1644 paryant haus auph commons auph englandmadhye basale hote. parry haah bahudha warcestercha bishop heinry parrycha mulga hota aanee 14 march 1617 roji oxfordchya merton collegemadhye matrick uttirn jhaala. tyala 1616 madhye aateel mandirat pravesh denyat aala aanee 1619 madhye auxford yethe tyala baa puraskar denyat aala. too 1619 madhye cambridgemadhye phelo jhaala aanee 1628 madhye cambridgechya magdlean collegemadhun tyala ell. ell. dii. puraskar denyat aala. tyala 3 november 1628 roji vakeel mhanoon pravesh denyat aala aanee too extercha recorder banala. april 1640 madhye, parry chhotya sansadesathi seent mavsasathi sansadeche sadasya mhanoon nivadoon aale aanee novembermadhye dirgh sansadesathi parat aale. parryne raja charles pahila yala pathimba deela aanee 12 meey 1644 roji tyala nitechi padvi denyat aalee. tyach varshi too sansadetoon apang jhaala. parry nantar london shaharat rahila aanee 1670 chya sumaras tyacha mrutyu jhaala, kaaran tyanantar tyacha mulga suetoniusla prashasana denyat aale.

george peri (mp) sear george peri (1600-1660) ekjana angreji wakil rar rajnitigya thie jo 1640 dekhi 1644 samma house aff commons aff englandma base. peri sambhawatah heinry perika chhora thie, jo worcesterka bishop thie rar 14 march 1617 maa oxfordko merton kalejma matrick pass gareka thie. unlai 1616 maa bhitri mandirma bharna garieko thiyo rar 1619 maa oxfordma baa puraskar pradan garieko thiyo. uni 1619 maa cambridgema felo bane rar 1628 maa cambridgeko magdlein kalejbata lld puraskar prapta gare. unlai 3 november 1628 maa wakilma bharna gariyo rar ekjetarko recorder bane. april 1640 maa, peri chhoto sansadka lagi cent mawska lagi sansad sadasya nirvachit bhae rar novemberma lamo sansadka lagi firta gariyo. perile raja charles prathamlai samarthan gare rar 12 mey 1644 maa unlai nightko upadhi diiyo. uni tyahi warsha sansadbata asaksham bhae. pare pachhi london saharma basthe rar sann 1670 ko asapas unko mrityu bhayo, kinki prashasana unko chhora sutoniusla pradan garieko thiyo.

george pyari (mp) saar george pyari (1600-1660) jane ingreja okil ebong rajneta thile jie 1640 ru 1644 parjyanta englandara house off kamansare basithile. paari sambhabatah warcester bishop henry pyareenka pua thile ebong 16 barsha bajasare 14 march march oxfordra morton kalejare matrick karithile. tanku tanku aabhyantareen mandirare bhartti karajaithila ebong shay oxfordre baa puraskara pradan karajaithila. shay shay cambridgere jane fello hoithile ebong navember cambridger magdallin kalejaru ell. ell. dii. puraskara paithile. tanku 3 navember navember okil bhabe bhartti karajaithila ebong shay prasthana recorder hoithile. 1640 masiha april maasare, paari sankhipta sansada paain cent mawesa paain sansadara sadasya bhabe nirbachita hoithile ebong dirgha sansada paain navember maasare tanku ferai diajaithila. pyari raja raja samarthan karithile ebong 1644 masiha meey 12 tarikhare tanku night upadhi pradan karajaithila. sehi barsha shay sansadaru akhyama hoithile. parey pyari london saharare rahuthile ebong 1670 masiha belaku tankara mrutyu hoithila, kaaran taanka pua sutonijasku prashasana pradan karajaithila.

jaaraj pairi (aimm. pee.) sarr jaaraj pairi (1600-1660) ikk angrezi vakeel atey siasatdan see joe 1640 toon 1644 takk haaoos aaf commons aaf england witch baitha riha. pairi shayed hannery pairi daa puttar see, joe versester daa bishop see atey 14 march 1617 noon merton kaalaj, oxford witch metrik paas keeta see. uss noon 1616 witch inner temple witch dakhal karvaiaa giaa see atey 1619 witch oxford vikhe bee. aii. naal sanmanit keeta giaa see. uh 1619 witch cambridge witch ikk failo bann giaa atey 1628 witch magdleen kaalaj, cambridge toon ail. ail. dee. naal sanmanit keeta giaa see. uss noon 3 navambar 1628 noon vakeel vajon dakhal keeta giaa see atey uh accitor daa recorder bann giaa see. aprail 1640 witch, pairi noon chhoti sansad laee cent mawas laee sansad daa member chunhiaa giaa see atey navambar witch lambi sansad laee waps qarr ditta giaa see. pairi neey king charles I daa samarthan keeta atey 12 maee 1644 noon night dee padvi ditti gaee. use saal uh sansad toon apahaj hoow giaa see. pairi baad witch london shehar witch rahinda see atey 1670 dey aas paas usdi maut hoow gaee, kiunki parshasana uss dey puttar suitnius noon ditta giaa see.

jaarj peree (mp) surr jaarj peree (1600-1660) ekaha aangl-adhivaktaa, raajaneetidnyah cha aasit yah 1640 taha 1644 paryantam house aaf commons aaf england ityatra upavishyata. peree sambhawatah warcester-nagarasya bishap-heinry-peree ityasya putrah aasit, 1617 maarch 14 dinaanke 16 varsheeyah oxford-nagarasya merton-mahaavidyaalaye matrick utteernah cha abhavat. saha 1616 tame varshe aantarik-mandire praveshitah, 1619 tame varshe oxford-nagare baa-puraskaarah cha praptavan. saha 1619 tame varshe kembridge-nagare phelo abhavat, 1628 tame varshe kembridge-nagarasya magdleen-mahaavidyaalayaat ell. ell. dii. puraskaarah cha praapnot, saha 3 november 1628 tame dine adhivaktaa-rupena praveshah praapnot, tathaa cha exetor-ityasya abhilekhakartaa abhavat. 1640 april-maase, peree laghusamsadasya krute sent-maavs-krute samsadanah sadasyah nirwaachitah, tathaa cha deerghasamsadasya krute november-maase pratyarpitah. peree ityeshah raja charles-prathamasya samarthanam krutavaan, 1644 mey 12 dinaanke nait iti upaadhim praptavan. tasmin eva varshe saha samsadaat akshamah abhavat. pare landan-nagare nivasan, 1670 tame varshe mrutah, yatah tasya putrasya suetonius-ityasya prashasanam dattam.

jaarj paari (emm. pii) charr jaarj paari (1600-1660) oru aangkila vazhakkarinyar mattrum arasiyalvaathi aavaar, avar 1640 muthal 1644 varai havus off commons off englaanththil amarnthirunthaar. paari anegamaaga hendri paari enbavarin maganaaga irukkalaam, avar vorcesterine bishab mattrum 14 maarch 1617 andru oxportil ulla merton kallooriyil matriculation pettraar. avar 1616 ill ull koavilil anumathikkappattaar mattrum 1619 ill oxportil phaa viruthu pettraar. avar 1619 ill cambridgil oru saga aanaar mattrum 1628 ill cambridgil ulla mcdalline kallooriyil ell. ell. dii viruthu pettraar. avar 3 navambar 1628 andru vazhakkarinyar serkkappattaar mattrum veliyaerum pathivaalar aanaar. aepral 1640 ill, paari kurugiya naadaalumandraththirkaana saint maavsukkaana naadaalumandra uruppinaraaga thernthedukkappattaar, maelum navambar maatham neenda naadaalumandraththirkaaga tiruppi anuppapattaar. paari muthalaam chaarlasai aathariththaar, maelum 1644 mae 12 andru nite pattam pettraar. athae aandil avar naadaalumantraththilirunthu uunamutrtraar. paari pinnar lundon nagaril vasiththu vanthaar, pinnar avarathu magan suitoniusidam nirvaagam valangkappattathaal 1670 aam aandil iranthaar.

georg paari (empi) surr georg paari (1600-1660) oka aangla nyaayavaadi mariyu raajakeeyavetta, ayana 1640 nundi 1644 varaku house off commons off inglandlo kuurchunnaaru. paari bahusha versester bishop ayina henry paari kumarudu mariyu 1617 marchi 14naa oxford looni merton kalasalalo matriculation puurti chesaadu. athanu 1616loe lopali aalayamlo cheraadu mariyu 1619loe oxford vadda baa avaardu pondaadu. athanu 1619loe cambridgelo pheloga maaradu mariyu 1628loe cambridgeloni magdaleen kalaasaala nundi lld avaardu pondaadu. athanu 3 november 1628naa nyayavadiga cheraadu mariyu exitor recorderga maaradu. 1640 eprillo, paari chinna paarlamentu kosam seyint mavs kosam paarlamentu sabhyudiga ennikayyaaru mariyu sudeergha paarlamentu kosam novemberlo tirigi vacchaaru. paari king charless Iకి maddatu icchaadu mariyu 1644 mae 12naa nait padavini pondaadu. adhe samvatsaramlo athanu paarlamentu nundi vaikalyam pondaadu. paari taruvaata london nagaramlo nivasinchi, 1670 loe maraninchaadu, endukante paripalana athani kumarudu suutooniyasku manjuru cheyabadindi.

jaarj peeri (ayem pee) sarr jaarj peeri (1600-1660) eek angrez wakeel aur seyasat daan thay juu 1640 say 1644 takk house aaf kaamanz aaf england mein bethay rahay. peeri ghaliba hunry peeri kaa betaa thaa juu worster kay bashp thay aur 14 maarch 1617 kuu 16 saal kii amar mein oxford kay merton college mein metrik paas kiyaa. inhein 1616 mein androni mandar mein daakhil kiyaa gayaa aur 1619 mein oxford mein bee aey say nawaza gayaa. wah 1619 mein camberge mein filo bunn gayey aur inhein 1628 mein camberge kay magdlane college say eel eel ddee say nawaza gayaa. inhein 3 nomber 1628 kuu wakeel kay toor parr daakhil kiyaa gayaa aur wah exetor kaa recorder bunn gayaa. apreel 1640 mein peeri mukhtasir parliament kay liye sent mous kay liye rakan parliament muntakhib hoay aur nomber mein taweel parliament kay liye waps kirr diye gayey. peeri nay king charlis awal kii himayat kii aur 12 mayee 1644 kuu inhein night kaa khataab diyaa gayaa. asee saal wah parliament say maazur how gayey. peeri baad mein landan shehar mein rehtay thay aur 1670 kay aas paas inn kaa inteqal how gayaa keunkah iss kay baad inn kay betay stonius kuu intezamiya dee gayee.

fffe69bc4d96b14808c7ec092a80ffbd12b1e3ec81db37b0092a93690cc07b70

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52310630

Richard Perkyn

Richard Perkyn English politician Richard Perkyn (fl. 1335) was an English politician. He was a Member (MP) of the Parliament of England for Wycombe in 1335. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

rechard parkin rechard parkin (ef. el.). 1335) ejon ingraji rajneetibid aasil. teu 1335 sonot waikumbor baabe englandor xongxodor xodosyo (mp) aasil.

richarda parkin richarda parkin (eff. ell.). 1335) ekjon ingrez rajnitibid chhilen. tini 1335 saale waikomber jonno englander sangsader sadasya (mp) chhilen.

ritchard perkin ritchard perkin (aef. aela.) 1335) aek angrej rajkarani hataa. teo teo wycomb maate englandnee sansadnaa sabhy (mp) hataa.

richard perkin richard perkin (fl. 1335) ack angreji raajneetigya they. way 1335 mein vicomb key liye ingland kii sansad key sadasya (aim. pee.) they.

richard parkin richard parkin (eff. ell. 1335) obba inglish raajakaaraniyaagiddaru. aata aata vaikombeya inglendna samsattina sadasyaraagiddaru.

richard perkin richard perkin (fl. 1335) heey eka ingraji rajkarani hote. 1335 madhye teey vayakombasathi englandchya sansadeche sadasya (emm. pii.) hote.

richard perkin richard perkin (fla. 1335) jane ingreja rajneta thile. shay 1335 masihare waikomb paain englandara sansadara sadasya (emm. pii.) thile.

richard parkin richard parkin (eff. aill. 1335) ikk angrezi siasatdan see. uh 1335 witch vicombay laee england dee sansad daa member (aimm. pee.) see.

richard parkin richard parkin (fl. 1335) aangl-raajaneetidnyah aasit. saha 1335 tame varshe vaikombe-krute england-deshasya samsade sadasyah (emm. pi.) aasit.

richard bergin richard bergin (pf. 1335) oru aangkila arasiyalvaathi aavaar. avar 1335 aam aandil vaikoambaevin englaanthu naadaalumandraththin uruppinaraaga (emm. pii) irunthaar.

fffe6f87acb2375c56ba85d46f07264cb2d57608317282a5dae106418d4a2441

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20600372

Equality, Alabama

Equality, Alabama Equality is a census-designated place in Coosa County, Alabama, United States. It was first named as a CDP in the 2020 Census which listed a population of 150. The Equality post office serves the ZIP Code of 36026, and its delivery area includes rural land to the south in Elmore County. Demographics. <templatestyles src="US Census population/styles.css"/> Equality was listed as an incorporated community within the boundaries of Coosa County during the 1920 and 1930 U.S. censuses. 2020 census. "Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos can be of any race." References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

xomota, alabama xomota hoise aamerika juktorastror alabamar kucha countyt ekhon lukpiyol-nirdharito sthan. 2020 sonor lukopiyolot iyak prothome chi. di. pi. hisape naamkoron koraa hoisil zo 'too 150 john jonoxongkhya talikabhukto koraa hoisil. xomota dakghortuwe 36026 ror jip code prodan kore, aaru iyar delivery oncholot elmur countyr dokhyinor gramyo bhumi ontorbhukto aase. jonogathoni. 1920 aaru 1930 sonor xomoisuwat kucha countyr ximar bhitorot xomota ek ontorbhukto xomproday hisape talikabhukto koraa hoisil.ess. lukpiyol. 2020 sonor lukpiyol. "tukah aamerikar lukopiyole hispanik/letinuk ek jatigoto shreni hisape bibesona kore. ei talikakhone letinuk jatigoto shrenir poraa baad diye aaru teulukok ek prithok shrenit nijukto kore. hispanik/letin 'jikunu jaatir hoh' bob paare."

somota, alabama somota holl markin juktorashtrer alabamar kusa kauntite ekti jonogonona-manoneet sthan. 2020 saaler adamshumari onusare, 150 john jonosongkhar talikabhukto eyi anchaler prothom naam deoa hoy cdp. dakghar somota 36026-err jipa coder aota aase ebong err bitoron elaka elmore kauntir dakkhine gramin jommy antarbhukta korey. jonosongkha. 1920 ebong 1930 saale cosa kauntir seemanar modhye somota ekti antarbhukta sampradai hisabe talikabhukto hoyechilo.esha. jonogonona. 2020 saaler jonogonona. "drashtabyah markin juktorashtrer jonogonona hyspanic/latinor ekti jatigoto bibhag hisabe bibechona korey. eyi tabilty jatigoto bibhag theke latinogulike baad deyo ebong taader ekti prithak bibhage baradda korey. hyspanic/latino jey konao jaatir hotey paare."

samaantaa, alabama samaantaa aee united statesnaa alabamama koosa kaauntimaa vastee ganatari dwara niyukt sthal chhe. tene saupratham ganatari vastee ganatarimaa cdp tareeke naam aapvama aavyu hatoo, jemaa jemaa vastee soochibaddh karvaamaa aavee hatee. samaantaa poosta offices offices pinn kodne sevaa aape chhe, aneey tenaa vitaran vistaarmaa elmore kaauntimaa dakshinma graameen jameenno samaavesh thaay chhe. vastee vishhayak. 1920 aneey 1930 darmiyan yuu. aesa. maan koosa kaauntini sarahadoni andar aek sankaleet samudaay tareeke samaantaane soochibaddh karvaamaa aavee hatee.aesa. vastee ganatari. ganatari vastee ganatari. "nondhah yuu. aesa. vastee ganatari hyspanic/latinone vansheey shrenee tareeke maane chhe. aaa koshtak latinone vansheey vargomathi bakaat raakhe chhe aneey temne aek alag shreneema sonpe chhe. hyspanics/latinono koipan jaatinaa hoi shake chhe."

samaantaa, albama samaantaa sanyukt raajya america key albama mein kosa county mein ack janganana-naamit sthaan haye. ise pahali baar 2020 kii janganana mein ack cdp key roop mein naamit kiya gayaa thaa, jisamen 150 kii aabaadi koo soochibaddh kiya gayaa thaa. samaantaa dakghar 36026 key jip code koo puuraa kartaa haye, aur isake vitaran kshetra mein elmore county mein dakshin kii graameen bhoomi shamil haye. jansankhyiki. 1920 aur 1930 key dauran kosa county kii seemaon key bheetar samaantaa koo ack nigamit samudaay key roop mein soochibaddh kiya gayaa thaa.aiss. janganana. 2020 kii janganana. "notah americi janganana mein hyspanic/latino koo ack jaatiya shreni key roop mein maanaa jaataa haye. iss talika mein laitinon koo nasleeya shreniyon seey baahar rakhaa gayaa haye aur unhein ack alag shreni mein rakhaa gayaa haye. hyspanic/latino kissy bhee jaati key hoe sakate hain."

samanate, alabama samaanateyu united statesna alabaamaada cusa kountiyalli janaganati-gottupadisida sthalavagide. idannu modala baarige 2020rahra janaganatiyalli sii. dii. pii. endu hesarisalaayitu, idu 150 janasankhyeyannu patti maaditu. samaanateya anche kacheriyu 36026rahra pinn code annu odagisuttade, mattu adara vitaranaa pradeshavu dakshinadalliruva elmore kountiya grameena bhoomiyannu olagondide. janasankhyaashaastra. 1920 mattu 1930rahra yuu. ess. avadhiyalli cusa kountiya gadiyolage samaanateyannu ondu samyojita samudaayavaagi patti maadalaayitu.ess. janaganatigalu. 2020rahra janaganati. "gamanisi yuu. ess. janaganatiyu hysponic/latinovannu janangiya vargavendu pariganisuttade. ee koshtakavu latinogalannu janangiya vargagalinda horagiduttade mattu avugalannu pratyeka vargakke niyojisuttade. hysponics/latinogalu yaavude janaangadavaraagirabahudu."

samanata, alabama samanata heey amerikechya alabama rajyatil koosa countymadhil janganana-niyukt sthan aahe. 2020 chya jangananemadhye tyala pratham see. dii. pii. asey naav denyat aale hote, jyat 150 loksankhya soochibaddha kelee gelee hotee. samanata tapal karyalay 36026 chya piin kodchi seva dete aanee tyachya vitaran kshetramadhye elmore kauntichya dakshinekadil grameen jaminicha samavesh aahe. loksankhyashastra. 1920 aanee 1930 chya yuu. ess. darmyan koosa kauntichya simemadhye eka samavisht samuday mhanoon samanata soochibaddha karnyat aalee hotee.ess. janganana. 2020 chee janganana. "teepah amerikechya jangananenusar hyspanic/latino haah vanshik varg manla jaato. yaa taktyat latinanna vanshik shreninmadhun vagalanyat aale aahe aanee tyanna vegalya shreneet niyukt karnyat aale aahe. hyspanic/latino konatyahi jaatiche asoo shakatat."

samanata, alabama samanata heuchhi juktarastra americara alabamar kusa kauntire eka janganana-manoneet sthana . 2020 janganana anusare, ehara naama prathame sii. dii. pii. rakhajaithila, jeunthire 150 janasankhya talikabhukta hoithila. samanata dakghar 36026 rahr pinn code pradan karithae, ebong ehara bitarana khetrare dakhinare elmore kauntira grameena jami antarbhukta. janasankhyika. 1920 ebong 1930 masihare kusa kauntira seema madhyare samanata eka antarbhukta sampradai bhabare talikabhukta hoithila.ess. janganana. 2020 janganana. "tippaneeh juktarastra americara janganana hyspanic/latinoku eka jatigata berg bhabare bibechana kare . ehi saaranee jatigata bargaru latinoku baada deichi ebong semananku eka pruthaka bargare nijukta karichhi. hyspanic/latinogana jekaunasi jaatira hoiparanti."

samanta, albama samanta koosa kaoonti, alabama, sanyukat raaj amrica witch ikk mardamshumari-nirdharat sathaan haii. iss noon pahili vaar 2020 dee mardamshumari witch ikk see. dee. pee. vajon naam ditta giaa see jiss witch 150 dee aabadi noon suchibadh keeta giaa see. samanta dakghar 36026 dey zip code dee seva karda haii, atey iss dey sapurdagi khetar witch elmore county witch dakkhan vall pendu zameen shamal haii. jansankhiaa. 1920 atey 1930 dey dauran koosa county deeaan haddan dey ander samanta noon ikk shamal bhaichare vajon suchibadh keeta giaa see.aiss. mardamshumari. 2020 dee mardamshumari "notay us mardamshumari hyspanic/latino noon ikk nasli shreni vajon mannadi haii. ih saarnee latini lokan noon nasli shreniaan toon bahr rakkhdi haii atey uhanan noon ikk vakkhari shreni witch nirdharat kardi haii. hyspanic/latino kise vee nasal dey hoow sakde hunn."

samanata, alabama samataa samyuktarajyamerikadesha alabama-nagarasya kusa-kauntee-nagare janaganana-nirdishta-sthaanam asti. 2020 janaganananusaram prathamam asya naam see. dee. pee. iti krutam, yasmin 150 janasankhyaa suchita aasit. samanatayam post-karyalaye 36026 ityasya pinn-code vartate, tasya vitaranakshetre elmore-kauntee-nagarasya dakshinadishi graameenabhoomih api antarbhavati. janasaamkhyikee. 1920 tame varshe 1930 tame varshe cha yoo. ess.-deshe kusa-prantasya simayam samatvam ekeekruta-samudaayaroopen soocheebaddham aasit.ess. gananaam karotu. 2020 janaganaam. "tippanih amerikaadeshasy janagananayam hispaanik/latino-bhashayaha janajaateeyah vargeeyaah santi. eshaa saaranee latino-deshaan jaati-vargebhyah bahishkaroti, taan pruthak varge niyojayati cha. hispaanik/latino-janaah kasyaapi jaatyaah bhavitum arhanti."

samathuvam, alabama samathuvam enbathu americavin alabama maanilaththin koosa kavundiyil ulla oru makkal thogai kanakkeduppu-niyamikkapatta idamaagum. idhu 2020 makkal thogai kanakkeduppil muthanmuthalil oru chii. dii. pii endru peyaridappattathu, idhu 150 makkal thogaiyai pattiyalittathu. samathuva tabal aluvalagam 36026 inn jib kuriyeettai valangkukirathu, maelum adhan viniyoagap paguthiyil elmore kavundiyil therkae ulla graamappura nilamum adangkum. makkal thogai. 1920 mattrum 1930 aam aandugalil koosa kavundiyin ellaikalukkul samathuvam oru orunginaintha samoogamaaga pattiyalidappattathu.ess. makkal thogai kanakkeduppu. 2020 makkal thogai kanakkeduppu. "kurippu america makkal thogai kanakkeduppu hysphonic/latheenovai oru inap pirivaaga karudhugiradhu. inththa attavanai latheen inangkalai ina vagaikalilirunthu vilakki avattrai oru thanii privukku odhukkukirathu. hispaaniyarkal/laattinokkal endha inaththaich saernthavargalaagavum irukkalaam."

samaanatvam, alabama samaanatvam anedi united states looni alabaamaaloni cusa counteeloo janabha lekkala dwara niyaminchabadina pradaesam. dheenini modata 2020 janabha lekkala prakaram sii. dii. pii. gaa paeru pettaru, idhi 150 mandhi janabhanu jabita chesindi. samaana tapala karyalayam 36026 yokka pinn kodnu andistundi, mariyu daani pampinhee praantamloo dakshinaana elmore kounteelooni graameena bhoomi kooda undhi. janabha. 1920 mariyu 1930 yuu samayamlo cusa county sarihaddula lopala samaanatvam oka vileenam cheyabadina samajamga jabita cheyabadindi.ess. janabha gananalu. 2020 janabha lekkalu. "gamanikah US janabha ganana hysponic/laatinoonu oka jaathi vargamgaa pariganistundi. eee pattika jaathi vargaala nundi laatinolanu minahayinchi, vaatini pratyeka vargaaniki ketayistundi. hysponics/laatinolu yea jaatiki chendinavaarainaa kaavacchu."

masawaat alabama masawaat riyasathaye muthadah kii kosaa county alabama mein mardam shumari kay zariah namzad kardah jagah hay. asay pehli baar 2020 kii mardam shumari mein see ddee pee kay toor parr namzad kiyaa gayaa thaa jiss mein 150 kii aabadi darj kii gayee thee. masawaat post aafs 36026 kay zap code kuu poraa kartaa hay aur iss kay tarseel kay elaqay mein elmore county mein janub mein deehi zameen shaamil hay. aabadi. 1920 aur 1930 kay doraan kosaa county kii hadood kay andar masawaat kuu eek marbut community kay toor parr darj kiyaa gayaa thaa.aiss. mardam shumari. 2020 mardam shumari. "nott: americi mardam shumari hispanvi/laatini kuu eek nasli zamrah kay toor parr maanti hay. yaha jadool laatini baashindon kuu nasli zamron say khaarij kartaa hay aur inhein eek alaihdah zamray mein tafviz kartaa hay. hispanvi/laatini kasee bhee nasal kay how saktay haine."

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11631670

John Bell (Ohio politician)

John Bell (Ohio politician) American politician John Bell (June 19, 1796 – May 4, 1869) was a U.S. Representative from Ohio for two months in 1851, filling a vacancy created by his predecessor’s death. Life and career. Born in Pennsboro, Pennsylvania, Bell received a limited education. He moved to Ohio in 1810 with his parents, who settled in Greene County, near Xenia. He moved to Lower Sandusky in 1823 and served as mayor in 1830. He was the probate judge of Sandusky County for several terms. Bell was commissioned a major general in the state militia in 1834 and commanded Ohio forces in the Toledo War the next year. He served as postmaster of Lower Sandusky from November 14, 1838, to May 3, 1841. He served as member of the state house of representatives in 1844 and 1845. He served as mayor of Fremont, Ohio, in 1845 and 1846. Bell was elected as a Whig to the Thirty-first Congress to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Amos E. Wood (January 7, 1851 – March 4, 1851). Death. He was a probate judge from 1852 to 1855 and again from 1858 to 1863. He died in Fremont, Ohio, on May 4, 1869, and was interred in Oakwood Cemetery (Fremont, Ohio). Sources. class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"

john bail (uhiu rajneetibid) john bail (19 june, 1796-4 mey, 1869) aasil ejon eu.ess. 1851 sonot teur purboxuror mrityur folot sristi huwa etaa khaali thaai puron kori, uhaiur poraa dumahor baabe protinidhi. jiwan aaru keriyar. pensylvanier penoxborut jonmogrohon koraa bele ximito xikhya laabh korisil. 1810 sonot teu teur pitri-matrir xoite uhiuloi guchi yaay, jijon jeniyar usoror green countyt boxoti sthapon korisil. teu 1823 sonot nimno sendaskiloi yaay aaru 1830 sonot meyor hisape karzonirbah kore. teu keibabaru chendasky countyr probet nyayadhix aasil. 1834 sonot belok rajyik milixiyat ejon prodhan general hisape nijukti diya hoisil aaru poroborti bosor toledu juddhot uhiu bahinir netritwo disil. 1838 sonor 14 novemboror poraa 1841 sonor 3 mey 'loike teu nimno chendaskir postmaster hisape karzonirbah korisil. 1844 aaru 1845 sonot teu rajyik protinidhi xobhar xodosyo hisape karzonirbah korisil. 1845 aaru 1846 sonot teu fremont, uhio "ror meyor hisape karzonirbah korisil. em 'cho ee-ror mrityur folot sristi huwa khaali thaikhon puron koriboloi belok ekotrix xongkhyok congressor huig hisape nirbasito koraa hoisil. kaath (7 january, 1851-4 march, 1851). mrityu. 1852 sonor poraa 1855 sonoloike aaru punor 1858 sonor poraa 1863 sonoloike teu probet nyayadhix aasil. 1869 sonor 4 mey 'too teu uhio' ror framontot mrityuboron kore aaru ukoud cemetryt (fremont, uhio ') xomadhistho koraa hoy.

john bell (ohio rajnitibid) john bell (19shhey june, 1796-4thhaa meey, 1869) chhilen ekjon eu.esha. 1851 saale dui maaser jonno ohio theke protinidhi, taanr purbosurir mrityur foley srishto ekti shunnopod puron corren. jeebon oo karmajiban. pensylvanier pensborote jonmogrohonkari bell seemit shikkha laav corren. 1810 khristabde tini taanr baba-mayer sange ohiote choley zaan, jaaraa genier kachhe grin kauntite bosoti sthapon corren. tini 1823 saale nimno sandaskyte choley zaan ebong 1830 saale meyor hisabe dayitto palon corren. tini besh koyek meyade sandsky kauntir probet bicharok chhilen. 1834 saale belke rashtriya millisia ekjon mejor general nijukto koraa hoy ebong porer bochor toledo juddhe ohio bahinir netritto deoa hoy. tini 1838 saaler 14ee navembar theke 1841 saaler 3raa meey porjonto nimno sandskyr postmaster hisabe dayitto palon corren. tini 1844 ebong 1845 saale steta house off representativer sadasya hisabe dayitto palon corren. tini 1845 ebong 1846 saale ohior fremonter meyor hisabe dayitto palon corren. amos ee-err mrityur karone srishto shunnopod puroner jonno bell ekotrishtomo congresser ekti huig hisabe nirbachito hoyechilo. kaatth (januari 7,1851-march 4,1851). mrityu. tini 1852 theke 1855 saal porjonto ebong abar 1858 theke 1863 saal porjonto ekjon probet bicharok chhilen. 1869 saaler 4 meey tini ohior fremonte maaraa zaan ebong ocoud koborsthane (fremont, ohio) taanke somahito koraa hoy.

john bail (oheo rajkarani) john bail (19 juuna, 1796-4 meey, 1869) yuu.aesa. 1851maan beey maheena maate oheeyona pratinidhi, temnaa purogaaminaa mrutyu dwara oobhi thayelee khaalee jagya bharee rahyaa hataa. jeevan aneey karkirdi. pensylvania pensboromaa janmela belane maryadit shikshan malyun hatoo. teo 1810maan temnaa matapita saathe oheo gayaa, jeo zenia najik green kaauntimaa sthaayi thayaa hataa. teo 1823maan looar sandskyma rahevaa gayaa aneey 1830maan mayer tareeke sevaa aapee. teo ghanee mudat maate sandsky kaauntinaa probate jaj hataa. 1834maan belane rajyanaa lashkari dalmaa mukhya general tareeke niyukt karvaamaa aavyaa hataa aneey pachhinaa varshe toledo yuddhmaa oheo dalone aadesh aapyo hato. temane 14 november, 1838 thee 3 meey, 1841 sudhee looar sandskyna postmaster tareeke sevaa aapee hatee. temane 1844 aneey 1845maan state house off representativesna sabhy tareeke sevaa aapee hatee. temane 1845 aneey 1846maan frement, oheeyona mayer tareeke sevaa aapee hatee. amos ee naa mrutyune kaarane khaalee jagya bharvaa maate belane aektrismi congress maate whig tareeke chuntavama aavee hatee. laakadu (7 january, 1851-4 march, 1851). mrutyu. teo 1852 thee 1855 sudhee aneey fareethi 1858 thee 1863 sudhee probate jaj hataa. teo 4 meey, 1869 naa roj fremont, oheeyoma mrutyu pamya hataa aneey oakwood kabrastan (fremont, oheo) maan dafnavvama aavyaa hataa.

johnn bell (ohiyo rajneta) johnn bell (19 juuna, 1796-4 maee, 1869) ack yuu thaa.aiss. 1851 mein ohiyo seey dou maheene key liye pratinidhi, apane poorvavarti kii mrityu seey bunny ack riktata koo bhar rhaa thaa. jeevan aur currier. pensboro, pensylvania mein paida hue, bell ney seemit shiksha praapt kii. vaha 1810 mein apane maataa-pitaa key saath ohiyo chaley gaye, joe zenia key paas green county mein buss gaye. way 1823 mein loer sandsky chaley gaye aur 1830 mein mahapour key roop mein kaary kiya. way kaee karyakalon key liye sandsky county key probate nyayadhish they. 1834 mein raajya key sainyabal mein ack pramukh general koo niyukt kiya gayaa thaa aur agale varsh toldo yuddh mein ohiyo balon kii kamaan sambhali gaee thee. unhone 14 navambar, 1838 seey 3 maee, 1841 taka loer sandsky key postmaster key roop mein kaary kiya. unhone 1844 aur 1845 mein raajya pratinidhi sabhaa key sadasya key roop mein kaary kiya. unhone 1845 aur 1846 mein framont, ohiyo key mahapour key roop mein kaary kiya. amos ee kii mrityu key kaaran rikt sthaan koo bharane key liye bell koo iktisvin congress key liye ack whig key roop mein chunaa gayaa thaa. lakadi (7 janwari, 1851-4 march, 1851). mrityu. way 1852 seey 1855 taka aur phir 1858 seey 1863 taka ack probate nyayadhish they. 4 maee 1869 koo ohiyo key framont mein unaki mrityu hoe gaee aur unhein oakwood kabristan (framont, ohiyo) mein dafnaya gayaa.

zaan bell (ohiyo rajakarani) zaan bell (zoon 19,1796-mayee 4,1869) yuu.ess. 1851ralli eradu tingala kaala ohiyoda pratinidhiyagi, tanna purvajara maranadinda srushtiyaada khaali sthaanavannu tumbidaru. jeevana mattu vrutti. pensilveniyaada pensborodalli janisida bell seemita shikshanavannu padedaru. aata 1810ralli tanna hettavarondige ohiyokke sthalaantaragondanu, avaru xania baliya green kountiyalli nelesidaru. avaru 1823ralli lover sandaskyge sthalaantaragondaru mattu 1830ralli mayer aagi seve sallisidaru. avaru halavaaru avadhigala kaala sandasky kountiya probate nyaayaadhisharaagiddaru. 1834ralli bell avarannu rajyada seeneyalli majer general aagi niyojisalaayitu mattu mundina varsha toledo yuddhadalli ohiyo padegalige netrutva vahisidaru. avaru november 14,1838rinda mayee 3,1841ravarege lover sandasky postmaster aagi seve sallisidaru. avaru 1844 mattu 1845ralli raajya pratinidhi sabeya sadasyaraagi seve sallisidaru. avaru 1845 mattu 1846ralli ohiyoda fremantna mayer aagi seve sallisidaru. amos ii avara maranadinda untaada khaali sthaanavannu bharti maadalu bell avarannu moovattondane kangresge wig aagi ayke maadalaayitu. wood (janavari 7,1851-march 4,1851). saavu. avaru 1852 rinda 1855 ravarege mattu matte 1858 rinda 1863 ravarege probate nyaayaadhisharaagiddaru. avaru 1869 rahra mayee 4 randu ohiyoda fremantnalli nidhanaraadaru mattu okwood smashaanadalli (fremant, ohiyo) samadhi maadalaayitu.

joonn bell (ohiyo raashtreeyakkaaran) joonn bell (juun 19,1796-meyy 4,1869) oru yuu aayirunnu.ezz. 1851-ll ohiyoyil ninnulla prathinidhi, thante mungamiyude maranam srishticha oru ozhivukal nikatthi. jeevithavum thozhilum. pensylvaniayile pensboroyil janicha bellinu parimithamaaya vidyaabhyaasam labhichu. 1810-ll seniyaykkaduthulla green kaundiyil sthirathaamasamaakkiya maathapithaakkalodoppam addeham ohaayoyilekk thamasam maari. 1823ll lover sandeskyilekku thamasam marria addeham 1830ll meyaraayi sevanamanushtichu. niravadhi thavana sandesky kaundiyude probettu jadjiyaayirunnu. 1834ll samsthaana millisiayil oru mejar generalayi bell niyamikkappedukayum adutha varsham toledo yudhathil ohiyo senaykk neethrthwam nalkukayum cheythu. 1838 november 14 muthal 1841 meyy 3 vare lover sandeskyude postmaastaraayi sevanamanushtichu. 1844lum 1845lum stettu house oof representativesil amgamaayi sevanamanushtichu. 1845lum 1846lum ohaayoyile fremontinte meyaraayi sevanamanushtichu. amos iii. yude maranam moolamundaaya ozhivukal nikathunnathinaayi muppathiyonnaam kongrasilekku bell thiranjedukkappettu. wood (januvari 7,1851-march 4,1851). maranam. 1852 muthal 1855 vareyum 1858 muthal 1863 vareyum addeham oru probettu jadjiyaayirunnu. 1869 meyy 4 nuu ohaayoyile fremontil vachu addeham marikkukayum ookwood semitheriyil (fremond, ohiyo) samskarikkappedukayum cheythu.

johnn bail (ohayo rajkarani) johnn bail (19 juuna 1796-4 meey 1869) haah eka yu.ess. 1851 madhye done mahinyansathi ohayocha pratinidhi, tyachya purvavartinchya mrutyunantar nirman jhaleli rikt jaaga bharoon kadhat hota. jeevan aanee karkird. pensylvaniatil pensboro yethe janmalelya belane maryadit shikshan ghetale. 1810 madhye too tyachya palkansah ohayola gela, jeey zenia jawalil greeney countymadhye sthayik jhaale. 1823 madhye teey loar sandsky yethe gele aanee 1830 madhye mahapour mhanoon kaam kele. teey anek vela sandsky kauntiche probet nyayadhish hote. 1834 madhye belala rajyachya lashkarat mejar general mhanoon niyukt karnyat aale aanee pudhchya varshi toledo yuddhat ohayochya sainyache netrutva kele. 14 november 1838 teey 3 meey 1841 yaa kalavadhit tyanni loar sandskyche postmaster mhanoon kaam kele. 1844 aanee 1845 madhye tyanni rajya pratinidhi sabhagruhache sadasya mhanoon kaam kele. 1845 aanee 1846 madhye tyanni ohayochya fremontche mahapour mhanoon kaam kele. aamos eae. chya mrutyunantar rikt jhaleli jaaga bharnyasathi ektisavya kongresasathi eka wig mhanoon belchi nivad karnyat aalee. lakud (7 janewari 1851-4 march 1851). mrutyu. 1852 teey 1855 aanee punha 1858 teey 1863 paryant teey probet nyayadhish hote. 4 meey 1869 roji ohayochya fremont yethe tyanche nidhan jhaale aanee tyanna oakwood smashanbhumit (fremont, ohayo) daphan karnyat aale.

john bayle (ohayo rajnitigya) john bayle (june 19,1796-mey 4,1869) ek yu thie.ess. sann 1851 maa ohayobata dui mahinaka lagi pratinidhi, afno purwawartiko mrityule sirjana gareko khali thaaun bharne. jiwan rar currier. pensboro, pensylvaniama janmieka belle simit shiksha prapta gare. uni sann 1810 maa afna amababusanga ohayo sareka thie, jo genia najikaiko green countyma basobas gare. uni sann 1823 maa loar sandskyma sare rar sann 1830 maa meyarko rupma sewa gare. uni dherai karyakalka lagi sandsky countyko probet nyayadhish thie. bellai sann 1834 maa rajya miliciama mazer general niyukta garieko thiyo rar arko warsha toldo yudhama ohiyo faujako command diiyo. unle november 14,1838 dekhi mey 3,1841 samma loar sandskyko postmasterko rupma sewa gare. unle 1844 rar 1845 maa rajya pratinidhi sabhako sadasyako rupma sewa gare. unle 1845 rar 1846 maa fremont, ohiyoko meyarko rupma sewa gare. amos eae ko mrityuko karan rikta sthan bharna bayle ektisaun congressko lagi ek whigko rupma nirvachit bhaeko thiyo. kath (janawari 7,1851-march 4,1851). mrityu. uni 1852 dekhi 1855 samma rar feri 1858 dekhi 1863 samma probet nyayadhish thie. unko mrityu 4 mey 1869 maa ohayoko fremontma bhayo rar okwod kabristan (fremont, ohiyo) maa dafanaiyo.

zohn bail (ohio rajneta) zohn bail (june 19,1796-meey 4,1869) jane jayu.ess. 1851 masihare dui maasa paain ohioru pratinidhi, taanka purbasurinka mrutyu dwara srusti hoithiba eka shunyasthana purana karithile. zeeban ebong brutti. pensilbhaniaara pensborore janmagrahana karithiba bail eka seemita sikhya grahan karithile. shay 1810 masihare taanka pitamatanka saha ohio chalijaithile, jeunmane xenia nikatasta green kauntire sthajee bhabe basabasa karithile. shay 1823 masihare nimna sandaskiku jaithile ebong 1830 masihare meyer bhabe karjya karithile. shay aneka thara sandsky kauntira probet bicharapati thile. 1834 masihare belnku rajya milishiaare jane mejara general nijukta karajaithila ebong parabarti barsha toldo juddhare ohio bahineeku nirdesh deithile. shay navember 14,1838 ru meey 3,1841 parjyanta nimna sandaskir postmaster bhabare karjya karithile. shay 1844 ebong 1845 ray rajya pratinidhi gruhara sadasya bhabare karjya karithile. shay 1845 ebong 1846 ray freemont, ohiora meyer bhabare karjya karithile. amos ee. nka mrutyu karanaru srusti hoithiba shunyasthana purana kariba paain ektirishtam kangresaku eka wig bhabare bail nirbachita hoithile. kaath (januari 7,1851-march 4,1851). mrutyu. shay 1852 ru 1855 parjyanta ebong puni 1858 ru 1863 parjyanta jane probet bicharapati thile. shay 4 meey 1869 ray ohiora fremontare mrutyubarana karithile ebong tanku okud kabarasthana (fremont, ohio) ray kabara diajaithila.

jauhan baill (ohio siasatdan) john baill (19 juun, 1796-4 maee, 1869) ikk yuu see.aiss. 1851 witch doou mahiniaan laee ohio toon numainde neey aapne puravarti dee maut naal bnee ikk khaali thaan noon bhariaa. jeevan atey carrier. pensboro, pensylvania witch paida hoye, baill neey ikk seemat sikkhiaa prapat keeti. uh 1810 witch aapne maapiaan naal ohio chaley gaye, joe zenia dey nede green county witch vas gaye. uh 1823 witch loar sandsky chaley gaye atey 1830 witch mayer vajon seva nibhai. uh kaee karajkalan laee sandsky county dey probet jajj sunn. ghanti noon 1834 witch raaj dee milicia witch ikk mejar general niyukat keeta giaa see atey agle saal toldo yuddh witch ohio faujan dee command ditti gaee see. unhan neey 14 navambar, 1838 toon 3 maee, 1841 takk loar sandsky dey postmaster vajon seva nibhai. unhan neey 1844 atey 1845 witch state haaoos aaf representatives dey member vajon seva nibhai. unhan neey 1845 atey 1846 witch fremont, ohio dey mayer vajon seva nibhai. ghanti noon noon congress laee ikk vigg vajon chunhiaa giaa see taan joe amos ee dee maut caarn khaali hoee thaan noon bhariaa jaa sake. lakkad (7 janwari, 1851-4 march, 1851). maut. uh 1852 toon 1855 takk atey firr 1858 toon 1863 takk ikk probet jajj riha. uss dee maut 4 maee 1869 noon fremont, ohio witch hoee atey uss noon oakwood kabarstan (fremont, ohio) witch dafnaiaa giaa.

jaan bell (ohiyo raajaneetidnyah) jaan-bell (joon 19,1796-mey 4,1869) ekaha yoo aasit.ess. 1851 tame varshe ohiyo-nagarasya pratinidhihi, tasya poorvavartinah mrutyoho karanat srushtam rikttam sthaanam poorayan, maasadwayam yaavat aasit. jeevanam tathaa vruttihi. pensylvania-rajyasya pensboro-nagare janma praapnot, bell-varyaha seemitam shikshaam praapnot. saha 1810 tame varshe ohiyo-nagaram prati swapitrubhih saha gatavaan, ye zenia-nagarasya sameepe green-kauntee-nagare sthitaah. saha 1823 tame varshe lover-sandsky-nagaram gatavaan, 1830 tame varshe meyar-rupena karyam krutavaan. saha aneka-avadhibhyah sandsky-prantasya probet-nyayadhishaha aasit. 1834 tame varshe bell-varyaha rajya-sainyadale pramukhasenaapateh niyuktah abhavat, agrime varshe toldo-yuddhe ohiyo-sainyasya netrutvam akarot. saha 1838 tame varshe navambaramaasasy 14 dinaankaat 1841 tame varshe memasasya 3 dinaankaparyantam lover-sandsky ityasya postmaster-rupena karyam krutavaan. 1844 tame varshe 1845 tame varshe cha rajyapratinidhisanghasya sadasyatvena karyam krutavaan. 1845 tame varshe 1846 tame varshe cha ohiyo-nagarasya fremont-nagarasya meyar-rupena karyam krutavaan. amos-ee ityasya mrutyoho karanat riktasthaanasya poorane, ekatrimshati-kaangres-pakshasya wig-rupena bell iti nirwaachitah. wood (janavaree 7,1851-maarch 4,1851). mrutyuhu. saha 1852 taha 1855 paryantam, punah 1858 taha 1863 paryantam cha probet-nyayadhishaha aasit. saha 1869 mey 4 dinaanke ohiyo-nagarasya fremont-nagare mrutah, ok-wood-shmashaane (fremont, ohiyo) samaadhisthah cha abhavat.

john bell (oohiyoa arasiyalvaathi) john bell (juun 19,1796-mae 4,1869) oru yuu.ess. 1851 aam aandil irandu maathangkalukku ohiyoavilirunthu pirathinithi, avarathu munnoadi iranthathaal uruvaakkappatta kaaliyidatthai nirappukiraar. vaazhkkai mattrum thozhil. benzylvaniavin pensporovil pirantha bell, oru varaiyarukappatta kalviyaip pettraar. avar 1810 aam aandil thanathu pettroarudan ohiyoavukku kudipeyarnthaar, avarkal seniyaavukku arugilulla green kavundiyil kudiyaerinar. avar 1823 aam aandil loyer sandeskikku kudipeyarndhu 1830 aam aandil maeyaraaga paniyaattrinaar. avar pala kaalangalukku sandesky kavundiyin visaaranai neethipathiyaaga irunthaar. 1834 aam aandil maanila poaraaligalil oru mejar jenaralaaka bell niyamikkappattaar, aduththa aandu toledo poaril oohiyoa padaikalukku thalaimai thaangkinaar. avar navambar 14,1838 muthal mae 3,1841 varai loyer sandeskyin thapaalthalaivaraaga paniyaattrinaar. 1844 mattrum 1845 aam aandugalil maanila pirathinithikal sabaiyin uruppinaraaga paniyaattrinaar. 1845 mattrum 1846 aam aandugalil ohiyoavin freemandin maeyaraaga paniyaattrinaar. amos eee-inn maranatthaal aerpatta kaaliyidatthai nirappa muppatthi muthal congressukku oru vikkaaga bell thernthedukkappattaar. maram (janavari 7,1851-maarch 4,1851). maranam. avar 1852 muthal 1855 varaiyilum, meendum 1858 muthal 1863 varaiyilum oru visaaranai neethipathiyaaga irunthaar. avar 1869 mae 4 andru ohiyoavin freemandil iranthaar, maelum oakvud kallaraiyil (freement, oohiyoa) adakkam seiyappattaar.

zaan bell (ohiyo raajakeeyavetta) zaan bell (juun 19,1796-mae 4,1869) oka yuu.ess. 1851loe rendu nelala paatu ohiyo nundi pratinidhigaa, thana puurveekula maranam valla erpadina khaaliini bharti chesaaru. jeevitam mariyu vrutti. pensylvanialoni pensborolo janminchina bell parimita vidyanu pondaadu. athanu 1810loe thana thallidandrulatho kalisi ohiyoku vellaadu, vaaru genia sameepamloni green counteeloo sthirapaddaaru. athanu 1823loe loyar saandaskeeki velli 1830loe meyargaa panicheesaadu. athanu aneka paryayalu sandasky kounteeki probate nyayamurthiga panicheesaadu. 1834loe rashtra sainyam loe bell oka majer general gaa niyaminchabaddaadu mariyu marusati samvatsaram toledo yuddhamlo ohiyo dalaalaku naayakatvam vahinchaadu. athanu november 14,1838 nundi mae 3,1841 varaku loyar saandaskeeki postmasterga panicheesaadu. athanu 1844 mariyu 1845loe state house off representatives sabhyudiga panicheesaadu. athanu 1845 mariyu 1846loe ohiyoloni fremant meyargaa panicheesaadu. amos ii maranam valla erpadina khaaliini bharti cheyadaaniki muppai okatava congressku bell oka vigga ennikayyaaru. wood (janavari 7,1851-marchi 4,1851). maranam. athanu 1852 nundi 1855 varaku mariyu mallii 1858 nundi 1863 varaku probate nyayamurthiga unnadu. athanu 1869 mae 4naa ohiyoloni fremantlo maraninchaadu mariyu okwood smasaanavaatikalo (fremant, oheo) khananam cheyabaddaadu.

jaan bail (auhaiyo seyasat daan) jaan bail (19 joone 1796-4 mayee 1869) eek yuu thaa.aiss. 1851 mein auhaiyo say duu maah kay liye numainde apnay paishro kii moth say paida honay waali khaali jagah kuu parr kartay hoay. zindagi aur carrier. pensalvania kay pans boro mein paida honay waali bail nay mahdud taleem haasil kii. wah 1810 mein apnay waldeen kay saath auhaiyo chalaa gayaa juu zinya kay qareeb grain county mein aabaad how gayey. wah 1823 mein loir sandsky chalay gayey aur 1830 mein mear kay toor parr khidmaat anjaam dain. wah kayee madton takk sandsky county kay probate jajj rahay. bail kuu 1834 mein riyasati milishiya mein eek meejar general kay toor parr commission kiyaa gayaa aur aglay saal toledo jung mein auhaiyo afwaj kii kamaan sanbhali. inhon nay 14 nomber 1838 say 3 mayee 1841 takk loir sandsky kay post maaster kay toor parr khidmaat anjaam dain. inhon nay 1844 aur 1845 mein riyasati aiwan numaindagaan kay rakan kay toor parr khidmaat anjaam dain. inhon nay 1845 aur 1846 mein freemont auhaiyo kay mear kay toor parr khidmaat anjaam dain. aamos ayee kii moth kii wajah say khaali aasamiyon kuu parr karnay kay liye bail kuu akteeswein congress kay liye eek choki kay toor parr muntakhib kiyaa gayaa thaa. lakdi (7 januri 1851-4 maarch 1851). moth. wah 1852 say 1855 takk aur phir 1858 say 1863 takk eek probate jajj rahay. inn kaa inteqal 4 mayee 1869 kuu freemont auhaiyo mein hawaa aur inhein ook wode qabristan (freemont auhaiyo) mein dafan kiyaa gayaa.

fffe73a7fcd9d2caeab83ea28f434b26d25398189918ff69dbe520fda53c4474

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8979626

Trail of Tears State Park

Trail of Tears State Park State park in Missouri, United States Trail of Tears State Park is a public recreation area covering bordering the Mississippi River in Cape Girardeau County, Missouri. The state park stands as a memorial to those Cherokee Native Americans who died on the Cherokee Trail of Tears. The park's interpretive center features exhibits about the Trail of Tears as well as displays and specimens of local wildlife. An archaeological site in the park was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1970. Activities and amenities. Activities in the park include camping, picnicking, swimming, hiking, and horseback riding. Fishing is provided at Lake Boutin and on the Mississippi River. A lookout offers a view of the river and Illinois on the opposite shore. The park has four trails: Peewah - ; Lake – ; Sheppard Point – ; and Nature – . See also. <templatestyles src="Stack/styles.css"/> References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

trail owo tears state park trail owo tears state park hoise misourir kep girardeu countyt thoka misixippi nodir xeema aawori thoka ek rajohuwa binudon khyetro. rajyik udyankhon serukir sthaniyo aamerikanxokolor smritixoudho hisape thiyo hoi aase jixokol serukir sokupanir pothot mrityu hoisil. udyankhonor byakhyamulok kendrot sokupanir pothor logote sthaniyo bonyopranir prodorxon aaru nomunar bixoye prodorxito koraa hoise. 1970 sonot udyankhonor etaa puratatwik sthan oitihaxik sthanor rastriyo ponjiyonot jug diya hoisil. karjyokolap aaru xubidha. udyankhonor karzokolapxomuhor bhitorot aase camping, bonbhuj, xatur, hiking aaru ghura soluwa. lek butin aaru misisippi nodit maach dhorar byowostha koraa hoy. ek xondhanor joriyote biporit paarot nodee aaru ilinoysor drishyo dekha yaay. udyankhonot sarita poth aaseh piwah-; hrod-; shapered point-; aaru prokriti-.

trail off tears steta park trail off tears steta park holl misaurir cape girardo kauntite misissippi nadeer simantabarti ekti jonosadharoner binodan elaka. rajyo uddanti seii cheroki sthaniya americander smritisoudho hisabe dandiye achhe jaaraa cheroki chokher patay maaraa giechilo. uddaner byakhyamulak kendrer baisishtaguli chokher patar pashapashi sthaniya bonnopranir prodorshon ebong namuna somporke prodorshon korey. 1970 saale uddaner ekti protnotattik sthan oitihasik sthangulir jatiya registere jukto koraa hoy. karjokrom oo sujog-subidha. uddaner kriyakalapgulir modhye royeche camping, picnic, saantaar kaata, hiking ebong ghodaay chadaa. lake buttin ebong misissippi nodiite machh dhorar byabostha koraa hoy. ekti nazardari biporito teere nodee ebong ilinoyer ekti drishya pradan korey. uddantite charti poth royeche pioa-; hrod-; shapered point-; ebong prokriti-.

tears state parkno maarg trail off tears state paark aee misaurina cape girardeu kaauntimaa mississippi nadeeni sarahade aavelo jaaher manoranjan vistaar chhe. aaa raajy udhyaan teey cheroki mool americanona smaarak tareeke ubhoo chhe jeo aansuna cheroki pageru parr mrutyu pamya hataa. udhyanna arthghatan kendramaa aansuna pageru temaj sthaaneek vanyajeevanna pradarshno aneey namunaao vishe pradarshno chhe. chhe aaa udhyanma aek puratatviy sthalne aitihasik sthaloni raashtriy nondhanimaa umervaamaa aavyu hatoo. pravruttio aneey suveedhao. udhyanma thatee pravruttiomaa camping, picnic, swimming, hiking aneey ghodesvaareeno samaavesh thaay chhe. talaav buttin aneey mississippi nadee parr machhimari puurii padvama aave chhe. aek najar saamena keenare nadee aneey ileenoisnu drashya rajoo karey chhe. aaa udhyanma chaar rastaao chheh pivah-; talaav-; shappered point-; aneey prakrutee-.

tear state park kaa trail tear state park kaa trail ack saarvajanik manoranjan kshetra haye joe cape girardo county, misauri mein mississippi nadee kii seema koo cover kartaa haye. raajya udyaan una cheroki mool amerikiyon key smaarak key roop mein khadaa haye joe aansuu key cheroki trail parr maare gaye they. udyaan key vyakhyatmak kendra mein aansuu key nishan key saath-saath sthaaniya vanyajeevon key pradarshan aur namoonon key baare mein pradarshan kiya gayaa haye. 1970 mein udyaan mein ack puraataatvik sthal koo aitihaasik sthaanon key rashtriya register mein jodaa gayaa thaa. gatividhiyaan aur suvidhaaen. park mein gatividhiyon mein shivir lagaana, picnic, tairaki, lambi paidal yatra aur ghudsavaari shamil hain. jheel key butein aur mississippi nadee parr machhali pakadane kii suvidha pradaan kii jaati haye. ack nazar vipareet tata parr nadee aur ilinois kaa drishya pradaan karati haye. udyaan mein chaar raaste hainh piwah-; jheel-; shapered point-; aur prakriti-.

trial off tears state park trial off tears state park embudu misauriya cape girarde kountiyalliruva mississippy nadiya gadiyannu aavarisiruva saarvajanika manaranjana pradeshavaagide. ee raajya udyaanavanavu kanneerina cheroki haadiyalli marana hondida aaa cheroki sthaliya americannara smarakavagi nintide. udyaanavanada vivaranaatmaka kendravu kanneerina jaadu mattu sthaliya vanyajeevigala pradarshanagalu mattu maadarigala bagge pradarshisuttade. 1970ralli ee udyaanavanadalliruva ondu puratatva taanavannu aitihaasika sthalagala rashtriya daakhalege serisalaayitu. chatuvatikegalu mattu soulabhyagalu. udyaanavanada chatuvatikegalalli camping, picnic, eeju, hiking mattu kudure sawari serive. lake boutin mattu mississippy nadiya mele minugaarikeyannu odagisalaaguttade. ondu notavu viruddha tiradalliruva nadhi mattu ileanoisn notavannu niiduttade. udyaanavanavu naalku haadigalannu hondideh peeva-; sarovara-; sheppered point-; mattu prakruti-.

trail oof tiyezhs stettu paarkk misouriyile cape jirardo kaundiyile mississippi nadiyude athirthiyilulla oru pothu vinoda mekhalayaanu trail oof tiyezhs stettu paarkk. cheroki vazhiyil kanneer ozhuki maricha cheroki thaddesheeya amerikkakkaarude smaarakamaayi eee samsthaana paarkk nilakollunnu. paarkkinte vyaakhyaana kendra savisheshathakal kanneerinte paathayekkurichum praadeshika vanyajeevikalude pradarshanangaleyum maathrkakaleyum kurichulla pradarshanangalaanu. 1970ll desheeyodyaanathile oru puraavastu sthalam charitraparamaaya sthalangalude deseeya rajisttaril cherkkapettu. pravartthanangalum soukaryangalum. camping, picnic, neenthal, kaalnadayaathra, kuthirasavaari enniva paarkkile pravarthanangalil ulppedunnu. thadaaka bottinilum mississippi nadiyilum malsyabandhanam nadathunnu. ethir theerathu nadiyudeyum illinoyisinteyum kazhcha oru nottam vaagdaanam cheiyunnu. paarkkin naalu paathakalunda peeva-; thadaakam-; sheppered pooyint-; prakrithi-.

trail auph tears steet park trail auph tears steet park heey misaurichya cape girardeu countymadhil mississippy nadichya simevar asalele sarvajanik karamanook kshetra aahe. rajya udyan ashrunchya cheroki margavar maran pavalelya cheroki mool american lokanche smarak mhanoon ubhe aahe. udyanachya vyakhyatmak kendramadhye ashrunchya ashrunchya tasech sthanik vanyajeevanche pradarshan aanee namune pradarshit kele aahet. 1970 madhye udyanatil eka puratatviy sthal aitihasik sthalanchya rashtriy nondanimadhye samavisht karnyat aale. upkram aanee suvidha. udyanatil upkramanmadhye camping, sahali, pohane, hiking aanee ghodeswari yancha samavesh aahe. lake boutin aanee mississippy nadivar masemarichi soya aahe. eka najarkathitun viruddha viruddha nadee aanee eleanoyche drushya disate. udyanat chaar chaar aaheth peeva-; talav-; shapered point-; aanee nisarg-.

trail aff tears state park trail aff tears state park cape girardo county, misaurima mississippi nadiko simanama raheko sarvajanik manoranjan khetra how. rajya park tee cheroki muel amerikiharuko smarakko rupma khada chha jo cherokiko ashru margama mareka thie. parkko wyakhyatmak kendrama aansuko nishanaka sathai sthaniya wanyajantuharuko pradarshan rar namunaharuko barema pradarshanharu chhan. parkma raheko euta puratatwik sthal sann 1970 maa aitihasik sthanharuko rashtriya registerma thapieko thiyo. gatiwidhi rar suwidhaharu. parkma hune gatiwidhiharuma camping, picnick, paudi khelne, paidal yatra rar ghodchadhi samawesh chhan. lake buttin rar mississippi nadima machha marney suwidha pradan garinchha. ek lookoutle viparit kinarma nadi rar ilinoisko drishya pradan gardacha. parkma charawata trailharu chhanh piwah-; taal-; shepard point-; rar prakriti-.

trail off tears state park trail off tears state park heuchhi eka sarbasadharana manoranjan khetra jaahaa misaurira cape girardeu kauntire misissippi nadee seemaare abasthita. ehi rajya udyan sehi cheroki moola aamerikeejamananka paain eka smaraki bhabe ubha hoichhi, jeunmane cheroki pathare luh buhure mrutyubarana karithile. udyanara byakhya kendra biseshatwagudika luh path bishajare pradarshan kariba sahita sthaniah banyajantunka pradarshan ebong namuna . 1970 masihare ehi udyanare thiba eka pratnatatwika sthalaku aitihasika stanagudikara jatiah panjikare samil karajaithila. karjyakalapa ebong subidha. parkre karjyakalapa madhyare camping, picnic, santarana, haiking ebong ghodare jatra antarbhukta . hrada buttin ebong misissippi nadeere machadhara pradan karajae . eka lookout bipareet koolare nadee ebong eleanoiser drushya pradan kare . ehi udyanare charoti path rahichhih peewa-; hrada-; shapard point-; ebong prakruti-.

trail aaf tears state park trail aaf tears state park ikk jantak manoranjan khetar haii joe cape girardo kaoonti, misauri witch mississippi nadee dee sarhadd noon cover karda haii. state park uhanan cheroki mool amrikiaan dee yadgar vajon khadah haii joe cheroki dey hanjhu dey raah utte maare gaye sunn. park dey viaakhiaatmak kendra deeaan visheshtavan akkhan dey raah dey naal-naal sathanak jangli jeevan dey pardarshanan atey namuniaan baare pradarshit kardiaan hunn. park witch ikk puratattav sathaan noon 1970 witch itihasak sathanan dey rashtari register witch shamal keeta giaa see. gatividhiaan atey sahulatan. park witch gatividhiaan witch camping, picnic, tairaki, hiking atey ghode dee swari shamal hunn. machhi fadan dee sahulat jheel dey butein atey mississippi nadee utte ditti jaandi haii. ikk nazar vipreet kinare utte nadee atey eleanois daa drish pesh kardi haii. park witch chaar raste hann pivah-; jheel-; shappard bindu-; atey kudrat-.

trail aaf tears state paark trail aaf tears state paark iteedam misauree-nagarasya kep-girarde-kaunti-nagarasya mississippy-nadyaah simayam vyaaptam saarvajanikam manoranjanakshetram asti. rajya-udyaanam, ashrunam cheroki-margasya mrutaanaam cheroki-desheeyaraajyavaasinaam smaarakaroopen vartate. udyaanasya vyaakhyaatmakakendrasy vaishishtyeshu ashrunam margasya vishaye api cha sthaniya-vanyajeevaanaam pradarshanani, pratiroopaani cha santi. 1970 tame varshe aitihasikasthananam rashtriya-panjikaayaam udyaanasya puraatatva-sthalam yojitam. karyani tathaa suvidhaah. udyaanasya kaaryeshu shibiram, picnic, swimming, hacking, ashvaarohanam cha antarbhavanti. botin-sarovarasya, mississippy-nadyaah cha matsyapaalanam bhavati. pratyakshadarshanm pratidhwani-tate nadyaah ileanois-nadyaah cha drushyam pradadaati. udyaanasya chatwaarah maargaah santi-peevaa-; sarovarah; shapered-binduhu; prakrutihi cha.

kanneer maanila poongaavin paathai trail off dears state paark enbathu misouriyin cape grarde kavundiyil ulla mississippi aattrin ellaiyai ulladakkiya oru podhu pozhuthupoakku paguthiyaagum. inththa maanilap poongaa, kanneerin serogi paathaiyil iranththa antha serogi poorveega amerikkarkalin ninaivaaga nirkirathu. poongaavin vilakka maiya amsangkal kanneerin paathai mattrum ulloor vanavilangkugalin kaatchip porutkal mattrum maathirigal pattriya kaatchigalai velippaduththukintrana. poongaavil ulla oru tholporul thalam 1970 aam aandil varalaattru idangkalin thaesiya pathivaettil serkkappattathu. seyalpaadugal mattrum vasathigal. poongaavil nadaiperum seyalpaadugalil mugaamiduthal, suttrulaa selvathu, neechal, nadaippayanam mattrum kudhirai sawari aagiyavai adangkum. aeri puuttin mattrum mississippi aattril meenpidiththal vazhangkappadukirathu. ethir karaiyil ulla nadhi mattrum illinoisin kaatchiyai oru paarvai valangkukirathu. inthap poongaavil naanku paathaikal ullanah beevaa-; aeri-; sheppert point-; mattrum iyarkai-.

trial off tears state park trail off tears state park anedi misouriilooni cape girarde kounteelooni mississippi nadhi sarihaddulo unna oka praja vinoda praantam. cheroki kalibatalo kanneellatho maraninchina aaa cheroki sthaanika americanlaku smaaraka chihnamgaa eee rashtra udyaanavanam nilustundi. eee udyaanavanam yokka vivaranaatmaka kendram kanneella baata gurinchi alaage sthaanika vanyapraanula pradarsanalu mariyu namuunaala gurinchi pradarsistundi. eee udyaanavanamlooni puraavastu pradaesam 1970loe chaaritraka pradaesaala jaateeya registerlo cherchabadindi. karyakalapalu mariyu soukaryaalu. eee udyaanavanamlo camping, picnicking, eetha, hiking mariyu gurrapu swarry vanti karyakalapalu unnaayi. sarassu botin mariyu mississippi nadhi vadda chepalu pattadam jarugutundi. edurugaa unna teeramlo nadhi mariyu illinais yokka drushyaanni andistundi. eee udyaanavanamlo naalugu kaalibaatalu unnaih peeva-; sarassu-; gorrela pradaesam-; mariyu prakruti-.

trail aaf tears steat paark trail aaf tears steat paark eek awami tafrihi elaqah hay juu cape girardo county mesori mein daryaae masisipi kii sarhad say mutsil hay. riyasati paark inn cheroki maqami americiyon kii yaadgaar kay toor parr khadaa hay juu cheroki kay aansoon kay raastay parr marr gayey thay. paark kay tashrihi markaz kii khususiyat aansoon kay raastay kay saath saath maqami jangli hayaat kii numaish aur namunon kay baaray mein numaish karti haine. paark mein eek aasaar qadimah kay maqaam kuu 1970 mein tarikhi maqamat kay qomi register mein shaamil kiyaa gayaa thaa. sargarmiyan aur sahuliyaat. paark mein sargarmiyon mein camping paknak teraaki paidal safar aur ghoday kii sawari shaamil haine. jheel kay botan aur daryaae masisipi parr maahi geeri farahim kii jaati hay. eek nazar mukhalif saahil parr daryaa aur aleenwaye kaa nizarah paish karti hay. paark mein chaar raastay haine: pewa-vovo jheel-vovo shapered point-vovo aur fitrat -.

fffe75a150921c5a3038e533521a0ec347203a349a97c3856b29366104d047d1

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31248268

Farnas/IASIA Zohal

Farnas/IASIA Zohal Iranian unmanned aerial vehicle Zohal (, "Saturn") is a VTOL unmanned aerial vehicle developed and manufactured in Iran that is being described as a "home-made unmanned flying saucer". The first announcement of the Zohal came in a news release from the Fars News Agency on March 16, 2011. In attendance at the unveiling was Ayatollah Seyed Ali Khamenei, the figurative head of Iran. The Zohal which can fly in both indoor and outdoor environments is designed and developed jointly by Farnas Aerospace Company and Iranian Aviation and Space Industries Association (IASIA). Technical specifications include an autopilot system and GPS (Global Positioning System). The utility of the Zohal is described as varied with aerial imaging provided as one example. The imaging equipment consists of two separate systems with full HD 10 mega-pixel picture quality, making the Zohal able to take and send images simultaneously. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

fernus/aisiya juhal juhal (, "xoni") hoise aairanot bikoxito aaru nirmito etaa bhi. ti. el. manobbihin aakax baahon jaak "ghoruwa manobbihin uron rox" hisape bornona koraa hoise. 2011 sonor 16 marchot farch niuj agencyr poraa ek xongbad prokaxot juhalor prothom ghuxonatu aahisil. unmuson onusthanot uposthito aasil iranor alongkarik murobbi ayatollah seyod aali khameni. ind 'ror aaru outed' ror duyuta poriwexot uribo poraa juhaltu fernus aerospace company aaru iranian aviation endo space industries ess 'siyesyon (aisiya) ror dwara jutiyabhabe design aaru bikoxito koraa hoise. karikori boixistyoxomuhor bhitorot aase ek autopilot pronali aaru gps (biswo poriwex pronali). juhalor upojugita etaa udahoron hisape prodan koraa ariel imagingor xoite boisitryomoy buli bornona koraa hoise. imaging xojulitut xompurno aisodi 10 megaa-pixel sobir gunogoto maanor xoite dutaa prithok pronali thaake, jaar folot juhaltuwe ekeloge sobi lo 'bob aaru pothiyabo paare.

fernus/aishiya johal johal (, "sattern") ekti vee. tii. oo. ell manheen akashjan jaa irane toiri ebong toiri koraa hoyeche jaa "barite toiri manheen udanta sosser" hisabe bornona koraa hachche. 2011 saaler 16ee march pharsa newz agency theke ekti sangbad biggoptite johler prothom ghoshana aase. unmochan anusthane uposthito chhilen iraner protiki prodhan ayatollah sayed allie khameni. johal jaa abhyantarin ebong bahirangan ubhoy poribeshei udte paare taa fernus mahakash sangostha ebong iraner biman chalachal oo mahakash shilp samiti (aishiya) dwara jouthobhabe design ebong bikash koraa hoyeche. projuktigoto baisistagulir modhye royeche ekti autopilot system ebong gps (global positioning system). johler upojogita ekti udaharan hisabe prodotto bayaviya imagingyer saathe boichitromoy hisabe bornona koraa hoyeche. imaging saranjamti purno eichdi 10 mega-pixel chhobir gunoman soho duti prithak system niye gothito, jaa johalke ekoi saathe chhobi tulte ebong pathate sokkhom korey toley.

fernas/icia zohal zohal (, "shanee") aee aek vee. tii. oo. aela. manavrahit havaai vaahan chhe jeey iranma vikasavvama aavyu chhe aneey utpaadit karvaamaa aavyu chhe jene "ghare banaavel manavrahit udatee rakaabi" tareeke varnavama aavee rahyu chhe. 16 march, 2011naa roj phaars news agency tarafthi aek samachar prakashanma zohalni pratham jaaherat karvaamaa aavee hatee. anaavaranmaa hajarima irannaa lakshaneek vadaa ayatollah saiyad allie khaameni hataa. zohal jeey indor aneey outdoor banne vatavaranma udaan bharee shake chhe teey fernas aerospace kampani aneey irani uddayan aneey avkaash udhyog sangathan (ishea) dwara sanyukt reete design aneey vikasavvama aavyu chhe. takneeki vishishtaoma autopilot system aneey jee. pii. aesa. (vaishvik sthitee pranali) noow samaavesh thaay chhe. zohalni upyogitaane aek udaaharan tareeke pradaan karaayel havaai imaging saathe vaividhyasabhar tareeke varnavama aavee chhe. imaging sadhanoma sampoorn aech. dii. 10 megaa-pixel cheetra gunvattaa saathe beey alag-alag pranaliono samaavesh thaay chhe, jeey zohalne aek saathe chhabio levaa aneey mokalvaa maate saksham banaave chhe.

faarnaas/asia zohal zohal (, "shani") ack vee. tii. oh. ell. maanav rahit havaai vaahan haye jise iran mein vikasit aur nirmit kiya gayaa haye jise "ghar mein nirmit maanav rahit udaan tashtari" key roop mein varnit kiya jaa rhaa haye. zohal kii pahali ghoshana 16 march, 2011 koo farce samachar agency seey ack samachar vigyapti mein hui thee. anaavaran mein upasthiti mein iran key alankarik pramukh ayatollah sayed allie khameni they. johal joe indor aur outdoor donon vatavaranon mein uda sakata haye, usey faarnaas aerospace company aur irani vimanan aur antariksh udyog sangh (aaee. aeye. aiss. aeye.) dwara sanyukt roop seey design aur vikasit kiya gayaa haye. takniki vinirdeshon mein ack autopilot pranali aur jee. pee. aiss. (vaishvik sthiti pranali) shamil hain. zohal kii upayogita koo ack udaaharan key roop mein pradaan kii gaee havaai imaging key saath vividh key roop mein varnit kiya gayaa haye. imaging upkaran mein poorna aich. dee. 10 mega-pixel chitra gunavatta key saath dou alag-alag pranaaliyan hoti hain, jisase zohal ack saath chitra lene aur bhejane mein saksham hotaa haye.

farnas/isiyaa johal johal (, "sattern") embudu iraannalli abhivraddhipadisalaada mattu tayaarisalaada vii. tii. oo. ell maanavarahita vaimanika vaahanavaagiddu, idannu "maneyalli tayaarisida maanavarahita haaruva tatte" endu vivarisalaagide. johalna modala prakataneyu march 16,2011 randu phaars suddi samstheyinda suddi prakataneyalli banditu. anaavaranadalli iranna saanketika mukhyastha ayatollah seeyad allie khameni hajariddaru. olaangana mattu horaangana parisaradalli haraballa jhohal annu farnas aerospace kampani mattu iranina vayuyana mattu bahyakasha kaigaarikegala sangha (isiyaa) jantiyagi vinyaasagoliside mattu abhivraddhipadiside. taantrika visheshanagalalli autopilot vyavasthe mattu gps (jagatika sthana vyavasthe) serive. jhohalna upayuktateyannu ondu udaharaneyagi odagisalaada vaimanika chithranadondige vaividhyamayavendu vivarisalaagide. imaging upakaranavu purna etch. dii. 10 mega-pixel chitra gunamattavannu hondiruva eradu pratyeka vyavasthegalannu olagondide, idu johal annu ekakaaladalli chitragalannu tegedukollalu mattu kaluhisalu saadhyavaaguttade.

farnaz/icia sohal veettil nirmmicha alillah flying sosar" ennu visheshippikkappedunna iraanil vikasippikkukayum nirmmikkukayum cheiyunna oru vidol alillah vyoma vaahanamaan sohal (, "shani"). 2011 march 16nuu phaars warta ejansiyil ninnulla vaarthaakkurippilaanu sohalinte aadya prakhyapanam. anaachaadanathil pankedutthathu iraante aalankaarika thalavanaaya ayatollah said alii khameni aayirunnu. indor, outtdoor parithasthithikalil parakkaan kazhiyunna sohal roopakalppana cheyyukayum vikasippikkukayum cheiyunnathu farnaz aerospace kambaniyum iranian eviyeshan aandu space industries association (icia) samyukthamaayaan. oottoo pailat samvidaanavum gps (global positioning sisttam) umm saankethika savisheshathakalil ulppedunnu. oru udaaharanamaayi nalkiyirikkunna eriyal imajinginoppam sohaalinte prayojanam vaividhyapoornamaanennu vivarikkunnu. imaging upakaranathil phul echdi 10 mega pixel chitra gunanilavaaramulla rund vyathyastha samvidaanangal adangiyirikkunnu, ithu sohalinu oresamayam chithrangal edukkaanum ayaykkaanum kazhiyum.

fernas/icia zohal zohal (, 'shaniwar') heey iranmadhye vikasit aanee utpadit kelele eka vhee. tii. oo. ell. manavarahit havai vahan aahe jyache varnan 'gharee banavalele manavarahit uddan rassa' mhanoon kele jaat aahe. 16 march 2011 roji pharsa vruttasansthene jaaree kelelya vruttat zohalchi pahili ghoshana karnyat aalee. anavaranala iranche pratikatmak pramukh ayatollah saiyed allie khameni upasthit hote. antargat aanee bahya asha donhi vatavaranat uddan karoo karoo zohalchi rachana aanee vikas fernas aerospace company aanee irani vimanchalan aanee antaral udyog sanghatana (iasia) yanni sanyuktapane keela aahe. tantrik vaishishtyanmadhye autopilot pranali aanee jee. pii. ess. (jaagtik sthitee pranali) yancha samavesh hoto. eka udaharan mhanoon pradan kelelya havai pratimesah zohalchi upayuktata vaividhyapurn mhanoon varnan kelee aahe. imaging upkarnanmadhye purn etch. dii. 10 mega-pixel chitra gunvattesah done swatantra pranali asatat, jyamule zohal ekach velee pratima ghenyas aanee pathvanyas saksham hote.

fernace/icia johal johal (, "shanibar") iranma wiksit rar nirmit ek bhtol manav rahit hawai wahn how jaslai "gharma baneko manav rahit udan tilli" ko rupma warnan garieko chha. johalko pahilo ghoshana march 16,2011 maa farce samachar agencyko ek samachar vigyaptima aeko thiyo. anawaranma iranka alankarik pramukh ayatollah saiyad alie khameni upasthit thie. indor rar outdor duwai watawaranma udna sakne johallai farnas aerospace company rar irani uddayan rar antariksha udyog sangha (icia) dwara sanyukta rupma design rar vikas garieko how. prawidhik wishishtataharuma autopilot pranali rar gps (global positioning system) samawesh chhan. johalko upayogitalai euta udaharanko rupma pradan garieko hawai imagingsanga vividh rupma warnan garieko chha. imaging upkaranma purna hd 10 mega-pixel taswira gunastarka sath dui chhuttai pranaliharu hunchhan, jasle johallai ekaisath chhawiharu lyne rar pathauna saksham banaunchha.

fernace/icia johal johal (, "shanibara") heuchhi iranare bikashita ebong nirmita eka bhi. tii. oh. ell. manababihina aakash yaana, jaahaaku "ghare nirmita manababihina udaana sasara" bhabe barnana karajauchhi. johler pratham ghoshana march 16,2011 ray farces nyuj agency thaaru eka nyuj releasere asithila. unmochanare upasthita thile iranara alankarika mukhya ayatollah seyed allie khameni . ubhaja aabhyantareen ebong bahya paribeshare udaana kariparuthiba johalaku farnace aerospace company ebong iranara biman chalachala ebong mahakash shilpa sangha (icia) dwara milita bhabe design ebong bikashita karajaichi. baishajika nirdistata madhyare eka autopilot system ebong gps (global positioning system) antarbhukta . johalra upajogitaku eka udaharana bhabare pradan karajaithiba aakash chitra sahita bibidha bhabare barnana karajaichi . imaging upakaranare duiti pruthaka system rahichhi jeunthire sampurna echdi 10 mega-pixel chitra gunabatta rahichhi, jaahaa johalaku ekakaleena phato nebaku ebong pathaibaku sakhyama karithae.

farnas/aaisiaa zohal zohal (, "shanivar") ikk vee. tii. ou. aill. manukh rahit havaai vaahan haii joe iraan witch vikast atey nirmit keeta giaa haii jiss noon "gharr witch baney manukh rahit udaann tatt" vajon darsaiaa jaa riha haii. zohal daa pahila ailaan 16 march, 2011 noon faaras news agency vallon jaari ikk news rileez witch hoiaa see. iss udghatan witch iraan dey alankarik mukhi ayatollah saeed allie khameni maujood sunn. zohal joe andruni atey baahari vatavaran dovan witch udd sakda haii, noon farnas aerospace company atey irani havabazi atey pulad udyog association (aaee. aii. aiss. aii.) duaara sanjhe taur 'teey design atey vikast keeta giaa haii. takniki visheshtavan witch ikk autopilot system atey jee. pee. aiss. (vishav positioning system) shamal hunn. zohal dee upyogta noon ikk udaharan vajon pardan keeti gaee havaai imaging dey naal vibhinn dassiaa giaa haii. imaging upkaran witch doou vakkhre system hunde hunn jinhan witch puurii aich. dee. 10 maiga-pixel tasveer dee gunwatta hundi haii, jiss naal zohal ikko samein chittar lainn atey bhejan dey yog hunda haii.

fernas/ayasia zohal zohal (, "shani") iraan-deshe vikasitam nirmitam cha vi. tii. o. ell.-manavarahita-vaayuyaanam asti yat "gruhanirmitam manavarahita-uddayan-tatee" iti varnitam asti. zohal ityasya prathamaa ghoshanaa 2011 maarch 16 dinaanke faars-samaachaarasamsthaayaah vaartaalekhe abhavat. anaavaranasamaye iraan-deshasya prateekaatmakah pramukhah ayatullaa seyad allie khameni upasthitah aasit. antahsth-baahya-vaataavaranayoh uddiyamanam zohal-yanasya vinyaasah, vikaasah cha samyuktaroopena faarnaas-aerospace-kampanee-dwara, iranian-eviyeshan-space-industries-association-dwara (aishiyaa) krutah asti. praavidhikavishesheshu autopailot-pranaali, jee. pee. ess. (global positioning-system) cha antarbhavanti. zohal ityasya upayogitaa, udaaharanaroopen pradatten vaayuprateekaranen saha, vaividhyapoornah iti varnitaa asti. imaging-upakaranasy poorna-echa. dee. 10 megaa-pixel-chitra-gunavattaayukt-pruthak-pruthak pranaalau stah, yena zohal-nagaram chitraani ekavaaram sveekrutya preshayitum cha samarthah bhavati.

farnaz/aisia johal johal (, "suntern") enbathu oru alilla vaanvali vaaganam aagum, idhu eeraanil uruvaakkappattathu mattrum thayaarikkappadukirathu, idhu "veettil thayaarikkappatta alilla parakkum thattu" endru vivarikkappadugirathu. johalin muthal arivippu maarch 16,2011 andru paars seithi niruvanaththidamirunthu oru seithi veliyeettil vanthathu. inththa veliyeettil eeraanin adaiyaalath thalaivaraana ayadullah seeyat alii kameni kalandhu kondaar. udpura mattrum velippura soozhalgalil parakkakoodiya johal farnaz aerospace niruvanam mattrum eeraaniya vimaanap poakkuvaraththu mattrum vinveli thozhilkal sangam (aisia) inainthu vadivamaikappattu uruvaakkappattathu. thozhilnutpa vivarakkurippugalil oru thaaniyangi vimaana amaippu mattrum gps (ulagalaaviya nilai amaippu) adangkum. oru eduththukkaattaaga valangkappatta vaanvali imaejingkudan johalin payanpaadu maarupattathaaka vivarikkappadugirathu. imaging ubakaranangkal muzhu ech. dii 10 mega piksalkal padath tharaththudan irandu thanithani amaippugalaik kondullana, ithanaal johal oray neraththil padangkalai edukkavum anuppavum mudiyum.

farnas/icia johal johal (, "sattern") anedi iraanlo abhivruddhi cheyabadina mariyu tayaaru cheyabadina oka maanavarahita vaimanika vahanam, dheenini "intlo tayaaru chesina maanavarahita egire sasser" gaa varnistunnaaru. johal yokka modati prakatana marchi 16,2011naa phaars vaartaa samstha nundi oka vaartaa prakatanalo vachindi. aavishkaranaku haajaraina ayatollah seeyad allie khameni, iraan yokka alankaarika adhipati. indor mariyu avtdor vaataavaranaalaloo egaragala johalnu farnas aerospace company mariyu iranian aviation und space industries association (ishea) samyuktamgaa roopondinchi abhivruddhi chesaayi. saanketika lakshanaalu autopylot vyavastha mariyu gps (global positioning system) kaligi untaayi. oka udaaharanagaa andinchina vaimanika imagingto johal yokka prayojanam vaividhyamgaa varninchabadindi. imaging parikaramlo puurti hechdi 10 mega-pixel chitra naanhyathatho rendu ververu vyavasthalu untaayi, tadwara johal ekakaalamlo chitraalanu teeyagaladu mariyu pampagaladu.

farnaas/aaishiya zohal zohal (yee "haftah") eek vitol baghair pilot waali fazayi gaadi hay juu airaan mein tayaar aur tayaar kii gayee hay jasay "gahar mein bunny baghair pilot waali adaan kii chutney" kay toor parr biyaan kiyaa jaa rehaa hay. zohal kaa pehla aalaan 16 maarch 2011 kuu faars newz agency kii taraf say eek newz release mein hawaa. nqab kashayi mein airaan kay alamati sarbarah aayat allah sayed alee khamni mojud thay. zohal juu indor aur aaot door donon maahul mein urh saktaa hay asay farnaas airo spees company aur airani aiwi aishan aind spees industries aisosi aishan (aaishiya) nay mushtarkah toor parr design aur tayaar kiyaa hay. takniki khususiyat mein auto pilot system aur jee pee aiss (globel positioning system) shaamil haine. zohal kii afadiyat kuu eek misaal kay toor parr farahim kardah fazayi amaging kay saath matnua kay toor parr biyaan kiyaa gayaa hay. amaging kaa saamaan makmal aich ddee 10 meega paksal tasveer kay mayaar kay saath duu alg alg nizamon parr mushtamil hotaa hay jiss say zohal beek waqat tasavir leenay aur bhejnay kay qaabil hotaa hay.

fffe769eb1c7a955ffff3b06fe7bc9fad33f51b1e522d0e79e67c9ca1a233cb3

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57260111

Gnathamitermes

Gnathamitermes Genus of termites Gnathamitermes is a genus of termites in the family Termitidae. There are about six described species in "Gnathamitermes". Species. These six species belong to the genus "Gnathamitermes": References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> Further reading. <templatestyles src="Refbegin/styles.css" />

gronthametermos gnathameterm hoise termitiday poriyalor ek urbor udbhidor projati. gnathameterm" too pray soita bornona koraa projati aase. projati. ei soita projati "gnathameterm" gonor ontorgotoh

gonathameterms gonathameterms holl termitidae poribarer ekti uipoka prajati. gonathameterme" pray chhoyti prajati bornito hoyeche. prajati. eyi chhoyti prajati "gonathameterms" goner antargatah

ganathameters ganathameters aee termiteday kutumbamaa udhaini aek jaatee chhe. ganathameterms" maan lagbhag chh varnavel prajaatio chhe. prajaatio. aaa chh prajaatio "ganathameterms" jaatinaa chheh

ganathameters ganathametermus, deemak parivaar mein deemak kaa ack vansh haye. ganathameterm" mein lagbhag chhah varnit prajaatiyan hain. prajaatiyan. yeye chhah prajaatiyan "ganathameterm" vansh seey sambandhit hainh

ganathameterms ganathameterms embudu termitidae kutumbadalli kandubaruva ondu jaatiya geddalu. ganathameterms" nalli vivarisalaada sumaru aaru prabhedagalive. jatigalu. ee aaru prabhedagalu "ganathameterms" kulakke seriveh

ganathameterms ganathameterms hii valvi kutumbatil valvichi eka prajati aahe. ganathameterms' madhye sumare sahaa varnan kelelya prajati aahet. prajati. yaa sahaa prajati 'ganathameterms' yaa jaatichya aaheth

ganathameterms ganathametermus dhamirako pariwarma raheko dhamirako euta wansh how. ganathameterm" maa lagbhag chhawata warnan garieka prajatiharu chhan. prajatiharu. yee chha prajatiharu "ganathameterm" wanshaka hunh

gnathameterms gnathameterms heuchhi uipoka paribarara eka prajati. gonathameterms" ray praiah chhaati barnita prajati achhi . prajati. ehi chhaati prajati "gonathameterms" ganara antarbhuktah

gnathameterms gnathameterms deermeeteede parivaar witch deermeetan dee ikk jeanus haii. gnathameterms" witch lagbhag chhe varnit prajatiaan hunn. prajatiaan. ih chhe prajatiaan "gnathameterms" jeanus naal sabandhat hann

ganathameterms ganathameterms iti dimakanam ekaha vamshaha asti yah deemak-kulasya asti. ganathameterms" ityasmin praayah shut varnitaah jaateeh santi. jaatayah. etaani shut prajaatayah "ganathameterms" iti vamshasya santi.

conthameterms conthamedermess enbathu termididae kudumbaththaich saerntha oru karaiyaanaagum. conthamedermessil" sumar aaru vivarikkapatta inangkal ullana. inangkal. inththa aaru inangkal "conthamedermess" inaththaich sernthavai

ganathemeterms ganathemeterms anedi termitidae kutumbamlo chedapurugula jaathi. ganathemeterms" loe sumaru aaru varninchabadina jaatulu unnaayi. jaatulu. eee aaru jaatulu "ganathemeterms" jaatiki chendinavi

gantamtramz gantamtramz demak kii eek jains hay juu demak khaandaan mein hay. gantamtramz" mein taqriba chh biyaan kardah anwaa haine. anwaa. yaha chh anwaa "gantamtramz" jains say taaluq rakhti haine:

fffe76aae7c796da87c985aa171101f638166c5ded43de48015d5e7a13406223

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1449482

Alquézar

Alquézar Alquézar (Aragonese: "Alquezra") is a municipality in the province of Huesca, in the autonomous community of Aragon, Spain. As of 2012, its population was 301. Overview. Situated on a limestone outcrop of the Eocene age to the west of the canyon of the Rio Vero in the Sierra y Cañones de Guara Natural Park, the village grew up around a castle and the Collegiate church of Santa Maria, which was consecrated in 1099. The name of the village comes from the Arabic القصر "al qaçr" for "fort" or "castle" (renamed as Alcazar in Spanish). The castle became the main defense point of the nearby city of Barbastro. Since Alquézar is situated in the Sierra y Cañones de Guara Natural Park, there are various campsites in the local area to cater to outdoor enthusiasts. Popular activities include canyoning, walking, rock climbing and abseiling, as well as ornithology (since vultures nest on the steep faces of the Rio Vero canyon). The surrounding area to the south towards Barbastro, in the direction of the flatter Ebro basin, is part of the Somontano, an area known for its fine wines. There are more than 60 limestone caves with prehistoric cave paintings in the surrounding area, which has led to the region being declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1998. A good example is the cave at Arpán on the A-2205 road heading north towards Bárcabo. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

alquizer alquizer (aaragunijoh "alquizra") hoise spainor aaragunor swayotoxaxito xomprodayor hueska prodexor ekhon pouroxobha. 2012 sonoloike iyar jonoxongkhya aasil 301 john. xongkhipto biboron. chira waai conons di guwara prakritik udyanot rio "verur upotyokar poschime euchin jugor sunxilor uporot owosthito, gaukhon etaa durgo aaru xanta mariyar collegiate girjar sariufale dangor hoisil, jitu 1099 sonot pobitro koraa hoisil. gaukhonor naamtu aarbi xobdo "aal kaar" ror poraa aahise jaar ortho hoise "durgo" baa "durgo" (spanis bhaxat alkazar buli punor naamkoron koraa hoise). ei durgotu usoror sohor barbastro 'ror mukhyo protirokya kendrot porinot hoisil. jihetu alquizer chira waai conons di guwara prakritik udyanot owosthito, xeyehe baahiror utxahixokolor baabe sthaniyo oncholot bibhinno xibir aase. jonopriyo karzokolapxomuhor bhitorot aase canyoning, khuj karhibo, xil aaruhon aaru absiling, logote pokhyibidya (jihetu rio "bheru upotyokar thiyo mukhot xokunbure baxa bandhi thaake). barbastro "ror faale dokhyin dixot thoka sariufalor oncholtu xomotol ibro 'owobahikar dixot thoka cho' montanur ongxo, jikhon onchol iyar xukhmo xurar baabe jonajat. iyar sariufale praak-oitihaxik guha sitrojukto 60khonotkoiu odhik sunxilor guha aase, jaar folot 1998 sonot unesk "ee ei oncholok biswo oitijyo khyetro hisape ghuxona korisil. iyar etaa bhaal udahoron hoise uttor dixot barkabur faale juwa e-2205 rastar aarpanor guha.

alquizer alquizer (aragonia "alquizra") spener aragoner swayattashasita sampradayer hueska prodesher ekti pourosobha. 2012 saaler hisabe, err jonosongkha chhilo 301 john. sangkhipto biboron. siera ee canoness dii guara prakritik uddane reo verro girikhater poschime eocene juger chunapatharer bohirmukhi ongshe abosthito, gramti ekti durgo ebong santa marrier collegiate girjar charpashe bede othe, jaa 1099 saale pobitro koraa hoyechilo. gramer namti eseche arbi shobdo 'all kakar' theke jaar ortho 'durgo' baa 'durgo' (spanish bhasay alkazar naame namkaran koraa hoyeche). durgoti nikatbarti barbastro shohorer prodhan protirokkha kendra hoye othe. jehetu alquizer siera oyai canoness dii guara prakritik uddane abosthito, taai bahirangan utsahider chahida metanor jonno sthaniya elaka bivinno camp saita royeche. janapriya kriyakalapgulir modhye royeche canyoning, haanta, rock climbing ebong absilling, pashapashi pokkhibidya (jehetu reo verro girikhater khada mukhe shakun bassa bandhe). samtal ibro abobahikar dike barbastro-rawr dike dakkhine parshoborti anchalti somontanor ongsho, jaa sukkho winer jonno porichito. ashepasher anchale pragoitihasik guha chitro soho 60 tiro beshi chunapatharer guha royeche, jaar foley 1998 saale unesco eyi anchalke bishwa oitijjobahi sthan hisabe ghoshana koreche. ekti vall udaharan holl barcaboer dike uttor dike yawar ayee-2205 rastar arpaner guha.

alkezar alkezar (eregonese "alquezra") aee spainnaa eregonnaa svaayatt samudayma hyuska praantmaa aaveli aek nagarpalika chhe. 2012 sudhimaa, tenee vastee 301 hatee. zankhi. siyera vaay canons dha guara koodarti udhyanma riyo veronee kheenni pashchimma eocene yugnaa chunaanaa pattharnaa baahy bhaag parr stheet, aaa gaam aek killa aneey santa mariana collegiate churchnee aaspaas vadhyu hatoo, jene 1099maan pavitra karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. gaamnu naam arabi shabd all-qasara parthee aavyu chhe, jeno arth "killo" athavaa "killo" (spanishma tenu naam badaline alkazar rakhvama aavyu chhe) thaay chhe. aaa killo najiknaa barbastro shahernu mukhya sanraxan bindu bunny gayoo hatoo. alkezar siera vaay canons dha gwara natural parkma aavelu hovathi, bahaarnaa utsaahione sevaa aapvaa maate sthaaneek vistaarmaa viveedh campsites chhe. lokpreey pravruttiomaa khinpradeshma utaree javu, chaalvu, khadak parr chadai karvee aneey jameen parr besavu, temaj pakshishastra (kaaran keey geedh riyo vero kheennaa seedha chahera parr maalo banaave chhe) noow samaavesh thaay chhe. barbastro taraf dakshinma, sapaat ebro tatpradeshni dishaamaa, aaspasna vistaar, somontanono aek bhaag chhe, jeey vistaar tenaa sunder wine maate jaanito chhe. aaspasna vistaarmaa pragaitihasik gufaa chitro saathe 60 thee vadhu chunaanaa pattharoni gufaao chhe, jenaa kaarane aaa pradeshne 1998 maan unesco dwara vishva dharohar sthal jaaher karvaamaa aavyo chhe. aek saaru udaaharan aee-2205 rooad parr arpan khaateni gufaa chhe jeey uttar taraf barcabo taraf aagad vadhee rahee chhe.

alquaser alquezer (aragoneseh "alquezra") spen key aragon key swaayatt samudaay mein hyuska praant kii ack nagarpalika haye. 2012 taka, isaki jansankhya 301 thee. avalokan. siera vaaee canons dee gwara praakritik udyaan mein riyo vero kii ghaati key paschim mein eocn yug key choona patthar key bahirgaman parr sthit, gaanv ack mahal aur saanta maria key collegiate church key aspas badaa huaa, jise 1099 mein pavitra kiya gayaa thaa. gaanv kaa naam arabi shabd "qasoor" seey aaya haye jiska arth haye "kilaa" yaa "mahal" (spanish mein iska naam badalkar alkazar curr diyaa gayaa). mahal paas key barbastro shahar kaa mukhya raksha bindu bunn gayaa. choonki alquezer siera vaaee canons dee gwara praakritik udyaan mein sthit haye, isaliye baahari utsaahi logon koo puuraa karane key liye sthaaniya kshetra mein vibhinn shivir sthal hain. lokpriya gatividhiyon mein canyoning, paidal chalana, chattan parr chadhaai aur absiling key saath-saath pakshi vigyaan (kyonki giddh riyo vero ghaati key khade cheharon parr ghonsala banaate hain) shamil hain. dakshin kii or barbastro kii or, samtal abro besin kii disha mein, aspas kaa kshetra somontano kaa hissa haye, joe ack aisaa kshetra haye joe apani badhiya wine key liye jaanaa jaataa haye. aspas key kshetra mein pragaitihasik gufa chitron key saath 60 seey adhik choona patthar kii gufaayen hain, jisake kaaran 1998 mein unesco dwara iss kshetra koo vishva dharohar sthal ghoshit kiya gayaa haye. ack achchha udaaharan aeye-2205 sadak parr arpan mein gufa haye joe uttar kii or jaa rahee haye.

alquizer alquager (aragonese "alquezra") spaine aragon svaayatta samudaayada huska praantyada ondu purasabheyagide. 2012rahra velege, adara janasankhyeyu 301 aagittu. avalokana. siera vaii canons dii gwara naisargika udyaanavanadalli reo verro kaniveya paschimakke eocene yugada sunnada kallina horapadarada mele nelegondiruva ee graamavu koteya suttaloo mattu mattu pratishtaapisalaada saantaa mariyaada kaaleju charchina suttaloo beledide. graamada hesaru arabic alkhasar "all khakr" ninda bandide, idarartha "kote" athawa "kote" (spanitionalli alkazar endu marunamakarana maadalaagide). koteyu hattirada nagaravaada barbastroda mukhya raxana kendravaayitu. alquizer siera vaii canons dii gwara naisargika udyaanavanadalliruvudarinda, horaangana utsaahigalannu puraisalu sthaliya pradeshadalli vividha shibiragalive. janapriya chatuvatikegalalli kaniveya aarohana, nadige, bande hattuvike mattu nelavannu muchchu hidiyuvudu, jotege pakshishaastra (ranahaddugalu reo verro kaniveya kadidaada mukhagalli goodu kattuvudarinda) serive. dakshinadalli barbastro kadege, chappateyaada ebro jalanayana pradeshada dikkinalli, somontanoda bhagavagide, idu uttama vaingalige hesaruvaasiyaagide. suttamuttalina pradeshadalli praagaitihaasika guha varnachitragalannu hondiruva hondiruva hecchu sunnada kallu guhegalive, idu idu unesco ee pradeshavannu vishwa parampareya taanavendu ghoshisalu kaaranavaagide. uttarakke barcabo kadege hoguva aa-2205 rasteyalliruva arpaannalliruva guheyu ondu uttama udaaharaneyaagide.

alkwasar speyinile aragonile svayambharana samoohathile hyuska pravishyayile oru munisippaalittiyaan alquaiser (aragonesa "alkwezra"). 2012leeii kanakk prakaram ividuthe janasamkhya 301 aayirunnu. avalokanam. siyera vaii kaanons dii gwara prakrithi udyaanathile rioo verro malayidukkinte padinjaaru eosene kaalaghattatthile chunnaambukallu puramthallalil sthithi cheiyunna eee graamam oru kottaykkum 1099 ll prathishtikkappetta santa mariyayude koleju pallikkum chuttum valarnnu. kotta" allengil "kotta" (spaanishil alcasser ennu punarnaamakaranam cheyyappettu) ennartham varunna arabic aksharamaaya "alkhassar" ennathil ninnaan graamatthinte peru vannath. aduthulla nagaramaya barbestroyude pradhana prathirodha kendramaayi kotta maari. siyera vaii kaanons dii gwara prakrithi udyaanathilaanu alkwasar sthithicheyyunnathinaal, outtdoor premikale paripalikkunnathinaayi praadeshika pradeshathu vividha camp sittukal undu. canyoning, nadattham, paara kayaral, absailing, pakshishaasthram (rioo verro malayidukkinte kuthaneyulla mukhangalil kazhukanmaar koodundakkunnathinaal) enniva janapriya pravarthanangalil ulppedunnu. barbestroyude thekk vashathulla chuttumulla pradesham, paranna ebro thadatthinte dishayil, mikacha vainukalkku peruketta pradeshamaaya somondanoyude bhagamaanu. chuttumulla pradeshathu charitraatheethakaala guhaachitrangalulla 60 ladhikam chunnaambukallu guhakalundu, ithu 1998 ll unesco eee pradeshathe loka paithruka sthalamaayi prakhyapikkaan kaaranamaayi. vadakkott barcaboilekku pookunna eiii-2205 roadile arpaanile guhayaan oru nalla udaaharanam.

alquezer alquezar (aragoneseh "alquezra") hii spainchya aragon swayatt samudayatil hyuska prantatil eka nagarpalika aahe. 2012 paryant tyachi loksankhya 301 hotee. vihangavalokan. siera vaay canons dii gwara naisargik udyanatil reo verochya khonyachya paschimes eocene kalatil chunkhadichya baherchya bhagavar vasalele heey gaav eka killyabhovati aanee santa mariyachya mahavidhyalayin charchbhovati vadhale, jeey 1099 madhye pavitra karnyat aale hote. gavache naav arabi shabd all-qasarvaroon aale aahe, jyacha arth 'killa' kinwa 'killa' (spanishmadhye tyache naav badaloon 'alkazar' asey karnyat aale) assa aahe. killa haah jawalchya barbastro shaharacha mukhya sanrakshn bindu banala. alquezer heey siera vaay canons dii gwara naisargik udyanat vasalele asalyane, maidani utsukanchi garaj bhagavanyasathi sthanik bhagat vividh shibire aahet. lokpriy upkramanmadhye canyoning, chalane, rock climbing aanee absilling, tasech pakshishastra (reo verro canyonchya ubhya chehnyanvar gidhade gharate asalyane) yancha samavesh hoto. barbastrochya dakshinekadil sabhovatalacha bhag, sapat ebro khonyachya dishene, somontanocha bhag aahe, joou tyachya sookshm madyasathi olakhala jaato. aaspaschya bhagat pragaitihasik guhachitransaha 60 hoon adhik chunkhadichya guha aahet, jyamule 1998 madhye unescone yaa pradeshala jaagtik varsa sthal ghoshit kele aahe. eka changle udaharan mhanje aii-2205 rastyavaril arpan yetheel guha jee barkabochya dishene uttarekade jaate.

alquezar alquezar (aragonihi "alquesra") spainko aragonko swayatta samudayama raheko hyuska prantako euta nagarpalika how. sann 2012 samma, yasako janasankhya 301 thiyo. awalokan. siyera wai canons day gwara prakritik nikunjama riyo bheroko ghatiko paschimma eocene yugko chunkhadiko bahiri bhagma awasthit, gaaun mahal rar santa mariako collegiate charchako waripari hurkeko thiyo, june 1099 maa pawitra garieko thiyo. gaaunko naam arabi shabda all-qasarbata aeko how jasko artha "killa" wa "mahal" (spanisma alkazarko rupma punah namkaran garieko) how. mahal najikaiko barbastro saharko mukhya raksha bindu banyo. alquezar siyera wai canons day gwara prakritik nikunjama awasthit bhaekale, bahiri utsahiharulai pura garna sthaniya kshetrama vibhinna shivir sthalharu chhan. lokpriya gatiwidhiharuma canyoning, hindne, chattan arohan rar absil garne, sathai pakshi vigyan (rio bhero ghatiko thado anuharma giddhaharule ghonsala banaune hunale) samawesh chhan. dakshinma barbastrotarfko warparko khetra, samatal ebro besinko dishama, somontanoko ek bhag how, june yasako ramro wineka lagi parichit khetra how. warparko kshetrama pragaitihasik gufa chitraharu bhaeka 60 bhanda badhi chunkhadika gufaharu chhan, jasle yass kshetralai sann 1998 maa yuneskodwara vishwa sampada sthal ghoshana gareko chha. euta ramro udaharan ae-2205 sadakma arpanko gufa how june uttartira barkabotira janchha.

alquezara alquezara (aaragonijah "alquage") spainer aragonra swajangsasita sampradayara huesaka pradeshar eka pourapalika. 2012 masiha suddha ehara janasankhya 301 thila. samikhya karantu. siera wai canons dii guaara prakrutika udyanare reo bheror upatyakara paschimare eocene jugara eka chunapathara bahirbhustire abasthita, ehi gramm eka durga ebong santa maria collegiate church charipakhare badhithila, jaahaa 1099 ray pabitra hoithila . gaanra naama arabiah sabda 'all kazar' ru aasichhi jahara artha 'durga' kimba 'durga' (spanian bhasare 'alkazar' naamare punahnamakarana karajaichi). ehi durga nikatasta barbastro saharar mukhya pratirakhya kendra palatithila. jehetu alquezara siera wai canons dii guara prakrutika udyanare abasthita, tenu bahara utsaheenka abashyakata purana paain sthaniah anchalare bibhinna shibirasthali rahichhi. lokpriya karjyakalapa madhyare canioning, chaliba, pathara aarohan ebong abseling, tatha pakhi bigyana (jehetu reo bhero canyonara sidha muhanre giddha baasa karanti) antarbhukta . barbastro aadaku dakhinare thiba akhpakh anchala, samtal ebro ababahika digare, somontano rahr eka ansha, eka anchala jaahaa ehara sukshma wine paain janashuna . akhpakh anchalare pragaitihasika gumpha chitra sahita 60 ru adhika chunapathara gumpha achhi, jaahaa ehi anchalaku 1998 ray yunesko dwara biswa aitihya sthala bhabare ghoshana karichhi. eka bhal udaharana heuchhi aii-2205 rastare aarpaanare gumpha uttaraku barcabo aadaku jauchhi .

alkizer alquezer (aragonese "alquezra") spain dey aragon dey khudmukhtiaar bhaichare witch hueska prant witch ikk nagarpalika haii. 2012 takk, iss dee aabadi 301 see. sankhep jankari. sierra vaaee canoness dee guara kudrati park witch reo vero dee ghaati dey pachham witch eocene yugg dey choone dey patthar dey baharle hisse utte sathit, pind ikk kilhe atey saanta maria dey colgiate church dey duaale vadda hoiaa, jiss noon 1099 witch pavittar keeta giaa see. pind daa naam arabi shabad all-qasar toon aaiaa haii jiss daa arth haii "kilha" jaan "kilha" (spanish witch alkazar daa naam badliaa giaa). kilha nedley shehar barbastro daa mukkh rakkhiaa bindu bann giaa. kiunki alquezer siara vaaee canoness dee guara kudrati park witch sathit haii, iss laee baahari shaukinan noon poora curran laee sathanak khetar witch vakkh-vakkh campsites hunn. prasidh gatividhiaan witch canyoning, paidal challna, chattan chadhan atey absiling dey naal-naal panchhi vigiaan (kiunki giddh reo vero ghaati dey ucche chihre 'teey aalhna banaunde hunn) shamal hunn. dakkhan vall barbastro vall, samtal ebro besin dee disha witch, ikk khetar haii joe aapni vadhiaa wine laee janhiaa jaanda haii, joe kii somontano daa hissa haii. aale-duaale dey khetar witch pragaitihasik gufa chittran valiaan choone dey patthar deeaan 60 toon vaddh gufavan hunn, jiss caarn iss khetar noon sann 1998 witch unesco duaara vishav virasat sathaan ailaniaa giaa see. ikk changi udaharan aii-2205 sadak utte arpan vikhe gufa haii joe uttar vall barcabo vall jaa rahee haii.

alkazer alquezaar (araagoneesh "alquezra") spen-deshasya aragon-deshasya svaayatta-samudaayasy hyuskaa-prantasya nagarapalika asti. 2012 tamavarshaparyantam asya janasankhyaa 301 aasit. avalokanam karotu. siera vai canons day gwara praakrutika-udyaane riyo-vero-giri-giri-giri-kshetrasya paschimadishi, eocene-yugasya chunakhadi-shikharasy upari sthitah ayam graamah, 1099 tame varshe pratishtite durgasya, santa-maria-mahaavidyaalayasya charchasya cha paritah vardhata. asya gramasya naam arabee-bhashayaha "all-qasar" ityatah nishpannam asti, yasya arthah "durgah" athavaa "durgah" (spanish-bhashayam alkazar iti punah namakaranam krutam) iti asti. samipasthasya barbastro-nagarasya mukhyarakshasthalam durgah abhavat. yatah alquezaar-nagaram siyara vai canons day gwara-praakrutika-udyaane sthitam asti, ataha bahihi-utsaahibhyah upacharayitum sthaniyakshetre vividhaah shibirasthaanaani santi. lokapriyakriyakalapeshu kenyaoning, vaak, raak climbing, abseling, api cha pakshishaastravidnyaanam cha antarbhavanti (yatah rio-vero-kenyan ityasya oordhvamukheshu giddhaah gruham sthaapayanti). dakshinadishi barbastro-paksheeyah paritah pradesha, samatal-ebro-besinasya dishaayaam, somontaano ityasya bhaagah asti, yat uttama-vain-krute prasidhah pradesha asti. paritah kshetre pragaitihasika-guhaachitraani yukttaah 60 taha adhikaah chunakhalak-guhaah santi, yena 1998 tame varshe yoonesko-samsthayaa ayam pradesha vishva-dharoharasthalatvena ghoshitah abhavat. uttarena barcabo-prati gacchatah e-2205 maarge arpan-nagarasya guhaa uttamah udaaharanam asti.

alcusar alquizar (aragonian mozhif "alkesra") enbathu spainin aragon thannatchi samoogaththil ulla hyuska maagaanaththil ulla oru nagaraatchi aagum. aagum aandu nilavarappadi, adhan makkal thogai 301 aagum. kannoattam. siyara oy canons dii kuwara iyarkai poongaavil reo verro pallaththaakkin maerkae eocene kaalaththin sunnambukkal velippuraththil amainthulla inththa gramam oru koattai mattrum 1099 aam aandil punithappaduthappatta sanda mariaavin kalluri devaalayaththaich suttri valarnthathu. kiraamaththin peyar arabu mozhiyil "koattai" allathu "koattai" (spanish mozhiyil alkajar endru marupeyaridappattathu) enbatharkaana all kasar "all kakr" enbathilirunthu varukirathu. koattai arugilulla parpastro nagaraththin mukiya paathukaappu maiyamaaga maariyathu. alquizar siyara oy canons dii kuwara iyarkai poongaavil amainthullathaal, velippura aarvalargalaip poorthi seivatharkaaga ulloor paguthiyil palvaeru mugaamidangkal ullana. canyoning, nadaipayirchi, paarai aeruthal mattrum agazhigal vettuthal, paravaiyiyal (aenenil kazhugugal reo verro pallaththaakkin sengkuththaana mugangkalil koodu kattugindrana) aagiyavai pirabalamaana seyalpaadugalil adangkum. therkae parpastrovai noakki, thattaiyaana epro padugaiyil, somontanovin oru paguthiyaagum, idhu adhan sirantha oyingalukku peyar pettrathu. varalaattrukku munththaiya kugai ooviyangkaludan 60 kkum maerpatta sunnambukkal kugaigal suttriyulla paguthiyil ullana, idhu 1998 aam aandil uneskowal ulaga paarambariya thalamaaga arivikkappaduvatharku vazhivaguththathu. oru nalla eduththukkaattu paarkapoavai noakki vadakkae sellum aee-2205 saalaiyil ulla arbaanil ulla kugai aagum.

alquager alquager (aragonese "alquezra") anedi speyinlooni aragon swayampratipatti kaligina samaajamlooni hyuska provinceloni oka municipality. 2012 natiki, daani janabha 301. sameeksha. sierra vai canons dii gwara sahaja udyaanavanamlo reo vero loyaku paschimaana eocene yuganiki chendina sunnapurayi velupala unna eee graamam oka koota mariyu 1099loe pavitram cheyabadina shanta maria yokka collegiate charchi chuttoo perigindi. graamam paeru arabic alkhasar "all khakr" nundi vachindi, dheeni ardham "koota" ledhaa "koota" (spaanishlo alkazar gaa paeru maarchabadindi). eee koota sameepamloni barbastro nagaraniki pradhana rakshana kendramgaa maarindi. alquager sierra vai canons dii gwara sahaja udyaanavanamlo unnanduna, bahiranga autsaahikulanu teerchadaaniki sthaanika praantamloo vividha sibiraalu unnaayi. janaadarana pondina karyakalapalalo loyalu ekkadam, nadavadam, rock climbing mariyu absailing, alaage pakshula shaastram (raabandulu reo vero loya yokka nitaruga unna mukhaalapai goodu kattadam valana) unnaayi. dakshinaana barbastro vaipu, chadunaina ebro pareevaahaka praantam disalo, somontanolo bhaagam, idhi chakkati vainlaku prasiddhi chendina praantam. chuttupakkala praantamloo charitrapurva guha chitraalato kuudina 60 kii paiga sunnapurayi guhalu unnaayi, idhi 1998 loe unesco dwara eee praantaanni prapancha vaarasatva pradaesamgaa prakatinchadaaniki daariteesindi. oka manchi udaaharana uttaraana barcabo vaipu vellae eah-2205 rahadaaripai unna arpan vadda unna guha.

alkezar alkozaar (aragoniyon: "alkezra") subah heoska kii eek baldiyah hay juu aragoon speen kii khood mukhtar baradari mein hay. 2012 takk iss kii aabadi 301 thee. jaizah. seara waayi konons ddee goraa qadarti paark mein riyo veero kii waadi kay maghrab mein ayoseen door kay chonaa pathar kay baahir nikalnay waalay hasay parr waaqa yaha gaaon eek qalye aur saanta maariyah kay college charch kay ard gird plaa badhaa jasay 1099 mein muqadas kiyaa gayaa thaa. gaaon kaa naam arbee lafz alqasr "alqasr" say aayaa hay jiss kaa matlab hay "qalah" yaa "qalah" (hispanvi mein alkazaar kay naam say mosoom). qalah qareebi shehar barbustro kaa aham dafayi maqaam bunn gayaa. chonkah alkozaar seera waayi konons ddee gawara qadarti paark mein waaqa hay iss liye beruni shaiqeen kii zaruriyat kuu poraa karnay kay liye maqami elaqay mein mukhtalif camp sights haine. maqbool sargarmiyon mein canuning paidal chalnaa chataan parr chadhna aur iss kay saath saath parindon kii tehqeeq (chonkah gadhay riyo veero waadi kay khadee chehron parr ghonslay banatay haine) shaamil haine. janub mein barbustro kii taraf chaptey aibro besan kii samat aas paas kaa elaqah somontano kaa hasah hay juu eek aisa elaqah hay juu apnee emdah sharaab kay liye jaana jaataa hay. aas paas kay elaqay mein 60 say ziyadah chonaa pathar kay ghaar haine jinn mein maaqabal tarikhi ghaar kii pentings haine jiss kii wajah say iss khatay kuu 1998 mein unisco nay aalimi saqafati warsah qaraar diyaa thaa. eek achhi misaal shamaal kii taraf jaanay waali aey-2205 sadak parr arpan kaa ghaar hay.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3571828

Saint-Marcellin

Saint-Marcellin Saint-Marcellin is a soft French cheese made from cow's milk. Named after the small town of Saint-Marcellin (Isère), it is produced in a geographical area corresponding to part of the former Dauphiné province (now included in the Rhône-Alpes "région"). It is generally small in size, weighing about 80 grams (50% fat), with a mottled creamy-white exterior. The degree of runniness increases with age as the exterior gains blue, then yellow, hues within two to three weeks after production. It is similar in texture and taste to Saint-Félicien, a larger cheese produced in a different part of the Rhône-Alpes région. Saint-Marcellin is available in 3 degrees of ripening ("affinage"): sec, crémeux and bleu. When Saint-Marcellin is cured in marc brandy for a month or more, it is called "Arômes au Gène de Marc". If cured in white wine, it becomes "Arômes de Lyon". References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

saint-marchelin saint-marchelin hoise gorur gakhiror poraa toiyar koraa ek kumol forasi seej. saint-marchelin (aaiser) naamor xoru sohoror naamere naamkoron koraa, ee purbor daufin prodexor ongxor xoite xomporkito ek bhougulik oncholot utpadon koraa hoy (etiya rune-alpos "rijiyon" too ontorbhukto). ee xadharonote aakarot xoru, ujon pray 80 graam (50 xotangxo sorbi), aaru baahiror ongxotu birol rongor-bogaa. boyoxor loge loge paanee uluwar matra briddhi paay, jihetu utpadonor duir poraa tini xoptahor bhitorot baahiror ongxo neela, taar pisot halodhiya, rongor hoi pore. iyar gothon aaru xuwad saint-felicienor xoite eke, jitu rune-alpos oncholor etaa beleg ongxot utpadito etaa dangor seej. saint-marchelin 3 degree poripoko ("effinage"): sek, chremax aaru bliut upolobdho. jetiya saint-marchelin mark brendit ek maah baa tatkoi odhik xomoyor baabe niramoy koraa hoy, iyak "aarumes oh 'gene di mark" buli kuwa hoy. jodi bogaa xurare niramoy koraa hoy, ee "aarumes di lion" hoi pore.

seenta-marcelliner seenta-marcelliner ekti norom farasi ponir jaa gorur dudh theke toiri hoy. seenta-marcelliner (isere) chhoto shohorer naame namkaran koraa, etty praktan daufin prodesher (bortomane roone-alps "anchal"-err antarbhukta) ongsher saathe somporkito ekti bhougolik anchale utpadito hoy. etty sadharonoto akare chhoto, ozon pray 80 grama (50 shotangsho chorbijukto), ebong ekti chittakarshak krimojukto-saadaa bairer ongsho. boyoser saathe saathe probahito howar matra briddhi paay kaaron utpadoner dui theke tinn saptaher modhye bairer ongsho neel, tarpor holud, rongo paay. etty gathon ebong swade seenta-feliciener anurup, jaa roone-alps anchaler ekti vinno ongshe utpadito ekti borh ponir. seenta-marcelliner 3 degree paka ("affinage") pawa yaayah second, chrimiax ebong blue. jokhon seenta-marcelliner eka maas baa taar beshi somoy dhorey marqa brandyte niramoy koraa hoy, tokhon etike "aeroms aaa gene dii marqa" bolla hoy. saadaa oyaine niramoy koraa holey, etty "aeroms dii leone" hoye yaay.

sant-marcellin saint-marcellin aee gaaynaa dudhmathi banaavel naram french cheez chhe. saint-marcellin (isere) naa naana shaher parthee naam aapvama aavyu chhe, teey bhutpurv daufin praantnaa bhagne anuroop bhaugolik vistaarmaa utpann thaay chhe (havey teey roona-alps "reejan" maan saamel chhe). teey saamanya reete kadamaa naanu hoya chhe, jenu vajan lagbhag 80 graam (50 takaa charbi) hoya chhe, jemaa chittakarshak creamy-safed baahy hoya chhe. utpaadan pachhi beey thee trana athvadiyani andar baahy vaadadi, pachhi peelo, rangmaa vadhaaro thaay chhe. teey rachnaa aneey swaadma sant-falician jevu jaj chhe, jeey roona-alps pradeshnaa alag bhagma utpann thatu motoo cheez chhe. saint-marcellin 3 degree pakva ("affinage") maan uplabdh chheh second, chramax aneey blue. jyaare saint-marcelinne marqa brandyma aek maheena keey tethee vadhu samay maate saajo karvaamaa aave chhe, tyaare tene "aeroms oo gene dii marqa" kahevama aave chhe. jooe safed winema saajo karvaamaa aave, too teey "aeroms dii lyon" bunny jaay chhe.

sent-marcellin sent-marcellin gaay key doodh seey banaa ack naram francisi panir haye. sent-marcellin (isere) key chhote seey shahar key naam parr naamit, yeh poorv doufin praant (abb rone-alps "kshetra" mein shamil) key hisse key anuroop ack bhaugolik kshetra mein utpaadit kiya jaataa haye. yeh aam taur parr aakar mein chhota hotaa haye, jiska vajan lagbhag 80 graam (50 pratishat vasaa) hotaa haye, aur baahari bhaag ack chittidaar malaidar-safed hotaa haye. umr key saath paani bahane kii matra badhati haye kyonki utpaadan key dou seey teen saptah key bheetar baahari neela, phir peela, rung hoe jaataa haye. yeh banaavat aur swaad mein sent-felician key samaan haye, joe kii ack badaa cheez haye joe ronn-alps kshetra key ack alag hisse mein utpaadit hotaa haye. sent-marcellin pakane key 3 degree ("effinage") mein upalabdh haih seik, creamux aur blue. jaba sent-marcellin koo maark brandy mein ack maheene yaa usase adhik samay taka thheek kiya jaataa haye, tou ise "aeroms auo gene dee maark" kahaa jaataa haye. yadi safed sharaab mein thheek hoe jaataa haye, tou yeh "aeroms dee lyon" bunn jaataa haye.

saint-marcellin saint-marcellin hasuvina haalininda tayaarisida mruduvaada french chees aagide. saint-marcellinra (isere) sanna pattanada hesarannu idalaagiddu, idu hindina daffine praantyada bhagakke anugunavaada bhougolika pradeshadalli utpattiyaguttade (eega rone-alps "regian" nalli serisalaagide). idu samanyavagi gatradalli chikkadaagiddu, sumaru 80 graam (50 pratishata kobbu) tukaviddu, chigurina kene-bili horabhagavannu hondiruttade. utpaadaneya nantara eradarinda mooru vaaragalalli horabhaagavu neeli, nantara haladi, bannavannu galisidante otada mattavu vayassannu hechchisuttade. idu rachane mattu ruchiyalli saint-phelicyange holuttade, idu rone-alps pradeshada bere bhagadalli utpattiyaguva dodda chees aagide. saint-marcellin 3 degree maagida ("affinage"): second, chremex mattu bluegalalli labhyavide. saint-marcellin annu ondu tingalu athawa adakkinta hecchu kaala maark brandiyalli gunapadisidaga, adannu "aroms ou gene dii maark" endu kareyalaaguttade. bili vainnalli gunapadisidare, adhu "aroms dii leone" aguttade.

seent-marcellin seent-marcellin heey gayichya dudhapasoon banavalele mauu french cheej aahe. seent-marcellin (isere) yaa chhotyasha shaharache naav deuun, purvichya daufin prantachya (aata rone-alps "pradesh" madhye samavisht) bhagashi sambandhit bhaugolik kshetrat tyache utpadan kele jaate. too samanyatah aakarane lahan asato, tyache vajan sumare 80 gramm (50 takke charbi) asate, aanee bahereel bhag chittakarshak malai-pandhara asato. jasjase bahereel bhag utpadananantar done teey teen aathvadyanchya aat nile, nantar pivale, rangeet hote tasatase vayanusar vahatya panyache praman vadhate. tyachi rachana aanee chav seent-felician sarkhich aahe, jeey raan-alps pradeshachya vegalya bhagat tayar honare mothe cheej aahe. seent-marcellin heey pikanyachya 3 anshanmadhye ('affinage') upalabdh aaheh seek, cremax aanee blue. jevha seent-marcellin marqa brandymadhye eka mahina kinwa tyahoon adhik kaal barey hote, tevha tyala "aeroms auu gene dii marqa" mhanatat. jarr pandhya draksharsane barey kele tarr teey 'aeroms dii leone' banate.

cent-marcelin cent-marcelin heuchhi eka naram french panira jaahaa gaai kheeraru prastuta . chhot sahara cent-marcelin (isere) nka naamare namit, ehaa purbatana daufin pradeshar kichhi ansha (bartamana rone-alps "anchala" ray antarbhukta) sahita jadita eka bhougolika anchalare utpadita hue . ehaa sadharanatah aakarare chhot, ojana praiah 80 gramm (50 pratishata charbijukta), ebong bahya anshare eka chittakarshaka crimmy-dhalaa rangara. bayasa sahita bahya ansha neela, taa 'parey haladia, ranga utpadana parey duiru tini saptaha madhyare brudhi paiba sahita prabahita hebara matra brudhi paae . ehara gathan ebong swada cent-felicien sahita samaana, jaahaa rone-alps anchalara eka bhinna bhagare utpadita eka budd panira . cent-marcelin 3 degree paripakwata ("offinage") ray upalabdhah second, cremux ebong blue . jetebele eka maasa kimba taa 'thaaru adhika samai paain marck brandire cent-marcelin aarogya hue, ehaaku "aromes au genn dii marck" kuhajae. jadi dhalaa madare aarogya hue, tebe ehaa "aromes dii leone" hoijae .

cent-marcellin cent-marcellin ikk naram franch panir haii joe gaan dey dudh toon banaiaa jaanda haii. cent-marcelin (iseray) dey chhote jihe kasbe dey naam utte rakkhiaa giaa, ih sabka doufin prant (hunn rone-alpus "khetar" witch shamal) dey hisse dey anusari bhugolik khetar witch paida hunda haii. ih aam taur utte aakaar witch chhota hunda haii, jiss daa bhaar lagbhag 80 graam (50 pratishat charbi) hunda haii, jiss dey baharle hisse witch ikk chitte-chitte rung daa chitta hunda haii. umar dey naal-naal paanee dee matra vadhadi jaandi haii jiven kii utpadan toon baad doou toon tinn haftiaan dey ander-ander baahari neela, firr peela, rung prapat hunda haii. ih banatar atey suaad witch cent-felician dey samaan haii, joe kii rone-alpus khetar dey ikk vakkhre hisse witch paida keeta giaa ikk vadda panir haii. cent-marcellin pakkan dey 3 dhigriaan ("effinage") witch upalbadh haiyav skint, chremics atey blue. jadon cent-marcellin noon ikk maheene jaan iss toon vaddh samein laee maarak brandy witch theek keeta jaanda haii, taan iss noon "aromas auo gene dee maarak" kiha jaanda haii. jey chitty wine witch theek hoow jaanda haii, taan ih "aromas dee leone" bann jaanda haii.

santa-marcelin sent-marcellin iti gayasya dugdhaat nirmitam mrudu-french-chees asti. sayint-marcellin (isere) ityasya laghunagarasya namna namankitam etat poorvasya daafeen-prantasya bhagasya (adhunaa rone-alps "regian" ityasmin antarbhavati) bhaugolikakshetre utpaadyate. praayah asya aakaarah laghuhu bhavati, praayah 80 graam (50 pratishatam medah) bhaarah bhavati, baahyatah chittaakarshakah kreemee-shwetah bhavati. vayaha yaavat vardhate, utpadanasya dwitau saptaahatrayam yaavat bahihi neelavarnah, tatah peetavarnah, varnaha vardhate. asya rachanaa svaadashcha sent-felician ityanena saha samaanam asti, yat rone-alps-pradeshasya bhinnabhaage utpaadyamaanam bruhattaram chees asti. sent-marcellin-aushadham pakwataayaah 3 amsheshu ("affinage") upalabhyte-sek, kremaks, bloo cha. yadaa sent-marcelin ekam maasam athavaa adhikakalam marks-brandy ityasmin rogamuktam bhavati tadaa tatt "aroms au genn day marks" iti kathyate. yadi shveta-madyena rogamuktah bhavati tarhi "aroms dey leone" iti bhavati.

saint-marcellin saint-marcellin enbathu pasuvin paalil irunthu thayaarikkappadum oru menmaiyaana pirenchu paladaikatti aagum. saint-marseline (aiser) endra siriya nagaraththin peyaraal peyaridappatta idhu, munnaal duffinay maagaanaththin oru paguthiyudan thodarpudaiya puviyiyal paguthiyil urpaththi seiyappadugirathu (ippoathu roone-albus "reejiyan" ill serkkappattullathu). idhu podhuvaaga alavil siriyathu, sumar 80 kiram (50 sathaveetham koluppu) edaiyudan, oru macham konda gream-vellai velippuraththudan. velippuram neela niraththil, pinnar manjal niraththil, urpathtikku irandu muthal moontru vaarangkalukkul, vayathaakumpoathu oottam athikarikkirathu. idhu amaippu mattrum suvaikku oththathaaga ullathu saint-felician, roone-alps piraanthiyaththin vaeru paguthiyil urpaththi seiyappadum oru periya paladaikatti. saint-marcellin 3 digiri pazhukkuthal ("afinej"): secont, chremax mattrum blue aagiyavattril kidaikkirathu. saint-marcellin oru maatham allathu adharku maerpatta kaalaththirku maark brandyil gunappaduththappadumpoathu, adhu "aroms avu jene dii maark" endru azhaikkappadukirathu. vellai madhuvil gunappaduththappattaal, adhu "aroms dii leone" aagirathu.

seyint-marcellin seyint-marcellin anedi aavu paala nundi tayaaru cheyabadina mruduvaina french junnu. seyint-marcellin (isere) anae chinna pattanam paeru pettabadindi, idhi maajee doffin provincelo kontha bhaagaaniki anugunamgaa unna bhougolika praantamloo utpatti cheyabadutundi (ippudu rone-alps "region" loe cherchabadindi). idhi saadhaaranamgaa parimaanamlo chinnadi, sumaru 80 graamula (50 saatam kovvu) baruvu, macchalu gala kreemu-telupu velupali bhaagamtho untundi. utpatti tarvaata rendu nundi moodu vaaraallopu bahya rangu neelam, taruvaata pasupu, rangulu peragadamtho vayassu perige koddi runniness yokka sthaayi perugutundi. idhi aakruti mariyu ruchilo seyint-felician maadirigaane untundi, idhi rone-alps praantamloo vaerae bhaagamlo utpatti cheyabadina pedda junnu. seyint-marcellin 3 degreela pakwata ("affinage") loe labhistundihi sekanu, chrimex mariyu blue. seyint-marcellin oka nela ledhaa anthakante ekkuva kaalam maark brandylo nayam cheyabadinappudu, dheenini "aroms ou gayne dii maark" anie pilustaaru. white vainlo nayam cheyabadithe, adhi "aroms dii leone" avutundi.

sent marcelin sent marcelin eek naram francisi cheez hay juu gaaye kay dodh say banayi jaati hay. sent marcelin (aaiseer) kay chhotay say qasbey kay naam parr rakhaa gayaa yaha eek geografiyayi elaqay mein paida hotaa hay juu saabiq dofeen soobay kay hasay say mutabiqat rakhta hay (abb rune alpas "reejan" mein shaamil hay). yaha aam toor parr size mein chhota hotaa hay jiss kaa wazan taqriba 80 graam (50 vovo charbi) hotaa hay jiss kaa beruni hasah kareemi safed hotaa hay. paidawar kay baad duu say teen hafton kay andar jeesay jeesay beruni neela phir peelaa rung badhta hay bahao kii digri amar kay saath badhti hay. yaha saakhat aur zaiqah mein sent-felsin say milta jaltaa hay juu kahh rune-alpas khatay kay eek mukhtalif hasay mein tayaar kiyaa jaanay waala eek badaa paneer hay. sent marcelin paknay kay 3 digri ("effinage") mein dastiyaab hay: second creamax aur blue. jabb sent marcelin kuu maark brandy mein eek maah yaa iss say ziyadah arsey takk theek kiyaa jaataa hay tuu asay "aromas awo geen ddee maark" kahaa jaataa hay. agar safed sharaab mein theek how jaaye tuu yaha "aaromaz ddee leone" bunn jaataa hay.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34773520

Dan Sarginson

Dan Sarginson England international rugby league footballer Dan Sarginson (born 26 May 1993) is a retired England and England Knights international rugby league footballer who previously played as a centre or fullback, for the Salford Red Devils. Sarginson played for the London Broncos and the Wigan Warriors over two separate spells in the Super League. He has also played for the Gold Coast Titans in the NRL. On 10 March 2023, Sarginson left Salford by mutual agreement. However, an official statement from Salford, did not mention anything as to why he left the club. On 13 March, it was revealed that Sarginson had retired from the sport with immediate effect, to "pursue a new career". Background. Sarginson was born in Perth, Western Australia. Career. Early life and career. Sarginson was raised in Hemel Hempstead, where he attended Cavendish School, and played for England as a schoolboy. He played for Hemel Stags at junior level before joining Super League side Harlequins RL. London Broncos. Sarginson made his début for Harlequins (now London Broncos) and scored a try in the 70–0 victory over Gateshead Thunder in the Challenge Cup match at Gateshead International Stadium on Friday 6 May 2011, and made his Super League début for Harlequins and scored two tries in the 18–26 defeat by Salford City Reds at The Willows, Salford on Friday 1 July 2011. Sarginson was offered a four-year contract by the London Broncos in 2012 but refused to sign the deal. After this he was injured on-and-off for the majority of his time in London and went on to play just 51 times for the capital Super League side, scoring 17 tries. On 18 October 2013, Wigan announced that they had signed the out-of-contract Sarginson for the 2014 and 2015 Super League seasons. Wigan Warriors. Sarginson's performances for the Wigan side earned him a nomination for Super League's Young Player of the Year for the 2014 season, but he would lose out to Daryl Clark of the Castleford Tigers. Sarginson played in the 2014 Super League Grand Final defeat by St. Helens at Old Trafford. His injury record improved and he was mainly available for selection during his first spell at Wigan. Sarginson played in the 2016 Super League Grand Final victory over Warrington at Old Trafford. Gold Coast Titans. On 29 March 2016, Sarginson announced that he would leave the Super League, and join the National Rugby League club, Gold Coast for the 2017 and 2018 seasons. He made six appearances for Gold Coast during the 2017 NRL season before suffering a season-ending shoulder injury. Return to Wigan. On 13 December 2017, the Gold Coast club agreed to release Sarginson who had made few appearances and faced a court case in his time in Australia. Wigan re-signed Sarginson on a two-year deal. On his return he was handed the number 3 shirt vacated by Anthony Gelling. After starting in the first two matches of the season he missed the next two months with a recurrence of a shoulder injury which restricted his appearances whilst at the Gold Coast. On his return to the team he scored his first try of the season against the Catalans Dragons before missing a months of action with an ankle injury a few weeks later. A try against Hull FC was followed a week later by another injury ruling him out for another month before his return to the side against St Helens. A try against the Castleford Tigers and a brace against St Helens followed as he found some of the form which helped the Wigan club lift the Super League trophy in 2016. After a resounding victory over St Helens he received the news that his younger brother had died, as the Wigan club gathered around him, he decided to play just days later against Wakefield Trinity. After an emotional minutes silence Sarginson helped defeat Wakefield to keep Wigan's unbeaten run going. Sarginson played in the 2018 Super League Grand Final victory over Warrington at Old Trafford. Salford Red Devils. Sarginson signed for Salford for the 2020 season, and would have appeared in the 2020 Challenge Cup Final at Wembley had he not tested positive for COVID-19. International career. He was part of the England squad for the 2014 Four Nations tournament. Sarginson was selected in England's 24-man squad for the 2016 Four Nations. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

dane sarginson dane sarginson (jonmo 26 mey '1993) ejon owoxorprapto england aaru england nights antohrastriyo ragbi leegor football kheluwoi ji purbote selford redd devilsor hoi baa baa hisape khelisil. sarginsone supar leegot dutaa prithok spelot london bronks aaru uigan wariyorsor hoi khelisil. teu eno. aar. el.-too gold coust titansor hoiu khelise. 2023 sonor 10 marchot sarginsone parosporik suktir dwara selford tyag kore. obosye, selfordor ek sorkari bibritit teu kiyo club eri goisil xei bixoye eku ullekh koraa huwa naai. 13 marchot, eitu prokax paisil je sarginsone "ek notun keriyar onuxoron koriboloi" tatkhyonikbhabe karzokori huwar baabe krirar poraa owoxor loiche. potobhumi. sarginsonor jonmo hoisil poschim australier parthot. keriyar. prarombhik jiwan aaru keriyar. sarginson hemel hampsteadot dangor-dighol hoisil, zo 'too teu cavendies bidyaloyot porhisil, aaru schoolia saatro hisape englandor hoi khelisil. supar leegor doll harlequins aar. el.-too jugdan korar aagote teu juniyor porzayot hemel stegor hoi khelisil. london bronks. sarginsone harlequins (bortoman london bronko 'cho) ror baabe aatmoprokax korisil aaru 2011 sonor 6 mey' ror xukrobare gateshead antohrastriyo stadiumot onusthito huwa cellenge kaap mesot gateshead thunder biruddhe 70-0 bijoyot ek trie korisil, aaru harlequinsor baabe supar leegor baabe aatmoprokax korisil aaru 2011 sonor 1 julyr xukrobare selfordor uilusot selford chiti redsor haatot porasto huwa 18-26 too dutaa trice korisil. 2012 sonot london bronko 'sor dwara sarginsonok chaari bosoror suktir prostab diya hoisil jodiu suktit swakhyor koriboloi oswikar korisil. iyar pisot teu londonot besibhag xomoyor baabe ono-ofot aahot hoisil aaru capital supar leegor hoi maatro 51 baar khelisil, 17 taa chesta korisil. 2013 sonor 18 octoborot uigane ghuxona korisil je teuluke 2014 aaru 2015 sonor supar leeg sijonor baabe suktir baahiror sarginsonot swakhyor korise. uigan juddhaxokol. wigan dolor baabe sarginsonor prodorxonoi teuk 2014 sonor sijonor baabe supar leegor bosoror juwo kheluoir baabe monunoyon prodan korisil, kintu teu caselford tigersor deryl clerkor haatot porasto hoh 'bob. sarginsone 2014 sonor supar leeg grand finalot saintor haatot porasto hoisil. puroni trafordot helen. teur aaghator obhilekh unnot hoisil aaru teu mulotoh uiganot teur prothom spelor xomoyot basonir baabe upolobdho aasil. sarginsone 2016 sonor supar leeg grand finalot warringtonor biruddhe oh 'ld trafordot joylabh korisil. gold coust tytan. 2016 sonor 29 marchot sarginsone ghuxona korisil je teu supar leeg eri 2017 aaru 2018 sonor sijonor baabe rastriyo ragbi leeg club, gold coustot jugdan koribo. sijonor xexor kandhot aaghat puwar aagote 2017 sonor eno. aar. el. sijonor xomoyot teu gold coustor hoi soibar khelisil. uiganoloi ghuri jauk. 2017 sonor 13 disemborot, go 'ld coust clube australiat thoka xomoyot oti komm uposthiti diya aaru aadalotor gusoror xonmukhin huwa sarginsonok mukoli koriboloi xonmot hoisil. wiganor dwara dubosoror suktit sarginsone punor swakhyor koraa hoisil. ubhoti ohaar pisot teuk enthoni jailingor folot khaali huwa 3 nombor charttu diya hoisil. sijonor prothom dukhon mess aarombho korar pisot teu kandhot aaghator punorabrittir baabe poroborti dumah baad disil jiye gold coustot thokar xomoyot teur uposthiti ximito korisil. dololoi ubhoti ohaar pisot keixoptahmanor pisot gurit aaghator baabe ek maahor karjyokromot baad diyar aagote catalance dragonor biruddhe sijonor prothom prosestatu korisil. ek xoptahor pisot hool efsir biruddhe ek prochestar pisot aan etaa aaghator folot saint helensor biruddhe dololoi ubhoti ohaar aagote teuk aan etaa maahor baabe baahir kori diya hoisil. caselford tigersor biruddhe etaa prochesta aaru saint helensor biruddhe etaa borxor pisot teu kisuman form paisil jiye uigan clubok 2016 sonot supar leeg trophy uthai lo 'boloi xohay korisil. saint helensor biruddhe ek prosondo bijoyor pisot teu khobor paisil je teur xoru bhatrir mrityu hoise, jihetu uigan clubtuwe teur sariufale gutt khaisil, teu maatro keidinmanor pisote wakefield trinitir biruddhe kheliboloi xiddhanto loisil. ek abegik minutor nirobotar pisot sarginsone wiganor oporajeyo dour obyahot rakhiboloi wakefieldok porasto korat xohay korisil. sarginsone 2018 sonor supar leeg grand finalot warringtonor biruddhe oh 'ld trafordot joylabh korisil. selford redd devils. sarjinxone 2020 sonor sijonor baabe selfordor baabe swakhyor korisil, aaru teu koo koo baabe positive porikhya nokorile wembleet 2020 sonor cellenge kaapor finalot uposthito hoh" loheten. antohrastriyo keriyar. 2014 sonor sarita rastriyo protijugitar baabe teu englandor dolor ongxo aasil. sarginsonok 2016 sonor sarikhon dexor baabe englandor englandor dolot nirbasito koraa hoisil.

dyana serginson dyana serginson (jonmo 26 meey 1993) ekjon abosarprapto ingland ebong ingland nights antorjatik ragbi leeg football kheload jini purbe sulford reeda devilser hoye baa baa hisabe khelechilen. serginson super lige duti prithak spelle london broncos ebong uigan oyariyarser hoye khelechen. tini enn. arr. ell-ayee gold coast titander hoyeo khelechen. 2023 saaler 10 march, serginson parosporik chuktir madhyome salford tyag corren. tobey, salforder ekti anusthanik bibritite tini keena club chhedechen seey somporke kichui ullekh koraa hoyney. 13ee march, etty prokashito hoy jey serginson "ekti notun karmajiban anusaran korar" jonno abilambe karjokorbhabe khela theke abosar niyechen. patabhumi. serginson poschim australier partho shohore jonmogrohon corren. pesha. prathomik jeebon ebong karmajiban. serginson hemel hampstead-ayee bede othen, jekhane tini cavendish schoole padashona corren ebong skulchhatro hisabe englander hoye khelen. super liger doll harlequins rl-ayee jogdaner agey tini junior porjaye hemel stagger hoye khelechilen. london broncos. serginson harlequinser (bortomane london broncos) hoye abhishek corren ebong shukrobar 6ee meey 2011-ayee gateshead antorjatik stadiume challenge cup matche gateshead thunder biruddhe 70-0 joyer chesta corren ebong harlequinser jonno super lige abhishek corren ebong shukrobar 1laa julai 2011-ayee salforder uilote salford city redser kachhe 18-26 porajoyer duti try corren. 2012 saale london broncos sarginsonke chaar bochorer chuktir prostab deyo kintu chuktiti swakkhar korte aswikar korey. err porey tini londone beshirbhag somoy ono-off-ayee ahoto hohn ebong capital super liger pokkhe matro 51 barr khelechilen, 17tii try korechilen. 2013 saaler 18ee octobor, uigan ghoshana korey jey taaraa 2014 ebong 2015 saaler super ligg morshumer jonno chuktir baire surginsionke swakkhar koreche. uigan joddhara. uigan doler hoye surginsoner performance taake 2014 morshumer jonno super liger bochorer sera torun kheloader jonno mononoyon eney deyo, tobey tini casselford tigerser daryl clerker kachhe herey jaben. serginson 2014 saaler super liger granned finale center kachhe herechilen. purano trafforde hellens. taanr injurir recorder unnoti hoy ebong tini mulat uigane taanr prothom speler somoy nirbachoner jonno upolobdho chhilen. serginson old trafforde worringtoner biruddhe 2016 saaler super ligg granned finale joylav corren. gold coast titanra. 2016 saaler 29shhey march, serginson ghoshana corren jey tini super ligg chhede 2017 ebong 2018 morshumer jonno jatiya ragbi leeg club, gold coaste jog deben. 2017 saaler nrl morshume tini gold coaster hoye chhoybar khelechen ebong shesh porjonto kandhe chote paan. uigan-ayee ferat zaan. 2017 saaler 13ee december, gold coast club sarginsonke mukti ditey sommoto hoy, jini australia taar somoye khub qama uposthito chhilen ebong adaloter mamler mukhomukhi hoyechilen. uigan sarginsonke dui bochorer chuktite punra swakkhorito corren. firey aasaar porr taanke anthony jailing-err karone khaali haoya 3 nambar shirtty deoa hoy. morshumer prothom duti match shuru korar porr kandher choter punorabritti howa tini poroborti dui maas miss corren jaa swarna upokule thakakalin taanr uposthiti seemaboddho korey deyo. doley firey aasaar porr tini catalan dragonder biruddhe morshumer prothom chestai goal corren ebong koyek saptaha porey godalite chote peye eka maas action miss corren. eka saptaha porey, holl fc-rawr biruddhe ekti prochesta anusaran koraa hoy, ebong arekti aghater karone seenta helenser biruddhe doley firey aasaar agey tini arow eka maaser jonno chhitke zaan. cassleford tigerder biruddhe ekti prochesta ebong seenta helenser biruddhe ekti brace anusaran korey tini emon kichhu form khunje paan jaa uigan clubke 2016 saale super ligg trophy tulte sahayata korechilo. seenta helenser biruddhe ekti durdanto joyer porey tini khobor peyechilen jey taar chhoto bhai maaraa gechen, uigan clubti taar charpashe joro howar saathe saathe tini matro kayekdin porey wakefield trinityr biruddhe khelar siddhanta niyechilen. abegprobon muhurter nirobotar porr serginson uiganer aporajito raan chaliye jete wakefieldke porajito korte sahajyo korechilen. serginson old trafforde worringtoner biruddhe 2018 saaler super liger granned finale joylav corren. salford reeda devils. serginson 2020 morshumer jonno salforder jonno swakkhar korechilen ebong tini jodi covid-19-err jonno itibachak porikkha naa korten tobey 2020 saaler challenge kaaper finale uposthito hoten. antorjatik karmajiban. 2014 saaler chaar desher turnamenter jonno tini ingland doler ongsho chhilen. 2016 saaler charti desher jonno englander 24 sadasyer doley sarginsonke nirbachito koraa hoyechilo.

dayne sarginson dayne sarginson (janm 26 meey 1993) nivrutt ingland aneey ingland nites aantarrashtriy rugby leag footballer chhe, jeey agau salford reeda devils maate athavaa tareeke ramyo hato. sarginson super leegma beey alag alag mantramaa london broncos aneey vigan yoddhaao maate ramyaa hataa. teo aena. aar. aela. maan gold coast titans maate pann ramyaa chhe. 10 march march roj, surginsne paraspar samajooti dwara salford chhodyu. jooe keey, salfordnaa sattavaar nivedanmaa tene club qema chhodi teey ange kaneepan ullekh karvaamaa aavyo nathee. 13 maarchnaa roj, aevu bahaar aavyu hatoo keey surginsion "navee karkirdi banaavvaa" maate taatkaalik asarthi ramatmathi nivrutt thayaa hataa. prushthbhumi. surginsionno janm pashchim australiana parthamaa thayo hato. karkirdi. praarambhik jeevan aneey karkirdi. sarginsonno uchher hemal hampsteadma thayo hato, jyaan temane cavendish shaalaama abhyaas karyo hato aneey shaalaana chhokara tareeke ingland maate ramyaa hataa. super leegnee baaju harlequins rlma jodaata pahelaa teo juniyar stare hemal stags maate ramyaa hataa. london broncos. sarginsne harlequins (havey london broncos) maate padaarpan karyoo aneey shukravaare 6 meey julai roj gatshead aantarrashtriy stadium khaate challenge cup mechamaa gatshead thunder parr 70-0 jeetno prayaas karyo, aneey harlequins maate super leegma pravesh karyo aneey shukravaar 1 julai julai roj salford ciity reeda dwara veelo, salford khaate 18-26 haarmaa beey prayaas karyaa. karyaa london broncos dwara sarginsonne chaar varshnaa karaarnee ofara karvaamaa aavee hatee, parantu temane karaar parr hastakshar karvaano incar karyo hato. aaa pachhi teo londonma temnaa motabhagna samay maate ona-offma ijagrast thayaa hataa aneey capital super leag team maate maatra 51 vakhat ramyaa hataa, jemaa 17 trice karyaa hataa. 18 october october roj, vigaanae jaaherat curry keey teoae 2014 aneey aneey super leag season maate out-off-contracut sarginson parr hastakshar karyaa chhe. vigan yoddhaao. vigan paksh maate sarginsonna pradarshanthi temne teo season maate super leegnaa young player off dhaa year maate namankan malyun hatoo, parantu teo casalford tigersnaa daryl clark saame haaree jashe. sarginson teo super leag grand finalmaan saint dwara haaryaa hataa. junaa vepaarmaa hellens. temnaa ijaanaa rekordmaan sudhaaro thayo hato aneey teo mukhyatve vigan khaatena temnaa pratham kaarykaad darmiyan pasandagi maate uplabdh hataa. sarginson sarginson old trafford khaate warrington saame super leag grand finalmaan jeetyu hatoo. gold coast titans. 29 march sarginsonne roj, surginsne jaaherat curry hatee keey teey super leag chhodi deshe aneey 2017 aneey aneey season maate raashtriy rugby leag club, gold coastma jodashe. tene 2017 nrl season darmiyan gold coast maate chh dekhaav karyaa hataa aneey pachhi seasonna antanee khabhaani ijaa bhogvi hatee. vigan parr paachha jaao. 13 december december roj, gold coast club sarginsonne mukt karvaa sammat thaee, jemane thodaa jaj vakhatmaa haajari aapee hatee aneey australiyama temnaa samayma adalatna kesano saamno karyo hato. viganae beey varshnaa karaar parr sarginson parr fareethi hastakshar karyaa. parat faryaa baad temne anthony jailingne kaarane khaalee thayel 3 numberno shirt sonpavama aavyo hato. seasonni pratham beey mechomaa sharuaat karyaa pachhi teey khabhaani ijaanaa punraavartan saathe aagaami beey maheena chooki gayo hato, jene gold coast parr tenee haajareene maryadit curry hatee. team parat faryaa baad temane catalance dragon saame seasonno pratham prayaas karyo hato aneey thodaa athvadiya pachhi pagnee ghoontini ijaa saathe aek maheenano action gumaavyo hato. aek athvadiya pachhi hull aef. see. saameni koshish pachhi beejee ijaae tene saint hellens saame team paachha fartaa pahelaa beeja maheena maate bahaar curry deedho hato. casalford tigers saame prayaas aneey saint hellens saame aek brace anusarvaamaa aavyu kaaran keey tene aevu ketlaak swaroop malyun jene vigan klabne 2016 maan super leag trophy upadvama madad curry. saint hellens saame prachand jeet pachhi tene samachar malyaa keey tenaa naana bhaainu avsaan thayu chhe, kaaran keey vigan club tenee aaspaas aekthee thaee hatee, tene thodaa divaso pachhi wakefield triiniity saame ramvaanu nakki karyoo. bhavnatmak minutena maun pachhi surginsne wakefieldne haraaveene vigannee ajey dod chaalu rakhvama madad curry. sarginson old trafford khaate warrington saame 2018 super leag grand final jeetma ramyo hato. salford reeda devils. sarginsne sarginsne season maate salford maate hastakshar karyaa hataa, aneey jooe teey covid-19 maate sakaratmak parikshan naa karato hota too teey vidhansabha khaate 2020 challenge kapnee finalmaan dekhaayo hota. aantarrashtriy karkirdi. teo teo chaar raashtroni spardhaa maate englandnee teamno bhaag hataa. sarginsonne sarginsonne chaar desho maate englandnee 24 sabhyoni team pasand karvaamaa aavyaa hataa.

danne surginson danne surginson (janm 26 maee 1993) ack sevaanivritt ingland aur ingland nights antarrashtriya ragbi leag footballer hain joe pahale salford redd devils key liye ack yaa key roop mein khele they. sarginson ney super leag mein dou alag-alag satron mein landan broncos aur vigan yoddhaon key liye khela. vaha aine. aar. ell. mein gold coast titans key liye bhee khel chuke hain. 10 march 2023 koo, surginson ney aapsi samjhaute seey salford chhod diyaa. haalaanki, salford key ack aadhikarik bayaan mein iss baat kaa ullekh naheen kiya gayaa haye kii unhone club kyon chhoda. 13 march koo, yeh pataa chalaa kii surginson ney "ack nayaa currier banaane" key liye tatkaal prabhaav seey khel seey sannyas leey liya thaa. prishthabhoomi. sarginson kaa janm paschimi australia key parth mein huaa thaa. carrier. praarambhik jeevan aur currier. sarginson kaa paalan-poshan hemal hampstead mein huaa thaa, jahan unhone cavendish school mein padhaai kii aur ack schooly chhaatr key roop mein ingland key liye khele. way super leag paksh harlequins rl mein shamil honey seey pahale junier star parr hemal stags key liye khele. landan broncos. sarginson ney harlequins (abb landan broncos) key liye apani shuruat kii aur shukravaar 6 maee 2011 koo gateshead antarrashtriya stadium mein challenge cup match mein gateshead thunder parr 70-0 jeet mein ack prayaas kiya, aur harlequins key liye apani super leag kii shuruat kii aur shukravaar 1 julaai 2011 koo vilo, salford mein salford city redd dwara 18-26 haar mein dou prayaas kiye. 2012 mein landan broncos dwara sarginson koo chaar saal key anubandh kii peshkash kii gaee thee, lekin unhone saude parr hastakshar karane seey incar curr diyaa. isake baad way landan mein apane adhikansh samay key liye onn-off mein ghayal hoe gaye aur capital super leag paksh key liye sirf 51 baar khele, jisamen unhone 17 prayaas kiye. 18 octuber 2013 koo, vigan ney ghoshana kii kii unhone 2014 aur 2015 super leag satron key liye anubandh seey baahar sarginson parr hastakshar kiye hain. vigan yoddha. vigan paksh key liye surginson key pradarshan ney unhein 2014 key satra key liye super leag key varsh key yuva khilaadi key liye namankan dilaaya, lekin vaha casselford tiger key daryl clark seey haar gaye. sarginson ney 2014 key super leag grand final mein sent dwara haar kaa saamana kiya. puraane vyaapaar mein hellens. unake chot key record mein sudhaar huaa aur way mukhya roop seey vigan mein apane pahale karyakal key dauran chayan key liye upalabdh they. sarginson ney old trafford mein warrington parr 2016 super leag grand final jeet mein khela. gold coast titans. 29 march 2016 koo, surginson ney ghoshana kii kii vaha super leag chhod denge, aur 2017 aur 2018 key satron key liye rashtriya ragbi leag club, gold coast mein shamil honge. unhone 2017 nrl satra key dauran gold coast key liye chhah pradarshan kiye, isase pahale kii unhein satra key anta mein kandhe kii chot luggy. vigan koo lautein. 13 disambar 2017 koo, gold coast club ney sarginson koo riha karane parr sahamati vyakt kii, jinhone australia mein apane samay mein kuchh upasthiti darj karaai thee aur adalat mein ack mamle kaa saamana kiya thaa. vigan ney dou saal key saude parr sarginson parr phir seey hastakshar kiye. lautane parr unhein anthany jailing seey khaali hui 3 number kii shirt saunpi gaee. satra key pahale dou maichon mein shuruat karane key baad vaha agale dou maheenon mein kandhe kii chot kii punaravritti key saath chook gaye, jisane gold coast parr unaki upasthiti koo seemit curr diyaa. team mein vaapsee parr unhone catalance dragon key khilaf satra kaa apana pahala prayaas kiya, kuchh saptah baad takhane kii chot key saath ack maheene kii kaarravaai seey chook gaye. ack saptah baad ack aur chot key kaaran, sent hellens key khilaf team mein vaapsee seey pahale, unhein ack aur maheene key liye baahar curr diyaa gayaa. casselford tiger key khilaf ack prayaas aur sent hellens key khilaf ack brace key baad unhein kuchh aisaa roop milaa jisase vigan club koo 2016 mein super leag trophy uthaane mein madad millie. sent hellens parr ack shandar jeet key baad unhein khabar millie kii unake chhote bhaai kii mrityu hoe gaee haye, kyonki vigan club unake chaaron or ikattha huaa thaa, unhone kuchh dinon baad hii wakefield trinity key khilaf khelane kaa faisala kiya. ack bhaavnaatmak minut key maun key baad surginson ney wakefield koo harakar vigan kii ajeya daud jaari rakhane mein madad kii. sarginson ney old trafford mein warrington parr 2018 super leag grand final jeet mein khela. salford redd devils. surginson ney 2020 satra key liye salford key liye hastakshar kiye, aur way vidhansabha mein 2020 challenge cup final mein dikhaai dete aggar way covid-19 key liye sakaratmak pareekshan naheen karate antarrashtriya currier. vaha 2014 key chaar deshon key tournament key liye ingland team kaa hissa they. sarginson koo 2016 key chaar deshon key liye ingland kii 24 sadasyiya team mein chunaa gayaa thaa.

daan surginson daan surginson (janana 26 mayee 1993) nivrutta inglend mattu inglend nites antararashtriya ragbi leigh football aatagararagiddu, avaru ee hinde salford redd devils para athawa athawa, aaduttiddaru. surginson suuper leagnalli eradu pratyeka spelgalalli london brancos mattu vigaon warriers para aadidaru. avaru enrlnalli goaled coast titans paravoo adiddare. 2023rahra march march, surginson paraspara oppandada moolaka salford annu toredaru. aadaagyoo, salfordninda adhikruta helikeyalli, avaru club annu eke toredaru embudara bagge enannoo ullekhisalaagilla. march march, surginson avaru "hosa vrattijeevanavannu munduvarisalu" takshanadinda jaarige baruvante krideyinda nivruttaraagiddaare endu bahirangavaayitu. hinnele. surginson paschima aastreliyaada parthnalli janisidaru. vrattijeevana. arambhika jeevana mattu vrattijeevana. surginson avaru hemel hempstednalli beledaru, allie avaru cavendish shaleyalli vyasanga maadidaru mattu shaala vidyarthiyagi inglend para aadidaru. suuper leigh tandavaada harlequins arlge seruva modalu avaru junier mattadalli hemel stags para aadidaru. london brancos. sarginson avaru harlequins (eega london brancos) gaagi tamma chocchala praveshavannu maadidaru mattu shukravara 6 mayee 2011 randu gateshed antararashtriya kridaanganadalli nadeda challenge cup pandyadalli gateshed thunder viruddha 70-0 vijayadalli prayatnisidaru, mattu harlequinsgagy tamma suuper leigh annu praarambhisidaru mattu shukravara 1 julai 2011 randu salford, villosnalli salford city reds viruddha 18-26 solinalli eradu prayatnagalannu galisidaru. galisidaru london brancos surginsonge naalku varshagala oppandavannu needitu, aadare oppandakke sahi haakalu nirakarisitu. idara nantara avaru landannalli tamma bahupalu samayadavarege aun-off aagi gayagondaru mattu capital suuper leigh tandakkagi kevala 51 baari aadidaru, 17 prayatnagalannu galisidaru. 18 october 2013 randu, vigaon avaru 2014 mattu 2015 rahra suuper leigh rtugalige oppandada horagina surginsonge sahi haakiruvudaagi ghoshisidaru. vigaon yodharu. vigaon tandakkagi surginson avara pradarshanagalu avarige 2014rahra rtuvina suuper leagna varshada yuva aatagaaranemba namanirdeshanavannu tandukottavu, aadare avaru casulford tigersna daryl clarkge sotaru. surginson 2014rahra suuper leigh grand finalnalli saint. haleya traffordnalli hellens. avara gaayada daakhaleyu sudhaarisitu mattu avaru mukhyavaagi vigaannalli tamma modala spell samayadalli aaykege labhyaviddaru. sarginson 2016rahra suuper leigh grand finalnalli old traffordnalli warrington viruddha jayagalisidaru. goaled coast titans. 29 march 2016 randu, surginson avaru suuper leigh annu toredu, 2017 mattu 2018 rahra rtugalige rashtriya ragbi leigh club, goaled kostge seruvudaagi ghoshisidaru. avaru 2017rahra nrl rtuvinalli goaled coast para aaru baari kanisikondaru mattu nantara rtuvina antyada bhujada gaayadinda balaluttiddaru. vigaon ge hintirugi. 13 december 2017 randu, goaled coast club, aastreliyaadallidda samayadalli kelavu baari haajaraagidda mattu nyaayaalayada prakaranavannu edurisidda surginson avarannu bidugade maadalu oppikonditu. vigaon eradu varshagala oppandakke surginsonge maru-sahi haakidaru. aata hindirugida nantara anthony jellingninda khaligonda 3neey sankhyeya angiyannu aatanige nidalaayitu. rtuvina modala eradu pandyagalalli praarambhisida nantara avaru mundina eradu tingalugalannu tappisikondaru, bhujada gayavu punaraavartaneyaagiddu, idu goaled kostnalliddaga avara pradarshanavannu nirbandhisitu. tandakke maralida nantara, avaru rtuvina modala prayatnadalli catalan dragongala viruddha golu galisidaru, kelavu vaaragala nantara paadada gaayadondige ondu tingala aatavannu tappisikondaru. ondu vaarada nantara hull eff. sii. viruddhada prayatnada nantara mattondu gayavu saint hellens viruddha tandakke maraluva modalu mattondu tingala kaala avarannu horahaakitu. casulford huligala viruddha ondu prayatna mattu saint hellens viruddha ondu brace avaru 2016 ralli vigaon klabge suuper leigh trophiyannu ettalu sahaaya maadida kelavu form annu kandukondaru. saint hellens viruddha adbhutavaada vijayada nantara avaru tamma kiriya sahodara nidhanaraadaru emba suddiyannu padedaru, vigaon club avara suttaloo koodiddarinda, avaru kelave dinagala nantara wakefield trinity viruddha aadalu nirdharisidaru. bhavanatmaka nimishagala mounada nantara, sargison wakefield annu solisi vigaon avara ajeya otavannu munduvarisalu sahaaya maadidaru. surginson avaru 2018rahra suuper leigh grand finalnalli haleya traffordnalli warrington viruddha jayagalisidaru. salford redd devils. surginson 2020rahra kridaartuvige salfordge sahi haakidaru, mattu avaru avaru dhanaatmaka parikshe maadadiddare 2020rahra challenge cup finalnalli vidhaanasabheyalli kanisikolluttiddaru. antaaraashtriya vrattijeevana. avaru 2014rahra naalku rashtragala pandyavaliya inglend tandada bhagavagiddaru. surginson avarannu 2016rahra naalku rashtragalige inglendna 24 sadasyara tandadalli ayke maadalaayitu.

danne surginsion danne surginsion (janm 26 meey 1993) haah nivrutt ingland aanee ingland nites aantarrashtriy rugby leag footballpatu aahe joou purvi salford reed devilsasathi kinwa mhanoon khelala hota. surginsion super leegmadhye london broncos aanee vigan warriersasathi done vegvegalya vela khelala. too aine. aar. ell. madhye goaled coast titansasathihi khelala aahe. 10 march 2023 roji, surginsionne paraspar sahmatine salford sodale. matra, salfordchya adhikrut nivedanat tyane club qaa sodala yabaddal kahihi namood kelele nahee. 13 march roji, heey ughad jhaale qee surginsionne "naveen karkird suru thevanyasathi" tatkal prabhavane khelatoon nivrutti ghetali aahe. parshvabhoomi. surginsioncha janm paschim austreliyatil parth yethe jhaala. karkird. prarambhik jeevan aanee karkird. surginsion hemel hempsteadmadhye lahanacha motha jhaala, jithe tyane cavendish shalet shikshan ghetale aanee shaley mulga mhanoon englandsathi khelala. super leegchya harlequins aar. ell. sanghat sameel honyapurvi too kanishth staravar hemel stagsathi khelala. london broncos. surginsionne harlequinsasathi (aata london broncos) padarpan kele aanee shukravari 6 meey 2011 roji gateshead aantarrashtriy stadiumvar challenge cup samnyat gateshead thunderwar vijay midvat prayatna keela aanee harlequinsasathi super leegmadhye padarpan kele aanee shukravar 1 julai 2011 roji salford ciity redkadoon viloj, salford yethe jhalelya 18-26 parabhavamadhye done prayatna kele. 2012 madhye london broncosne sarginsonla chaar varshancha karar deu keela hota, parantu kararavar swakshari karnyas nakar deela. yanantar too londonmadhye bahutansh vel aun-offmadhye jakhami jhaala aanee capital super leag sanghasathi keval 51 vela khelala, 17 prayatna kele. 18 aktoobar 2013 roji, viganane jaheer kele qee tyanni 2014 aanee 2015 chya super leag hangamasathi kararbahya surginsionver swakshari kelee aahe. vigan yoddhe. vigan sanghasathichya surginsionchya kamgirimule tyala 2014chya hangamasathi super leegchya varshatil sarvottam yuva kheladusathi namankan midale, parantu too casselford tigerschya daryl klarkakadoon parabhoot jhaala. surginsion 2014 chya super leag grand finalmadhye seent. junya taskarimadhye hellens. dukhapatichya tyachya vikramat sudharana jhaali aanee viganmadhil tyachya pahilya satrat too pramukhyane nivadisathi upalabdh hota. 2016 madhye junya taskarichya thikani warringtonwar super leag grand finalmadhye vijay midvat surginsion khelala. goaled coast titans. 29 march 2016 roji, surginsionne jaheer kele qee too super leag sodanar aahe aanee 2017 aanee 2018 chya hangamasathi goaled kostachya rashtriy rugby leag klabmadhye sameel hoil. hangamat khandyala dukhapat honyapurvi 2017 aine. aar. ell. hangamat tyane goaled kostasathi sahaa samne khelale. vigan kadey parat jaa. 13 december 2017 roji, goaled coast clubney sarginsonla sodanyas sahmati darshavali, jyane austreliyatil tyachya kalat kahee vela hajar rahoon nyayalayin khatalyacha samna keela hota. viganane done varshanchya kararavar sarjinsanavar punha swakshari kelee. paratalyavar tyala anthany jelingmule rikama jhalela 3 nambarcha shirt denyat aala. hangamachya pahilya done samnyanmadhye suruvat kelyanantar khandyala jhalelya dukhapatimule pudhil done mahine too kheloo shakala nahee, jyamule goaled coastwar asatana tyache pradarshan maryadit rahile. sanghat paratalyanantar tyane catalance dragonviruddha hangamatil pahila prayatna keela aanee kahee aathvadyannantar ghotyala dukhapat jhalyane eka mahinyachi khelee chukali. eka aathvadyanantar, hull eff. see. viruddhachya prayatnannantar aanakhi eka dukhapat jhaali aanee seent helansaviruddha too sanghat paratanyapurvi aanakhi eka mahinyasathi tyala baher kele. casselford tigersviruddh eka prayatna aanee seent helensviruddha eka brace tyanantar tyala kahee form sapadala jyamule vigan clubla 2016 madhye super leag trophy unchavanyas madat jhaali. seent hellensveril bhavya vijayanantar tyala batami midali qee tyacha dhakata bhau maran pavala aahe, kaaran vigan club tyachya bhovati jamala hota, tyane kahee divasanni wakefield trinitiviruddha khelanyacha nirnay ghetala. bhavnik minitanchya maunanantar surginsionne wakefieldla parabhoot karoon viganchi aparajit dhaav chaloo thevanyas madat kelee. sarginson 2018chya super leag grand finalmadhye old trafford yethe warringtonwar vijay midvat khelala. salford reed devils. surginsionne 2020chya hangamasathi salfordsathi karar keela hota aanee tyachi covid-19 chachani positive aalee nasati tarr too 2020chya challenge kapchya antim fereet upasthit rahila asata aantarrashtriy karkird. 2014 chya chaar rashtranchya spardhesathi too ingland sanghacha bhag hota. 2016 chya chaar deshansathi englandchya 24 sadasyiy sanghat surginsionchi nivad karnyat aalee hotee.

danne sarginson danne sarginson (janma 26 mey 1993) ek sewaniwritta england rar england night antarrashtriya ragbi ligg footballer hun jasle pahile salford redd devilharuka lagi wa, ko rupma kheleka thie. sarginsonle super ligma dui farak spelma london broncos rar wiggen yoddhaharuka lagi khele. unle nrlma gold coast titanska lagi pani kheleka chhan. 10 march 2023 maa, sarginsonle apsi sahamatibata salford chhode. yadyapi, salfordko adhikarik bayanma unle kinn club chhode bhanne bare kehi ullekha garieko chhaina. 13 marchma, sergincenle "nayan kariyarko khoji garna" tatkal prabhawabata khelbata sanyas lieko khulasa bhayo. prishthabhumi. sarginsonko janma paschimi australiako perthama bhaeko thiyo. currier. prarambhik jiwan rar currier. sarginson hemel hempsteadma hurkeka thie, jahaan unle cavendis schoolma padheka thie, rar schoolka ketaka rupma englandka lagi kheleka thie. unle super ligg side harlequins arelma samel hunuaghi junier starma hemal stagska lagi khele. london broncos. sarginsonle harlequins (ahile london broncos) kaa lagi afno debue gare rar shukrabar 6 mey 2011 maa gateshead antarrashtriya stadiumma bhaeko challenge cup khelma gateshead thandarmathi 70-0 ko vijayama prayas gare, rar harlequinska lagi afno super ligg debue gare rar shukrawar 1 july 2011 maa salford city redle wilo, salfordma gareko 18-26 harma dui prayas gare. sarginsonlai sann 2012 maa london broncosle chaar warshako samjhauta prastawa gareko thiyo tara samjhautama hastakshar garna aswikar gareko thiyo. yasapachhi uni londonma afno adhikansh samaya unn-afma ghaite bhae rar 17 wata prayas gardai rajdhani super ligg pakshako lagi matra 51 patak khele. 18 october 2013 maa, wiggenle ghoshana gare kii uniharule 2014 rar 2015 super ligg sijanka lagi samjhauta bahira sarginsonma hastakshar gareka thie. wiggen yoddhaharu. wiggen pakshako lagi sarginsonko pradarshanle unlai sann 2014 ko sijanka lagi super ligko yuwa kheladiko lagi namangkan prapta prapta, tara uni casselford tigerko deryl clarksanga haraunechhan. sarginsonle sann 2014 ko super ligg grand finalma centle parajit gareka thie. purano traffordma helenharu. unko chotko recordma sudhar bhayo rar uni mukhyataya viganma afno pahilo spelko samayama chayanka lagi upalabdha thie. sarginsonle purano traffordma warringtonmathi 2016 ko super ligg grand finalma jit hasil gare. gold coast titans. 29 march 2016 maa, sarginsonle ghoshana gare kii uni super ligg chhodnechhan, rar 2017 rar 2018 sijanka lagi rashtriya ragbi ligg club, gold coastma samel hunechhan. unle sijan-antya kandhama chotpatak lagnuaghi 2017 nrl sijanma gold kostaka lagi chha upasthiti gare. viganma farkanuhos. 13 december 2017 maa, gold coast cluble sarginsonlai riha garna sahamat bhayo jasle thorai upasthiti dieko thiyo rar astreliama afno samayama adalatko muddako samana gareko thiyo. wiggenle dui warshako samjhautama sarginsonlai punah hastakshar gare. uni farkiepachhi unlai anthony jelingle khali gareko number 3 ko cert sumpieko thiyo. sijanko pahilo dui khelharu suru garepachhi unle kandhama chotapatakko punarawrittika sath arko dui mahina gumae jasle garda gold coastma unko upasthiti simit bhayo. tolima farkiepachhi unle kehi haptapachhi khuttako chotka sath ek mahinako karyabata bahirine aghi catalan dregonharu viruddha sijanko pahilo prayas gare. hull fc wiruddhako prayas ek hapta pachhi arko chotle cent hellens wiruddhako pakshama farkanu aghi arko mahinaka lagi unlai bahira nikalyo. casselford tigerharu viruddha ek prayas rar cent hellens viruddha ek brace pachhi unle kehi faram fela parey jasle wiggen clublai 2016 maa super ligg trophy uthauna maddat garyo. cent helensmathi ek shandar vijaya pachhi unle afno kanchho bhaiko mrityu bhaeko khabar prapta gare, wiggen club unko waripari bhela bhaepachi, unle kehi dina pachhi wakefield trinity viruddha khelne nirnaya gare. bhawanatmak minetko maunapachhi sergincenle wakefieldlai haraera wiganko aparajit daud jaari rakhna maddat gare. sarginsonle purano traffordma warringtonmathi 2018 ko super ligg grand finalma jit hasil gare. salford redd deville. sarginsonle 2020 sijanka lagi salfordka lagi hastakshar gare, rar yadi uni covid-19 kaa lagi sakaratmak parikshan garenan bhane 2020 ko challenge cup finalma upasthit hune thie. antarrashtriya currier. uni sann 2014 ko chaar rashtrako pratiyogitaka lagi england toliko hissa thie. sarginsonlai sann 2016 ko chaar rashtraka lagi englandko 24 sadasyiya tolima chayan garieko thiyo.

daan sarginson daan sarginson (janma 26 meey 1993) jane abasaraprapta englanda ebong englanda nightser antarjatija ragbi ligg football khelali jie purbaru salford redd devilsara jane kimba, bhabare khelithile. sarginson super ligre duiti bhinna bhinna spelare london broncosa ebong wigana warriars paain khelithile. shay enn. aarr. ell. ray gold coast titanus paain madhya khelichanti. 2023 masiha march 10 tarikhare, sarginson parasparika bujhamana dwara salford chadithile. tebe, salfordnka eka sarkari bibruttire shay kahinki club chadithile shay bishajare kichhi ullekha karajai naahin. march 13 ray, ehaa prakash paithila je sarginson "eka nutan kyariyara anusarana kariba" paain turanta prabhaba sahita khelaru absar neichanti. prusthabhumi. sarginson paschima astreliaara perthare janmagrahana karithile. kyariyara. prarambhika zeeban ebong kyariyara. sarginson hemel hempsteadre badhithile, jeunthare shay cavendish schoolre adhyajana karithile ebong jane skula pila bhabare englanda paain khelithile. super ligg dala harlequins rlre jogadeba purbaru shay juniara starare hemel stags paain khelithile. london broncosa. sarginson harlequin (bartamana london broncos) paain debyu karithile ebong sukrabara 6 meey 2011 ray gateshead antarjatija stadijamare challenge cop myachre gateshead thunder upare 70-0 bijajare eka prayasa karithile, ebong harlequin paain tankara super ligg debyu karithile ebong sukrabara 1 july 2011 ray salfordra wilos, salfordre salford city redd dwara hariba parey 18-26 ray duiti prayasa karithile. 2012 ray london broncosa dwara sarjinasananku chaari barshar chukti prastaba diajaithila kintu ehi chuktinama swakhyara karibaku manah karideithile. ehaa parey shay landanare adhikansha samai ahata hoithile ebong rajdhani super ligg dala paain maatra 51 thara khelithile, 17 tii prayasa karithile. 18 october 2013 ray, wigana ghoshana karithile je semane 2014 ebong 2015 super ligg sijin paain chukti-bahare sarginson swakhyara karichanti. wigana joddhamane. wigana dala paain sarginasananka pradarshan tanku 2014 sijin paain super ligger juba khelali off dee iyar paain namankana pradan karithila, kintu shay casulford tigersra daryl klarkanka thaaru haari jaithile. sarginson 2014 super ligg grand phainalare sentanka thaaru parasta hoithile. puruna traffordre hellens. taanka aaghata recordre unnati ghatithila ebong shay mukhyatah wiganare tankara pratham spell samajare chayan paain upalabdha thile. sarginson 2016 super ligg grand phainalare waringatanka bipakhyare old traffordre khelithile. gold coast tytan. 29 march 2016 ray, sarginson ghoshana karithile je shay super ligg chhadidebe, ebong 2017 ebong 2018 rutu paain jatiah ragbi ligg club, gold kostare jogadebe. shay 2017 nrl sijanare gold coast paain chhaati pradarshan karithile ebong sijin shesh kandhare aaghata paithile. wigan ku pherijantu. 13 december 2017 ray, gold coast club sarjinasananku mukta karibaku raaji hoithile jieki astreliaare taanka samajare alpa hazar hoithile ebong eka adalat mamlar sammukheen hoithile. wigana sarginasananku dui barshar chukti upare punarbara swakhyara karithile. feriba parey tanku anthony jailing dwara khaali hoithiba 3 nambara sart diajaithila. sijinara pratham duiti match arambha kariba parey shay parabarti dui maasa kandhare aghatara punarabrutti sahita banchita hoithile jaahaa gold kostare thiba samajare tankara pradarshanaku seemita karithila . dalaku feriba parey shay catalan draganka bipakhyare sijinra pratham prayasa karithile ebong kichhi saptaha parey goda godare aaghata laagi eka maasa dhari khelinathile. hull aif. sii. biruddhare eka prayasa parey eka saptaha parey aau eka aaghata tanku cent hellens bipakhyare dalaku feriba purbaru aau eka maasa paain bahara curry deithila . casulford tiger bipakhyare eka prayasa ebong cent hellens bipakhyare eka braces parey shay kichhi form paithile jaahaa wigana klabaku 2016 ray super ligg trophy uthaibare sahajya karithila. cent hellens upare eka chamatkara bijai parey shay khabara paithile je taanka saana bhai mrutyubarana karichanti, jehetu wigana club taanka charipakhare ekathi hoithila, shay kichhi deane parey wakefield trinity bipakhyare khelibaku nishpatti neithile. eka aabegika minute nirabata parey sarginson wakefieldku parasta curry wigananka aparajit dauda jaari rakhibare sahajya karithile. sarginson 2018 super ligg grand phainalare waringatanka bipakhyare old traffordre khelithile. salford redd devilas sarginson 2020 sijin paain salford paain swakhyara karithile, ebong jadi shay kovida-19 paain sakaratmaka parikhya karinathante tebe 2020 challenge cop phainalare weblire upasthita hoithante . antarjatija kyariyara. shay 2014 chaari rastra turnament paain englanda dalara ansha thile. sarginson 2016rahr charoti desh paain englandara 24 janiaa dalare manoneet hoithile.

daena sarginson daena serginson (janam 26 maee 1993) ikk retired england atey england nights antarashtari ragbi leeg footballer haii joe pahilan selford redd davils laee ikk jaan, vajon khedada see. sarginson neey super leeg witch doou vakkh-vakkh spailan witch london broncos atey vigan yodhiaan laee khediaa. uh ainn. aar. aill. witch gold coast titans laee vee khed chukka haii. 10 march 2023 noon, sarginson neey aapsi samjhaute duaara selford chhadd ditta. halanki, selford dey ikk adhikarat biaan witch iss gall daa koee zikar naheen keeta giaa kii usne club kiun chaddiaa. 13 march noon, ih khulasa hoiaa kii sarginson neey "ikk navaan carrier banaun" laee turant prabhav naal khed toon sanyas lae liaa see. pichokad. sarginson daa janam pachmi australia dey parth witch hoiaa see. carrier. shuruati jeevan atey carrier. sarginson daa paalan-poshan hemal hampstad witch hoiaa see, jitthe usne cavendish school witch padahi keeti atey ikk sakuli vidiaarthi vajon england laee khediaa. uh super leeg dee team harlekins aar. ail. witch shamal honn toon pahilan junier paddhar 'teey hemal stags laee khediaa. london broncos. serginson neey harlekins (hunn london broncos) laee aapni shuruat keeti atey shukkarwar 6 maee 2011 noon gateshead antarashtari stadium witch challenge kapp match witch gateshead thunder utte 70-0 jitt witch ikk koshish keeti, atey harlekins laee aapni super leeg dee shuruat keeti atey shukkarwar 1 julai 2011 noon villos, selford vikhe selford city reds duaara 18-26 haar witch doou azmaishan keetiaan. serginson noon 2012 witch london broncos duaara chaar saal dey ikrarname dee peshkash keeti gaee see parr saude 'teey dastkhat curran toon inkaar qarr ditta giaa see. iss toon baad uh london witch aapne ziaadaatar samein laee satt laggan caarn zakhmi hoow gaye atey 17 azmaishan karde hoye rajdhani super leeg team laee siraf 51 vaar khede. 18 aktubar 2013 noon, vigan neey ailaan keeta kii unhan neey 2014 atey 2015 super leeg dey seezanan laee out-aaf-contract sarginson 'teey dastkhat keete hunn. vigan yodhiaan. vigan pakkh laee sarginson dey pardarshan neey uss noon 2014 dey season laee super leeg dey saal dey naujwan khidari laee namzadgi diwai, parr uh casalford tigers dey daryl clark toon haar javega. sarginson neey 2014 super leeg grand final witch cent duaara haar daa sahmana keeta. purane vapaar witch hellens. uss dey satt dey ricard witch sudhar hoiaa atey uh vigan witch aapne pahile spell dauran mukkh taur 'teey chonh laee upalbadh see. sarginson neey old trafford vikhe warrington utte 2016 super leeg grand final jitt witch khediaa. gold coast titans. 29 march 2016 noon, serginson neey ailaan keeta kii uh super leeg chhadd devega, atey 2017 atey 2018 dey seezanan laee rashtari ragbi leeg club, gold coast witch shamal hovega. season dey ant witch modha dee satt laggan toon pahilan usne 2017 ainn. aar. ail. season dauran gold coast laee chhe pardarshan keete. vigan 'teey waps jaao. 13 dasambar 2017 noon, gold coast club neey serginson noon rihaa curran laee sehmati ditti jiss neey australia witch aapne samein witch kujh peshgi ditti see atey adalat dey case daa sahmana keeta see. vigan neey doou saal dey saude 'teey sarginson' teey dubara dastkhat keete. waps aaunn 'teey uss noon anthony jailing caarn khaali hoee 3 number dee commies saunpi gaee. season dey pahile doou maichan witch shuruat curran toon baad uh agle doou mahiniaan witch bhukhe dee satt caarn khunjh giaa jiss neey sone dey tatt utte uss dee peshkari noon seemat qarr ditta. team witch vaapsee curran toon baad usne season dee aapni pahili koshish catalan dragons virudh keeti, iss toon pahilan kii kujh haftiaan baad gitte dee satt caarn ikk maheene dee karvai toon khunjh giaa. eff. see. dey khilaf ikk koshish toon ikk hafte baad ikk horr satt neey uss noon cent hallens dey virudh team witch vaapsee toon pahilan ikk horr maheene laee bahr qarr ditta. casalford tigers dey virudh ikk koshish atey cent hallens dey virudh ikk brace dey baad uss noon kujh farm miliaa jiss neey vigan club noon 2016 witch super leeg trophy chukkan witch sahaita keeti. cent hallens utte ikk shandar jitt toon baad uss noon khabar millie kii uss dey chhote bharaa dee maut hoow gaee haii, jiven kii vigan club uss dey aale duaale ikkatha hoiaa, usne kujh dinan baad wakefield trinity dey virudh khedan daa faisla keeta. ikk bhavnatmak mint dey chuppi toon baad serginson neey wakefield noon haraa keey vigan dee ajetu daud noon jaari rakkhan witch madad keeti. sarginson neey purane tragord vikhe warrington utte 2018 super leeg grand final jitt witch khediaa. selford laal shaitan serginson neey 2020 season laee selford laee dastkhat keete sunn, atey jey uh covid-19 laee skaratmak test naa karde taan vidhan sabha witch 2020 challenge kapp final witch dikhai dinde. antarashtari carrier. uh 2014 dey chaar deshan dey tournament laee england dee team daa hissa sunn. serginson noon 2016 dey chaar deshan laee england dee 24 memberry team witch chunhiaa giaa see.

daan surginson daan saarjinsan (janma 26 mey 1993) ekaha nivruttah england-deshasya tathaa england-deshasya nats-deshasya antarashtriya-ragbee-leag-football-kreedakah asti yah poorvam salford-redd-devils-pakshatah aar-aar-rupena kreeditavaan. saarjinsan ityayam soopar-leag ityasmin landan-broncos-pakshatah, vigaan-yoddhru-pakshatah cha pruthak pruthak dwayoh spell-madhye kreeditavaan. saha enn. aar. ell. madhye gold coast tatanus-pakshaat api kreeditavaan. 2023 maarch 10 dinaanke saarjinsan ityeshah parasparasamarthnen salford-nagaram parityaagam akarot. parantu, salford ityasya adhikarikam vaktavyam, saha club-ityatah kimartham nishkaasayat iti kimapi naa ullikhat. maarch 13 dinaanke, surginson ityeshah "nootanam vruttijeevanam anuvartayitum" tatkshanaat prabhaawen kreedaayaah nivruttah iti prakatitam. prushtabhoomau. saarjinsan ityasya janma pashchim-australia-deshasya perth-nagare abhavat. vruttihi. praarambhikajeevanam tathaa vruttijeevanam cha. saarjinsan hemel hampstead-nagare utthaapitah, yatra saha kevendish-vidyaalaye abhyanayt, vidyaalayasya baalakatwen england-deshasya krute cha kreeditavaan. saha soopar-leag-pakshasya harlequins aar. ell. madhye sammilanat poorvam kanishta-stare hemal-stags-krute kreeditavaan. landan broncos. saarjinsan ityeshah harlequins (adhunaa landan broncos) krute padaarpanam krutavaan, tathaa 2011 mey 6 dinaanke shukravaasare gates-hayd-antarashtriya-kreedaagruhe chaalanch-cup-spardhayam gates-hayd-thunder-viruddham 70-0 vijayam ajayata, tathaa cha harlequins-krute soopar-leag-madhye padaarpanam krutavaan, tathaa 2011 julai 1 dinaanke shukravaasare salford-nagarasya villos-kridaayaam salford-city-reds-ityanena parajaye 18-26 iti dwe prayasam krutavaan. saarjinsan ityasmai 2012 tame varshe landan-broncos-samsthayaa chaturvarsheeya-anubandhah prastaawitah, parantu saha anubandhe hastaaksharam kartum niraakarot. tadanantaram saha landan-nagare adhikamshakaalam aan-aaf-madhye vranitah abhavat, tathaa cha capital-soopar-leag-pakshasya krute kevalam 51 praavashyam kreeditavaan, 17 prayatnaan krutavaan. 18 october 2013 dinaanke vigaan ityanena, 2014 tathaa 2015 soopar-leag-rutubhyah, vett-aaf-contract saarjinsan iti anubandham sweekrutam iti ghoshitam. vigaan-yoddhaah. vigaan-pakshasya saarjinsan ityasya pradarshanm saha 2014 tame varshe soopar-leag-ityasya varshasya yuva-kreedaapaturoopen namankanam praapnot, parantu saha kyaasal-ford-tagger-ityasya deryl-clark ityanena parajitah bhavishyati. saarjinsan ityayam 2014 tame varshe soopar-leag-grand-fainal-kridaayaam sent-ityanena parajitah abhavat. prachina-vyaapaar-kshetre hellens iti. tasya aaghaatasy abhilekhah sudhaaritah, tathaa cha saha mukhyataya vigaan-kridaayaam prathama-kaalakhande chayanartham upalabhyat. saarjinsan ityeshah old-trafford-kridaayaam warrington-ityasmai upari 2016 tame varshe soopar-leag-grand-fainal-kridaayaam kreeditavaan. goldcoast tatanus iti. 2016 maarch 29 dinaanke saarjinsan ityeshah soopar-leag-club ityatah nishkaasy 2017-2018-varshayoho rutushu goldcoast-deshasya rashtriya-ragbee-leag-club-madhye sammilitah iti ghoshayat. saha 2017 enn. aar. ell.-rutau gold coast-pakshatah shut pradarshanani krutavaan, tatah poorvam rutoho ante bhujasya aghataha abhavat. vigaan prati pratyaagama. 2017 december 13 dinaanke gold coast club saarjinsan ityasya vimochanam kartum sahamatam, yah australia-deshe swasya kaale alpan upasthitan nyayalayasya prakaranam sammukhikrutavan. vigaan ityeshah saarjinsan ityetam varshadvaye punah hastaaksharam krutavaan. pratyaagatya, enthonee-jeling ityanena rikttam 3-sankhyakam shirt tam dattam. rutoho prathamadwayeshu spardhayoho arambhanantaram, saha agrimadwayeshu maaseshu, bhujasya kshatehe punaraawartanen, anupasthitah, yena swarnatate tasya pradarshanm parimitam abhavat. dalam prati pratyaagatya, katipayasaptahaha anantaram padasya aaghaaten massan yaavat kriyamanat nishkasanat poorvam, saha catalance-dragons-viruddham rutoho prathamam prayatnam akarot. hull-ef. sii. viruddham ekasaptahabhyantare anyena aaghaaten, sent-hellens-viruddham pakshm pratyaagantum poorvam, anyamaasaparyantam tam niraakrutavaan. casulford-tagger-viruddham ekam prayatnam, tathaa sent-helens-viruddham ekam bresam cha, yadaa saha 2016 tame varshe vigaan-club-samsthaayai soopar-leag-trophy-uttolane sahayyam kurvan kimapi roopam praptavan, tadaa praptavan. sent-helens-samsthaayai atyutkrushtavijayasya anantaram saha swasya kanishtabhraatasya mrutyuhu iti varta praptavan, yadaa vigaan-club tasya paritah samaakalitah, saha kinchitkalanantaram vek-feeled-trinity-samsthaayaah viruddham kreeditum nishchitavaan. bhavanatmakanimeshanam maunaabhyantare saarjinsan ityeshah wakefield-ityenam parajayya vigaan-ityasya ajeya-dhaavanam chaalayitum sahayyam krutavaan. saarjinsan ityeshah 2018 tame varshe soopar-leag-grand-fainal-kridaayaam old-trafford-kridaayaam warrington-ityasmai parajayata. salford-redd-devils iti. saarjinsan 2020 tamavarshasya satrasya krute salford-krute hastaaksharam krutavaan, tathaa cha 2020 tamavarshasya chaalanch cup-antimaayaam sabhayam, yadi saha covid-19 ityasya krute sakaratmakam naa pareekshitavaan tarhi, saha api upasthitah syaat. antarashtriya-vruttihi. 2014 tame varshe chaturshu rashtranam pratiyogitaayaah krute england-deshasya dale saha sadasyah aasit. saarjinsan ityayam 2016 tame varshe chaturnam rashtranam krute england-deshasya 24-sadasyanam dale chitah.

dawn surginsion dawn surginsion (pirappu 26 mae 1993) oru oaivu pettra englaanthu mattrum englaanthu nites sarvadesa rakbi leak kaalpandhu veerar aavaar, avar munbu salfordu redd devils anikkaaga vilaiyaadinaar. surginsion lundon broncos mattrum vigan poarveerargalukkaaga suuppar leakil irandu thanithani manthirangkalil vilaiyaadinaar. avar enrl ill coult coast dietains anikkaagavum vilaiyaadiyullaar. 2023 maarch 10 andru, saarjinsan paraspara udanpaattin moolam salfordai vittu veliyaerinaar. iruppinum, avar aen kilappai vittu veliyaerinaar enbathu kuritthu salfordu athikaarappoorva arikaiyil ethuvum kuripidapadavillai. maarch 13 andru, surginsion "oru puthiya tholilaith thodara" udanadiyaaga nadaimuraikku varum vagaiyil vilaiyaattilirunthu oaivu petrtrathaaka theriyavanthathu. pinnani. saarjinsan maerku australiavin perththil piranthaar. thozhil. aarambagaala vaazhkkai mattrum thozhil. surginsion hemal hempstettle valarnthaar, angku avar caventish pallyil payintraar, maelum oru palli maanavaraaga englaanththukkaaga vilaiyaadinaar. avar suuppar leak anii harlequins aarr. ell. ill seruvatharku munbu juuniyar mattaththil hemal staekkugalukkaaga vilaiyaadinaar. lundon francos. saarjinsan harlekins (ippoathu lundon broncas) anikkaaga arimugamaanaar, maelum 2011 mae 6 vellikkilamai cadesheat sarvadesa maithaanaththil nadantha sawal kooppai poattiyil cadesheat idikku ethiraana 70-0 vetrtriyil oru muyarchiyai adiththaar, maelum harlekins anikkaaga thanathu suuppar leak thodakkaththai uruvaakkinaar, maelum juulai 1,2011 vellikkilamai andru salfordil ulla villoavil nadantha salfordu chitty reds aniyaal thoalviyadainthaar. 2012 aam aandil lundon francos niruvanatthaal chaarjinsanukku naanku aandu oppanthaththai valangkiyathu, aanaal oppanthaththil kaiyezhuththida maruththuvittathu. idharkup piragu avar landanil thanathu perumpaalaana neeraththirku kaayam adainthaar, maelum capidal suuppar leak anikkaaga 51 murai mattumae vilaiyaadinaar, 17 muyarchigalai eduththaar. october 18,2013 andru, vigan 2014 mattrum 2015 suuppar leak paruvangkalukkaana oppanththaththirku veliyae ulla surginsonil kaiyezhuththittathaaga arivitthaar. vaegan poarveerargal. vikkan anikkaaga surginsion seyalthiran avarai 2014 seesanukkaana suuppar leakin aandin ilam veerarukkaana parinthuraiyaip pettrathu, aanaal avar koattai pulikalin daryl clarkidam izhappaar. surginsion 2014 suuppar leak grand finalil saint. pazhaiya kadatthalil helens. avarathu kaayam pathivu maempattathu, maelum vikkanil avarathu muthal ezhuththuppizhaiyin poathu avar mukkiyamaaga thaervukku vanthaar. saarjinsan 2016 suuppar leak grand finalil pazhaiya traffordil warringtonukku ethiraaga vilaiyaadinaar. kooldu coast dietains. maarch 29,2016 andru, surginsion suuppar leakey vittu veliyaeri, 2017 mattrum 2018 paruvangkalukku thaesiya rakbi leak kilap, coult coastil saeruvathaaga arivitthaar. avar 2017 enrl seasonil coult coast anikkaaga aaru murai thoantrinaar, pinnar season-iruthi thoalpattai kaayatthaal avathippattaar. vikkan pakkatthukkuth thirumbu. 13 disambar 2017 andru, coult coast kilap sarjinsanai viduvikka oppukkondathu, avar australiavil irunththa kaalaththil sila thoattrangalai velippaduththi neethimandra valakkai ethirkondaar. vikkan irandu aandu oppanthaththil surginsion meendum kaiyeluththittaar. avar thirumbiyapoathu, anthoni jelling kaaranamaaga kaaliyaagiya 3 aam enn sattai avaridam vazhangkappattathu. season muthal irandu poattikalil thodangiya piragu, thoalpattai kaayam meendum aerpattathaal aduththa irandu maathangkalaith thavaravittaar, idhu thangak kadarkaraiyil irunththapoathu avarathu thoattraththai kattuppaduththiyathu. anikku thirumbiyapoathu, sila vaarangkalukkup piragu kanukkaal kaayaththudan oru maatha nadavadikkaiyai thavaraviduvatharku munbu catalance tragongalukku ethiraaga season thanathu muthal muyarchiyai avar adiththaar. hull effsicu ethiraana oru muyarchiyaith thodarnthu oru vaaraththirkup piragu mattroru kaayam saint helensukku ethiraaga anikku thirumbuvatharku munbu mattroru maathaththirku avarai veliyaettriyathu. castleford pulikalukku ethiraana oru muyarchi mattrum saint helensukku ethiraana oru braze aagiyavai 2016 aam aandil vikkan kilap suuppar leak kooppaiyai uyarththa udhaviya sila vadivangkalaik kandarindhana. saint helensukku ethiraana oru magaththaana vetrtrikkup piragu, avarathu ilaiya cakootharar iranthuvittaar endra seithiyaip pettraar, vikkan kilap avaraich suttri koodiyirundhadhaal, avar sila naatkalukkup piragu wakefield triniticu ethiraaga vilaiyaada mudivu seithaar. oru unarchchipoorvamaana nimidangalukkup piragu, wakefieldai thoarkadiththu vikkanin thoalviyadaiyaatha oottaththai thodara saarjinsan udhavinaar. pazhaiya traffordil warringtonukku ethiraana 2018 suuppar leak grand iruthip poattiyil saarjinsan vilaiyaadinaar. salfordu sivappu pisaasugal. saarjinsan 2020 seesanukkaana salpordukku kaiyeluththittaar, maelum avar koovit-19 kku saathagamaaga soathikkavillai endraal 2020 sawal kooppai iruthip poattiyil sattamandraththil thoantriyiruppaar. sarvadesa thozhil. 2014 naanku naadugal poattikkaana englaanthu aniyin oru paguthiyaaga avar irunthaar. 2016 aam aandu naanku naadugalukku englaandhin 24 paer konda aniyil saarjinsan thernthedukkappattaar.

daan surginson daan surginson (jananam 26 mae 1993) oka retired ingland mariyu ingland nites antarjaateeya rugby leag football kreedaakaarudu, athanu gatamlo salford redd devils kosam ledhaa, gaa aadadu. surginson suupar leaglo rendu ververu spells loe london brancos mariyu vigaon warriers tarapuna aadadu. athanu nrl loe goaled coast titans kosam kooda aadadu. 2023 marchi 10naa, surginson paraspara oppandam dwara salfordnu vidichipettadu. ayithe, athanu klabnu enduku vidichipettaadane daanipai salford nundi vacchina adhikaarika prakatanalo aemee prastaavinchaledu. marchi 13naa, surginson "kotta vruttini konasaaginchadaaniki" takshaname amaluloki vachhe vidhamgaa creeda nundi retair ayyarani velladaindi. nepathyam. surginson paschima australialoni perthlo janminchaadu. vrutti. prarambha jeevitam mariyu vrutti. surginson hemel hempsteadlo perigaadu, akkada athanu cavendish paatasaalalo chadivaadu mariyu paatasaala vidyaarthigaa ingland tarapuna aadadu. suupar leag jattu harlequins rl loe chaeradaaniki mundu juuniyar sthaayilo hemel stags tarapuna aadadu. london brancos. surginson harlequins (ippudu london brancos) kosam thana toli pradarsana chesaadu mariyu sukravaaram 6 mae 2011naa gateshed antarjaateeya stadiumlo jarigina chhalenj cup matchlo gateshed thunderpy 70-0 vijayamlo prayatninchaaru, mariyu harlequins kosam thana suupar leag pravesam chesaaru mariyu juulai 1,2011 sukravaaram naadu salford looni villos vadda salford city reds chetilo 18-26 otamitho rendu prayatnaalu chesaaru. 2012loe london brancos surginsonku naalugu samvatsaraala oppandaanni ichindi, conny oppandampai santakam cheyadaaniki niraakarinchindi. dheeni taruvaata athanu londonlo ekkuva samayam aann-off gayapaddadu mariyu 17 prayatnaalu chesi, capital suupar leag vaipu nundi kevalam 51 saarlu aadadu. 18 october 2013naa, vigaon vaaru 2014 mariyu 2015 suupar leag seasonla kosam avt-off-contract surginson paie santakam chesinatlu prakatinchaaru. vigaon yodhulu. vigaon vaipu surginson pradarsanalu ataniki 2014 seasonlo suupar leag yokka yuva aatagadiga nominationnu sampaadinchaayi, conny athanu casilford tigersku chendina daryl clark chetilo odipoyaadu. surginson 2014 suupar leag grand final loe seyint chetilo odipoyaadu. paatha trafford vadda hellens. athani gaayam rikaardu merugupadindi mariyu athanu pradhanamgaa vigaon vadda thana modati spell samayamlo empika kosam andubaatulo unnadu. surginson old traffordlo warringtonpy 2016 suupar leag grand final vijayamlo aadadu. goaled coast titans. 29 marchi 2016naa, surginson suupar leagnu vidichipetti, 2017 mariyu 2018 seasonla kosam goaled kostloni jaateeya rugby leag clublo chaerataanani prakatinchaadu. season mugimpu bhujam gaayamtho baadhapadataaniki mundu athanu 2017 nrl seasonlo goaled coast kosam aarusaarlu kanipinchaadu. vigaon kuu tirigi vellu. 13 december 2017naa, goaled coast club australialo thana kaalamlo konnisaarlu kanipinchina mariyu kortu kesunu edurkonna surginsonnu vidudala cheyadaaniki angeekarinchindi. vigaon rendu samvatsaraala oppandampai surginson paie tirigi santakam chesaadu. tirigi vachinappudu anthony jelling valla khaalii ayina 3va sankhya chokkanu aayanaku appaginchaaru. seasonloni modati rendu myaachlanu praarambhinchina taruvaata athanu bhujam gaayam punaraavrutamavadamtho taruvaati rendu nelalu tappukunnadu, idhi goaled coastlo unnappudu athani pradarsanalanu parimitam chesindi. jattuloki tirigi vacchina taruvaata, athanu konni vaaraala taruvaata cheelamanda gaayamtho oka nela charyanu kolpoye mundu catalance dragonlaku vyatiraekamgaa seasonlo thana modati prayatnaanni chesaadu. oka vaaram taruvaata hull eff. sii. kii vyatiraekamgaa chesina prayatnam taruvaata maroka gaayam kaaranamgaa athanu seyint helensku vyatiraekamgaa jattuku tirigi raavadaaniki mundu maroe nela paatu atanni tolaginchaadu. casilford pululaku vyatiraekamgaa prayatninchinappudu, seyint helensku vyatiraekamgaa oka brace, athanu 2016loe vigaon club suupar leag tropheny ettadaaniki sahayapadina konni roopaalanu kanugonnadu. seyint hellenspy adbhutamaina vijayam saadhinchina taruvaata athani tammudu maraninchaadani vaartalu vachayi, vigaon club athani chuttoo gumigudinanduna, athanu konni rojula taruvaata wakefield triniteeki vyatiraekamgaa aadaalani nirnayinchukunnadu. bhavodvega nimishala nissabdam taruvaata, vigaon yokka ajeya parugu konasaaginchadaaniki surginson wakefieldnu oodinchadaaniki sahayapaddadu. surginson old traffordlo warringtonpy 2018 suupar leag grand final vijayamlo aadadu. salford redd devils. surginson 2020 season kosam salford kosam santakam chesaadu, mariyu athanu covid-19 kuu positive pareekshinchakapothe 2020 assemblylo jarigina chhalenj cup finallo kanipinchevaadu antarjaateeya vrutti. 2014 phore nations tornamentlo ingland jattulo bhaagamgaa unnadu. 2016 naalugu deshaalaku ingland yokka 24 mandhi sabhyula jattulo surginson empikayyaaru.

deane sargainson deane sargansan (paidaish 26 mayee 1993) eek retired england aur england nights international ragbi leeg fitt baalar hay juu pehley selford reed devels kay liye batoor yaa kheelta thaa. sargensin nay spir leeg mein duu alg alg speels parr landan broncos aur vigan warriers kay liye kheela. wah aine aar eel mein gold coast titans kay liye bhee kheel chakay haine. 10 maarch 2023 cow sargansan nay bahami muahide kay zariye selford chhod diyaa. tahim selford kay eek sarkaari biyaan mein iss baaray mein kachh nahein bataya gayaa kahh iss nay kalb kiyon chhod diyaa. 13 maarch cow yaha inkshaf hawaa kahh sargansan nay "eek nayey carrier kuu aagay badhanay" kay liye fouri toor parr kheel say retirement lay lee hay. piss manzar. sargansan maghrabi australia kay parth mein paida hoay. carrier. ibtadayi zindagi aur carrier. sargensin kii prorish hammel hampstead mein hoyee jehaan inhon nay cavendish school mein taleem haasil kii aur batoor school kay ladkay england kay liye khelay. wah spir leeg kii taraf harlikanz aar eel mein shaamil honay say pehley juniyar satah parr hammel steags kay liye khelay. landan broncos. sargensin nay harlikanz (abb landan broncos) kay liye apnaa aaghaz kiyaa aur jamaah 6 mayee 2011 kuu gait head international steadium mein challenge cup meech mein gait head thunder parr 70-0 fatah mein eek koshish kii aur harlikanz kay liye apnee spir leeg kii sharoaat kii aur jamaah 1 jolayi 2011 kuu veloz selford mein selford stee redz kay haathon 18-26 shakast mein duu trize score kiye. sargensin kuu 2012 mein landan broncos nay chaar saalah muahide kii paishkash kii thee leakin iss muahide parr dastakhat karnay say ankaar kirr diyaa thaa. iss kay baad wah landan mein apnay ziyadah tarr waqat kay liye aann aind aaf zakhmi rahay aur captal spir leeg kii taraf say sarf 51 baar kheel kirr 17 trize score kiye. 18 aktobar 2013 cow vigan nay aalaan kiyaa kahh inhon nay 2014 aur 2015 kay spir leeg seezan kay liye aaot aaf contract sargensin parr dastakhat kiye haine. vigan jangju. vigan kii taraf say sargansan kii karkardgi nay inhein 2014 kay seezan kay liye spir leeg kay saal kay behtareen naujawan khilaadi kay liye namzadgi dilayi leakin wah casalford tigers kay deral clark say haar jayein gay. sargansan nay 2014 kay spir leeg grend final mein sent kay haathon shakast khayee. paraaney trafword mein healen. inn kay anjari kay record mein behtari aayee aur wah vigan mein apnay pehley speel kay doraan bunyadi toor parr intekhaab kay liye dastiyaab thay. sargansan nay old trafword mein warrington kay khalaaf 2016 kii spir leeg grend final jeeth mein kheela. gold coast tyton. 29 maarch 2016 cow sargansan nay aalaan kiyaa kahh wah spir leeg chhod dain gay aur 2017 aur 2018 kay seezan kay liye national ragbi leeg kalab gold coast mein shaamil hoan gay. inhon nay seezan kay ikhtatam parr kandhay kii choot kaa shikaar honay say pehley 2017 aine aar eel seezan kay doraan gold coast kay liye chh martabah sharkat kii. vigan parr waps jayein. 13 dasambar 2017 cow gold coast kalb nay sargensin kuu rehaa karnay parr ittefaq kiyaa jiss nay australia mein apnay waqat mein chand paishi kii thee aur asay adalati moqhadhime kaa saamna karnaa padaa thaa. vigan nay duu saalah muahide parr sargainson parr dobarah dastakhat kiye. wapsi parr inhein ainthoni jailing kii wajah say khaali hoyee number 3 kii qamiz sonpi gayee. seezan kay pehley duu meechon mein sharoaat karnay kay baad wah aglay duu maah say mahroom rahay keunkah kandhay kii choot kaa dobarah honaa jiss nay gold coast mein inn kii maujudgi kuu mahdud kirr diyaa. team mein wapsi parr inhon nay seezan kii apnee pehli koshish catalan dragon kay khalaaf kii iss say pehley kahh chand hafton baad takhnay kii choot kay saath eek maah kii kararwai say mahroom rahay. hull aif see kay khalaaf eek koshish kay baad eek haftay baad eek aur choot nay asay sent hellens kay khalaaf team mein wapsi say pehley eek aur maah kay liye baahir kirr diyaa. kesal ford tigers kay khalaaf eek koshish aur sent hellens kay khalaaf eek brais kay baad asay kachh aisi shakal milly jiss say vigan kalb kuu 2016 mein spir leeg trophy uthanay mein madad milly. sent hellens kay khalaaf shandar fatah kay baad asay khabar milly kahh iss kaa chhota bhayee marr gayaa hay jabb vigan kalb iss kay ard gird jamaa hawaa iss nay kachh hyee dunon baad veek feld trenaty kay khalaaf khelnay kaa faislah kiyaa. eek jazbati mint kii khamushi kay baad sargansan nay vigan kii naqabil shakast dodh kuu jaari rakhnay kay liye veek feld kuu shakast deenay mein madad kii. sargansan nay old trafword mein warrington kay khalaaf 2018 kii spir leeg grend final jeeth mein kheela. selford reed devels. sargansan nay 2020 kay seezan kay liye selford kay liye dastakhat kiyay aur agar wah coved-19 kay liye masbat naha hotay tuu assembly mein 2020 kay challenge cup kay final mein nazar aatay. beenn alaqwami carrier. wah 2014 kay four nations tornament kay liye england kay schwad kaa hasah thay. sargensin kuu 2016 kay chaar mamalik kay liye england kay 24 rakni schwad mein muntakhib kiyaa gayaa thaa.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37242248

Greetings & Salutations from Less Than Jake

Greetings & Salutations from Less Than Jake Greetings & Salutations from Less Than Jake is a compilation album by American ska punk band Less Than Jake, released on October 15, 2012 in the UK and January 8, 2013 in the US. Produced by vocalist and bass guitarist Roger Manganelli, the album combines two previously released EPs, "Greetings from Less Than Jake" (2011) and "Seasons Greetings from Less Than Jake" (2012), along with two new tracks recorded during the same sessions ("Flag Holders Union" and "View from the Middle"). "Goodbye, Mr. Personality" was released as a single on August 22, 2012. Background and recording. In the summer of 2011, Less Than Jake released a limited edition EP, entitled "Greetings from Less Than Jake", with a follow-up, "Seasons Greetings from Less Than Jake", arriving in early 2012. In October 2012, the band decided to combine the two to create a full-length album. The band's US label, Fat Wreck Chords stated, "Over the last year, Less Than Jake sold a couple of new EPs on tour. Unfortunately, with the reach of the new EPs limited to those who could attend a show, and with some of their strongest material in years, it seemed like a proper album was in order. So the band assembled the two EPs, added two previously unreleased bonus tracks, and re-sequenced everything into one cohesive record, "Greetings and Salutations"." References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

jekor poraa komor poraa xubhescha aaru obhibadon jekotkoi komor poraa xubhescha aaru obhibadon hoise aamerikan sca pank bendo les derno jekor dwara xongkolon koraa elbam, jitu 2012 sonor 15 octoborot eu. key. too aaru 2013 sonor 8 januaryt aamerikat mukoli koraa hoisil. konthoxilpi aaru bes giterbadok ror 'gaar manganelir dwara projujit ei elbamtut eketa odhibexonor xomoyot record koraa dutaa notun trekor xoite purbote mukoli koraa dutaa eps, "jekotkoi komor poraa xubhescha" (2011) aaru "jekotkoi komor poraa ritur xubhescha" (2012) ekotrito koraa hoise ("flag holders union" aaru "maajor poraa sauk"). "biday jonabo. pernesuality" 2012 sonor 22 aagostot ekok hisape mukti diya hoisil. potobhumi aaru recording. 2011 sonor grishmokalot, jekotkoi komm xongkhyok luke "jekotkoi komm xongkhyokor poraa xubhescha" xirxok etaa ximito xongoskoronor epi mukoli korisil, jaar pisot 2012 sonor aarombhonite aahi "jekotkoi komm xongkhyokor poraa ritur xubhescha" aasil. 2012 sonor octobor maahot bende duyuta ekotrito kori etaa xompurno doirghyor elbam sristi korar xiddhanto loisil. bendor eu. ess. label, sorbir dhongxo cordse koichil, "juwa bosortut, jekotkoi komm bhromonot keitaman notun eps bikri hoisil. durbhagyojonokbhabe, notun epsor prowexadhikar etaa swo 'too uposthito thakibo poraa lukoxokolor maajot ximabodho hoi thokar logote bosorburot teulukor kisuman xoktixali xamogrir xoite, eitu etaa xothik elbamor dore zen lagisil. xeyehe bende dutaa eps ekotrito korisil, purbote mukoli nuhuwa dutaa bunas trekk jug korisil, aaru xokoluburok ek xonghot recordot punor kromobodho korisil, "xubhescha aaru obhibadon"."

jeker cheye qama theke shubhecha oo abhibadan latter dyana jeeka' theke shubhecha oo abhibadan holl american skaa punk banned latter dyana jeeka-err ekti sangkalan album, jaa juktorajye 15ee octobor, 2012 ebong markin juktorashtre 8ee januari, 2013-ayee mukti paay. gayak ebong bases guiterbadok roser manganelli dwara projojito, albumty ekoi seshone record koraa duti notun tracker saathe duti purbe prokashito ee. pii. esha, "jacker cheye qama theke shubhecha" (2011) ebong "jacker cheye qama theke morsumer shubhecha" (2012) keey ekotrito korey ("potaka dharok union" ebong "majhkhan theke dekhun"). "biday, mister. 2012 saaler 22shhey august 'personality "ekok hisebe mukti paay. background ebong recording. 2011 saaler grisse, jacker cheye qama ekti seemit sanskaran prakash korey, jaar shironam chhilo "jacker cheye qama theke shubhecha", ekti follo-up soho, "jacker cheye qama theke morsumer shubhecha", 2012 saaler godar dike eshe pouchechilo. 2012 saaler octobore, bandti ekti purno doirghyer album toiri korar jonno dutike ekotrito korar siddhanta neyo. bandtir us lebel, phyata rekara cords boleche, "goto bochore, jacker cheye qama sofore koyekti notun apps bikri hoyeche. durbhagyoboshoto, notun ee. pii. esha-err prosar seemit chhilo taader modhye jaaraa ekti shote uposthito thakte paroto, ebong bochorer porr bochor dhorey taader kichhu shaktishali upadaner saathe, etty ekti sothik album hisabe money hoyechilo. taai bandti duti ee. pii. esha ekotrito korey, purbe aprokashito duti bonus track jog korey ebong sabkichu ekti samanwito record, "abhibadan ebong abhibadan"-ayee punra sajiye toley."

jeeka karataa ochhi shubhechchhao aneey abhivadan jeeka kartaa ochhu' maanthi shubhechchhao aneey abhivadan aee american skaa punk bendnu 'jeeka kartaa ochhu' noon sankalan album chhe, jeey 15 october, 2012naa roj yukemaa aneey 8 january, 2013naa roj yuu. aesa. maan rajoo thayu hatoo. gaayak aneey baas gitaarvaadak rojar manganelli dwara nirmeet, aaa album agau rajoo karaayela beey epsane jode chhe, "jeeka kartaa ochhi shubhechchhao" (2011) aneey "jeeka kartaa ochhi seasonni shubhechchhao" (2012), saathe saathe teey jaj satro darmiyan reqorda karaayela beey navaa track ("flagg holders union" aneey "madhyamathi drashya"). "goodbye, shree. personality "22 august, 2012naa roj single tareeke rajoo karvaamaa aavee hatee. prushthbhumi aneey reqordina. 2011naa unalama, jeeka kartaa ochha lokoae "jeeka kartaa ochhaathi shubhechchhao" sheershak dharaavati maryadit aavrutti bahaar paadee, jemaa follow-up saathe, "jeeka kartaa ochhaathi seasonni shubhechchhao", 2012nee sharuaatmaa aavee. october 2012maan, bende sampoorn lambaainu album banaavvaa maate bannene jodvaanu nakki karyoo. bendnaa yuu. aesa. label, charabinaa kaatmaalna taroae janaavyu hatoo keey, "chhella varshmaa, jeeka kartaa ochha pravaas parr thodaa navaa epsanu vechaan thayu hatoo. kamanaseebe, navaa epsnee pahonch aevaa loko sudhee maryadit hatee jeo shomaa haajari aapee shaktaa hataa, aneey varshomaa temnee ketalik sauthee majboot samagri saathe, aevu laagtu hatoo keey yogya album krammaa hatoo. tethee bende beey epsane bhegaa karyaa, agau aprakashit beey bonus track umeryaa, aneey darek vastune aek susangat rekordmaan fareethi krambaddh curry, "shubhechchhao aneey abhivadan"."

jeck seey cumm seey badhaai aur abhivaadan greatings aind salutation from lester daine jeck americi skaa punk baind dwara ack sankalan album haye joe 15 octuber, 2012 koo yuke mein aur 8 janwari, 2013 koo us mein jaari kiya gayaa thaa. gaayak aur baas gitarvadak roser manganelli dwara nirmit, album mein dou pahale jaari kiye gaye eps, "greatings from lears dann jeck" (2011) aur "seasons greatings from lears dann jeck" (2012) koo ack hii satra key dauran record kiye gaye dou nae track ("flagg holders union" aur "vyu from dha middle") key saath jodaa gayaa haye. "alvida, shriman. vyaktitva "koo 22 agast, 2012 koo ekal key roop mein jaari kiya gayaa thaa. prishthabhoomi aur recording. 2011 kii garmiyon mein, jeck seey cumm ney ack seemit sanskaran ee. pee. jaari kiya, jiska sheershak thaa "jeck seey cumm seey badhaai", ack anuvarti key saath, "jeck seey cumm seey season kii badhaai", 2012 kii shuruat mein aaya. octuber 2012 mein, baind ney ack poorna-lambai album banaane key liye donon koo jodane kaa faisala kiya. baind key us label, fait rrack cords ney kahaa, "pichhale saal mein, jeck seey cumm ney daure parr kuchh nae apps beche. durbhagya seey, nae ee. pee. aiss. kii pahunch una logon taka seemit thee joe ack show mein bhaag leey sakate they, aur varshon mein unaki kuchh sabse majboot samagri key saath, aisaa lugg rhaa thaa kii ack uchit album crum mein thaa. isaliye baind ney dou ee. pee. aiss. koo ikattha kiya, dou pahale aprakaashit bonus track jode, aur sub kuchh ack saamanjasyapurna record, "abhivaadan aur abhivaadan" mein phir seey krambaddh kiya."

jekginta kadime iruvavarige shubhashayagalu mattu vandanegalu jekginta kadime iruva shubhashayagalu mattu vandanegalu american skaa punk byandninda laste dha jekginta kadime iruva sankalana album aagiddu, idu october 15,2012 randu yukeyalli mattu janavari 8,2013 randu usnalli bidugadeyaayitu. gayaka mattu baas guitar vaadaka roser manganelli nirmisida ee album, ee hinde bidugadeyaada eradu eps, "jake ginta kadime shubhashayagalu" (2011) mattu "seesangala shubhashayagalu jake ginta kadime" (2012), jotege adhe sessiongalalli record maadalaada eradu hosa haadugalannu samyojisuttade ("flag holders union" mattu "madhyadinda vikshane"). "vidaaya, shree. personality "annu august 22,2012 randu ekageeteyaagi bidugade maadalaayitu. hinnele mattu dhwanimudrana. 2011rahra besigeyalli, jekginta kadime, 2012rahra aarambhadalli agamisida "jekginta kadime shubhashayagalu", falo-apnondige "jekginta kadime shubhashayagalu" emba shirshikeya seemita aavruttiyannu bidugade maaditu. october 2012ralli, byaand purna-uddada album annu rachisalu eradannoo samyojisalu nirdharisitu. bandna yuu. ess. label, fyaat reck svaramelagalu, "kaleda varshadalli, jekginta kadime pravaasadalli wanderadu hosa epsgalannu marata maadide. duradrushtavashat, hosa epgala vyaaptiyu pradarshanakke haajaraagabahudaadavarige simitavagiruvudarinda, mattu varsagalalli avara kelavu prabala vastugalondige, idu sariyaada album kramadallide endu toruttade. aaddarinda byaand eradu epgalannu ottugudisitu, hinde bidugadeyagada eradu bonus haadugalannu serisitu mattu ellavannoo ondu oggoodisuva daakhaleyaagi maru-anukramagolisitu, "shubhashayagalu mattu vandanegalu"."

lester danne jekkadoon shubhechha aanee abhivadan greatings andd salutations fraum lesar danne jeeck' haah american ska punk band 'lesar danne jeeck' chaa sankalan album aahe, joou 15 aktoobar 2012 roji brittenmadhye aanee 8 janewari 2013 roji americet pradarshit jhaala. gayak aanee baas gitarvadak rogger manganelli yanni tayar kelelya yaa albammadhye, 'greatings fraum lusser danne jeeck' (2011) aanee 'season greatings fraum lusser danne jeeck' (2012) yaa done purvi prakashit jhalelya eae. pii. ess., tasech ekach satrat dhwanimudrit kelelya done naveen ganyancha samavesh aahe ('flagg holders union' aanee 'view fraum daad middle'). "shree., nirop. personality' haah 22 august 2012 roji ekal mhanoon pradarshit jhaala. parshvabhoomi aanee dhwanimudran. 2011 chya unhalyat, lesar jekne 2012 chya suruvatila 'greatings fraum lesar danne jeeck' yaa shirshakachi maryadit aavrutti prakashit kelee, jyat pathpurava, 'season greatings fraum lesar danne jeeck' haah samavesh hota. aktoobar 2012 madhye, bandney purn lambicha album tayar karnyasathi yaa doghannahi ekatra karnyacha nirnay ghetala. bandchya us labelver, fatt rrek cordsney mhatale aahe qee, "gelya varshabharat, jekpeksha qamee lokanni lokanni done naveen eps vikale. durdaivane, naveen eae. pii. ess. chee pohoch ekhadya karyakramala upasthit rahoo rahoo maryadit asalyane aanee varshanuvarshe tyanchya kahee sarvat majboot samagrisah, yogya album kramane asalyache disat hote. mhanoon bandney done eae. pii. ess. ekatra kele, purvi naan pradarshit jhalelya done bonus track jodalya aanee sarvkahi eka eksandh recordmadhye punha anukramit kele, "shubhechha aanee abhivadan"."

lester da jekbata abhiwadan rar abhiwadan greatings anned solutation frum lesser danne jack americi sca punk banned lesser danne jekko euta sankalan album how, june october 15,2012 maa belayatma rar janawari 8,2013 maa americama jaari garieko thiyo. gayak rar bases gitarwadak roser manganelidwara nirmit, albumle pahile jaari garieka dui epharu, "greatings frum lears danne jack" (2011) rar "sijan greatings frum lears danne jack" (2012), sathai eutai satraharuma record garieka dui nayan trackharu ("flag holder union" rar "bhiu frum da middle") jodchha. "alvida, shriman. personality "august 22,2012 maa ekalko rupma rilij garieko thiyo. prishthabhumi rar recording. sann 2011 ko garmima, lesser danne jekle 2012 ko suruma aipugeko falo-up, "jack bhanda kambata sijanko abhiwadan", "jack bhanda kambata abhiwadan" shirshakko ek simit sanskaran ep jaari garyo. october 2012 maa, bandley purna-lambaiko album sirjana garna duilai sanyojan garne nirnaya garyo. bandko yues lebel, fatt rrek cordharule bhane, "gata warsha, jack bhanda kamale bhramanma kehi nayan apps beche. durbhagyawash, nayan epsko pahunch karyakramma bhag lyne sakneharuma simit bhaeko rar warshaharuma uniharuko kehi baliyo samagriko sath, yo uchit album kramama thiyo jasto lagyo. tyasaile bandley dui epsharu bhela gyoa, pahile jaari nagarieka dui bonus trackharu thape, rar sabai kuralai ek ekikrit recordma punah kramabadha gyoa, "abhiwadan rar abhiwadan"."

lest dyana jack tarapharu shubhechha oh abhibadana greetings anded salutation frum lest donn jack' heuchhi 'lest donn jack' namaka americae sca pank banned dwara prastuta eka sankalana album, jaahaa 2012 masiha october 15 tarikhare britenre ebong 2013 masiha januari 8 tarikhare aamerikare muktilabha karithila. kanthashilpi ebong baas guiterbadaka roser manganelinka dwara nirmita, ehi album duiti purbaru muktilabha karithiba app, "greeting frum lest donn jack" (2011) ebong "sijan greeting frum lest donn jack" (2012) ku ekatra kare, ebong samaana adhibeshanare record hoithiba duiti nutan track sahita ("flag holders union" ebong "bhiu frum daa middle") . "bidai, mea. personality "august 22,2012ray ekaka bhabe muktilabha karithila. prusthabhumi ebong recording. 2011rahr grishma ruture, lett daan jack eka seemita sanskarana ep prakash karithile, jahara shirshaka thila "jack thaaru kamru shubhechha", eka falo-up sahita, "jack thaaru comm ru rutu shubhechha", 2012rahr prarambhare pahanchithila. october 2012ray, banned eka purna-dairghya album srusti kariba paain duhinnku ekatra karibaku nishpatti neithila. bander jayu. ess. lebel, fatt rek cords kahichhi, "gata barsha madhyare, jack thaaru comm gastare kichhi nutan app bikri karithila . durbhagyabashatah, jeunmane eka shoe 'ray joga deiparibe semananka madhyare seemita nutan epsra prasara sahita, ebong barsha barsha dhari semanankara kichhi shaktishali samagri sahita, ehaa eka upajukta album kramare thiba pari laguthila . tenu banned duiti ee. pii. ess. ekatra kallah, purbaru aprakashita duiti bonus track joga kallah, ebong sabukichhi eka samanwita recordre punah kramabadha kallah, "abhibadana ebong abhibadana" ."

jeck toon ghatt toon vadhaiaan atey salaam greetings aind cellutations fraum less daena jaik amriki skaa punk baind less daena jeek dee ikk sangrah album haii, joe 15 aktubar, 2012 noon yuke witch atey 8 janwari, 2013 noon us witch jaari keeti gaee see. gaeek atey baas guitarist rojar manganelli duaara nirmit, album witch doou pahilan jaari keete gaye apps, "greetings fraum less daena jeek" (2011) atey "seezanan greetings fraum less daena jeek" (2012) noon jodiaa giaa haii, naal hii ikko saishanan dauran ricard keete gaye doou navein track ("flagg holders union" atey "vioo fraum dha middle"). "alvida sriman jee. personality' 22 agast, 2012 noon ikk single dey roop witch jaari keeti gaee see. pichokad atey recording saal 2011 deeaan garmiaan witch, less daena jaik neey ikk seemat edition appy jaari keeta, jiss daa sirlekh see "greetings fraum less daena jaik", jiss witch falo-upp, "seezanan greetings fraum less daena jaik", 2012 dey shuru witch pahunchiaa. aktubar 2012 witch, baind neey ikk puurii lambai vaali album banaun laee dovan noon joden daa faisla keeta. baind dey yuu. aiss. label, faet rarekk cords neey kiha, "pichle saal dauran, jaik toon ghatt neey tour 'teey kujh navein apps veche. badkismati naal, navein apps dee pahunch uhanan lokan takk seemat see joe ikk shoa witch shamal hoow sakde sunn, atey saalan witch uhanan dee kujh mazboot samaggari dey naal, ajiha lagda see kii ikk sahee album kram witch see. iss laee baind neey doou ee. peez. noon ikkatha keeta, doou pahilan jaari naa keete gaye bones track shamal keete, atey harr cheez noon ikk ekikrit ricard, "vadhaiaan atey salaam" witch dubara krambadh keeta."

lester-derr-jack ityasya abhivaadanam cha. greetings and solutations frum lester dann jack iti american-skaa-pank-bend-lester dann jack ityasya sankalan-sangrahah asti, yah 2012 october 15 dinaanke yoo. key. madhye, 2013 janavaree 8 dinaanke yoo. ess. madhye cha pradarshitah. gaayakah baas gitaar vaadakah roser manganelli ityanena nirmitah, ayam aalbam, poorvam prakaashitayoh eps-ityetayoho samyojanam karoti, "greetings frum lester dann jack" (2011) tathaa "season-greetings frum lester dann jack" (2012), tathaa cha tasmin eva satrayoho dhwanimudritam nootanam geetam ("flag holders union" tathaa "vyoo frum da middle"). "vidayah, shree. personality "iti geetam 2012 august 22 dinaanke ekageetaroopen pradarshitam. prushtabhoomau tathaa dhwanimudranam cha. 2011 tamasya varshasya grishmakaale lest-da-jack ityanena "greetings-frum-lest-denn-jack" iti shirshakena seemita-samskaranam prakaashitam, anuvartanena saha, "season-greetings-frum-lest-denn-jack" iti, 2012 tamasya varshasya aarambhe aagatam. 2012 october-maase, bend-pakshah poorna-deergha-aalbam nirmaatum dwayoh samyojanasya nirnayam akarot. bend ityasya yoo. ess. label, fyaat-rrek-coords ityanena kathitam yat, "gatavarshe, jack-ityasya apekshayaa nyoonam, pravaase nootanaani eps-ityetaani vikreeyat. durbhagyataya, nutananam ee. pee. ess.-ityasya prasaarah teshaam eva parimitam aasit ye kaaryakrame bhaagam graheetum shaknuvanti sma, tathaa cha varshaanaam madhye teshaam keshuchit prabal-samagrya saha, uchita-aalbam-kramam aasit iti prateeyate sma. ataha bend-pakshah ee. pi. ess-dwayoh samyojanam krutavaan, poorvamev aprakaashitayoh bonus-geetayoh samyojanam krutavaan, sarvaan ekam ekeekrutam abhilekham, "abhivaadanam abhivaadanam cha" iti punah anukramanitam akarot."

jackai vida kuraivaanavargalidamirundhu vaazhththukkal mattrum vanakkangkal jackai vida kuraivaanavargalidamirundhu vaazhththukkal & vanakkangkal enbathu america skaa pank isaikkuzhuvin thoguppu aalbamaagum, idhu october 15,2012 andru englaanththil veliyidappattathu mattrum janavari 8,2013 andru americavil veliyidappattathu. paadagar mattrum baas kittar kalaignar rogar manganelli thayaariththa inththa aalbam, munbu veliyidappatta irandu eeps, "jackai vida kuraivaanavargalidamirundhu vaazhththukkal" (2011) mattrum "jackai vida kuraivaanavargalidamirundhu paruvangkalin vaazhththukkal" (2012) aagiyavattrai inaikkirathu, athae amarvugalil pathivu seiyappatta irandu puthiya tracugaludan ("kodi vaiththiruppavargal ontriyam" mattrum "naduvil irunthu paarvai"). "vidaiperungkal thiru. personality" august 22,2012 andru oru thanippaadalaaga veliyidappattathu. pinnani mattrum pathivu. 2011 koadaiyil, jaekkirku kuraivaana kaalaththil, "jaekkirku kuraivaanavargalidamirundhu vaazhththukkal" endra thalaippil oru varaiyarukappatta pathippai veliyittathu, pinthodarthaludan, "jaekkirku kuraivaanavargalidamirundhu paruvangkalin vaazhththukkal", 2012 aam aandin thodakkaththil vanthathu. october 2012 ill, isaikkuzhu irandaiyum inaiththu oru muzhu neela aalpaththai uruvaakka mudivu seithathu. isaikkuzhuvin yuu. ess. lable, koluppu sidhaivu valaiyalgal, "kadantha aandil, jackai vida kuraivaagavae suttruppayanaththil irandu puthiya eeps virkappattana. thurathirshtavasamaaga, puthiya eeps oru nigazhchchiyil kalandhu kollakkoodiyavargalukku mattuppaduththappattathal, mattrum aandugalil avarkalin valuvaana porul silavattrudan, idhu oru sariyaana aalbam varisaiyil iruppathu poal thoantriyathu. enavae isaikkuzhu irandu eepskalaiyum ontrinaiththathu, munbu veliyidappadaatha irandu phones tracugalaich saerththathu, maelum ellaavattraiyum oru orunginaintha pathivaaga, "vaazhththukkal mattrum vanakkangkal" endru maruu varisaippaduththiyathu."

jake kante takkuva nundi abhinandanalu & namaskaralu jake kante takkuva nundi greatings & solutations anedi american skaa punk byaand yokka sankalanam album, idhi october 15,2012naa UKloe mariyu janavari 8,2013naa USloe vidudalaindi. gayakudu mariyu baas gitaaru vaadyakaarudu roser manganelli nirminchina eee album, gatamlo vidudalaina rendu paatalanu militam chestundi, "jake kante takkuva nundi abhinandanalu" (2011) mariyu "jake kante takkuva nundi seasonla abhinandanalu" (2012), adhe sessionlalo record cheyabadina rendu kotta tracklatho paatu ("flag holders union" mariyu "madhya nundi veekshanha"). "veedkolu, mister. personality "aagashtu 22,2012naa singlega vidudalaindi. nepathya mariyu recording. 2011 vesavilo, jake kante takkuva, "jake kante takkuva nundi greatings" anae paerutoe oka parimita edition epiyannu vidudala chesindi, phaalo-aptho, "jake kante takkuva nundi seasonla greatings", 2012 praarambhamlo vachindi. october 2012loe, byaand puurti-nidivi albumnu roopondinchadaaniki rendintinee kalapalani nirnayinchukundi. byaand yokka yuu. ess. label, fyaat reck chards ilaa perkondi, "gatha samvatsaramlo, jake kante takkuva paryatanalo konni kotta eps vikrayinchabaddaayi. duradrushtavasaattu, kotta eps oka pradarsanaku haajaru kaagala vaariki parimitam kaavadamtho, mariyu samvatsaraalalo vaari balamaina vishayaalatoe, idhi saraina album kramamlo unnatlu anipinchindi. kabatti byaand rendu epp lanu sameekarinchindi, gatamlo vidudala kaani rendu bonus tracklanu jodinchindi, mariyu pratidee oka samanvaya recorduga, "greatings und solutations" gaa tirigi kramabaddheekarinchindi."

jeek say kumm kii taraf say salaam aur salaam greatings aind slotations fraam lester deane jeek americi iskaa punk bend lester deane jeek kaa eek taleef album hay juu 15 aktobar 2012 kuu bartaniah mein aur 8 januri 2013 kuu america mein release hawaa. gulukaar aur baas gtarst rogar manganeli kay zariah tayaar kardah album mein pehley say jaari kardah duu apps "greatings fraam lester deane jeek" (2011) aur "seasons greatings fraam lester deane jeek" (2012) kuu yakja kiyaa gayaa hay saath hyee eek hyee seeshan kay doraan record kiye gayey duu nayey track ("fleeg holders union" aur "view fraam dee muddle"). "alwadaa janaab. personality "22 agast 2012 kuu sangal kay toor parr release hoyee thee. piss manzar aur recording. 2011 kay mosam garma mein lestard kaan jeek nay eek mahdud edition ayee pee jaari kiyaa jiss kaa anwaan thaa "gratees fraam lestard kaan jeek"yee jiss kii peervi kay saath "seezan gratees fraam lestard kaan jeek"yee 2012 kay awail mein pahuncha. aktobar 2012 mein bend nay eek makmal lambayi kaa album bananay kay liye donon kuu yakja karnay kaa faislah kiyaa. bend kay yuu aiss label fait rekar cords nay kahaa "pachlay saal kay doraan jeek say bhee kumm nay doray parr kachh nayey apps farokhat kiye. badqismati say nayey apps kii rasayi inn logon takk mahdud thee juu kasee show mein sharkat kirr saktay thay aur saalon mein inn kay kachh mazboot tareen mawaad kay saath aisa lagtaa thaa kahh eek munasib album tartib mein hay. lehza bend nay duu apps kuu jamaa kiyaa pehley say ghair release shadah duu bonas tracks shaamil kiyay aur harr cheez kuu eek marbut record "salaam aur salaam" mein dobarah tartib diyaa."

fffe8a60fcd02aefb7b533c8f9eaf41ec662018416a42e462a25c5f424b4a17e

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8357650

Jack Riewoldt

Jack Riewoldt Australian rules footballer (born 1988) Jack Riewoldt ( ; born 31 October 1988) is a former professional Australian rules footballer who played for the Richmond Football Club in the Australian Football League (AFL). He is a three-time premiership player, a three-time Coleman Medallist, a three-time All-Australian, an 12-time Richmond club leading goalkicker, a two-time Jack Dyer Medallist and a Tasmanian Football Hall of Famer. He served as Richmond's vice captain during all three premiership seasons. Early life and junior football. Riewoldt was born in Hobart, Tasmania to parents Chris and Lesley Riewoldt. He was raised in the east Hobart suburb of Bellerive and played junior football for Clarence in Tasmania's SFL. In 2005 Riewoldt made his senior debut with Clarence at age 16, then went on to play with the club through its finals series including a losing grand final where he kicked four goals. The following year he again played in a senior grand final with Clarence, this time a member of the club's victorious side. He later played and trained with the Tassie Mariners at TAC Cup level and represented his state at the 2006 AFL Under 18 Championships. In three matches at the championships he kicked a total of eight goals and was named in his side's best players on two occasions. In 2006 he played eight matches for the Tasmanian Devils in the VFL. One particularly noteworthy game came against Bendigo, where he kicked four goals and took 13 marks. He attended high school at St Virgil's and Rosny College in Hobart. Prior to the draft, AFL Media's Matt Burgen labelled him a "goal-kicking forward who is extremely strong overhead." He was however considered both short and slow for his position, with North Melbourne recruiting manager Neville Stibbard later remarking that he did not believe Riewoldt was "athletic or tall enough to play key position at either end (of the field)." Richmond recruiting manager Francis Jackson later recalled Riewoldt's impressive football smarts and his ability to read the flight of the ball as key factors in his recruitment. AFL career. 2007 season. Riewoldt was drafted by Richmond with the club's first selection and the 13th selection overall in the 2006 AFL National Draft. He made his AFL debut in round 9 of the 2007 season, in the Dreamtime at the 'G match against Essendon at the MCG. He did not play the following week, next appearing in the senior side in round 14. He kicked his first career goal as part of a three-goal performance against Port Adelaide in round 16. He would go on to play in five of the final six games of the season, finishing with seven goals from his eight senior matches that year. 2008 season. In 2008 Riewoldt established himself as a regular member of Richmond's senior team. He played his first match of the season in round 4 and missed just one more match that season, finishing with 18 matches played. His round 15 bag of five goals against West Coast was a then career-best. He kicked a total of 18 goals, good for fifth best at the club that season. 2009 season. Riewoldt opened a season in Richmond's best-22 for the first time in season 2009, playing against Carlton's in the clubs' round 1 match-up. In the first seven rounds of the season he booted seven goals, before missing the club's rounds 8 and 9 matches. He returned with two goals against Fremantle in round 10, before adding three more in round 11 against the Western Bulldogs. Over the nine games following his absence he would score 20 goals, besting his season total from the year before. Included in this run was a six-goal performance in Richmond's round 17 victory over Essendon. Riewoldt was lauded by The Age's Jake Niall that week for his "footy smarts" and marking ability. He did not miss another game that season, finishing with 20 matches played and a team-second 32 goals. He also placed eighth in the club's best and fairest count. 2010 season. 2010 was a breakout year for Riewoldt. He started the season strongly, kicking 15 goals in his first seven matches. In the next eight matches between rounds 8 and 15, Riewoldt kicked a league-best 43 goals. It was the highest total over that many games since Matthew Lloyd nine years earlier. He kicked a career best 10 goals in round 12 in a victory over West Coast. The haul included five first-quarter goals, with four coming within the first 11 minutes of play. He became the first player to kick 10 goals in a match since Jonathan Brown in 2007, and the first Richmond player since Matthew Richardson did so in 2004. In round 21 Riewoldt was named best-on-ground for his 17 disposal, 11 mark and seven goal performance against St Kilda at Docklands Stadium. He thus became the first Richmond player to win the Ian Stewart Medal in its seven-year history. For the first time in four-year career, Riewoldt finished the season having played every possible match. His 78 goals was the most by any player in the league, earning him the Coleman Medal and the Michael Roach Medal as the league, and the club leading goalkicker respectively. Four days after winning the Coleman, Riewoldt secured the Jack Dyer Medal as Richmond's best and fairest player. He was also named to the All-Australian team in the position of full forward. Riewoldt was later selected to tour Ireland and represent Australia in the 2010 International Rules Series. 2011 season. Prior to the start of the 2011 season Riewoldt was added to the Richmond's six man leadership group. Following a six-goal start to the season against Carlton in round 1, he suffered a tougher fortnight to follow. He suffered a concussion early in the club's round 2 match with St Kilda and was substituted before he was able to record an impact in any major statistical category. He was seen crawling up the stairs connecting the change rooms to the field and arguing forcefully to be returned to the match. Riewoldt earned criticism from coach Damien Hardwick in April, told he needed to change his on-field demeanour after being seen yelling at teammate Dustin Martin and giving the finger to the Hawthorn bench in round 3. He was also fined $1,200 by the AFL for the hand gesture. He was criticised by Robert Walls in "The Age" for selfish play; Walls said Riewoldt had "become an individual in a team sport." <templatestyles src="Template:Quote_box/styles.css" /> He is one of those players that can turn games in the blink of an eye. He deserves his rating as one of the premier forwards in the competition. Sydney coach John Longmire, June 2011 He worked his way into unprecedented form in the following six matches however, kicking four goals four times and bags of five on two occasions. His form remained strong for the rest of the season, despite lower goal kicking tallies the result of Hardwick enacting his pre-season plan to play Riewoldt further up the ground. For the second straight year he won the club leading goalkicker award and played in each of the club's 22 matches. Riewoldt's 62 goals saw him place second in the race for the Coleman Medal behind Lance Franklin. Riewoldt placed ninth in the club's best and fairest count that season. In September it was revealed Riewoldt had played through injuries all season and would require four surgeries; one on each hip, one on his finger and another on his left ankle. He was also dealing with rib cartilage damage suffered after a training accident. 2012 season. Following an off-season of surgeries and recovery, Riewoldt started the season inaccurately, kicking five goals and nine behinds through his first three matches. He was back to his best by mid-season through, kicking bags of six and eight goals in back-to-back matches in round 9 and 10 against Hawthorn and St Kilda respectively. The round 10 victory was Riewoldt's 100th career match and Richmond's first win over St Kilda since 2003. He also kicked bags of five goals in rounds 16 and 20 matches against Gold Coast and the Western Bulldogs. For the second time in three years Riewoldt topped the league's goal scoring race at season's end, securing the Coleman Medal for the 2012 season. He entered the club's final match of the season three goals behind tied-leaders Matthew Pavlich (Fremantle) and Tom Hawkins (Geelong), but booted six goals to finish with 65 on the season and two clear of the pair. Riewoldt became just the second Richmond player to win multiple Coleman Medals and tied Michael Roach's club record in doing so. Through he was selected in the initial nominees, Riewoldt ultimately went unnamed in the year's All Australian team. He was considered a controversial omission according to Warwick Green and Matt Windley of the Herald Sun. He placed ninth at the club in the season's best and fairest award. 2013 season. The 2012-13 off-season again saw Riewoldt going under the knife for minor surgeries, the recovery of which forced him onto a limited training load. Before the season had officially begun Riewoldt had already shown his worth, kicking a goal after the siren to win Richmond's pre-season match-up with Hawthorn. During that series he also captained Richmond for the first time, doing so against Essendon in an eight-point victory. While he was held goal-less in round 1's win over Carlton, Riewoldt responded the following week with a seven-goal haul against St Kilda. He backed up the performance the following week, kicking five more goals in a victory over the Western Bulldogs. Riewoldt attracted media criticism during round 5's one point loss to Fremantle, labelled "a primma donna" by Mark Maclure after he reacted angrily to teammates following the close loss. All season Riewoldt had been the subject of media speculation concerning his contract and playing future. He was reported to have received offers from Fremantle, but preempted trade approaches by signing a new three-year deal with Richmond in late July. After 17 rounds Riewoldt was placed third on the league's goal-kicking tally, having amassed 47 to that point. He finished the season with 57 goals, his lowest tally since 2009 but still managed to win a fourth straight club leading goalkicker award. He played in his first career final in September, when Richmond lost to Carlton in an elimination final at the MCG. Riewoldt placed equal seventh in the club's best and fairest count at season's end. He placed third in the league for goal assists. 2014 season. In February 2014, Riewoldt was dropped from Richmond's five-player leadership group, replaced by defender Troy Chaplin. This, along with a plan by the coach to play him in a "traditional centre half forward role", saw Riewoldt approaching the season differently than he had in some time. He reduced his playing weight in the off-season, increasing his fitness base while also recovering from minor off-season surgery to his knee and hip. Riewoldt's performance in the round 1 loss to Gold Coast was labelled "relatively poor" by the coach, with the forward recording less than 10 disposals and only one goal for the first time since round 8, 2012. He was reported for tripping in round 3, but escaped with only a reprimand after the AFL Match Review panel deeming the offence unworthy of suspension. He was chastised by club officials in May, when he spoke out publicly against the effectiveness of the team's new short-kicking game style. Hardwick jokingly explained to the media that the club had "moved (Riewoldt's) foot from his mouth and my foot from his arse". He publicly apologised via Twitter, and avoided the selection axe as a result. His on-field response was significant, when he booted a career-high 11 goals in Richmond's 113 point win over the GWS Giants in Sydney. In July, Riewoldt was named at full-forward in AFL Tasmania's Tasmanian Team of the Decade. For the second straight season, Riewoldt and the Tigers would qualify for the AFL finals, but were again eliminated after just one match. He finished the season having kicked 61 goals and winning Richmond's goalkicking award for the fifth consecutive year. He became just the second player in the club's history to kick 50 goals in five straight seasons, following Jack Titus in 1934–1938. 2015 season. After an emotional off-season which included the death of his cousin Maddie, Riewoldt endured an equally emotional round 1. He kicked four goals in Richmond's win over Carlton and was seen dedicating his performance to her memory by pointing to the sky after each of his goals. He hit a strong run of form in rounds 5 to 8, kicking 14 goals and averaging more than seven marks over the four week period. In round 13 he would kick his biggest tally of the season, with six goals against Sydney at the SCG. round 16's match-up with St Kilda was marked as "Maddie's match," raising funds for the Riewoldt cousins' cause "Maddie's Vision". He kicked two goals in Richmond's winning side. All-in-all 2015 proved an excellent year for Riewoldt, winning a sixth straight club leading goalkicker award (54) and setting then career highs for marks and disposals. For the second time in his career Riewoldt earned selection to the AFL's All-Australian team, this time in the position of centre-half forward. He also placed fifth in Richmond's best and fairest, securing the Kevin Bartlett medal. Riewoldt also broke a Richmond record in 2015, surpassing Jack Titus to become the first Richmond player to kick more than 50 goals in six consecutive seasons. Riewoldt signed a contract extension in late June, keeping him contracted to Richmond through at least the end of the 2019 season. 2016 season. When Richmond captain Trent Cotchin faced calls to resign the position in late 2015, Riewoldt was named as a possible replacement. He quashed the speculation, explaining "I can't even entertain the question (of becoming captain) because in my eyes I think (Cotchin) is the best person to captain our football club." On-field, the season saw Riewoldt continue his transition to the centre-half forward position. He improved his endurance, agility and leaping ability by shedding weight and focusing on the game further from the goal line. He suffered a minor ankle injury in round 5 and required an intense program of icing and rehabilitation to be ready for his club's round 6 match with Port Adelaide. He played in his 200th career game in round 21's loss to Geelong at the MCG. Riewoldt ultimately played in each of Richmond's 22 games in 2016, kicking a team-leading 48 goals. It was the first time he went without kicking a bag of five goals in a match since his eight-game debut season. He did however set a new personal best in total and average disposals, playing his new role closer to the midfield. Riewoldt placed fourth at the club's best and fairest count, securing the Fred Swift medal as a result. After what was a year labelled a backward step by the club's coach, Riewoldt was surrounded by trade speculation by media outlets. He reiterated his commitment to the club, claiming he was "yellow and black all the way" despite confirming in later years that he had begun to doubt he would ever achieve significant team success with the club. 2017 season. Riewoldt's 2017 pre-season was hampered by lingering injury concerns. He underwent what was expected to be minor ankle surgery in September 2016, before the procedure was changed to a full ankle reconstruction midway through as a result of the surgeon uncovering more severe damage. In November he went under the knife again, this time to repair damage to a previously broken finger. He was appointed Richmond's co-vice-captain in March 2017. He was to share the role with defender Alex Rance, while both served under continuing captain Trent Cotchin With the free-agency departure of full forward Ty Vickery in the off-season, Riewoldt would necessarily see more game-time in deep forward positions in 2017. In round 1, 2017 he recorded a career best seven tackles in Richmond's victory over Carlton. round 5's Anzac Day eve clash with Melbourne saw Riewoldt kick six goals in wet weather play. He kicked his 500th career goal in round 7, 2017 in a match against the Western Bulldogs at Etihad Stadium. He was the fifth fastest to the milestone in the history of the club. After 11 games and at the mid-season bye, Riewoldt had kicked 29 goals. In round 13 he notched his 214th AFL match, passing Dick Clay for the most games played by a Richmond player in the number eight guernsey. His two and three goal games in rounds 13 and 14 brought his streak of consecutive games with multiple goals to 10. He was the only player in the competition to hold that streak at the time and held fifth place in the year's goalkicking tally. Riewoldt was one of a number of poor performer's in Richmond's round 16 loss to St Kilda, kicking just one goal and gathering seven possessions in the 67 point loss. What's more, Riewoldt's first possession did not come until the eighth minute of the game's second quarter. An accidental poke in the eye from teammate Mabior Chol during training caused Riewoldt to suffer a cut cornea and bleeding behind the eye. The injury resulted in him missing Richmond's round 19 match against the Gold Coast and brought to an end Riewoldt's streak of 86 consecutive games played. He missed a further match in round 20 before returning in round 21 against Geelong. In round 23, Riewoldt played against his cousin Nick in the St Kilda forward's retirement match. He, along with St Kilda forward Josh Bruce, chaired Nick from the ground in a move that was controversial given a second St Kilda player was passed over for the honour. Following finals victories against Geelong and GWS, Riewoldt and Richmond would qualify for the Grand Final, the club's first since 1982. They would ultimately win the match against minor-premiers Adelaide by 48 points, with Riewoldt contributing two goals, six marks and seven tackles. During the post-match celebrations a free concert was performed on the MCG by American rock band the Killers, whom Riewoldt is a fan of. After raising the proposition with club and AFL media managers in the week prior, Riewoldt was famously invited to join the band on-stage to sing their 2005 single "Mr. Brightside". For his performance in the 2017 season, Riewoldt received an eighth-straight club leading goal-kicker award, placed seventh in the club's best and fairest count, first in the league for marks inside 50 and became a premiership player. 2018 season. Leading into the 2018 season Riewoldt showed strong goal-kicking form, booting seven goals for Richmond's seniors in an intra-club match against the club's VFL side. From there he went on to play in each of the club's two pre-season matches before kicking four goals in the opening round of the season proper. Riewoldt added another four more a fortnight later, helping his side to a 13-point victory over Hawthorn. In round 7 Riewoldt captained Richmond in a home and away match for the first time in his career after Trent Cotchin was a late withdrawal due to injury. Two weeks later he kicked five goals in a match against West Coast at Optus Stadium. In that same game he laid a bump on West Coast's Liam Duggan late in the third quarter, the result of which saw him coughing up blood at the next break. He had to be medically cleared to fly back to Melbourne with the team that night after concerns were expressed for his health. To that point he ranked third in the competition for total goals kicked (24) behind only Ben Brown (31) and Jack Darling (28). Though he made a full recovery to play the following week, he was unable to make any meaningful contribution after being concussed by a hit to the head during an errant spoil from St Kilda defender Jake Carlisle just five minutes into the first quarter of that round 10 match. Richmond managed a victory despite his absence and Carlisle received a two-match suspension for the strike. Riewoldt did not miss a full match as a result of the concussion, lining up the following week in his side's Dreamtime at the 'G victory over Essendon. In the week that followed, Riewoldt was named in "Fox Footy's" mid-year All Australian squad. He was also lauded by Fox commentator Paul Roos for his efforts in blocking, creating space and crashing packs, with Roos labeling him "the most selfless player in the competition." At the end of June he was inducted into the Tasmanian Football Hall of Fame in a gala event in Hobart. Following the mid-season bye, Riewoldt put in one of the performances of his career during a win over Sydney at Etihad Stadium. He tallied career bests in marks (21) and contested marks (seven) as well as kicking three goals and recording 21 disposals in what was a best-on-ground performance rewarded by three Brownlow Medal votes and a perfect 10 votes in the Coaches Association award. Riewoldt received one more vote in that award in round 16's win over Adelaide before attracting another two votes for a four-goal performance against St Kilda in round 18. The following week he set a new personal best with nine inside 50s in his side's win over Adelaide. At the end of July, Riewoldt signed a new three-year contract with Richmond, keeping him committed to the club until at least the end of the 2021 season. Speaking in his regular panelist role on Fox Footy's AFL360, Riewoldt claimed to have taken a pay cut in what was restructuring of his existing contract formerly in place until the end of 2019. In round 20 he kicked four goals, his fifth such total that year. With that match, his 244 career appearance, Riewoldt set the all time VFL/AFL record for games played wearing a number eight guernsey. Riewoldt followed that with his third career ten-goal haul in a round 21 win over the Gold Coast in which he also gathered a career-high 26 disposals and vaulted into league-leading position for goals kicked that season. He added another five goals to his tally in round 23, passing the 600 career goal milestone and earning his third Coleman Medal after finishing the home and away season with 65 goals. He became the eighth player in league history and the first player in Richmond club history to win the award for a third time. He was named in the forward pocket in the AFL's Player Ratings team of the year as well as being named All-Australian for the third time. In Richmond's first final, a win over Hawthorn at the MCG, Riewoldt failed to kick a goal for just the third time that year. He rectified that performance with five goals in the club's preliminary final. Despite his efforts, Richmond would be eliminated from the finals series in what was a shock 39-point loss to Collingwood. Following the conclusion of the 2018 finals series, Riewoldt ranked first in the league for goal and marks inside 50 as well as ranking second for score involvements and fifth for contested marks. He was also named by "Herald Sun" chief football writer Mark Robinson as the league's best forward and the third best player overall, during the 2018 season. Riewoldt collected a career-best 10 Brownlow Medal votes for his fantastic season and also received his second Jack Dyer Medal as Richmond's best and fairest player. 2019 season. In the months immediately following the 2018 season, Riewoldt underwent minor shoulder surgery. He was restricted to running drills in the early weeks of the off-season before returning to full training in December. Riewoldt was at that time labelled by AFL statistics partner "Champion Data" as the second best key position forward and the 34th best player in the league overall. Over the same off-season the club recruited former Gold Coast forward Tom Lynch to play alongside Riewoldt in the Richmond forward line. Riewoldt' first footballing appearance of 2019 was as captain of the 'Rampage' team at the 2019 AFLX tournament in February. Riewoldt led Rampage to a championship at the tournament, after personally selecting his team at a televised draft earlier that month. Riewoldt followed that with appearances in each of Richmond's two pre-season matches in late February and early March before playing his 250th AFL game in the season-opening match against Carlton at the MCG in late March. He kicked one goal in the match, bringing his career total to 608 and passing Michael Roach for outright fourth place on Richmond's all-time goalkicking leaderboard. In a round 2 loss to Collingwood, Riewoldt suffered an apparently minor wrist injury. He played out the remainder of the match despite the injury, including stints in the ruck. Scans completed the following day revealed Riewoldt had suffered a small un-displaced fracture of the radius and some wrist ligament damage. In the same match Riewoldt also suffered a sprain to the medial cruciate ligament in his left knee. After missing three matches due to those injuries, Riewoldt returned to football and kicked two goals in Richmond's round 6 ANZAC Day eve win over Melbourne. He would suffer another knee injury in the match however, sustaining high-grade damage to the posterior cruciate ligament in his left knee. Richmond club officials said the injury would not require surgery to repair but that Riewoldt would still miss between six and eight weeks as a result. During that match he was also reported for a dangerous tackle on Melbourne's Bayley Fritsch for which he was offered a $1,000 fine. Riewoldt challenged the charge at the AFL Tribinal where he was unsuccessful, with the fine ultimately increased to $1,500. Riewoldt had resumed running by the first week of June, targeting an AFL return against St Kilda later that month in round 15. He missed that target by two weeks, returning in a round 17 victory over the Giants in which he kicked one goal. He added three more goals the following week in his best output of the season thus far, while coach Damien Hardwick praised his unselfish play in support of in-form teammate Lynch through the rest of July. In round 22's win over West Coast, Riewoldt was twice called for a free kick against, after putting his foot into the back of his opponent's back in two separate marking contests. In the week that followed, the AFL announced the rule would be relaxed to only include more dangerous acts likely to cause harm, so that free kicks of the type paid against Riewoldt would no longer be paid. In the final round of the home and away season, Riewoldt kicked four first quarter goals on Brisbane Lions defender Marcus Adams but managed no further goals when later defended by Darcy Gardiner for the rest of the match. After Richmond finished the season in third place, Riewoldt kicked three goals in a 47-point qualifying final victory over the Brisbane Lions. He was considerably less impactful in the preliminary final that followed, recording just one handball as his only disposal in the first half and ultimately going goalless as his side defeated Geelong and won through to a grand final matchup against Greater Western Sydney. In the grand final, Riewoldt kicked a match-high five goals as Richmond won a second premiership in three years, exploiting the lack of speed of Giants defender Phil Davis who was almost a late withdrawal with a calf injury. His haul included three second-quarter goals that had him be the number one statistically rated player on the ground at half time and eventually earned him fourth place in Norm Smith Medal voting for the player of the match. Riewoldt's five goals and one behind (31 points) made him the fourth player in AFL/VFL history and the first player in 59 years to single-handedly outscore the opposition team (25 points) in a grand final. 2020 season. Riewoldt played his first match for 2020 in the AFL's fundraising State of Origin for Bushfire Relief Match in February, kicking two goals while representing his home state of Tasmania as part of the allied All-Stars side. He sat out Richmond's first pre-season match that same weekend but returned for the club's final pre-season match against Greater Western Sydney a week later. Despite an uninterrupted pre-season, the rapid progression of the coronavirus pandemic into Australia by mid-March saw the future of the season in doubt, including Riewoldt and Richmond's premiership defence. The AFL commission eventually announced the start of the season would proceed as scheduled, but without fans in attendance due to public health prohibitions on group gatherings. With the expectation that a significant break would be necessary mid-season, the league also announced the season would be completed with a modified 17-round fixture and with quarter lengths reduced by one fifth in order to reduce the load on players who would be expected to play multiple matches with short breaks in the back half of the year. Under those conditions, Riewoldt kicked an equal team-high three goals in a round 1 win over Carlton which saw him named in "AFL Media's" Team of the Week. Just three days later however, the AFL commission suspended the season for an indefinite period after multiple states enforced quarantine conditions on their borders. Riewoldt attracted media scrutiny for poor performances when the season resumed in early-June after an 11-week hiatus, following goalless matches in rounds 2 and 3. He began a seven-week unbroken goalkicking run the following round, during which time he and the club were relocated to the Gold Coast in response to a virus outbreak in Melbourne. Riewoldt served as club captain for a three-week stretch between rounds 6 and 8, in place of the injured Trent Cotchin. In round 10 he kicked a personal season-best four goals in a win over the Brisbane Lions, before adding another three while captaining the side for a one-off game in Cotchin's absence in round 11. He was one of Richmond's best in round 12, earning one Coaches Award vote for a two-goal contribution in that win over Gold Coast. He earned another nine votes as equal best on ground in round 17's win over Geelong, kicking four goals. Riewoldt finished the regular season having kicked 28 goals, ultimately securing equal-sixth place in the Coleman Medal race. He kicked two goals in the opening match of the club's finals campaign, a qualifying final loss to the Brisbane Lions, before being held goalless and to a season-low four disposals in a semi-final victory over St Kilda one week later. Despite that poor statistical showing, Riewoldt was praised by coach Damien Hardwick for that performance during the week that followed, in particular for an ability to negate opposition intercept defenders in marking contests. Likewise in a preliminary final win over Port Adelaide, Riewoldt earned Hardwick's public praise for splitting marking packs despite kicking only one goal and going without a mark for the first time since 2015. Riewoldt earned more scoreboard recognition the following week, becoming a three-time premiership player while kicking two goals in a 31-point grand final victory over Geelong. Riewoldt also earned a tenth club leading goalkicker award for his 33 goals that year, while placing equal-14th in the club's best and fairest count for a season in which he features in all 21 possible matches. 2023 season. On 15 August 2023, Riewoldt announced that he would retire at the end of the season. He, along with fellow retiree Trent Cotchin, played his final match in round 23 against North Melbourne at the Melbourne Cricket Ground. Player profile. Riewoldt played as a goalkicking full forward and centre-half forward. He was undersized at the position, measuring just 193 centimetres tall. Across the 2010s, he took the most marks inside 50 of any player in the league and scored more goals than any player other than Lance Franklin, while matching Franklin with three Coleman Medals over that time. In the 2019/20 off-season, Riewoldt was labelled the 13th best player overall in the "Herald Sun's" list of the best players of the 2010s. In 2020, Riewoldt was named by the "Herald Sun" as Richmond's fourth best player of the AFL era. AFL playing statistics. <templatestyles src="alternating rows table/styles.css" /> Notes <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> Personal life. Riewoldt is of German heritage with his paternal grandparents Heinz and Helga immigrated from the European nation in 1950. His father Chris was a 298-game player at Clarence in the Tasmanian Football League, a representative player for the state as well as an inductee to the Tasmanian Football Hall of Fame. Riewoldt's two younger brothers, Harry and Charlie, both played for Tasmania at junior state level. He is the first cousin of former St Kilda AFL footballer Nick Riewoldt. Riewoldt became engaged to long-time girlfriend Carly Ziegler in 2016 and they were married at a ceremony in Riewoldt's home state of Tasmania in November 2017. The pair's first child, a girl, was born in 2019. In 2021, the couple announced the birth of their second daughter. Away from the football field Riewoldt is a keen golfer, once playing off a handicap as low as 0.6. He is also a fan of American rock band the Killers, who he performed on-stage with after Richmond's premiership victory in 2017. Media career. Riewoldt appears as a weekly guest on Fox Footy's "AFL 360". He appeared as a host on Australian TV show, The Great Weekend in 2019 and in 2020 he hosted his own radio hour on Monday nights on 1116SEN. Riewoldt also appears regularly on Nova 100 Melbourne breakfast radio show Chrissie, Sam & Browny. Cancer scare. In 2007 Riewoldt had a cancerous mole removed from his back. He had further tissue removed after the 0.9 millimetre melanoma was confirmed to be cancerous and has since undergone regular check-ups to prevent reoccurrence. In 2014 he led a campaign by the AFL Players Association and Cancer Council Victoria to "convince men to have difficult conversations about cancer." Maddie's Vision. When Riewoldt's cousin Maddie (sister to Nick) died in early 2015 as a result of the blood disease aplastic anaemia, he and the Riewoldt family became public spokespeople for a charity set up in her honour, Maddie's Vision. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> External links.

jek rewolt jek rewolt (; jonmo 31 octobor 1988) ejon pesadari australian ruls football kheluwoi ji australian football leeg (e. ef. el.) ror rismond football clubber hoi khele. teu tinibar primiyarswip kheluwoi, tinibar colleman podok bijoyi, tinibar ol-australian, 11baar rismond clubber aagxarir go "lo kikaar, dubar jek dier podok bijoyi aaru tousmanian football holl owo femor. teu rismondor upo-odhinayok hisapeu kaam kori aahise aaru 2017 sonor poraa kori aahise. prarombhik jiwan aaru konistho football. rewoltor jonmo hoisil tasmaniyar hobertot pitri-maatri crich aaru lesoli rewoltor ghorot. teu ballerivor pubo hobert uponogorot dangor-dighol hoisil aaru tasmaniyar ess. ef. el.-too clarenceor baabe juniyor football khelisil. 2005 sonot rewolte 16 bosor boyoxot clarenceor xoite jyestho kheluwoi hisape aatmoprokax korisil, taar pisot klabkhonor xoite iyar suranto sringkholar joriyote kheliboloi goisil zo 'too teu porajito grand final ontorbhukto korisil zo' too teu sarita go 'lo korisil. poroborti bosorot teu clarenceor xoite punor etaa jyestho grand finalot khelisil, eibar clubber bijoyi dolor xodosyo aasil. pisoloi teu tek kaap porzayot tesi marinerxokolor xoite khelisil aaru proxikhyon loisil aaru 2006 sonor 18 bosoror tolor championswipot nijor rajyokhonok protinidhitwo korisil. championswipot tinita khelot teu muth aathta go "lo koo" koo korisil aaru dubarkoi teur dolor shrestho kheluoir bhitorot naam ullekh koraa hoisil. 2006 sonot teu bhi. ef. el.-too tusmanian devilsor hoi aathkhon mess khelisil. etaa bixexbhabe ullekhjugyo khel bendigur biruddhe aahisil, zo 'too teu sarita go' lo korisil aaru 13 mark loisil. teu hobertor saint virgils aaru ror 'xoni collegeot haiskulot porhisil. khosorar purbe, e. ef. el. miriyar mett bergene teuk "go 'lo-kicking forward ji otyonto xoktixali uporor faale." buli obhihito korisil."obosye teuk teur podor baabe suti aaru monthor duyuta dhoronor buli bibesona koraa hoisil, uttor melbornor nijukti probondhok nebhil stibarde pisot montobyo korisil je teu biswax koraa nasil je rewolt" "ethletik baa duyuta prantot (khelpotharor) guruttopurno sthan kheliboloi jothesto ukh" "."rismond recruiting menezar francis jeksone pisot rewoltor aakorxoniyo football smart aaru bolor uron porhiboloi teur khyomotak teur nijuktir mool kaarok hisape smoron korisil. e. ef. el. keriyar. 2007 sonor ritu. 2006 sonor e. ef. el rastriyo khosorat clubber prothom nirbason aaru xamogrikbhabe 13 xongkhyok nirbasonor xoite rewoltor khosora prostut koraa hoisil. 2007 sonor sijonor 9moo roundot mcg-too 'ji mesor xopunor xomoyot teu flot aatmoprokax korisil. poroborti xoptahot teu khelibo poraa nasil, poroborti round 14too siniyar dolot uposthito hoisil. round 16too teur biruddhe tini-go "lo prodorxonor ongxo hisape teu teur karrier prothomtu go" lo koo "koo korisil. teu sijonor suranto soikhon khelor bhitorot pasta khelot khelisil, xei bosor teur aathkhon siniyar mesor poraa xatota go" lo kori xomapto korisil. 2008 sonor ritu. 2008 sonot rewolte nijoke rismondor jyestho dolor niyomiya xodosyo hisape protistha korisil. teu sijonor prothomkhon mess 4 roundot khelisil aaru xei sijonor maatro ekhon khel heruwaisil, 18khon mess khelisil. teur biruddhe pasta go "lor round 15 begg tetiyar karrier shrestho aasil. teu muth 18taa go "lo koo" koo korisil, jitu xei sijonor clubber ponchom shrestho go "lor baabe bhaal aasil. 2009 sonor ritu. rewolte 2009 sonor sijonot prothombaror baabe rismondor shrestho-22too etaa sijon aarombho korisil, clubber round 1 mess-aapot rijor biruddhe khelisil. sijonor prothom xatota roundot teu xatota go "lo boot korisil, clubber round 8 aaru 9khon mesot baad porar aagote. teu round 10-too biruddhe dutaa go "lo loi ubhoti aahisil, round 11-too round 11-too aaru tinita jug korar aagote. teur onuposthitir pisot huwa nokhon khelot teu 20taa go "lo koribo, ji aagor bosoror poraa teur sijonor muth go" lotkoi xorbosrestho aasil. ei dourot ontorbhukto aasil ascendonor biruddhe rismondor round 17-ror bijoyot choy go "lor prodorxon. xei xoptahot xei jugor jek niyale revoltok teur "futi smarts" aaru sinhito korar khyomotar baabe proxongxa korisil. xei sijonot teu aan ekhon khel heruwai diya nasil, 20khon khel khelisil aaru etaa doll-dwitiyo 32taa go "lo disil. logote teu clubber xorbosrestho aaru nyajyotom gononar khetrotu ostom sthan laabh korisil. 2010 sonor ritu. 2010 son aasil rewoltor baabe ek utkristo bosor. teu prothom xatkhon khelot 15taa go "lo kori sijontu xoktixalibhabe aarombho korisil. round 8 aaru 15ror maajor poroborti aathkhon khelot rewolte leegor shrestho 43taa go "lo koo" lo. noo bosor purbe methiu loyoror pisot eitu bohu khelor bhitorot xorbadhik muth aasil. teu etaa bijoy oh "bharotor 12 xongkhyok roundot karrier shrestho 10taa go" lo koo "koo korisil. ei hoh 'loto pasta prothom-cowarter go' lo ontorbhukto aasil, khelor prothom 11 minutor bhitorot sarita go 'lo aahisil. 2007 sonot junathon braunor pisot ekhon khelot 10taa go "lo koraa teu prothomjon kheluwoi hisape porigonito hoisil, aaru 2004 sonot methiu risardsonor pisot prothomjon rismond kheluwoi hisape ene korisil. 21 xongkhyok roundot revoltok docklands stadiumot saint kilder biruddhe 17taa nispadon, 11taa mark aaru xatota go "lo prodorxonor baabe shrestho-ono-ground hisape monunit koraa hoisil. eidore teu iyar xaat bosoriya itihaxot ian stewart podok laabh koraa prothomjon rismond kheluwoi hoi porisil. chaari bosoriya karrier bhitorot prothombaror baabe rewolte protitu xombhabyo khel kheliyei sijontu xomapto korisil. teur 78taa go "lo aasil leegor jikunu kheluoir dwara xorbadhik, jiye teuk krome leeg hisape colleman podok aaru michael roch podok, aaru clubber aagxarir go" lokar hisape orjon korisil. colleman joy korar saridinor pisot rewolte rismondor shrestho aaru nyajyo kheluwoi hisape jek dier podok nischito korisil. teuk xompurno forwardor owosthat ol-australian dolotu namakoron koraa hoisil. revoltok pisot ireland bhromon koriboloi aaru 2010 sonor antohrastriyo niyom sringkholat australiak protinidhitwo koriboloi nirbasito koraa hoisil. 2011 sonor ritu. 2011 sonor sijon aarombho huwar purbe revoltok rismondor soijon lukor netritwor gutot jug diya hoisil. round 1too carltonor biruddhe sijontur choy go "lor aarombhonir pisot, teu poroborti poxektu kothinbhabe bhug korisil. clubber round 2 mesor aarombhonite teur aaghat hoisil aaru jikunu mukhyo porixongkhyagot shrenit teur probhab record koriboloi xokhyom huwar aagote teuk xoloni koraa hoisil. teuk kapur xoloni koraa kuthatu khelpotharor xoite xongzug koraa siriburot bogai furi thoka aaru kheloloi ghuri aahiboloi bolpurbok bartalap koraa dekha goisil. rewolte aprilot proxikhyok damien hardwickor poraa xomaluchona laabh korisil, teu koichil je teu xotirtho dustin martinor uporot siyori thoka aaru tritiyo roundot benchot aanguli diya dekha puwar pisot khelpotharot teur aasoron xoloni korar proyujon aasil. teuk haator ongobhongir baabe e. ef. el.-ror dwara 1,200 dollar jorimonau koraa hoisil. sessasari khelor baabe "jugtu" too robert waale teuk xomaluchona korisil; wele koichil je rewolt "dolgoto krirat ejon byokti hoi porisil." obosye poroborti soikhon khelot teu obhutpurbo rupoloi kaam korisil, saribar sarita go "lo aaru dubarkoi pasta begg koo" ley. hardwike nijor praak-sijon porikolponar pholsworupe khelpotharor uporot rewolt kheliboloi luwa go "lo kickingor foll sworupe komm go" lo korar swotweu teur form baaki sijonor baabe xoktixali hoi aasil. ekerahe dwitiyo bosorot teu clubber aagxarir go "lo kikaar botaa laabh korisil aaru clubber 22khon mesor protitute khelisil. rewoltor 62taa go "lor baabe teu colleman podokor protijugitat lens franklinor pisot dwitiyo sthan laabh korisil. xei sijonot clubber xorbosrestho aaru nyajyotom gononar bhitorot rewolt nowom sthanot aasil. septembor maahot eitu prokax paisil je rewolte gutei sijonote aaghator maajere khelisil aaru sarita ostrupsaror proyujon hoh 'bob; protitu nitombot etaa, angulire etaa aaru baau gurit aantu. teu etaa proxikhyon durghotonar pisot puwa kamiharor upasthir khyotiru mukabila kori aasil. 2012 sonor ritu. ostrupsar aaru xustho huwar ek owo-sijonor pisot, rewolte teur prothom tinikhon mesor bhitorot pasta go "lo aaru notaa backing koo" ley, sijontu bhulbhabe aarombho korisil. sijonor majbhagor bhitorot teu krome 9 aaru 10 roundot krome aaru biruddhe ekerahe khelxomuhot choy aaru aathta go "lor begg kick kori teur shresthotom owosthaloi ubhoti aahisil. round 10-ror bijoy aasil rewoltor karrier 100tomo mess aaru 2003 sonor pisot saint kilder biruddhe rismondor prothomtu joy. teu gold coust aaru western buldogor biruddhe round 16 aaru 20khon khelot pasta go 'lor begou kick korisil. tini bosoror bhitorot dwitiyobaror baabe rewolte sijonor xexot leegor go 'lo sko' ring resor xirxosthan dokhol kori 2012 sijonor baabe colleman podok laabh korisil. teu sijonor clubber suranto khelot taai-leader methyu pavolis () aaru tomm hockins () ror pisot tinita go "lor pisot prowex korisil, kintu sijontut 65 go" lo aaru dutaa jurar poraa porasto huwar baabe soita go "lo boot korisil. rewolt ekadhik colleman podok joy koraa dwitiyojon rismond kheluwoi hoi porisil aaru ene kori michael rosor club obhilekhor xoman hoisil. prarombhik monunitxokolor bhitorot teuk nirbasito korar folot, rewolt owoxexot bosortur ol australia dolot naam ghuxona nokorile. waruik green aaru mett windley owo dyo herald cho 'nor mote teuk ek bitorkito baad diya buli gonyo koraa hoisil. teu sijonor shrestho aaru nyajyotom botar klabkhonot nowom sthan laabh korisil. 2013 sonor ritu. 2012-13 off-sijonot punor xoru xoru ostrupsaror baabe revoltok sorir tolot juwa dekha goisil, jaar aarugyor baabe teuk ximito proxikhyonor bujar uporot badhyo koribologiya hoisil. sijontu anusthanikbhabe aarombho huwar aagotei rewolte itimodhye nijor mulyo dekhuwaisil, rismondor xoite pri-sijon mess-aapot joylabh koriboloi sairenor pisot etaa go "lo marisil. xei sringkholar xomoisuwat teu prothombaror baabe rismondor odhinayokotwo korisil, iyar biporite aath pointor bijoy laabh korisil. round 1 ror joyot teuk go "lobihin rokhar xomoyot, rewolte pisor xoptahot iyar biruddhe xaat go" lor hulor xoite xohari jonaisil. teu poroborti xoptahot prodorxontur xomorthon korisil, aaru iyar biruddhe joylabh kori aaru pasta go "lo korisil. rewolte 5 nomboror ek pointor porajoyor xomoyot xongbad madhyomor xomaluchona aakorxito korisil, ghonistho porajoyor pisot xotirthoxokolor proti khongzukto protikriya prokax korar pisot mark mcclure "e prima duna" buli label disil. gutei sijonote rewolt teur sukti aaru bhobisyotor khelor bixoye xongbad madhyomor onumanor bixoy hoi aasil. teu freementolor poraa prostab laabh koraa buli janibo poraa goisil, kintu julyr xexor faale rismondor xoite ek notun tini bosoriya sukti swakhyor kori banijyor dristibhongi purbor porai rudh korisil. 17 roundor pisot revoltok leegor go 'lo-kicking talikat tritiyo sthanot rokha hoisil, xei muhurtoloike 47taa xongroho korisil. teu sijontu 57taa go "lor xoite xomapto korisil, jitu 2009 sonor pisot teur xorbonimno xongkhya aasil kintu tothapiu teu punpotiyakoi soturthotu clubber aagxarir go" lo kikaar botaa laabh koriboloi xokhyom hoisil. septembor maahot teu teur karrier prothom finalot khelisil, jetiya emsijit elemination finalot rismond porasto hoisil. sijonor xexot clubber xorbosrestho aaru nyajyotom gononar khetrot rewolt xoman xoptom sthanot aasil. go "lo assistor baabe teu leegot tritiyo sthan laabh korisil. 2014 sonor ritu. 2014 sonor februaryt revoltok rismondor paas kheluoir netritwor gutor poraa baad diya hoisil, jaar thait defender troy seplinor dwara xoloni koraa hoisil. iyar logote proxikhyokgorakiye teuk "poromporagot center huff forward rule" too obhinoy korar porikolponar xoite rewolte kichu xomoyor tulnat bhinnobhabe sijontur usoroloi ohaa dekha goisil. teu off-sijonot nijor khelor ujon hraax korisil, teur xusthotar aadhar briddhi korisil aaru logote teur aathu aaru nitomboloi xoru off-sijon ostrupsaror poraa xustho hoi uthise. round 1-too porajito huwar xomoyot rewoltor prodorxonok proxikhyokor dwara "tulonamulokbhabe beyaa" buli label diya hoisil, forward recording 10-tokoi komm nispottikoron aaru round 8,2012-ror pisot prothombaror baabe maatro etaa go "lor xoite. teuk round 3-too trip korar baabe protibedon diya hoisil, kintu e. ef. el. mess ribhiu penele oporadhtu nilombonor ojugyo buli gonyo korar pisot kewol etaa proxongxaire polayon korisil. mey 'maahot clubber bixoyaxokole teuk xasti disil, jetiya teu dolor notun swort-kicking game xoilir karzokoritar biruddhe rajohuwabhabe kotha koichil. hardwike koutuk kori xongbad madhyomoloi bujai disil je klabkhone "teur mukhor poraa (rewoltor) bhori aaru teur gadhar poraa mur bhori sthanantorito korisil". teu twiteror joriyote rajohuwabhabe khyoma bisarisil, aaru pholsworupe nirbasonor kujtu erai goisil. sidneet gws jayantsor biruddhe rismondor 113 pointor bijoyot teu karrier xorbadhik 11taa go "lo korar xomoyot teur khelpotharor protikriya guruttopurno aasil. july maahot, doxoktur fl tasmaniyar tasmanian dolot revoltok ful-forward hisape namakoron koraa hoisil. dwitiyo dharabahik sijonor baabe, rewolt aaru tigers e. ef. el. finalor baabe jugyota orjon koribo, kintu maatro etaa mesor pisot punor baad porisil. teu 61taa go "lo koo" koo kori aaru ekerahe ponchom bosorot rismondor go "lo korar botaa laabh kori sijontu xomapto korisil. 1934-1938 too jek titusor pisot teu clubber itihaxot punpotiyakoi pasta sijonot 50 go 'lo koraa dwitiyojon kheluwoi hoi porisil. 2015 sonor ritu. etaa abegik off-sijonor pisot zo 'too teur khurak bhai medir mrityu ontorbhukto aasil, rewolte ek xomane abegik round 1 xohyo korisil. teu carltonor biruddhe rismondor bijoyot sarita go "lo koo" lo disil aaru teur protitu go "lor pisot aakaxoloi anguliyai teur smritir baabe teur prodorxon utxorga koraa dekha goisil. teu 5ror poraa 8 roundot xoktixali raan owo form laabh korisil, 14taa go "lo korisil aaru chaari xoptahor xomoisuwat gorh xaat nomborotkoi odhik mark laabh korisil. 13 nong roundot teu sijonor xorbobrihot tey 'lo koo' koo koribo, ess. chi. ji.-too teur biruddhe soita go 'lo koribo. saint kilder xoite 16 xongkhyok roundor mess-aapok "medi 'jo mess" hisape sinhito koraa hoisil, ji rewoltor khurak-bhonir kaaron "medi' jo bhijon" ror baabe puji xongroho korisil. teu rismondor bijoyi dolot dutaa go "lo koo" koo korisil. xokolute 2015 rewoltor baabe ek utkristo bosor hisape promanito hoisil, xosthobaror baabe clubber aagxarir go "lo kikaar botaa (54) laabh korisil aaru taar pisot nombor aaru nispottikoronor baabe karrier uschota sthapon korisil. teur keriyarot dwitiyobaror baabe rewolte flor ol-australian dololoi basoni laabh korisil, eibar center-huff forwardor sthanot. teu kebhin bartlet podok xurokhito kori rismondor shrestho aaru nyajyotomot ponchom sthan laabh korisil. rewolte 2015 sonot etaa rismond recordou bhongo korisil, jek titusok otikrom kori ekerahe soita sijonot 50 tokoi odhik go "lo koraa prothom rismond kheluwoi hoisil. rewolte junor xexor faale ek sukti xomproxaronot swakhyor korisil, jaar folot teuk komeu 2019 sijonor xexoloike rismondor xoite sukti kori rakhisil. 2016 sonor ritu. jetiya 2015 sonor xexor faale rismondor odhinayok trent kutchine podor poraa podotyag koriboloi aahbanor xonmukhin hoisil, tetiya revoltok xombhabyo xoloni hisape naam diya hoisil. teu ei onuman baatil kori byakhya korisil, "moi (odhinayok huwar) prosnotuu monuronjon koribo nuwaru kaaron mur dristit moi bhabu (kutchin) aamar football clubber odhinayok huwar baabe shrestho byokti." khelpotharot, sijontut rewolte center-huff forward owosthanoloi teur poriworton obyahot rakhisil. teu ujon hraax kori aaru go "lo lineor poraa khelkhonot odhik monujug di nijor xohonxilota, sonsolota aaru laaf diyar khyomota unnot korisil. 5moo roundot teu gurit xamanyo aaghat paisil aaru teur clubber 6moo roundor khelor baabe xaju hoh 'boloi icing aaru punorbaxonor ek tibro karzoxusir proyujon hoisil. teu emsijit jilongor haatot 21 roundot porasto huwar xomoyot teur karrier 200 xongkhyok khelot khelisil. rewolte owoxexot 2016 sonot rismondor 22khon khelor protitute khelisil, dolor netritwo diya 48taa go "lo koo" lo korisil. aathkhon khelot aatmoprokax korar pisot prothombaror baabe teu ekhon khelot pasta go "lor begg etakou laathi maari juwa nasil. obosye teu muth aaru gorh nispottikoronot ek notun byoktigoto shrestho sthapon korisil, teur notun bhumikatu midfieldor usorot khelisil. rewolte clubber xorbosrestho aaru nyajyotom gononat soturtho sthan laabh korisil, jaar pholsworupe fred suift podoktu xurokhito korisil. clubber proxikhyokor dwara etaa bosor pispora podokhyep buli obhihito korar pisot, rewolt xongbad madhyomor dwara banijyik onumanor dwara aaguri aasil. teu clubber proti nijor protisruti punorabritti kori daabi korisil je teu "xokolu dixote halodhiya aaru koo 'laa" jodiu pisor bosorburot nischito korisil je teu clubber xoite ketiyau ullekhjugyo doliyo xofolota orjon koribo buli xondeh koriboloi aarombho korisil. 2017 sonor ritu. rewoltor 2017 sonor praak-sijontu dirghosthayi aaghator baabe badhagrosto hoisil. xolyosikitxokjone odhik gurutor khyotir kotha gom puwar folot prokriyatu majbhagot xompurno gurali punor nirmanoloi xoloni korar aagote 2016 sonor septembor maahot teur guralir xoru ostrupsar koraa hoisil. novembor maahot teu punor surir tolot porisil, eibar purbote bhangi juwa aangulir khyoti meramoti koriboloi. 2017 sonor march maahot teuk rismondor xoho-upo-odhinayok hisape nijukti diya hoisil. teu defender alex rensor xoite bhumikatu bhag koribo lagisil, aanhate duyujone obyahot thoka odhinayok trent kutchinor odhinot xewa aagborhaisil. off-sijonot ful forward taai bhaikarir free-agency prosthanor xoite, rewolte 2017 sonot gobhir forward owosthat odhik game-time saab. 2017 sonor 1moo roundot teu rismondor bijoyot karrier shrestho xatota tekel record korisil. round 5ror enjas day eve melbornor xoite huwa xonghorxot rewolte aardro botoror khelot soita go "lo koo" lo. 2017 sonor 7moo roundot etihad stadiumor biruddhe ekhon khelot teu teur karrier 500tomo go "lo koo" koo korisil. teu clubber itihaxot ponchom drutotom mailor khutir mailor khuti aasil. 11khon khelor pisot aaru modhyo-sijon bait rewolte 29taa go "lo koo" koo korisil. 13 nombor roundot teu teur 214 xongkhyok e. ef. el. khelot ongxo loisil, aath nombor garnesit ejon rismond kheluoiye khelaa xorbadhik khelor baabe dick kle otikrom korisil. round 13 aaru 14too teur dutaa aaru tinita go "lor khelor folot ekadhik go" lor xoite teur ekerahe khelar dhaara 10 loi aahisil. xei xomoyot xei dhaara bojai rokha protijugitakhonor ekmatro kheluwoi aasil teu aaru bosoror go "lo koo" lor talikakhonot ponchom sthan dokhol korisil. saint kilder haatot round 16too rismondor porajoyot 67 pointor porajoyot maatro etaa go "lo maari aaru xatota xompoti xongroho kori rewolt aasil keibajonu durbol prodorxokor bhitorot ejon. iyar uporiu, rewoltor prothom dokhol khelor dwitiyo cowarteror ostom minuteloike ohaa nasil. proxikhyonor xomoyot xotirtho mabior kolor poraa akosmikbhabe sokut aaghat puwar folot rewoltor korniya kaati sokur pisfale roktokhyoron hoisil. aaghator folot teu rismondor round 19 meskhon receivor biruddhe khelibo nuwarile aaru kromanwoye khelaa 86khon khelor rewoldtor steakor onto pelaisil. teu biruddhe round 21too ubhoti ohaar aagote round 20too aan ekhon khel eribo nuwarile. round 23too rewolte forwardor owoxoror khelot teur khurak bhai nikor biruddhe khelisil. teu saint kilda forward jos bruchor xoite khelpotharor poraa nikor xobhapotitwo korisil jitu dwitiyo saint kilda kheluoijonok xonmanor baabe porasto korar baabe bitorkito aasil. jilong aaru jidbliuchor biruddhe suranto bijoyor pisot, rewolt aaru rismonde grand finalor baabe jugyota orjon koribo, 1982 sonor pisot klabkhonor prothomtu. teuluke owoxexot miner-primiyaror biruddhe khelkhonot 48 pointore joylabh koribo, rewolte dutaa go "lo, choy mark aaru xatota tekel orihona jugabo. mesor pisor udjaponor xomoyot aamerikan rok bendo dyo killersor dwara emsijit etaa binamuliya xongitanusthan onusthito koraa hoisil, jaar rewolt ejon onuragi. iyar aagor xoptahot club aaru e. ef. el. miriya menejaror xoite prostab utthapon korar pisot, revoltok teulukor 2005 sonor ekok "mister" gaboloi monchot bendot jugdan koriboloi bikhyatbhabe aamontron jonuwa hoisil. ujjwol dix ". 2017 sonor sijonot teur prodorxonor baabe rewolte ostom-strait clubber aagxarir go 'lo-kikaar botaa laabh korisil, clubber shrestho aaru nyajyotom gononat xoptom sthan laabh korisil, 50ror bhitorot nomboror baabe leegot prothom sthan laabh korisil aaru ejon primiyarswip kheluwoi hoisil. 2018 sonor ritu. 2018 sijonor rewolde clubber bhi. ef. el. dolor biruddhe ek aantoh-club khelot rismondor siniyaror baabe xatota go "lo boot kori xoktixali go" lo-kicking form dekhuwaisil. taar poraa teu clubber protitu praak-sijon khelot kheliboloi goi sijonor xothik aarombhonite sarita go "lo koo" ley. rewolte poxekor pisot aaru sarita jug kori teur doltuk 13 pointor bijoyot xohay korisil. trent kutchin aaghator baabe polomkoi proityahar huwar pisot round 7too rewolte teur keriyarot prothombaror baabe ghoruwa aaru duroit onusthito ekhon khelot rismondor odhinayokotwo korisil. duxoptahor pisot optas stadiumot teur biruddhe ekhon khelot pasta go "lo koo" koo korisil. xei khelkhonote teu tritiyo kromtur xexor faale liam dugonor uporot etaa bump disil, jaar folot poroborti birotitut teur tez uluwa dekha goisil. teur swasthyor baabe udweg prokax korar pisot xei nixa doltur xoite melbornoloi ubhoti jaboloi teuk sikitsar baabe nirmul koribo logaa hoisil. xei xomoyoloike teu protijugitat muth go "lo koo" koo koo korar baabe (24) kewol benn braun (31) aaru jek darling (28) ror pisot tritiyo sthanot aasil. jodiu teu poroborti xoptahot kheliboloi xompurno xustho hoi uthe, xei round 10 mesor prothom cowarteror maatro paas minutor bhitorot defender jek carlisole bhulbhabe lunthon korar xomoyot murot aaghat puwar pisot teu kunu orthopurno obodan aagborhabo nuwarile. teur onuposthitir swotweu rismonde ek bijoy laabh koriboloi xokhyom hoisil aaru carlicele ei aakromonor baabe dutaa mesor nilombon laabh korisil. rewolte aaghator folot etaa xompurno khel heruwai diya nasil, poroborti xoptahot teur dolor xopunor xomoyot 'ji' bijoyot xaari paati aasil. taar pisor xoptahot, revoltok "fox futi" ror "midd-bosor ol australian" scowadot naam diya hoisil. fokxor bhaisyokari poll ruseu teuk baadha diya, sthan sristi koraa aaru pek cress korar prochestar baabe proxongxa korisil, ruche teuk "protijugitar ataitkoi niswartho kheluwoi" buli label disil."june maahor xexot hobertot onusthito ek jakjomokpurno onusthanot teuk tasmanian football holl owo femot ontorbhukto koraa hoisil. modhyo sijon baair pisot, rewolte etihad stadiumot joyor xomoyot teur karrier etaa prodorxon korisil. teu karrier shrestho nombor (21) aaru protidonditar nombor (xaat) ror logote tinita go "lo koo" koo korisil aaru 21taa nispottikoron record korisil jitu tinita braunolu podok bhut aaru proxikhyok xongsthar botatut ek nikhut 10 bhutor dwara puroskrito ek shrestho-ono-ground prodorxon aasil. round 16ror bijoyot rewolte xei botatut aaru etaa bhut laabh korisil aaru 18 xongkhyok roundot biruddhe sarita go "lor prodorxonor baabe aaru dutaa bhut aakorxon korisil. poroborti xoptahot teu 50ror bhitorot notaa loi teur dolor joyot ek notun byoktigoto shrestho sthapon korisil. july maahor xexot rewolte rismondor xoite ek notun tini bosoriya sukti swakhyor kore, jiye teuk komeu 2021 sijonor xexoloike clubber proti daybodho kori raakhe. fox futir e. ef. el. 360 too teur niyomiya penelistor bhumikat kotha paati, rewolte 2019 sonor xexoloike purbote thoka teur bortomanor suktir punor gothonot beton hraax koraa buli daabi korisil. 20 xongkhyok roundot teu sarita go "lo koo" koo korisil, jitu xei bosorot teur ponchomtu muth go "lo aasil. xei khelkhonor xoite, teur 244 keriyar uposthitir xoite, rewolte aath nombor garnesi pindhi khelaa khelxomuhor baabe xorbokalin vfl/afl obhilekh sthapon korisil. rewolte iyar pisot teur tritiyo keriyarot ek round 21too joy laabh kori doh go "lor xoite karrier uscho 26taa nispadon xongroho korisil aaru xei sijonot kick koraa go" lor baabe leegor aagxarir sthanot aasil. teu 23 roundot teur talikat aaru pasta go "lo jug korisil, 600 karrier go" lo mailor khuti otikrom korisil aaru 65 go "lor xoite ghoruwa aaru durot sijon xomapto korar pisot teur tritiyo colleman podok orjon korisil. teu leegor itihaxot ostomjon kheluwoi aaru tritiyobaror baabe botaa laabh koraa rismond clubber itihaxot prothomjon kheluwoi hisape porigonito hoisil. teuk e. ef. el.-ror bosoror kheluwoi rating dolor forward poketot sthan diyar logote tritiyobaror baabe ol-australian hisape namakoron koraa hoisil. emsijit joy laabh koraa rismondor prothom finalot rewolte xei bosor maatro tritiyobaror baabe etaa go "lo koo" boloi byortho hoisil. teu clubber prarombhik finalot pasta go "lore xei prodorxon xongxudhon korisil. teur prochestar swotweu, rismondok suranto sringkholar poraa aatorai diya hoh 'bob jitur poraa 39 pointor porajoy hoisil. 2018 sonor final sringkholar xomaptir pisot, rewolte go "lor baabe leegot prothom sthan laabh kore aaru 50 nomboror bhitorot sthan laabh korar logote sko" ror jorito korar baabe dwitiyo aaru protidondita koraa nomboror baabe ponchom sthan laabh kore. herald chaan" ror mukhyo football lekhok mark robinsoneu teuk 2018 sonor sijonor xomoyot leegor shrestho forward aaru xamogrikbhabe tritiyo shrestho kheluwoi hisape namakoron korisil. rewolte teur xundor sijonor baabe karrier shrestho 10taa braunolu podokor bhut xongroho korisil aaru logote rismondor shrestho aaru nyajyo kheluwoi hisape teur dwitiyo jek dier podok laabh korisil. 2019 borxor ritu. 2018 sonor sijonor thik pisor mahburot rewoltor kandhor xoru xoru ostrupsar koruwa hoisil. disemborot xompurno proxikhyonoloi ubhoti ohaar aagote teuk off-sijonor prarombhik xoptahburot doura onuxilonot ximabodho koraa hoisil. xei xomoyot e. ef. el.-ror porixongkhya ongxidar "champion daata"-ye revoltok dwitiyo shrestho mool sthanor forward aaru xamogrikbhabe leegor 34tomo shrestho kheluwoi hisape sinhito korisil. eke off-sijonote clube prakton forward tomm linchok rismond forward lineot rewoltor xoite kheliboloi nijukti disil. 2019 sonor prothom football khelor uposthiti aasil february maahot 2019 e. ef. el. ex. protijugitat 'rampage' dolor odhinayok hisape. xei maahor aarombhonite televisionor khosorat byoktigotobhabe nijor doltuk basoni korar pisot rewolte protijugitakhonot championswipoloi rempageor netritwo disil. iyar pisot rewolte februaryr xexor faale aaru marchor aarombhonite rismondor praak-sijonor dukhonkoi khelot ongxogrohon korisil aaru marchor xexor faale emsijit carltonor biruddhe sijonor udwudhoni khelot teur 250 xongkhyok afl khel khelisil. teu meskhonot etaa go "lo koo" koo korisil, jaar folot teur karrier muth xongkhya 608 loi aahisil aaru michael rusor poraa rismondor xorbokalin go "lo koraa leaderbo" rdot xompurno soturtho sthan laabh korisil. round 2too porasto huwar xomoyot rewoltor haator muthito apatdristito xamanyo aaghat paisil. aaghator pisotu teu raakor stintoke dhori khelkhonor baaki ongxotu khelisil. pisdina xompurno huwa scanburot prokax paisil je rewoltor byaxardhor etaa xoru oh-sthanchyuti huwa osthibhongo hoisil aaru hatorojjur kichu ligamentor khyoti hoisil. ekekhon khelot rewoltor baau aathur modhyo cruciate ligamentotu mosola porisil. xei aaghator baabe tinita mess eri juwar pisot, rewolte futbololoi ubhoti aahisil aaru rismondor round 6 enjas day eve joyot dutaa go "lo koo" lo disil. obosye khelkhonot teu aan etaa aathur aaghator xonmukhin hoh "bob, jaar folot teur baau aathur pisfalor cruciate ligamentor uscho-shrenir khyoti hoisil. rismond clubber bixoyaxokole koichil je aghattu meramoti koriboloi ostrupsaror proyujon noho 'bob jodiu iyar pholsworupe xei rewolttu etiyau soyor poraa aath xoptahor bhitorot heruwabo. xei khelor xomoyot teuk bayley fritchosot ek bipodjonok tekelor babeu protibedon diya hoisil jaar baabe teuk 1,000 dollar jorimonar prostab diya hoisil. rewolte fl tribinelot obhijug utthapon korisil zo 'too teu bifol hoisil, owoxexot jorimona 1,500 dolaroloi briddhi koraa hoisil. rewolte junor prothom xoptahor bhitorot punor douriboloi aarombho korisil, xei maahor xexor faale round 15-too fl ghuri ohaar lokhyo loisil. teu xei lokhyo du xoptahor bhitorot heruwaisil, doityoxokolor biruddhe round 17-too joylabh korisil zo' too teu etaa go 'lo korisil. teu poroborti xoptahot sijonor etiyaloike teur shrestho outputot aaru tinita go "lo jug korisil, aanhate proxikhyok damien hardwike julyr baaki xomoisuwat formot thoka xotirtho linchor xomorthonot teur niswartho khelor proxongxa korisil. round 22ror joyot, dutaa prithok sinhito protijugitat teur protidondir pithir pisfale bhori rokhar pisot revoltok dubarkoi free kikor baabe aahban jonuwa hoisil. iyar pisor xoptahot, e. ef. el.-e ghuxona korisil je kewol khyoti korar xombhawona thoka odhik bipojjonok karzokolap ontorbhukto koriboloi niyomtu xithil koraa hoh 'bob, jaate rewoltor biruddhe diya prokaror free kick aaru porixudh koraa nohoy. ghoruwa aaru duroit sijonor suranto roundot rewolte defender marcus edamsor uporot sarita prothom cowarter go "lo koo" koo korisil jodiu pisot baaki khelkhonor baabe darcy gardinere rokhya korar pisot aaru kunu go "lo koribo poraa nasil. rismonde sijontu tritiyo sthanot xomapto korar pisot, rewolte rijor uporot 47 pointor jugyota orjon koraa suranto bijoyot tinita go "lo koo" lo. iyar pisot huwa prathomik finalot teu jothesto komm probhawxali aasil, prothom ordhot teur ekmatro nispotti hisape maatro etaa handball record korisil aaru owoxexot teur doltuwe porasto huwar logote teur biruddhe ek grand final mesaapot joylabh korar baabe go "lobihin hoi porisil. grand finalot rewolte mesor xorbuscho pasta go "lo koo" koo korisil, jihetu rismonde tini bosoror bhitorot dwitiyobaror baabe primiyarswipot joylabh korisil, jiye dangor defender fill debhisor gotir obhabok kaajere loisil, jijonor bhorir guralit aaghator baabe pray polomkoi proityahar koraa hoisil. teur go "lor bhitorot aasil tinita dwitiyo-cowarter go" lo, zo "too teu huff taimot maatit ek nombor nombor kheluwoi hisape porigonito hoisil aaru owoxexot player owo dyo mesor baabe bhutdan kori normo smith podokot soturtho sthan orjon korisil. rewoltor pasta go "lo aaru etaa pisfale (31 point) ror baabe teu e. ef. el./bhi. ef. el.-ror itihaxot soturthogoraki kheluwoi aaru 59 bosoror bhitorot ekokbhabe grand finalot birudhi doltuk (25 point) otikrom koraa prothomgoraki kheluwoi hisape porigonito hoisil. 2020 sonor ritu. rewolte 2020 sonor baabe teur prothomkhon mess february maahot buswofayar rif mesor baabe e. ef. el.-ror puji xongroho koraa owosthat khelisil, aaru mitroxoktir ol-staar dolor ongxo hisape teur griho rajyo tasmaniyak protinidhitwo kori dutaa go "lo korisil. xei xoptahantot teu prothom pri-sijon meskhon kheliboloi ulai goisil kintu exoptahor pisot teu clubber suranto pri-sijon mesor baabe ubhoti aahisil. ek nirontor praak-ritur swotweu, marchor majbhagoloike australiat korunabhairas mohamarir drut ogrogotir folot rewolt aaru prodhanmontritwor protirokhyake dhori sijonor bhobisyot xondehor xonmukhin hoisil. owoxexot e. ef. el. commissione ghuxona korisil je sijontur aarombhoni nirdharito xomoixusi onuxori hoh 'bob, kintu dolgoto xomawexot jonoswasthyor nixedhagyar baabe onuragixokol uposthito nathake. sijonor majbhagot ek guruttopurno birotir proyujon hoh "bob buli aaxa kori, leege ghuxona korisil je sijontu 17 roundor poribortito khelor xoite xompurno koraa hoh" bob aaru bosoror pisor ordhangxot suti birotir xoite ekadhik mess khelibo buli aaxa koraa kheluoixokolor uporot buja hraax koriboloi kuwar baabe cowarter doirghyo ek ponchomangxo hraax koraa hoh "bob. xei poristhitit, rewolte etaa round 1too joy laabh kori xoman dolor uscho tinita go "lo koo" koo korisil, zo "too teuk xoptahtur" e. ef. el. miriya "ror dolot sthan diya hoisil. obosye maatro tini dinor pisote, ekadhik rajyoi teulukor ximantot kuwarantainor sorto bolowot korar pisot e. ef. el. commissione onirdistokalor baabe sijon sthogito rakhisil. rewolte 11 xoptahor birotir pisot junor aarombhonite sijontu punor aarombho huwar xomoyot durbol prodorxonor baabe xongbad madhyomor porikhya aakorxito korisil, round 2 aaru 3too go "lobihin khelor pisot. teu poroborti roundot xaat xoptahor obirot go" lo kicking dour aarombho korisil, xei xomoisuwat teu aaru clubtuk melbornot bhairasor pradurbhawor protikriyat gold kustoloi sthanantorito koraa hoisil. rewolte aahot trent kutchinor thait 6-8 roundor maajot tini xoptahor baabe clubber odhinayok hisape karzonirbah korisil. 10 nong roundot teu byoktigoto sijonor shrestho sarita go "lo koo" koo koo kori ror "lor biruddhe joylabh korisil, 11 nong roundot koo" tisinor onuposthitit ekok khelor baabe doltur netritwo diyar xomoyot aaru tinita jug korar aagote. 12 nong roundot teu rismondor onyotomo shrestho aasil, xei joyot dutaa go "lor obodanor baabe ejon proxikhyokor botaa bhut laabh korisil. teu 17 roundor joyot sarita go "lo koo" koo kori maatit xoman shrestho hisape aan notaa bhut laabh korisil. rewolte 28taa go "lo kori niyomiya sijontu xomapto korisil, owoxexot colleman podok protijugitat xoman xostho sthan orjon korisil. teu clubber final prosaror udwudhoni khelot dutaa go "lo koo" koo korisil, ek jugyota orjon koraa suranto porajoy, go "lobihin huwar aagote aaru exoptahor pisot semi-finalot joylabh korar xomoyot sijonor nimno sarita nispotik loi. xei durbol porixongkhyar prodorxonor swotweu, proxikhyok damien hardwike pisor xoptahot xei prodorxonor baabe revoltok proxongxa korisil, bixexkoi sinhito protijugitat birudhi birudhi defenderxokolok oswikar korar khyomotar baabe. ekedore prarombhik suranto bijoyot, rewolte kewol etaa go "lo kori 2015 sonor pisot prothombaror baabe kunu mark nuhuwakoi juwar pisotu marking pek bibhajon korar baabe hardwickor rajohuwa proxongxa orjon korisil. rewolte pisor xoptahot odhik sko" robo "rd swikriti orjon korisil, tinibaror primiyarswip kheluwoi hoi porisil aaru 31 pointor grand final bijoyot dutaa go" lo korisil. rewolte xei bosor 33taa go "lor baabe doxomkhon clubber aagxarir go" lo kikaar botau orjon korisil, aanhate clubber xorbosrestho aaru nyajyotom gononar bhitorot xoman 14tomo sthan laabh korisil zo "too teu 21taa xombhabyo khelot ongxogrohon korisil. 2023 sonor ritu. 2023 sonor prothom roundot rewolte teur karrier ostom dro "too khelisil aaru leeg obhilekh sthapon korisil. kheluoir profile. rewolte go "lo kicking ful forward aaru center huff forward hisape khele. teur uschota maatro 193 centimeter, owosthat teur uschota komm. 2010-ror doxokot teu leegor jikunu kheluoir bhitorot 50 nomboror bhitorot xorbadhik nombor laabh korisil aaru xei xomoyot franklinor xoite tinita colleman podokor xoite mill kori lens franklinor baahire aan jikunu kheluoitkoi odhik go "lo korisil. 2019/20 off-sijonot, revoltok 2010-ror doxokor shrestho kheluoixokolor "herald cho 'noo" ror talikat xamogrikbhabe 13tomo shrestho kheluwoi hisape sinhito koraa hoisil. 2020 sonot revoltok "herald saane" rismondor fl jugor soturtho shrestho kheluwoi hisape namakoron korisil. porixongkhya. "23,2022 sonor xexoloike update koraa hoise. ! kulon = 3. keriyar ! 325 ! 752 ! 451 ! 2940 ! 972 ! 3912 ! 1734 ! 694 ! 2.3 ! 1.4 ! 9.0 ! 3.0 ! 12.0 ! 5.3 ! 2.1 ! 62 nutxomuh byoktigoto jiwan. rewolt german oitijyor aaru teur pitri-matrir kokak-kokak henz aaru helga 1950 sonot europiyo rastror poraa probrojon korisil. teur pitri crich aasil tasmanian football leegor clarenceot 298khon khelor kheluwoi, rajyokhonor ejon protinidhi kheluoir logote tasmanian football holl owo femot ontorbhukto. rewoltor dui xoru bhatri heri aaru charley, duyujone konistho rajyik porzayot tasmaniyar hoi khelisil. teu prakton saint kilda fl football kheluwoi nik rewoltor prothom khurak. rewolte 2016 sonot dirghodiniya premika carley jigolaror xoite bagdan korisil aaru 2017 sonor novembor maahot rewoltor griho rajyo tasmaniyat ek onusthanot teuluke bibahpaxot aabodho hoisil. dompotihalor prothom xontan, egoraki suwalir jonmo 2019 sonot hoisil. 2021 sonot, dompotihale teulukor dwitiyo konyar jonmo ghuxona korisil. football khelpotharor poraa aatorot rewolt ejon aagrohi golf kheluwoi, ebaar 0.6 porimanor komkoi handicapor poraa khelisil. teu aamerikan rok bendo dyo killersoru onuragi, jaar xoite teu 2017 sonot rismondor primiyarswip bijoyor pisot monchot poriwexon korisil. xongbad madhyomor jiwan. fox futir "e. ef. el. 360" too revoltok xaptahik otithi hisape dekha yaay. teu australier tibhi swo 'dyo great weekend 2019-too host hisape uposthito hoisil aaru 2020 sonot 1116sn-too xumbare nixa teu nijor readyo' auwar aayujon korisil. revoltok nubha 100 melborno readyo 'swo' cricy, chem endo braunito niyomitbhabe dekha yaay. korkot rugor bhoy. 2007 sonot rewoltor pithir poraa etaa korkot rugor till aatorai diya hoisil. 0. 9 millimeter melanuma korkot rug buli nischito huwar pisot teur odhik kolaa aatorai peluwa hoisil aaru tetiyar poraa punorabritti protirudh koriboloi niyomiya porikhya koraa hoisil. 2014 sonot teu e. ef. el. players ess "siyesyon aaru korkot porixod victoriyar dwara" puruxxokolok korkot rugor bixoye kothin kothupkothon koriboloi preron koriboloi "ek prosaror netritwo disil." medir dristi. jetiya rewoltor khuri bhai medee (bhoniyekor poraa nik) ror 2015 sonor aarombhonite rokto rug applastic roktohinotar folot mrityu hoisil, tetiya teu aaru rewolt poriyaltu teur xonmanot sthapon koraa datobyo xongstha medor bhijonor baabe rajohuwa mukhopatro hoi porisil. bahyik xongzug. ]

jack reult jack reult (; jonmo 31 octobor 1988) ekjon peshadar australian rules football kheload jini australian football lige (afl) richmond football cluber hoye khelen. tini tinbarer premiership kheload, tinbarer colleman padakjayee, tinbarer oll-australian, oll-australian richarda cluber shirshosthaniyo golrakkhak, duibarer jack dier padakjayee ebong tasmanian football holl off famour. tini richarder soho-adhinayak hisabeo kaaj corren ebong 2017 saal theke taa korey cholechen. prathomik jeebon ebong junior football. reulter jonmo tasmania hobert shohore criss ebong lesley reulter ghore. tini belleriever purbo hobert shohortolite bede othen ebong tasmania esha. eff. ell-ayee clarencer jonno junior football khelten. 2005 saale reult 16 bochor boyse clarencer saathe taar senior atmoprokash corren, tarpore ekti herey yawa granned final soho chudanta sirijer madhyome cluber saathe khelen jekhane tini charti goal corren. porer bochor tini abar clarencer saathe ekti senior granned finale khelen, ebar tini cluber vijayi doler sadasya. porey tini tassy marinerder saathe tyaka cup porjaye khelechilen ebong proshikkhon niyechilen ebong 2006 saaler 18 bochorer qama vayasi championshipe taanr rajyer protinidhitto korechilen. championshiper tinti matche tini moat atti goal corren ebong doo 'barr taanr doler sera kheloader modhye sthan paan. 2006 saale tini vfl-ayee tasmanian devilser hoye atti match khelechilen. ekti biseshbhabe ullekhjoggo khela esechilo bendigor biruddhe, jekhane tini charti goal corren ebong 13 nambar nene. tini seenta virgils ebong hoberter rosney college uchcho bidyalaye padashona corren. khasadatir agey, afl medier myata burgen taake "goal-kicking forward" hisebe chinnito korey, jini atyanta shaktishali overhead."tobey, taanke taanr poder jonno sangkhipto ebong dheer ubhayi bibechona koraa hoto, uttor melbourner niyogkari byabosthapok neville stibbard porey montobbo korechilen jey tini biswas corren naa jey reult" "kridavid baa matther ubhoy prante (matther) mool abosthan khelar jonno jotheshto lomba chhilen."richardmond niyogkari manager francis jackson porey reulter chittakarshak football smart ebong boler udan porar dokkhotake taar niyoger mool kaaron hisabe smaran korechilen. afl carrier. 2007 morsum. 2006 saaler afl jatiya khasda cluber prothom nirbachan ebong samogrikbhabe samogrikbhabe nirbachan niye reulter khasda toiri koraa hoyechilo. 2007 saaler morshumer 9maum rounde, 'zii' matche msgr biruddhe swapner somoye tini taar afl atmoprokash corren. porer saptahe tini khelenni, porer rounde senior doley uposthito hoyechilen. saathe rounde taanr biruddhe tinn-goler performancer ongsho hisabe tini taanr carrier prothom golti korechilen. tini morsumer shesh chhoyti matcher modhye panchti khelen, seii bochor taanr atti senior matche satti goal korey shesh corren. 2008 morsum. 2008 saale reult nijeke richmonder senior doler niyamita sadasya hisabe protisthito corren. tini choturtho rounde morshumer prothom matchti khelechilen ebong 18tii match khele shesh korey seii morshume arow ekti match miss korechilen. taanr biruddhe panchti goler round 15 bagti chhilo takhankar carrier sera. tini moat 18tii goal corren, jaa seii morshume cluber pancham sera goler jonno valo chhilo. 2009 morsum. reult 2009 saaler morshume prothombarer moto richmonder sera-22-ayee ekti morshum shuru corren, clubgulir round 1 matche err biruddhe khelen. cluber 8 oo 9tii rounder match miss korar agey, morshumer prothom satti rounde tini satti goal corren. tini 10maum rounde bipokkhe duti goal niye firey asen, corren rounde taar biruddhe arow tinti goal jog corren. taar onuposthitir porr noyti khelay tini 20tii goal korben, jaa ager bochorer tulna taar morshumer moat goler cheye beshi. eyi daude antarbhukta chhilo essendoner biruddhe richmonder 17 rounder joyer ekti chhoy-goler performance. reult seii saptahe juger jack nial dwara taar "padodesher smart" ebong chinnito korar dokkhotar jonno proshongshito hoyechilen. seii morshume tini arekti match miss korenni, 20tii match khele ebong ekti dologotovabe 32tii goal korey shesh corren. echhadao tini cluber sera ebong nyajyotomo gananay ashtam sthan adhikar corren. 2010 morsum. 2010 saal chhilo rewalter jonno ekti breakout bochor. tini taar prothom shaat matche 15tii goal korey morshumti shoktishalibhabe shuru korechilen. 8 theke 15 rounder modhye poroborti atti matche reult liger sera 43tii goal corren. noy bochor agey mathu lloyder porr theke etty chhilo onek khelay sorbochcho score. tini ekti joyer ovare agey rounde carrier sera 10tii goal corren. eyi goler modhye panchti prothom-quarter goal chhilo, jaar modhye charti khelar prothom 11 minuter modhye aase. 2007 saale jonathon brauner porr tini prothom kheload hisebe ekti matche 10tii goal corren ebong 2004 saale matheau richardsoner porr prothom richardmond kheload hisebe taa corren. biruddhe rounde docklands stadiume seenta kilder biruddhe 17tii nishpotti, 11tii chinno ebong satti goler jonno reultke sera-ono-ground hisabe manoneet koraa hoy. eibhabe tini prothom richmond kheload jini err shaat bochorer itihase iyana stuart podok jitechen. chaar bochorer kormojibone prothombarer moto reolt sombhabbo protiti match khele morsumti shesh corren. taanr 78tii goal chhilo liger jey konao kheloader dwara sorbadhik, jaa taanke jothakrome leeg hisabe colleman podok ebong michael roach podok ebong cluber shirshosthaniyo golrakkhak orjon korey. colleman jetar chaar deane porr reult richardmonder sera ebong nyajyotomo kheload hisebe jack dier podok nischito corren. tini sampurna forroarder abosthane oll-australian doleo manoneet hoyechilen. reult porey ireland soforer jonno nirbachito hohn ebong 2010 saaler antorjatik niyam sirije australier protinidhitto corren. 2011 morsum. 2011 morshum shurur agey reultke richmonder chhoy sadasyer netritter doley jukto koraa hoyechilo. prothom rounde carltoner bipokkhe chhoy goler morshum shuru howar porr, tini arow kathin poner diner sammukhin hohn. cluber dwitiya rounder matcher shurute tini ekti aghater shicker hohn ebong jey konao borh porisongkhangoto bibhage prabhab record korte sokkhom howar agey taake protisthapon koraa hoy. taake kapad bodoler ghargulike matther sange jukto korar sindi diye hamagudi ditey ebong matche firey aasaar jonno jore korey torko korte dekha yaay. reult april maase coach demien hardwicker kachh theke samalochana orjon corren, bollen jey sotirtho dustin martiner dike chitkar korey ebong tritiya rounde benche angul ditey dekha yawar porey taake maathe taar acharan poriborton korte hobey. haater angabhangir jonno taake ayee. eff. ell dwara 1,200 dollar jarimanao koraa hoyechilo. swarthopor khelar jonno robbert walls "jug"-ayee taanr samalochana korechilen; walls bolechilo jey rewalt "ekti daliya khelay ekjon byakti hoye uthechen." porer chhoy matche tini abhutopurbo forme probesh corren, tobey charbar charti goal corren ebong doo 'barr panch goal corren. hardwick taar praka-morshum porikolponati arow upore khelar jonno prayog korar foley qama goler lathi taanaa sotteo, bucky morshume taar form shaktishali chhilo. taanaa dwitiya bochor tini cluber shirshosthaniyo golrakkhaker puraskar jitechen ebong cluber 22tii matcher prottektitei khelechen. reulter 62tii goler foley tini luns frankliner porey colleman podoker daude dwitiya sthane chhilen. reult seii morshume cluber sera ebong nyajyotomo gananay nobom sthane chhilen. septembore jaanaa yaay jey reolt puro morshume aghater modhyo diye khelechen ebong charti ostropocharer prayojan hobey; protiti nitambe ekti korey, ekti anguler upor ebong onnoti taanr baam godalite. tini ekti proshikkhon durghotonar porey panjorer cartilager khotiro mokabila korchilen. 2012 morsum. astropachar ebong punoruddharer ekti off-sijon porey, reolt taar prothom tinti matche panchti goal ebong noyti backounde lathi merey bhulbhabe morsumti shuru korechilen. tini majhamajhi morshume taanr sera abosthane firey esechilen, 9maum oo 10maum rounde porpor chhoy oo atti goal korechilen. 10maum rounder joyti chhilo reulter reulter carrier match ebong 2003 saaler porr seenta kilder biruddhe richmonder prothom joy. tini gold coast ebong western bulldogser biruddhe 16 oo 20 rounder matche panchti goler byago lathi merechilen. tinn bochorer modhye dwitiyobarer moto reult morshumer sheshe liger goal scoring daude shirshe uthhe eshe 2012 morshumer jonno colleman podok nischito corren. tini morshumer chudanta matche tye-leader matheau pavlich () ebong tomm hockinser () pichhone tinti goal korey probesh corren, kintu chhoyti goal korey morshume 65 goal corren ebong duti jodaa theke baad paden. reult dwitiya richardmond kheload hisebe ekadhik colleman podok jeten ebong michael rocher club recorder samatulya hohn. prathomik mononitder modhye nirbachito howar madhyome reolt shesh porjonto bochorer sorbattok australian doley naam prakash korenni. warouik grin ebong myata windley off dya herald shaan onusare taanke ekti bitorkito baad deoa boley money koraa hoto. tini morshumer sera ebong nyajyotomo puroskare clubey nobom sthan adhikar corren. 2013 morsum. 2012-13 off-sijone abar chhotokhato ostropocharer jonno reultke chhurir niche jete dekha yaay, jaar punoruddharer foley taake seemit proshikkhoner bojha bohon korte badhyo koraa hoy. morshum anusthanikbhabe shuru howar agei reult itimadhye taar jogyata dekhiyechilen, sirener porey ekti goal korey richarder praka-morshum matchti jetar jonno. seii sirije tini prothombarer moto richardmonder adhinayakattao korechilen, aatt pointer joye. prothom rounder joye jokhon taake goal-biheen rakha hoyechilo, reult porer saptahe taar biruddhe shaat goal korey jobab diyechilen. porer saptahe tini eyi performanske samarthan corren, ebong err biruddhe arow panchti goal corren. reult 5-err eka point haarer somoy ganomadhyomer samalochana akarshan korechilen, ghonistho porajoyer porey sotirthoder proti khubdho protikriya jananor porey marqa macluer dwara "ekti primema donna" lebel koraa hoyechilo. rewalt taar chukti ebong khelar bhabishyat somporke samasta morshumer ganomadhyomer onumaner vishay chhilo. tini fremantler kachh theke prostab peyechilen boley jaanaa geche, kintu julaier shesher dike richmonder saathe ekti notun tinn bochorer chukti swakkhar korey banijyer ponthati purbonirdharito korechilen. 17 rounder porr reult liger goal-kicking talikar tritiya sthane chhilen, seii somoye 47tii sangraha korechilen. tini 57tii goal korey morshumti shesh corren, jaa 2009 saaler porr theke taanr sorbonimno goal, kintu tarporeo tini choturtho sarasari club netristhaniya golrakkhak puraskar jitote sokkhom hohn. septembore tini taanr carrier prothom finale khelen, jokhon emsijite ekti elemination finale richardmond herey zaan. morshumer sheshe reult cluber sera ebong nyajyotomo gananay soman saptam sthane chhilen. goal assister jonno tini lige tritiya sthan adhikar corren. 2014 morsum. 2014 saaler februaryte, reultke richmonder panch kheloader netritter doll theke baad deoa hoy, jaar stholabhishikto hohn defender troy chaplin. etty, kocher ekti parikalpana soho taake ekti "oitijjobahi center huff forroard bhumikai" abhinoy korar jonno, reultke kichhu somoyer tulna bhinnobhabe morsumer dike egiye aste dekhechilo. tini off-sijone khelar ozon komiye deena, taar fitness bases baadiye deena ebong chhotokhato off-sijoner astropachar theke hantu oo nitambeo sere othen. prothom rounde reulter porajoyer somoy coach taake "tulonamulokbhabe kharap" boley abhihito korechilen, forroard recording recording qama disposal ebong 8ee round, 2012-err porr prothombarer moto matro ekti goler saathe. tini tritiya rounde trippinger jonno report koraa hoyechilo, kintu afl match review panel eyi oporadhke sthogiter ajogya boley money korar porey cable ekti tiroskar diye paliye giechilen. meey maase club kormokortara taake shasti diyechilen, jokhon tini doler notun short-kicking khelar shailir karjokaritar biruddhe prokashye kotha bolechilen. hardwick rasikatar sange ganomadhyomke byakhya korechilen jey clubti "taar mukh theke (rewalter) paa ebong taar gadha theke amar paa sariye niyeche. tini tweeter madhyome prokashye khama cheyechilen ebong falaswarup nirbachan kunj ediye giechilen. sidneyte gws jayantder biruddhe richardmonder 113 pointer joye taanr kormojiboner sorbochcho 11tii goal korar somoy taanr matther protikriya ullekhjoggo chhilo. julai maase, refill tasmania doshoker tasmanian doley reultke phul-forward hisebe rakha hoy. taanaa dwitiya morshume, reult ebong tigerra afl finaler jonno jogyata orjon korechilo, kintu matro ekti matcher porey abar baad porechilo. tini 61tii goal korey ebong taanaa pancham bochor richardser goal korar puraskar jitey morsumti shesh corren. tini 1934-1938-ayee jack tituser porey, cluber itihase dwitiya kheload hisebe porpor panchti morshume 50tii goal corren. 2015 morsum. ekti abegprobon off-sijoner porey, jaar modhye taar khudtuto bhai maddyr mrityu antarbhukta chhilo, rewalt ekti soman abegprobon round 1 sohyo korechilen. carltoner biruddhe richmonder joye tini charti goal korechilen ebong taar protiti goler porey akasher dike ingito korey taar smritite taar abhinoy utsarga korte dekha giechilo. tini 5 theke 8 rounde shaktishali form orjon corren, 14tii goal corren ebong chaar saptaher samaykale gadey sattir beshi nambar paan. samogrikbhabe rounde tini esha. shee. zii-teey chhoyti goal korey morshumer sabcheye borh golti corren. seenta kilder saathe saathe rounder match-apke "maddyr match" hisabe chinnito koraa hoyechilo, jaa reult chachat bhaider "maddyr drishti" rawr jonno tehbil sangraha korechilo. tini richmonder vijayi doley duti goal corren. sorbomot 2015 reulter jonno ekti durdanto bochor hisabe promanito hoyechilo, shostho dharabahik club shirshosthaniyo golrakkhak puraskar (54) jitechilo ebong tokhon nambar ebong nishpottir jonno carrier sorbochcho sthan sthapon korechilo. taanr kormojibone dwitiyobarer moto reolt afl-err oll-australian doley nirbachito hohn, ebar center-huff forwarder abosthane. tini kevin bartlet podok nischito korey richmonder sera ebong nyajyotomo bibhage pancham sthan adhikar corren. reult 2015 saale jack tituske chhadiye prothom richmond kheload hisebe porpor chhoy morshume morshume beshi goal korar recordo venge deena. reult juner shesher dike ekti chuktir meyad badanor jonno swakkhar corren, ebong ontoto 2019 morshumer shesh porjonto taake richmonder saathe chuktiboddho rakhen. 2016 morsum. 2015 saaler shesher dike jokhon richardmonder adhinayak trent kochin podotyager ahobaner mukhomukhi hohn, tokhon reultke sombhabbo protisthapon hisabe naam deoa hoy. tini eyi onumanke udiye diye byakhya corren, "aami (adhinayak howar) proshnotio grohon korte paari naa kaaron amar chokhe aami money corry (kochin) amader football cluber adhinayak howar jonno sera byakti." maathe, morshume reult center-huff forroard abosthane taanr rupantar abyahoto rekhechilen. ozon komiye ebong goal line theke arow beshi korey khelar dike mononibesh korey tini taanr dhoirjo, chanchalata ebong luff deoar khomotake unnoto korechilen. 5maum rounde taanr godalite samanno aghat laage ebong taanr cluber cluber rounde khelar jonno prostuto howar jonno icing ebong punorbasoner ekti teebro programer prayojan hoy. tini taanr taanr kormojiboner khelay emm. shee. zii-teey biruddhe rounde jilong-err kachhe herey zaan. reult shesh porjonto 2016 saale richmonder 22tii khelar prottektite khelechilen, ekti doler shirshosthaniyo 48tii goal korechilen. aatt matcher abhishek morshumer porr eyi prothom tini ekti matche panchti goler byag naa merey choley zaan. tobey tini moat ebong garh nishpottir khettre ekti notun byaktigato sera seeta korechilen, taar notun bhumikati midfielder kachakachi khelechilen. reult cluber sera ebong nyajyotomo gananay choturtho sthan adhikar corren, jaar foley freda suift podokti surokkhito corren. cluber coach eka bochor pichhiye yawa podokkhep hisabe chinnito korar porey, rewalt midia outletgulir dwara banijya anuman dwara beshtito chhilo. tini cluber proti taanr protishruti punorbyokto korey daabi corren jey tini "holud ebong kaalo" jodio poroborti bochorgulite nischito korechilen jey tini kokhono cluber saathe ullekhjoggo daliya safalya orjon korte parben kina taa niye sandeha korte shuru korechilen. 2017 morsum. reulter 2017 saaler praka-morshum dirghasthayi aghater udweger karone badhagrosto hoyechilo. sarjan arow gurutoro khoti abishkar korar foley poddhotiti majhpathe ekti sampurna godali punargathane poribortito howar agey, 2016 saaler septembore taanr godalir chhoto astropachar koraa hoyechilo jaa prottashito chhilo. novembore tini abar chhurir niche choley zaan, ebar agey bhanga anguler khoti meramat korte. 2017 saaler march maase tini richardmonder soho-soho-adhinayak nijukto hohn. tini defender alex renser saathe bhumikati bhag korey neoar kotha chhilo, jokhon ubhayi abyahoto adhinayak trent kotchiner adhine kaaj korechilen. off-sijone phul forward tye vikerir phri-agency prosthaner saathe saathe, rewalt 2017 saale govir forroard abosthane arow beshi gema-time dekhte paabe. 2017 saaler 1maum rounde tini richardmonder joyer modhye carrier sera satti tackle record corren. melbourner saathe 5maum rounder anzak deey eve sangharshe reult ardro abhawar khelay chhoyti goal corren. 2017 saaler 7maum rounde etihad stadiumer bipokkhe ekti matche tini taanr taanr golti corren. tini chhilen cluber itihase pancham drutotomo milefolock arjankari. 11tii khelar porr ebong modhyo-morshumer baai-teey reult 29tii goal korechilen. samogrikbhabe rounde tini taanr taanr afl matche aatt nambar gurnsey-teey ekjon richmond kheloader dwara khela sorbadhik khelar jonno dick kleke atikram corren. 13 ebong 14 rounde taanr dui ebong tinti goler khela ekadhik goler saathe taanr dharabahik khelar dharabahikata 10-ayee niye aase. tini seii somoye seii dharabahikata dhorey rakha protijogitar ekmatro kheload chhilen ebong bochorer goler talikar pancham sthane chhilen. seenta kilder kachhe 16-err rounde reuolter porajoyer somoy reuolt chhilen besh koyekjon kharap kheloader modhye ekjon, 67 pointer porajoye matro ekti goal korey ebong satti sampatti sangraha corren. arow qee, khelar dwitiya quarter ashtam minit porjonto rewalter prothom dokhol aseni. proshikkhoner somoy sotirtho mabior koler akossikbhabe chokhe aghater foley reolter cornia ketey yaay ebong chokher pichhone raktapat hoy. eyi aghater foley tini richmonder biruddhe biruddhe rounder matchti miss corren ebong reulter taanaa 86tii khelar stick shesh corren. tini protipokkher biruddhe biruddhe rounde firey aasaar agey agey rounde arow ekti match miss corren. corren। rounde, reult forroarder abosarkalin matche taar khudtuto bhai niker biruddhe khelechilen. tini seenta kilda forroard joss brucer saathe maatth theke niker sovapotitto corren jaa bitorkito chhilo kaaron dwitiya seenta kilda kheloadke sommaner jonno pusses koraa hoyechilo. jilong ebong gws-err biruddhe chudanta joyer porr, rewalt ebong richardmond granned finaler jonno jogyata orjon korbe, jaa 1982 saaler porr cluber prothom. taaraa shesh porjonto minor-premierder biruddhe 48 pointe matchti jitobe, rewalt duti goal, chhoy nambar ebong satti tackler abodan rakhbe. match-poroborti udjaponer somoy american rock banned dya killers dwara emsijite ekti binamulye concert poribeshito hoyechilo, jaar reult ekjon bhokto. eka saptaha agey club ebong afl midia managerder sange prostabti utthapon korar porr, rewaltke taader 2005 saaler ekok "mih" ganti gaite monche bande jog deoar jonno bikhyatovabe amantran janano hoyechilo. ujjal dick ". 2017 morshume taar performancer jonno, reult ekti ashtam-sarasari club netristhaniya goal-kicker puraskar peyechilen, cluber sera ebong nyajyotomo gananay saptam sthane chhilen, 50-err modhye nomborer jonno lige prothom ebong ekjon premiership kheload hoyechilen. 2018 morsum. 2018 morshume egiye thaka reult dridha goal-kicking form dekhiyechilen, cluber vfl doler biruddhe ekti intra-club matche richmonder siniyarder jonno satti goal korechilen. sekhan theke tini cluber duti praka-morsumer matcher prottektite khelechilen ebong morshumer prothom rounde charti korey goal korechilen. reult eka pakkhik porey arow chaar jodaa jog corren, jaa taanr dolke 13 pointer byabodhane joylav korte sahajyo korey. trent kochin injurir karone derite prottahar korar porr reult taar kormojibone prothombarer moto ekti home ebong ayaoye matche richardmonder adhinayakatwa corren. dui saptaha porr optus stadiume taanr biruddhe ekti matche tini panchti goal corren. ekoi khelay tini tritiya quarterey shesher dike liam duganer upor ekti bump rekhechilen, jaar foley poroborti birotir somoy taake rokte kashte dekha yaay. taanr swasther jonno udweg prakash korar porr seii raate doler saathe melbourne firey yawar jonno taanke chikitsagotovabe saaf korte hoyechilo. seii somoy porjonto tini beena braun (31) ebong jack darling (28)-err porey moat goler jonno protijogitai tritiya sthane chhilen. jodio porer saptahe khelar jonno tini sampurna sustho hoye othen, tobey seii round 10 matcher prothom quarterey matro panch minuter modhye defender jack carliseler bhul lunthoner somoy mathay aghater karone tini konao orthopurno abodan rakhte parenni. onuposthito thaka sotteo richardmond ekti joy orjon korte sokkhom hohn ebong carlisel eyi striker jonno dui matcher jonno nishiddho hohn. reult aghater foley ekti sampurna match miss korenni, porer saptahe 'zii' joyer somoye taanr doler swapner somoye sariboddho hohn. porer saptahe, reultke "fox futir" bochorer majhamajhi oll australian squade rakha hoyechilo. fox dharabhasshokar poll ruso taanke block, space toiri ebong crash pyaker prochestar jonno proshongsha korechilen, ebong roose taanke "protijogitar sabcheye nisshartho kheload" boley abhihito korechilen."june maaser sheshe hoberter ekti jankjomokpurno anusthane taake tasmanian football holl off feme antarbhukta koraa hoy. modhyo-morshumer bidayer porey, reult etihad stadiume ekti joy obharer somoy taar kormojiboner ekti performance korechilen. tini carrier sera score (21) ebong protidwonditamulok nambar (shaat)-err pashapashi tinti goler lathi merechilen ebong 21tii disposal record korechilen jaa tinti braunlo podok bhot ebong coach association awarde ekti nikhunt 10 bhot dwara puroskrito ekti sera-ono-ground performance chhilo. reult round 16-err joye seii puroskare arow ekti bhot peyechilen ebong round 18-err biruddhe chaar-goler performancer jonno arow duti bhot akarshan korechilen. porer saptahe tini taar doler joye 50-err doshoker modhye noyti niye ekti notun byaktigato sera seeta korechilen. julaier sheshe, reult richarder saathe ekti notun tinn bochorer chukti swakkhar corren, jaate tini kompokkhe 2021 morshumer shesh porjonto cluber proti protishrutiboddho thaken. fox futir ayee. eff. ell. 360-ayee taar niyamita panellist bhumikai kotha bolte giye rewalt daabi korechilen jey tini 2019 saaler shesh porjonto taar vidyaman chuktir punargathan korar jonno beton kaata hoyechilo. 20-err rounde tini charti goal korechilen, jaa seii bochorer taar pancham goal chhilo. seii matche, taanr 244 tii kormojiboner uposthiti, reult aatt nambar gurnsey porey khela gamegulir jonno sorbokaler vfl/afl record sthapon korechilen. reult taar tritiya kormojibone eka round 21-ayee dosho-goler joy niye taar anusaran corren, jekhane tini kormojiboner sorbochcho 26tii nispottijoggo goal sangraha corren ebong seii morshume kick koraa goler jonno leeg-shirshosthaniyo abosthane asen. tini 23-err rounde arow panchti goal jog corren, 600 carrier goal milefolock atikram corren ebong 65 goal korey home ebong ayaoye morsum shesh korar porey taanr tritiya colleman podok orjon corren. tini liger itihase ashtam kheload ebong richardmond cluber itihase prothom kheload hisebe tritiyobarer moto eyi puraskar jitechen. tini afl-err bochorer sera kheload retting doley forroard pokete naam lekhanor pashapashi tritiyobarer moto oll-australian nirbachito hohn. richardmonder prothom finale, emsijite ekti joy, reult seii bochor matro tritiyobarer moto ekti goal korte byartho hohn. cluber prathomik finale panchti goal korey tini seii performancety sangshodhan korechilen. taar prochesta sotteo, richardmondke 39 pointer vismayakar porajoyer madhyome final sirij theke baad deoa hoyechilo. 2018 saaler final sirij shesh howar porr, reolt goler jonno leagay prothom sthan adhikar corren ebong 50 nomborer modhye nambar pawar pashapashi score jorito thucker jonno dwitiya ebong protidwonditamulok nomborer jonno pancham sthan adhikar corren. 2018 saaler morshume "herald shaan"-err prodhan football lekhok marqa robbinson taake liger sera forroard ebong samogrikbhabe tritiya sera kheload hisabe namkaran korechilen. reult taar durdanto morshumer jonno carrier sera 10tii braunlo podok bhot sangraha corren ebong richmonder sera ebong nyajyotomo kheload hisabe taar dwitiya jack dier podoko paan. 2019 morsum. 2018 morshumer abyabohito porer masgulite, reolter kandher chhotokhato astropachar hoyechilo. decembere purno proshikkhone firey aasaar agey tini off-morshumer prothom saptahogulite anushilan chaalaanor jonno seemaboddho chhilen. reultke seii somoy afl porisongkhyan angshidar "champion detta" dwitiya sera qee position forroard ebong samogrikbhabe liger liger sera kheload hisabe chinnito korechilen. ekoi off-sijone clubti praktan forroard tomm linchke reuolter saathe richmond forroard liney khelar jonno niyog korey. 2019 saaler februaryte 2019 aflx turnamente 'rampage' doler adhinayak hisabe reulter prothom football uposthiti chhilo. reult seii maaser shurute televisione somprocharito ekti khasda byaktigatabhabe taanr doll nirbachan korar porr turnamente ekti championshipe netritto deena. marcher shesher dike emsijite carltoner biruddhe morsumer udwodhoni matche taar 250 tomo afl khela khelar agey february shesher dike ebong marcher godar dike reulter duti praka-morsumer matche uposthitir saathe reult etty anusaran korechilen. tini matche ekti goal corren, jaa taanr kormojiboner moat sankhya 608-ayee niye aase ebong michael rochke richmonder sorbokaler golrakkhak leaderboarde sarasari choturtho sthaner jonno atikram korey. korey। rounde reulter kachhe herey gele taanr haate apatodrishtite samanno aghat laage. chote thaka sotteo tini matcher bucky samayta khelechilen, jaar modhye chhilo racker stunt. porer deane somponno scan theke jaanaa yaay jey reult byasardher ekti chhoto anabasito fracture ebong kabjir ligamenter kichhu khoti hoyeche. ekoi matche reult taar baam hantur modhyoborti krushbiddho ligamenteo mochad kheyechilen. eyi aghater karone tinti match miss korar porr, reult footballe firey asen ebong richmonder round 6-ayee duti goal corren. tobey, matche taanr hantur arekti aghat legechilo, jaar foley taanr baan hantur poschat krushbiddho ligamenter uchcho-storer khoti hoyechilo. richardmond cluber kormokortara bolechen jey aghatti meramat korar jonno ostropocharer prayojan hobey naa tobey falaswarup seii reulty ekhono chhoy theke aatt saptaher modhye miss hobey. seii match chalakalin taake bayley fritsche ekti bipojjonok tackler jonnou report koraa hoyechilo jaar jonno taake 1,000 dollar jarimana koraa hoyechilo. reult affle tribine abhijogtike challenge korechilen jekhane tini byartho hoyechilen, jarimana shesh porjonto 1,500 dollare briddhi peyechilo. reult juner prothom saptaher modhye punra daud shuru korechilen, seii maaser shesher dike 15 rounder biruddhe ekti affle prottabortoner lakkhya niye. tini dui saptaher modhye seii lakkhyati miss korechilen, doityoder biruddhe 17 rounder joye firey esechilen jekhane tini ekti goal korechilen. porer saptahe tini morshumer sera outpute arow tinti goal jog corren, onnodike coach demien hardwick julaier bucky somoy judey former sotirtho lincher somorthone taanr nisshartho khelar proshongsha corren. 22-err rounde joyer somoy, reultke duti prithak chinnitokoron protijogitai taar protipokkher pitther pichhone paa rakhar porey, taar biruddhe phri kiker jonno doo 'barr daca hoyechilo. poroborti saptahe, ayee. eff. ell ghoshana korey jey niyamti shithil koraa hobey jaate cable khoti korte paare emon arow bipojjonok kajguli antarbhukta koraa hobey, jaate reulter biruddhe prodotto dhoroner phri kick arr deoa hobey naa. home ebong ayaoye morshumer chudanta rounde, reult defender marcus adamser biruddhe prothom quarterey charti goal corren kintu porey bucky matche dursey guardiner dwara rakkha koraa holey arr konao goal korte parenni. tritiya sthane thaka richardmonder morshum shesh korar porr, reult 47 pointer jogyata arjankari chudanta joye tinti goal corren. poroborti prathomik finale tini jotheshto qama prabhabshali chhilen, prothomardhe taanr ekmatro handball hisabe record korechilen ebong shesh porjonto golshunno hoye giechilen kaaron taanr doll porajito hoyechilo ebong ekti granned final matche joylav korechilo. granned finale, reult ekti match-hye panchti goal corren, kaaron tinn bochorer modhye dwitiyobar premiership jitechilen richarda, jaa bishal defender phila deviser gotir abhabke kaaje lagiye, jini payer godalir aghater karone pray derite prottahar korechilen. taanr dwitiya quarterey tinti goal chhilo jaar foley tini huff timey porisongkhangotobhabe eka nambar kheload hoyechilen ebong shesh porjonto myana off dya matcher jonno sadharan smith podoker bhote choturtho sthan orjon korechilen. reulter panchti goal ebong ekti pichhone (31 point) taake afl/vfl itihaser choturtho kheload ebong 59 bochorer modhye prothom kheload hisabe ekokbhabe granned finale protipokkho dolke (25 point) chhadiye yaay. 2020 morsum. reult 2020 saaler jonno taar prothom matchti februaryte bushfire trano matcher jonno afl-err tehbil sangraher rajye khelechilen, mitro oll-stara doler ongsho hisabe taar nijer rajyo tasmania protinidhitto korar somoy duti goal korechilen. ekoi saptahante tini prothom praka-morshumer matche bosechilen kintu eka saptaha porey taar biruddhe cluber chudanta praka-morshumer matche firey asen. ekti nirobochchinno praka-morsum sotteo, marcher majhamajhi nagad australia coronviruses mahamarir druto aggrogoti reult ebong premiership defence soho morsumer bhabishyatke sandeher modhye felechilo. afl kamishana abosheshe ghoshana korey jey, dolgoto somabeshe jonosastho nishedhaggar karone nirdharito somoy anujayi morshum shuru hobey, kintu bhoktoder uposthitir abhab royeche. morshumer majhamajhi somoye ekti ullekhjoggo birotir prayojan hobey eyi protyasha niye, leaguety ghoshana korey jey morshumti ekti poribortito 17-rounder fixturer saathe shesh hobey ebong bochorer shesher dike sangkhipto biroti soho ekadhik match khelar aasha koraa kheloader upor bojha hrass korar jonno choturthangsher doirgho eka ponchomangsho hrass koraa hobey. eyi poristhitite, rewalt ekti soman doler sorbochcho tinti goler upor ekti round 1 joyer madhyome kick corren, jaar foley tini saptaher "afl medier" doley sthan paan. matro tinn deane porey, ekadhik rajyo taader seemante prithokikoroner shorto prayog korar porey afl kamishana anirdishtakaler jonno morsum sthogito korey. 11 saptaher birotir porr juner godar dike dwitiya oo tritiya rounde golshunno matcher porr reult kharap performancer jonno ganomadhyomer nojor kedechilen. porer rounde tini shaat saptaher abichchinno goal korar daud shuru corren, jey somoye melbourne viruser pradurbhaber protikriyay tini ebong clubke swarna upokule sthanantorito koraa hoy. reult ahoto trent kochiner poriborte 6 theke 8 rounder modhye tinn saptaher jonno club adhinayak hisabe dayitto palon korechilen. 10maum rounde tini ekti byaktigato morshumer sera charti goal corren, corren rounde kochiner onuposthitite ekok matcher jonno doler adhinayakatwa korar somoy arow tinti jog korar agey. agey rounde tini richardmonder onnotomo sera chhilen, seii joye dui-goler abodaner jonno eka kocher puraskar bhot orjon korechilen. tini 17-err joye charti goal korey matite soman sera hisabe arow noyti bhot orjon korechilen. reult 28tii goal korey niyamita morshum shesh corren, shesh porjonto colleman podok protijogitai soman shostho sthan orjon corren. tini cluber final abhijaner udwodhoni matche duti goal corren, ekti jogyata arjankari finale dii. keey-rawr kachhe porajoy, golshunno thucker agey ebong eka saptaha porey semiphinal joye morsumer sorbonimno charti disposal corren. seii durbal porisongkhyan prodorshon sotteo, coach demien hardwick reultke poroborti saptahe seii performancer jonno proshongsha korechilen, biseshoto protijogitai chinnito korar khettre birodhi protirodhkari defenderder aswikar korar dokkhotar jonno. ekibhabe prathomik final joye, reult shudhumatra ekti goal lathi maaraa ebong 2015 saaler porr prothombarer moto konao chinno chharai yawa sotteo marking pacguli bivokto korar jonno hardwicker jonosadharoner proshongsha orjon korechilen. reult porer saptahe arow scoreboard swikriti orjon korechilen, 31-pointer granned final joye duti goal korar somoy tinbarer premiership kheload hoye othen. reult seii bochor taar 33tii goler jonno dasham club shirshosthaniyo golrakkhak puroskaro orjon korechilen, ebong ekti morshume cluber sera ebong nyajyotomo gananay soman soman sthan orjon korechilen jekhane tini 21tii sombhabbo matche ongsho niyechilen. 2023 morsum. 2023 saaler prothom rounde reolt taar ashtam kormojiboner droye khele ekti ligg record sthapon corren. kheloader prophaila. reult ekjon golrakkhak hisebe phul forward ebong center-huff forward hisebe khelen. matro 193 centimeter lomba, eyi abosthane taanr uchchota qama. 2010-err doshke, tini liger jey konao kheloader modhye 50-err modhye sorbadhik nambar niyechilen ebong seii somoye tinti colleman podoker saathe frankliner saathe mill rekhe lance franklin byatito onno jey konao kheloader tulna beshi goal korechilen. 2019/20 off-sijone, reoltke 2010-err doshoker sera kheloader "herald shaan" talika samogrikbhabe samogrikbhabe sera kheload hisabe chinnito koraa hoyechilo. 2020 saale, reultke "herald shaan" dwara fl juger richmonder choturtho sera kheload hisabe namkaran koraa hoyechilo. porisongkhyan. "23,2022 rounder sheshe update koraa hoyeche. ! collon = 3. karmajiban ! 325 ! 752 ! 451 ! 2940 ! 972 ! 3912 ! 1734 ! 694 ! 2.3 ! 1.4 ! 9.0 ! 3.0 ! 12.0 ! 5.3 ! 2.1 ! 62 note byaktigato jeebon. reult german bongshodbhuto ebong taanr pitamaha-pitamhi hinz ebong helga 1950 saale europea desh theke abhibasito hohn. taanr baba criss tasmanian football liger clarence 298-gemer kheload chhilen, rajyer ekjon protinidhi kheload ebong tasmanian football holl off femer ekjon antarbhukta kheload chhilen. reulter dui chhoto bhai harry ebong charley, dujonei junior rajyo porjaye tasmania hoye khelechen. tini praktan seenta kilda afl football kheload nick reulter prothom chachat bhai. reult 2016 saale dirghodiner bandhobi curley jiggler saathe baghdan corren ebong 2017 saaler novembore reulter nijer rajyo tasmania ekti anusthane taaraa biye corren. eyi jutir prothom santan, ekti meye, 2019 saale jonmogrohon korey. 2021 saale, eyi dampati taader dwitiya konnar jonmer kotha ghoshana corren. football matther baire reult ekjon agrahi golfer, ekbar 0.6-err moto qama protibondhi kheloader saathe khelechen. tini american rock banned dya kilardero bhokto, jaar saathe tini 2017 saale richmonder premiership joyer porey monche abhinoy korechilen. midia carrier. fox futir "ayee. eff. ell 360"-ayee reult saptahik atithi hisabe uposthito hohn. tini 2019 saaler durdanto saptahante australian tibhi shote uposthapok hisabe uposthito hoyechilen ebong 2020 saale tini tini sombar raate nijer redio awar hosta korechilen. reult niyomitovabe nova 100 melbourne pratohrasher redio shoe crissy, syama anned braunite uposthito hohn. cancer bhoy. 2007 saale reulter pittho theke ekti kyansarjukto teel berr korey deoa hoy. 0. 9 millimeter melanoma kyansarjukto boley nischito howar porey tini arow tisue sariye fellen ebong tarpor theke punorabritti rodh korte niyamita porikkha-nirikkha koraa hoy. 2014 saale tini afl players association ebong cancer council victoria ekti procharonar netritto deena jaate "purushder cancer somporke kathin kothopokothon korte raji corano yaay." maddyr drishti. 2015 saaler godar dike jokhon reulter khudtuto bhai maddy (niker boone) rokter roga applastic raktalpatar foley maaraa zaan, tokhon tini ebong reult poribar taar sommane protisthito ekti datobbo sangosthar jonosartho mukhpatra hoye othen, maddyr drishti. bahyik sangjog. ]

jeeka revolt jeeka revolt (; janm 31 october 1988) aek vyaavsaayik australian niyamo footballer chhe jeey australian football leag (aee. aef. aela.) maan richmond football club maate ramey chhe. teo trana vakhat premiership khelaadi, trana vakhatnaa colleman medala vijeta, trana vakhat ola-australian, 11 vakhatnaa richmond klabnaa agranee goalkeeper, beey vakhatnaa jeeka dier medala vijeta aneey tasmanian football holl off famour chhe. teey richmandnaa wies capton tareeke pann sevaa aape chhe aneey aneey aama curry rahyo chhe. praarambhik jeevan aneey juniyar football. revoltno janm hoobarta, tasmaniyama maataa-pitaa criss aneey leslie revoltne tyaan thayo hato. teno uchher belrivnaa purv hoobarta upnagarmaa thayo hato aneey teey tasmania aesa. aef. aela. maan clarence maate juniyar football ramyo hato. hato revolte 16 varshnee ummare clarence saathe siniyara padaarpan karyoo hatoo, pachhi club saathe tenee anteem shreneema ramvaa maate aagad vadhyaa hataa, jemaa haarelee grand finalno samaavesh thaay chhe, jemaa tene chaar goal karyaa hataa. teey pachhinaa varshe teey fareethi clarence saathe siniyara grand finalmaan ramyo, aaa vakhate teey clubney vijayi teamnaa sabhy hataa. baadmaa teo teqa cup stare tessy mariners saathe ramyaa aneey taaleem leedhi aneey aneey 18 varshthi ochhi umarnee champiyanshipma temnaa rajyanu pratinidhitva karyoo. champiyanshipma trana mechamaa temane coole aath goal karyaa hataa aneey beey prasangoae temnee teamnaa shreshth khelaadiomaa naam aapvama aavyu hatoo. hatoo temane vee. aef. aela. maan tasmanian devils maate aath match ramee hatee. aek khaas kareene nondhpaatra ramat bendigo saame aavee hatee, jyaan tene chaar goal karyaa hataa aneey 13 guna melvyaa hataa. temane saint virgilni haiskool aneey hobartnee roseni collegemaa abhyaas karyo hato. draft pahelaa, aee. aef. aela. mediana meeyt burgney temne "goal-kicking forward" tareeke label karyoo hatoo, jeey atyant majboot overhead chhe."joke, temne temnaa pada maate tunkaa aneey dheema aema banne ganvaamaa aavtaa hataa, uttar mailborne bhartee manager neville stebarde paachhalthi tippani curry hatee keey teo maantaa naa hataa keey revolt" "ramatveer athavaa medaannaa banne chhede (medaannaa) mukhya sthaan ramvaa maate purtaa unchaa hataa"."rickmund recruitment manager frances jaikson paachhalthi revoltnee prabhavshali football smarts aneey bolnee udaanne vaanchvaani temnee kshamataane temnee bharatimaa mukhya pareebalo tareeke yaad karey chhe. aee. aef. aela. karkirdi. 2007 nee season. season aee. aef. aela. raashtriy draftma clubney pratham pasandagi aneey ekandare ekandare pasandagi saathe revoltno musaddo taiyar karvaamaa aavyo hato. tene tene seasonna round round, mcg saameni 'jee' mechamaa dreamtime tenee aee. aef. aela. nee sharuaat curry hatee. teey pachhinaa athvaadiye teey ramyo nahee, tyarbad tyarbad roundma siniyara team dekhaayo. tene round round trana golnaa pradarshanna bhagroope tenee karkidrino pratham goal karyo. teey seasonni anteem chh ramatomathi paanchmaa ramyo, teey varshe tenee aath siniyara mechomathi saat goal saathe samaapt thayo. 2008 nee season. season revolte potaane richmondnee varishth teamnaa niyameet sabhy tareeke sthaapit curry hatee. temane seasonni temnee pratham match round round ramee hatee aneey teey seasonma maatra aek vadhu match chooki gayaa hataa, jemaa 18 match ramee hatee. tenee saame paanch goalni goalni roundnee bagg teey samaynee karkidrini shreshth hatee. tene coole 18 goal karyaa, jeey teey seasonma klabmaa paanchmaa shreshth maate saaraa hataa. 2009 nee season. revolte revolte seasonma pratham vakhat richmondnee richmondnee seasonni sharuaat curry hatee, klabnaa round 1 mechamaa tenee saame ramee hatee. seasonna pratham saat roundma tene saat goal karyaa hataa, teey pahelaa klabnaa round 8 aneey 9 match chooki gayo hato. teey round round beey goal saathe paachho faryo, teey pahelaa round round round round vadhu trana goal umeryaa. temnee gerhajari pachhini nava ramatomaa teo 20 goal karashe, jeey agaauna varsh karataa temnee seasonna coole golmaa shreshth chhe. aaa dodmaa ascendon saame saame roundma richmondnee jeetma chh goalnun pradarshan saamel hatoo. revoltnee "footy smarts" aneey marking kshamata maate teey athvaadiye yugnaa jeeka niyal dwara prashansa karvaamaa aavee hatee. teey seasonma teey beejee ramat chooki shakyo naa hato, jemaa tene 20 match ramee hatee aneey aek team-second 32 goal karyaa hataa. tene clubney shreshth aneey nyaayi ganatarimaa pann aathmu sthaan melavyu hatoo. 2010 nee season. 2010 revolt maate aek abhutpurv varsh hatoo. tene tenee pratham saat mechamaa 15 goal kareene seasonni majboot sharuaat curry hatee. round 8 aneey 15 vachcheni aagaami aath mechomaa, revolte leegnaa shreshth 43 goal karyaa hataa. nava varsh agau methyu lloyd pachhini ghanee ramatomaa aaa sauthee vadhu coole sqora hato. tene jeetni ovarmaa round round karkidrina shreshth 10 goal karyaa hataa. aaa holamaa pratham quarterma paanch goal saamel hataa, jemaa chaar goal ramatnee pratham 11 minutema aavyaa hataa. darr jonathan braaun pachhi aek mechamaa 10 goal karnaar teey pratham khelaadi banyo hato aneey aneey methyu richardson pachhi teey pratham richmond khelaadi banyo hato. saathe roundma, rekoltane docklands stadium khaate saint kilda saame tenaa 17 nikaal, 11 marqa aneey saat goal pradarshan maate shreshth-ona-ground tareeke pasand karvaamaa aavyo hato. aama teey tenaa saat varshnaa itihaasmaa ian stuart medala jitnaar pratham richmond khelaadi banyo. chaar varshnee kaarkirdimaa pratham vakhat, revolte darek sambhaveet match rameene season purn curry. temnaa 78 goal leegma koipan khelaadi dwara sauthee vadhu hataa, jenaathi temne anukrame leag tareeke colleman medala aneey michael roach medala aneey klabnaa agranee goalkeeper tarikeni kamaani thaee hatee. colleman jeetya pachhi chaar divas pachhi, revolte richmandnaa shreshth aneey nyaayi khelaadi tareeke jeeka dier medala melvyo hato. tene sampoorn aagalnaa sthaane ola-australian team pann naam aapvama aavyu hatoo. revoltne paachhalthi irelandnaa pravaas maate aneey aneey aantarrashtriy niyamo shreneema australianu pratinidhitva karvaa maate pasand karvaamaa aavyaa hataa. 2011 nee season. season seasonni sharuaat pahelaa revoltne richmandnaa chh maanasona netrutva juthamaa umervaamaa aavyo hato. round round carlton saame seasonni chh goalni sharuaat baad, tene anusarvaa maate aek mushkel pakhwadia sahan karvo padyo. clubney round round matchnee sharuaatmaa temne ushkeraatno saamno karvo padyo hato aneey teo koipan mukhya aankadaakiy shreneema assar nondhvaamaa saksham thayaa teey pahelaa temne badalvama aavyaa hataa. teey kapadaa badalvaanaa oradaane medaan saathe jodati seedee parr croll karato aneey mechamaa paachha farvaa maate baljabarithi daleel karato jovaa malyo hato. revoltne aprilma coach damian hardwick tarafthi teeka malee hatee, tene kahyoo hatoo keey teamnee teamnaa saathee dustin martin parr boomo paadtaa aneey round round bench parr aangadi aaptaa jovaa malyaa pachhi tene medaan parnoo vartan badalvani jaroor chhe. tene haathnaa haavbhaav maate aee. aef. aela. dwara $1,200 noow dund pann karvaamaa aavyo hato. yug" maan roobert walls dwara swaarthi ramat maate temnee teeka karvaamaa aavee hatee; diwaloae kahyoo hatoo keey revolt "team ramatmaa aek vyaktee bunny gayaa chhe." joke, tene pachhini chh mechomaa abhutpurv formmaa kaama karyoo hatoo, jemaa tene chaar vakhat chaar goal karyaa hataa aneey beey vakhat paanch goal karyaa hataa. hardwicke medanni upar revolt ramvani tenee purv-season yojnaane amalmaa mukvaanu parinam, neechala goalni lattaani unchai hovaa chhataa, baakini season maate tenu phorma majboot rahyu. satat beeja varshe temane clubno agranee goalkeeper award jeetyo aneey clubney 22 mechomathi darekmaa ramyaa. revoltnaa 62 goalthi teey lensa franklin pachhi colleman medalnee resamaa beeja sthaane rahyo hato. revolt teey seasonma clubney shreshth aneey nyaayi ganatarimaa navmaa sthaane rahyo hato. septembermaa aevu bahaar aavyu hatoo keey revolt samagr seasonma ijaomathi pasaar thayo hato aneey tene chaar shastrakriyaoni jaroor padashe; darek hipa parr aek, tenee aangadi parr aek aneey tenee daaba pagnee ghoonti parr beejee. teo taaleem akasmaat pachhi pansalina komalasthine thayela nukasaanno pann saamno curry rahyaa hataa. 2012 nee season. shastrakriyaao aneey punahpraaptini mosam baad, revolte tenee pratham trana mechomaa paanch goal aneey nava backords kareene seasonni khotee sharuaat curry hatee. teey madhya-season sudhimaa tenaa shreshth pradarshanmaa paachho faryo hato, aneey tenee saame aneey saame anukrame round 9 aneey 10 maan aek pachhi aek mechomaa chh aneey aath goal karyaa hataa. round round jeet revoltnee karkidrini karkidrini match hatee aneey 2003 pachhi saint kilda saame richmondnee pratham jeet hatee. tene round round aneey round round gold coast aneey westarn bulldog saame paanch goalni bagg pann fatkari hatee. trana varshmaa beejee vakhat revolt seasonna ante leegnee goal scoring resamaa toach parr rahyo hato, jene 2012 season maate colleman medala melvyo hato. tene clubney seasonni anteem mechamaa tye-leaders methyu pavlich () aneey tooma hockins () thee trana goal paachhal pravesh karyo, parantu seasonma 65 goal kareene samaapt karvaa maate chh goal karyaa aneey beey jodithi spasht thayaa. revolt bahuveedh colleman chandrako jitnaar maatra beejo richmond khelaadi banyo aneey aama karvaamaa michael rochnaa club recordne baandhi deedho. praarambhik namankit khelaadiomaa temnee pasandagi karvaamaa aavee hatee, revolt aakhare varshnee ola australian team anaami rahyaa hataa. herald sannaa vaarveek green aneey meeyt windley anusaar tene vivadaspad avgannaa manvama aavee hatee. teey seasonna shreshth aneey nyaayi puraskarma klabmaa navmaa sthaane rahyo hato. 2013 nee season. 2012-13 off-seasonma fareethi revoltne naanee shastrakriyaao maate chhari hethal jataa jovama aavyo, jenee punahpraaptiae tene maryadit taaleem bhaar parr dabaan karyoo. season sattavaar reete sharoo thaee teey pahelaa jaj revolte potaanu moolya darshaavi didhu hatoo, cyron pachhi aek goal kareene richmondnee prii-season match jeetee hatee. teey shrenee darmiyan temane pratham vakhat richmondnee kaptaani pann curry hatee, aneey aath pointnee jeet saathe aama karyoo hatoo. jyaare tene round round jeetma goal-vinaano rakhvama aavyo hato, tyaare revolte pachhinaa athvaadiye tenee saame saat goal saathe javaab aapyo hato. tene pachhinaa athvaadiye pradarshanne teko aapyo, aneey jeetma vadhu paanch goal karyaa. revolte revolte roundma aek pointnee haar darmiyan mediani tikaane aakarshit curry hatee, jene marqa mcclarey najiknaa parajay pachhi teamnaa saatheeo pratye gusse pratikriyaa aapyaa pachhi "aee primma donaa" tareeke label karyoo hatoo. revoltnee aakhee season tenaa karaar aneey bhavishyani ramatne laeene media atkalono vishhay rahee hatee. temne fremental tarafthi ofara malee hovaanu jaanvaa malyun hatoo, parantu julyna antamaa richmond saathe navaa trana varshnaa sodaa parr hastakshar kareene temane vepaarnaa abhigamone atkavi deedhaa hataa. 17 round pachhi revoltne leegnee goal-kickingni yaadimaa trija sthaane rakhvama aavyo hato, jene teey samaye 47 runn banaavya hataa. tene 57 goal saathe season samaapt curry, jeey 2009 pachhino teno sauthee neecho aankado hato, parantu tema chhataa satat chotho club agranee goalkeeper award jitvama safal rahyo hato. teo septembermaa temnee karkidrini pratham finalmaan ramyaa hataa, jyaare aema. see. jee. khaate elemination finalmaan richmond haaree gayaa hataa. revolt seasonna ante clubney shreshth aneey nyaayi ganatarimaa saatmaa sthaane rahyaa hataa. goal aasist maate teey leegma trija sthaane rahyo hato. 2014 nee season. februari chhe, revoltne richmandnaa paanch khelaadionaa netrutva juthmathi bahaar curry devaamaa aavyo hato, tenaa sthaane defender troy chaplinne levaamaa aavyo hato. aaa saathe, coach dwara tene "paramparagat center haaf forward bhoomika" maan bhajavvani yojnaa saathe, revoltne amuk samaynee sarkhaamanimaa alag reete seasonma aavtaa joyaa. tene off-seasonma tenu ramatnu vajan ghataadyu, tenee tandurastino aadhaar vadhaaryo, jyaare tenee naanee off-season sarjarithee tenaa ghoontan aneey heepma pann sudhaaro thayo. round round haarmaa revoltnaa pradarshanne coach dwara "pramanma nabalu" jaaher karvaamaa aavyu hatoo, jemaa forward reqordina 10 thee ochha nikaal saathe aneey round 8,2012 pachhi pratham vakhat maatra aek goal saathe. tene round 3 maan tripping maate jaana karvaamaa aavee hatee, parantu aee. aef. aela. match samiksha penal dwara gunaane suspensionne ayogya ganaavya pachhi maatra thapako aapeene bachee gayo hato. meey maheenama klabnaa adheekario dwara temne thapako aapvama aavyo hato, jyaare temane teamnee navee shorta-kicking ramat shaileeni asarkarakta saame jaaherma vaat curry hatee. hardwicke majakma mediane samjaavyu keey clubbe "tenaa monmathi (revoltno) pug aneey tenaa gadhedamathi maaro pug khasedi deedho hato". temane tweeter dwara jaaherma maafee maangi hatee aneey parinaame pasandagini kuhadi talvama aavee hatee. medaan parr temno pratisaad nondhpaatra hato, jyaare temane sidneyma gws giants saame richardmandnee 113 pointnee jeetma karkidrina sarvoch 11 goal karyaa hataa. julyma, revoltne fl tasmania daaykaani tasmanian team phul-forward tareeke naam aapvama aavyu hatoo. satat beejee season maate, revolt aneey tigers aee. aef. aela. final maate kwolifay thashe, parantu maatra aek match pachhi fareethi bahaar thaee gayaa hataa. temane 61 goal kareene aneey satat paanchmaa varshe richmondno goalking award jeeteene season puurii curry. teey 1934-1938 maan jeeka titusne pagale satat paanch seasonma 50 goal karnaar klabnaa itihaasmaa maatra beejo khelaadi banyo hato. 2015 nee season. aek bhavnatmak off-season pachhi, jemaa tenaa pitarai bhaai medeenaa mrutyu saamel hataa, revolte samaan bhavnatmak round 1 sahan karyo. tene carlton parr richmondnee jeetma chaar goal karyaa aneey tenaa darek goal pachhi aakaash taraf nirdesh kareene tenee yaadmaa potaanu pradarshan samarpeet kartaa jovaa malyaa. tene round 5 thee 8 maan majboot phorma haansal karyoo, 14 goal karyaa aneey chaar athvadiyana samaygalama sarerash saatthi vadhu guna melvyaa. melvyaa roundma teey aesa. see. jee. saame chh goal saathe seasonni tenee sauthee motee sankhyaa haansal karashe. saint kilda saatheni round round matchne "medeeni match" tareeke chinhit karvaamaa aavee hatee, jeey revolt pitarai bhaiona kaaran "medeeni drashti" maate bhandol aektra karatee hatee. tene richmondnee vijeta team beey goal karyaa hataa. ekandare 2015 revolt maate aek uttam varsh saabit thayu, chhaththi seedhi club agranee goalkeeper award (54) jeetyo aneey pachhi guna aneey nikaal maate karkidrini unchai nakki curry. potaani kaarkirdimaa beejee vakhat revolte aee. aef. aela. nee ola-australian team pasandagi melvee hatee, aaa vakhate center-haaf forwardnee sthitima. temane cavin bartlet medala melveene richmandnaa shreshth aneey nyaayimaa pann paanchmu sthaan melavyu hatoo. revolte revolte pann richmondno vikram todyo hato, jeeka titusne paachhal chhodine satat chh seasonma seasonma vadhu goal karnaar pratham richmond khelaadi banyo hato. revolte junanaa antamaa karaarnaa vistaran parr hastakshar karyaa, aneey tene ochhama ochhi februaryma seasonna anta sudhee richmond saathe karaar karyo. 2016 nee season. jyaare jyaare antamaa richmandnaa capton trent kotchinne pada parthee raajinaamu aapvaa maate kolano saamno karvo padyo, tyaare revoltne sambhaveet replacement tareeke naam aapvama aavyu hatoo. temane atkalone nakaari kaadhee hatee aneey samjaavyu hatoo keey, "huun (sukani banvaanaa) prashnanu manoranjan pann curry shakato nathee kaaran keey maaree najarmaa maney laage chhe keey (coachin) aapani football clubney sukani banvaa maate shreshth vyaktee chhe." medaan parr, aaa seasonma revolte center-haaf forward positionmaa potaanu sankraman chaalu raakhyu hatoo. tene vajan ghataadine aneey goal linethi ramat parr vadhu dhyaan kendrit kareene tenee sahanshakti, chapalata aneey koodvani kshamtama sudhaaro karyo. tene round round pagnee ghoontima naanee ijaa thaee hatee aneey tenee saathe tenee clubney round 6 match maate taiyar rahevaa maate tene himastar aneey punarvasvaatnaa teevra kaarykramni jaroor hatee. teo aema. see. jee. khaate khaate roundma jeelong saame haar saathe temnee karkidrini karkidrini ramat ramyaa hataa. revolt aakhare revolte richmondnee 22 ramatomathi darekmaa ramyo hato, jemaa team agranee 48 goal karyaa hataa. aath matchnee pratham season pachhi pratham vakhat teey aek mechamaa paanch goalni theleene laat maarya vinaa gayo hato. joke, tene coole aneey sarerash nikaalmaa aek navoo vyaktigat shreshth pradarshan karyoo hatoo, aneey tenee navee bhoomika midfieldnee najik ramee hatee. revolt clubney shreshth aneey nyaayi ganatarimaa chothaa sthaane rahyo, parinaame phreda swift medala melvyo. klabnaa coach dwara pachhat pagalu tareeke label karvaamaa aavela aek varsh pachhi, revolt media outlets dwara vepaarnee atkalothi gheraayelo hato. temane club pratyeni temnee pratibaddhtaano punrochchaar karyo aneey daavo karyo keey teo pachhinaa varshomaa pushti karvaa chhataa "pilaa aneey kaalaa rangnaa" hataa keey teo kyaarey club saathe nondhpaatra team safalataa haansal karashe teey ange shankaa karvaanu sharoo curry didhu hatoo. 2017 nee mosam. revoltnee " purv-seasonma laambi ijaani chintaaone kaarane avrodh aavyo hato. september revolte temane pagnee ghoontini naanee shastrakriya karaavi hatee, teey pahelaa sarjanne vadhu gambhir nuksan thayu hovaana parinaame prakriyaane sampoorn pagnee ghoontinaa punarnirmaanmaa badalvama aavee hatee. novemberma teey fareethi chharini neeche gayo, aaa vakhate agau tuteli aangalina nukasaanne sudhaarvaa maate. march november temne richmandnaa saha-oop-kaptan tareeke niyukt karvaamaa aavyaa hataa. teo defender alex rains saathe bhoomika bhajavvana hataa, jyaare banneae satat sukani trent coachin hethal sevaa aapee hatee. off-seasonma phul forward tye vikareenaa free-agency prasthaan saathe, revolt 2017 maan undaa forward sthaanoma vadhu ramat-samay joshe. round 1,2017 maan tene richmondnee jeetma karkidrina shreshth saat tackles nondhyaa hataa. mailborne saatheni round round enzec deey eev athadamanma revolte bheena havaamaanni ramatmaa chh goal karyaa hataa. tene malee roundma, november etihad stadium saameni mechamaa tenee karkidrino karkidrino goal karyo hato. teey klabnaa itihaasmaa sauthee zadpi paanchmo simachinh hato. 11 ramato pachhi aneey madhya-seasonna baay samaye, revolte 29 goal karyaa hataa. round round temane temnee temnee aee. aef. aela. match jeetee hatee, jemaa temane aathma nambarnaa gurnseyma richmond khelaadi dwara ramaayeli sauthee vadhu ramato maate dick klene paar curry hatee. 13 aneey aneey roundma temnee beey aneey trana goalni ramtoae temnee satat ramatoni shreneene 10 sudhee pahonchaadi hatee. teey samaye teey shreneene jaalvi rakhnar teo spardhama ekmatra khelaadi hataa aneey varshnaa goalkeepingni yaadimaa paanchmaa sthaane rahyaa hataa. saint kilda saame round round haarmaa richmandnaa nabalaa pradarshan karnaraomana aek revolt hataa, jemane maatra aek goal karyo hato aneey 67 pointnee haarmaa saat sampattio bhegee curry hatee. aaa upraant, ramatnaa beeja quarterni aathmee minut sudhee revoltno pratham kabajo aavyo naa hato. taaleem darmiyan teamnaa saathee mabier kolnee aankhma aakasmik prahaarne kaarane revoltne corneyama kaap padyo aneey aankhnee paachhal lohee vahee gayoo. ijaanaa parinaame teey richmondnee round round match saame haaree gayo aneey revoltnee satat 86 ramatoni steakno anta laavyo. teey round round vadhu aek match chooki gayo hato aneey round saathe tenee saame paachho faryo hato. round round, revolt forwardnee nivrutti mechamaa tenaa pitarai bhaai niqa saame ramyo hato. temane saint kilda forward josh bruce saathe maleene medaan parthee neeknee adhyakshta curry hatee, jeey vivadaspad hatoo kaaran keey beeja saint kilda khelaadeene sanmaan maate pasaar karvaamaa aavyo hato. jeelong aneey gws saameni anteem jeet baad, revolt aneey richmond grand final maate kwolifay thashe, jeey 1982 pachhi clubney pratham match hashe. teo aakhare naana-vadaao saameni match 48 pointthi jitashe, jemaa revolt beey goal, chh guna aneey saat tackles aapshe. match pachhini ujavani darmiyan american roqa benned dhaa killers dwara mcg parr aek mafat sangeet kaarykram rajoo karvaamaa aavyo hato, jeno revolt chaahak chhe. aek athvadiya pahelaa club aneey afl media managero saathe prastaav uthaavya pachhi, revoltne temnaa 2005 naa single "mister" gaava maate munch parr bendamaa jodava maate prakhyaat reete aamantrit karvaamaa aavyaa hataa. tejasvi ". " seasonma temnaa pradarshan maate, revoltne aathamo seedho club agranee goal-kicker award malyo, jeey clubney shreshth aneey nyaayi ganatarimaa saatmaa krame rahyo, khelaadinaa andar guna maate leegma pratham aneey premiership khelaadi banyo. 2018 nee season. season seasonma aagad vadhata revolte clubney vee. aef. aela. baaju saameni intra-club mechamaa richmandnaa varishth khelaadeeo maate saat goal kareene majboot goal-kicking phorma darshaavyu hatoo. tyaanthi teey clubney beey prii-season mechomaa ramvaa maate aagad vadhyo aneey pachhi seasonna sharuaatnaa roundma chaar goal karyaa. revolte aek pakhwadia pachhi vadhu chaar umeryaa, jenaathi tenee teamne 13-pointnee jeetma madad malee. malee roundma revolte potaani kaarkirdimaa pratham vakhat ghar aneey bahaarnee mechamaa richmondnee kaptaani curry hatee, jyaare trent kocheene ijaane kaarane modethee pichhehath curry hatee. beey athvadiya pachhi tene optus stadium saameni mechamaa paanch goal karyaa hataa. teey jaj ramatmaa tene trija quarterma antamaa tenaa liam dugan parr bump mookyo, jenaa parinaame tene aagaami viramma loheeni udharas aavtee jovaa malee. temnaa svaasthya ange chinta vyakt thayaa baad teey raatre team saathe mailborne paachha javaa maate temne tabibi manjuri aapvi puddy hatee. teey samaye teey coole goal maate spardhama trija krame hato (24) maatra bayne braaun (31) aneey jeeka darling (28) paachhal. teey pachhinaa athvaadiye ramvaa maate tene sampoorn punahprapti curry hovaa chhataa, teey round 10 mechnaa pratham quarterma maatra paanch minutema defender jeeka carlisle dwara khotee lunt darmiyan maathaama ijaa thayaa pachhi teey koee arthpurn yogdaan aapee shakyo naa hato. tenee gerhajari chhataa richmond jitvama safal rahyo hato aneey carlislene strike maate beey matchnu suspension malyun hatoo. revolt ushkeraatnaa parinaame sampoorn match chooki naa hatee, teey pachhinaa athvaadiye 'jee' jeet parr tenee teamnaa swapnanaa samayma linemaan hatee. teey pachhinaa athvadiyama, revoltne "foakes footy" nee varshnaa madhyamaa ola australian team naam aapvama aavyu hatoo. foakes tikaakaar poola roose pann temne avrodhit karvaa, jagya banaavvaa aneey pekne crash karvaanaa temnaa prayaaso maate prashansa curry hatee, jemaa roose temne "spardhama sauthee nihsvaarth khelaadi" tareeke label karyoo hatoo."junanaa antamaa hobartma aek bhavya karykrama temne tasmanian football holl off femamaa saamel karvaamaa aavyaa hataa. madhya-seasonna baay pachhi, revolte etihad stadium khaate jeet darmiyan tenee kaarkidrinu aek pradarshan karyoo hatoo. temane karkidrina shreshth guna (21) aneey spardhaatmak guna (saat) nee saathe saathe trana goal karyaa aneey 21 nikaal nondhyaa, jeey trana braaunlo medala mato dwara puraskrut aneey coach association awardma sampoorn 10 mato dwara puraskrut shreshth-ona-ground pradarshan hatoo. round round jeetma revoltne teey awardma vadhu aek mutt malyo hato, teey pahelaa round round tenee saame chaar-golnaa pradarshan maate vadhu beey mutt melvyaa hataa. teey pachhinaa athvaadiye tene khelaadinaa andar nava saathe aek navo vyaktigat shreshth dekhaav karyo hato. julyna antamaa, revolte richmond saathe navaa trana varshnaa karaar parr hastakshar karyaa, jemaa tene ochhama ochhi 2021 seasonna anta sudhee club maate pratibaddh raakhyo. foakes footinaa aee. aef. aela. 360 parr temnee niyameet panellist bhoomikama bolata, revolte 2019 naa anta sudhee temnaa haalnaa karaarnaa punargathanmaa pagaarmaa kaap mukvaano daavo karyo hato. 20 naa roundma temane chaar goal karyaa hataa, jeey teey varshe temno paanchmo coole goal hato. teey match saathe, temnee karkidrini 244 upasthiti saathe, revolte aath numberni gwernsey pahereene ramaayeli ramato maate vfl/aflno sarvkaaleen vikram sthaapit karyo. revolte tenee karkidrina trija roundma 10 goal saathe saathe jeet melvee hatee, jemaa tene karkidrina uchch 26 nikaal pann melvyaa hataa aneey teey seasonma kick karelaa goal maate leag-agranee sthitima praveshi hatee. tene round round karkidrina 600 golnaa simachinhrupne paar kareene aneey 65 goal saathe hooma aneey away season purn karyaa pachhi potaano trijo colleman medala jeeteene tenee yaadimaa vadhu paanch goal umeryaa hataa. teo leegnaa itihaasmaa aathma khelaadi aneey triji vakhat award jitnaar richmond klabnaa itihaasmaa pratham khelaadi banyaa hataa. temne aee. aef. aela. nee player ratings team off dhaa yarmaa forward poketmaa sthaan malyun hatoo temaj triji vakhat ola-australian tareeke naam aapvama aavyu hatoo. aema. see. jee. khaateni jeet saathe, richmondnee pratham finalmaan, revolt teey varshe maatra triji vakhat goal karvaamaa nishfal rahyo hato. tene clubney praarambhik finalmaan paanch goal saathe teey pradarshanne sudhaari leedhu hatoo. temnaa prayaaso chhataa, richmondne anteem shrenimathi bahaar curry devaamaa aavyo hato, jeey 39-pointnee haar hatee. season final shreneena samaapan pachhi, revolt goal maate leegma pratham krame aavyaa hataa aneey khelaadinaa andar guna melvyaa hataa temaj sqora samelgiri maate beeja krame aneey spardhaatmak guna maate paanchmaa krame aavyaa hataa. season season darmiyan, "herald sunn" naa mukhya football lekhak marqa robinson dwara leegnaa shreshth forward aneey ekandare trija shreshth khelaadi tareeke pann tenu naam aapvama aavyu hatoo. revolte tenee shaandaar season maate karkidrina shreshth 10 braaunlo medalnaa mato melvyaa hataa aneey richmandnaa shreshth aneey nyaayi khelaadi tareeke teno beejo jeeka dier medala pann melvyo hato. 2019 nee season. season mosam pachhinaa maheenaoma, revoltnee khabhaani naanee surgery thaee hatee. decemberma sampoorn taaleem parr paachha fartaa pahelaa teo off-seasonna sharuaatnaa saptahoma kavaayat chalaavvaa maate pratibandhit hataa. teey samaye aee. aef. aela. naa aankdashastra bhagidar "champiyan detaa" dwara revoltne aagalnaa beeja shreshth mukhya sthaan aneey leegma ekandare ekandare shreshth khelaadi tareeke label karvaamaa aavyaa hataa. teey jaj off-seasonma clubbe bhutpurv forward tooma linchne richmond forward linemaan revolt saathe ramvaa maate bhartee curry hatee. februaryma revoltnee pratham football ramat februaryma februaryma aee. aef. aela. ex. tournamentma 'rampage' teamnaa sukani tareeke hatee. teey maheenani sharuaatmaa television draftma vyaktigat reete temnee teamnee pasandagi karyaa pachhi, revolte tournamentma champiyanshipma dhasaaro karyo hato. maarchnaa antamaa mcg khaate carlton saameni season-opening mechamaa tenee tenee afl ramat ramtaa pahelaa februarina antamaa aneey maarchnee sharuaatmaa richmondnee beey prii-season mechomaa darekmaa revolt dekhaaya hataa. tene mechamaa aek goal karyo, tenee karkidrino coole sqora 608 parr pahonchyo aneey michael rochane paachhal chhodine richmandnaa ola-time goalking leaderboard parr chothu sthaan melavyu. beeja roundma haaryaa baad, revoltne kaanda parr dekheeti reete naanee ijaa thaee hatee. teey ijaa chhataa baakini match ramee chookyo hato, jemaa ranmaa stintsno samaavesh thaay chhe. beeja divase purn thayela scanema jaanvaa malyun keey revoltne trijyaamaa naanu biin-visthapit asthibhang thayu hatoo aneey kandana asthibandhanne thodu nuksan thayu hatoo. teey jaj mechamaa revoltne tenaa daaba ghoontanma madhyasth cruciate asthibandhanma pann machkodno saamno karvo padyo hato. teey ijaaone kaarane trana match gumaavyaa pachhi, revolt footballma paachho faryo aneey richmondnee round 6 enzec deey iv jeetma beey goal karyaa. joke, mechamaa tene ghoontanni vadhu aek ijaa thashe, jenaathi tenaa daaba ghoontanma pashchaadvarti cruciate asthibandhanne uchch-starnu nuksan thashe. richmond klabnaa adheekarioae janaavyu hatoo keey ijaane sudhaarvaa maate shastrakriyani jaroor nahee padey parantu parinaame teey revolt haju pann chhathi aath athvadiya vachche chooki jashe. teey match darmiyan tene bayley fritsch parr khatarnaak tackle maate pann jaana karvaamaa aavee hatee, jenaa maate tene 1,000 dollarno dund fatkarvani rajuaat karvaamaa aavee hatee. revolte aee. aef. aela. tribinalma aaropne padkaryo hato, jyaan teey asafal rahyo hato, aakhare dund vadhaarine 1,500 dollar karvaamaa aavyo hato. revolte junanaa pratham saptah sudhimaa pharii dodvaanu sharoo karyoo hatoo, jeey round round teey mahinaanaa antamaa aee. aef. aela. saame valtarne lakshya banaavyu hatoo. teey beey athvadiya sudhee teey lakshya chooki gayo hato, jeey giants parr round 17 vijayma paachho faryo hato jemaa tene aek goal karyo hato. tene pachhinaa athvaadiye seasonna atyaar sudhinaa tenaa shreshth pradarshanmaa vadhu trana goal umeryaa, jyaare coach damian hardwicke julyna baakinaa samay darmiyan formmaa rahela teamnaa saathinaa samarthanma tenee nihsvaarth ramatnee prashansa curry. round round jeetma, beey alag alag marking spardhaoma tenaa pratispardhini pithni paachhal pug mookyaa pachhi, revoltne beey vaar free kick maate bolavvama aavyo hato. teey pachhinaa athvadiyama, aee. aef. aela. aee jaaherat curry hatee keey niyamma chhutchhaat aapvama aavashe jethee maatra nuksan pahonchaadvaani shakyata dharaavtaa vadhu khatarnaak krutyono samaavesh karvaamaa aave, jethee revolt saame chukavvama aavela prakaarnee free kicks havey chukavvama aavashe nahee. ghar aneey bahaarnee seasonna anteem roundma, revolte defender marqasa addams parr pratham quarterma chaar goal karyaa hataa, parantu jyaare pachhithi baakini match maate darcy gardiner dwara bachaav karvaamaa aavyo tyaare teey aagad koee goal curry shakyo naa hato. richmonde trija sthaane season samaapt karyaa pachhi, revolte 47-pointnee qualifying final jeetma trana goal karyaa. teey pachhini praarambhik finalmaan teey nondhpaatra reete ochho prabhavshali hato, pratham ardhamaa maatra aek handballne teno ekmatra nikaal tareeke reqorda karyo hato aneey aakhare goal vinaano rahyo hato kaaran keey tenee bajuae haarno saamno karyo hato aneey tenee saame bhavya final match jeetee hatee. grand finalmaan, revolte match-hye paanch goal karyaa hataa kaaran keey richmonde trana varshmaa beejee premiership jeetee hatee, jemaa diggaj defender phila devisnee gateeno abhaav hato, jeey pagnee ijaane kaarane lagbhag modaa paachha khenchee gayaa hataa. temnaa trana beeja quarternaa golmaa teo haaf timema ground parr number vana aankadaakiy reete rated khelaadi hataa aneey aakhare temne player off dhaa match maate matdaan kartaa norm smith medalmaa chothu sthaan malyun hatoo. revoltnaa paanch goal aneey aek goal paachhal (31 point) aee temne aee. aef. aela./vee. aef. aela. naa itihaasmaa chothaa khelaadi aneey 59 varshmaa pratham khelaadi banaavya jemane grand finalmaan vipakshi teamne (25 point) ekalaa haathe pachhaadi deedhi. 2020 nee mosam. revolte februaryma bushfire raahat match maate aee. aef. aela. naa bhandol oobhu karvaanee sthitima 2020 maate tenee pratham match ramee hatee, jemaa tene saathee ola-staar teamnaa bhaag rupe tenaa gruh raajy tasmaniyanu pratinidhitva karatee vakhate beey goal karyaa hataa. teey jaj saptaahnaa ante teey pratham prii-season match ramyo hato parantu aek athvadiya pachhi tenee saame clubney anteem prii-season match maate paachho faryo hato. aveerat purv-mosam hovaa chhataa, maarchnaa madhya sudhimaa australiyama coronavirus rogchaalaani zadpi pragateeae mosamnaa bhavishyane shankaama joyu, jemaa revolt aneey tenaa premiership sanrakshano samaavesh thaay chhe. aee. aef. aela. aayoge aakhare jaaherat curry hatee keey seasonni sharuaat nirdharit samay mujab aagad vadhashe, parantu jooth melavada parr jaaher aarogya pratibandhone kaarane chaahako haajari vagar. madhya-seasonma nondhpaatra veeram jaroori hovani apeksha saathe, leege aevee pann jaaherat curry hatee keey season sudharela 17-roundnaa match saathe purn karvaamaa aavashe aneey quarterni lambaima paanchmaa bhagno ghataado karvaamaa aavashe jethee varshnaa pachhala bhagma tunkaa veeram saathe bahuveedh match ramvani apeksha rakhnara khelaadeeo parr bhaar ghataadi shakaay. teey paristhitiomaa, revolte round round jeetma samaan team-uchch trana goal karyaa hataa, jemaa tene "afl media" nee athvadiyani team naam aapvama aavyu hatoo. joke, maatra trana divas pachhi, bahuveedh raajyoae temnee sarahado parr quarentine sharato laagu karyaa pachhi aee. aef. aela. kamishne aneeshchit samay maate mosamne sthageet curry deedhi hatee. 11 athvadiyana veeram pachhi junani sharuaatmaa season pharii sharoo thaee tyaare revolte nabalaa pradarshan maate mediani tapasne aakarshit curry hatee, round 2 aneey 3 maan goal vinaanee mecho baad. tene pachhinaa roundma saat athvadiyani akhand goalking dod sharoo curry hatee, teey darmiyan mailbornemaa vayarasnaa faatee nikalvaanaa javabma tene aneey klabne gold coastma sthaanaantarit karvaamaa aavyaa hataa. revolte ghaayal trent kocheennee jagyae round 6 aneey 8 vachche trana athvadiya sudhee klabnaa sukani tareeke sevaa aapee hatee. round round tene vyaktigat seasonna shreshth chaar goal karyaa hataa, jyaare round round kocheennee gerhajarimaa vana-off ramat maate teamnu netrutva karatee vakhate anya trana goal karyaa hataa. teey round round richmandnaa shreshth khelaadiomaano aek hato, jene teey jeetma beey-golnaa yogdaan maate aek coach award mutt melvyo hato. tene round round jeetma jameen parr samaan shreshth tareeke anya nava mutt melvyaa, jemaa tene chaar goal karyaa. revolte 28 goal kareene niyameet season purn curry hatee, aakhare colleman medala resamaa chhaththu sthaan melavyu hatoo. tene klabnaa final abhiyanni praarambhik mechamaa beey goal karyaa, qualifying finalmaan haar, goal vagar rakhvama aavyaa pahelaa aneey aek athvadiya pachhi semee-finalmaan jeetma seasonna neechala chaar nikaal sudhee. teey nabalaa aankadaakiy pradarshan chhataa, coach damian hardwick dwara teey pachhinaa saptah darmiyan teey pradarshan maate, khaas kareene spardhaoma veerodhi intercept defendersne nakaarvaani kshamata maate, revoltnee prashansa karvaamaa aavee hatee. tevee jaj reete praarambhik anteem jeetma, revolte maatra aek jaj goal fatkarva chhataa aneey 2015 pachhi pratham vakhat aek pann goal karyaa vinaa hovaa chhataa marking pekne vibhajit karvaa maate hardwickni jaaher prashansa melvee hatee. revolte pachhinaa athvaadiye vadhu scoreboard maanyata melvee hatee, jeey 31-pointnee bhavya anteem jeetma beey goal kareene trana vakhat premiership khelaadi banyo hato. revolte teey varshe tenaa 33 goal maate dasamo club agranee goalkeeper award pann melvyo hato, jyaare teey season maate clubney shreshth aneey nyaayi ganatarimaa samaan 14 maa sthaane hato jemaa teey tamaam 21 sambhaveet mechomaa bhaag leey chhe. 2023 nee mosam. mosam round round revolt tenee karkidrina karkidrina dromaa leag reqorda sthaapit kareene ramyo hato. khelaadini ruprekha. revolt goalkeeping phul forward aneey center-haaf forward tareeke ramey chhe. teey aaa sthaane ochho qada dharaave chhe, jenee unchai maatra 193 centimeter chhe. revoltne daykama, tene leegma koipan khelaadinaa khelaadinaa andar sauthee vadhu guna melvyaa hataa aneey teey samaye trana colleman chandrako saathe franklinni sarkhaamanimaa, lensa franklin sivaaynaa anya koipan khelaadi karataa vadhu goal karyaa hataa. 2019/20 off-seasonma, revoltne revoltne daykana shreshth khelaadioni "herald sunn" nee yaadimaa ekandare ekandare shreshth khelaadi jaaher karvaamaa aavyo hato. hato, revoltne "herald sunn" dwara fl yugnaa richmandnaa chothaa shreshth khelaadi tareeke naam aapvama aavyu hatoo. aankada. "round 23,2022 naa anta sudhee update karvaamaa aavyu". " ! collan = 3. karkirdi ! 325 ! 752 ! 451 ! 2940 ! 972 ! 3912 ! 1734 ! 694 ! 2.3 ! 1.4. ! 9.0 ! 3.0 ! 12.0 ! 5.3 ! 2.1 ! 62 nondho angat jeevan. revolt german varsana chhe aneey temnaa daadaa-daadi henz aneey helga helga european rashtramathi sthalaantarit thayaa hataa. temnaa pitaa criss tasmanian football leegma clarence khaate 298-ramatnaa khelaadi hataa, raajy maate pratinidhi khelaadi temaj tasmanian football holl off femamaa saamel hataa. revoltnaa beey naana bhaaio, herry aneey charley, banne juniyar raajy stare tasmania maate ramyaa hataa. teey bhutpurv saint kilda fl footballer niqa revoltno pratham pitarai bhaai chhe. revolte revolte laambaa samaynee girlfriend carley ziegler saathe sagaai curry hatee aneey november november revoltnaa gruh raajy tasmaniyama aek samarohma temnaa lagna thayaa hataa. aaa jodeenu pratham baadak, aek chhokari, chhokari janmyu hatoo. hatoo, aaa dampatiae temnee beejee dikarinaa janmani jaaherat curry hatee. footballnaa medanthi door revolt aek utsuk golfer chhe, jeey aekvaar 0.6 jetla neecha viklang saathe ramey chhe. teey american roqa benned dhaa killersno pann chaahak chhe, jenee saathe tene 2017 maan richmondnee premiership jeet pachhi stage parr pradarshan karyoo hatoo. media karkirdi. revolt foakes footinaa "aee. aef. aela. 360" parr saaptaahik maheman tareeke dekhaay chhe. teo australian tivi shho, 2019 maan greta weekendma hoosta tareeke dekhaaya hataa aneey 2020 maan temane temane parr somvaarni raat parr potaana rediyo kalaaknee yajmani curry hatee. revolt nova 100 mailborne breakfast rediyo shho chrissy, same anned braaunimaa pann niyamitpane dekhaay chhe. kensarno darr. darr revoltnee pithmathi kensargrast chhachhundar door karvaamaa aavyo hato. 0. 9 millimeter melanoma kensargrast hovani pushti thayaa pachhi tene vadhu pesheeo door curry hatee aneey tyaarthi punraavartanne rokvaa maate niyameet tapaas karaavi chhe. chhe temane aee. aef. aela. players association aneey kensar council viktoriya dwara "purushone kensar vishe mushkel vaatchit karvaa maate samjavva" abhiyaannu netrutva karyoo hatoo." medini drashti. jyaare revoltnaa pitarai bhaai medee (neekthi bahen) noon noon sharuaatmaa rakt rooga applastic anemiana parinaame avsaan thayu, tyaare teey aneey revolt parivaar temnaa sanmaanmaa sthaapit charity, medeeni drashti maate jaaher pravaktaa banyaa. baahy links. ]

jack revolt jack revolt (; janm 31 octuber 1988) ack peshevar australiyai niyam footballer hain joe australiyai football leag (aeye. aff. ell.) mein richmond football club key liye khelate hain. vaha teen baar key premiership khilaadi, teen baar key collen padak vijeta, teen baar key aul-australiyai, 11 baar key richmond club key pramukh goalkeeper, dou baar key jack dier padak vijeta aur ack tasmanian football holl off famour hain. vaha richmond key upa kaptan key roop mein bhee kaary karate hain aur 2017 seey aisaa curr rahey hain. praarambhik jeevan aur junier football. revolt kaa janm hobart, tasmania mein maataa-pitaa criss aur leslie revolt key ghar huaa thaa. unakaa paalan-poshan bellerive key purvi hobert upnagar mein huaa thaa aur way tasmania key aiss. aff. ell. mein clarence key liye junier football khelate they. 2005 mein revolt ney 16 saal kii umr mein clarence key saath apani varishth shuruat kii, phir club key saath apani antim shrinkhala key madhyam seey khelane key liye gaye, jisamen ack haarne vaalaa grand final bhee shamil thaa, jahan unhone chaar goal kiye. agale varsh unhone clarence key saath ack varishth grand final mein phir seey khela, iss baar club key vijayi paksh key sadasya. baad mein unhone tii. aeye. see. cup star parr tassy naavikon key saath khela aur prashikshit kiya aur 2006 aeye. aff. ell. under 18 championship mein apane raajya kaa pratinidhitva kiya. championship mein teen maichon mein unhone kull aathh goal kiye aur dou maukon parr unhein apane paksh key sarvshreshth khilaadiyon mein naamit kiya gayaa. 2006 mein unhone vee. aff. ell. mein tasmanian devils key liye aathh match khele. ack vishesh roop seey ullekhaniya khel bendigo key khilaf aaya, jahan unhone chaar goal kiye aur 13 ank liye. unhone sent virgil mein hyee school aur hobart mein rosney college mein padhaai kii. masaude seey pahale, aeye. aff. ell. media key mait berger ney unhein ack "goal-kicking forward" kaa label diyaa joe behad majboot overhead haye."haalaanki unhein apani sthiti key liye chhota aur dheema donon maanaa jaataa thaa, uttar melburn bharti prabandhak neville stibbard ney baad mein tippani kii kii unhein vishvaas naheen thaa kii revolt" "athletic yaa lambe they joe donon chhor (maidan key) parr mahatvapurna sthiti khelane key liye paryaapt they."richmond recruitment manager francis jackson ney baad mein revolt key prabhaavshaali football smarts aur gend kii udaan koo padhane kii unaki kshamata koo unaki bharti mein pramukh karakon key roop mein yaad kiya. aeye. aff. ell. currier. 2007 kaa satra. 2006 aeye. aff. ell. rashtriya masaude mein club key pahale chayan aur kull milakar 13vein chayan key saath revolt kaa masauda taiyar kiya gayaa thaa. unhone 2007 key satra key round 9 mein mcg mein 'jee match mein dreamtime mein apani afl shuruat kii. agale saptah vaha naheen khele, agale daur mein 14 mein senior paksh mein dikhaai diye. unhone round 16 mein teen-goal key pradarshan key hisse key roop mein apane currier key pahale goal koo laat maaree. vaha season key antim chhah khelon mein seey paanch mein khelenge, usa varsh apane aathh senior maichon mein seey saat goal key saath samaapt karenge. 2008 kaa satra. 2008 mein revolt ney khud koo richmond kii varishth team key niyamit sadasya key roop mein sthaapit kiya. unhone satra kaa apana pahala match round 4 mein khela aur usa satra mein sirf ack aur match seey chook gaye, jisamen unhone 18 match khele. unake khilaf paanch goal kaa round 15 bagg usa samay key currier kaa sarvshreshth thaa. unhone kull 18 goal kiye, joe usa satra mein club mein paanchven sarvshreshth key liye achche they. 2009 kaa satra. revolt ney 2009 key season mein pahali baar richmond key sarvshreshth-22 mein ack season khola, club key round 1 match-upp mein unake khilaf khela. satra key pahale saat daur mein unhone saat goal kiye, isase pahale kii club key round 8 aur 9 match naa khel paae. unhone round 10 mein dou goal key saath vaapsee kii, round 11 mein round 11 mein teen aur goal jode. apani anupasthiti key baad nau maichon mein vaha 20 goal karenge, joe pichhale varsh seey apane satra key kull mein sabse achchha thaa. iss daud mein shamil kiya gayaa thaa ack chhah-goal pradarshan jisamen richmond ney ascendon parr round 17 kii jeet hassil kii. usa saptah usa yug key jeck niyal ney revolt kii "phut smart" aur chihnit karane kii kshamata key liye sarahana kii. unhone usa satra mein ack aur khel naheen chhoda, jisamen unhone 20 match khele aur ack team-dusare 32 goal kiye. unhone club key sarvshreshth aur nishpaksh ginati mein bhee aathvaan sthaan hassil kiya. 2010 kaa satra. 2010 revolt key liye ack breakout varsh thaa. unhone apane pahale saat maichon mein 15 goal karke satra kii shuruat kii. round 8 aur 15 key beach agale aathh maichon mein, revolt ney leag key sarvshreshth 43 goal kiye. yeh nau saal pahale mait lloyd key baad seey kaee khelon mein sabse adhik kull thaa. unhone ack jeet mein 12vein daur mein currier key sarvshreshth 10 goal kiye. iss daud mein pahale quarter key paanch goal shamil they, jisamen seey chaar khel key pahale 11 minut key bheetar aae. 2007 mein jonathan braun key baad seey vaha ack match mein 10 goal karane vaale pahale khilaadi baney aur 2004 mein mait richardson key baad seey aisaa karane vaale pahale richmond khilaadi baney. round 21 mein, docklands stadium mein sent kilda key khilaf unake 17 nishpaadan, 11 ank aur saat goal pradarshan key liye revolt koo sarvshreshth-onn-ground naamit kiya gayaa thaa. iss prakaar vaha apane saat saal key itihas mein ian stevert padak jeetane vaale pahale richmond khilaadi bunn gaye. chaar saal key currier mein pahali baar, revolt ney harr sambhav match khelkar season samaapt kiya. unake 78 goal leag mein kissy bhee khilaadi dwara sabse adhik they, jisase unhein kramshah leag key roop mein colleman padak aur michael roach padak aur club key pramukh goalkeeper key roop mein arjit huaa. coleman jeetane key chaar dinn baad, revolt ney richmond key sarvshreshth aur nyaaypurna khilaadi key roop mein jack dier padak hassil kiya. unhein poorna-aage kii sthiti mein aul-australiyai team mein bhee naamit kiya gayaa thaa. reolt koo baad mein ireland key daure key liye chunaa gayaa aur 2010 kii antarrashtriya niyam shrinkhala mein australia kaa pratinidhitva kiya gayaa. 2011 kaa satra. 2011 key season kii shuruat seey pahale richmond key chhah aadami netritva samooh mein revolt koo jodaa gayaa thaa. round 1 mein carlton key khilaf season kii chhah goal kii shuruat key baad, unhein ack kathin pakhwade kaa saamana karna padaa. unhein club key round 2 match kii shuruat mein ack aghaat kaa saamana karna padaa aur kissy bhee pramukh saankhyikiya shreni mein prabhaav darj karane mein saksham honey seey pahale unhein pratisthaapit kiya gayaa thaa. unhein kapade badalane key kamare koo maidan seey jodane vaali seedhiyon parr rengte hue aur match mein vaapas aaney key liye jabardasti bahas karate hue dekhaa gayaa thaa. revolt ney aprail mein coach damien hardwick seey aalochana arjit kii, kahaa kii unhein team key saathi dustin martin parr chillaate hue aur round 3 mein bench koo ungli dete hue dekhe jaane key baad apane onn-feeled vyavhaar koo badalane kii aavashyakta haye. unhein haath key haavbhaav key liye aeye. aff. ell. dwara 1,200 dollar kaa jurmana bhee lagaaya gayaa thaa. dha aij" mein robbert wall ney swarthi khel key liye unaki aalochana kii thee; wall ney kahaa kii revolt "ack team khel mein ack vyakti bunn gayaa thaa." unhone agale chhah maichon mein abhootpoorv roop mein kaam kiya, halanki chaar baar chaar goal kiye aur dou maukon parr paanch goal kiye. unakaa form baaki season key liye majboot rhaa, isake bavjood kii cumm goal kii laat seey maidan parr aage khelane key liye apani pree-season yojana koo lagu karane key liye hardwick kaa parinam thaa. lagaatar dusare varsh unhone club kaa agrani goalkeeper puraskar jeetaa aur club key 22 maichon mein seey pratyek mein khele. revolt key 62 golon ney unhein lens franklin key baad colleman padak kii daud mein dusare sthaan parr dekhaa. revolt usa satra mein club key sarvshreshth aur nishpaksh ginati mein nauvein sthaan parr rahey. sitambar mein yeh pataa chalaa kii revolt ney poore mausam mein choton key madhyam seey khela thaa aur chaar shalya chikitsa kii aavashyakta hogi; pratyek koolhe parr ack, usaki ungli parr ack aur usake baaen takhane parr doosara. vaha ack prashikshan durghatana key baad pasaliyon key upaasthi koo hue nuksan seey bhee nipat rhaa thaa. 2012 kaa satra. shalya chikitsa aur swaasthya laabh key ack satra key baad, revolt ney apane pahale teen maichon mein paanch goal aur nau goal peechhe karke satra kii shuruat galat tareeke seey kii. vaha satra key madhya taka apane sarvshreshth pradarshan mein vaapas aaa gaye, aur kramshah round 9 aur 10 mein lagaatar maichon mein chhah aur aathh goal kiye. round 10 kii jeet revolt kaa 100vaan currier match thaa aur 2003 key baad seey sent kilda parr richmond kii pahali jeet thee. unhone round 16 mein paanch goal key bagg koo bhee laat maaree aur gold coast aur western bulldog key khilaf 20 match khele. teen varshon mein doosari baar revolt ney season key anta mein leag kii goal scoring races mein sheersh sthaan hassil kiya, 2012 season key liye colleman padak hassil kiya. unhone satra key antim match mein tyee-leaders mattheau pavlich () aur tomm hockins () key peechhe teen goal kiye, lekin satra mein 65 aur jodee key dou spasht goal key saath samaapt karane key liye chhah goal kiye. revolt kaee colleman padak jeetane vaale dusare richmond khilaadi bunn gaye aur aisaa karane mein michael roach key club record koo barabari parr laa diyaa. praarambhik namankiton mein unakaa chayan kiya gayaa thaa, jisake madhyam seey revolt antatah varsh kii sabhi australiyai team mein anaam hoe gaye. vaarvik green aur harrold sunn key mait windley key anusaar unhein ack vivadaspad chook maanaa jaataa thaa. unhone satra key sarvshreshth aur nyaaypurna puraskar mein club mein nauvaan sthaan praapt kiya. 2013 kaa satra. 2012-13 off-season mein phir seey mamuli shalya chikitsa key liye chaku key neeche jaate hue dekhaa gayaa, jisaki vasuli ney usey seemit prashikshan bhaar parr majboor curr diyaa. season key aadhikarik roop seey shuru honey seey pahale hii revolt ney apana moolya dikhaa diyaa thaa, cyron key baad ack goal karke richmond key pree-season match koo jeetaa thaa. usa shrinkhala key dauran unhone pahali baar richmond kii kaptani bhee kii, aur aathh ankon kii jeet key saath aisaa kiya. jabaki unhein round 1 kii jeet mein goal-rahit rakhaa gayaa thaa, agale saptah revolt ney unake khilaf saat goal key saath jawab diyaa. unhone agale saptah pradarshan kaa samarthan kiya, aur jeet mein paanch aur goal kiye. revolt ney round 5 kii ack ank kii haar key dauran media kii aalochana koo aakarshit kiya, jise maark mcclure dwara "ack pratham donna" kaa label diyaa gayaa, jaba unhone karibi haar key baad sathiyon key prati gusse mein pratikriya vyakt kii. unake anubandh aur bhavishya mein khelane key baare mein media kii atkalon kaa vishay poore season mein rhaa thaa. bataaya gayaa thaa kii unhein fremental seey prastaav mille they, lekin julaai key anta mein richmond key saath ack nae teen saal key saude parr hastakshar karke vyaapaar drishtikon koo poorvavat kiya gayaa thaa. 17 round key baad revolt koo leag key goal-kicking tally parr teesare sthaan parr rakhaa gayaa, jisane usa bindu taka 47 ank arjit kiye. unhone 57 goal key saath satra samaapt kiya, joe 2009 key baad seey unaki sabse cumm sankhya thee, lekin phir bhee way lagaatar chautha club agrani goalkeeper puraskar jeetane mein kamyab rahey. unhone sitambar mein apane currier key pahale final mein khela, jaba richmond mcg mein ack elemination final mein haar gaye. revolt ney satra key anta mein club key sarvshreshth aur nishpaksh ginati mein barabar saatven sthaan parr rakhaa. unhone goal sahaayata key liye leag mein teesara sthaan praapt kiya. 2014 kaa satra. farwari 2014 mein, richmond key paanch khilaadiyon key netritva samooh seey revolt koo hataa diyaa gayaa, jisaki jagah defender troy chaplin ney leey lii. isake saath hii coach dwara unhein "paaramparik center haaf forward bhoomika" mein khelane kii yojana key saath, unhone kuchh samay kii tulanaa mein alag tareeke seey season koo aage badhate dekhaa. unhone off-season mein apana khel kaa vajan cumm curr diyaa, apane fitness aadhar koo badhaaya, jabaki mamuli off-season sergery seey ghutane aur koolhe taka bhee thheek hoe gaye. round 1 mein haarne key baad revolt key pradarshan koo coach dwara "apekshaakrit kharaab" karaar diyaa gayaa thaa, jisamen forward recording 10 seey cumm disposal thee aur round 8,2012 key baad pahali baar kewal ack goal thaa. unhein round 3 mein tripping key liye report kiya gayaa thaa, lekin aeye. aff. ell. match sameeksha panel dwara aparaadh koo nilamban key ayogya maanane key baad kewal ack fatkaar key saath butch nikale. maee mein club key adhikaariyon dwara unhein dandit kiya gayaa thaa, jaba unhone team kii naee short-kicking game shally kii prabhavsheelta key khilaf saarvajanik roop seey baat kii thee. hardwick ney majaak mein media koo samajhaaya kii club ney "usake munh seey pair aur usake gadhe seey meraa pair hataa diyaa thaa. unhone tweeter key madhyam seey saarvajanik roop seey maafi maangi, aur isake parinamswarup chayan koo chhod diyaa. maidan parr unaki pratikriya mahatvapurna thee, jaba unhone sidney mein gws diggajon parr richmond kii 113 ankon kii jeet mein currier key uchch 11 goal kiye. julaai mein, dashak kii aeye. aff. ell. tasmania kii tasmanian team mein reolt koo phul-forward naam diyaa gayaa thaa. dusare seedhe satra key liye, revolt aur tiger aeye. aff. ell. final key liye arhata praapt karenge, lekin kewal ack match key baad phir seey baahar hoe gaye. unhone 61 goal karke aur lagaatar paanchven varsh richmond kaa goal karane kaa puraskar jeetkar satra samaapt kiya. vaha 1934-1938 mein jack titus key baad, lagaatar paanch satron mein 50 goal karane vaale club key itihas mein sirf dusare khilaadi bunn gaye. 2015 kaa satra. ack bhaavnaatmak off-season key baad jisamen unake chachere bhaai maddy kii mrityu shamil thee, revolt ney ack samaan bhaavnaatmak daur 1 koo sahan kiya. unhone carlton parr richmond kii jeet mein chaar goal kiye aur apane pratyek goal key baad akash kii or ishara karke apane pradarshan koo usaki smriti koo samarpit karate hue dekhaa gayaa. unhone round 5 seey 8 mein ack majboot form maaraa, 14 goal kiye aur chaar saptah kii avadhi mein saat seey adhik ankon kaa ausat banaaya. round 13 mein vaha satra key apane sabse badey ank koo aiss. see. jee. key khilaf chhah golon key saath shuru karenge. sent kilda key saath round 16 key match-upp koo "maddy key match" key roop mein chihnit kiya gayaa thaa, joe revolt chachere bhaaiyon key kaaran "maddy key drishtikon" key liye dhana jutaata thaa. unhone richmond key vijayi paksh mein dou goal kiye. aul-inn-aul 2015, chhathe seedhe club agrani goalkeeper puraskar (54) jeetane aur phir ankon aur niptan key liye currier kii oonchaai sthaapit karane key saath, revolt key liye ack utkrisht varsh saabit huaa. apane currier mein doosari baar revolt ney aeye. aff. ell. kii aul-australiyai team key liye chayan arjit kiya, iss baar center-haaf forward kii sthiti mein. unhone cavin bartlet padak hassil karate hue richmond key sarvshreshth aur nishpaksh mein bhee paanchvaan sthaan hassil kiya. revolt ney 2015 mein ack richmond record bhee todaa, jack titus koo peechhe chhodate hue lagaatar chhah satron mein 50 seey adhik goal karane vaale pahale richmond khilaadi bunn gaye. revolt ney juuna key anta mein ack anubandh vistaar parr hastakshar kiye, jisase unhein cumm seey cumm 2019 key satra key anta taka richmond key saath anubandh kiya gayaa. 2016 kaa mausam. jaba 2015 key anta mein richmond key kaptan trent kotchin koo pada seey istifa dene key liye coll kaa saamana karna padaa, tou revolt koo sambhaavit pratisthaapan key roop mein naamit kiya gayaa thaa. unhone atkalon koo khariz karate hue kahaa, "main (kaptan banane key) sawal kaa bhee manoranjan naheen curr sakata kyonki merrie nazar mein mujhe lagata haye kii (kotchin) hamaare football club kaa kaptan banane key liye sabse achchha vyakti haye." maidan parr, season mein reolt ney center-haaf forward sthiti mein apana sankraman jaari rakhaa. unhone vajan ghataakar aur goal line seey aage khel parr dhyaan kendrit karke apani sahanshakti, chapalata aur koodane kii kshamata mein sudhaar kiya. unhein round 5 mein takhane mein mamuli chot luggy aur unake saath apane club key round 6 match key liye taiyar honey key liye unhein icing aur punarvaas key ack gahan karyakram kii aavashyakta thee. unhone mcg mein 21vein daur mein geelong seey haarne key baad apane currier kaa 200vaan khel khela. revolt ney antatah 2016 mein richmond key 22 khelon mein seey pratyek mein khela, jisamen ack team-agrani 48 goal kiye gaye. yeh pahali baar thaa jaba vaha apane aathh-game key pahale season key baad seey ack match mein paanch golon key bagg koo laat maare binaa gaye they. haalaanki unhone kull aur ausat pradarshan mein ack nayaa vyaktigat sarvshreshth sett kiya, apani naee bhoomika koo midfield key karib khelate hue. revolt ney club key sarvshreshth aur nishpaksh ginati mein chauthe sthaan parr rahate hue, parinamswarup fred swift padak hassil kiya. club key coach dwara ack saal key liye ack pichhade kadam key roop mein ghoshit kiye jaane key baad, media outlets dwara vyaapaar atkalon seey revolt koo gher liya gayaa thaa. unhone club key prati apani pratibaddhata koo dohrate hue daavaa kiya kii baad key varshon mein pushti karane key bavjood kii unhein sandeh honey lagaa thaa kii vaha kabhi bhee club key saath mahatvapurna team safalata hassil karenge, way "poore tarah seey peele aur kaale" they. 2017 kaa mausam. revolt key 2017 key poorv-satra mein chot kii chintaaen theen. sitambar 2016 mein unaki takhane kii mamuli sergery kii ummeed thee, isase pahale kii shalya chikitsak dwara adhik gambhir kshati kaa khulasa karane key parinamswarup prakriya koo beach mein hii ack poorna takhane key punarnirmaan mein badal diyaa gayaa thaa. navambar mein vaha phir seey chaku key neeche chalaa gayaa, iss baar pahale tooty hui ungli koo hue nuksan kii marammat key liye. unhein march 2017 mein richmond kaa saha-upa-kaptan niyukt kiya gayaa thaa. unhein defender alex rains key saath bhoomika saajha karni thee, jabaki donon ney nirantar kaptan trent kotchin key tahat seva kii thee. off-season mein poorna forward tye vikari key mukt-agency prasthaan key saath, 2017 mein gahare forward sthitiyon mein adhik game-time dekhana aavashyak hoga. round 1,2017 mein unhone richmond kii jeet mein currier key sarvshreshth saat tackle darj kiye. melburn key saath round 5 key anjack day eev sangharsh mein revolt ney geele mausam key khel mein chhah goal kiye. unhone apane currier key 500vein goal koo 7vein daur, 2017 mein etihad stadium mein ack match mein kiya. vaha club key itihas mein sabse teji seey meal kaa patthar hassil karane vaale paanchven vyakti they. 11 maichon key baad aur madhya-satra key baaee parr, revolt ney 29 goal kiye they. round 13 mein unhone apana 214vaan aeye. aff. ell. match khela, jisamen unhone aathven number key gurnsey mein ack richmond khilaadi dwara khele gaye sabse adhik khelon key liye dick clay koo paar kiya. round 13 aur 14 mein unake dou aur teen goal maichon ney kaee golon key saath lagaatar khelon kii unaki lakir koo 10 taka laa diyaa. vaha usa samay usa lakir koo banaae rakhane vaale pratiyogita mein ekmatra khilaadi they aur varsh key goal karane kii soochi mein paanchven sthaan parr rahey. richmond key round 16 mein sent kilda key haathon haarne mein revolt kaee kharaab pradarshan karane vaalon mein seey ack thaa, jisane sirf ack goal kiya aur 67 ank kii haar mein saat sampatti ekatra kii. isake alawa, khel key dusare quarter key aathven minut taka revolt kaa pahala kabja naheen aaya. prashikshan key dauran team key saathi mabier cole kii aankh mein ack aakasmik nukasaane key kaaran revolt koo cornia mein katauti aur aankh key peechhe seey raktasraav huaa. chot key parinamswarup vaha richmond key round 19 match mein naheen khel paae aur lagaatar khele gaye 86 khelon key revolt key steak koo samaapt curr diyaa. vaha round 20 mein ack aur match seey chook gaye aur round 21 mein unake khilaf laut aae. round 23 mein, revolt ney forward key sevaanivritti match mein apane chachere bhaai nick key khilaf khela. unhone, sent kilda forward josh broose key saath, ack vivadaspad kadam mein jameen seey nick kii adhyakshata kii, jisamen ack dusare sent kilda khilaadi koo sammaan key liye paarit kiya gayaa thaa. geelong aur gws key khilaf antim jeet key baad, revolt aur richmond grand final key liye arhata praapt karenge, joe 1982 key baad seey club kaa pahala match hoga. way antatah minor-premiere key khilaf match 48 ankon seey jeetenge, jisamen revolt ney dou goal, chhah ank aur saat tackle kaa yogdan diyaa. match key baad key samarohon key dauran americi rock baind dha killers dwara mcg parr ack muft sangeet karyakram kaa pradarshan kiya gayaa thaa, jiska revolt ack prashansak haye. ack saptah pahale club aur aeye. aff. ell. media prabandhakon key saath prastaav uthaane key baad, revolt koo unake 2005 key ekal "shree" gaane key liye munch parr baind mein shamil honey key liye prasiddh roop seey aamantrit kiya gayaa thaa. ujjwal ". 2017 key satra mein apane pradarshan key liye, revolt koo aathven seedhe club kaa agrani goal-kicker puraskar milaa, joe club key sarvshreshth aur nishpaksh ginati mein saatven sthaan parr rhaa, 50 key ander ankon key liye leag mein pahale sthaan parr rhaa aur ack premiership khilaadi bunn gayaa. 2018 kaa mausam. 2018 key season mein agrani rahey revolt ney club key vee. aff. ell. paksh key khilaf ack intra-club match mein richmond key varishth khilaadiyon key liye saat goal karate hue majboot goal-kicking form dikhaaya. vahaan seey vaha satra key shuruati daur mein chaar goal karane seey pahale club key dou pree-season maichon mein seey pratyek mein khelane key liye gaye. revolt ney ack pakhwade baad chaar aur jode, jisase unake paksh koo 13 ankon kii jeet mein madad millie. 7vein daur mein reoldt ney apane currier mein pahali baar ghar aur baahar key match mein richmond kii kaptani kii, jaba trent kotchin ney chot key kaaran dair seey vaapsee kii thee. dou saptah baad unhone optus stadium mein ack match mein paanch goal kiye. usee khel mein unhone teesare quarter mein dair seey liam duggen parr ack takkar daali, jisake parinamswarup unhein agale break mein khoon kii khansi hoti hui dekhaa gayaa. usa raat unake swaasthya key liye chinta vyakt kiye jaane key baad unhein team key saath melburn vaapas jaane key liye chikitsakiya roop seey manjuri deni padee. usa samay taka vaha kull golon key liye pratiyogita mein kewal bayne braun (31) aur jack darling (28) key peechhe teesare sthaan parr they. halanki unhone agale saptah khelane key liye poori tarah seey sudhaar kiya, lekin usa round 10 match key pahale quarter mein kewal paanch minut mein defender jeck carlis seey ack galati seey kharaab honey key dauran sir parr chot lagane key baad way koee saarthak yogdan dene mein asamarth they. richmond apani anupasthiti key bavjood jeet hassil karane mein kamyab rahey aur carlisley koo hadtaal key liye dou maichon kaa nilamban milaa. reolt ney aghaat key parinamswarup ack poorna match naheen chhoda, agale saptah apane paksh key sapane key samay mein 'jee jeet parr. isake baad key saptah mein, revolt koo fox footy key madhya varsh key aul australiyai daste mein naamit kiya gayaa thaa. fox commentator paul roose ney bhee unhein avaruddh karane, jagah banaane aur paik koo crashes karane key unake prayason key liye saraha, jisamen roose ney unhein "pratiyogita mein sabse niswarth khilaadi" kaa label diyaa."juuna key anta mein unhein hobart mein ack bhavya karyakram mein tasmanian football holl off fame mein shamil kiya gayaa thaa. madhya-satra key baad, revolt ney etihad stadium mein jeet key dauran apane currier key pradarshanon mein seey ack mein pradarshan kiya. unhone apane currier key sarvshreshth ank (21) aur pratispardhi ank (saat) key saath-saath teen goal kiye aur 21 pradarshan darj kiye joe kii teen brownlow padak maton aur coach association puraskar mein ack sahee 10 maton seey puraskrit ack sarvshreshth-onn-ground pradarshan thaa. round 16 kii jeet mein ack aur vote praapt karane key baad round 18 mein chaar goal key pradarshan key liye dou aur vote aakarshit kiye gaye. agale saptah unhone 50 key ander nau key saath ack nayaa vyaktigat sarvshreshth sett kiya. julaai key anta mein, revolt ney richmond key saath ack nae teen saal key anubandh parr hastakshar kiye, jisase vaha cumm seey cumm 2021 key satra key anta taka club key liye pratibaddh rahey. fox footy key aeye. aff. ell. 360 parr apani niyamit panellist bhoomika mein bolate hue, revolt ney 2019 key anta taka apane maujooda anubandh key punargathan mein vetan mein katauti karane kaa daavaa kiya. 20 key daur mein unhone chaar goal kiye, joe usa varsh unake paanchven aise kull they. usa match key saath, unake 244 carrier kii upasthiti, revolt ney aathh number key gurnsey pahankar khele gaye khelon key liye sarvakaalik vfl/afl record sthaapit kiya. revolt ney apane teesare currier mein duss goal kiye aur 21 key daur mein jeet hassil kii, jisamen unhone apane currier key uchch 26 pradarshan bhee kiye aur usa satra mein goal karane key liye leag-agrani sthiti mein aae. unhone round 23 mein apani soochi mein paanch aur goal jode, 600 carrier goal meal kaa patthar paar kiya aur 65 goal key saath ghar aur baahar key satra koo samaapt karane key baad apana teesara colleman padak arjit kiya. vaha leag key itihas mein aathven khilaadi baney aur teesari baar puraskar jeetane vaale richmond club key itihas mein pahale khilaadi baney. unhein aeye. aff. ell. kii varsh kii khilaadi rating team mein forward pockett mein naamit kiya gayaa thaa aur saath hii teesari baar aul-australiyai naamit kiya gayaa thaa. richmond key pahale final mein, mcg mein ack jeet, usa varsh sirf teesari baar ack goal karane mein whiffle rhaa. unhone club key praarambhik final mein paanch goal key saath usa pradarshan koo thheek kiya. apane prayason key bavjood, richmond koo antim shrinkhala seey baahar curr diyaa gayaa, joe ack sadame mein 39-ank kii haar thee. 2018 kii final shrinkhala key samaapan key baad, revolt ney goal key liye leag mein pahala sthaan praapt kiya aur 50 key bheetar ank praapt kiye aur saath hii score shamil karane key liye dusare sthaan parr aur ladey gaye ankon key liye paanchven sthaan parr rahey. unhein 2018 key satra key dauran "herauld sunn" mukhya football lekhak maark robbinson dwara leag key sarvshreshth forward aur kull milakar teesare sarvshreshth khilaadi key roop mein naamit kiya gayaa thaa. revolt ney apane shandar satra key liye currier key sarvshreshth 10 brownlow padak key vote ekatra kiye aur richmond key sarvshreshth aur nyaaypurna khilaadi key roop mein apana doosara jack dier padak bhee praapt kiya. 2019 kaa mausam. 2018 key mausam key turant baad key maheenon mein, revolt kii kandhe kii mamuli sergery hui. disambar mein poorna prashikshan parr lautane seey pahale unhein off-season key shuruati hafton mein abhyaas karane taka seemit curr diyaa gayaa thaa. usa samay aeye. aff. ell. saankhyiki bhagidar "champion detta" dwara revolt koo leag mein doosari sarvshreshth pramukh sthiti aur kull milakar 34vein sarvshreshth khilaadi key roop mein label kiya gayaa thaa. usee off-season mein club ney poorv forward tomm linch koo richmond forward line mein revolt key saath khelane key liye bharti kiya. 2019 kii pahali football upasthiti farwari mein 2019 aeye. aff. ell. aiks. tournament mein 'rampage' team key kaptan key roop mein thee. usa maheene kii shuruat mein ack television draft mein vyaktigat roop seey apani team kaa chayan karane key baad, revolt ney tournament mein ack championship key liye upadrav kaa netritva kiya. march key anta mein mcg mein carlton key khilaf season-opening match mein apana 250 vaan afl khel khelane seey pahale farwari key anta mein aur march kii shuruat mein richmond key dou pree-season maichon mein seey pratyek mein dikhaai dene key saath revolt ney iska anusaran kiya. unhone match mein ack goal kiya, jisase unake currier kaa kull score 608 hoe gayaa aur michael roach koo richmond key sarvakaalik goal karane vaale leaderboard parr seedhe chauthe sthaan parr pahuncha diyaa. 2 key daur mein haarne key baad, revolt koo spasht roop seey kalaai mein mamuli chot luggy. unhone chot key bavjood match key shesh bhaag koo khela, jisamen rook mein kaam karna bhee shamil thaa. agale dinn scan puuraa karane seey pataa chalaa kii revolt koo trijya kaa ack chhota saa visthaapit fracture aur kalaai key ligament koo kuchh nuksan huaa thaa. usee match mein revolt koo apane baaen ghutane mein madhya cruciate ligament mein bhee moch kaa saamana karna padaa. una choton key kaaran teen maichon seey chookane key baad, revolt football mein laut aae aur richmond key round 6 mein dou goal kiye. haalaanki, match mein unhein ghutane mein ack aur chot lagegi, jisase unake baaen ghutane mein pashch krusakar snayubandhan koo uchch shreni kii kshati hogi. richmond club key adhikaariyon ney kahaa kii chot kii marammat key liye sergery kii aavashyakta naheen hogi, lekin isake parinamswarup chhah seey aathh saptah key beach yeh chhoot jaayegi. usa match key dauran unhein 'sus bellie fritsch' parr ack khatarnak tackle key liye bhee bataaya gayaa thaa, jisake liye unhein 1,000 dollar kaa jurmana lagaaya gayaa thaa. revolt ney fl tribinal mein aarop koo chunauti dee, jahaan vaha asafal rhaa, antatah jurmana 1,500 dollar taka badh gayaa. revolt ney juuna key pahale saptah taka phir seey daudana shuru curr diyaa thaa, usa maheene key anta mein round 15 mein fl vaapsee kaa lakshya rakhaa thaa. vaha dou saptah taka usa lakshya seey chook gayaa, aur diggajon parr round 17 kii jeet mein laut aaya, jisamen usane ack goal kiya thaa. unhone agale saptah season key apane abb taka key sarvshreshth pradarshan mein teen aur goal jode, jabaki coach damien hardwick ney julaai key baaki dinon mein form mein team key saathi linch key samarthan mein apane niswarth khel kii prashansa kii. round 22 kii jeet mein, dou alag-alag ankan pratiyogitaon mein apane pratidvandi kii peeth key peechhe apana pair rakhane key baad, revolt koo dou baar free kick key liye bulaaya gayaa thaa. isake baad key saptah mein, aeye. aff. ell. ney ghoshana kii kii niyam mein dheel dee jaayegi taaki kewal adhik khatarnak krityon koo shamil kiya jaa sakey joe nuksan kaa kaaran bunn sakate hain, taaki revolt key khilaf bhugtan kiye gaye prakaar kii free kick kaa bhugtan naheen kiya jaa sakey. ghar aur door key satra key antim daur mein, revolt ney defender marcus addams parr pahale quarter mein chaar goal kiye, lekin baad mein baaki match key liye darcy gardiner dwara bachaav kiye jaane parr koee goal naheen curr sakey. richmond key teesare sthaan parr season samaapt karane key baad, revolt ney 47 ankon kii yogyata antim jeet mein teen goal kiye. isake baad key praarambhik final mein unakaa prabhaav kaafee cumm thaa, pahale haaf mein kewal ack handball koo apane ekmatra pradarshan key roop mein record kiya aur antatah golrahit rhaa kyonki unakaa paksh haar gayaa aur unake khilaf ack bhavya final match mein jeet hassil kii. grand final mein, revolt ney ack match-hyee paanch goal kiye kyonki richmond ney teen varshon mein doosara premiership jeetaa, jisamen diggaj defender phil davis kii gati kii kamee kaa fayda uthaaya, joe ack pindley kii chot key saath lagbhag dair seey vaapas leey rahey they. unake paas teen dusare quarter key goal they, jisamen way aadhe samay mein jamini star parr number ack khilaadi they aur antatah unhein maanak smith padak mein chauthe sthaan parr match key khilaadi key liye matdan karane key liye arjit kiya. revolt key paanch goal aur ack peechhe (31 ank) ney unhein aeye. aff. ell./vee. aff. ell. key itihas mein chautha khilaadi banaa diyaa aur 59 varshon mein ack grand final mein vipakshi team (25 ank) koo akele out karane vaalaa pahala khilaadi banaa diyaa. 2020 kaa mausam. farwari mein bushfire raahat match key liye aeye. aff. ell. key mool dhana ugaahane kii sthiti mein 2020 key liye apana pahala match khela, jisamen unhone sahayogi aul-starr paksh key hisse key roop mein apane grih raajya tasmania kaa pratinidhitva karate hue dou goal kiye. vaha usee saptahant mein pahale pree-season match mein baithe lekin ack saptah baad club key antim pree-season match key liye laut aae. ack nirbaadh poorv-mausam key bavjood, madhya-march taka australia mein coronavirus mahamari kii teji seey pragati ney mausam key bhavishya koo sandeh mein dekhaa, jisamen revolt aur premiership defence shamil thaa. aeye. aff. ell. aayog ney antatah ghoshana kii kii satra kii shuruat nirdhaarit samay key anusaar hogi, lekin samooh samarohon parr saarvajanik swaasthya pratibandhon key kaaran prashansakon kii upasthiti key binaa. iss ummeed key saath kii ack mahatvapurna break madhya-season mein aavashyak hoga, leag ney yeh bhee ghoshana kii kii season koo ack sanshodhit 17-round sthirata key saath puuraa kiya jaayega aur una khilaadiyon parr bojh koo cumm karane key liye timahi kii lambai koo ack paanchven seey cumm kiya jaayega, jinake saal key pichhale aadhe mein chhote break key saath kaee match khelane kii ummeed kii jaayegi. una paristhitiyon mein, revolt ney ack round 1 jeet mein ack barabar team-uchch teen goal kiye, jisamen unhein saptah kii "aeye. aff. ell. media" team mein naamit kiya gayaa. halanki, kewal teen dinon baad, aeye. aff. ell. aayog ney kaee raajyon dwara apani seemaon parr sangrodh kii sharton koo lagu karane key baad anishchit kaal key liye mausam koo nilambit curr diyaa. 11 saptah key antaral key baad juuna kii shuruat mein season key kharaab pradarshan key liye media kii jaanch koo aakarshit kiya, round 2 aur 3 mein goal rahit maichon key baad, unhone agale daur mein saat saptah kii akhand goal karane kii daud shuru kii, jiss dauran unhein aur club koo melburn mein ack virus key prakop key jawab mein swarn tata parr sthanantarit curr diyaa gayaa thaa. revolt ney ghayal trent kotchin key sthaan parr round 6 aur 8 key beach teen saptah key khinchaav key liye club kaptan key roop mein kaary kiya. round 10 mein unhone ack vyaktigat season-sarvshreshth chaar goal kiye, isase pahale kii round 11 mein kotchin kii anupasthiti mein ack-off game key liye team kii kaptani karate hue teen aur goal kiye. vaha round 12 mein richmond key sarvshreshth khilaadiyon mein seey ack they, aur usa jeet mein dou-goal key yogdan key liye ack coach kaa puraskar arjit kiya. unhone round 17 kii jeet mein chaar goal karate hue jameen parr barabar key sarvshreshth key roop mein ack aur nau vote arjit kiye. revolt ney niyamit satra koo 28 golon kii laat markar samaapt kiya, antatah colleman padak daud mein barabar-chhathaa sthaan hassil kiya. unhone club key final abhiyaan key shuruati match mein dou goal kiye, ack qualifying final haar, goal rahit honey seey pahale aur ack saptah baad semifinal jeet mein season-low chaar disposal key liye. usa kharaab saankhyikiya pradarshan key bavjood, coach damien hardwick ney usa saptah key dauran usa pradarshan key liye revolt kii prashansa kii, vishesh roop seey pratispardhaon koo chihnit karane mein vipakshi avarodhak rakshakon koo nakaarne kii kshamata key liye. isi tarah ack praarambhik antim jeet mein, revolt ney 2015 key baad pahali baar kewal ack goal karane aur binaa kissy nishan key jaane key bavjood vibhajan chihnit karane vaale paik key liye hardwick kii saarvajanik prashansa arjit kii. revolt ney agale saptah adhik scoreboard maanyata arjit kii, teen baar key premiership khilaadi bunn gaye, jabaki 31-ank kii bhavya antim jeet mein dou goal kiye. revolt ney usa varsh apane 33 golon key liye dasaven club pramukh goalkeeper puraskar bhee arjit kiya, jabaki ack satra key liye club key sarvshreshth aur nishpaksh ginati mein barabar-14 vein sthaan parr rahey jisamen vaha sabhi 21 sambhaavit maichon mein bhaag lete hain. 2023 kaa mausam. round 1 2023 mein revolt ney apane 8vein currier drow mein ack leag record sthaapit kiya. khilaadi profile. reolt ack goal karane vaale poorna forward aur center-haaf forward key roop mein khelate hain. vaha iss sthiti mein cumm aakar kaa haye, jisaki oonchaai sirf 193 centimeter haye. 2010 key dashak mein, unhone leag mein kissy bhee khilaadi key 50 key ander sabse adhik ank liye aur usa samay mein teen colleman padak key saath franklin kaa milan karate hue, lens franklin key alawa kissy bhee khilaadi kii tulanaa mein adhik goal kiye. 2019/20 off-season mein, 2010 key dashak key sarvshreshth khilaadiyon kii "herauld sunn" soochi mein revolt koo kull milakar 13vaan sarvshreshth khilaadi ghoshit kiya gayaa thaa. 2020 mein, revolt koo "herauld sunn" dwara aeye. aff. ell. yug key richmond key chauthe sarvshreshth khilaadi key roop mein naamit kiya gayaa thaa. aankade. "round 23,2022 key anta mein adyatan kiya gayaa. ! collan = 3. currier ! 325 ! 752 ! 451 ! 2940 ! 972 ! 3912 ! 1734 ! 694 ! 2.3 ! 1.4. ! 9.0 ! 3.0 ! 12.0 ! 5.3 ! 2.1 ! 62 notes vyaktigat jeevan. revolt german viraasat key hain aur unake daadaa-daadi henz aur helga 1950 mein europeeya rashtra seey pravaas curr gaye they. unake pitaa criss tasmanian football leag mein clarence mein 298-game key khilaadi they, joe raajya key liye ack pratinidhi khilaadi they aur saath hii saath tasmanian football holl off fame mein shamil bhee they. revolt key dou chhote bhaai, hairi aur charley, donon junier raajya star parr tasmania key liye khele. vaha poorv sent kilda aeye. aff. ell. footballer nick revolt key pahale chachere bhaai hain. revolt ney 2016 mein lambe samay seey premika carley ziegler seey sagaai curr lii aur navambar 2017 mein revolt key grih raajya tasmania mein ack samaroh mein unaki shaadi hui. iss jodee key pahale bachche, ack ladki, kaa janm 2019 mein huaa thaa. 2021 mein, dampati ney apani doosari betty key janm kii ghoshana kii. football key maidan seey door, ack baar 0.6 key roop mein cumm viklang khilaadi key roop mein khelane vaalaa ack utsuk golfer haye. vaha americi rock baind dha killers kaa bhee prashansak haye, jisake saath usane 2017 mein richmond kii premiership jeet key baad munch parr pradarshan kiya thaa. media currier. fox footy key "aeye. aff. ell. 360" parr ack saptahik atithi key roop mein revolt dikhaai detaa haye. vaha 2019 mein mahaan saptahant mein australiyai tv show mein ack mezban key roop mein dikhaai diye aur 2020 mein unhone 1116saine parr somwar kii raaton mein apane swayam key radio ghante kii mejbani kii. revolt niyamit roop seey nova 100 mailborne breakfast radio show crissy, saim aind brauni mein bhee dikhaai detaa haye. cancer kaa darr. 2007 mein revolt kii peeth seey ack canceryukt tila nikaal diyaa gayaa thaa. 0. 9 millimeter melanoma key cancer honey kii pushti honey key baad unhone ootak koo aur hataa diyaa thaa aur taba seey punaravritti koo rokane key liye niyamit jaanch karaai gaee haye. 2014 mein unhone aeye. aff. ell. khilaadiyon key sangh aur cancer parishad victoria dwara ack abhiyaan kaa netritva kiya taaki "purushon koo cancer key baare mein kathin baatchit karane key liye raaji kiya jaa sakey." maddy kii drishti. jaba 2015 kii shuruat mein rakt roga applastic anaemia key parinamswarup revolt key chachere bhaai maddy (nick seey bahan) kii mrityu hoe gaee, tou vaha aur revolt parivaar unake sammaan mein sthaapit ack charity, maddy key drishtikon key liye saarvajanik pravakta bunn gaye. baahari link. ]

jack revolt jack revolt (janana 31 october 1988) aastreliyaada vruttipara rules football aatagararagiddu, avaru australian football leigh (afl) nalli richmond football klabgagi aduttare. aata mooru baari pradhana mantri sthaanada atagara, mooru baari colleman padaka vijeta, mooru baari aall-australian, 11 baari richmond clubna pramukha golkikar, eradu baari jack dier padaka vijeta mattu tusmanian football haal off famour agiddare. avaru richard avara upanaayakanaagi seve sallisuttiddaare mattu mattu haage maduttiddare. arambhika jeevana mattu junier football. revolt avaru tusmaniyada hobartnalli criss mattu lessie revolt emba poshakarige janisidaru. avaru purva hobart upanagaravaada bellerivnalli beledaru mattu tasmaniyada sflnalli clarensgagi junier football aadidaru. aadidaru, 16neey vayassinalli clarensnondige hiriya atagaranagi paadaarpane maadida revolt, nantara solina grand final seridante adara antima saraniya moolaka klabnondige aadidaru, allie avaru naalku golugalannu galisidaru. mundina varsha avaru clarensnondige matte hiriya grand finalnalli aadidaru, ee baari clubna vijayashali tandada sadasyaraagiddaru. nantara avaru tock cup mattadalli tussy navikarondige aadidaru mattu tarabeti padedaru mattu 2006rahra 18 varshadolagina champiyanshipgalalli tamma rajyavannu pratinidhisidaru. champiyanshipnalli mooru pandyagalalli avaru ottu entu golugalannu galisidaru mattu eradu sandarbhagalalli tamma tandada atyuttama aatagaararalli hesarisalpattaru. hesarisalpattaru avaru vflnalli tusmanian devils para entu pandyagalannu aadidaru. ondu gamanarha aatavu bendigo viruddha banditu, allie avaru naalku golugalannu hodedaru mattu 13 ankagalannu padedaru. avaru hobartne saint virgil mattu rosni colleginalli proudhashaaleyalli vyasanga maadidaru. karadannu siddhapadisuva modalu, afly meediyaada myaat burgen aatanannu "atyanta balavaada overhead hondiruva golu-kicking forward" endu hesarisitu."aadaagyoo, aatanannu tanna sthanakke chikka mattu nidhana endu pariganisalaagittu, uttara melburn nemakati vyavasthapaka neville stebard nantara, revolt" "kridaatmaka athawa eradoo tudigalalli (maidaanada) pramukha sthaanavannu aaduvashtu ettaradavanu" "endu taanu nambuvudilla endu helidaru"."recommondna nemakati vyavasthapaka francis jackson nantara revoltne prabhavashali football buddhivantike mattu chendina haaraatavannu oduva avara saamarthyavannu tanna nemakaatiyalli pramukha amshagalaagi nenapisikondaru. afl vrutti. 2007rahra season. 2006rahra afly rashtriya karadinalli clubna modala ayke mattu ottare 13neey aaykeyondige revolt avarannu rachisalaayitu. avaru 2007rahra rtuvina 9neey suttinalli, emm. sii. zii. yaya viruddhada 'zii' pandyada kanasina samayadalli tamma aa. eff. ell. chocchala praveshavannu maadidaru. mundina vaara avaru aadalilla, mundina suttinalli 14neey suttinalli hiriya tandadalli kanisikondaru. 16neey suttinalli mooru golugala pradarshanada bhagavagi avaru tamma vrattijeevanada modala golannu kick maadidaru. avaru rtuvina antima aaru pandyagalalli aidaralli aadidaru, aaa varshadalli tamma entu hiriya pandyagalalli elu golugalannu galisidaru. 2008rahra season. season, rewalt avaru richmond avara hiriya tandada niyamita sadasyaraagi tammannu taavu sthaapisikondaru. avaru 4neey suttinalli rtuvina tamma modala pandyavannu aadidaru mattu aaa rtuvinalli kevala ondu pandyavannu tappisikondaru, 18 pandyagalannu aadidaru. avara viruddha aidu golugala 15neey suttina byag aagina vrattijeevanada atyuttamavagittu. avaru ottu 18 golugalannu galisidaru, aaa rtuvinalli klabnalli aidane atyuttama golu galisidaru. 2009rahra season. 2009rahra rtuvinalli modala baarige richmondna richmondna rtuvannu praarambhisida revolt, klabgala round 1 pandyada-apnalli avara viruddha aadidaru. rtuvina modala elu suttugalalli avaru elu golugalannu galisidaru, nantara clubna 8 mattu 9 suttugala pandyagalannu tappisikondaru. avaru 10neey suttinalli eradu golugalondige maralidaru, 11neey suttinalli avara viruddha innoo mooru golugalannu serisidaru. avara anupasthitiya nantarada ombattu pandyagalalli avaru 20 golugalannu galisidaru, hindina varshakkinta avara rtuvina ottu mottavannu meerisidaru. ee otadalli essendon viruddha 17neey suttina vijayadalli richmond aaru golugala pradarshanavannu olagondittu. aaa vaara aaa yugada jake niyal avaru revolt avara "phooti smart" mattu gurutu haakuva saamarthyakkaagi shlaghisidaru. aaa rtuvinalli avaru 20 pandyagalannu audy, ondu tanda-eradane 32 golugalannu galisi, mattondu pandyavannu tappisikollalilla. avaru clubna atyuttama mattu nyaayayuta enikeyalloo entane sthaanavannu padedaru. 2010rahra season. 2010 rahra varshavu revoltge ondu adbhuta varshavaagittu. avaru tamma modala elu pandyagalalli 15 golugalannu galisi, rtuvannu balavagi praarambhisidaru. 8 mattu 15neey suttugala naduvina mundina entu pandyagalalli, revolt leagna atyuttama 43 golugalannu galisidaru. idu ombattu varshagala hinde mathue lloyd nantara aneka pandyagalalli athi hecchu mottavaagide. avaru 12neey suttinalli vijayada ovarnalli vrattijeevanada atyuttama 10 golugalannu galisidaru. ee pandyavu aidu modala quarter golugalannu olagondittu, naalku golugalu aatada modala 11 nimishagalalli bandavu. bhaya jonathan braun nantara ondu pandyadalli 10 golugalannu galisida modala atagara emba heggalikege avaru patraradaru mattu mattu mathue richardson nantara modala richard atagara emba heggalikege patraradaru. 21neey suttinalli docklands kridaanganadalli saint kilda viruddha 17 esetagalannu edurisi, 11 ankagalannu galisi mattu elu golugalannu galisi atyuttama atagara endu revolt hesarisalpattaru. heege aata elu varshagala itihaasadalli eoin stewart padakavannu gedda modala richmond aatagaararaadaru. naalku varshagala vrattijeevanadalli modala baarige, revolt ellah sambhaavya pandyagalannu aadida nantara rtuvannu mugisidaru. avara 78 golugalu leagnalli yaavude aatagaararinda athi hecchu golugalannu galisidavu, idu avarige kramavagi leigh aagi colleman padaka mattu micheal roach padakavannu mattu clubna pramukha goalkikar annu galisitu. coleman gedda naalku dinagala nantara, revolt avaru richard avara atyuttama mattu nyaayayuta atagaranagi jack dier padakavannu padedaru. avarannu aall-australian tandakke purna-forward sthaanadallu hesarisalaayitu. nantara, 2010rahra antaaraashtriya niyamagala saranialli australiavannu pratinidhisalu mattu airlend pravaasakke aaykeyaadaru. 2011rahra season. 2011rahra kridaartuvina arambhakke modalu, revoltannu richmondna aaru janara naayakatvada gumpige serisalaayitu. modala suttinalli carlton viruddha rtuvina aaru-golugala aarambhada nantara, avaru anusarisalu kathina hadinaidu dinagala kaala anubhavisidaru. clubna 2neey suttina pandyada aarambhadalli avaru concusionge olagaagiddaru mattu yaavude pramukha ankiamshagala vibhagadalli prabhaavavannu daakhalisalu saadhyavaaguva modalu avarannu badalisalaayitu. batte badalisuva koonegalannu maidanakke samparkisuva mettilugala mele croll madutta mattu pandyakke maralalu balavantavagi vaadisuttiruvudannu avaru kandaru. aprilnalli tarabetudaara damien hardwickninda teekege olagaada revolt, tandada saha atagara dustin martin mele koogida nantara mattu 3neey suttinalli benchge beralannu needida nantara tanna maidaanadalli vartane badalaayisabekaagide endu helidaru. kaii haavaligaagi aflyinda $1,200 dandavannu saha vidhisalaayitu. robbert walls avaru "yuga" dalli swarthy atakkagi avarannu tikisidaru; walls avaru revolt "tandada krideyalli obba vyaktiyagiddare" endu helidaru." aadaagyoo, avaru nantarada aaru pandyagalalli abhootapoorva formge kaalittaru, naalku baari naalku golugalannu mattu eradu sandarbhagalalli aidu byaggalannu galisidaru. hardwick tanna rtumaanada purva yojaneyannu maidaanada mele mattashtu aadalu jaarige tanda parinaamavaagi, kadime golu odeyuvikeya anki amshagala horataagiyoo, avana form ulida rtuvinalli balavagi uliyitu. satata eradane varsha avaru club leading golkikar prashastiyannu geddaru mattu clubna 22 pandyagalalli pratiyondaralloo aadidaru. revolt avara 62 golugalu avaru lens franklin avara nantara colleman padakada spardheyalli eradane sthaanavannu galisidaru. aaa rtuvinalli clubna atyuttama mattu nyaayayutavaada enikeyalli revolt ombattane sthaanavannu padedaru. septembernalli, revolt ellah rtuvinalli gayagala moolaka aadiddaane mattu naalku shastrachikitsegala agatyaviruttade endu bahirangavaayitu; prati sontada mele ondu, beralige ondu mattu eda paadada mele innondu. tarabeti apaghaatada nantara pakkelubu cartilezge aada haaniyannoo avaru edurisuttiddaru. 2012rahra season. shastrachikitsegalu mattu chetarikeya avadhiya nantara, revolt tanna modala mooru pandyagalalli aidu golugalannu mattu ombattu byaggalannu odeyuva moolaka rtuvannu tappagi praarambhisidaru. rtuvina madhyabhaagadalli avaru tamma atyuttama pradarshanavannu toridaru, kramavagi 9 mattu 10neey suttina pandyagalalli satatavagi aaru mattu entu golugalannu galisidaru. 10neey suttina vijayavu revolt avara 100neey vrattijeevanada pandyavagittu mattu 2003rahra nantara saint kilda viruddha richard avara modala geluvu. avaru goaled coast mattu western buldaggala viruddha 16 mattu 20 suttugalalli aidu golugala chilagalannu odeyidaru. mooru varsagalalli eradane baarige rtuvina koneyalli leagna golu scoring spardheyalli agrasthana galisida revolt, 2012rahra rtuvinalli colleman padakavannu bhadrapadisikondaru. avaru clubna antima pandyada rtuvina mooru golugalannu tye-leedargalaada mathue pawlich () mattu tomm hockins () avara hinde praveshisidaru, aadare aaru golugalannu galisi rtuvinalli 65 golugalondige mugisidaru mattu eradu golugalu jodiyu solinallittu. aneka colleman padakagalannu gedda eradane richmond atagara emba heggalikege revolt patraradaru mattu micheal rochna club daakhaleyannu samagolisidaru. arambhika naamanirdeshitaralli aaykeyaada revolt antimavagi varshada aall australian tandadalli hesarisalilla. warwick green mattu myaat windley off dhii herold sunn prakara avanannu vivaadaatmaka lopavendu pariganisalaagittu. avaru rtuvina atyuttama mattu nyaayayuta prashastiyalli klabnalli ombattane sthaanavannu padedaru. 2013rahra season. 2012-13 off-seesannalli matte sanna shastrachikitsegaligagi revolt chakuvina adiyalli hoguvudannu kanditu, idu chetarisikolluvudarinda avanannu seemita tarabetiya horege tallitu. rtumaanavu adhikrutavaagi praarambhavaaguva modale, revolt, richard avara rtumaanada purva pandyavannu gellalu sairan nantara golannu odeyuva moolaka tanna yogyateyannu torisiddanu. aaa saranialli avaru modala baarige richarmand avara naayakatvavannu vahisidaru, entu ankagala vijayadalli aaa sadhane maadidaru. 1neey suttina vijayada ovarnalli golu rahitavaagiddaaga, marudina revolt viruddha elu golugala hodetadondige pratikriyisidaru. avaru mundina vaara pradarshanavannu bembalisidaru, tandada viruddha vijayadalli innoo aidu golugalannu galisidaru. 5neey suttina ondu ankada solina samayadalli madhyamagala tikeyannu aakarshisida revolt, nikata solina nantara tandada saha aatagaararige koopadinda pratikriyisida nantara maark mcclure avaru "aa primma dona" endu hesarisidaru. ellah rtuvinalloo revolt avara oppanda mattu bhavishyada aatada bagge madhyamagala uhapohagala vishayavaagittu. aata fremantalninda prastapagalannu sweekarisidanendu varadiyagide, aadare julai antyadalli richmandnondige hosa mooru varshagala oppandakke sahi haakuva moolaka vyaapaarada vidhaanagalannu munchitavaagi tadedaru. 17 suttugala nantara, 47 ankagalannu galisida revolt, leagna golu-kicking pattiyalli moorane sthaanadalliddaru. avaru 57 golugalondige rtuvannu mugisidaru, idu 2009rahra nantarada avara kanishta mottavaagide, aadare innoo nalkane nera club pramukha golkikar prashastiyannu gelluvalli yashasviyaadaru. avaru tamma vrattijeevanada modala finalnalli septembernalli aadidaru, aaga emm. sii. zii. yalli elemination finalnalli richmond sotaru. rtuvina koneyalli clubna atyuttama mattu nyaayayutavaada enikeyalli revolt elane sthanakke samanagiddaru. avaru goal asistgagi leagnalli moorane sthaanavannu padedaru. 2014rahra season. phebravari olagaagiddaare, richmondna aidu atagarara naayakatvada gumpininda revolt avarannu kaibidalaayitu, avara badalige defender troy chaplin avarannu nemisalaayitu. idu, tarabetudaarana "saampradaayika center hoff forward patra" dalli aatanannu aadisuva yojaneyondige, revolt avaru kelavu samayakkinta vibhinnavaagi rtuvannu sameepisuvudannu kanditu. avaru off-seesannalli tamma aatada tukavannu kadime maadidaru, tamma fitness bays annu hechchisidaru mattu sanna off-seesannina shastrachikitseyinda monakalu mattu sontakke chetarisikondaru. 1neey suttina solinalli revoltne pradarshanavannu tarabetudaararinda "tulanaatmakavaagi kalape" endu hesarisalaayitu, forward forward kadime disposalgalannu daakhalisitu mattu 8neey suttina 2012rahra nantara modala baarige kevala ondu golannu maatra daakhalisitu. avaru 3neey suttinalli trip aagiddaru endu varadiyagide, aadare afl pandyada vimarshe samitiyu ee aparaadhavannu amanatige yogyavallavendu pariganisida nantara kevala ondu gadarikeyondige tappisikondaru. tandada hosa kiru-hodeyuva aatada sailiya parinaamakaaritvada viruddha saarvajanikavaagi maatanaadidaaga, mayee tingalalli club adhikaarigalu avarannu shikshisidaru. hardwick tamaasheyaagi madhyamagalige vivarisuttaa, club "avana baayinda (revoltne) kaalu mattu avana kattinolaginda nanna kaalu chaliside" endu helidaru. avaru tweeter moolaka saarvajanikavaagi kshameyachisidaru mattu idara parinaamavaagi ayke kodaliyannu tappisidaru. sidniyallina gws daityara viruddha richarmandna 113 ankagala vijayadalli vrattijeevanada garishta 11 golugalannu galisidaaga avara aun-feeled pratikriyeyu gamanarhavagittu. julainalli, dashakada off-dha-full tusmaniyada tusmanian tandadalli rii volt avarannu phul-forward endu hesarisalaayitu. satata eradane rtuvinalli, revolt mattu huligalu afl finalge arhate padedaroo, kevala ondu pandyada nantara matte horagulididdaru. avaru 61 golugalannu hodedu rtuvannu mugisidaru mattu satata aidane varshavoo richard avara goalkicking prashastiyannu geddaru. avaru 1934-1938 nalli jack titus nantara, satata aidu rtugalalli 50 golugalannu galisida clubna itihaasadalli kevala eradane aatagaararaadaru. 2015rahra season. tanna sodarasambandhi maddia maranavannu olagondante bhavanatmaka off-season nantara, revolt 1neey suttinalli ashte bhavanatmakavagi badukulidaru. carlton viruddha richmondna geluvinalli avaru naalku golugalannu hodedaru mattu avara pratiyondu golugala nantara aakaashavannu torisuva moolaka avara smaranege tamma pradarshanavannu arpisidaru. avaru 5 rinda 8 rahra suttugalalli 14 golugalannu hodedaru mattu naalku vaaragala avadhiyalli sarasari elu ankagaliginta hecchu galisidaru. 13neey suttinalli avaru ess. sii. zii. yaya viruddha aaru golugalondige rtuvina tamma atidodda mottavannu galisidaru. saint kilda jotegina 16neey suttina pandyavannu "maddy 's match" endu gurutisalaayitu, idu revolt sodarasambandhigala "maddy' s vision" gaagi hanavannu sangrahisitu. avaru richard avara geluvina tandadalli eradu golugalannu galisidaru. ottaareyaagi 2015 rahra varshavu revoltge atyuttama varshavendu saabitaayitu, aarane nera club pramukha golkikar prashastiyannu (54) gedditu mattu ankagalu mattu vilevaarigaagi vrattijeevanada garishta mattavannu sthaapisitu. tamma vrattijeevanadalli eradane baarige, ee baari center-hoff forward sthaanadallidda revolt, aflna aall-australian tandakke aaykeyannu galisidaru. avaru kevin bartlet padakavannu bhadrapadisikondu, richmondna atyuttama mattu nyaayayutavaada spardheyalli aidane sthaanavannu padedaru. padedaru, revolt avaru, jack titus avarannu meerisi, satata aaru rtugalalli rtugalalli hecchu golugalannu galisida modala richmond aatagaararaadaru. zoon antyadalli oppandada vistaranege sahi haakida revolt, kanishta 2019rahra rtuvina antyadavaregu avanannu richmandge oppandakke olapadisidaru. 2016 rahra season. 2015rahra koneyalli richarmand nayaka trent katchin avaru tamma sthanakke rajiname niiduvante karegalannu edurisidaaga, revolt avarannu sambhaavya badali atagararagi hesarisalaayitu. avaru uhapohagalannu tallihaakidaru, "nanna drashtiyalli (katchin) namma football club annu munnadesalu atyuttama vyakti endu naanu bhavisuttene ekendare naanu (naayakanaaguva) prashneyannu saha manaranjisalu sadhyavilla." maidaanadalli, rtuvinalli, revolt avaru center-hoff forward sthanakke tamma parivartaneyannu munduvaresidaru. avaru tukavannu kadime maaduva moolaka mattu golu rekheyinda aatada mele hecchu gamana kendrikarisuva moolaka tamma sahishnute, churukutana mattu jigitada saamarthyavannu sudhaarisidaru. avaru 5neey suttinalli paadada sanna gayavannu anubhavisidaru mattu avara clubna 6neey suttina pandyakke siddaragalu aising mattu punarvasatigala tivravaada kaaryakramada agatyavittu. avaru tamma vrattijeevanada 200neey pandyadalli emm. sii. zii. yalli 21neey suttina solinalli geelong viruddha sotaru. revolt antimavagi revolt richard avara 22 pandyagalalli pratiyondaralloo aadidaru, tandadalli munchooniyalliruva 48 golugalannu galisidaru. tamma entu pandyagala chocchala rtuvina nantara modala baarige avaru ondu pandyadalli aidu golugala chilavannu odeyade hodaru. aadaagyoo, avaru ottu mattu sarasari nirvahaneyalli hosa vaiyaktika atyuttama pradarshanavannu niididaru, tamma hosa patravannu midfieldna hattiradalli aadidaru. clubna atyuttama mattu nyaayayutavaada enikeyalli revolt nalkane sthana padedaru, idara parinaamavaagi fred swift padakavannu padedaru. clubna tarabetudaararinda ondu varsha hinnade endu hesarisalpatta nantara, madhyamagalu vyaapaarada uhapohagalinda revolt suttuvarididdaru. avaru klabge tamma baddhateyannu punaruchcharisidaru, avaru klabnondige gamanarha tandada yashassannu sadhisuttare emba anumaanavannu prarambhisiddare endu nantarada varsagalalli drudhikarisidaroo avaru "haladi mattu kappu" endu heliddaare. 2017 rahra season. revoltne 2017rahra purva-rtuvinalli gaayada kalavalagalu deerghakaaladavarege iddavu. shastrachikitsakanu hecchu tivravaada haaniyannu bahirangapadisida parinaamavaagi kaaryavidhaanavannu purna paadada punarnirmanakke madhyadalli badalaayisuva modalu, september 2016 ralli avaru sanna paadada shastrachikitsege olagaadaru. ee baari ee hinde murida beralige aada haaniyannu saripadisalu, novembernalli aata matte chakuvina adiyalli hodanu. march march avarannu richardandna saha-upa-naayakaraagi nemisalaayitu. avaru defender alex rans avarondige patravannu hanchikollabekittu, ibbaroo trent katchin avara naayakatvadalli seve sallisidaru. off-seesannalli phul forward tye vikariya mukta-agency nirgamanadondige, revolt 2017 ralli aalavaada forward sthanagalalli hecchina aatada samayavannu noduttaane. 2017rahra 1neey suttinalli avaru vrattijeevanada atyuttama elu tacklegalannu daakhalisidaru, idu richard avara vijayada pandyavagittu. melaborne jotegina 5neey suttina anjac day eev gharshaneyalli revolt ardra havaamaanada aatadalli aaru golugalannu galisidaru. aata 2017rahra 7neey suttinalli etihad kridaanganada viruddhada pandyadalli tamma vrattijeevanada 500neey golannu galisidaru. avaru clubna itihaasadalli athi vegavagi mailigallannu talupida aidane vyaktiyagiddaru. 11 pandyagala nantara mattu rtuvina madhyada bainalli, revolt 29 golugalannu hodediddaru. 13neey suttinalli avaru tamma 214neey afl pandyavannu audy, entane sankhyeya garnasiyalli richmond atagara aadida hecchina aatagalige dick clay annu daatidaru. 13 mattu 14neey suttugalalli avara eradu mattu mooru golugala atagalu aneka golugalondige satata atagala saraniyannu saraniyannu tandavu. aaa samayadalli aaa saraniyannu hidida ekaika atagararagiddaru mattu varshada goalkicking pattiyalli aidane sthaanavannu hondiddaru. saint kilda viruddha 16neey suttinalli sotha richmondna halavaaru kalape pradarshanakaararalli revolt obbaraagiddaru, kevala ondu golannu odeyuttiddaru mattu 67 ankagala nashtadalli elu aastigalannu sangrahisidaru. idakkinta hechchaagi, aatada eradane quartern entane nimishadavaregoo revoltne modala svaadhinavu baralilla. tarabetiya samayadalli tandada saha atagararada mabier kolninda aakasmikavaagi kanninalli hodeda kaarana revoltge carnia kattarisitu mattu kannina hinde raktasraavaayitu. ee gaayadindaagi avaru richard viruddha 19neey suttina pandyadalli aadalu sadhyavagalilla mattu satatavagi aadida 86 pandyagala revolt steak annu konegolisidaru. avaru 20neey suttinalli mattondu pandyavannu tappisikondaru mattu 21neey suttinalli avara viruddha maralidaru. 23neey suttinalli, revolt tanna sodarasambandhi nick viruddha forwardna nivrutti pandyadalli aadidaru. aata, saint kilda forward josh brusrondige, nick avara adhyakshateyannu neladinda vahisidaru, idu eradane saint kilda aatagaaranannu gouravakkagi hastaantarisida kaarana vivaadaatmakavaagittu. geelong mattu gws viruddhada antima vijayagala nantara, revolt mattu richmond grand finalge arhate padedaru, idu 1982rahra nantara clubna modalaneyadaagide. avaru antimavagi mainer-preemiyargala viruddhada pandyavannu 48 ankagalinda gelluttaare, revolt eradu golugalu, aaru ankagalu mattu elu tacklingalannu niiduttaare. pandyada nantarada acharaneya samayadalli, americada rock byaand dhii killarsninda emm. sii. zii. yalli uchita sangeeta kacheriyannu pradarshisalaayitu, avarobba revolt abhimaniyagiddare. hindina vaaradalli club mattu afl madhyama vyavasthaapakarondige prastapavannu ettida nantara, avara 2005 rahra ekageete "mister" hadalu vedikeyalli bandge seralu revolt avarannu prasiddhavagi aahvaanisalaayitu. prakashamanavada ". 2017rahra kridaartuvinalli avara pradarshanakkagi, revolt entane nera club pramukha goal-kakkar prashastiyannu padedaru, clubna atyuttama mattu nyaayayutavaada enikeyalli elane sthaanadalliddaru, leagnalli mattu ankagaligaagi modala sthaanadalliddaru mattu premiership aatagaararaadaru. 2018rahra season. 2018rahra rtuvinalli munnade saadhisida revolt, clubna vfl tandada viruddhada intra-club pandyadalli richmondna hiriya atagararigagi elu golugalannu galisi, balavaada goal-kicking form annu torisidaru. allinda avaru clubna eradu purva-rtumaanada pandyagalalli pratiyondaralloo aadidaru mattu rtuvina modala suttinalli naalku golugalannu galisidaru. hadinaidu dinagala nantara revolt innoo naalku pandyagalannu serisidaru, idu avara tandakke 13 ankagala geluvinondige sahaaya maaditu. 7neey suttinalli, trent katchin gaayadindaagi tadavagi hinde sarida nantara, revolt tamma vrattijeevanadalli modala baarige home mattu away pandyadalli richmond avarannu munnadesidaru. eradu vaaragala nantara avaru optus kridaanganadalli nadeda pandyadalli aidu golugalannu galisidaru. adhe aatadalli avaru moorane quarternalli koneyalli avara liam duggan mele bump haakidaru, idara parinaamavaagi avaru mundina viraamada samayadalli rakta kemmuvudannu kandaru. avara aarogyada bagge kalavala vyaktapadisida nantara aaa ratri tandadondige melburnge maralalu avarannu vaidyakeeyavaagi teravugolisabekayitu. aaa hantadalli avaru ottu golugalannu (24) galisida spardheyalli moorane sthaanadalliddaru, benn braun (31) mattu jack darling (28) avara hinde. mundina vaara aadalu avaru sampoornavaagi chetarisikondaru, aaa suttina 10 pandyada modala quarternalli kevala aidu nimishagala nantara defender jake carlisle avarinda tappaada looty samayadalli talege hodeda nantara avaru yaavude arthapurna kodugeyannu needalu sadhyavagalilla. richard avara anupasthitiya horataagiyoo vijayavannu saadhisidaru mattu carlisle strikegaagi eradu pandyagala amanatugondaru. concusion parinaamavaagi revolt ondu purna pandyavannu tappisikollalilla, mundina vaara zii vijayada ovarnalli tanna tandada kanasina samayadalli salugatti nilluttaane. nantarada vaaradalli, revolt avarannu foxes futiya varshada madhyabhaagadalli aall australian tandadalli hesarisalaayitu. foxes niroopaka paul roose avaru tadehidiyuva, jagavannu srushtisuva mattu pyaakgalannu crash maaduvallina avara prayatnagaligaagi avarannu shlaghisidaru, roose avarannu "spardheyalli atyanta niswartha atagara" endu hesarisidaru."zoon antyadalli hobartnalli nadeda addhuri kaaryakramadalli avarannu tusmanian football haal off famegay serisalaayitu. rtuvina madhyada bye nantara, etihad kridaanganadalli nadeda geluvina samayadalli revolt tamma vrattijeevanada pradarshanagalalli wandannu niididaru. avaru tamma vrattijeevanada atyuttama ankagalannu (21) mattu spardhaatmaka ankagalannu (elu) galisidaru, jotege mooru golugalannu odeyidaru mattu 21 disposalgalannu daakhalisidaru, idu mooru brounlo padakada matagalu mattu coach association prashastiyalli paripurna 10 matagalinda puraskrutavaada atyuttama pradarshanavagittu. round 16rahra vijayadalli revolt aaa prashastiyalli innoo ondu matavannu padedaru, nantara round round naalku golugala pradarshanakkagi innoo eradu matagalannu padedaru. mundina vaara avaru mattu ombattu golugalondige hosa vaiyaktika atyuttama pradarshanavannu niididaru. julai antyadalli, revolt avaru richarmaandnondige hosa mooru varshagala oppandakke sahi haakidaru, kanishta 2021rahra rtuvina antyadavarege klabge baddharaagiddaru. foxes footiya footiya nalli tanna niyamita panelist patradalli matanadutta, 2019 rahra antyadavarege tanna astitvadallidda oppandada punarachaneyalli vetana kaditavannu tegedukondiddene endu revolt heliddaare. 20 neey suttinalli avaru naalku golugalannu hodedaru, aaa varshadalli avara aidane motta. aaa pandyadondige, avara 244 vrattijeevanada pradarshanadondige, revolt avaru entune sankhyeya garnasiyannu dharisi aadida aatagalige saarvakaalika vfl/afl daakhaleyannu nirmisidaru. idannu anusarisida revolt, 21neey suttina pandyadalli tamma moorane vrattijeevanada hattu-golu galisidaru, idaralli avaru vrattijeevanada garishta 26 golugalannu galisidaru mattu aaa rtuvinalli kick maadida golugaligaagi leigh-pramukha sthanakke walt maadidaru. avaru 23neey suttinalli tamma vrattijeevanada 600 golu mailigallannu daati, 65 golugalondige home mattu away rtuvannu mugisida nantara tamma moorane coleman padakavannu galisidaru. avaru leigh itihaasadalli entane aatagaararaadaru mattu richard club itihaasadalli moorane baarige prashastiyannu gedda modala aatagaararaadaru. avaru varshada aflna atagara rating tandadalli forward paaketnalli hesarisalpattaru mattu moorane baarige aall-australian endu hesarisalpattaru. richarmandna modala finalnalli, emm. sii. zii. yalli geluvu, aaa varshadalli kevala moorane baarige golannu hodeyalu viphalaraadaru. clubna praathamika finalnalli aidu golugalondige avaru aaa pradarshanavannu saripadisidaru. avara prayatnagala horataagiyoo, richard final saraniyinda horagulididdaru, idu 39-ankagala aghatakari solaagittu. 2018rahra final saraniya muktaayada nantara, golu mattu mattu ankagaligaagi leagnalli modala sthana padeda revolt, ankagala olagolluvikege eradane sthana mattu spardheya ankagalige aidane sthana padedaru. avarannu "herold sunn" mukhya football barahagara maark robbinson avaru 2018 rahra rtuvinalli leagna atyuttama forward mattu ottare moorane atyuttama atagara endu hesarisidaru. revolt tamma adbhuta rtuvigaagi vrattijeevanada atyuttama 10 brounlo padakada matagalannu galisidaru mattu richard avara atyuttama mattu nyaayayuta atagaranagi tamma eradane jack dier padakavannu padedaru. 2019rahra season. 2018rahra rtuvina nantarada tingalugalli, revolt bhujada sanna shastrachikitsege olagaadaru. decembernalli purna tarabetige maraluva modalu avaru off-season arambhika vaaragalalli drilgalannu odisalu nirbandhitaraagiddaru. aaa samayadalli afl ankiamshagala paludara "champiyan dayta" emba hesarininda revolt avarannu eradane atyuttama pramukha sthana mattu leagnalli ottare 34 neey atyuttama atagara endu hesarisalaayitu. adhe off-seesannalli club maaji forward tomm linch avarannu richmond forward lainnalli revolt avarondige aadalu nemisikonditu. phebravariyalli nadeda 2019rahra aflix pandyaavaliyalli 'rampage' tandada naayakaraagi 2019rahra modala football pandyaavaliyalli revolt kanisikondaru. aaa tingala aarambhadalli dooradarshanada karadinalli vaiyaktikavagi tanna tandavannu ayke maadida nantara, pandyaavaliyalli revelt champiyanshipge kaaranaraadaru. march antyadalli emm. sii. zii. yalli carlton viruddha rtuvina arambhika pandyadalli tanna 250neey aa. eff. ell aatavannu aaduva modalu phebravari antyadalli mattu march aarambhadalli richarmandna eradu purva-rtumaanada pandyagalalli pratiyondaralloo kanisikondaru. avaru pandyadalli ondu golannu kick maadidaru, avara vrattijeevanada ottu mottavannu mottavannu tandaru mattu micheal roach avarannu richmondna saarvakaalika goalkeeping leaderboardnalli nalkane sthanakke meerisidaru. 2neey suttina solinalli, revolt manikattige sanna gaayavaayitu. avaru raknallina stintgalu seridante gaayada horataagiyoo pandyada ulida bhagavannu aadidaru. marudina purnagonda scangalalli, revolt trijyada sanna sthalaantarisada murita mattu manikattina asthirajjugalige swalpa haaniyaagide endu tilidubandide. adhe pandyadalli revolt tanna eda monakaalina madhyada shilubegerisuva asthirajjugu uluku kanisikondanu. aaa gayagalindagi mooru pandyagalannu tappisikonda nantara, revolt footballge maralidaru mattu richard avara round 6 anjak day eev vijayadalli eradu golugalannu hodedaru. aadaagyoo, avaru pandyadalli mattondu monakalu gayavannu anubhavisuttaare, avara eda monakaalina himbhagada cruciate ligamentge unnata darjeya haaniyannu untumaduttare. ee gayavannu saripadisalu shastrachikitseya agatyavilla aadare idara parinaamavaagi aaa revolt innoo aararinda entu vaaragalavarege tappisikolluttade endu richmond club adhikaarigalu helidaru. aaa pandyada samayadalli aatanige bayley fritsionalli apayakari tacklingagi varadiyagiddu, idakkaagi aatanige $1,000 dandavannu vidhisalaayitu. revolt avaru afly tribinalnalli aaropavannu prashnisi, allie avaru viphalaraadaru, dandavannu antimavagi $1,500 kke hechchisalaayitu. revolt zoon modala vaaradinda punaraarambhisidaru, aaa tingala koneyalli round 15 ralli afly return annu guriyagisikondaru. avaru aaa guriyannu eradu vaaragalavarege tappisikondaru, daityara viruddha round 17 vijayadalli maralidaru, idaralli avaru ondu golannu odeyidaru. mundina vaara avaru rtuvina tamma atyuttama pradarshanadalli innoo mooru golugalannu serisidaru, aadare tarabetudaara damien hardwick avaru julai ulida avadhiyalli phaarmnalliruva tandada saha atagarara linchannu bembalisi avara niswartha aatavannu shlaghisidaru. 22neey suttina vijayada pandyadalli, eradu pratyeka gurutu spardegalalli tanna eduraaliya bennina himbhagadalli tanna padavannu haakida nantara, revolt avarannu eradu baari free kikgagi kareyalaayitu. nantarada vaaradalli, haaniyannuntumaaduva hecchu apayakari krutyagalannu maatra serisalu niyamavannu sadilagolisalaaguvudu endu afl ghoshisitu, idarindaagi revolt viruddha pavatisida reetiya free kikgalannu innu munde pavatisalaguvudilla. home mattu away rtuvina antima suttinalli, defender marcus audums mele modala quarternalli naalku golugalannu revolt hodedaru, aadare nantara pandyada ulida bhagakke darcy gaardinarninda rakshisalpattaga yaavude golugalannu galisalilla. rtuvannu moorane sthaanadalli mugisida nantara, revolt avaru 47-ankagala arhata antima vijayadalli mooru golugalannu hodedaru. nantarada praathamika finalnalli avaru gananeeyavaagi kadime prabhaavashaaliyaagiddaru, modalaardhadalli kevala ondu handball annu tamma ekaika saadhaneyaagi daakhalisidaru mattu antimavagi avara tandavu solisi, avara viruddha grand final pandyavannu geddu, golu rahitavagi hodaru. grand finalnalli, revolt pandyada garishta aidu golugalannu hodedaru, ekendare richmond mooru varsagalalli eradane pradhana mantritvavannu geddaru, idu dodda defender phil davis avara vegada korateyannu balasikonditu, avaru karu gaayadinda tadavagi hintegedukondaru. avara mooru dvitiyaardhada golugalu ardhaavadhiyalli ankiamshagala prakara neladalli modala sthaanadallidda atagararagiddaru mattu antimavagi pandyada aatagaaranige matha chalaayisuva moolaka avaru saamaanya smith padakadalli nalkane sthaanavannu galisidaru. revolt avara aidu golugalu mattu ondu hinnade (31 ankagalu) avarannu afl/vfl itihaasadalli nalkane atagara mattu 59 varsagalalli grand finalnalli virodha tandavannu (25 ankagalu) ekangiyagi meerisida modala atagaranannagi maaditu. 2020rahra season. phebravariyalli nadeda bushfire releaf pandyakkagi aflna nidhisangraha sthitiyalli 2020rahra modala pandyavannu aadida revolt, tanna tavaru raajyavaada tasmaniavannu mitrapakshada aall-stars tandada bhagavagi pratinidhisuvaga eradu golugalannu hodedaru. avaru adhe vaaraantyadalli modala rtumaana purva pandyavannu aadidaru aadare ondu vaarada nantara clubna antima rtumaana purva pandyakke maralidaru. rtuvina poorvadalli nirantaravaada nirantarateya horataagiyoo, march madhyada velege aastreliyaadalli coronavirus saankraamika rogada tvarita pragatiyu rtuvina bhavishyavannu anumanakke olapadisitu, idaralli revolt mattu premiership rakshaneyu serittu. gumpu kutagala mele saarvajanika aarogya nishedhadindaagi rtuvina praarambhavu nigadita velaapattiyante munduvariyuttade endu afl aayogavu antimavagi ghoshisitu, aadare abhimanigalu hajaraguvudilla. rtuvina madhyabhaagadalli gamanarha virama agatyaviruttade emba niriksheyondige, varshada hindina ardhabhaagadalli alpavadhiya viraamagalondige aneka pandyagalannu aaduva niriksheyiruva atagarara melina horeyannu kadime maadalu rtuvannu maarpadisida 17-suttina pandyadondige mattu kaalu bhagada uddavannu aidane ondu bhagadashtu kadime maaduvudarondige poornagolisalaaguvudu endu leigh ghoshisitu. aaa paristhitigalalli, 1neey suttina geluvinalli samaana tandada-garishta mooru golugalannu revolt odeyidaru, idu avarannu vaarada "afl meediyaada" tandadalli hesarisitu. aadaagyoo, kevala mooru dinagala nantara, aneka rajyagalu tamma gadigalalli samparkatadeyannu sharattugalannu jaarige tanda nantara afl aayogavu rtuvannu anirdishtaavadhige amanatugolisitu. 11 vaaragala viraamada nantara zoon aarambhadalli rtuvina aarambhadalli punararambhavadaga, 2 mattu 3neey suttugalalli golu rahita pandyagala nantara, kalape pradarshanagaligaagi revolt madhyamagala parishilaneyannu akarshisidaru. avaru mundina suttinalli elu vaaragala muriyada goalking otavannu praarambhisidaru, aaa samayadalli melbornalli virus ekaaeki sambhavisida pratikriyeyagi avarannu mattu club annu goaled kostge sthalaantarisalaayitu. gaigonda trent katchin badalige, 6 mattu 8neey suttina naduve mooru vaaragala kaala club naayakaraagi revolt seve sallisidaru. 10neey suttinalli avaru rtuvina atyuttama naalku golugalannu galisi, 11neey suttinalli katchin anupasthitiyalli ekaika pandyakkagi tandavannu munnadesuvaga innoo mooru golugalannu serisidaru. 12neey suttinalli avaru richmondna atyuttama aatagaararalli obbaraagiddaru, aaa vijayadalli eradu golugala kodugegaagi obba tarabetudaara prashasti matavannu galisidaru. avaru 17neey suttina vijayada ovarnalli naalku golugalannu odeyuva moolaka nelada melina samaanavaada atyuttama matagalannu galisidaru. revolt 28 golugalannu hodedu niyamita rtuvannu mugisidaru, antimavagi colleman padaka spardheyalli samaana aarane sthaanavannu galisidaru. clubna final abhiyaanada arambhika pandyadalli avaru eradu golugalannu hodedaru, arhata antima pandyadalli solanubhavisidaru, golu rahitavagi mattu ondu vaarada nantara semiphinal vijayadalli rtuvina kanishta naalku disposalgalige hodaru. aaa kalape anki amshada pradarshanada horataagiyoo, nantarada vaaradalli aaa pradarshanakkagi, visheshavaagi spardegalalli eduraali pratirodha raksakarannu nirakarisuva saamarthyakkaagi tarabetudaara damien hardwick avaru revolt avarannu shlaghisidaru. adhe reeti praathamika antima pandyadalli, 2015rahra nantara modala baarige onde ondu golannu odeyuva mattu yaavude gurutu illadiruva horataagiyoo, gurutu haakuva pyaakgalannu vibhajisiddakkagi revolt hardwickn saarvajanika mecchugeyannu galisidaru. mundina vaara hecchina scoreboard mannaneyannu galisida revolt, 31-payintgala grand final vijayadalli eradu golugalannu odeyuva moolaka mooru baari pradhana mantri sthaanada aatagaararaadaru. aaa varsha tamma 33 golugaligaagi hattane club pramukha golkikar prashastiyannu saha galisida revolt, clubna atyuttama mattu nyayochita enikeyalli samanavagi 14 neey sthaanavannu hondiddaru, idaralli avaru ellah 21 sambhaavya pandyagalalli aduttare. 2023 rahra season. 2023rahra suttina suttina, revolt tamma vrattijeevanada 8neey dra pandyavannu audy leigh daakhaleyannu nirmisidaru. atagarana profile. revolt avaru purna forward mattu center-hoff forward goalkeeper aagi aduttare. avaru kevala 193 centimeter ettarada sthaanadalli kadime gatravannu hondiddaare. 2010rahra dashakaduddakku, avaru leagnalli yaavude atagarana 50 ankagalolage hecchina ankagalannu padedaru mattu aaa samayadalli franklinge mooru colleman padakagalondige hondaanike maduvaga, lans franklin horatupadisi bere yaavude aatagaarariginta hecchina golugalannu galisidaru. <aii. dii. 1> off-seesannalli, 2010rahra dashakada "herold sunn" naa atyuttama atagarara pattiyalli revolt avarannu ottare 13neey atyuttama atagara endu hesarisalaayitu. mattu, rii volt avarannu "herold sunn" avaru richarmandna afl yugada nalkane atyuttama atagara endu hesarisidaru. anki amshagalu. "suttu 23,2022 rahra antyakke naveekarisalaagide". " ! collin = 3| vrattijeevana ! 325 ! 752 ! 451 ! 2940 ! 972 ! 3912 ! 1734 ! 694 ! 2.3 ! 1.4 ! 9.0 ! 3.0 ! 12.0 ! 5.3 ! 2.1 ! 62 tippanigalu vaiyaktika jeevana. revolt german parampareyannu hondiddaare, avara tandeya ajja-ajjiyaraada hange mattu helga 1950 ralli european rashtradinda valase bandaru. avara tande criss avaru 298-atagala atagararagiddaru, avaru tusmanian football leagnalli clarensonalliddaru, rajyada pratinidhi atagararagiddaru mattu tusmanian football haal off famegay serpadegondiddaru. revolt avara ibbaru kiriya sahodararaada harry mattu charley ibbaroo kiriya raajya mattadalli tasmania para aadiddaru. aata maaji saint kilda afl football atagara nick revoltne modala sodarasambandhi. revolt revolt deerghakaalada gelati carley jheeglar jote nishchitaartha maadikondaru mattu avaru 2017rahra novembernalli revolt avara tavaru raajyavaada tusmaniyadalli nadeda samaarambhadalli vivaahavaadaru. ee jodiya modala magu, hudugiyondu hudugiyondu janisitu. janisitu, dampatigalu tamma eradane magala jananavannu ghoshisidaru. football maidaanadinda dooradalliruva revolt obba utsuka galph atagaranagiddu, omme 0.6 rashtu kadime handicapnally aduttiddane. avanu american rock byaand dhii killersna abhimaniyu agiddane, 2017 ralli richmondna pradhana mantritvada vijayada nantara avanu vedikeyalli pradarshana niididanu. madhyama vrutti. foxes futiya "afl 360" nalli varakkomme atithiyaagi revolt kanisikolluttane. avaru aastreliyaada duradarshana karyakramavada 2019rahra grate weekendnalli niroopakaraagi kanisikondaru mattu mattu avaru avaru nalli somavaara ratrigalalli tammade aada radeo awar annu ayojisidaru. nova 100 melburn belagina upahara radeo karyakramavada chrissy, samm & brouniyalli saha revolt niyamitavagi kanisikolluttane. cancer bhaya. bhaya revolt avara bennininda cancer machcheyannu tegeduhaakalaayitu. 0. 9 millimeter melanomavu cancer endu drudhapadisida nantara avaru mattashtu angaamshavannu tegeduhaakidaru mattu marukalisuvudannu tadeyalu niyamitavagi tapasanegalige olagaagiddaare. olagaagiddaare avaru afl players association mattu cancer council viktoriyaada abhiyaanavannu munnadesidaru, "cancern bagge kashtakaravaada sambhashanegalannu nadesalu purusharannu manavolisalu." maddia drashti. 2015rahra aarambhadalli, applastic raktahinateya raktada kayileya parinaamavaagi revoltne sodarasambandhi maddy (nikninda sahodari) nidhanaradaga, avaru mattu revolt kutumbavu aakeya gouravaarthavaagi sthaapisalaada datti samstheyaada myadiyavara drashtikonakke saarvajanika vaktaararaadaru. baahya samparkagalu. ]

jacq revolt jacq revolt (; janm 31 aktoobar 1988) haah eka vyavsayik austreliyan niyam footballpatu aahe joou austreliyan football leag (aii. eff. ell.) madheel richmond football klabsathi khelato. too teen vela pantpradhanpadacha kheladu, teen vela coleman padak vijeta, teen vela aul-austreliyan, 11 vela richmond clubcha aaghadicha golrakshak, done vela jacq dier padak vijeta aanee tasmanian football holl auph famour aahe. too richmondcha upkarnadhar mhanoonahi kaam karato aanee 2017 pasoon too asey karat aahe. prarambhik jeevan aanee kanishth football. revoltcha janm hobart, tasmania yethe khris aanee lesley revolt yaa aaivadilanchya potee jhaala. bellerivechya purv hobart upnagarat too vadhala aanee tasmaniyachya ess. eff. ell. madhye clarencesathi kanishth football khelala. 2005 madhye reoltne vayachya 16 vya varshi clarences varishtha padarpan kele, tyanantar clubsobat tyachya antim malikemadhye khelala, jyat eka haralelya grand finals tyane chaar goal kele. pudhchya varshi too punha clarences varishtha grand finalmadhye khelala, yaveli too clubchya vijayi sanghacha sadasya hota. nantar too tassy cup staravar tassy navikansobat khelala aanee prashikshan ghetale aanee hangam 18 varshankhalil ajinkyapad spardhanmadhye tyane aaplya rajyache pratinidhitva kele. ajinkyapad spardhetil teen samnyanmadhye tyane ekoon aath goal kele aanee done vela tyachya sanghachya sarvottam kheladunmadhye tyache naav hote. 2006 madhye tyane vhee. eff. ell. madhye tasmanian devilsasathi aath samne khelale. eka vishesh lakshaniy samna bendigoviruddha jhaala, jyat tyane chaar goal kele aanee 13 guna ghetale. tyane seent virgils yetheel highschoolmadhye aanee hobart yetheel rosney mahavidhyalayat shikshan ghetale. masudyapurvi, aii. eff. ell. mediachya matt bergerne tyala 'goal-kicking forward' asey naav dile jeey atyant majboot overhead aahe."tathapi, tyala tyachya padasathi lahan aanee santh asey donhi manale jaat hote, uttar melburnche bharati vyavasthapak neville stebard yanni nantar tippani kelee qee revolt haah" "kridaprakaratil kinwa donhi bajunni (maidanachya) mukhya sthanasathi khelanyaitka unch hota yavar tyacha vishvas navhata"."rickmund bharati vyavasthapak francis jacksonne nantar revoltchya prabhavi football chaturaichi aanee chenduche uddan vachanyachi tyachi kshamata heey tyachya bharatitil pramukh ghatak asalyache aathavale. aii. eff. ell. karkird. 2007 hangam. hangam aii. eff. ell. rashtriy masudyat clubchya pahilya nivadisah aanee ekoon ekoon nivadisah revoltcha masuda tayar karnyat aala hota. hota hangamachya tyane fereet, emm. see. jee. madheel 'jee' chya samnyat swapnatil velee tyane aii. eff. ell. madhye padarpan kele. pudhchya aathvadyat too khelala nahee, tyanantar 14 vya fereet varishtha sanghat disala. tyane 16 vya fereet teen goalchya kamgiricha bhag mhanoon tyachya karkirditil pahila goal keela. too hangamatil antim sahaa samnyanpaiki pachmadhye khelala, tyaa varshi tyachya aath varishtha samnyanmadhun saat golansah samapt jhaala. jhaala hangam. 2008 madhye rii voltne swatahla richmandchya varishtha sanghacha niyamit sadasya mhanoon sthapit kele. tyane hangamatil aapala pahila samna chauthya fereet khelala aanee tyaa hangamat keval aanakhi eka samna gamavala, 18 samne kheloon too shevat keela. tyachya viruddha paach golanchi golanchi ferichi bagg hii karkirditil sarvottam khelee hotee. tyane ekoon 18 goal kele, jeey tyaa hangamatil klabmadhil pachvya sarvottam khelisathi changle hote. 2009 hangam. 2009 chya hangamat prathamach richmandchya sarvottam-22 madhye, clubchya pahilya feritil samnyat, revolt viruddha khelat, hangam suru keela. hangamachya pahilya saat aath tyane saat goal kele, tyanantar clubchya 8 aanee 9 aath too kheloo shakala nahee. tyane 10 vya fereet done goal karoon punragman kele, tyanantar 11 vya fereet tyachya viruddha aanakhi teen goal jodale. tyachya anupasthitinantarchya nauu samnyanmadhye tyane 20 goal kele, jeey mageel varshapeksha tyachya hangamatil ekoon golanpeksha jaast hote. yaa dhavsankhyemadhye richmandchya essendonveril 17 vya feritil vijayamadhye sahaa goalchi kamgiri samavisht hotee. tyaa aathvadyat tyaa yugatil jeeck niyal yanni revoltche tyachya 'footy smarts' aanee chinhankan kshamatesathi kautuk kele. 20 samne kheloon aanee eka sangh-dusra 32 goal karoon, tyane tyaa hangamatil dusra samna gamavala nahee. clubchya sarvottam aanee nyayya gananetahi too aathvya sthanavar hota. hota hangam. 2010 heey revoltsathi eka abhootpurv varsh hote. tyane tyachya pahilya saat samnyanmadhye 15 goal karat hangamachi jordar suruvat kelee. 8 aanee 15 14 pudhil aath samnyanmadhye, reovoltne leegmadhil sarvottam 43 goal kele. nauu varshanpurvi mathyu lloyd nantarchya anek samnyanmadhil hii sarvoch dhavsankhya hotee. tyane 12 vya fereet vijayat karkirditil sarvottam 10 goal kele. yaa khelimadhye pahilya timahitil paach goal hote, jyat chaar goal khelachya pahilya 11 minitant aale. 2007 madhye jonathan braunanantar eka samnyat 10 goal karnara too pahila kheladu tharala aanee 2004 madhye mathyu richardsannantarcha too pahila richmond kheladu tharala. 21 vya fereet, docklands stadiumvar seent kilda viruddha tyachya 17 khelee, 11 guna aanee saat golsathi reoltla maidanavaril sarvottam kheladu mhanoon ghoshit karnyat aale. asha prakare tyachya saat varshanchya itihasat iaan stuart padak jinkanara too pahila richmond kheladu tharala. chaar varshanchya karkirdit prathamach, revoltne pratyek sambhavya samna kheloon hangam purn keela. tyache 78 goal heey leegmadhil konatyahi kheladune kelele sarvadhik goal hote, jyamule tyala anukrame leag mhanoon coleman padak aanee michael roach padak aanee clubcha aaghadicha golrakshak midala. coleman jinkalyanantar chaar divasanni, reovoltne jacq dier padak jinkale, joou richmondcha sarvottam aanee nyayya kheladu hota. purn pudhe asalelya sthiteet tyala aul-austreliyan sanghatahi sthan denyat aale. nantar reovoltchi ireland ireland aanee 2010 chya aantarrashtriy niyamanchya maliket austreliyache pratinidhitva karnyasathi nivad karnyat aalee. hangam hangam. hangam hangam suru honyapurvi reovoltla richmandchya sahaa jananchya netrutva gatat samavisht karnyat aale hote. pahilya fereet karlatanviruddha hangamat sahaa goal karoon suruvat kelyanantar, tyala pudhil pandharvadyasathi katheen samna karava lagla. clubchya tyanchya ferichya samnyachya suruvatila tyala dukhapat jhaali aanee konatyahi pramukh sankhyikeey shreneet prabhav nondavanyapurvi tyala badalanyat aale. kapade badalanyachya kholyanna maidanashi maidanashi jodana too sarkat asatana aanee samnyat parat yenyasathi jabardastine vaad ghalat asalyache disale. eprilmadhye prashikshak demian hardvikakadun teeka midavalelya revoltne, aanee fereet asalelya dustin martinavar oradat aanee benchvar boat dett dislyanantar tyala maidanavaril tyachi vaganuk badalanyachi garaj asalyache sangitale. hatachya havbhavasathi tyala aii. eff. ell. neey $1,200 dand dekhil thothavala. robbert wallsney 'yug' madhye swarthi khelasathi tyachyavar teeka kelee hotee; wallsney mhatale qee revolt 'sanghik khelat eka vyakti banala aahe." matra, tyanantarchya sahaa samnyanmadhye tyane abhootpurv kamgiri kelee, chaar vela chaar goal kele aanee done vela paach goal kele. hardwickne hangampurv hangamat maidanavar aanakhi pudhe khelanyasathichi tyachi yojana amalat aanalyacha parinam mhanoon qamee goal karoonahi urvarit hangamat tyacha form majboot rahila. salag tyanchya varshi tyane clubcha aaghadicha golrakshak puraskar jinkla aanee clubchya 22 samnyanpaiki pratyek samnyat khelala. reoltchya 62 golmule too lance franklinchya mage coleman padak sharyatit tyanchya sthanavar rahila. tyaa hangamatil clubchya sarvottam aanee nyayya gananet reovolt navvya sthanavar hota. septembermadhye asey ughad jhaale qee revoltne sampoorn hangamat dukhapatindware khelale hote aanee tyala chaar shastrakriya karavya lagtil; pratyek nitambavar eka, botavar eka aanee davya ghotyavar dusari. prashikshan apghatanantar jhalelya bargadyanchya upasthichya nukasanichahi too samna karat hota. hota hangam. shastrakriya aanee barey honyachya hangamanantar, reoltne tyachya pahilya teen samnyanmadhye paach goal aanee nauu backoff karat hangamachi suruvat chukichya paddhatine kelee. hangamachya madhyat too tyachya sarvottam kamgirivar paratala, tyane tyane aanee ferichya feritil samnyanmadhye salag sahaa aanee aath goal kele. ferichya feritil vijay haah revoltcha karkirditil karkirditil samna hota aanee 2003 nantar seent kildavarcha richmondcha pahila vijay hota. tyane goaled coast aanee western bulldogviruddha hote aanee aanee fereet paach goal kele. teen varshant karkirdit, dusyanda hangamasathi coleman padak midvoon, hangamat shevati leegchya goal karnyachya sharyatit reovoltne avval sthan patkavale. tyane hangamatil antim samnyat, barobarichya aaghadichya mathyu pavlich () aanee tomm hockins () yanchya mage teen goal kele, parantu sahaa goal karoon hangamat 65 aanee jodichya done golansah samapt kele. anek coleman padake jinkanara reovolt haah fakt dusra richmond kheladu tharala aanee tyane asey kartana michael rochchya club vikramachi barobari kelee. suruvatichya namankananmadhye tyachi nivad jhaali, reovolt shevati varshachya sampoorn austreliyan sanghat adnyat rahila. varvik green aanee matt windley auph daad herald sananusar tyala eka vadgrast vagalane manale gele. hangamatil sarvottam aanee nyayya puraskaranmadhye too klabmadhye navvya sthanavar hota. 2013 hangam. 2012-13 auph-seasonmadhye punha kirkol shastrakriyansathi revolt chakukhali gelyache disale, jyachya punarpraptimule tyala maryadit prashikshan bharavar jaave lagale. hangam adhikrutpane suru honyapurvich reovoltne tyache moolya aadhich dakhavun dile hote, sayarannantar eka goal karat richmondcha hangampurv samna jinkla hota. tyaa maliket tyane pahilyandach richmondche karnadharpadahi bhushavale aanee aath gunanchya vijaysah asey kele. pahilya feritil vijayat tyala golshoonya thevanyat aale asatana, pudhchya aathvadyat revoltne tyachya virodhat saat goal karoon pratyuttar dile. pudhchya aathvadyat tyane yaa kamgiricha pathlag keela aanee vijayasathi aanakhi paach goal kele. kele feritil eka guna gamavanyachya velee, marqa mcclurene, jawalchya parabhavanantar parabhavanantar ragane pratikriya dilyanantar, 'eka prathamik donna' asey label lavalelya revoltne prasarmadhyamanvar teeka kelee. sampoorn hangamatil revolt haah tyachya kararabaddal aanee bhavishyatil khelabaddal prasarmadhyamanchya andajancha vishay hota. tyala frementalkadoon prastav aale hote asey sanganyat aale hote, parantu julaichya akheris richmandsobat naveen teen varshancha karar karoon tyane vyaparakade baghanyacha marg purvavat keela. 17 17, 47 gunanchi kamai karoon, leegchya goal-kickingchya yadeet reovolt aanee kramankavar hota. tyane 57 golansah hangam sampavala, joou 2009 nantarcha tyacha sarvat qamee aakada hota, parantu tarihi too salag chautha club aaghadicha golrakshak puraskar jinkanyat yashasvi jhaala. septembermadhye, jevha emm. see. jee. yethe elemination finalmadhye richmondcha parabhav jhaala, tevha too tyachya karkirditil pahila antim samna khelala. hangamachya shevati clubchya sarvottam aanee nyayya gananet reovolt satvya sthanavar hota. goal sahayyasathi too leegmadhye aanee kramankavar hota. hota hangam. februwari 2014 madhye, reovoltla richmandchya paach kheladunchya netrutva gatatoon vagalanyat aale, tyachya jaagi bachavpatu trie chaplinne sthan ghetale. yamule, prashikshakane tyala 'paramparik madhyabhagi ardh-agrabhagi bhoomika' sakarnyachya yojnesah, revolt kahee kalapeksha vegalya paddhatine hangamakade yet asalyache disale. tyane hangamabaher khelatana tyache vajan qamee kele, jyamule tyacha tandurusticha paya vadhala aanee hangamabaherchya chhotyasha shastrakriyetun gudgha aanee nitambaparyantahi too barah jhaala. pahilya feritil parabhavatil revoltchya kamgirila prashikshakane "tulanene kharab" asey label dile hote, jyat forwardne 10 peksha qamee nikal aanee 8 vya ferinantar prathamach keval eka goal nondavala hota. too aanee fereet ghasaralyache nondavale gele hote, parantu aii. eff. ell. samnyachya punaravalokan samiteene haah gunha nilambanasathi ayogya samajalyanantar keval fatkaranisah too bachavala. meey mahinyat, jevha too sanghachya naveen short-kicking khel shailichya prabhaviteviruddha sarvajanikaritya bolala tevha clubchya clubchya tyala fatkarle. hardwickne vinodane madhyamanna samajavun sangitale qee clubney "tyachya tondatoon (revoltcha) paay aanee tyachya gathitoon majha paay halavala". tyanni tweeterdware jahirpane maafee magitali aanee parinami nivad nivad talhali. tyacha maidani pratisad lakshaniy hota, jevha tyane karkirditil sarvoch 11 goal kele, jyamadhye tyane sidneymadhil gws diggajanvar richardmandchya 113 gunanchya vijayat baji marley. julaimadhye, eff. ell. tasmaniyachya dashkatil tasmanian sanghat reovoltche naav purn-pudhe thevanyat aale. salag tyanchya hangamat, reovolt aanee wagh aii. eff. ell. antim ferisathi patra tharale, parantu keval eka samnyanantar teey punha baad jhaale. tyane 61 goal karoon aanee salag pachvya varshi richmondcha goalkeeping puraskar jinkun hangam sampavala. 1934-1938 madheel jacq titesanantar salag paach hangamat 50 goal karnara too clubchya itihasatil keval dusra kheladu tharala. tharala hangam. eka bhavnik auph-sizannantar, jyat tyacha chulat bhau madychya mrutyucha samavesh hota, revoltne pahilya feritil titakich bhavnik khelee sahan kelee. tyane carltonvaril richmandchya vijayat chaar goal kele aanee tyachya pratyek golanantar aakashakade boat thevun tyachya smruteela aapali kamgiri samarpit kartana disala. tyane paach teey aath aath 14 goal kele aanee chaar aathvadyanchya kalavadhit satpeksha jaast gunanchi sarasari sadhat jordar kamgiri kelee. 13 vya fereet too ess. see. jee. viruddha sahaa golansah hangamatil tyachya sarvat mothya khelichi nond karel. seent kildashi jhalelya hote ferichya samnyala 'maddies match' mhanoon chinhankit karnyat aale, jyamule reovolt chulat bhavandanchya 'maddies vision' sathee nidhi gola jhaala. tyane richmandchya vijayi sanghat done goal kele. salag sahava club aaghadicha golrakshak puraskar (54) jinkun aanee guna aanee nikalansathi karkirditil sarvoch sthan nishchit karoon, 2015 heey ekoon 2015 heey revoltsathi eka utkrusht varsh tharale. tyachya karkirdit karkirdit, revoltne aii. eff. ell. chya aul-austreliyan sanghat nivad midavali, yaveli too center haaf forwardchya sthanavar hota. kevin bartlet padak midvoon tyane richmandchya sarvottam aanee nyayya khelat pachve sthan midavale. 2015 madhye jacq titusla mage takat salag sahaa hangamat 50 peksha jaast goal karnara pahila richmond kheladu banoon revoltne richmondcha vikramahi modala. junachya akheris revoltne karar vistaravar swakshari kelee, jyamule tyala kiman 2019 chya hangamachya akheris richmondshee karar keela gela. 2016 hangam. 2015 chya uttaradhat jevha richmondcha karnadhar trent kochinala padacha rajinama denyachya aavahananna samore jaave lagale, tevha revoltla sambhavya badali mhanoon naav denyat aale. tyane heey anuman fetalun lavat spasht kele qee, "mea (karnadhar honyachya) prashnachehi samadhan karoo shakat nahee kaaran majhya najaret mallah vatate qee (kochin) aamchya football clubche netrutva karnyasathi sarvottam vyakti aahe." maidanavar, hangamat reoltne madhya-ardh-aaghadichya sthanavar tyache sankraman suru thewale. tyane vajan qamee karoon aanee goal reshepasoon pudhe khelavar laksh kendrit karoon tyachi sahanshakti, chapalata aanee udee maranyachi kshamata sudharali. pachvya fereet tyala ghotyala kirkol dukhapat jhaali aanee tyachya klabachya sahavya ferichya samnyasathi tayar honyasathi tyala icing aanee punarvasanacha tivra karyakram aavashyak hota. emm. see. jee. madhye madhye fereet jilongkadoon jhalelya parabhavat too tyachya karkirditil karkirditil samna khelala. revolt akheris 2016 madhye richmandchya 22 samnyanpaiki pratyekat khelala, jyane sangh-aaghadichya 48 goal kele. tyachya aath samnyanchya padarpan hangamanantar eka samnyat paach goalchi pishavi naan maranyachi hii tyachi pahilich vel hotee. matra, tyane aapali naveen bhoomika madhyabhagi khelanyachya jawal khelat, ekoon aanee sarasari khelimadhye eka naveen vaiyaktik sarvottam kamgiri kelee. parinami, fred swift padak midvoon, clubchya sarvottam aanee nyayya gananet reovolt chauthya sthanavar rahila. clubchya prashikshakane eka varsh mage takalele paul mhanoon ghoshit kelyanantar, revoltla prasarmadhyamanchya vyaparatil andajanni vedhale hote. tyane klabprati asalelya tyachya vachanbaddhatecha punaruchchar keela aanee dawa keela qee too "pivala aanee kaala" aahe, nantarchya varshant tyane klabmadhye kadhihi mahattvapoorn sanghik yash midvu shakal yabaddal shanka ghenyas suruvat kelee hotee. 2017 hangam. revoltchya revoltchya purv hangamat dukhapatichya chintemule adthala aala. september 2016 madhye, shalyachikitsakane adhik gambhir nuksan ughad kelyamule, hii prakriya madhyabhagi purn ghotyachya punarbandhanimadhye badalnyapurvi, tyachya ghotyavar kirkol shastrakriya hone apekshit hote. novembermadhye too punha chakukhali gela, yaveli purvi tutalelya botala jhalelya nukasanichi durusti karnyasathi. march 2017 madhye tyala richmondcha saha-upkarnadhar mhanoon niyukt karnyat aale. bachavpatu elex ransasobat too bhoomika samayik karnar hota, tarr doghannihi trent kochinchya netrutvakhali kaam kele auph-seasonmadhye phul forward tye vikarichya mukt-agencychya prasthanasah, 2017 madhye revoltla adhik khel-vel deep forward sthiteet pahane aavashyak aahe. 2017 chya pahilya fereet tyane richmandchya vijayat karkirditil sarvottam saat tackle nondavale. pachvya ferichya anzack day ivhchya velee mailburnshey jhalelya samnyat revoltne olsar havamanachya khelat sahaa goal kele. tyane 2017 chya 7 vya fereet etihad stadiumvaril samnyat tyachya karkirditil 500 vaa goal keela. clubchya itihasatil sarvat vegwan tappa gathanara too pachva kheladu hota. 11 samnyannantar aanee madhya hangamachya baymadhye, revoltne 29 goal kele hote. 13 vya fereet tyane tyacha 214 vaa aii. eff. ell. samna jinkla, aathvya kramankachya garnasimadhye richmond kheladune khelalelya sarvadhik samnyansathi dick klela mage takale. 13 aanee 14 14 tyachya done aanee teen goalchya samnyanmule anek golansah salag samnyanchi malika 10 varr pohochali. tyaa velee tee malika kayam rakhanara too spardhetil ekmev kheladu hota aanee tyane varshachya goalkeeping yadeet pachve sthan midavale. seent kilda viruddha hote fereet jhalelya richmandchya parabhavat 67 gunanchya parabhavat keval eka goal karat aanee saat guna midvoon revolt haah anek kharab kamgiri kamgiri eka hota. itakech kaay, khelachya tyanchya quarterchya aathvya minitaparyant revoltcha pahila taba aala nahee. prashikshanadarmyan asalelya mabier kolchya dolhyala apghati fatka lagalyane revoltla parpatalacha cutt aanee dolhyachya mage raktastrav jhaala. dukhapatimule too richmandchya richmandchya feritil samnyat kheloo shakala nahee aanee revoltchya salag 86 samnyanchya khelala ant aala. 21 vya fereet paratanyapurvi too 20 vya fereet aanakhi eka samna kheloo shakala nahee. 23 vya fereet, reolt forwardchya nivruttichya samnyat tyacha chulat bhau nikviruddha khelala. seent kilda forward josh bruces tyane maidanavarun nikchya adhyakshatekhali eka chaal kelee jee vadgrast hotee kaaran seent kildachya tyanchya kheladula sanmanasathi paas karnyat aale hote. jillong aanee gws viruddha antim vijayanantar, rii volt aanee richmond grand finalsathi patra thartil, jeey 1982 nantar clubche pahilech hote. rii voltne done goal, sahaa guna aanee saat tackleche yogdan dett, teey akheris kirkol-pantpradhananviruddhcha samna 48 gunanni jinkatil. samnyanantarchya utsavadarmyan american rock band daad killersdware emm. see. jee. varr eka vinamulya maifili sadar karnyat aalee, jyacha reovolt chahata aahe. mageel aathvadyat club aanee aii. eff. ell. media vyavasthapkansamor prastav mandalyanantar, reovoltla tyanche 2005 chey ekal 'mister' ganyasathi manchavaril bandmadhye sameel honyasathi prasiddhapane aamantrit karnyat aale hote. ujalani ". 2017 chya hangamatil tyachya kamgirisathi, revoltla aathva thet clubcha aaghadicha goal-kicker puraskar midala, joou clubchya sarvottam aanee nyayya gananet satvya kramankavar hota, 50 chya aat gunansathi leegmadhye pratham hota aanee too eka premiership kheladu banala. banala hangam. 2018 chya hangamat aaghadi ghet asalelya revoltne clubchya vhee. eff. ell. bajuviruddhachya intra-club samnyat richmandchya varishthansathi saat goal karat, goal-kickingcha majboot form darshavila. tyanantar too hangamachya suruvatichya fereet chaar goal karnyapurvi clubchya hangampurv done samnyanpaiki pratyekat khelala. pandharvadyanantar reovoltne aanakhi chaar jodale, jyamule tyachya sanghala 13 gunanchya vijayat madat jhaali. trent kochinane dukhapatimule maghar ghenyas usheer kelyanantar, kelyanantar fereet revoltne tyachya karkirdit prathamach gharchya aanee baherchya samnyat richmondche netrutva kele. done aathvadyannantar tyane optus stadiumvar jhalelya samnyat paach goal kele. tyach khelat tyane aanee quartermadhye ushira tyachya liam duganvar takkar dilee, jyachya parinami pudhchya breakmadhye tyala rakt khoktana disale. tyachya aarogyabaddal chinta vyakt kelyanantar tyaa ratri sanghasah melburnla parat jaanyasathi tyala vaidyakiyadrushtya saaf karave lagale. tyaa veleparyant too ekoon goal (24) sathee spardhet aanee kramankavar hota, joou fakt baine braun (31) aanee jacq darling (28) yanchya mage hota. pudhchya aathvadyat khelanyasathi too purnapane savarla asala taree, tyaa ferichya ferichya samnyachya pahilya timahit keval paach minitant bachavpatu jeeck karlisalechya chukichya lootpatadarmyan dokyala maar lagalyane too konatehi arthpurn yogdan deu shakala nahee. tyachya anupasthititahi richmond vijay midvanyat yashasvi jhaala aanee carliselala yaa hallyasathi done samnyanche nilamban midale. revoltne yaa dukhapatimule purn samna gamavala nahee, pudhchya aathvadyat 'jee' vijayavar tyachya sanghachya swapnatil velee ranget ubha rahila. tyanantarchya aathvadyat, reoltche naav 'fox footy' chya sampoorn austreliyan sanghat varshabharat samavisht karnyat aale. foxche bhashyakar paul roosne dekhil, rokhala, jaaga tayar karnyasathi aanee pack crash karnyasathi kelelya prayatnambaddal tyache kautuk kele, aanee roosne tyala "spardhetil sarvat nihswarth kheladu" asey label dile."junachya akheris hobart yetheel eka bhavya karyakramat tyacha tasmanian football holl auph femmadhye samavesh karnyat aala. madhya hangamachya bayanantar, revoltne etihad stadiumvar vijay feridarmyan tyachya karkirditil eka kamgiri kelee. tyane karkirditil sarvottam guna (21) aanee pratispardhi guna (saat), tasech teen goal kele aanee 21 nikal nondavale, jeey teen braunalo padak matey aanee prashikshak sanghatanechya puraskarat paripoorn 10 matey deuun puraskrut kelelya sarvottam-aun-ground kamgirimadhye hote. hote feritil vijayat reovoltla tyaa puraskarat aanakhi eka mutt midale aanee tyanantar tyanantar feritil chaar goalchya kamgirisathi aanakhi done matey midali. pudhchya aathvadyat tyane aanee dashkatil nauu golansah naveen vaiyaktik sarvottam kamgiri kelee. julaichya akheris, reoltne richmandsobat naveen teen varshanchya kararavar swakshari kelee, jyamule too kiman 2021 chya hangamachya shevataparyant clubshey vachanbaddha rahila. fox footichya aii. eff. ell. 360 vareel tyachya niyamit panelistchya bhoomiket bolatana, revoltne 2019 chya akheriparyant purvichya tyachya vidyaman kararachi punarrachana karat asalelya pagarat kapat kelyacha dawa keela. 20 vya fereet tyane chaar goal kele, tyaa varshi tyane keleli pachvi ekoon. tyaa samnyasah, tyachya karkirditil 244 samnyansah, revoltne aathvya kramankacha gurnsey paridhan karoon khelalelya khelansathi sarvkaleen vhee. eff. ell./aii. eff. ell. vikram prasthapit keela. tyanantar 21 vya feritil vijayat tyachya karkirditil aanee daha goals, jyamadhye tyane karkirditil sarvoch 26 golahi midavale aanee tyaa hangamat kelelya golsathi leag-aaghadichya sthanavar zep ghetali. karkirditil 600 goalcha tappa paar karoon aanee gharchya aanee baherchya hangamat 65 goal karoon tisare coleman padak midvat tyane 23 vya fereet aanakhi paach goal jodale. leegchya itihasatil aathva aanee keval haah puraskar jinkanara too richmond clubchya itihasatil pahila kheladu tharala. aii. eff. ell. chya varshatil sarvottam kheladu manankan sanghat tyache naav agrabhagi hote tasech keval aul-austreliyan mhanoon tyache naav hote. emm. see. jee. madheel vijaysah, richmandchya pahilya antim samnyat, revolt tyaa varshi keval keval goal karnyat ayashasvi jhaala. tyane clubchya prathamik antim samnyat paach goal karoon tee kamgiri sudharali. tyachya prayatnannantarhi, richmond antim maliketoon baad jhaala, joou 39 gunanni gamavalyane dhakka basala. hangam antim malikechya samaptinantar, golsathi leegmadhye reolt pratham kramankavar hota aanee aanee aat guna midvato tasech guna sahbhagasathi tyanchya kramankavar aanee pratispardhi gunansathi pachvya kramankavar hota. 2018 chya hangamat, 'herald sunn' chey mukhya football lekhak marqa robbinson yanni leegcha sarvottam forward aanee ekoon tisra sarvottam kheladu mhanoon tyache naav ghetale. revoltne tyachya vilakshan hangamasathi karkirditil sarvottam 10 braunalo padak matey midavali aanee tyala richmondcha sarvottam aanee nyayya kheladu mhanoon tyache dusare jacq dier padak dekhil midale. midale hangam. hangam hangamanantar lagechach kahee mahinyant, reovoltvar khandyachi kirkol shastrakriya jhaali. decembermadhye purn prashikshanavar parat yenyapurvi, too hangamachya suruvatichya aathvadyanmadhye sarav karnyasathi maryadit hota. tyaveli aii. eff. ell. sankhyiki bhagidarane 'champian deta' mhanoon revoltla tyanchya kramankache sarvottam pramukh sthan aanee ekoon leegmadhil 34 weey sarvottam kheladu mhanoon label kele hote. tyach hangamat clubney majee forward tomm linchala richmond forward linemadhye reovoltsobat khelanyasathi niyukt kele. februvarimadhye jhalelya 2019 aii. eff. ell. ex. spardhet 'rampage' sanghacha karnadhar mhanoon 2019 madhye revoltcha pahila football samna hota. tyaa mahinyachya suruvatila durchitravanivar prasarit jhalelya masudyat vaiyaktikaritya aapala sangh nivadalyanantar, revoltne spardhet vijetepadasathi jordar khelee kelee. marchchya akheris emm. see. jee. yethe karlatanviruddha hangamatil suruvatichya samnyat tyacha 250 vaa aii. eff. ell. samna khelanyapurvi februvarichya akheris aanee marchchya suruvatila revoltne richmandchya hangampurv done samnyanmadhye pratyekat bhag ghetala. tyane samnyat eka goal keela, jyamule tyachi karkird ekoon 608 varr pohochali aanee michael rochala mage takat too richmandchya sarvkaleen golrakshak aaghadichya mandalavar chauthya sthanavar pohochala. tyanchya fereet reovoltchya hatala kirkol dukhapat jhaali. dukhapat hounahi too urvarit samna khelala, jyat rakmadhil tanancha samavesh hota. tyanchya divashi purn jhalelya scanmadhye asey disun aale qee revoltchya trijyeche eka lahanse visthapit naan jhalele fracture aanee mangatatil asthibandhan kahee pramanat kharab jhaale hote. tyach samnyat revoltchya davya gudghyatil madhyavarti cruciate ligamentala dekhil machake lagali. tyaa dukhapatimule teen samne naan khelalyanantar, revoltne footballmadhe punragman kele aanee richmandchya 6 vya ferichya purvasandhyela jhalelya vijayat done goal kele. matra, samnyat tyachya gudghyala aanakhi eka dukhapat jhaali, jyamule tyachya davya gudghyatil mageel cruciate ligamentche uchch darjache nuksan jhaale. richmond clubchya clubchya sangitale qee dukhapatichi durusti karnyasathi shastrakriyechi aavashyakta nahee parantu parinami too revolt ajunahi sahaa teey aath aathvadyanchya darmyan chukel. tyaa samnyadarmyan tyala bellie fritshwar dhokadayak tackle kelyabaddalhi sanganyat aale hote, jyasathi tyala $1,000 dand thothavanyat aala hota. revoltne eff. ell. tribinalmadhye aaropala aavhan dile, jithe too ayashasvi jhaala, aanee dand akheris $1,500 paryant vadhavala gela. revoltne junachya pahilya aathvadyaparyant punha dhavane suru kele, tyaa mahinyachya akheris 15 vya fereet eff. ell. viruddha punragmanache lakshya thewale. too done aathvadyanni teey lakshya gamavoon, 17 vya fereet vijay midvoon, jyat tyane eka goal keela. pudhchya aathvadyat tyane hangamatil aataparyantchya tyachya sarvottam kamgirimadhye aanakhi teen goal jodale, tarr prashikshak demian hardwickne julaichya urvarit kalat formmadhye asalelya asalelya linchchya samarthanarth tyachya nihswarth khelache kautuk kele. 22 vya ferichya vijayat, done vegvegalya gunankan spardhanmadhye tyachya pratispardhyachya pathichya mageel bajus paay thevalyanantar, revoltla donada free kikasathi bolavanyat aale. tyanantarchya aathvadyat, aii. eff. ell. neey jaheer kele qee keval haanee pohochavu pohochavu adhik dhokadayak krutyancha samavesh karnyasathi niyam shithil keela jaeel, jenekarun revoltchya virodhat dilelya prakarchya free kixcha yapudhe bharana keela jaanar nahee. gharchya aanee durchya hangamachya antim fereet, revoltne bachavpatu marcus adamsvar pahilya timahit chaar goal kele, parantu nantar urvarit samnyasathi darcy gardinerne bachav keela tevha tyala pudhe goal karata aale naheet. richmandne hangam aanee sthanavar sampavalyanantar, revoltne 47 gunanchya patrata antim vijayat teen goal kele. tyanantarchya prathamik antim samnyat too khoopach qamee prabhavi hota, pahilya sahamahit keval eka handball haah tyacha ekmev samna hota aanee akheris golshoonya rahila kaaran tyachya sanghane parabhav patkarla aanee antim samnyat vijay midavala. grand finalmadhye, revoltne samnyachya sarvoch paach goal kele, kaaran richmandne teen varshant dusare pantpradhanpad jinkale, jyane diggaj bachavpatu phil devischya vegachya kamtaratecha fayda ghetala, joou payala dukhapat jhalyane jawaljawal ushira maghar ghet hota. tyachya yaa khelimadhye tyanchya timahitil teen golancha samavesh hota, jyamule too madhyantaraparyantchya aakadevarinusar pahilya kramankacha kheladu tharala aanee akheris tyala samnavir mhanoon matdanachya manane smith padkamadhye chauthe sthan midale. reoltchya paach goal aanee eka mage (31 guna) yamule too aii. eff. ell./vhee. eff. ell. chya itihasatil chautha kheladu aanee 59 varshant grand finalmadhye virodhi sanghala (25 guna) ektyane mage taknara pahila kheladu tharala. 2020 hangam. februvarimadhye jangalatil aagichya madat samnyasathi aii. eff. ell. chya mool nidhi ubharani sthiteet revoltne 2020 sathee aapala pahila samna khelala, mitrapakshanchya serve-tarankit sanghacha bhag mhanoon tyachya mool rajya tasmaniache pratinidhitva kartana done goal kele. tyach aathvadyachya shevati too hangamachya purv-hangamacha pahila samna khelala, parantu eka aathvadyanantar too clubchya antim purv-hangamachya samnyasathi paratala. purv-hangamat akhandit asoonahi, marchchya madhyaparyant austreliyamadhye corona vishanuchya sathichya rogachya vegwan pragatimule, revolt aanee tyachya pantpradhanpadachya sanrakshanasah hangamache bhavishya sanshayachya sanshayachya padale. aii. eff. ell. aayogane akheris jaheer kele qee hangamachi suruvat niyojit velapatrakanusar suru hoil, parantu samooh melavyanvar sarvajanik aarogya nirbandhanmule chahatyanchya upasthitishivay. madhya-hangamat lakshaniy vishranti aavashyak asel yaa apekshene, leegne asehi jaheer kele qee hangam sudharit 17-ferichya samnyasah purn keela jaeel aanee varshachya uttaradhat lahan viramansah anek samne khelane apekshit asalelya kheladunvaril bhaar qamee karnyasathi timahichi lambi pachvya bhagane qamee kelee jaeel. tyaa paristhitit, reoltne pahilya feritil vijayat samaan sangh-sarvoch teen goal kele, jyane tyala aathvadyachya "aii. eff. ell. media" sanghat sthan dile. matra, keval teen divasannantar, anek rajyanni tyanchya simevar vilgikaran atty lagoo kelyanantar aii. eff. ell. aayogane hangam anishchit kalasathi sthagit keela. 11 aathvadyanchya viramanantar junachya suruvatila hangam punha suru jhaala tevha, tyanchya aanee aanee feritil golshoonya samnyannantar, revoltne kharab kamgirisathi madhyamanchi chhanani aakarshit kelee. tyane pudhil ferimadhye saat aathvadyanchi akhand goalkeeping dhaav suru kelee, tyaa darmyan melburnmadhye vishanuchya udrekala pratisad mhanoon tyala aanee clubla goaled kostmadhye halavanyat aale. jakhami trent kochinchya jaagi, 6 teey 8 8 teen aathvadyansathi clubcha karnadhar mhanoon revoltne kaam kele. 10 vya fereet tyane eka vijayat vaiyaktik hangamatil sarvottam chaar goal kele, tyanantar 11 vya fereet kochinchya anupasthitit eka samnyasathi sanghache netrutva kartana aanakhi teen goal jodale. 12 vya fereet too richmandchya sarvottam kheladunpaiki eka hota, jyane tyaa vijayat done goalchya yogdanasathi eka prashikshak puraskar midvoon deela. tyane 17 vya ferichya vijayat chaar goal karat, jaminivar samaan sarvottam mhanoon aanakhi nauu matey midavali. reoltne 28 goal karoon niyamit hangam sampavala, aanee akheris coleman padak sharyatit sahave sthan midavale. tyane clubchya antim mohimechya suruvatichya samnyat done goal kele, patrata antim samnyat daad. sanghakadun parabhav, golshoonya honyapurvi aanee eka aathvadyanantar upantya fereet hangamatil qamee chaar nikalanmadhye vijay midavala. kharab sankhyiki kamgiri asoonahi, prashikshak demian hardwick yanni tyaa aathvadyatil tyaa kamgirisathi, visheshtah chinhankan spardhanmadhye virodhi bachavkartyanna nakarnyachya kshamatesathi, revoltche kautuk kele. tyachpramane antim ferichya suruvatichya vijayat, 2015 nantar prathamach keval eka goal karoon aanee ekahi guna naan midavata gunankan sanch vibhajit kelyabaddal revoltne hardwickchi sarvajanik prashansa midavali. 31 gunanchya bhavya antim samnyat done goal karat teen vela pantpradhanpadacha kheladu houn, revoltne pudhil aathvadyat adhik gunafalak manyata midavali. reoltne tyaa varshichya 33 golsathi dahava club aaghadicha golrakshak puraskarhi midavala, tarr too jyaa hangamat serve 21 sambhavya samnyanmadhye khelato tyaa hangamasathi clubchya sarvottam aanee nyayya gananet 14 vya sthanavar hota. 2023 hangam. 2023 chya pahilya fereet, revolt tyachya karkirditil 8 vya barobarit khelala aanee tyane sakhali vikram prasthapit keela. kheladuche profile. reovolt purn forward aanee center haaf forward golrakshak mhanoon khelato. keval 193 centimeter unchicha too yaa sthiteet qamee aakaracha aahe. 2010 chya dashakat, tyane leegmadhil konatyahi kheladuchya 50 paiki sarvadhik guna midavale aanee tyaa kalat teen coleman padkansah franklinchi barobari kartana, lance franklin vyatirikt itar konatyahi kheladupeksha jaast goal kele. 2019/20 auph-seasonmadhye, 2010 chya dashkatil sarvottam kheladunchya "herald sunn" chya yadeet revoltla ekoon 13 vaa sarvottam kheladu mhanoon ghoshit karnyat aale. 2020 madhye, reovoltla 'herald sunn' neey aii. eff. ell. yugatil richmondcha chautha sarvottam kheladu mhanoon naav dile. aakadevari. "23,2022 chya ferichya shevati adyayavat kele. ! collan = 3. karkird ! 325 ! 752 ! 451 ! 2940 ! 972 ! 3912 ! 1734 ! 694 ! 2.3 ! 1.4 ! 9.0 ! 3.0 ! 12.0 ! 5.3 ! 2.1 ! 62 nondi vaiyaktik jeevan. reovolt haah german varshacha aahe aanee tyache aajee-aajoba heinz aanee helga 1950 madhye european deshatoon sthalantarit jhaale. tyache vadil criss heey 298-gemche kheladu hote, teey tasmanian football leegmadhye clarencemadhye hote, teey rajyache pratinidhi kheladu tasech tasmanian football holl auph femmadhye samavisht hote. reoltche done dhakate bhau, harry aanee charley, doghehi kanishth rajya staravar tasmaniyasathi khelale. too majee seent kilda eff. ell. footballpatu nick revoltcha pahila chulat bhau aahe. rii voltcha 2016 madhye dirghkalchi preyasi carley zigalarashi sakharpuda jhaala aanee november 2017 madhye rii voltchya mool rajya tasmaniyamadhye eka samarambhat tyanche lagn jhaale. yaa jodiche pahile mool, eka mulgi, 2019 madhye janmale. 2021 madhye, yaa jodpyane tyanchya tyanchya mulichya janmachi ghoshana kelee. footballchya maidanapasun door asalela reovolt haah eka utsuk golfer aahe, joou ekada 0.6 chya khalchya staravar khelato. too american rock band daad killerscha dekhil chahata aahe, jyachyabarobar tyane 2017 madhye richmandchya pantpradhanpadachya vijayanantar manchavar sadarikaran kele. madhyam karkird. fox footichya "aii. eff. ell. 360" varr reovolt saptahik atithi mhanoon disato. too 2019 madheel daad gret weakend yaa austreliyan durchitravani karyakramat sutrasanchalak mhanoon disala aanee 2020 madhye tyane tyane roji somwari ratri swatacha redio taas aayojit keela. reovolt nova 100 melburn breakfast redio shhow crissy, samm andd braunivar dekhil niyamitpane disato. karkarogachi bheeti. 2007 madhye revoltchya pathitoon karkarogacha eka tantu kadhala gela. 0. 9 millimetercha melanoma karkarog asalyache siddha jhalyanantar aanee tyanantar punha udbhavu naye mhanoon tyachi niyamit tapasani jhalyanantar tyane aanakhi ootee kadhoon takalya. 2014 madhye tyane aii. eff. ell. players association aanee cancer council victoriyachya mohimeche netrutva kele, jenekarun purushanna karkarogabaddal katheen sambhashan karnyasathi patvoon dile jaau shakel." maddychi drushti. jevha 2015 chya suruvatila rakt rog applastic anaemiachya parinami revoltchya chulat bhavachya maddyche (nikpasoon bahiniparyant) nidhan jhaale, tevha too aanee revoltche kutumb tichya sanmanarth sthapan kelelya dharmaday sanstheche, madychya drushtikonache, sarvajanik pravakte banale. bahya duve. ]

jack reolt jack reolt (; janma 31 october 1988) ek peshewar astrelian niyam footballer hun jasle astrelian football ligg (afl) maa richmond football clubka lagi khelchhan. uni tean patakko premiership kheladi, tean patakko colleman padak vijeta, tean patakko akhil astreliyali, 11 patakko richmond clubko agrani goalkeeper, dui patakko jack dier padak vijeta rar ek tasmanian football hull aff famour hun. unle richmandko upa-kaptanko rupma pani sewa garchhan rar sann 2017 dekhi yaso gardai aeka chhan. prarambhik jiwan rar junier football. revoltko janma hobart, tasmaniama amababu criss rar leslie revoltko gharma bhaeko thiyo. uni beleribhko purvi hobart upanagarma hurkeka thie rar tusmaniako sflma clerenska lagi junier football khele. sann 2005 maa reoltle 16 warshako umerma clarencesanga afno warishtha debue gare, tyasapachhi clubsanga yasako final shringkhalama harko grand final sahit khelna gae jahaan unle chaar goal gare. arko warsha unle feri clarencesanga siniyar grand finalma khele, yass patak clubko vijayi pakshako sadasya. pachhi unle taak cup starma tassy marinerssanga khele rar prashikshan lie rar 2006 afl under 18 championshipma afno rajyako pratinidhitwa gare. championshipma tinawata khelma unle kull atha goal gare rar dui patak afno pakshako utkrishta kheladiharuma naam rakhie. sann 2006 maa unle bhiefelma tasmanian devilharuka lagi atha khel khele. euta vishesh ullekhaniya khel bendigo viruddha ayo, jahaan unle chaar goal gare rar 13 anka lie. unle cent bharjilko hai schol rar hobartko rosni kalejma padhe. draft aghi, afl mediako matt bergenle unlai "goal-kicking forward jo atyanta baliyo overhead how" bhanera lebel gare."yadyapi unlai afno padaka lagi chhoto rar dhilo duwai manincha, uttar mailborne bharti prabandhak nebhil stibardle pachhi tippani gare kii uni revoltlai" "athletic wa duwai chheuma (maidan) mukhya sthiti khelna paryapta aglo thiyo bhanne vishwas gardainan."richmond bharti prabandhak francis jacksonle pachhi reoltko prabhawashali football smart rar balko udanlai padhna sakne kshamatalai afno bhartima pramukh karakharuko rupma samjhae. afl currier. 2007 sijan. clubko pahilo chayan rar sann 2006 ko afl rashtriya draftma samagrama 13 aun chayanka sath reoltdwara draft garieko thiyo. unle 2007 sijanko round 9 maa, mcgma bhaeko 'zee matchma sapanako samayama afno afl debue gare. unle arko hapta kheleka thienan, arko round 14 maa siniyar sidema dekha pare. unle round 16 maa viruddhama tean-goal pradarshanko bhagko rupma afno pahilo carrier goal gare. uni sijanko antim chha khelharu madhye panchma khelnechhan, tyas warsha afna atha warishtha khelharubata saat golharu garera samapta gare. sann 2008 ko sijan. sann 2008 maa revoltle afulai richmandko warishtha toliko niyamit sadasyako rupma sthapit gare. unle sijanko pahilo khel round 4 maa khele rar tyo sijanma 18 wata khel khelera samapta gardai kewal euta khel gumae. unko viruddhama paanch golko round 15 byag tyas samayako carrierko sarwashreshtha thiyo. unle kull 18 goal gare, tyo sijanma clubma panchaun utkrishtaka lagi ramro. sann 2009 ko sijan. reoltle sann 2009 ko sijanma pahilo patak clubko round 1 match-apama richmandko best-22 maa sijan khole. sijanko pahilo saat roundma unle clubko round 8 rar 9 khelharu gumaunuaghi saat goal gare. uni round 10 maa dui golka sath farke, round 11 maa thap tean goal thapnu aghi. afno anupasthiti pachhika nau khelharuma unle 20 golharu gare, aghillo warsha bhanda afno sijanko kull bhanda ramro. yass daudama ascendonmathi richmandko round 17 ko vijayama chha-goal pradarshan samawesh thiyo. reoltlai tyas hapta yugka jack niyalle unko "footy smarts" rar marking kshamataka lagi prashansa gareka thie. unle tyas sijanma arko khel gumaenan, 20 wata khel khele rar ek tolly-dosro 32 goal gare. unle clubko utkrishta rar nishpaksha gananama pani athaun sthan prapta gare. 2010 sijan. sann 2010 reoltka lagi euta utkrishta warsha thiyo. unle afno pahilo saat khelma 15 goal gardai sijanko baliyo suruwat gare. round 8 rar 15 bichka arko atha khelharuma, reoltle ligg-sarwashreshtha 43 goal gare. yo nau warsha pahile mathyu loyadpachhi dherai khelharuma sabaibhanda badhi kull thiyo. unle ek vijaya obharma round 12 maa kariyarko sarwashreshtha 10 goal gare. khelko pahilo 11 minetbhitra chaar golsahit panchwata pahilo quarterka golharu samawesh thie. uni sann 2007 maa jonathan braunapachhi khelma 10 goal garne pahilo kheladi bane, rar sann 2004 maa mathyu richardsonpachhi pahilo richmond kheladi bane. round 21 maa reoltlai docklands stadiumma cent kilda viruddha unko 17 disposal, 11 mark rar saat goal pradarshanka lagi best-unn-groundko naam diieko thiyo. yasari uni yasako saat warshako itihasma ian stuart padak jitne pahilo richmond kheladi bane. chaar warshako careerma pahilo patak, reoltle harek sambhawit khel khelera sijan samapta gare. unko 78 goal ligma kunai pani kheladidwara sabaibhanda badhi thiyo, jasle unlai kramashah ligko rupma colleman padak rar micheal roach padak, rar clubko agrani goalkeeper kamaeko thiyo. colleman jiteko chaar dinpachhi, reoltle richmandko sarwashreshtha rar nishpaksha kheladiko rupma jack dier padak surakshit gare. unlai full farwardko sthitima akhil-astreliyali tolima pani naam diieko thiyo. reoltlai pachhi ireland bhraman garna rar 2010 ko antarrashtriya niyam shringkhalama australiako pratinidhitwa garna chayan garieko thiyo. 2011 sijan. 2011 sijanko suruwat hunuaghi revoltlai richmondko chha zana netritwa samuhama thapieko thiyo. round 1 maa carlton viruddha sijanma chha-golko suruwat pachhi, unle pachhyauna gahro pakhawadia bhognu paryo. unle clubko round 2 khelko suruma aghatko samana gare rar kunai pani pramukh sankhyikiya kotima prabhawa record garna saksham hunu aghi pratisthapan garieko thiyo. uni luga dhune kothalai maidanma jodne sindhima laddai khelma farkanka lagi jabarjasti bahas gariraheko dekhiyo. reoltle aprilma prashikshak damien hardwickbata alochana prapta gare, unle tolika sathi dustin martinlai chichyaundai rar round 3 maa benchma aunlaa dindai dekhera afno maidanma wyawahar pariwartan garna awashyak raheko batae. unlai hatko hawabhawka lagi aflle $1,200 jariwana pani gareko thiyo. robert walsle "da age" maa swarthi khelka lagi unko alochana gareka thie; walsle revolt "tolly khelma ek wyakti baneka thie" bhani bhane." unle pachhilla chha khelharuma abhutpurva faramma kaam gare, chaar patak chaar goal rar dui patak paanchko jhola marey. hardwickle maidanko agadi revolt khelne afno purva-sijan yojana lagu gareko parinamko rupma cum golko lattako bawajud unko faram baanki sijanka lagi baliyo rahyo. lagatar dosro warsha unle clubko agrani golrakshak puraskar jite rar clubko 22 wata khelharu madhye pratyekma khele. reoltko 62 golle unlai lance franklinpachhi colleman padakko daudama dosro sthan paeko dekhyo. reolt tyas sijan clubko utkrishta rar nishpaksha gananama nawaun sthanma rahe. septemberma yo khulasa bhayo kii reoltle sabai sijanma chotapatakko madhyambata kheleka thie rar charawata shalyakriya awashyak parne thiyo; pratyek nitambama euta, unko aunlama euta rar unko bayan khuttama arko. uni prashikshan durghatanapachhi bhaeko pasalako cartilage kshatiko pani samana gariraheka thie. 2012 sijan. shalyakriya rar rikbhariko aff-sijanpachhi, reoltle afno pahilo tean khelharuma paanch goal rar nau backharu laat handai galat rupma sijan suru gare. uni madhya sijanma afno utkrishta awasthama farkie, round 9 rar 10 maa kramashah back-too-back matchharuma chha rar atha golko jhola laat marey. round 10 ko vijaya reoltko 100 aun carrier match thiyo rar sann 2003 pachhi cent kilda wiruddhako richmandko pahilo jiit thiyo. unle round 16 rar 20 maa gold coast rar western buladagharu wiruddhako khelma paanch golko jhola pani laat marey. tinn warshama dosro patak reoltle sijanko antyama ligko goal scoring daudama shirsha sthanma rahe, 2012 sijanka lagi colleman padak surakshit gare. uni sijanko clubko antim khelma barabarima raheka liderharu mathyu pabhlich () rar tom huckins () pachhi tinn golharu prawishta gare, tara sijanma 65 rar jodibata dui spashtaka sath samapta garna chha golharu butta gare. reolt dherai colleman padak jitne dosro richmond kheladi bane rar tyaso garda micheal rochko club record barabar gare. prarambhik manonitharuma chayan bhaeko karan, reolt antatah warshako sampurna astreliyali tolima agyat bhae. warwick green rar matt windley aff da herald sanka anusar unlai vivadaspad lope manieko thiyo. unle sijanko utkrishta rar nishpaksha puraskarma clubma nawaun sthan pae. sann 2013 ko sijan. 2012-13 aff-sijanma feri sano shalyakriyaka lagi chhura muni gaeko reolt dekhyo, jasko rikbharile unlai simit prashikshan lodma badhya tulyayo. sijan adhikarik rupma suru hunuaghi reoltle afno yogyata dekhaeka thie, sairenpachhi goal gardai richmandko pri-sijan match-up jitnaka lagi. tyas shringkhalama unle pahilo patak richmandko kaptani pani gare, atha ankako jitma tyaso gare. round 1 ko jitma uni goal-rahit raheka thie, arko hapta revoltle saat golko sath jawaf die. unle arko hapta pradarshanlai samarthan gare, yasamathi vijayama thap paanch goal gare. reoltle 5 ko ek ankako harko samayama midia alochanalai akarshit gare, mark mcclerdwara "ae primma dona" lebel garieko thiyo jab unle najikko harpachhi tolika sathiharulai risae. sabai sijan reolt unko samjhauta rar bhawishya khelne barema midia anumanko vishaya bhaeko thiyo. unle fremantlebata prastawharu prapta gareko bataieko thiyo, tara julyko antyama richmondsanga nayan tean warshako samjhautama hastakshar garera wyapar drishtikonharu purwanirdharit gariyo. 17 roundpachhi 47 anka jamma gardai ligko goal-kicking talikama tesro sthanma rahe. unle 57 golka sath sijan samapta gare, june 2009 pachhi unko sabaibhanda cum taili how tara ajhai pani chautho sidha club agrani goalkeeper puraskar jitna safal bhae. unle septemberma afno pahilo carrier finalma khele, jab richmond mcgma elemination finalma haare. sijanko antyama clubko utkrishta rar nishpaksha gananama reolt barabar sataun sthanma rahe. unle goal assistka lagi ligma tesro sthan prapta gare. 2014 sijan. february 2014 maa, revoltlai richmandko paanch kheladiko netritwa samuhabata hataiyo, defender troya chaplinle pratisthapan gare. yo, prashikshakle unlai "paramparagat centre haf forward bhumika" maa khelne yojanako sath, reultle kehi samaya bhanda farak sijanma aaundai gareko dekhyo. unle aff-sijanma afno khel wazan ghatae, afno fitness adhar badhaundai, jabki unko ghunda rar nitambama sano aff-sijan shalyakriyabata niko bhae. round 1 maa harma reoltko pradarshanlai prashikshakle "apekshakrit kharab" lebel gare, jasma 10 disposal bhanda cum rar round 8,2012 pachhi pahilo patak kewal euta goal record garieko thiyo. uni round 3 maa trippingka lagi report garieko thiyo, tara afl match samiksha panelle aparadhlai nilambanko ayogya thanepachhi kewal fatkar lagae. unlai mema clubka adhikariharule sajaya dieka thie, jab unle toliko nayan cert-kicking khel shailiko prabhawkaritako viruddhama sarvajanik rupma boleka thie. hardwickle majakma midialai cluble "usako mukhbata (reoltko) khutta rar usako kursbata mero khutta sareko" batae. unle twitermarfat sarvajanik rupma mafi mage rar parinam swarup chayan akshbata bache. unko maidanma pratikriya mahatwapurna thiyo, jab unle sidnima jidabluesa giantsmathi richmandko 113 ankako jitma currier-uccha 11 golharu boot gare. julyma, reoltlai dashakko fl tasmaniako tasmanian tolima full-forwardma naam diieko thiyo. lagatar dosro sijanka lagi, reolt rar tigerharu afl finalka lagi yogya hunechhan, tara kewal ek khel pachhi feri bahirie. unle 61 golharu laat lagaera rar lagatar panchaun warsha richmandko goalking puraskar jitepachhi sijan samapta gare. uni 1934-1938 maa jack titespachhi lagatar paanch sijanma 50 goal garne clubko itihasma dosro kheladi bane. 2015 sijan. afno chachera bhai madyko mrityu sahit ek bhawanatmak aff-sijan pachhi, reoltle saman bhawanatmak round 1 sahan gare. unle carltonmathi richmandko jitma chaar goal gare rar afno pratyek goal pachhi akashtira aunlyaera unko samjhanama afno pradarshan samarpit gareko dekhiyo. unle chaar haptako awadhima 14 goal gardai rar ausat saat ankabhanda badhi ankaharu banaera round 5 dekhi 8 maa baliyo farmama prahar gare. round 13 maa unle scgma viruddhama chha goal gardai sijanko afno sabaibhanda thulo taili kick garnechan. cent kildasangko round 16 ko match-apalai "madyko match" ko rupma chihnit garieko thiyo, jasle reolt chachere bhaiharuko karan "madyko drishti" kaa lagi kosh jutae. unle richmandko vijayi pakshama dui goal gare. sabaima 2015 reoltka lagi utkrishta warsha sabit bhayo, chhaitaun sidha club agrani goalkeeper puraskar (54) jityo rar tyasapachhi anka rar disposalko lagi carrier uccha sett गऱ्यो।. afno careerma dosro patak reoltle aflko all-astrelian tolima chayan prapta gare, yass patak centre-haf farwardko sthitima. unle kebhin bartlet padak surakshit gardai richmandko utkrishta rar nishpakshama pani panchaun sthan prapta gare. revoltle sann 2015 maa pani richmandko record tode, jack tituslai uchhindai lagatar chha sijanma 50 bhanda badhi goal garne pahilo richmond kheladi bane. reoltle juneko antyama samjhauta vistarma hastakshar gare, unlai kamtima 2019 sijanko antyasamma richmondsanga samjhauta gare. 2016 sijan. jab richmandka kaptan trent kochinle sann 2015 ko antyama padabata rajinama dina awhanko samana garnupareko thiyo, reoltlai sambhawit pratisthapanko rupma naam diieko thiyo. unle yo anumanlai kharez gardai bhane, "mahm (kaptan banne) prashnalai pani munn parauna sakdinan kinbhane mero najarma malai lagchha (kochin) hamro football clubko kaptani garne sabaibhanda ramro wyakti how." maidanma, sijanle reoltlai centre-haf forward sthitima afno sankraman jaari rakheko dekhyo. unle afno sahanshilta, chapalta rar lipping kshamatama sudhar gardai wazan ghataera rar goal linebata agadi khelma dhyan kendrit gare. unle round 5 maa khuttama sano chot pae rar unko clubko round 6 matchka lagi tayar huna icing rar punahsthapanako gahan karyakram awashyak thiyo. unle afno 200 aun carrierko khelma mcgma 21 ko roundma jilongsanga hareka thie. reoltle antatah sann 2016 maa richmandko 22 khelharu madhye pratyekma khele, tolly-agrani 48 golharu laat marey. atha khelko debue sijanpachhi pahilopatak unle khelma paanch golko jhola nachaleka thie. yadyapi unle midfieldko najik afno nayan bhumika kheldai kull rar ausat disposalma nayan wyaktigat utkrishta sett gare. reolt clubko utkrishta rar nishpaksha gananama chautho sthanma rahe, parinamswarup fred swift padak surakshit gare. clubka prashikshakle pachhiko kadamko rupma lebel gareko ek warshapachhi, reoltlai midia autletharule wyapar anumanharule gherieko thiyo. unle klabprati afno pratibadhatalai dohouyae, uni "pahenlo rar callo sabai bato" bhaeko dabi gare pachhi warshaharuma pushti gare kii unle clubsanga mahatwapurna tolly safalta prapta garne shanka garna thaleka thie. 2017 sijan. reoltko 2017 pri-sijan lamo samayasamma chot lageko chintadwara awaruddha bhaeko thiyo. september 2016 maa shalyachikitsakle ajha gambhir kshati ujagar gareko parinam swarup prakriya madhyama purna khuttako punarnirmanma pariwartan hunu aghi unle sano khuttako shalyakriya garne apeksha garieko thiyo. novemberma uni feri chhurimuni gae, yass patak pahile bhaanchieko aunlama bhaeko kshati marmat garna. unlai march 2017 maa richmandko saha-upa-kaptan niyukta garieko thiyo. unle defender alex renssanga bhumika sajha garne thie, jabki duwaile lagatar kaptan trent kochinko adhinma sewa gare. aff-sijanma full forward tye wikariko free-agency prasthanko sath, reoltle 2017 maa gahiro forward sthitiharuma thap khel-samaya dekhnu awashyak chha. round 1 maa, 2017 unle richmandko vijayama kariyarko sarwashreshtha saat tackleharu record gare. melbornsangko round 5 ko anjack day ibhko bhidantama reoltle bhijeko mausamko khelma chha golharu gareko dekhyo. unle 7 aun round, 2017 maa etihad stadium wiruddhako khelma afno 500 aun carrier goal gare. uni clubko itihasma sabaibhanda chhito kosedhunga pugne panchaun wyakti thie. 11 khelpachhi rar madhya sijanko baima, reoltle 29 goal gareka thie. round 13 maa unle afno 214 aun afl khel khele, atha number garnasima richmond kheladile kheleko sabaibhanda badhi khelka lagi dick klelai parr gare. round 13 rar 14 maa unko dui rar tean goal khelharule dherai golharusahit lagatar khelharuko unko shringkhala 10 maa lyayo. uni tyas samayama tyo shringkhala kayam garne pratiyogitama ek matra kheladi thie rar warshako golking talikama panchaun sthan rakheka thie. cent kildasanga round 16 maa harma richmandko dherai kharab pradarshankartaharu madhye ek thiyo, kewal ek goal laat rar 67 ankako harma saat sampatti jamma gardai. ajha key how bhane, khelko dosro quarterko athaun minetsamma reoltko pahilo kabja auna sakena. prashikshanko kramama tolika sathi mabier kolko ankhama akasmik chot lagda revoltlai cornea katieko rar aankhaako pachhadi ragat bagne karan bhayo. chotko parinamswarup uni richmandko round 19 ko khelbata bahirie rar lagatar 86 khelharu kheleko revoltko sticko antyama lyae. uni viruddha round 21 maa farkanuaghi round 20 maa arko khel gumae. round 23 maa, reoltle farwardko sewaniwritti khelma afno chachera bhai nick viruddha khele. unle cent kilda forward jose brussanga milera maidanbata nikako adhyakshata gare june dosro cent kilda kheladilai sammanka lagi pass garieko karan vivadaspad thiyo. jilong rar jidabluesa wiruddhako final jitpachhi, revolt rar richmondle grand finalka lagi yogyata prapta garnechan, clubko sann 1982 pachhi pahilo. uniharule antatah minor-primiyarharu wiruddhako khel 48 ankale jitchhan, revoltle dui goal, chha anka rar saat tackleharu yogdan puryaeka chhan. matchpachhiko utsabko samayama americi ruck banned da killersdwara mcgma ek nih shulk concert pradarshan garieko thiyo, jasko reolt prashansak hun. aghillo hapta club rar afl midia prabandhakharusanga prastawa uthaepachhi, reoltlai uniharuko 2005 ekal "mister" gauna stagema bandma samel huna prasidha rupma amantrit garieko thiyo. ujyalo ". sann 2017 ko sijanma afno pradarshanka lagi, reoltle athaun-sidha club agrani goal-kicker puraskar prapta gare, clubko sarwashreshtha rar nishpaksha gananama sataun sthanma rahe, 50 bhitra ankaka lagi ligma pahilo rar premiership kheladi bane. 2018 sijan. sann 2018 ko sijanma agrani raheko reoldtle clubko bhiefel pakshako viruddhama intra-club khelma richmandka warishthaharuka lagi saat goal gardai baliyo goal-kick faram dekhayo. tyahanbata unle sijanko pahilo charanma chaar goal garnaghi clubka dui pre-sijan matchharu pratyekma khele. reoltle ek pakhawadia pachhi thap chaar thap jodera afno pakshalai 13 ankako jitma maddat gare. trent kochin chotka karan dhilo firta bhaepachi round 7 maa reoltle afno carrierma pahilo patak ghar rar bahirko khelma richmandko kaptani gare. dui hapta pachhi unle uptus stadiumma bhaeko khelma paanch goal gare. tyahi khelma unle tesro quarterma letma liam duganma bump rakhe, jasko parinamle arko breakma unko ragat khoki bhaeko dekhiyo. unko swasthyaka lagi chinta wyakta bhaepachi tyas raat tolisanga mailborne farkanka lagi unlai chikitsakiya rupma safa garnuparyo. tyas binduma uni kull golko lagi pratiyogitama tesro sthanma thie (24) kewal bayne brauna (31) rar jack darling (28) pachhi. yadyapi unle arko hapta khelnaka lagi purna rupma niko bhae pani tyas round 10 khelko pahilo quarterma matra paanch minetko samayama defender jack carlisle gareko galtile garda taukoma chot lagepachhi uni kunai arthapurna yogdan dina sakenan. afno anupasthitima pani richmondle vijaya hasil garna safal bhae rar carlisle strikeka lagi dui khelko nilamban pae. reoltle aghatko parinamko rupma purna khel gumaenan, arko hapta 'zee jiit obharma afno pakshako sapanako samayama linema ubhie. tyasapachhiko haptama, reoltlai "fucks footy" ko warshako madhyama sabai astreliyali tolima naam diieko thiyo. unlai fucks commentator pall rusle pani block garne, thaaun sirjana garne rar pyakharu kryas garne prayaska lagi prashansa gare, jasma rusle unlai "pratiyogitama sabaibhanda niswartha kheladi" bhanera lebel gare."juneko antyama unlai hobartma bhaeko bhawya karyakramma tasmanian football hull aff femma samawesh garieko thiyo. madhya-sijan baipachhi, reoltle etihad stadiumma jitko kramama afno kariyarko euta pradarshan gare. unle number (21) rar pratispardhatmak anka (saat) maa kariyarko sarwashreshtha ganana gare sathai tinn golharu laat marey rar 21 disposalharu record gare june tinn braunalo medal bhotharu rar koch association awardma ek uttam 10 mataharudwara puraskrit garieko thiyo. round 16 ko jitma reoltle tyo awardma thap ek mutt prapta gare rar round 18 maa chaar-goal pradarshanka lagi thap dui mataharu akarshit gare. arko hapta unle afno pakshako jitma 50 ko dashak bhitra nauko sath nayan wyaktigat utkrishta sett gare. julyko antyama, reoltle richmondsanga nayan tean warshako samjhautama hastakshar gare, unlai kamtima 2021 sijanko antyasamma klabprati pratibadha rakhe. fucks futiko afl 360 maa afno niyamit panelist bhumikama boldai, reoltle sann 2019 ko antyasamma afno awasthit samjhautako punargathanma vetan katauti gareko dabi gare. round 20 maa unle chaar goal gare, tyo warsha unko panchaun yasto kull. tyas matchko sath, unko 244 carrier upasthiti, reoltle atha number garncy lagaera khelieka khelharuka lagi sabai samaya bhiefel/afl record sett gare. reoltle afno tesro carrierma das-golko sath round 21 maa jit hasil gare jasma unle carrier-uccha 26 disposalharu pani jamma gare rar tyas sijanma kick garieka golharuka lagi ligg-agrani sthitima walt gare. unle round 23 maa afno talikama thap paanch golharu thape, 600 carrier goal milestone parr gare rar 65 golka sath ghar rar tadha sijan samapta garepachhi afno tesro colleman padak kamae. uni ligko itihasma athaun kheladi rar richmond clubko itihasma tesro patak puraskar jitne pahilo kheladi bane. unlai aflko player rating team aff da iyarma forward paketma rakhieko thiyo sathai tesro patak all-astreliyanko naam diieko thiyo. richmandko pahilo finalma, mcgma jit, reolt tyas warsha tesro patak matra goal garna asafal bhae. unle clubko prarambhik finalma paanch goal garera tyo pradarshanlai sudhar gare. unko prayasko bawajud, richmond final shrinkhalabata bahirine thie june 39 ankako haar thiyo. sann 2018 ko final shringkhalako samapanpachhi, reoltle ligma golka lagi pahilo sthan prapta gare rar 50 bhitra ankaharu sathai score sanlagnataka lagi dosro rar pratispardhi ankaharuka lagi panchaun sthanma rahe. unlai "herald sunn" kaa pramukh football lekhak mark robinsonle 2018 sijanma ligko sarwashreshtha agragami rar samagrama tesro utkrishta kheladiko rupma pani naam dieka thie. reoltle afno utkrishta sijanka lagi kariyarko sarwashreshtha 10 braunalo padak mataharu sankalan gare rar richmandko sarwashreshtha rar nishpaksha kheladiko rupma afno dosro jack dier padak pani prapta gare. 2019 sijan. sann 2018 ko sijanpachhi turuntai mahinaharuma, reoltko kaandhako sano shalyakriya bhayo. decemberma purna prashikshanma farkanuaghi uni aff-sijanko prarambhik haptaharuma abhyas chalaunama pratibandhit thie. reoltlai tyas samayama afl tathyanka sajhedar "champion deta" dwara dosro utkrishta pramukh sthiti agadi rar samagrama ligma 34 aun sarwashreshtha kheladiko rupma lebel garieko thiyo. sohi aff-sijanma cluble purva forward tom linchlai richmond forward linema reoltsanga khelna bharti गऱ्यो।. 2019 ko pahilo football upasthiti februaryma 2019 aflx pratiyogitama 'rampage' toliko kaptanko rupma thiyo. tyas mahinako suruma television draftma wyaktigat rupma afno tolly chayan garepachhi reoltle pratiyogitama championshipma bhidantako netritwa gare. marchko antyama mcgma carlton wiruddhako sijan-udghatan khelma afno 250 aun afl khel khelnu aghi februaryko antyama rar marchko suruma richmandka dui purva-sijan matchharuma pratyekma dekha parepachhi reoltle tyo pachhyae. unle khelma euta goal gare, afno kariyarko kull 608 maa lyae rar micheal rochlai richmandko sarvakalin goalking leaderboardma purna chautho sthanka lagi parr gare. dosro roundma haar behorepachhi, reoltlai spashta rupma sano hatko kabjama chot lageko thiyo. chotapatakko bawajud unle ranma stantsahit baanki khel khele. bholipalta pura bhaeko scanma revoltko trijyako sano awyawasthit fracture rar kalaiko ligamentma kehi kshati bhaeko khulasa bhayo. sohi khelma reoltko bayan ghundako medial cruciate ligamentma pani moch lageko thiyo. tee chotka karan tinawata khelharu gumaepachhi, revolt footballma farkie rar richmondko round 6 anjack day ibhko jitma dui goal gare. yadyapi, unko bayan ghundako pascha cruciate ligamentma uccha-grade kshati kayam rakhdai, unle khelma arko ghundama chot lagne thiyo. richmond clubka adhikariharule chot marmat garna shalyakriya awashyak pardaina tara revolt ajhai pani chha dekhi atha haptako bichma chhuteko batae. tyas khelko kramama unlai bayley fritsma khatarnak tackleko lagi pani report garieko thiyo jaska lagi unlai $1,000 jariwana prastawa garieko thiyo. revoltle fl tribinalma aroplai chunauti die jahaan uni asafal bhae, antatah jariwana badhera $1,500 bhayo. revoltle juneko pahilo haptasamma daud punah suru gareka thie, tyas mahinako antyama round 15 maa fl firtilai laxit gardai. unle tyo lakshya dui haptasamma gumae, rar rakshasharumathi round 17 maa vijaya hasil gare jasma unle ek goal gare. unle arko hapta sijanko ahilesammako afno utkrishta outputma thap tean golharu thape, jabki prashikshak damien hardwickle julyko baanki samayama farmama raheka tolika sathi linchko samarthanma unko niswartha khelko prashansa gare. round 22 ko jitma, dui farak marking pratiyogitaharuma afno khutta wipakshiko pithyunko pachhadi rakhepachhi, reoltlai dui patak free kikaka lagi bolaieko thiyo. tyasapachhika haptama, aflle ghoshana garyo kii niyamma dhil diinechha taaki hani puyauna sakne adhik khatarnak karyaharu matra samawesh garinechha, taaki reolt viruddha bhuktan garieko prakarko free kikharu ab bhuktan garine chhaina. ghar rar tadha sijanko antim charanma, reoltle defender marcus adamsamathi chaar pahilo quarter goal gare tara pachhi baanki khelka lagi darcy gardinerle raksha garda thap goal garna sakenan. richmondle sijan tesro sthanma samapta garepachhi, reoltle 47 ankako yogyata final vijayama tinn goal gare. tyasapachhiko prarambhik finalma uni nikai cum prabhawashali thie, pahilo hafma unko ekmatra disposalko rupma kewal euta handball record gare rar antatah golrahit bhae kinbhane unko pakshale parajit bhayo rar ek bhawya final matchupma jityo. grand finalma, revoltle match-uccha paanch golharu kick gare kinki richmondle tean warshama dosro premiership jityo, vishal defender fill devisko gatiko abhawako faida uthaundai jo khuttako chotka sath lagbhag dhilo firta bhaeko thiyo. unko hulma tinawata dosro quarter golharu samawesh thie jasle unlai adha samayama maidanma tathyankagat rupma mulyankan garieko number ek kheladi banayo rar antatah unlai player aff da matchka lagi matadan garne manak smith padakma chautho sthan prapta bhayo. reoltko paanch goal rar ek pachhadi (31 anka) ley unlai afl/bhiefel itihasma chautho kheladi rar 59 warshama grand finalma vipakshi tolly (25 anka) lai eklaile haraune pahilo kheladi banayo. 2020 sijan. reoltle februaryma bushfire rahat matchka lagi aflko muel kosh sankalan rajyama 2020 kaa lagi afno pahilo khel khele, sahayogi sabai-starr pakshako bhagko rupma afno griha rajya tasmaniako pratinidhitwa gardai dui goal gare. uni sohi saptahantama pahilo pre-sijan matchma base tara ek hapta pachhi clubko antim pre-sijan matchka lagi farkie. nirbadh purva-sijanko bawajud, marchko madhyasamma australiama corona bhairas mahamariko druta pragatile sijanko bhawishyalai shankama pareko thiyo, jasma reolt rar premiership defence pani samawesh thiyo. afl ayogle antatah sijanko suruwat nirdharit rupma aghi badhne ghoshana garyo, tara samuhik jamghatma sarvajanik swasthya pratibandhaka karan prashansakharu upasthit chhainan. ek mahatwapurna break madhya-sijanma awashyak hunechha bhanne apekshaka sath, ligle yo sijan parimarjan garieko 17-round fixtureko sath pura hune rar quarter lambai ek panchaunle ghataune ghoshana garyo jasle kheladiharuma bhar cum garna apeksha garieko chha jasle warshako pachhillo adha bhagma chhoto breaka sath dherai khelharu khelne apeksha garieko chha. tee paristhitiharuma, reoltle round 1 ko jitma saman tolly-uccha tean golharu laat marey jasma unlai haptako "afl mediako" tolima naam diieko dekhiyo. tara, tinn dinpachhi, dherai rajyaharule afno simanama sangarodh sartaharu lagu garepachhi afl ayogle anishchitkalka lagi sijan nilamban गऱ्यो।. round 2 rar 3 maa golrahit khelharu pachhi, 11-haptako viram pachhi juneko suruma sijan punah suru bhaepachi kharab pradarshanka lagi reoltle mediako jaanch akarshit gare. unle arko roundma saat haptako awichchhinn goalking daud suru gare, yass samayama uni rar clublai mailburnma bhairasko prakopko pratikriyama gold coastma sarieko thiyo. reoltle ghaite trent kochinko sthanma round 6 rar 8 ko bichma tean haptako lagi club kaptanko rupma sewa gare. round 10 maa unle wyaktigat sijanko sarwashreshtha chaar golharu jitma laat marey, round 11 maa kochinko anupasthitima ek-aff khelko lagi toliko kaptani garda thap tean thapnu aghi. uni round 12 maa richmandko sarwashreshtha madhye ek thie, tyo jitma dui-goal yogdanka lagi ek prashikshak puraskar mutt kamae. unle round 17 ko jitma chaar goal gardai maidanma barabarko sarwashreshthaka rupma thap nau mataharu prapta gare. reoltle 28 goal garera niyamit sijan samapta gare, antatah colleman padak daudama barabar chhaitaun sthan hasil gare. unle clubko final abhiyanko udghatan khelma dui goal gare, ek qualifying final haar, golrahit huna aghi rar ek hapta pachhi semifinalma jitma sijan-lo chaar disposalma. tyo kharab tathyanka pradarshanko bawajud, reoltlai prashikshak damien hardwickle tyas haptako tyas pradarshanka lagi prashansa gare, vishesh gari pratispardhama vipakshi intercept defenderharulai nakaraune kshamataka lagi. tyastai gari prarambhik antim jitma, revoltle kewal euta goal matra laat hanne rar 2015 pachhi pahilo patak kunai chinha bina nai jaanda pani marking pyakharu vibhajan garekoma hardwicko sarvajanik prashansa kamae. revoltle arko hapta thap scoreboard manyata kamae, tean patakko premiership kheladi bane rar 31-ankako bhawya antim jitma dui goal gare. reoltle tyas warsha afno 33 golka lagi dasaun club agrani goalkeeper puraskar pani kamae, jabki clubko utkrishta rar nishpaksha countma ek sijanka lagi barabar 14 aun sthanma rahe jasma unle sabai 21 sambhawit matchharuma khelchhan. 2023 sijan. round 1 2023 maa revoltle afno 8 aun carrier drama khelera ligg record banae. kheladi profile. reoltle purna agadi rar centre-haf agadi goal garne kheladiko rupma khelchhan. uni sthitima cum akarko chhan, kewal 193 centimeter aglo. sann 2010 ko dashakma, unle ligma kunai pani kheladiko 50 bhitra sabaibhanda badhi anka lie rar lans franklin bahek anya kunai pani kheladi bhanda badhi goal gare, jabki tyas samayama tinn colleman padakharusanga franklinko milan gare. 2019/20 aff-sijanma, reoltlai 2010 ko dashaka utkrishta kheladiharuko "herald sunn" suchima samagrama 13 aun sarwashreshtha kheladiko lebel lagaieko thiyo. sann 2020 maa, revoltlai "herald sunn" ley richmondko afl yugko chautho utkrishta kheladiko rupma naam dieko thiyo. tathyanka. "round 23,2022 ko antyama adyawadhik gariyo. ! collan = 3. currier ! 325 ! 752 ! 451 ! 2940 ! 972 ! 3912 ! 1734 ! 694 ! 2.3 ! 1.4 ! 9.0 ! 3.0 ! 12.0 ! 5.3 ! 2.1 ! 62 noteharu wyaktigat jiwan. reolt german sampadaka hun rar unka hazurbuba hajurama heinz rar helga sann 1950 maa europeli rashtrabata basain sareka thie. unka buba criss tasmanian football ligma 298-khel kheladi thie, rajyaka lagi pratinidhi kheladika sathai tasmanian football hull aff femma samawesh thie. reoltka dui kanchha dajuharu, harry rar charley, duwaile junier rajya starma tasmaniaka lagi khele. uni purva cent kilda afl footballer nick reoltka pahilo chachera bhai hun. revoltle sann 2016 maa lamo samayaki premika carley jigalarsanga sagai gare rar uniharule november 2017 maa revoltko griha rajya tasmaniama ek samarohma vivaha gare. jodiko pahilo bachcha, ketty, sann 2019 maa janmieko thiyo. sann 2021 maa, dampatile afno dosro chhoriko janmako ghoshana gare. football maidanbata tadha reolt ek utsuk golfer hun, ek patak 0.6 ko rupma cum handicap khelda uni americi ruck banned da killerska fyan pani hun, jaslai unle 2017 maa richmandko premiership jitpachhi stagema pradarshan gare. midia currier. fucks futiko "afl 360" maa reolt saptahik atithika rupma dekha parchhan. uni astreliyali tivi karyakram, 2019 ko utkrishta saptahantama hostko rupma dekha pare rar 2020 maa unle 1116senma sombar ratma afnai radio awar host gare. reolt niyamit rupma nobha 100 mailborne breakfast radio karyakram crissy, saam anned braunima pani dekha parchhan. cancerko darr. sann 2007 maa reoltko pithyunbata canceryukta till nikalieko thiyo. 0. 9 millimeter melanoma cancer bhaeko pushti bhaepachi unle thap tissue hatae rar tyasapachhi punah ghatana hunbata rokna niyamit jaanch garaiyo. sann 2014 maa unle afl players association rar cancer council wictoriako abhiyanko netritwa gare "purushharulai cancerko barema gahro kurakani garna raji garauna." madyko darshan. jab revoltko chachera bhai maddy (bahinibata nick) ko rakta rog applastic anaemiako parinamswarup 2015 ko suruma mrityu bhayo, uni rar revolt pariwar unko sammanma sthapit paropkar, madyko darshanka lagi sarvajanik prawakta bane. bahya linkharu. ]

jack revolt jack revolt (; janma 31 october 1988) jane pesadara astreliah niam football khelali jie astrelia football ligg (aii. aif. ell.) ray richmond football club paain khelanti. shay tinithara premiership khelali, tinithara coleman padaka bijeta, tinithara sarba-astreliah, 11 thara richmond clubber agrani golkikar, dui thara jack diar padaka bijeta ebong tasmanian football hull off famour. shay richamandanka upa-adhinajaka bhabe madhya karjya karuchanti ebong 2017 masiharu ehaa kariasuchhanti. prarambhika zeeban ebong juniara football. revolt tasmaniar hobartare taanka pitamata criss ebong lesale riwoltanka ghare janmagrahana karithile. shay belerivara purba hobart upakanthare badhithile ebong tasmaniar ess. aif. ell. ray clarence paain juniara football khelithile. 2005 ray revolt 16 barsha bajasare clarence sahita tankara baristha debyu karithile, taa 'parey eka harithiba grand final sameth ehara final sirij madhyamare club sahita khelithile jeunthare shay charoti goal deithile . parabarti barsha shay clarencenka saha puni eka siniara grand phainalare khelithile, ether clubber bijai dalara jane sadasya. parey shay taak cop starare tassy nabikamananka saha khelithile ebong talim neithile ebong 2006 afl 18 barsharu comm champianasipare taanka rajyara pratinidhitwa karithile. championshipra tinoti myachare shay mote athati goal deithile ebong duithara taanka dalara shrestha khelalinka madhyare namit hoithile. 2006 masihare shay bhi. aif. ell. ray tasmanian devil paain athati match khelithile. eka bisesh ullekhaneeah khela bendigo bipakhyare asithila, jeunthare shay charoti goal deithile ebong 13 marck neithile. shay cent virgils haiskul ebong hobartra rosni kalejare adhyajana karithile. draft purbaru, aii. aif. ell. mdr matt bergen tanku "goal-kick forward" bhabe chinhita karithila, jieki atyadhika shaktishali overhead."tebe tanku taanka padabee paain ubhaja chhot ebong manthara bolly bibechana karajauthila, uttara mailborne nijukti manager nebhila stebard parey mantabya deithile je shay biswasa karunathile je revolt" "athletic kimba ubhaja parsware (khetrara) gurutwapurna padabee kheliba paain yathesta lamba ."richardmond nijukti manager francis jackson parey riwoltanka chittakarshaka football smarts ebong balra udanaku padhibara khyamata taanka nijuktire pramukh kaaran bhabare maneh pakaithile. aii. aif. ell. kyariyara. 2007 rutu. 2006 aii. aif. ell. jatiah draftre clubber pratham chayan ebong samagrika bhabe deithile। chayan sahita riwoltanka dwara draft karajaithila. shay 2007 sijinra 9maha roundre, emm. sii. jii. ray 'jii. match' ray swapnara samajare tankara aii. aif. ell. debyu karithile. parabarti saptahare shay kheli nathile, parabarti samajare shay samaana roundre siniara dalare khelithile. saha roundre tini goal pradarshanara anshabisesha bhabe shay taanka carriara pratham goal deithile. shay sijinra shesh chhaati match madhyaru panchatire kheli shesh karithile, sehi barsha tankara athati siniara match madhyaru satati goal deithile. 2008 rutu. 2008 masihare revolt nijaku richamandanka baristha dalara jane nijamita sadasya bhabe pratisthita karithile. shay chaturtha roundre sijinara pratham match khelithile ebong sehi sijanare aau gotie match khelinathile, mote match kheli shesh karithile. taanka bipakhyare panchti goal bisista bisista round bagg setebele carriara sarbashrestha thila. shay mote mote goal deithile, jaahaa sehi ruture clubrey pancham sarbashrestha goal thila. 2009 rutu. revolt 2009 sijanare pratham thara paain richamandanka shrestha-22 ray eka sijin arambha karithile, clubra round 1 match-apare 's bipakhyare khelithile. sijinra pratham saata roundre shay satati goal deithile, clubber round 8 ebong 9 match haraiba purbaru. shay 10maha roundre bipakhyare duiti goal sahita pherithile, 11maha roundre aau tinoti goal jodiba purbaru. taanka anupasthiti parey nauty myachare shay shay goal score karibe, jaahaa purba barsha thaaru taanka sijinara mote skoraku shrestha karithila. ehi daudare antarbhukta thila essendanka upare richamandanka round 17 bijajare chhaa goal pradarshan . riwoltanku sehi saptahare jugara jack nial taanka "padachala smarts" ebong marking khyamata paain prashansa karithile. shay sehi ruture aau eka match harai nathile, 20 tii match khelithile ebong eka dala-dwiteeja 32 goal karithile. shay clubber sarbashrestha ebong nyajasangata gananare astama sthana adhikara karithile. 2010 rutu. 2010 revolt paain eka breakout barsha thila . shay nijara pratham satati myachre myachre goal dei ehi sijinra zordar arambha karithile. 8 ru 15 round madhyare parabarti athati myachare, revolt ligg-shrestha 43 goal deithile. naaa barsha purbe myathiu lajadanka parey ehaa aneka match madhyare sarbadhika mote thila . shay eka bijai obharre dwadasha roundre carriara shrestha shrestha goal deithile. ehi golre panchti pratham quarter goal antarbhukta thila, jeunthire khelara pratham 11 minute madhyare charoti goal asithila. 2007 ray jonathan braunnka parey shay gotie myachare 10 goal debare pratham khelali hoithile, ebong 2004 ray myathiu richardasanka parey pratham richmond khelali epari karithile. hoi roundre docklands stadijamare cent kilda bipakhyare bipakhyare pradarshan, 11 marck ebong satati goal pradarshan paain riwoltanku shrestha-ground bhabare namit karajaithila. ehipari shay ehara saata barshar itihasare ayon stewart padaka jitibare pratham richmond khelali hoithile. chaari barshar kyarijarare pratham thara paain, revolt pratyeka sambhabya match kheli sijin samapta karithile. taanka taanka goal ligra jekaunasi khelalinka dwara sarbadhika thila, jaahaa tanku jathakrame ligg bhabare coleman padaka ebong michael roach padaka ebong clubra agrani golkikar arjan karithila. colleman jitibara chaari deane parey, revolt jack diar padakaku richamandanka shrestha ebong nyajapurna khelali bhabare surakhita karithile. tanku madhya purna-forward sthitire all-astrelia dalare namit karajaithila. revolt parey ireland gasta kariba paain ebong 2010 antarjatija niam shrunkhalare astreliaara pratinidhitwa kariba paain manoneet hoithile. 2011 rutu. 2011 sijin arambha heba purbaru rewoltnku richamandanka chhaa janiaa netrutwa dalare jodajaithila. pratham roundre karlatanka bipakhyare sijinre chhaa goal arambha heba parey, tanku eka kathina pander deane samnah karibaku padithila. clubber dwiteeja parjyaja myachre shay aaghata paithile ebong kaunasi pramukh parisankhyana bargare prabhaba record karibare sakhyama heba purbaru tanku badalajaithila. shay poshaka pindhiba kothareeku padia sahita joduthiba sidi uparaku croll karuthiba ebong matchku feriba paain jorapurbaka jukti karuthiba dekhibaku milithila. eprilare coach demien hardwick thaaru revolt samalochana paithile, dalara saathee dustin martinanku chitkara curry ebong truteeja roundre benchaku anguli deithibara dekhiba parey tanku padiaare nijara acharan badalaibaku padiba bolly kahithile. haata angabhangi paain tanku aii. aif. ell. dwara $1,200 zarimana madhya karajaithila. swarthapara khela paain "juga" ray robert walsnka dwara shay samalochita hoithile; wals kahithile je revolt "eka dalgat khelare jane byakti palatichanti." parabarti chhaati myachre shay abhutapurba pharmare prabesha karithile, maatra chaari thara charoti goal deithile ebong dui thara panchti goal deithile. hardwick niz pri-sijan jojanaku ahuri adhika uparaku nei jaai revolt khelibara phala swaroopa nimna goal kick teilis satwe, abasista rutu paain taanka form drudha rahithila. kramagata dwiteeja barsha paain shay clubber agrani golkikar puraskara jitithile ebong clubber 22 tii match madhyaru pratyekare khelithile. riwoltanka riwoltanka goal jogun shay colleman padaka daudare lance phrankalinka pachare dwiteeja sthanare rahithile. revolt sehi ruture clubber sarbashrestha ebong nyajasangata gananare nabam sthanare rahithile. septembarare ehaa prakash paithila je revolt samasta ruture aaghata dei khelithile ebong charoti astropachara aabasyaka karibe; pratyeka nitambare gotie, aanguthire gotie ebong anyati taanka baama godare . shay eka prasikhyana durghatana parey hoithiba panjara cartilage khyatira madhya mukabila karuthile. 2012 rutu. astropachara ebong sustha hebara eka rutu parey, revolt taanka pratham tinoti match madhyamare panchti goal ebong nauty backward curry rututi bhul bhabare arambha karithile. shay madhya-rutu suddha nijara shrestha pradarshanaku pherithile, ebong jathakrame 9maha ebong 10maha roundre eka parey gotie myachre chhaa ebong athati goal deithile. 10maha round bijai riwoltanka carriara carriara match thila ebong 2003 paratharu cent kilda upare richamandanka pratham bijai thila. shay gold coast ebong westarna bulldog bipakhyare 16 ebong 20 round myachare panchti goal bagg madhya lock karithile. tini barsha madhyare dwiteeja thara paain revolt rutu sheshare ligger goal scoring resare sheershare rahithile, 2012 sijin paain coleman padaka surakhita karithile. shay tye-leader mathyu pabhalich () ebong tomm hockins () nka pachare tini goal pachare clubber sijinara antim myachare prabesha karithile, kintu sijinare 65 ebong duiti spust jodi sahita shesh karibaku chhaa goal boot karithile . revolt ekadhika colleman padaka jitibare kebala dwiteeja richmond khelali hoithile ebong epari karibare michael rochnka club rekardaku tye karithile. prarambhika manoneet khelalinka madhyaru tanku chayan karajiba parey, revolt sheshare barshar sarba-astrelia dalare naama naah janai chaligale. warawik green ebong maat windley off dee herald sunn anujai tanku eka bibadiah baada bolly bibechana karajaithila. shay ehi sijinra sarbashrestha ebong nyajapurna puraskarare clubrey nabam sthanare rahithile. 2013 rutu. 2012-13 off-sijinare puni thare rewoltku chhot astropachara paain chhuri tale jibaku dekhibaku milithila, jahara punaruddhara tanku seemita talim bhaarare badhya karithila . rutu aanusthanika bhabe arambha heba purbaru revolt nijara mulya pradarshan karisarithile, sairan parey eka goal maari richamandanka pri-sijan match jitithile. sehi shrunkhala samajare shay pratham thara paain richamandanka adhinajakatwa madhya karithile, jaahaa bipakhyare aatha point bijajare karithile. pratham roundre bijai hassel kariba samajare tanku goal-biheena bhabe rakhajaithiba bele, revolt parabarti saptahare taanka bipakhyare satati goal curry pratikrija deithile. shay parabarti saptahare pradarshanaku samarthan karithile, eka bijajare aau panchti goal deithile. revolt 5maha roundre eka point harijiba samajare ganamadhyama samalochanara shikara hoithile, nikata parajaya parey shay saathee khelalinka prati krodhita pratikrija deba parey marck mccullur dwara "eka prima dona" lebel karithile. samasta ruture revolt taanka chukti ebong bhabisyata kheliba bishajare ganamadhyama kalpanajalpanara bishai thila . shay fremantle thaaru prastaba paithile bolly suchana milithila, kintu july sheshare richamandanka saha eka nutan tini barshar chukti swakhyara curry banijya aabhimukhyaku purbanirdharita karithile. 17 round parey revolt ligger goal-kick talikare truteeja sthanare rahithile, sehi samajare 47 runn sangraha karithile. shay shay goal sahita ehi sijin shesh karithile, jaahaa 2009 paratharu tankara sarbanimna sankhya, kintu tathapi chaturtha kramagata club agrani goal score puraskara jitibare saphala hoithile. shay septembarare taanka carriara pratham phainalare khelithile, jetebele richard emm. sii. jii. ray eka elemination phainalare harithile. rutu sheshare revolt clubber sarbashrestha ebong nyajasangata gananare samaana saptama sthanare rahithile. goal sahajata paain shay ligre truteeja sthanare rahithile. 2014 rutu. februari 2014 ray, riwoltanku richamandanka pancha khelali netrutwa gostheeru hatai diajaithila, jaahaa defender troy chapalinnka dwara pratisthapita hoithila . ehaa sahita, prashikhyakanka dwara tanku eka "paramparika centre haf forward bhumika" ray khelibara yojana sahita, revolt kichhi samai apekhya bhinna bhabare sijinaku asuthibara dekhibaku milithila . shay off-sijanare nijara khelara ojana hrass karithile, nijara fitness aadhara brudhi karithile ebong chhot off-sijan astropachararu taanka aanthu ebong nitamba parjyanta madhya sustha hoithile. pratham roundre hariba parey riwoltanka pradarshanaku prashikhyakanka dwara "apekhyakruta kharap" bolly chinhita karajaithila, jeunthire aagadhadira recording 10 ru comm disposal ebong 8 round, 2012 parey pratham thara paain kebala gotie goal thila. shay truteeja roundre tripinga paain report hoithile, kintu aif. ell. match ribhyu panel ehi aparadhaku nilamban jogya nuhen bolly bibechana kariba parey kebala eka tiraskara sahita khasi palaithile. meey maasare club adhikarimane tanku dandita karithile, jetebele shay dalara nutan cert-kick khela saileera prabhabasalita biruddhare sarbasadharanare kahithile. hardwick koutukare ganamadhyamaku bujhaithile je club "taanka patiru (riwoltanka) paada ebong taanka gadharu moe padaku ghunchai deichi". shay twitera madhyamare sarbasadharanare khyama magithile ebong phalaswaroopa chayan kuhadi edai jaithile. taanka padiaare pratikrija gurutwapurna thila, jetebele shay sidnire gws giant upare richardmandanka 113 point bijajare carriara sarbocha 11 goal boot karithile . julyre, reiffle tasamanianka dasandhira tasmanian dalare riwoltanku phul-pharawardare namit karajaithila. kramagata dwiteeja rutu paain, revolt ebong tiger aii. aif. ell. final paain jogyata arjan karithile, kintu kebala gotie match parey puni baada padithile. shay shay goal maari ebong kramagata pancham barsha paain richamandanka goal puraskara jiti ehi rutu shesh karithile. 1934-1938 ray jack titesnka parey, shay kramagata panchti ruture 50 goal debare clubber itihasare dwiteeja khelali hoithile. 2015 rutu. eka aabegika off-sijin parey, jeunthire taanka samparkeeah bhai myadinka mrutyu antarbhukta thila, revolt samaana bhabare bhabapraban round 1 sahithile. shay karlatanka upare richamandanka bijajare charoti goal marithile ebong tankara pratyeka goal parey aakashaku ingita curry taanka pradarshanaku taanka smrutire utsarga karuthiba dekhibaku milithila . shay pancharu aatha roundre eka shaktishali form hassel karithile, chaari saptaha madhyare madhyare goal deithile ebong harahari saataru adhika marck hassel karithile. deithile। roundre shay ess. sii. jii. bipakhyare chhaati goal dei sijinara sabutharu budd score hassel karithile. cent kildanka saha saha round match 'maddy' saas match 'bhabe chinhita hoithila, jaahaa revolt samparkeejanka' maddy 'saas bhijan' paain panthi sangraha karithila. shay richamandanka bijai dalare duiti goal deithile. sarbamot 2015 riwoltanka paain eka utkrusta barsha pramanita hoithila, jaahaa kramagata shastha club agrani golkikar puraskara (54) jitithila ebong marck ebong disposal paain kyarijarare sarbocha sthana hassel karithila. taanka kyarijarare dwiteeja thara paain revolt aii. aif. ell. rahr sarba-astrelia dalaku chayan arjan karithile, ether centre-haf forward sthitire. shay madhya kebhin bartlet padaka hassel curry richamandanka shrestha ebong nyajapurnare pancham sthana adhikara karithile. revolt 2015 ray eka richmond record madhya bhangithile, jack titesku atikrama curry kramagata chhaati ruture 50 ru adhika goal debare pratham richmond khelali hoithile. revolt june sheshare eka chukti samprasaranare swakhyara karithile, tanku atikamre 2019 sijin shesh parjyanta richamandanka saha chukti karithile. 2016 rutu. jetebele 2015 masiha sheshare richardmond captain trent kotachinanku ehi padaru istafa debaku aahwana karajaithila, riwoltanku sambhabya pratisthapana bhabare namit karajaithila. shay ehi kalpanajalpanaku khandan curry kahithile, "mun (adhinajaka hebara) prashnaku madhya grahan kariparibi naahin kaaran moe drustire mun bhabuchhi (kochin) aama football clubber adhinajaka heba paain sarbottama byakti." padiaare, ruture revolt tankara paribartanaku centre-haf forward sthitiku jaari rakhithile. shay ojana hrass curry ebong goal lineru adhika khela upare dhyana dei nijara sahanasheelata, chanchalata ebong lumph maribara khyamatare unnati aanithile. shay round 5 ray eka samanya goda godare aaghata paithile ebong taanka clubber round 6 match paain prastuta heba paain aising ebong punarbasara eka tibra karjyakram aabasyaka karithile . shay emm. sii. jii. ray hoi roundre jilonganka thaaru hariba parey nijara nijara kyariyara match khelithile. revolt sheshare 2016 ray richamandanka 22 tii match madhyaru pratyekare khelithile, eka dala-agrani 48 goal marithile . athati match bisista pratham sijin parey pratham thara paain shay gotie myachare panchti goal byagre gotie bii goal nadeithile. tebe shay mote ebong harahari pradarshanare eka nutan byaktigata sarbashrestha sthapana karithile, midfielder nikatatar tankara nutan bhumika khelithile . revolt clubber sarbashrestha ebong nyajasangata gananare chaturtha sthanare rahithile, phalaswaroopa fred swift padaka surakhita karithile. clubber prashikhyakanka dwara eka barsha pachaku niajaithiba padakhyepaku eka pachaku dakuthiba parey, revolt ganamadhyama dwara banijyika kalpanajalpana dwara gheri rahithile. shay club prati nijara pratibaddhataku doharaithile, daabi karithile je shay "haladia ebong kalaa rangara" thile, jadio parabarti barshagudikare shay nischita karithile je shay kebe club sahita gurutwapurna dalgat saphalata hassel karibe bolly sandeha karibaku arambha karithile. 2017 rutu. riwoltanka 2017 pri-sijin dirghasthaji aaghata chinta dwara badhaprapta hoithila . september 2016 ray shay chhot goda goda astropachara hebara aasha karajauthila, astropachara adhika gurutara khyati abishkara kariba phalaswaroopa prakrijati eka sampurna goda goda punahnirmanaku madhyabhagare paribartana heba purbaru . nabhembarare shay puni chhuri tale padijaithile, ether purbaru bhangi jaithiba anguthira khyati maramati karibaku. march 2017 ray tanku richamandanka saha-upa-adhinajaka bhabare nijukta karajaithila. shay defender alex ransanka saha bhumika bhaga karibara thila, jetebele ubhaja kramagata adhinajaka trent kotachinanka adheenare karjya karithile . off-sijanare phul forward tye bhaikerira free-agency prasthana sahita, revolt 2017 ray gabhira forward sthitire adhika khela-samai dekhibe . 2017rahr pratham roundre shay richamandanka bijajare carriara shrestha satati tackle record karithile. mailborne sahita round 5 rahr anjack day iva sangharshare revolt ardra panipaga khelare chhaa goal marithile. shay nijara nijara kyariyara goal 2017rahr 7maha roundre etihad stadijamare eka myachare deithile. shay club itihasare pancham drutatam mailkhunt hassel karithile. karithile। match parey ebong madhya-rutu bidai samajare revolt revolt goal deithile. deithile। roundre shay nijara nijara aii. aif. ell. myachre dick kleku atikrama curry astama nambara garnaseere jane richmond khelalinka dwara khelajaithiba sarbadhika match khelithile. 13 ebong 14 roundre tankara dui ebong tinoti goal match ekadhika goal sahita kramagata khelara dhaara 10 ku aanithila. shay sehi samajare sehi dhaara bajaiah rakhuthiba pratijogitara ekamatra khelali thile ebong barshar goal-kiking talikare pancham sthana adhikara karithile . cent kildanka bipakhyare richamandanka round 16 parajajare revolt aneka kharap pradarshanakareenka madhyaru jane thile, kebala gotie goal marithile ebong 67 point haarare satati sampatti sangraha karithile. ahuri madhya, riwoltanka pratham dakhal khelara dwiteeja quarterara astama minute parjyanta asinathila. prasikhyana samajare dalara saathee mabier kolanka akasmika aaghata jogun riwoltanka aakhire eka cornea katijaithila ebong aakhi pacharu raktasraba hoithila. ehi aaghata karanaru shay richamandanka richamandanka round myachre khelinathile ebong riwoltanka kramagata kramagata matchra stick shesh karithile. shay କାଟିଥିଲେ। roundre aau eka match khelibaru banchita hoi hoi roundre taanka bipakhyare pratyabartana karithile. shay roundre, revolt pharawardanka absar grahan myachare taanka samparkeeah bhai niknka bipakhyare khelithile. shay, cent kilda forward josh brusnka saha, eka padakhyepara adhyakhyata karithile, jaahaa bibadiah thila, kaaran ehi sammana paain dwiteeja cent kilda khelalinku hastantara karajaithila. jilonga ebong jidablyuesanka bipakhyare final bijai parey, revolt ebong richmond grand final paain jogyata arjan karibe, 1982 paratharu clubber pratham. semane sheshare minor-primijarsanka bipakhyare match 48 paentare jitibe, revolt duiti goal, chhaa marck ebong satati tackle yogdan karithile . match parabarti utsaba samajare americae rock banned daa killers dwara emm. sii. jii. ray eka magana sangeeta karjyakram paribeshana karajaithila, jahanka revolt jane prashansaka . eka saptaha purbaru club ebong aii. aif. ell. midia myanejaramananka saha ehi prastabaku uthaiba parey, riwoltanku manchare byandare jogadeba paain semananka 2005 ekaka "mea. ujjwala ". 2017 sijinare taanka pradarshan paain, revolt eka astama-sidha club agrani goal-kicker puraskara paithile, clubber sarbottama ebong nyajapurna gananare saptama sthanare rahithile, 50 bhitare marck paain ligre pratham ebong jane premiership khelali hoithile . 2018 rutu. 2018 sijinare agrani revolt drudha goal-kick form dekhaithile, clubber bhi. aif. ell. parswa bipakhyare eka intra-club myachre richamandanka baristha khelalinka paain satati goal boot karithile. setharu shay clubber duiti pri-sijan match madhyaru pratyekare khelithile ebong sijinra sathik prarambhika roundre charoti goal deithile. revolt eka pander deane parey aau chaari john jodithile, jaahaa taanka dalaku 13 point bijajare sahajya karithila. 7maha roundre revolt niz kyarijarare pratham thara paain eka home ebong ewe myachare richamandanka netrutwa neithile, trent kochin ahata karanaru bilambare pratyahara karineithile. dui saptaha parey shay upts stadijamare eka myachare panchti goal deithile. sehi samaana khelare shay truteeja quarterre bilambare taanka liam dugan upare eka bump rakhithile, jahara phalaswaroopa parabarti biratire tanku rakta kaash heuthiba dekhibaku milithila . taanka swasthyaku nei chinta prakash paiba parey sehi raatire dala sahita melabornaku feriba paain tanku daktari clear karibaku padithila. sehi samajare shay mote goal paain pratijogitare truteeja sthanare rahithile (24) kebala bayne braun (31) ebong jack darling (28) nka pachare. jadio shay parabarti saptahare kheliba paain sampurna sustha hoithile, sehi round 10 matcher pratham quarterara maatra pancha minute parey defender jack karlislenka bhul lunthan samajare mundare aaghata heba parey shay kaunasi arthapurna yogdan karibare asamartha hoithile. taanka anupasthiti satwe richmond bijai hassel karibare saphala hoithile ebong strike paain karlislenku dui match nilamban karajaithila. revolt aaghata karanaru eka sampurna match harai nathile, parabarti saptahare 'jii bijai ovara' ray taanka dalara swapnara samajare dhadire thia hoithile. parabarti saptahare, riwoltanku foxes phutinka barshar madhyabhagare all astrelian dalare namit karajaithila. foxes commentator pull roos madhya tanku abarodh, sthana srusti ebong crassing pack ray tankara prayasa paain prashansa karithile, roos tanku "pratijogitara sabutharu nihswarthapara khelali" bolly lebel karithile ."june sheshare tanku hobartare eka galla iventare tasmanian football hull off phemare antarbhukta karajaithila. madhya-rutu bidai parey, revolt etihad stadijamare eka bijai ovara samajare taanka carriara gotie pradarshan karithile. shay marck (21) ebong pratidwanditamoolaka marck (saata) ray carriara shrestha score score karithile, ebong tinoti goal marithile ebong samasta disposal record karithile, jaahaa tinoti braunlo medal bhot ebong coach association puraskarare eka sathik 10 bhot dwara puraskruta eka shrestha-ground pradarshan thila . revolt round 16rahr bijajare sehi puraskarare aau eka bhot paithile ebong parey round round chaari-goal pradarshan paain aau duiti bhot paithile. taa 'para saptahare shay 50 dashkar nauty bhitare niz dalara bijajare eka nutan byaktigata shresthata sthapana karithile. july sheshare, revolt richamandanka saha eka nutan tini barshar chuktinama swakhyara karithile, jaahaa tanku 2021 sijinara shesh parjyanta club prati pratishrutibadha rakhithila. foxes phutira aii. aif. ell. ell nijara nijamita panelist bhumikare revolt daabi karithile je 2019 shesh parjyanta purbaru thiba taanka chuktira punargathanare shay darma katithile. କାଟିଥିଲେ। roundre shay charoti goal deithile, jaahaa sehi barsha tankara pancham thila. sehi match sahita, tankara 244 carrier upasthiti, revolt astama nambara garncy pindhi khelajaithiba khela paain sarbakaleena vfl/afl record sthapana karithile. revolt ehaa parey taanka carriara truteeja dasha-goal sahita eka round 21 bijajare, jeunthire shay carriara sarbocha sarbocha nishpadana sangraha karithile ebong sehi ruture goal paain ligg-agrani sthitiku aasithile. shay shay roundre nijara talikare aau panchti goal jodi jodi carrier goal mailkhunt atikrama karithile ebong ebong goal sahita home ebong ewe sijan shesh kariba parey tankara truteeja coleman padaka arjan karithile. shay ligg itihasare astama khelali ebong truteeja thara paain ehi puraskara jitibare richmond club itihasare pratham khelali hoithile. shay aii. aif. ell. rahr barshar shrestha khelali manyata pradanakari dalare agrabhagare sthana paithile ebong truteeja thara paain all-astrelian bhabare namit hoithile. richardmandanka pratham phainalare, emm. sii. jii. ray eka bijai, revolt sehi barsha kebala truteeja thara paain eka goal debare biphal hoithile. clubber prathamika phainalare panchti goal dei shay sehi pradarshanaku sanshodhana karithile. tankara prayasa satwe, richmond final sirijaru baad padibe jaahaa tanku 39 paentare harai deithila. 2018 final sirij shesh heba parey, revolt goal paain ligre pratham sthana adhikara karithile ebong 50 madhyare marck hassel karithile, ebong score sahita jadita thiba paain dwiteeja ebong pratidwanditamoolaka marck paain pancham sthanare rahithile. 2018 sijinare tanku "herald sunn" mukhya football lekhaka marck robbinson ligger sarbashrestha agragami ebong samagrika bhabe truteeja sarbashrestha khelali bhabare namit karithile. revolt taanka chamatkara rutu paain carriara sarbashrestha 10 braunlo padaka bhot sangraha karithile ebong richamandanka sarbashrestha ebong nyajapurna khelali bhabare tankara dwiteeja jack diar padaka madhya paithile. 2019 rutu. 2018 rutu parey turanta masagudikare, revolt kandhare chhot astropachara karithile. decemberare sampurna prashikhyanaku feriba purbaru shay off-sijinara prarambhika saptahare drill doudibare seemita thile. riwoltanku sehi samajare aii. aif. ell. parisankhyana anshidara "champion data" dwara dwiteeja sarbashrestha pramukh sthana agrabhaga ebong samagrika bhabare ligra 34 tama sarbashrestha khelali bhabare chinhita karajaithila . sehi off-sijanare club purbatana forward tomm linchanku richmond forward linere riwoltanka saha kheliba paain nijukti deithila. 2019rahr pratham football khela phebruaareere 2019 aii. aif. ell. ex. turnamentare 'rempages' dalara adhinajaka bhabe riwoltanka upasthiti thila. sehi maasa prarambhare eka television draftre byaktigata bhabare taanka dalaku chayan kariba parey revolt turnamentare eka championship paain rempages netrutwa neithile . march sheshare emm. sii. jii. ray karlatanka bipakhyare sijan-opening myachare nijara 250 tama aii. aif. ell. match kheliba purbaru februari sheshare ebong march prarambhare richamandanka duiti pri-sijan match madhyaru pratyekare revolt upasthita hoithile. shay myachre gotie goal deithile, jaahaa taanka kyarijaraku mote 608 ray aanithila ebong michael rochanku richamandanka sarbakaleena golking leaderboardre sampurna chaturtha sthana paain atikrama karithila . dwiteeja roundre hariba parey riwoltanka haatare samanya aaghata lagithila. ahata heba satwe shay matchra abasista samai khelithile, jeunthire rock ray stein antarbhukta . pardin sampurna hoithiba skanaru janapadila je revoltra byasardhare eka chhot anabasthita bhanga ebong kichhi hatgod ligament khyati hoithila. sehi samaana myachre revolt madhya taanka baama aanthure madhyaka cruciate ligamentare eka mochara shikara hoithile. sehi aaghata karanaru tinoti match haraiba parey, revolt phutabalaku pherithile ebong richamandanka round 6 anjack day iva bijajare duiti goal deithile. tebe myachare shay aau eka aanthu aghatara shikara hebe, jaahaa taanka baama aanthure parabarti cruciate ligamentare uccha-grade khyati bajaiah rakhiba . richmond clubber adhikarimane kahichanti je aaghata maramati paain astropacharara abashyakata padiba naahin kintu phalaswaroopa sehi revolt tathapi chhaaru aatha saptaha madhyare haraibe . sehi match samajare tanku bayley fritsre eka bipajjanaka tackle paain madhya report karajaithila jaahaa paain tanku $1,000 zarimana diajaithila. revolt aif. ell. tribinalare abhijogaku challenge karithile jeunthare shay biphal hoithile, fine sheshare $1,500 ku brudhi karajaithila. revolt june pratham saptaha suddha puni arambha karithile, sehi maasa sheshare round 15 ray aif. ell. pratyabartana lakhya rakhithile. shay dui saptaha dwara sehi lakhyaku haraile, daityanka upare round 17 bijajare pherithile jeunthire shay gotie goal marithile . parabarti saptahare shay sijinara eparjyanta tankara sarbottama outputare aau tinoti goal joga karithile, jetebele prashikhyaka demien hardwick julyra abasista samajare pharmare thiba saathee linchanku samarthan curry tankara nihswarthapara khelaku prashansa karithile. round 22 rahr bijajare, duiti pruthaka marking pratijogitare taanka pratidwandinka pithira pachapate paada rakhiba parey riwoltanku duithara free kick paain dakajaithila. parabarti saptahare, aii. aif. ell. ghoshana kallah je ehi nijamare kebala adhika bipajjanaka karjya antarbhukta kariba paain shithil karajiba jaahaa khyati ghataipare, jaahaa dwara riwoltanka biruddhare diajaithiba prakarara free kick aau pradan karajiba naahin. home ebong ewe sijinara shesh roundre, revolt defender marks aadamasnka upare charoti pratham quarter goal deithile kintu parey match paain darcy gardinaranka dwara rakhya karajiba parey aau kaunasi goal kariparinathile. truteeja sthanare richmond sijan shesh kariba parey, revolt 47 point jogyata parjyaja final bijajare tinoti goal deithile. parabarti prathamika phainalare shay yathesta comm prabhabasali thile, prathamardhare kebala gotie handball tankara ekamatra nishpatti bhabare record karithile ebong sheshare golshunya hoithile kaaran taanka dala parasta hoithila ebong eka grand final match ray jitithila . grand phainalare, revolt eka match-haai pancha goal deithile, kaaran richardmond tini barsha madhyare dwiteeja premiership jitithile, ebong budd defender phil devisnka gatira abhabaku faida uthaithile, jieki goda godare aaghata hetu praiah bilambare pratyahara karithile. tankara tinoti dwiteeja quarter goal antarbhukta thila jaahaa tanku adhaa samajare graundare parisankhyana drustiru eka nambara khelali bhabare manyata deithila ebong sheshare tanku player off dee match paain sadharana smith padaka bhotingre chaturtha sthana arjan karithila . riwoltanka panchti goal ebong gotie pachare (31 point) tanku aii. aif. ell./bhi. aif. ell. itihasare chaturtha khelali ebong 59 barsha madhyare pratham khelali bhabe ekaka bhabe grand phainalare birodhi dalaku (25 point) parasta karithile. 2020 rutu. phebruaareere bushfire releaf match paain aii. aif. ell. rahr panthi sangraha sthitire revolt 2020 paain tankara pratham match khelithile, sahajogee all-starr dalara ansha bhabare taanka gharoi rajya tasamaniaaku pratinidhitwa karuthibabele duiti goal karithile. shay sehi saptaha sheshare pratham pri-sijan match khelithile, kintu eka saptaha parey club bipakhyare shesh pri-sijan match kheliba paain pherithile. eka nirabachhinna prack-rutu satwe, march madhyabhaga suddha astreliaare coronviruses mahamarira druta agragati rutura bhabishyataku sandehare dekhaithila, jeunthire revolt ebong premiership pratirakhya antarbhukta . aii. aif. ell. commission sheshare ghoshana karithile je rutu arambha nirdharita samai anujai heba, kintu gosthi samabesh upare sarbajaneena swasthya nishedhadesha hetu prashansakamane upasthita rahibe naahin. eka gurutwapurna birati madhya-ruture aabasyaka heba bolly aasha curry, ligg ehaa madhya ghoshana karithila je eka sanshodhita 17-round fixture sahita sijan samapta heba ebong barshar sheshardhare chhot birati sahita ekadhika match khelibara aasha karajauthiba khelalinka upare bojha hrass kariba paain chaturthansha dairghya eka panchamansha hrass sahita . sehi paristhitire, revolt eka round 1 bijajare eka samaana dala-uccha tinoti goal deithile jaahaa tanku saptahara "aii. aif. ell. midia" dalare namit karithila . maatra tini deane parey, ekadhika rajya semananka seemaare sangarodh sarta laagu kariba parey aii. aif. ell. commission anirdista kaala paain rutuku sthagita rakhithile. 11 saptahara birati parey june prarambhare sijan puni arambha heba parey, round 2 ebong 3 ray goal biheena match parey revolt kharap pradarshan paain midia janchaku akarshita karithile. parabarti roundre shay saata saptahara abichhinna golking runn arambha karithile, sehi samajare tanku ebong klabaku melabornare eka bhairas pradurbhaba pratikrija swaroopa gold kostaku sthanantarita karajaithila . ahata trent kotachinanka sthanare revolt tini saptaha paain round 6 ru 8 madhyare club captain bhabare karjya karithile. 10maha roundre shay eka byaktigata sijinara shrestha charoti goal marithile, 11maha roundre kotachinanka anupasthitire eka-off match paain dalara netrutwa neba purbaru aau tinoti goal jodithile. 12maha roundre shay richamandanka shrestha khelalimananka madhyaru jane thile, sehi bijajare dui-goal yogdan paain jane coach puraskara bhot arjan karithile. shay shay roundre jitiba samajare charoti goal maari bhumire samaana shrestha bhabe aau nauty bhot paithile. revolt nijamita rutu shesh curry curry goal deithile, jaahaa sheshare colleman padaka daudare samaana shastha sthana hassel karithila. clubber final abhijanara udaghatani myachare shay duiti goal deithile, eka jogyata parjyaja phainalare daa. ku parasta karithile, goal bina rahiba purbaru ebong eka saptaha parey eka semi-final bijajare eka sijin-nimna chariti disposal karithile . sehi kharap parisankhyana pradarshan satwe, parabarti saptahare sehi pradarshan paain prashikhyaka demien hardwick dwara revolt prashansa karajaithila, bisesh curry pratijogitare chinhita karibare birodhi pratibandhaka defendermananku pratyakhyana karibara khyamata paain . sehipari eka prathamika final bijajare, revolt kebala gotie goal mariba ebong 2015 parey pratham thara paain kaunasi marck bina chaliba satwe marking pack bibhajan paain hardwick sarbasadharana prashansa arjan karithile. revolt parabarti saptahare adhika scoreboard swekruti arjan karithile, tinithara premiership khelali hoithile ebong 31 point grand final bijajare duiti goal marithile. revolt sehi barsha tankara tankara goal paain dasham clubber agrani goal scorer puraskara madhya arjan karithile, jetebele kii eka sijin paain clubber sarbashrestha ebong nyajapurna gananare samaana samaana sthanare rahithile jeunthire shay samasta samasta sambhabya myachre anshagrahana karithile. 2023 rutu. 2023 rahr pratham roundre revolt taanka carriara astama drare kheli eka ligg record sthapana karithile. khelalinka profile. revolt jane goal king phul forward ebong centre-haf forward bhabe khelanti. shay ehi sthanare comm ajatanara, maatra 193 centimeter uchchata. 2010 dashakare, shay ligra jekaunasi khelalinka madhyaru 50 madhyare sarbadhika marck neithile ebong lance phrankalinka byatita anya kaunasi khelalinka tulanare adhika goal karithile, jetebele kii sehi samajare phrankalinku tinoti coleman padaka sahita mela khauthile. 2019/20 off-sijanare, riwoltanku 2010 dashkar shrestha khelalinka "herald sunn" talikare samagrika bhabare 13 tama shrestha khelali bhabare chinhita karajaithila. 2020 ray, riwoltanku "herald surya" dwara aif. ell. jugara chaturtha sarbashrestha khelali bhabare namit karajaithila. parisankhyana. "23,2022 rahr shesh parjyanta update hoichhi. ! collon = 3. kyariyara ! 325 ! 752 ! 451 ! 2940 ! 972 ! 3912 ! 1734 ! 694 ! 2.3. ! 1..4. ! 9.0 ! 3..0 ! 1.2.0 ! 5.3. ! 2.1. ! 62 note byaktigata zeeban. revolt german banshodbhaba ebong taanka pitamata jejebapa henz ebong helga 1950 ray europeah desharu prabrajan karithile. taanka pita criss tasmanian football ligra clarencere 298-game khelali thile, rajya paain jane pratinidhi khelali tatha tasmanian football hull off phemare antarbhukta hoithile . riwoltanka dui saana bhai, harry ebong charley, ubhaja juniara rajya starare tasmania paain khelithile. shay purbatana cent kilda aii. aif. ell. footballer nick riwoltanka pratham samparkeeah bhai. revolt 2016 ray dirgha dinara girlfriend carley jigalaranka saha nirbandha karithile ebong navember 2017 ray riwoltanka gruha rajya tasamaniare eka samarohare semane bibaha karithile. ehi jodinka pratham santan, eka jhia, 2019 ray janma hoithila . 2021 ray, dampati semanankara dwiteeja jhiara janma ghoshana karithile . football padiatharu doorare revolt jane agrahi galfar, thare 0.6 parjyanta comm bandicap kheluthile. shay americae rock banned daa killerser jane prashansaka madhya, jahanka saha shay 2017 ray richamandanka premiership bijai parey manchare pradarshan karithile . ganamadhyama kyariyara. foxes phutira "aii. aif. ell. 360" ray revolt jane saptahika atithi bhabe upasthita huanti. shay astreliah tibhi shoe 'ray host bhabare upasthita hoithile, 2019 ray mahan saptahanta ebong 2020 ray shay shay sombar raatire nijara redio ghanta host karithile. revolt madhya nobha 100 mailborne breakfast redio shoe 'chrissy, saam anded braunire nijamita bhabare dekhajanti . karkata bhaja. 2007 masihare riwoltanka pithiru eka karkata mutrashai bahara karajaithila. 0. 9 millimeter melanoma karkata roga bolly nischita heba parey shay ahuri tisyu bahara karithile ebong punarbara ghatibaku rokiba paain nijamita jancha karithile. 2014 ray shay aii. aif. ell. players association ebong karkata parishad victoria dwara eka abhijanara netrutwa neithile jaahaa "karkata bishajare kathina kathabartta karibaku purushamananku raaji karaithila ." madira darshan. jetebele riwoltanka samparkeeah bhai maddy (bhauneeru nick) 2015 rahr prarambhare rakta roga applastic raktahinata karanaru mrutyubarana karithile, shay ebong revolt paribara taanka sammanare sthapita eka databya sanstha, myadinka bhijan paain sarbajaneena mukhapatra hoithile. bahya linka. ]

jaik revolt jaik revolt (; janam 31 aktubar 1988) ikk peshevar australiaai niyam footballer haii joe australiaai football leeg (aii. eff. aill.) witch richmond football club laee khedada haii. uh tinn vaar daa premiership khidari, tinn vaar daa collen tagma jetu, tinn vaar daa aal-australiaai, 11 vaar daa richmond club daa pramukh goalkeeper, doou vaar daa jaik dier tagma jetu atey ikk tesmanian football haal aaf famour haii. uh richmand dey upp-kaptan vajon vee kamm karde hunn atey 2017 toon ajiha qarr rahey hunn. mudhla jeevan atey junier football. revolt daa janam hobart, tasmania witch maata-pitaa criss atey leslie revolt dey gharr hoiaa see. uh ballerive dey purbi hobart upnagar witch vadda hoiaa see atey uss neey tasmania dey sfl witch clarence laee junier football khediaa see. 2005 witch revolt neey 16 saal dee umar witch clarence naal aapni senior daibioo keeti, firr club naal iss dee final seereez witch khediaa jiss witch ikk haaran vaala grand final vee shamal see jitthe usne chaar goal keete sunn. agle saal uh firr toon clarence dey naal ikk senior grand final witch khediaa, iss vaar club dee jetu team daa member see. baad witch uh taek kapp paddhar utte tessy mariners naal khediaa atey sikhlai prapat keeti atey 2006 witch 18 saal toon ghatt umar deeaan championshipan witch aapne raaj dee numaindagi keeti. championship dey tinn maichan witch unhan neey kull atth goal keete atey doou maukiaan 'teey unhan noon aapni team dey sarbottam khidariaan witch shamal keeta giaa. sann 2006 witch uss neey vee. eff. aill. witch tasmanian devils laee atth match khede. ikk vishesh taur utte dhiaan denh yog khed bendigo dey virudh aaee, jitthe usne chaar goal keete atey 13 ank lae. uss neey cent virgils atey hobart dey rozni kaalaj witch hyee school witch padahi keeti. draft toon pahilan, afl media dey mait bergen neey uss noon "goal-kicking forward" daa label ditta joe bahut mazboot overhead haii."halanki uss noon aapni sathiti laee chhota atey hauli doven manniaa jaanda see, uttri melborne bharti manager neville stibard neey baad witch tippni keeti kii uh naheen mannada see kii revolt" athletic jaan inna lamba see kii (maidaan dey kise vee sire 'teey) mukkh sathiti khedan laee see."richmond bharti manager francis jackson neey baad witch reold dee prabhavshali football chaturai atey gend dee udaann noon padhan dee uss dee yogta noon aapni bharti dey mukkh karkan vajon yaad keeta. aii. eff. aill. carrier. 2007 season revolt noon club dee pahili chonh atey 2006 dey afl rashtari draft witch kull milaa keey 13 veen chonh dey naal tiaar keeta giaa see. uss neey 2007 dey season dey 9ven gedd witch aapni aii. eff. aill. dee shuruat keeti, jiss witch uss neey aimm. see. jee. dey virudh 'jee' match witch supna dekhiaa. uh agle hafte naheen khediaa, agla daur 14 witch senior team witch dikhai ditta. usne raoond 16 witch tinn-goal pardarshan dey hisse vajon aapne crear daa pahila goal keeta. uh season dey aakhri chhe maichan vicchon panj witch khedega, uss saal aapne atth senior maichan vicchon satt goal naal khatam hoiaa. 2008 season sann 2008 witch revolt neey aapne aap noon richmond dee senior team dey ikk niyamat member vajon sathapit keeta. uss neey season daa aapna pahila match raoond 4 witch khediaa atey uss season witch siraf ikk horr match guaa ditta, jiss witch 18 match khede gaye. uss dey virudh panj golan daa 15vaan raoond baig uss samein dey crear daa sarbottam see. uss neey kull 18 goal keete, joe uss season witch club witch panjven sarbottam laee change sunn. 2009 season revolt neey season 2009 witch pahili vaar richmond dey sarbottam-22 witch ikk season dee shuruat keeti, kalabban dey raoond 1 match-upp witch uhanan dey virudh khediaa. season dey pahile satt gedan witch usne satt goal keete, club dey 8 atey 9 gedan toon khunjhan toon pahilan. uh raoond 10 witch doou golan naal waps aaiaa, raoond 11 witch tinn horr goal curran toon pahilan. aapni gair-hazri toon baad naun maichan witch uh 20 goal karange, joe pichle saal dey aapne season dey kull toon vadhiaa haii. iss daud witch shamal keeta giaa see chhe goal daa pardarshan jiss witch richmond neey ascendon utte raoond 17 dee jitt daraj keeti see. revolt dee uss hafte uss yugg dey jaik neel duaara uss dee "futti smirts" atey nishan lagaun dee yogta laee parshansa keeti gaee see. uss season witch uh ikk horr match naheen guaae, 20 match khede gaye atey ikk team-dooje 32 goal keete. uh club dey sarbottam atey nirpakh ginti witch vee athven sathaan 'teey riha. 2010 season 2010 revolt laee ikk shandar saal see. unhan neey aapne pahile satt maichan witch 15 goal karke season dee zordar shuruat keeti. raoond 8 atey 15 dey vichkaar agle atth maichan witch, revolt neey leeg dey sarbottam 43 goal keete. ih naun saal pahilan maithyu lloyd toon baad kaee maichan witch sabh toon vaddh kull see. unhan neey ikk jitt dey over witch 12ven daur witch crear dey sarbottam 10 goal keete. iss goal witch pahile quarter dey panj goal shamal sunn, jinhan vicchon chaar goal khed dey pahile 11 mintan dey ander aae. uh 2007 witch jonathan baraoon toon baad ikk match witch 10 goal curran vaala pahila khidari bann giaa atey 2004 witch maithioo richardson toon baad ajiha curran vaala pahila richmond khidari bann giaa. raoond 21 witch revolt noon docklands stadium witch cent kilda virudh 17 disposal, 11 ank atey satt goal pardarshan laee sarbottam-aana-graoond daa naam ditta giaa see. iss tarahan uh satt saalan dey itihaas witch iaan stevert tagma jittan vaala pahila richmond khidari bann giaa. chaar saal dey crear witch pahili vaar, revolt neey harr sambhav match khed keey season khatam keeta. uss dey 78 goal leeg witch kise vee khidari duaara sabh toon vaddh sunn, jiss naal uss noon kramvaar leeg dey roop witch colleman maddle atey michael roach maddle atey club dey pramukh goalkeeper vajon prapat hoiaa. colleman jittan dey chaar dinan baad, revolt neey richmond dey sarbottam atey nirpakh khidari vajon jaik dier maddle haasal keeta. uss noon puurii tarahan agge vadhan dee sathiti witch aal-australiaai team witch vee namzad keeta giaa see. baad witch revolt noon ireland dey daure laee chunhiaa giaa atey 2010 dee antarashtari niyaman dee luddy witch australia dee numaindagi keeti gaee. 2011 season 2011 season dee shuruat toon pahilan revolt noon richmond dey chhe aadmi leadership group witch shamal keeta giaa see. season dey pahile gedd witch carlton dey virudh chhe golan dee shuruat toon baad, uss noon ikk sakhat pandarwade daa sahmana karna piaa. uss noon club dey raoond 2 match dey shuru witch ikk satt laggi see atey kise vee pramukh ankada shreni witch prabhav daraj curran dey yog honn toon pahilan uss noon badliaa giaa see. uh kappde badlan vaale kamriaan noon maidaan naal joden valiaan paudiaan utte rengda hoiaa atey match witch waps aaunn laee zabardasti bahis karda hoiaa dekhiaa giaa. revolt noon aprail witch coach damien hardwick toon alochna millie, usne kiha kii uss noon team dey saathi dustin martin utte cheekde hoye atey raoond 3 witch bench noon ungli dinde hoye dekhiaa giaa see, jiss toon baad uss noon aapne maidaan dey vivhaar noon badlan dee zaroorat see. uss noon hatth dey ishaare laee aii. eff. aill. duaara $1,200 daa jurmana vee lagaiaa giaa see. uss dee "yugg" witch robbert walls duaara suarthi khed laee alochna keeti gaee see; kandhan neey kiha kii revolt "ikk team khed witch ikk viakati bann giaa see." halanki, uss neey agle chhe maichan witch bemisal farm witch kamm keeta, chaar vaar chaar goal keete atey doou maukiaan 'teey panj goal keete. hardwick duaara revolt noon maidaan dey uppar khedan dee aapni pree-season yojna noon lagu curran dey natije vajon ghatt goal latt dey bavjood, baaki season laee uss dee farm mazboot rahee. lagatar dooje saal usne club daa pramukh goalkeeper puraskar jittiaa atey club dey 22 maichan vicchon harek witch khediaa. revolt dey 62 golan neey uss noon lainn franklin toon baad colleman tagme dee daud witch dooja sathaan ditta. revolt uss season witch club dee sarbottam atey nirpakh ginti witch nauven sathaan 'teey riha. satambar witch ih khulasa hoiaa see kii revolt neey poore season witch sattan daa sahmana keeta see atey uss noon chaar sarjariaan dee zaroorat pavegi; harek koohni utte ikk, uss dee ungli utte ikk atey khabbe gitte utte ikk. uh ikk sikhlai hadse toon baad hoye pasli dey cartilage dey nuksan naal vee najith riha see. 2012 season sarjari atey rikavari dey ikk season toon baad, revolt neey aapne pahile tinn maichan witch panj goal atey naun pichhe latt maar keey season dee shuruat galat tarike naal keeti. uh season dey maddh takk aapne sarbottam pardarshan witch waps aaa giaa see, kramvaar 9 atey 10 dey raoond witch lagatar chhe atey atth goal keete sunn. raoond 10 dee jitt revolt daa 100vaan crear match see atey 2003 toon baad cent kilda utte richmond dee pahili jitt see. usne raoond 16 atey 20 maichan witch gold coast atey pachmi bulldogs dey virudh panj goal keete. tinn saalan witch duji vaar revolt neey season dey ant witch leeg dee goal curran dee daud witch sikharla sathaan haasal keeta, jiss naal 2012 dey season laee colleman tagma haasal keeta. uh season dey club dey final match witch tide-leaders maithyu powlich () atey tomm hockins () toon tinn golan pichhe dakhal hoiaa, parr season witch 65 atey jodee toon doou goal curran laee chhe goal keete. revolt kaee colleman tagme jittan vaala dooja richmand khidari bann giaa atey ajiha curran witch michael roach dey club ricard noon barabar qarr ditta. shuruati namzad keete gaye khidariaan witch chunhe jaanh toon baad, revolt aakharkar saal dee aal australia team witch aapna naam naheen dassiaa. varvik green atey harreld sunn dey mait windley dey anusar uss noon ikk vivadpuran bhull manniaa giaa see. uh season dey sarbottam atey nirpakh puraskar witch club witch nauven sathaan 'teey riha. season 2013 2012-13 aaf-season witch revolt noon firr toon chhotiaan sarjariaan laee chaku heth jaande vekhiaa giaa, jiss dee rikavari neey uss noon seemat sikhlai dey bojh utte majbur qarr ditta. season dee adhikarat taur 'teey shuruat toon pahilan hii reolt neey aapni yogta daa pardarshan qarr ditta see, cyron toon baad ikk goal karke richmond daa pree-season match jittiaa see. uss luddy dauran uss neey pahili vaar richmond dee kaptani vee keeti, jiss neey atth ankan dee jitt naal ajiha keeta. jadon kii uss noon raoond 1 dee jitt witch goal-rahit rakkhiaa giaa see, revolt neey agle hafte satt golan naal jawab ditta. uss neey agle hafte pardarshan daa samarthan keeta, panj horr goal keete. revolt neey 5 dey daur witch ikk ank dee haar dauran media dee alochna noon aakarshit keeta, maarak mccure duaara "ikk prima donna" daa label lagaiaa giaa jadon usne nazdiki haar toon baad team dey sathiaan pratee gusse witch pratikiriaa ditti. saare season revolt aapne ikrarname atey khedan dey bhavikh baare media atkalan daa visha riha see. dassiaa jaanda haii kii uss noon fremental toon peshakshan miliaan sunn, parr julai dey akheer witch richmond naal ikk navein tinn saal dey saude 'teey hastakhar karke uss neey pahilan toon hii vaparak pahunch noon roque ditta see. 17 raoond toon baad revolt noon leeg dey goal-kicking telly witch teeje sathaan 'teey rakkhiaa giaa see, jiss neey uss samein takk 47 ank haasal keete sunn. uss neey season daa ant 57 golan naal keeta, joe 2009 toon baad uss dee sabh toon ghatt ginti haii parr firr vee uh lagatar chautha club pramukh goalkeeper puraskar jittan witch kamyab riha. uh satambar witch aapne crear daa pahila final khediaa, jadon rickmund aimm. see. jee. witch ikk elemination final witch haar giaa. season dey ant witch revolt club dee sarbottam atey nirpakh ginti witch barabar sattven sathaan 'teey riha. uh goal assist laee leeg witch teeje sathaan 'teey riha. 2014 season farvari 2014 witch, revolt noon richmond dey panj khidariaan dey leadership group toon hataa ditta giaa see, jiss dee thaan defender troye chaplin neey lae laee see. iss dey naal hii coach neey uss noon "ravaiti center haaf forward bhumika" witch khedan dee yojna banayi, jiss witch revolt neey season noon aapne samein naalon vakkhre tarike naal pahunchade dekhiaa. uss neey aaf-season witch aapna khedan daa bhaar ghataa ditta, jiss naal uss daa tandrusti adhaar vadhiaa atey naal hii uh aapne gode atey cummer takk dee chhoti aaf-season sarjari toon vee theek hoow giaa. raoond 1 dee haar witch revolt dey pardarshan noon coach duaara "mukabaltan kharaab" karaar ditta giaa see, forward neey 10 toon ghatt disposal ricard keete atey raoond 8,2012 toon baad pahili vaar siraf ikk goal keeta. uss noon raoond 3 witch tripping laee report keeta giaa see, parr aii. eff. aill. match samikhiaa panel duaara apradh noon muattal curran dey yog naa manne jaanh toon baad uh siraf ikk jhidak naal bach nikliaa. uss noon maee witch club dey adhikariaan duaara sazaa ditti gaee see, jadon uss neey team dee naveen shaart-kicking khed shaili dee prabhavsheelta dey virudh jantak taur 'teey gall keeti see. hardwick neey mazak witch media noon samjhaiaa kii club neey "uss dey moonh toon (revolt daa) pair atey uss dey gadhe toon meraa pair hataa ditta see. unhan neey twitter raahin jantak taur 'teey muafi mangi atey natije vajon chonh kuhadi toon bachiaa. uss daa maidaan utte hungara mahattavpuran see, jadon uss neey sidney witch gws dey diggajan utte richmond dee 113 ankan dee jitt witch crear dey ucch 11 goal keete. julai witch, revolt noon afal tasmania dee dahake dee tasmanian team witch poore-agge daa naam ditta giaa see. lagatar dooje season laee, revolt atey tigers aii. eff. aill. final laee qualify karange, parr siraf ikk match toon baad firr toon bahr hoow gaye. uss neey 61 goal keete atey lagatar panjven saal richmond daa golking puraskar jittiaa. uh club dey itihaas witch panj lagatar seezanan witch 50 goal curran vaala dooja khidari bann giaa, jiss toon baad jaik tites neey 1934-1938 witch goal keeta. 2015 season ikk bhavnatmak aaf-season toon baad jiss witch uss dey chachere bharaa maddy dee maut vee shamal see, revolt neey ikk barabar bhavnatmak daur 1 noon sehann keeta. usne carlton utte richmond dee jitt witch chaar goal keete atey aapne harek goal toon baad asman vall ishara karke aapni karguzari noon uss dee yaad noon samarpit karde hoye dekhiaa giaa. uss neey chaar haftiaan dee miaad witch 14 goal keete atey satt toon vaddh ankan dee ausat naal 5 toon 8 dey daur witch ikk mazboot farm noon maariaa. raoond 13 witch uh aiss. see. jee. dey virudh chhe golan naal season dee aapni sabh toon vaddi ginti noon kutt devega. cent kilda naal raoond 16 dey match-upp noon "maddies match" vajon darsaiaa giaa see, jiss naal revolt chachere bharavan dey caarn "maddies vision" laee fund ikkathe keete gaye sunn. uss neey richmond dee jitt vaali team witch doou goal keete. kull milaa keey 2015 revolt laee ikk shandar saal saabat hoiaa, chheven siddhe club pramukh goalkeeper puraskar (54) jitt keey atey firr ankan atey disposal laee crear dey ucche sathaan sathapat keete. aapne crear witch duji vaar revolt neey aii. eff. aill. dee aal-australiaai team witch chonh prapat keeti, iss vaar center-haaf forward dee sathiti witch. uh kevin bartlet maddle haasal karde hoye, richmond dey sarbottam atey nirpakh witch panjven sathaan 'teey riha. revolt neey 2015 witch ikk richmond ricard vee todiaa, jaik tites noon pachad keey lagatar chhe seezanan witch 50 toon vaddh goal curran vaala pahila richmond khidari bann giaa. revolt neey juun dey akheer witch ikrarname dey vistaar utte dastkhat keete, jiss naal uss neey ghatto ghatt 2019 season dey ant takk richmond naal samjhauta keeta. 2016 season jadon 2015 dey akheer witch richmond dey kaptan trent kotchin noon ahude toon astifa denh laee kaalan daa sahmana karna piaa, taan revolt noon sambhavit badal vajon namzad keeta giaa see. unhan neey atkalan noon khaaraj karde hoye kiha, "main (kaptan bannan dey) swal daa manoranjan vee naheen qarr sakda kiunki merrie nazar witch mainoon lagda haii kii (kotchin) saade football club dee kaptani curran laee sabh toon vadhiaa viakati haii." maidaan witch, season witch revolt neey center-haaf forward sathiti witch aapni tabdili jaari rakkhi. unhan neey aapna bhaar ghataa keey atey goal line toon agge khed 'teey dhiaan kendrat karke aapni sehansheelta, chusti atey chhaal maaran dee yogta witch sudhar keeta. uss noon raoond 5 witch gitte witch mamuli satt laggi atey uss noon aapne club dey raoond 6 match laee tiaar rahinn laee icing atey punarvas dey ikk teebar program dee zaroorat see. uh aapne crear dee 200veen khed witch aim. see. jee. vikhe 21 dey daur witch geelong toon haar giaa. revolt neey aakharkar 2016 witch richmond dey 22 maichan vicchon harek witch khediaa, ikk team-mohri 48 goal keete. ih pahili vaar see jadon uh aapne atth maichan dey daibioo season toon baad ikk match witch panj golan dey baig noon latt maare binan giaa see. halanki, uss neey kull atey ausat pardarshan witch ikk navaan nijji sarbottam pardarshan keeta, aapni naveen bhumika midfield dey nede nibhai. revolt club dee sarbottam atey nirpakh ginti witch chauthe sathaan 'teey riha, jiss dey natije vajon fred swift maddle haasal keeta. club dey coach duaara ikk saal noon pichhe hataiaa giaa kadam ailane jaanh toon baad, revolt media outlets duaara vaparak atkalan naal ghiriaa hoiaa see. uss neey club pratee aapni pratibadhta noon duhraiaa, ih daava karde hoye kii uh baad dey saalan witch pushti curran dey bavjood "peele atey kaale" sunn kii uss noon shakk honaa shuru hoow giaa see kii uh kadey vee club naal mahattavpuran team safalta prapat karega. 2017 season revolt daa 2017 daa pree-season satt deeaan chintavan caarn prabhavit hoiaa see. uss neey satambar 2016 witch gitte dee mamuli sarjari keeti see, iss toon pahilan kii sarjari noon addh vichkaar gitte dey poore punar nirman witch badliaa giaa see, jiss dey natije vajon sarjan neey vadhere gambhir nuksan daa khulasa keeta see. navambar witch uh firr chaku heth chalaa giaa, iss vaar pahilan tutti hoee ungli noon hoye nuksan dee murammat curran laee. uss noon march 2017 witch richmond daa sahi-upp-kaptan niyukat keeta giaa see. uss neey defender alex raans naal bhumika sanjhi curney see, jadon kii dovan neey nirantar kaptan trent kotchin dey adheen seva nibhai. aaf-season witch full forward tyee vikri dee free-agency ravanagi dey naal, revolt lazmi taur 'teey 2017 witch dunghi forward sathitiaan witch vadhere game-time vekhega. raoond 1,2017 witch usne richmond dee jitt witch crear dey sarbottam satt taekal daraj keete. raoond 5 dey anzac daye eev match witch melborne naal revolt neey gille mausam dee khed witch chhe goal keete. unhan neey aapne crear daa 500vaan goal 7ven gedd 2017 witch etihad stadium dey khilaf ikk match witch keeta see. uh club dey itihaas witch sabh toon tez panjwan meal patthar see. 11 maichan toon baad atey season dey maddh witch baaee 'teey, revolt neey 29 goal keete sunn. raoond 13 witch usne aapna 214vaan aii. eff. aill. match khediaa, jiss witch athven number dey garnasi witch ikk richmond khidari duaara khediaan gaeeaan sabh toon vaddh geman laee dick clay noon paas keeta. raoond 13 atey 14 witch uss dey doou atey tinn goal geman neey kaee golan dey naal lagatar geman dee luddy noon 10 takk pahuncha ditta. uh uss samein iss luddy noon kaaim rakkhan vaale mukabale witch iklaute khidari sunn atey saal dey golking telly witch panjven sathaan 'teey rahey. cent kilda toon 16ven gedd witch haaran vaale richmond dey bahut saare kharaab pardarshan curran valiaan vicchon ikk see, jiss neey siraf ikk goal keeta atey 67 ank dee haar witch satt sampatiaan ikkathiaan keetiaan. iss toon ilava, revolt daa pahila kabza khed dey dooje quarter dey athven mint takk naheen aaiaa. sikhlai dauran team dey saathi mabier cole dee akkh witch ikk durghatna caarn revolt noon carnia witch katt laggan atey akkh dey pichhe khoon vahin daa caarn baniaa. satt dey natije vajon uh richmond dey raoond 19 dey match witch naheen khed sakiaa atey reold dey lagatar 86 maichan dey steak noon khatam qarr ditta. uh raoond 20 witch ikk horr match toon khunjh giaa atey raoond 21 witch waps aaa giaa. raoond 23 witch, revolt neey forward dey retirement match witch aapne chachere bharaa nick dey virudh khediaa. uss neey cent kilda forward josh broos dey naal, ikk ajihi chaal witch zameen toon nick dee pardhangi keeti joe vivadpuran see kiunki ikk dooje cent kilda khidari noon sanman laee paas keeta giaa see. geelong atey jee. w. aiss. virudh final jittan toon baad, revolt atey richmond grand final laee qualify karange, joe kii 1982 toon baad club daa pahila match haii. uh aakharkar minor-premiers virudh 48 ankan naal match jittange, jiss witch revolt neey doou goal, chhe ank atey satt taekal daa yogdan paaiaa. match toon baad dey jashnan dauran amriki raak baind dii killers duaara aimm. see. jee. utte ikk mufat sangeet samaroh pesh keeta giaa see, jiss daa revolt parshansak haii. ikk hafte pahilan club atey afl media mainejaran naal prastav uthaun toon baad, revolt noon uhanan dey 2005 dey single "shriman" noon gaaun laee stage utte baind witch shamal honn laee prasidh taur utte sadda ditta giaa see. chamakdar paase ". 2017 dey season witch aapne pardarshan laee, revolt noon athvan-siddha club pramukh goal-kicker puraskar miliaa, joe club dee sarbottam atey nirpakh ginti witch sattven sathaan 'teey riha, 50 dey ander ankan laee leeg witch pahila atey ikk premiership khidari bann giaa. 2018 season 2018 dey season witch revolt neey mazboot goal-kicking farm dikhaiaa, club dey vee. eff. aill. side dey virudh ikk intra-club match witch richmond dey seniors laee satt goal keete. utthon uh season dey pahile daur witch chaar goal curran toon pahilan club dey doou pree-season maichan vicchon harek witch khedada riha. revolt neey pandarwade baad chaar horr khidari jode, jiss naal uss neey aapni team noon 13 ankan dee jitt diwai. 7ven gedd witch revolt neey aapne crear witch pahili vaar gharelu atey videshi match witch richmond dee kaptani keeti jadon trent kotchin noon satt laggan caarn dair naal pichhe hatna piaa see. doou haftiaan baad uss neey opts stadium witch ikk match witch panj goal keete. use khed witch unhan neey teeje quarter witch dair naal liam duggan utte bump suttiaa, jiss dey natije vajon agle break witch unhan noon khoon khanghda dekhiaa giaa. uss raat uss dee sihat baare chintavan pragat keete jaanh toon baad uss noon team naal melborne waps jaanh laee medical taur 'teey saaf karna piaa. uss samein takk uh kull goal (24) laee mukabale witch siraf baine baraoon (31) atey jaik darling (28) toon pichhe teeje sathaan 'teey see. halanki uh agle hafte khedan laee puurii tarahan theek hoow giaa, parr uss raoond 10 match dey pahile quarter witch siraf panj mint baad defender jaik carlisal dey galat lutt dauran sir witch satt laggan toon baad uh koee saarthak yogdan paunh witch asamrath riha. aapni gair-hazri dey bavjood richmand jitt witch kamyab riha atey carlisal noon hadtal laee doou maichan dee muattali millie. revolt neey satt laggan dey natije vajon ikk poora match naheen chaddiaa, agle hafte 'jee jitt' dey over witch aapni team dey supniaan dey samein witch katarbadh hoow giaa. iss toon agle hafte, revolt noon fox footy dee saal dey maddh witch aal australian team witch shamal keeta giaa see. fox tippnikar paal rooz neey vee uss dee rukawat, jagha banaun atey paek noon crashes curran dey yatnan laee shalagha keeti, jiss witch rooz neey uss noon "mukabale witch sabh toon niraswarth khidari" daa label ditta."juun dey ant witch uss noon hobart witch ikk shandar program witch tasmanian football haal aaf fame witch shamal keeta giaa see. season dey maddh witch baaee toon baad, revolt neey etihad stadium witch jitt dey dauran aapne crear daa ikk pardarshan keeta. unhan neey aapne crear dey sarbottam ankan (21) atey pratiyogi ankan (satt) dey naal-naal tinn goal keete atey 21 disposal daraj keete joe kii tinn braunlo maddle votan atey coach association award witch ikk sampuran 10 votan naal sanmanit ikk sarbottam pardarshan see. revolt noon raoond 16 dee jitt witch uss puraskar witch ikk horr vott millie, iss toon pahilan kii raoond 18 witch chaar golan dey pardarshan laee doou horr vott khiche gaye. agle hafte usne 50 dey ander naun naal ikk navaan nijji sarbottam pardarshan keeta. julai dey ant witch, revolt neey richmond naal ikk navein tinn saal dey ikrarname 'teey dastkhat keete, jiss naal uh ghatto ghatt 2021 season dey ant takk club pratee pratibadh riha. fox footy dey aii. eff. aill. 360 'teey aapni niyamat panelist bhumika witch bolde hoye, revolt neey 2019 dey ant takk aapne maujuda ikrarname dey punargathan witch tankhah witch katauti curran daa daava keeta. 20 dey daur witch usne chaar goal keete, joe uss saal uss daa panjwan kull goal see. uss match dey naal, uss dey 244 carrier dee peshkari, revolt neey athven number dee garnasi pahin keey khediaan gaeeaan khedan laee sabh samein daa vee. eff. aill./aii. eff. aill. ricard kaaim keeta. revolt neey iss toon baad aapne teeje crear witch dass goal keete atey 21 dey raoond witch jitt daraj keeti jiss witch uss neey crear dey ucch 26 disposal vee ikkathe keete atey uss season witch keete gaye golan laee leeg-mohri sathiti witch aaa giaa. unhan neey aapne crear dey 600 golan noon paar karde hoye atey 65 golan naal gharelu atey videshi season noon khatam curran toon baad aapna teeja colleman tagma haasal karde hoye 23ven daur witch aapni suchi witch panj horr goal jode. uh leeg dey itihaas witch athvan khidari atey richmond club dey itihaas witch tiji vaar puraskar jittan vaala pahila khidari bann giaa. uss noon aii. eff. aill. dee saal dee khidari rating team witch forward jeb witch namzad keeta giaa see atey naal hii tiji vaar aal-australiaai namzad keeta giaa see. rickmund dey pahile final witch, aimm. see. jee. witch ikk jitt, revolt uss saal siraf tiji vaar ikk goal curran witch asfal riha. uss neey club dey shuruati final witch panj golan naal uss pardarshan noon sudhariaa. aapniaan koshishan dey bavjood, richmond noon final seereez toon bahr qarr ditta giaa see, jiss naal uss noon 39 ankan dee haar daa sahmana karna piaa see. 2018 final seereez dee samapati toon baad, revolt neey goal laee leeg witch pahila sathaan prapat keeta atey 50 dey ander ank dey naal-naal ank shamal curran laee dooja atey mukabale vaale ankan laee panjwan sathaan prapat keeta. uss noon "harreld sunn" dey mukkh football lekhak maarak robinson neey 2018 dey season dauran leeg dey sarbottam forward atey samuche taur 'teey teeje sarbottam khidari vajon namzad keeta see. revolt neey aapne shandar season laee crear dey sarbottam 10 braunlo maddle deeaan votan ikattar keetiaan atey richmond dey sarbottam atey nirpakh khidari vajon aapna dooja jaik dier maddle vee prapat keeta. 2019 season 2018 dey season toon turant baad dey mahiniaan witch, revolt neey mooersyeey dee mamuli sarjari karvai. dasambar witch puurii sikhlai 'teey waps aaunn toon pahilan uh aaf-season dey shuruati haftiaan witch abhiaas curran takk seemat see. revolt noon uss samein aii. eff. aill. ankada bhaiwal "champion detta" duaara leeg witch duji sarbottam pramukh sathiti atey samuche taur 'teey 34ven sarbottam khidari vajon label keeta giaa see. use aaf-season dauran club neey sabka forward tomm linch noon richmond forward line witch revolt dey naal khedan laee bharti keeta. revolt dee 2019 dee pahili football dee peshkari farvari witch 2019 aii. eff. aill. aiks. tournament witch 'rampause' team dey kaptan vajon see. uss maheene dey shuru witch ikk television draft witch aapni team dee nijji taur utte chonh curran toon baad, revolt neey tournament witch ikk championship witch hinsk pardarshan keeta. iss toon baad march dey akheer witch aimm. see. jee. vikhe carlton dey virudh season dey shuruati match witch aapni 250veen aii. eff. aill. khed khedan toon pahilan farvari dey akheer atey march dey shuru witch richmond dey doou pree-season maichan vicchon harek witch revolt neey hissa liaa. uss neey match witch ikk goal keeta, jiss naal uss dey crear daa kull ankada 608 hoow giaa atey michael roach noon richmond dey aal-time golking leader board utte chauthe sathaan utte lae giaa. raoond 2 witch haaran toon baad, revolt noon gutt witch mamuli satt laggi. satt laggan dey bavjood uss neey match daa baaki hissa khediaa, jiss witch rakk witch stints vee shamal sunn. agle dinn mukammal keete gaye scann toon pataa lagga kii revolt noon ghere daa ikk chhota jiha gair-visthapit fracture hoiaa see atey gutt dey ligament noon kujh nuksan hoiaa see. isey match witch revolt noon aapne khabbe gode witch medial cruciate ligament witch vee moch laggi. unhan sattan caarn tinn maichan toon khunjh jaanh toon baad, revolt neey football witch vaapsee keeti atey richmond dey raoond 6 witch doou goal keete. halanki match witch uss noon gode dee ikk horr satt laggegi, jiss naal uss dey khabbe gode witch pichhe dey cruciate ligament noon ucch padhri nuksan hoiaa. richmond club dey adhikariaan neey kiha kii satt dee murammat laee sarjari dee zaroorat naheen pavegi parr natije vajon uh revolt ajey vee chhe toon atth haftiaan dey vichkaar khunjh javega. uss match dauran uss noon bellie fritsch 'teey ikk khatarnak tockle laee vee report keeta giaa see jiss laee uss noon $1,000 daa jurmana lagaiaa giaa see. revolt neey aii. eff. aill. tribunal witch dosh noon chunhauti ditti jitthe uh asfal riha, jurmane noon ant witch vadha keey 1,500 dallar qarr ditta giaa. revolt neey juun dey pahile hafte takk daudna shuru qarr ditta see, jiss witch uss maheene dey akheer witch 15 dey daur witch aii. eff. aill. dee vaapsee daa teecha rakkhiaa giaa see. uh doou haftiaan takk uss teeche toon khunjh giaa, jiss witch usne diggajan utte 17 dey daur witch jitt daraj keeti jiss witch usne ikk goal keeta. uss neey agle hafte season dey aapne sarbottam pardarshan witch tinn horr goal keete, jadon kii coach damien hardwick neey julai dey baaki samein dauran farm witch chall rahey saathi linch dey samarthan witch uss dee niraswarth khed dee parshansa keeti. raoond 22 dee jitt witch, doou vakkh-vakkh nishan lagaun dey mukabaliaan witch aapne virodhi dee pitth dey pichle hisse witch pair rakkhan toon baad, revolt noon doou vaar free kick laee bulaiaa giaa see. iss toon baad dey hafte witch, aii. eff. aill. neey ailaan keeta kii niyam witch dhill ditti javegi taan joe siraf nuksan pahunchaun dee sambhavna vaale vadhere khatarnak kamman noon shamal keeta jaa sake, taan joe revolt dey virudh bhugtan keeti gaee kisam dee free kikkan daa bhugtan naheen keeta jaa sake. gharelu atey videshi season dey antim daur witch, revolt neey defender marks addams utte pahile quarter witch chaar goal keete parr baad witch baaki match laee darcy gardiner duaara bachaa keete jaanh utte koee horr goal naheen keeta. season noon teeje sathaan 'teey khatam curran toon baad, revolt neey 47 ankan dee qualifying final jitt witch tinn goal keete. uss toon baad dey shuruati final witch uh kaafi ghatt prabhavshali see, pahile addh witch siraf ikk handball noon aapne iklaute pardarshan vajon daraj keeta atey aakharkar goal rahit hoow giaa kiunki uss dee team neey haar daa sahmana keeta atey uss dey virudh ikk shandar final match jittiaa. grand final witch, revolt neey match dey ucch panj goal keete kiunki richmond neey tinn saalan witch dooja premiership jittiaa, jiss witch vishal defender phil davis dee gatee dee ghaat daa faida uthaiaa giaa joe pitth dee satt caarn lagbhag dair naal pichhe hutt giaa see. uss dey dooje quarter dey tinn goal shamal sunn jinhan neey uss noon addhe samein 'teey ankada pakkhon number ikk khidari banaiaa atey aakharkar uss noon maen aaf dha match laee aam smith maddle voting witch chautha sathaan ditta. revolt dey panj goal atey ikk pichhe (31 ank) neey uss noon aii. eff. aill./vee. eff. aill. dey itihaas witch chautha khidari atey 59 saalan witch pahile khidari bnaa ditta jiss neey ikk shandar final witch virodhi team (25 ank) noon ikalle hatth naal pachad ditta. 2020 season revolt neey farvari witch bushfire raahat match laee aii. eff. aill. dey fundrezing raaj witch 2020 laee aapna pahila match khediaa, jiss witch sehyogi aal-starz pakkh dey hisse vajon aapne gharelu raaj tasmania dee numaindagi karde hoye doou goal keete. uh use hafte dey ant witch pahile pree-season match witch baitha parr ikk hafte baad club dey aakhri pree-season match laee waps aaiaa. ikk nirvighan pree-season dey bavjood, march dey addh takk australia witch corona viruses mahamari dee tezi naal pragati neey season dey bhavikh noon shakk witch vekhiaa, jiss witch revolt atey premiership rakkhiaa shamal haii. aii. eff. aill. commission neey aakharkar ailaan keeta kii season dee shuruat nirdharat samein anusar jaari rahegi, parr samooh ikkathan 'teey jantak sihat pabandiaan caarn parshanskan dee hazri toon binan. iss umeed dey naal kii season dey addh witch ikk mahattavpuran break dee zaroorat hovegi, leeg neey ih vee ailaan keeta kii season noon ikk sodhe hoye 17-raoond fixture dey naal poora keeta javega atey timahi dee lambai witch panjwan hissa ghataiaa javega taan joe unhan khidariaan utte bojh noon ghatt keeta jaa sake jinhan toon saal dey pichle addh witch chhote brekan dey naal kaee match khedan dee umeed keeti javegi. unhan haaltan witch, revolt neey ikk raoond 1 dee jitt witch ikk barabar team-ucch tinn goal keete jiss witch uss noon hafte dee "afl media" team witch namzad keeta giaa. halanki, siraf tinn dinan baad, aii. eff. aill. commission neey kaee raajan duaara aapniaan sarhaddan 'teey quarantine deeaan shartan lagu curran toon baad season noon anmithe samein laee muattal qarr ditta. 11 haftiaan dey break toon baad season dey shuru witch 11 haftiaan dey break toon baad season dubara shuru honn 'teey revolt neey kharaab pardarshan laee media dee padtal noon aakarshit keeta, raoond 2 atey 3 witch goal rahit maichan toon baad, usne agle daur witch satt haftiaan dee attutt golking daud shuru keeti, jiss dauran uss noon atey club noon melborne witch ikk viruses dey prakop dey jawab witch gold coast witch tabdil qarr ditta giaa see. revolt neey zakhmi trent kotchin dee thaan teey 6 toon 8 dey daur dey vichkaar tinn haftiaan laee club dey kaptan vajon seva nibhai. raoond 10 witch uss neey season dey sarbottam chaar goal keete, iss toon pahilan kii raoond 11 witch kotchin dee gair-hazri witch ikk vann-aaf game laee team dee kaptani karde hoye tinn horr goal keete. uh raoond 12 witch richmond dey sarbottam vicchon ikk see, jiss neey uss jitt witch doou-goal dey yogdan laee ikk coach award vott prapat keeta. uss neey raoond 17 dee jitt witch chaar goal karke zameen utte barabar dey sarbottam dey roop witch naun horr vott prapat keete. revolt neey 28 goal karke niyamat season daa ant keeta, akheer witch colleman tagme dee daud witch chheven sathaan dey barabar sathaan haasal keeta. uss neey club dee final muhim dey shuruati match witch doou goal keete, ikk qualifying final haar, goal rahit rakkhan toon pahilan atey ikk hafte baad semifinal jitt witch season dey hethle chaar disposalan witch. uss kharaab ankada pardarshan dey bavjood, coach damien hardwick neey uss hafte dauran uss pardarshan laee revolt dee parshansa keeti, khaas taur 'teey mukabale noon nishanbadh curran witch virodhi defenderan noon rokann dee yogta laee. isey tarahan shuruati final jitt witch, revolt neey siraf ikk goal curran atey 2015 toon baad pahili vaar binan kise nishan dey jaanh dey bavjood marking paek noon vandann laee hardwick dee jantak parshansa prapat keeti. revolt neey agle hafte vadhere scoreboard maanta prapat keeti, tinn vaar daa premiership khidari bann giaa atey 31-ank dee shandar final jitt witch doou goal keete. revolt neey uss saal aapne 33 golan laee daswan club pramukh goalkeeper puraskar vee prapat keeta, jadon kii uh club dey sarbottam atey nirpakh ginti witch ikk season laee barabar 14ven sathaan 'teey riha jiss witch uh saare 21 sambhav maichan witch hissa lainda haii. 2023 season raoond 1 2023 witch revolt neey aapne 8ven carrier daraa witch khed keey leeg ricard kaaim keeta. khidari profile. revolt ikk goalkeeper full forward atey center-haaf forward vajon khedada haii. uh sathiti witch ghatt akaar daa haii, siraf 193 centimeter uccha haii. 2010 dey dahake dauran, uss neey leeg witch kise vee khidari dey 50 dey ander sabh toon vaddh ank lae atey uss samein dauran tinn colleman tagmiaan naal franklin dee barabari karde hoye, lens frankleen toon ilava kise vee horr khidari naalon vadhere goal keete. season toon bahr, revolt noon 2010 dey dahake dey sarbottam khidariaan dee "harreld sunn" dee suchi witch kull milaa keey 13vaan sarbottam khidari ailaniaa giaa see. 2020 witch, revolt noon "harreld sunn" duaara aii. eff. aill. yugg dey chauthe sarbottam khidari vajon namzad keeta giaa see. ankade. "23,2022 dey ant witch update keeta giaa. ! collen = 3. carrier ! 325 ! 752 ! 451 ! 2940 ! 972 ! 3912 ! 1734 ! 694 ! 2.3 ! 1..4. ! 9.0 ! 3.0 ! 1.2.0 ! 5.3 ! 2.1. ! 62 notes nijji jeevan. revolt german virasat daa haii atey uss dey daada-daadi haze atey helga 1950 witch european rashter toon parvas qarr gaye sunn. uss dey pitaa criss 298-games dey khidari sunn joe tasmanian football leeg witch clarence witch sunn, raaj laee ikk pratinidhi khidari dey naal-naal tasmanian football haal aaf fame witch shamal hoye sunn. revolt dey doou chhote bharaa, hairi atey charley, doven junier raaj paddhar 'teey tasmania laee khede. uh sabka cent kilda aii. eff. aill. footballer nick revolt daa pahila chachera bharaa haii. revolt neey 2016 witch lambe samein dee premika carley ziegler naal mangani qarr laee see atey unhan daa viaah navambar 2017 witch revolt dey grahi raaj tasmania witch ikk samaroh witch hoiaa see. iss jode daa pahila baccha, ikk ladki, 2019 witch paida hoiaa see. 2021 witch, jode neey aapni duji dhee dey janam daa ailaan keeta. football dey maidaan toon door revolt ikk utsuk golfer haii, ikk vaar 0.6 dey roop witch ghatt apangta naal khedada haii. uh amriki raak baind dey katlan daa parshansak vee haii, jiss naal usne 2017 witch richmond dee premiership jitt toon baad stage utte pardarshan keeta see. media carrier revolt fox footy dey "aii. eff. aill. 360" utte ikk haftavari mehmann vajon dikhai dinda haii. uh 2019 witch mahaan hafte dey ant witch australiaai teevi shoa witch ikk mezban vajon dikhai ditta atey 2020 witch usne 1116saine noon somwar deeaan raatan 'teey aapna khud daa radio ghanta aayojit keeta. revolt niyamit taur utte nova 100 melborne breakfast radio shoa crissy, saim atey brauni witch vee dikhai dinda haii. cancer daa darr. sann 2007 witch revolt dee pitth vicchon ikk cancer daa till kaddhiaa giaa see. 0. 9 millimeter melanoma dey cancer dee pushti honn toon baad uss dey tissue noon horr hataa ditta giaa see atey firr toon vaparan toon rokann laee uss dee niyamat jaanch keeti jaandi rahee haii. 2014 witch uhanan neey aii. eff. aill. players association atey cancer consul victoria duaara ikk muhim dee agvai keeti taan joe "purshan noon cancer baare mushkal gallbat curran laee manaiaa jaa sake." maddy daa drishtikon. jadon revolt dey chachere bharaa maddy (bhainn toon nick) dee 2015 dey shuru witch khoon dee bimari applastic anaemia dey natije vajon maut hoow gaee, taan uh atey revolt parivaar uss dey sanman witch sathapat ikk charity, maddy dey drishtikon laee jantak bulara bann gaye. baahari link ]

jyaak revolt jyaak revolt (; janma 31 october 1988) ekaha vyaavasaayikah australian-rools-football-kreedakah asti yah australian-football-leag (e. ef. ell.) madhye richmond-football-club-krute kreeditavaan. saha trivaaram premiyar-leag-kreedakah, trivaaram colleman-padakavijetaa, trivaaram aal-australian, 11 praavashyam richmond-club-pramukhah golkikar, dvivaaram jyaak-dair-padakavijetaa, tasmanian-football haal aaf famour cha asti. saha richmond ityasya upanaayakatven api karyam karoti, 2017 tamaat varshaat api tatt karoti. praarambhikajeevanam tathaa kanishta-football-kreedaam. revolt ityasya janma hobart, tasmania-nagare criss-lezley-revolt-matapitrubhyaha abhavat. saha bellerive-nagarasya poorva-hobart-upanagarasy madhye utthaapitah, tasmania-ess. ef. ell. ityasmin clarence-kridaartham kanishta-football-kreedaam abhyanayt. 2005 tame varshe revolt ityeshah 16 vayasi clarence ityanena saha varishta-kridaayaam padaarpanam krutavaan, tatah antima-shrunkhalaayaah madhyamena club ityanena saha kreeditavaan, yasmin parajitah grand-fainal api aasit, yatra saha chatwaarah goals krutavaan. agrime varshe saha punah clarence ityanena saha varishta-grand-final-kridaayaam kreeditavaan, asmin samaye saha club-ityasya vijayee-pakshasya sadasyah aasit. pashchat saha taak cup-stare taasee-naavikaih saha kreeditavaan, prashikshanm cha praptavan, 2006 tame varshe 18 varshaanaam adhah e. ef. ell.-pratiyogitaasu swaraajyasya pratinidhitvam krutavaan. championship-kreedaasu treeni spardhaasu saha aahaty ashta goals krutavaan, dwayoh cha sandarbheshu swapakshasya shreshtakreedaapatoonaam madhye namankitaha abhavat. 2006 tame varshe saha vee. ef. ell. madhye tasmanian devils-pakshaat ashtasu spardhaasu kreeditavaan. ekaha visheshatayaa ullekhaneeyah creedaa bendigo-viruddham abhavat, yatra saha chatwaarah goals krutvaa 13 marks praptavan. saha sent virgils-nagarasya ucchavidyaalaye, hobart-nagarasya rosney-mahaavidyaalaye cha abhyanayt. praarupaat poorvam ef ell-meediyayah myaat-bergen ityanena tam "goal-kicking-forward" iti mudritam, yah ati-prabalah uparibhaagah asti."tathaapi saha svapadaveem alpakaalikah mandah cha iti manyate sma, uttar-melborne-nagarasya niyukti-prabandhakah nevil stebard ityeshah pashchat abhisambodhanam krutavaan yat saha naa vishvasati yat revolt" kridatmakaha atha vaa (kshetrasya) agrasthaane kreedayitum paryaaptah ucchah vaa aasit iti."richmond-recruitim myaanejar francis jaaksan ityeshah pashchat revolt-ityasya prabhaawashaalih football-chaturah, kandukasya uddayanam pathitum tasya kshamata cha swasya bhartee-kaarye pramukhaani kaaranaani iti smaryata. ef. ell. vruttihi. 2007 tame varshe. 2006 tame varshe e. ef. ell. rashtriya-draft ityasmin club-ityasya prathama-chayanena, samagratayaa 13-tama-chayanena cha revolt-ityasya draft-krutah. saha 2007 tamavarshasya rutuhu 9 tame aavartane, emm. sii. jii. madhye 'jii.-kridaayaam swapnakaale e. ef. ell. madhye padaarpanam krutavaan. saha agrime saptaahe naa kreeditavaan, tadanantaram 14 tame round-madhye varishta-pakshe upasthitah abhavat. saha 16 tame raund-madhye tri-goal-pradarshanasy bhagarupena swasya prathama-vruttijeevana-goal-kreeditavaan. saha rutoho antima-shut-kreedaasu panchaasu kreeditavaan, tasmin varshe swasya ashta-varishta-spardhaasu sapta-goal-sahitam samapitavan. 2008 tame varshe. 2008 tame varshe revolt ityeshah richmond ityasya varishtadalasya niyamitasadasyatvena swasyaah pratishtaam krutavaan. saha chaturtha-charane rutoho prathama-spardhaam kreeditavaan, tasmin rutau kevalam ekam eva spardhaam naa apashyat, 18 spardhaah kriditva samaapayat. tasya viruddham pancha golanam 15-chakra-byaag-tatsamayasya vruttijeevanasya sarvottamm aasit. saha aahaty 18 goals krutavaan, yat tasmin rutau club-madhye panchamam sarvashreshtam aasit. 2009 tame varshe. revolt ityayam 2009 tame varshe prathamavaaram richmond ityasya sarvashreshta-22 ityasmin creedaa-creedaa-creedaa-creedaa-aarambham akarot, club-ityeteshaam prathama-creedaa-kridaayaam tasya viruddham kreeditavaan. rutoho prathama-sapta-charaneshu saha sapta-golaani krutavaan, club-ityasya 8,9 cha charaneshu naa kreedaam kartum praak. saha 10 tame round madhye viruddham goladvayena punaraagatah, tatah param 11 tame raund madhye goladvayena viruddham treeni goal yojayat. tasya anupasthitehe anantaram navasu kreedaam madhye saha 20 goals krutavaan, poorvavarshaat swasya satrasya kulam uttamm krutavaan. asmin dhaavane essendon ityasya upari 17 tame raund-madhye richmond ityasya vijayasya shut-goal pradarshanam aasit. revolt ityasya "footee smart" tathaa marking-kshamataayaah krute tasmin saptaahe yugasya jack nial ityanena prashamsitah. saha tasmin rutau anyat kreedaam naa apashyat, 20 kreedaah, ekena dalasya dwiteeyasya 32 goals cha krutvaa samaapyat. saha club-ityasya sarvottamasya nyaayapoornasy cha gananayam ashtamam sthaanam api praapnot. 2010 tame varshe. 2010 varsham revolt ityasya krute atyuccham varsham aasit. saha swasya prathama-sapta-spardhaasu 15 goals krutvaa, rutukaalam drudatayaa aarabdhavaan. 8 taha 15 paryantam charanayoho madhye agrimeshu ashtasu spardhaasu, revolt ityeshah leag-sarvashreshtam 43 goals krutavaan. navavarshapoorvam myathyoo-lloyd ityasya anantaram etaasu kreedaasu etat sarvaadhikam yogafalam aasit. saha 12 tame aavartane vijaya-over madhye vruttijeevanasya sarvashreshtam 10 goals krutavaan. asmin aaharane pancha prathama-chaturthaamsha-goals aasan, yatra kreedaayaah prathama-11 nimesheshu chatwaarah aagataah aasan. 2007 tame varshe jonaathan braun ityasya anantaram ekasmin spardhayam 10 goals-kick-kartum saha prathamah kreedakah abhavat, tathaa cha 2004 tame varshe myathyoo richardson ityasya anantaram prathamah richmond kreedakah cha abhavat. 21 tame aavartane dockland-kreedaagruhe sent-kilda-viruddham 17 nishpadanartham, 11 maark krute, sapta goal krute cha revolt-varyaha sarvashreshta-aan-ground iti namankitaha. evam saha saptavarsheshu itihaase ian stevert-padakam praaptah prathamah richmond-kreedakah abhavat. chaturvarsheeya-vruttijeevanasya prathamavaaram, revolt ityeshah pratyekam sambhaavyam creedaa kriditva rutuhu samapitavan. tasya 78 goals iti leag-kridaayaam kasyaapi creedcain sarvaadhikam aasit, yena saha kramashah colleman-padakam, mckell-roch-padakam cha leag-rupena, club-pramukha-golkikar-rupena cha arjitavaan. colleman-kreedaayaah jitayaha chaturnadivasanantaram, revolt ityeshah richmond ityasya sarwottamah nyaayeeyah cha kreedakah iti rupena jyaak-dair-padakam praptavan. saha poorna-agre sthitau akhila-australia-dale api namankitaha aasit. pashchat revolt-varyaha ireland-pravasaya, 2010 tame varshe antarashtriya-niyama-shrunkhalaayaam australia-deshasya pratinidhitvaartham cha chitah. 2011 tame varshe rutuhu. 2011 tamavarshasya arambhat poorvam richmond ityasya shut-purusha-netrutva-samoohe revolt-ityasya samyojanam krutam. prathama-charane carlton-viruddham satrasya shut-goal-aarambhasy anantaram, tasya pratipakshah kathinah abhavat. club-ityasya dwiteeya-charana-kreedaayaah aarambhe saha aghatam praapnot, tathaa cha kasyaapi pramukha-saankhyikeey-shrenee-madhye prabhaavasya abhilekhanaat poorvam tasya pratisthaapanam krutam. saha vastra-parivartaka-kakshaan kshetren saha samyojayantah sopanani aarohanam kurvan, punah kreedaam prati gantum balaat vaadam akarot iti drushtah. revolt april-maase prashikshakaat demian hardwick ityatah nindaam praapnot, saha sahakarminah dustin martin ityasmai chitvaa, trishu parisare bench-krute angulim adadat, tatah swasya kshetrasya vartanam parivartayitum aavashyakam iti avadat. hasta-sanketasya krute e. ef. ell. ityanena $1,200 jarimana api krutah. swakeeyakreedaayaah karanat "yugasya" rabert walls ityanena saha ninditah aasit; walls ityanena kathitam yat revolt "dala-kridaayaam vyaktihi abhavat iti." saha agrimeshu shut spardhaasu apoorvam roopam praptavan, parantu chaturvaaram goal, dvivaaram pancha goal cha praptavan. tasya roopam sheshakalam yaavat drudham aasit, yadyapi nimna-goal-kikking-tailee iti hardwick ityasya parinaamen, tasya rutupoorva-yojanam bhoomau adhikatayaa kreedayitum revolt ityasya kreedaayaah krute pravartitam aasit. nirantaram dwiteeye varshe saha club-pramukha-golkikar-puraskaram praapnot, club-ityasya 22 spardhaasu pratyekasmin creedam akarot. revolt ityasya 62 goals-dwara saha lens franklin ityasya anantaram colleman-padakasya spardhayam dwiteeyam sthaanam praapnot. revolt ityeshah tasmin rutau club-ityasya sarvottamam nyaayyam cha gananayam navamam sthaanam praapnot. september-maase, revolt ityeshah sarvarutushu aaghaataih kreeditavaan iti prakatitam, tathaa cha tasya chaturnam shalyakriyayaha aavashyakataa bhavishyati; pratyekasya nitambasya upari ekaha, angulyaah upari ekaha, vaama-padasya upari cha. prashikshan-durghatanayaha anantaram krutasya pakkel-cartilage-kshatehe vishaye api saha vichaaram kurvan aasit. 2012 tame varshe. shalyakriyayaha, swaasthyalaabhasy cha anantaram, revolt ityeshah rutuhu anuchitaroopen aarabhat, swasya prathamatraym spardhayam pancha goal, nava byaad-s cha krutavaan. saha madhya-ruturoopena swasya sarvottamam prati punah aagatah, kramashah 9,10 cha charaneshu, pratyantaroopen, pratisankrama-spardhaasu shut ashta goal-goal-byaag-ityetaan utkrutya. 10-tama-charanasya vijayah revolt ityasya 100 tamah vruttijeevana-spardhaa aasit, 2003 tamaat varshaat aarabhy sent kilda-kridaayaam richmond ityasya prathamawijayah aasit. saha goldcoast-western bulldogs-kreedaayaah cha viruddham 16-20 cha charaneshu pancha goals-byags api uta. varshatrayeshu dwiteeye kaale, rutuhu ante leag-ityasya goal-scoring-spardhayam revolt agrasthaane aasit, 2012 tamavarshasya kaalasy colleman-padakam praptavan. saha club-ityasya antima-creedaa-creedaa-rutau sama-netrubhihi myathyoo paavlich () tathaa taam haakins () ityetayoho anantaram treeni goals krutvaa pravishtavaan, parantu shut goals krutvaa rutau 65 goals krutvaa, yugmat dwe clear-krutvaa samaptavan. revolt ityeshah dwiteeyah richmond-kreedakah abhavat yah bahuvidhaan colleman-padakeh praptavan, tathaa cha tasmin kaarye mckell roch ityasya club-abhilekham sameekarot. praarambhik-naamaankit-janeshu saha chitah, ataha revolt-varyaha antatah varshasya sampoorn-australian-dale anaamitah abhavat. vaarvik green tathaa myaat windley aaf da herald sunn ityasya matena saha vivaadaaspadah apavitrah iti manyate sma. saha club-madhye rutoho sarvottamam nyaayayutam cha puraskaare navamam sthaanam praapnot. 2013 tame varshe rutuhu. 2012-13 aaf-season ityasmin punah revolt ityeshah laghu-shalyakriyayaha krute chhurikaankasya adhah gacchan drushtah, yasya punahpraaptih saha seemita-prashikshan-bhaaram avahat. rutuhu aadhikaarikaroopen arabhyatat poorvam eva revolt ityeshah swasya moolyam pradarshayat, cyrene ityasya anantaram goal-praharam krutvaa richmond ityasya pree-season-myaach-up-saha vijayam praapnot. tasmin shrunkhalaayaam saha prathamavaaram richmond ityasya naayakatvam api krutavaan, ashta-anka-vijayasya viruddham krutavaan. yadaa saha prathama-charanasya vijaya-over-madhye golarahitah aasit, tadaa agrime saptaahe revolt ityeshah sapta-goals-hole ityanena pratyuttarm dattavaan. saha agrime saptaahe pradarshanm samarthayat, da-kreedaayaah upari vijayaartham pancha goals api krutavaan. revolt ityeshah 5 tame sthaane eka-anka-parajaye madhyamanam vimarsham aakrushtavaan, yat samipa-paraajayam praapya saha-kreedakaah krodhena pratikriyam krutavantah iti maark mcclure ityanena "e primmaa dona" iti mudritam. sampoorne rutau revolt ityeshah swasya anubandhasya, bhavishyasya kreedaayaah cha vishaye madhyamanam oohaapohasy vishayah aasit. saha fremantal ityatah prastavan praptavan iti kathyate, parantu julai-masasya ante richmond ityanena saha nootanam trivarsheeyam karaaram krutvaa poorvamev vyaapaar-drushtikonaan sveekrutavaan iti kathyate. 17 chakranam anantaram revolt ityeshah leag-kreedaayaah goal-kicking-ganyaam truteeye sthaane sthaapitah, tatah param 47 ankaan praptavan. saha 57 goals krutvaa satram samapitavan, 2009 tamaat varshaat anantaram tasya nyunatamam ganitam, parantu chaturtham strait club-leading golkikar-puraskaram praaptum samarthah abhavat. saha september-maase swasya prathama-vruttijeevanasya antima-kridaayaam kreeditavaan, yadaa emm. sii. jii. madhye elemination-antima-kridaayaam richmond parajitah abhavat. rutuhu samaaptau klabasya sarvottamam nyaayyam cha gananayam revolt samaanam saptamm sthaanam praapnot. goal-assist-krute saha leag-madhye truteeyam sthaanam praptavan. 2014 tame varshe. 2014 februvari-maase, richmond ityasya pancha-kridapatunam netrutva-samuhat revolt-varyaha nishkaasitah, tasya sthaane rakshaka troy chaplin ityeshah abhavat. anena, prashikshakasya "paaramparikam madhyabhagasya agre-bhumikaayaam" tasya paatrasya yojanayaha sangatah, revolt ityeshah kaalasy apekshayaa bhinnarupena rutuhu aagacchati sma. saha aaf-season madhye swasya kreedaayaah bhaaram nyunikrutavan, swasya swaasthyasya aadharam vardhayat, api cha alpa-aaf-season shalyakriyayaha swamushtam nitambam cha prati cha swasthah abhavat. prathama-charanasya parajaye revolt ityasya pradarshanm prashikshakena "apekshaakrutam durbalam" iti mudritam, agre 10 nishpadanat nyoonam abhilekhanam, 8-2012-varshaat prathamavaaram kevalam ekaha golaha cha. saha truteeya-charane tripping iti soochitah, parantu e. ef. ell.-myaach-samiksha-pyanal ityanena aparaadham nilambanasya ayogyam iti manyamaanah, tasya anantaram saha kevalam tiraskaaren cha palayitavan. mey-maase club-adhikaribhih saha danditah, yadaa saha dalasya nutanasya laghu-prahaara-kreedaayaah prabhavashilatayaha viruddham saarvajanikaroopena uktavaan. hardwick-varyaha haasyakrutyam madhyaman avadat yat club-samsthaa "tasya mukhaat (revolt-ityasya) padam, tasya kandheh mama padam cha neekrutavatee" iti. saha twitter-dwara saarvajanikaroopena kshamaprarthana krutavaan, parinaamatah chyan-aksham cha apashyat. tasya kshetrasya pratikriyaa mahattwapoornah aasit, yadaa saha sidney-nagare jii. doubleu. ess.-giants-viruddhe richarmand-ityasya 113 ankita-vijayasya vruttijeevanasya uccham 11 goals-boot krutavaan. julai-maase, effle-tasmania ityasya dashakasy tasmanian-dale revolt ityasya poorna-agre namakaranam krutam. dwiteeya-krama-rutau, revolt tathaa vyaaghrau e. ef. ell. antima-kreedaayaah krute arhatah, parantu kevalam ekaa spardhayaha anantaram punah nishkaasitaah. saha 61 goals krutvaa, satatam panchamam varsham richmond ityasya golking puraskaram praapya, satram samapitavan. saha club-ityasya itihaase dwiteeyah kreedakah abhavat yah 1934-1938 ityasmin jyaak tatus ityasya anantaram panchashu nirantar-rutushu 50 goals krutavaan. 2015 tame varshe. ekasmin bhaavanaatmakasya aaf-season ityasya anantaram, yasmin tasya bhraatruvadhuh maidee ityasya mrutyuhu antarbhavati sma, revolt ityeshah samaanaroopen bhaavanaatmakam 1-raund-sahanam akarot. carlton ityasya upari richmond ityasya vijayasya krute saha chatwaarah goals-prahaaram akarot, tathaa cha swasya pratyekasya laxyasya anantaram akasham drushtvaa tasyaah smrutim prati swasya pradarshanm samarpayati sma. saha 5 taha 8 paryantam chakreshu drudham roopam praapnot, chatursaptaaheshu 14 goals krutvaa, sapta-taha adhikaah ankaan cha praptavan. 13 tame aavartane saha ess. sii. jii. madhye viruddhataayaam shut golaihi saha, rutoho bruhattamam ganitam chaalayati sma. sent kilda ityanena saha 16 tamasya raund-up-myaach-up "medees-myaach" iti ankitam aasit, yena revolt-bhraatrubhihi "medees-vision" ityasya krute dhanam sangruheeyata. saha richmond ityasya vijayee-pakshe goladwayam utakarot. 2015 tame varshe, shashtam strait club-leading golkikar-puraskaram (54) praapya, ankaanaam nishpadananam cha krute vruttijeevanasya ucchataam sthapayitva, revolt-krute atyuttamm varsham abhavat. swasya vruttijeevanasya dviteeyavaaram revolt ityeshah e. ef. ell. ityasya aal-australian-dalasya krute chayanam praptavan, asmin samaye center-haaf-forward-sthitau. saha richmond ityasya sarvashreshtam nyaayayutam cha madhye panchamam sthaanam api praapnot, kevin bartlet-padakam api praptavan. revolt 2015 tame varshe richmond-abhilekham api bhangam krutavaan, jyaak tatus ityenam atikramya, panchashu rutushu 50 taha adhikaan goals krutavaan prathamah richmond-kreedakah abhavat. revolt-varyaha joon-masasya ante anubandhasya vistaarasya vishaye hastaaksharam krutavaan, yena saha nyunatinyoonam 2019 tamavarshasya ante richmond ityanena saha anubandhitah abhavat. 2016 tame varshe. 2015 tamasya varshasya ante yadaa richmond-ityasya capton trent-kotchin ityeshah padaat kshamyitum aahvaanam agruhnaat, tadaa revolt ityasya naam sambhaavya-pratisthaapanaroopen nyastam. saha uhaapohaan niraakrutavaan, "aham (naayakah bhavitum) prashnam api naa manyatam yatah mama drushtau (kotchin) asmakam football-club ityasya naayakah bhavitum sarwottamah vyaktihi iti manyate." kshetrasya upari, rutuhu revolt ityasya madhya-ardha-agre sthaanam prati swasya parivartanam anvavartayat. saha bhaaram nyooneekruty goal-rekhayaha apekshayaa kridaayaam adhikam dhyanam kendreekrutya swasya sahanashaktim, chapalata, kurdanakshamata cha vardhayat. saha 5 tame krame padasya kshatehe karanat peeditah, tathaa cha tasya club-ityasya 6 tame sthaane kreedaayaah krute sajjataam praaptum aising-ityasya, punarvasanasya cha teevrasya karyakramasya aavashyakataa aasit. saha swasya 200 tame vruttijivanakridayam emm. sii. jii. madhye 21 tame parisare geelong-viruddham parajitah abhavat. revolt ityeshah antatah 2016 tame varshe richmond ityasya 22 kreedaasu pratyekasmin kreedaam akarot, dalasya 48 goals ityetaan agrasthaane sthapitavan. ashta-creedaa-prathama-creedaa-kalat anantaram saha prathamavaaram ekasmin spardhayam pancha-goals-sanchikaam api naa utkrutya gatavaan. parantu saha kularupena tathaa madhyamaroopen cha nootanam vyaktigatam sarvashreshtam sthapitavan, madhyabhagasya sameepe swasya nootanam paatram niravahat. revolt ityeshah club-ityasya sarvottamam nyaayyam cha gananayam chaturtham sthaanam praapnot, parinaamatah fred-swift-padakam praptavan. club-ityasya prashikshakena ekavarsham yaavat pashchaadapadapadaveem ghoshitam, tatah param revolt-varyaha prasaramadhyamanam vyaapaar-oohanena pariveshtitah aasit. saha club prati swasya pratibadhataam punarudghatitavan, saha "sarvatra peetavarnah krushnavarnah cha" iti pratipaditavan, yadyapi pashchat varsheshu saha club-ityanena saha kadaapi mahattvapoornam dala-vijayam prapnuyat iti shankaam kartum aarabdhavaan iti drudeekrutavaan. 2017 tame varshe. revolt ityasya 2017 tamavarshasya poorva-rutuhu dirghakalam yaavat yaavat yaavat vranaat baadhitah aasit. saha 2016 september-maase laghu-paada-shalyakriya-prakriyaam akarot, yat apekshitam aasit, tatah poorvam shalyachikitsaken adhika-gambhir-kshatam udghatitasya parinaamen prakriyayaha madhyabhaage poorna-paada-punarnirmanam krutam. november-maase saha punah chhurikaadheenam jatavan, asmin samaye poorvam bhagna-angulyaah kshatehe nivaaranaartham. 2017 maarch-maase saha richmond ityasya saha-upa-nayakatvena niyuktah aasit. saha raxaken alex rains ityanena saha paatram panktum shaknoti sma, yadaa ubhau api nirantaram nayakasya trent kotchin ityasya adheene sevaam akurvan. aaf-season madhye phul-forwared-tai-vikaree ityasya swatantra-agency-prasthanena, revolt 2017 tame varshe gahan-forwade-sthaaneshu adhika-creedaa-samayam avashyam pashyati sma. 2017 tame varshe prathama-charane saha richmond ityasya vijayasya krute vruttijeevanasya sarvashreshtam sapta tackless abhilekhitavaan. 5 tamasya enjaak-day-eev-kridaayaam melborne ityanena saha ravolt ityeshah aardr-vayuguna-kridaayaam shut goals krutavaan. saha 2017 tame varshe 7 tame parisare etihaad-kreedaagruhe creede swasya 500 tamam vruttijeevana-goal krutavaan. saha club-ityasya itihaase drutatamam panchamam maailafalakam praptavan. 11 kreedaam anantaram, madhya-ruturoopena cha, revolt-varyaha 29 goals krutavaan. 13 tame aavartane saha ashtame gwernsee-kridaayaam richmond-creedcain kreediteshu adhikaamsheshu kreedaam krute dick kle-kreedaam atikramya, swasya 214 tamam e. ef. ell. kridaayaam saphalah abhavat. 13 tathaa 14 cha chakrayoho tasya dwau tathaa treeni goals-kreedaasu ekaadhika-goals-sahitam tasya kramanugata-kreedaayaah kramah 10 yaavat agacchat. tasmin samaye saha eva spardhayam ekamaatrah kreedakah aasit yah tatt kramam dhaarayat, tathaa cha varshasya golking-ganyaam panchamam sthaanam praapnot. sent kilda ityanena prati richmond ityasya 16-tama-charanasya parajaye, 67 anka-parajaye kevalam ekam goal krutvaa sapta sampattih sangruheeta cha, revolt ityeshah anekasu daridra-pradarshakeshu anyatamah aasit. api cha, kreedaayaah dwiteeya-chaturthaamshasya ashtame-nimeshe yaavat revolt ityasya prathamam adhipatyam naa praaptam. prashikshanakaale sahakarminah mabier-cole ityasya aakasmik-prahaarena revolt ityasya netrasya carnia-khandah abhavat, netrasya prushtabhaagatah raktasraavam cha abhavat. kshatehe parinaamen saha richmond ityasya 19-raund-kridaayaam da-da-viruddham anupasthitah abhavat, tathaa cha revolt ityasya 86 kramanugata-kridaanaam steak iti samaaptam krutavaan. saha 20-suteshu anyasmin spardhayam parajitah, tatah param 21-suteshu pratyaawartat. 23 tame krame, revolt ityeshah forward ityasya nivrutti-spardhayam swasahotrasya nick ityasya viruddham kreeditavaan. saha, sent kilda-forwade-josh-broos ityanena saha, bhoomau nick ityasya adhyakshatayam, dwiteeyasya sent kilda-kreedake sammanartham sveekrutasya karanat vivaadaaspadam jaatam. geelaang tathaa jee. doubleu. ess. viruddham antimavijayaanantaram, revolt tathaa richmond cha grand-fainal-krute arhataa praaptavantah, yat 1982 tamaat varshaat anantaram prathamam aasit. te ante laghu-premiyar-viruddham 48 ankaihi spardhaam jitavantah, yatra revolt-varyaha goal-dwayam, shut ankam, sapta tackless cha dattavaan. kreedaayaah anantaram utsave emm. sii. jii. ityatra american-raak-bend-da-killers ityanena nihshulkam sangeeta-pradarshanm krutam, yasya revolt-varyaha prashamsakah asti. poorvasaptaahe club tathaa e. ef. ell. media-vyavasthaapakaih saha prastaavam utthapayitva, revolt ityayam 2005 tame varshe ekalageetam "mister" geetum manche vaadyavrundasya sadasyatvena prasiddharoopen aamantritah. prakaashah "iti. 2017 tame varshe tasya pradarshanasy krute, revolt ityeshah ashtama-strait-club-agranee goal-kicker-puraskaram praptavan, club-ityasya sarvashreshtam nyaayayutam cha gananayam saptamastham praapnot, leag-madhye 50 ankaanaam madhye prathamastham praapnot, premiyar-leag-kreedakah abhavat cha. 2018 varsham. 2018 tame varshe revolt-varyaha prabalam goal-kikking-roopam darshitavaan, club-ityasya vee. ef. ell-pakshasya viruddham intra-club-spardhayam richmond-ityasya varishtaanaam krute sapta goal-boot krutavaan. tatah param saha club-ityasya pratyekasmin poorva-rutu-kreedayoh kreeditavaan, tatah param rutoho aarambhik-charane chatwaarah goal-prahaarah krutavaan. revolt pakshavaaram anantaram, 13 ankeey-vijayaay swapakshasya sahayyam krutvaa, itoapi chaturvaaram yojayat. 7 tame raund-madhye revolt ityeshah swasya vruttijeevanasya prathamavaaram home-ave-spardhayam richmond ityasya naayakah abhavat, yadaa trent-kotchin ityeshah aaghaatasy karanat vilambena vilambitah abhavat. saptaahadwayaanantaram optus-kreedaagruhe tasya viruddham ekasmin spardhayam saha pancha goal-praharam krutavaan. tasmin eva kridaayaam saha truteeya-chaturthaamshe vilambena liyam-duggan ityasya upari bump-sthapitavan, yasya parinaamen agrima-viraamakaale saha raktaksharanam akarot. tasya swaasthyasya vishaye chintaam vyaktaat param tasmin raatrau dalena saha melborne-nagaram prati pratyaagamayitum saha chikitsayaha drushtyaa nishkaasitah bhavet. etaavatparyantam saha spardhayam, kula-goals-kick (24) krute, kevalam benn-braun (31), jyaak-darling (28) ityetayoho anantaram truteeye sthaane aasit. yadyapi saha agrimasaptaahe kreeditum purnataya swasthah abhavat, tathaapi tasya 10-charanasya prathama-chaturthaamshasya kevalam panchanimeshaparyantam eva raxakasya jack carlisley ityasya doshapoorn-nashtasy samaye shiraha aaghaaten aghatitaha bhutva saha kimapi arthapoornam yogadam kartum asamarthah abhavat. richmond-varyaha tasya anupasthitim satsu api vijayam praptavan, carlisley-varyaha strack-krute dwayoh spardhayoho nilambanam cha praapnot. revolt ityeshah aaghaatasy parinaamen purnam spardhaam naa haarayat, agrime saptaahe swapakshasya swapnakaale 'jee' vijaya-over madhye panktibaddhah abhavat. tadanantaram saptaahe, revolt ityasya naam "faaks footee" ityasya varshasya madhyabhaage aal-australian-squad ityasmin aasit. faaks-tippaneekaarah paal-roos ityanena api saha, avarodhitum, sthananirmanam, kreshing-peck ityetayoho prayatnaam krutavaan iti prashamsitah, roos ityanena "spardhayam nihswaarthah kreedakah" iti mudritah."joon-masasya ante hobart-nagare ekasmin bhavya-kaaryakrame saha tasmanian-football-haal-aaf-fame-madhye samaaveshtah. madhya-rutu-viraamasya anantaram, revolt itihaad-kreedaagruhe vijaya-over-samaye swasya vruttijeevanasya pradarshanani akarot. saha vruttijeevanasya sarvashreshtaan ankaan (21), pratyarthiyaan ankaan (sapta), tathaiva treeni goals-praharam, 21 nishpaadanaani cha abhilekhitavaan, yat tribhihi braunlo-padaka-mataihi, prashikshak-sangha-puraskaaren cha siddhaih 10 mataihi puraskrutena, bhoomau sarvottamam pradarshanam aasit. revolt ityeshah 16 tame krame vijayasamaye tasmin puraskaare ekam adhikam matam avaapnot, tatah param 18 tame saptaahe chaturnam goal-pradarshanartham anyadwayam matam akarshitavan. agrime saptaahe saha 50 tame dashake nava-ankaihi nava-ankaihi nava-vyaktigata-shreshtam sthapitavan. julai-masasya ante, revolt ityeshah richmond ityanena saha nootanam trivarsheeyam anubandham krutavaan, yena saha nyunatinyoonam 2021 tamavarshasya ante yaavat club prati pratibadhah aasit. faaks footee ityasya e. ef. ell. 360 ityasmin swasya niyamita-panelist-bhumikaayaam bhaashayan, revolt ityeshah 2019 tamasya varshasya ante yaavat poorvasthitasya swasya vidyamaan-anubandhasya punargatanasya krute vetana-katauteem akarot iti avadat. 20 tame varshe saha chaturnam goal-praharam krutavaan, tasmin varshe tasya panchamam kulam goal-praharam krutavaan. tasmin spardhayam, tasya 244 vruttijeevanasya pradarshanm, revolt ityeshah ashtamaa-sankhyayaha gwernsee-paridhanam krutvaa kriditanam kreedaam krute saarvakaalikam vee. ef. ell./e. ef. ell. abhilekham sthapitavan. tadanantaram revolt ityayam swasya truteeye vruttijeevanasya dash-goal-sahitam 21-raund-madhye vijayam praapnot, yasmin saha vruttijeevanasya uccham 26 disposal-iteedam api sangruheet, tathaa cha leag-agranisthane walt-krutvaa tasmin rutau goals-kick-krute. saha 23 tame aavartane swasya ganane pancha goal ityetaan api yojayat, 600 vruttijeevanasya goal-mailston iteedam atikramya, home-ave-season 65 goals krutvaa samapya truteeyam colleman-padakam arjitavaan. saha leag-itihaase ashtamah kreedakah abhavat, tathaa cha richmond-club-itihaase prathamah kreedakah cha abhavat yah truteeyavaaram puraskaram avaapnot. saha e. ef. ell. ityasya player rettings-dale varshasya agre bhaage namankitaha, tathaiva truteeyavaaram aal-australian iti namankitaha. emm. sii. jii. madhye, richmond ityasya prathamasya antimaayaam, vijaya-spardhayam, revolt tasmin varshe truteeyavaaram eva goal-kick kartum asaphalah abhavat. saha club-ityasya praarambhik-antima-kridaayaam pancha golaihi tasya pradarshanm parishkarot. tasya prayatneshu api, richmond antima-shrunkhalaatah nishkaasitah, yat 39 ankaihi paraajayam praapnot. 2018 antima-shrunkhalaayaah samaapteh anantaram, revolt goal-krute leag-madhye prathamastham praptavan, 50 ankaanaam madhye cha, anka-samlagnataayaah krute dwiteeyasthaanam, pratispardhaatmak-ankaanaam krute panchamam cha sthaanam praapnot. saha "herald sunn" ityasya mukhya-football-lekhakah maark rabinson ityanena 2018 tame varshe leag-ityasya sarwashreshtah agrebhaage, samagratayaa truteeyah sarwashreshtah cha kreedakah iti api namankitaha. revolt ityayam swasya adbhutasya rutoho krute vruttijeevanasya sarvashreshtam 10 braunlo-padaka-mataan sangruheet, api cha richmond ityasya sarvashreshtasya nyaayapoornasy cha kreedaapaturoopen dwiteeyam jyaak dair-padakam api praptavan. 2019 tame varshe. 2018 tamavarshasya tatkshanaat anantaram maaseshu, revolt ityasya laghu-sholder-shalyakriya abhavat. december-maase poorna-prashikshanm prati punaragamanat poorvam, saha aaf-season ityasya arambhikeshu saptaaheshu dhaavane vyaayaameshu parimitah aasit. tasmin samaye e. ef. ell. saankhyikee-sahabhagina "champion-deta" ityanena revolt ityeshah agre dwiteeya-sarvottama-pramukha-sthaanam, samagratayaa leag-madhye 34-sarvashreshta-kreedakah cha iti mudritah aasit. tasmin eva aaf-season madhye club-samsthaa poorva-faar-ved-taam-linch-ityenam rich-mond-faar-ved-lain ityasmin ree-volt-ityanena saha kreeditum niyuktavatee. 2019 tame varshe februvari-maase 2019 e. ef. ell. ex. pratiyogitaayaam 'rempage' dalasya nayakatvena revolt ityasya prathama-football-pradarshanam aasit. tasmin masasya aarambhe dooradarshanasy draft-madhye swadalam vyaktigataroopen chitvaa, revolt ityeshah pratiyogitaayaam championship-krute prakopasya netrutvam krutavaan. tadanantaram revolt ityayam, maarch-masasya ante emm. sii. jii. ityatra carlton-viruddham rutu-udghaatanee-spardhayam swasya 250 tamam e. ef. ell. kreedaam kreeditum poorvam, februvari-masasya ante tathaa maarch-masasya aarambhe cha, richmond-ityasya rutu-poorva-dwayoh spardhaasu pratyekasmin upasthitah abhavat. saha spardhayam ekam goal-hitt krutavaan, swasya vruttijeevanasya kulam 608 yaavat aanayat, tathaa cha mckell roch ityenam, richmond ityasya sarvakaalika-goal-king-leaderboard ityatra chaturthasthanam praapya, utteernavaan. dwiteeya-charanasya parajaye, revolt ityasya kaipeshihi laghutaram kshatihi abhavat. saha aghatam satsu api, rak-kridaayaam stints-sahitam, shesh-kreedaam akreedat. aparadine sampoorneshu scan-madhye, revolt ityasya trijyaayaah laghuhu apasthitah asthibhamgah, kaihi asthibandhah cha kshataah abhavan iti dnyaayate. tasmin eva spardhayam revolt ityasya vaamamugdhe madhyasth-cruciate-ligament ityasya api ukrutaah abhavan. tebhyah aghatanam karanat treeni spardhaam naa vilambya, revolt ityeshah football-kreedaam pratyaagatya, richmond ityasya 6 enzyaak day eev-vijaya-over-madhye goladwayam utakayat. parantu, tasya vaama-ghutane prushta-cruciate-ligament ityasya uccha-shrenyaah kshatihi avalambya, saha spardhayam anyat ghutane aghatam praapnot. richmond-club-adhikaarinah avadat yat kshatehe punarnirmaane shalyakriyayaha aavashyakataa naa bhavishyati, parantu parinaamatah saha revolt-shastrakriyam shanmaat ashtasaptahaha yaavat yaavat naa bhavishyati iti. tasmin spardhayam saha beyy-fritsh-kridaayaam khataranaakasy tackling-krute api soochitah, yasya krute saha $1,000 jarimana-prastaawitah. revolt ityeshah ef-trabinal ityatra aropam pratidhvanitavaan, yatra saha asaphalah abhavat, ante jarimana $1,500 yaavat vardhitah. revolt ityeshah joon-masasya prathamasaptaahe punah dhaavan aasit, tasya viruddham 15 tame saptaahe ef-ell ityasya pratyaagamanam lakshyikrutavan. saha saptaahadvayena lakshyam apashyat, daityanam upari 17 tame saptaahe vijayam pratyagatavan, yasmin saha ekam goal praharitavan. saha agrimasaptaahe, adyaparyantam swasya sarvottama-pradarshanasy krute, itoapi trayah goals yojitavaan, aparam prashikshakah demian hardwick ityeshah julai-masasya sheshakale, inn-faarm-sahakarminah linch ityasya samarthane tasya nihswaartha-kreedaayaah prashamsaam akarot. 22 tame raund-madhye vijaya-spardhayam, revolt ityeshah dvivaaram free-kick-krute aahuya, pratidwandwinah prushtabhaagasya prushtabhaage padam krutvaa, pruthak pruthak marking-spardhaasu abhyanayt. tadanantaram saptaahe, e. ef. ell. ityanena ghoshitam yat niyamah shithilah bhavishyati yena kevalam hanikaram bhavitum adhikam apayakaram karyam antarbhavati, yena revolt ityasya viruddham pradattasy prakarasya free-kiks ityasya moolyam naa deeyate. home-ave-rutoho antima-charane, revolt ityeshah defender-marcus-aadams ityasya upari prathama-chaturthaamsha-goals-ityetaan chatwaarah praharam krutavaan, parantu yadaa pashchat shesh-spardhayam darcy-gardiner ityanena rakshita tadaa saha agre goals naa kartum samarthah abhavat. ruchmand ityasya truteeyasthaane rutuhu samapya, revolt ityeshah 47 ankayukte arhataa-antimavijaye treeni goals krutavaan. tadanantaram preliminary-fainal-kridaayaam saha bahu nyoonaprabhaawakah aasit, prathamardhe tasya ekamaatram pradarshanm kevalam ekam hendball iti abhilekhitavaan, ante golarahitah abhavat, yatah tasya pakshah parajitah, tasya viruddham bhavyam antimam myaach-up jitavaan. grand-fainal-kridaayaam, revolt-varyaha uccha-pancha-goals-kreedaam krutavaan, yatah richmond-varyaha trivarsheshu dwiteeya-premiyar-chaip-vijayam praapnot, giants-defender-phil-davis ityasya vegadrushtehe abhaavasya upayogena, yah praayah kaalah-vranena vilambena vilambitah aasit. tasya haal madhye dwiteeya-chaturthaamsha-goal-trayah aasan, yeshu saha ardha-samaye bhoomau prathama-ankita-kreedakah abhavat, ante saha player aaf da-myaach krute matadanartham samanya-smit-padaka-madhye chaturthasthanam praapnot. revolt ityasya pancha goals, ekasya prushtabhaagasya (31 ankaani) cha karanat saha e. ef. ell./vee. ef. ell.-itihasasya chaturthah kreedakah abhavat, 59 varsheshu prathamah kreedakah cha abhavat yah grand-fainal-kridaayaam vipaksha-dalam (25 ankaani) ekena hastena atikramayat. 2020 varsham. revolt ityayam 2020 tame varshe februvari-maase ef ell ityasya nidhisankalan-raajye bushfair-releaf-kreedaayaah krute swasya prathamam kreedaam akarot, mitrapakshasya aal-stars-pakshasya bhagarupena swaraajyasya tasmania-rajyasya pratinidhitvam kurvan goal-dwe kreeditavaan. saha tasmin eva saptahante prathamasya pree-season-spardhayam upavishtah, parantu ekasaptahabhyantare tasya viruddham club-ityasya antimasya pree-season-spardhayam pratyagatavan. avirata-poorva-rutuhu satsu api, maarch-masasya madhyabhagat australia-deshe caronavairus-mahamaryaha drutagatyaa pragatihi, rutoho bhavishyam shankayam drushtavatee, yasmin revolt tathaa tasya premiyar-chaip-rakshanm api antarbhavati. e. ef. ell. ayogah antatah, samooh-samaagameshu saarwajanik-swaasthya-nishedhasya karanat, rutuhu yathaa poorvanirdhaaritah, yathaa poorvanirdhaaritah bhavishyati iti, parantu prashamsakaabhih vinaa eva bhavishyati iti ghoshayat. madhya-rutau mahattvapoornam viraamam aavashyakam bhavishyati iti apekshayaa leag api ghoshayat yat satram 17-chakra-parivartanena saha samaapyate, tathaa cha chaturthaamsha-dirghatam panchamamsham nyooneekartum kreedakaah, ye varshasya poorvaardhe alpa-viraamaih saha bahuvidha-spardhaah kreeditum apekshante, teshaam bhaaram nyooneekartum. eteshu paristhitishu, revolt ityeshah samaan-dalasya uccha-trayah goal-goal-dwara prathama-charanasya vijayam avaapnot, yasmin saha "ef ell-media" ityasya saptahasya dale namankitaha abhavat. parantu kevalam divasatrayaanantaram, anekaraajyaani svasimayam sangarodha-sthitim pravartayitvaa e. ef. ell. ayogah anishchitakaalaay rutum sthagayt. 11 saptahasya viraamasya anantaram joon-masasya aarambhe yadaa rutuhu punah aarabhat tadaa revolt-varyaha durbalapradarshanartham madhyamanam parikshanam aakrushtavaan, 2 tathaa 3 cha cha charaneshu golarahit-spardhanam anantaram, saha agrime charane sapta-saptahasya avicchinna-golking-dhaavanam aarabdhavaan, tasmin samaye saha tathaa club cha melborne-nagare vishaanurogasya prakopasya pratikriyaaroopen goldcoast-nagaram prati sthaanaantaritaah abhavan. revolt ityeshah, aahatasy trent-kotchin ityasya sthaane, 6 taha 8 paryantam saptaahatrayam yaavat club-nayakatvena kaaryam akarot. 10 tame aavartane saha vyaktigata-rutau-sarvashreshtam chaturnam goal-goal-goal-goal-goal-goal-goal-goal-goal-goal-goal-goal-goal-goal-goal-goal-goal-goal-goal-goal-goal-goal-goal-goal-goal-goal-goal-goal-goal-goal-goal-goal-goal-goal-goal-goal-goal-goal-goal-goal-goal-goal-goal-goal-goal-goal-goal-goal-goal-goal-goal-goal-goal-goal-goal-goal-goal-goal-goal-goal-goal-goal-goal-goal-goal-goal-goal-goal-goal-goal-goal-goal-goal-goal-goal-goal-goal-goal-goal-goal saha 17 tame varshe vijaya-over-madhye chaturnam golanam praharam krutvaa bhoomau samaanaroopen nava mataan praptavan. revolt ityeshah 28 goals krutvaa niyamitam satram samapitavan, ante colleman-padaka-spardhayam shashtam sthaanam samatulyam akarot. saha club-ityasya antima-abhiyanasya udghaatanee-spardhayam goladwayam utkarot, golarahitah bhavitum poorvam, antima-arhataa-paraajayam cha, ekasaptahaha anantaram, upa-antima-vijayasya krute, rutau-nyoonam chaturnam nishpaadanam cha praapnot. tasya durbal-saankhyikeey-pradarshanam satsu api, prashikshakah demian hardwick ityanena, tadanantaram saptaahe tasya pradarshanasy krute, visheshatah marking-spardhaasu vipakshasya avarodhak-rakshakan niraakartum kshamataayaah krute, revolt ityasya prashamsaam krutam. tathaiva praarambhik-antima-vijaya-spardhayam, 2015 tamaat varshaat prathamavaaram ekam goal praharam krutvaa, chihna-chihna-vinaa cha, marking-peck-ityetaan vibhajya, revolt-varyaha hardwick-ityasya saarwajanik-prashamsaam praptavan. 31-ankeey-grand-final-vijaya-spardhayam goladwayam prahaarayan, trivaaram premiyar-leag-kreedakah bhutva, revolt-varyaha agrimasaptaahe adhika-scoreboard-manyatam praapnot. revolt ityeshah tasmin varshe swasya 33 goals krute dashamam club-pramukha-golkar-puraskaram api praptavan, yadaa saha ekasmin rutau club-ityasya sarvottamasya nyaayapoornasy cha gananayam 14 tamam sthaanam praptavan, yasmin saha sarveshu 21 sambhaavya-spardhaasu bhaagam agruhnaat. 2023 tame varshe. 2023 tame varshe prathama-charane revolt ityeshah swasya 8 tame vruttijeevanasya dra-kridaayaam leag-abhilekham sthapitavan. kreedakaah vyaktitvam. revolt ityeshah golkick-phul-forward tathaa center-haaf-forward iti rupena kreeditavaan. saha kevalam 193 centimeter-yaavat ucchah, sthaane alpa-aakaarah asti. 2010 tame dashake, saha leag-kridaayaam kasyaapi kridakasya 50 madhye sarvaadhikam maark praptavan, tathaa cha lance-franklin ityasya apekshayaa anyasya kreedakebhyah apekshayaa adhikaani goals praptavan, tasmin samaye franklin-ityasya tribhihi colleman-padakaih saha tulanam krutavaan. 2019/20 aaf-season madhye, 2010 tame dashake "herald suns" ityasya sarvashreshtakreedaapatoonaam suchyam revolt samagratayaa 13 tamah shreshtah kreedakah iti abhinirdishtah. 2020 tame varshe, revolt ityasya naam "herald sunn" ityanena effle-yugasya richmond ityasya chaturthah sarwottamah kreedakah iti krutam. saankhyikee. "23,2022 ityasya ante adyataneekrutam" iti. ! kolan = 3. vruttihi. ! 325 ! 752 ! 451 ! 2940 ! 972 ! 3912 ! 1734 ! 694 ! 2.3 ! 1..4. ! 9.0 ! 3.0 ! 1.2.0 ! 5.3 ! 2.1. ! 62 tippanyah vyaktigatajeevanam. revolt german-paramparayaha asti, tasya pitaamah heinz tathaa helgaa cha 1950 tame varshe europiya-rashtrat pravaasam krutavantah. tasya pitaa criss, tasmanian-football-leag-madhye clarence-kridaayaam 298 kreedaaluh kreedakah aasit, rajyasya pratinidhihi kreedakah api cha tasmanian-football-haal-aaf-fame-madhye antarbhoot. revolt ityasya dwau kanishtabhraatarau, hyaari tathaa charley, ubhau kanishtaraajyastare tasmania-pakshatah kreeditau. saha poorvasya sent kilda effl football-aatagarasy nick revolt ityasya prathamah bhraatruvyah asti. revolt-varyaha 2016 tame varshe dirghakalam yaavat preyasi carley jeeglar ityanaya saha vivaahabandhane aabaddhah abhavat, tathaa cha 2017 tame varshe november-maase revolt-ityasya gruharaajye tasmania-nagare ekasmin samaarohe te vivaahitaah abhavan. dampateeh prathamam santaanam, balika, 2019 tame varshe ajayata. 2021 tame varshe, dampatee swasyaah dwiteeyaputryaah janmam aghoshayat. football-kshetraat doore revolt ekaha utkatah golf-kreedakah asti, yah ekadaa 0.6 yaavat nyoonam vikalaamgam kreeditavaan. saha american-raak-byaand-da-killers-ityasya api prashamsakah asti, yayaa saha 2017 tame varshe richmond-ityasya premiyar-chaip-vijayasya anantaram saha manche pradarshanm krutavaan. madhyamanam vruttihi. faaks footee ityasya "e. ef. ell. 360" ityasmin saaptaahik-atithiroopen revolt drushyate. saha 2019 tame varshe da gret weekend iti australian-dooradarshan-kaaryakrame upasthaapakatvena abhyanayt, 2020 tame varshe cha cha ityatra somavaasare raatrau swakeeyasya radio-aavar iti sanchalayat. revolt ityeshah novaa 100 melborne praatahbhojanasy radio-kaaryakrame chrissy, syaam & braunee ityasmin niyamitaroopen drushyate. karkatarogasya bhayah. 2007 tame varshe revolt ityasya prushtatah karkarogasya macchah nishkaasitah. 0. 9 millimeter-melanoma-rogah karkarogayuktah iti drudeekrutasya anantaram saha adhika-ootakam apasaritavan, tatah param punah ghatitam naa bhavet iti niyamita-parikshanam krutavaan. 2014 tame varshe saha e. ef. ell. players-sanghasya tathaa karkarog-parishadasya victoriyaayaah cha abhiyanasya netrutvam krutavaan yena "karkarogasya vishaye kathina-samvaadam kartum purushaan sammohitum shakyate." myadee ityasya drushtihi. yadaa 2015 tamavarshasya aarambhe revolt ityasya bhraatruvyasya medee (nick ityasyaah bhaginee) raktarogasya applastic-raktaalpataayaah parinaamen mrutah, tadaa saha, revolt-parivaarah cha tasyaah sammanartham sthaapitasya, maidee ityasya dooradrushteh, paropakaarasy saarwajanik-vaktaarah abhavan. baahya-samparkah. ]

jaak revolt jaak revolt (prappu october 31,1988) oru thozhilmurai australian vithigal kaalpandhu veerar aavaar, avar australian kaalpandhu leakil (aee. eff. ell) richmond kaalpandhu kilappirkaaga vilaiyaadugiraar. avar moontru murai pirathama mandhiri veerar, moontru murai coleman pathakkam ventravar, moontru murai aall australian, 11 murai richmond kilap munnani goalkikar, irandu murai jaak dier pathakkam ventravar mattrum dasmanian kaalpandhu haal off famour aavaar. avar richmandin thunai kaeptanaagavum paniyaattrukiraar, maelum 2017 muthal avvaaru seithu varukiraar. aarambagaala vaazhkkai mattrum juuniyar kaalpandhu. revolt, dosmaniavin hoopaarttil, chriss mattrum lesley revolt aagiyoarin pettroarukku piranthaar. avar kilakku hoobert puranagarp paguthiyaana bellarivil valarnthaar mattrum dosmaniavin ess. eff. ell ill clarence anikkaaga juuniyar kaalpandhu vilaiyaadinaar. 2005 aam aandil revolt thanathu 16 vayathil clarence moolam thanathu mooththa arimugamaanaar, pinnar kilappudan adhan iruthith thodarin moolam vilaiyaadinaar, idhil thoalviyadaintha grand iruthip poatti udpada naanku koolgalai udhaiththaar. aduththa aandu avar meendum clarensuden oru mooththa grand iruthip poattiyil vilaiyaadinaar, inththa murai kilappin vettri pettra aniyin uruppinar. pinnar avar tock kooppai mattaththil tussy marainargaludan vilayaadi payirchi pettraar, maelum 2006 aam aandu 18 vayathukkutpatta saambiyanshippil thanathu maanilatthai pirathinithiththuvappaduththinar. saambiyanshippil moontru poattikalil avar moththam ettu koolgalai adiththaar, maelum irandu santharppangalil avarathu aniyin sirantha veerargalil oruvaraaga peyaridappattaar. 2006 aam aandil avar vii. eff. ell ill dasmanian devils anikkaaga ettu poattikalil vilaiyaadinaar. kurippaaga pendikoavukku ethiraaga oru kurippidatthakka aattam vanthathu, angku avar naanku koolgalai udhaiththu 13 mathippenkalai eduththaar. avar saint virjils mattrum hoopaardil ulla rosney kallooriyil uyarnilaip pallyil payintraar. varaivukku munbu, afl meediyaavin maed burgen avarai "cole-kicking forward, avar migavum valuvaana maelnilai."iruppinum avar thanathu pathavikku kurugiya mattrum methuvaanathaaka karudhappattaar, vadakku melbourne aatchaerppu maelaalar neville stepart pinnar revolt" "thadagala allathu (kazhaththin) iru munaigalilum mukiya pathaviyil vilaiyaada poathumaana uyaram illai endru avar nambavillai endru kuripittaar"."richmond aatchaerppu maelaalar francis jackson pinnar revoltin eerkkakkoodiya kaalpandhu puththisaaliththanangkalaiyum, pandhin parappaip padikkum thiranaiyum avarathu aatchaerppil mukiya kaaranigalaaga ninaivu koornthaar. afl thozhil. 2007 season. 2006 aam aandu aee. eff. ell thaesiya varaivuth thodaril kilappin muthal thaervu mattrum ottumoththamaaga 13 vadhu thaervudan revolt varaivu seiyappattaar. 2007 season 9 vadhu suttril, emm. chii. jii. yill nadantha 'jii' poattiyil kanavulagil avar arimugamaanaar. aduththa vaaram avar vilaiyaadavillai, aduththa suttru 14 ill mooththa aniyil thoantrinaar. suttru 16 ill moontru cole seyalthiranin oru paguthiyaaga avar thanathu muthal thozhilmurai koalai udhaiththaar. avar season iruthi aaru aattangkalil ainththil vilaiyaaduvaar, antha aandu thanathu ettu mooththa poattikalil irunthu aezhu koolgaludan muditthaar. 2008 season. 2008 aam aandil richmandin mooththa aniyil oru valakkamaana uruppinaraaga revolt thannai nilainirutthik kondaar. avar 4 vadhu suttril season thanathu muthal poattiyil vilaiyaadinaar, maelum antha seasonil maelum oru poattiyai mattumae thavaravittaar, 18 poattikalil vilaiyaadinaar. avarukku ethiraaga ainthu koolgalai adiththa avarathu 15 vadhu suttru paiyil irunththathu appoathaiya thozhil vaazhkkaiyin sirantha koalaagum. avar moththam 18 koolgalai udhaiththaar, antha paruvaththil kilappil ainthaavathu sirantha koalukku nallathu. 2009 season. 2009 aam aandil muthal muraiyaaga richmandin sirantha-22 ill oru seesanaith thodangkinaar, kilappugalin suttru 1 poattiyil vilaiyaadiyathu. inththa season muthal aezhu suttrugalil avar aezhu koolgalai adiththaar, kilappin 8 mattrum 9 suttrugalaith thavaraviduvatharku munbu. avar 10 vadhu suttril irandu koolgaludan thirumbinaar, adharku munbu 11 vadhu suttril maelum moontru koolgalaich serththaar. avar illaathathaith thodarnthu onbathu poattikalil avar 20 koolgalai adiththaar, idhu munththaiya aandai vida avarathu season mothaththai vida siranthathu. inththa oottaththil serkkappattathu aaru cole seyalthiran richmond 17 vadhu suttril esandanukku ethiraana vetrtriyil. revolt thanathu "addii buddhisalithanam" mattrum kurikkum thiranukkaaga antha vaaraththin jaque niyal avarkalaal paaraattappattaar. antha seasonil avar mattroru aattaththaiyum thavaravidavillai, 20 poattikal vilayaadi oru anii-irandaavathu 32 koolgaludan muditthaar. kilappin sirantha mattrum niyayamaana ennikkaiyil avar ettaavathu idaththaip pidiththaar. 2010 season. 2010aam aandu revoltukku oru arputhamaana aandaaga irunththathu. avar thanathu muthal aezhu poattikalil 15 koolgalai adiththu seesanai valuvaagath thodangkinaar. 8 mattrum 15 suttrugalukku idaiyilaana aduththa ettu poattikalil, revolt leakin sirantha 43 koolgalai udhaiththaar. onbathu aandugalukku munbu methev lloyd vilaiyaadiya piragu pala poattikalil idhu miga uyarnththa moththamaagum. avar oru vettrip poattiyil 12 vadhu suttril thanathu thozhil vaazhkkaiyin sirantha 10 koolgalai udhaiththaar. inththa cole ainthu muthal kaalandu koolgalai ulladakkiyathu, naanku koolgal vilaiyaattin muthal 11 nimidangalukkul vanthana. 2007 aam aandil jonathan piravunukkup piragu oru poattiyil 10 koolgalai adiththa muthal veerar endra perumaiyaiyum, 2004 aam aandil methev richartchanukkup piragu muthal richmond veerar endra perumaiyaiyum pettraar. 21 aam suttril, docklands stadiaththil saint kildaavukku ethiraaga 17 murai cole adiththatharkaaga, 11 mathippenkal mattrum aezhu koolgal adiththatharkaaga revelt sirantha maithaanamaaka peyaridappattaar. idhan moolam aezhu aandu varalaattril iyaan stevard pathakkaththai ventra muthal richmond veerar aanaar. naanku aandu vaazhkkaiyil muthal muraiyaaga, revolt ovvoru saathiyamaana poattiyaiyum vilaiyaadiya seesanai muditthaar. avarathu 78 koolgal leakil endhavoru veerarum adhiga cole adiththana, idhu avarukku coleman pathakkam mattrum michael roach pathakkaththai muraiyae leekkaagavum, kilap munnani koolkikkaraagavum pettrathu. kolmenai ventra naanku naatkalukkup piragu, richmandin sirantha mattrum niyayamaana veeraraaga jaak dier pathakkaththai revolt pettraar. muzhu munnoakki nilaiyil anaitthu australian aniyilum avar peyaridappattaar. pinnar ayarlaandhil suttruppayanam maerkollavum, 2010 sarvadesa vithigal thodaril australiavai pirathinithiththuvappaduththav revolt thernthedukkappattaar. 2011 season. 2011 season thodanguvatharku munbu richmandin aaru paer konda thalaimaik kuzhuvil revolt serkkappattathu. 1aam suttril carltonukku ethiraaga season aaru koolgal thodakkatthaith thodarnthu, avar thodara oru kadinamaana pathinainthu naatkalai anubavithaar. kilappin suttru 2 poattiyin thodakkaththil avar oru moolaiyirukkathaal paathikkappattaar, maelum endhavoru periya pullivivara vagaiyilum thaakkatthai pathivu seivatharku munbu avarukku pathilaaka maattrappattaar. avar aadai araikalai kazhaththudan inaikkum padigalil oornththu sendru, poattikkuth thirumba vaendum endru valukkattaayamaaga vaakkuvitthaar. aepral maatham payirchiyaalar damian haardvik-damirunthu vimarsanangkalaip pettra revolt, anii veeraraana dustin martin meethu kaththuvathaiyum, suttru 3 ill benjukku viralaik koduppathaiyum paarththa piragu kazhaththil thanathu nadaththaiyai maattra vaendum endru koorinaar. kaii saikaikkaaga avarukku $1,200 abaraathamum vithikkappattathu. suyanala vilaiyaattirkaaga "vayathil" robbert suvarkalaal avar vimarsikkappattaar; revolt "oru kuzhu vilaiyaattil oru thaninabaraaga maarivittaar" endru suvarkal koorina." iruppinum, aduththa aaru poattikalil munneppoathum illaatha vadivaththil avar paniyaattrinaar, naanku murai naanku koolgalaiyum, irandu santharppangalil ainthu pavundarigalaiyum adiththaar. avarathu vadivam season enjchiya kaalaththirku valuvaaga irunththathu, kuraindha cole uthaikkum alavugal irunththapoathilum, haardvik thanathu seesanukku munththaiya thittatthai maithaanaththil maelum vilaiyaadach seithathan vilaivaagum. irandaavathu thodarchchiyaana aandil avar kilappin munnani goalkeekar viruthai ventraar mattrum kilappin 22 poattikalil ovvondrilum vilaiyaadinaar. colaman pathakkaththirkaana poattiyil, launs franklinukku aduththapadiyaaga, revoltin 62 koolgal adiththu irandaavathu idaththaip pidiththaar. antha paruvaththil kilappin sirantha mattrum niyayamaana ennikkaiyil revolt onbathaavathu idaththaip pidiththaar. septumber maatham, revolt anaitthu paruvangkalilum kaayangal moolam vilaiyaadiyathu theriyavanthathu, maelum naanku aruvai sigichchaigal thaevaippadum; ovvoru iduppilum ondru, avarathu viralil ondru mattrum avarathu idathu kanukkaal meethu mattrondru. oru payirchi vibaththukkup piragu aerpatta vilaa elumbu utchurappuththanmai sethaththaiyum avar samaaliththu vanthaar. 2012 season. aruvai sigichchaigal mattrum meetpin oru paruvatthaith thodarnthu, revolt thanathu muthal moontru poattikalil ainthu koolgal mattrum onbathu pinnadaivugalai udhaiththu, seesanai thavaraaga thodangkinaar. season naduppaguthiyil avar thanathu sirantha nilaikkuth thirumbinaar, muraiyae 9 mattrum 10 vadhu suttrugalil thodarchchiyaaga aaru mattrum ettu koolgalai adiththaar. 10-vadhu suttru vettri enbathu revoltin 100-vadhu thozhilmurai poattiyaagum, maelum 2003-kkup piragu saint kildaavukku ethiraana richmandin muthal vetrtriyaagum. avar coult coast mattrum merkaththiya pultaakkugalukku ethiraana 16 mattrum 20 suttrugalil ainthu koolgalin paikalai udhaiththaar. moontru aandugalil irandaavathu muraiyaaga, paruvaththin mudivil leakin cole scoring panthayaththil revolt muthalidaththaip pidiththaar, 2012 paruvaththirkaana coleman pathakkaththai pettraar. avar kilappin iruthip poattiyil nuzhainthaar, dye-leadergal methev paavlich () mattrum daam hockins () aakiyoarukku pinnaal moontru koolgal, aanaal aaru koolgalai veechi antha seasonil 65 koolgaludan muditthaar, maelum irandu koolgal joadikku thelivaaga irunththana. pala coleman pathakkangkalai ventra irandaavathu richmond veerar endra perumaiyai revolt pettraar, maelum avvaaru seivathil michael rochin kilap saathanaiyai saman seithaar. aaramba niyamanangalil avar thaernthedukkappattathan moolam, revolt iruthiyil aandin anaitthu australian aniyilum peyaridappadavillai. warwick green mattrum maed windley off thii herault suunn puddy avar oru sarchaikkuriya thavaraaga karudhappattaar. avar inththa paruvaththin sirantha mattrum niyayamaana viruthil kilappil onbathaavathu idaththaip pidiththaar. 2013 season. 2012-13 off-seasonil meendum siriya aruvai sigichchaigalukkaaga katthiyaal kutthappatta rii volt kaanapattaar, idhu meetkappattathaal avarai oru varaiyarukappatta payirchi sumaikku kattaayappaduththiyathu. season athikaarappoorvamaaga thodanguvatharku munbae, richamandin seesanukku munththaiya poattiyai vella sairanukkup piragu oru koalai udhaiththu, revolt aerkanavae thanathu thaguthiyaik kaattiyirundhaar. anthath thodarin poathu avar muthal muraiyaaga richmandirkuth thalaimai thaangi, ettu pulligal vidhyaasaththil vettri pettraar. 1aam suttril vettri petrtrapoathu cole ethuvum adikkaamal irunththapoathu, aduththa vaaram aezhu koolgal adiththu revolt pathilaliththaar. aduththa vaaram avar seyalthiranai aathariththaar, maelum ainthu koolgalai adiththu vetrtriyai adainthaar. 5-vadhu suttril oru pulliyil thoalviyadainthapoathu uudaga vimarsanangkalai revolt eerthaar, nerukkamaana thoalviyaith thodarnthu anii veerargalukku koopamaaga pathilaliththa pinnar maark maclural "oru muthanmaiyaana doonaa" endru peyaridappattaar. anaitthu paruva revolt avarathu oppantham mattrum ethirkaalaththil vilaiyaaduvathu kuritthu uudaga uukangkalukku udpattathu. avar freemandil niruvanaththidamirunthu salugaigalaip petrtrathaakak koorappadugiradhu, aanaal juulai maatha iruthiyil richmandudan oru puthiya moontru aandu oppanthaththil kaiyezhuththittathan moolam varththaga anugumuraigalai munkoottiyae nirutthinaar. 17 suttrugalukkup piragu, 47 oottangkal eduththu, leakin cole-kicking pattiyalil moontraavathu idaththil irunthaar. avar 57 koolgaludan seesanai muditthaar, idhu 2009 kkup piragu avarathu migak kuraindha ennikkaiyaagum, aanaal innum naankaavathu neraana kilap munnani goalkikar viruthai vella mudinthathu. septumber maatham emm. chii. jii. yill elemination iruthip poattiyil richmond thoalviyadainthapoathu avar thanathu muthal thozhil iruthip poattiyil vilaiyaadinaar. paruvaththin mudivil kilappin sirantha mattrum niyayamaana ennikkaiyil revolt aezhaavathu idaththirku samamaaga irunthaar. cole asistkalukkaaga leakil moontraavathu idaththaip pidiththaar. 2014 season. pipravari 2014 ill, richmandin ainthu veerargalin thalaimaik kuzhuvilirundhu revolt neekkappattaar, adharku pathilaaka paathukaavalar troy saaplin niyamikkappattaar. idhu, payirchiyaalarin oru thittaththudan avarai oru "paarambariya center hoff forward paaththiraththil" vilaiyaada, revolt sila kaalaththil irunthathai vida viththiyaasamaaga seesanai nerunguvathaik kandaar. avar off-seasonil thanathu vilayaattu edaiyaik kuraitthaar, thanathu udarpayirchi thalaththai adhigariththaar, athae neraththil siriya off-season aruvai sigichchaiyilirunthu muzhangaal mattrum iduppu varai meendu vanthaar. muthal suttril thoalviyadaintha revoltin seyalthiran payirchiyaalaraal "oppeettalavil moasamaaga" mutthirai kuththappattathu, munnoakki 10 selavugalukku kuraivaagavum, 8,2012 suttrukkup piragu muthal muraiyaaga oru koalaiyum mattumae pathivu seithathu. avar 3 vadhu suttril triffing seithathaaga therivikkappattathu, aanaal aee. eff. ell poatti maruaaivu kuzhu kuttraththai idaineekkam seiya thaguthiyattrathu endru karuthi oru kandanaththudan mattumae thappinar. aniyin puthiya kurugiya-kicking vilayaattu paaniyin seyalthiranukku ethiraaga avar pagirangkamaaga paesiyapoathu, mae maatham kilap athikaarigalaal avar thandikkappattaar. kilap "avarathu vaayilirunthu (revoltin) kaalaiyum, avarathu kazhudhaiyilirundhu enn kaalaiyum nagarththiyathu" endru haardvik nagaichchuvaiyaaga uudakangkalukku vilakkinaar. avar tweeter moolam pagirangkamaaga mannippu catar, idhan vilaivaaga thaervu koadaariyaith thavirthaar. sidniyil ulla jii. doublue. ess jaambavaangalukku ethiraaga richmandin 113 pulligal vetrtriyil avarathu thozhil vaazhkkaiyin miga uyarnththa 11 koolgalai adiththapoathu avarathu kazhaththil pathil kurippidaththakkadhaaga irunththathu. juulai maatham, affle dosmaniavin dasaapthaththin dasmanian aniyil muzhu-munnoakki revolt peyaridappattaar. irandaavathu thodarchchiyaana seasonil, revolt mattrum puligal afl iruthip poattikku thaguthi peruvaarkal, aanaal oru poattikkup piragu meendum veliyaettrappattanar. avar 61 koolgalai udhaiththu seesanai muditthaar mattrum thodarnthu ainthaavathu aandaaga richmandin goalking viruthai ventraar. avar kilappin varalaattril ainthu thodarchchiyaana paruvangkalil 50 koolgalai adiththa irandaavathu veerar aanaar, jaak dietasith thodarnthu 1934-1938. 2015 season. thanathu uravinar maedi iranththathai ulladakkiya oru unarchchipoorvamaana off-seesanukkup piragu, revolt 1 vadhu suttril samamaaga unarchchivasappattaar. carltonukku ethiraana richmandin vetrtriyil avar naanku koolgalai udhaiththaar, maelum avarathu ovvoru koolgalukkum piragu vaanatthai suttikkaattuvathan moolam avarathu ninaivukku thanathu seyalthiranai arppanitthaar. avar 5 muthal 8 suttrugalil valuvaana vadivaththai adiththaar, 14 koolgalai udhaiththaar mattrum naanku vaara kaalappagudhiyil saraasariyaaga aezhu mathippenkalukku mael adiththaar. 13 vadhu suttril avar season thanathu migapperiya ennikkaiyai udhaippaar, ess. chii. jii. kku ethiraaga aaru koolgaludan. saint kildaavudanaana 16 vadhu suttru poatti "matties match" endru kurikkappattathu, idhu revolt uravinargalin kaaranamaana "maetteeyin paarvai" kku nidhi thirattiyathu. avar richmandin vettri aniyil irandu koolgalai adiththaar. ottumoththamaaga 2015 revoltukku oru sirantha aandaaga niroopiththathu, aaraavathu neraana kilap munnani goalkikar viruthai (54) ventrathu, pinnar mathippenkal mattrum selavugalukku thozhil uchaththai amaiththathu. thanathu thozhil vaazhkkaiyil irandaavathu muraiyaaga revolt afl aall-australian anikku thernthedukkappattaar, inththa murai center-hoff forward nilaiyil. avar richmandin sirantha mattrum niyayamaana poattiyil ainthaavathu idaththaip pidiththaar, kevin bartlet pathakkaththai pettraar. 2015 aam aandil richmond saathanaiyaiyum revolt muriyadiththaar, jaak dietusai muriyadiththu, thodarchchiyaaga aaru paruvangkalil 50 kkum maerpatta koolgalai adiththa muthal richmond veeraraaga aanaar. juun maatha iruthiyil oru oppantha neettippil revolt kaiyeluththittaar, kurainthathu 2019 season iruthi varai richmandudan oppantham seithaar. 2016 season. 2015 aam aandin pirpaguthiyil richmond capton trent kootchin padhaviyai rajinama seiya azhaippugalai edhirkondapoathu, revolt oru saathiyamaana maattraaka peyaridappattaar. avar uukangkalai niraagarittaar, "(capton aavathu) endra kaelviyai kooda ennaal kaetka mudiyaathu, aenentraal enn paarvaiyil (kootchin) engkal kaalpandhu kilappai vazhinadaththa sirantha nabar endru naan ninaikkiraen." kazhaththil, inththa season revolt center-hoff forward nilaikku thanathu maattraththaith thodarnthaar. avar thanathu sagippuththanmai, surusuruppu mattrum kuthikkum thiranai edai kuraippathan moolamum, cole lineil irunthu maelum vilaiyaattil kavanam seluththuvathan moolamum maempaduththinaar. avar 5 vadhu suttril oru siriya kanukkaal kaayatthaal paathikkappattaar, maelum avarathu kilappin 6 vadhu suttru poattikku thayaaraaga irukka icing mattrum maruvaazhvin theeviramaana thittam thevaippattathu. emm. chii. jii. yill 21 vadhu suttril keelangidam thoalviyadaintha thanathu 200 vadhu thozhil vaazhkkaiyil vilaiyaadinaar. revolt iruthiyil 2016 aam aandil richmandin 22 aattangkalil ovvondrilum vilaiyaadinaar, oru aniyai munnani 48 koolgalai adiththaar. thanathu ettu aatta arimuga seesanukkup piragu oru poattiyil ainthu koolgal konda paiyai udhaikkaamal avar selvathu idhuvae muthal muraiyaagum. iruppinum, avar moththa mattrum sarasari selavugalil oru puthiya thanipatta siranthathai amaitthaar, midfieldukku nerukkamaaga thanathu puthiya paaththiraththai vagiththaar. kilappin sirantha mattrum niyayamaana ennikkaiyil revolt naankaavathu idaththaip pidiththaar, idhan vilaivaaga fred swift pathakkam kidaiththathu. kilappin payirchiyaalaraal oru pinthangkiya nadavadikkai endru mutthirai kutthappatta oru aandukkup piragu, revolt uudakangkalin varththaga uukangkalaal soolappattaar. avar kilappirkaana thanathu uruthippaattai meendum valiyurutthinaar, kilappudan kurippidatthakka anii vetrtriyai engkum adaivaen endru santhegaththaith thodangiyirunthaalum, pirkaalaththil avar "manjal mattrum karuppu niraththil" iruppathaagak koorinaar. 2017 season. revoltin 2017 muun season neediththa kaayam kavalaigal kaaranamaaga paathikkappattathu. aruvai sigichchai nipunar kadumaiyaana sethaththai velippaduththiyathan vilaivaaga, aruvai sigichchai oru muzhu kanukkaal punaramaipukku maattrappaduvatharku munbu, septumber 2016 ill avar siriya kanukkaal aruvai sikitchaikku utpaduththappattaar. novemberil avar meendum katthiyaal kutthappattaar, inththa murai munbu udainththa viralil aerpatta sethaththai sariseiya. avar maarch 2017 ill richmandin inai thunaith thalaivaraaga niyamikkappattaar. avar paathukaavalar alex ransudden paaththiraththaip pagirnthu kolla irunthaar, athae neraththil iruvarum thodarnthu capton trent kootchin keezh paniyaattrinaar. off-seasonil muzhu munnoakki dye vikkari ilavasa-agencyudan purappaduvathaal, 2017 aam aandil aalamaana munnoakki nilaigalil adhiga vilayaattu neraththaik kaana vaendum. 2017 aam aandu 1 aam suttril richmandin vetrtriyil avar thanathu thozhil vaazhkkaiyin sirantha aezhu daakkilgalai pathivu seithaar. melboarnudan 5 aam suttru ansack day eev moathal eeramaana vaanilai vilaiyaattil revolt aaru koolgalai uthaithathaik kandadhu. avar thanathu 500 vadhu thozhilmurai koalai 7 vadhu suttril, 2017 ill ethihaat stadiaththil nadantha poattiyil udhaiththaar. kilappin varalaattril miga vaekamaaka mailkallai ettiya ainthaavathu veerar aavaar. 11 aattangkalukkup piragu mattrum nadu seasonil, revolt 29 koolgalai adiththirunthaar. 13 vadhu suttril avar thanathu 214 vadhu aee. eff. ell poattiyil, ettu vadhu kurnsiyil oru richmond veerar vilaiyaadiya adhiga aattangkalukku tick kalimannai kadanthu sentraar. 13 mattrum 14 suttrugalil avarathu irandu mattrum moontru cole aattangkal pala koolgaludan thodarchchiyaana aattangkalin varisaiyai 10 aagak konduvandhana. antha neraththil antha varisaiyai vaiththirukkum poattiyil oray veerar avar mattrum aandin goalking ennikkaiyil ainthaavathu idaththaip pidiththaar. saint kildaavidam richmond 16 vadhu suttril thoalviyadainthathil pala moasamaana seyalthiran kondavargalil oruvaraaga revolt irunthaar, oru koalai mattumae udhaiththu, 67 pulligal izhappil aezhu udaimaigalai sekariththaar. maelum ennaventraal, vilaiyaattin irandaavathu calandin ettaavathu nimidam varai revoltin muthal udaimai varavillai. payirchiyin poathu anii veeraraana mabier koalil irunthu thartcheyalaaka kannil kuththappattathaal, revolt oru vettu corneawal paathikkappattu kannukkup pinnaal iraththappoakku aerpattathu. kaayam kaaranamaaga richmandin 19 vadhu suttru poattiyai avar kaanavillai, maelum thodarchchiyaaga vilaiyaadiya 86 aattangkalil revoltin steakai mudivukkuk konduvandhaar. avar suttru 20 ill mattroru poattiyaith thavaravittaar, adharku munbu suttru 21 ill thirumbinaar. 23 aam suttril, revolt thanathu uravinar nikkirku ethiraaga munnoakki oaivu poattiyil vilaiyaadinaar. avar, saint kilda forward josh broozudden saernthu, irandaavathu saint kilda veerar inththa kavuravaththirkaaga anupappattathaal sarchaikkuriya oru nadavadikkaiyil tharaiyil irunthu nick thalaimai thaangkinaar. keylong mattrum jii. doublue. ess. kku ethiraana iruthip poattikalin vetrtrikalaith thodarnthu, revolt mattrum richmond aagiyoar grand iruthip poattikku thaguthi peruvaarkal, idhu 1982 kkup piragu kilappin muthal muraiyaagum. avarkal iruthiyil mainar-pirathamarkalukku ethiraana poattiyil 48 pulligal vidhyaasaththil vettri peruvaarkal, revolt irandu koolgal, aaru mathippenkal mattrum aezhu daakkilgalai bangaliththaar. poattikkup pinththaiya kondaattangalin poathu, america raak isaikkuzhuvaana killargalaal emm. chii. jii. yill oru ilavasa kacheri nadaththappattathu, ivarkalin rasikar revolt aavaar. munththaiya vaaraththil kilap mattrum afl media maelaalargaludan inththa munmozhivai ezhuppiya piragu, reovold avarkalin 2005 single "thiru" paaduvatharkaaga maedaiyil isaikkuzhuvil saera pirabalamaaga alaikkappattaar. pirakaasamaana pakkam ". 2017 seasonil thanathu seyalthiranukkaaga, revolt ettaavathu neradiyaana kilap munnani cole-kicker viruthaip pettraar, kilappin sirantha mattrum niyayamaana ennikkaiyil aezhaavathu idaththaip pidiththaar, 50 kkul mathippenkalukkaaga leakil muthalidaththaip pidiththaar mattrum oru pirathama mandhiri veeraraaga aanaar. 2018 season. 2018 seesanukkul munnani vagikkum revolt valuvaana cole-kicking vadivaththaik kaattinaar, kilappin vii. eff. ell pakkaththirku ethiraana oru kilap poattiyin poathu richmandin mooththa veerargalukku aezhu koolgalai adiththaar. angkirunthu avar kilappin irandu seesanukku munththaiya poattikalil ovvondrilum vilaiyaadinaar, season thodakka suttril naanku koolgalai udhaiththaar. pathinainthu naatkalukkup piragu revolt maelum naanku pulligalaich saerththu, thanathu anikku 13 pulligal vidhyaasaththil vettri pera udhavinaar. 7 vadhu suttril, revolt thanathu vaazhkkaiyil muthal muraiyaaga richmandirku sontha mattrum pura poattiyil kaeptanaaga irunthaar, trent kootchin kaayam kaaranamaaga thaamathamaaga vilagiya pinnar. irandu vaarangkalukkup piragu optus stadiaththil nadantha poattiyil avar ainthu koolgalai adiththaar. athae vilaiyaattil avar moontraavathu kaalaandil thaamathamaaga liam tucken meethu oru pump vaitthaar, idhan vilaivaaga aduththa idaiveliyil avar raththaththai irumal paarthaar. avarathu udalnilai kuritthu kavalaigal velippaduthappatta pinnar, andru iravu kuzhuvudan melpoarnukkuth thirumbuvatharku avar maruththuva reethiyaaga agattrappada vaendiyirunththathu. antha neraththil avar penn pravun (31) mattrum jaak darling (28) aakiyoarukku pinnaal moththa koolgalukkaana poattiyil moontraavathu idaththil irunthaar. aduththa vaaram avar vilaiyaaduvatharku muzhumaiyaaga meendaalum, antha suttru 10 poattiyin muthal kaalaandil ainthu nimidangalil paathukaavalar jaque carlisil thavaraaga kollaiyadiththapoathu thalaiyil adipattathaal avaraal endha arthamulla pankalippaiyum seiya mudiyavillai. richmond illaatha poathilum vetrtriyai adainthaar, maelum carlisle vaelainiruththaththirkaaka irandu poattikal idaineekkam seiyappattaar. rii volt moolaiyathirchchiyin vilaivaaga oru muzhu poattiyaiyum thavaravidavillai, aduththa vaaram jii vetrtriyil thanathu aniyin kanavu neraththil varisaiyil nirkiraar. adhaith thodarnthu vantha vaaraththil, fax foottiyin anaitthu australian anigalilum revolt peyaridappattaar. fax varnanaiyaalar paal roose, avaraith thaduppathilum, idaththai uruvaakkuvathilum, podhigalai norunguvathilum avar maerkonda muyarchigalukkaagavum paaraattinaar, maelum roose avarai "poattiyil migavum thannalamattra veerar" endru mutthirai kuththiyathu."juun maatha iruthiyil hoopaardil nadantha oru kankavar nigazhvil avar dasmanian kaalpandhu haal off famil serkkappattaar. idai season paikkup piragu, ethihaat stadiaththil oru vettriyin poathu revolt thanathu vaazhkkaiyin seyalthiranil ontrai nigazhththinaar. avar thanathu thozhil vaazhkkaiyin sirantha mathippenkalai (21) mattrum poattith mathippenkal (aezhu) aagiyavattril kanakkidugiraar, maelum moontru koolgalai udhaiththu, 21 disposalgalai pathivu seithaar, idhu moontru pravun loow pathakka vaakkugal mattrum payirchiyaalarkal sanga viruthil oru sariyaana 10 vaakkugalaal vegumathi alikkapatta tharaiyil sirantha seyalthiranaaga irunththathu. 16aam suttril vettri pettra revelt, 18aam suttril naanku koolgal adiththatharku maelum irandu vaakkugalaip pettraar. aduththa vaaram 50aam suttril onbathu koolgal adiththathan moolam avar thanathu thanipatta vetrtriyai velippaduththinaar. juulai maatha iruthiyil, richmandudan oru puthiya moontru aandu oppanthaththil revolt kaiyeluththittaar, kurainthathu 2021 season iruthi varai kilappil avarai arppanitthaar. fax foottiyin afl 360 ill thanathu valakkamaana panelist paaththiraththil paesiya revolt, 2019 aam aandin iruthi varai munbu irunththa thanathu tharpoothaiya oppanthaththai maruseeramaippathil uuthiyak kuraippai eduththathaagak koorinaar. suttru 20 ill avar naanku koolgalai udhaiththaar, antha aandu avarathu ainthaavathu moththamaagum. antha poattiyin moolam, avarathu 244 thozhil thoattraththudan, ettu enn curncy anindhukondu vilaiyaadiya vilaiyaattukalukku anaitthu naera vfl/afl saathanaiyai amaitthaar. idhaith thodarnthu, 21-vadhu suttril thanathu moontraavathu paththu cole oottaththudan, athil avar thanathu thozhil vaazhkkaiyin miga uyarnththa 26 vetrtrikalaich sekariththu, antha paruvaththil cole adiththatharkaaga leak munnani nilaikku vanthaar. suttru 23 ill thanathu ennikkaiyil maelum ainthu koolgalaich saerththu, 600 thozhilmurai cole mailkallai kadanthu, 65 koolgaludan hoam mattrum avae seesanai mudiththa piragu thanathu moontraavathu coleman pathakkaththai pettraar. leak varalaattril ettaavathu veeraraagavum, richmond kilap varalaattril moontraavathu muraiyaaga inththa viruthai ventra muthal veeraraagavum aanaar. avar afl inn aandin sirantha veerar mathippeettu aniyil munnoakki paakkettil peyaridappattaar, maelum moontraavathu muraiyaaga aall-aasthraeliyanaaga peyaridappattaar. richmandin muthal iruthip poattiyil, emm. chii. jii. yill oru vettri, antha aandu moontraavathu muraiyaaga oru koalai adikkath thavarivittaar. kilappin aaramba iruthip poattiyil ainthu koolgaludan avar antha seyalthiranai sariseidhaar. avarathu muyarchigal irunththapoathilum, richmond iruthip thodaril irunthu veliyaettrappattaar, idhu 39 pulligal izhappu athirchchiyaaga irunththathu. 2018 iruthip poattith thodarin mudivaith thodarnthu, koolukkaaga leakil muthal idaththaiyum, 50 kkul mathippenkalaiyum, mathippen eedupaattirku irandaavathu idaththaiyum, poattiyitta mathippenkalukku ainthaavathu idaththaiyum revolt pettraar. herault suunn" thalaimai kaalpandhu ezhuththaalar maark rabinson, 2018 seasonil leakin sirantha munnoakki mattrum ottumoththamaaga moontraavathu sirantha veeraraaga peyaridappattaar. revolt thanathu arputhamaana paruvaththirkaaga thozhil vaazhkkaiyin sirantha 10 pravunloa pathakka vaakkugalai sekariththaar, maelum richmandin sirantha mattrum niyayamaana veeraraaga thanathu irandaavathu jaak dier pathakkaththaiyum pettraar. 2019 season. 2018 paruvatthaith thodarnthu vantha maathangkalil, revolt siriya thoalpattai aruvai sikitchaikku utpaduththappattaar. disambaril muzhu payirchikkuth thirumbuvatharku munbu, paruvaththin aaramba vaarangkalil payirchigalai oottuvatharku avar kattuppadutthappattaar. antha neraththil afl pullivivara koottaalar "saambiyan tata" aall irandaavathu sirantha mukiya nilai mattrum ottumoththa leakil 34 vadhu sirantha veerar endru peyaridappattaar. athae off-seasonil kilap munnaal forward daam linjai richmond forward lineil revoltudon vilaiyaada niyamiththathu. 2019 aam aandin muthal kaalpandhu thoattram pipravariyil nadantha 2019 aflx poattiyil 'rembej' aniyin kaeptanaaga irunththathu. antha maatha thodakkaththil tholaikaatchiyil oliparappaana varaivu nigazhchchiyil thanathu aniyai thanipatta muraiyil thaerntheduththa piragu, poattiyil oru saambiyanshippirku revolt vazhivaguththaar. maarch maatha iruthiyil emm. chii. jiyil carltonukku ethiraana season-thodakka poattiyil thanathu 250 vadhu aee. eff. ell vilayaattai vilaiyaaduvatharku munbu pipravari pirpaguthiyilum maarch thodakkaththil richmandin irandu seesanukku munththaiya poattikalil ovvondrilum revolt thoantrinaar. avar poattiyil oru koalai udhaiththaar, thanathu thozhil vaazhkkaiyin mothaththai 608 aagak kondu vanthaar, maelum richmandin anaitthu naera goalking leaderboardil michael rochai naankaavathu idaththirkuk kadanthu sentraar. 2-vadhu suttril thoalviyadaintha revolt, manikattil siriya kaayam aerpattathu. rakkil ulla stinn udpada, kaayam irunththapoathilum avar meethamulla poattiyil vilaiyaadinaar. marunaal mudikappatta scanegalil, revolt araththin oru siriya idampeyaraatha elumbu murivu mattrum manikattu thasaippidippu setham aerpattathu theriyavanthathu. athae poattiyil, revolt thanathu idathu muzhangkaalil ulla naduththara siluvaiyil ulla thasainaaril utchelutthappattaar. antha kaayangal kaaranamaaga moontru poattikalaith thavaravitta piragu, revolt kaalpandhirkuth thirumbinaar mattrum richmandin suttru 6 ansack naall eev vetrtriyil irandu koolgalai udhaiththaar. iruppinum, poattiyil avarukku mattroru muzhangaal kaayam aerpadum, ithanaal avarathu idathu muzhangaal pinpura siluvaiyil ulla thasainaaril uyar thara setham aerpadum. richmond kilap athikaarikal kaayatthai sariseiya aruvai sigichchai thevaiyillai endru koorinar, aanaal idhan vilaivaaga aaru muthal ettu vaarangkalukku idaiyil antha revolt innum thavaravidum. antha poattiyin poathu avar bailey fritsh ill oru aabaththaana takel seithathaagavum therivikkappattathu, atharkaaka avarukku $1,000 abaraatham vithikkappattathu. avar thoalviyadaintha afl tribinalil kuttrachchaattai sawal seithaar, iruthiyil abaraatham $1,500 aaga uyarththappattathu. juun muthal vaaraththirkul revolt meendum oodinaar, antha maatha iruthiyil 15 vadhu suttril afl thirumbuvathai ilakkaakak kondaar. avar antha ilakkai irandu vaarangkalukku thavaravittaar, avar oru koalai udhaitha maaperum veerargalukku ethiraaga 17 vadhu suttril vettri pettraar. aduththa vaaram avar maelum moontru koolgalaich serththaar, idhu varai inththa season avarathu sirantha veliyeedaagum, athae neraththil payirchiyaalar damian haardvik juulai maathaththin enjchiya naatkalil form anii veeraraana linchukku aatharavaaka avarathu thannalamattra vilaiyaattaip paaraattinaar. 22 vadhu suttril vettri petrtrapoathu, irandu thanithani kurikkum poattikalil thanathu ethiriyin mudhugin pinpuraththil thanathu kaalgalai vaittha piragu, revolt irandu murai free kikkirku alaikkappattaar. adhaith thodarnthu vantha vaaraththil, theengku vilaivikkum abaayagaramaana seyalgalai mattumae saerkka vidhi thalarththappadum endru aee. eff. ell ariviththathu, ithanaal revoltukku ethiraaga seluththappadum vagaiyaana ilavasa uthadugal inii seluththappadaathu. hoam mattrum avae season iruthi suttril, revelt paathukaavalar marcus audums meethu naanku muthal kaalandu koolgalai udhaiththaar, aanaal pinnar poattiyin enjchiya pakuthikalil darsey cardinerol paathukaakkappattapoathu maelum koolgal ethuvum adikka mudiyavillai. richmond moontraavathu idaththil seesanai mudiththa piragu, revolt moontru koolgalai udhaiththu 47 pulligal thaguthi iruthi vetrtriyil vettri pettraar. adhaith thodarnthu nadantha aaramba iruthip poattiyil avar kanisamaaga kuraivaana thaakkatthai velippaduththinaar, muthal paathiyil oray oru kaippandhu mattumae thanathu oray veezhchchiyaaga pathivu seithaar, iruthiyil avarathu anii thoarkadikkappattu oru pirammaandamaana iruthip poattikku vettri pettrathaal cole ethuvum adikkavillai. grand iruthip poattiyil, richmond moontru aandugalil irandaavathu pirathamap poattiyai ventrathaal, kandru kaayaththudan kittatthatta thaamathamaaga vilagiya maaperum paathukaavalar pill davisine vaegam illaathathai payanpaduththi, revolt oru poatti-uyar ainthu koolgalai udhaiththaar. avarathu oottaththil moontru irandaavathu kaalandu koolgal adangkum, avai arai neraththil tharaiyil pullivivara reethiyaaga mathippidappatta veerargalil muthalidaththil irunththana, maelum iruthiyil aatta naayaganukkaana valakkamaana smith pathakka vaakkalippil naankaavathu idaththaip pettranar. revoltin ainthu koolgal mattrum oru koalukku pinnaal (31 pulligal) avarai afl/vfl varalaattril naankaavathu veeraraagavum, 59 aandugalil oru grand iruthip poattiyil ethirkkatchi aniyai (25 pulligal) thaniyaaga vinji muthal veeraraagavum aakkinaar. 2020 season. pipravari maatham bushfire nivaaranap poattikkaana afl nidhi thirattum nilaiyil 2020 aam aandirkaana thanathu muthal poattiyil revolt vilaiyaadinaar, natpu anaitthu natchaththiranggalin pakkaththin oru paguthiyaaga thanathu sontha manilamaana dosmaniavaip pirathinithiththuvappaduththum poathu irandu koolgalai udhaiththaar. athae vaara iruthiyil avar muthal seesanukku munththaiya poattiyil amarnthaar, aanaal oru vaaraththirkup piragu kilappin iruthi seesanukku munththaiya poattikkuth thirumbinaar. thadaiyattra munkoottiya paruvam irunththapoathilum, maarch naduppaguthiyil australiavil caronaviruses thottrunoayin viraivaana munnaettram, revolt mattrum pirathamarin paathukaappu udpada paruvaththin ethirkaalam santhegaththil irunththathu. kuzhuk koottangalukku podhu sugaathaarath thadaigal kaaranamaaga season thodakkam thittamittapadi thodarum endru aee. eff. ell aanaiyam iruthiyil ariviththathu, aanaal rasigargal kalandhu kollavillai. paruvaththin naduppaguthiyil oru kurippidatthakka idaiveli thaevaippadum endra ethirpaarppudan, aandin pirpaguthiyil kurugiya idaiveligaludan pala poattikalil vilaiyaaduvaargal endru ethirpaarkkappadum veerargalin sumaiyaik kuraippatharkaaga, season maattriyamaikkappatta 17-suttru poattikaludan mudikappadum endrum, kaall neelam ainththil oru pangku kuraikappadum endrum leak ariviththathu. antha nilaimaigalin keezh, oru suttru 1 vetrtriyil revolt samamaana anii-uyar moontru koolgalai udhaiththaar, idhu avarai vaaraththin "afl meediyaavin" aniyil peyariduvathaik kandadhu. iruppinum, moontru naatkalukkup piragu, pala maanilangkal thangal ellaikalil thanimaippaduthappatta nibanthanaigalai amalpaduththiya pinnar aee. eff. ell aanaiyam kaalavaraiyindri paruvatthai idainiruththiyathu. 11 vaara idaivelikkup piragu juun thodakkaththil season meendum thodangiyapoathu moasamaana seyalthiranukkaaga revolt uudaga aaivugalai eerthaar, 2 mattrum 3 suttrugalil cole illaatha poattikalaith thodarnthu. avar aduththa suttril aezhu vaarangkal udaikkappadaatha goalking oottaththaith thodangkinaar, antha neraththil avarum kilappum melbornil virus vediththatharku pathilalikkum vagaiyil thanga kadarkaraikku maattrappattanar. kaayamadaindha trent kootchin idaththirkup pathilaaka, 6 muthal 8 suttrugalukku idaiyil moontru vaara kaalaththirku kilap kaeptanaaga revolt paniyaattrinaar. 10aam suttril avar oru thanipatta season sirantha naanku koolgalai adiththu vettri pettraar, maelum moontru koolgalaich saerththu, 11aam suttril kootchin illaatha nilaiyil oru aattaththirku aniyai vazhinadaththinaar. 12aam suttril richmandin sirantha veerargalil oruvaraaga irunthaar, antha vetrtriyil irandu koolgal bangalippukkaaga oru payirchiyaalar viruthu vaakkeduppaip pettraar. avar 17 vadhu suttril vettri petrtrapoathu tharaiyil samamaana siranthathaaga maelum onbathu vaakkugalaip pettraar, naanku koolgalai adiththaar. revolt valakkamaana seesanai 28 koolgalai udhaiththu muditthaar, iruthiyil coleman pathakka panthayaththil samamaana aaraavathu idaththaip pidiththaar. kilappin iruthip poattiyin thodakka poattiyil avar irandu koolgalai udhaiththaar, oru thaguthi iruthi thoalviyai cole illaamal vaiththatharku munbu, oru vaaraththirkup piragu araiyiruthi vetrtriyil season-kuraindha naanku disposalkalukku. antha moasamaana pullivivarak kaatchi irunththapoathilum, payirchiyaalar damian haardvik, kurippaaga kurikkum poattikalil ethirkkatchi idaimarippu paathukaavalarkalai niraagarikkum thiranukkaaga, payirchiyaalar damian haardvik moolam paaraattappattaar. idhaepoal oru aaramba iruthi vetrtriyil, 2015 kkup piragu muthal muraiyaaga oru cole mattumae adiththu oru maark illaamal sendra poathilum, maark paekkugalaip piriththatharkaaga ridwold hardwickin podhup paaraattaip pettraar. ridwold aduththa vaaram adhiga scoreboardu angkeekaaraththaip pettraar, moontru murai pirathama mandhiri veeraraaga aanaar, athae neraththil 31 pulligal konda grand iruthi vetrtriyil irandu koolgalai udhaiththaar. antha aandu thanathu 33 koolgalukkaaga paththaavathu kilap munnani goalkeekar viruthaiyum revolt pettraar, athae neraththil avar 21 saathiyamaana poattikalilum pankerkum oru paruvaththil kilappin sirantha mattrum niyayamaana ennikkaiyil samamaaga 14 vadhu idaththaip pidiththaar. 2023 season. 2023 aam aandu suttru 1 ill revolt thanathu 8 vadhu thozhil vaazhkkai travil vilayaadi leak saathanaiyai padaiththaar. veerarin suyavivaram. revolt oru goalking muzhu munnoakki mattrum center-hoff munnoakki vilaiyaadugiraar. avar antha nilaiyil kuraivaaga irukkiraar, verum 193 centimeter uyaram kondavar. 2010 kazhil, avar leakil ulla endhavoru veerarukkum 50 kkul adhiga mathippenkalai eduththaar mattrum launs franklin thavira vaeru endha veeraraiyum vida adhiga koolgalai adiththaar, athae neraththil antha neraththil moontru coleman pathakkangkaludan branklinudan porunthinaar. 2019/20 off-seasonil, 2010 kalin sirantha veerargalin "herault suunn" pattiyalil ottumoththamaaga 13 vadhu sirantha veerar endru revolt peyaridappattaar. 2020 aam aandil, richmandin naankaavathu sirantha veerar endru rewald "herault suunn" peyaridappattaar. pullivivarangkal. "suttru 23,2022 inn iruthikku pudhuppikkappattathu". " ! koln = 3| thozhil ! 325 ! 752 ! 451 ! 2940 ! 972 ! 3912 ! 1734 ! 694 ! 2.3 ! 1.4 ! 9.0 ! 3.0 ! 12.0 ! 5.3 ! 2.1 ! 62 kurippugal thanipatta vaazhkkai. revelt jerman paarambariyaththaich sernthavar, avarathu thanthaivazhi tatta paatti heynes mattrum helka 1950 aam aandil iroappiya naattilirunthu kudipeyarnthanar. avarathu thanthai chriss dasmanian kaalpandhu leakil 298 vilayaattu veeraraaga irunthaar, maanilaththin pirathinithi veeraraagavum, dasmanian kaalpandhu haal off famil saerkkappattavaraagavum irunthaar. reveltin irandu ilaiya cakoothararkalaana haari mattrum chaarli iruvarum juuniyar maanila mattaththil dosmaniavukkaaga vilaiyaadinar. avar munnaal saint kilda ofl kaalpandhu veerar nick revoltin muthal uravinar aavaar. revolt 2016 aam aandil neendakaala kaathali carley jeeklarudan nichchayathaarththam seithu kondaar, maelum avarkal navambar 2017 ill revoltin sontha manilamaana dosmaniavil oru vizhaavil tirumanam seithu kondanar. inththa jodiyin muthal kuzhandhai, oru penn, 2019 ill piranthaar. 2021 ill, inththa jody thangal irandaavathu magalin pirapai ariviththathu. kaalpandhu maithaanaththilirunthu vilagi, oru murai 0.6 endra alavil kuraindha uunamutrtra nilaiyil vilaiyaadum aarvamulla goalp veerar. avar america raak isaikkuzhuvin rasikar aavaar, kolaiyaaligal, avarudan maedaiyil naditthaar richamand 2017 ill pirathama mandhiri vetrtrikkup piragu. uudagap panii. fax foottiyin "afl 360" ill vaaraanthira virunththinaraaga revolt thoandrugiraar. avar australian tholaikaatchi nigazhchchiyil thoguppaalaraaga thoantrinaar, 2019 aam aandin sirantha vaara iruthi mattrum 2020 aam aandil avar 1116 chenn andru thinkal iravugalil thanathu sontha vanoli neraththai thoguththu valangkinaar. nova 100 melbourne kaalai unavu vanoli nigazhchchiyaana chrissy, saam & piravuniyilum revolt thavaraamal thoandrugiraar. puttrunoai payam. 2007 aam aandil revolt thanathu mudhugil irunthu oru puttrunoai machaththai agattrinaar. 0. 9 millimeter melanoma puttrunoayaaka iruppathu uruthiseiyappatta pinnar avar maelum thisukkalai agattrinaar, adhan piragu meendum nigazhaamal thaduka valakkamaana parisoathanaigalukku utpaduththappattaar. 2014 aam aandil avar aee. eff. ell players association mattrum puttrunoai council victoriavin oru prachchaaraththai vazhinadaththinaar, "puttrunoayaip pattri kadinamaana uraiyaadalgalai nadaththa aangalai namba vaippatharkaaga." maettiyin paarvai. 2015 aam aandin thodakkaththil iraththa noai applastic iraththa sogaiyin vilaivaaga revoltin uravinar maedi (nick-kku chakoothari) iranththapoathu, avarum revolt kudumbamum avarathu ninaivaaga amaikappatta oru thondu niruvanamaana maedi 'sh vision podhu seithith thodarpaalarkalaaka aanaargal. veli inaippugal. ]

jaak revolt jaak revolt (jananam 31 october 1988) oka professional australian rules football kreedaakaarudu, athanu australian football leag (afl) loe richmond football club kosam aadataadu. athanu moodusaarlu premiere leag aatagadu, moodusaarlu coleman pataka vijaeta, moodusaarlu aall-australian, 11 saarlu richmond club leading golkikar, rendusaarlu jaak dier pataka vijaeta mariyu tasmanian football haall off famour. athanu richard vais keptenga kooda panicheestaadu mariyu 2017 nundi alaa chestunnadu. prarambha jeevitam mariyu juuniyar football. revolt, hobart, tusmanialo criss mariyu lessie revolt tallidandrulaku janminchaadu. athanu thoorpu hobert shivaaru bellerive loe perigaadu mariyu tasmania yokka sfl loe clarence kosam juuniyar football aadadu. 2005loe revolt 16 samvatsaraala vayassulo clarence thoo senior arangetram chesaadu, taruvaata odipoyina grand finaltho sahaa daani final syries dwara clubto aadadu, akkada athanu naalugu goals kottadu. marusati samvatsaram athanu clarensto mallee senior grand finallo aadadu, esaari club yokka vijayavantamaina jattulo sabhyudu. taruvaata athanu tock cup sthaayilo tossy naavikulatoe kalisi aadadu mariyu sikshana pondaadu mariyu 2006 afly under 18 champiyanshiplalo thana raashtraaniki praatinidhyam vahinchaadu. chhampiyanshiplo moodu matchlalo athanu mottam enimidi goals saadhinchaadu mariyu rendu sandarbhaallo thana jattu yokka uttama aatagaallalo empikayyaadu. 2006loe athanu vflo tasmanian devils kosam enimidi matchlu aadadu. mukhyamgaa oka mukhyamaina aata bendigoku vyatiraekamgaa vachindi, akkada athanu naalugu goals chesi 13 maarkulu saadhinchaadu. athanu seyint virgil mariyu hobartloni rosney kalasalalo unnata paatasaalalo chadivaadu. musaida cheyadaaniki mundu, afl media yokka mott burgen atanni "chaalaa balamaina ovar head ayina goal-kicking forward" gaa perkondi."ayithe athanu thana sthaanaaniki chinnavadu mariyu nemmadigaa pariganinchabaddaadu, uttara melbourne niyamaka manager neville stibard taruvaata revolt" "athletic ledhaa (maidaanamlo) rendu chivarlalo keelaka sthaanam aadentha ettugaa unnaadani taanu nammaledani vyakhyaaninchaadu"."richmond recruiting manager frances jackson taruvaata revolt yokka aakattukune football telivi mariyu banthi egaradaanni chadavagala athani saamarthyaanni thana niyaamakamlo keelaka karakaluga gurthu chesukunnadu. afl kereer. 2007 season. 2006 afl jaateeya musaayidaalo club yokka modati empika mariyu mottam meeda 13va empikatho revolt roopondinchabadindi. athanu 2007 seasonlo round 9loe, emsijiloo jarigina 'zii' matchlo dream timelo thana afl arangetram chesaadu. athanu taruvaati vaaram aadaledu, taruvaata round 14loe senior jattulo kanipinchaadu. round 16loe moodu goals pradarsanalo bhaagamgaa athanu thana modati kereer golnu kick chesaadu. athanu seasonloni chivari aaru aatalalo aidu aatalalo aadadu, aaa samvatsaram thana enimidi senior matchla nundi edu goals saadhinchaadu. 2008 season. 2008loe richmond senior jattulo regular sabhyudiga revolt sthirapaddaadu. athanu seasonlo thana modati myaachnu round 4loe aadadu mariyu aaa seasonlo maroe myaachnu matrame kolpoyadu, 18 matchlu aadadu. athani round 15 byaag loe aidu goals athani kereer loe atyuttamamainavi. athanu mottam 18 goals chesaadu, aaa seasonlo clublo aidava uttamamgaa nilichaadu. 2009 season. 2009 seasonlo modatisaarigaa richmond yokka uttama-22loe oka seejannu praarambhinchi, club yokka round 1 match-aplo 's' thoo aadadu. season modati edu roundlalo athanu edu goals chesaadu, club yokka roundlu 8 mariyu 9 myaachlanu kolpoye mundu. athanu round 10loe vyatiraekamgaa rendu goals thoo tirigi vacchaadu, round 11loe round 11loe maroe moodu goals jodinchaadu. athanu laena taruvaata jarigina tommidi aatalalo athanu 20 goals saadhinchaadu, idhi munupati samvatsaram nundi thana season mottaanni adhigaminchindi. eee parugulo essendonpy 17va round vijayamlo richmond aaru goals pradarsananu cherchaadu. revoltnu aaa vaaram aaa yugam yokka jake niyal athani "phuutii smart" mariyu marking saamardhyaaniki prasamsimchaaru. athanu aaa seasonlo maroe aatanu kolpoledu, 20 matchlu aadadu mariyu oka jattu-rendava 32 goals chesaadu. athanu club yokka uttama mariyu nyaayamaina gananalo enimidava sthaanamlo kooda nilichaadu. 2010 season. 2010 revoltku oka adbhutamaina samvatsaram. athanu thana modati edu matchlalo 15 goals chesi seejannu balamgaa praarambhinchaadu. roundlu 8 mariyu 15 madhya tadupari enimidi matchlalo, revolt leag-atyuttama 43 goalsnu kottadu. tommidella kritam mathue lloyd tarvaata inni aatalalo idhi atyadhika skoru. athanu vijaya ovarlo round 12loe kereerlo atyuttama 10 goals chesaadu. eee goal loe aidu modati quarter goals unnaayi, naalugu aata modati 11 nimishaallone vachayi. 2007loe jonathan braun tarvaata oka matchlo 10 goals chesina toli aatagadiga, 2004loe mathue richardson tarvaata modati richmond aatagadiga nilichaadu. docklands stadiumlo seyint kildaku vyatiraekamgaa 17 disposal, 11 maarkulu mariyu edu goal pradarsanalaku 21va roundloo revolt atyuttama-aann-groundga empikayyaadu. aaa vidhamgaa athanu daani edu samvatsaraala charitralo eoin stevert patakaanni geluchukunna modati richmond aatagadu ayyadu. naalugu samvatsaraala kereerlo modatisaarigaa, revolt saadhyamaina prati match aadina tarvaata seejannu muginchaadu. athani 78 goals leaglo yea aatagaadiche atyadhikam, ataniki varusaga leaga coleman patakam mariyu maikhel roach patakaanni mariyu club leading golkikarnu sampaadinchindi. kolmannu geluchukunna naalugu rojula taruvaata, revolt jaak dier patakaanni richmond yokka uttama mariyu nyaayamaina aatagadiga saadhinchaadu. athanu puurti-forward sthaanamlo aall-australia jattulo kooda empikayyaadu. aaa tarvaata ireland paryatanaku, 2010 antarjaateeya niyamaala siriisloo australiaku praatinidhyam vahinchadaaniki revolt empikayyaaru. 2011 season. 2011 season praarambhaaniki mundu richmond yokka six myaan leadership groupulo revoltnu chaerchaaru. round 1loe kaarltanku vyatiraekamgaa seasonlo aaru goals praarambhamaina taruvaata, athanu anusarinchadaaniki kathinamaina paksham rojulu edurkonnadu. athanu club yokka round 2 match praarambhamlo kankashanku gurayyadu mariyu athanu edainaa pradhana ganaanka vibhaagamlo prabhavanni namodu cheyagalige mundu pratyamnaayamgaa niyaminchabaddaadu. athanu battalu marche gadulanu maidaanaaniki anusandhaaninche metlapaiki croll chestu, matchku tirigi raavaalani balavantamgaa vaadinchadam kanipinchindi. eprillo coach damian hardwick nundi vimarsalanu sampaadinchina revolt, jattu sahacharudu dustin martinpy kekalu vaestuu, round 3loe bench meeda vaelu ivvadam chusina tarvaata thana maidaanamlo pravartananu marchukovalsina avasaram undani cheppadu. chethi sangna kosam ataniki $1,200 jarimana kooda vidhinchabadindi. athanu swaarthapuuritha aata kosam "yugamlo" robbert walls chetha vimarsinchabaddaadu; walls revolt "jattu creedaloo oka vyaktigaa maaradu" anie chepparu." ayithe, taruvaati aaru matchlalo naalugu goals naalugu saarlu, rendu sandarbhaallo aidu byaglanu kottadu. hardwick thana prii-season pranaalikanu revoltnu maidaanamlo marinta paiki aadataaniki amalu chesina phalitamgaa takkuva goal kick chesinappatiki, athani phaam migilina seasonlo balamgaa undipoyindi. varusaga rendava samvatsaram athanu club leading golkikar avaardunu geluchukunnadu mariyu club yokka 22 matchlalo pratidaaniloo aadadu. coleman patakam kosam jarigina resulo lans franklin tarvaata rendava sthaanamlo unna revolt 62 goals saadhinchaadu. aaa seasonlo club yokka uttama mariyu nyaayamaina gananalo revolt tommidava sthaanamlo nilichaadu. septembarulo, revolt anni seasonlalo gaayaalato aadinatlu velladaindi mariyu naalugu shastrachikitsalu avasaramavutaayi; prati todapai okati, athani vaeliki okati mariyu athani edama cheelamandapai marokati. athanu oka sikshanaa pramaadam tarvaata pakkatemuka debbatinadamto kooda vyavaharistunnaadu. 2012 season. shastrachikitsalu mariyu kolukunna season taruvaata, revolt thana modati moodu matchlo aidu goals mariyu tommidi bagsnu kottadam dwara seejannu tappugaa praarambhinchaadu. season madhyalo athanu thana atyuttama sthithiki tirigi vacchaadu, round 9 mariyu 10 loe varusaga aaru mariyu enimidi goals thoo varusa matchlalo byaglanu tannadam dwara. round 10 vijayam anedi revolt yokka 100va kereer match mariyu 2003 taruvaata seyint kildapai richmond yokka modati vijayam. athanu goaled coast mariyu westran buldaglaku vyatiraekamgaa roundlu 16 mariyu 20 matchlalo aidu goals sanchulanu kooda kick chesaadu. moodu samvatsaraalalo rendosari revolt season mugimpulo leag goal scoring resulo agrasthaanamlo nilichi, 2012 seasonku coleman patakaanni saadhinchaadu. athanu seasonlo club yokka chivari matchloki tye-leaderlu mathue pavlich () mariyu tomm hockins () venuka moodu goals chesaadu, conny seasonlo 65 goals chesi, rendu goals chesi, aaa jantanu oodinchaadu. aneka coleman patakaalanu geluchukunna rendava richmond aatagadiga revolt nilichaadu mariyu alaa cheyadamlo maikhel roach yokka club rikaardunu samam chesaadu. athanu prarambha naamineelalo empika cheyabaddaadu, chivariki aaa samvatsaram mottam australia jattulo paerulaenivaadu. warwick green mariyu mott windley off dhi herold sunn prakaram athanu vivaadaaspada minahaayimpugaa pariganinchabaddaadu. athanu season yokka uttama mariyu nyaayamaina avaardulo clublo tommidava sthaanamlo nilichaadu. 2013 season. 2012-13 off-seasonlo mallii chinna shastrachikitsala kosam revolt katthi kindaku velladam kanipinchindi, idhi kolukovadamto atanni parimita sikshana bhaaraaniki balavantam chesindi. season adhikarikamga praarambhamayye mundu, richmond yokka prii-season match-aplo vijayam saadhinchadaaniki sairan tarvaata oka goal kottadam dwara, revolt appatike thana viluvanu choopinchaadu. aaa siriisloo athanu modatisaarigaa richard kii keptenga kooda vyavaharinchaadu, enimidi paayintla vijayamtho aaa ghanata saadhinchaadu. round 1 vijayamlo athanu goal-laeni sthithilo undagaa, taruvaati vaaram revolt edu goals thoo pratyuttaram icchaadu. athanu taruvaati vaaram pradarsananu samardhinchaadu, maroe aidu goals chesi, aaa jattupai vijayam saadhinchaadu. 5va round loe oka point otami samayamlo revolt media vimarsalanu aakarshinchadu, sameepa otami taruvaata sahacharulaku kopamgaa pratispandinchina taruvaata maark maclure "eah praimma dona" anie label chesaadu. anni seasonlalo revolt thana oppandam mariyu bhavishyat aata gurinchi media oohaagaanaalaku gurayyadu. ataniki fremantle nundi aafarlu vachinatlu nivedinchabadindi, conny juulai chivaralo richmandtho kotta moodu samvatsaraala oppandampai santakam cheyadam dwara vaanijya vidhaanaalanu mundugaane nilipivesaaru. 17 roundla tarvaata, 47 parugulu chesi, leag yokka goal-kicking jaabitaalo moodava sthaanamlo nilichaadu. athanu 57 goals thoo seejannu muginchaadu, idhi 2009 nundi athani atyalpa sankhya, conny ippatikee naalugo varusa club leading golkikar avaardunu geluchukogaligadu. athanu thana modati kereer finallo septemberlo aadadu, appudu richard emsigilo elemination finallo odipoyaadu. season mugimpulo club yokka uttama mariyu nyaayamaina gananalo revolt samanamga edava sthaanamlo nilichaadu. goal assistla kosam athanu leaglo moodava sthaanamlo nilichaadu. 2014 season. fibravari 2014loe, richmond yokka aiduguru aatagaalla nayakatva brundam nundi revoltnu tolaginchaaru, athani sthaanamlo defender troy chaplin niyaminchabaddaadu. dheenitho paatu, "saampradaaya center haaph forward roll" loe atanni pooshinchaalanae coach pranaalikatoe, kontakaalamgaa athanu kaligi unna daanikante bhinnamgaa seasonku revolt cherukovadanni chushadu. athanu off-seasonlo thana aata baruvunu tagginchukunnadu, thana fitness besnu penchukunnadu, adhe samayamlo chinna off-season shastrachikitsa nundi mokali mariyu nadumu varaku kolukunnadu. round 1 loe odipoyinappudu revolt yokka paniteerunu coach "saapekshamgaa paelavamainadi" anie label chesaaru, forward recording 10 disposals kante takkuvagaa undhi mariyu round 8,2012 tarvaata modatisaarigaa oke oka goal matrame chesindi. athanu round 3loe trip ayinatlu nivedinchabadindi, conny aaa neeraanni suspensionku anarhamainadigaa bhaavinchina taruvaata afl match review panel kevalam mandalimputoe tappinchukunnadu. jattu yokka kotta short-kicking aata shaili yokka prabhaavaaniki vyatiraekamgaa bahirangamgaa matladinappudu, mae nelaloo club adhikarulu atanni sikshinchaaru. club "athani noti nundi (revolt) adugu mariyu athani bhujam nundi naa adugu kadilindi" anie hardwick saradaagaa mediaku vivarinchaadu. athanu twitter dwara bahirangamgaa kshamaapanalu cheppadu, phalitamgaa empika goddalini tappinchukunnadu. sidneylo gdablues diggajaalapai richard yokka 113 paayintla vijayamlo kereerlo atyadhika 11 goals chesinappudu athani aann-feeled pratispandana gananeeyamgaa undhi. joolailo, aaa dasabdapu off-dha-dha-dha-dha-dha-dha-dha-dha-dha-dha-dha-dha-dha-dha-dha-dha-dha-dha-dha-dha-dha-dha-dha-dha-dha-dha-dha-dha-dha-dha-dha-dha-dha-dha-dha-dha-dha-dha-dha-dha-dha-dha-dha-dha-dha-dha-dha-dha-dha-dha-dha-dha-dha-dha-dha-dha-dha-dha-dha-dha-dha-dha-dha-dha-dha-dha-dha-dha-dha-dha-dha-dha-dha-dha-dha-dha-dha-dha-dha-dha-dha-dha-dha-dha-dha-dha-dha-dha-dha-dha-dha-dha-dha-dha-dha-dha-dha-dha-dha-dha-dha-dha-dha-dha-dha-dha-dha-dha-dha-dha-dha-dha-dha-dha-dha-dha-dha-dha-dha-dha-dha-dha-dha-dha varusaga rendava seasonlo, revolt mariyu tigers afl finalku arhata saadhinchaaru, conny kevalam oka match tarvaata mallee tolaginchabaddaaru. athanu 61 goals chesi, varusaga aidava samvatsaram richmond yokka goal kicking avaardunu geluchukunna season nuu muginchaadu. athanu club charitralo varusaga aidu seasonlalo 50 goals chesina rendava aatagadu ayyadu, jaak titus taruvaata 1934-1938 loe. 2015 season. thana bandhuvu moddy maranamtho sahaa oka bhavodvega off-season taruvaata, revolt 1va roundloo samanamga bhavodveganiki lonayyadu. carltonpy richmond vijayamlo athanu naalugu goals kottadu mariyu thana prati goal tarvaata aakaasaanni chuupadam dwara thana pradarsananu aame ghnaapakaartham ankitam cheyadam kanipinchindi. athanu roundlu 5 nundi 8 varaku balamaina formnu kottadu, 14 goals kottadu mariyu naalugu vaaraala vyavadhilo sagatuna edu maarkulaku paiga saadhinchaadu. 13va roundloo athanu ess. sii. zii. kii vyatiraekamgaa aaru goals chesi, seasonlo thana atipedda skorunu saadhinchaadu. seyint kildaatho jarigina 16va round match "moddies match" gaa gurtinchabadindi, idhi revolt daayaadula "moddies vision" kosam nidhulanu sekarinchindi. athanu richard yokka vijaya jattulo rendu goals kottadu. mottam meeda 2015 revoltku adbhutamaina samvatsaramgaa niroopinchabadindi, varusaga aarava club leading golkikar avaardu (54) geluchukundi mariyu maarkulu mariyu disposals kosam kereer garishtalanu nelakolpindi. thana kereerlo rendosari revolt afl yokka aall-australian jattuku empikanu sampaadinchaadu, esaari center-haaph forward sthaanamlo unnadu. athanu kevin bartlet patakaanni saadhinchi, richmond yokka uttama mariyu nyaayamaina patakamlo aidava sthaanamlo nilichaadu. 2015loe jaak titusnu adhigaminchi varusaga aaru seasonlalo 50kii paiga goals chesina modati richmond aatagadiga nilichina rii volt, richmond rikaardunu kooda baddalu kottadu. juun chivaralo revolt oppandam podigimpupai santakam chesaadu, atanni kaneesam 2019 season mugimpu varaku richmandtho oppandam kudurchukunnadu. 2016 season. 2015 chivaralo richard kepten trent kochinu rajinama cheyamani pilupulu vachinappudu, revoltnu sambhaavya pratyamnaayamgaa niyaminchaaru. athanu oohaagaanaalanu thosipuchi, "neenu (kepten kavadam) prasnanu kooda aasvaadinchalenu endukante naa drushtilo maa football klabku naayakatvam vahinchadaaniki (kotchin) uttama vyakti anie neenu bhaavistunnaanu." maidaanamlo, seasonlo revolt center-haaph forward sthaanaaniki thana parivartananu konasaginchadu. athanu baruvu taggadam dwara mariyu goal line nundi aatapai marinta drushti pettadam dwara thana orpu, churukudanam mariyu dhooke saamarthyaanni meruguparichadu. athanu round 5loe cheelamandaku chinna gaayam palayyadu mariyu athani club yokka round 6 matchku siddhamgaa undataaniki icing mariyu punaravasam yokka teevramaina karyakramam avasaram. athanu thana 200va kereer aatalo emsijiloo 21va roundloo geelang chetilo odipoyaadu. revolt chivariki 2016loe richmond yokka 22 aatalalo pratidaaniloo aadadu, jattulo 48 goals saadhinchaadu. thana enimidi aatala toli season tarvaata oka matchlo aidu goals sanchini tannakunda velladam idhe modatisaari. ayithe athanu mottam mariyu sagatu disposallalo kotta vyaktigata uttama pradarsananu kanabarichadu, thana kotta paatranu midfieldku daggaragaa aadadu. club yokka uttama mariyu nyaayamaina gananalo revolt naalugo sthaanamlo nilichaadu, phalitamgaa fred swift patakaanni saadhinchaadu. club coach oka samvatsaram venukabadina adugu anie pilichina taruvaata, media samsthalu vaanijya oohaagaanaalato revolt chuttoo tirigaayi. athanu club patla thana nibaddhatanu punarudghaatinchaadu, athanu clubto gananeeyamaina jattu vijayanni saadhistaadani anumaaninchadam praarambhinchaadani taruvaati samvatsaraallo dhruvikarinchinappatiki athanu "pasupu mariyu nalupu rangulo unnadu" anie paerkonnaadu. 2017 season. revolt yokka 2017 prii-season gaayam aandolanala kaaranamgaa debbatindi. shastrachikitsakudu marinta teevramaina nashtanni velikiteesina phalitamgaa prakriyanu puurti cheelamanda punarnirmaanaaniki madhyalo maarchadaaniki mundu, athanu 2016 septembarulo chinna cheelamanda shastrachikitsa cheyinchukunnadu. novemberlo athanu mallii katthi kindaku vellaadu, esaari gatamlo virigina vaeliki jarigina nashtanni saricheyadaaniki. athanu marchi 2017loe richmond saha-vais-keptenga niyaminchabaddaadu. athanu defender alex ransto kalisi eee paatranu panchukovalasi undhi, iddaroo konasagutunna kepten trent kotchin aadhvaryamlo panicheesaaru. off-seasonlo puurti forward tye vikarii yokka free-agency nishkramanatho, 2017loe revolt tappanisarigaa lothaina forward sthaanaalalo ekkuva aata samayanni chustundi. 2017 round 1loe athanu richard yokka vijayamlo kereerlo atyuttama edu taakilsnu namodu chesaadu. melborntho round 5 yokka anjac day eev gharshanalo tadi vaataavarana aatalo revolt aaru goals chesaadu. 2017loe etihad stadiumlo jarigina matchlo round 7loe thana 500va kereer goal saadhinchaadu. club charitralo atyanta vaegamgaa mailuraayini cherukunna aidava vyaktigaa nilichaadu. 11 aatala taruvaata mariyu season madhyalo bye samayamlo, revolt 29 goals chesaadu. round 13loe athanu thana 214va afl myaachnu saadhinchaadu, enimidava gernseylo oka richmond aatagadu aadina atyadhika atalaku dick klaenu adhigaminchaadu. roundlu 13 mariyu 14loe athani rendu mariyu moodu goal atalu bahula goals thoo athani varusa aatala paramparanu 10kii teesukuvacchaayi. aaa samayamlo aaa paramparanu konasaaginchina pootiiloo athanu ekaika aatagadu mariyu aaa samvatsaram goal kicking jaabitaalo aidava sthaanamlo unnadu. seyint kilda chetilo richmond yokka round 16 otamitho, 67 paayintla otamitho kevalam oka golnu tannadam mariyu edu aastulanu sekarinchadam dwara, revolt aneka paelavamaina pradarsanakaarulalo okaru. inca emitante, aata yokka rendava quarter enimidava nimisham varaku revolt yokka modati swaadheenam raaledu. sikshana samayamlo jattu sahacharudu mabier cole nundi aakasmikamgaa kantiloo debbatinadam valla revolt carnia cutt ayi kanti venuka nundi raktasraavam cheyabadindi. gaayam kaaranamgaa athanu richard yokka round 19 myaachnu miss ayyadu mariyu varusaga aadina 86 aatalalo revolt yokka steaknu muginchaadu. athanu round 20loe maroe myaachnu kolpoyadu, round 21loe tirigi vacchaadu. round 23loe, revolt thana bandhuvu nikku vyatiraekamgaa forward yokka retirement matchlo aadadu. athanu, seyint kilda forward josh broostho kalisi, rendava seyint kilda aatagaadini gouravapradamaina sthaanam nundi tolaginchinanduna vivaadaaspadamaina oka charyalo nick ground nundi adhyakshata vahinchaadu. geelang mariyu gdablueslapy finals vijayala taruvaata, revolt mariyu richmond grand finalku arhata saadhinchaaru, idhi 1982 taruvaata club yokka modatidi. vaaru chivariki mainer-premiyarlaku vyatiraekamgaa 48 paayintla thedaatho myaachnu geluchukuntaaru, revolt rendu goals, aaru maarkulu mariyu edu taakilsnu andistaaru. match anantara vedukala samayamlo american rock byaand dhi killers dwara emsijiloo uchita kachereeni pradarsinchaaru, veeriki revolt abhimani. vaaram mundu club mariyu afl media maenaejarlatoe eee pratipaadananu levanettina taruvaata, vaari 2005 single "mister" paadataaniki vedikapai bandlo chaeradaaniki revoltnu pramukhamgaa aahvaninchaaru. prakaasavantamaina vaipu ". 2017 seasonlo thana pradarsanaku, revolt enimidava-strait club leading goal-kicker avaardunu andukunnadu, club yokka uttama mariyu nyaayamaina gananalo edava sthaanamlo nilichaadu, leaglo 50 lopala maarkulaku modati sthaanamlo nilichaadu mariyu premiere leag aatagadu ayyadu. 2018 season. 2018 seasonloki mundanjalo unna revolt balamaina goal-kicking faamnu choopinchaadu, club yokka vfl jattuku vyatiraekamgaa intra-club matchlo richmond seniorla kosam edu goals chesaadu. akkadi nundi athanu season yokka modati roundloo naalugu goals cheyadaaniki mundu club yokka rendu prii-season matchlalo pratidaaniloo aadadu. revolt paksham rojula taruvaata maroe naalugu jodinchi, athani jattuku 13 paayintla vijayaniki sahayapaddadu. 7va roundloo, trent katchin gaayam kaaranamgaa aalasyamgaa upasamharinchukunna taruvaata, revolt thana kereerlo modatisaarigaa home mariyu away matchlo richard kii naayakatvam vahinchaadu. rendu vaaraala taruvaata athanu optus stadiumlo jarigina matchlo aidu goals chesaadu. adhe aatalo athanu moodava quarter chivarilo athani liam duggan meeda bump vaesaadu, dheeni phalitamgaa athanu tadupari viramamlo raktam daggu chushadu. athani aarogyam gurinchi aandolanalu vyaktam cheyabadina taruvaata aaa raatri jattutho kalisi melbornku tirigi velladaaniki atanni vaidyaparamgaa clear cheyalsi vachindi. aaa samayaniki athanu mottam goals kick (24) kosam pootiiloo benn braun (31) mariyu jaak darling (28) venuka moodava sthaanamlo unnadu. taruvaati vaaram aadataaniki athanu puurtigaa kolukunnappatiki, aaa round 10 match modati quarterlo kevalam aidu nimishaallo defender jake carlisle nundi tappugaa dochukunnappudu talaku debba tagilina taruvaata athanu etuvanti ardhavantamaina sahakaram ivvalekapoyadu. richard gairhajarainappatiki vijayam saadhinchaadu mariyu carlisle strike kosam rendu matchla suspension pondaadu. concusion phalitamgaa revolt puurti myaachnu miss kaaledu, taruvaati vaaram thana jattu kalala samayamlo 'zii' vijayam vadda varusalo nilabaddadu. aaa taruvaati vaaramlo, revoltnu "faaks phuutii" yokka edaadi madhyalo aall australian jattulo chaerchaaru. addukovadamlo, sthalaanni srushtinchadamlo mariyu pyaaklanu crash cheyadamlo ayana chesina krushiki, rose vyaakhyaata paal roose kooda aayananu prasamsimchaaru, roose atanni "pootiiloo atyanta niswartha aatagadu" anie label chesaaru."juun chivaralo hobartlo jarigina oka gaala eeventlo athanu tasmanian football haall off fameloki pravesinchaadu. season madhyakaalamlo bye taruvaata, etihad stadiumlo vijayam saadhinchinappudu revolt thana kereerlo oka pradarsananu icchaadu. athanu maarkulu (21) mariyu pootii maarkulu (edu) loe kereer uttamamaina vaatini lekkinchaadu, alaage moodu goalsnu tannadam mariyu 21 disposallanu namodu chesaadu, idhi moodu brownloo medal otlu mariyu coach association avaardulo khachitamaina 10 otlatho bahumati pondina uttama-aann-ground pradarsana. round 16 vijayamlo aaa avaardulo maroe otunu andukunna revolt, round 18loe naalugu goals pradarsanaku maroe rendu otlanu aakarshinchadu. marusati vaaram athanu thana vaipu vijayamlo 50la lopala tommidi goals thoo kotta vyaktigata atyuttama pradarsananu pradarsinchaadu. juulai chivarilo, revolt richard thoo kotta moodu samvatsaraala oppandampai santakam chesaadu, kaneesam 2021 season mugise varaku atanni klabku kattubadi unchaadu. faaks phuutii yokka afl360 loe thana regular panelist paatralo matladutu, 2019 chivari varaku gatamlo unna thana prastuta oppandaanni punarnirminchadamlo vaetana kotha teesukunnaanani revolt paerkonnaadu. 20va roundloo athanu naalugu goals saadhinchaadu, aaa samvatsaramlo athani aidava mottam. aaa match thoo, athani 244 kereer pradarsana, revolt enimidava number gernsey dharinchi aadina atalaku aall time vfl/afl rikaardunu nelakolpaadu. aaa tarvaata revolt thana kereerlo moodo padhi goals saadhinchi round 21loe vijayam saadhinchaadu, dheenilo athanu kereerlo atyadhika 26 disposalsnu kooda saadhinchaadu mariyu aaa seasonlo kick chesina goals kosam leag-leading sthaanaaniki cherukunnadu. athanu round 23loe thana sthaayiki maroe aidu goals jodinchaadu, 600 kereer goal mailuraayini daati, home mariyu away seasonlo 65 goals thoo muginchina taruvaata thana moodava coleman patakaanni sampaadinchaadu. athanu leag charitralo enimidava aatagadu mariyu richard club charitralo muudavasaari avaardunu geluchukunna modati aatagadu ayyadu. athanu afl yokka player ratings team off dhi iyarlo forward paaketlo empikayyaadu, alaage muudavasaari aall-australianga empikayyaadu. richarmand yokka modati finallo, emsijiloo vijayam saadhinchinappudu, aaa samvatsaramlo muudavasaari matrame revolt goal cheyalekapoyadu. club yokka praathamika finallo aidu goals thoo athanu aaa pradarsananu sarichesaadu. athani prayatnaalu unnappatikee, richmond final syries nundi tolaginchabaddaadu, idhi 39 paayintla thedaatho ghoramgaa odipoyindi. 2018 finals syries mugisina taruvaata, revolt goal kosam leaglo modati sthaanamlo nilichaadu mariyu 50 lopala maarkulu saadhinchaadu, alaage score prameyam kosam rendava sthaanamlo mariyu pootii maarkulaku aidava sthaanamlo nilichaadu. 2018 seasonlo, "herold sunn" pradhana football rachayita maark robinson atanni leag yokka uttama forward mariyu mottam meeda moodava uttama aatagadiga paerkonnaadu. revolt thana adbhutamaina season kosam kereerlo atyuttamamaina 10 brownloo pataka otlanu sekarinchaadu mariyu richmond yokka uttama mariyu nyaayamaina aatagadiga thana rendava jaak dier patakaanni kooda andukunnadu. 2019 season. 2018 season taruvaata ventane nelallo, revolt bhujaniki chinna shastrachikitsa cheyinchukunnadu. decemberulo puurti sikshanaku tirigi raavadaaniki mundu athanu off-season prarambha varallo kasarattulu cheyadaaniki parimitam cheyabaddaadu. aaa samayamlo afl statistics bhagaswamy "chhampian dayta" dwara revoltnu rendava uttama keelaka sthaanam mariyu mottam meeda leaglo 34va uttama aatagadiga perkonabadindi. adhe off-seasonlo club maajee forward tomm linchnu richmond forward linelo revoltto kalisi aadataaniki niyaminchindi. fibravarilo jarigina 2019 aflix tornamentlo 'rampage' jattuku keptenga 2019loe revolt modati football pradarsana icchaaru. aaa nela praarambhamlo television draftlo vyaktigatamgaa thana jattunu enchukunna tarvaata, tornamentlo chhampiyanshipku revolt daariteesindi. marchi chivaralo emsijiloo kaarltanku vyatiraekamgaa season-prarambha matchlo thana 250va afl aata aadataaniki mundu fibravari chivaralo mariyu marchi praarambhamlo richmond yokka rendu prii-season matchlalo pratidaaniloo kanipinchadamtho revolt aaa taruvaata vacchaadu. athanu aaa matchlo oka goal kick chesi, thana kereer mottaanni 608kii teesukuvacchaadu mariyu maikhel rochnu richmond yokka aall-time goal kicking leader bordulo puurtigaa nalgava sthaanaaniki adhigaminchaadu. round 2loe odipoyinappudu, revolt manikattuku chinna gaayam ayindi. athanu ruck loe stints thoo sahaa gaayam unnappatikee migilina myaachnu aadadu. marusati roeju puurti chesina scanlalo revolt vyaasaartham yokka chinna sthaanabhramsham laeni pagullu mariyu manikattu snayuvu kontha debbatinnatlu velladaindi. adhe matchlo revolt thana edama mokaalilooni medial cruciate ligamentku kooda benuku vachindi. aaa gaayaala kaaranamgaa moodu matchlaku dhooramaina taruvaata, revolt footballku tirigi vacchi, richmond yokka round 6 enjak day eev vijayamlo rendu goals chesaadu. ayithe, athanu matchlo mokaaliki maroe gaayam avutaaru, athani edama mokaalilooni posterior cruciate ligamentku adhika sthaayi nashtam kaligistundi. eee gayanni saricheyadaaniki shastrachikitsa avasaram ledani, ayithe phalitamgaa aaa revolt inca aaru nundi enimidi vaaraala madhya tappipotundani richmond club adhikarulu telipaaru. aaa match samayamlo athanu baeli fritshlo pramaadakaramaina tackle kosam kooda nivedinchabaddaadu, dheeniki ataniki $1,000 jarimana vidhinchabadindi. revolt aaa aaropananu savaalu chestu, akkada athanu viphalamayyaadu, chivariki jarimana $1,500 kuu perigindi. revolt juun modati vaaramlo tirigi parugettaadu, round 15 loe aaa nela chivarlo vyatiraekamgaa tirigi raavaalani lakshyamgaa chesukunnadu. athanu aaa lakshyanni rendu vaaraala paatu kolpoyadu, athanu oka golnu tannadu, dheenilo athanu giants paie round 17 vijayamlo tirigi vacchaadu. athanu taruvaati vaaram seasonlo ippativaraku thana atyuttama pradarsanalo maroe moodu goals jodinchaadu, ayithe coach damian hardwick juulai migilina kaalamlo inn-phaam sahacharudaina linchku maddatugaa thana niswartha aatanu prasamsimchaadu. round 22 vijayamlo, rendu ververu marking pootiilaloo thana pratyarthi venuka bhaagamlo thana paadaanni unchina taruvaata, revoltnu free kick kosam rendusaarlu pilicharu. aaa taruvaati vaaramlo, haani kaliginche avakaasam unna marinta pramaadakaramaina charyalanu matrame chaerchadaaniki eee niyamanni sadalistamani afly prakatinchindi, tadwara revoltku vyatiraekamgaa chellinche rakamaina free kiklu ikapai chellinchabadavu. home mariyu away season chivari roundloo, defender marcus audumspy naalugu modati quarter goalsnu revolt kick chesaadu, conny taruvaata migilina match kosam darsey guardiner chetha rakshinchabadinappudu tadupari goals cheyalekapoyadu. season moodava sthaanamlo muginchina taruvaata, revolt 47 paayintla qualifying final vijayamlo moodu goals chesaadu. aaa taruvaata jarigina praathamika finallo athanu chaalaa takkuva prabhavanni chuupaadu, modati ardhabhaagamlo kevalam oka handballnu matrame thana ekaika paaraveyadam gaa namodu chesaadu mariyu chivariki athani jattu odipoyi, grand final match up loe vijayam saadhinchadamtho goal lekunda vellaadu. grand finallo, revolt match-hye aidu goalsnu kick chesaadu, endukante richard moodu samvatsaraalalo rendava premiere shipnu geluchukunnadu, dhooda gaayamtho daadaapu aalasyamgaa upasamharinchukunna diggajam defender phil davis yokka vegam lekapovadaanni upayoginchukunnadu. athani chetilo moodu rendava quarter goals unnaayi, avi athanu sagam samayamlo groundlo ganankaparamga modati sthaanamlo unna aatagadiga nilichayi mariyu chivariki player off dhi match kosam oating chesina praamaanika smith patakamlo naalugo sthaanaanni sampaadinchindi. revolt yokka aidu goals mariyu oka venuka (31 paayintlu) atanni afl/vfl charitralo nalgava aatagadiga mariyu 59 samvatsaraalalo grand finallo pratyarthi jattunu (25 paayintlu) ontarigaa adhigaminchina modati aatagadiga chesindi. 2020 season. fibravarilo bushfire releaf match kosam afl yokka nidhula sekarana raashtramlo 2020 kosam revolt thana modati match aadadu, mitraraajyaala aall-stars jattulo bhaagamgaa thana sonta raashtramaina tasmaniaku praatinidhyam vahistuu rendu goals chesaadu. athanu adhe vaaraantamlo modati prii-season myaachnu aaa vaaraantamlo aadadu, conny oka vaaram taruvaata club yokka chivari prii-season match kosam tirigi vacchaadu. nirantaraayamgaa prii-season unnappatikee, marchi madhya natiki australialo coronavirus mahammari vaegamgaa purogaminchadam valla revolt mariyu premiership rakshanatho sahaa season yokka bhavishyattu anumaanamlo padindi. group samavesalapai prajaarogya nishedhaala kaaranamgaa season prarambham schedule prakaram konasaagutundani, conny abhimanulu haajaru kakapovachani afl commission chivariki prakatinchindi. season madhyalo gananeeyamaina viramam avasaramavutundane anchanaatho, leag kooda season savarinchina 17-round matchtho puurtavutumdani prakatinchindi mariyu edaadi venuka bhaagamlo chinna viraamaalato bahula matchlu aadaalani bhaavinche aatagallapai bharanni tagginchadaaniki quarter podavulanu aidava vanthu tagginchindi. aaa paristhitulalo, round 1 vijayamlo revolt samaana jattu-atyadhika moodu goalsnu kottadu, idhi atanini "afly media" varapu jattulo paeru pettadanni chusindi. ayithe kevalam moodu rojula taruvaata, bahula rashtraalu tama sarihaddulalo nirbandha nibandhanalanu amalu chesina taruvaata afl commission seejannu niravadhika kaalaaniki nilipivesindi. 11 vaaraala viramam tarvaata juun praarambhamlo season tirigi prarambhamainappudu, roundlu 2 mariyu 3loe goals laeni matchla taruvaata, revolt paelavamaina pradarsanala kosam media pariseelananu aakarshinchadu. athanu taruvaati roundloo edu vaaraala vichchinnam kaani goalking parugunu praarambhinchaadu, aaa samayamlo athanu mariyu club melbornelo virus vyaaptiki pratispandanagaa goaled kostku marchabaddaru. gayapadina trent kochinto badulugaa, 6 mariyu 8 roundla madhya moodu vaaraala paatu club keptenga revolt panicheesaaru. round 10loe athanu vyaktigata seasonlo atyuttama naalugu goalsnu saadhinchaadu, round 11loe katchin lekapovadamtho oke aata kosam jattuku naayakatvam vahistuu maroe moodu goals jodinchaadu. round 12loe athanu richmond yokka atyuttama aatagaallalo okadu, aaa vijayamlo rendu goals sahakaaraaniki oka coach avaardu otunu sampaadinchaadu. round 17 vijayamlo naalugu goals chesi, athanu maroe tommidi otlanu bhoomipai samanamga sampaadinchaadu. revolt 28 goals chesi regular seejannu muginchaadu, chivariki coleman pataka resulo samanamga aarava sthaanaanni saadhinchaadu. athanu club yokka final pracharam yokka prarambha matchlo rendu goals kottadu, qualifying final otami, goal lekunda undataaniki mundu mariyu oka vaaram taruvaata semee final vijayamlo season-takkuva naalugu disposalsku. ganankaparamga paelavamaina pradarsana unnappatikee, aaa taruvaati vaaramlo aaa pradarsanaku, mukhyamgaa pootiilanu gurtinchadamlo pratipaksha antaraayam kaliginche rakshakulanu tiraskarinche saamardhyaaniki coach damian hardwick dwara revolt prasamsimchabaddaadu. adevidhamgaa praathamika final vijayamlo, 2015 tarvaata modatisaarigaa oke goal kottinappatiki, marking pyaaklanu vibhajinchinanduku, revolt hardwick yokka praja prasamsalu andukunnadu. 31 paayintla grand final vijayamlo rendu goals kottinapudu moodusaarlu premiere leag aatagadiga maari, taruvaati vaaram ekkuva scoreboard gurtimpunu sampaadinchaadu. aaa samvatsaram thana 33 goals kosam padava club leading golkikar avaardunu kooda sampaadinchaadu, adhe samayamlo athanu saadhyamayye mottam 21 matchlalo palgone seasonlo club yokka uttama mariyu nyaayamaina gananalo samanamga 14 va sthaanamlo nilichaadu. 2023 season. 2023 round 1loe revolt thana 8va kereer drallo leag rikaardunu nelakolpaadu. aatagadi profile. revolt puurti forward mariyu center-haaph forward goal keepinga aadataadu. athanu kevalam 193 centimeters etthu unna eee sthaanam vadda takkuva parimaanamlo unnadu. 2010laloe, athanu leagloni yea aatagadi kante 50 maarkulu lopala atyadhika maarkulu saadhinchaadu mariyu aaa samayamlo franklin moodu coleiman patakaalato saripolchinappudu, lans franklin kakunda itara aatagaalla kante ekkuva goals saadhinchaadu. 2019/20 off-seasonlo, 2010lalooni "herold sunn" yokka uttama aatagaalla jaabitaalo mottam meeda 13va uttama aatagadiga revolt paeru pettaru. 2020loe, rii voltnu "herold sunn" richard yokka nalgava uttama aatagadiga affle sakamlo paerkonnaadu. ganaamkaalu. "round 23,2022 mugimpuku naveekarinchabadindi". ! kolli = 3| vrutti ! 325 ! 752 ! 451 ! 2940 ! 972 ! 3912 ! 1734 ! 694 ! 2.3 ! 1.4 ! 9.0 ! 3.0 ! 12.0 ! 5.3 ! 2.1 ! 62 gamanikalu vyaktigata jeevitam. revolt german vaarasatvaaniki chendinavaadu, athani taataamaamalu heinz mariyu helga 1950loe european desham nundi valasa vacchaaru. athani tandri criss 298-aatala aatagadu, tusmanian football leaglo clarence, raashtraaniki pratinidhi aatagadu alaage tusmanian football haall off fameku cherchabaddaadu. revolt iddaru tammullu, harry mariyu charley, iddaroo juuniyar rashtra sthaayilo tasmania tarapuna aadaru. athanu maajee seyint kilda afl football kreedaakaarudu nick revolt yokka modati bandhuvu. revolt 2016loe deerghakaala priyuralu carley jeeglartho nischitaartham chesukunnadu mariyu vaaru november 2017loe revolt sonta raashtramaina tasmanialo jarigina oka vedukalo vivaham chesukunnaru. eee janta yokka modati bidda, oka ammai, 2019loe janminchindi. 2021loe, eee janta tama rendava kumarte puttukanu prakatinchaaru. football maidaanaaniki dhooramgaa unna revolt oka teevramaina golph kreedaakaarudu, okasari 0.6 kante takkuva handicap thoo aadutunnadu. athanu american rock byaand dhi killers kii kooda abhimani, athanu 2017 loe richmond yokka premiere leag vijayam tarvaata vedikapai pradarsana icchaadu. media vrutti. faaks phuutii yokka "afl 360" loe varapu atithigaa revolt kanipistaadu. athanu australian tv show, 2019 loe goppa vaaraantamlo hostga kanipinchaadu mariyu 2020 loe athanu 1116 seen somavaaram raatrulalo thana sonta radeo gantanu host chesaadu. revolt nova 100 melbourne breakfast radeo show chrissy, saam & browneyloo kooda kramam tappakunda kanipistaadu. cancer bhayam. 2007loe revolt thana veepu nundi cancer macchanu tolaginchaadu. 0. 9 millimetres melanoma cancer anie nirdhaarinchabadina taruvaata athanu marinta kanajaalaanni tolaginchaadu mariyu appati nundi punaraavrutamavakundaa nirodhinchadaaniki kramam tappakunda tanikheelu cheyinchukunnadu. 2014loe athanu afl players association mariyu cancer council victoria "cancer gurinchi kashtataramaina sambhaashanhalu cheyamani purushulanu oppinchadaaniki" oka prachaaraaniki naayakatvam vahinchaadu." moddy yokka drushti. 2015 praarambhamlo rakta vyaadhi applastic raktaheenata phalitamgaa revolt yokka bandhuvu moddy (nick sodari) maraninchinappudu, athanu mariyu revolt kutumbam aame gouravaartham erpaatu chesina swachchanda samstha, moddy vision kosam praja pratinidhulu ayyaru. bahya linkulu. ]

jeek revolt jeek revolt (paidaish 31 aktobar 1988) eek paishah warr austrailvi roles fitt baalar hay juu austrailvi fitt baal leeg (aey aif eel) mein richmond fitt baal kalb kay liye kheelta hay. wah teen baar kay premairship khilaadi teen baar kay colman medalist teen baar kay aal austrailvi 11 baar kay richmond kalb kay leading goal keekar duu baar kay jeek dier medalist aur tasmanin fitt baal haal aaf femir haine. wah richmond kay naib kaptaan kay toor parr bhee khidmaat anjaam deetay haine aur 2017 say aisa kirr rahay haine. ibtadayi zindagi aur juniyar fitt baal. revolt hobart tasmania mein apnay waldeen curse aur lesli revolt kay haan paida hoay. iss kii prorish ballerio kay mashriqi hobart mazafati elaqay mein hoyee aur iss nay tasmania kay aiss aif eel mein clarence kay liye juniyar fitt baal kheela. 2005 mein revolt nay 16 saal kii amar mein clarence kay saath apnaa seniyar debio kiyaa phir kalb kay saath iss kii final seerez kay zariye kheela jiss mein haarnay waala grend final bhee shaamil thaa jehaan inhon nay chaar goal kiye. aglay saal wah dobarah clarence kay saath seniyar grend final mein khailay iss baar wah kalb kii faatah team kay rakan thay. baad mein inhon nay tye see cup kii satah parr teesi mariners kay saath kheela aur tarbiyat haasil kii aur 2006 aey aif eel inder 18 champine ship mein apnee riyasat kii numaindagi kii. champine ship kay teen meechon mein inhon nay kill aath goal kiye aur duu mawaqa parr inn kii team kay behtareen khiladiyon mein namzad hoay. 2006 mein inhon nay wee aif eel mein tasmanin shaitanon kay liye aath meech khelay. eek khaas toor parr qaabil zakar kheel bendigo kay khalaaf aayaa jehaan iss nay chaar goal kiye aur 13 number liye. inhon nay hobart kay sent wargalz aur rozni college mein hayee school mein taleem haasil kii. masudey say pehley aey aif eel mediya kay meet bargan nay asay "goal kicking forward" kaa leebal lagaya juu intehayi mazboot auvar head hay."tahim inhein apnay ahday kay liye mukhtasir aur sast donon samjha jaataa thaa naarth melburn kay bharti meniger neeveel stubbard nay baad mein tabsarah kiyaa kahh inhein yaqeen nahein hay kahh revolt" "athletic yaa atnaa lamba thaa kahh (medaan kay kasee bhee saray parr) kaleedi position kheel saktaa thaa."richardmand kay bharti meniger frances jackson nay baad mein revolt kii mutasir kunn fitt baal hoshiyariyon aur gaind kii parwaz kuu padhnay kii inn kii salahiyat kuu apnee bharti kay kaleedi awamil kay toor parr yaad kiyaa. aey aif eel carrier. 2007 kaa seezan. revolt kuu 2006 kay aey aif eel qomi masudey mein kalb kay pehley intekhaab aur majmuyi toor parr 13 wein intekhaab kay saath tayaar kiyaa gayaa thaa. inhon nay 2007 kay seezan kay round 9 mein ayem see jee mein jee kay khalaaf meech mein dream tyme mein apnaa aey aif eel debio kiyaa. wah aglay haftay nahein khailay aglay round 14 mein seniyar team mein nazar aayey. inhon nay round 16 mein teen goal kii karkardgi kay hasay kay toor parr apnay carrier kaa pehla goal kiyaa. wah seezan kay aakhri chh kheelon mein say paanch mein kheltay rahay iss saal apnay aath seniyar meechon mein say saat goal kay saath khatam hoay. 2008 kaa seezan. 2008 mein revolt nay khood kuu richmond kii seniyar team kay baqayedah rakan kay toor parr qayem kiyaa. inhon nay seezan kaa apnaa pehla meech round 4 mein kheela aur iss seezan mein sarf eek aur meech chhot gayey jiss mein 18 meech khelay gayey. inn kay khalaaf paanch goal kaa round 15 beeg iss waqat kay carrier kaa behtareen thaa. iss nay kill 18 goal kiyay juu iss seezan mein kalb mein panchwen behtareen kay liye achhay thay. 2009 kaa seezan. revolt nay seezan 2009 mein pehli baar richmond kay behtareen 22 mein kalbon kay round 1 meech app mein inn kay khalaaf kheel kirr seezan kaa aaghaz kiyaa. seezan kay pehley saat rounds mein inhon nay kalb kay round 8 aur 9 meechon say mahroom honay say pehley saat goal kiye. wah round 10 mein duu goal kay saath waps aayaa round 11 mein round 11 kay khalaaf mazeed teen goal karnay say pehley. apnee ghair maujudgi kay baad honay waalay noow kheelon mein wah 20 goal score karein gay juu iss say pehley kay saal say apnay seezan kay kill score kuu behatar banatay haine. iss dodh mein shaamil eek chh goal kii karkardgi thee juu rekhmand kii ascenden kay khalaaf round 17 kii fatah mein thee. revolt kuu iss haftay iss door kay jeek niyaal nay inn kii "foti smarts" aur nashaan zad karnay kii salahiyat kay liye saraha. iss seezan mein wah eek aur kheel say mahroom nahein rahay 20 meech khelay gayey aur eek team kay dosray 32 goal kiye. inhon nay kalb kii behtareen aur munsifana shamaar mein bhee aathwein number parr rakhaa. 2010 kaa seezan. 2010 revalt kay liye eek break aaot saal thaa. inhon nay apnay pehley saat meechon mein 15 goal kirr kay seezan kaa bharpur aaghaz kiyaa. round 8 aur 15 kay darmiyan aglay aath meechon mein revolt nay leeg kay behtareen 43 goal kiye. yaha noow saal qabal methio lyde kay baad say kayee kheelon mein sabb say ziyadah kill thaa. inhon nay eek fatah auvar mein round 12 mein carrier kay behtareen 10 goal kiye. houl mein pehley kwarter kay paanch goal shaamil thay jinn mein say chaar kheel kay pehley 11 mint kay andar aayey. wah 2007 mein jonathan brown kay baad kasee meech mein 10 goal karnay waalay pehley khilaadi bunn gayey aur 2004 mein methio richardson kay baad aisa karnay waalay pehley richmond khilaadi bunn gayey. round 21 mein revolt kuu ddaak lands steadium mein sent culda kay khalaaf 17 disposal 11 maark aur saat goal kii karkardgi kay liye medaan mein behtareen qaraar diyaa gayaa. iss tarah wah iss kii saat saalah tareekh mein ayaan stevart medal jeetnay waalay pehley richmond khilaadi bunn gayey. chaar saalah carrier mein pehli baar revolt nay harr mamkanah meech kheel kirr seezan khatam kiyaa. inn kay 78 goal leeg mein kasee bhee khilaadi kay zariye sabb say ziyadah thay jiss say inhein baltarteeb leeg kay toor parr colman medal aur michael roch medal aur kalb kay sarkardah goal keekar haasil hawaa. colman jeetnay kay chaar dunn baad revolt nay richardmand kay behtareen aur munsifana khilaadi kay toor parr jeek dier kaa tamgha haasil kiyaa. inhein aal austrailvi team mein bhee fill forward kii position mein namzad kiyaa gayaa thaa. revolt kuu baad mein ireland kay doray kay liye muntakhib kiyaa gayaa aur 2010 kii beenn alaqwami qawaid kii seerez mein australia kii numaindagi kii. 2011 kaa seezan. 2011 kay seezan kay aaghaz say pehley revalt kuu richmond kay chh aadmiyon kay qayadat kay grop mein shaamil kiyaa gayaa thaa. round 1 mein carlton kay khalaaf seezan kay chh goal kay aaghaz kay baad inhein eek sakht pandrah dunn kaa saamna karnaa padaa. kalb kay round 2 kay meech kay sharoo mein inhein sarr dard kaa saamna karnaa padaa aur iss say pehley kahh wah kasee baday shumariyati zamray mein asar record karnay mein kamiyab how sakay inhein tabdil kirr diyaa gayaa. asay kapday badalnay kay kamray kuu medaan say jodnay waali seedhiyon parr rengtay hoay aur meech mein waps aaney kay liye zabardasti bahas kartay hoay dekha gayaa. revalt kuu apreel mein coach demain hardok kii taraf say tanqeed kaa saamna karnaa padaa inhon nay bataya kahh team kay saathi distin maartan parr cheekhte hoay aur teesre round mein bench parr angli deetay hoay dekhnay kay baad inhein medaan mein apnaa royah tabdil karnay kii zarurat hay. inhein aey aif eel kii taraf say haath kay asharay kay liye 1,200 ddaalar kaa jarmanah bhee kiyaa gayaa. khood gharz kheel kay liye "iss door" mein raabart walz nay inhein tanqeed kaa nishanah banaya thaa. walz nay kahaa kahh revolt "team kay kheel mein eek fard bunn gayaa hay." tahim inhon nay aglay chh meechon mein bay misaal faarm mein kaam kiyaa chaar baar chaar goal kiye aur duu mawaqa parr paanch beeg kiye. iss kii faarm baaqi seezan kay liye mazboot rahee iss kay bawajood kahh kumm goal kii laat maarna haard wak kay medaan mein mazeed oopar revalt khelnay kay apnay paree seezan plaan kuu naafiz karnay kaa natijah hay. muslisil dosray saal inhon nay kalb leading goal keekar kaa aiward jeeta aur kalb kay 22 meechon mein say harr eek mein khelay. revolt kay 62 golon nay inhein laans franklin kay peeche colman medal kii dodh mein dosray number parr dekha. revolt iss seezan mein kalb kii behtareen aur munsifana ganti mein nawein number parr rahay. satambar mein yaha inkshaf hawaa kahh revolt puray seezan mein chooton say guzra thaa aur asay chaar sarjariyon kii zarurat hogi. harr hipp parr aike iss kii angli parr eek aur iss kay bayein takhnay parr dosra. wah eek tarbiti haadise kay baad honay waalay pasli kay cartlage kay nqsan say bhee nimat rahay thay. 2012 kaa seezan. operation aur sehat yaabi kay eek ghair seezan kay baad revolt nay apnay pehley teen meechon mein paanch goal aur noow beek door maar kirr seezan kaa ghalat aaghaz kiyaa. wah seezan kay wast takk apnee behtareen karkardgi parr waps aaa gayey round 9 aur 10 mein baltarteeb aur iss kay khalaaf beek tuu beek meechon mein chh aur aath goal kay beeg kuu laat maartay hoay. round 10 kii fatah revolt kaa 100 waan carrier meech thaa aur 2003 kay baad sent culda kay khalaaf richmond kii pehli jeeth thee. inhon nay gold coast aur western buildog kay khalaaf round 16 aur 20 meechon mein paanch goal kay beeg bhee laat maari. teen saalon mein dosri baar revolt nay seezan kay ikhtatam parr leeg kii goal scoring rees mein sarfehrist maqaam haasil kiyaa aur 2012 kay seezan kay liye colman medal haasil kiyaa. wah kalb kay seezan kay final meech mein tide leaders methio pawleech () aur tomm hockins () kay peeche teen golz kay saath daakhil huay leakin seezan mein 65 aur jodee say duu clair kay saath khatam karnay kay liye chh goal kiye. revolt mutadid colman tamghe jeetnay waalay sarf dosray richmond khilaadi bunn gayey aur aisa karnay mein michael roch kay kalb record kuu baraabar kirr diyaa. ibtadayi namzadgiyon mein muntakhib honay kay baad revolt balaakhir saal kii aal austrailvi team mein naam zahir naha karnay kay liye chalay gayey. waarik grain aur hairled sunn kay meet wondley kay mutabiq asay eek mutnazah ghalti samjha jaataa thaa. wah seezan kay behtareen aur munsifana tareen aiward mein kalb mein nawein number parr rahay. 2013 kaa seezan. 2012-13 aaf seezan mein eek baar phir revolt kuu mamuli sarjariyon kay liye chaqo kay neechey jaatay hoay dekha gayaa jiss kii bazyabi nay asay mahdud training bojh parr majbur kirr diyaa. seezan kay bazabtah toor parr sharoo honay say pehley hyee revolt nay apnee ahlit kaa mazahirah kirr diyaa thaa sairan kay baad eek goal maar kirr richmond kaa paree seezan meech jeeth liyaa thaa. iss seerez kay doraan inhon nay pehli baar richmond kii kaptani bhee kii aur aath nikati jeeth kay saath aisa kiyaa. jabb kahh round 1 kii jeeth mein inhein goal say mahroom rakhaa gayaa revolt nay aglay haftay iss kay khalaaf saat goal kay saath jawaab diyaa. iss nay aglay haftay karkardgi kii himayat kii aur iss kay khalaaf fatah mein mazeed paanch goal kiye. revolt nay round 5 kay eek point kii shakast kay doraan mediya kii tanqeed kuu apnee taraf matujah kiyaa jiss kay baad maark macloir nay qareebi shakast kay baad team kay saathiyon parr ghasey say radamil zahir kiyaa. aal seezan revolt apnay muahide aur mustaqabil kay kheel kay baaray mein mediya kii qayaas aaraiyon kaa mozua rehaa thaa. bataya gayaa thaa kahh asay freemental kii taraf say paishkash mosul hoyee thee leakin jolayi kay aakhir mein richard kay saath teen saalah nayey muahide parr dastakhat karkay iss nay tajarti tareeqon kuu pehley say rook diyaa. 17 rounds kay baad revolt kuu leeg kay goal kicking kii fehrist mein teesre number parr rakhaa gayaa iss maqaam takk 47 jamaa kiye. inhon nay seezan 57 golon kay saath khatam kiyaa juu 2009 kay baad say inn kii sabb say kumm taadad hay leakin phir bhee chotha seedha kalb leading goal keekar aiward jeetnay mein kamiyab rahay. wah satambar mein apnay carrier kaa pehla final kheltay thay jabb richarmand ayem see jee mein elimation final mein haar gayey thay. seezan kay ikhtatam parr kalb kii behtareen aur munsifana ganti mein revolt baraabar saatwein number parr rahay. wah goal assist kay liye leeg mein teesre number parr rehaa. 2014 kaa seezan. faroori 2014 mein revolt kuu richmond kay paanch khiladiyon kay qayadat kay grop say hataa diyaa gayaa jiss kii jagah muhafiz troey cheeplin nay lay lee. iss kay saath saath coach kii taraf say inhein "rawayati center haaf forward roll" mein khelnay kay mansubay kay saath revolt kuu seezan kay qareeb aatay hoay dekha gayaa juu iss nay kachh waqat mein kiyaa thaa. iss nay aaf seezan mein apnaa kheel kaa wazan kumm kiyaa jiss say iss kii fittens bees mein izafah hawaa jabkah mamuli aaf seezan sarjari say ghatnay aur kolhay takk bhee sehat yaab how gayaa. round 1 mein shakast mein revolt kii karkardgi kuu coach nay "nasbata kharaab" qaraar diyaa forward recording 10 disposal say kumm aur round 8yee 2012 kay baad pehli baar sarf eek goal kay saath. asay round 3 mein trip karnay kii atlaa dee gayee thee leakin aey aif eel meech review pinal kay jarm kuu maatli kay naahil samjhay jaanay kay baad wah sarf daant kirr bach gayaa. mayee mein kalb kay hakaam nay inhein sazaa dee jabb inhon nay team kay nayey shaart kicking gaim style kii taasir kay khalaaf awami toor parr baath kii. haard wak nay mazaaq mein mediya kuu samjhaya kahh kalb nay "iss kay manah say (revolt kaa) paaon aur iss kii gadaa say miraa paaon hataa diyaa thaa". inhon nay tweater kay zariye awami toor parr maafi maangi aur iss kay natijay mein slection aiks say greez kiyaa. medaan mein inn kaa radamil aham thaa jabb inhon nay sudney mein jee dabliyo aiss jinaat parr richardmand kii 113 points kii jeeth mein carrier kay aalee 11 goal kiye. jolayi mein revolt kuu afal tasmania kii dahayi kii tasmanin team mein fill forward kaa naam diyaa gayaa. dosray muslisil seezan kay liyay revolt aur tigers aey aif eel final kay liye kawalifai karein gay leakin sarf eek meech kay baad dobarah baahir how gayey. inhon nay 61 goal kirr kay seezan khatam kiyaa aur lagatar panchwen saal richardmand kaa goal kicking aiward jeeta. wah kalb kii tareekh mein sarf dosray khilaadi bunn gayey jinhon nay lagatar paanch seezan mein 50 goal kiyay jiss kay baad jeek tites nay 1934-1938 mein kiyaa. 2015 kaa seezan. eek jazbati aaf seezan kay baad jiss mein iss kay kazan meady kii moth bhee shaamil thee revolt nay eek yaksaan jazbati round 1 bardasht kiyaa. iss nay carlton parr richmond kii jeeth mein chaar goal kiye aur apnee karkardgi kuu aasman kii taraf asharah kartay hoay iss kii yaad mein waqaf kartay hoay dekha gayaa. inhon nay round 5 say 8 mein mazboot faarm kaa mazahirah kiyaa 14 goal kiye aur chaar hafton kay arsey mein austa saat say ziyadah number haasil kiye. round 13 mein wah seezan kii apnee sabb say bury taadad kuu laat maartay aiss see jee kay khalaaf chh goal kay saath. sent culda kay saath round 16 kay meech app kuu "medies meech" kay toor parr nashaan zad kiyaa gayaa jiss say revalt kazanz kay maqsad "medies vision" kay liye funds akthay hoay. iss nay richmond kii jeetnay waali team mein duu goal kiye. majmuyi toor parr 2015 revolt kay liye eek behtareen saal saabat hawaa jiss nay chhataa seedha kalb leading goal keekar aiward (54) jeeta aur phir nambaron aur disposal kay liye carrier kii bulandiyan qayem kein. apnay carrier mein dosri baar revolt nay aey aif eel kii aal austrailvi team mein intekhaab haasil kiyaa iss baar center haaf forward kii position mein. inhon nay cune bartlet medal haasil kartay hoay richmond kay behtareen aur munsifana tareen mein bhee panchwen number parr rahay. revolt nay 2015 mein bhee eek richmond record toad diyaa jiss nay jeek tites kuu peeche chhodte hoay lagatar chh seezan mein 50 say ziyadah goal karnay waalay pehley richmond khilaadi bunn gayey. revolt nay joone kay aakhir mein muahide mein tausia parr dastakhat kiyay jiss say asay kumm az kumm 2019 kay seezan kay ikhtatam takk richmond say muahidah kiyaa gayaa. 2016 kaa seezan. jabb 2015 kay aakhir mein richardmand kay kaptaan trent kochan kuu ahday say istefi deenay kay mutalibat kaa saamna karnaa padaa tuu revolt kuu mamkanah muthbadil kay toor parr namzad kiyaa gayaa. inhon nay qayaas aaraiyon kuu mustarid kartay hoay wazahat kii kahh "mein (kaptaan bannay kay) sawaal parr bhee ghoor nahein kirr saktaa keunkah meeri nazar mein majhay lagtaa hay kahh (kochan) hamaray fitt baal kalb kii kaptani karnay kay liye behtareen shaqs hay." medaan mein seezan mein revolt nay center haaf forward position mein apnee muntaqli jaari rakhee. iss nay wazan kumm karkay aur goal line say aagay kheel parr taujah markoz karkay apnee bardasht chasti aur chhalang laganay kii salahiyat kuu behatar banaya. round 5 mein inhein takhnay mein mamuli choot lagee aur inn kay saath apnay kalb kay round 6 meech kay liye tayaar honay kay liye inhein aaising aur bahaali kay shadeed prograam kii zarurat thee. inhon nay apnay carrier kaa 200 waan kheel ayem see jee mein galong say round 21 kii shakast mein kheela. revolt nay balaakhir 2016 mein richmond kay 22 kheelon mein say harr eek mein khaila jiss mein team kay 48 goal kiye gayey. yaha pehla moqaa thaa jabb wah apnay aath kheelon kay debio seezan kay baad kasee meech mein paanch goal kay theelay kuu laat maaray baghair gayey. tahim inhon nay kill aur ausat disposal mein eek nayee zaati behtareen karkardgi kaa mazahirah kiyaa apnaa neeya kirdaar mudfeld kay qareeb adaa kiyaa. revolt kalb kii behtareen aur munsifana ganti mein choothay number parr rehaa jiss kay natijay mein fried swifet medal haasil kiyaa. kalb kay coach kii taraf say eek saal kuu pasmandah qadm qaraar deenay kay baad revolt mediya aaot leets kii taraf say tajarti qayaas aaraiyon say gharaa hawaa thaa. inhon nay kalb kay liye apnay azam kaa aadah kartay hoay daawi kiyaa kahh wah baad kay saalon mein iss baath kii tasdiq karnay kay bawajood kahh wah kalb kay saath kabhi bhee team kii numayan kamiyabi haasil kirr sakein gay "harr tarah say pailay aur seeyah" thay. 2017 kaa seezan. revolt kay 2017 kay paree seezan mein choot kay khadshaat kii wajah say rukawat paida hoyee. satambar 2016 mein iss nay takhnay kii mamuli sarjari karwayi jiss kii toqaa kii jaa rahee thee iss say pehley kahh sarjan kay mazeed shadeed nqsan kuu bay nqab karnay kay natijay mein iss tariqah kaar kuu takhnay kii makmal tameer noow mein tabdil kirr diyaa gayaa. nomber mein wah dobarah chaqo kay neechey chalaa gayaa iss baar pehley tutee hoyee angli kuu pahunchnay waalay nqsan kii marmat kay liye. inhein maarch 2017 mein richmond kaa shareek naib kaptaan muqarar kiyaa gayaa thaa. inhein yaha kirdaar defender aleks rains kay saath baantna thaa jabkah donon nay muslisil kaptaan trent kochan kay tahat khidmaat anjaam dain. aaf seezan mein fill forward tayee wakri kii free agency rawangi kay saath revolt kuu 2017 mein gehri forward positionon mein gaim tyme ziyadah dekhna zaruri hoga. round 1yee 2017 mein inhon nay richard kii fatah mein carrier kay behtareen saat tekal record kiye. round 5 kay ainzak day ayoo kay muqabilay mein melborn kay saath revolt nay gailay mosam kay kheel mein chh goal kiye. inhon nay apnay carrier kaa 500 waan goal round 7yee 2017 mein itehad steadium kay khalaaf eek meech mein kiyaa. wah kalb kii tareekh mein sing meel tay karnay waalay panchwen teez tareen khilaadi thay. 11 kheelon kay baad aur wast seezan bayee parr revolt nay 29 goal kiye thay. round 13 mein inhon nay apnaa 214 waan aey aif eel meech khaila aath number garansi mein eek richmond khilaadi kay zariye khelay gayey sabb say ziyadah kheelon kay liye dakk mutty kuu peeche chhod diyaa. round 13 aur 14 mein inn kay duu aur teen goal games nay mutadid golz kay saath inn kay muslisil games kay silsilay kuu 10 takk pahunchaya. wah iss waqat iss silsilay kuu barqarar rakhnay waalay muqabilay mein waahid khilaadi thay aur saal kii golking kii fehrist mein panchwen number parr rahay. revolt sent culda say round 16 mein rekhmand kii shakast mein mutadid naqis adakaron mein say eek thaa jiss nay sarf eek goal kiyaa aur 67 points kay nqsan mein saat maal jamaa kiye. mazeed kiyaa hay revolt kii pehli qabzah kheel kay dosray kwarter kay aathwein mint takk nahein aayee. tarbiyat kay doraan team kay saathi mebure cole kii aankh mein hadsati toor parr choot lagnay say revolt kuu carnia kaatnay aur aankh kay peeche say khoon behnay kaa saamna karnaa padaa. choot kay natijay mein wah rekmond kay round 19 kay meech mein iss kay khalaaf nahein kheel sakay aur revoldt kay muslisil 86 kheelon kay steak kuu khatam kirr diyaa. wah round 20 mein eek aur meech say mahroom rahay aur round 21 mein waps aayey. round 23 mein revolt nay forward kay retirement meech mein apnay kazan nikk kay khalaaf kheela. inhon nay sent culda forward josh brose kay saath mill kirr zameen say nikk kii sadarat kii juu eek mutnazah aqdaam thaa keunkah dosray sent culda khilaadi kuu iss aizaz kay liye muntaqil kirr diyaa gayaa thaa. galong aur jee dabliyo aiss kay khalaaf final kii fatohaat kay baad revolt aur richmond grend final kay liye kawalifai karein gay juu 1982 kay baad kalb kaa pehla meech hay. wah balaakhir mamuli premairs kay khalaaf meech 48 points say jeeth jayein gay jiss mein revolt nay duu goal chh number aur saat teckles kaa taawan kiyaa. meech kay baad kii taqribaat kay doraan americi raak bend dee clers kay zariah ayem see jee parr eek mufta concert paish kiyaa gayaa jiss kaa revolt madaah hay. eek haftah qabal kalb aur aey aif eel mediya maneejaron kay saath iss tajweez kuu uthanay kay baad revolt kuu inn kay 2005 kay sangal "mister" gaaney kay liye stage parr bend mein shaamil honay kay liye mashhur toor parr madau kiyaa gayaa thaa. roshan pehlu. 2017 kay seezan mein apnee karkardgi kay liyay revolt kuu aathwein seedhay kalb kaa sarkardah goal kakar aiward milaa juu kalb kii behtareen aur munsifana ganti mein saatwein number parr rehaa 50 kay andar kay nambaron kay liye leeg mein pehley number parr rehaa aur premairship kaa khilaadi bunn gayaa. 2018 kaa seezan. 2018 kay seezan mein revald nay mazboot goal kicking faarm kaa mazahirah kiyaa kalb kay wee aif eel side kay khalaaf intra kalb meech mein richmond kay senairon kay liye saat goal kiye. wahaan say wah seezan kay ibtadayi round mein chaar goal karnay say pehley kalb kay duu paree seezan meechon mein say harr eek mein kheltay rahay. revolt nay pandrah dunn baad mazeed chaar shaamil kiyay jiss say inn kii team kuu 13 nikati jeeth haasil karnay mein madad milly. round 7 mein revald nay apnay carrier mein pehli baar hoam aur away meech mein richmond kii kaptani kii jabb trent kochan kuu choot kii wajah say deer say dastbardar honaa padaa. duu haftay baad inhon nay optis steadium mein eek meech mein paanch goal kiye. asee kheel mein inhon nay teesre kwarter mein deer say leem digan parr takrayi jiss kay natijay mein aglay waqfe parr inhein khoon khaansi kartay hoay dekha gayaa. iss raat inn kii sehat kay baaray mein khadshaat kaa izhaar karnay kay baad inhein team kay saath melburn waps jaanay kay liye tabee toor parr saaf karnaa padaa. iss waqat takk wah kill golz kay muqabilay mein teesre number parr thaa (24) sarf beenn brown (31) aur jeek darling (28) kay peeche. agarcha wah aglay haftay khelnay kay liye makmal toor parr sehat yaab how gayey leakin iss round 10 meech kay pehley kwarter mein sarf paanch mint mein defender jeek carlisal kii ghalti say loat maar kay doraan sarr parr lagnay say zakhmi honay kay baad wah koyee bamaani hasah daalnay say qaasir thay. richarmand apnee ghair maujudgi kay bawajood jeetnay mein kamiyab rahay aur carlisal kuu strike kay liye duu meechon kii maatli kaa saamna karnaa padaa. revolt nay sarr dard kay natijay mein eek makmal meech nahein chhoda aglay haftay jee jeeth kay moqaa parr apnee team kay khwabon kay waqat mein qataar mein khadaa hawaa. iss kay baad kay haftay mein revolt kuu "faaks foti" kay saal kay wast mein aal austrailvi schwad mein shaamil kiyaa gayaa. faaks kay mubsir paal roos nay bhee inhein block karnay jagah bananay aur peek kuu karesh karnay kii koshishon kay liye saraha jiss mein roos nay inhein "muqabilay kaa sabb say bay loas khilaadi" qaraar diyaa."joone kay aakhir mein inhein hobart mein eek shandar taqrib mein tasmanin fitt baal haal aaf faim mein shaamil kiyaa gayaa. wast seezan bayee kay baad revolt nay itehad steadium mein jeeth kay doraan apnay carrier kii eek karkardgi kaa mazahirah kiyaa. inhon nay apnay carrier kii behtareen karkardgi kuu nambaron (21) aur musabiqti nambaron (saat) mein shamaar kiyaa aur saath hyee saath teen goal kiye aur 21 disposal record kiye juu kahh zameen parr behtareen karkardgi thee jiss kaa anaam teen brownlow medal woton aur kochaz aisosi aishan aiward mein kaamil 10 woton say diyaa gayaa. revolt kuu round 16 kii jeeth mein iss aiward mein eek aur woat milaa iss say pehley kahh round 18 mein chaar goal kii karkardgi kay liye mazeed duu woat haasil kiye. aglay haftay inhon nay apnee team kii jeeth mein 50 kii dahayi kay andar noow kay saath eek nayee zaati behtareen karkardgi kaa mazahirah kiyaa. jolayi kay aakhir mein revolt nay richmond kay saath teen saalah nayey muahide parr dastakhat kiyay jiss say wah kumm az kumm 2021 kay seezan kay ikhtatam takk kalb kay liye parazam rahay. faaks foti kay aey aif eel 360 parr apnay baqayedah panelist kay kirdaar mein baath kartay huay revolt nay daawi kiyaa kahh inhon nay 2019 kay aakhir takk apnay maujudah muahide kii tanzim noow mein tankhwah mein katoti kii hay. round 20 mein inhon nay chaar goal kiyay juu iss saal inn kaa panchwan kill thaa. iss meech kay saath inn kay carrier kii 244 paishi revolt nay aath number kii garansi pehan kirr khelay jaanay waalay kheelon kay liye abb takk kaa wee aif eel/aey aif eel record qayem kiyaa. revolt nay iss kay baad apnay teesre carrier mein duss goal kay saath round 21 mein jeeth haasil kii jiss mein inhon nay carrier kay aalee 26 disposal bhee akthay kiye aur iss seezan mein kick kiye gayey golz kay liye leeg kii sarfehrist position mein daakhil hoay. inhon nay round 23 mein apnee fehrist mein mazeed paanch golz kaa izafah kiyaa 600 carrier goal kaa sing meel abur kiyaa aur 65 golz kay saath hoam aur away seezan khatam karnay kay baad apnaa teesra colman medal haasil kiyaa. wah leeg kii tareekh mein aathwein khilaadi aur richmond kalb kii tareekh mein teesri baar aiward jeetnay waalay pehley khilaadi bunn gayey. inhein aey aif eel kii saal kii behtareen khilaadi kii darjah bundi karnay waali team mein forward jeeb mein namzad kiyaa gayaa thaa aur saath hyee teesri baar aal austrailvi namzad kiyaa gayaa thaa. richarmand kay pehley final mein ayem see jee mein jeeth revolt iss saal sarf teesri baar goal karnay mein nakaam rahay. inhon nay kalb kay ibtadayi final mein paanch golon kay saath iss karkardgi kuu darsat kiyaa. apnee koshishon kay bawajood richmond kuu final seerez say baahir kirr diyaa jaaye gaa juu kahh 39 points kii shakast thee. 2018 kii final seerez kay ikhtatam kay baad revolt nay goal kay liye leeg mein pehla maqaam haasil kiyaa aur 50 kay andar kay saath saath score kii shamoliyat kay liye dosray aur mutnazah nambaron kay liye panchwen number parr rahay. inhein "herold sunn" kay cheef fitt baal ryter maark rabansan nay 2018 kay seezan kay doraan leeg kay behtareen forward aur majmuyi toor parr teesre behtareen khilaadi kay toor parr bhee namzad kiyaa thaa. revolt nay apnay shandar seezan kay liye carrier kay behtareen 10 brownlow medal woat akthay kiye aur richardmand kay behtareen aur munsifana khilaadi kay toor parr apnaa dosra jeek dier medal bhee haasil kiyaa. 2019 kaa seezan. 2018 kay seezan kay foraa baad kay maheenon mein revolt nay kandhay kii mamuli sarjari karwayi. dasambar mein makmal tarbiyat parr waps aaney say pehley wah aaf seezan kay ibtadayi hafton mein mashqon kuu chalanay takk mahdud thay. revolt kuu iss waqat aey aif eel kay aidadushmar kay sharakat daar "champine ddita" nay aagay kii dosri behtareen kaleedi position aur majmuyi toor parr leeg kay 34 wein behtareen khilaadi kay toor parr leebal kiyaa thaa. asee aaf seezan mein kalb nay saabiq forward tomm lunch kuu revald kay saath khelnay kay liye bharti kiyaa. revolt kii 2019 kii pehli fitt baaling kii maujudgi faroori mein 2019 aey aif eel aiks tornament mein 'rempaj' team kay kaptaan kay toor parr thee. revalt nay iss maah kay sharoo mein teeli vision draft mein zaati toor parr apnee team kaa intekhaab karnay kay baad tornament mein champine ship mein hungamah aarayi kii. revolt nay faroori kay aakhir aur maarch kay awail mein richarmand kay duu paree seezan meechon mein say harr eek mein sharkat kay saath maarch kay aakhir mein ayem see jee mein carlton kay khalaaf seezan kay iftatahi meech mein apnaa 250 waan aey aif eel gaim kheela. inhon nay meech mein eek goal kiyaa jiss say inn kay carrier kaa kill score 608 how gayaa aur michael roch kuu richmond kay aal tyme goal kicking leader board parr choothay number parr pahuncha diyaa. round 2 mein shakast kay baad revolt kuu kalayi mein bazahir mamuli choot lagee. inhon nay choot kay bawajood meech kaa baqiyah hasah khaila jiss mein runn mein bhee shaamil thay. aglay dunn makmal honay waalay scaen say patah chalaa kahh revolt kuu radaas kaa eek chhota saa ghair jagah jagah frecture aur kalayi kay lagament kuu kachh nqsan pahuncha thaa. asee meech mein revolt kuu apnay bayein ghatnay mein medial crocite lagament mein bhee makay kaa saamna karnaa padaa. inn chooton kii wajah say teen meech say mahroom honay kay baad revolt nay fitt baal mein wapsi kii aur richmond kay round 6 ainzak day ayoo jeeth mein duu goal kiye. tahim meech mein asay ghatnay mein eek aur choot lagay gee jiss say iss kay bayein ghatnay mein pachli saleebi lagament kuu aalee darjay kaa nqsan pahunche gaa. richmond kalb kay hakaam nay kahaa kahh choot kii marmat kay liye sarjari kii zarurat nahein hogi leakin iss kay natijay mein wah ree woldt phir bhee chh say aath hafton kay darmiyan ghaib how jaaye gaa. iss meech kay doraan inhein baili fritsch parr eek khatarnaak tuckle kay liye bhee report kiyaa gayaa thaa jiss kay liye inhein 1,000 ddaalar jarmanay kii paishkash kii gayee thee. revolt nay afal turbunal mein alzaam kuu challenge kiyaa jehaan wah nakaam rehaa balaakhir jarmanah badhaa kirr 1,500 ddaalar kirr diyaa gayaa. revolt nay joone kay pehley haftay takk dobarah dodna sharoo kirr diyaa thaa jiss mein round 15 mein iss mahinay kay aakhir mein aey aif eel kii wapsi kaa hadaf banaya gayaa thaa. wah duu hafton takk iss hadaf say mahroom rehaa round 17 mein inn jinaat parr fatah haasil kii jiss mein iss nay eek goal kiyaa thaa. iss nay aglay haftay seezan kii apnee abb takk kii behtareen karkardgi mein teen mazeed goal shaamil kiyay jabkah coach demain haard wak nay jolayi kay baaqi hasoon mein inn faarm team kay saathi lunch kii himayat mein inn kay ghair janibdarana kheel kii tareef kii. round 22 kii jeeth kay muqabilay mein revalt kuu duu alg alg marking muqabilon mein apnay mukhalif kii peeth kay pachlay hasay mein paaon rakhnay kay baad duu baar free kick kay liye blaya gayaa. iss kay baad kay haftay mein aey aif eel nay aalaan kiyaa kahh iss asul mein narmi kii jaaye gee taakah sarf nqsan pahunchanay kay amkaan waali mazeed khatarnaak karwaiyon kuu shaamil kiyaa jaa sakay taakah revalt kay khalaaf adaa kii jaanay waali qasm kii free kakz kuu mazeed adayegi naha kii jaaye. hoam aur ayoo seezan kay aakhri round mein revolt nay defender maarks addams parr pehley kwarter kay chaar goal kiye leakin jabb baad mein baaqi meech kay liye darsi guardiner kay dafaa mein mazeed goal nahein how sakay. richarmand kay seezan kuu teesri position parr khatam karnay kay baad revolt nay revald parr 47 points kii qualifying final jeeth mein teen goal kiye. iss kay baad honay waalay ibtadayi final mein wah kaafi kumm mutasir kunn thay pehley haaf mein sarf eek hanned baal kuu apnay waahid thukanay kay toor parr record kiyaa aur balaakhir goal kay baghair chalay gayey keunkah inn kii team nay shakast khayee aur inn kay khalaaf grend final meech app mein kamiyabi haasil kii. grend final mein revolt nay meech kay aalee paanch golz kuu laat maari keunkah richmond nay teen saalon mein dosri premier ship jeeth lie jiss mein jinaat defender fill ddios kii raftaar kii kamee kaa fayedah uthaya gayaa juu bichday kii choot kay saath taqriba deer say dastbardar how gayey thay. iss kay dosray kwarter kay teen goal shaamil thay jinn say wah haaf tyme mein ground parr aidadushmar kay lahaaz say number eek khilaadi bunn gayey aur balaakhir asay meen aaf dee meech kay liye woat deenay waalay naarm samath medal mein chotha maqaam haasil hawaa. revolt kay paanch goal aur eek peeche (31 points) nay inhein aey aif eel/wee aif eel kii tareekh kaa chotha khilaadi aur 59 saalon mein pehla khilaadi banaa diyaa jiss nay grend final mein mukhalif team (25 points) kuu akilay peeche chhod diyaa. 2020 kaa seezan. revolt nay faroori mein bash fayer releaf meech kay liye aey aif eel kii fund rezing steat aaf aurejan mein 2020 kay liye apnaa pehla meech khaila jiss mein itehadi aal starz kii taraf say apnee aabayi riyasat tasmania kii numaindagi kartay hoay duu goal kiye. wah asee haftay kay aakhir mein paree seezan kaa pehla meech khelnay kay liye baahir how gayaa leakin eek haftay baad kalb kay final paree seezan meech kay liye waps aayaa. eek balatatal paree seezan kay bawajood maarch kay wast takk australia mein korona wires wabayi bemari kii teezi say paish raft nay seezan kay mustaqabil kuu shakk mein ddaal diyaa jiss mein revolt aur premairship kaa dafaa bhee shaamil thaa. aey aif eel commission nay balaakhir aalaan kiyaa kahh seezan kaa aaghaz muqarrah waqat kay mutabiq jaari rahay gaa leakin awami sehat kii jaanib say ijtemayi ijtemaat parr pabandi kii wajah say shaiqeen kii maujudgi kay baghair. iss toqaa kay saath kahh wast seezan mein eek aham waqafah zaruri hogaa leeg nay yaha bhee aalaan kiyaa kahh seezan 17 round kay tarmim shadah fixture kay saath makmal kiyaa jaaye gaa aur kwarter kii lambayi mein panchwan hasah kii kamee kii jaaye gee taakah inn khiladiyon parr bojh kumm kiyaa jaa sakay jinn say toqaa kii jaaye gee kahh wah saal kay pachlay nasf mein mukhtasir waqfon kay saath mutadid meech khailein gay. inn halaat mein revolt nay round 1 kii jeeth mein baraabar team kay aalee teen goal kiye jiss mein inhein haftay kii "aey aif eel mediya" team mein namzad kiyaa gayaa. tahim sarf teen dunn baad mutadid riyasaton kay apnee sarhadon parr qarantina kay sharaet naafiz karnay kay baad aey aif eel commission nay seezan kuu ghair mayinah madat kay liye muatil kirr diyaa. revalt nay kharaab karkardgi kay liye mediya kii jaanch padtaal kuu apnee taraf matujah kiyaa jabb 11 hafton kay waqfe kay baad joone kay awail mein seezan dobarah sharoo hawaa round 2 aur 3 mein baghair goal kay meechon kay baad. iss nay aglay round mein saat hafton kii attoot goal kii dodh sharoo kii iss doraan asay aur kalb kuu melburn mein wires failnay kay jawaab mein gold coast mein muntaqil kirr diyaa gayaa. revolt nay zakhmi trent kochan kii jagah round 6 aur 8 kay darmiyan teen hafton kay liye kalb kay kaptaan kay toor parr khidmaat anjaam dain. round 10 mein inhon nay seezan kay behtareen chaar zaati golz kuu round 11 mein kotchan kii ghair maujudgi mein winn aaf gaim kay liye team kii kaptani kartay hoay mazeed teen shaamil karnay say pehley round 10 mein jeeth mein laat maari. wah round 12 mein richmond kay behtareen mein say eek thay jiss nay iss jeeth mein duu goal kii sharakat kay liye eek coach aiward woat haasil kiyaa. inhon nay round 17 kii jeeth mein zameen parr baraabar kay behtareen kay toor parr mazeed noow woat haasil kiyay chaar goal kiye. revolt nay 28 goal kirr kay baqayedah seezan khatam kiyaa balaakhir colman medal rees mein chhatay number parr baraabar maqaam haasil kiyaa. inhon nay kalb kii final muham kay iftatahi meech mein duu goal kiyay qualifying final mein inn say shakast baghair goal kay munaqid honay say pehley aur eek haftay baad seemi final mein seezan kay nichley chaar disposal takk. iss naqis shumariyati numaish kay bawajood coach demain haard wak nay revalt kii iss haftay kay doraan iss karkardgi kay liye tareef kii khaas toor parr musabiqaton kuu nashaan zad karnay mein opposition kay entracept defenders kuu mustarid karnay kii salahiyat kay liye. asee tarah ibtadayi final jeeth mein revolt nay 2015 kay baad pehli baar sarf eek goal karnay aur baghair kasee nashaan kay jaanay kay bawajood marking peek kuu taqsim karnay kay liye haard wak kii awami tareef haasil kii. revolt nay aglay haftay mazeed score board kii pehchaan haasil kii teen baar premairship khilaadi bunn kirr 31 nikati grend final jeeth mein duu goal kiye. revolt nay iss saal apnay 33 golz kay liye daswein kalb leading goal keekar kaa aiward bhee haasil kiyaa jabkah wah eek seezan kay liye kalb kii behtareen aur munsifana ganti mein baraabar 14 wein number parr rahay jiss mein wah tamaam 21 mamkanah meechon mein hasah leetay haine. 2023 kaa seezan. round 1 2023 mein revalt nay apnay carrier kay 8 wein draa mein kheel kirr leeg record qayem kiyaa. khilaadi profile. revolt goal kii makmal forward aur center haaf forward kay toor parr kheelta hay. wah iss position parr kumm size kaa hay jiss kii lambayi sarf 193 centy metter hay. 2010 kii dahayi mein inhon nay leeg mein kasee bhee khilaadi kay 50 kay andar sabb say ziyadah number haasil kiye aur iss waqat kay doraan teen colman tamaghon kay saath franklin kaa muqabilah kartay huay laans franklin kay elawah kasee bhee khilaadi say ziyadah goal kiye. 2019/20 aaf seezan mein revolt kuu 2010 kii dahayi kay behtareen khiladiyon kii "herold sunn" kii fehrist mein majmuyi toor parr 13 waan behtareen khilaadi qaraar diyaa gayaa. 2020 mein revolt kuu "herold sunn" nay aey aif eel door kay richmond kay choothay behtareen khilaadi kay toor parr namzad kiyaa thaa. aidadushmar. "round 23yee 2022 kay aakhir takk app ddait kiyaa gayaa. ! colan = 3| carrier ! 325 ! 752 ! 451 ! 2940 ! 972 ! 3912 ! 1734 ! 694 ! 2.3 ! 1.4 ! 9.0 ! 3.0 ! 12.0 ! 5.3 ! 2.1 ! 62 nott zaati zindagi. revolt german warsay kaa hay aur iss kay daada daadi heinz aur helga 1950 mein europi milk say hijrat kirr gayey thay. iss kay waalid curse tasmanin fitt baal leeg mein clarence mein 298 gaim kay khilaadi thay riyasat kay numaindah khilaadi honay kay saath saath tasmanin fitt baal haal aaf faim mein shaamil bhee thay. revolt kay duu chhotay bhayee hairi aur chaarli donon juniyar riyasati satah parr tasmania kay liye khelay. wah saabiq sent culda afeel fitt baalar nikk revolt kaa pehla kazan hay. revolt nay 2016 mein taweel arsey say garal friend kaarli zegler say mangani karli aur nomber 2017 mein revolt kii aabayi riyasat tasmania mein eek taqrib mein inn kii shaadi hoyee. iss jodee kaa pehla bachah eek ladki 2019 mein paida hawaa. 2021 mein joday nay apnee dosri betty kii paidaish kaa aalaan kiyaa. fitt baal kay medaan say door revolt eek parjosh golfar hay juu eek baar 0.6 kay toor parr kumm mazuri say kheelta hay. wah americi raak bend dee clers kaa bhee madaah hay jiss kay saath iss nay 2017 mein richmond kii premairship kii fatah kay baad stage parr perform kiyaa thaa. mediya carrier. revalt faaks foti kay "aey aif eel 360" parr haftah waar mahman kay toor parr nazar aataa hay. wah austrailvi tye wee show 2019 kay azeem veek aind mein mezban kay toor parr nazar aayey aur 2020 mein inhon nay 1116 seen parr peer kii raaton parr apnay redio aawar kii mezbani kii. revolt nowa 100 melburn naashte kay redio show karsasi seem aind brawni mein bhee baqayedgi say nazar aatay haine. cancer kaa khoof. 2007 mein revolt kii kamar say eek cancer kaa tall nikala gayaa thaa. 0. 9 milly metter melanoma kay cancer honay kii tasdiq kay baad iss nay mazeed tisho nikaal diyaa thaa aur iss kay baad say dobarah honay say roknay kay liye iss kii baqayedah jaanch padtaal kii gayee hay. 2014 mein inhon nay aey aif eel players aisosi aishan aur cancer konsal victoriah kii eek muham kii qayadat kii taakah "mardon kuu cancer kay baaray mein mashkal guftagu karnay parr aamadah kiyaa jaa sakay." meady kaa wazan. jabb revolt kay kazan meady (behan say nikk) kaa 2015 kay awail mein khoon kii bemari applastic anaemiya kay natijay mein inteqal hawaa tuu wah aur revolt kaa khaandaan inn kay aizaz mein qayem kardah khairati adaaray meady kay wazan kay awami tarjuman bunn gayey. beruni rawabit. ]

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https://en.wikisource.org/wiki?curid=104603

Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Numismatics

Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Numismatics <templatestyles src="Header/styles.css" /> <templatestyles src="Header/main block/styles.css" />← Use of Numbers in the Church Nunc Dimittis → <includeonly></includeonly> Numismatics is the science of coins and of medals. Every coin or medal being a product of the cultural, economic, and political conditions under which it originated, this science is divided according to the various civilized communities of mankind. It is not only a distinct science but also, in its respective parts, a branch of all those sciences which are concerned with the history of nations and of their culture - classical archaeology, history in its narrower sense Orientalism, etc. Practically, only ancient, modern, and possibly Oriental numismatics are of importance. Furthermore a distinction should be made between numismatography, which is chiefly descriptive, and numismatology, which views the coin from its artistic, economic and cultural side. The dependence of theoretical numismatics on the pursuit of coin-collecting is clearly seen in the history of the science. The earliest publications of any importance were written to meet the needs of collectors (e.g. the various cabinets of Taler, Groschen, and ducats and the "Münzbelustibungen", or "coin-pastimes"), whereas the foundations for a scientific treatment of ancient numismatics were not supplied until 1790, by Eckhel and for modern not until the nineteenth century by Mader Grote, and Lelewel. (It is worth remembering that St. Thomas Aquinas, in "De regimine principis", II, xiii, xiv, treated the subject of money and coinage, and this work was for many years the authority among canonists.) The oldest collection of coins of which we have certain knowledge dates back to the fifteenth century, and was made by Petrarch; his example found numerous imitators. Hubert Goltz in 1556-60, visited the various collections of Europe, of which there are said to have been 950. In comparison with private collections, which are as a rule scattered after the death of their owners, the collections of rulers, states, or museums, possess paramount importance, and furnish the most reliable basis for numismatic investigations. As early as 1756 Francis I of Austria in two works of great beauty, "Monnoyes en or" and "Monnoyes en argent", made known the treasures of his collection; and in recent years the great catalogues, especially those of the British Museum, have become the most important sources of information in this science. The needs of both collectors and theoretical students have called into being a large number of numismatic societies as well as about 100 technical periodicals, in large part published by these societies. From the meetings of the German Society of Numismatics, held from year to year in different cities, there have developed international congresses: Brussels, 1892; Paris, 1900 (Records and Transactions, published by Comte de Castellane and A. Blanchet); Rome, 1903; (Atti del congresso internazionale di scienze storich, 6 vols.); Brussels, 1910. I. COINS Coins may be defined as pieces of metal that serve as legal tender. The term includes ordinary currency, commemorative or presentation pieces stamped by public authority in accordance with the established standard, etc., but not paper money or private coinage. To the last class we refer the English tokens which were largely circulated as a result of the insufficient supply of fractional coin about the year 1800; furthermore, the pieces called "mereaux", issued, especially by church corporations, as vouchers for money, and afterwards for value in general, like jetones, or counters, and "Rechnungspfennige". When each individual is no longer able to wrest from the earth his own subsistence, the necessity arises for sharing labour and distributing its products. This is at first effected by barter of commodities, which requires a universally available medium of exchange usually found in cattle (in Homer the equipment of Menelaus is valued at 9 steers; that of Glacus, at 100). Besides cattle, primitive men have used hides, pelts, cloth, etc., for this purpose. Soon, however, it becomes necessary to find a measure of value that can be employed universally, and for this gold, silver, and copper have been used from very early times; in comparatively recent years after experimentation with many other metals, nickel has been added to these. The first stage of metallic money is reached with the weighing out of pieces of metal of any shape; but, as only the gross weight can be determined by this procedure, and not the degree of fineness (a very essential factor in the case of the precious metals), the necessity arises of certifying fineness by the stamp of public authority, and this stamp makes the lump of metal a coin. The employment of only one of the metals mentioned soon proves insufficient: it is impossible to put into circulation gold coins of sufficiently small denomination or, using the base metal, to issue coins of sufficiently high values. It is necessary, therefor, to make use of two or three metals at the same time. This may be done either by employing the one precious metal as a measure of value and the other, together with copper, only as a commodity or subsidiary coin, or else by suing both metals concurrently as measures of value at a ration fixed by law (bimetallism), a course however, which has frequently caused difficulties on account of the fluctuations in the rate of exchange of the two precious metals. In form, coins are usually circular, sometimes oval, and quadrangular; these last are particularly common in emergency coinage, and in Sweden had grown to an immense size and great weight. There are also found, especially in the Far East, coins of the most eccentric shapes. In addition to the device and inscription coins frequently bear what are called mint marks or mint-masters' marks which deserve special mention. Mint-masters and die-sinkers have in many cases been accustomed to distinguish their works by means of certain marks or letters; and the mints distinguish their respective coins either by letters, indicating the place of issue by conventional and arbitrary marks, or by some other means - sometimes scarcely perceptible to the uninitiated - such as the placing of a dot beneath a particular letter of the inscription. In this way the various issues of coins otherwise alike, are kept distinct. The science of numismatics is materially advanced by finds of coins in large quantities: in addition to a knowledge of previously unknown types, such discoveries afford an instructive insight into the actual circulation of coins at given periods and the extent to which certain coinages were current beyond the confines of their own states, and help us to assign undated varieties, especially those of the Middle Ages, to some particular mint-master or precise period. In the study of the science, as well as in the classification of coins, it is the practice to follow, chronologically, three great eras: the ancient, medieval, and modern; geographically, the different political division of the respective times. For the Greek coins, Eckhel has adopted an exemplary system which is still in use. Beginning at the Pillars of Hercules he takes up the countries of the world as known to the ancients, in the order of their positions around the Mediterranean: first those of Europe, then Asia as far as India, and lastly Africa from Egypt back to the Straits of Gibraltar. A. Greek Coins The term "Greek" is always understood in ancient numismatics to include all coins except those of Roman origin and the Italian oes grave. The monetary unit is the talent of 60 minæ (neither the talent nor the mina being represented by any coin), or 6000 drachmæ, each being equal to 6 obols. The various currencies are in most cases based upon the Persian system of weights. The Persians had two different standards of weight for the precious metal: for gold, the Euboean; for silver, the Babylonian. the gold daric, the common gold coin, corresponding to the Greek silver didrachm, weighted 8.385 grammes (about 129 1/3 grains); the silver daric (shekel), 5.57 grammes (nearly 87 grains). As the value of silver to that of gold was, in antiquity, as 1 to 10, the gold daric is the equivalent of 15 silver darics. Other standards of coinage were the Phocæan, the Æginetan, the Attic, the Corinthian, the Ptolemaic, and the cistophoric standard of Asia Minor; some of these, however, may be derived from the Persian standard. By the substitution of the lighter Attic standard for the old Æginetan Solon brought about the partial abolition of debt. The most abundantly coined pieces were the tetradrachm (25-33mm. in diameter) and the didrachm; pieces of eight, ten, and twelve drachmæ are exceptional, and a forty-drachma piece is a rarity. In the downward scale the division extends to the quarter-obolus (=1/24 drachma). In Greek Asia Minor coins made of a mixture of gold and silver (electrum) were used. In Greece the silver coinage greatly predominated; copper coins do not antedate 400 B.C., while gold was but rarely minted. The coinage of the Persians, on the other hand, was very rich in gold, and it was their example that influenced Philip II of Macedon and Alexander the Great. With a few exception the highest degree of fineness was aimed at, the gold daric being 97 per cent fine. In the early times the coining was done with a single die: the reverse of the blank metal was held fast by a peg, generally square, in the anvil, and so received its impress in the form of a quadrangular depression (incuse square); in time this square came to be adorned with lines, figures, and inscriptions. In Southern Italy two dies that fitted into each other were employed, so that the coins present the same design in relief on the obverse and depressed on the reverse ("nummi incusi"). The inscriptions are in different languages, according to nationalities. Bilingual inscriptions - e.g., Greek-Latin - and inscriptions in which the language and type do not correspond - e.g., Greek in Cypriote characters, also occur; and even the Greek characters undergo numerous changes in form in the course of time. The right of coinage being a privilege of sovereignty, the inscriptions first mention the name of the sovereign power under whose authority the coin was struck; in Greece, until the time of Alexander the Great, this was the community. The names of the officials who had charge of the coinage are also found; and later coins also show the year, frequently reckoned from the Seleucid era, 312 B.C. The oldest coins had their origin on the Ægina coasts, perhaps in Lydia, as Herodotus tells us, or at Ægina, to whose king, Pheidon, the Parian chronicle ascribes them, possibly earlier than 600 B.C. Various islands of the same sea furnish coins bearing designs not very dissimilar to these. The coins of Southern Italy are of not much later date, as is proved by the fact that specimens are extant from the city of Sybaris, which was destroyed in 510 B.C. The early coins of Greece proper and Asia Minor are thick pieces of metal, resembling flattened bullets, and, naturally, bear the simplest devices, plants and animals, which soon become typical of particular localities; these are succeeded by the heads and figures of deities and men, sometimes united in groups. About 400 B.C. the Greek art of die-cutting reached its fullest development, attaining a degree of excellence unequalled by any later race: Syracuse holds the first place; after it in order come Areadia, Thebes, Olynthus, etc. Of the non-Hellenic peoples whose coins are included in the Greek series, the most important for us are the Jews. At first they made use of foreign coins, but, as one of the results of the national rising under the Machabees against the Syrians, the high priest, Simon received from Antiochus VII (139-38 B.C.) the right of coinage. Simon minted copper and silver. To him is ascribed the "Shekel Israel": obverse legend (Shekel Israel) and a cup or chalice above which is a date (1-5, reckoning from the conferring of the right of coinage); reverse, legend (Jerusalem the Holy) and a lily-stalk with three buds. The rest of the Machabees - John Hydranus, Judas Aristobulus, Alexander Jannæus, Mattathias Antigonus, and so on - coined copper exclusively with inscriptions in old Hebrew or in Hebrew and Greek. After these came the copper coins of the Idumæan prince Herod and his successors. In the time of Christ Roman coins were also in circulation. This is proved by the story of the tribute money. "And they offered him [Christ] a penny. And Jesus saith to them: Whose image and inscription is this? They say to him: Cæsar's" (Matt., xxii, 19-21). It was only during the two revolts of the Jews against the Romans in A.D. 66-70 and 132-135, that silver was again coined under Eleazar and Simon and Bar-Cachba respectively. On the Bactrian coins of the first century after Christ there occurs the name Gondophares, or some similar name, supposed to be identical with that of one of the three Magi, Caspar. B. Roman Coins In Italy the earliest medium of exchange was copper, which had to be weighed at each transaction ("oes rude"). At first it was used in pieces of irregular form, later in clumsy bars. The credit of having first provided a legal tender is ascribed to Servius Tullius, who is said to have had the bars stamped with definite figures, mostly cattle ("primus signavit oes; oes signatum"). The introduction of true coins with marks indicating their value and the emblems of the city belongs to a much later date. The monetary unit was the as of 12 ounces (10.527 oz. Troy), equal to a roman pound ("libra" - hence, libral standard); usually, however, the weight of an as was only 10 ounces (about 8 3/4 oz. Troy). The divisions of the as (the "semis" =1/2, "triens" =1/3, "quadrans" =1/4, "sextans" =1/6, and "uncia" =1/12), in order that they might be more readily distinguished, were marked on one side with as many balls as they contained ounces. On the one side was the representation of the prow of a ship, the characteristic device of the city of Rome, on the other, the head of a divinity, which varied with the denomination of the coin. The coins were round, in high, but somewhat clumsy, relief, and cast; some were minted in Campania. From 268 B.C. the weight of the as steadily decreased; the libral standard became first a triental, then an uncial, and finally even a semiuncial standard - 1/24 of the original weight. While this reduction of the standard facilitated the manufacture of coins of larger values ("dupondius, tripondius, decussis", equal to 2, 3, and 10 asses respectively), it resulted in giving to copper coins a current value far above their intrinsic worth and furthered the introduction of stamped, instead of cast, coins. According to Livy the first silver coins were minted in 268 B.C., this first silver piece was the "denarius", equal to 10 asses. It was followed by the minor denominations, the "quinarius" (1/2 "denarius") and "sestertius" (1/4 "denarius"). Besides these the "victoriatus" (1/4 "denarius") was coined for the use of some of the provinces as a commercial currency. The denarius, weighing at first 1/72 of a pound was reduced in 217 B.C. to 1/84, the silver used being almost pure. The obverse shows the "dea Roma"; the reverse, the two Dioscuri; of these stamps the former more particularly remained in use for many years. The mint was managed by a commission ("tresviri oere argento auro flando feriundo"), the members of which soon placed upon the coins their names or initials, and later glorified the members of their families and their deeds (family or consular coins). Even at that time, but much more frequently in the imperial period, there were denarii of base metal which were often thinly coated with silver ("denarii suboevati"). It rarely happened that gold was coined. Cæsar marks the transition to the imperial coinage: in 44 B.C. the Senate ordered the issue of coins bearing his portrait. Even Brutus followed this example, and with Augustus begins the uninterrupted series of portrait coins. While Cæsar had already claimed the right of coining gold and silver, Augustus claimed this right for himself alone and left to the Senate only the coinage of copper; and these copper coins are characterized by the letters S.C. ("senatus consulto"). Aurelian (270-76) took even this privilege from the Senate. Beginning with the empire we find a copious coinage of gold. The principal coin is the "aureus", weighing about 123 1/2 grains; its obverse bears the name, title and portrait of the emperor; its reverse, historical representations in rich variety. building, favourite divinities of the emperor, and personifications of the virtues that adorned, or should have adorned, him; the members of his family are also represented. In this respect the series of Trajan and Hadrian are especially rich. With Nero begins the debasement of the coinage, particularly of the silver; and this continued until Constantine again established some degree of order. He introduced a new gold coin, the "solidus", equal to 1/72 of a pound (about 70 grains), which for centuries remained an important factor in the development of the monetary system. Special mention should be made of the medals, peculiarly large and carefully executed works of the mint, issued in commemoration of some event. They were made of gold, silver, or copper, and in the precious metal, generally coined in conformity with the legal standard. There are also specimens made of copper surrounded by a circle of yellowish metal ("médailles des deux cuivres"). The term "contorniate" is applied to a large circular copper coin with a raised rim, used principally in connection with the circensian games. The coins of the Roman emperors of the East, which are designated as Byzantine, belong, chronologically at least, to the Middle Ages, but, judged by the standard observed in their coinage and, in the beginning, also by the character of the coins themselves, the entire series is closely connected with the issues of the Roman Empire. Copper was coined abundantly, silver rarely, but the greatest importance attached to the gold coinage. For many years gold was coined only at Byzantium, and these gold pieces served as a model, not only for the gold coinage of the West, which was not resumed until the thirteenth century, but also for that of Islam. Artistic merit is entirely lacking in the Byzantine coins: their type is rigid and monotonous. In place of the former wealth and variety of devices on the reverse, we find religious symbols, the monogram of Christ, and saints. The coinage of John VIII, the last of the emperors but one, about the middle of the fifteenth century, was the last of the Byzantine series. C. Medieval Coins The new states that arose within the territorial limits of the old Roman Empire at first made use of the Roman coins, of which a sufficiently large number were in existence. The rare autonomous issues of the period of the racial migration are very closely connected with the Roman series; only the Merovingians, in France, made themselves to some extent independent. Very soon, however, a general decline began in all matters connected with coinage; the coins steadily become coarser, gold currency disappeared, copper was coined only exceptionally; small silver coins were the only medium of payment. Charlemagne restored some kind of order; claiming the right of coining as a royal prerogative, to be exercised by the king alone, he suppressed all private coinage, which at that time had assumed disastrous proportions. He furthermore enjoined greater care in minting and made regulations on this point which became the standard for the greater part of Europe, and which, in their essential features, are operative in England to the present day. The basis was the talent, or pound, of silver (about 11 4/5 oz. Troy); it was divided into 20 shillings (pound and shillings being both merely money of account) each equal to 12 pence ("deniers"). The penny therefore weighed 23 1/2 grains. The most common designs on the Carlovingian coins are the representation of the cross and a church adorned with columns, surrounded by the legend "christiana religio". The peculiar economic conditions of the Middle Ages gave rise to the issue of silver coins of constantly diminishing weight and fineness, so that they steadily became more and more worthless and, as a result of the general rise in values, could no longer be used as currency. In this way a process began which was repeated several times during the Middle Ages: as a result of the depreciation of the older small coins, new coins, larger and more valuable, were struck in some city whence they made their way triumphantly through the whole of Europe. In course of time these in turn became depreciated and were replaced by a new issue. In the thirteenth century the shilling (equal to 12 pence) was first coined at Tours; in contradistinction to the "denier", which at that time had become very thin, it was called "nummus grossus" (thick coin), and, from the name of the place where it was first coined, "grossus turonensis", or "gros tournois". One side has a cross with the name of the king and a legend, most commonly "Benedictum sit nomen domini"; the other, a church. The "tournois" spread rapidly through France and along the Rhine, and led to the minting of a similar coin at Prague (the "grossus pragensis", or "Prager Groschen"), which in its turn was imitated in many countries. After the Merovingian period the only gold coins minted were the Augustales of the emperor Frederick II. These were copies of the earlier Roman coin and were struck in Sicily. A regular gold coinage does not begin until about 1250, in the Republic of Florence. These coins bear, on the one side, St. John the Baptist, and, on the other, a lily, the emblem of Florence. From this device ("flos lilii"), or from the name of the city, they received the name "florin". Their weight was a little more than 540 grains. A few decades later the Doge of Venice, Giovanni Dandolo, began the minting of a gold coin which bears the representation of the doge kneeling before St. Mark and the effigy of Christ with the legend: "Sit tibi Christe datus quem tu regis iste ducatus". The last word of this legend gave the coin its name, "ducato" (ducat); in Venice it was also called "zecchino" (sequin) from "la zecca", "the mint". The type of the florin and the name of the ducat soon became current throughout the world. The transition to modern times is marked by the introduction of still larger silver coins. Of these, besides the Italian "testone" and the French "franc", the German "Taler" was the most important. In 1485 the Archduke Sigismund of the Tyrol caused the issue of a new silver coin weighing 2 "Loth", and of a fineness of 15 "Loth"; its value at the rate of exchange of that time corresponded to that of the gold gulden and it was therefore called "Guldengroschen". The example of the Tyrol was soon followed by many nobles who had the right of coining; the "Joachimstaler" (shortened to "Taler"), made in the mint of the counts of Schlick, at Joachimstal, originated the name of Taler (Dollar), which has been retained to the present day. Among the most interesting of the coins of this kind are the "Rubentaler", coined by Leonard of Keutschach, Archbishop of Salzburg, and named from his armorial bearings, a turnip (Rübe); these are counted among the rarest and most frequently counterfeited coins of the Middle Ages. The monetary systems of the German Empire during the Middle Ages are of the greatest interest with respect not only to the number of its types of coin, but also the peculiarity of its evolution. Charlemagne, it is true, had established uniformity of coinage and had caused the right of coining to be acknowledged as exclusively belonging to the sovereign; but his weaker successors were gradually compelled to yield this, as well as most of the other royal prerogatives, to the feudatory lords, whose power continued to increase as that of the paramount government weakened. Among these feudatories were, not only all archbishops and bishops, but also the leading abbots and abbesses within the empire. The evolution was gradual. At first permission was granted to hold a fair ("mercatus"), levy a tax ("telonium"), and erect a mint ("moneta") at some place belonging to one of the feudatories. At first the mint may have been only an exchange, the profits of which, however, in the Middle Ages were often very considerable, and accrued to the lord. Then he was permitted to have coins struck bearing his portrait, but had to maintain the uniform standard. At length these feudatory lords obtained the privilege of coining without any restrictions. When this was done uniformity in the currency of the empire was at an end, a great diversity in the coinage was rendered possible, and the right of coining, instead of being a prerogative of the emperor, became a privilege of every feudatory. These sought to exploit this privilege as a productive source of income by constantly debasing and changing the coinage, thereby causing serious losses to those of their subjects who were engaged in trade. The cities, therefore, which had not yet obtained the right of coinage, endeavoured to gain some control over the system, either by obtaining for themselves the right of coining or by farming mints, or by inducing the owners of mints to exercise their privileges in a more reasonable manner. Of the German medieval coins, the "bracteates" (Lat. "bractea", "a thin sheet of metal") deserve special mention. They were not personal ornaments, like the Scandinavian bracteates of earlier times, but genuine coins. As the denier had become thinner and thinner in the course of the eleventh century, it was replaced, early in the twelfth century, in some parts of Germany, by very thin but rather large silver coins, made with one die, showing the same design, in relief on one side and depressed on the other. These coins, especially in the beginning, were carefully executed and not without artistic merit. The city of Halle in Swabia (Wurtemberg) issued a small fractional coin which had a wide circulation, and was called "Heller" from the place of its origin. In some respects the evolution of French coinage resembles that of German: here too we find, in the tenth century, coinages of lay and ecclesiastical barons (the archbishops of Vienne, Arles, Reims, etc. in particular), characterized by a fixed type ("type immobilisé") which is maintained unaltered for a long period. But by the close of the Middle Ages this coinage is confined to a very few powerful feudatories and in comparison with the royal coinage, is no longer of importance. From France we have the "chaise d'or", a gold coin that was also largely minted in other countries; it represents the king seated upon a Gothic throne. In England sterlings and nobles were stuck, both of them often counterfeited. Coins of the archbishops of Canterbury and York are extant. In Italy, because of its numerous political divisions, we find a diversity of coinages similar to that of Germany. The scarcity of coins of ecclesiastical mints is noticeable: with the exception of some isolated examples and the series of Aquileja, Trent, and Trieste, we have only the papal coinages, which, following chiefly the Byzantine model, begin with Adrian I, but do not become important until Clement V (the first of whose coins, however, were struck at Avignon). While eastern Europe was for the most part under the influence of Byzantine, the Crusaders nevertheless brought Western types into the states founded by them in the Orient. Mohammedan coinage appears only about the year 700; these coins, because the Koran forbids pictorial representations, bear only texts from the Koran and, generally, precise statements concerning the ruler, the mint-master, and the date of coinage. D. Modern Coins With the beginning of modern times, partly as the result of the discovery of America and the exploitation of its silver deposits, large silver pieces appear everywhere in great numbers. As a natural consequence of this, we find greater care bestowed upon the execution of the work, more legible characters in the inscriptions, and increased attention to the pictorial representations (portraits and coats-of-arms). Several of the Renaissance issues, particularly the papal coins, are reckoned among the foremost works of art of that time. In the course of the last few centuries, countries which had not come under the influence of the civilization of the Middle Ages enter into numismatic relations with the others, e.g., Russia and the Far East, China having coins of the most extraordinary shapes, some perforated, some in the form of tuning-forks, sabres, etc.; Siam, lumps of twisted silver wire. While during the earlier centuries the monetary systems of the older civilized countries of Europe generally developed along the lines established in the course of the Middle Ages, the great political and economic revolutions of the nineteenth century brought into being new forces which had their effect on the monetary systems. While the changed relations of the German-speaking peoples resulted in a variation of their currencies (the mark in Germany, krone in Austria, gulden in Holland, and franc in Switzerland), the unification of Italy, on the other hand, resulted in a uniform Italian monetary system (lira). But economic conditions have produced even more lasting results than political. On the 23rd of December, 1865, France, Italy, Belgium, and Switzerland formed the Latin Union, which was joined in 1868 by Greece, agreeing upon a uniform regulation of the coinage of these states on the basis of the French monetary system. This system has now been adopted by a large number of states, which have not themselves joined the Latin monetary Union - Rumania, Bulgaria, Servia, Finland, Spain, and, at least nominally, many of the Central and South American republics, which were formerly Spanish colonies, and furthermore a number of smaller European states. Austria-Hungary and Russia are also approximating to this system. Another monetary union was formed in 1873 and includes Sweden, Denmark, and Norway, the monetary union being the Scandinavian krone. The Portuguese monetary system is still in force in Brazil, its former colony. Even without any formal convention, a coin may gain currency in foreign lands. Thus the Mexican dollar, which in name and value is an offshoot of the German monetary system, is current coin on the farther shore of the Pacific Ocean, in the maritime provinces of China, in Japan, Siam, and part of the Malay Archipelago; it influences Central America and even many of the African maritime provinces. The Indian rupee, too, has gained currency on the shore of the ocean opposite the land of its origin, on the coasts of East Africa, Southern Arabia, and the Malay peninsula. A good example of the crossing of economic and political interests is furnished by Canada, where the English sovereign is legal tender, although Canadian currency follows the standard of the United States. While the coins now in circulation in Austria and Hungary are valid as currency in Liechtenstein and Montenegro and vice versa, an Austrian coin long since put out of circulation in Austria itself, known as the Maria-Teresien taler, and bearing the date 1780, is even now the most important commercial currency in Central Africa, the Sudan, Tripoli, and Arabia. The high degree of perfection which had been attained during the last decades in the technique of coining gave rise, on the one hand, to a number of experiments with coinage (coins made of aluminum, Russian coins of platinum, Belgian pierced coins, English coins of two metals) most of which, however, had no decisive success. On the other hand, it became possible to pay greater attention to the artistic side of coining, as is evidenced by the latest issues of the French and Italian mints. II. MEDALS The term "medal" ("medallia" in Florence = 1/2 denier) is applied to pieces of metal, usually circular, which, though issued by a mint, are not intended as a medium of payment. Their material, form, mode of manufacture, and history prove that they were originally coins, though altered conditions and needs, both artistic and cultural, have made them independent. Their purpose is to commemorate important events in the history of a nation, so much so that attempts have been made to write histories based upon and illustrated by the series of medals of some individual or of a whole country. Occasions for the issue of medals are found in an accession to the throne, a declaration of war, the conclusion of a peace, or an alliance, the completion of a public building; it has also been very extensively used by sovereigns for presentation to persons whom they wished to honour, and in such cases was often a veritable gem of the goldsmith's art. On the other hand, a medal has often been presented by subjects to their sovereign on such occasions as his marriage, in token of homage. But as an expression of the culture of a people the private medal possesses much greater interest, and in this field the German medal of the Renaissance and the following centuries furnishes the most numerous examples. Portrait medals played the part now taken by photography. Medals stamped with coats-of-arms also serve to represent private individuals, and are sometimes put to practical use as tokens, buttons for liveries, etc. They are used to commemorate betrothals, or marriages, silver or golden weddings, births and baptisms, and there are a large number of sponsors' christening gifts in the shape of coins or medals ("Patenpfennige") made expressly for the purpose and inscribed with the names of the infant and the godparent, the place and date of baptism, and generally a pious maxim. These "Patenpfennige" were often put into rich settings to be worn as ornaments, and wee handed down as heirlooms form generation to generation. Not only the entrance into life but also death is recorded in medals; and many such pieces contain detailed biographical notices. Very often the medal serves a religious purpose; in Kremnitz and especially in Joachimstal extensive series of such religious coinages were struck. Typological representations found great favour, the one side showing the Old-Testament type, the other the New-Testament antitype. The Reformation produced many medals embellished with Biblical phrases. A favourite subject on religious medals was the head of Christ: the city of Vienna has for centuries used medals bearing this design as public marks of distinction. At Easter medals with the Paschal Lamb, at Christmas others with the Infant Jesus, were given as presents. Of the saints, St. George was most frequently represented, on the "Georgstaler" and "Georgsducat", and a superstition prevailed that the wearing of a medal with the image of St. George was a protection against wounds. A similar superstition was connected with the representation of St. Roch and St. Sebastian or of St. Rosalia, as also of the cross with the brazen serpent, as a protection against the plague. There is also an interminable series of wholly superstitious amulets, astrological and alchemistic coinages which profess to be the product of an alchemistic transmutation from a base into a precious metal. The imperial coin-cabinet at Vienna contains one of these pieces, probably the largest medal in existence, weighing about 15 1/2 lbs. avoirdupois; and adorned with the portraits of forty ancestors of the Emperor Leopold I, in whose presence the transmutation is supposed to have taken place. Thus the numerous and manifold purposes for which the medal has been employed faithfully reflect the cultural conditions which led to its coinage and are a source of information that has not yet been fully appreciated. True medals were unknown to antiquity; their functions were in many respects - particularly as memorials of important events - performed by coins. In contrast with the monotonous and generally inartistic coins of the present day, the coins of antiquity, and more particularly those of Greece, were masterpieces of the art of the die-engraver, who was not compelled to seek other opportunities to display his skill. Among the Romans conditions were analogous, with the exception that the medallions of the emperors approximate somewhat to the character of our medals, although they are, as a rule, duplicates of the legal monetary unit; the tokens ("tesseroe"), struck for the games, and the contorniates are even more closely related to the medal. The few gold issues of the Emperor Louis the Pious (814-40) also resemble medals, and in the further course of the Middle Ages we met with a large number of coins which were evidently intended to commemorate some event in history, although their devices are often very difficult to explain; there is many a puzzle here still awaiting solution. As the symbol of Henry the Lion, the powerful Duke of Bavaria and Saxony, the lion plays an important role on his coins. But his adversary, Otho of Wittelsbach, who, when Henry the Lion had been outlawed, received the Duchy of Bavaria, employed this symbol also and issued deniers which picture him in pursuit of a lion or with the severed head of a lion in his hand. Coins are also very frequently used to commemorate enfeoffments, and these bear a representation of the liege lord from whom the kneeling vassal receives the gonfalon. A Polish bracteate perpetuates the memory of a pilgrimage of Duke Boleslav III to the tomb of St. Adalbert in Gnesen. A denier of Ladislaus I of Bohemia shows the repulsive head of Satan with a descriptive legend on one side, and on the other a church. Luschin was able to account for this device as follows: after a succession of serious elemental disturbances in Bohemia there came, in the midst of a terrible hurricane, a meteoric shower, during which many persons declared they beheld Satan in human form near the castle; this denier was then struck, bearing on either side the head of Satan and the Church of God. Such coins as these in some measure serve the purpose of commemorative medals. The first true medal appeared in Italy towards the close of the fourteenth century. Francesco II Carrara, Lord of Padua, had two medals struck, in imitation of the ancient Roman medallions: one, in memory of his father, Francesco I, recalls the later medallions of Commodus and Septimius Severus; the other, commemorating the capture of Padua in 1390, has a portrait of Francesco II analogous to that of the Emperor Vitellius on his sesterces. The reverse in each case bears the punning device of the Carrara family, a cart ("carro"). These medals are struck in bronze and silver. to the same period belong the medal-like trial-pieces made by the Sesto family of Venice, a family of die-cutters. These, too, were stamped; but the development of the medal in the next period was not due to stamped pieces. Even before the middle of the fifteenth century Italian art suddenly reaches the climax in this department with the cast medal. Vittore Pisano, a painter (b. about 1380, in the Province of Verona; d. 1455 or 1456) is the oldest and most important of the medallists. Like those of his followers, his works are cast from wax models or models cut in iron, a process which frequently makes it necessary for the pieces to be afterwards chiselled. He signs his work "opus Pisani pictoris". The medals are, for the most part, of large size, and are coated with an artificial patina. On the obverse they present expressive portraits, generally in profile; on the reverse, beautiful and ingenious allegories: thus of Leonello d'Este, a lion singing from a sheet of music held by Cupid; or of Alfonso of Naples, an eagle that generously gives up the slain deer to the vultures. Even though it can be proved that Pisano made use of certain prototypes which in turn were possibly derived from seals, his fame as the real creator of the medallic art is not materially diminished by that fact. Both in composition and in execution he has hardly been equalled, as, for instance, in his representations of the nobler animals, the lion, eagle, ho rse. Pisano travelled through the whole of Italy, and portrayed the prominent princes and influential men of his time; he made the medallic art so popular that thenceforth artists, in all the important art centres of Italy, engaged in the manufacture of medals. Such were Matteo de'Pasti, and admirable artist at the court of Rimini; the Venetians Giovanni Boldu and Gentile Bellini, the latter of whom made a portrait-medal for the sultan Mehemet; the Mantuan Sperandio, the most prolific medallist of the fifteenth century, and many others. At this time, too, the stamped medal returns to prominence. In Rome Benvenuto Cellini and, after him, Caradosso, and especially the masters of the papal mint are deserving of mention. The imitations of the bronze coinages of the Roman emperors by Cavino a truly admirable. Finally, at a somewhat later period, Italian medallists are found in the service of foreign princes: Jacopo da Trezzo in the Netherlands, the two Abondio in Germany. The Italian medal exerts the most powerful influence upon the development of the older French productions. The Italian Laurana in the latter half of the fifteenth century struck the first French medals, and the works of the next period clearly show Italian characteristics. Not until the seventeenth century did a new style appear, in which the drapery especially is admirably reproduced; the most prominent artists were Jean Richier, at Metz, and, later, Guillaume Dupré and Jean Warin. In Germany, the earliest large silver pieces were coined at Hall in the Tyrol, under the influence of Italian coinages; and to Gian Marco Cavallo, who was invited to Hall as engraver to the mint, these coins owe their important position in the history of art and their demonstrable influence upon many of the medals of Germany. These, the oldest specimens of the German medallic art, being at the same time coins, were stamped; but, like the Italian, the German medal does not reach its highest perfection in stamped, but in cast pieces. A considerable number of models made of boxwood, of Kehlheim stone, and, later, of wax are still extant. These portraits in wood or stone were at first regarded as final, and only by degrees did they come to be used as models for casting in metal. These cast medals, which made their appearance to the art-centres of Germany (in the beginning of the sixteenth century, Augsburg and Nuremberg) likewise owe their origin to the Italian medal. But only their origin; the further development of the German medal follows entirely original and independent lines until it reaches a degree of excellence, on a level with the Italian. It is true that the Germans fail to produce the magnificent designs with their wealth of figures that we find on the reverse of Italian medals; instead, we find, more commonly, excellent representations of coats of arms. The great strength of the German medal lies in the loving care bestowed upon the execution of the accurate portrait on the obverse; and this accords with the purpose of the medal, which was much more widely distributed among the prominent families of the middle classes than was the case in Italy. The German medal reaches its prime soon after the year 1500, considerably later than the Italian: among the oldest examples that have come down to us are those of Albrecht Dürer. Many of the artists give us no clue at all to their identity or sign themselves by marks or symbols that are often difficult to interpret. It has now become possible, however, to assign definitely a long series of very valuable medals to Peter Flötner, a master of Nuremberg, who must therefore be considered as one of the foremost of all medallists; he is closely followed by Matthes Gebel. Other noteworthy medallists of this period are Hans Daucher, most of whose work was done for the Court of the Palatinate; Hans Schwarz of Nuremberg, "the best counterfeiter in wood", who executed a large number of works for the members of the Diet of Augsburg of 1518; Jacob Stampfer, in Switzerland; Friedrich Hagenauer, one of the most popular artists; Joachim Deschler, who finally settled in Austria, where, especially in the mints of Vienna, Kremnitz, and Joachimstal, a large number of medals were struck at this period, not all of them, however, to the advantage of the medallic art; Hans Reinhard, from whom we have a number of very carefully chiselled pieces, and Tobias Wolf, both in Saxony. By the end of the sixteenth century the German medal has clearly passed its zenith and becomes dependent upon foreign, and, at first, especially Italian works. In the Netherlands the art attained a high degree of perfection. The great names here are Stephanus Hollandicus and, somewhat later, Konrad Bloc, both of the second half of the sixteenth century, and Peter van Abeele of the seventeenth century. In England the medallists are for the most part foreigners; of the native artists, who do not appear until very late, the most deserving of mention are Th. Simon and William and L. C. Lyon. Caspar and Simon Passe on the other hand attain great artistic skill in the production of very carefully engraved small, thin silver pieces. The other states are of less importance; they employed for the most part foreign artists. The high artistic level which the medal attained in Italy and Germany at the beginning of the modern age could not be maintained permanently. For while excellent pieces of work were produced here and there, medals as well as coins, as works of art, deteriorated more and more. Not until after the middle of the nineteenth century did the art receive a fresh impetus and that first in France. Considering merely its external manifestations, it is possible even to fix the exact date of the beginning of this movement. On 2 May, 1868, the chemist Dumas, president of the Comité consultatif des Graveurs of the Paris mint delivered an address pointing out the defects which prevented the artistic development of the medal, and, as president of the mint, appealing for their amendment. He particularly mentioned the bad taste of the lettering, the polish, the high rim etc. If this address dealt rather with the outer form, a new view of the true purpose of the medal had already been gradually created. Following the productions of Oudines, Paul Dubois, Chapus, above all Herbert Ponscarmes (the first to oppose the polishing of medals) and later Degeorges, Chaplains, and Daniel Dupris, Oscar Roty, by far the most distinguished of the French medallists won distinction. He excels not only as a portraitist, but more particularly in the composition of the reverse: his fine allegories (e.g., on the medal for merit in connection with the education of girls - the Republic teaching maidens, the future mothers of men) recall the artists of the Quattrocento, which he carefully studied, but did not, as a rule, directly imitate. Just as the execution of the medal is preceded by long and careful deliberation as to how the fundamental idea is to be worked out (Ponscarmes seems to have led the way in this) so the execution itself receives to the very last moment the most careful attention. Only the artist's hand must touch his work. The French medal has thus attained great results, even when judged merely on its technical merits. Independently of the French movement, a medallic revival has begun in Austria. Anton Scharff brought about a restoration of the medallic style and an emancipation from the rigid conventional forms; working side by side with him are Josef Thautenheym, the elder, Stefan Schwartz, a master of the technique of the chiselled medal, and Franz Xaver Pawlik. Recently Rudolf Marschall has won a high reputation as a portraitist, and received the commission to execute medals for both Leo XIII and Pius X. The French and Viennese medals have called forth in other countries an activity which has already resulted in many beautiful specimens of medallic art. Aug. v. Loehr.

ketholik biswokux (1913)/mudratotwo girjat xongkhyar byobohar nonko dimitis → mudratotwo hoise mudra aaru podokor bigyan. protitu mudra baa podok xangoskritik, orthonoitik aaru rajnoitik poristhitir poraa utponno huwar baabe, ei bigyanok manobjatir bibhinno xobhyo xomprodayor mote bibhokto koraa hoy. ee kewol ek prithok bigyan nohoy, iyar niz niz ongxot xei xokolu bigyanor ek xakha ji rastror itihax aaru teulukor xongoskritir xoite jorito-xastriyo puratotwo, iyar xongkusito orthot itihax prasyobad ityadi. pray, kewol prasin, aadhunik, aaru xombhobotoh prasyor mudratotworhe gurutwo aase. iyar uporiu mudratur kolatmok, orthonoitik aaru xangoskritik dixor poraa suwa mudratur maajot ek parthokyo koribo laage, jitu mulotoh bornonamulok, aaru mudratur bigyanor maajot parthokyo koribo laage. mudra xongrohor onwexonor uporot tatwik mudrobigyanor nirbhorxilota bigyanor itihaxot spostobhabe dekha yaay. jikunu guruttopurno prokaxor prarombhik prokaxxomuh xonggrahokxokolor proyujoniyota puron koriboloi likha hoisil (udahji. tailer, grochen, aaru dukatsor bibhinno kebinet aaru "munjbelustibungen", baa "mudra-pastime"), aanhate prasin mudrobigyanor boigyanik sikitsar bheti 1790 sonoloike, ekelor dwara aaru aadhunikor baabe unobingxo xotikaloike medar groat aaru leiwelor dwara prodan koraa huwa nasil. (xei sinttu monot rokha usit. thomas acvinuse "di regimin princicis", 2yoy, xiii, xivtoo, dhon aaru mudrar bixoituk bibesona korisil, aaru ei kaam bohu bosor dhori onuxaxonbadixokolor maajot kortritwo aasil.) aamar kisuman gyan thoka mudrar ataitkoi puroni xongrohotu ponchodox xotikar, aaru petrarke nirman korisil; teur udahorone oxongkhyo onukorok bisari paisil. hubert goltje 1556-60 too europor bibhinno xongrohxomuh bhromon korisil, jaar bhitorot 950 aasil buli kuwa hoy. byoktigoto xongrohxomuhor tulnat, jibur niyom onuxori teulukor malikxokolor mrityur pisot bikhyipto hoi aase, xaxok, rajyo baa xongrohaloyxomuhor xongro xorohxomuhor xor xorbadhik gurutwo aase, aaru mudra xombondhiyo todontor baabe ataitkoi nirbhorjugyo bhitti prodan korr baabe. 1756 sonor porai ostriyar francis prothome mohan xoundorjyor dutaa kormo, "monoyes eno or" aaru "monoyes eno argent" too teur xongrohor dhon-xompotir bixoye jonaa goisil; aaru xehotiya bosorburot mohan xusixomuh, bixexkoi britis xongrohaloyor xusixomuh, ei bigyanor tothyor ataitkoi guruttopurno utxo hoi porise. xonggrahok aaru tatwik xikhyarthi ubhoyore proyujoniyotai brihot xongkhyok mudratatwik xomajor logote pray 100taa karikori xamoyik potrikar sristi korise, jibur ei xomajxomuhe prokax korise. bibhinno sohorot bosori onusthito german sosaiti owo numizaticsor boithokor poraa antohrastriyo congress bikoxito hoiseh brachels, 1892; peris, 1900 (record aaru lenden, comte di kestelen aaru e. blanchet); room, 1903; (eti dell congress 'internagional di sienz sto "rich, 6 khondo.); brachels, 1910. moi. mudra mudraburok dhaatur tukura hisape xongyayito koribo paari ji aainee tender hisape kaam kore. ei xobdotut xadharon mudra, smarok baa uposthaponor tukura ontorbhukto thaake jiburot rajohuwa kortripokhyoi protisthito mandondo aadi onuxori murtibodho kore., kintu kagojor dhon baa byoktigoto mudra nohoy. xex shreniloi aami ingraji tukenbur ullekh koru jibur pray 1800 sonot bhognangxo mudrar porzapto juganor pholsworupe bohulangxe prosarito hoisil; todupori, "mariax" naamor tukurabur, bixexkoi girja nigomxomuhe jaaree koraa, dhonor bhausar hisape, aaru pisot xadharonote mulyor baabe, jene jetun, baa counter, aaru "resonspenfiniz". jetiya protijon byoktiye prithibir poraa nijor jiwika xongroho koribo nuware, tetiya shrom bhag-botora koraa aaru iyar xamogri bitoronor proyujoniyotar sristi hoy. eitu prothome xamogrir binimoyor dwara probhabito hoy, jaar baabe xadharonote goru-moo 'horr maajot puwa binimoyor ek xarbojoninbhabe upolobdho madhyomor proyujon hoy (humarot manelausor xojulir mulyo 9 taa steer; himbahor xojulir mulyo 100). goru-moo "horr uporiu aadim puruxxokole chaal, pelt, kapur aadi byobohar korise., ei uddesyor baabe. obosye, oti xunkalei, xarbojoninbhabe byobohar koribo poraa mulyor etaa poriman bisari uliuwatu proyujoniyo hoi pore, aaru iyar baabe xun, rup aaru taam oti prarombhik xomoyor porai byobohar koraa hoise; tulonamulokbhabe xehotiya bosorburot aan bohutu dhaatur xoite porikhya-nirikhya korr pisot, nikel iyat jug koraa hoise. dhaatur dhonor prothom porzayot jikunu aakritir dhaatur tukurar ujonor xoite uponeet hoy; kintu, jihetu kewol muth ujon ei prokriyar dwara nirdharon koribo paari, aaru xukhmotar matra nohoy (mulyowan dhaatur khetrot ek oti proyujoniyo kaarok), rajohuwa koronor daktikitor dwara xukhmota proman korr pronoyonor pro proyujoniyotarkax paay, aar baabe ei daktikittuwe dhaatur gathituk mudra hisape gorhi tule. ullekh koraa dhatuburor bhitorot kewol etaar niyug xunkalei oporzapto buli promanito hoyoh porzapto porimane xoru mulyor xunor mudra prosolon koratu baa mool dhaatu byobohar kori porzapto porimane uscho mulyor mudra jaari koraa korr baabe oxombhob. xeyehe eke xomoyote dutaa baa tinita dhaatu byobohar koratu proyujoniyo. eitu hoy mulyor porimap hisape etaa mulyowan dhaatu aaru aantu taamor xoite kewol xamogri baa xohayok mudra hisape byobohar kori koribo paari, baa onyotha aainor dwara nirdharito reshyonot mulyor porimap hisape ekeloge duyuta dhaatur biruddhe gusor ruju kore (dimatrikota), obosye, ji dutaa mulyowoxolyo dhaatur binimoyor haaror uthanamar baabe xoghonai oxubidhar sristi korr sristi korr kaaron. rupot, mudrabur xadharonote brittakar, ketiyaba dimbakriti aaru soturbangkhik hoy; ei xexortu jorurikalin mudraburot bixexbhabe xadharon, aaru suidenot ek bixal aakar aaru brihot ujonoloi briddhi paisil. bixexkoi dur pubot ataitkoi odbhut aakritir mudrau puwa yaay. jontro aaru xilalipir mudraburor uporiu praye pudinar sinho baa pudina-masteror sinhobur thaake jibur bixex ullekhor jugyo. pudina-master aaru daai-sinkarxokole bohu khetrot kisuman sinho baa aakhoror joriyote nijor kambur prithok koriboloi obhyosto hoi porise; aaru takxalbure teulukor nijor nijor mudraburok hoy sithir dwara prithok kore, ji poromporagot aaru sessasari sinhore jaarir sthan xusay, baa aan kiba upayor dwara-ketiyaba aarombho koree nuhuwaxokolor baabe budhgomyo nohoy-jene xilalipir etaa nir nirdisto aakhoror tolot etaa bindu rokha. enedore mudrar bibhinno mudrar onyo dhoronor mudrabur eke dhorone prithok kori rokha hoy. mudra bigyan brihot porimanor mudrar xondhanor dwara bostugotovabe unnot hoiseh purbote ogyat prokaror gyanor uporiu, ene abiskarxomuhe nirdisto xomoisuwat mudrar prokrito prosar aaru kisuman mudra nijor rajyor ximar bahirot kiman porimane bortoman aasil xei bixoye ek xikhyamulok ontordristi pro jugan dhore, aaru aamak kunu nirdisto pudina-master baa xothik xomoyoloi, bixexkoi modhyojugiyo prokarot, oh-tarikhbihin pro prokar nir nirdharon koron korr khetron korr khyetro khetrot xohay korr korr korr korot xohay kore. bigyanor odhyoyonor logote mudrar shrenibibhajonor khetrot kalkromikbhabe tinita mohan jug onuxoron korar protha aaseh prasin, modhyojugiyo aaru aadhunik; bhougulikbhabe, xongslisto xomoyor bibhinno rajnoitik bibhajon. greek mudraxomuhor baabe, ekele ek dristantomulok byowostha grohon korise ji etiyau byoboharot aase. harculisor stombhor poraa aarombho kori teu prasinxokole jonaa biswor dexxomuhok bhumodhyoxagoror sariufale teulukor sthanor kromot loyoh prothome europor, taar pisot bharotoloike esiya, aaru xexot africa ijiptor poraa gibralteror jolopronaliloi ghuri aahe. e. greek mudra greek" xobdotu xoday prasin mudrat ruman mulor aaru italy oh "iss xomadhir baahire xokolu mudra ontorbhukto koriboloi buji puwa yaay. mudrar ekok hoise 60 minutor protibha (protibha baa minaa kunu mudrar dwara protinidhitwo koraa nohoy), baa 6000 dracome, protitu 6 ubolor xoman. bibhinno mudra besibhag khetrote parchi ujon pronalir uporot aadharito. parsixokolor mulyowan dhaatur baabe ujonor dutaa bhinno mandondo aasiloh xunor baabe ubian; rupor baabe babylonian. greek rupor dedracomor xoite xomporkito xadharon xunor mudra xunor darikor ujon 8.385 graam (pray 129 1/3 grain); rupor darik (swekel), 5.57 graam (pray 87 grain). jihetu prasin kaalot xunor mulyor tulnat rupor mulyo 1ror poraa 10 aasil, xeyehe xunor darik 15taa rupor darikor xomotulyo. mudrar onyanyo mandondoxomuh aasil pho 'siyeyan, aginetan, etik, korinthiyan, tolemik, aaru esiya mineror sistuforik mandondo; obosye iyare kisuman parchi mandondor poraa aahoron koraa hoh' bob paare. puroni aginetan sulonor baabe paatol sunor maanor protisthaponor folot rinor aangxik bilup hoisil. ataitkoi prosur porimane sristi koraa tukurabur aasil tetradracom (25-33 mm). byaxot) aaru dedrasom; aath, doh, aaru baar drakmer tukura byotikromi, aaru etaa sollix drakma tukura ek birol. tolmuwa scalot bibhajontu cowarter-oh "bolas (= 1/24 druckma) loike bistrito. greek esiyat xun aaru rupali (electrum) ror misronere nirmito xoru-xoru mudra byobohar koraa hoisil. greechot rupor mudrar pradhanyo aasil; taamor mudrabure 400 khristopurbor nohoy.chi., aanhate xun kintu khubo komhe toiyar koraa hoisil. aanhate, parchiyanxokolor mudra xunore oti xomridho aasil, aaru teulukor udahoronei machidonor phillip dwitiyo aaru alekjendar dyo gretok probhabito korisil. keitaman byotikromor xoite xorbuscho matrar xukhmotar lokhyo aasil, xunor dariktu 97 xotangxo bhaal aasil. prarombhik xomoyot mudratu etaa daire koraa hoisiloh khaali dhaatur pisfaltu etaa pegor dwara, xadharonote borgakar, aawirot drirhobhabe dhori rokha hoisil, aaru xeyehe iyar probhab etaa soturbhujiyo nimnosap (incuse borgo) ror ror rupot laabh korisil; xomoyor loge loge ei borgotu xaari, aakriti aaru xilalipierere olongkrito hoh 'boloi dhorisil. dokhyin italyt ijone xijonor logot khaap khuwa dutaa daai byobohar koraa hoisil, jaate mudrabure xonmukhfale aarhi aaru biporit dixot saap diya ("nommi inkuchi") eke design prodorxon kore. ei xilalipibur rastriyota onuxori bibhinno bhaxat aase. dibhaxik xilalipi-ee.ji., greek-letin-aaru xilalipi zo 'too bhaxa aaru prokar mill nathake-ee.ji., greekor saipriyo 'tot soritroburu dekha yaay; aaru aanoki greek soritroburu xomoyor loge loge rupot oxongkhyo poribortonor xonmukhin hoy. mudrar odhikar xarbobhoumotwor ek bixexadhikar huwar baabe, xilalipixomuhot prothome xei xarbobhoumo xoktir naam ullekh koraa hoise jaar kortritwot mudratu prokax koraa hoisil; greechot, alekjendar dyo greator xomoyoloike, eitu aasil xei xomproday. mudrar dayitwo luwa bixoyaxokolor naamu puwa yaay; aaru pisor mudraburotu bosortu dekhuuwa hoy, jitu xoghonai 312 bi-ror cellucid jugor poraa gonona koraa hoy.chi. ataitkoi puroni mudraburor utpotti ijina upokulot hoisil, xombhobotoh lydiat, jenekoi hirudutaxe aamak koy, baa ijinat, jaar roja fidnor usorot periyan kronikolot xeibur ullekh koraa hoise, xombhobotoh 600 khristopurbotkoi aagote.chi. eke xagoror bibhinno dipe eiburor poraa ekebare prithok nokoxa thoka mudra prostut kore. dokhyin italyr mudrabur besi pisor tarikhor nohoy, jitu khristopurbo 510 sonot dhongxo huwa sibaris sohoror poraa nomuna upolobdho huwar tothyor dwara promanito hoy.chi. greech pre 'ror aaru esiya mineror prarombhik mudrabur dhaatur daath tukura, xomotol guleer dore, aaru swabhabikbhabei, ataitkoi xorol xojuli, udbhid aaru jibo-jontu bohon kore, jibur xunkalei nirdisto oncholor baabe xadharon hoi pore; eiburor pisot debota aaru manuhor muur aaru muur aarhir dwara uttoradhikar hoy, ketiyaba gutot ekotrito hoy. pray 400 bi.chi. daai-kaatingor greek kolai iyar xompurno bikaxot uponeet hoisil, poroborti jikunu jaatir dwara oxoman utkorxotar matra laabh korisiloh sirakuje prothom sthan dokhol korise; iyar pisot kromot aradia, thibos, olinthas aadi aahe. oh-hellenic lukoxokolor bhitorot jixokolor mudra greek sringkholat ontorbhukto koraa hoise, aamar baabe ataitkoi guruttopurno hoise ihudixokol. prothomote teuluke bidexi mudra byobohar korisil, kintu siriyanxokolor biruddhe masebixokolor odhinot rastriyo utthanor etaa folafol hisape, prodhan puruhito, saimone antioks VII (139-38 b) ror poraa laabh korisil.chi.) mudrar odhikar. saimone taam aaru rupalir mudra toiyar korisil. teuk "swekel ijorail" buli kuwa hoyoh mukhor kingbodonti (swekel ijorail) aaru etaa kaap baa salis jaar uporot etaa tarikh (1-5, mudrar odhikar prodanor poraa gonona koraa); biporit, kingbodonti (jerujalem pobitro) aar xoite tinita kolor xoite etaa lilly-stock. baaki masebixokol-john hydranus, judas aaristo "bulas, alekjendar jeneus, metathius antig" naas, aaru enedore-puroni hebru baa hebru aaru greek bhaxat xilalipir xoite kewol taamor sristi korisil. iyar pisot idumian rajkumar nayok aaru teur uttoradhikarixokolor taamor mudra aahisil. khristanor xomoyot ruman mudrau prosolonot aasil. ei kotha sroddhanjoli dhonor kahinir dwara promanito hoy. "aaru teuluke teuk [khristok] etaa tokaa disil. aaru jisuwe teulukok koo "ley," eitu kaar sobi aaru xilalipi? teuluke teuk koyoh sijaror "(myaat., xxii, 19-21). eyaa kewol rumanxokolor biruddhe ihudixokolor dutaa bidruhor xomoyothe hoisil.di. 66-70 aaru 132-135, xei rupak punor krome ilejar aaru saimon aaru baar-kochobar odhinot sristi koraa hoisil. khristor pisot prothom xotikar bactorian mudrat gongdoferes naam baa ekedhoronor naam puwa yaay, ji tinita megir bhitorot etaar xoite eke hoh 'bob buli dharona koraa hoy, kespar. bi. ruman mudra italyt binimoyor prasin madhyom aasil taam, jaak protitu lendenot ujon koribo logaa hoisil ("oh" iss rudd "). prothomote iyak oniyomito rupot byobohar koraa hoisil, pisoloi birol baarot. prothome aainee tender prodan korar krititwo charbhius tooliusok diya hoy, jiye barburot nirdisto xongkhyare, besibhag goru-moo 'horuwe ("primus signavit oh' iss; oh 'iss signatom"), stump logai rokha buli kuwa hoy. prokrito mudrar aarombhoni, jaar mulyo aaru nogoror protikbur xusai thoka sinhobur bohu pisor tarikhor. bittiyo ekoktu 12 ounce (10.527 oz) aasil. troy), ruman poundor xoman ("libra"-xeyehe, librail standard); xadharonote, obosye, etaar ujon maatro 10 ounce (pray 8 3/4 ounce) aasil. troy). eixomuhor bibhajonxomuh ("semis" = 1/2, "trience" = 1/3, "covadrance" = 1/4, "sextan" = 1/6, aaru "eusia" = 1/12), jaate xeibur odhik xohoje prithok koribo poraa yaay, xeiburot ounch thokar dore bolore efale sinhito koraa hoisil. efale aasil room sohoror boixistyopurno xojuli jahaj ekhonor protinidhitwo, aantu faale aasil debotar muur, ji mudrar mulyor xoite bhinno aasil. mudrabur gulakar, ukh aasil, kintu kichu porimane birol, refing aaru dhalai koraa aasil; kisuman campaniat toiyar koraa hoisil. 268 bi. ror poraa.chi. ei dhoronor ujon kromanwoye hraax paisil; libral mandondotu prothome etaa triental, taar pisot etaa uncial, aaru owoxexot aanoki etaa ordho-uncial mandondo-mool ujonor 1/24 hoi porisil. jodiu ei mandondo hraxor folot brihot mulyor mudra ("dupondius, tripondius, dikuchis", krome 2,3 aaru 10 gadhar xoman) nirmanot xubidha hoisil, iyar folot taamor mudraburok teulukor ontornihito mulyotkoi bohu besi mulyo disil aaru dhalai diya mudrar poriworte stump korr probortonor xusona korr goti briddhi korr sristi hoisil. libhir mote prothom rupor mudra 268 khristopurbot prostut koraa hoisil.chi., ei prothom rupali tukuratu aasil "denarius", ji 10taa gadhar xoman. iyar pisot xoru mulyor "quinerius" (aadha "denarius") aaru "sestartiyas" (chaari bhag "denarius") aasil. iyar uporiu kisuman prodexor banijyik mudra hisape byoboharor baabe "victoriats" (1/4 "denarius") sristi koraa hoisil. prothome etaa poundor 1/72 ujonor denarius 217 b-too hraax koraa hoisil.chi. 1/84 loike, rupatu pray bixudho aasil. xonmukhor faale "di ruma" dekha yaay; iyar biporite, dutaa dio "scoory; ei daktikitburor bhitorot prothomtu bixexbhabe bohu bosor dhori byoboharot aasil. ei takxalkhon etaa komisonor dwara porisalona koraa hoisil ("tresviri ore argentu oru flando feriandu"), jaar xodosyoxokole xunkalei mudraburot teulukor naam baa aadorxo rakhisil, aaru pisoloi teulukor poriyalor xodosyoxokolok aaru teulukor korr kambur (poriyal baa konsulor mudra) gourowanwito korere porisil. aanoki xei xomoyot, kintu xamrajyobadi jugot odhik xoghonai, khyar dhaatur dinari aasil jibur praye rupali ("dinari xubo" iboti ") rey patolbhabe aawori rokha hoisil. xunor sristi huwatu khubo komhe ghotisil. sisare rajokiyo mudraloi poriworton sinhito koreh 44 khristabdot.chi. sinetor dwara teur sitrojukto mudra jaari korar nirdex diya hoisil. aanoki brutaseu ei udahoron onuxoron korisil, aaru ogostasor xoite protikriti mudrar nirobisinno sringkhola aarombho hoisil. sijare itimodhye xun aaru rupor mudra prostut korar odhikar daabi korar biporite, ogostase ei odhikartu kewol nijor baabe daabi korisil aaru kewol taamor mudra sinetor haatot eri disil; aaru ei taamor mudraburok 'ess' aakhoror dwara sinhito koraa kore sinhito koraa hoy.chi. ("senets concultu"). orelian (270-76) ye aanoki ei bixexotwotuu sinetor poraa loisil. xamrajyor poraa aarombho kori aami ek prosur xunor mudra bisari paau. prodhan mudratu hoise "oh" riyas ", jaar ujon pray 123 1/2 grain; iyar xonmukhfale xomrator naam, upadhi aaru chitro aase; iyar biporit, xomridho boisitryot oitihaxik protinidhitwo. nirman, xomrator priyo debota, aaru teuk olongkrito koraa baa olongkrito koraa usit gunxomuhor byoktitwo; teur poriyalor xodosyoxokoloku protinidhitwo koraa hoy. ei khetrot trajan aaru hedrianor sringkhola bixexbhabe xomridho. nirur xoite mudrar owonoti aarombho hoy, bixexkoi rupor; aaru eitu punor kichu porimanor krom protistha nokoraloike obyahot aasil. teu etaa notun xunor mudra, "solidas" proborton korisil, jitu ek poundor (pray 70 grain) 1/72 ror xoman, ji bohu xotika dhori mudra byowosthar bikaxot ek guruttopurno kaarok hoi aasil. kunu onusthanor smoronot jaari koraa podokxomuhor bixex ullekh koribo laage, bixexkoi dangor aaru xabodhane xomponno koraa takxalor kamxomuh. xeibur xun, rup baa taamore nirmito aasil, aaru mulyowan dhatut, xadharonote aainee mandondor xoite xongoti raakhi toiyar koraa hoisil. iyar uporiu halodhiya dhaatur britto ("medails dey dukes cuverse") rey aaguri thoka taamore nirmito nomunau aase. contorniate" xobdotu etaa dangor brittakar taamor mudrat proyug koraa hoy, zo "too etaa ukh rim thaake, jitu mulotoh circancian khelor xoite xomporkito. pubor ruman xomratxokolor mudrabur, jaak byzantine buli obhihito koraa hoy, kalkromot ontotoh modhyojugiyo, kintu, teulukor mudrat porzobekhyon koraa mandondo aaru aarombhonite, mudrar soritrororor dwarau bisar koraa hoy, xomogro sringkholatu ruman xamrajyor bixoixomuhor xoite ghonisthobhabe jorito. taam prosur porimane toiyar koraa hoisil, rupa khubo komhe, kintu xunor mudrar xoite ataitkoi guruttopurno xomporko aasil. bohu bosor dhori xun kewol byzantiumehe sristi koraa hoisil, aaru ei xunor tukurabure kewol poschimor xunor mudrar baabei nohoy, ji troyudox xotikaloike punor aarombho huwa nasil, islamor babeu ek aarhi hisape kaam korisil. byzantine mudrat kolatmok gunagunor xompurnorupe obhab aaseh xeiburor prokar kothur aaru ekgheye. purbor xompod aaru biporit dixot bibhinno dhoronor xojulir thait aami dhormiyo protik, khristor ekgram aaru xadhu-xonto bisari paau. xomratxokolor bhitorot xexorjon john VIII-ror mudra, kintu etaa, pray ponchodox xotikar majbhagot, byzantine sringkholar xexortu aasil. chi. modhyojugiyo mudra puroni ruman xamrajyor ancholik ximar bhitorot udbhob huwa notun rajyoxomuhe prothome ruman mudra byobohar korisil, jaar bhitorot jothesto xongkhyok ostitwo aasil. bornogoto probrojonor xomoyor birol swayotoxaxito bixoibur ruman sringkholar xoite oti ghonisthobhabe jorito; kewol francer merovingianxokole nijoke kichu porimane swadhin kori tulisil. obosye oti xunkalei mudrar xoite jorito xokolu bixoyot ek xadharon owonoti aarombho hoisil; mudrabur kromanwoye mutaa hoi porisil, xunor mudra odrishyo hoi goisil, taam kewol byotikromibhabe sristi koraa hoisil; xoru xoru rupor mudra aasil porixudhor ekmatro madhyom. charlemene kunu dhoronor sringkhola punoruddhar korisil; kewol rojai byobohar koraa rajokiyo bixexadhikar hisape mudra prostut korar odhikar daabi kori teu xokolu byoktigoto mudra domon korisil, ji xei xomoyot dhongxatmok onupat grohon korr aasil. iyar uporiu teu takxalor khetrot odhik jotno luwar nirdex disil aaru ei bixoyot niyomawoli prostut korisil ji europor brihot ongxor baabe mandondo hoi porisil, aaru jibur, teulukor otyawosyokiyo boixistyoburot, bortomanoloike englandot karzokori. iyar aadhar aasil rupalir protibha baa pound (pray 11/5 ounce). troy); iyak 20taa swilingot bibhokto koraa hoisil (pound aaru swilling duyutai kewol accountor dhon) protitu 12taa penchor xoman ("oswikarkari"). xeyehe penitur ujon aasil 23 1/2 grain. carlovingian mudraxomuhor ataitkoi xadharon designbur hoise krosor protinidhitwo aaru stombhere xojjito etaa girja, jaar sariufale kingbodonti "khristiyana religio" aase. modhyojugiyo bixex orthonoitik poristhitiye kromanwoye hraax puwa ujon aaru xukhmotar rupor mudrar prostawor jonmo disil, jaar folot xeibur kromanwoye odhik mulyohin hoi porisil aaru mulyo briddhir folot aaru aaru mudra hisape byobohar korr koribo nuwari. eidore etaa prokriya aarombho hoisil jitu modhyojugot keibabaru punorabritti koraa hoisiloh puroni xoru mudrar mulyo hraxor pholsworupe, dangor aaru odhik mulyowan notun mudra kisuman sohorot prokax paisil zo 'ror poraa teuluke xomogro europot bijoyore poth proxosto korr poth prombho korr korisil. xomoyor loge loge eiburor mulyo hraax paisil aaru iyar thait etaa notun xomosyar sristi hoisil. troyudox xotikat swilling (12 penceor xoman) prothombaror baabe bhromonor xomoyot sristi koraa hoisil; "dinier" ror biporite, jitu xei xomoyot oti paatol hoi porisil, iyak "nommas grochas" (daath mudra) buli kuwa hoisil, aaru, zo 'too iyak prothombaror baabe sristi koraa hoisil xei thair naamor por poraa, "grochas turonencies" baa "groch turonencius" buli kuwa hoisil. efale rojar naamor xoite etaa croch aaru etaa kingbodonti aase, xadharonote "benediktam chitt naamor dodd 'monee"; aantu, etaa girja. turno" iss "france aaru rainor maajere drutogotit biyopi porisil, aaru iyar folot pragut ekedhoronor mudra (" grochas pregensis "baa" pregar grochen ") prostut korr sristi hoisil, jaak iyar poriworte bohutu dexot onukoron korr hoisil. merovingian jugor pisot prostut koraa ekmatro xunor mudra aasil xomrat frederic dwitiyor augustel. eibur purbor ruman mudrar protilipi aasil aaru sisili bhaxat likha hoisil. pray 1250 sonoloike fluorence gonorajyot ek niyomiya xunor mudra aarombho huwa nasil. ei mudraburor efale chent aase. john buptist, aaru, untofale, etaa lilly, fluorenceor protik. ei xojulir poraa ("flo 'cho lilly"), baa sohorkhonor naamor poraa, teuluke "flo" rinn "naamtu laabh korisil. teulukor ujon 540 grenotkoi olop besi aasil. keibosormanor pisot venisor doog, jiubhanni danduluwe etaa xunor mudra toiyar koriboloi aarombho korisil zo 'too saintor aagot aathuware thiyo hoi thoka dugor protinidhitwo aase. kingbodontir xoite khristor protimurti aaru sinhoh "tibi kristo datas kium tu rejis isto dukatos". ei kingbodontir xexor xobdotuwe mudratuk iyar naam disil, "dukatu" (dukat); venisot iyak "laa jekka", "pudina" ror poraa "jesinu" (sequin) buliu kuwa hoisil. flo "rinor prokar aaru dukator naam oti xunkalei xomogro biswote prosolito hoi porisil. aadhunik xomoyoloi poriworton etiyau dangor rupor mudrar probortonor dwara sinhito koraa hoy. iyar bhitorot italy "testun" aaru forasi "frank" ror uporiu german "tailer" ataitkoi guruttopurno aasil. 1485 sonot tyrolor aarsdiuk sigijmonde 2 "luth" ujonor aaru 15 "luth" ror xukhmotar notun rupor mudrar prokax ghotaisil; xei xomoyor binimoyor haarot iyar mulyo xunor guldenor xoite mill aasil aaru xeyehe iyak "guldengrosen" buli kuwa hoisil. tyrolor udahoron oti xunkalei bohutu xombhranto byoktir dwara onuxoron koraa hoisil jaar mudra prostut korar odhikar aasil; juakimstalot slikor gononar tokxalat toiyar korr koraa "juakimstelar" ("tailer" buli xongkhipto koraa), tailer (dollar) naamor utpotti hoisil, jitu bortomanoloike bojai rokha hoise. ei dhoronor mudraxomuhor bhitorot ataitkoi aakorxoniyo hoise "rubentelar", jikhon keutsasor leonarde, salojborgor aarsobixope toiyar korr korisil, aaru teur ostro-xostror bearingsor poraa naamkoron koraa hoisil, etaa xalgom (rubo); eiburok modhyojugiyo birol aaru praye nokol mudraxomuhor bhitorot gonyo korr korr koraa hoy. modhyojugot german xamrajyor mudra byowostha kewol iyar dhoronor mudrar xongkhyar khetrote nohoy, iyar bibortonor bixexotwor khetrotu ataitkoi besi aagrohi aasil. eitu xosa je, charlemene mudrar ekotwo protistha korisil aaru mudra prostut korar odhikarok kewol xarbobhoumor ontorgoto buli swikar korr korisil; kintu teur durbol uttoradhikarixokole laahe laahe iyak, logote aan besibhag rajokiyo bixex odhikar xamontobadi projaxokolok diboloi badhyo hoisil, jaar xor xorbuscho sorkar durbobhoumo sorkaror xokti durbol huwar loge loge khyomota briddhi hoi goi thakil. ei xamontoxokolor bhitorot kewol xokolu aarsobixop aaru bixop nasil, kintu xamrajyor bhitoror aagxarir mothadhix aaru mothadhixxokolu aasil. bikax kromanwoye hoisil. prothomote melaa ("merkatas") onusthito koraa, korr ("telonium") aarup koraa, aaru xamontoxokolor kunu etaa sthanot etaa pudina ("muneta") sthapon korr onumoti diya hoisil. prothomote takxaltu hoyotu kewol etaa binimoy aasil, jaar laabh obosye modhyojugot praye jothesto aasil, aaru probhur usorot uparjito hoisil. taar pisot teuk teur sitrojukto mudra rakhiboloi onumoti diya hoisil, kintu eke dhoronor mandondo bojai rakhibo logaa hoisil. ei xamontobadi probhumane kunu ximabodhota obihone dhon-xompotir xubidha laabh korisil. jetiya eitu koraa hoisil, xamrajyor mudrat ekotwor onto porisil, mudrar ek brihot boisitryo xombhob hoisil, aaru mudra prostut korr odhikar xomrator bixex odhikar huwar poriworte protijon xamontor ek bixex odhikar hoi porisil. teuluke ei bixex xubidhak uparjonor ek utpadonxil utxo hisape nirontor mudrar owonoti aaru poriworton kori byobohar koriboloi chesta korisil, jaar folot banijyot niyujit teulukor projar gurutor khyoti hoisil. xeyehe, ji sohorxomuhe etiyau mudrar odhikar laabh koraa nasil, teuluke hoyotu nijor baabe mudrar odhikar laabh kori baa krixir takxalor dwara, baa takxalor malikxokolok odhik juktixongotobhabe teulukor xubidha byobohar korr koriboloi prerito kori, byowosthatur upor uporot kichu niyontron laabh korr chesta korr chesta korisil. german modhyojugiyo mudraxomuhor bhitorot "bractet" (lett). "brectia", "etaa dhaatur paatol paat") bixex ullekhor jugyo. xeibur aagor xomoyor scandinavian brectator dore byoktigoto olongkar nasil, kintu prokrito mudra aasil. ekadox xotikar xomoisuwat oswikarkarir poriman paatol aaru paatol hoi porar loge loge dwadox xotikar aarombhonite germanyr kisuman ongxot iyar thait oti paatol kintu boroncho dangor rupor mudra prostut kore xoloni koraa hoisil, jibur etaa daire toiyar korr koraa hoisil, eke design dekhuwai, efale ruwa rukhyat aarere aare aaru aantu faale bixonno hoi aasil. ei mudrabur, bixexkoi aarombhonite, xabodhane rupayan koraa hoisil aaru kolatmok jugyota obihone nohoy. xuwabiyar haale sohore (wrttemberg) etaa xoru bhognangxo mudra jaari korisil jaar byapok prosar aasil, aaru iyak iyar utpottir sthanor poraa "hellar" buli kuwa hoisil. kisuman khetrot forasi mudrar biborton germanor xoite xadrisyopurnoh iyatou aami doxom xotikat ley aaru irchealistical beron (bhiyen, aarles, reim aadir aarsobixop) ror mudra paisu. bixexkoi), etaa nirdisto prokaror ("dhoronor sthobirota") dwara sinhito koraa hoy jitu dirgho xomoyor baabe poribortito nuhuwakoi rokha hoy. kintu modhyojugiyo xomoyor xexor faale ei mudra oti komm xongkhyok xoktixali xamontot ximabodho hoi porisil aaru rajokiyo mudrar tulnat iyar aaru gurutwo naai. francer poraa aamar usorot "seij di" or "naamor etaa xunor mudra aase jitu aan dexotu prodhankoi prostut koraa hoisil; ee gothik xinghaxonot bohi thoka rojak protinidhitwo kore. englandot starling aaru obhijatxokol aabodho hoi aasil, duyu praye nokol aasil. kentarbari aaru iyorkor aarsobixopxokolor mudra bidyoman. italyt, iyar oxongkhyo rajnoitik bibhajonor baabe, aami germanyr dore mudraxomuhor boisitryo bisari paau. girja xombondhiyo takxalor mudrar obhab lokhyoniyoh kisuman bischinno udahoron aaru aquilega, trent aaru trister sringkholar baahire, aamar haatot kewol pupor mudra aase, jibur prodhankoi byzantine aar aarhi onuxoron kori adrian aair poraa aarombho hoy, kintu clement bhi (jaar prothomtu mudra obosye ebhigononot aaghat korr xomoyot) loike guruttopurno nohoy. pubo euroop besibhagei byzantineor probhawot aasil jodiu crusaderxokole poschimiya prokarxomuhok teuluke protistha koraa rajyoxomuholoi protisthapon korisil. muhammodonor mudra kewol 700 bosorot dekha yaay; kurane xositro protinidhitwo nixidho korar baabe ei mudraburot kewol kuranor paath aaru xadharonote xaxok, pudina-master aaru mudrar tarikh xomporke xothik bibritihe thaake. di. aadhunik mudra aadhunik jugor aarombhonir loge loge, angxikbhabe aamerikar abiskar aaru iyar rupor vandaror xuxonor pholsworupe, brihot rupor tukura xokolu thaite brihot xongkhyat dekha yaay. iyar swabhabik pholsworupe, aami kaamtur karzokorikoronot odhik jotno luwa, xilalipixomuhot odhik xupathyo soritro, aaru xositro protinidhitwoxomuhor (chitro aaru kutt-owo-aarm) proti odhik monujug diya paisu. keibatau nobojagoronor bixoy, bixexkoi pupor mudrak xei xomoyor prodhan xilpokormoxomuhor bhitorot gonyo koraa hoy. juwa keibosormanor xomoisuwat, ji dexxomuh modhyojugiyo xobhyotar probhawor odhinot ohaa nasil, xeibure aan dexxomuhor xoite mudratotwo xomporko sthapon korisil, jene.ji.rasiya aaru xudur pubo sinot ataitkoi oxadharon aakritir mudra aase, kisuman sidrojukto, kisuman tuning-fork, sebar aadir rupot.; siyam, beka rupali taaror gaathi. aagor xotikaburot europor puroni xobhyo dexxomuhor mudra byowostha xadharonote modhyojugot protistha huwa dharabahikotare bikoxito hoisil, unobingxo xotikar mohan rajnoitik aaru orthonoitik biplowe notun xoktir sristi korisil jaar probhab porisil mudra byowosthar uporot. german bhaxi lukoxokolor poribortito xomporkor folot teulukor mudrar (germanyt sinho, austriyat crone, hoh 'landot gulden, aaru swizerlandot frank) bhinnotar folot italyr ekotrikoronor folot ek obhinno italy mudra byowostha (liraa) sristi hoisil. kintu orthonoitik poristhitiye rajnoitik poristhititkoi odhik sthayi folafol prodan korise. 1865 sonor 23 disemborot france, italy, beljiyam aaru swizerlande letin union gothon kore, jitu 1868 sonot greeche jugdan korisil, francer mudra byowosthar bhittit ei rajyoxomuhor mudrar ek obhinno niyontronot xonmoti prokax kore. ei byowosthatu etiya brihot xongkhyok rajyoi grohon korise, jiye nije letin mudra xonghot jugdan koraa naai-rumania, bulgaria, charbhia, finland, spain, aaru ontotoh naamotoh, modhyo aaru dokhyin aamerikar bohutu gonorajyo, ji purbote spanis uponibex aasil, aaru iyar uporiu keibatau xoru xoru xoru europiyo rajyo. austria-hangeri aaru rasiyaiu ei byowosthar pray onuxoron korise. 1873 sonot aan etaa mudra xongho gothon koraa hoisil aaru iyat suiden, denmark aaru norowe ontorbhukto aasil, mudra xonghotu aasil scandinavian crone. iyar purbor uponibex brajilot portugij mudra byowostha etiyau bolowot hoi aase. kunu anusthanik porompora obihoneu, etaa mudrai bidexot mudra laabh koribo paare. xeyehe naam aaru mulyot german mudra byowosthar etaa xakha maxican dollar hoise proxanto mohaxagoror dur paarot, seenor xamudrik prodex, jaapan, siyam aaru maale dippunjor ongxo; ee modhyo aamerika aaru aanoki africar bohutu xamudrik prodexoku probhabito kore. bharotiyo tokaru iyar utpottir bhumir biporite xagoror paarot, pubo africa, dokhyin aarobiya aaru maaloy upodipor upokulot mudra laabh korise. orthonoitik aaru rajnoitik swarthor xeema otikrom korar ek bhaal udahoron kanadai prodan korise, zo 'too ingraji xarbobhoumo aainee tender, jodiu kanadian mudrai aamerika juktorastror mandondo onuxoron kore. austria aaru hangerit bortoman soli thoka mudrabur listenstein aaru montenegrut mudra hisape boidho jodiu iyar biporite austriyat bohu dinor poraa soli thoka maria-terracian tailer naamere jonajat aare jonajat aaru 1780 sonor tarikh bohon korr ostri ekhon mudra etiyau modhyo africa, sudan, tripuli aare aaru arabiyar ataitkoi guruttopurno banijyik mudri. juwa doxokburot mudra prostut korar kouxolor khetrot ji uscho porzayor nikhutota laabh koraa hoisil, efale mudrar xoite keibatau porikhya-nirikhyar sristi hoisil (aluminiumor mudra, platinamor rasian mudra, beljian biddho mudra, dutaa dhaatur ingraji mudra) jaar besibhagei obosye kunu nirnayok xofolota laabh korr poth nasil. aanhate, mudrar kolatmok dixor proti odhik monujug diyatu xombhob hoi porisil, jene forasi aaru italy takxalor xehotiya bixoiburor poraa promanito hoy. 2. podokxomuh podok" xobdotu (fluorenceot "medelia" = aadha proityakhyankari) dhaatur tukurar khetrot proyug koraa hoy, xadharonote brittakar, jibur jodiu etaa pudinar dwara jaaree koraa hoy, porixudhor madhyom hisape uddesyo nohoy. teulukor xamogri, rup, utpadonor poddhoti aaru itihaxe proman kore je xeibur mulotoh mudra aasil, jodiu poribortito poristhiti aaru proyujoniyota, kolatmok aaru xangoskritik duyutai teulukok swadhin kori tulise. teulukor uddesyo hoise ekhon rastror itihaxor guruttopurno ghotonaburok smoron koraa, imanei je kunu byokti baa xomogro dexor podokor sringkholar uporot aadharito aaru sitrito kori itihax likhiboloi chesta koraa hoise. xinghaxonot aabodho huwa, juddho ghuxona, xantir xomapti, baa mitrota, rajohuwa bhowonor xomaptir khetrot podok jaari koronor onusthan puwa yaay; iyak xarbobhoumoxokole jixokole xonman koribo bisarisil teulukok prodan korar babeu oti byapokbhabe byobohar korr koraa hoise, aaru ene khetrot praye ee aasil xunor xilpokolar ek pro prokrito rotno. aanhate, teur bibahor dore onusthanot praye projar dwara teulukor xarbobhoumoloi sroddhanjoli gyaponor protik hisape etaa podok prodan koraa hoy. kintu jonoxadharonor xongoskritir obhibyokti hisape byoktigoto podokor bohut besi aagroh aase, aaru ei khetrot nobojagoron aaru poroborti xotikar german podokoi ataitkoi oxongkhyo udahoron prodan kore. proturno podokxomuhe etiya photographyr dwara luwa bhumika paalon korisil. kutt-oh-aarmosore stump koraa podokbure byoktigoto byoktixokolok protinidhitwo korar babeu kaam kore, aaru ketiyaba tuken, libharir baabe butam aadi hisape byowoharik byobohar koraa hoy. xeiburok biyaa baa bibah, rupali baa xunali bibah, jonmo aaru baptismor smritisihno hisape byobohar koraa hoy, aaru ei uddesyor baabe spostobhabe toiyar korr koraa mudra baa podokor ("pattenphenige") ror rupot brihot xongkhyok pristhopuxokor namakoron upohar aase aaru iyat xixu aaru bhogowan-matrir naam, baptismor sthan aar tarikh aar, aaru xadharonote ek pobitro uktire khudit kore khudit korr korr koraa aase. ei "pattenphenige" koo praye olongkar hisape pindhiboloi xomridho poriwexot rokha hoisil, aaru projonmor poraa projonmoloi uttoradhikar hisape hostantor koraa hoisil. kewol jiwanat prowex korai nohoy mrityuu podokot lipibodho koraa hoy; aaru ene bohutu tukurat bixod jibonimulok janoni thaake. praye ei podoktuwe ek dhormiyo uddesyo puron kore; kremnitzot aaru bixexkoi juakimstalot ene dhormiyo mudrar bistrito sringkhola prokax koraa hoisil. typological protinidhitwobure jothesto proxongxa paisil, efale puroni-porikhyar prokar dekhuwaisil, aantu notun-porikhyar protibimbo dekhuwaisil. ei xongskare bibleor bakyangxore olongkrito bohutu podok prostut korisil. dhormiyo podokor uporot etaa priyo bixoy aasil khristor muroh vienna sohore bohu xotika dhori ei design thoka podokbur rajohuwa bixistotar sinho hisape byobohar kori aahise. istarot pasal merurur xoite podok, khristomasot xixu jisur xoite aanxokolok upohar hisape diya hoisil. xadhuxokolor poraa, chent. jorjok "jorgostelar" aaru "jorgosdoket" too xoghonai protinidhitwo koraa hoisil, aaru etaa ondhobiswax prosolito aasil je saintor sobir xoite podok pindha. jorjo aasil aaghator poraa xurokhya diya byokti. ekedhoronor ondhobiswax centor protinidhitwor xoite jorito aasil. roch aaru saint. sebastian baa chent. ror 'chelia, logote brejon xapor xoite krosor, plagor poraa xurokhya hisape. xompurno ondhobiswaxjukto toraa, jyotixiyo aaru raxayonik mudrar ek ontohin sringkholau aase jibur etaa khyor poraa etaa mulyowan dhatuloi raxayonik rupantoror utpadon buli daabi kore. bhiyenar xamrajyobadi mudra-kebinetot ei tukuraburor bhitorot etaa aase, xombhobotoh ostitwot thoka ataitkoi dangor podok, ujon pray 15 1/2 pound. avordupoise; aaru xomrat leopold 1-ror sollixjon purbopuruxor sitrere xojjito, jaar uposthitit rupantortu xonghotit huwa buli dharona koraa hoy. xeyehe podoktur baabe byobohar koraa oxongkhyo aaru bohubidh uddesyoi biswostobhabe xangoskritik poristhitik protipholito kore jaar folot iyar mudrar sristi hoisil aaru tothyor ek utxo ji etiyau xompurnorupe proxongxa koraa huwa naai. prokrito podokxomuh prasin kaalor poraa ogyat aasil; xeiburor karjyoxomuh bohu khetrot aasil-bixexkoi guruttopurno ghotonaxomuhor smarok hisape-mudrar dwara poriwexon koraa hoisil. bortomanor ekgheye aaru xadharonote xilpohin mudraxomuhor biporite, prasin kaalor mudraxomuh, aaru bixexkoi greechor mudraxomuh aasil khudit xilpokolar utkristo xilpokola, jiye nijor dokhyota prodorxonor baabe aan xujug bisariboloi badhyo huwa nasil. rumanxokolor poristhitir bhitorot eke aasil, byotikrom hoh "lo xomratxokolor podokbur aamar podokor soritror xoite kichu porimane pray, jodiu xeibur niyom onuxori, aainee bittiyo ekokor duplicate; tuken (" teser "), khelor baabe aaghat korr, aaru contorniatebur podokor xoite aaru odhik ghonistho xomporko aase. xomrat lui dyo powitro (814-40) ror keitaman xunor mudrau podokor dore hoy, aaru modhyojugot aami brihot xongkhyok mudrar xoite log paisilu jibur spostobhabe itihaxor kunu etaa ghotonak smoron korar uddesye aasil, jodiu teulukor xojulibur byakhya koratu praye oti kothin; iyat etiyau bohutu dhadha aase ji xomadhanor baabe opekhya korr kori aase. heniri xinghor protik hisape, babharia aaru sexonir xoktixali diuk, xinghotuwe teur mudrat ek guruttopurno bhumika paalon kore. kintu teur birudhi, wittlesbakhor oh 'thu, ji jetiya heneri xinghok nixidho koraa hoisil, tetiya babhariar duchi laabh korisil, ei protiktuu byobohar korisil aaru oswikarkari preron korisil ji teuk xinghor pisuwai juwa baa haatot xinghor kotaa murtu loi thokar sobi dekhuwaisil. mudrabur praye firmor smritisihno hisape byobohar koraa hoy, aaru eiburot lies lordor protinidhitwo thaake jaar poraa aathuwar xamontoi gonfelon laabh kore. etaa poo 'liss bractite diuk bob' leslav tritiyor saintor xomadhir tirthojatrar smriti sirosthayi kori raakhe. gnisenot edulbert. bohemiyar ladyjlause 1morr ejon oswikarkariye efale bornonamulok kingbodontir xoite xoyotanor bidwexi murtu dekhuwaise, aaru aantu faale etaa girja. luchine ei xojulitur baabe tolot ullekh koriboloi xokhyom hoisiloh buhemiyat ekerahe gurutor moulik bisringkholotar pisot, ek bhoyongkor ghurnibotahor maajot, ek ulka bristi hoisil, jaar xomoyot bohu luke ghuxona korisil je teuluke durgotur usorot manob rupot xoyotanok dekhise; ei oswikarkarijonok aaghat korr pisot duyufale xoyotanor muur aaru girja aaru isworor girjar aaghat korr aaghat korr xonmukhin hoisil. ene dhoronor mudrabure kichu porimane smritisinhomulok podokor uddesyo puron kore. soturdox xotikar xexor faale italyt prothom prokrito podokor abirbhabo hoisil. prasin ruman podokor onukoronot paduwar lord francesco dwitiyo kararai dutaa podok laabh korisiloh etaa, teur pitri francesco prothomor smritit, commadas aaru ceptimius sebharasor poroborti podokburor kotha smoron kore; aantu, 1390 sonot paduwa dokhol korr smoronot, teur chestersot xomrat vitaliusor xoite xadrisyo thoka frey francesco dwitiyor sobi aase. protitu khetrote biporit dixot karara poriyalor ponning device, etaa gaari ("keru") thaake. ei podokbur bronz aaru rupali rupot diya hoy. eke xomoyor bhitorote daai-katorxokolor etaa poriyal venisor sestu poriyale toiyar koraa podokor dore porikhyamulok tukurabur aase. eiburotu murto loguwa hoisil; kintu poroborti xomoisuwat podoktur bikax murto loguwa tukurar baabe huwa nasil. ponchodox xotikar majbhagor aagotei italian kolai hothate ei bibhagor suranto porjyayot uponeet hoy. bhittur pisanu, ejon sitroxilpi (kho. pray 1380 sonot, veruna prodexot; gho. 1455 baa 1456) hoise podok bijoyixokolor bhitorot ataitkoi puroni aaru ataitkoi guruttopurno. teur onugamixokolor dore, teur kambur mumor model baa aaironot kotaa modelor poraa koraa hoy, ene ek prokriya jaar folot xoghonai tukurabur pisot kotar proyujon hoy. teu teur "opas pixani pictoris" gronthokhonot swakhyor kore. podokbur besibhagei dangor aakaror, aaru kritrim patinare abrito. xonmukhor faale teuluke xadharonote profailot obhibyoktimulok chitro uposthapon kore; biporit dixot, xundor aaru protibhaxali rupoh enedore lionelu di 'este, cupidor haatot thoka xongitor xeetor poraa etaa xingho gaise; baa naplesor alphonsu, etaa eegol ji khuubkoi nihot hortuk xokunburoloi eri diye. jodiu eitu proman koribo paari je pisanuwe kisuman protutype byobohar korisil jibur xombhobotoh muhoror poraa aahoron koraa hoisil, podok kolar prokrito sristikorta hisape teur khyati xei tothyor dwara bostugotovabe hraax huwa naai. rosona aaru karjyokori koraa duyuta khetrote teuk xombhobotoh xoman koraa huwa naai, udahoronsworupe, teur xombhobpor jibo-jontu, xingho, eegol, hu rosor protinidhitwot. pisanuwe xomogro italy bhromon korisil, aaru teur xomoyor bixisto rajkumar aaru probhawxali puruxxokolok sitrito korisil; teu podok kolak imaan jonopriyo kori tulisil je tetiyar poraa italyr xokolu guruttopurno kolaa kendror xilpixokole podok nirmanot niyujit hoi porisil. ene aasil metteu di 'pasti, aaru riminir dorbaror proxongxoniyo xilpi; venesian giubhanni boldu aaru gentile belini, jaar pisorjone sultan mehemator baabe etaa chitro-podok nirman korisil; ponchodox xotikar ataitkoi proxidho podok bijoyi mantuwan sparandio ", aaru aan bohutu. ei xomoyote, mudi diya podoktu proxidhiloi ghuri aahe. room benveneutu chelini aaru teur pisot, caradusu, aaru bixexkoi pupor pudinar gorakixokol ullekhor jugyo. kebhinur dwara ruman xomratxokolor bronjor mudrar onukoron xosakoiye proxongxoniyo. owoxexot, kichu poroborti xomoyot, bidexi rajkumarxokolor xewat italy podok bijoyixokolok puwa yayoh netherlandor jekupu daa treju, germanyr dujon aabondiu. italy podokoi puroni forasi projujonar bikaxot ataitkoi xoktixali probhab pelay. ponchodox xotikar xexor faale italy laranai prothom forasi podok laabh korisil, aaru poroborti xomoyor kambure spostobhabe italy boixistyo dekhuwaisil. xoptodox xotikar aagoloike etaa notun xoilir abirbhabo huwa nasil, zo 'too kapurtu bixexkoi proxongxoniyobhabe punor prostut koraa hoisil; ataitkoi bixisto xilpixokol aasil jinn risiyar, metz, aaru pisoloi, guilyum dupre aaru jinn warin. germanyt, italy mudrar probhawot tyrolor holot ataitkoi puroni brihot rupor tukura toiyar koraa hoisil; aaru gian marku kevalluk, jaak tokxalor khudika hisape hololoi aamontron jonuwa hoisil, ei mudrabure kolar itihaxot teulukor guruttopurno sthan aaru germanyr bohutu podokor uporot teulukor pro prodorxonjugyo pro probhawor baabe rinee. german podok kolar ataitkoi puroni nomunaxomuh, eke xomoyote mudra huwar baabe, eixomuhot murtosinho loguwa hoisil; kintu, italior dore, german podoktu murtosinho diyar khetrot iyar xor xorbuscho nikhutot uponeet nohoy, boroncho dhalai diya tukurat. boxoud, keholheim xil aaru pisoloi mumore nirmito jothesto xongkhyok model etiyau bidyoman. kaath baa xilor ei sitrobur prothome suranto buli gonyo koraa hoisil, aaru maatro degreer bhittithe xeibur dhaatu dhalai korar baabe model hisape byobohar koraa hoisil. germanyr kolaa-kendroxomuhot (xurox xotikar aarombhonite, augberg aaru nuremberg) prodorxito huwa ei cust podokxomuhor utpottiu ekedhorone italy podokor baabei hoisil. kintu kewol teulukor utpotti; german podokor odhik bikaxe xompurnorupe moulik aaru swadhin dhaara onuxoron kore jetiyaloike ee italior xoite ek storot utkorxotar degreet uponeet nohoy. eitu xosa je germanxokole teulukor aakorxoniyo aakritir xoite xundor design prostut korat byortho hoy jitu aami italy podokor biporite paau; iyar poriworte, aami odhik xadharonote, ostror kutor utkristo protinidhitwo bisari paau. german podokor brihot xokti hoise xonmukhor faale xothik sitrokhonor karzokorikoronot prodan koraa prempurno jotno; aaru ee podokor uddesyor xoite xongoti raakhe, jitu italyr tulnat modhyobitto shrenir bixisto poriyalxomuhor maajot odhik byapokbhabe bitoron korr hoisil. german podoktu 1500 sonor pisote iyar xirxot uponeet hoy, italiyotkoi jothesto pisotoh aamar usoroloi ohaa ataitkoi puroni udahoronburor bhitorot aase albrecot dureror. bohutu xilpiye aamak teulukor porisoyor bixoye kunu ingito nidiye baa sinho baa sinhor dwara nijoke swakhyor kore jiburok byakhya koratu praye kothin. obosye, etiya nischitbhabe nurembergor ejon prodhan pitter flo 'taarok oti mulyowan podokor ek digholiya sringkhola nirdharon koratu xombhob hoi porise, xeyehe teuk xokolu podok bijoyir bhitorot onyotomo ogroni hisape gonyo koribo lagibo; teur pisot aase methes gable. ei xomoyor aan ullekhjugyo podok bijoyixokol hoh "lo hanoch doucher, jaar besibhag kaam pelletinetor dorbaror baabe koraa hoisil; nurembergor hanoch swarz," kaathor xorbosrestho nokolkari ", jiye 1518 sonor aagbargor aaharor xodosyoxokolor baabe brihot xongkhyok kaam xompadon korisil; swizerlandorlandor jacob stumpfer; onyotomo jonopriyo xilpi freidrik hegenwawar; owoxexot austriyat boxoti sthapon korr juakim desler, zo", zo "too bixexkoi vienna, cramnitz aar tokxal aar tokxalot ei xomoisuwe ei xomoisuwot ei xomoisuwat brihot xongkhyok podok laabh korr xubidha laabh korr baabe podok laabh korr xubidha laabh korr baabe jothesto poraa hoisil; kintu xokoluwei podokor xubidhar baabe nohoy; henselor baabe, henselor baabe, henselor baabe, raijor baabe, rokha hoisil. xurox xotikar xexor faale german podoktuwe spostobhabe iyar xirxosthan otikrom korise aaru bidexi, aaru prothomote, bixexkoi italy kaamor uporot nirbhorxil hoi porise. netherlandot ei kolai uscho porzayor nikhutota laabh korisil. iyat thoka mohan naamxomuh hoh "lo stephanus hoh" landikas aaru, kichu xomoyor pisot, xurox xotikar dwitiyardhot thoka kunrad block aaru xoptodox xotikar pitter bhen ebel. englandot podok bijoyixokol besibhag bidexi; sthaniyo xilpixokolor bhitorot, jixokole bohut deri loike uposthito nohoy, teuluk hoise ullekhor ataitkoi jugyo. saimon aaru uilium aaru el. chi. lion. aanhate kespar aaru saimon paase oti xabodhane khudit xoru, paatol rupor tukura utpadonot mohan kolatmok dokhyota laabh kore. aan rajyoxomuhor gurutwo komm; teuluke besibhag bidexi xilpik nijukti disil. aadhunik jugor aarombhonite italy aaru germanyt podoktuwe laabh koraa uscho kolatmok stortu sthayibhabe bojai rakhibo poraa nog "lo. kiyonu iyate-iyate utkristo xilpokolar sristi huwar loge loge, xilpokola hisape podok aaru mudrar owonoti ghotisil. unobingxo xotikar majbhagoloike ei kolai ek notun goti laabh koraa nasil aaru xeya franceot prothom. kewol iyar bahyik prokaxxomuh bibesona korileu, ei andulonor aarombhonir xothik tarikhtu nirdharon koratuu xombhob. 1868 sonor 2 mey "too peris mintor commite consultatif des graversor xobhapoti roxayonobid dumase podokor kolatmok bikaxot baadha diya trutibur anguliyai etaa bhaxon disil aaru mintor xobhapoti hisape iyar xongxudhonor baabe aabedon jonaisil. teu bixexkoi aakhor, palis, uscho rim aadir beyaa xuwador kotha ullekh korisil. jodi ei thikonatuwe baahiror rupor xoite mukabila korisil, tente itimodhye kromanwoye podoktur prokrito uddesyor ek notun dristibhongi sristi koraa hoisil. oh 'dynes, poll dubuwis, sapasor utpadonor pisot, xorbupori harbert ponscarms (podokor paliswingor birudhita koraa prothomjon) aaru pisot degerge, saplanes, daniel dupris, oskar roti, etiyaloike ataitkoi bixisto forasi podok bijoyixokole bixexotwo laabh kore. teu kewol ejon sitroxilpi hisapei utkristo nohoy, bixexkoi iyar biporit rosonar khetrot utkristoh teur xukhmo rupkormo (udah.ji., suwalir xikhyar xoite xomporkito jugyotar podokor uporot-gonorajyor xikhyok suwali, puruxor bhobisyotor maatri) kuwatro "chentur xilpixokolok smoron kore, jaak teu xabodhane odhyoyon korisil, kintu niyom onuxori, punpotiyakoi onukoron koraa nasil. thik jenekoi podokor karzokorikoronor purbe moulik dharonatu kenedore prostut koribo laage xei bixoye digholiya aaru xabodhane alusona koraa hoy (ponoskarme iyar poth prodorxon koraa zen laage) xeyehe karzokorikorone xex muhurtoloike ataitkoi xabodhane monujug laabh kore. kewol xilpir haatehe teur kaam sporxo koribo lagibo. kewol iyar karikori gunagunor uporot nirnoy korileu forasi podoktuwe enedore bhaal folafol laabh korise. forasi andulonor poraa swadhinbhabe austriyat ek podokor punorujjibon aarombho hoise. anton scarfe podok xoilir punoruddhar aaru kothur poromporagot rupxomuhor poraa mukti korhiyai aane; teur xoite ekeloge kaam koraa hoise jyestho juchef thoutenheim, stephen swawartz, chizeld podokor kouxolor egoraki prodhan, aaru frange jabhar paulik. xehotiyakoi rudolf marchele ejon sitroxilpi hisape uscho khyati laabh korise, aaru liu xiii aaru piyas x duyutare baabe podok xompadon korar baabe aayug laabh korise. forasi aaru vieniz podokxomuhe aan dexxomuhot ene ek karzokolapor aahban jonaise jaar folot itimodhye podok kolar bohutu xundor nomuna puwa goise. aagosto. bhi. lur.

catholic biswakosh (1913)/mudratotto girja sankhyar byabohar nank demetes  mudratotto holl mudra oo podoker bigyan. protiti mudra baa podok jey sangoskritik, orthonoitik ebong rajnaitik abosthar modhye theke udbhuto hoyeche, eyi bigyan manabjatir bivinno sabhya sampradai onusare bivokto. etty cable ekti swatantra bigganyi noy, borong taar niz niz ongshe, seii samasta bigyaner ekti shakha jaa jaatir itihas ebong taader sangaskritir saathe somporkito-dhrupadi protnototto, taar sangkirna orthe itihas prachyobad ityadi. bastobe, shudhumatra prachin, adhunik ebong sombhoboto prachyer mudratatter gurutto royeche. echhadao mudratotto, jaa prodhanoto bornonamulok, ebong mudratotto, jaa mudratike taar shoilpik, orthonoitik ebong sangoskritik dick theke dekhe, taar modhye ekti parthokyo koraa uchito. mudra sangraher upor tattik mudratatter nirbhorota bigyaner itihase sposhtobhabe dekha yaay. jey konao guruttopurno prokashonar prothom diker prokashonaguli sangrahakder chahida metanor jonno lekha hoyechilo (udaa.zii. taller, groshena ebong dukater bivinno cabinet ebong "munjbelustibungen" baa "mudra-pastime"), jekhane prachin mudratatter boigyanik chikitsar vitti 1790 saal porjonto, ekel ebong adhuniker jonno unish shotok porjonto madder groota ebong leileoel dwara sarbaraha koraa hoyney. (seii seenta money rakha uchito. thomas aquinus, "dii regimin principes", 2yoy, xiii, xiv-ayee, ortho ebong mudra vishaytike bibechona korechilen ebong eyi kaajti bohu bochor dhorey canonobadider modhye kortritto chhilo.) mudra prachintama sangraha jaa somporke amader kichhu gyan royeche taa panchadash shatabdir ebong petrarch dwara toiri koraa hoyechilo; taanr udaharan asankhya onukoronkarike khunje peyeche. hubert goltz 1556-60-ayee europer bivinno sangraha poridorshon corren, jaar modhye 950tii chhilo boley jaanaa yaay. byaktigato sangraher tulna, jaa taader malikder mrityur porey sadharonoto chhoriye chhitiye thaake, shasok, rajyo baa jadughar sangrahaguli sorbadhik gurutto bohon korey ebong mudratattik todonter jonno sabcheye nirbhorjoggo vitti sarbaraha korey. 1756 khristabder godar dike austria prothom francis taanr duti mohan soundorjer kaaj, 'monoys enn orr' ebong 'monoys enn argent'-ayee taanr sangraher dhansampad somporke janiyechilen ebong samprotik bochorgulite mohan catalguli, biseshoto british jadughar, eyi bigyaner tothyer sabcheye guruttopurno utso hoye utheche. sangrahak ebong tattik chhatro ubhoyeri chahida eyi samitigulir dwara prokashito pray 100tii projuktigoto samayiki ebong bipul sankhyak mudratattik samajer proyojonke tuley dhoreche. bivinno shohore proti bochor onusthito german society off numizmaticser sova theke antorjatik congress gadey utheche brassels, 1892; parris, 1900 (record ebong lenden, comte dii castellen ebong ayee. blunchett); roam, 1903; (atty dell congresso internagionel dii sienz storic, 6 khondo.); brassels, 1910. aaee. mudra mudragulike dhatob tukro hisabe sangyayita koraa jete paare jaa boidho darpatra hisabe kaaj korey. eyi shobdotir modhye sadharan mudra, protisthito maan ityadi onusare sarkari kortripokkho kortrik stamp koraa smarok baa uposthapona tukro antarbhukta royeche., kintu kagojer taaka baa byaktigato mudra noy. shesh shrenite amra ingrezi tokenguli ullekh corry jaa 1800 saaler dike bhognangsho mudra aporjapto sorboraher foley byapokbhabe procharito hoyechilo; uporontu, "mariaux" naame porichito tukroguli, biseshoto girja corporationguli dwara, orther bhauchar hisabe ebong porey sadharonbhabe mulyer jonno, jemon jetone baa counter ebong "rechonspenzi" hisabe jaari koraa hoyechilo. jokhon prottek byakti prithibi theke taar nijer jeebika kede nitey sokkhom hoy naa, tokhon shrom bhag korey neoar ebong taar ponno bitoroner prayojaniyata dekha deyo. etty prothome ponner binimoy dwara probhabito hoy, jaar jonno sadharonoto gobadi poshur modhye pawa binimoyer ekti sorbojonin madhyomer prayojan hoy (homare menelauser saranjamer mulya 9 steer; himbaher 100). gobadi poshu chharao adim manushera chamda, pelt, kapad ityadi byabohar korechen., eyi uddeshye. tobey, shighroi emon ekti porimap khunje berr koraa prayojan jaa sorbojoninbhabe byabohar koraa jete paare ebong err jonno soona, rupa ebong taama khub prothom thekei byabohar koraa hoyeche; tulonamulokbhabe samprotik bochorgulite anyanno onek dhatu niye porikkha-nirikkhar porey, nickel egulite jog koraa hoyeche. dhatob orther prothom porjaye pouchano hoy jey konao akarer dhatob tukro theke ozon diye; kintu, jehetu eyi poddhoti dwara cable moat ozon nirdharan koraa yaay, sukkhotar matra noy (mulyaban dhatugulir khettre ekti atyanta prayojaniya kaaron), taai sarkari kortripokkher stamp dwara sukkhota pratyayita korar prayojaniyata dekha deyo ebong eyi stampty dhatur pindoke ekti mudra porinoto korey. ullikhito dhatugulir modhye shudhumatra ektiyi shighroi aporjapto promanito hobeh porjapto porimane chhoto mulyer swarnamudra procholon koraa baa mool dhatu byabohar korey porjapto uchcho mulyer mudra jaari koraa asambhab. taai ekoi somoye dui baa tinti dhatu byabohar koraa prayojan. etty hoy ekti mulyaban dhatuke mulya porimap hisabe ebong onnoti tamar saathe, shudhumatra ekti ponno baa sahayak mudra hisabe byabohar korey, athoba onnothai aain dwara nirdharito reshana (dwi-dhatubad)-ayee mulya porimap hisabe ubhoy dhatuke ekjoge mamla korey koraa jete paare, jaa duti mulyaban dhatu binimoyer haarer othanamar karone prayashai samasya srishti koreche. akare, mudraguli sadharonoto brittakar, kokhono kokhono dimbakriti ebong chaturbhuj hoy; eyi sheshguli biseshoto joruri mudra procholito, ebong suidene ekti bishal akaar ebong durdanto ojone briddhi peyechilo. bishesh korey sudur prachye sabcheye adbhuto akarer mudrao pawa yaay. jontro ebong shilalipi chharao mudra prayashai pudina chinno baa pudina-masterder chinno thaake jaa bishesh ullekher jogyo. pudina-muster ebong dye-sinkarra onek khettre nirdishto chinno baa akkharer madhyome taader kajgulike alada korte abhyasta; ebong takshalguli taader niz niz mudragulike hoy akkharer dwara alada korey, jaa procholito ebong nirbichare chinno dwara issure sthan nirdesh korey, baa onno konao upaye-kokhono kokhono shuru naa haoya byaktider kachhe khub komoi bodhgamya-jemon shilalipir ekti nirdishto akkharer neeche ekti bindu sthapon koraa. eibhabe mudra bivinno issue onnothai ekoi rakam rakha hoy. mudrabigyaner bigyan bostugotovabe prachur porimane mudra abishkarer madhyome unnoto hoyeche purbe ajana prokarer gyan chharao, eyi dharaner abishkarguli nirdishto somoye mudra prokrito procholon ebong nirdishto mudraguli taader nijaswa abosthar seamer baire kotota bortoman chhilo seey somporke ekti shikkhamulak antardrishti pradan korey ebong amader konao nirdishto pudina-muster baa sunirdishto somoyer jonno tarikhohin prokarguli, biseshoto modhyojuger mudraguli baradda korte sahayata korey. bigyan adhyayaner pashapashi mudra shrenibibhager khettre kalanukromikbhabe tinti mohan jug anusaran korar abhyash royeche prachin, madhyayugiya ebong adhunik; bhougolikbhabe, niz niz somoyer bivinno rajnaitik bibhajan. greek mudra jonno, ekel ekti anukaraniya byabostha grohon koreche jaa ekhono byabohrito hachche. harculiser stambha theke shuru korey tini bishwer jey deshguli prachinkal theke porichito chhilo, segulike bhumadhyasagarer charpashe taader abosthaner krom onusare grohon korenoh prothome europe, tarpor asia theke bharat porjonto ebong abosheshe africa theke mishor theke gibraltar pranali porjonto. ayee. greek mudra prachin mudrabigyane "greek" shobdoti sabsamoi roman bongshodbhuto ebong italiya osha kobor byatito samasta mudra antarbhukta korar jonno bojha yaay. arthik ekok holl 60 minuter protibha (protibha baa mina konao mudra dwara protinidhitto koraa hoy naa), baa 6000 druckme, protiti 6 oboler soman. bivinno mudra beshirbhag khettre parosser ozon poddhotir upor vitti korey toiri hoy. persiander mulyaban dhatur ojoner duti vinno maan chhiloh sonara jonno ubian; rupore jonno byabilaniya. sonara darik, sadharan sonara mudra, greek roupyo dedruchmer saathe somporkito, ozon 8.385 grama (pray 129 1/3 grena); roupyo darik (shekel), 5.57 grama (pray 87 grena). jehetu prachinkale sonara tulna rupore mulya chhilo 1 theke 10, taai sonara darik 15tii roupyo doriker samatulya. mudra anyanno manguli chhilo fossian, ageatan, attic, corinthian, tolemic ebong asia minorer systophoric maan; tobey, egulir modhye koyekti parosser maan theke udbhuto hotey paare. purano agintan soloner jonno halka chottorer maan protisthaponer madhyome riner angshik bilupti ghote. sabcheye beshi toiri koraa tukroguli chhilo tetradruch (25-33 mimmy. byase) ebong dedruch; aatt, dosho ebong baroti druchmer tukro byatikrami, ebong ekti challish-drachma tukro biral. nimnamukhi scaley bibhagti choturthangsho-obolus (= 1/24 drakma) porjonto prosarito hoy. greek asia soona oo rupore (electrum) mishran diye toiri chhoto mudra byabohar koraa hoto. grisse roupyo mudra byapokbhabe pradhanno peyechilo; tamar mudraguli 400 khristopurbabder purboborti noy.shee., jodio swarna khub komoi toiri koraa hoto. onnodike, parossoder mudra swarner dwara samriddha chhilo ebong taader udahoroni massedoner dwitiya phillip ebong mohan alekjandarke probhabito korechilo. koyekti byatikram chhada, sorbochcho matrar sukkhotar lakkhya chhilo, sonara doric 97 shotangsho sukkho. prothom dike ekti ekok dye diye mudra toiri koraa hotoh fanka dhatur biporito ongshoti ekti pegg dwara, sadharonoto borgakar, anviller modhye dridhobhabe dhorey rakha hoto ebong taai ekti chaturbhuj nimnochap (incuse borgo) akare taar chhaap peyechilo; somoyer saathe saathe eyi borgokhetroti rekha, chitro ebong shilalipi diye sajjito hotey thaake. dakkhin italite eke oporer saathe lagano duti dye byabohar koraa hoyechilo, jaate mudraguli samoner dike khodai korey ebong biporito dike nichu korey ekoi naksha uposthapon korey ("nammi incusi"). shilalipiguli jatiyata anujayi bivinno bhasay royeche. dwibhashik shilalipi-ee.zii., greek-lattin-ebong shilalipi jekhane bhasha ebong prokarer mill nei-ee.zii.cypriot akkhargulite greeko ghote ebong emonki greek akkhargulio somoyer saathe saathe akare asankhya poribortoner modhyo diye yaay. mudra adhikar sarbobhoumotter ekti biseshadhikar howa, shilalipite prothome seii sarbobhoumo shaktir naam ullekh koraa hoyeche jaar kortritter adhine mudrati aghat koraa hoyechilo; grisse, alekjandar dya greter somoy porjonto, eyi sampradai chhilo. mudra dayitte thaka kormokortader naamo pawa yaay; ebong poroborti mudragulio bochorer ullekh korey, jaa prayashai 312 bii-rawr selecusid jug theke ganana koraa hoy.shee. prachintama mudragulir utpotti sombhoboto lydiate, jemon herodotus amader bolechen, athoba ijinate, jaar raja fiddon, parian chronicle sombhoboto 600 khristopurbabder agey taader bornona koreche.shee. ekoi samudrer bivinno dweep mudra naksha toiri korey jaa egulir theke khub alada noy. dakkhin italir mudraguli khub beshi porer somoyer noy, jaa proman korey jey, 510 khristopurbabde dhongso haoya cibaris shohorer namuna pawa yaay.shee. greek raita ebong asia minorer prathomik mudraguli dhatur puru tukro, jaa samtal bulleter moto, ebong swabhabikbhabei, sahajtama jontro, udbhid ebong prani bohon korey, jaa shighroi nirdishto elakar sadharan hoye othe; egulir porey debota ebong manusher matha ebong murti aase, kokhono kokhono doley ekotrito hoy. pray 400 bii.shee. dye-cutting-err greek shilp taar purno bikashe poucheche, poroborti konao jaatir dwara osomo utkorsher degree orjon koreche sirakus prothom sthan adhikar koreche; err porey kromobordhoman aradia, thibs, olynthus ityadi aase. aaa-hellenic jonogoner modhye jaader mudra greek sirije antarbhukta, amader kachhe sabcheye guruttopurno holl ihudira. prothome taaraa bideshi mudra byabohar koroto, kintu siriyader biruddhe machabider adhine jatiya utthaner onnotomo foll hisabe, prodhan purohito, saimon antiocus VII (139-38 b)-err kachh theke peyechilen.shee.) mudra adhikar. saimon taama oo rupo toiri korten. taanr kachhe "shekel israel" hisabe ullekh koraa hoyeche mukher kingbadanti (shekel israel) ebong ekti cup baa challis jaar upore ekti tarikh (1-5, mudra adhikar pradan theke ganana koraa); biporito, kingbadanti (jeruzalem pobitro) ebong tinti kundi soho ekti lilly-stock. bucky machabi-john hydranus, judas aristobulus, alekjandar janius, matatheus antigonus ebong arow onek kichhu-shudhumatra purano hibru baa hibru ebong greek bhasay shilalipi soho taama toiri korechilo. err porey idumian rajkumar beer ebong taanr uttorsurider tamar mudra aase. khrister somoye roman mudrao procholon chhilo. etty shraddhanjali orther golpo dwara promanito hoy. "ebong taaraa taake [khristoke] eka poisa diyechilo. jeeshu taader jigyasa corlen, "etaa kaar murti ebong shilalipi? taaraa taake boleh sijarer "(myata., xxii, 19-21). etty cable romander biruddhe ihudider duti bidroher somoy chhilo.dii. 66-70 ebong 132-135, seii roupyo abar jothakrome ilazar ebong saimon ebong barr-kachbar adhine toiri koraa hoyechilo. khrister porr prothom shatabdir bactrian mudra gondofers baa anurup kichhu naam pawa yaay, jaa tinti maggy, casper ektir saathe abhinno boley money koraa hoy. bii. roman mudra italite binimoyer prothom madhyam chhilo taama, jaa protiti lendener somoy ozon korte hoto ("os rudd"). prothome etty aniyamita akare byabohrito hoto, porey onakangkhito barey. prothome ekti aini darpatra prodaner krititto servius tuliuske deoa hoy, jini bargulite nirdishto porisongkhyan diye stamp korechilen boley money koraa hoy, beshirbhag gobadi poshu ("primus signavit osha; osha signetum"). prokrito mudra proborton jaar mulya ebong shohorer protikguli nirdesh korey emon chinnoguli onek porey. arthik ekokti chhilo 12 ounce (10.527 oz. troy), ekti roman pounder soman ("libra"-taai, libral standard); tobey, sadharonoto, ekti hisabe ozon chhilo matro 10 ounce (pray 8 3/4 ounce). troy). eyi bibhagguli ("semi" = 1/2, "triance" = 1/3, "quadran" = 1/4, "sextan" = 1/6, ebong "euncia" = 1/12), jaate seguli arow sahojei alada koraa yaay, ekodike ankito boler soman sankhyak boll diye chinnito koraa hoto. ekodike chhilo ekti jahajer pru, roam shohorer baisishtapurna jontro, onnodike, ekti debotter matha, jaa mudra mulyer saathe poribortito hoy. mudraguli chhilo golakar, unchu, kintu kichuta onakangkhito, swarachito ebong ddhalai koraa; kichhu mudra campania toiri koraa hoyechilo. 268 bii theke.shee. eyi hisabe ozon kromagoto hrass paay; gronthagar maan prothome ekti trayi, tarpor ekti ono-jatiya, ebong abosheshe emonki ekti adha-ono-jatiya maan-mool ojoner 1/24 hoye othe. jodio eyi maan hrass brihottor mulyer mudra (jothakrome 2,3 ebong 10 godher soman "dupondius, trypondius, decusis") toiri korte sahayata korechilo, err foley tamar mudragulike taader abhyantarin mulyer cheye onek beshi bortoman mulya deoa hoyechilo ebong ddhalai mudra poriborte stampojukto mudra proborton arow egiye niye yawa hoyechilo. libhir motey, prothom roupyo mudra 268 khristopurbabde toiri hoyechilo.shee.eyi prothom roupyer tukroti chhilo "danaras", jaa 10tii gadhar soman. err porey chhilo khudro mulya, "quinerius" (1/2 "denarius") ebong "cestertius" (1/4 "denarius"). eguli chharao kichhu prodeshke banijyik mudra hisabe byabohar korar jonno "victoriates" (1/4 "dinarius") toiri koraa hoyechilo. eka pounder prothom 1/72 ojoner dinarius 217 bii-teey hrass koraa hoyechilo.shee. 1/84 porjonto, rupa pray bishuddho chhilo. samoner dike "dii roma" dekha yaay; biporito dike, duti dioscuri; eyi daktikitgulir modhye prothomti arow biseshbhabe bohu bochor dhorey byabohrito hoyechilo. takshalti ekti kamishana ("tresviri orey argento oro flando ferriundo") dwara porichalito hoto, jaar sadasyara shighroi mudragulite taader naam baa adyakkhar sthapon koroto ebong porey taader poribarer sadasyader ebong taader kaajer (poribar baa consular mudra) gaurab korechilo. emonki seii somoyeo, kintu samrajyobadi amle onek beshi ghono ghono kkhar dhatur dinari chhilo jaa prayashai roupyo ("dinari subayevati") diye patlabhabe abrito thakat. emon ghotona khub komoi ghotechilo jey, soona toiri koraa hoyechilo. sijara 44 khristopurbabde rajakiya mudra rupantarke chinnito korey.shee. sineta taanr protikriti sombolito mudra jaari korar nirdesh deyo. emonki brutus eyi udaharan anusaran korechilen ebong augustuser saathe protikriti mudra nirobochchinno sirij shuru hoyechilo. jodio sijara itimadhye soona oo roupyo mudra adhikar daabi korechilen, augustus eyi adhikarti nijer jonno daabi korechilen ebong cable sineter kachhe cable tamar mudra chhede diyechilen; ebong eyi tamar mudraguli akkhar esha dwara chinnito koraa hoy.shee. ("senetus consulto"). aurelian (270-76) emonki seneter kachh theke eyi sujog-subidhao niyechilen. samrajya theke shuru korey amra prachur sonara mudra khunje paai. prodhan mudrati holl "aureus", jaar ozon pray 123 1/2 daana; err samoner dike somrater naam, upadhi ebong protikriti royeche; err biporito, samriddha boichitre oitihasik uposthapona. nirman, somrater priya devadevi ebong jey gunabali taanke sajjito korechilo baa sajjito koraa uchito chhilo taar moorto roop; taanr poribarer sadasyadero protinidhitto koraa hoy. eyi khettre trajana ebong hadrianer sirij biseshbhabe samriddha. niror saathe mudra, biseshoto roopar potoner kaaj shuru hoy ebong etty abyahoto chhilo jotokkhon naa abar kichhu matra srinkhala protisthito hoy. tini eka pounder (pray 70 daana) soman ekti notun sonara mudra, "solidas" chaalu korechilen, jaa bohu shatabdi dhorey mudra byabosthar bikashe ekti guruttopurno kaaron chhilo. biseshbhabe borh ebong sabdhane sampadito takshaler padakgulir bishesh ullekh koraa uchito, jaa konao anusthaner smarane jaari koraa hoy. eguli soona, rupa baa taama diye toiri koraa hoto ebong mulyaban dhatute, sadharonoto aini maan onusare toiri koraa hoto. echhadao holud dhatur britto ("mediles days dukes cuvress") dwara beshtito tamar toiri namuna royeche. contorniate" shobdoti ekti utthito pranto soho ekti borh brittakar tamar mudra prayog koraa hoy, jaa mulat circancian gemer saathe somporkito. purber roman somratder mudra, jaa byzantine hisabe manoneet, kalanukromikbhabe ontoto modhyojuger ontorgoto, tobey, taader mudra dekha maan ebong shurute, mudra choritro dwarao bitcher koraa hoy, puro sirijti roman samrajyer vishaygulir saathe ghonisthobhabe jukto. taama prachur porimane toiri koraa hoyechilo, roupyo khub komoi, tobey swarna mudra saathe sabcheye beshi gurutto jukto chhilo. bohu bochor dhorey swarna shudhumatra byzantiume toiri koraa hoyechilo ebong eyi sonara tukroguli cable poschimer swarna mudra jonno noy, jaa trayodash shatabdi porjonto punra chaalu hoyney, borong islamer jonnou ekti model hisabe kaaj korechilo. byzantine mudra shoilpik jogyatar sampurna abhab royeche taader dharan kathor ebong ekgheye. biporito dike praktan sompod ebong bivinno jontrer poriborte, amra dharmiya protik, khrister ekgram ebong sadhuder khunje paai. john VIII-err mudra, somratder modhye shesh kintu ekti, pray panchadash shatabdir majhamajhi somoye, byzantine sirijer shesh chhilo. shee. madhyayugiya mudra purno roman samrajyer anchalik seamer modhye udbhuto notun rajyaguli prothome roman mudra byabohar koroto, jaar modhye jotheshto sankhyak vidyaman chhilo. jatigoto abhibashoner samaykaler biral swayattashasita vishayguli roman sirijer saathe khub ghonisthobhabe jukto; shudhumatra france merovingianra nijerderke kichuta swadhin korey tulechilo. tobey, khub shighroi, mudra sange somporkito samasta bishoye ekti sadharan poton shuru hoy; mudraguli kromagoto motaa hoye othe, sonara mudra adrishya hoye yaay, taama cable byatikramibhabe toiri koraa hoyechilo; chhoto rupore mudra chhilo ortho prodaner ekmatro madhyam. shirlman eka dharaner srinkhala punoruddhar korechilen; rajakiya biseshadhikar hisabe mudra adhikar daabi korey, jaa kebolmatro raja prayog korechilen, tini samasta byaktigato mudra domon korechilen, jaa seii somoye viparyakar anupat grohon korechilo. tini arow beshi jotno neoar nirdesh deena ebong eyi bishoye niyamkanun toiri corren jaa europer brihottor ongsher jonno maan hoye othe ebong jaa taader prayojaniya boishistagulite, aaz abodhi englande karjokor. err vitti chhilo roupyer protibha baa pound (pray 11/5 ounce). troy); etty 20tii shillingye bivokto chhilo (pound ebong shilling ubhayi nichhok accounter ortho) protiti 12 pencer ("aswikarkari") soman. taai penir ozon chhilo 23 1/2 shosyo. carlovingian mudragulir sabcheye sadharan naksha holl krusher protinidhitto ebong stambha dwara sajjito ekti girja, jaa kingbadanti "christiana religio" dwara beshtito. modhyojuger adbhuto orthonoitik poristhiti kromagoto hrassmann ozon ebong sukkhotar roupyo mudra issure jonmo deyo, jaate seguli kromagoto arow beshi korey mulyahin hoye porey ebong mulyabriddhir sadharan briddhir foley arr mudra hisabe byabohar koraa yaay naa. eibhabe ekti prokriya shuru hoy jaa modhyojuge besh koyekbar punorabritti koraa hoyechiloh purano chhoto mudragulir abomulyayoner foley, borh ebong arow mulyaban notun mudraguli konao shohore aghat haane jekhan theke taaraa somogro europe vijayi hoye taader poth toiri korechilo. somoyer saathe saathe egulir mulya hrass paay ebong ekti notun samasya dwara protisthapito hoy. trayodash shotabdite shilling (12 pencer soman) prothom bhromoner somoy toiri koraa hoyechilo; "aswikarkari"-err biporite, jaa seii somoye khub patla hoye giechilo, etike "nammas grossus" (puru mudra) bolla hoto, ebong, jekhane etty prothom toiri koraa hoyechilo, seii sthaner naam theke, "grossus turonensis" baa "gross turnois". ekodike rajar naam soho ekti cross ebong ekti kingbadanti royeche, sadharonoto "benedictum seat nomen dominy"; onno dike, ekti girja. turnois" france ebong gondar borabor druto chhoriye porey ebong prag-ayee ("grossus pragensis" baa "pregger groshen") anurup ekti mudra toiri hoy, jaa onek deshe anukaran koraa hoyechilo. merovingian juger porey samrat dwitiya fredriker augustels chhilo ekmatro swarnamudra. eguli chhilo purboborti roman mudra anulipi ebong sisili bhasay lekha chhilo. pray 1250 saal porjonto florence projatontre ekti niyamita swarnamudra shuru hoy naa. eyi mudragulir ekodike seenta. john baptismodata, ebong, onnodike, ekti lilly, florencer protik. eyi jontro ("floss lilly") theke, athoba shohorer naam theke, taaraa "florin" namti peyeche. taader ozon chhilo 540 grener ektu beshi. koyek doshok porey veniser kukur, giovanni dandolo, ekti sonara mudra toiri korte shuru korey jaa center agey hantu gede bosey kukurer protinidhitto korey. marqa ebong kingbadanti soho khrister protikritih "tibir khrister dattus cume too regis isto ducatus". eyi kingbadantir shesh shobdoti mudratike taar naam diyeche, "ducato" (ducat); venis bhasay etike "laa jekka", "pudina" theke "jechino" (sequin) bolla hoto. floriner dharan ebong dukater naam shighroi saaraa bishwe procholito hoye othe. adhunik juge rupantar arow borh roupyo mudra proborton dwara chinnito koraa hoy. err modhye italiya "testone" ebong farasi "franc" chharao german "taller" chhilo sabcheye guruttopurno. 1485 khristabde tyroler archduke siggismond 2 "loath" ojoner ebong 15 "loath" sukkhotar ekti notun roupyo mudra jaari korey; seii somoyer binimoy haare err mulya sonara guldener saathe samanjasyapurna chhilo ebong taai etike "guldengroshen" bolla hoto. tyroler udaharan shighroi onek abhijatder dwara anusaran koraa hoyechilo jaader mudra adhikar chhilo; joakimstale, shliker gananagulir takshala toiri "joakimstaller" (sangkhiptabhabe "taller"), taller (dollar) namtir utpotti, jaa aajo bojay royeche. eyi dharaner mudragulir modhye sabcheye akarshaniya holl "rubentalar", jaa salzberger archbishop keutshacher leonard toiri korechilen ebong taanr ostroshostrer bearing theke namkaran koraa hoyechilo, ekti shalgom (rube); eguli modhyojuger biraltama ebong prayashai jaal mudragulir modhye ganana koraa hoy. modhyojuge german samrajyer arthik byabostha shudhumatra mudra prokarer sankhyar khettrei noy, borong err bibortoner biseshotter khettreo sabcheye beshi agroher vishay chhilo. etaa satyi jey, shirlman mudra abhinnata protistha korechilen ebong mudra adhikarke ekchetiabhabe sarbobhoumotter ontorgoto hisabe swikriti diyechilen; kintu taanr durbal uttorsurira dheere dheere samanta prabhuder kachhe etty, seisathe anyanno rajakiya biseshadhikargulio ditey badhyo hoyechilen, jaader khomota sorboshrestho sarkarer durbal howar saathe saathe badte thaake. eyi samontoder modhye cable samasta archbishop ebong bishopoi chhilen naa, samrajyer modhye shirshosthaniyo abot ebong abesses chhilen. biborton kromanwoye hoyechilo. prothome ekti mella ("marcatus") onusthito korar, ekti corr ("telonium") arop korar ebong samontoder modhye ekjoner konao eka jaiga ekti pudina ("moneta") sthaponer anumati deoa hoyechilo. prothome takshalti hoyto cable ekti binimoy chhilo, tobey modhyojuge err munafa prayashai khub ullekhjoggo chhilo ebong prabhur kachhe arjito hoto. tarpor taanke taanr protikriti sombolito mudra rakhar anumati deoa hoyechilo, kintu taanke abhinno maan bojay rakhte hoyechilo. eyi samanta prabhura konao bidhinishedh chharai mudra bishesh sujog peyechilen. jokhon etty koraa hoy, tokhon samrajyer mudra abhinnata shesh hoye yaay, mudra ekti bishal boichitro sombhob hoy ebong mudra adhikar somrater biseshadhikarer poriborte protiti samonter biseshadhikar hoye othe. era kromagoto mudra abonoti oo poriborton korey ayer ekti utpadonshil utso hisabe eyi sujog-subidhake kaaje lagate cheyechilo, jaar foley taader prajader jaaraa banijye nijukto chhilo taader gurutoro khoti hoyechilo. jey shaharguli ekhono mudra adhikar orjon koreni, taaraa hoy nijeder jonno mudra adhikar orjon korey athoba takshal chasher madhyome athoba takshal malikder arow juktisongotobhabe taader sujog-subidha prayog korte prorochito korey eyi byabosthar upor kichuta niyantran orjoner chesta korechilo. german madhyayugiya mudragulir modhye, "bractiate" (lyata. "bractia", "dhatur ekti patla sheet") bishesh ullekher jogyo. eguli purboborti somoyer scandinavian bracketer moto byaktigato alankar chhilo naa, borong asol mudra chhilo. ekadosh shotabdite aswikarkari potongo patla hoye yawar foley, dwadosh shatabdir godar dike germanyr kichhu ongshe, etty khub patla kintu borong borh rupore mudra dwara protisthapito hoyechilo, jaa eka dye diye toiri, ekoi naksha dekhay, ekodike swastite ebong onnodike nichu. eyi mudraguli, bishesh korey shurute, shoilpik jogyata chharai sabdhane karjokor koraa hoyechilo. swabier halley shohor (wartemberg) ekti chhoto bhognangsho mudra jaari korechilo jaar ekti bistrito procholon chhilo ebong err utpotti sthan theke etike "heller" bolla hoto. kichhu kichhu khettre farasi mudra biborton german mudra anurupah ekhaneo amra dasham shotabdite sadharan ebong girjar byarander (vien, arles, rims ityadir archbishop) mudra dekhte paai. bishesh korey), ekti nirdishto prokar ("prokar sthobirota") dwara chinnito jaa deergho somoyer jonno oporibortito thaake. kintu modhyojuger shesher dike eyi mudrati khub qama shaktishali samontoder modhye seemaboddho chhilo ebong rajakiya mudra tulna err arr gurutto nei. france theke amader kachhe "cheiz dii 'orr" naame ekti swarnamudra royeche, jaa mulat anyanno desheo toiri koraa hoyechilo; etty gothik singhasone bosey thaka rajar protinidhitto korey. englande starling ebong abhijatora atke porechilen, taaraa dujonei prayashai jaliatir shicker hoten. canterbury ebong iyarker archobishoper mudra vidyaman. italite, err asankhya rajnaitik bibhajoner karone, amra germanyr moto mudra boichitro dekhte paai. girjar takshaler mudra abhab lakshaniyah kichhu bichchinno udaharan ebong aquileza, trent ebong triste baade, amader kachhe cable poper mudra royeche, jaa prodhanoto byzantine model anusaran korey, adrian aaee diye shuru hoy, tobey clement vee (jaar mudragulir modhye prothomti, tobey, avignone aghat koraa hoyechilo) porjonto guruttopurno hoy naa. purbo europe beshirbhag khettre byzantineder probhabe chhilo, tobuo crusaderra poschima jatgulike taader dwara protisthito rajyogulite niye esechilo. mohammoder mudra pray 700 khristabde pawa yaay; coran chitrogoto uposthapona nishiddho korar karone eyi mudragulite cable coran theke lekha ebong sadharonoto shasok, takshal-muster ebong mudra tarikh somporkito sunirdishto bibriti royeche. dii. adhunik mudra adhunik juger shurute, angshikbhabe america abishkar ebong err roupyo amanoter shoshoner foley, borh borh roupyer tukroguli sorbotro prachur porimane dekha yaay. err swabhabik falaswarup, amra kaajti sampadaner khettre arow beshi jotno, shilalipite arow susposhto akkhar ebong sachitra uposthaponagulir (protikriti ebong coat-off-arms) proti arow beshi monojog paai. besh koyekti renessan issue, biseshoto poper mudra, seii somoyer shilpokormer modhye onnotomo prodhan boley money koraa hoy. bigoto koyek shatabdi dhorey, jey deshguli modhyojuger sabhyatar probhabe aseni, seguli onnoder sange mudratattik somporko sthapon koreche, jemon.zii.rashiya ebong sudur purbo, cheene sabcheye asadharan akarer mudra royeche, kichhu chhidrojukto, kichhu soor-kantachamach, subber ityadi akare.; siam, bankano rupore taarer pindo. purboborti shotabdite europer prachin sabhya deshgulir arthik byabostha sadharonoto modhyojuge protisthito howar pothe bikoshito hoyechilo, unish shotoker mohan rajnaitik oo orthonoitik biplobguli notun shakti toiri korechilo jaa taader prabhab felechilo. jarmanbhashi jonogoner poribortito somporker foley taader mudra boichitro dekha deyo (germanyte chinno, austria crone, hollande gulden ebong suizerlande franc), onnodike italir ekikaraner foley ekti abhinno italiya mudra byabostha (lira) toiri hoy. kintu orthonoitik poristhiti rajnaitik abosthar cheye arow beshi sthayi folafol diyeche. 1865 saaler 23shhey december france, itali, belgium ebong suizerland lattin union gathon korey, jaa 1868 saale greekder dwara jog deoa hoy, farasi mudra byabosthar vittite eyi rajyogulir mudra ekti abhinno niyame sommoto hoy. eyi byabosthati ekhon bipul sankhyak rashtro dwara grihito hoyeche, jaaraa nijeder lattin arthik unione jog deyoni-romania, bulgaria, sarbia, finland, spena ebong, ontoto nammatro, modhyo oo dakkhin americar onek projatontro, jaa agey spanish uponibesh chhilo, ebong echhadao besh koyekti chhoto europea rajyo. austria-hangeri ebong rashiao eyi byabosthar pray kachakachi. 1873 saale arekti arthik union gothito hoy ebong err modhye suiden, denmark ebong norway antarbhukta chhilo, arthik unionti scandinavian crone chhilo. portugij mudra byabostha ekhono brazile, taar praktan uponibesh, karjokor royeche. emonki konao anusthanik protha chharai, ekti mudra bideshe mudra orjon korte paare. eibhabe mexican dollar, jaa naam ebong mulye german mudra byabosthar ekti shakha, proshanto mahasagar durborti teere, cheener samudrik prodeshgulite, japan, siam ebong malaye dweeppunjer ongshe bortoman mudra; etty modhyo america ebong emonki onek african samudrik prodeshke probhabito korey. bharatiya rupio taar utpottir bhumir biporite samudrer teere, purbo africa, dakkhin arob ebong malaye upodwiper upokule mudra orjon koreche. orthonoitik oo rajnaitik swarther uttoroner ekti vall udaharan kanada dwara uposthapito hoyeche, jekhane ingrez sarbobhoumo boidho mudra, jodio kanadian mudra markin juktorashtrer maan anusaran korey. austria oo hangerite bortomane procholito mudraguli lichtenstein oo montenegro ebong todwiporito mudra hisabe boidho holeo, austria dirghadin dhorey procholito ekti austrian mudra, jaa maria-terressien taller naame porichito ebong 1780 saaler tarikh bohon korey, aajo modhyo africa, sudan, tripoli ebong arober sabcheye guruttopurno banijyik mudra. ekodike mudra (aluminiumer toiri mudra, russier platinumer mudra, belgiumer chhidrojukto mudra, duti dhatur ingrezi mudra) sange besh koyekti porikkhar jonmo deyo, jaar beshirbhagi konao chudanta safalya payni. onnodike, mudra toirir shoilpik diker proti arow beshi monojog deoa sombhob hoyeche, jaa farasi ebong italiya takshaler sorboshesh vishayguli theke promanito hoy. 2. podok podok" shobdoti (florence = 1/2 aswikarkari bhasay "medelia") dhatob tukrogulir khettre prayog koraa hoy, sadharonoto brittakar, jaa ekti takshal dwara jaari koraa holeo ortho prodaner madhyam hisabe uddeshya koraa hoy naa. taader upadan, roop, utpadoner poddhoti ebong itihas proman korey jey eguli mulat mudra chhilo, jodio shoilpik oo sangoskritik ubhoy poribortito poristhiti ebong chahida egulike swadhin korey tuleche. taader uddeshya holl ekti jaatir itihaser guruttopurno ghotonagulike smaran koraa, etotai jey konao byakti baa somogro desher podoker dharabahikatar upor vitti korey ebong chitrito korey itihas lekhar chesta koraa hoyeche. podok prodaner anusthanguli singhasone arohan, juddher ghoshana, ekti shanti baa joter samapti, ekti public buildinger somaptite pawa yaay; etty saarbobhoumoder dwara emon byaktider kachhe uposthapon korar jonnou khub byapokbhabe byabohrito hoyeche jaader taaraa somman korte cheyechilo ebong eyi dharaner khettre prayashai swarnakarer shilper ekti satyikarer ratna chhilo. onnodike, shroddhar nidarshan hisabe, taanr bibaher moto anusthane prayashai prajara taader saarbobhoumoke ekti podok pradan korey. kintu ekti jonogoner sangaskritir abhibyakti hisabe byaktigato podoker onek beshi agroho royeche ebong eyi khettre renessan ebong poroborti shatabdigulir german podok sabcheye asankhya udaharan deyo. protikriti padakguli ekhon photographyr dwara neoa bhumika palon korey. coat-off-arms diye stamp koraa padakguli byaktigato byaktider protinidhitto korar jonnou kaaj korey ebong kokhono kokhono token, livery jonno botam ityadi hisabe byaboharikbhabe byabohar koraa hoy. eguli baghdan, baa bibah, roupyo baa swarna bibah, jonmo ebong baptismer smarane byabohrito hoy ebong eyi uddeshye sposhtobhabe toiri mudra baa podoker ("pattenphenige") akare prachur sankhyak sponsorder namkaran upohar royeche ebong etey shishu ebong dhormo-pitamatar naam, baptismer sthan ebong tarikh ebong sadharonoto ekti pobitro ukti khodai koraa thaake. eyi "pattenphenies"-keey prayashai alankar hisabe paridhan korar jonno samriddha poribeshe rakha hoto ebong projonmer porr projonmo uttoradhikar hisabe hastantar koraa hoto. shudhumatra jeeboner probeshoi noy, mrityuo podoker modhye lipiboddho koraa hoy ebong eyi dharaner onek ongshe bistarito jeebonimulok biggopti royeche. prayashai podokti ekti dharmiya uddeshye kaaj korey; kremnitze ebong biseshoto joakimstale eyi jatiya dharmiya mudra bistrito sirij aghat koraa hoyechilo. typological uposthaponaguli khub pochondo peyeche, ekodike purano-testamenter dhoron, onno dike notun-testamenter antitype. sangoskarti baibeler bakyangsho diye sajjito onek podok toiri korechilo. dharmiya podoker ekti priya vishay chhilo khrister prodhanoh vienna shohor bohu shatabdi dhorey eyi naksha sombolito podokgulike bishistotar prokassho chinno hisabe byabohar korey asche. istare pascal meshshaboker sange, chrismuse shishu jishur sange onnoder upohar hisebe deoa hoto. sadhu-sontoder, seenta. georgeke prayashai "georgestaller" ebong "georgesducat"-ayee protinidhitto koraa hoto ebong ekti kusangskar procholito chhilo jey center chitro soho ekti podok poraa. george chhilen khoto theke surakkha prodankari. center protinidhitter saathe anurup kusangskar jukto chhilo. roach ebong seenta. sebastian baa seenta. pleger biruddhe surakkha hisabe rosalia, pashapashi nirlajja saaper saathe krushero. sampurna kusangskarpurna tabij, jyotishiya ebong rasayaner mudra ekti chirantan sirij royeche jaa ekti kkhar theke mulyaban dhatute ekti rasayaner rupantarer foll boley daabi korey. vienner rajakiya mudra-cabineter modhye eyi tukrogulir modhye ekti royeche, sombhoboto vidyaman brihottomo podok, jaar ozon pray 15 1/2 pound. avoirdupoice; ebong samrat prothom leopolder challish purbopurusher protikriti diye sajjito, jaar uposthitite rupantarti hoyechilo boley money koraa hoy. eibhabe jey asankhya ebong bohubidh uddeshye podokti byabohar koraa hoyeche taa bishwostobhabe sangoskritik poristhitike protifolito korey jaa err mudra dike porichalito korechilo ebong tothyer ekti utso jaa ekhono sampurnarupe proshongshito hoyney. prokrito padakguli prachinkaler kachhe ajana chhilo; taader kajguli onek dick theke chhilo-biseshoto guruttopurno ghotonar smritisoudho hisabe-mudra dwara sanchalito hoto. bortoman somoyer ekgheye ebong sadharonbhabe shilpohin mudra biporite, prachinkaler mudraguli, ebong biseshoto greecer mudraguli chhilo khodai shilper sera shilpokormo, jaaraa taanr dokkhota prodorshoner jonno onno sujog khunjte badhyo hoyney. romander modhye poristhitiguli anurup chhilo, byatito somratder padakguli amader podoker choritrer saathe kichuta anumanik, jodio seguli ekti niyam hisabe, aini arthik uniter protilipi; token ("tessero"), gemer jonno aghat koraa, ebong contorniateguli podoker saathe arow ghonisthobhabe somporkito. samrat lui dya pias (814-40)-err koyekti swarner issue podoker anurup, ebong modhyojuger poroborti somoye amra prachur sankhyak mudra saathe dekha korechi jaa sposhtotoi itihaser konao ghotonake smaran korar uddeshye chhilo, jodio taader jontroguli prayashai byakhya koraa khub kathin; ekhane anekguli dhandha ekhono samadhaner apekkhai royeche. henry singher protik hisabe, bavaria ebong saxonyr shaktishali diuka, singho taar mudra guruttopurno bhumika palon korey. kintu taanr protipokkho, wittelsbakher otho, jini henry singhoke nishiddho korar somoy, bavaria duchi grohon korechilen, eyi protiktio byabohar korechilen ebong aswikarkari jaari korechilen jaa taake singher pichu dhaoa korar baa haate singher kaata matha niye chitrayit korey. mudra prayashai protaronar smarane byabohrito hoy ebong eguli lies lorder protinidhitto korey jaar kachh theke hantu gede bosey thaka samanta gonfalon grohon korey. ekti polisha bractit center samadhite diuka tritiya bolslaver tirthojatrar smriti chirasthayi korey. jinesone adulbert. bohemier prothom ladislaser ekjon aswikarkari ekodike bornonamulok kingbadanti ebong onnodike ekti girja soho shayataner bidweshpurno matha dekhay. luschin eyi jontrotir jonno nimnarup hisab korte sokkhom hoyechilenoh bohemia gurutoro moulik bishrinkhalar porr, ekti bhayankar harikener modhye, ekti ulka brishti esechilo, jaar somoy onek looka ghoshana korechilo jey taaraa durger kachhe shayatanke manob roope dekheche; eyi aswikarkarike tokhon aghat koraa hoyechilo, shayataner matha ebong issorer girja ubhoy paashe bohon korey. eyi dharaner mudraguli kichhu porimane smarok podoker uddeshya puron korey. prothom satyikarer podokti chaturdash shatabdir shesher dike italite abirbhuto hoyechilo. prachin roman podoker onukorone, paduar prabhu dwitiya francesco karara duti podok chhiloh ekti, taanr pita prothom francesco-err smarane, commodus ebong septimius severuser poroborti podoker kotha smaran korey; onnoti, 1390 saale padua dokholer smarane, dwitiya francescore ekti protikriti royeche jaa samrat vitaliuser cesterseser anurup. protiti khettre biporito dike karara poribarer ekti gaadi ("carro") royeche. eyi padakguli bronz oo roupyo ronge aghat koraa hoy. ekoi samaykale veniser cesto poribar, dye-katarder ekti poribar dwara toiri podoker moto trial-pisguli antarbhukta. eguliteo stamp deoa hoyechilo; kintu poroborti somoye podoker bikash stamp koraa tukrogulir karone hoyney. emonki panchadash shatabdir majhamajhi somoyeo italiya shilp hothat korey cust podoker saathe eyi bibhage chudanta porjaye pouche yaay. vittor pisano, ekjon chitroshilpi (kho. 1380 khristabder dike, verona prodeshe; gho. 1455 baa 1456) padakjayider modhye sabcheye prachin ebong sabcheye guruttopurno. taanr onugamider moto, taanr kajguli momer model baa lohar kaata model theke toiri koraa hoy, emon ekti prokriya jaa prayashai tukroguli porey chhenda prayojan korey toley. tini taanr 'opus pisani pictories "gronthe swakkhar corren. padakguli beshirbhag khettrei borh akarer ebong ekti kritrim patinar saathe abrito. samoner dike taaraa sadharonoto bhabmurtir protikriti uposthapon korey; biporito dike, sundar ebong dokkho roopokoh eibhabe leonello dii 'este, ekti singho jaa cupider haate dhorey rakha sangiter ekti sheet theke gaan gaiche; baa napleser alfonso, ekti eegol jaa udarbhabe nihoto harintike shakunder kachhe chhede deyo. jodio etty promanito hotey paare jey pisano kichhu nirdishto prototype byabohar korechilen jaa sombhoboto seal theke udbhuto hoyechilo, podok shilper prokrito srashta hisabe taanr khyati seii satya dwara bostugotovabe hrass paay naa. rachona ebong sampadan ubhoy khettrei tini khub komoi soman chhilen, jemon, udahoronsorup, taanr abhijato prani, singho, eegol, hoe roser uposthaponai. pisano somogro itali judey bhromon korechilen ebong taanr somoyer bishishto rajkumar ebong prabhabshali byaktider chitrito korechilen; tini podok shilpoke etotai janapriya korey tulechilen jey tarpor theke shilpira italir samasta guruttopurno shilp kendre podok toirite nijukto chhilen. eyi dharaner chhilen matteo deey 'pasty ebong riminir dorbare proshongshoniyo shilpi; venesian giovanni boldu ebong porojatiyo belini, jaader modhye porerjon sultan mehemeter jonno ekti protikriti-podok toiri korechilen; panchadash shatabdir sabcheye falaprasu padakaj mantuan sperandio ebong arow oneke. eyi somoyeo, stamp koraa podokti abar pradhanno paay. roam benvenuto seleni ebong taanr porey, caradoso ebong biseshoto poper takshaler masterra ullekh korar jogyo. cavino dwara roman somratder bronz mudra anukaran sottii proshongshoniyo. abosheshe, kichhu porey, italiya padakjayider bideshi rajkumarder sebay pawa yaayah netherlandsey jacopo daa trejo, germanyte dui abondio. italiya podokti prachin farasi projojonar bikashe sabcheye shaktishali prabhab feley. panchadash shatabdir sheshardhe italiya lurana prothom farasi podok orjon korey ebong poroborti juger kajguli sposhtobhabe italiya baisishtaguli dekhay. saptadash shatabdir agey porjonto ekti notun shaili abirbhuto hoyney, jekhane biseshoto poshakti proshongshoniyobhabe punarutpadan koraa hoyeche; sabcheye bishishto shilpira chhilen zina richier, metz-ayee, ebong porey, guillam dupre ebong zina oyarina. germanyte, italian mudra probhabe tyroler holey prachintama borh rupore tukroguli toiri koraa hoyechilo; ebong gian marco cavallo, jaake takshaler khodaikari hisabe holer jonno amantran janano hoyechilo, eyi mudraguli shilper itihase taader guruttopurno abosthan ebong germanyr onek podoker upor taader prodorshonjoggo probhaber jonno rinee. german podok shilper prachintama namunaguli, ekoi somoye mudra howa, stamp koraa hoyechilo; tobey, italioder moto, german podokti stamp koraa noy, ddhalai koraa tukrogulite taar sorbochcho poripurnotai poucheche. boxoud, kehlheim pathor ebong porey momer toiri besh koyekti model ekhono vidyaman. kaatth baa pathorer eyi protikritigulike prothome chudanta hisabe bibechona koraa hoto ebong shudhumatra matrar vittite eguli dhatu dhhalaiyer jonno model hisabe byabohrito hotey shuru korey. germanyr shilp-kendrogulite (shodash shatabdir shurute, ogsberg ebong nuremberg) uposthito haoya eyi cust padakgulir utpottio ekibhabe italiya podoker karone. kintu shudhumatra taader utpotti; german podoker arow unnayan sampurna moulik ebong swadhin line anusaran korey jotokkhon naa etty italiya storer saathe shresthotter ekti matra pouchai. etaa satya jey germanra taader bishal ongker naksha toiri korte byartho hoy jaa amra italiya podoker biporito dike paai; poriborte, amra arow sadharonbhabe, coat off armser chamatkar uposthapona dekhte paai. german podoker borh shakti holl samoner dike sothik protikrititi karjokor korar jonno prodotto premomoi jotner modhye royeche ebong etty podoker uddeshyer saathe samanjasyapurna, jaa italir tulna modhyobittoder bishishto poribargulir modhye onek beshi bitoron koraa hoyechilo. german podok 1500 saaler porpori shirshe pouche yaay, italiya podoker tulna jotheshto poreh amader kachhe assa prachintama udahorongulir modhye royeche albrekht durer podok. onek shilpii taader porichoy somporke amader konao ingito deena naa baa chinno baa protik dwara nijeder swakkhar corren jaa prayashai byakhya koraa kathin. tobey, ekhon nischitovabei nuremberger muster pitter floatnerke atyanta mulyaban podoker ekti deergho sirij baradda koraa sombhob hoye utheche, jaake aboshyoi samasta padakjayider modhye onnotomo shirshosthaniyo hisabe bibechona koraa uchito; taake maths gebel dwara ghonisthobhabe anusaran koraa hoy. eyi somoyer anyanno ullekhjoggo padakjayira hollen huns doucher, jaar beshirbhag kaaj paletinater dorbarer jonno koraa hoyechilo; nuremberger huns shoarz, "kaather sera jaliati", jini 1518 saaler agsberger khadder sadasyader jonno prachur kaaj korechilen; suizerlander jacob stampfer; onnotomo janapriya shilpi friedrich hagenaoyar; joakim dessler, jini abosheshe austria bosoti sthapon korechilen, jekhane biseshoto vienna, cremnitz ebong joimstaler takshalgulite eyi somoye prachur podok deoa hoyechilo, tobey podok shilper subidhar jonno taader sobai noy; huns rehard, jaader theke amader haate besh koyekti khub jatnashil, ebong nekde, ubhayi chhilo. shodash shatabdir shesher dike german podokti sposhtobhabe taar shirshe pouche geche ebong bideshi ebong prothome biseshoto italiya kaajer upor nirbharshil hoye poreche. netherlandsey shilpoti uchcho matrar poripurnota orjon korechilo. ekhane mohan namguli holl stephanus hollandicus ebong, kichuta porey, shodash shatabdir dwitiardher conrad block ebong saptadash shatabdir pitter vyana abil. englande padakjayira beshirbhagi bideshi; sthaniya shilpider modhye, jaaraa khub deri naa haoya porjonto uposthito hohn naa, taader modhye sabcheye beshi ullekh korar jogyo hollen. saimon ebong uilium ebong ell. shee. leone. onnodike caspar ebong saimon pyase khub jotno sahokare khodai koraa chhoto, patla roopar tukro toirite durdanto shoilpik dokkhota orjon korey. anyanno rajyogulir gurutto qama; taaraa beshirbhag khettre bideshi shilpider niyog korey. adhunik juger shurute itali oo germanyte jey uchcho shoilpik storer podok orjon koraa hoyechilo taa sthayibhabe bojay rakha yayni. kaaron ekhane okhane chamatkar shilpokormo toiri koraa holeo shilpokormo hisebe podok oo mudra arow beshi korey abonotishil hoye porey. unobingsho shatabdir majhamajhi porjonto shilpoti ekti notun anuprerana payni ebong france etty prothom. cable err bahyik prokashguli bibechona korey, eyi andoloner shurur sothik tarikho nirdharan koraa sombhob. 1868 saaler 2raa meey parris takshaler committy consultatiff days graverser sabhapati rasayanabid dumas podoker shoilpik bikashe badha deoa trutiguli nirdesh korey ekti bhashon deena ebong takshaler sabhapati hisabe taader sangshodhanir jonno abedon zanan. tini bishesh korey akkhar, palisha, uchcho pranto ityadir kharap swader kotha ullekh korechilen. jodi eyi thhikanati bairer rooper saathe somporkito hoy, tobey podoker prokrito uddeshya somporke ekti notun drishtibhongi itimadhye dheere dheere toiri koraa hoyechilo. oudin, poll dubois, chapus, sarbopari harbert ponscarms (prothom jini podoker masrinkaraner birodhita korechilen) ebong porey deserge, chaplane ebong daniel dupris, askar rotty, farasi podokojder modhye sabcheye bishistora bishistota orjon korechilen. tini cable ekjon protikritibid hisabei shresthotto orjon corren naa, tobey arow biseshbhabe biporito rachanaah taanr sukkho roopok (udaa.zii.meyeder shikkhar saathe somporkito jogyatar jonno podok-projatontrer shikkhok kumari, purushder bhabishyater mayera) quatrocentor shilpider smaran corren, jaa tini jotno sahokare adhyayan korechilen, tobey ekti niyam hisabe, sarasari anukaran korenni. thhik jemon podoker bastobayoner agey moulik dharonati kibhabe toiri koraa hobey seey somporke deergho ebong jatnashil alochonar madhyome koraa hoy (ponscarms err poth dekhiyechilo boley money hoy) taai karjokorkoron nijei shesh muhurta porjonto sabcheye sotorko monojog paay. shudhumatra shilpir hatyi taar kaajke sporsho korte hobey. farasi podokti cable taar projuktigoto jogyatar vittite bitcher koraa holeo durdanto folafol orjon koreche. farasi andolon theke swadhinbhabe austria ekti podok punarujjiban shuru hoyeche. anton sharoff podok shailir punoruddhar ebong kathor procholito rupguli theke mukti enechilen; taanr saathe pashapashi kaaj korchen josepha thottenheim, probin, stephan shoartz, chisseld podoker kaushaler muster ebong franz javar paulik. samprati rudloff marshala ekjon protikritibid hisabe uchcho khyati orjon korechen ebong leo xiii ebong pias x ubhoyer jonno podok karjokor korar jonno kamishana peyechen. farasi ebong vienizer padakguli anyanno deshe emon ekti karjokolaper ahoban janiyeche jaar foley itimadhye podok shilper onek sundar namuna pawa geche. august. vee. lohr.

ketholik gnyankosh (1913)/mudrashastra churchma sankhyaono upyog nunk dimitis  mudrashastra aee sikka aneey chandrakonu vigyaan chhe. darek sikko athavaa chandrak jeey saanskrutik, aarthik aneey raajkeey paristhitiomaa udbhavyo chhe tenu utpaadan hovathi, aaa vigyaan manavjatna viveedh susanskrut samudaayo anusaar vahenchaayelu chhe. teey maatra aek vishisht vigyaan jaj nathee, parantu tenaa sambandhit bhagoma, teey tamaam vignanni aek shaakha pann chhe jeey raashtrona itihas aneey temnee sanskruti saathe sambandhit chhe-shaastriy puratatva, tenaa sankuchit arthamaa itihas, praachyvaad vagere. vyavhaareek reete, maatra praachin, aadhunik aneey sambhavatah praachya mudrashastranu jaj mahatv chhe. vadhumaa, mudralekh, jeey mukhyatve varnaatmak chhe, aneey mudralekh, jeey sikkaane tenee kalaatmak, aarthik aneey saanskrutik bajuthi juae chhe, vachche tafaavat karvo joiae. sikka-sangrahni shodh parr saiddhaantik mudrashastrani nirbharta vignanna itihaasmaa spashtpane jovaa maley chhe. koipan mahatvana praarambhik prakashno sangraahakoni jaruriyaatone pahonchi vadvaa maate lakhvaamaa aavyaa hataa (daa. taa.jee. taylor, grochen aneey ducatsnaa viveedh mantrimandal aneey "munzabelustibunjen" athavaa "sikka-bhutkaal"), jyaare keey praachin mudrashastrani vaignanik saarvaar maateno paayo 1790 sudhee, ekel dwara aneey aadhunik maate oganismi sadee sudhee madder grota aneey lelwell dwara puuro padvama aavyo naa hato. (teey yaad raakhvu yogya chhe. thomas aquinase "shaasan siddhaant", II, xiii, xiv maan naanaa aneey sikkana vishhayne dhyanma leedho hato, aneey aaa kaary ghanaa varsho sudhee siddhantvadio vachche sattaa dharaavtu hatoo.) sikkaaono sauthee juno sangrah keey jenu aapanne chokkas gyaan chhe teey pandarmi sadeeno chhe, aneey patrarch dwara banavvama aavyo hato; temnaa udaharanma asankhya anookaran karnaaraao jovaa malyaa hataa. 1556-60 maan hubert goltze yuropnaa viveedh sangrahoni mulakat leedhi hatee, jemathi 950 hovaanu kahevaay chhe. khangi sangrahoni sarkhaamanimaa, jeey temnaa malikona mrutyu pachhi saamanya reete vervikher chhe, shaasako, raajyo athavaa sangrahalayona sangraho sarvoch mahatv dharaave chhe aneey nanankeey tapaas maate sauthee vishvasneey aadhaar puuro paade chhe. 1756nee sharuaatmaa austriyana frances prathamae mahaan sundartaanaa beey kaaryo, "monois aena or" aneey "monois aena argent" maan, temnaa sangrahnaa khajaanane jaanya hataa; aneey taajetarnaa varshomaa mahaan soocheeo, khaas kareene british sangrahaalayni, aaa vignanma maahitinaa sauthee mahatvapurn srot bunny gayaa chhe. sangraahako aneey saiddhaantik vidhyarthio banneni jaruriyaatoae motee sankhyama mudrashastriy samajo temaj aaa samajo dwara motaa bhaage prakashit lagbhag 100 takneeki saamyikone aavvaanu ahwan karyoo chhe. viveedh shaheroma darr varshe yojaati german sosayati off numismaticsni bethakomathi, tyaan aantarrashtriy congress vikasavvama aavee chheh braseels, 1892; paris, 1900 (reqorda aneey vyavhaaro, comte dii castellen aneey aee. blanchett); rooma, 1903; (etty dail congresso internazional dii scienz storic, 6 walls.); braseels, 1910. aaee. sikkaao sikkaaone dhaatuna tukadao tareeke vyakhyayit curry shakaay chhe jeey kaanuni tender tareeke kaama karey chhe. aaa shabdma saamanya chalan, smaarak athavaa prastutinaa tukadaaono samaavesh thaay chhe, jeey sthaapit dhoran vagere anusaar jaaher sattadhikari dwara chhapavama aave chhe., parantu kaagalna paisa keey khangi sikka nahee. chhella vargmaa aapane angreji tokanno ullekh kareeae chhiae jeey varsh 1800nee aaspaas apurnaank sikkana apurtaa purvathaanaa parinaame motaa pramanma prasaarit karvaamaa aavyaa hataa; vadhumaa, "mariox" tareeke odakhaata tukadao, khaas kareene church corporationo dwara, naanaa maate vouchers tareeke, aneey pachhi saamanya reete moolya maate, jaim keey jayton athavaa kaauntar, aneey "ratchenungspanige". jyaare darek vyaktee havey pruthvi parthee potaanu gujran chhinvi shakato nathee, tyaare shram vahenchavaani aneey tenaa utpaadanoni vahenchanini jaruriyaat oobhi thaay chhe. aaa sharuaatmaa chijavastuoni vineemay dwara assar paame chhe, jenaa maate saamanya reete pashuoma jovaa maltaa vinimayna saarvtrik reete uplabdh maadhyamni jaroor padey chhe (homarmaan menelausnaa saadhanonu moolya 9 steers chhe; himnadinu 100). pashuo upraant, aadeem maansoae chaamada, chhareeo, kaapad vagereno upyog karyo chhe., aaa hetu maate. jooe keey, toonk samayma, vaishvik stare upyogmaa laee shakaay tevaa mulyanu maap shodhvu jaroori baney chhe, aneey aaa maate sonaa, chaandi aneey taambaano upyog khoob jaj sharuaatnaa samaythi karvaamaa aave chhe; anya ghanee dhaatuo saathe prayog karyaa pachhi tulnaatmak reete taajetarnaa varshomaa, temaa nickle umervaamaa aavyu chhe. dhaatuna nananna pratham tabakka sudhee koipan aakaarnaa dhaatuna tukadaona vajan saathe pahonchi shakaay chhe; parantu, aaa prakriyaa dwara maatra coole vajan nakki curry shakaay chhe, aneey sukshmataani maatraa (kimmatee dhaatuona kissaamaa aek khoob jaj aavashyak pareebal) nahee, tethee jaaher sattamandalni tapaal ticket dwara sukshmataane pramanit karvaanee jaruriyaat oobhi thaay chhe, aneey aaa tapaal ticket dhaatuna gaththone aek sikko banaave chhe. toonk samayma ullekheet dhatuomathi maatra aek jaj dhaatu apuratee saabit thaay chheh purtaa pramanma naana mulyanaa sonaana sikka chalanma mukavaa athavaa, aadhaar dhaatuno upyog kareene, purtaa pramanma unchaa mulyanaa sikka bahaar paadvaa ashaky chhe. tethee, aek jaj samaye beey keey trana dhaatuono upyog karvo jaroori chhe. aaa kaan too aek kimmatee dhaatune mulyanaa maap tareeke aneey beejeene taambaani saathe, maatra commodity athavaa sahayak sikka tareeke, athavaa kaayada dwara nakki karelaa ration (dhvee-dhaatu) parr mulyanaa maap tareeke banne dhaatuo parr aek saathe daavo kareene curry shakaay chhe, jooe keey, beey kimmatee dhaatuona vinimayna darmaa vadhghatne kaarane vaaramvaar mushkeleeo oobhi thaay chhe. swarupma, sikka saamanya reete golaakaar, kyarek andakar aneey chaturbhuj hoya chhe; aaa chhella sikkaao khaas kareene katokatinaa sikkaoma saamanya chhe, aneey sweedenma teey vishaal qada aneey motaa vajan sudhee vadhee gayaa hataa. tyaan pann jovaa maley chhe, khaas kareene door purvamaa, sauthee vichitra aakaarnaa sikka. upkaran aneey shilalekh upraant sikkaao parr vaaramvaar tankshaalnaa nishan athavaa tankshaal-malikna nishan hoya chhe jeey vishesh ullekhne paatra hoya chhe. tankshaal-masters aneey dye-sinkers ghanaa kissaaomaa chokkas chihno athavaa aksharo dwara temnee kruteeone alag paadvaa maate tevaayela chhe; aneey tankshaal temnaa sambandhit sikkaaone kaan too aksharo dwara alag paade chhe, jeey paramparagat aneey manasvi chihno dwara issuena sthalne soochave chhe, athavaa anya koee maadhyam dwara-ketalikvaar bhagye jaj sharoo karaayela lokone samjee shakaay chhe-jaim keey shilalekhna chokkas aksharni neeche bindu mukavu. aaa reete sikkaona viveedh issuene alag rakhvama aave chhe. mudrashastranu vigyaan motaa pramanma sikkaaoni shodh dwara bhauteek reete aagad vadhyu chheh agaauna agnaat prakaarona gyaan upraant, aavee shodho aapel samaygalama sikkaona vaastavik paribhraman aneey amuk sikkaao temnee potaani sthitini maryadani bahaar ketala pramanma vartmaan hataa tenee suchanaatmak samaj aape chhe, aneey aapanne koee chokkas tankshaal-master athavaa chokkas samaygalama, khaas kareene madhya yugnee, taarikh vinaanee jaato sonpavama madad karey chhe. vignanna abhyasma, temaj sikkaona vargikaranmaa, kaalkrameek reete, trana mahaan yugonu paalan karvaanee prathaa chheh praachin, madhyayugin aneey aadhunik; bhaugolik reete, sambandhit samaynaa viveedh raajkeey vibhajan. grick sikkaao maate, ekele aek anukaraneey pranali apnaavi chhe jeey haju pann upyogmaa chhe. herculusnaa stambhothi sharoo kareene, teey praachin loko maate jaanita vishvanaa deshone bhumadhya samudrani aaspasni temnee sthitinaa krammaa leey chheh pahelaa yuropnaa desho, pachhi aesheeya bhaarat sudhee, aneey ante africa egyptthi gibraltarni saamudradhuni sudhee. aee. grick sikkaao praachin mudrashastrama grick shabd hammesha rooman mulnaa aneey italian osa qabara sivaaynaa tamaam sikkaaono samaavesh karvaa maate samjavama aave chhe. nanakiy aekam aee 60 minuteni pratibha chhe (naa too pratibha keey naa too meenaa koee sikka dwara rajoo karvaamaa aave chhe), athavaa 6000 dretchme, darek 6 obolnee barabar chhe. viveedh chalano motabhagna kissaaomaa vajannee farsi paddhati parr aadharit hoya chhe. persian loko paase kimmatee dhaatu maate vajanaa beey alag alag dhorano hataah sonaa maate, yuboyan; chaandi maate, babylonian. sonaano dariqa, saamanya sonaano sikko, jeey grick chaandinaa dedrecomne anuroop chhe, tenu vajan 8.385 graam (aashre 129 1/3 anaaj); chaandino dariqa (shekel), 5.57 graam (lagbhag 87 anaaj) chhe. praachin samayma sonaani sarkhaamanimaa chaandinu moolya 1 thee 10 jetalu hatoo, tethee sonaanu dariqa 15 chaandinaa dariqa jetalu chhe. sikkaona anya dhorano phosian, agineton, etic, corinthian, tolemic aneey aesheeya mainornu systophoric dhoran hataa; joke, temaanna ketlaak farsi dhoranmathi utaree aavyaa hoi shake chhe. junaa agineton solana maate hadvaa etic dhoranaa vikalp dwara devu aansheek reete nabud karvaamaa aavyu. sauthee vadhu vipul pramanma rachaayela tukadao tetradracum (25-33 mm. vyaasmaa) aneey didrekam; aath, dass aneey baar drackmana tukadao apvaadrup chhe, aneey chaalis-drackmana tukada durlabh chhe. neeche tarafnaa scalema vibhajan quarter-obolus (= 1/24 dracma) sudhee vistare chhe. grick aeshiyaamaa sonaa aneey chaandi (electrum) naa mishranthi banelaa naana sikkaaono upyog thato hato. greesma chaandinaa sikkaao motaa pramanma prachaleet hataa; taambaana sikkaao 400 bii.see.jyaare keey sonoo bhagye jaj tankshaalmaa banavvama aavtu hatoo. beejee taraf, pertianona sikka sonaathi samruddh hataa, aneey teey temnaa udaaharan hataa jene macidonna phillip beeja aneey mahaan alexanderne prabhaavit karyaa hataa. ketlaak apvaado sivaay, sauthee vadhu sukshmataa lakshyama rakhvama aavee hatee, sonaani dariqa 97 takaa saaree hatee. praarambhik samayma sikka aek jaj dye saathe banavvama aavtaa hataah khaalee dhaatuni paachhalni baajune khunaamaa, saamanya reete choras, khunaamaa pakadvama aavtee hatee, aneey tethee tenee chhaap chaturbhuj dabaan (incuse choras) naa rupmaan malee hatee; samay jataa aaa choras rekhaao, aakruteeo aneey shilalekhothi shangarvama aavyo hato. dakshin italyma aekbijaamaa feat thayela beey diesno upyog karvaamaa aavyo hato, jethee sikkaao aagalnaa bhagma raahatmaa samaan design rajoo karey aneey paachhalna bhagma dabavvama aave ("nammi incusi"). rashtriyataa anusaar shilalekho viveedh bhashaoma chhe. dwibhashi shilalekho-ee.jee., grick-lattin-aneey shilalekho jemaa bhaasha aneey prakaar anuroop nathee-ee.jee.cypriot aksharoma grick pann jovaa maley chhe; aneey grick aksharo pann samay jataa swarupma asankhya ferfaromathi pasaar thaay chhe. sikkano adhikaar saarvbhaumatvano visheshaadhikaar hovathi, shilalekhoma saupratham saarvbhaum sattaana naamno ullekh karvaamaa aavyo chhe, jemnaa adhikaar hethal aaa sikko mukvaamaa aavyo hato; greesma, alexander dhaa gretnaa samay sudhee, aaa samudaay hato. sikkaaono havaalo sambhaaltaa adheekariona naam pann malee aavyaa chhe; aneey pachhinaa sikkaao pann varsh darshaave chhe, jeey vaaramvaar pasandaginaa yug, 312 bii. thee ganvaamaa aave chhe.see. sauthee junaa sikkaaonu mool aejeena dariyakanthe hatoo, kadaach lidiyaamaa, jaim keey herodotus aapanne kahe chhe, athavaa aejeenama, jemnaa raajaa, feeden, periyan chronicle temne varnave chhe, kadaach 600 bii kartaa pahelaa.see. aek jaj samudranaa viveedh taapuo sikkaao dharaave chhe jeey aathee khoob jaj alag nathee. dakshin italyna sikkaao bahoo paachhalni taarikhnaa nathee, jeey hakeekat aee chhe keey namunaao sibaris shahermathi astitvamaa chhe, jeno ee. saes. purve 510maan naash karvaamaa aavyo hato.see. greesma yogya aneey aesheeya naana sikka dhaatuna jaadaa tukadao chhe, jeey sapaat goleeo jevaa dekhaay chhe, aneey, swaabhaavik reete, sauthee saral upkarano, chhod aneey praaneeo dharaave chhe, jeey toonk samayma chokkas vistaaroni lakshanikta bunny jaay chhe; aaa pachhi devtaao aneey maanasona maatha aneey aakruteeo aave chhe, ketalikvaar juthomaa aek thaay chhe. lagbhag 400 bii.see. dye-kateengni grick kalaa tenaa sampoorn vikaas sudhee pahonchi, jeey pachhini koipan jaatee dwara asman shreshthataani degree praapt karey chheh syracuse pratham sthaan dharaave chhe; teey pachhi krammaa erediya, thibs, olynthus vagere aave chhe. biin-hellenic lokomathi, jemnaa sikka grick shreneema samavisht chhe, amara maate sauthee mahatvapurn yahudeeo chhe. sharuaatmaa teo videshi sikkaaono upyog kartaa hataa, parantu, siriyano saame maachaabio hethal raashtriy udaynaa parinamomana aek tareeke, mukhya paadari, simenne antiocus VII (139-38 b.see.) sikkano adhikaar. simene taambu aneey chaandini tankshaal banaavi hatee. temne "shekel israel" tareeke odakhvaamaa aave chheh viruddh dantkathaa (shekel israel) aneey aek cup athavaa kachumbar jenee upar taarikh hoya chhe (1-5, sikkana adhikaarnaa pradaanthi ganvaamaa aave chhe); vipareet, dantkathaa (jerusalem pavitra) aneey trana kadeeo saathe lillie-stock. baakinaa maachaabio-john hydranus, judas aristobulus, alexander genneus, metatheus antigonus, aneey tethee vadhu-junaa hibru athavaa hibru aneey greekma shilalekho saathe taambaani rachnaa curry hatee. aaa pachhi idumian rajkumar naayak aneey tenaa anugaamionaa taambaana sikka aavyaa. kharistna samayma rooman sikkaao pann chalanma hataa. aaa shraddhaanjali nananni vaarta dwara saabit thaay chhe. "aneey teoae tene [kharistne] aek paiso aapyo. aneey isuae temne kahyunh aaa koonee pratimaa aneey shilalekh chhe? teo tene kahe chheh seasure "(meeyt., xxii, 19-21). teey maatra rooman viruddh yahudiona beey badvaa darmiyan jaj hatoo.dii. 66-70 aneey 132-135, teey chaandi fareethi anukrame elezar aneey simen aneey baar-kachba hethal banavvama aavee hatee. kharist pachhini pratham sadeena bactrian sikkaao parr gondopheres naam athavaa koee samaan naam jovaa maley chhe, jeey trana megee, kesparmathi aek saathe samaan hovaanu manvama aave chhe. bii. rooman sikkaao italyma vinimaynu sauthee pahelu maadhyam taambu hatoo, jenu darek vyavhaarmaa vajan karavu padatu hatoo ("oo. ee. aesa. ruud"). sharuaatmaa teno upyog aneeyameet swarupnaa tukadaoma thato hato, pachhithi anghad pattiomaa. pratham kaanuni tender purun paadvaanu shrey servicious tooleeyasne aapvama aave chhe, jemane baar parr chokkas aankadao, mote bhaage pashuo ("primus signavit osa; osa signetum") saathe mudrankan karyoo hovaanu kahevaay chhe. saacha sikkaaonu moolya darshaavtaa chihno saathe parichay aneey shahernaa prateeko khoob pachhini taarikhnaa chhe. nanakiy aekam 12 auns (10.527 oz) hatoo. troy), rooman pound ("libra"-tethee, libral standard) nee barabar; saamanya reete, jooe keey, aeknu vajan maatra 10 aunsh (lagbhag 8 3/4 auns) hatoo. troy). ("ardh" = 1/2, "trikoneey" = 1/3, "chaturbhuj" = 1/4, "sextance" = 1/6, aneey "yusia" = 1/12) naa vibhago, jethee teo vadhu saraltathi alag paadee shakaay, aek bajuae jetla dadaao hoya tetalaa jaj dadaao saathe chinhit karvaamaa aavyaa hataa. aek baaju jahajni savaarinu pratinidhitva hatoo, jeey rooma shahernu lakshaneek upkaran hatoo, beejee baaju, devatvanu maathu, jeey sikkana moolya saathe badalaay chhe. sikkaao gola, unchaa hataa, parantu kaneek anshe anghad, raahat aneey cast hataa; ketlaak campaniama banavvama aavyaa hataa. 268 bii.see. jaim keey tenu vajan satat ghatatu gayoo; granthpal dhoran pahelaa trikoneey, pachhi biin-vishisht aneey ante ardh-ananya dhoran pann bunny gayoo-mool vajannu 1/24. jyaare dhoranmaa aaa ghataadae motaa mulyonaa sikkaona utpadanne saral banaavyu ("dupondius, tripondius, decusis", anukrame 2,3 aneey 10 gadheda barabar), tenaa parinaame taambaana sikkaaone temnee aantarik keematthi ghanoo vadhaare vartmaan moolya malyun aneey cast sikkaane badale stamped sikkani rajuaatne aagad dhapavi. livy anusaar chaandinaa pratham sikka ee. saes. purve 268maan banavvama aavyaa hataa.see., aaa pratham chaandino tukado "denarius" hato, jeey 10 gadheda barabar hato. teey pachhi naana moolyavarg, "quinerious" (adadho "denarius") aneey "cestertius" (adadho "denarius") aavyaa hataa. aaa upraant ketlaak praantona vyaapaari chalan tareeke upyog karvaa maate "victoriotus" (1/4 "denarius") nee rachnaa karvaamaa aavee hatee. aek poundnu pratham 1/72 vajan dharaavto deenar 217 b maan ghatadvama aavyo hato.see. 1/84 sudhee, chaandi lagbhag shuddh hatee. aagalnu "dia romaa" darshaave chhe; vipareet, beey dioscuri; aaa tapaal tikitmathi pahelu khaas kareene ghanaa varsho sudhee upyogmaa rahyu hatoo. tankshaalnu sanchalan aek commission ("tresviri ore argento oro flando ferriundo") dwara karvaamaa aavtu hatoo, jenaa sabhyoae toonk samayma sikkaao parr temnaa naam athavaa aadhyaksharo mookyaa hataa aneey baadmaa temnaa parivaarnaa sabhyo aneey temnaa kaaryo (kutumb athavaa rajdwari sikka) noon gaurav vadhaaryu hatoo. teey samaye pann, parantu shaahee samaygalama ghanee vaar, bays metalnee deenariya hatee jeey ghanivaar chaandi ("deenariya suboevati") thee paatala coated hatee. aevu bhagye jaj banyu keey sonoo banavvama aavyu hatoo. seasure shaahee sikka tarafnaa sankramanne chinhit karey chheh 44 bii.see. senetae temnaa chitravala sikka bahaar paadvaano aadesh aapyo hato. brutus pann aaa udaharanne anusaryo, aneey ogastas saathe potret sikkaaoni aveerat shrenee sharoo thaay chhe. jyaare seasure sonaa aneey chaandinaa sikka banavvana adhikaarno daavo karyo hato, tyaare ogastase aaa adhikaarno daavo ekalaa potaana maate karyo hato aneey senate parr maatra taambaana sikka chhodi deedhaa hataa; aneey aaa taambaana sikkaao 'aesa' aksharo dwara vargikrut thayel chhe.see. ("sanitus consult"). oreliyan (270-76) aee senate pasethi aaa visheshaadhikaar pann leedho hato. saamrajythi sharoo kareene aapanne sonaana pushkal sikka maley chhe. mukhya sikko "orius" chhe, jenu vajan aashre 123 1/2 grain chhe; tenee saame samraatnu naam, sheershak aneey cheetra chhe; tenee vipareet, samruddh vividhtama aitihasik rajuaato chhe. nirmaan, samraatnaa preey devtaao aneey jeey gunoae tene sushobhit karyo hato athavaa sushobhit karvo joito hato tenaa moort swarupo; tenaa parivaarnaa sabhyo pann rajoo thaay chhe. aaa sandarbhma trajan aneey hedriyanni shrenee khaas kareene samruddh chhe. neero saathe sikkaona patannee sharuaat thaay chhe, khaas kareene chaandinaa; aneey aaa tyaan sudhee chaalu rahyu jyaan sudhee fareethi amuk anshe krama sthaapit naa thayo. temane aek pound (lagbhag 70 anaaj) naa 1/72 barabar sonaano navo sikko, "solidus" rajoo karyo, jeey sadeeo sudhee nanakiy vyavsthaanaa vikasma aek mahatvapurn pareebal rahyu. koee prasangni smrutimaa bahaar padvama aavela chandrakono vishesh ullekh karvo joiae, khaas kareene motee aneey kaljipurvak chalavvama aaveli tankshaalni kruteeo. teo sonaa, chaandi athavaa taambaana banelaa hataa, aneey kimmatee dhaatuma, saamanya reete kaayadaakiy dhoranne anuroop banavvama aavtaa hataa. pilaa rangnaa dhaatuna vartool ("maddles days dukes cuverse") thee gheraayela taambaana namunaao pann chhe. contornet" shabd unchaa keenare aavela motaa golaakaar taambaana sikka parr laagu thaay chhe, jeno upyog mukhyatve circancian ramatona sambandhma thaay chhe. purvnaa rooman samraatona sikka, jene byzantine tareeke odakhvaamaa aave chhe, teey ochhama ochha madhya yugnaa chhe, parantu, temnaa sikkaoma jovaa maltaa dhoran dwara aneey sharuaatmaa, sikkaona paatra dwara pann nakki karvaamaa aave chhe, samagr shrenee rooman samrajyna muddaao saathe najikthi jodaayelee chhe. taambu vipul pramanma banavvama aavtu hatoo, chaandi bhagye jaj, parantu sonaana sikka saathe jodaayelu sauthee motoo mahatv hatoo. ghanaa varsho sudhee sonoo maatra byzantium jaj banavvama aavtu hatoo, aneey aaa sonaana tukadao maatra pashchimna sonaana sikkaao maate jaj nahee, pann termee sadee sudhee pharii sharoo naa thayela islaamnaa sikkaao maate pann aek namunaa tareeke kaama kartaa hataa. byzantine sikkaoma kalaatmak gunvattaano sampoorn abhaav chheh temno prakaar kathor aneey neeras chhe. agaauni sampatti aneey viveedh upkaranoni jagyae, aapanne dhaarmik prateeko, kharistno eksootra aneey santo maley chhe. samraatono chhello parantu pandarmi sadeena madhyabhagma aek, john VIII noow sikko, byzantine shreneeno chhello hato. see. madhyayugin sikkaao junaa rooman saamrajyni praadeshik maryadama ubharee aavela navaa raajyoae sharuaatmaa rooman sikkano upyog karyo hato, jemathi puratee motee sankhyaa astitvamaa hatee. vansheey sthalaantarnaa samaygalana durlabh svaayatt muddaao rooman shrenee saathe khoob najikthi jodaayela chhe; francemaa maatra merovingiyanoae potaane amuk anshe swatantra banaavya hataa. jooe keey, toonk samayma jaj sikkaao saathe jodaayelee tamaam babatoma saamanya ghataado sharoo thayo; sikkaao satat barchhat banata gayaa, sonaanu chalan gayab thaee gayoo, taambu maatra apvaadrupe banavvama aavyu; chaandinaa naana sikkaao chukavaninu ekmatra maadhyam hataa. charlemagne amuk prakaarnee vyavastha punsthapit curry; shaahee visheshaadhikaar tareeke sikka banavvana adhikaarno daavo kareene, jeno upyog maatra raajaa dwara jaj karvaamaa aave, tene tamaam khangi sikkaaone dabaavi deedhaa, jeey teey samaye vinashak pramaan dhaaran curry chookya hataa. vadhumaa temane tankshaalmaa vadhu kaaljee levani soochnaa aapee aneey aaa mudda parr niyamo banaavya jeey yuropnaa motaa bhaag maate dhoran bunny gayaa aneey jeey temnee aavashyak lakshaniktaoma, englandma aaj sudhee kaaryarat chhe. teno aadhaar chaandini pratibha athavaa pound (lagbhag 11/5 auns) hato. troy); tene 20 shillings (pound aneey shillings banne maatra khaataana naanaa chhe) maan vahenchvaamaa aavyaa hataa, darek 12 pains ("asveekarkartao") nee barabar hataa. tethee paisaanu vajan 23 1/2 anaaj hatoo. carlovingian sikkaao parnee sauthee saamanya rachnaao krosnee rajuaat aneey stambhothi shangarvama aavel church chhe, jeey dantkathaa "christiana religio" thee gheraayelu chhe. madhya yugnee vishisht aarthik paristhitioae satat ghatata vajan aneey sukshmtaanaa chaandinaa sikkaona muddaane janm aapyo, jethee teo satat vadhune vadhu nakaama bunny gayaa aneey mulyomaa saamanya vadharana parinaame, havey chalan tareeke teno upyog curry shakaato naa hato. aaa reete aek prakriyaa sharoo thaee jenu madhya yug darmiyan ghanee vakhat punraavartan karvaamaa aavyu hatuh junaa naana sikkaona avmoolyannaa parinaame, motaa aneey vadhu mulyavaan navaa sikkaao, ketlaak shaheroma traatkyaa hataa jyanthi teoae samagr europema vijaypurvak temno maarg banaavyo hato. samay jataa aaa ghatvaa laagya aneey tenaa sthaane aek navo muddo aavyo. termee sadimaa shilling (12 pensani barabar) saupratham pravasoma banavvama aavyu hatoo; "danier" naa virodhabhasma, jeey teey samaye khoob jaj paatalo thaee gayo hato, tene "nummus grossus" (jaado sikko) kahevama aavto hato, aneey, jyaan teey pratham vakhat banavvama aavyo hato teey sthalnaa naam parthee, "grossus touronesis" athavaa "gross tournois". aek baaju raajaana naam saathe cross aneey aek dantkathaa chhe, jeey saamanya reete "benediktama siit nomen domini" chhe; beejee baaju, aek church chhe. tournois" francemaa aneey gendaani saathe zadapthi felaayo, aneey praag ("" grossus presences ", athavaa" pregor grochen ") khaate samaan sikkani tankshaal taraf doree gayo, jenu tenaa badalaama ghanaa deshomaa anookaran karvaamaa aavyu hatoo". merovingian samaygaalaa pachhi maatra samrat fredarika bijaanaa augustals sonaana sikkaao banavvama aavyaa hataa. aaa agaauna rooman sikkani nakalo hatee aneey cicillyma lakhvaamaa aavee hatee. prajasattak florencemaa aashre 1250 sudhee niyameet sonaana sikkaaoni sharuaat thatee nathee. aaa sikkaao aek baaju saint dharaave chhe. john baptist, aneey, beejee baaju, aek lillie, florencenu prateek. aaa upkaran ("floss lillie") parthee athavaa shahernaa naam parthee, temne "florin" naam malyun. temnu vajan 540 anajthi thodu vadhaare hatoo. thodaa daaykaao pachhi venisnaa dogg, geovanni dandolo sonaana sikkani tankshaal sharoo curry hatee, jeey saint pahelaa dogg ghoontaniye padvaanu pratinidhitva karey chhe. marqa aneey dantkathaa saathe kharistnu putalu "besee tibby kharist datus qm tuu reggis ist ducatus". aaa dantkathaanaa chhella shabdoae sikkaane tenu naam "ducato" (ducat) aapyu; venismaan tene "laa zekka", "tankshaal" maanthi "zechino" (seqvina) pann kahevama aavtu hatoo. florinno prakaar aneey dukaatnu naam toonk samayma samagr vishvamaa prachaleet banyu. aadhunik samayma sankraman haju pann motaa chaandinaa sikkaaoni rajuaat dwara chinhit thayel chhe. aamathi, italian "teston" aneey french "frank" upraant, german "taylor" sauthee mahatvapurn hatoo. 1485maan tyrolnaa archduke sigismundne kaarane 2 "loth" vajanno aneey 15 "loth" nee sukshmataano navo chaandino sikko bahaar padvama aavyo; teey samaynaa vinimayna darey tenu moolya sonaana guldenne anuroop hatoo aneey tethee tene "guldengrotion" kahevama aavtu hatoo. tyrolnun udaaharan toonk samayma ghanaa umraavo dwara anusarvaamaa aavyu hatoo jaimne sikka banaavvaano adhikaar hato; joakimstal khaate, shleeknee ganatarinaa tankshaalmaa banaavel "joachimstaller" (tunkma "taylor"), taylor (dollar) noon naam utpann thayu, jeey aaj sudhee jaalvi rakhvama aavyu chhe. aaa prakaarnaa sikkaoma sauthee rasprad "rubentler" chhe, jeey salzbergna archbishop keyutshaachnaa leonard dwara rachvaamaa aavyu hatoo aneey tenaa shastragar bearing parthee tenu naam aapvama aavyu hatoo, salgam (rube); aaa sikkaao madhya yugnaa durlabh aneey sauthee vadhu vaaramvaar nakali sikkaoma ganvaamaa aave chhe. madhya yug darmiyan german saamrajyni nanakiy pranaalio maatra tenaa sikkaaoni sankhyana sandarbhma jaj nahee, parantu tenaa utkrantini vishishtanaa sandarbhma pann sauthee vadhu rus dharaave chhe. aee vaat saachee chhe keey, charlemagne sikkaaoni aekrupataa sthaapit curry hatee aneey sikka banavvana adheekarne sampurnpane saarvbhaumatvano hovaanu sveekaaryu hatoo; parantu tenaa nabalaa anugaameeone dheeme dheeme aaa temaj anya motabhagna shaahee visheshaadhikaar samantvadi prabhuone sopavaani faraj puddy hatee, jaimnee sattaa sarvoch sarkaar nabalee padataa padataa jataa vadhati gaee. aaa saamantoma maatra tamaam archbishop aneey bishop jaj nahee, parantu saamrajyni andar agranee mathadhisho aneey mathadhisho pann hataa. utkranti dheeme dheeme thaee. sharuaatmaa melo ("mercuts") yojvaa, qara ("telonium") vasoolava aneey samantomathi koee aeknee malikini koee jagyae tankshaal ("monnet") ubhoo karvaanee manjuri aapvama aavee hatee. sharuaatmaa tankshaal maatra aek vineemay hoi shake chhe, jeno nafo, joke, madhya yugmaa ghanivaar khoob nondhpaatra hato, aneey teey swaameene uparjit thato hato. pachhi temne temnaa chitravala sikka banaavvaani manjuri aapvama aavee hatee, parantu temne eksamaan dhoran jalavvu padyu hatoo. aaa saamanti sardaarone koee pann pratibandho vinaa sikka banaavvaano visheshaadhikaar malyo hato. jyaare aaa karvaamaa aavyu tyaare samrajyna chalanma aekrupataa samaapt thaee gaee hatee, sikkaoma aek mahaan vividhataa shakya bunny hatee, aneey sikka banaavvaano adhikaar, samraatno visheshaadhikaar banvaane badale, darek saamantino visheshaadhikaar bunny gayo hato. aaa lokoae sikkaaone satat ghataadine aneey badaline aavakna utpaadak strot tareeke aaa visheshaadhikaarno upyog karvaano prayaas karyo hato, jenaathi vepaarmaa rokaayela temnaa prajaane gambhir nuksan thayu hatoo. tethee, jeey shaheroae haju sudhee sikka banaavvaano adhikaar melvyo naa hato, temane sikka banaavvaano adhikaar melveene athavaa kheteeni tankshaal dwara athavaa tankshaalnaa malikone temnaa visheshaadhikaarono vadhu vaajbi reete upyog karvaa maate prereet kareene aaa vyavastha parr thodu niyantran melavvaano prayaas karyo hato. german madhyayugin sikkaomathi, "bractates" (leeta. "bractia", "dhaatuni paatali chaadar") khaas ullekhne paatra chhe. teey agaauna samaynaa scandinavian bractatesnee jaim vyaktigat aabhushano nahota, parantu vaastavik sikka hataa. ageeyarmi sadee darmiyan asveekar karnaar paatalo aneey paatalo bunny gayo hovathi, baarmee sadeeni sharuaatmaa, germanyna ketlaak bhagoma, tenaa sthaane khoob jaj paatala parantu motaa chaandinaa sikkaao mukvaamaa aavyaa hataa, jeey aek diethy banelaa hataa, jeey aek jaj design darshaave chhe, aek baaju raahatmaa aneey beejee baaju hatashama. aaa sikkaao, khaas kareene sharuaatmaa, kalaatmak yogyata vinaa nahee pann kaljipurvak chalavvama aavyaa hataa. swabiyama (wurtemberg) aavela haale shaherae aek naano apurnaank sikko bahaar paadyo hato, jeey vyaapak reete prachaleet hato aneey tenaa mool sthaanthee tene "heller" kahevama aavto hato. ketalik babatoma french sikkaaoni utkranti german sikka jevee jaj chheh aheen pann aapane dasmee sadimaa, saamanya aneey sampradayik beron (viaen, arles, reams vagerenaa archbishops) naa sikkaao joiae chhiae. khaas kareene), jeey nishchit prakaar ("prakaar stheer") dwara vargikrut thayel chhe jeey laambaa samay sudhee aparivartit rakhvama aave chhe. parantu madhya yugnaa anta sudhimaa aaa sikkaao bahoo ochha shaktishaali saamanto sudhee maryadit thaee gayaa chhe aneey shaahee sikkaaoni sarkhaamanimaa havey tenu mahatv rahyu nathee. francethi aapani paase "chaze dii 'or" chhe, jeey sonaano sikko chhe jeey motaa bhaage anya deshomaa pann banavvama aavyo hato; teey gothik sinhasana parr bethelaa raajaanu pratinidhitva karey chhe. englandma sterlings aneey umraavo atvai gayaa hataa, teey banne ghanivaar nakali hataa. canterbury aneey yorknaa aarkbishapna sikka astitvamaa chhe. italyma, tenaa asankhya raajkeey vibhagone kaarane, aapane germany jevaa sikkaaoni vividhataa joiae chhiae. sampradayik tankshaalnaa sikkaaoni achhat nondhpaatra chheh ketlaak alag udaaharano aneey aquileja, trent aneey tristeni shreneena apvaad saathe, aapani paase maatra popnaa sikkaao chhe, jeey mukhyatve byzantine modelne anusareene adrian I thee sharoo thaay chhe, parantu clement V (jemnaa sikkaomathi pratham, joke, avignon parr fatkarvama aavyaa hataa) sudhee mahatvapurn nathee. jyaare purveey europe motaabhaage byzantine prabhaav hethal hatoo, tyaare crusadersay pashchimi prakaarone purvamaa temnaa dwara sthaapit rajyoma laavya hataa. mohammadan sikkaao maatra varsh 700nee aaspaas dekhaay chhe; aaa sikkaao, kaaran keey kurran sachitra rajuaato parr pratibandh mooke chhe, maatra kuraannaa lakhaano dharaave chhe aneey saamanya reete, shaasak, tankshaal-maaleek aneey sikkaaoni taarikh sambandhit chokkas nivedno dharaave chhe. dii. aadhunik sikkaao aadhunik samaynee sharuaat saathe, anshatah americani shodh aneey tenaa chaandinaa bhandarna shoshannaa parinaame, chaandinaa motaa tukadao darek jagyae motee sankhyama dekhaay chhe. aanaa swaabhaavik parinam rupe, aapane kaarynaa amalikaran parr vadhu kaaljee, shilalekhoma vadhu supathya aksharo aneey sachitra rajuaato (potret aneey qota-off-arms) parr vadhu dhyaan aapiae chhiae. punrujjivanna ketlaak muddaao, khaas kareene popnaa sikkaao, teey samaynee kalaani agranee kruteeoma ganvaamaa aave chhe. chhella ketalik sadeeo darmiyan, jeey desho madhya yugnee sanskrutinaa prabhaav hethal naa aavyaa hataa, teo anya desho saathe mudrashastriy sambandhomaa pravesh karey chhe, daa. taa.jee.russia aneey door purvamaa, cheenma sauthee asadharan aakaarnaa sikka chhe, ketlaak chhidrit chhe, ketlaak tuning-forks, sabarsa vagerenaa swarupma chhe.; siyaam, twisted silver wirenaa gaththo. jyaare agaauni sadeeo darmiyan yuropnaa junaa susanskrut deshoni nanakiy pranaalio saamanya reete madhya yug darmiyan sthaapit rekhaao parr vikaseet thaee hatee, tyaare oganismi sadeeni mahaan raajkeey aneey aarthik kraantioae navee shakteeo oobhi curry hatee jenee nanakiy pranaalio parr assar puddy hatee. jyaare german bolata lokonaa badalaayela sambandhona parinaame temnaa chalanoma vividhataa aavee (germanyma chihn, austriyama crone, hollandma gulden aneey switzerlandma franc), beejee taraf italynun ekikaran, aek samaan italian nanakiy pranali (lira) maan parinamyu. parantu aarthik paristhitioae raajkeey karataa pann vadhu kaayamee parinaamo aapyaa chhe. 23 december, 1865naa roj france, itali, belgium aneey switzerland lattin sanghnee rachnaa curry, jeey 1868maan griis dwara jodaayu hatoo, aneey french nanakiy vyavsthaanaa aadhare aaa rajyona sikkaona samaan niyaman parr sammat thayaa hataa. aaa pranali havey motee sankhyama raajyo dwara apnavvama aavee chhe, jeey pote lattin nanakiy sanghamaa jodaya nathee-rumania, bulgaria, servia, finland, spain aneey, ochhama ochha nammatra, madhya aneey dakshin american prajasattakna ghanaa, jeey agau spanish vasaahato hataa, aneey vadhumaa sankhyaabandh naana european raajyo. ostriyaa-hangeri aneey russia pann aaa pranaaline anuroop chhe. anya nanakiy sanghnee rachnaa 1873maan karvaamaa aavee hatee aneey temaa sweeden, denmark aneey norweno samaavesh thaay chhe, nanakiy sangh scandinavian crone chhe. brazilma portugies nanakiy vyavastha haju pann amalmaa chhe, jeey tenee bhutpurv vasaahat hatee. koee aupcharik parampara vinaa pann, aek sikko videshma chalan melvee shake chhe. aama, meksikana dollar, jeey naam aneey mulyamaa german nanakiy pranalini aek shaakha chhe, teey prashant mahasagarna durnaa keenare, cheennaa dariyai praantomaa, japanma, siyamma aneey maale dweepsamuhnaa bhagma vartmaan sikko chhe; teey madhya america aneey african dariyai praantona ghanaa bhagone pann prabhaavit karey chhe. bhaartiy rupeeyaanu pann chalan tenaa mulnee jameenni saame samudranaa keenare, purv africa, dakshin arabia aneey malay dweepkalpna dariyakanthe vadhyu chhe. aarthik aneey raajkeey hitone paar karvaanu saaru udaaharan keneda dwara aapvama aavyu chhe, jyaan angreji saarvbhaum kaydesar chhe, jooe keey kenediyan chalan united statesnaa dhoranne anusare chhe. jyaare keey ostriyaa aneey hangerimaa havey chalanma rahela sikkaao lichtenstein aneey montenegromaa chalan tareeke maany chhe aneey tenaathi ulatu, ostriyan sikka laambaa samaythi ostriyaamaa jaj chalanma naa hataa, jene maria-terrezian taylor tareeke odakhvaamaa aave chhe, aneey 1780nee taarikh dharaavto, teey aaje pann madhya africa, sudan, tripoli aneey arabiama sauthee mahatvapurn vyaapaari chalan chhe. sikka banaavvaani takneekma chhella daaykaao darmiyan praapt thayelee uchch starnee purnataae aek taraf sikkaao (aluminiumna sikka, platinumna russian sikka, belgian vindhelaa sikka, beey dhaatuona angreji sikka) saathe sankhyaabandh prayogone janm aapyo, jemathi motaa bhaagnaa, joke, koee nirnayak safalataa melvee shakyaa naa hataa. beejee taraf, sikka banaavvaani kalaatmak baaju parr vadhu dhyaan aapvu shakya banyu, jeno puraavo french aneey italian tankshaalnaa taajetarnaa muddaao dwara maley chhe. II. medala medala" shabd (florence = 1/2 asveekarma "medaliya") dhaatuna tukadao parr laagu thaay chhe, saamanya reete golaakaar, jeey tankshaal dwara jaaree karvaamaa aave chhe, tema chhataa, chukavanina maadhyam tareeke hetu nathee. temnee samagri, swaroop, utpadanni reet aneey itihas saabit karey chhe keey teo mool sikka hataa, joke badalaayeli paristhitio aneey jaruriyaato, kalaatmak aneey saanskrutik banne, temne swatantra banaave chhe. temno hetu raashtrana itihaasmaa mahatvapurn ghatanaaoni yaad apaavvaano chhe, jethee koee vyaktee athavaa aakhaa deshnaa chandrakoni shreneena aadhare aneey sachitra itihas lakhvaanaa prayaaso karvaamaa aavyaa chhe. chandrako jaaree karvaanaa prasango sinhasana parr chadaav, yuddhni ghoshana, shaanti athavaa gathbandhanna samaapan, jaaher bhavanni purntama jovaa maley chhe; saarvbhaum loko dwara teo jaimne sanmanit karvaa maangtaa hataa temne rajoo karvaa maate pann teno khoob jaj vyaapak upyog karvaamaa aave chhe, aneey aavaa kissaaomaa teey ghanivaar suvarnkaarni kalaanu saachu ratna hatoo. beejee taraf, temnaa lagna jevaa prasangoae, shraddhaanjalinaa prateek tareeke, prajaao dwara ghanivaar temnaa saarvbhaumne chandrak aapvama aave chhe. parantu lokonee sanskrutini abhivyakti tareeke khangi chandrakma ghano vadhaare rus chhe, aneey aaa kshetramaa punarujjivan aneey pachhini sadeeonu german chandrak sauthee vadhu sankhyaabandh udaaharano aape chhe. potret medala havey photography dwara levaamaa aaveli bhoomika bhajve chhe. qota-off-arms saathe mudrankeet chandrako pann khangi vyaktionun pratinidhitva karey chhe, aneey ketalikvaar tokana, liver maatena butno vagere tareeke vyavhaaru upyogmaa levaay chhe. teno upyog lagna, chaandi athavaa suvarn lagno, janm aneey baptismani ujavani maate thaay chhe, aneey aaa hetu maate spasht reete banavvama aavela sikka athavaa chandrako ("pattenfenige") naa aakarma motee sankhyama prayojakoni namkaran bheto chhe aneey temaa shishu aneey dharm-matapitana naam, baptismani jagya aneey taarikh aneey saamanya reete pavitra uktee lakhvaamaa aave chhe. aaa "pattenfenies" neey ghanivaar aabhushano tareeke pahervaa maate samruddh settingsma mukvaamaa aavtaa hataa, aneey vaarsaagat vaarsaagat vastu pedhhi darr pedhhi tareeke sonpavama aavtaa hataa. maatra jeevannaa praveshnee jaj nahee parantu mrutyuni pann nondh chandrakoma karvaamaa aave chhe; aneey aavaa ghanaa tukadaoma vigatvaar jivancharitratmak soochnaao hoya chhe. ghanee vaar chandrak dhaarmik hetune purn karey chhe; cramnitzma aneey khaas kareene joakimstalma aavaa dhaarmik sikkaaoni vyaapak shrenee rajoo karvaamaa aavee hatee. prakarshastriy rajuaatone khoob tarfen malee, aek baaju juunii kasoteeno prakaar darshaave chhe, beejee baaju navee kasoteeno prakaar darshaave chhe. aaa sudhara biblenaa shabdsamuhothi sushobhit ghanaa chandrakonu nirmaan karyoo. dhaarmik chandrako parno preey vishhay kharistna vadaa hatoh vienna shaher sadiothi aaa design dharaavtaa chandrakono upyog vishishtanaa jaaher chihno tareeke karey chhe. easter medala parr pascal ghetaa saathe, chrismus parr shishu isu saathe anyane bhet tareeke aapvama aavyaa hataa. santo, saint. georgene "georgesteller" aneey "georgesdooket" parr mote bhaage rajoo karvaamaa aavyaa hataa, aneey aek andhshraddhaa prachaleet hatee keey sentnee chhabi saathe chandrak pahervo. george jakhamo saame rakshanatmak hataa. samaan andhshraddhaa sentnaa pratinidhitva saathe jodaayelee hatee. roach aneey saint. sebastian athavaa saint. plagg saame rakshan tareeke, rosalia, temaj brazen sarp saathena krosnee pann. sampoorn andhvishvasi tavij, jyotishiy aneey rasaayanvaadi sikkaaoni aek anant shrenee pann chhe jeey aadharmathi kimmatee dhaatuma rasaayanvaadi parivartannu utpaadan hovaano daavo karey chhe. vienna shaahee sikka-kebinetmaa aamathi aek tukado chhe, jeey kadaach astitvamaa chhe teey sauthee moto chandrak chhe, jenu vajan lagbhag 15 1/2 pound chhe. avordupois; aneey samrat leopold prathamnaa chaalis purvajonaa chitrothi shangarvama aavyaa chhe, jaimnee hajarima parivartan thayu hovaanu manvama aave chhe. aama, jeey sankhyaabandh aneey anek hetuo maate chandrakno upyog karvaamaa aavyo chhe teey saanskrutik paristhitione vishvasupane pratibimbit karey chhe, jeey tenaa sikka taraf doree gaee hatee aneey teey maahiteeno srot chhe jenee haju sudhee sampoorn prashansa karvaamaa aavee nathee. saacha chandrako prachinkalthi ajaan hataa; temnaa kaaryo ghanee babatoma hataa-khaas kareene mahatvapurn ghatanaona smaarako tareeke-sikkaao dwara karvaamaa aavtaa hataa. aajnaa aekveedh aneey saamanya reete adrashya sikkaaothi vipareet, praachin samaynaa sikkaao, aneey khaas kareene greesnaa sikkaao, khodkaamnee kalaani shreshth kruteeo hatee, jene potaani kushalataa darshaavvaa maate anya tako shodhvaani faraj puddy naa hatee. rooman sharatomaa samaan hataa, apvaad saathe keey samraatona chandrako aapana chandrakona paatra saathe aashre kaneek anshe chhe, jooe keey teey aek niyam tareeke, kaanuni nanakiy aekamnee nakal chhe; tockens ("tessero"), ramato maate fatkarvama aave chhe, aneey contorniate chandrak saathe vadhu najikthi sambandhit chhe. samrat luis dhaa pues (814-40) naa ketlaak sonaana muddaao pann chandrako jevaa jaj chhe, aneey madhya yugnaa aagalnaa samaygalama aapane motee sankhyama sikkaao saathe malyaa jeey dekheeti reete itihaasnee koee ghatanaane yaad karvaano hetu dharaavtaa hataa, jooe keey temnaa upkaranone samjavva ghanivaar khoob jaj mushkel hoya chhe; aheen ghanee koyadaao haju pann ukelnee raah joee rahee chhe. henry sinhanaa prateek tareeke, bavariya aneey sexonina shaktishaali duke, sinh tenaa sikkaao parr mahatvapurn bhoomika bhajve chhe. parantu tenaa veerodhi, vitelsbakhno otho, jene jyaare henry sinhane gerkaydesar theravama aavyo hato, tyaare bavariana duchyno upyog karyo hato, aaa prateekno pann upyog karyo hato aneey asveekar karnaaraaone jaaree karyaa hataa jeey tene sinhnee shodhamaa athavaa tenaa haathmaa sinhanu kapaayelu maathu saathe chitrit karey chhe. sikkaaono upyog ghanee vaar japtini yaadmaa pann thaay chhe, aneey aaa sikkaao parr leej loardnu pratinidhitva hoya chhe, jaimnee pasethi ghoontaniye bethelo jagirdar gonfellon melve chhe. aek polisha bractit duke bolslav III nee sentnee kabarnee tirthyatrani yaadne kaayam raakhe chhe. gassenma edalbert. bohemiana ladislaus prathamno asveekar karnaar shetaannaa pratikool maathane aek baaju varnaatmak dantkathaa saathe aneey beejee baaju church darshaave chhe. luskin aaa upkaran maate neeche mujab jawabdar hatuh bohemiyaamaa gambhir mauleek vikshepna krama pachhi, aek bhayankar vavazodani vachche, aek ulkapindno varsaad aavyo, jeey darmiyan ghanaa lokoae jaaher karyoo keey teo keellani najik manav swarupma shetaanne juae chhe; aaa asveekar karnaarne pachhi marvama aavyo hato, jemaa shetaannu maathu aneey bhagvaannu church banne bajuae hatoo. aaa jevaa sikkaao amuk anshe smaarak chandrakona hetune purn karey chhe. pratham saachu chandrak chothee sadeena antamaa italyma dekhaayu hatoo. paduana swami francesco II kerara praachin rooman chandrakoni nakal kareene beey chandrako jeetya hataah aek, temnaa pitaa francesco I nee yaadmaa, commodus aneey septimius sevarasnaa pachhinaa chandrakone yaad karey chhe; anya, 1390 maan paduana kabajaani yaadmaa, tenaa cesters parr samrat viteliyasnaa samaan francesco II noon cheetra chhe. darek kissaamaa tenee paachhal karara parivaarnu punning upkaran, aek cart ("kaaro") hoya chhe. aaa chandrako kaansa aneey chaandima fatkarvama aave chhe. aaa jaj samaygaalaa darmiyan venisnaa cesto parivaar dwara banavvama aavela chandrak jevaa ajmayash-tukadao, jeey dye-katarnaa parivaar chhe. aaa parr pann chhaap mukvaamaa aavee hatee; parantu aagaami samaygalama chandrakno vikaas chhapvala tukadaaone kaarane thayo naa hato. pandarmi sadeena madhyabhaag pahelaa jaj italian qalaa cast medala saathe achaanak aaa vibhagma parakashthae pahonche chhe. vittor pisano, aek chitrakaar (bii. lagbhag 1380, veronaa praantmaa; dii. 1455 athavaa 1456) aee sauthee junaa aneey sauthee mahatvapurn padak vijeta chhe. temnaa anuyaayioni jaim, temnee kruteeo meennaa namunaao athavaa lokhandmaa kapela namunaomathi banavvama aave chhe, jeey aek aevee prakriyaa chhe jeey ghanivaar tukadaaone pachhithi chhanva maate jaroori banaave chhe. teey potaani krutee "opus pisani pictoris" parr hastakshar karey chhe. aaa chandrako motaa bhaagnaa motaa kadnaa hoya chhe aneey krutrim pattinathi dhankayela hoya chhe. aagalnaa bhagma teo abhivyakt chitro rajoo karey chhe, saamanya reete ruprekha parr; vipareet, sunder aneey kooshal rupakoh aama leonello dii 'este, aek sinh jeey cupid dwara pakadvama aavela sangeetni sheetmathi gaay chhe; athavaa naplesnaa alphonso, aek garud keey jeey udaartaathi maarya gayelaa haranne geedhone aapee deey chhe. tema chhataa teey saabit curry shakaay chhe keey pisanoae chokkas prototypesno upyog karyo hato jeey sambhavatah seelmathi levaamaa aavyaa hataa, medalika kalaana vaastavik nirmata tarikeni temnee khyaati teey hakeekathi bhauteek reete ochhi thaee nathee. rachnaa aneey amal aema bannemaa, udaaharan tareeke, umadaa praaneeo, sinh, garud, hoow rasnee temnee rajuaatmaa, temnee bhagye jaj barabari karvaamaa aavee chhe. pisanoae samagr italyma pravaas karyo aneey temnaa samaynaa agranee rajkumaro aneey prabhavshali purushonu chitran karyoo; temane padak kalaane aetali lokpreey banaavi keey tyaarthi kalakaro, italyna tamaam mahatvapurn qalaa kendromaa, chandrakona utpadanma rokaayela hataa. aavaa loko mettiyo dii 'pasty aneey rimineena darbarma prashansneey kalakar hataa; veneshiyan geovanni boldu aneey biin-yahudi beleeni, jemathi baadmaa sultan mahmet maate potret-medala banaavyu hatoo; pandarmi sadeena sauthee falprad padak vijeta, mantuan sparandio aneey anya ghanaa. aaa samaye pann, mudrankeet chandrak pharii prasiddhimaa aave chhe. rooma benvenuto seleeneema aneey, temnaa pachhi, caradoso aneey khaas kareene popnaa tankshaalnaa masters ullekhne paatra chhe. keveeno dwara rooman samraatona kansana sikkaaoni nakal kharekhar prashansneey chhe. chhevate, thodaa samay pachhi, italian padak vijetaao videshi rajkumaroni sevama jovaa maley chheh netherlandma jacopo daa treaso, germanyma beey abondio. italian medala juunii french productionsnaa vikaas parr sauthee shaktishaali prabhaav paade chhe. pandarmi sadeena uttaraardhmaa italian lauraanae pratham french chandrako jeetya hataa, aneey pachhinaa samaygalani kruteeo spasht reete italian lakshaniktao darshaave chhe. sattarmee sadee sudhee aek navee shailee dekhaati naa hatee, jemaa khaas kareene vastrane prashansneey reete punahutpadit karvaamaa aave chhe; sauthee agranee kalakaro gn richier, metz khaate aneey, pachhithi, gillum duprey aneey gn warrin hataa. germanyma, italyna sikkaona prabhaav hethal, tyrolnaa holamaa chaandinaa sauthee junaa motaa sikkaao banavvama aavyaa hataa; aneey gian marco kevello, jaimne tankshaalmaa kotarani karnaar tareeke holamaa aamantrit karvaamaa aavyaa hataa, aaa sikkaao kalaana itihaasmaa temnee mahatvapurn sthitee aneey germanyna ghanaa chandrako parr temnaa nidarshanksham prabhaavne aabhaari chhe. aaa, german medalika kalaana sauthee junaa namunaao, aek jaj samaye sikkaao hovathi, tenaa parr mudrankan karvaamaa aavyu hatoo; parantu, italiyanni jaim, german chandrak pann mudrankanma tenee sarvoch purnataa sudhee pahonchato nathee, parantu cast pismaa pahonche chhe. boxwood, kehlheim patthar aneey pachhithi meennaa banelaa nondhpaatra sankhyama namunaao haju pann astitvamaa chhe. laakada athavaa pattharnaa aaa chitrone sharuaatmaa anteem manvama aavtaa hataa, aneey maatra degree dwara jaj teno upyog dhaatuma casting maate namunaa tareeke thato hato. aaa cast medala, jeey germanyna qalaa-kendromaa (solmee sadeeni sharuaatmaa, ogasbarg aneey neuremberg) dekhaaya hataa, tevee jaj reete temnee utpatti italian medalne aabhaari chhe. parantu maatra temnu mool; german chandrakno vadhu vikaas sampurnpane mool aneey swatantra rekhaaone anusare chhe jyaan sudhee teey italiyanna stare shreshthatana star sudhee pahonchatu nathee. aee vaat saachee chhe keey german loko temnee aakrutioni sampatti saathe bhavya design banavvama nishfal jaay chhe jeey aapanne italian chandrakoni paachhal maley chhe; tenaa badale, aapane vadhu saamanya reete, shastrona kotnee uttam rajuaat joiae chhiae. german chandrakni mahaan taakaat aagalnaa bhaag parr sachot chitranaa amal parr aapvama aavtee premaal sambhaalmaa chhe; aneey aaa chandrakna hetu saathe susangat chhe, jeey italyni sarkhaamanimaa madhyam vargnaa agranee parivaaromaa vadhu vyaapakpane vahenchvaamaa aavyu hatoo. german chandrak varsh 1500 pachhi tarat jaj tenee toach parr pahonche chhe, italian karataa nondhpaatra reete modethih sauthee junaa udaaharano keey jeey aapani paase aavyaa chhe teey albrect durer chhe. ghanaa kalakaro aapanne temnee odakh vishe koee sanket aaptaa nathee athavaa nishan athavaa prateeko dwara potaane sahee karey chhe jenu arthghatan karavu ghanivaar mushkel hoya chhe. jooe keey, havey neurembergna master pieter floatnerne chokkaspane khoob jaj mulyavaan chandrakoni laambi shrenee sopavi shakya bunny gaee chhe, jene tethee tamaam chandrak vijetaoma agranee manvama aave chhe; tenaa pachhi methus gabell aave chhe. aaa samaygalana anya nondhpaatra chandrak vijetaoma hens doucher chhe, jemnaa motabhagna kaama pelletinetnaa darbaar maate karvaamaa aavyaa hataa; neurembergna hens schwarz, "lakadama shreshth nakali", jemane 1518naa ogasbargnaa aahaarnaa sabhyo maate motee sankhyama kruteeo curry hatee; jacob stampfer, switzerlandma; sauthee lokpreey kalakaromana aek, friedrich hegnaur; joachim dessler, jeey aakhare austriyama sthaayi thayaa, jyaan khaas kareene vienna, cramnitz aneey joanistalna tankshaalmaa, aaa samaygaalaa darmiyan motee sankhyama chandrako aapvama aavyaa hataa, joke medalnaa laabh maate badhaa nahee; hens rehard, handered, hanned aneey handsk, jaimnee paase ghanee badhee jaj medalnee kalaa hatee. solmee sadeena anta sudhimaa german chandrake spashtpane tenee parakashtha paar curry leedhi chhe aneey videshi aneey sharuaatmaa, khaas kareene italian kruteeo parr nirbhar bunny gayoo chhe. netherlandma kalaae uchch starnee purnataa praapt curry hatee. aheena mahaan naamo chhe stephanus hollandics aneey, kaneek anshe pachhi, konrad bloqa, banne solmee sadeena uttarardhna aneey pieter vaan abil sattarmee sadeena. englandma medala vijetaao motaa bhaagnaa videshi hoya chhe; mool kalakaromathi, jeo khoob modu thaay tyaan sudhee haajar thataa nathee, teo sauthee vadhu ullekhne paatra chhe. simone aneey veeliyam aneey aela. see. lyon. beejee taraf kesper aneey simen paase khoob jaj kaljipurvak kotarela naana, paatala chaandinaa tukadaona utpadanma mahaan kalaatmak kaushalya praapt karey chhe. anya raajyonu mahatv ochhu chhe; teo motaa bhaagnaa videshi kalakarone nokri parr raakhe chhe. aadhunik yugnee sharuaatmaa itali aneey germanyma jeey uchch kalaatmak star praapt thayu hatoo teey kaayamee dhorane jaalvi shakaayu naa hatoo. kaaran keey aheen aneey tyaan utkrusht kruteeonun utpaadan thatu hatoo, tyaare kalaana kaaryo tareeke chandrako temaj sikkaao vadhune vadhu bagadata gayaa hataa. oganismi sadeena madhyabhaag sudhee aaa kalaane navo veeyg malyo naa hato aneey teey francemaa saupratham hato. maatra tenaa baahy swarupone dhyanma letaa, aaa chalvalni sharuaatni chokkas taarikh nakki karvee pann shakya chhe. 2 meey, 1868naa roj, paris tankshaalnaa sameeti salaahkaar days graversnaa pramukh rasaayanshaastri dumase aek sambodhan aapyu hatoo, jemaa chandrakna kalaatmak vikasne atkavti khaameeo taraf dhyaan dorvaamaa aavyu hatoo aneey tankshaalnaa pramukh tareeke temnaa sudhara maate apil curry hatee. temane khaas kareene aksharo, polisha, unchaa keenare vagerenaa kharaab swaadno ullekh karyo hato. jooe aaa sarnaamu baahy swaroop saathe sambandhit hoya, too chandrakna saacha hetuno navo drashtikon dheeme dheeme pahelethee jaj banavvama aavyo hato. audins, poola dubois, chapas, sauthee upar herbert ponscarms (pratham jemane chandrakona polishingano veerodh karyo hato) aneey pachhithi deserge, chaplains aneey daniel dupris, oskar roteena nirmaan pachhi, atyaar sudhimaa sauthee pratishthit french chandrak vijetaoae vishishtataa melvee hatee. teo maatra aek chitrakaar tareeke jaj nahee, parantu vadhu khaas kareene vipareet rachnaamaa utkrusht chheh temnaa sunder rupako (ee.jee., chhokariona shikshana sambandhma yogyata maatena chandrak parr-prajasattak shikshan kanyaao, purushoni bhaavi maatao) quatrocentona kalakarone yaad karey chhe, jeno temane kaljipurvak abhyaas karyo hato, parantu aek niyam tareeke, seedhu anookaran karyoo naa hatoo. jaim chandrakna amal pahelaa mulbhoot vichaarne kevee reete taiyar karvo teey ange laambi aneey savchetipurvak charcha karvaamaa aave chhe (ponscarmse aamaa maarg mokalo karyo hoya tevu laage chhe), tevee jaj reete amal pote jaj chhelli kshan sudhee sauthee vadhu savchetipurvak dhyaan melve chhe. maatra kalaakaarno haath jaj tenaa kaamne sparsha karey chhe. french chandrake aama mahaan parinaamo praapt karyaa chhe, tyaare pann jyaare maatra tenee takneeki gunvattaa parr nyaay karvaamaa aave chhe. french chalvalthi swatantra reete, austriyama medalika punrutthaan sharoo thayu chhe. antone scarfe medala shaileeni punsthaapnaa aneey kathor paramparagat swarupomathi muktee laavee hatee; temnee saathe saathe kaama kartaa joseph thottenham, vadil, stephen schwartz, sheaseld medalnee takneeknaa master aneey franz zaver pavlik chhe. taajetarma rudolph marshelle aek potratist tareeke uchch pratishtha jeetee chhe, aneey liyo XIII aneey payas X banne maate chandrako chalaavvaa maate commission melavyu chhe. french aneey viennies chandrakoae anya deshomaa aek aevee pravruttine protsaahan aapyu chhe jenaa parinaame pahelethee jaj padak kalaana ghanaa sunder namunaao malee chookya chhe. august. vee. lohr.

catholic vishvakosh (1913)/mudra vigyaan church mein sankhyaon kaa upayog nanak dimitis  mudra vigyaan sikkon aur padak kaa vigyaan haye. pratyek sikka yaa padak saanskritik, aarthik aur raajneetik paristhitiyon kaa utpaad honey key naate, jisake tahat isaki utpatti hui, yeh vigyaan maanav jaati key vibhinn sabhya samudaayon key anusaar vibhajit haye. yeh naa kewal ack vishisht vigyaan haye, balki apane-apane bhaagon mein una sabhi vigyaanon kii ack shakha haye joe rashtron key itihas aur unaki sanskriti-shaastriya puraatatva, apane sankeern arthon mein itihas aadi seey sambandhit hain. vyaavhaarik roop seey, kewal pracheen, aadhunik aur sambhavatah praachya mudra vigyaan kaa mahatva haye. isake alawa mudra-aakriti, joe mukhya roop seey varnanatmak haye, aur mudra-aakriti vigyaan, joe sikke koo usake kalaatmak, aarthik aur saanskritik paksh seey dekhta haye, key beach antar kiya jaanaa chaahiye. sikka-sangrah kii khoj parr saiddhaantik mudra vigyaan kii nirbharta vigyaan key itihas mein spasht roop seey dekhi jaa sakati haye. kissy bhee mahatva key sabse shuruati prakashanon koo sangrahakartaon kii jarooraton koo puuraa karane key liye likhaa gayaa thaa (jaise.jee. teller, grochen aur ducat key vibhinn almaariyaan aur "munjabelstibunjen", yaa "sikka-ateet"), jabaki pracheen mudra vigyaan key vaigyaanik upchaar key liye neenv 1790 taka, ekel dwara aur aadhunik key liye unnisvin shatabdi taka madder grot aur lelwell dwara naheen dee gaee thee. (yeh yaad rakhane yogya haye kii sent. thomas aquinas ney "dee regimine princips", II, xiii, xiv mein, dhana aur sikkon key vishay kaa varnan kiya, aur yeh kaam kaee varshon taka kainanvadiyon key beach adhikaar thaa.) sikkon kaa sabse purana sangrah, jisake baare mein hamein kuchh jaankaari haye, pandrahavin shatabdi kaa haye, aur petrarch dwara banaaya gayaa thaa; unake udaaharan mein kaee anukarankarta paae gaye. hubert goldz ney 1556-60 mein europe key vibhinn sangrhon kaa daura kiya, jinamen seey 950 key baare mein kahaa jaataa haye. niji sangrhon kii tulanaa mein, joe ack niyam key roop mein apane maalikon kii mrityu key baad bikhare hue hain, shasakon, raajyon yaa sangrahalayon key sangrah kaa sarvocch mahatva haye, aur mudra sambandhi jaanch key liye sabse vishvasaniya aadhar pradaan karate hain. 1756 mein austriya key francis pratham ney mahaan sundarta key dou karyon, "monois aine aur" aur "monois aine argentine" mein apane sangrah key khajaane key baare mein bataaya; aur haal key varshon mein mahaan soochi, vishesh roop seey british sangrahalaya, iss vigyaan mein jaankaari key sabse mahatvapurna srot bunn gaye hain. sangrahakartaon aur saiddhaantik chhatron donon kii jarooraton key kaaran badee sankhya mein mudrashastriya samajon key saath-saath lagbhag 100 takniki patrikaaen inn samajon dwara prakaashit kii gaee hain. vibhinn shaharon mein saal darr saal aayojit honey vaali german society off numismatics kii baithakon seey, antarrashtriya congress vikasit hui hainh brussels, 1892; peris, 1900 (record aur lenden, comte dee castellen aur aeye. blanchet); rome, 1903; (etty dell congresso internagionale dee science storic, 6 khand.); brussels, 1910. aaee. sikke sikkon koo dhaatu key tukadon key roop mein paribhaashit kiya jaa sakata haye joe kanuni nivida key roop mein kaam karate hain. iss shabd mein samanya mudra, smaarak yaa prastuti key tukade shamil hain jinn parr saarvajanik pradhikaran dwara sthaapit maanak aadi key anusaar muhar lagaai gaee haye., lekin kagji dhana yaa niji sikke naheen. antim varg mein humm angreji tokan kaa ullekh karate hain joe varsh 1800 key aspas aanshik sikke kii aparyaapt aapoorti key parinamswarup badey paimaane parr prasaarit kiye gaye they; isake alawa, vishesh roop seey church nigamon dwara jaari kiye gaye "merex" naamak tukade, paise key liye voucher key roop mein, aur baad mein samanya roop seey moolya key liye, jaise jeton, yaa counter, aur "rechnungspannig". jaba pratyek vyakti abb prithvi seey apana nirvaah chheenane mein saksham naheen hotaa haye, tou shram saajha karane aur apane utpaadon koo vitarit karane kii aavashyakta utpann hoti haye. yeh sabse pahale vastuon key adaan-pradaan seey prabhaavit hotaa haye, jisake liye aam taur parr maveshiyon mein paae jaane vaale vinimay key saarvbhaumik roop seey upalabdh madhyam kii aavashyakta hoti haye (hommer mein mainlouse key upkaran kaa moolya 9 steer haye; glashus kaa 100). pashuon key alawa, adim purushon ney khaal, chharron, kapade aadi kaa upayog kiya haye., iss uddeshya key liye. haalaanki, jald hii, ack aise moolya kaa upaay khojana aavashyak hoe jaataa haye jise saarvbhaumik roop seey niyojit kiya jaa sakey, aur isake liye sonaa, chaandi aur tambe kaa upayog bahut shuruati samay seey kiya jaataa rhaa haye; kaee anya dhatuon key saath prayog key baad tulanaatmak roop seey haal key varshon mein, inmein nickle jodaa gayaa haye. dhaatu key dhana kaa pahala charan kissy bhee aakar key dhaatu key tukadon key vajan key saath praapt kiya jaataa haye; lekin, kyonki kewal sakal vajan iss prakriya dwara nirdhaarit kiya jaa sakata haye, naa kii barikta kii degree (keemati dhatuon key mamle mein ack bahut hii aavashyak kaarak), saarvajanik pradhikaran kii muhar dwara barikta koo pramaanit karane kii aavashyakta utpann hoti haye, aur yeh muhar dhaatu kii gaanth koo ack sikka banaati haye. ullikhit dhatuon mein seey kewal ack kaa upayog jald hii aparyaapt saabit hotaa haih paryaapt roop seey chhote moolya key soney key sikkon koo prachalan mein laana yaa aadhar dhaatu kaa upayog karke, paryaapt uchch moolya key sikke jaari karna asambhav haye. isaliye ack hii samay mein dou yaa teen dhatuon kaa upayog karna aavashyak haye. yeh yaa tou ack keemati dhaatu koo moolya key maap key roop mein aur dusare koo tambe key saath, kewal ack vastu yaa sahayak sikke key roop mein, yaa kaanoon dwara nirdhaarit raashan (dwi-dhaatu) parr moolya key maap key roop mein donon dhatuon parr samvarti roop seey mukadama karke kiya jaa sakata haye, ack pathyakram, joe aksar dou keemati dhatuon key vinimay kii darr mein utaar-chadhaav key kaaran kathinaaiyon kaa kaaran banaa haye. mudraon key roop mein, sikke aamtaur parr golakar, kabhi-kabhi andakar aur chaturbhuj hotey hain; yeye antim aapaatkaaleen sikkon mein vishesh roop seey aam hain, aur sweeden mein ack vishal aakar aur mahaan vajan taka badh gaye they. vishesh roop seey sudur poorv mein, sabse vilakshan aakar key sikke bhee paae jaate hain. upkaran aur shilalekh key alawa sikkon parr aksar pudine key nishan yaa pudine-malik key nishan hotey hain joe vishesh ullekh key yogya hotey hain. taksal-malik aur dye-sinker kaee mamalon mein kuchh nishaanon yaa aksharon key madhyam seey apane karyon mein antar karane key aadee rahey hain; aur taksal yaa tou apane-apane sikkon koo aksharon seey alag karate hain, joe paaramparik aur manmaane nishaanon seey jaari honey key sthaan kaa sanket dete hain, yaa kissy anya madhyam seey-kabhi-kabhi shayed hii shuru kiye gaye logon key liye bodhgamya-jaise kii shilalekh key kissy vishesh akshar key neeche ack bindu rakhna. iss tarah sikkon key vibhinn nirgamon koo alag rakhaa jaataa haye. mudra vigyaan badee matra mein sikkon kii khoj seey bhautik roop seey unnat haih pahale seey agyaat prakaron key gyaan key alawa, iss tarah kii khojon seey dee gaee avadhi mein sikkon key vaastavik parisancharan aur kuchh sikke apani sthitiyon kii seema seey parey kiss hudd taka vartamaan they, iss baare mein ack nirdeshaatmak antardrishti milati haye, aur hamein kissy vishesh taksal-master yaa sateek avadhi key liye, vishesh roop seey madhya yug kii, anirdhaarit kismon koo nirdisht karane mein madad milati haye. vigyaan key adhyayan key saath-saath sikkon key vargeekaran mein, kalanukramik roop seey, teen mahaan yugon kaa paalan karane kii pratha haih pracheen, madhyayugeen aur aadhunik; bhaugolik roop seey, sambandhit samay key vibhinn raajneetik vibhajan. yunani sikkon key liye, ekel ney ack anukaraniya pranali apnai haye joe abhee bhee upayog mein haye. herculis key stambhon seey shuru hocker vaha duniya key una deshon koo leey jaataa haye jinhen pracheen kaal seey jaanaa jaataa thaa, bhoomadhyasagariya key aspas unaki sthiti key crum menh pahale europe key, phir asia key bhaarat taka, aur anta mein africa misra seey vaapas gibralter kii jaldamroomadhya taka. aeye. yunani sikke yunani" shabd koo hamesha pracheen mudra vigyaan mein roman mool aur italvi oss kabr koo chhodkar sabhi sikkon koo shamil karane key liye samajha jaataa haye. maudrik ikai 60 minut (naa tou pratibha aur naa hii meena koo kissy sikke dwara darshaaya jaa rhaa haye), yaa 6000 dratchme kii pratibha haye, pratyek 6 obol key barabar haye. vibhinn mudraaen jyaadaatar mamalon mein bhaar kii farsi pranali parr adharit hoti hain. faarsiyon key paas keemati dhaatu key liye vajan key dou alag-alag maanak theh soney key liye, euboyan; chaandi key liye, babylonian. soney kaa darik, samanya soney kaa sikka, yunani chaandi key dedrecum key anuroop, bhaarit 8.385 graam (lagbhag 129 1/3 anaaj); chaandi kaa darik (shekel), 5.57 graam (lagbhag 87 anaaj). pracheen kaal mein soney key mukabale chaandi kaa moolya 1 seey 10 thaa, isaliye soney kaa darik 15 chaandi key darik key barabar haye. sikkon key anya maanak phosian, agineton, attari, corinthian, tolemic aur asia minor key systophoric maanak they; inmein seey kuchh, halanki, farsi maanak seey praapt kiye jaa sakate hain. puraane agineton solan key liye halke attari maanak key pratisthaapan seey rinn kaa aanshik unmoolan huaa. sabse adhik matra mein gadhaa gayaa tukada tetradracum (25-33 mimi. vyaas mein) aur didrach; aathh, duss aur baarah dratchme key tukade asadharan hain, aur chaalees-drachma kaa tukada ack durlabhata haye. neeche kii or key paimaane mein vibhajan chauthai-obolus (= 1/24 drakma) taka faila huaa haye. yunani asia mein soney aur chaandi (electrum) key mishran seey baney chhote sikkon kaa upayog kiya jaataa thaa. yunan mein chaandi key sikke bahut prabal they; tambe key sikke 400 bee poorvavat naheen hain.see.jabaki sonaa shayed hii kabhi dhaala jaataa thaa. doosari or, faarsiyon key sikke soney seey bharpur they, aur yeh unakaa udaaharan thaa jisane masseddon key phillip dwiteeya aur mahaan alekjendar koo prabhaavit kiya. kuchh apvaadon key saath uchchatam star kii baarikiyon kaa lakshya rakhaa gayaa thaa, soney kaa darik 97 pratishat thheek thaa. praarambhik samay mein sikka banaane kaa kaam ack hii dye key saath kiya jaataa thaah khaali dhaatu key peechhe kii or ack khoonti dwara, aam taur parr vargakar, guchhe mein rakhaa jaataa thaa, aur isaliye ack chaturbhuj avasaad (incuse squire) key roop mein iska prabhaav praapt huaa; samay key saath yeh varg rekhaaon, aakritiyon aur shilalekhon seey sajaaya jaane lagaa. dakshini itali mein ack dusare mein fitt honey vaale dou dye kaa upayog kiya gayaa thaa, taaki sikke saamane kii or aur peechhe kii or ack hii design koo prastut karate hain ("nummi incusi"). rashtriyata key anusaar shilalekh vibhinn bhaashaon mein hain. dwibhashi shilalekh-ee.jee., yunani-lattin-aur shilalekh jinamen bhasha aur prakaar mell naheen khaate hain-ee.jee.cypriot varnon mein yunani bhee hotey hain aur yahaan taka kii yunani paatr bhee samay key saath roop mein kaee parivartanon seey gujarate hain. sikkon kaa adhikaar samprabhuta kaa visheshaadhikaar honey key kaaran, shilalekhon mein sabse pahale usa samprabhu shakti key naam kaa ullekh haye jisake adhikaar key tahat sikka maaraa gayaa thaa; grees mein, alekjendar dha grate key samay taka, yeh samudaay thaa. sikkon kaa prabhaar sambhaalane vaale adhikaariyon key naam bhee paae jaate hain aur baad key sikkon mein bhee varsh dikhaaya gayaa haye, joe aksar chayan kaal, 312 bee seey ginaa jaataa haye.see. sabse puraane sikkon kii utpatti agina taton parr hui thee, shayed lydia mein, jaisa kii herodotus hamein bataata haye, yaa agina mein, jisake raajaa, feeden, parian itihas unhein bataate hain, sambhavatah 600 eesaa poorv seey pahale.see. ack hii samudra key vibhinn dweep aise sikke prastut karate hain jinake design unase bahut alag naheen hain. dakshini itali key sikke bahut baad key samay key naheen hain, jaisa kii iss tathya seey saabit hotaa haye kii namoone sibaris shahar seey maujood hain, jise 510 eesaa poorv mein nasht curr diyaa gayaa thaa.see. yunan key uchit aur asia minor key praarambhik sikke dhaatu key motey tukade hain, joe chapti goliyon seey milate-julate hain, aur swabhavik roop seey, sabse saral upkaran, paudhe aur janwar hain, joe jald hii vishesh sthaanon key liye vishisht hoe jaate hain; inn key baad devtaon aur purushon key sir aur aakritiyaan aatee hain, joe kabhi-kabhi samoohon mein ekjut hoti hain. lagbhag 400 bee.see. dye-cutting kii yunani kalaa apane poorna vikas taka pahunch gaee, kissy bhee baad kii jaati dwara asman utkrishtata kii degree praapt keeh syracuse pratham sthaan rakhta haye; isake baad crum mein ariadia, theebs, olynthus, aadi aatey hain. gair-hellenic logon mein seey jinake sikke yunani shrinkhala mein shamil hain, hamaare liye sabse mahatvapurna yahudi hain. shuru mein unhone videshi sikkon kaa upayog kiya, lekin, siriyai logon key khilaf machabi key tahat rashtriya uday key parinamon mein seey ack key roop mein, pradhaan pujari, saiman koo antiocus VIII (139-38 b) seey praapt huaa.see.) sikkon kaa adhikaar. saiman ney tamba aur chaandi kaa dhaala. unake liye "shekel israel" kaa ullekh kiya gayaa haih saamane kii kinvadanti (shekel israel) aur ack cup yaa kadaahi jisake oopar ack tarikh haye (1-5, sikkon key adhikaar key pradaan karane seey ganana kii jaati haye); isake vipareet, kinvadanti (jerusalam pavitra) aur teen kaliyon key saath ack lilly-stock. baaki machabi-johnn hydranus, judus aristobulus, alekjendar jaineyas, matatheus antigonus, aur isi tarah-ney puraane hibru yaa hibru aur yunani mein shilalekhon key saath vishesh roop seey tambe kaa nirmaan kiya. inke baad idumian rajkumar naayak aur unake uttaradhikariyon key tambe key sikke aae. isai dharm key samay mein roman sikke bhee prachalan mein they. yeh shraddhanjali raashi kii kahani seey saabit hotaa haye. "aur unhone usey [masih koo] ack paisa diyaa. aur yeeshu ney unase kahaa, "yeh kisaki chhavi aur shilalekh haye? way usase kahate hainh seasure kaa "(mait., xxii, 19-21). yeh kewal romanon key khilaf yahoodiyon key dou vidrohon key dauran thaa.dee. 66-70 aur 132-135, usa chaandi koo phir seey kramshah elazar aur saiman aur baar-kachcha key tahat gadhaa gayaa thaa. eesaa masih key baad pahali shatabdi key bactrian sikkon parr gondopheres naam, yaa kuchh samaan naam paaya jaataa haye, joe teen maggy, casper mein seey ack key samaan maanaa jaataa haye. bee. roman sikke itali mein vinimay kaa sabse pahala madhyam tamba thaa, jise pratyek lenden parr taulana padata thaa ("os rudd"). pahale iska upayog aniyamit roop key tukadon mein kiya jaataa thaa, baad mein anaadi salakhon mein. sabse pahale ack kanuni nivida pradaan karane kaa shreya servicious tullius koo diyaa jaataa haye, jinake baare mein kahaa jaataa haye kii unhone nishchit aankadon key saath pattiyon parr muhar lagaai thee, jyaadaatar maveshiyon ("primus signavit oss; oss signetum"). sahee sikkon kii shuruat unake moolya koo darshaane vaale nishaanon key saath aur shahar key prateek bahut baad kii tarikh key hain. maudrik ikai 12 auns (10.527 oz) thee. troy), ack roman pound ("libra"-isaliye, libral maanak) key barabar; aamtaur parr, halanki, ack key roop mein vajan kewal 10 auns (lagbhag 8 3/4 auns) thaa. troy). ("ardh" = 1/2, "tribhuj" = 1/3, "chaturbhuj" = 1/4, "sextan" = 1/6, aur "younsia" = 1/12) key vibhajan, taaki unhein adhik aasaani seey alag kiya jaa sakey, ack taraf utani hii gendon key saath chihnit kiya gayaa thaa jitani unamen auns theen. ack taraf ack jahaaj key naukaayan kaa pratinidhitva thaa, joe rome shahar kaa vishisht upkaran thaa, doosari taraf, ack devatva kaa pramukh, joe sikke key moolyavarg key saath bhinn thaa. sikke goal, oonche, lekin kuchh bejod, aramdayak aur dhaale hue they; kuchh campania mein banaae gaye they. 268 bee seey.see. jaise kii kaa vajan lagaatar cumm hoe rhaa haye; libral maanak pahale ack trikoniya, phir ack gair-vishisht, aur anta mein mool vajan kaa ack ardh-ananya maanak-1/24 bhee bunn gayaa. jabaki maanak kii iss kamee ney badey moolyon key sikkon ("dupondius, trypondius, decusis", kramshah 2,3 aur 10 gadahe key barabar) key nirmaan mein suvidha pradaan kii, isake parinamswarup tambe key sikkon koo unake aantarik moolya seey bahut adhik vartamaan moolya milaa aur dhalai key bajaay mudrankit sikkon kii shuruat hui. livy key anusaar pahale chaandi key sikke 268 eesaa poorv mein banaae gaye they.see.yeh pahala chaandi kaa tukada "deenar" thaa, joe 10 gadahon key barabar thaa. isake baad laghu moolyavarg, "quinerious" (aadhaa "dinanukram") aur "cestertius" (aadhaa "dinanukram") aaya. inke alawa "victoriatus" (1/4 "deenar") koo kuchh praanton key vaanijyik mudra key roop mein upayog key liye gadhaa gayaa thaa. deenar, jiska vajan pahale ack pound kaa 1/72 thaa, 217 b mein cumm hoe gayaa thaa.see. 1/84 taka, chaandi lagbhag shuddh huaa karati thee. saamane kii or "diia roma" dikhaai detaa haye; isake vipareet, dou dioscuri; inn daak tikaton mein seey pahala vishesh roop seey kaee varshon taka upayog mein rhaa. taksal kaa prabandhan ack aayog (tresviri orey argento auro flando ferriondo) dwara kiya jaataa thaa, jisake sadasyon ney jald hii sikkon parr apane naam yaa adyakshar rakhe, aur baad mein apane parivaaron key sadasyon aur unake karyon (parivaar yaa rajanyik sikke) kaa mahimamandan kiya. usa samay bhee, lekin shaahi kaal mein bahut adhik baar, aadhar dhaatu kii deenaariyaan theen joe aksar chaandi ("deenarai suboevati") key saath patali parat vaali hoti theen. aisaa shayed hii kabhi huaa hoe kii sonaa gadhaa gayaa hoe. seasure shaahi sikkon mein sankraman koo chihnit kartaa haih 44 bee mein.see. senate ney unake chitra vaale sikke jaari karane kaa adesh diyaa. yahaan taka kii brutus ney bhee iss udaaharan kaa paalan kiya, aur augustus key saath chitra sikkon kii nirbaadh shrinkhala shuru hoti haye. jabaki seasure pahale seey hii soney aur chaandi key sikke banaane key adhikaar kaa daavaa curr chuka thaa, augustus ney akele apane liye iss adhikaar kaa daavaa kiya aur senate parr kewal tambe key sikke chhod diye; aur inn tambe key sikkon kii visheshta s aksharon seey haye.see. ("senatus consulto"). aurelian (270-76) ney senate seey yeh visheshaadhikaar bhee leey liya. samrajya seey shuru karate hue hamein soney key dher saare sikke milate hain. pramukh sikka "aureus" haye, jiska vajan lagbhag 123 1/2 anaaj haye; isake saamane samrat kaa naam, sheershak aur chitra haye; isake vipareet, samriddh vividhata mein aitihaasik pratinidhitva. nirmaan, samrat key pasandida devtaon, aur una gunon key moort roop joe unhein sushobhit karate they, yaa unhein sajana chaahiye thaa, unake parivaar key sadasyon kaa bhee pratinidhitva kiya jaataa haye. iss sambandh mein trajan aur hadrian kii shrinkhala vishesh roop seey samriddh haye. niro key saath sikkon kaa patan shuru hotaa haye, vishesh roop seey chaandi kaa; aur yeh taba taka jaari rhaa jaba taka kii kuchh hudd taka phir seey crum sthaapit naheen hoe gayaa. unhone ack pound (lagbhag 70 anaaj) key 1/72 key barabar ack nayaa soney kaa sikka, "solidus" pesh kiya, joe sadiyon seey maudrik pranali key vikas mein ack mahatvapurna kaarak banaa rhaa. kissy ghatana key smaran mein jaari kiye gaye padak, vishesh roop seey badey aur saavdhaanipoorvak nishpaadit kiye gaye taksal key karyon kaa vishesh ullekh kiya jaanaa chaahiye. way soney, chaandi yaa tambe seey baney they, aur keemati dhaatu mein, aam taur parr kanuni maanak key anuroop gadhaa jaataa thaa. peele rung kii dhaatu ("medials days dukes cuverse") key ack vritt seey ghire tambe key namoone bhee hain. contorniate" shabd ack badey golakar tambe key sikke parr lagu hotaa haye, jiska upayog mukhya roop seey circancian khelon key sambandh mein kiya jaataa haye. poorv key roman samraton key sikke, jinhen byzantine key roop mein naamit kiya gayaa haye, cumm seey cumm kalanukramik roop seey madhya yug key hain, lekin, unake sikkon mein dekhe gaye maanak aur shuruat mein, sikkon key charitra seey bhee, poori shrinkhala roman samrajya key muddon seey nikatata seey judee hui haye. tambe koo prachur matra mein gadhaa jaataa thaa, chaandi shayed hii kabhi, lekin soney key sikkon seey judaa sabse badaa mahatva thaa. kaee varshon taka sonaa kewal byzantium mein gadhaa gayaa thaa, aur yeye soney key tukade naa kewal paschim key soney key sikkon key liye ack model key roop mein kaam karate they, joe terahavin shatabdi taka phir seey shuru naheen hue they, balki islam key liye bhee they. byzantine sikkon mein kalaatmak yogyata kii poori tarah seey kamee haih unakaa prakaar kathor aur neeras haye. poorv dhana aur vibhinn prakaar key upkaranon key sthaan parr, humm dhaarmik prateekon, masih aur santon key ekmusht koo dekhate hain. johnn VIII kaa sikka, samraton mein seey antim lekin pandrahavin shatabdi key madhya mein, byzantine shrinkhala kaa antim thaa. see. madhyayugeen sikke puraane roman samrajya kii kshetriya seemaon key bheetar utpann honey vaale nae raajyon mein pahale roman sikkon kaa upayog kiya jaataa thaa, jinamen seey paryaapt sankhya mein maujood they. nasleeya pravaas kii avadhi key durlabh swaayatt mudde roman shrinkhala key saath bahut nikatata seey judey hue hain; kewal france mein merovingian ney khud koo kuchh hudd taka swatantra banaa liya. lekin bahut jald, sikkon seey judey sabhi mamalon mein ack samanya girawat shuru hoe gaee; sikke lagaatar motey hoe jaate hain, soney kii mudra gayab hoe jaati haye, tamba kewal asadharan roop seey gadhaa jaataa thaa; chhote chaandi key sikke bhugtan kaa ekmatra madhyam they. sharleman ney kissy prakaar kii vyavastha koo bahaal kiya; ack shaahi visheshaadhikaar key roop mein sikka banaane key adhikaar kaa daavaa karate hue, jiska upayog kewal raajaa dwara kiya jaanaa thaa, unhone sabhi niji sikkon koo dabaa diyaa, joe usa samay vinashkari anupaat mein they. isake alawa unhone tankshala mein adhik savdhani baratane kaa adesh diyaa aur iss bindu parr niyam banaae joe europe key badey hisse key liye maanak bunn gaye, aur joe apani aavashyak visheshtaon mein, aaj taka ingland mein kaaryarat hain. iska aadhar chaandi kii pratibha yaa pound (lagbhag 11 4/5 auns) thee. troy); ise 20 shilling mein vibhajit kiya gayaa thaa (pound aur shilling donon kewal khaate kaa paisa they) pratyek 12 pence ("incar karane vaale") key barabar thaa. isaliye usa paise kaa vajan 23 1/2 anaaj thaa. karlovingian sikkon parr sabse aam design cross kaa pratinidhitva aur stambhon seey susajjit ack church haye, joe kinvadanti "christiana religio" seey ghiraa huaa haye. madhya yug kii vishisht aarthik sthitiyon ney lagaatar ghatate vajan aur baarikiyon key chaandi key sikkon key jaari honey koo janm diyaa, taaki way lagaatar adhik seey adhik bekaar hoe gaye aur moolyon mein samanya vriddhi key parinamswarup, abb mudra key roop mein upayog naheen kiya jaa sakaa. iss tarah ack prakriya shuru hui jise madhya yug key dauran kaee baar dohraya gayaah puraane chhote sikkon key mulyahras key parinamswarup, badey aur adhik moolyavaan nae sikke kissy shahar mein aae, jahan seey unhone poore europe mein vijay praapt kii. samay key saath inca moolya gir gayaa aur ack nae mudde dwara pratisthaapit kiya gayaa. terahavin shatabdi mein shilling (12 pence key barabar) koo pahali baar paryatanon mein gadhaa gayaa thaa; "dinier" key vipareet, joe usa samay bahut patala hoe gayaa thaa, ise "numas gross" (motaa sikka) kahaa jaataa thaa, aur, usa sthaan key naam seey jahaan ise pahali baar gadhaa gayaa thaa, "grossus turonesis" yaa "gross toronois". ack taraf raajaa key naam key saath ack cross aur ack kinvadanti haye, aamtaur parr "benedictum sitt nomen domini"; doosari taraf, ack church. tournament" france aur gande key saath teji seey fail gayaa, aur praag mein ack samaan sikke ("grossus presenses", yaa "pregor grochen") kii dhalai kii or leey gayaa, jisaki nakal kaee deshon mein kii gaee thee. merovingian kaal key baad samrat fredrick dwiteeya key augustels hii soney key sikke banaae gaye they. yeye pahale key roman sikke kii pratiyaan theen aur sisili mein chhaapi gaee theen. florence ganarajya mein lagbhag 1250 taka soney key niyamit sikke shuru naheen hotey they. inn sikkon parr ack taraf sent hain. johnn dha baptist, aur doosari or, ack lilly, florence kaa prateek. iss upkaran ("floss lilly") seey, yaa shahar key naam seey, unhein "florin" naam milaa. unakaa vajan 540 anaaj seey thodaa adhik thaa. kuchh dashakon baad venis key kutte, jiyovanni dandolo ney ack soney key sikke kii dhalai shuru kii, jisamen sent key saamane ghutane tekane vaale kutte kaa pratinidhitva haye. maark aur kinvadanti key saath masih kaa putalaah "tibby christ datus cuum thu regis iste ducatus". iss kinvadanti key antim shabd ney sikke koo iska naam diyaa, "ducato" (ducat); venis mein ise "laa zekka", "taksal" seey "zechino" (sequin) bhee kahaa jaataa thaa. florin kaa prakaar aur ducat kaa naam jald hii duniya bhar mein prachalit hoe gayaa. aadhunik samay mein parivartan abhee bhee badey chaandi key sikkon kii shuruat seey chihnit haye. inmein seey, italvi "testone" aur francisi "frank" key alawa, german "teller" sabse mahatvapurna thaa. 1485 mein tyrol key archduke sigismund ney 2 "loth" vajan aur 15 "loth" kii barikta vaalaa ack nayaa chaandi kaa sikka jaari kiya; usa samay key vinimay kii darr parr iska moolya soney key gulden key anuroop thaa aur isaliye ise "guldengroshen" kahaa jaataa thaa. tyrol key udaaharan key baad jald hii kaee raeeson koo sikka banaane kaa adhikaar milaa; joachimstal mein shlick kii ginati key taksal mein baney "joachimstaller" (jise "teller" key roop mein sankshipt kiya gayaa) ney teller (dollar) key naam kii utpatti kii, jise aaj bhee barkarar rakhaa gayaa haye. iss tarah key sikkon mein seey sabse dilchasp "rubantler" hain, joe salzberg key archbishop keutshatch key leonard dwara gadhaa gayaa thaa, aur unake shastrastra bearings, ack salgam (rube) seey naamit kiya gayaa thaa; yeye madhya yug key durlabh aur aksar nakali sikkon mein giney jaate hain. madhya yug key dauran german samrajya kii maudrik pranaaliyan naa kewal isake prakaar key sikkon kii sankhya key sambandh mein, balki isake vikas kii vishishtata key sambandh mein bhee sabse adhik ruchi rakhti hain. yeh sach haye kii sharleman ney sikkon kii ekroopata sthaapit kii thee aur sikkon key adhikaar koo vishesh roop seey samprabhu key roop mein sweekaar kiya thaa; lekin unake kamjor uttaradhikari dheere-dheere ise, saath hii adhikansh anya shaahi visheshadhikaron koo samanti prabhuon koo dene key liye majboor hoe gaye, jinaki shakti sarvopari sarkaar key kamjor honey key saath badhati gaee. inn samanti logon mein naa kewal sabhi archbishop aur bishap they, balki samrajya key bheetar pramukh mathadhish aur mathadhish bhee they. vikas dheere-dheere huaa. sabse pahale ack mella ("mercuts") aayojit karane, ack curr ("telonium") lagaane aur kissy ack samanti seey sambandhit kissy sthaan parr ack taksal ("moneta") lagaane kii anumati dee gaee thee. shuru mein taksal kewal ack vinimay hoe sakata haye, jiska laabh, haalaanki, madhya yug mein aksar bahut badaa thaa, aur prabhu koo arjit kiya jaataa thaa. taba unhein apane chitra vaale sikke rakhane kii anumati dee gaee, lekin unhein ack samaan maanak banaae rakhna padaa. inn samanti swaamiyon koo binaa kissy pratibandh key sikka banaane kaa visheshaadhikaar praapt huaa. jaba aisaa kiya gayaa tou samrajya kii mudra mein ekroopata samaapt hoe gaee thee, sikkon mein ack badee vividhata sambhav hoe gaee thee, aur sikka banaane kaa adhikaar, samrat kaa visheshaadhikaar honey key bajaay, pratyek samanti kaa visheshaadhikaar bunn gayaa thaa. unhone sikkon koo lagaatar cumm karke aur badalkar aaya key ack utpaadak srot key roop mein iss visheshaadhikaar kaa dohan karane kii koshish kii, jisase vyaapaar mein lagey apane praja key logon koo gambhir nuksan huaa. isaliye jinn shaharon ney abhee taka sikkon kaa adhikaar praapt naheen kiya thaa, unhone yaa tou apane liye sikkon kaa adhikaar praapt karke yaa kheti key taksaalon dwara yaa taksaalon key maalikon koo apane visheshadhikaron kaa adhik uchit tareeke seey prayog karane key liye prerit karke pranali parr kuchh niyantran hassil karane kaa prayaas kiya. german madhyayugeen sikkon mein seey, "bractates" (laat. "bractia", "dhaatu kii ack patali chaadar") vishesh ullekh key yogya haye. way pahale key samay key scandinavian brackets kii tarah vyaktigat aabhushan naheen they, balki vaastavik sikke they. jaise-jaise gyaarahavin shatabdi key dauran incar karane vaalaa adhik patala aur patala hoe gayaa thaa, ise baarahavin shatabdi kii shuruat mein, germany key kuchh hisson mein, bahut patale lekin badey chaandi key sikkon dwara pratisthaapit kiya gayaa thaa, joe ack dye seey baney they, ack hii design koo darshaate hue, ack taraf raahat mein aur doosari taraf avasaad mein. inn sikkon koo, vishesh roop seey shuruat mein, saavdhaanipoorvak nishpaadit kiya gayaa thaa aur binaa kalaatmak yogyata key naheen. swabia (wrttemberg) mein haale shahar ney ack chhota saa aanshik sikka jaari kiya jiska vyaapak prachalan thaa, aur ise apane mool sthaan seey "heller" kahaa jaataa thaa. kuchh mamalon mein francisi sikkon kaa vikas german key samaan haih yahaan bhee humm dasavin shatabdi mein, samanya aur church key bairanon (vien, arles, reims aadi key archbishop) key sikke paate hain. vishesh roop seey), ack nishchit prakaar ("prakaar sthaitikta") kii visheshta haye jise lambe samay taka aparivartit rakhaa jaataa haye. lekin madhya yug key anta taka yeh sikka bahut cumm shaktishali samanti taka hii seemit hoe gayaa haye aur shaahi sikkon kii tulanaa mein abb iska koee mahatva naheen haye. france seey hamaare paas "chez dee 'or" haye, ack soney kaa sikka joe badey paimaane parr anya deshon mein bhee banaaya gayaa thaa; yeh ack gothik simhaasan parr baithe raajaa kaa pratinidhitva kartaa haye. ingland mein sterlings aur raees funce gaye they, donon aksar nakali they. canterbury aur york key archbishop key sikke maujood hain. itali mein, isake kaee raajneetik vibhajanon key kaaran, humm germany key samaan sikkon kii vividhata paate hain. church key taksal key sikkon kii kamee dhyaan dene yogya haih kuchh alag-alag udaharanon aur aquileza, trent aur triste kii shrinkhala koo chhodkar, hamaare paas kewal pope key sikke hain, joe mukhya roop seey byzantine model kaa paalan karate hue adrian I seey shuru hotey hain, lekin clement v (jinake sikkon mein seey pahala, halanki, avignon parr maaraa gayaa thaa) taka mahatvapurna naheen hotey hain. jabaki purvi europe adhikansh bhaag key liye byzantine key prabhaav mein thaa, phir bhee dharmyuddhkariyon ney paschimi prakaron koo unake dwara sthaapit raajyon mein laaya. muhammad key sikke kewal varsh 700 key aspas dikhaai dete hain; yeye sikke, kyonki kurran sachitra pratinidhitva koo manaa kartaa haye, kewal kurran key paath aur aam taur parr, shaasak, taksal-swami aur sikkon kii tarikh key baare mein sateek bayaan dete hain. dee. aadhunik sikke aadhunik samay kii shuruat key saath, aanshik roop seey america kii khoj aur isake chaandi key bhandar key dohan key parinamswarup, badee sankhya mein chaandi key tukade harr jagah dikhaai dete hain. isake swabhavik parinam key roop mein, humm kaam key nishpaadan parr adhik dhyaan dete hain, shilalekhon mein adhik supaathya paatr, aur sachitra pratinidhitva (chitra aur coat-off-arms) parr adhik dhyaan dete hain. punarjagaran key kaee mudde, vishesh roop seey pope key sikke, usa samay kii kalaa key pramukh karyon mein giney jaate hain. pichhali kuchh shataabdiyon key dauran, joe desh madhya yug kii sabhyata key prabhaav mein naheen aae they, way dusaron key saath mudra sambandhi sambandhon mein pravesh karate hain, jaise.jee.roose aur sudur poorv mein, chean mein sabse asadharan aakar key sikke hain, jinamen seey kuchh chhidrit hain, kuchh tuning-forks, sebar aadi key roop mein hain.; siyam, mudey hue chaandi key taar kii gaanthen. jabaki praarambhik shataabdiyon key dauran europe key puraane sabhya deshon kii maudrik pranaaliyan aam taur parr madhya yug key dauran sthaapit tarj parr vikasit huin, unnisvin shatabdi kii mahaan raajneetik aur aarthik kraantiyon ney naee taakton koo janm diyaa jinka maudrik pranaliyon parr prabhaav padaa. jabaki german bhashi logon key badale hue sambandhon key parinamswarup unaki mudraon mein bhinnata aaee (germany mein chihn, austriya mein crone, holland mein gulden aur switzerland mein frank), doosari or, itali key ekikaran key parinamswarup ack samaan italvi maudrik pranali (leira) hui. lekin aarthik sthitiyon ney raajneetik seey bhee adhik sthaayi parinam diye hain. 23 disambar, 1865 koo france, itali, belgium aur switzerland ney lattin sangh kaa gathan kiya, joe 1868 mein grees dwara shamil kiya gayaa thaa, francisi maudrik pranali key aadhar parr inn raajyon key sikkon key ack samaan viniyaman parr sahmat thaa. iss pranali koo abb badee sankhya mein raajyon dwara apanaaya gayaa haye, joe swayam lattin maudrik sangh mein shamil naheen hue hain-rumania, bulgaria, servia, finland, spen, aur cumm seey cumm nammatra key roop mein, kaee madhya aur dakshin americi ganarajya, joe pahale spanish upanivesh they, aur isake alawa kaee chhote europeeya raajya. austriya-hangri aur roose bhee iss pranali key lagbhag hain. 1873 mein ack anya maudrik sangh kaa gathan kiya gayaa thaa aur isamen sweeden, denmark aur norwey shamil hain, maudrik sangh scandinavian crone haye. purtagaali maudrik pranali abhee bhee brazil mein lagu haye, joe isaki poorv coloney thee. binaa kissy aupchaarik parampara key bhee, ack sikka videshon mein mudra praapt curr sakata haye. iss prakaar maxican dollar, joe naam aur moolya mein german maudrik pranali kii ack shakha haye, prashant mahasagar key door key tata parr, chean key samudri praanton mein, japan, siyam mein aur malay dweepsamuh key hisse mein vartamaan sikka haye; yeh madhya america aur yahaan taka kii kaee african samudri praanton koo bhee prabhaavit kartaa haye. bhaaratiya rupaya ney bhee apane mool bhoomi key saamane, purvi africa, dakshini arab aur malay praaydweep key taton parr samudra key tata parr mudra praapt kii haye. aarthik aur raajneetik hiton key paar honey kaa ack achchha udaaharan kanada dwara prastut kiya gayaa haye, jahaan angreji samprabhu kanuni roop seey maanya haye, halanki kanadai mudra sanyukt raajya key maanak kaa paalan karati haye. jabaki austriya aur hangri mein abb chalan mein sikke lichtenstein aur montenegro mein mudra key roop mein maanya hain aur isake vipareet, ack austriyai sikka jise lambe samay seey austriya mein hii prachalan seey baahar rakhaa gayaa thaa, jise maria-terresian taller key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye, aur jisaki tarikh 1780 haye, abb bhee madhya africa, sudan, tripoli aur arab mein sabse mahatvapurna vaanijyik mudra haye. sikkon kii takneek mein pichhale dashakon key dauran praapt uchch star kii poornata ney ack or sikkon (aluminium seey baney sikke, platinum key russie sikke, belgium key chhede hue sikke, dou dhatuon key angreji sikke) key saath kaee prayogon koo janm diyaa, jinamen seey adhikansh koo koee nirnaayak safalata naheen millie. doosari or, sikka banaane key kalaatmak paksh parr adhik dhyaan denaa sambhav hoe gayaa, jaisa kii francisi aur italvi taksaalon key navintam muddon seey pataa chalata haye. II. padak padak" shabd (florence = 1/2 aswikar mein "medalia") dhaatu key tukadon parr lagu hotaa haye, aamtaur parr golakar, joe, halanki ack taksal dwara jaari kiye jaate hain, bhugtan key madhyam key roop mein abhipret naheen hain. unaki samagri, roop, nirmaan kaa tarika aur itihas saabit karate hain kii way mool roop seey sikke they, halanki badali hui sthitiyon aur aavashyaktaon, donon kalaatmak aur saanskritik, ney unhein swatantra banaa diyaa haye. unakaa uddeshya kissy rashtra key itihas mein mahatvapurna ghatnaaon koo yaad karna haye, itna kii kissy vyakti yaa poore desh key padak kii shrinkhala key aadhar parr itihas likhane aur sachitra karane kaa prayaas kiya gayaa haye. padak jaari karane key avsar simhaasan parr chadhane, yuddh kii ghoshana, shaanti key samaapan yaa gathbandhan, saarvajanik bhawan key puuraa honey mein paae jaate hain; iska upayog samprabhun dwara una vyaktiyon koo prastut karane key liye bhee bahut vyaapak roop seey kiya jaataa haye jinhen way sammaanit karna chaahte they, aur aise mamalon mein aksar yeh sunar kii kalaa kaa ack vaastavik ratna thaa. doosari or, shraddhanjali key prateek key roop mein, aksar apane samprabhu koo unake vivaah jaise avsaron parr praja dwara ack padak pradaan kiya jaataa haye. lekin logon kii sanskriti kii abhivyakti key roop mein niji padak mein bahut adhik ruchi haye, aur iss kshetra mein punarjagaran aur agali shataabdiyon kaa german padak sabse adhik udaaharan detaa haye. portrait medal ney abb photography dwara lii gaee bhoomika nibhai. coat-off-arms seey muhar lagey padak bhee niji vyaktiyon kaa pratinidhitva karate hain, aur kabhi-kabhi tokan, leaver key liye button aadi key roop mein vyaavhaarik upayog mein rakhe jaate hain. inca upayog vivaah-bandhan, yaa vivaah, chaandi yaa sunhare vivaah, janm aur bapatisma key uplakshya mein kiya jaataa haye, aur iss uddeshya key liye spasht roop seey banaae gaye sikkon yaa padak ("patemphanige") key aakar mein badee sankhya mein prayojakon key namkaran upahaar hain aur shishu aur dharm-pitaa key naam, bapatisma kaa sthaan aur tithi, aur aam taur parr ack pavitra upadesh key saath utkeern kiye jaate hain. inn "patemphanige" koo aksar gahanon key roop mein pahanane key liye samriddh settings mein rakhaa jaataa thaa, aur vanshaanugat viraasat key roop mein peedhi darr peedhi viraasat mein diyaa jaataa thaa. naa kewal jeevan mein pravesh balki mrityu bhee padak mein darj kii jaati haye aur aise kaee tukadon mein vistrit jeevani sambandhi soochanaaen hoti hain. bahut baar padak ack dhaarmik uddeshya koo puuraa kartaa haye; cremnitz mein aur vishesh roop seey joachimstal mein iss tarah key dhaarmik sikkon kii vyaapak shrinkhala chhaapi gaee thee. prakaratmak pratinidhitvon koo bahut pasand kiya gayaa, ack taraf puraane-pareekshan prakaar koo dikhaaya gayaa, doosara nae-pareekshan pratiroop koo dikhaaya gayaa. sudhaar ney bibil key vakyanshon seey alankrit kaee padak banaae. dhaarmik padak parr ack pasandida vishay masih kaa pramukh thaah vienna shahar sadiyon seey iss design vaale padak kaa upayog vishishtata key saarvajanik chihn key roop mein kartaa rhaa haye. easter parr pascal bhed key bachche key saath, chrismus parr shishu yeeshu key saath anya koo upahaar key roop mein diyaa gayaa thaa. santon key, sent. george koo aksar "jorgsteller" aur "jorgsducat" parr darshaaya gayaa thaa, aur ack andhavishwas prabal thaa kii sent kii chhavi key saath ack padak pahanana. george ghaavon seey bachaav karane vaalaa thaa. isi tarah kaa andhavishwas sent key pratinidhitva seey judaa thaa. roach aur sent. sebastian yaa sent. plaig seey suraksha key roop mein, rosalia, aur saath hii khamire saamp key saath croose kaa bhee. poori tarah seey andhavishwasi tabij, jyotishiya aur rasaayanik sikkon kii ack anant shrinkhala bhee haye joe ack kshaar seey ack keemati dhaatu mein rasaayanik roopaantaran key utpaad honey kaa daavaa karate hain. vienna mein shaahi sikka-cabinet mein inmein seey ack tukada haye, joe shayed astitva mein sabse badaa padak haye, jiska vajan lagbhag 15 1/2 pound haye. aviredupois; aur samrat leopold pratham key chaalees poorvajon key chitron seey sajaaya gayaa haye, jinaki upasthiti mein sankraman huaa maanaa jaataa haye. iss prakaar jinn kaee aur kaee uddeshyon key liye padak kaa upayog kiya gayaa haye, way una saanskritik sthitiyon koo darshaate hain jinake kaaran isake sikke baney aur yeh jaankaari kaa ack aisaa srot haye jisaki abhee taka poori tarah seey sarahana naheen kii gaee haye. asli padak pracheen kaal seey anjaan they; unake kaary kaee mayanon mein they-vishesh roop seey mahatvapurna ghatnaaon key smaarak key roop mein-sikkon dwara kiye jaate they. vartamaan samay key neeras aur aam taur parr adrashya sikkon key vipareet, pracheen kaal key sikke, aur vishesh roop seey yunan key sikke, utkirnan kalaa kii utkrisht kritiyaan theen, jinhen apane kaushal koo pradarshit karane key liye anya avsaron kii talash karane key liye majboor naheen kiya gayaa thaa. romanon kii sthitiyon mein samaantaa thee, iss apavaad key saath kii samraton key padak hamaare padak key charitra key lagbhag kuchh hudd taka hain, halanki way ack niyam key roop mein, kanuni maudrik ikai kii pratikritiyaan hain; tokan ("tessero"), khelon key liye maaraa jaataa haye, aur pratiroop padak padak seey aur bhee adhik nikatata seey sambandhit hain. samrat lui key kuchh soney key mudde bhee padak jaise hain, aur madhya yug key aage key samay mein humm badee sankhya mein sikkon seey mille joe spasht roop seey itihas kii kissy ghatana koo yaad karane key liye they, halanki unake upkaranon koo aksar samajhaana bahut mushkil hotaa haye; yahaan kaee paheli abhee bhee samadhan kii prateeksha curr rahee hain. heinry dha lyon key prateek key roop mein, bavaria aur saxony key shaktishali duke, shher apane sikkon parr ack mahatvapurna bhoomika nibhaata haye. lekin usake virodhi, vitelsbakh key otho, jisane jaba heinry shher koo gairkaanooni ghoshit curr diyaa gayaa thaa, tou bavaria key duchy koo praapt kiya, iss prateek koo bhee niyojit kiya aur incar karane vaale jaari kiye joe usey shher kaa peechha karate hue yaa haath mein shher key katey hue sir key saath chitrit karate hain. sikkon kaa upayog aksar dhokhadhadi key smaran mein bhee kiya jaataa haye, aur inmein lease lord kaa pratinidhitva hotaa haye jisase ghutane tekane vaalaa jagirdar gonfelon praapt kartaa haye. ack polish bractit duke bolslav III kii sent kii kabr taka tirthayatra kii smriti koo kayam rakhta haye. ganesen mein edalbert. bohemia key ladyslaus pratham key ack inkarkarta ney shaitan key vikarshak sir koo ack taraf varnanatmak kinvadanti key saath dikhaaya, aur doosari taraf ack church. luskin iss upkaran key liye nimnanusar jimmedaar thaah bohemia mein gambhir maulik gadbadi key baad, ack bhayaanak toofaan key beach, ack ulkapind kii bauchhar hui, jisake dauran kaee logon ney ghoshana kii kii unhone mahal key paas maanav roop mein shaitan koo dekhaa haye; iss incar karane vaale koo taba maaraa gayaa, jisamen donon taraf shaitan kaa sir aur bhagwan kaa church thaa. iss tarah key sikke kuchh hudd taka smaarak padak key uddeshya koo puuraa karate hain. pahala vaastavik padak chaudahavin shatabdi key anta mein itali mein dikhaai diyaa. pracheen roman padak kii nakal karate hue, padua key swami francesco dwiteeya kairara ney dou padak jeete theh ack, apane pitaa, francesco pratham kii yaad mein, commodus aur septimius saverus key baad key padak koo yaad karate hue; dusare, 1390 mein padua parr kabja karane kii yaad mein, francesco dwiteeya kaa ack chitra haye joe samrat vitalius key chitra key samaan haye. pratyek mamle mein vipareet mein kairara parivaar kaa shlesh upkaran, ack gaadi ("carro") hotaa haye. yeye padak kansya aur rajat mein maare jaate hain. isi avadhi mein venis key cesto parivaar dwara banaae gaye padak jaise pareekshan-tukade shamil hain, joe dye-cutter key parivaar hain. inn parr bhee muhar luggy thee; lekin agali avadhi mein padak kaa vikas muhar vaale tukadon key kaaran naheen huaa thaa. pandrahavin shatabdi key madhya seey pahale hii italvi kalaa achaanak kalakaron key padak key saath iss vibhaag mein charmotkarsh parr pahunch jaati haye. vittor pisano, ack chitrakaar (bee. lagbhag 1380, verona praant mein; dee. 1455 yaa 1456) sabse puraane aur sabse mahatvapurna padak vijeta hain. unake anuyaayiyon kii tarah, unake karyon koo mome key model yaa lohe mein katey hue model seey banaaya jaataa haye, ack aisee prakriya joe aksar tukadon koo baad mein kaatna aavashyak banaati haye. vaha apani kriti "opus pisani pictoris" parr hastakshar kartaa haye. padak, adhikansh bhaag key liye, badey aakar key hotey hain, aur ack kritrim petina key saath lepit hotey hain. saamane kii or way abhivyanjak chitra prastut karate hain, aam taur parr profile mein; peechhe kii or, sunder aur saral roopakah iss prakaar leonello dee 'este, ack shher joe kamdev dwara pakade gaye sangeet kii ack sheet seey gaataa haye; yaa naples key alphonso, ack cheel joe udaartaa seey maare gaye hiran koo giddhon koo saunp detaa haye. bhale hii yeh saabit kiya jaa sakata haye kii pisano ney kuchh prototype kaa upayog kiya joe sambhavatah muharon seey praapt they, padak kalaa key vaastavik nirmaata key roop mein unaki prasiddhi usa tathya seey bhautik roop seey cumm naheen hui haye. rachana aur nishpaadan donon mein unhein shayed hii barabari dee gaee haye, udaaharan key liye, kuleen jaanvaron, shher, cheel, hoe russ key unake pratinidhitva mein. pisano ney poore itali kii yatra kii, aur apane samay key pramukh rajkumaron aur prabhaavshaali vyaktiyon koo chitrit kiya; unhone padak kalaa koo itna lokpriya banaa diyaa kii taba seey kalakar, itali key sabhi mahatvapurna kalaa kendron mein, padak key nirmaan mein lagey hue they. aise they matteo dee 'pasty, aur rimini key darbar mein prashansaniya kalakar; venis key jiyovanni boldu aur gair-yahudi bellini, jinamen seey baad vaale ney sultan mehmet key liye ack chitra-padak banaaya; mantuan sperandio, pandrahavin shatabdi key sabse vipul padak vijeta, aur kaee anya. iss samay bhee, muhar lagaa huaa padak pramukhta mein laut aataa haye. rome mein benvenuto seleni aur unake baad, caradoso, aur vishesh roop seey pope taksal key swami ullekh key yogya hain. cavino dwara roman samraton key kansya sikkon kii nakal vaastav mein prashansaniya haye. anta mein, kuchh samay baad, italvi padak vijeta videshi rajkumaron kii seva mein paae jaate hainh neetherland mein jacopo daa trezo, germany mein dou abondio. italvi padak puraane francisi utpadanon key vikas parr sabse shaktishali prabhaav daaltaa haye. pandrahavin shatabdi key uttaraardh mein italvi laurana ney pahale francisi padak jeete, aur agali avadhi key kaam spasht roop seey italvi visheshtaon koo darshaate hain. satrahavin shatabdi taka ack naee shally kaa prakat naheen huaa, jisamen vishesh roop seey vastra koo saraahaniya roop seey punah prastut kiya gayaa haye; sabse pramukh kalakar jeane richier, metz mein they, aur baad mein, gilam dupre aur jeane warrin. germany mein, sabse pahale badey chaandi key tukade italvi sikkon key prabhaav mein tyrol key holl mein banaae gaye they; aur gian marco cavalo, jinhen taksal key utkeernak key roop mein holl mein aamantrit kiya gayaa thaa, inn sikkon kaa kalaa key itihas mein apana mahatvapurna sthaan haye aur germany key kaee padak parr unakaa pradarshan prabhaav haye. yeye, german padak kalaa key sabse puraane namoone, ack hii samay key sikke honey key kaaran, muhar lagaae gaye they; lekin, italvi kii tarah, german padak muhar vaale tukadon mein apani uchchatam poornata taka naheen pahunchata haye, balki cast pees mein. boxwood, kehlheim patthar aur baad mein mome seey baney model kii ack badee sankhya abhee bhee maujood haye. lakadi yaa patthar key inn chitron koo pahale antim maanaa jaataa thaa, aur kewal degree key aadhar parr unakaa upayog dhaatu mein dhaalane key liye model key roop mein kiya jaane lagaa. yeye cast padak, jinhone germany key kalaa-kendron (solahavin shatabdi kii shuruat mein, augusberg aur neuremberg) mein apani upasthiti darj karaai, isi tarah unaki utpatti italvi padak seey hui. lekin kewal unaki utpatti; german padak kaa aage kaa vikas poori tarah seey mool aur swatantra rekhaaon kaa anusaran kartaa haye jaba taka kii yeh italvi key saath ack star parr utkrishtata kii degree taka naheen pahunch jaataa haye. yeh sach haye kii german apane aakritiyon key saath shandar design kaa utpaadan karane mein whiffle rahate hain joe hamein italvi padak key vipareet milate hain; isake bajaay, humm adhik samanya roop seey, hathiyaron key coat key utkrisht pratinidhitva paate hain. german padak kii badee taakat saamane kii or sateek chitra key nishpaadan parr dee gaee prempurna dekhbhal mein nihit haye; aur yeh padak key uddeshya key anuroop haye, joe itali kii tulanaa mein madhyam varg key pramukh parivaaron key beach bahut adhik vyaapak roop seey vitarit kiya gayaa thaa. german padak varsh 1500 key turant baad apane charam parr pahunch jaataa haye, joe italvi kii tulanaa mein kaafee baad mein haih sabse puraane udaharanon mein seey joe hamaare paas aae hain way hain albrecht durer key. kaee kalakar hamein apani pehchaan kaa koee surag naheen dete hain yaa una nishaanon yaa prateekon seey khud koo hastaaksharit karate hain jinaki vyakhya karna aksar mushkil hotaa haye. haalaanki, abb nishchit roop seey bahut moolyavaan padak kii ack lambi shrinkhala peater floatner koo denaa sambhav hoe gayaa haye, joe neuremberg key ack master hain, jinhen isaliye sabhi padak vijetaon mein sabse agrani maanaa jaanaa chaahiye; unake baad maths gebel aatey hain. iss avadhi key anya ullekhaniya padak vijeta hain hains doucher, jinka adhikansh kaam palatinate key darbar key liye kiya gayaa thaa; neuremberg key hains schwarz, "lakadi mein sabse achchha jalsaj", jinhone 1518 key augusberg key aahar key sadasyon key liye badee sankhya mein kaam kiye; switzerland mein jacob stampfer; sabse lokpriya kalakaron mein seey ack, friedrich hagnoir; joachim dessler, joe antatah austriya mein buss gaye, jahaan vishesh roop seey vienna, cremnitz aur joachmustal key taksaalon mein, iss avadhi mein badee sankhya mein padak jeete gaye, halanki sabhi padak vijeta naheen they, lekin padak kalaa key laabh key liye; hans reine, rehard, jinase hamaare paas bahut saavdhaanipoorvak kaee hain, aur bhediya, donon mein seey baney hain. solahavin shatabdi key anta taka german padak spasht roop seey apane charam koo paar curr gayaa haye aur videshi, aur, shuru mein, vishesh roop seey italvi karyon parr nirbhar hoe gayaa haye. neetherland mein kalaa ney uchch star kii poornata praapt kii. yahaan key mahaan naam hain stephenus hollandicus aur kuchh samay baad, konrad block, donon solahavin shatabdi key uttaraardh key, aur satrahavin shatabdi key peater vaine abil. ingland mein padak vijeta jyaadaatar videshi hotey hain; deshi kalakaron mein seey, joe bahut dair taka upasthit naheen hotey hain, way sabse adhik ullekh key yogya hain. saiman aur villium aur ell. see. lyon. doosari or casper aur saiman paase bahut saavdhaanipoorvak utkeern chhote, patale chaandi key tukadon key utpaadan mein mahaan kalaatmak kaushal praapt karate hain. anya raajyon kaa mahatva cumm haye; way adhikansh videshi kalakaron koo niyukt karate hain. aadhunik yug kii shuruat mein itali aur germany mein praapt uchch kalaatmak star koo sthaayi roop seey banaae naheen rakhaa jaa sakaa. kyonki jahan-jahan utkrisht kalakritiyon kaa utpaadan kiya jaataa thaa, vahaan-vahaan kalaa key roop mein padak aur sikke adhik seey adhik kharaab hotey gaye. unnisvin shatabdi key madhya taka kalaa koo ack nayaa protsaahan naheen milaa aur yeh france mein pahali baar huaa. kewal isaki baahari abhivyaktiyon koo dekhate hue, iss andolan kii shuruat kii sateek tithi taya karna bhee sambhav haye. 2 maee, 1868 koo, peris taksal key samiti salaahkaar days gravers key adhyaksh, rasaayanagya dumas ney ack sambodhan diyaa jisamen una doshon kii or ishara kiya gayaa jinhone padak key kalaatmak vikas koo roque diyaa, aur taksal key adhyaksh key roop mein, unake sanshodhan key liye appeal kii. unhone vishesh roop seey aksharon, polish, oonche kinare aadi key kharaab swaad kaa ullekh kiya. yadi yeh pataa baahari roop seey sambandhit thaa, tou padak key vaastavik uddeshya kaa ack nayaa drishtikon dheere-dheere pahale hii banaaya jaa chuka thaa. audins, paul dubois, chappus, sabse badhkar herbert ponscorms (padak kii chamak kaa virodh karane vaale pahale vyakti) aur baad mein desorge, chaplane aur daniel dupris, auskar rotty key nirmaan key baad abb taka key sabse pratishthit francisi padak vijetaon ney vishishtata hassil kii. vaha naa kewal ack chitrakaar key roop mein utkrishtata praapt kartaa haye, balki vishesh roop seey vipareet kii rachana mein utkrishtata praapt kartaa haih unake behtareen roopak (udaa.jee.ladkiyon kii shiksha key sambandh mein yogyata key liye padak parr-ganarajya shikshan kanyaayen, purushon kii bhaavi maataaen) quatrocento key kalakaron koo yaad karate hain, jinka unhone saavdhaanipoorvak adhyayan kiya, lekin ack niyam key roop mein, seedhe anukaran naheen kiya. jiss tarah padak key nishpaadan seey pahale lambe aur saavdhaanipoorvak vichaar-vimarsh kiya jaataa haye kii maulik vichaar koo kaise taiyar kiya jaanaa haye (aisaa lagata haye kii ponscorms ney iska maarg prashast kiya haye), usee tarah nishpaadan parr antim kshan taka sabse saavdhaanipoorvak dhyaan diyaa jaataa haye. kewal kalakar kaa haath hii usake kaam koo chhoota haye. iss prakaar francisi padak ney mahaan parinam praapt kiye hain, bhale hii kewal isaki takniki yogyata key aadhar parr aanka gayaa hoe. francisi andolan seey swatantra roop seey, austriya mein ack padak punruddhar shuru hoe gayaa haye. anton sharaf ney padak shally kii bahaali aur kathor paaramparik roopon seey mukti dilaaee; unake saath milkar kaam karane vaale joseph thoutenheim, bujurg, stephen schwartz, joe kii chhantaai padak kii takneek key ack master hain, aur franz zaavar pavlik hain. haal hii mein rudolf marshell ney ack chitrakaar key roop mein uchch pratishtha hassil kii haye, aur leo XIII aur payas aiks donon key liye padak nishpaadit karane key liye commission praapt kiya haye. francisi aur viennes padak anya deshon mein ack aisee gatividhi kaa ahwan karate hain jisake parinamswarup pahale seey hii padak kalaa key kaee sunder namoone saamane aaa chuke hain. agast. vee. lohar.

catholic vishvakosha (1913)/nanyavidye charchinalli sankhyegala balake nunk demetes  naanyashaastravu nanyagalu mattu padakagala vignaanavaagide. prati naanya athawa padakavu adhu huttida saamskrutika, arthika mattu rajakiya paristhitigala utpannavagiruvudarinda, ee vignaanavannu manavakulada vividha susamskruta samudaayagala prakara vingadisalaagide. idu kevala ondu vishishtavaada vijnaanavalla, adara bhagagalalli, rashtragala itihaasa mattu avugala samskrutige sambandhisida ellah vignaanagala ondu shakheyagide-shaastriya puratattva shaastra, adara sankuchita arthadalli itihaasa praachyavaada, ityaadi. prayogikavagi, praachina, aadhunika mattu prayashah praachyada naanyashaastragalu maatra pramukhyateyannu hondive. idallade, nanyashastravannu adara kalaatmaka, arthika mattu saamskrutika bhagadinda noduva nanyashastra mattu mukhyavaagi vivaranaatmakavaada naanyavastushaastrada naduve vyatyaasavannu maadabeku. naanya sangrahane anveshaneya mele saiddhaantika naanyashaastrada avalambaneyu vignaanada itihaasadalli spashtavagi kandubaruttade. yaavude pramukhyateya arambhika prakatanegalannu sangraahakaru (udaa.zii. tayle, groschen mattu ducatsna vividha samputagalu mattu "munjhbelastibangen" athawa "naanya-pastimes"), aadare praachina naanyashaastrada vaignaanika chikitseya adipayavannu 1790 ravarege, ekhel mattu aadhunikategaagi hattombattane shatamaanadavaregu madder grote mattu levell odagisalilla. (aaa santanannu nenapinalliduvudu yogyavagide. thamus aquinas, "dii regimine principes", II, xiii, xiv, nalli, hana mattu nanyagala vishayavannu pariganisiddaare, mattu ee krutiyu aneka varshagala kaala canonistgala naduve adhikaaravaagittu.) namage kelavu gnaanaviruva atyanta haleya nanyagala sangrahavu hadinaidane shatamaanaddaagide, mattu idannu petrarch rachisiddaare; avara udaaharaneyu halavaaru anukaranakararannu kandukondide. hubert goltz avaru, tamma malikara maranada nantara samanyavagi chadurihogiruva khasagi sangrahagalige holisidare, 950 endu helalaaguva europina vividha sangrahagalige bheti niididaru. aadalitagaararu, rajyagalu athawa vastusangrahaalayagala sangrahagalu atyunnata pramukhyateyannu hondive mattu naanyashaastrada tanikhegalige atyanta vishvasarha aadhaaravannu odagisuttave. 1756rashtu hindeye aastriyaada modalane francis, tanna sangrahada sampattannu "monnois enn aarr" mattu "monois enn argent" emba eradu shreshtha soundaryada krutigalalli prakatisidanu; mattu ittichina varsagalalli, visheshavaagi british vastusangrahaalayada dodda pattigalu ee vijnaanadalli maahitiya pramukha moolagalaagive. sangraahakaru mattu saiddhaantika vidyarthigala agatyategalu hecchina sankhyeya nanyagala samaajagalaaguvante mattu sumaru 100 taantrika niyatakaalikagalaaguvante maadive, ivugalannu ee sanghagalu hecchina pramaanadalli prakatisive. vividha nagargalalli varshadinda varshakke nadeyuva german society off numismaticsna sabhegala moolaka, antararashtriya kangresgalannu abhivraddhipadisalaagideh brasels, 1892; paris, 1900 (kamte dii castellane mattu aa. blanchet); roam, 1903; (atti dell congresso internagionale dii sains storch, 6 samputagalu.); brasels, 1910. aii. nanyagalu nanyagalannu kaanunubaddhavaagi balakeyaguva lohada tunukugalu endu vyaakhyaanisabahudu. ee padavu saamaanya currency, smaaraka athawa saarvajanika praadhikaaravu sthaapisida manadandakke anugunavagi mudre haakida prastuti tunukugalannu olagondide., aadare kagadada hana athawa khasagi nanyagalalla. 1800rahra sumaarige apurnanka nanyagala puraikeya korateya parinaamavaagi hechchaagi prasaaravaada inglish tokangalannu naavu koneya vargakke ullekhisutteve; idallade, visheshavaagi church nigamagalu, hanakkagi voochargalaagi mattu nantara jetongalu athawa kountargalu mattu "rechanangspeniz" nantaha samanyavagi moulyakkaagi "marax" endu kareyalaaguva tunukugalannu bidugade maaduttave. pratiyobba vyaktiyu tanna swanta jeevanaadhaaravannu bhoomiyinda kasidukollalu sadhyavagadiddaga, kaarmikarannu hanchikolluva mattu adara utpannagalannu vitarisuva agatyate udbhavisuttade. idu modalige sarakugala vinimayadinda prabhaavitavaagiruttade, idakke samanyavagi januvarugalalli kandubaruva saarvatrikavaagi labhyaviruva vinimaya madhyamada agatyaviruttade (homernalli menelasna upakaranagala moulya 9 steergalu; himanada sadhanagala moulya 100). jaanuvaarugala jotege, praachina purusharu charma, gundugalu, batte ityaadigalannu balasiddaare., ee uddeshakkagi. aadaagyoo, shighradalle, saarvatrikavaagi balasabahudaada moulyada alateyannu kanduhidiyuvudu agatyavaguttade, mattu idakkaagi chinna, belli mattu tamravannu bahala modalinindaloo balasalaaguttide; tulanaatmakavaagi ittichina varsagalalli itara aneka lohagalondige prayoga maadida nantara, nickle annu ivugalige serisalaagide. lohada hanada modala hantavannu yaavude aakaarada lohada tundugala tukadondige talupalaaguttade; aadare, ottu tukavannu maatra ee prakriyeyinda nirdharisabahudu, mattu sookshmateya mattavalla (amoolya lohagala vishayadalli bahala agatyavaada amsha), saarvajanika praadhikaarada anchecheetiya moolaka sookshmateyannu pramanikarisuva avashyakate udbhavisuttade, mattu ee anchecheetiyu lohada gantannu ondu nanyavannagi maaduttade. shighradalle ullekhisalaada lohagalalli wandara balakeyu sakashtilla endu sabitaguttadeh saakashtu sanna moulyada chinnada nanyagalannu chalavanege taruvudu athawa moola lohavannu balasikondu, saakashtu hecchina moulyada nanyagalannu bidugade maaduvudu asaadhya. aaddarinda, onde samayadalli eradu athawa mooru lohagalannu balasuvudu agatyavagide. idannu ondu amoolya lohavannu moulyada alateyagi mattu innondu taamradondige, saraku athawa angeekruta naanyavaagi maatra balasuva moolaka athawa kaanoonina prakara nigadipadisida dhaanyada moulyada alateyagi eradoo lohagala mele ekakaaladalli mokaddame hooduva moolaka maadabahudu (dvi loha), aadaagyoo, idu eradu amoolya lohagala vinimaya daradallina airilitagalindaagi aagaagge tondaregalannu untumaadide. roopadalli, nanyagalu samanyavagi vrattaakaaradalliruttave, kelavomme andaakaaradalliruttave mattu chatushkonadalliruttave; ivu koneyavu turtu nanyagala tayaarikeyalli visheshavaagi saamaanyavaagive, mattu sweedannalli apaara gaatra mattu dodda tukakke belediddavu. visheshavaagi doorada poorvadalli atyanta vilaksana aakaragala nanyagalu saha kandubaruttave. sadhana mattu shaasanada jotege nanyagalu aagaagge pudina gurutugalu athawa pudina-gurutugala gurutugalannu hondiruttave, avu vishesha ullekhakke arhavagive. pudina-maastargalu mattu dye-sinkargalu aneka sandarbhagalalli tamma krutigalannu kelavu gurutugalu athawa aksharagala moolaka pratyekisalu oggikondiruttaare; mattu pudinagalu tamma nanyagalannu aksharagalinda pratyekisuttave, idu saampradaayika mattu aniyantrita gurutugalinda prakataneya sthalavannu soochisuttade, athawa itara vidhaanagalinda-kelavomme praarambhisadavarige grahisalaaguvudilla-udaaharanege shaasanada nirdishta aksharada kelage chukkeyannu irisuvudu. ee reetiyalli nanyagala vividha sanchikegalannu onde reeti irisalaaguttade. dodda pramaanadalli nanyagalannu kanduhidiyuva moolaka naanyashaastrada vignaanavu bhautikavagi pragatiyagideh hinde tilidillada prakaaragala gnaanada jotege, antaha aavishkaaragalu nirdishta avadhigalalli nanyagala nijavaada chalavaneya bagge mattu kelavu nanyagalu tamma swanta sthitigala mitiyannu meeri eshtara mattige prastutavagive embudara bagge bodhanaatmaka olanotavannu niiduttave mattu dinankavillada prakaaragalannu, visheshavaagi madhya yugada nanyagalannu, nirdishta pudina-master athawa nikharavaada avadhige niyojisalu namage sahaaya maaduttave. vignaanada adhyayanadalli, haageye nanyagala vargeekaranadalli, kaalaanukramadalli, mooru shreshtha yugagalannu anusarisuva abhyasavideh praachina, madhyakaalina mattu aadhunika; bhougolikavagi, ayaa kaalada vibhinn rajakiya vibhajane. greek nanyagalige, ekhel aadarshaprayavada vyavastheyannu alavadisikondiddu, adhu egaloo balakeyallide. herculusna stambhagalinda praarambhisi, aata prachinarige tilidiruva vishvada deshagalannu, mediterranian suttalina avara sthaanagala kramadalli tegedukolluttaaneh modalu europe, nantara eshyaa, bhaaratadavarege, mattu koneyadaagi africadinda eejiptge gibraulter jalasandhiyavarege. aa. greek nanyagalu greek" emba padavannu praachina naanyashaastradalli roman moolada mattu italian os samadhiya nanyagalannu horatupadisi ellah nanyagalannu serisalu yavagalu arthaisalaaguttade. vittiya ghatakavu 60 minigala (pratibhe athawa minaavannu yaavude naanyadinda pratinidhisalaaguvudilla), athawa 6000 dratchmegala pratibheyagide, pratiyondoo 6 obalgalige samaanavaagiruttade. vividha karensigalu hecchina sandarbhagalalli pertian tukada vyavastheyannu aadharisive. parshiyannaru amoolya lohakke eradu vibhinn tukada manadandagalannu hondiddaruh chinnakke ubian; bellige babylonian. greek belliya dedracomge anugunavaada saamaanya chinnada naanyavaada chinnada daric, 8.385 graangalashtu (sumaru 129 1/3 graingalu) tukavannu hondiruttade; belliya daric (shekel), 5.57 graangalu (sumaru 87 graingalu). praachina kaaladalli, chinnada belege belliya moulyavu 1rinda 10rashtittu, chinnada daric 15 belliya darikgalige samanagiruttade. nanyagala itara manadandagalendare phosian, agineton, attack, corinthian, tolemic mattu eshyaa mainern systophoric manadanda; aadaagyoo, ivugalalli kelavu pertian manadandadinda vyutpannavagirabahudu. haleya agineton solange haguravaada melantastu manadandavannu badalisuva moolaka saalada bhagashah nirmoolaneyannu tanditu. atyanta heralavaagi srushtisalaada tunukugalu tetradracm (25-33 mm. vyaasadalli) mattu dedracom; entu, hattu, mattu hanneradu drackmegala tunukugalu asaadhaaranavaagive, mattu nalavattu-dracma tunuku aparoopavaagide. kelamukhavaada maapakadalli vibhagavu quarter-obolus (= 1/24 dracma) ge vistarisuttade. greek eshyaadalli chinna mattu belliya (electrum) mishranadinda maadida sanna nanyagalannu balasalaaguttittu. greesnalli belliya nanyagalu bahalavagi praabalya hondiddavu; taamrada nanyagalu cree. poo. 400kke poorvanidarshanavannu hondilla.sii.aadare chinnavannu viralavaagi mudrisalaaguttittu. mattondede, parsiyannara nanyagalu chinnadinda samraddhavaagiddavu, mattu avara udaaharaneye massedon phillip II mattu alexander dhii gratena mele prabhaava beeritu. kelavu vinayitigalannu horatupadisi, chinnada daric 97 pratishatadashtu uttamavaagide. arambhika kaaladalli nanyagalannu onde daininda maadalaaguttittu khaali lohada himbhagavannu samanyavagi chaukaakaarada pegninda, kavaatadalli hididukollalaaguttittu, mattu aaddarinda chaturbhujada kusitada (incuse square) roopadalli adara prabhaavavannu padeyitu; kaalaanantaradalli ee chaukavu rekhegalu, ankigalu mattu shaasanagalinda alankarisalpattitu. daksina italyalli, wandakkondu hondikolluva eradu daigalannu balasalaaguttittu, idarindaagi nanyagalu mumbhagadalli adhe vinyaasavannu mattu himbhagadalli ("nammi incusi") ottiruttave. rashtriyategala prakara shasanagalu vividha bhaashegalallive. dwibhasha shasanagalu-ii.zii., greek-lattin-mattu bhashe mattu prakaaravu hondikeyagada shasanagalu-ii.zii.cypriot aksaragalalli greek saha kandubaruttade; mattu greek aksharagalu saha kaalaanantaradalli roopadalli halavaaru badalaavanegalige olagaaguttave. nanyagala hakkannu saarvabhoumatvada savalattu endu pariganisalaagiruvudarinda, shasanagalu modalu saarvabhouma shaktiya hesarannu ullekhisuttave, avara adhikaarada adiyalli naanyavannu mudrisalaayitu; greesnalli, alexander dhii gratena samayadavarege, idu samudaayavaagittu. nanyagala ustuvaariyannu hondidda adhikaarigala hesarugalu saha kandubaruttave; mattu nantarada nanyagalu saha varshavannu torisuttave, idannu aagaagge selecusid yugadinda lekka haakalaaguttade, 312 bii.sii. atyanta haleya nanyagalu bahushah lidiyaadalli, athawa lidiyaadalli, herodotus namage heluvante, igina karaavaliyalli tamma moolavannu hondiddavu, athawa iginaadalli, avara raajanaada feedange, parian itihaasavu avugalannu bahushah cree. poo. 600kkinta munchitavaagi vivarisuttade.sii. onde samudrada vividha dweepagalu ivugalige bahala bhinnavagirada vinyaasagalannu hondiruva nanyagalannu odagisuttave. daksina italiya nanyagalu bahala nantarada dinankavannu hondilla, cree. poo. 510ralli naashavaada sibaris nagaradinda maadarigalu astitvadallive emba amshadinda idu saabitaagide.sii. greesna moola mattu eshyaa mainern arambhika nanyagalu chappateyaada gundugalannu holuva dappa lohada tundugalaagive mattu svabhavikavagi, saralavaada sadhanagalu, sasyagalu mattu pranigalannu hondiruttave, idu shighradalle nirdishta pradeshagalige vishishtavaguttade; ivugalannu nantara devategalu mattu purushara tale mattu anki-amshagalu taruttave, kelavomme gumpugalalli oggooduttave. sumaru 400 bii.sii. dye-cutting greek kaleyu tanna purna belavanigeyannu talupitu, nantarada yaavude janangadinda asamaanavaada shreshthateya mattavannu sadhisitu syracuse modala sthaanavannu hondide; adara nantara kramadalli ariadia, theebs, olinthus ityaadigalu baruttave. greek saranialli nanyagalannu serisalaagiruva hellenic allada generalli, namage atyanta mukhyavaadavaru yahoodigalu. modalige avaru videshi nanyagalannu balasuttiddaru, aadare syriannara viruddha maachebeegala adiyalli rashtriya udayada phalitaamshagalalli ondaada pradhana archakanaada saiman antiocus VII (139-38 b.sii.) nanyagala hakkannu. saiman tamra mattu belliya nanyagalannu tayaarisuttiddanu. avanige "shekel isrel" endu hesarisalaagideh mumbhagada dantakathe (shekel isrel) mattu ondu cup athawa patreya mele dinankavide (1-5, nanyagala hakkannu needuva moolaka lekka); idakke viruddhavaagi, dantakathe (jerusalem pavitra) mattu mooru moggugalannu hondiruva lilly-stack. ulida mcabease-zaan hydranus, judas aristobulus, alexander janius, matatheus antigonus, mattu heege-tamravannu haleya hebroo athawa hebroo mattu greek bhasegalalli shaasanagalondige pratyekavagi srushtisidaru. ivugala nantara idumian rajakumara nayaka mattu avana uttaraadhikaarigala taamrada nanyagalu bandavu. kristana kaaladalli roman nanyagalu saha chalavaneyalliddavu. idu kappada hanada katheyinda saabitaagide. "mattu avaru avanige [kristanige] ondu paiseyannu niididaru. yesu avarige, "idu yaara chitra mattu shasana? avaru avanigeh seaser "(myaat., xxii, 19-21). idu romannara viruddha yahoodigala eradu dangegala samayadalli maatra.dii. aaa belliyann matte kramavagi elazar mattu saiman mattu baar-kachba adiyalli srushtisalaayitu. kristana nantarada modala shatamaanada bactrian nanyagalalli gondophares emba hesaru kandubaruttade, athawa idhe reetiya kelavu hesarugalu, mooru myagigalalli ondaada casperge holuttave. bii. roman nanyagalu italyalli vinimayada arambhika madhyamavendare tamra, idannu prati vahivaatinalli toogabekaagittu ("os rudd"). modalige idannu aniyamita roopadalli balasalaaguttittu, nantara vikaaravaada bargalalli balasalaaguttittu. modalu kanunubaddha tender annu odagisida kirtige servius tuliyasge kaaranavaagide, avaru baargalige nirdishta anki-amshagalinda mudre hakiddaru, hechchaagi jaanuvaarugalu ("primus signavit os; os signatum"). nijavaada nanyagala parichayavu avugala moulyavannu soochisuva gurutugalannu hondiddu, nagarada laanchanagalu bahala nantarada kaalakke serive. vittiya ghatakavu 12 ouns (10.527 oz) aagittu. troy), roman poundge samaanavaagiruttade ("libra"-aaddarinda, libral standard); aadaagyoo, samanyavagi, ondu esna tukavu kevala 10 ouns (sumaru 8 3/4 ouns) aagittu. troy). ("semi" = 1/2, "trains" = 1/3, "quadrons" = 1/4, "sextance" = 1/6, mattu "yunsia" = 1/12) vibhagagalannu, avugalannu hecchu sulabhavaagi pratyekisuva saluvaagi, avu ounsgalannu hondiruvashtu chendugalinda ondu badiyalli gurutisalaaguttittu. ondu kade roam nagarada vishishta saadhanavaada hadagina vihaarada praatinidhyavittu, mattondede, devatvada taleya, idu naanyada moulyakke anugunavagi badalaaguttittu. nanyagalu dundaagiddavu, ettaradalliddavu, aadare svalpamattige vikaaravaagiddavu, ubbu mattu erakahoydavu; kelavannu campaniyaadalli mudrisalaagittu. 268 bii.sii. adara tukavu sthiravaagi kadimeyaayitu; granthada manadandavu modalu trikona, nantara anatial, mattu antimavagi moola tukada arey-anatial manadanda-1/24 aayitu. ee manadandada kaditavu dodda moulyagala nanyagala ("dupandius, tripondius, decusis", kramavagi 2,3 mattu 10 kattegalige samaana) tayaarikege anukula madikottaroo, idu taamrada nanyagalige avugala aantarika moulyakkinta hecchina prastuta moulyavannu needalu kaaranavaayitu mattu erakahoyda nanyagala badalige mudre haakida mudreya parichayavannu mattashtu hechchisitu. livia prakara, modala belliya nanyagalannu cree. poo. 268ralli mudrisalaayitu.sii.ee modala belliya tundu 10 kattegalige samaanavaada "denarius" aagittu. adara nantara "quinerious" (ardha "denarius") mattu "cestertius" (nalkane "denarius") emba sanna pangadagalu bandavu. ivugala horataagi, kelavu praantyagalannu vanijya karensiyagi balasalu "victoriatus" (1/4 "denarius") annu srushtisalaayitu. ondu poundna modalaneyadaagi 1/72 tukada denarius annu 217 b yalli kadime maadalaayitu.sii. 1/84 ge, belli bahuteka shuddhavaagiruttittu. mumbhagavu "dia roma" annu torisuttade; idakke viruddhavaagi, eradu dioscuri; ee anchecheetigalalli modalaneyadu visheshavaagi aneka varshagalavarege balakeyallittu. pudinavannu ondu aayogavu ("tresviri ore argento ouro flando ferriundo") nirvahisuttittu, adara sadasyaru shighradalle tamma hesarugalu athawa modalaksharagalannu nanyagala mele irisidaru mattu nantara avara kutumbagala sadasyaru mattu avara kaaryagalannu (kutumba athawa consular nanyagalu) vaibhaveekarisidaru. aaa samayadalloo saha, aadare saamraajyashahi kaaladalli hecchu baari, belliya ("dinari suboyevati") teluvaagi lepitavaada moola lohada dinaarigaliddavu. chinnavannu srushtisiddu aparoopavaagi sambhavisitu. seaser saamraajyashahi nanyagala parivartaneyannu soochisuttadeh cree. poo. 44ralli.sii. avara bhavachitravannu hondiruva nanyagalannu bidugade maadalu senet aadeshisitu. brutus saha ee udaaharaneyannu anusarisidanu mattu agastasnondige bhavachitra nanyagala nirantara saraniyu praarambhavaaguttade. seaser eegaagale chinna mattu belliya nanyagala hakkannu hondiddaroo, augustus ee hakkannu tanagaagi matrave hondiddanu mattu taamrada nanyagalannu maatra senetge bittanu; mattu ee taamrada nanyagalannu 'ess' aksharagalinda niroopisalaagide.sii. ("senatus consulto"). aurelian (270-76) ee savalattannu saha senetninda tegedukondaru. saamraajyadinda praarambhisi, naavu heralavaada chinnada nanyagalannu kaanutteve. pradhana naanyavu sumaru 123 1/2 dhanyagala tukada "arius" aagide; adara mumbhagavu chakravartiya hesaru, shirshike mattu bhavachitravannu hondide; adara vyatirikta, samruddha vaividhyateyalli aitihaasika praatinidhyagalu. kattada, chakravartiya necchina devategalu mattu avanannu alankarisida athawa alankarisalebekada sadgunagala moortaroopagalu; avana kutumbada sadasyaru saha pratinidhisalpaduttaare. ee nittinalli trajan mattu hadrian saranigalu visheshavaagi samruddhavaagive. neero jote nanyagala, visheshavaagi belliya, avanatiyannu praarambhisuttade; mattu idu matte svalpamattina kramavannu sthaapisuvavarege munduvariyitu. aata ondu pound (sumaru 70 dhanyagalu) naa <aii. dii. 1> ge samaanavaada "ghana" emba hosa chinnada naanyavannu parichayisidaru, idu shatamaanagalavarege vittiya vevastheya abhivraddhiyalli pramukha amshavaagi uliyitu. kelavu ghatanegala smaranaarthavaagi niidalaada padakagala bagge vishesha ullekhavannu maadabeku, visheshavaagi doddadaada mattu echcharikeyinda karyagatagolisalada pudeena krutigalu. avugalannu chinna, belli athawa taamradinda tayaarisalaaguttittu mattu samanyavagi kaanoonu manadandakke anugunavagi rachisalaada amoolya lohadalli tayaarisalaaguttittu. haladi lohada vrattadinda ("medoys dess dukes cuverse") suttuvarida taamradinda maadida maadarigaloo ive. contarniot" emba padavannu ettarada anchina dodda vrattakarada taamrada nanyakke anvayisalaaguttade, idannu mukhyavaagi circancian aatagalige sambandhisidante balasalaaguttade. purvada roman chakravartigala nanyagalannu byzantine endu hesarisalaagiddu, avu kaalaanukramadalli kanishta madhyayugakke serive, aadare, avugala nanyagala vinyaasadalli kandubaruva manadandadinda mattu aarambhadalli, nanyagala svaroopadindaloo nirnayisalaaguttade, idee saraniyu roman saamraajyada samasyegalondige nikata sambandha hondide. tamravannu heralavaagi srushtisalaaguttittu, belli viralavaagi, aadare chinnada nanyagalige athi hecchu pramukhyate nidalaaguttittu. aneka varshagala kaala chinnavannu byzantiumnalli maatra srushtisalaayitu, mattu ee chinnada tunukugalu pashchimada chinnada nanyagalige matravallade, hadimoorane shatamaanadavaregu punaraarambhagollada islamna nanyagaligoo maadariyaagi kaaryanirvahisuttiddavu. byzantine nanyagalalli kalaatmaka arhateya korateyideh avugala prakaaravu kathina mattu nirasavagide. hindina sampattu mattu vividha sadhanagala badalige, naavu dharmika chihnegalu, kristana ekaroopa mattu santarannu kaanutteve. chakravartigalalli koneyavaraada zaan VIII avara nanyagalu, aadare hadinaidane shatamaanada madhyabhaagadalli, byzantine saraniya koneyadagittu. sii. madhyakaalina nanyagalu haleya roman saamraajyada praadeshika mitiyolage huttikonda hosa rajyagalu aarambhadalli roman nanyagalannu balasuttiddavu, avugalalli saakashtu dodda sankhyeyu astitvadallittu. janangiya valaseya avadhiya aparoopada svaayatta samasyegalu roman saraniyondige bahala nikata sambandhavannu hondive; fransna merovingiyannaru maatra tammannu swalpa mattige svatantragolisikondaru. aadaagyoo, shighradalle, nanyagalige sambandhisida ellah vishayagalalli saamaanya kusitavu praarambhavaayitu; nanyagalu sthiravaagi orataaguttave, chinnada currency kanmareyaguttade, tamravannu asadharanavagi maatra srushtisalaayitu; sanna belliya nanyagalu pavatige ekaika maadhyamavaagiddavu. charlemagne ondu reetiya kramavannu punahsthaapisidanu; rajanu maatra chalayisabekada rajaprabhutvada visheshaadhikaaravaagi nanyagalannu tayaarisuva hakkannu pratipaadisida aata, aaa samayadalli vinashakari pramaanavannu hondidda ellah khasagi nanyagalannu nigrahisidanu. idallade, aata tankasaleyalli hecchina kaalajiyannu vahisuvante aadeshisidanu mattu ee hantadalli niyamagalannu maadidanu, idu europina hecchina bhagakke maanadandavaayitu mattu idu, avugala pramukha laksanagalalli, indinavaregu englendnalli kaaryanirvahisuttide. belliya pratibhe athawa pound (sumaru 11 4/5 ouns) idakke aadhaaravaagittu. troy); idannu 20 shillinggalaagi vingadisalaagittu (pound mattu shillinggalu kevala khaateya hana) pratiyondoo 12 pence ("nirakaranegalu") ge samanagiruttade. aaddarinda aaa naanyavu 23 1/2 dhanyagala tukavannu hondittu. carlovingian nanyagala melina atyanta saamaanya vinyaasagalendare silubeya pratinidhya mattu "christiana religio" emba dantakatheyinda suttuvarediruva kambagalinda alankarisalpatta church. madhya yugada vishishta arthika paristhitigalu nirantaravagi kshinisuttiruva tooka mattu sookshmateya belliya nanyagala vitaranege kaaranavaadavu, idarindaagi avu sthiravaagi hecchu hecchu nishprayojakavaadavu mattu moulyagalallina saamaanya erikeya parinaamavaagi, innu munde karensiyagi balasalagalilla. ee reetiyaagi madhyayugadalli halavaaru baari punaraavartitavaada ondu prakriyeyu praarambhavaayituh haleya sanna nanyagala savakaliya parinaamavaagi, dodda mattu hecchu moulyayutavaada hosa nanyagalu, avu idee europnalli vijayashaliyagi haaduhoda kelavu nagargalalli mudrisalpattavu. kaalaanantaradalli ivugalu kusiyitu mattu hosa samasyeyinda badalaayisalpattavu. hadimoorane shatamaanadalli shilling (12 pensge samaana) annu pravaasagalalli modalu srushtisalaayitu; aaa samayadalli tumba teluvaagidda "dinier" ge viruddhavaagi, idannu "nammas grossus" (dappa naanya) endu kareyalaaguttittu, mattu adannu modalu srushtisida sthalada hesarininda, "grossus turonensis" athawa "gross turnois" endu kareyalaaguttittu. ondu badiyalli rajana hesarina shilube mattu dantakathe ide, samanyavagi "benedictum sitt namanama dominy"; innondu, church. tournois" france mattu raine uddakkoo vegavagi haraditu, mattu pragnalli idhe reetiya naanyavannu ("grossus progensis" athawa "pragar grosschen") mudrisalu kaaranavaayitu, idannu adara tiruvinalli aneka desagalalli anukarisalaayitu. merovingian avadhiya nantara mudrisalaada ekaika chinnada nanyagalu chakravarty frederic II rahra augustals maatra. ivu hindina roman naanyada pratigalaagiddu, sisiliyalli mudrisalaagittu. saamaanya chinnada nanyagala sangrahavu sumaru 1250ravaregoo, florence ganaraajyadalli prarambhavaguvudilla. ee nanyagalu ondu badiyalli saint. zaan baptist, mattu, mattondede, lillie, florencen laanchana. ee saadhanadinda ("floes lilly"), athawa nagarada hesarininda, avaru "florin" emba hesarannu padedaru. avugala tukavu 540 dhaanyagaliginta swalpa hechchaagittu. kelavu dasakagala nantara, venis naa daage, geovanni dandolo, saint avara munde monakaaloorida dagna praatinidhyavannu hondiruva chinnada naanyada tankanavannu praarambhisidaru. maark mattu dantakatheyondige kristana pratikrutihi "sitt tibe christe datus quem tuu regis iste ducatus". ee dantakatheya koneya padavu nanyakke "ducato" (ducut) emba hesarannu needitu; venisnalli idannu "laa jekka", "pudina" dinda "jechino" (sequin) endoo kareyalaaguttittu. florin prakara mattu ducatna hesaru shighradalle prapanchadaadyanta prachalitavaayitu. aadhunika kaalakke parivartaneyu innoo doddadaada belliya nanyagala parichayadinda gurutisalpattide. ivugalalli, italian "testone" mattu french "fraank" jotege, german "tayle" atyanta pramukhavaagittu. 1485ralli tyrolna arch duke sigismund 2 "loth" tukada mattu 15 "loth" sookshmateya hosa belliya naanyavannu bidugade maadalu kaaranavaayitu; aaa kaalada vinimaya daradalli adara moulyavu chinnada guldenge anugunavagittu mattu aaddarinda idannu "guldengroschen" endu kareyalaayitu. tyrolna udaaharaneyannu shighradalle nanyagala tayaarikeya hakkannu hondidda aneka srimantaru anusarisidaru; jochimstalnalliruva schlickna enikegala tankasaleyalli tayaarisida "jochimstaller" ("taller" endu sankshiptagolisalaagide), taller (dollar) emba hesarannu huttuhaakitu, idannu indinavaregu ulisikollalaagide. ee reetiya nanyagalalli atyanta aasaktidaayakavaadavugalli salzburgn archbishop, keutshockn leonard srushtisida mattu avana shastrastra beringgalinda hesarisalaada "rubentaller", turnip (roob); ivugalannu madhya yugada aparoopada mattu hechchaagi nakali nanyagalalli pariganisalaaguttade. madhyayugadalli german saamraajyada vittiya vyavasthegalu adara nanyagala prakaaragala sankhyege sambandhisidante matravallade adara vikaasada vishishtateya baggeyoo hecchina aasaktiyannu hondive. charlemagne, idu nija, nanyagala ekaroopateyannu sthaapisidanu mattu nanyagala hakkannu pratyekavagi saarvabhoumarige seridaddu endu oppikollalu kaaranavaayitu; aadare avana durbala uttaraadhikaarigalu kramena idannu, haageye itara rajaprabhutvada hecchina visheshaadhikaaragalannu uligamaanya prabhugalige needalu ottaayisalaayitu, avara adhikaaravu atyunnata sarkaarada durbalagondante hechchaguttale hoyitu. ee uligamaanyaralli, ellah aarchbishapgalu mattu bishapgalu matravalla, saamraajyadolagina pramukha mathadhisharu mattu mathaadhisharoo iddaru. vikaasavu kramenavaayitu. aarambhadalli, ondu melavannu ("mercutus") nadesalu, terigeyannu ("telonium") vidhisalu mattu uligamaanyaralli obbarige serida sthaladalli pudinavannu ("moneta") sthapisalu anumati nidalaayitu. aarambhadalli pudina kevala ondu vinimayavaagirabahudu, aadaagyoo, madhyayugadalli adara laabhagalu hechchaagi gananeeyavaagiddavu mattu bhagavantanige sangrahavaguttiddavu. nantara aatana bhavachitravannu hondiruva nanyagalannu hondalu aatanige anumati nidalaagittu, aadare ekaroopada gunamattavannu kapadikollabekagittu. ee uligamaanya prabhugalu yaavude nirbandhagalillade nanyagalannu rachisuva savalattannu padedaru. idannu madidaga saamraajyada currencyalli ekaroopate konegonditu, nanyagala tayaarikeyalli dodda vaividhyate saadhyavaayitu, mattu nanyagala hakkannu chakravartiya visheshaadhikaarada badalu pratiyobba uligamaanyana savalattaagi maarpattitu. avaru nirantaravagi nanyagala balakeyannu kadime maaduva mattu badalaayisuva moolaka ee savalattannu aadaayada utpaadaka moolavaagi balsikollalu prayatnisidaru, idarindaagi vyaapaaradalli todagiruva tamma prajegalige gambhira nashta untaayitu. aaddarinda, innoo nanyagala hakkannu padeyada nagaragalu, nanyagala hakkannu padeyalu athawa krishi tankasaalegalannu padeyuva moolaka athawa tankasaalegala malikarannu tamma savalattugalannu hecchu samanjasavaada reetiyalli chalayisalu prerepisuva moolaka vevastheya mele swalpa niyantranavannu padeyalu prayatnisidavu. german madhyakaalina nanyagalalli, "bractits" (lyaat. "bractia", "lohada teluvaada haale") vishesha ullekhakke arhavagide. avu hindina kaalada scandinavian bractategalante vaiyaktika abharanagalagiralilla, aadare nijavaada naanyagalaagiddavu. hannondane shatamaanada avadhiyalli nirakarisuvikeyu teluvagutta hoda kaarana, hanneradane shatamaanada aarambhadalli, germany kelavu bhagagalalli, ondu daininda maadida, onde vinyaasavannu torisuva, ondu badiyalli aramavagi mattu innondu badiyalli mandavagi, bahala teluvaada aadare dodda belliya nanyagalinda badalaayisalaayitu. ee nanyagalannu, visheshavaagi aarambhadalli, kalaatmaka arhateyillade echcharikeyinda kaaryagatagolisalaaguttitt. swaabiyaadallina (wurtemberg) haale nagaravu ondu sanna bhagashah naanyavannu bidugade maaditu, adhu vyapaka chalavaneyannu hondittu mattu adara moola sthaladinda "heller" endu kareyalpattitu. kelavu vishayagalalli french nanyagala vikasanavu german nanyagalannu holuttadeh illi saha naavu hattane shatamaanadalli, lay mattu charchina byarangala (vien, earles, reims, ityaadigala aarchbishapgalu) nanyagalannu kaanutteve. nirdishtavagi), ondu sthira prakaaradinda ("vidhada nishchalate") niroopitavaagide, idannu deerghakaaladavarege badalaagade nirvahisalaaguttade. aadare madhyayugavu mugiyuva hottige ee nanyagalu kelave kelavu prabala uligamaanyarige simitavagive mattu rajamanetanada nanyagalige holisidare, innu munde pramukhyate hondilla. fransninda naavu "chais dii 'or" emba chinnada naanyavannu hondiddeve, idannu itara desagalalli hechchaagi mudrisalaaguttittu; idu gothik simhaasanada mele kulitiruva rajanannu pratinidhisuttade. englendnalli stirling mattu kuleenarannu sikkibiddaru, avaribbaroo aagaagge nakaligalaagiddaru. canterbury mattu yarkna aarchbishapgala nanyagalu astitvadallive. italyalli, adara halavaaru rajakiya vibhagagala kaaranadindaagi, naavu germaniyanteye vaividhyamaya nanyagalannu kaanutteve. charchina tankasaalegala nanyagala korateyu gamanarhavagideh kelavu pratyeka udaaharanegalu mattu aquileza, trent mattu trieste saranigalannu horatupadisi, nammalli kevala pope nanyagalive, ivu mukhyavaagi byzantine maadariyannu anusarisi, audrian I ninda praarambhavaaguttave, aadare clement v (aadaagyoo, avara nanyagalalli modalaneyadu, avignaannalli hodeyalpattitu) ravarege mukhyavaguvudilla. purva europe bahupalu byzantine prabhaavakke olapattiddaroo, krusedargalu pashchimatya prakaaragalannu poorvadalli avaru sthaapisida rajyagalige tandaru. mohamadna nanyagalu sumaru 700neey varshadalli maatra kaanisikolluttave; ee nanyagalu, ekendare coron chitraatmaka praatinidhyagalannu nishedhisuttade, kevala koraanninda pathyagalannu mattu samanyavagi, raaja, pudina-master mattu nanyagala dinankakke sambandhisida nikharavaada helikegalannu maatra hondiruttave. dii. aadhunika nanyagalu aadhunika kaalada aarambhadondige, bhagashah americada avishkara mattu adara belliya nikshepagala shoshaneya parinaamavaagi, dodda belliya tunukugalu ellede hecchina sankhyeyalli kaanasiguttave. idara swaabhaavika parinaamavaagi, krutiya kaaryagatagolisuvikege hecchina kaalajiyannu, shasanagalallina hecchu spashtavaada aksharagalannu mattu chitraatmaka praatinidhyagalige (bhaavachitragalu mattu coat-off-arms) hecchina gamanavannu naavu kaanutteve. halavaaru punarujjeevanada samasyegalu, visheshavaagi pope nanyagalu, aaa kaalada agraganya kalakrutigalalli ondendu pariganitavagive. kaleda kelavu shatamanagala avadhiyalli, madhya yugada nagarikateya prabhaavakke olagaagada deshagalu itararondige naanyashaastrada sambandhagalannu praveshisuttave, udaa.zii.russia mattu doorada poorvadalli, cheena atyanta asadharana aakaragala nanyagalannu hondide, kelavu randhragalullavu, kelavu tuning-forkgalu, sebargalu ityaadigala roopadallive.; samm, tiruchida belliya tantiya undegalu. hindina shatamanagalalli europina haleya nagarika rashtragala vittiya vyavasthegalu samanyavagi madhyayugadalli sthaapitavaada maargagalalli abhivraddhigondiddaroo, hattombattane shatamaanada mahan rajakiya mattu arthika kraantigalu hosa shaktigalannu roopisidavu, avu vittiya vyavasthegala mele parinama beeridavu. german maatanaaduva janara badalaada sambandhagalu avara karensigala vyatyaasakke kaaranavaagiddare (germaniyalli maark, aastriyaadalli crone, hollendnalli gulden mattu switzerlandnalli fraank), itali ekikaranavu, mattondede, ekaroopada italian vittiya vyavasthege (lira) kaaranavaayitu. aadare arthika paristhitigalu raajakeeyakkinta hecchu shaashvatavaada phalitaamshagalannu niidive. december 23,1865 randu, france, itali, belgium mattu switzerland lattin okkootavannu rachisidavu, idannu 1868 ralli grease serikonditu, french vittiya vevastheya aadhaarada mele ee rajyagala nanyagala ekaroopada niyantranavannu oppikonditu. ee vyavastheyannu eega lattin hanakasu okkootakke serada hecchina sankhyeya rajyagalu alavadisikondive-rumania, bulgaria, servia, finland, spain, mattu kanishta naamamaatravaagi, aneka madhya mattu daksina americada ganarajyagalu, hinde spanish vasaahatugalaagiddavu, mattu innoo halavaaru sanna european rajyagalu. austria-hangari mattu russia kooda ee vyavastheyannu andaju maaduttive. mattondu vittiya okkootavannu 1873ralli rachisalaayitu mattu idaralli sweeden, denmark mattu norwey serive, vittiya okkootavu scandinavian crone aagide. portugees vittiya vyavastheyu adara hindina vasaahatu brazilnalli innoo jaariyallide. yaavude oupachaarika sampradaayagalilladiddaru saha, ondu naanyavu videshagalalli chalavaneyannu padeyabahudu. heegaagi hesaru mattu moulyadalli german vittiya vevastheya ondu shaakheyaada mexican dollar, peciphic mahaasaagarada doorada tiradalli, cheenaada kadala praantyagalalli, japan, siam mattu malay dweepasamoohada bhagagalalli prastuta naanyavaagide; idu madhya america mattu aafrikaada aneka kadala praantyagala meloo prabhaava biruttade. bhaaratiya rupai kooda tanna moolada bhoomige eduraagiruva samudrada dadadalli, purva africa, daksina arabia mattu malay dweepakalpada karaavaliyalli karensiyannu galiside. kenadaada currencyu united statesna manadandavannu anusarisuttadeyaadaru, arthika mattu rajakiya hitasaktigala ullanghanege uttama udaaharaneyannu kenadaavu odagisuttade, allie inglish saarvabhoumatvavu kaanunubaddhavaagiruttade. eega austria mattu hangariyalli chalavaneyalliruva nanyagalu lichtenstein mattu mantenegrodalli karensiyagi manyavagiddaroo, adakkintaloo viruddhavaagi, bahala samayada nantara aastriyaadalli chalavaneyinda horagulidiruva, maria-terracine tayle endu kareyalpaduva mattu 1780rahra dinankavannu hondiruva austrian naanyavu egaloo madhya africa, sudan, tripoli mattu arabiadalli atyanta pramukha vanijya karensiyagide. nanyagala tayaarikeyalli kaleda dasakagalalli saadhisalaada unnata mattada paripoornateyu wandede, nanyagala (aluminiyamninda maadida nanyagalu, platinumn rashyaada nanyagalu, belgium chuchchida nanyagalu, eradu lohagala inglish nanyagalu) halavaaru prayogagalige kaaranavaayitu, aadare avugalalli hechchinavu nirnayaka yashassannu hondiralilla. mattondede, french mattu italian tankasaalegala ittichina sanchikegalinda saakshiyaaguvante, nanyagala kalaatmaka bhagakke hecchina gamana needalu saadhyavaayitu. II. padakagalu medal" (florensionalli "medalia" = ardha nirakarane) emba padavannu lohada tundugalige anvayisalaaguttade, samanyavagi vrattaakaaradalli, idu pudeenaadinda nidalaagiddaroo, pavati maadhyamavaagi uddeshisalagilla. avugala vastu, roopa, tayaarikeya vidhana mattu itihaasavu avu moolatah naanyagalaagiddavu embudannu sabitupadisuttave, aadaagyoo badalaada paristhitigalu mattu agatyagalu, kalaatmaka mattu saamskrutika eradoo, avugalannu svatantragolisive. ondu raashtrada itihaasadallina pramukha ghatanegalannu smarisuvudu avara uddeshavaagide, eshtaramattigendare, itihaasavannu bareyalu prayatnagalannu maadalaagide mattu kelavu vyaktigala athawa idee deshada padakagala saraniyinda vivarisalaagide. padakagala vitaraneya sandarbhagalu simhaasanakke aarohana, yuddhada ghoshane, shanti athawa maitriya muktaya, saarvajanika kattadada poornagolisuvikegalli kandubaruttave; idannu saarvabhoumaru taavu gouravisalu bayasuva vyaktigalige udugore needalu bahala vyaapakavaagi balasuttaare, mattu antaha sandarbhagalalli idu samanyavagi chinnada kelasagarana kaleya nijavaada ratnavagide. mattondede, gouravada sanketavagi, avara maduveyantaha sandarbhagalalli prajegalu tamma saarvabhoumarige padakavannu hechchaagi niiduttaare. aadare janara samskrutiya abhivyaktiyagi khasagi padakavu hecchina aasaktiyannu hondide, mattu ee kshetradalli punarujjeevanada german padaka mattu nantarada shatamanagalu asankhyaata udaaharanegalannu odagisuttave. bhavachitra padakagalu eega chayagrahanadinda tegedukollalaada patravannu vahisive. coat-off-aarmsnondige mudre haakida padakagalu khasagi vyaktigalannu pratinidhisalu saha sahaaya maaduttave, mattu kelavomme tokangalu, livarigalige gundigalu ityaadigalaagi prayogikavagi balasalaaguttade. avugalannu nishchitaarthada athawa maduvegala, belli athawa chinnada maduvegala, janana mattu dikshaasnaanada nenapigaagi balasalaaguttade, mattu ee uddeshakkagi spashtavagi maadalaada mattu shishu mattu devara hesarugalu, dikshaasnaanada sthala mattu dinanka mattu samanyavagi pavitravaada sootradondige kettalaada nanyagalu athawa padakagala ("pattenphenniz") akaaradalli hecchina sankhyeya prayojakara namakarana udugoregalive. ee "pattenphenniz" galannu anekavele aabharanagalaagi dharisalu srimanta settinggalalli irisalaaguttittu, mattu aanuvamshikavaagi piligeyinda piligege hastaantarisalaaguttittu. jeevanada pravesha matravallade maranavannoo padakagalli daakhalisalaagide; mattu antaha aneka tunukugalu vivaravaada jivanacharitreya soochanegalannu hondive. aagaagge padakavu dharmika uddeshavannu pooraisuttade; kremnitjnalli mattu visheshavaagi jochimstalnalli antaha dharmika nanyagala vyapaka saraniyannu mudrisalaaguttittu. ondu kade haleya-wadambadikeya prakaaravannu, innondu kade hosa-wadambadikeya pratiroopavannu torisuva prakaarada praatinidhyagalu hecchina olavannu kandavu. ee sudharaneyu bybalna nudigattugalinda alankarisalpatta aneka padakagalannu srushtisitu. dharmika padakagala necchina vishayavendare kristana mukhyastah vienna nagaravu shatamaanagalinda ee vinyaasavannu hondiruva padakagalannu saarvajanika vishishtateya gurutugalaagi balasuttide. eestar padakagalli paschal kurimariyondige, chrismasnalli shishu yesuvinondige itararige udugoreyagi nidalaayitu. santaru, saint. georgeannu hechchaagi "georgestaller" mattu "georgesducat" nalli pratinidhisalaaguttittu, mattu saint avara chitraviruva padakavannu dharisuvudu ondu moodhanambikeyaagittu. georg gayagala viruddha rakshanaatmaka vyaktiyagiddaru. idhe reetiya moodhanambikeyu saint avara praatinidhyadondige sambandhiside. roach mattu saint. sebastian athawa saint. playg viruddha rakshaneyagi rosalia, haageye kanchina haavinondige shilube. sampoornavaagi andhavishvaasada taayitagalu, jyotishya mattu rasavidyeya nanyagala antyavillada saraniyu ide, idu taladinda amoolya lohavagi rasavidyeya parivartaneya utpannavendu helikolluttade. viyennaada saamraajyashahi naanya-cabinet ee tunukugalalli wandannu hondide, idu bahushah astitvadalliruva atidodda padakavagide, sumaru 15 1/2 pound tukavide. avoyardupois; mattu chakravarty leopold I rahra nalavattu purvajara bhaavachitragalinda alankarisalaagide, avara upasthitiyalli parivartaneyu nadedirabahudu endu bhaavisalaagide. heegaagi, padakavannu nishteyinda balasalaagiruva halavaaru mattu aneka uddeshagalu adara nanyagala tayaarikege kaaranavaada saamskrutika paristhitigalannu pratibimbisuttave mattu innoo sampoornavaagi prashamsisalpadada maahitiya moolavaagide. nijavaada padakagalu praachina kaalakke tilidiralilla; avugala kaaryagalu aneka vishayagalalli-visheshavaagi pramukha ghatanegala smarakagalagi-nanyagalinda nadesalpaduttiddavu. indina ekataanate mattu samanyavagi kaleyillada nanyagalige vyatiriktavagi, praachina kaalada nanyagalu, mattu visheshavaagi greesna nanyagalu, tamma kaushalyavannu pradarshisalu itara avakaashagalannu hudukalu ottayisalpadada dye-kettaneya kaleya merukrutigalaagiddavu. romannara paristhitigalalli holikeyiddavu, chakravartigala padakagalu namma padakagala svaroopakke svalpamattige sarisumaaru, aadaagyoo avu niyamadante, kanunubaddha vittiya ghatakada nakalugalaagiddavu; tokangalu ("tessero"), aatagalige hodeyalpattavu, mattu kaantaarniyatgalu padakakke innoo hecchu nikata sambandhavannu hondive. pavitra chakravarty louisna (814-40) kelavu chinnada sanchikegalu saha padakagalannu holuttave, mattu madhyayugadalli naavu hecchina sankhyeya nanyagalannu bhetiyaadevu, avu itihaasada kelavu ghatanegalannu smarisuva uddeshavannu hondiddavu, aadaagyoo avugala sadhanagalannu vivarisuvudu tumba kashta; illi innoo aneka ogatugalive, avu pariharakkagi kayuttive. henry simhada sanketavagi, bavaria mattu saxonia prabala duke, simhavu avana nanyagalalli pramukha patra vahisuttade. aadare avana eduraali, whittelsbackna otho, henry simhavannu kaanunubahiragolisidaaga, baveriyaada dachiyannu sweekarisidanu, ee chihneyannu saha balasikondanu mattu avanannu simhavannu bennattuttiruvante athawa kaiyalli simhada kattarisida taleyannu hondiruvante chithrisuva nirakaranegalannu horadisidanu. nanyagalannu aagaagge muttugolugala nenapigaagi balasalaaguttade, mattu ivu monakaaloorida saamantaraada gonfalan annu sweekarisuva lease lardna pratinidhiyannu hondive. polish bractit duke boleslav III rahra tirthayaatreya nenapugalannu saint avara samadhige shaashvatagolisuttade. gnessennalli adalbert. bohimiyaada modalane ladyslasna nirakaraneyu ondu badiyalli vivaranaatmaka dantakatheyannu mattu innondu badiyalli church annu hondiruva saitanana vikarshanashila taleyannu torisuttade. luschin ee saadhanavannu ee kelaginante vivarisalu saadhyavaayituh bohimiyaadalli gambhiravaada moolabhoota adachanegala nantara, bhayanaka chandamarutada naduve, ulkaapaatavu banditu, ee samayadalli aneka janaru koteya bully saitananannu manava roopadalli nodiruvudaagi ghoshisidaru; ee nirakaraneyu nantara hodedu, saitanana tale mattu devara charchina eradoo badigalannu hottittu. ee reetiya nanyagalu kelavu pramaanadalli smaranartha padakagala uddeshavannu pooraisuttave. hadinalkane shatamaanada antyadalli modala nijavaada padakavu italyalli kaanisikonditu. praachina roman padakagalannu anukarisi, paaduvaada adhipati eradane francesco karara eradu padakagalannu hodediddanuh ondu, avana tande modalane francesco avara nenapigaagi, nantarada padakagalaada commodus mattu septimius severus annu nenapisikolluttaane; innondu, 1390 ralli paaduvaavannu vashapadisikonda nenapigaagi, tanna sestersgala mele chakravarty viteliyasge holuva eradane francescoda bhavachitravannu hondide. prati prakaranadalloo himbhagavu karara kutumbada pumning saadhanavannu hondiruttade, ondu cort ("carro"). ee padakagalannu kanchu mattu belliya padakagalli nidalaaguttade. adhe avadhiyavarege, dye-kattargala kutumbavaada venisna cesto kutumbavu tayaarisida padakadantaha prayoga-tunukugalu serive. ivugaligoo saha mudre haakalaagittu; aadare mundina avadhiyalli padakada abhivruddhiyu mudre haakida tunukugalindagiralilla. hadinaidane shatamaanada madhyabhagakkoo modale italian kaleyu iddakkiddante patravargada padakadondige ee vibhagadalli parakashtheyannu talupitu. vittor pisano, obba varnachitrakaara (bii. sumaru 1380, verona praantyadalli; dii. 1455 athawa 1456) atyanta hiriya mattu pramukha padaka vijetaraagiddaare. avara anuyayigalanteye, avara krutigalannu menada maadarigalu athawa kabbinadinda kattarisida maadarigalinda erakahoyda maadalaaguttade, ee prakriyeyu aagaagge tunukugalannu nantara kattarisuva agatyavannu untumaaduttade. aata tanna kruti "opus pisani pictoris" ge sahi haakuttaane. padakagalu, bahupalu, dodda gatradalliruttave mattu krutaka pyaatinaadinda lepitavagiruttave. mumbhagadalli avaru abhivyaktishila bhaavachitragalannu prastutapadisuttaare, samanyavagi profilenalli; himbhagadalli, sundaravaada mattu jaanmeya roopakagalu heege leonello dii 'este, cupid hidida sangeetada haalegalinda haaduttiruva simha; athawa napelson alphonso, kollalpatta jinkeyannu ranahaddugalige udaaravaagi bittukoduva haddu. pisano kelavu moolamaadarigalannu balasiddaare endu sabitupadisabahudadaru, avu bahushah moharugalinda padedirabahudu, padaka kaleya nijavaada srushtikartanaagi avara khyaatiyu aaa amshadinda vastushah kadimeyagilla. samyojane mattu maranadandane eradaralloo, udaaharanege, shreshtha praanigalaada simha, haddu, hoow resgala praatinidhyagalalli aatanige samanate doretilla. pisano idee italiyaadyanta prayanisi, tanna kaalada pramukha rajakumararu mattu prabhavi vyaktigalannu chithrisidanu; aata padaka kaleyannu eshtu janapriyagolisidanendare, andininda itali ellah pramukha kalaa kendragalalli kalaavidaru padakagala tayaarikeyalli todagisikondaru. antahavaru mattio dii 'pasty, mattu rimini asthaanadalli prashamsaniya kalaavidaraagiddaru; veneshiyannaru geovanni boldu mattu gentile bellini, avaralli eradaneyavaru sultan mehemetge bhavachitra-padakavannu maadidaru; hadinaidane shatamaanada atyanta samruddha padaka vijetaraada montuwan sperandio mattu itara anekaru. ee samayadalloo saha, mudre haakida padakavu pramukhyatege maraluttade. roam benvenato sellini mattu, avana nantara, caradoso, mattu visheshavaagi pope pudeena masters ullekhakke arharaagiddaare. roman chakravartigala kanchina nanyagala anukaranegalannu cavino avaru maadiddu nijavagiyoo prashamsaneeyavaagide. antimavagi, swalpa nantarada avadhiyalli, italian padaka vijetaru videshi rajakumarara seveyalli kandubaruttaareh netherlandsnalli jacopo daa trejho, germaniyalli ibbaru abandeo. italian padakavu haleya french nirmanagala abhivruddhiya mele atyanta prabalavaada prabhaavavannu biruttade. hadinaidane shatamaanada uttaraardhadalli italian larana modala french padakagalannu galisitu, mattu mundina avadhiya krutigalu italian gunalaksanagalannu spashtavagi torisuttave. hadinelane shatamaanadavaregu hosa shaili kanisikondiralilla, idaralli visheshavaagi vastravannu shlaghaniyavagi punarutpaadisalaagide; atyanta pramukha kalavidarendare zeane richier, metjnalli, mattu nantara, gillaum duprey mattu zeane warrin. germaniyalli, italian nanyagala prabhaavadinda, tyrolna sabhaanganadalli atyanta munchina dodda belliya nanyagalannu srushtisalaayitu; mattu pudinakke kettanegaararaagi sabhaanganakke ahvanisalpatta zian marco kavallo avarige, ee nanyagalu kaleya itihaasadalli tamma pramukha sthaanavannu mattu germany aneka padakagala mele avugala pradarshaniya prabhaavavannu hondive. german padaka kaleya atyanta haleya maadarigalaada ivugalige, adhe samayadalli naanyagalaagiddavu, mudre haakalaayitu; aadare, italian nante, german padakavu mudreyalli adara atyunnata paripoornateyannu talupuvudilla, aadare erakahoyda tunukugalalli taluputtade. boxes wood, kehlheim kallu mattu nantara menadinda maadida gananeeya sankhyeya maadarigalu egaloo astitvadallive. marah athawa kallina ee bhaavachitragalannu modalige antimavendu pariganisalaagittu, mattu digrigala prakara maatra avugalannu lohadalli erakahoydakke maadarigalaagi balasalaayitu. germany kalaa kendragalalli (hadinaarane shatamaanada aarambhadalli, augsburg mattu nuremberg) kanisikonda ee erakahoyda padakagalu, italian padakakke tamma moolavannu niiduttave. aadare avugala moola maatra; german padakada mattashtu abhivruddhiyu sampoornavaagi moola mattu swatantra saalugalannu anusarisuttade, idu italian mattakke anugunavagi shreshthateya mattavannu taluputtade. italian padakagala himbhagadalli naavu kaanuva tamma anki-amshagala sampattinondige bhavyavaada vinyaasagalannu tayaarisalu germannaru viphalaraagiddaare embudu nija; badalige, naavu samanyavagi, coat off armsna atyuttama praatinidhyagalannu kaanutteve. german padakada dodda shaktiyu mumbhagada mele nikharavaada bhavachitravannu kaaryagatagolisuvalli nidalaaguva preetiya kaalajiyallide; mattu idu padakada uddeshakke anugunavagide, idu italiginta madhyama vargada pramukha kutumbagalalli hecchu vyaapakavaagi vitarisalpattitu. german padakavu 1500rahra nantara, italian padakakkinta gananeeyavaagi tadavagi tanna uttungavannu taluputtadeh namage banda atyanta haleya udaaharanegalalli albrecht durer padakavoo seride. aneka kalaavidaru tamma gurutina bagge namage yaavude sulivannu niiduvudilla athawa arthaisikollalu kashtavaguva gurutugalu athawa chihnegalinda tammannu taavu sahi maadikolluvudilla. aadaagyoo, eega neurembergn master peater flatnerge bahala amoolyavaada padakagala sudirgha saraniyannu niyojisalu saadhyavaagide, aaddarinda avarannu ellah padaka vijetaralli agraganyarendu pariganisabeku; avarannu mathes gebel nikatavagi anusarisuttaare. ee avadhiya itara gamanarha padaka vijetarendare hannes dotcher, avara hecchina kelasavannu palatinate asthaanakkaagi maadalaayitu; neurembergn hannes schwarz, "maradalli atyuttama nakali", avaru 1518 rahra ougsburgn aahaarada sadasyarigaagi hecchina sankhyeya krutigalannu maadidaru; jacob stampfer, switzerlandnalli; atyanta janapriya kalaavidaralli obbaraada friedrich hyaganr; antimavagi aastriyaadalli nelesida jochim dessler, allie, visheshavaagi vienna, crentz mattu jochimstalna tankasalegalalli, ee avadhiyalli hecchina sankhyeya padakagalannu nidalaayitu, aadaagyoo, avarellaroo padaka kaleya prayojanakkagi alla; hannes rehard, hannes rehard, avarinda naavu bahala echcharikeyinda halavaaru chakukattugalannu hondiddeve, mattu tolina tundugalu, eradoo. hadinaarane shatamaanada antyada velege german padakavu spashtavagi tanna uttungavannu daatide mattu videshi mattu, aarambhadalli, visheshavaagi italian krutigala mele avalambitavagide. netherlandsnalli ee kaleyu unnata mattada paripoornateyannu saadhisitu. illi shreshtha hesarugalendare, hadinaarane shatamaanada dvitiyaardhada stephenus hollandicus mattu swalpa samayada nantara, konrad block mattu hadinelane shatamaanada peater wyaan abeel. englendnalli padaka vijetaru bahupalu videshiyaru; tadaratriyavarege kanisada sthaliya kalaavidaralli, ullekhakke atyanta arharaadavaru. saiman mattu vilium mattu ell. sii. leone. mattondede casper mattu saiman paase bahala echcharikeyinda kettalaada sanna, teluvaada belliya tunukugala utpaadaneyalli uttama kalaatmaka kaushalyavannu sadhisuttare. itara rajyagalu kadime pramukhyateyannu hondive; avaru bahupalu videshi kalavidarannu nemisikondaru. aadhunika yugada aarambhadalli itali mattu germaniyalli padakavu galisida unnata kalaatmaka mattavannu shaashvatavaagi nirvahisalu sadhyavagalilla. ekendare illi mattu allie atyuttama kalakrutigalannu utpadisalaguttiddaga, padakagalu mattu nanyagalu, kalakrutigalagi, hecchu hecchu hadageduttiddavu. hattombattane shatamaanada madhyabhaagada nantaravoo ee kaleyu hosa prachodaneyannu padeyalilla mattu adhu fransonalli modalaneyadaagittu. kevala adara baahya abhivyaktigalannu pariganisi, ee chalaneya praarambhada nikharavaada dinankavannu saha nigadipadisalu saadhyavide. 1868rahra mayee 2randu, paris tankasaleya kamite consultatiff dess graverson adhyaksharaada rasaayanashaastragna dumas avaru padakada kalaatmaka belavanigeyannu tadeyuva doshagalannu etti torisi bhashana maadidaru mattu tankasaleya adhyaksharaagi, avugala tiddupadigaagi manavi maadidaru. avaru visheshavaagi aksharagala ketta ruchi, palish, ettarada anchu ityaadigalannu ullekhisidaru. ee vilaasavu baahya roopadondige vyavaharisidare, padakada nijavaada uddeshada bagge hosa drashtikonavannu eegaagale kramena rachisalaagide. oudins, paul dubois, chapas, ellakkinta hechchaagi herbert ponscorms (padakagala holapu niiduvudannu virodhisida modala vyakti) mattu nantara degerges, chaplanes mattu daniel dupris, askar rotiya nirmaanada nantara, french padaka vijetaralli atyanta vishishtavaadavaru vishishtateyannu galisidaru. aata obba bhaavachitrakaaranaagi matravallade, visheshavaagi avara uttama rupakagala samyojaneyalli (udaa.zii., hudugiara sikshanakke sambandhisidante arhategaagi padakada mele-ganarajyada bodhana kanyeyaru, purushara bhavishyada taayandiru) avaru echcharikeyinda adhyayana maadida quatrocento kalavidarannu nenapisikolluttaare, aadare niyamadante, neravagi anukarisuvudilla. padakada anushtaanakke munchitavaagi moolabhoota kalpaneyannu hege roopisabeku embudara bagge sudirgha mattu echcharikeyinda charchisuvanteye (panskarmgalu idakke daari madikottive endu toruttade) aaddarinda maranadandaneyu koneya kshanadavarege atyanta echcharikeyinda gamanavannu padeyuttade. kalaavidana kaii maatra avana kelasavannu muttabeku. french padakavu kevala adara taantrika arhategala aadhaarada mele nirnayisalaagiddaroo saha uttama phalitaamshagalannu galiside. french chaluvaliyinda svatantravagi, aastriyaadalli padakada punarujjeevanavu praarambhavaagide. anton scarf avaru padakada sailiya punahsthapane mattu kathina saampradaayika roopagalinda vimochaneyannu tandaru; avarondige joseph thoutenheim, hiriya, stephen schwartz, cheaseld padakada tantrada master mattu franz xaver pavlik avaru akkapakkadalli kelasa maaduttaare. ittichege rudolph marshel bhaavachitrakaararaagi hecchina khyatiyannu galisiddaare mattu leo XIII mattu payas X eradakkoo padakagalannu kaaryagatagolisalu aayogavannu padediddaare. french mattu viennies padakagalu itara desagalalli eegaagale padaka kaleya aneka sundara maadarigalige kaaranavaada chatuvatikeyannu karedive. august. vii. lohar.

catholica vijnjaanakoshangal (1913)/numismattiks palliyil akkangalude upayogam nanku dimittis  naanayangaludeyum medalukaludeyum shaasthramaan naanayavidyaashaasthram. oro naanayamo medalo athu uthbhavicha saamskaarikavum saambathikavum raashtreeyavumaaya saahacharyangalude uthppannamayathinaal, eee shaasthram manushyaraashiyude vividha parishkritha samoohangalkkanusarichu vibhajikkappettirikkunnu. ithu oru vyathirikthamaya shaasthram mathramalla, athath bhaagangalil, raashtrangalude charithravum avarude samskaaravumaayi bandhapetta ellah shaasthrangaludeyum oru shaakhayaanu-classical archaeology, athinte idungiya ardhathil charithram, oriyantalisam muthalaayava. praayogikamaayi, puraathanavum aadunikavum orupakshe ooriyantal numismetics maathramaan praadhaanyam arhikkunnath. koodaathe, pradhaanamaayum vivaranathmakamaaya numismattography naanayathe athinte kalaparavum saambathikavum saamskaarikavumaaya vashangalil ninnu veekshikkunna numismattolajiyum thammil oru vyathyasam varuthanam. nanaya shekharanathinaayulla saidhaanthika naanayashaasthrathinte aashrithathvam shaasthrathinte charithratthil vyakthamaayi kaanapedunnu. eathoru praadhaanyamulla aadyakaala prasidheekaranangalum kalaktarmaarude aavasyangal niravettunnathinaanu ezhuthiyathu (udha.jii. tailor, groshen, ducats ennivayude vividha kaabinattukalum "munsbelustibangen" allengil "nanayam-paastaims"), purathana naanayashaasthrathe shaasthreeyamaayi kaikaaryam cheiyunnathinulla adithara 1790 vare ekkal, pathonpathaam noottaand vare madder grott, lewell ennivar aadhunikathaykk nalkiyilla. (aaa sent oormmikkendathaanu. thomas akwinas, "dii rejimain principis", II, XIII, XIV ennivayil panatthinteyum naanayangaludeyum vishayathe kaikaaryam cheythu, eee kruthi varshangalolam kaanonistukalkkidayil adhikaaramaayirunnu.) namukk chila arivukalulla ettavum pazhaya naanayangalude shekharam pathinanjaam noottaandilethaanu, athu nirmmichathu petraarkkaan; addehathinte udaaharanam niravadhi anukarikkunnavare kandethi. 1556-60 ll hubert golts europile vividha shekharangal sandarshichu, avayil 950 ennam undennu parayappedunnu. avarude udamakalude maranashesham chitharikkidakkunna swakaarya shekharangalumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol, bharanaadhikaarikaludeyum samsthaanangaludeyum myoosiyangaludeyum shekharangalkku paramapradhaanamaaya praadhaanyamund, koodaathe naanayashaasthraparamaaya anweshanangalkku ettavum vishwasaneeyamaaya adithara nalkunnu. 1756ll thanne austriyayile francis onnaaman, "monois enn oor", "monois enn arjantant" ennee rund mahathaaya soundarya kruthikaliloode addehathinte shekharathile nidhikale ariyikkukayum, sameepa varshangalil mahathaaya kaattalogukal, prathyekichu britiish myoosiyathileva, eee shaasthrathile ettavum pradhanappetta vivara srothassukalaayi maarukayum cheythu. shekharanakkaarudeyum saidhaanthika vidyaarthikaludeyum aavasyangal eee sosaittikal prasidheekarikkunna dhaaraalam nanaya samoohangalum ekadesham 100 saankethika aanukaalikangalum aayi mariyirikkunnu. vividha nagarangalil varsham thorum nadakkunna jarmman sosaitti oof numismaticsinte yogangalil ninnu, anthaaraashtra kongrasukal vikasippicheduthu brassels, 1892; paarees, 1900 (recordukalum edapaadukalum, komte dii kaastellanum eiii. blanchet); roome, 1903; (atti dell kongraso internaashanal dii sayans storichu, 6 vaalyangal.); brassels, 1910. aii. nanayangal niyamaparamaaya tenderayi varthikkunna lohakkashanangalayi naanayangale nirvachikkaam. saadhaarana currency, sthaapitha maanadandangalkku anusrithamaayi pothu adhikaarikal mudravecha smaaraka allengil avatharana kashanagal enniva eee padatthil ulppedunnu., pakshe kadalas panamo swakaarya naanayangalo allah. 1800ll fraakshanal naanayatthinte aparyapthamaaya vitharanathinte falamaayi vyaapakamaayi vitharanam cheyyappetta engleesh tokkanukale avasana classilake njangal paraamarsikkunnu; koodaathe, "merex" ennu vilikkunna kashanagal, prathyekichu charchu korppareshanukal, panatthinulla voucharukalaayum pinneedu jettonukal allengil kaundarukal, "rechnungspennij" enniva polulla pothuvaayi moolyathinaayum puratthirakki. oro vyakthikkum swantham upajeevanamaargam bhoomiyil ninnu pidichedukkaan kazhiyaathappol, thozhil pankidukayum athinte uthppannangal vitharanam cheyyukayum cheyyendathinte aavasyakatha uyarnnuvarunnu. ithu aadyam baadhikkunnath charakkukalude barteraanu, ithinu saadhaaranayaayi kannukaalikalil kaanapedunna saarvathrikamaayi labhyamaya oru vinimaya maadyamam aavasyamaanu (homouril menilosinte upakaranagalkk 9 stiyarukal; himaniyude upakaranathinu 100). kannukaalikalkk purame aadima manushyar charmmatthinte tholu, pelttu, thuni muthalaayava upayogichittundu., eee aavashyathinaayi. ennirunnaalum, taamasiyaathe, saarvathrikamaayi upayogikkaan kazhiyunna oru alavu moolyam kandethendathu aavasyamaanu, ithinaayi svarnnam, velli, chembu enniva valare aadyakaalam muthal upayogikkunnu; mattu niravadhi lohangalumaayi pareekshanam nadathiyathinu sheshamulla thaarathamyena sameepa varshangalil, nikkal ivayil chertthittundu. loha panatthinte aadya ghattathil athicherunnathu eathu aakruthiyilulla lohakkashanangalil ninnulla bhaarathodeyaanu; ennaal, motham bharam maathrame eee prakriyayiloode nirnnayikkaan kazhiyoo ennathinaal, sookshumathayude alavilalla (vilayeriya lohangalude kaaryatthil valare pradhanappetta oru ghadakam), pothu adhikaarathinte staambu vazhi sookshumatha saakshyappeduthendathi aavasyakatha uyarnnuvarunnu, eee staambu lohathinte pindatthe oru naanayamakkunnu. paraamarshicha lohangalil onninte maathram upayogam udan aparyaapthamaanennu theliyikkunnu mathiyaya cheria moolyamulla swarnna nanayangal prachaaratthil varuthukayo allengil adisthaana lohangal upayogichu mathiyaya uyarnna moolyamulla nanayangal puratthirakkukayo cheiyunnathu asaadyamaanu. athinaal ore samayam rando moonno lohangal upayogikkendathu aavasyamaanu. oru vilayeriya lohathe moolyanirnnayathinaayi upayogikkukayum mattonn chembu ulppede oru charako anubandha naanayamo aayi maathram upayogikkukayum allengil niyamam nischayicha oru reshanil (bimetalism) moolyanirnayamaayi oresamayam rund lohangalkkum ethire cases phayal cheyyukayum cheythukondu ithu cheyyaam, ennirunnaalum, rund vilayeriya lohangalude vinimaya nirakkile ettakkurachilukal kaaranam ithu palappozhum budhimuttukal srishtichittundu. roopathil, nanayangal saadhaaranayaayi vrithaakruthiyilullathum chilappol oval, chathushkonaakrithiyilullathum aakunnu; avasaanathe nanayangal adiyanthara naanayanirmmaanathil prathyekichum saadhaaranamaanu, sweedenil avaa valia valippathilum valia bhaarathilum valarnnu. prathyekichu vidoora kizhakk, ettavum vichitramaaya aakruthiyilulla naanayangalum kaanapedunnu. upakaranathinum likhithathinum purame nanayangalil palappozhum prathyeka paramarsham arhikkunna mint maarkkukal allengil mint-maastezhs maarkkukal ennu vilikkappedunnu. mint-maastarmaarum dye-singarmar pala kesukalilum chila adayaalangalo aksharangalo upayogichu avarude kruthikale verthirichariyaan sheelichittund; koodaathe mintukal athath naanayangale onnukil aksharangalal verthirikkunnu, ithu pathiv, ekapaksheeyamaaya adayaalangalaal issue cheiyunna sthalathe soochippikkunnu, allengil mattethenkilum maargangaliloode-chilappol aarambhikkaathavarkk manassilakkaan kazhiyaatha-likhithathinte oru prathyeka aksharathinu thaazhe oru dott sthaapikkunnathu polullavannam. eee reethiyil naanayangalude vividha issuekal orupole vyathyasthamayi sookshikkunnu. valia alavil nanayangal kandethunnathiloode naanayashaasthra shaasthram bhouthikamaayi purogamikkunnu munbu ariyappedaatha tharangalekkurichulla arivinu purame, atharam kandethalukal nischitha kaalaghattangalile naanayangalude yadhaartha prachaarathekkurichum chila nanayangal avarude swantham avasthakalkkappuramulla alavinekkurichum oru prabodhanaparamaaya ulkkaazhcha nalkunnu, koodaathe theeyathi nischayichittillaathu enangal, prathyekichu madhyakaalakhattathilullava, chila prathyeka mint maasttar allengil krithyamaaya kaalayalavilekku nalkaan namme sahayikkunnu. shaasthrapadanathilum naanayangalude vargeekaranathilum kaalakramatthil moonnu mahathaaya kaalaghattangal pinthudarunna reethiyaanu purathana, madhyakala, aadhunika; bhoomishaasthraparamaayi, athath kaalathe vyathyastha rashtreeya vibhajanam. greak naanayangalkkayi, ekkal ippozhum upayogathilulla oru maathrukaaparamaaya samvidaanam sweekarichittundu. herculesinte thoonukalil ninnu aarambhich, medittareniyanu chuttumulla avarude sthaanangalude kramatthil, poorvvikarkku ariyaavunna lokathile raajyangale addeham ettedukkunnu aadyam europinte, pinneedu eshyayil ninnu india vareyum, avasaanamaayi aafrikkayil ninnu eejipt muthal jibraltar kadalidukkilekkum. eiii. greak nanayangal purathana naanayashaasthrathil "greak" enna padam ellaayppozhum roman uthbhavavum itaaliyan oos shavakudeeravum ozhikeyulla ellah naanayangalum ulppeduthunnathaayi manassilaakkappedunnu. 60 minittinte (oru naanayavum prathinidheekarikkunna prathibhayo minayo allah), allengil 6000 drackmay, oronnum 6 obolukalkku thulyamaanu. vividha karansikal mikka kesukalilum pershyan bhaara sanbradaayathe adisthaanamaakkiyullathaanu. pershyakkaarkk vilayeriya lohathinu rund vyathyastha maanadandangalaayirunnu svarnnathinu euboyan; velliykk babylonian. greak velli dedrachminode saamyamulla saadhaarana swarnna naanayamaaya swarnna daric, 8.385 gram (ekadesham 129 1/3 graine) bhaaramullathaan; velli daric (sheckel), 5.57 gram (ekadesham 87 graine). purathana kaalath velliyude moolyam svarnnathinte moolyam 1 muthal 10 vare aayirunnathinal, swarnna daric 15 velli daarikkukalkk thulyamaanu. naanayangalude mattu maanadandangal phosian, ejinettan, attik, korinthyan, tolomic, eshya mainarinte systophoric staanderd ennivayaayirunnu; ennirunnaalum, ivayil chilath pershyan staanderdil ninnu uruthirinjathaakaam. pazhaya ejinettan soloninu laittar attikk staanderd maattisthaapichathiloode kadam bhaagikamaayi nirthalaakki. ettavum kooduthal upayogicha kashanagal tetratrac (25-33 mm) aayirunnu. vyaasathil), dedrack; ettu, patthu, panthrand drackmay kashanagal asaadhaaranamaanu, koodaathe naalpat drackma kashanam apoorvamaanu. thaazhekkulla skailil vibhajanam quarter-obolas (= 1/24 drackma) vare vyaapikkunnu. greak eshyayil svarnnavum velliyum (electrum) cherthu nirmmicha cheria nanayangal upayogichirunnu. greasil vellikkayatangal valare prabalamaayirunnu; chembu nanayangal 400 bii.sii.athesamayam, swarnam apoorvvamaayi maathrame achadichirunnulloo. maruvashathu, pershyakkaarude nanayangal svarnnathaal sambannamaayirunnu, avarude udaaharanamaanu maasidonile philipp randaamaneyum mahanaaya alexanderineyum swaadheenichathu. chilath ozhike, ettavum uyarnna alavilulla sookshumatha lakshyamittath, swarnna daric 97 sathamaanam mikachathaanu. aadyakaalangalil orotta dye upayogichaanu nanayangal nirmmikkappettirunnath shoonya lohathinte pinbhagam oru pegg, saadhaaranayaayi chathuraakrithiyilulla, aanvililoode pidichirunnu, athinaal oru chatushkona nyoonathayude (incuse square) roopathil athinte mathipp labhichu; kaalakramena eee chathuram varikalum roopangalum likhithangalum kondu alankarikkappettu. thekkan italiyil parasparam gadippicha rund dies upayogichirunnathinaal nanayangal munvashath athe roopakalppanayum pinvashathu thaazhthiyathum ("nammi inkusi") avatharippikkunnu. desheeyathakalkanusarichu vividha bhaashakalilaan likhithangal. dwibhasha likhithangal-iii.jii., greak-laattin-bhashayum tharavum poruthappedaattha likhithangal-iii.jii.cypriot aksharangalile greak sambhavikkunnu; greak aksharangal polum kaalakramena roopathil niravadhi maattangalkk vidheyamaakunnu. naanayangalude avakasham paramaadhikaaratthinte oru prathyekaavakaashamaayathinaal, likhithangal aadyam aarude adhikaarathin keezhil nanayam adichirunnuvo aaa paramaadhikaarashakthiyude peru paraamarsikkunnu; greasil, mahanaaya alexanderinte kaalam vare, ithaanu samooham. naanayangalude chumatala vahichirunna udyogastharude perukalum kandethiyittundu; pilkkala nanayangal bii 312 enna cellusid kaalaghattatthil ninnu pathivayi kanakkaakkappedunna varshavum kaanikkunnu.sii. ettavum pazhaya naanayangalude uthbhavam orupakshe lidiyayil, orupakshe herodotus nammodu parayunnathupole, allengil ejinayil, avarude rajaavaaya pheedoninode, parian chronicle avaye visheshippikkunnu, orupakshe 600 bii.sii. ore kadalile vividha dveepukal ivayil ninnu valare vyathyasthamallatha roopakalppanakalulla nanayangal nalkunnu. bii 510ll nasippikkappetta sibaris nagaratthil ninnulla maathrkakal nilavilundenna vastutha theliyikkunnathupole thekkan italiyile nanayangal valare pilkkaalathethalla.sii. greasinte aadyakaala naanayangalaaya grease proper, eshya minor enniva paranna vediyundakalodu saamyamulla kattiyulla lohakkashanangalaan, swaabhaavikamaayum, ettavum lalithamaaya upakaranangalum sasyangalum mrugangalum vahikkunnu, avaa taamasiyaathe prathyeka pradeshangalude savisheshathakalaayi maarunnu; ivaykku sesham devanmaarudeyum manushyarudeyum thalakalum roopangalum varum, chilappol koottangalaayi onnikkum. ekadesham 400 bii.sii. greak kalayaya dye cutting athinte poornnamaaya vikasanathilethi, pilkkala vamshangalkk thulyamallaatha oru paridhi mikavu nedi syracus onnaam sthaanam vahikkunnu; athinusesham kramatthil ariadia, theebs, olinthas muthalaayava varunnu. greak shreniyil nanayangal ulppeduthiyittulla helenic ithara janathayil, njangalkk ettavum pradhanappettavar joothanmaaraanu. aadyam avar videsha nanayangal upayogichuvenkilum, syriakkaarkkethire maashabeekalude keezhil deseeya uyarchayude falamaayi, pradhana purohithanaaya saiman antiocus VII (139-38 b.sii.) naanayangalude avakasham. saiman chembu, velli enniva achadichu. addehathodu "sheckel israel" ennu visheshippikkappedunnu puram ithihyavum (sheckel israel) oru kapp allengil challis athinu mukalil oru theeyathiyum (1-5, naanayangalude avakasham nalkunnathil ninnu kanakkakkunnu); neremarichu, ithihaasam (jarusalem vishudham), moonnu mukulangalulla oru lillie-staakk. bakkiyulla mashabees-joonn hydranus, judas aristobulus, alexander janius, maattaathiyaas antigonus thudangiyavar-pazhaya hebru allengil hebru, greak bhaashakalilulla likhithangal upayogichu maathram chembu nirmmichu. ivaykku sesham idumian rajakumaran naayakanteyum addehathinte pingaamikaludeyum chembu nanayangal vannu. kristhuvinte kaalath roman naanayangalum prachaaratthilundaayirunnu. kappam kodukkunna panatthinte katha ithu theliyikkunnu. "avar avanu (kristhuvinu) oru paisa vaagdaanam cheythu. yeshu avarodu chodichu ithu aarude prathimayaanu, likhithamaanu? avar avanodu parayunnu seesezhs "(maatt.xxii, 19-21). romarkkethire juthanmaar nadatthiya rund kalaapangalude samayat mathramaayirunnu athu.dii. 66-70,132-135 ennee padangal upayogichu aaa velli veendum yathaakramam elazar, saiman, baar-kachba ennivayude keezhil nirmikkappettu. kristhuvinu sheshamulla onnaam noottaandile bactrian nanayangalil gondophers enna peru, allengil samanamaaya chila perukal, moonnu maagikalil onninu samaanamaanenn karuthappedunnu, kaspar. bii. roman nanayangal italiyil aadyakaala vinimaya maadyamam chembu aayirunnu, athu oro edapaadilum thookkendivannu ("oes ruud"). thudakkathil ithu kramarahithamaya roopathilum pinneedu vikruthamaaya baarukalilum upayogichirunnu. aadyam oru niyamaparamaaya tender nalkiyathinte bahumati servius tulius aanu, addeham baarukalil krithyamaaya roopangal, kooduthalum kannukaalikal ("primus signavit oes; oes signettam") mudrakuthiyathaayi parayappedunnu. nagaratthinte chinnangalum avayude moolyavum soochippikkunna adayaalangalulla yadhaartha nanayangal avatharippikkunnath valare pilkkaalathethaanu. 12 auns (10.527 oz) aayirunnu dhanaparamaya yoonit. troy), oru roman poundinu thulyamaanu ("libra"-athinaal, libral staanderd); ennirunnaalum, saadhaaranayaayi, oru aante bharam 10 auns (ekadesham 8/4 auns) mathramaayirunnu. troy). avaye kooduthal eluppathil verthirichariyaan vendi ("semi" = 1/2, "trians" = 1/3, "kwadrans" = 1/4, "sextance" = 1/6, "yunsia" = 1/12) ennivayude divisionukal auns adangiyirikkunnathra panthukal upayogichu oru vashath adayaalappeduthiyirunnu. oru vashath roome nagaratthinte savisheshamaaya upakaranamaya oru kappalinte praathinidyavum maruvashathu naanayatthinte moolyathinanusarichu vyathyaasappedunna oru daivathvathinte thalayum undaayirunnu. nanayangal vrithaakruthiyilullathum uyarnnathum ennaal alppam vikruthavum, bhangiyullathum, kaastucheythathumaayirunnu; chilath campaniyayil achadichathaayirunnu. 268 bii.sii. aaresinte bharam kramanugathamaayi kuranju; libral staanderd aadyam oru triantal, pinneedu oru ansiyal, oduvil oru ardha ansiyal staanderd-yadhaartha bhaaratthinte 1/24 aayi maari. eee maanadandam kurachathu valia moolyamulla naanayangalude (yathaakramam 2,3,10 kazhuthakalkk thulyamaaya dupontius, tripontius, decusis) nirmmaanathinu soukaryamorukkiyappol, chembu naanayangalkk avayude aantharika moolyathekkaal valare uyarnna nilavile moolyam nalkunnathinum kaast naanayangalkk pakaram staambu cheytha naanayangalude aamukham vardhippikkunnathinum ithu kaaranamaayi. livi parayunnathanusarichu aadyathe velli nanayangal bii. 268-laanu achadichathu.sii.eee aadyathe velli kashanam 10 kazhuthakalkk thulyamaaya "denarius" aayirunnu. quinarious" (ardha "denarius"), "sestertiyas" (ardha "denarius") ennee cheria moolyavarggangal ithine pinthudarnnu. iva koodaathe chila pravishyakale vaanijya naanayamaayi upayogikkunnathinu "victoriyattas" (naalil oru bhagam "denarius") roopeekarichu. oru poundinte 1/72 enna thookkamulla denarius 217 b yill kuranju.sii. 1/84 vare, velli eathaandu shudhamaayirunnu. munvashath "diia roma" kaanikkunnu; neremarichu, rund dioscuri; eee staambukalil aadyathethu prathyekichum varshangalolam upayogathilundaayirunnu. oru kammeeshan ("tresviri oore aarjento auro flando ferriyundo") aanu mint kaikaaryam cheythath, athil amgangal taamasiyaathe avarude perukalo aadyaksharangalo nanayangalil sthaapikkukayum pinneedu avarude kudumbatthile amgangaleyum avarude pravarthanangaleyum (kudumbam allengil consular nanayangal) mahathwappeduthukayum cheythu. akkaalat polum, ennaal saamraajyathva kaalaghattatthil, palappozhum velli ("dinari subowati") kondu nerttha pooshiya adisthaana lohathinte dinari undaayirunnu. swarnam nirmmikkappettath apoorvamaayi maathrame sambhavichittulloo. bisi 44-ll saamraajyathva naanayangalilekkulla parivartthanatthe seaser adayaalappeduthunnu.sii. addehathinte chhaayaachithramulla nanayangal puratthirakkaan senatt utharavittu. brutus polum eee udaaharanam pinthudarukayum augustsil ninnu thadassamillaatha chhaayaachithra naanayangalude parambara aarambikkukayum cheythu. svarnnavum velliyum naanayamaakkaanulla avakasham seaser ithinakam avakaashappettirunnuvel, augustus eee avakasham thanikkuvendi avakaashappedukayum chembu nanayangal maathram senattinu vidukayum cheythu; eee chembu naanayangalude savisheshatha s aksharangalaanu.sii. ("senattas kansaltto"). ooreliyan (270-76) eee padavi polum senattil ninnu eduthu. saamraajyathil ninnu aarambhich naam dhaaraalam swarnna nanayangal kandethunnu. ekadesham 123⁄2 daanyangal bharamullah "ooriyas" aanu pradhana nanayam; athinte munvashath chakravartthiyude peru, padavi, chhaayaachitram enniva undu; athinte vipareeta, sambannamaaya vaividhyathil charitraparamaaya praathinidyangal. chakravartthiyude nirmmaanam, priyappetta daivangal, addehathe alankarichatho alankarikkendatho aaya sadgunangalude vyakthithvangal; addehathinte kudumbatthile amgangalum prathinidheekarikkunnu. eee kaaryatthil trajan, hadrian ennivayude parambara prathyekichum sambannamaanu. neeroyude koode naanayangalude, prathyekichu velliyude, thakarcha aarambikkunnu; ithu veendum oru paridhivare kramam sthaapikkunnathuvare thudarnnu. oru poundinte (ekadesham 70 daanyangal) aii. dii. 1 nuu thulyamaaya "solidus" enna puthiya swarnna nanayam addeham avatharippichu, ithu noottaandukalaayi dhanavyavasthayude vikasanathil oru pradhana gadakamaayi thudarnnu. chila sambhavangalude smaranaykkaayi puratthirakkiya, visheshichum valuthum shradhaapoorvvam nadappilakkiyathumaaya mintinte medalukalekkurichu prathyeka paramarsham nadatthanam. svarnnam, velli, chembu enniva upayogichaanu avaa nirmmichathu, vilayeriya lohathil, saadhaaranayaayi niyamaparamaaya maanadandatthinu anusrithamaayi nirmikkappettu. manjaniratthilulla lohathinte ("medais dess dukes cuverse") vrithathaal chuttapetta chembu kondu nirmmicha maathrkakalum undu. kontorniyatt" enna padam uyarthiya arikulla oru valia vrithaakrithiyilulla chembu naanayathinu prayogikkunnu, ithu pradhaanamaayum sarsenshyan geyimukalumaayi bandhappett upayogikkunnu. baisaantain ennu perittirikkunna kizhakk roman chakravartthimaarude nanayangal kaalakramatthil kuranjathu madhyakaalakhattatthilenkilum ulppedunnu, ennaal avayude naanayanirmmaanathil nireekshichirunna maanadandam, thudakkathil naanayangalude swabhaavam enniva anusarichu vilayiruthumbol, muzhuvan parambarayum roman saamraajyathinte prasnangalumaayi adutha bandhamullathaan. chembu samriddhamaayi nirmmikkappettirunnu, velli apoorvvamaayi maathrame undaayirunnulloovenkilum ettavum valia praadhaanyam swarnna naanayangalumayi bandhappettirikkunnu. varshangalolam baisaandiyathil maathramaan swarnam nirmmikkappettath, eee swarnna kashanagal pathimoonnaam noottaand vare punaraarambhichilla, marichu islaaminte swarnna naanayangalkk mathramalla, padinjaaran swarnna naanayangalkkum oru maathrkayaayi pravarthichu. baisantain nanayangalil kalaparamaaya yogyatha poornnamaayum illah avayude tharam karkkasavum ekathaanavumaanu. muun sambathinum vaividhyamaarnna upakaranagalkkum pakaram maruvashathu mathaparamaya chinnangal, kristhuvinte monogram, vishudhar enniva naam kandethunnu. pathinanjaam noottaandinte madhyathil chakravartthimaaril avasaanatheyaalaayirunna joonn VIII-yude nanayangal baisaantain parambarayile avasaanathethaayirunnu. sii. madhyakala nanayangal pazhaya roman saamraajyathinte praadeshika paridhikkullil uyarnnuvanna puthiya samsthaanangal aadyam roman nanayangal upayogichirunnu, avayil mathiyaya ennam nilavilundaayirunnu. vamseeya kudiyetta kaalaghattatthile apoorva svayambharana prasnangal roman parambarayumaayi valare adutha bandhamullavayaan; fraansile merovingianmaar maathramaan oru paridhivare svayam swathanthraraayathu. ennirunnaalum, valare vegam thanne naanayangalumayi bandhapetta ellah kaaryangalilum pothuvaaya idivu aarambhichu; nanayangal kramanugathamaayi parukkan aayi maarunnu, swarnna currency aprathyakshamaayi, chembu asaadhaaranamaayi maathram nirmikkappettu; cheria velli nanayangal mathramaayirunnu panamadaykkal maadyamam. chalmaine orutharam kramam punasthaapichu; rajaavu maathram prayogikkenda oru rajakeeya visheshaadhikaaramaayi nanayangal nirmmikkanulla avakasham avakaashappett, akkaalat vinashakaramaaya anupathangal kaivashappeduthiyirunna ellah swakaarya naanayangalum addeham adichamarthi. koodaathe, achadippaniyil kooduthal shradha nalkanamennu addeham nirddeshikkukayum yooroppinte bhooribhaagathinteyum maanadandamaayi maariyathum avayude pradhana savisheshathakalil innuvare englandil pravarthikkunnathumaaya eee vishayathil niyanthranangal undaakkukayum cheythu. velliyude taalant allengil poundu (ekadesham 11/5 auns) aayirunnu adisthaanam. troy); ithu 20 shillingukalaayi (poundum shilling verum akkoundinte panamaanu) vibhajikkapettu, oronnum 12 pensinu ("nishedhikkunnavar") thulyamaanu. athinaal aaa paisaykk 23⁄2 daanyangal bharamundaayirunnu. kristhyana mathavishwaasam" enna ithihyathaal chuttapetta, kurish nirakalaal alankaricha oru pally prathinidheekarikkunnathaanu carlavingian naanayangalile ettavum saadhaaranamaaya roopakalppanakal. madhyakaalakhattatthile savisheshamaaya saambathika saahacharyangal thudarchayaayi kurayunna bharavum sookshumathayum ulla velli naanayangalude vitharanathinu kaaranamaayi, athinaal avaa kramanugathamaayi kooduthal kooduthal upayogashoonyamaavukayum moolyangalile pothuvaaya uyarchayude falamaayi karansiyaayi upayogikkaan kazhiyaathirikkukayum cheythu. eee reethiyil oru prakriya aarambhichu, athu madhyakaalakhattathil niravadhi thavana aavarthichu pazhaya cheria naanayangalude moolyathakarchayude falamaayi, valuthum vilayeriyathumaaya puthiya nanayangal europiludaneelam vijayakaramaayi kadannupoya chila nagarangalil adichu. kaalakramena ivayude moolyam kurayukayum pakaram oru puthiya prashnam varikayum cheythu. pathimoonnaam noottaandil shilling (12 pensinu thulyamaayathu) aadyamaayi toorukalil srishtikkappettu; akkaalat valare nerthathaayi maariyirunna "deniorinu" virudhamaayi, athine "nammas grosses" (kattiyulla nanayam) ennum, athu aadyamaayi srishticha sthalathinte peril ninnu "grosses taronensis" allengil "gross tourneois" ennum vilichirunnu. oru vashath raajaavinte perulla oru kurish oru aithihyavumundu, saadhaaranayaayi "benedictum sitt nomen dominy"; maruvashathu oru palli. tournois" fraansiludaneelavum kaandaamrigathiloodeyum athivegam vyaapikkukayum praaguvil samanamaaya oru nanayam ("" grosses pragensis "allengil" pragger groshen ") achadikkunnathilekku nayikkukayum athu pala raajyangalilum anukarikkappedukayum cheythu. merovingian kaalaghattatthinushesham achadicha swarnna nanayangal frederic randaaman chakravartthiyude augustalukalaayirunnu. iva munkaala roman naanayatthinte pakarppukalaayirunnu, avaa sisiliyil achadichathaayirunnu. republic oof florencil ekadesham 1250 vare oru saadhaarana swarnna nanaya nirmmaanam aarambhichirunnilla. eee naanayangalkk oru vashath sent. snaapanametta joonn, maruvashathu, florencinte chinnamaaya oru lillie. eee upakaranathil ninno (floss lilly) allengil nagaratthinte peril ninno avarkk "florin" enna peru labhichu. avarude bharam 540 daanyangalil alppam kooduthalaayirunnu. eathaanum pathittaandukalkk sesham venisinte dogg, jiovanni dandolo, sent dosinu munbu muttukutthi nilkkunna doginte praathinidhyam vahikkunna oru swarnna nanayam achadikkaan thudangi. mark kristhuvinte prathimayum "sitt tbcreast datas kwem thuu rejis isthe dukattas" enna aithihyathodoppam. eee aithihyathinte avasana vaakk naanayathinu "ducato" (ducat) ennu peru nalki; venesil ithine "laa seca", "mint" ennathil ninnu "sechino" (seekwin) ennum vilichirunnu. florin tharavum ducatinte perum taamasiyaathe lokamembaadum pracharichu. aadhunika kaalatthilekkulla parivartthanam kooduthal valia velli naanayangalude varaviloode adayaalappeduthunnu. ivayil itaaliyan "testoon", franch "frank" ennivaykku purame jarmman "taller" aayirunnu ettavum pradhanam. 1485-ll tyrolinte archduke sigismund 2 "loth" bharavum 15 "loth" enna sookshumathayum ulla oru puthiya velli nanayam puratthirakkaan kaaranamaayi; akkaalathe vinimaya nirakkil athinte moolyam swarnna guldente moolyavumaayi poruthappedunnu, athinaal athine "guldengroshen" ennu vilichu. tyrolinte udaaharanam taamasiyaathe nanayangal nirmmikkanulla avakashamulla niravadhi prabhukkanmaar pinthudarnnu; jokkimstalile schlick kaundukalude mintil nirmmicha "jokkimstalar" ("taller" ennu churukkatthil), taller (dollar) enna peru uthbhavichu, athu innum nilanilkkunnu. itharathilulla nanayangalil ettavum rasakaramayavayil sallsburghile aarch bishappaya keyushchachile leonard nirmmicha "rubentalar" aanu, addehathinte aayudha bairingukalil ninnu peritta oru turnip (rube); iva madhyakaalakhattatthile apoorvavum mikkappozhum vyajavumaaya nanayangalil ulppedunnu. madhyakaalakhattatthile jarmman saamraajyathinte dhanavyavasthakalkku athinte naanayangalude ennam mathramalla, athinte parinaamatthinte savisheshathayum kanakkiledukkumbol ettavum valia thaalpparyamund. sharleman, naanayangalude ekathvam sthaapikkukayum naanayanirmmaanathinulla avakasham paramaadhikaarathinu maathramullathaanennu amgeekarikkappedaan kaaranamavukayum cheythuvennathu sariyaanu; ennaal addehathinte durbalaraaya pingaamikal kramena ithum mattu rajakeeya visheshaadhikaarangalil bhooribhaagavum saamanta prabhukkanmaarkk nalkaan nirbandhitharaayi, avarude adikaaram paramapradhaanamaaya sarkkar durbalamaayathode vardhichukondirunnu. eee fuderimaaril ellah aarch bishappumarum bishappumarum mathramalla, saamrajyathinullile pramukha madaadhipathikalum madaadhipathikalum koodiyundaayirunnu. parinamam kramena aayirunnu. oru meela ("merkkattas") nadatthaanum nikuthi ("telonium") chumathanum fyoodattarikaliloraalude eathenkilum sthalathu oru mint ("monetta") sthaapikkaanum aadyam anumathi nalkiyirunnu. thudakkathil eee mint oru kaimaattam maathramaayirunnirikkam, ennirunnaalum, madhyakaalakhattathil athinte labham palappozhum valare ganyamaayirunnu, athu karthaavinu shekharikkappettu. thudarnnu thante chhaayaachithramulla nanayangal achadikkaan addehathinu anumathi nalkiyengilum ekeekritha nilavaaram nilanirthendivannu. deerghakaalathekku eee fyoodattari prabhukkanmaarkk oru niyanthranavumillathe nanayangal nirmmikkanulla padavi labhichu. ithu cheythappol saamraajyathinte naanayathil ekathvam avasaanichappol, naanayanirmmaanathil valia vaividhyam saadhyamaavukayum nanayangal nirmmikkanulla avakasham chakravartthiyude prathyekaavakaashamaayiriknathum oro fuderatorinteyum padaviyaayi maarukayum cheythu. naanayangalude vila nirantharam kuraykkunnathiloodeyum avaa maattunnathiloodeyum eee padavi uthppaadanakshamamaaya varumaana srotassaayi chooshanam cheyyaan avar shramichu, athuvazhi vyaapaarathil earppettirunna avarude prajakalkk gurutharamaaya nashtam sambhavichu. athinaal, naanayangalude avakasham ithuvare nediyittillaattha nagarangal, onnukil nanayangal nirmmikkanulla avakasham nedunnathiloodeyo allengil kaarshika naanayakkallukal upayogicho allengil naanayakkallukalude udamakale avarude adikaarangal kooduthal nyayamaaya reethiyil prayogikkaan prerippicho samvidaanathil kurachu niyanthranam nedaan shramichu. jarmman madhyakala nanayangalil, "braakteets" (laatt. "bractia", "oru nerttha loha sheett") prathyeka paramarsham arhikkunnu. munkaalathe scandinavian braaktettukaleppole avaa vyakthiparamaaya aabharanangalaayirunnilla, marichu yadhaartha naanayangalaayirunnu. pathinonnam noottaandil denier kanamkuranjathum kanamkuranjathumaayi mariyathinaal, panthrandaam noottaandinte thudakkathil germmaniyude chila bhaagangalil, valare nertthathum ennaal valiyathumaaya velli nanayangal, oru dye upayogichu nirmmichathum athe design kaanikkunnathumaaya athe design, oru vashath aashvaasam nalkukayum maruvashathu mangiyirikkukayum cheythu. eee nanayangal, prathyekichu thudakkathil, kalaparamaaya yogyathayillaathe shradhaapoorvvam nadappilaakki. swaabiyayile haale nagaram (wurtemberg) oru cheria bhinna naanayamaan purathirakkiyathu, athu vishalamaaya prachaaratthilundaayirunnu, athinte uthbhavasthalam muthal "heller" ennu vilikkapettu. chila kaaryangalil franch naanayangalude parinamam jarmman naanayangalumayi saamyamullathaan ivideyum patthaam noottaandil leeii, eklisistikkal baaranukalude (viyan, arles, reims muthalaayavayude aarch bishappukal) nanayangal naam kaanunnu. prathyekichum), oru nischitha tharam ("type immobilis") savisheshatha, ithu deerghakaalathekku maattamillathe nilanirthunnu. ennaal madhyakaalakhattatthinte avasaanathode eee nanayangal valare kurachu sakthamaaya fyoodattarukalil maathramaayi parimithappedutthiyirikku, rajakeeya naanayangalumayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol athinu ippol praadhaanyamilla. fraansil ninnu namukk "cheyis dii oor" enna swarnna nanayam undu, athu mattu raajyangalilum pradhaanamaayum achadichirunnu; ithu oru gothik simhaasanathil irikkunna raajaavine prathinidheekarikkunnu. englandil sterlings prabhukkanmaarum kudungippoyirunnu, iruvarum palappozhum vyajamaayirunnu. kaantarbariyileyum yorkkileyum aarch bishappumaarude nanayangal nilavilundu. italiyil, athinte niravadhi rashtreeya vibhajanagal kaaranam, jarmmaniykk samanamaaya vaividhyamaarnna nanayangal naam kaanunnu. sabhaa naanayangalude naanayangalude kuravu sradheyamaanu chila otappetta udaaharanangalum akvileja, trent, triste ennivayude parambarayum ozhike, namukk maarppaappayude nanayangal maathrameyulloo, avaa pradhaanamaayum baisaantain maathruka pinthudarnnu adrian I ll aarambikkunnu, pakshe klement V (avarude nanayangalil aadyathethu, ennirunnaalum, avignonil adichu) vare pradhaanamalla. kizhakkan europe bhooribhaagavum baisantaininte swaadheenathilaayirunnavilum kurishuyudhakkaar padinjaaran tharangale avar sthaapicha samsthaanangalilekku konduvannu. 700-aamm varsham maathramaan mohammed nanayangal prathyakshappedunnathu; eee nanayangal, kaaranam corran chithraparamaaya praathinidyangal vilakkunnu, koraanil ninnulla vaachakangal maathrame vahikkunnulloo, pothuve, bharanadhikaari, mint maasttar, naanayangalude theeyathi ennivayekkurichulla krithyamaaya prasthavanakal. dii. aadhunika nanayangal aadhunika kaalatthinte thudakkathil, amerikkayude kandethalinteyum athinte velli nikshepangalude chooshanathinteyum falamaayi, valia velli kashanagal ellaayidathum valia thothil kaanapedunnu. ithinte swaabhaavika anantharafalamaayi, kruthiyude nirvvahanathil kooduthal shradha nalkunnathum likhithangalile kooduthal vaayanaaparamaaya kathaapaathrangalum chithraparamaaya praathinidyangalil (chhaayaachithrangalum kottukalum) kooduthal shradha nalkunnathum naam kaanunnu. navothaana vishayangalil palathum, prathyekichu maarppaappayude nanayangal akkaalathe munnira kalaasrishtikalaayi kanakkaakkappedunnu. kazhinja eathaanum noottaandukalaayi, madhyakaalakhattatthile naagarikathayude swaadheenathil varaatha rajyangal mattullavarumayi naanayashaasthraparamaaya bandhatthilekku praveshikkunnu, udha.jii.russia vidoora kizhakkum, chainayil ettavum asaadhaaranamaaya aakruthiyilulla naanayangalund, chilath sushirangalullathum chilath tuning forkkukal, saabarukal muthalaayavayude roopathilullathumaanu.; siam, valanja velli vayarinte pindangal. muun noottaandukalil europile pazhaya parishkritha raajyangalude dhanavyavasthakal saadhaaranayaayi madhyakaalakhattathil sthaapithamaaya reethiyil vikasichappol, pathonpathaam noottaandile mahathaaya rashtreeya, saambathika viplavangal puthiya sakthikal roopeekarichu, avayude swaadheenam nanaya samvidaanangalil undaayirunnu. jarmman samsaarikkunna janangalude marria bandhangal avarude karansikalude vyathiyaanathin kaaranamaayi (germmaniyile adayaalam, austriyayile kroon, hollandile gulden, swittsarlandile frank), maruvashathu italiyude ekeekaranam oru ekeekritha itaaliyan dhanavyavasthaykku (lira) kaaranamaayi. ennaal saambathika saahacharyangal raashtreeyathekkaal kooduthal shaashvathamaaya phalangal nalkiyittundu. 1865 desember 23nuu france, itali, beljiyam, swittsarland ennivar laattin union roopeekarichu, 1868ll grease eee samsthaanangalude naanayangalude ekeekritha niyanthranathinu sammathichu. eee sambradaayam ippol svayam laattin moonittari yooniyanil cheraatha niravadhi samsthaanangal sweekarichu-rumenia, bulgaria, servia, finland, spain, kuranjathu naamamaathramaayi, madhya, thekke american republicukalil palathum, munbu spanish kolanikal, koodaathe niravadhi cheria europian samsthaanangalum. austriya-hungery russia eee samvidaanavumaayi ekadesham yojikkunnu. 1873ll mattoru dhanakaarya union roopeekarikkappettu, athil sweeden, denmark, norway enniva ulppedunnu, dhanakaarya union scandinavian kroon aanu. muun kolaniyaayirunna brazeelil porchugees dhanavyavastha ippozhum praabalyathilundu. aupachaarikamaaya oru kanvenshan illengilum, oru nanayam videsaraajyangalil currency nediyekkaam. athinaal jarmman dhanavyavasthayude oru shaakhayaaya meksikkan dollar, pasaphik samudrathinte vidoora theerathum chainayude samudra pravishyakalilum jappanilum siamilum malay dveepasamoohathinte bhaagathumulla nilavile naanayamaan; ithu madhya america aafrikkan samudra pravisyakaleyum polum swaadheenikkunnu. kizhakkan aphrica, thekkan arabia, malaysian upadveep ennivayude theerangalil athinte uthbhavasthalathinu athirvashathulla samudratheerathu indian roopayum currency nedi. canadian currency american aikyanaadukalude maanadandam pinthudarunnundengilum, engleesh paramadhikaaram niyamaparamaaya tender ulla kaanadayaan saambathikavum raashtreeyavumaaya thalpparyangal marikadakkunnathinte oru nalla udaaharanam nalkunnathu. ippol austriyayilum hangariyilum prachaarathilulla nanayangal lictenstainilum montenegroyilum currencyaayum thirichum saadhuthayullavayaanenkilum, valarekkaalamaayi austriyayil thanne prachaaratthilundaayirunna maria-terrisian tailor ennariyappedunna 1780-leeii theeyathi vahikkunna oru austriyan nanayam, ippozhum madhya aphrica, sudan, tripoly, arebia ennividangalile ettavum pradhanappetta vaanijya naanayamaan. kazhinja dashakangalil naanayanirmmaana saankethikavidyayil kaivaricha uyarnna nilavaaramulla poornatha oru vashath naanayangalude (aluminium kondu nirmmicha nanayangal, russian plaattinam nanayangal, beljian thulacha nanayangal, rund lohangalude engleesh nanayangal) niravadhi pareekshanangalkk kaaranamaayi, avayil mikathum nirnnayakamaaya vijayamayilla. maruvashathu, franch, itaaliyan naanayanirmmaanashaalakalude ettavum puthiya vishayangal theliyikkunnathupole, naanayanirmmaanatthinte kalaparamaaya vashath kooduthal shradha nalkaan kazhinju. II. medalukal medel" (florencil "medalia" = randilonnu nishedham) enna padam saadhaaranayaayi vrithaakrithiyilulla lohakkashanangalkk prayogikkunnu, avaa oru mint nalkiyittundenkilum panamadaykkal maadhyamamaayi uddesichittilla. kalaparavum saamskaarikavumaaya saahacharyangalum aavasyangalum avare swathanthraraakkiyengilum avaa yadhaarthathil naanayangalaayirunnuvennu avayude metteeriyal, roopam, nirmmaana reethi, charithram enniva theliyikkunnu. oru raashtrathinte charithratthile pradhana sambhavangale anusmarikkuka ennathaanu avarude lakshyam, angane eathenkilum vyakthiyudeyo oru raajyathinteyo muzhuvan medalukalude parambaraye adisthaanamaakki charithrangal ezhuthaanum chithreekarikkaanum sramangal nadannittundu. simhaasanathilekkulla praveshanam, yudhaprakhyaapanam, samaadhaanathinte samaapanamo sakhyamo, oru pothu kettidatthinte poorttheekaranam, ennivayil medalukal nalkunnathinulla avasarangal kaanapedunnu; paramaadhikaarikal avar aadarikkaan aagrahikkunna vyakthikalkk sammanam nalkunnathinaayi ithu valare vyaapakamaayi upayogichittundu, atharam sandarbhangalil palappozhum svarnnappanikkaarante kalayude yadhaartha rathnamaayirunnu. maruvashathu, addehathinte vivaham polulla avasarangalil aadaraanjaliyude adayaalamaayi oru medel palappozhum thangalude paramaadhikaariykk prajakal sammaanichittund. ennaal oru janathayude samskaarathinte aavishkaaramenna nilayil swakaarya medalinu valare valia thaalpparyamund, eee mekhalayil navothaanathinteyum thudarnnulla noottaandukaludeyum jarmman medel ettavum kooduthal udaaharanagal nalkunnu. chhaayaachithra medalukal ippol photography edutha punk vahichu. kottu oof ams staambu cheytha medalukal swakaarya vyakthikale prathinidheekarikkunnathin sahayikkunnu, chilappol tokkanukalaayum livarikalkkulla buttonukalaayum praayogikamaayi upayogikkunnu. vivaahanischayam, allengil vivahangal, velli allengil swarnna vivahangal, jananagal, snapanangal ennivayude smaranaykkaayi avaa upayogikkunnu, koodaathe naanayangaludeyo medalukaludeyo ("paattanfennij") aakruthiyilulla dhaaraalam sponsarmaarude naamakarana sammanangal eee aavashyathinaayi vyakthamaayi nirmmikkukayum sisuvinteyum daivapithaavinteyum perukal, snaapanathinte sthalavum theeyathiyum, pothuve oru punyaprasangavum alekhanam cheyyukayum cheiyunnu. eee "paattanphennij" palappozhum aabharanangalaayi dharikkan sambannamaaya krameekaranangalil sthaapikkukayum thalamurakalayi paarambaryamaayi nalkukayum cheythu. jeevithathilekkulla praveshanam mathramalla, maranavum medalukalil rekhappeduthiyittundu; atharam pala kruthikalilum vishadamaaya jeevacharitraparamaaya ariyippukal adangiyirikkunnu. palappozhum medel oru mathaparamaya uddeshyathinaayi upayogikkunnu; kremnitsilum prathyekichu jokkimstalilum atharam mathaparamaya naanayangalude vipulamaaya parambara prasidheekarichu. typological praathinidyangalkku valia sveekaaryatha labhichu, oru vashath pazhaya-testment tharam, maruvashathu puthiya-testment virudhatha kaanikkunnu. eee parishkaranatthiloode baibil padangal kondu alankaricha niravadhi medalukal labhichu. mathaparamaya medalukalekkurichulla priyappetta vishayam kristhuvinte thalayaayirunnu vienna nagaram noottaandukalaayi eee roopakalppanayulla medalukal pothuchihnangalaayi upayogikkunnu. eesttar medalukalil paschel aattukottanoppavum kristhumasil sisuvaaya yesuvinoppamulla mattullavarkk sammaanamaayi nalki. vishudharude, sent. jorgstaalar", "jorgsdukkaatt" ennivayil jorjine palappozhum prathinidheekarikkukayum sent jorjsinte chithramulla oru medel darikkunnath oru andhavishwaasam nilanilkkukayum cheythu. jorj murivukalil ninnulla oru samrakshanamaayirunnu. samanamaaya oru andhavishwaasam sent enna vyakthiyude praathinidhyavumaayi bandhappettirikkunnu. roach sent. sebaastyan allengil sent. playgil ninnulla samrakshanamaayi rosalia, athupole thanne veruthe ulla sarppathodoppamulla kurish. oru aditharayil ninnu vilayeriya lohathilekku alchemistic parivartthanatthinte uthppannamaanennu avakaashappedunna poornnamaayum andhavishwaasamulla thaaythoonukal, jyotisha, alchemistic naanayangalude ananthamaaya oru parambarayum undu. viyannayile saamraajyathva nanaya-kaabinattil eee kashanangalilonn adangiyirikkunnu, orupakshe nilavilullathil vachu ettavum valia medel, ekadesham 15⁄2 poundu bhaaramund. leopold onnaaman chakravartthiyude naalpat poorvvikarude chhaayaachitrangalaal alankaricha avordupois; avarude saannidhyathil parivartthanam nadannathaayi karuthappedunnu. athinaal medel vishwastharaayi upayogichirikkunna niravadhi palatharatthilulla uddeshyangal athinte nanaya nirmmaanatthilekku nayicha saamskaarika saahacharyangale prathifalippikkukayum ithuvare poornnamaayum vilamathikkappedaatha vivarangalude uravidamaavukayum cheiyunnu. yadhaartha medalukal purathana kaalam vare anjjaathamaayirunnu; avayude pravartthanangal pala kaaryangalilum-prathyekichu pradhana sambhavangalude smarakangal enna nilayil-nanayangal upayogichaayirunnu. innathe ekathaanavum pothuve kalarahithavumaaya nanayangalil ninnu vyathyasthamayi, puraathanakaalatthe nanayangal, prathyekichu greasinte nanayangal, thante vaidagdhyam prakadippikkaan mattu avasarangal thedaan nirbandhitharaakaatha, kothupaniyude kalayude maastarpees aayirunnu. roman saahacharyangalil saamyam undaayirunnu, chakravartthimaarude medalukal nammude medalukalude swabhaavavumaayi oru paridhivare ekadeshamaayi kanakkaakkunnundenkilum, avaa chattam pole, niyamaparamaaya dhana yoonittinte thanippakarppukalaanenkilum; geyimukalkkaayi adikkunna tokkanukal ("tessero"), contorniyattukal medalumaayi kooduthal adutha bandhamullavayaan. luis chakravartthiyude (814-40) kurachu swarnna ishyukalum medalukalumaayi saamyamullathaan, madhyakaalakhattatthinte thudarchayaaya kaalaghattatthil charithratthile chila sambhavangale ormmippikkaan uddeshichulla dhaaraalam nanayangal njangal kandumutty, ennirunnaalum avayude upakaranangal palappozhum vishadeekarikkaan valare budhimuttaanu; ivide ippozhum parihaaratthinaayi kaathirikkunna niravadhi pasil undu. bavariayudeyum saxonyudeyum sakthanaaya rajakumaaranaaya henry simhathinte pratheekamaayi simham addehathinte nanayangalil oru pradhana punk vahikkunnu. ennaal addehathinte ethiraaliyaaya vittalsbaakkinte ottoo, henry simhathe niyamavirudhamaakkiyappol, baveriyayude duchy sweekarichu, eee chihnavum upayogikkukayum oru simhathe pinthudarunnathino allengil kaiyil muricha simhathinte thala kayyil vechirikkunnatho aaya chithrangalulla nishedhangal purappeduvikkukayum cheythu. nanayangal palappozhum yudhathinte smaranaykkaayi upayogikkunnu, iva muttukutthi nilkkunna saamanthan gonfalon sweekarikkunna leej lordinte praathinidhyam vahikkunnu. oru poolish braakteet duke boleslav moonnaamante sent. gneasenil adalbert. bohemiayile ladislas onnaamante nishedham oru vashath vivaranathmakamaaya ithihyavum maruvashathu oru pally ulla saathaante veruppulavaakkunna thala kaanikkunnu. lushinu eee upakaranam thaazhepparayunna reethiyil kanakkakkaan kazhinju bohemiayile gurutharamaaya moulika aswasthathakalude thudarchaykku sesham, oru bhayanakamaaya chuzhalikkaattin idayil, oru ulkkatt mazha vannu, eee samayat niravadhi aalukal kottaykku sameepam manushyaroopatthil saathaante mukham kandathayi prakhyaapichu; eee nishedham thudarnnu adichu, iruvashathum saathaante thalayum daivathinte sabayum vahikkunnu. ithupolulla nanayangal oru paridhivare smaaraka medalukalude uddeshyathe niravettunnu. pathinalam noottaandinte avasaanathode italiyilaanu aadyathe yadhaartha medel prathyakshappettath. purathana roman medalukalude anukaranatthil paaduvayile prabhuvaya francesco randaaman karara rund medalukal nedi onnu, thante pithavaaya francesco onnaamante smaranaykkaayi, pinneedu commodesinteyum septimiyas severasinteyum medalukal oormmikkunnu; mattonn, 1390-ll paduva pidichadakkiyathinte smaranaykkaayi, francesco randaamante sestezhsukalil vitelius chakravartthiyude chithrathinu samanamaaya oru chhaayaachitram undu. oro kesilum pinvashathu carara kudumbatthinte oru cart ("carro") enna punching upakaranam undu. venkalathilum velliyilumaanu eee medalukal adichedukkunnathu. athe kaalayalavil thanne dye kattarmaarude oru kudumbamaaya venisinte sestoo kudumbam nirmmicha medel polulla trial peasukalum ulppedunnu. ivayum mudravekkappettu; ennaal adutha kaalayalavil medalinte vikasanam mudravecha kashanagal kondalla. pathinanjaam noottaandinte madhyathil thanne itaaliyan kala pettennu eee vibhaagathil kaast medalumaayi paraakaashtayiletthi. vittor pisano, oru chithrakaaran (bii. ekadesham 1380ll verona pravisyayil; dii. 1455 allengil 1456) medel jethaakkalil ettavum pazhakkameriyathum pradhaanappettathumaan. addehathinte anuyaayikaleppole, mezhuk modalukalil ninno irumbil muricha modalukalil ninno addehathinte kruthikal nirmmikkunnu, eee prakriya palappozhum kashanagal pinneedu arichedukkendathu aavasyamaanu. addeham thante kruthiyaaya "opas pisani pictoris" ll oppidunnu. medalukal mikkavarum valia valippamullathum krithrima pattina kondu pothinjathumaanu. munvashath avar bhaavaprakadana chhaayaachithrangal avatharippikkunnu, saadhaaranayaayi profile; maruvashathu, manoharavum samarthavumaaya upamakal angane leonello dii 'estte, oru simham, cupid kaivasham vachirikkunna samgeethathil ninnu paadunnu; allengil kollapetta maane udaaramaayi kazhukanmaarkk vittukodukkunna naples kazhukante alphonso. mudrakalil ninnu uruthirinjathaayirikkaam pisano chila prototypeukal upayogichathennu theliyikkaan kazhiyumenkilum, medel kalayude yadhaartha srashtaavu enna nilayil addehathinte prashasthi aaa vasthuthayal bhouthikamaayi kurayunnilla. rachanayilum nirvvahanathilum addeham thulyanayirunnilla, udaaharanathinu, kuleena mrugangalaaya simham, kazhukan, hoow ruzz ennivayekkurichulla addehathinte praathinidyangalil. pisano italiyiludaneelam sanjarikkukayum thante kaalathe pramukha rajakumaaranmaareyum swaadheenamulla purushanmareyum chithreekarikkukayum cheythu; addeham medel kalaye valare janapriyamakki, athinusesham italiyile ellah pradhana kalaa kendrangalilum kalakaaranmaar medalukalude nirmmaanatthil earppettu. rimini kottaaratthile prashamsaneeyanaaya kalakaran maattiyo dii pasty; veneeshyan giovanni boldu, gentail bellini, avaril randaamathethu sultan mehemettinu oru chhaayaachithra medel undaakki; pathinanjaam noottaandile ettavum mikacha medel jethaavaaya maanttuvan sperandio, mattu niravadhi perr. eee samayathum staambu cheytha medel praadhaanyathilekku madangivarunnu. romile benvenuto celliniyilum addehathinushesham caradosoyilum prathyekichu maarppaappayude mintinte yajamaananmaarilum paraamarsikkappedendathundu. kaavinoyude roman chakravartthimaarude venkala naanayangalude anukaranam sarikkum prashamsaneeyamaan. oduvil, kurachu kaalathinushesham, itaaliyan medel jethaakkale videsha raajakumaaranmaarude sevanathil kaanapedunnu netherlandsile jacopo daa tresso, germmaniyile rund abontio. itaaliyan medel pazhaya franch nirmmaanangalude vikasanathil ettavum sakthamaaya swaadheenam cheluthunnu. pathinanjaam noottaandinte avasana pakuthiyil itaaliyan lorana aadya franch medalukal nedi, adutha kaalaghattatthile kruthikal itaaliyan swabhaavasavisheshathakal vyakthamaayi kaanikkunnu. pathinezhaam noottaand vare oru puthiya shaili prathyakshappettilla, athil druppery prathyekichu prashamsaneeyamaayi punarnirmmikkappedunnu; ettavum pramukha kalakaaranmaar mettsile jeane richiyar, pinneedu gillom duprey, jeane vaarin ennivaraayirunnu. germmaniyil, itaaliyan naanayangalude swaadheenathil tyrolile haalil aadyakaala valia velli nanayangal nirmikkappettu; koodaathe mintinte kothupaniyaayi haalilekk shanikkappetta jian marco kaavalloykk, eee nanayangal kalayude charithratthil avayude pradhana sthaanathinum germmaniyile pala medalukalilum avayude prakadamaaya swaadheenathinum kadappettirikkunnu. jarmman medel kalayude ettavum pazhaya maathrkakal, ore samayam naanayangalaayirunna iva staambu cheythavayaayirunnu; ennaal, itaaliyan pole, jarmman medel staambil cheythathalla, marichu kaast kashanangalilanu athinte ettavum uyarnna poornnathayilethunnathu. boxes wood, kelheim kallu, pinneedu mezhuk enniva upayogichu nirmmicha ganyamaaya ennam modalukal ippozhum nilavilundu. maratthilo kallilo nirmmicha eee chhaayaachithrangal aadyam anthimamaayi kanakkaakkappettirunnu, digri adisthaanathil maathrame avaa lohathil kaasttucheyyunnathinulla modalukalaayi upayogikkaavoo. germmaniyile kalaa kendrangalil (pathinaram noottaandinte thudakkathil, ogsburg, neuremberg) prathyakshappetta eee kaast medalukalkku samanamaaya uthbhavam itaaliyan medalilaanu. ennaal avayude uthbhavam maathram; itaaliyan thalatthilulla oru mikavil athunnathuvare jarmman medalinte kooduthal vikasanam poornnamaayum yadhaarthavum swathanthravumaaya varikale pinthudarunnu. itaaliyan medalukalude maruvashathu naam kaanunna avarude roopangalude sambathu upayogichu manoharamaaya designukal nirmikkunnathil jarmmankaar paraajayappedunnu ennathu sariyaanu; pakaram, kooduthal saadhaaranayaayi, kottu oof aamsinte mikacha praathinidyangal nammal kandethunnu. jarmman medalinte valia shakti munvashath krithyamaaya chhaayaachitram nirmmikkunnathin nalkunna snehapoornamaaya paricharanatthilaanu; ithu medalinte uddeshyavumaayi poruthappedunnu, ithu italiyil undaayirunnathinekkaal madhyavargathile pramukha kudumbangalkkidayil vyaapakamaayi vitharanam cheyyappettu. 1500-nuu sesham itaaliyanekkaal valare vaikiyaan jarmman medel athinte unnathiyilethunnathu aalbrekt durerinte ettavum pazhaya udaaharanangalil onnaanu. pala kalakaaranmaarum avarude vyakthithvathekkurichu oru soochanayum nalkunnilla allengil palappozhum vyaakhyaanikkaan prayaasamulla adayaalangalo chinnangalo upayogichu svayam oppidunnu. ennirunnaalum, nyoorambarginte maastaraaya peettar floatnerinu valare vilapetta medalukalude oru neenda parambara nalkunnathu ippol saadhyamaayirikkunnu, athinaal ellah medel jethaakkalil munpanthiyilulla oralaayi kanakkaakkanam; addehathe aduthu maatts gebel pinthudarunnu. eee kaalaghattatthile mattu sradheyamaaya medel jethaakkal hans dochar aanu, avarude jolikalil bhooribhaagavum paalattinett kottaarathinuvendiyaanu; neurembergile hans schwarz, "maratthile ettavum mikacha vyaajan", 1518 leeii augsburghinte bhakshanathile amgangalkkaayi dhaaraalam kruthikal nirmmichu; swittsarlandile jacob staambar; ettavum janapriya kalakaaranmaaril oralaaya friedrich haganover; oduvil austriyayil sthirathaamasamaakkiya jokim dessler, prathyekichu vienna, kremstal, jokkimstal ennivayude naanayashaalakalil, eee kaalayalavil, eee kaalayalavil niravadhi medalukal adichu, ennirunnaalum avayellaam medel kalayude nettatthinaayi, ennirunnaalum, hans aarhichilla. pathinaram noottaandinte avasaanathode jarmman medel athinte unnathiyilekku vyakthamaayi kadannupokukayum videshathe, prathyekichu itaaliyan kruthikale aasrayikkukayum cheythu. netherlandil kala uyarnna nilavaaratthilulla poornatha kaivarichu. pathinaram noottaandinte randaam pakuthiyile stephaanas hollanticus, kurachu kazhinju, konraad block, pathinezhaam noottaandile peettar vaan abeel ennivayaanu ividathe mikacha perukal. englandil medel jethaakkalil bhooribhaagavum videsikalaanu; valare vaikiyum prathyakshappedaatha thaddesheeya kalakaaranmaaril ettavum paraamarshikkappedendavar emm. saiman, vilyam, ell. sii. liyon. maruvashathu kaspar saiman passes valare shradhaapoorvvam kothivacha cheruthum nertthathumaaya velli kashanangalude nirmmaanatthil valia kalaparamaaya vaidagdhyam nedunnu. mattu samsthaanangalkku praadhaanyamilla; avar mikka videsha kalakaaranmaareyum niyamichu. aadhunika yugathinte thudakkathil italiyilum germmaniyilum nediya uyarnna kalaparamaaya thalatthilulla medel sthiramaayi nilanirthaan kazhinjilla. kaaranam, avideyum ivideyum mikacha kalaasrishtikal nirmmikkappettappol, medalukalum naanayangalum kalaasrishtikal enna nilayil kooduthal kooduthal vashalayi. pathonpathaam noottaandinte madhyam vare kalaykku oru puthiya prachodanam labhichilla, athu fraansil aadyamaayirunnu. athinte baahya prakadanangal maathram kanakkiledukkumbol, eee chalanatthinte praarambhatthinte krithyamaaya theeyathi polum nischayikkaan kazhiyum. 1868 meyy 2 nuu paarees mintinte komitte kansalttattif dess graverezhs president rasathanthranjanaaya dumas medalinte kalaparamaaya vikasanathe thadayunna vaikalyangal choondikkaanichu oru prasangam nadathukayum mintinte president enna nilayil avayude bhedagathikkaayi abhyarthikkukayum cheythu. aksharangal, poolish, uyarnna riim muthalaayavayude mosham ruchiyekkurichu addeham prathyekichum paraamarshichu. eee vilasam baahyaroopavumaayi bandhappettathaanenkil, medalinte yadhaartha uddeshyathekkurichu oru puthiya veekshanam ithinakam kramena srishtikkappettu. oudins, pooll dubois, chappas ennivayude nirmmaanathetthudarnnu, ellaattinumupariyaayi herbert ponscarms (medalukalude polishingine aadyam ethirthathu), pinneedu dejiyerjukal, chaplayinukal, daniel dupris, ooskaar rotty ennivar franch medel jethaakkalil ettavum vishishtatha nediyavaraanu. oru chhaayaachithrakaaranenna nilayil mathramalla, prathyekichu vipareeta rachanayil addeham mikavu pulartthunnu addehathinte mikacha roopakangal (udha.jii.penkuttikalude vidyaabhyaasavumaayi bandhapetta merittinulla medalil-kanyakamaare padippikkunna republic, purushanmaarude bhaavi ammamar) addeham shradhaapoorvvam padicha kwaatrosentoyile kalakaaranmaare oormmippikkunnu, pakshe chattam pole nerittu anukarichilla. medel nadappaakkunnathinu munbu adisthaana ashayam engane nadappaakkanam ennathinekkurichu deerghavum shradhaapoorvavumaaya charcha nadakkunnathupole (ponskarmukal ithinu vazhiyorukkiyathayi thonnunnu) avasana nimisham vare nirvvahanathinu thanne ettavum shradhaapoorvvam shradha labhikkunnu. kalakarante kaii maathrame addehathinte srishtiyil sparshikkaavoo. saankethika yogyathakalude adisthaanathil maathram vilayiruthiyaalum franch medel mikacha phalangal nediyittundu. franch prasthaanatthil ninnu swathanthramaayi, austriyayil oru medel punarujjeevanam aarambhichu. aantan sharf medel shailiyude punasthaapanavum karkkashamaaya parambaraagatha roopangalil ninnulla vimochanavum konduvannu; addehathodoppam pravartthikkunnavaril mootha joseph thouttenheim, stephaan schwarts, france saavar poolik, chesseld medel saankethikavidyayil praaveenyam nediya stephaan schwarts ennivar ulppedunnu. aduthide rudolph marshal oru chhaayaachithrakaaranenna nilayil uyarnna prashasthi nedukayum lioo XIII, payas X ennivaykku medalukal nadappilakkaanulla kammeeshan nedukayum cheythu. franch, viennis medalukal mattu rajyangalil ithinakam thanne medel kalayude niravadhi manoharamaaya maathrkakalkku kaaranamaaya oru pravartthanatthe ahvaanam cheythittundu. aagast. vii. lore.

catholic vishvakosh (1913)/mudrashastra charchmadhye sankhyancha vapar nanak dimitis  nanyanchya aanee padakanche vidnyan heey nanyanchya shastratil shastra aahe. pratyek naane kinwa padak jyaa sanskrutik, aarthik aanee rajkiy paristhititun nirman jhaale aahe, tyamule heey vidnyan manavjatichya vividh susanskrut samudayannusar vibhagale gele aahe. heey keval eka vegale vidnyan nahee tarr, tyachya sambandhit bhaganmadhye, tyaa serve vidnyananchi eka shakha aahe jee rashtranchya itihasashi aanee tyanchya sanskratishi sambandhit aahe-shastriy puratatvashastra, itihas tyachya sankuchit arthane prachyavad ii. vyavharikdrushtya, keval pracheen, aadhunik aanee bahudha prachya nanyatdnyannach mahatva aahe. shivay, nanyachi varnanatmakata, aanee nanyachi kalatmak, aarthik aanee sanskrutik bajoo pahana nanyachi varnanatmakata yatahi farak keela pahije. nanyanchya sankalanachya prayatnanvar saiddhantik nanyanchyashastrache avalambitva vidnyanachya itihasat spashtapane disun yete. konatyahi mahattvachya sarvat suruvatichya prakashne sangrahakanchya garja purn karnyasathi lihili gelee hotee (udaa.jee. teller, grotshen aanee dukatche vividh cabinet aanee "munzbelustibunjen" kinwa "naane-bhootkal"), tarr pracheen nanyanchya vaidnyanik upcharansathicha paya 1790 paryant, ekeldware aanee aadhunikatesathi ekonisavya shatkaparyant madder grot aanee lelveldware puravala gela navhata. (teey seent lakshat thevane yogya aahe. thomas aquinas yanni, "daad regimine principis", II, xiii, xiv madhye, paisa aanee nanyancha vishay hatalala aanee heey kaam anek varshe dharmasiddhankanmadhye adhikar hote.) jyaa nanyancha aaplyala kahee vishisht dnyan aahe, too sarvat juna sangrah pandharavya shatkatil aahe aanee petrarkne too tayar keela hota; tyachya udaharanala asankhya anukaran karnare aadhalale. 1556-60 madheel hubert goltz yanni europechya vividh sangrahanna bhet dilee, jyapaiki 950 asey mhatale jaate. khajgi sangrahanchya tulanet, jeey tyanchya malakanchya mrutyunantar samanyatah vikhurlele aahet, shasak, rajye kinwa sangrahalaye yanchya sangrahanna sarvoch mahatva aahe aanee teey nanyanchya tapasasathi sarvat vishvasarh aadhar detat. 1756 salapasoon austriyacha pahila francis, 'monoys aine aur' aanee 'monoys aine argent' yaa done mahan saundaryachya granthanmadhye tyachya sangrahatil khajinyanchi mahitee dett hota aanee alikadchya varshant mahan soochi, visheshtah british sangrahalayache, yaa vidnyanatil mahitiche sarvat mahattvache srot banale aahet. sangrahak aanee saiddhantik vidyarthi yaa doghanchya garjanmule mothya sankhyene nanasampann sanstha tasech sumare 100 tantrik niyatkalike, mothya pramanat yaa sansthanni prakashit kelee aahet. vegvegalya shaharanmadhye darvarshi aayojit honanya german society auph numismaticschya baithakanmadhun, aantarrashtriy parishad vikasit jhalya aaheth braseels, 1892; parris, 1900 (nondi aanee vyavhar, comte dii castellen aanee aii. blanchett); rome, 1903; (etty dell congress internazionel dii scienz storich, 6 khand.); braseels, 1910. aay. nanee nanyanchi vyakhya dhatuche tukade mhanoon kelee jaau shakate, jeey kayadeshir chalan mhanoon kaam karatat. yaa sandnyemadhye samanya chalan, smarak kinwa sadarikaranasathi sarvajanik pradhikaranane sthapit mankannusar chhap ghatalelya vastoo ityadincha samavesh hoto., pann kagadi paise kinwa khajgi nanee nahee. 1800 salchya sumaras apoorn nanyachya apuya puravathyamule mothya pramanat prasarit jhalelya ingraji tokancha gelya vargaparyant aapan sandarbh deto; shivay, visheshtah church corporessiondware jaaree kelelya 'myrex' navachya tukadyanna paishasathi vouture mhanoon aanee nantar sarvasadharanpane mulyasathi, jase qee jetone kinwa counter aanee 'rechnungspenige'. jevha pratyek vyakti pruthvivarun swatache udarnirvah midvu shakat nahee, tevha shram vatoon ghenyachi aanee tyachi utpadane vitarit karanyachi garaj nirman hote. heey suruvatila vastoonchya devanghevanidware prabhavit hote, jyasathi samanyatah guranmadhye aadhalanaya devanghevaniche sarvatrik upalabdh madhyam aavashyak asate (homarmadhye menalausachya upkarananche moolya 9 steers aahe; himanadyache moolya 100 aahe). guranvyatirikt, adim purushanni chamade, pelt, kapad ii. chaa vapar keela aahe., yaa uddeshane. tathapi, lavkarach, sarvatrikpane vaparta yeil asey moolya mojane aavashyak hote aanee yasathi sone, chandi aanee tambe agadi suruvatipasunach vaparale jaat aahet; itar anek dhatuncha prayog kelyanantar tulanene alikadchya varshant, nikelchi tyat bharr padali aahe. dhatuchya paishacha pahila tappa konatyahi aakarachya dhatuchya tukadyanpasun vajanasah gathala jaato; parantu, keval ekoon vajan yaa prakriyedvare nirdharit kele jaau shakate, aanee sukshmateche praman (maulyavan dhatunchya babatit eka atishay aavashyak ghatak) nahee, sarvajanik pradhikaranachya mudrankadware sookshmata pramanit karanyachi aavashyakta udbhavate aanee hii mudrank dhatuchya gathila eka naane banavate. namood kelelya dhatunpaiki keval eka dhatucha vapar lavkarach apura siddha hotoh puresha pramanat lahan mulyanchi sonyachi nanee chalanat aanane kinwa, moolbhut dhatucha vapar karoon, puresha uchch mulyanchi nanee jaaree karane ashakya aahe. tyamule ekach velee done kinwa teen dhatuncha vapar karane aavashyak aahe. heey ektar eka maulyavan dhatula mulyache mojmap mhanoon aanee dusyacha, tambyasah, keval vastoo kinwa sahayyak naane mhanoon vapar karoon kele jaau shakate, kinwa kayadyane nishchit kelelya reshanvar (dvi-dhatuvad) mulyache mojmap mhanoon donhi dhatunvar ekach velee khatala dakhal karoon kele jaau shakate, tathapi, done maulyavan dhatunchya vinimay daratil chadh-utaranmule varanvar adachani nirman jhalya aahet. nanee samanyatah golakar, kadhikadhi andakar aanee chatushkoniy asatat; hii shevatchi nanee visheshtah aapatkalin nanyanmadhye samanya asatat aanee sweedenmadhye prachand aakar aanee mothya vajanaparyant vadhali hotee. visheshtah sudur purvet, sarvat vilakshan aakarachi nanee dekhil aadhaltat. upkaran aanee shilalekh nanee vyatirikt, anekada pudina chinhe kinwa pudina-masterschya khuna asatat jyaa vishesh ullekhas patra asatat. pudina-malak aanee dye-sinker yanna anek prakarananmadhye vishisht chinhe kinwa aksharanchya madhyamatoon tyanchya kamanmadhye farak karanyachi savay jhaali aahe; aanee pudina ektar tyanchya sambandhit nanyanmadhye, jaaree honyache thikan darshavina aksharandvare, paramparik aanee aniyantrit chinhandware, kinwa itar kahee marganni-kadhikadhi naan suru kelelya lokanna kvachitach samjel-jase qee shilalekhachya vishisht patrachya khalee bindu thevane. asha prakare nanyanche vividh mudde anyatha sarkhech thewale jaatat. mothya pramanat nanee sapadalyane nanyanchyashastrache vidnyan bhautikdrushtya pragat jhaale aaheh purvichya adnyat prakaranchya dnyanavyatirikt, asha shodhanmule dilelya kalavadhit nanyanchya vastavik prasarabaddal aanee kahee nanee tyanchya swatachya avasthechya maryadepalikade kitee pramanat prachalit hotee yabaddal bodhprad antardrushti milate aanee aamhala kahee vishisht pudina-master kinwa achook kalavadhisathi, visheshtah madhyayugatil, tarikh nasalelya prakar niyukt karnyas madat hote. vidnyanachya abhyasat, tasech nanyanchya vargikaranat, kalkramanusar, teen mahan kalkhandanche anusaran karanyachi pratha aaheh pracheen, madhyayugeen aanee aadhunik; bhaugolikdrushtya, sambandhit kalatil bhinn rajkiy vibhagani. greek nanyansathi, ekelane eka anukaraneey pranali sweekarli aahe jee ajunahi vaparat aahe. herculuschya stambhanpasun suruvat karoon too pracheen lokanna dnyat asalelya jagatil deshanna, bhoomadhyasagarachya sabhovatalachya tyanchya sthananchya kramanusar ghetoh pratham europeche, nantar ashiya bharataparyant aanee shevati africa egyptapasoon gibraltarchya samudradhuniparyant. aaa. greek nanee pracheen nanyat greek haah shabd nehmich roman mool aanee italian osa kabar vagalata serve nanyancha samavesh karnyasathi samajala jaato. aarthik ekak mhanje 60 minitanchi pratibha (naan pratibha kinwa naan minala konatyahi nanyane pratinidhitva kele jaat nahee), kinwa 6000 dratchme, pratyek 6 obolchya barobaricha aahe. vividh chalane bahutansh prakarananmadhye pertian vajan pranalivar aadharit asatat. pertian lock maulyavan dhatusathi vajanache done bhinn manke thevit asatah sonyasathi euboyan; chandisathi babylonian. sonyache darik, samanya sonyache naane, greek chandichya dedrecomshee sambandhit, vajan 8.385 gramm (sumare 129 1/3 grain); chandiche darik (shekel), 5.57 gramm (jawaljawal 87 grain). pracheen kalat sonyachya tulanet chandiche moolya 1 teey 10 itake hote, tyamule sonyache darik heey 15 chandichya darikchya samatulya aahe. nanyanchya itar manke mhanje phosian, agineton, etic, corinthian, tolemic aanee ashiya minorche systophoric manak; yapaiki kahee, tathapi, pertian mankatoon ghetale jaau shakatat. junya agineton solansathi halakya chaukatichya manakachya badalyane karjache anshatah nirmulan jhaale. tetradrachma (25-33 miimii) heey sarvat vipul pramanat tayar kelele tukade hote. vyasat) aanee dedrachm; aath, daha aanee baaraa dratchmache tukade apavadatmak aahet aanee chalis-dratchmyacha tukada durmil aahe. khalchya staravar vibhagani chaturthansh-obolasparyant (= 1/24 drakma) vistarte. greek ashiyamadhye sone aanee chandichya (electrum) mishranapasun banavaleli kirkol nanee vaparali jaat hotee. greesmadhye chandichi nanee mothya pramanat prachalit hotee; tambyachi nanee ii. sha. 400 purvichi nasatat.see., tarr sone kvachitach tankit kele jaat asey. dusarikade, pertian lokanchi nanee sonyane samruddha hotee aanee tyanchya udaharanamulech massedoncha phillip dusra aanee alekzandar daad gret yanchyavar prabhav padala. kahee apavad vagalata, sarvoch patalivaril sookshmata lakshyit hotee, sonyacha darik 97 takke changla hota. suruvatichya kalat naane ekach daikadoon tayar kele jaat aseh rikamya dhatuchya magchya bajus, samanyatah chauras, eka khandkane ghatt dharale jaat asey aanee tyamule tyacha prabhav chatushkoniy daab (incuse square) chya swarupat prapt jhaala; kalantarane haah chauras resha, aakruti aanee shilalekhanne sushobhit jhaala. dakshin italimadhye ekmekanshi julanare done daye vaparale gele, jenekarun nanee samoril bajula aanee ulatya bajula ("nammi incusi") tyach rachanechi rekhachitre sadar karatat. heey shilalekh rashtriyatenusar vegvegalya bhashanmadhye aahet. dvibhashik shilalekh-udaa.jee.greek-lattin-aanee jyaa shilalekhanmadhye bhasha aanee prakar julat naheet-eae.jee.cypriot varnanmadhil greek dekhil aadhaltat; aanee greek varnanmadhyehi kalantarane rupat asankhya badal hotat. nanee banavanyacha adhikar haah sarvbhaumatvacha visheshadhikar asalyane, shilalekhanmadhye pratham tyaa sarvbhoum shaktichya navacha ullekh aahe, jyachya adhikarakhali naane chhapale gele hote; greesmadhye, alekzandar daad gretchya kalaparyant, haah samuday hota. jyaa adhikaahyaankade nanyancha taba hota tyanchi navehi sapadatat; aanee nantarchi nanee dekhil varsh darshavtat, jeey varanvar nivadak yugatil, ii. sha. 312 pasoon mojale jaatat.see. sarvat junya nanyanche mool egina kinarpattivar, kadachit lydiamadhye, jase qee herodotus aaplyala sangato, kinwa ejinamadhye, jyacha raja, fidon, parian chronicle tyanna, kadachit ii. sha. puu. 600 purviche, asey varnan karate.see. ekach samudrachya vividh betanvar yapeksha phaar vegale nasaleli nanee aahet. dakshin italichi nanee phaar nantarchi naheet, heey siddha hote qee ii. sha. puu. 510 madhye nasht jhalelya sibaris shaharatil namune astitvat aahet.see. greechi yogya aanee ashiya minorchi suruvatichi nanee dhatuche jaad tukade aahet, jee sapat golyansarkhi disatat aanee naisargikaritya, sarvat sopee upkarane, vanaspati aanee prani aahet, jeey lavkarach vishisht thikananche vaishishtyapurn banatat; hya nantar devata aanee purushanchi doki aanee aakrutya yetat, kadhikadhi gatanmadhye ekatra yetat. sumare 400 bii.see. dye-katingchya greek kalene tyachya purn vikasaparyant pohochat, nantarchya konatyahi vanshadvare atulaneey utkrushtata prapt keleeh syracuse pratham sthanavar aahe; tyanantar kramvarit eridia, theebs, olynthus ii. yetat. greek maliket jyaa nanyancha samavesh aahe asha hellenic nasalelya lokanpaiki, aamchyasathi sarvat mahattvache jyoo aahet. suruvatila tyanni parkeey nanee vaparali, parantu, syrian lokanviruddha mcabeechya netrutvakhali rashtriy uday honyacha eka parinam mhanoon, mukhya pujari, saymanla antiocus VIII (139-38 bii.see.) nanyancha adhikar. saymanne tambe aanee chandichi tankkala kelee. tyala 'shekel israyal' asey mhatale jaateh samorchi aakhyayika (shekel israyal) aanee eka pyala kinwa bhandyachya varr tarikh (1-5, nanyanchya adhikarachya pradan karnyapasoon mojale jaate); ulat, aakhyayika (jerusalem pavitra) aanee teen kalinsah lilly-stock. johnn hydranus, judas aristobulus, alekzandar janius, matathias antigonus aanee itar itar mccabby lokanni keval junya hibru kinwa hibru aanee greekmadheel shilalekhansah tambe tayar kele. yanantar idumian rajkumar nayak aanee tyachya uttaradhikanchi tambyachi nanee aalee. khristachya kalat roman nanihi prachalit hotee. heey khandanichya paishachya kathetoon siddha hote. "aanee tyanni tyala [khristala] eka paisa deu keela. aanee yeshu tyanna mhanala, hii konachi pratima aanee shilalekh aahe? teey tyala mhanatatah seasureche "(matt., xxii, 19-21). heey keval roman lokanviruddha jyoo lokanchya done bandanchya darmyan hote.dii. 66-70 aanee 132-135, tee chandi punha anukrame ilazar aanee sayman aanee baar-kachcha yanchya antargat tayar karnyat aalee. khristanantarchya pahilya shatkatil bactrian nanyanvar gondopheres kinwa kahee samaan naav aadhalate, jeey teen maggy, casperchya navasarkhech asave asey manale jaate. buub. roman nanee italimadhye devanghevaniche sarvat june madhyam tambe hote, jyache pratyek vyavharat vajan karave lagat asey ('oo. eae. ess. ruud'). suruvatila tyacha vapar aniyamit swarupat keela jaat asey, nantar anakalaneey pattyanmadhye. pratham kayadeshir nivida pradan karnyache shrey servius tooliusla dile jaate, jyane barvar nishchit aakadyanni shikkamortab kele hote, mukhytah guranche ("primus signavit osa; osa signetum"). kharey nanyanche moolya darshavina chinhansah aanee shaharachi chinhe khoop nantarchya kalatil aahet. aarthik ekak 12 auns (10.527 oz) itake hote. trie), roman poundchya barobaricha ("libra"-mhanoon, libral manak); tathapi, sahasa, ekache vajan fakt 10 auns (sumare 8 3/4 auns) hote. trie). ('ardh' = 1/2, 'trikoni' = 1/3, 'chaturbhuj' = 1/4, 'sextance' = 1/6 aanee 'yunsia' = 1/12) chey vibhag, jenekarun teey adhik sahajpane vegale karata yeteel, eka bajula auns asalelya chendune chinhankit kele gele. eka bajula jahajachya ghodyache, rome shaharache vaishishtyapurn sadhan, pratinidhitva hote, tarr dusya bajula, devatvache pramukh, jeey nanyachya mulyamananusar bhinn hote. nanee goal, unch, pann kahishi anakalaneey, aaramdayi aanee koradi hotee; kahee campaniamadhye tayar kelee gelee hotee. 268 bii pasoon.see. tyache vajan satatyane qamee hott gele; granthalayacha manak pratham trik, nantar eka uncial aanee shevati agadi mool vajanache ardhashishi manak-1/24 banale. pramankachya yaa ghatanenantar mothya mulyanchi nanee (anukrame 2,3 aanee 10 gadhavanchya barobarichi 'dupondius, tripondius, decusis') tayar karane sulabh jhaale, parantu parinami tambyachya nanyanna tyanchya aantarik mulyapeksha barech jaast moolya midale aanee kastaivaji mudrankit nanyanchi suruvat jhaali. livhichya matey, pahili chandichi nanee ii. sha. puu. 268 madhye tayar karnyat aalee hotee.see., haah pahila chandicha tukada "dinarius" hota, joou 10 gadhavanchya barobaricha hota. tyanantar 'quinarius' (ardha 'dinarashi') aanee 'cestertius' (eka chaturthansh 'dinarashi') yaa chhotya mulyavargacha samavesh hota. yashivay kahee prantanna vyavsayik chalan mhanoon vaparnyasathi 'victorius' (eka chaturthansh 'dinara') tayar karnyat aala hota. suruvatila eka paundache 1/72 vajanache dhanurvat 217 bii madhye qamee karnyat aale.see. 1/84 paryant, chandi jawaljawal shuddha asayachi. samoril bajus 'diia roma' aahe; ulat, done diascury; yaa tapal tikitanpaiki pahile visheshtah anek varshe vaparat hote. pudina eka aayogadvare (tresviri ore argento auro flando ferriondo) vyavasthapit keela jaat asey, jyachya sadasyanni lavkarach nanyanvar tyanchi nave kinwa aadyakshare thewali aanee nantar tyanchya kutumbatil sadasyanche aanee tyanchya krutinche (kutumb kinwa dutavasatil nanee) gaurav kele. tyaa velihi, parantu shahee kalat barechada, dhatuche aadhar dhatoo hote jeey anekada chandine ("dinari suboevati") patalpane lepit kele jaat asat. sonyachi nirmiti kvachitach jhaali. seasure heey shahee nanyanmadhil sankraman chinhankit karateh ii. sha. puu. 44 madhye.see. sinetane tyache chitra asaleli nanee jaaree karnyache aadesh dile. agadi brootsnehi yaa udaharanache anusaran kele aanee augustus pratikruti nanyanchi akhand malika suru hote. seasurene aadhich sone aanee chandi naane banavanyachya adhikaracha dawa keela hota, augustusne haah adhikar keval swatahsathi dawa keela aanee keval tambyachi nanee synetvar sodali; aanee hii tambyachi nanee ess aksharanni darshavili aahet.see. ('senates consult'). aureliyan (270-76) yane haah visheshadhikar dekhil synetkadoon ghetala. samrajyapasun suruvat karoon aaplyala sonyachi bharpur nanee sapadatat. mukhya naane 'aurius' aahe, jyache vajan sumare 123 1/2 daane aahe; tyachya samore samratache naav, shirshak aanee chitra aahe; tyachya ulat, samruddha vividhatet aitihasik pratinidhya aahe. bandhani, samratachi aavadati devata aanee tyala sushobhit kelelya kinwa sushobhit karayala havya asalelya gunanche moort swaroop; tyachya kutumbatil sadasyanchehi pratinidhitva kele jaate. yaa sandarbhat trajan aanee hadrianchi malika visheshtah samruddha aahe. nirochya kalat nanyanchi, visheshtah chandichi ghasaran suru hote aanee heey punha kahee pramanat kram sthapit hoiparyant chaloo rahile. tyane eka paund (sumare 70 daane) chya 1/72 chya barobariche "solidus" heey naveen sonyache naane sadar kele, jeey shatkanushatke chalan pranalichya vikasat eka mahattvacha ghatak rahile. kahee karyakramachya smaranarth jaaree kelelya, vishesh karoon mothya aanee kaljipurvak amalat aanalelya pudinatil padakancha vishesh ullekh keela pahije. teey sone, chandi kinwa tambyapasoon tayar kele gele hote aanee maulyavan dhatumadhye, samanyatah kayadeshir mankannusar tayar kele gele hote. pivalya dhatuchya ("medials days dukes cuverse") vartulane vedhalele tambeche namune dekhil aahet. contorniate' haah shabd unch kaath asalelya mothya golakar tambyachya nanyala lagoo keela jaato, joou pramukhyane circancian khelanchya sandarbhat vaparla jaato. purvekadil roman samratanchi nanee, jyanna byzantine mhanoon sambodhale jaate, tee kalkramanusar kiman madhyayugatil aahet, parantu, tyanchya nanyanmadhye aadhalanaya mankannusar aanee suruvatila, nanyanchya swarupanusar dekhil, sampoorn malika roman samrajyachya samasyanshi jawalun jodaleli aahe. tambyachi nirmiti mubalak pramanat kelee jaat hotee, chandi kvachitach, parantu sonyachya nanyanshi sarvat jaast mahatva jodale jaat asey. anek varshe sonyachi nirmiti keval byzantiummadhye kelee jaat hotee aanee yaa sonyachya tukadyanni keval pashchimekadil sonyachya nanyansathich navhe tarr teravya shatkaparyant punha suru naan jhalelya islamsathi dekhil eka namuna mhanoon kaam kele. byzantine nanyanmadhye kalatmak gunavattecha purnapane abhav aaheh tyancha prakar kathor aanee neeras aahe. purvichi sampatti aanee vividh prakarchya sadhananchya jaagi, aaplyala dharmik chinhe, khristacha eka aakrutipat aanee sant aadhaltat. johnn VIII chee nanee, samratanpaiki shevatche parantu eka, pandharavya shatkachya madhyabhagi, byzantine maliketil shevatchi hotee. see. madhyayugeen nanee junya roman samrajyachya pradeshik maryadet udayas aalelya naveen rajyanmadhye suruvatila roman nanyancha vapar keela jaat asey, jyapaiki pureshi mothee sankhya astitvat hotee. vanshik sthalantarachya kalatil durmil swayatt samasya roman malikeshi khoop jawalun jodalelya aahet; francemadhil keval merovingiensani swatahla kahee pramanat swatantra kele. tathapi, lavkarach, nanyanshi sambandhit serve babinmadhye sarvasadharan ghasaran suru jhaali; nanee haloohaloo khadbadit hott gelee, sonyache chalan nahise jhaale, tambyachi nirmiti keval apavadatmak hotee; chandichi lahan nanee heey deyakache ekmev madhyam hote. sharlmanne kahee prakarchi vyavastha punarsanchayit kelee; keval rajane vaparayache asey shahee visheshadhikar mhanoon naane banavanyacha adhikar asalyacha dawa karoon tyane serve khajgi nanee dadapali, jee tyaa velee vinashkari pramanat hotee. pudhe tyanni tankshalanchya nirmitimadhye adhik kalji ghenyache aadesh dile aanee yaa muddyavar niyam banavale jeey europechya mothya bhagasathi manak banale aanee jeey tyanchya aavashyak vaishishtyannusar, aajahi englandmadhye karyarat aahet. chandichi pratibha kinwa paund (sumare 11/5 auns) haah aadhar hota. trie); teey 20 shillingsmadhye vibhagale gele hote (pound aanee shillings heey donhi keval khatyache paise hote) pratyeki 12 pence ("nakar") chya barobariche hote. tyamule tyaa paishache vajan 23 1/2 daane hote. karlingian nanyanvaril sarvat samanya rachana mhanje vadhastambhache pratinidhitva aanee stambhanni sushobhit church, jyabhovati 'christiana religio' yaa aakhyayikene vedhalele aahe. madhyayugatil vilakshan aarthik paristhitimule satat qamee hott jaananya vajan aanee sukshmatechya chandichya nanyanchya nirgamanas janm jhaala, jyamule tyaa adhikadhik nirupayogi hott gelya aanee mulyanmadhil samanya vadhicha parinam mhanoon, tyancha chalan mhanoon yapudhe vapar houu shakala nahee. asha prakare eka prakriya suru jhaali jee madhyayugat anek vela punaravrutti jhalih junya chhotya nanyanchya ghasaranicha parinam mhanoon, mothya aanee adhik maulyavan naveen nanee, kahee shaharanmadhye chhapali gelee, jithun tyanni sampoorn europemadhye vijay midavala. kalantarane, tyanche moolya qamee jhaale aanee tyanchi jaaga eka naveen samasyene ghetali. teravya shatkat shilling (12 pencechya barobariche) pahilyanda sahalinmadhye tayar karnyat aale; tyaa velee khoop patal jhalelya 'dinier' chya viruddha, tyala 'numas gross' (jaad naane) aanee jyaa thikani teey pahilyanda tayar kele gele tyaa thikanchya navavarun 'grossus turonesis' kinwa 'gross turnois' asey mhatale jaat asey. eka bajula rajachya navasah eka vadhastambh aanee eka aakhyayika aahe, sarvat samanyatah 'benedictum siit nomen dominy'; tarr dusari, eka church. turnois" haah france aanee gendyachya bajoone vegane pasarla aanee tyamule prag yethe ("grossus presensis" kinwa "pregor grochen") asech naane tayar jhaale, jyache anukaran anek deshanmadhye kele gele. merovingian kalanantar samrat fredrick dusra yachya augustals yaa sonyachya nanyanchi keval chhapai jhaali. yaa purvichya roman nanyachya pratee hotya aanee tyaa cicilly bhashet chhapalya gelya hotya. florence prajasattakat sumare 1250 paryant sonyachi niyamit nanee suru hott naheet. yaa nanyanvar eka bajula seent. johnn baptisma denara aanee, dusarikade, eka lilly, florenceche prateek. yaa upkaranavarun ('floss lilly') kinwa shaharachya navavarun tyanna 'florin' heey naav midale. tyanche vajan 540 danyanpeksha thode jaast hote. kahee dashakannantar venisachya dog, jiovanni dandolone, sentchya aadhi gudghyane tekalelya dogche pratinidhitva karananya sonyachya nanyachi chhapai suru kelee. marqa aanee khristache putale yaa aakhyayikesah "seat tibi khrist datas cume tuu regis ist ducatus". yaa aakhyayikechya shevatchya shabdane nanyala tyache naav dile, 'dukato' (ducat); venismadhye tyala 'laa zekka', 'pudina' pasoon 'zechino' (sequin) asehi mhatale jaat asey. florincha prakar aanee ducatche naav lavkarach jagbharat prachalit jhaale. aadhunik kalatil sankraman heey aanakhi mothya chandichya nanyanchya parichayadvare chinhankit kele jaate. yapaiki, italian 'testone' aanee french 'phrank' vyatirikt, german 'taller' sarvat mahattvacha hota. 1485 madhye tyrolchya archduke sigismandamule 2 'loth' vajanache aanee 15 'loth' chya barikpanache naveen chandiche naane jaaree jhaale; tyaa kalatil devanghevanichya darane tyache moolya sonyachya guldenshee julale aanee mhanoon tyala 'guldengroshen' asey mhatale gele. tyrolchya udaharananantar lavkarach anek kuleen lock aale jyanna naane banavanyacha adhikar hota; joakimstal yethe shlikchya gananechya pudinamadhye banavalelya "joachimstaller" (sankshipt "teller") mule teller (dollar) heey naav nirman jhaale, jeey aajahi kayam aahe. yaa prakarchya nanyanpaiki sarvat manoranjak nanyanpaiki eka mhanje salzbergche archbishop, keyushchakchya leonardne tayar kelele aanee tyachya shastrastranchya beringvaroon naav dilele, eka shalgam (rube); hii madhyayugatil durmil aanee bahutekda banavat nanyanmadhye ganali jaatat. madhyayugatil german samrajyachya aarthik pranali keval nanyanchya prakaranchya sankhyechya sandarbhatach navhe tarr tyachya utkrantichya vaishishthyachya sandarbhat dekhil sarvat jaast swarasyapoorn aahet. heey kharey aahe qee, sharlmanne nanyanchi eksamanta prasthapit kelee hotee aanee nanenirmiticha adhikar keval sarvbhaumatvacha asalyache manya kele hote; parantu tyachya kamkuvat uttaradhikarinna haloohaloo heey tasech itar bahutek shahee visheshadhikar saranjami sardaranna denyas bhag padale gele, jyanche samarthya sarvoch sarkarche kamkuvat hott asatana vadhatach gele. yaa saranjamdaranmadhye keval serve archbishop aanee bishapach navhe tarr samrajyatil pramukh mathadhish aanee mathadhishahi hote. utkranti haloohaloo hott hotee. suruvatila samantipaiki ekachya malkichya thikani jatra ('mercatus') aayojit karanyachi, curr ('telonium') aakaranyachi aanee pudina ('moneta') ubharanyachi parvanagi denyat aalee hotee. suruvatila pudina hii keval eka devanghevan asoo shakate, jyacha napha madhyayugat matra byavachada khoop motha hota aanee prabhula jamaa hott asey. tyanantar tyala tyache chitra asaleli nanee lavnyachi parvanagi denyat aalee, parantu tyala eksaman manak rakhave lagale. yaa saranjami sardaranna konatyahi nirbandhanshivay nanenirmiticha visheshadhikar labhala. jevha heey kele gele tevha samrajyachya chalanat eksamanta sampushtat aalee, tevha nanyanmadhye mothee vividhata shakya jhaali aanee nanenirmiticha adhikar, samratacha visheshadhikar honyaeivaji, pratyek saranjamicha visheshadhikar banala. tyanni yaa visheshadhikarancha utpannacha eka utpadak srot mhanoon satat nanee qamee karoon aanee badaloon vapar karnyacha prayatna keela, jyamule tyanchya vyaparat guntalelya prajeche gambhir nuksan jhaale. tyamule jyaa shaharanna adyap nanyancha adhikar midalela navhata, tyanni ektar swatahsathi nanenirmiticha adhikar midvoon kinwa shetichya takya vaparoon kinwa takyanchya malakanna tyanchya visheshadhikarancha adhik vajvi paddhatine vapar karnyas pravrutt karoon vyavasthevar kahee pramanat niyantran midvanyacha prayatna keela. german madhyayugeen nanyanpaiki, 'bractates' (latt. "bractia", "dhatuchi eka patal chadar") vishesh ullekhas patra aahe. tyaa purvichya kalatil scandinavian bractatespramane vaiyaktik dagine navhatya, tarr kharee nanee hotya. akaravya shatkat nakarak adhik patal aanee patal hott asalyane, baravya shatkachya suruvatila, germanychya kahee bhaganmadhye, eka daikadoon banavaleli, tyach rachana darshavinari, eka bajula aaramdayi aanee dusya bajula qamee padaleli, khoop patal parantu tyaeivaji mothya chandichya nanyanni tyachi jaaga ghetali. hii nanee, visheshtah suruvatila, kalatmak gunvatteshivay navhe tarr kaljipurvak amalat aanali gelee. swabiyatil halley shaharane (vertemberg) eka lahan apoorn naane jaaree kele jyachi vyapti vyapak hotee aanee tyala tyachya mool thikanapasun 'heller' mhatale jaat asey. kahee babatint french nanyanchi utkranti german nanyansarkhich aaheh yethehi aaplyala dahavya shatkat, samanya aanee dharmik barananchi (vien, arles, reims ii. chey mukhya dharmaguru) nanee aadhaltat. visheshtah), eka nishchit prakar ("prakar sthairya") dware darshavile jaate jeey dirgh kalavadhisathi aparivartit thewale jaate. parantu madhyayug sampalyanantar hii nanee phaar qamee shaktishali saranjamdaranparyant maryadit rahili aanee shahee nanyanchya tulanet aata tee mahattvachi rahileli nahee. francemadhun aamchyakade 'chez dii' or 'heey sonyache naane aahe, jeey mothya pramanat itar deshanmadhyehi chhapale gele hote; teey gothick sinhasanavar basalelya rajache pratinidhitva karate. englandmadhye sterlings aanee kuleen adakale hote, teey doghehi anekada banavat asat. canterbury aanee yorkchya aarchbishapsachi nanee astitvat aahet. italimadhye, tyachya asankhya rajkiy vibhaganimule, germanypramanech nanyanchi vividhata aaplyala aadhalate. charchchya taksalanchya nanyanchi kamatarata lakshaniy aaheh kahee vegali udaharane aanee aquileja, trent aanee triastechi malika vagalata, aamchyakade fakt popchi nanee aahet, jee pramukhyane byzantine modelche anusaran karoon adrian I pasoon suru hotat, parantu clement V paryant (jyachi pahili nanee, tathapi, evinonver marleli hotee) mahattvachi hott naheet. purv europe bahutek vela byzantinechya prabhavakhali asatana, crusadersney pashchimatya prakaranna tyanni purvela sthapan kelelya rajyanmadhye aanale. mohammadan nanee keval 700 chya sumaras disatat; hii nanee, kaaran koranmadhye sachitra sadarikaranas manai aahe, keval koranmadhil majkoor aanee samanyatah, shasak, pudina-swami aanee nanyanchya tarkheshi sambandhit achook vidhane aahet. dii. aadhunik nanee aadhunik kalachya suruvatipasun, anshatah amerikechya shodhamule aanee tyachya chandichya sathyanchya vaparacha parinam mhanoon, chandiche mothe tukade sarvatra mothya sankhyene disatat. yacha naisargik parinam mhanoon, aamhala kamachi amalbajavani karnyavar adhik kalji, shilalekhanmadhil adhik supath varn aanee sachitra pratinidhitvankade (potret aanee coat-auph-arms) jaast laksh dile jaate. punarujjivanache anek mudde, visheshtah popchi nanee, tyaa kalatil pramukh kalakrutinpaiki eka manali jaatat. gelya kahee shatkanmadhye, jeey desh madhyayugatil sanskratichya prabhavakhali aale navhate, teey itaranshi chalanshastriy sambandh prasthapit karatat, udaa.jee.russia aanee sudur purvekadil chinmadhye sarvat vilakshan aakarachi nanee aahet, kahee chhidrit, kahee tuning-forks, sabars ii. chya swarupat aahet.; sayam, valalelya chandichya taranche guthalya. purvichya shatkanmadhye europechya junya susanskrut deshanchya aarthik pranali samanyatah madhyayugat sthapit kelelya dhartivar vikasit jhalya, tarr ekonisavya shatkatil mahan rajkiy aanee aarthik krantinni naveen shakti nirman kelya jyacha aarthik pranalinvar parinam jhaala. german bhashik lokanchya badalalelya sambandhanmule tyanchya chalananmadhye (germanytil chinh, austriyache crone, hollandmadhil gulden aanee switzerlandmadhil phrank) badal jhaala, tarr dusarikade italichya ekikaranamule eksaman italian chalan pranali (lira) nirman jhaali. parantu aarthik paristhitine rajkiy paristhitipeksha adhik chirsthayi parinam dile aahet. 23 december 1865 roji france, itali, belgium aanee switzerlandne lattin unionchi sthapana kelee, jeey 1868 madhye greesney sameel kele, french chalan pranalichya aadhare yaa rajyanchya nanyanchya eksaman niyamnavar sahmati darshavali. hii pranali aata mothya sankhyene rajyanni sweekarli aahe, jee swatah lattin vittiy sanghat sameel jhaleli naheet-rumania, bulgaria, servia, finland, spain aanee kiman nammatra, madhya aanee dakshin american prajasattakanpaiki anek, jeey purvi spanish vasahati hote aanee tyavyatirikt anek lahan european rajye. austriya-hangeri aanee russia dekhil yaa pranalishi andaje julatat. 1873 madhye aanakhi eka vittiy sangh sthapan jhaala aanee tyat sweeden, denmark aanee norwey yancha samavesh aahe, vittiy sangh scandinavian crone aahe. portugij chalanvyavastha brazilmadhye, jee tyachi purvichi vasahat hotee, ajunahi lagoo aahe. konatyahi aupcharik parampareshivayahi, naane paradeshat chalan midvu shakate. asha prakare, naav aanee mulyanusar german chalan pranalicha eka bhag asalele mexican dollar heey sadhyache naane prashant mahasagarachya durchya kinanyavar, chinchya sagari prantanmadhye, japan, siyam aanee malay dweepsamuhatil kahee bhaganmadhye aahe; teey madhya america aanee agadi anek african sagari prantanvarhi prabhav takte. bharatiy rupyalahi tyachya utpattichya bhoomichya viruddha samudra kinanyavar, purv africa, dakshin arabia aanee malay dweepkalpachya kinanyanvar chalan midale aahe. aarthik aanee rajkiy hitsambandhanchya paar honyache eka changle udaharan canadane dile aahe, jethe canadache chalan amerikechya manakanche palan karat asale taree ingraji sarvbhoum kayadeshir chalan aahe. austriya aanee hangerimadhye sadhya prachalit asaleli nanee lichtenstein aanee montenegromadhye chalan mhanoon vaidh aahet aanee tyaulat, austriyachya swatachyach chalanatun lamboon aalele, maria-terresian taller mhanoon olakhale jaanare aanee 1780 chee tarikh asalele austriyan naane, aajahi madhya africa, sudan, tripoli aanee arabiatil sarvat mahattvache vyavsayik chalan aahe. gelya dashakanmadhye nanenirmitichya tantrat prapt jhalelya uchch patalichya paripoornatemule ekikade nanyanchya (aluminiumchi nanee, russian nanee, belgian chhidrit nanee, done dhatunchi ingraji nanee) anek prayoganna janm deela, jyapaiki bahutansh nanyanna matra nirnayak yash midale nahee. dusarikade, french aanee italian tankshalanchya tajya muddyannusar, nanenirmitichya kalatmak bajukade adhik laksh dene shakya jhaale. II. padake padak' (florence = ardha nakar) haah shabd dhatuchya tukadyanna lagoo keela jaato, samanyatah golakar, jeey jaree pudinadware jaaree kele gele asale taree, deyakache madhyam mhanoon abhipret nasatat. tyanchi samagri, swaroop, nirmitichi paddhat aanee itihas heey siddha karatat qee tee mool nanee hotee, jaree badalalelya paristhiti aanee garjanni, kalatmak aanee sanskrutik asha donhi, tyanna swatantra banavale aahe. ekhadya deshachya itihasatil mahattvachya ghatananche smaran karane haah tyancha uddesh aahe, itka qee ekhadya vyaktichya kinwa sampoorn deshachya padakanchya malikevar aadharit aanee sachitra itihas lihinyache prayatna kele gele aahet. padake jaaree karnyache prasang sinhasanavar basane, yuddhachi ghoshana, shantatecha nishkarsh kinwa yutee, sarvajanik imarat purn karane, yanmadhye aadhaltat; sarvbhoum jyaa vyaktincha tyanna sanman karayacha hota tyanna sadar karnyasathi dekhil tyacha mothya pramanat vapar keela gela aahe aanee asha paristhitit too anekada suvarnakaranchya kalecha kharaa ratna hota. dusarikade, tyachya lagnasarkhya prasangi, aadaranjali mhanoon, prajedware anekada tyanchya sarvbhaumala padak pradan kele jaate. parantu lokanchya sanskratichi abhivyakti mhanoon khajgi padkamadhye khoop jaast swarasya asate aanee yaa kshetrat punarujjivan aanee tyanantarchya shatakanche german padak sarvat asankhya udaharane dete. chhayachitra padake hii aata chhayachitranadware ghetali jaanari bhoomika bajavtat. coat-auph-armsney shikkamortab keleli padake dekhil khajgi vyaktinche pratinidhitva karatat aanee kadhikadhi tokan, yakrutasathi batane ii. mhanoon vyavharik vaparat aanali jaatat. tyancha vapar vivahsohala kinwa vivah, chandi kinwa suvarn vivah, janm aanee baptismyachya smaranarth keela jaato aanee yaa uddeshasathi spashtapane banavalelya aanee arbhakachi aanee dharmguruchi nave, baptismyache thikan aanee tarikh aanee samanyatah eka pavitra ukti koralelya nanyanchya kinwa padakanchya ('pattenfenige') aakarachya prayojkanchya namkaran bhetvastu mothya sankhyene aahet. heey 'petemphanies' anekada dagine mhanoon paridhan karnyasathi samruddha thikani thewale jaat asat aanee pidhyanpidhya varsa mhanoon tyanna hastantarit kele jaat asey. keval jivanatil praveshach navhe tarr mrutyuchi nondahi padakanmadhye kelee jaate aanee asha anek lekhanmadhye tapshilvar charitratmak soochana asatat. byavachada heey padak dharmik hetune vaparale jaate; cremanitzmadhye aanee visheshtah joachimstalmadhye asha dharmik nanyanchi vistrut malika chhapali gelee. prakarshastriy sadarikarananna khoop pasanti midali, eka bajoo junya-chachanicha prakar darshavate, tarr dusari bajoo naveen-chachanichi pratikruti darshavate. yaa sudharananmule baybalsambandhi vakyanshanni sushobhit keleli anek padake nirman jhaali. dharmik padkanvar khristache pramukh haah eka aavadata vishay hotah vienna shaharane shatkanushatke yaa rachanechi padake vishishtatechi sarvajanik chinhe mhanoon vaparali aahet. easterchya velee pascal kokarachyabarobar, khrisamasachya divashi itaranna, arbhak yeshuchyabarobar, bhetvastu mhanoon denyat aale. santanche, seent. jorgeche pratinidhitva 'jorgsteller' aanee 'jorgsdcat' varr varanvar kele jaat asey aanee sentchya pratimesah padak paridhan karane haah eka andhashraddha prachalit hota. george heey jakhmanpasun sanrakshn karnare hote. ashach prakarcha andhashraddha sentchya pratinidhitvashi jodalela hota. roach aanee seent. sebastian kinwa seent. plegpasoon sanrakshn mhanoon rosaliya, tasech khadis sapasah vadhastambhache dekhil. purnapane andhavishvasayukt tavij, jyotishshastriy aanee rasayanasambandhi nanyanchi eka amar malika dekhil aahe jee talapasoon maulyavan dhatoot rasayanasambandhi sankraman jhalyache siddha karate. vienna yetheel shahee naane-kaibinetmadhye yapaiki eka tukada aahe, jeey kadachit astitvat asalele sarvat mothe padak aahe, jyache vajan sumare 15 1/2 paund aahe. avordupois; aanee samrat pahilya leopoldchya chalis purvajanchya chhayachitranni sushobhit, jyanchya upasthitit sankraman jhaale asave asey manale jaate. asha prakare jyaa asankhya aanee anek uddeshansathi heey padak vaparale gele aahe, teey sanskrutik paristhitiche vishvasoopane pratibimb aahe jyamule tyachi nanee tayar jhaali aanee mahiticha eka srot aahe jyache adyap purnapane kautuk jhaale nahee. kharee padake pracheen kalapasoon adnyat hotee; tyanchi karye anek babatint-visheshtah mahattvachya ghatananchi smarke mhanoon-nanyandvare kelee jaat hotee. aajchya ekeka aanee samanyatah kalatmak nanyanchya ulat, pracheen kalatil nanee, aanee visheshtah greesmadheel nanee, koreev kaam karananya kalakrutinchya utkrusht kalakruti hotya, jyanna tyanche kaushalya pradarshit karnyasathi itar sandhee shodhanyas bhag padale gele nahee. romananchya paristhitimadhye samaan paristhiti hotee, apavad vagalata qee samratanchi padake kahishi aaplya padakanchya swarupashi andaje aahet, jaree tee eka niyam mhanoon, kayadeshir aarthik ekkachya nakkal aahet; khelansathi marleli tokan ("tessero") aanee pratirupit padkanshi aanakhi jawalun sambandhit aahet. samrat lui daad pues (814-40) yanche kahee sonyache mudde dekhil padkansarkhech aahet aanee madhyayuganantar aamhala mothya sankhyene nanee bhetali, jyaa spashtapane itihasatil kahee ghataneche smaran karnyasathi hotya, jaree tyanchi upkarane anekada spasht karane khoop katheen asate; yethe anek kode ajunahi samadhanachya pratikshet aahet. bavariya aanee saxonycha shaktishali duke, heinry sinh yache prateek mhanoon, sinh tyachya nanyanvar mahattvachi bhoomika bajavato. pann tyacha shatru, vitalsbakhcha otho, jyane jevha heinry sinhavar bandee ghatali hotee, tevha bavariyachi duchy prapt kelee, tyane heey chinh dekhil vaparale aanee nakarnare jaaree kele jeey tyala sinhachya mage kinwa tyachya hatat sinhachya kapalelya dokyache chitran karatat. nanee dekhil varanvar japtichya smaranarth vaparali jaatat aanee hya nanyanmadhye tyaa layeej lordche pratinidhitva kele jaate jyachyakadun gudghyachya kathee asalelya malkala gonfalon milate. eka polish bractit duke bolslav tisra yachya sentchya thadgyatil tirthyatrechya aathvaninna kayam thevate. gesenmadhye edelbert. bohemiyachya pahilya ladyslausla nakarnanya vyaktine eka bajula varnanatmak aakhyayika aanee dusya bajula churchs saitanache tiraskaraniy doke dakhavale aahe. luskin yaa yantracha khalilpramane hishob karoo shakalah bohemiyamadhye satatyane gambhir tatvik adthalyannantar, eka bhayanak chakrivadaladarmyan, eka ulkapat jhaala, jyaa darmyan anek lokanni ghoshit kele qee teey killyajaval manvi swarupat saitan pahat aahet; yaa nakarkala nantar fatka basala, jyachya donhi bajunna saitanache doke aanee devache church hote. yasarkhi nanee kahee pramanat smarak padakancha uddesh sadhya karatat. pahile kharey padak chaudavya shatkachya akheris italimadhye disu lagale. pracheen roman padakanche anukaran karoon, paduacha swami francesco dusra kararakade done padake hotih eka, tyache vadil francesco pahila yanchya smaranarth, nantarchya commodus aanee septimius sevharaschya padakanchi aathvan karoon deto; dusya, 1390 madhye padua tabyat ghetalyachya smaranarth, francesco dusarache chitra tyachya sestersver samrat viteliuschya pratirup aahe. pratyek prakaranat ulatya bajula karara kutumbache shlesh upkaran, eka gaadee ("carro") asate. hii padake kansya aanee raupyapadakanmadhye dilee jaatat. yach kalavadhisathi, venisachya cesto kutumbane, mhanje maroon kapanare kutumbane banavalelya padkasarkhya chachani-tukadyancha samavesh aahe. hyanvarhi shikke lavnyat aale hote; parantu pudhil kalat padakacha vikas shikke lavalelya tukadyanmule jhaala nahee. pandharavya shatkachya madhyaparyant italian qalaa achanak yaa vibhagat cast medals charmotkarshavar pohochate. vittor pisano, eka chitrakar (buub. sumare 1380, verona prantat; aaa. 1455 kinwa 1456) heey sarvat june aanee sarvat mahattvache padak vijete aahet. tyachya anuyayanpramanech, tyachya kalakruti menachya pratikruti kinwa lokhandi kapalelya pratikrutinmadhun tayar kelya jaatat, hii eka ashee prakriya aahe jyamule nantar tukade kapane varanvar aavashyak hote. too tyachya 'opus pisani pictoris' yaa pustakavar swakshari karato. hii padake bahutansh mothya aakarachi asatat aanee krutrim patyane aachchhadit asatat. samoril bajus teey abhivyaktichi chitre sadar karatat, samanyatah rupareshevar; ulatya bajus, sunder aanee kushal rupakah asha prakare leonello dii 'este, cupidne dharan kelelya sangitachya patratoon gaat asalela sinh; kinwa napplechya alphonso, eka garud joou koralelya haranala gidhadanna udarpane sodato. jaree heey siddha kele jaau shakate qee pisanone kahee vishisht pratikrutincha vapar keela hota jeey bahudha shikkyanpasun tayar kele gele hote, parantu padak kalecha kharaa nirmata mhanoon tyachi prasiddhi tyaa vastusthitimule bhautikaritya qamee jhaleli nahee. rachana aanee amalbajavani yaa donhi babatit, udaharanarth, sinh, garud, hoow rus yaa udatt pranyanchya tyachya sadarikaranat, tyachi kvachitach barobari jhaali aahe. pisanone sampoorn italicha pravas keela aanee tyachya kalatil pramukh rajkumar aanee prabhavshali vyaktinche chitran kele; tyane padak qalaa itaki lokpriy kelee qee tevhapasoon italichya serve mahattvachya qalaa kendranmadhil kalakar padakanchya nirmitimadhye guntalele hote. asey matteo dii 'pasty aanee remineechya darbaratil prashansaneey kalakar hote; venesian jiovanni boldu aanee biin-yahoodi bellini, jyanchyapaiki nantarchya lokanni sultan mehmetsathi pratikruti-padak banavale; pandharavya shatkatil sarvat utkrusht padak vijeta mantuan sperandio aanee itar anek. yavelihi shikkamortab kelele padak punha prasiddhila yete. rommadhye benvenuto seleni aanee, tyachyanantar, caradoso aanee visheshtah pope pudinache malak ullekhas patra aahet. cavinone roman samratanchya kansya nanyanchi nakkal karane kharokharach prashansaneey aahe. shevati, kahee kalanantar, italian padak vijete paradeshi rajkumaranchya sevet aadhaltatah netherlandsmadhil jacopo daa trezo, germanytil done abondio. italian padak junya french nirmitichya vikasavar sarvat shaktishali prabhav takte. pandharavya shatkachya uttaradhat italian laurana pahili french padake patkavali aanee pudhchya kalatil kaame italian vaishishtye spashtapane darshavtat. sataravya shatkaparyant eka naveen shaili disali nahee, jyamadhye visheshtah vastranche kautukaspad punarutpadan kele gele aahe; sarvat pramukh kalakar hote jeane richar, metz yethe aanee nantar, gilam duprey aanee jeane warrin. germanymadhye, italian nanyanchya prabhavakhali, tyrolmadhil sabhagruhamadhye chandiche sarvat june mothe tukade tayar kele gele; aanee gian marco cavallo, jyanna pudinamadhye koreev kaam karnyasathi sabhagruhasathi aamantrit karnyat aale hote, yaa nanyanche kalechya itihasatil tyanche mahattvache sthan aanee germanychya anek padkanvar tyancha pratyakshik prabhav aahe. german padak kaleche heey sarvat june namune, ekach velee nanee asalyane, tyavar shikke lavnyat aalee hotee; parantu, italiyanpramanech, german padak shikke lavalelya tukadyanmadhye navhe tarr cast tukadyanmadhye tyachya sarvoch paripoornateparyant pohochate. boxwood, kehlheim dagad aanee nantar menache banavalele models ajunahi mothya sankhyene astitvat aahet. lakud kinwa dagadatil hii chitre suruvatila antim manali jaat hotee aanee keval anshanusarach tee dhatumadhye taknyasathi pratikruti mhanoon vaparali jaat hotee. germanychya qalaa-kendranmadhye (solavya shatkachya suruvatila, augusberg aanee neuremberg) disanari hii patra padake, tyachpramane italian padakamule nirman jhaali. parantu keval tyanche mool; german padak italianchya patalivar utkrushtatechya patalivar pohocheparyant tyacha pudhil vikas purnapane mool aanee swatantra reshanche anusaran karato. italian padakanchya ulatya bajula aaplyala sapadalelya tyanchya aakrutinchya sampattisah bhavya rachana tayar karnyat german apayashi tharatat heey kharey aahe; tyaeivaji, aamhala, adhik samanyatah, shastranchya kotanchi utkrusht pratinidhya aadhalate. german padakachi mothee takad mhanje samoril bajus achook chitra kadhalyavar dilee jaanari premal kalji aanee heey padakachya uddeshashi julate, jeey italipeksha madhyamvargiy pramukh kutumbanmadhye adhik vyapakpane vitarit kele gele hote. german padak 1500 nantar lagechach tyachya shikharavar pohochate, italiyanpeksha barech nantarah aaplyasamor aalelya sarvat junya udaharananpaiki albrecht durerchi udaharane aahet. anek kalakar aaplyala tyanchya olakhichi konatihi mahitee dett naheet kinwa anekada arth lavane katheen asalelya khuna kinwa chinhanni swatahvar swakshari karatat. tathapi, aata neurembergcha master pieter floatner yala nishchitpane atishay maulyavan padakanchi eka lamb malika dene shakya jhaale aahe, jyala serve padak vijetyanpaiki eka manale jaane aavashyak aahe; tyachya jawalun mathus gebel aahe. hya kalatil itar ullekhaneey padak vijete mhanje hans dotcher, jyanche bahutek kaam paletinetchya darbarasathi kele gele hote; neurembergche hans schwarz, 'lakadatil sarvottam banavat', jyanni 1518 chya augusbergchya aaharachya sadasyansathi mothya sankhyene kaame kelee; jacob stamper, switzerlandmadhye; sarvat lokpriy kalakaranpaiki eka, friedrich hagnoir; joachim dessler, joou shevati austriyamadhye sthayik jhaala, jithe visheshtah vienna, cremnitz aanee joachimstalchya takyanmadhye, yaa kalat mothya sankhyene padake dilee gelee, tathapi, padak kalanchya fayadhyasathi serve nahee; hans rehard, jyanchyakadun aamchyakade khoop kaljipurvak chikatavalele, shingare aanee landge, donhi saxonymadhye aahet. solavya shatkachya akheris german padakane spashtapane aapale shikhar paar kele aahe aanee teey paradeshi aanee suruvatila visheshtah italian kamanvar avalambun aahe. netherlandsmadhye yaa kalene uchch patalivaril paripoornata prapt kelee. yethe stephanus hollandicus aanee kahee kalanantar, konrad block, solavya shatkachya uttaradhatil aanee sataravya shatkatil pieter vanne abil hii mahan nave aahet. englandmadhye padak vijete bahutek paradeshi asatat; jeey sthanik kalakar phaar ushiraparyant hajar hott naheet, tyapaiki sarvat jaast ullekharh kalakar mhanje 'tha'. sayman aanee william aanee ell. see. lyon. dusarikade caspar aanee sayman passey atishay kaljipurvak koralelya chhotya, patal chandichya tukadyanchya nirmitimadhye mothe kalatmak kaushalya prapt karatat. itar rajyanna qamee mahatva aahe; tyanni bahutansh paradeshi kalakaranna nokri dilee. aadhunik yugachya suruvatila itali aanee germanymadhye midavalele padak kayamswarupi rakhale jaau shakale nahee. kaaran yethe aanee tethe utkrusht kalakruti tayar kelya jaat asatana, padake tasech nanee, kalakruti mhanoon adhikadhik bighadat gelee. ekonisavya shatkachya madhyaparyant yaa kalela naveen chalana midali nahee aanee tee francemadhye pahili. keval tyachya bahya abhivyakti vicharat ghetalyas, yaa halchalichya suruvatichi achook tarikh nishchit karane dekhil shakya aahe. 2 meey 1868 roji parris pudina comitte consultatiff days graversche adhyaksh rasayanshastradnya dumas yanni padak kalatmak vikasas adthala aanananya doshankade laksh vedhoon ghet bhashan kele aanee pudina adhyaksh mhanoon tyanchya durustisathi aavahan kele. tyanni visheshtah aksharanchi white chav, polish, unch kaath ityadicha ullekh keela. jarr haah patta bahya swarupashi sambandhit asel tarr padakachya khyan uddeshabaddal eka naveen drushtikon haloohaloo aadhich tayar keela gela hota. audins, paul dubois, chapas, sarvat mahattvache mhanje herbert ponscarms (padakanchya polyeshingla virodh karnare pahile) aanee nantar desers, chaplain aanee daniele dupris, auskar rotty yanchya nirmitinantar, aataparyantchya sarvat pratishthit french padak vijetyanni vishesh kamgiri kelee. too keval eka chitrakar mhanunach navhe tarr visheshtah tyachya ulat rachnet utkrusht aaheh tyachya sookshm roopak (udaa.jee.mulinchya shikshanachya sandarbhat gunvattesathichya padkavar-prajasattak shikavanaya kanye, purushanchya bhavee maata) quatrocentochya kalakaranna aathvan karoon detat, jyancha tyanni kaljipurvak abhyas keela, parantu niyamanusar, thet anukaran kele nahee. jyapramane padakachya amalbajavanipurvi moolbhut kalpana kashee tayar karayachi yabaddal dirgh aanee kaljipurvak vicharvinimay keela jaato (ponscarmsney yaat marg kadhala aahe asey disate) tyamule amalbajavanikade agadi shevatchya kshanaparyant sarvat kaljipurvak laksh dile jaate. keval kalakarachya hatane tyachya kalakrutila sparsh keela pahije. keval tyachya tantrik gunavattevar aadharit jaree mojale gele taree french padakane asha prakare uttam parinam midavale aahet. french chalvalipasun swatantrapane, austriyamadhye padak punarujjivan suru jhaale aahe. anton sharafne padak shailichi punarsthapana kelee aanee kathor paramparik prakaranpasoon mukti midvoon dilee; tyachyabarobar joseph thottenheim, jyeshth, stephen schwartz, kilichya padakachya tantracha tadnya aanee franz zaver pavalik heey sobat kaam karat aahet. alikadech rudolph marshalne chitrakar mhanoon uchch pratishtha midavali aahe aanee tyala leo XIII aanee payas X yaa doghansathihi padake bajavanyache commission midale aahe. french aanee viennie padake itar deshanmadhye eka upkram mhanoon pudhe aalee aahet, jyacha parinam aadhich padak kalechya anek sunder namunyanmadhye jhaala aahe. august. vhee. lohr.

catholic vishwakosh (1913)/mudra vigyan charchama sankhyako prayog nanka dimitsa â mudra vigyan sikka rar padakko vigyan how. pratyek sikka wa padak sanskritik, arthik rar rajnitik awasthako utpadan bhaekale yo vigyan manawajatika vibhinna sabhya samudayaharuanusar vibhajit chha. yo euta wishishta vigyan matra hoina, yasako sambandhit bhagharuma, rashtraharuko itihas rar tiniharuko sanskritisanga sambandhit sabai vigyanharuko ek shakha how-shastriya puratatwa, yasako sankirna arthama itihas prachyawad, adi. wyawaharik rupma, kewal prachin, adhunik, rar sambhawatah prachya mudrashastra mahatwapurna chhan. yasabahek mudralekh, june mukhyataya warnanatmak chha, rar mudralekh, jasle sikkalai yasako kalatmak, arthik rar sanskritik pakshbata herchha, bichma bhinnata garnuparchha. sikka sankalanko khojima saidhantik mudrashastrako nirbharta vigyanko itihasma spashta rupma dekhinchha. kunai pani mahatwaka prarambhik prakashanharu sankalankartaharuko awashyakta pura garna lekhieka thie (uda.zee. taylor, grocen, rar dukatka vibhinna cabinetharu rar "mahmुnaha्jabेलुस्टिबुng्गेnaha", wa "sikka-पास्टाइmahmहrarू"), jabki prachin mudrashastrako vaigyanik upcharko lagi jag 1790 samma, ekeldwara rar adhunikka lagi unnaisaun shatabdisamma madder grott rar leveldwara apurti garieko thiena. (yo cent samjhan layak chha. thomas aquinasle "day regimine principis", II, xiii, xiv maa, paisa rar sikkako vishayalai wyawahar gare, rar yo kaam dherai warshasamma canonistharu bichko adhikar thiyo.) sikkaharuko sabaibhanda purano sangraha jasko barema hamisanga nishchit gyan chha pandhraun shatabdiko how, rar petrarkdwara banaieko thiyo; unko udaharanle dherai nakkal garneharu fela parey. hubbert goldzle 1556-60 maa yuropka vibhinna sangrahaharuko bhraman gare, jasmadhye 950 raheko bhanieko chha. niji sangrahaharuko tulanama, june niyamko rupma tiniharuko malikharuko mrityupachhi chharieka chhan, shasakharu, rajyaharu, wa sangrahalayharuko sangrahale sarvopari mahatwa rakhchha, rar mudrashastriya anusandhanka lagi sabaibhanda bharapardo adhar pradan gardacha. sann 1756 maa astriyaka francis prathamle mahan sundartaka dui kritiharu, "mahmोnaha्nahaोyass enn or" rar "mahmोnaha्nahaोyass enn argent" maa unko sangrahako khajana thaha garae; rar halka warshaharuma mahan catalogharu, vishesh gari britis sangrahalayaka, yass vigyanma jankariko sabaibhanda mahatwapurna srota baneka chhan. sankalankarta rar saidhantik vidyarthiharu duwaiko awashyaktale thulo sankhyama mudrashastriya samajka sathai yee samajharudwara prakashit lagbhag 100 prawidhik patrikaharu banna awhan gareko chha. vibhinna saharharuma warshaunsamma ayojit german society aff numismaticska baithakharubata, tyahan antarrashtriya sammelanharu wiksit bhaeka chhanh brasels, 1892; peris, 1900 (record rar lenden, comte day castellen rar ae dwara prakashit. blanchett); rome, 1903; (eti dayle kangreso internagionale dii seange storic, 6 khandaharu.); brasels, 1910. mahm. sikkaharu sikkaharulai dhatuka tukraharuka rupma paribhashit garna sakinchha jasle kanuni tenderko rupma kaam gardacha. yass shabdama sadharan mudra, smarak wa sarvajanik pradhikarandwara sthapit manak, adi anusar stamp garieka prastutikaran tukraharu samawesh chhan.tara kagaji paisa wa niji sikka hoina. antim wargama hammy angreji tokanharu sandarbha gardachaun june warsha 1800 ko waripari anshik sikkako aparyapta apurtiko parinamswarup dherai matrama prasarit bhaeko thiyo; yasabahek, vishesh gari church nigamharudwara jaari garieka "mariax" bhanine tukraharu, paisako bhaucharko rupma, rar pachhi samanya rupma mulyaka lagi, jastai jetonharu, wa counterharu, rar "rarेचnahaुng्स्पेnahaिगे". jab pratyek wyakti ab afno nirvaha prithvibata lutna saksham hundaina, shram bandna rar yasaka utpadanharu witaran garne awashyakta utpanna hunchha. yo suruma wastuharuko adanpradandwara prabhawit hunchha, jaslai samanyataya gaiwastuharuma paine vishwawyapi rupma upalabdha adanpradan madhyam chahinchha (homerma menlausko upkaranko mulya 9 stearharuma; himanadiko, 100 maa). gaiwastubahek adim manisharule chhal, pelt, kapada adi prayog gareka chhan.yass uddeshyaka lagi. tathapi, chaandai nai vishwawyapi rupma prayog garna sakine mulyako mapan fela parnu awashyak hunchha, rar yasaka lagi suna, chaandi rar tama dherai prarambhik samayadekhi prayog hundai aeko chha; anya dherai dhatuharusanga prayog garepachhi tulanatmak rupma halka warshaharuma, nikel yasama thapieko chha. dhatuko paisako pahilo charan kunai pani akarko dhatuko tukraharubata taul garera pugchha; tara, yass prakriyadwara kewal kull wazan nirdharan garna sakinchha, sukshmatako degree hoina (bahumulya dhatuharuko mamalama ek dherai awashyak karak), sarvajanik akhtiyarko stampdwara sukshmata pramanit garne awashyakta utpanna hunchha, rar yass stamplay dhatuko ganthalai sikka banaunchha. ullekha garieka dhatuharu madhye euta matra chaandai aparyapta pramanit hunchhah paryapta matrama sano mulyaka sunka sikkaharu prachalanma rakhnu wa adhar dhatuko prayog garera paryapta uccha mulyaka sikkaharu jaari garna asambhawa chha. yasaka lagi ekai samayama dui wa tinawata dhatu prayog garnu awashyak chha. yo yaa tata euta bahumulya dhatu mulya mapanko rupma prayog garera rar arko tamasanga, kewal wastu wa sahayak sikkako rupma, wa anyatha kanundwara nirdharit rashanma mulya mapanko rupma duwai dhatuharu viruddha saman rupma mudda halera garna sakinchha (dwi-dhatu), tathapi, ek pathyakram, jasle dui bahumulya dhatuharuko winimayako darma utar chadhawko karan barambar kathinaiharu nimtyaeko chha. rupmai, sikkaharu samanyataya golakar, kahilekaahin andakar, rar chaturbhuj hunchhan; yee antimharu vishesh gari apatkalin sikkaharuma samanya hunchhan, rar swidenma vishal akar rar thulo taulama badheko thiyo. tyahan pani painchha, vishesh gari sudur purvama, sabaibhanda wilakshan akarka sikkaharu. upkaran rar shilalekh sikkaharu bahek prayaha pudina chinha wa pudina-malikko chinhaharu hunchhan june vishesh ullekha yogya hunchhan. pudina-malikharu rar dye-sinkarharu dherai awasthama nishchit chinha wa aksharharuko madhyambata afna kamharu chhutyauna abhyasta bhaeka chhan; rar takasalharule tiniharuko sambandhit sikkaharulai yaa tata aksharharudwara chhutyaunchan, paramparagat rar manmane chinhaharudwara jaari garne thaaunlai sanket gardacha, wa kunai anya madhyambata-kahilekaahin suru nagarneharulai bodhagamya hundaina-jastai shilalekhko vishesh aksharko tall bindu rakhnu. yasari sikkaka vibhinna ankaharu anyatha saman rupma rakhinchha. mudrashastrako vigyan thulo matrama sikkaharu fela pardai bhautik rupma unnat chhah pahile agyat prakarharuko gyanko atirikta, tyasta awishkarharule diieko awadhima sikkaharuko wastawik prachalan rar kehi sikkaharu tiniharuko afnai awasthako simabhanda bahira kati hadasamma wartaman thie bhanne bare ek nirdeshatmak antardrishti pradan gardacha, rar hamilai kunai vishesh pudina-master wa satik awadhima, vishesh gari madhya yugka, mitihin prajatiharu tokieko garna maddat gardacha. vigyanko adhyayanma, sathai sikkaharuko wargikaranma, kalanukramik rupma, tinn mahan yugharu pachhyaune abhyas chhah prachin, madhyayugin rar adhunik; bhaugolik rupma, sambandhit samayako vibhinna rajnitik vibhajan. grick sikkaharuka lagi, ekelle euta anukaraniya pranali apanaeko chha june ajhai prayogma chha. harkyulisko stambhabata suru garera unle prachinkalma parichit vishwaka deshharulai bhumadhyasagar warparko tiniharuko sthitiko kramama linchhanh pahile yuropka, tyasapachhi asea bharatsamma, rar antama africa egyptbata gibralterko jaladamarumadhyasamma. ae. grick sikka grick" shabdalai sadhain prachin mudrashastrama roman muel rar italian oss kabra bahek sabai sikkaharu samawesh garna bujhinchha. maudrik ekai 60 minetko pratibha how (naha tata pratibha naha tata mina kunai pani sikkale pratinidhitwa gariraheko chha), wa 6000 drakme, pratyek 6 obol barabar chha. vibhinna mudraharu prayaha persiali taul pranalima adharit hunchhan. persialiharuko bahumulya dhatuka lagi taulaka dui farak mapdandharu thieh sunko lagi, yuboyan; chaandiko lagi, babylonian. sunko darik, samanya sunko sikka, grick chaandiko diiड्rarाच्mahmसँग sambandhit, wazan 8.385 gramm (lagbhag 129 1/3 gren); chaandiko darik (shekel), 5.57 gramm (lagbhag 87 gren). puratan kalma sunko mulya chaandiko mulya 1 dekhi 10 samma thiyo, sunko darik 15 chaandiko darik barabar chha. sikkaka anya mapdandharu फोseeयnaha, agineton, attari, corinthian, tolemic, rar asea minerko systophoric manak thie; yadyapi, yee madhye kehi persian manakbata wyutpanna huna sakchhan. purano agineton solanka lagi halka attari manakko pratisthapanle rinko anshik unmulan lyayo. sabaibhanda prachur matrama banaieka tukraharu tetradrachma (25-33 mimmy) thie. wyasma) rar dedrach; atha, das, rar bahra ड्rarाचmahmेkaa tukraharu asadharan chhan, rar chalis-drachma tukraharu durlabh chhan. talatirako mapanma vibhajan quarter-obolus (= 1/24 drakma) samma wistar hunchha. grick asiama suna rar chaandi (electrum) ko mishranbata baneka sanah sikkaharu prayog garinthyo. grissma chandika sikkaharu dherai prachalit thie; tamaka sikkaharule 400 bee purwanirdharit gardainan.see.jabki suna wirlai dholieko thiyo. arkatira, persialiharuko sikka sunma dherai dhani thiyo, rar yo tiniharuko udaharan thiyo jasle masedonka phillip dwitiya rar alekjander da greatlai prabhawit गऱ्yo. kehi apawadharu bahek utkrishtatako uchchatam degree laxit thiyo, suna darik 97 pratishat ramro thiyo. prarambhik samayama sikka ekal daiko sath garinthyoh khali dhatuko ulto bhag euta pegdwara, samanyataya wargakar, enbhilma chhito samatinthyo, rar tyasaile yasako prabhawa chaturbhuj depression (incuse squire) ko rupma prapta bhayo; samayasangai yo warga rekha, akriti rar shilalekhharule sajaieko thiyo. dakshini italyma ekarkama fitt bhaeka dui daiharu prayog garieko thiyo, taaki sikkaharule agadi rar pachhadi depression ("nummi इnaha्कुsee") maa saman design prastut gardacha. shilalekhharu rashtriyataanusar vibhinna bhashama chhan. dwibhashi shilalekhharu-ng.zee., grick-lattin-rar shilalekhharu jasma bhasha rar prakar mail khandaina-eae.zee.cypriot warnaharuma grick pani painchha; rar grick patraharu pani samayako sath rupma dherai pariwartanharu hunchhan. sikkako adhikar sarwabhaumasattako visheshadhikar bhaeko hunale, shilalekhharule pahile sarvabhauma shaktiko naam ullekha gardacha jasko adhikarma sikka prahar garieko thiyo; grissma, alekjander da greatko samayasamma, yo samudaya thiyo. sikkako prabhari adhikariharuko naam pani painchha; rar pachhika sikkaharule pani warsha dekhaunchhan, june prayaha chayan yug, 312 bee batt ganana garinchha.see. sabaibhanda purana sikkaharuko utpatti ijinako tatama bhaeko thiyo, sayed lydiama, hirodotasle hamilai bhandachhan, wa ijinama, jasko raja, fidden, parian itihasle tiniharulai warnan gardacha, sambhawatah 600 iswisita pahile.see. eutai samudraka vibhinna tapuharule yisanga dherai bhinna designharu bhaeka sikkaharu prastut garchhan. dakshini italyka sikkaharu dherai pachhiko mitika chhainan, june isapurva 510 maa nashta bhaeko sibaris saharka namunaharu awasthit chhan bhanne tathyabata pramanit hunchha.see. griss proper rar asea minorka prarambhik sikkaharu dhatuka baklo tukraharu hun, chapta goliharu jastai, rar, swabhawik rupma, saral upkaranharu, botabiruwaharu rar janawarharu bokchhan, june chaandai vishesh ilakaharuko wishishta hunchha; yee dewataharu rar manisharuko tauko rar akritiharudwara safal hunchhan, kahilekaahin samuhama ekjut hunchhan. lagbhag 400 bee.see. dye-katne grick kala yasako purna vikasma pugyo, kunai pani pachhiko jatile asaman utkrishtatako degree prapta gardaih sirakyusle pahilo sthan rakhchha; yo pachhi aradia, thibs, olynthus, adi kramama aunchha. gaira-hellenic manisharu madhye jasko sikka grick shringkhalama samawesh chhan, hamra lagi sabaibhanda mahatwapurna yahudiharu hun. suruma tiniharule videshi sikkaharu prayog gare, tara, siriyaliharu viruddha machabiharuko adhinma rashtriya udayako parinamko rupma, pradhan pujari, saimanle antiocus VII (139-38 b) batt prapta gare.see.) sikkako adhikar. saimanle tama rar chaandiko dhalaunthe. unlai "shekel israel" bhaninchhah agrawarti kinwadanti (shekel israel) rar ek cup wa kachaura jasko mathi miti chha (1-5, sikkako adhikar pradan garnebata ganana garinchha); ulto, kinwadanti (jeruselam pawitra) rar tean kalaharu bhaeko lilly-stack. baanki machabiharu-john हाइड्rarाnahaस, judas aristobulus, alekjander janes, matathias antigonus, rar yastai anya-purano hibru wa hibru rar grikma shilalekhharusahit vishesh rupma tamako prayog gare. yee pachhi idumian rajkumar nayak rar unka uttaradhikariharuko tamako sikka ayo. khrishtako samayama roman sikka pani prachalanma thie. yo shraddhadhanko kathale pramanit garchha. "anie tiniharule uhaanlai [khrishtalai] ek paisa die. anie yeshule tiniharulai bhaneh" "yo ko chhawi rar shilalekh how? tiniharule usalai bhanchhanh sijarko "(matt., xxii, 19-21). yo kewal romanharu viruddha yahudiharuko dui vidrohako samayama thiyo.dee. 66-70 rar 132-135, tyo chaandi feri kramashah elazar rar syman rar बाrar-कचबाko adhinma banaieko thiyo. khrishtapachi pahilo shatabdiko bactrian sikkaharuma gondoferes naam, wa kehi saman naam painchha, june tinn myagiharu madhye ek caspersanga mildojuldo manincha. bee. roman sikkaharu italyma winimayako prarambhik madhyam tama thiyo, jaslai pratyek lendenma taul garnuparne thiyo ("os rudd"). suruma yasalai aniyamit rupka tukraharuma prayog garieko thiyo, pachhi anadi barharuma. pahilo patak kanuni tender pradan gareko shreya sarbhiyas tuliyaslai diieko chha, jasle barharuma nishchit tathyankaharu, prayaha gaiwastuharu ("primus सिग्nahaेभिट oss; oss signetum") ley chhap lagaeko bhanieko chha. tiniharuko mulya rar saharka pratikharu sanket garne chinhaharu bhaeka saancho sikkaharuko parichaya dherai pachhiko mitima parchha. maudrik ekai 12 aunsa (10.527 oz) ko rupma thiyo. troya), roman pound barabar ("libra"-tyasaile, libral manak); samanyataya, tathapi, ekko wazan matra 10 aunsa (lagbhag 8 3/4 aunj) thiyo. trayo). ("semi" = 1/2, "trines" = 1/3, "quadrance" = 1/4, "sextance" = 1/6, rar "yunsia" = 1/12) kaa vibhajanharu, tiniharulai ajha sajilai chhutyauna sakiyos bhanera, ek chheuma dherai balharu chinha lagaieko thiyo jasma tiniharu aunsharu samawesh thie. ekatira jahajko proko pratinidhitwa thiyo, rome saharko visheshta upkaran, arkotira, dewatako tauko, june sikkako mulyamananusar bhinna thiyo. sikka goal, agla, tara kehi hadasamma anadi, rahat rar dhalieka thie; kehi campaniama banaieka thie. 268 bee batt.see. yasako wazan sthira rupma ghatyo; libral manak pahile ek triental, tyasapachhi ek uncial, rar antama adha-uncial manak-muel wajanko 1/24 bhayo. jabki manakko yass kamile thula manka sikkaharuko nirmanlai sahaj banayo ("dupondius, ट्rarाइपोnaha्diiyass, diiक्युसिस", kramashah 2,3, rar 10 gadhako barabar), yasale tamako sikkaharulai tiniharuko antarik mulyabhanda dherai mathi halko mulya diyo rar castko satta mudrankit sikkaharuko parichayalai agadi badhayo. libhika anusar pahilo chandika sikka 268 iswi sanwatma banaieka thie.see.yo pahilo chaandiko tukra "denarius" thiyo, 10 gadha barabar. tyasapachhi "quinerious" (adha "denarius") rar "cestertius" (adha "denarius") gari sanah mulyawargaharu ae. yee bahek "विक्टोrarियट्स" (1/4 "denarius") kehi prantaharulai wyawasayik mudrako rupma prayog garnako lagi banaieko thiyo. ek poundko suruma 1/72 taul bhaeko dinarius 217 b maa ghataieko thiyo.see. 1/84 samma, chaandi lagbhag shudha hunthyo. agrabhagle "day roma" dekhaunchha; ulto, dui dioscuri; yee tikatharu madhye pahilo vishesh gari dherai warshasamma prayogma rahyo. pudina ek ayog ("treswiry ore argento oro flando feriundo") dwara wyawasthit garieko thiyo, jaska sadasyaharule chaandai sikkaharuma afno naam wa adyaksharharu rakhe, rar pachhi uniharuko pariwarka sadasyaharu rar uniharuko karyaharu (pariwar wa consular sikka) lai mahimamandit gare. tyas samayama pani, tara shahi kalma dherai patak, tyahan adhar dhatuko dinari thiyo june prayaha chaandi ("dinari सुबोइवtataी") ley patlo dhakieko thiyo. sunko nirman bhaeko kura wirlai bhayo. sijarle shahi sikkama sankramanlai chihnit gardachhah 44 bee maa.see. sinetle unko chitra bhaeka sikkaharu jaari garne adesh diyo. brutsle pani yo udaharan pachhyae, rar augustusanga portrait sikkaharuko nirbadh shrinkhala suru hunchha. jabki sijarle pahile nai suna rar chaandi sikka banaune adhikar davi garisakeka thie, augustusle afna lagi yo adhikar davi gare rar cinetma tamako sikka matra chhode; rar yee tamaka sikkaharu aksharharudwara visheshta chhan.see. ("senates paramarsha"). arelian (270-76) ley sinetbata pani yo visheshadhikar lie. samrajyabata suru garera hamile sunko prashasta sikka fela parchhaun. mukhya sikka "oreus" how, jasko wazan lagbhag 123 1/2 gren chha; yasako agadi samratko naam, upadhi rar chitra chha; yasako viparit, samridha vividhatama aitihasik pratinidhitwaharu chhan. nirman, samratka manaparne dewataharu, rar unlai alankrit garne wa alankrit garnuparne gunharuko murta roop; unko pariwarka sadasyaharu pani pratinidhitwa garinchha. yass sandarbhama trajan rar hadrianko shringkhala vishesh gari dhani chha. nirosanga sikkako patan suru hunchha, vishesh gari chaandiko; rar yo nirantar feri kehi hadasamma kram sthapit nabhaesamma jaari rahyo. unle ek pound (lagbhag 70 anna) ko 1/72 barabarko nayan sunko sikka, "solidus" prastut gare, june shatabdiyaunsamma maudrik pranaliko vikasma mahatwapurna karak rahyo. kunai ghatanako samjhanama jaari garieka pudinaka vishesh rupma thula rar sawadhanipurwak nishpadit karyaharu, padakharuko vishesh ullekha garnuparchha. tiniharu suna, chaandi wa tamabata baneka thie, rar bahumulya dhatuma, samanyataya kanuni manakko anurup banaieko thiyo. tyahan pahenlo dhatuko writta ("mediles days dex cuverse") dwara gherieko tamako namunaharu pani chhan. contorniate" shabdalai euta thulo golakar tamako sikkama lagu garinchha, jasko uchai bhaeko rim hunchha, june mukhyataya circanian khelharuko sambandhama prayog garinchha. purvaka roman samratharuka sikkaharu, jaslai byzantineko rupma tokieko chha, kamtima kalanukramik rupma madhya yugka hun, tara, tiniharuko sikkama awalokan garieko manakdwara rar suruma, sikkaharuko charitradwara pani nyaya garinchha, sampurna shringkhala roman samrajyaka muddaharusanga najikbata jodieko chha. tama prashasta rupma banaieko thiyo, chaandi wirlai, tara suna sikkasanga jodieko sabaibhanda thulo mahatwa. dherai warshasamma suna byzantiumma matra banaieko thiyo, rar yee sunko tukraharule pashchimko sunko sikkaka lagi matra hoina, june tehraun shatabdisamma punah suru bhaena, tara islamka lagi pani ek modelko rupma kaam गऱ्yo. byzantine sikkaharuma kalatmak yogyatako purna rupma abhawa chhah tiniharuko prakar kathora rar niras chha. aghillo dhan rar ultotirka vibhinna upkaranharuko thaunma, hammy dharmik pratikharu, khrishtako monogram, rar santaharu fela pardachhaun. john VIII ko sikka, samratharu madhye antim tara ek, pandhraun shatabdiko madhyatira, byzantine shringkhalako antim thiyo. see. madhyayugin sikkaharu purano roman samrajyako khetriya simabhitra utpanna bhaeka nayan rajyaharule suruma roman sikkaharuko prayog garthe, jasmadhye paryapta sankhyama astitwama thie. jatiya basain saraiko awadhika durlabh swayatta muddaharu roman shringkhalasanga dherai najikbata jodieka chhan; francema kewal merobhingiyanharule afulai kehi hadasamma swatantra banae. tathapi, dherai chaandai, sikkasanga sambandhit sabai mamilaharuma samanya girawat suru bhayo; sikkaharu lagatar mota hundai gae, sunko mudra gayab bhayo, tama matra asadharan rupma banaieko thiyo; sanah chandika sikkaharu bhuktaniko ek matra madhyam thie. charlemanle kunai prakarko wyawastha punarsthapit gare; rajadwara matra prayog garine shahi wisheshadhikarko rupma sikka banaune adhikarko dabi gardai, unle sabai niji sikkaharulai dabae, june tyas samayama vinashkari anupata grahan gareko thiyo. unle ajha badhi dhulaima badhi herchahko adesh die rar yass binduma niyamharu banae june yuropko thulo bhagka lagi manak banyo, rar june, tiniharuko awashyak visheshtaharuma, ajasamma englandma karyarat chha. adhar chaandiko pratibha, wa pound (lagbhag 11 4/5 aunsa) thiyo. troya); yasalai 20 silling (pound rar silling duwai kewal khatako paisa how) maa vibhajit garieko thiyo pratyek 12 pence ("dinier") barabar thiyo. tyasaile peniko taul 23 1/2 anna thiyo. carlovingian sikkaharuma sabaibhanda samanya designharu krasko pratinidhitwa rar stambhaharule sajaieko church how, june kinwadanti "cristiana religio" ley gherieko chha. madhya yugko anautho arthik awasthale lagatar ghatdo taul rar sukshmataka chandika sikkaharuko jaritalai janma diyo, taaki tiniharu lagatar adhik rar adhik bekar bhae rar mulyaharuma samanya wridhiko parinamswarup, ab mudrako rupma prayog garna sakindaina. yasari euta prakriya suru bhayo june madhya yugma dherai patak daोhowऱ्yaaइekो thiyoh purana sanah sikkaharuko mulyahrasko parinamswarup, thula rar adhik mulyawan nayan sikkaharu kunai saharma prahar gariyo jahanbata uniharule sampurna europema vijayi rupma afno bato banae. samaya bitdai jaanda yee kramashah awamulyan bhae rar nayan muddale pratisthapan gariyo. tehraun shatabdima silling (12 pence barabar) pahilo patak bhramanharuma sirjana garieko thiyo; "dinier" ko viparit, june tyas samayama dherai patlo bhaeko thiyo, yasalai "numas grossus" (baklo sikka) bhaninchha, rar, yo pahilo patak sirjana garieko thaaunko nambata, "grossus turonesis", wa "gross turnois". ek chheuma rajako namko cruss rar euta kinwadanti chha, samanyataya "benedictum sitt nomen dominy"; arko, church. turnois" france rar rhineko chheuma druta gatima failiyo, rar prag ("grossus pragensis", wa "pregor grocen") maa yastai sikka banauna thalyo, june yasako palama dherai deshharuma nakkal garieko thiyo. merovingian kalpachhi samrata fredrick dwitiyako augustel matra sunko sikka banaiyo. yee pahileko roman sikkaka pratilipiharu thie rar sisilima prahar garieko thiyo. ganatantra florencema lagbhag 1250 samma niyamit sunko sikka suru hundaina. yee sikkaharuma ekatira cent chhan. john baptisma, rar, arko, ek lilly, florensko pratik. yass upkaran ("floss lilly") batt, wa saharko nambata, tiniharule "florin" naam prapta gare. tiniharuko wazan 540 annabhanda alie badhi thiyo. kehi dashakpachhi bhenisko dog, jiyovanni dandolole sunko sikkako dhalau suru garyo jasma centko agadi doge ghunda tekne pratinidhitwa chha. mark rar kinwadantiko sath khrishtako putalih "tibi christ datus kwem tu regis iste ducatus basnuhos. yass kinwadantiko antim shabdale sikkalai yasako naam diyo, "dukato" (dukata); bhenisma yasalai "lah jekka", "pudina" batt "jechino" (sequin) pani bhaninchha. florinko prakar rar dukatko naam chaandai nai sansarbhari prachalit bhayo. adhunik samayama sankraman ajhai pani thula chandika sikkaharuko parichayadwara chihnit chha. yiniharu madhye, italian "testone" rar francelli "frank" bahek, german "taylor" sabaibhanda mahatwapurna thiyo. sann 1485 maa tyrolko archduke sigismandle 2 "loth" taulako nayan chaandiko sikka jaari garyo, rar 15 "loth" ko sukshmatako karan; tyas samayako winimayako darma yasako mulya sunko guldensanga mail khanchha rar tyasaile yasalai "guldengrossen" bhaninchha. tyrolko udaharan chaandai dherai kulinharule pachhyae jasko sikka banaune adhikar thiyo; joakimstalma, slicko gananako takasalma baneko "joakimstaller" ("taylor" bhanera chhoto) ley taylor (dollar) ko naam utpanna garyo, june ajasamma kayam rakhieko chha. yass prakarka sikkaharumadhe sabaibhanda rochak "rarुबेnaha्टेलrar" how, june केयुtata्सचkaa leonard, salzbergka archabishapadwara banaieko how, rar unko shastrastra bearingbata naam diieko chha, salgam (rube); yee madhya yugka durlabh rar prayaha nakkali sikkaharu madhye ganana garinchha. madhya yugma german samrajyako maudrik pranaliharu yasako sikkako prakarko sankhyako sandarbhama matra nabhai yasako wikasko wishishtatako sandarbhama sabaibhanda badhi chasoko vishaya how. yo satya how kii charlemanle sikkako ekrupta sthapit gareka thie rar sikkako adhikarlai vishesh rupma sarwabhaumako rupma swikar garieko thiyo; tara unka kamjor uttaradhikariharu bistarai yo, sathai anya dheraijaso shahi visheshadhikarharu samanti prabhulai dina badhya bhae, jasko shakti sarvopari sarkarko kamjor hundai jaanda badhdai gayo. yee samantaharu madhye, sabai archbishop rar bishapharu matra nabhai samrajyabhitraka pramukh mathadhishharu rar mathadhishharu pani thie. vikas kramik thiyo. suruma mela ("mercatus") ayojana garna, curr ("telonium") lagauna, rar kunai ek samantako kunai thaunma pudina ("monet") khada garna anumati diieko thiyo. suruma pudina kewal ek vinimaya huna sakchha, jasko nafa, tathapi, madhya yugma prayaha dherai thulo thiyo, rar prabhulai uparjit garieko thiyo. tyasapachhi unlai afno chitra bhaeka sikkaharu lagauna anumati diieko thiyo, tara saman manak kayam rakhnuparne thiyo. lamo samayasamma yee samantawadi prabhaharule kunai pani pratibandha bina sikka banaune visheshadhikar prapta gare. jab yo garieko thiyo samrajyako mudrama ekrupta antya bhaeko thiyo, sikkama thulo vividhata sambhawa bhayo, rar sikka banaune adhikar, samratko visheshadhikar hunuko satta, pratyek samantiko visheshadhikar banyo. tiniharule sikkalai nirantar kamjor rar pariwartan garera ayako utpadak srotko rupma yass wisheshadhikarko dohan garna khoje, jasle garda wyaparma sanlagna afna prajaharulai gambhir kshati पुऱ्yaaae. tyasaile, sikka banaune adhikar ajhai prapta nagareko saharharule, yaa tata afna lagi sikka banaune adhikar prapta garera wa kheti takasalharudwara, wa takasalka malikharulai uniharuko visheshadhikarharu prayog garna prerit garera pranalima kehi niyantran prapta garne prayas gare. german madhyayugin sikkaharu madhye, "bractates" (lyatt. "bractia", "dhatuko patlo panah") vishesh ullekha yogya chha. tiniharu pahileka samayaka scandinavialy bractates jastai wyaktigat gahanaharu thienan, tara wastawik sikka thie. egharaun shatabdiko awadhima aswikar garne mudra patlo rar patlo hundai jaanda, bahraun shatabdiko suruma germanyka kehi bhagharuma, dherai patlo tara thula chandika sikkaharule yasako sthan lie, ek dylay baneko, eutai design dekhaundai, ekatira rahat rar arkotira depression. yee sikkaharu, vishesh gari suruma, kalatmak yogyata bina hoina sawadhanipurwak karyanwayan garieko thiyo. swabiako hale sahar (wortemberg) ley euta sano anshik sikka jaari गऱ्yo jasko wyapak prachalan thiyo, rar yasako utpatti bhaeko sthanbata yasalai "heller" bhaninchha. kehi hisable francelli sikkako vikas germansanga mildojuldo chhah yahan pani hamile dashaun shatabdima, ley rar charchaka baronharu (bhiyane, arles, rims, adika archabishapharu) kaa sikkaharu fela parchhaun. vishesh gari), ek nishchit prakar ("prakar इmahm्mahmोबिलिसे") dwara visheshta how june lamo awadhika lagi apariwartit rakhinchha. tara madhya yugko antyasammama yo sikka dherai thorai shaktishali samantiharuma simit chha rar shahi sikkako tulanama ab mahatwako chhaina. francebata hamisanga "chaze dee 'or" chha, euta sunko sikka june dherai hadasamma anya deshharuma pani banaieko thiyo; yasale gothik sinhasanma baseko rajalai pratinidhitwa gardacha. englandma sterling rar kulinharu adkieka thie, tiniharu duwai prayaha nakkali thie. canterbury rar yorkaka archabishapharuka sikka awasthit chhan. italyma, yasako dherai rajnitik vibhajanharuka karan, hammy germany jastai sikkaharuko vividhata fela pardachhaun. charchako takasalka sikkaharuko abhawa ullekhaniya chhah kehi alag udaharanharu rar ek्विleyजा, trent rar tristeko shringkhalako apawad bahek, hamisanga kewal popka sikkaharu chhan, june mukhyataya byzantine modellai pachhyaundai adrian ibata suru hunchha, tara clement wee (jasko pahilo sikkaharu, tathapi, ebhignanma prahar garieko thiyo) samma mahatwapurna hundaina. purvi europe prayajso byzantineko prabhawama thiyo, tara pani dharmayuddhakariharule paschimi prakarharulai uniharule purvama sthapana gareka rajyaharuma lyae. mohammad sikkaharu warsha 700 ko barema matra dekha pardachha; yee sikkaharu, kinbhane koranle sachitra pratinidhitwaharulai nishedh gardacha, kewal koranbata pathharu rar samanyataya, shasak, pudina-master, rar sikkaharuko miti sambandhi satik kathanharu rakhchhan. dee. adhunik sikkaharu adhunik samayako suruwatsangai, anshik rupma americako khoj rar yasako chaandiko bhandarko dohanko parinamko rupma, chandika thula tukraharu jatatatai thulo sankhyama dekha parchhan. yasako prakritik parinamko rupma, hammy kamko karyanwayanma badhi sawadhani, shilalekhharuma badhi supathya warnaharu, rar sachitra pratinidhitwaharu (portretharu rar kotharu-aff-armaharu) maa badhi dhyan dinchhaun. punarjagaranka dherai muddaharu, vishesh gari popal sikkaharu, tyas samayaka pramukh kalakritiharu madhye ek maninchhan. pachhilla kehi shatabdiharuma, madhya yugko sabhyatako prabhawama nabhaeka deshharu arusanga mudrashastriya sambandhama prawesh garchhan, jastai.zee.roos rar sudur purva, chinma sabaibhanda asadharan akarka sikka chhan, kehi chhidrit, kehi tuning-fork, seber adiko rupma.; siam, mudieko chaandiko tarko pindharu. prarambhik shatabdiharuma yuropka purana sabhya deshharuko maudrik pranaliharu samanyataya madhya yugko kramama sthapit rekhaharuma wiksit bhae, unnaisaun shatabdika mahan rajnitik rar arthik krantile nayan shaktiharu astitwama lyayo jasle maudrik pranaliharuma prabhawa pareko thiyo. jabki german bhashi manisharuko pariwartan bhaeko sambandhako parinamswarup tiniharuko mudraharuma bhinnata ayo (germanyma mark, astriyama crone, halyandma gulden, rar swizerlandma frank), italyko ekikaran, arkotarf, ek saman italian maudrik pranali (lira) ko parinam bhayo. tara arthik awasthale rajnitik bhanda pani badhi sthayi parinamharu utpadan gareko chha. 23 december, 1865 maa france, italy, belgium rar swizerlandle lattin union gathan gare, june 1868 maa grisdwara samel bhayo, francelli maudrik pranaliko adharma yee rajyaharuko sikkako saman niyamanma sahamat bhayo. yo pranali ab lattin maudrik sanghama samel nabhaeka rajyaharu-rumania, bulgaria, serbia, finland, spain, rar, kamasekam namamatra, dherai madhya rar dakshin americi ganatantraharu, june pahile spainy upaniweshharu thie, rar yasabahek dherai sanah europeli rajyaharule pani apanaeka chhan. astriya-hangeri rar rasiya pani yass pranalisanga lagbhag mildojuldo chhan. arko maudrik sangha sann 1873 maa gathan bhaeko thiyo rar yasama swiden, denmark rar nervey samawesh chhan, maudrik sangha scandinavian crone how. portugiz maudrik pranali brazilma ajhai pani lagu chha, yasako purva upaniwesh. kunai aupacharik parampara bina pani, sikkale videshi bhumima mudra prapta garna sakchha. yasari mexicon dollar, june naam rar mulyama german maudrik pranaliko euta shakha how, prashanta mahasagarko tadhako kinarma, chinko samudri prantaharuma, japan, siam, rar male dwipsamuhako bhagma halko sikka how; yasale madhya america rar dherai africi samudri prantaharulai pani prabhawa parchha. bharatiya rupaiyanle pani afno utpatti bhaeko bhumiko viparit samudrako kinarma, purvi africa, dakshini arab rar malaya prayadwipko tatama mudra prapta gareko chha. arthik rar rajnitik chasoko parko ramro udaharan canadale prastut gareko chha, jahaan angreji sarvabhauma kanuni tender how, yadyapi canadali mudrale sanyukta rajyako manaklai pachhyauncha. jabki ahile astriya rar hangerima prachalanma raheka sikkaharu lichtenstein rar montenegro rar yasako viparit mudrako rupma manya chhan, ek astrian sikka lamo samayadekhi astriyama nai prachalanbata bahira rakhieko chha, jaslai maria-terresian taylor bhanera chininchha, rar miti 1780 bokeko chha, ahile pani madhya africa, sudan, tripoli rar arabiako sabaibhanda mahatwapurna wyawasayik mudra how. sikkako prawidhima pachhilla dashakharuma prapta bhaeko uccha starko siddhile ekatira sikkaharu (aluminiumbata baneka sikkaharu, platinumka rusi sikkaharu, belgiumko chhepieka sikkaharu, dui dhatuka angreji sikkaharu) kaa sath dherai prayogharu nimtyayo, jasmadhye adhikanshlai kunai nirnayak safalta thiena. arkotarf, sikka banaune kalatmak pakshama badhi dhyan dina sambhawa bhayo, june francelli rar italian takasalka navinatam muddaharubata pramanit hunchha. II. padakharu padak" shabda (florence = adha aswikarma "medalia") dhatuka tukraharuma lagu hunchha, samanyataya golakar, june pudinadwara jaari garieko bhae tapani bhuktaniko madhyamko rupma laxit hundaina. tiniharuko samagri, roop, nirman mode, rar itihasle pramanit gardacha kii tiniharu muel rupma sikka thie, yadyapi pariwartan garieko awastha rar awashyaktaharu, kalatmak rar sanskritik duwaile tiniharulai swatantra banaeko chha. tiniharuko uddeshya rashtrako itihasma mahatwapurna ghatanaharu samjhanu how, yati dherai kii kunai wyakti wa sampurna deshko padakharuko shringkhalama adharit rar chitran garieko itihas lekhne prayas garieko chha. padak jaari garne awasarharu sinhasanma arohan, yuddhako ghoshana, shantiko samapan, wa gathabandhan, sarvajanik bhawanko samapanma painchha; yasalai sarwabhaumharule samman garna chahane wyaktiharulai prastut garna pani dherai wyapak rupma prayog gareka chhan, rar tyasta awasthama prayaha sunarko kalako wastawik ratna thiyo. arkotarf, shraddhako pratikka rupma, afno vivaha jasta awasarharuma prayaha afna sarwabhaumalai prajaharudwara padak pradan garieko chha. tara janatako sanskritiko abhiwyaktiko rupma niji padakma dherai badhi chaso hunchha, rar yass kshetrama punarjagaran rar tyasapachhika shatabdiharuko german padakle sabaibhanda dherai udaharanharu prastut gardacha. portrait medalharule ahile photographydwara liieka bhumikalai kheleko chha. kote-aff-armle chhap lagaieko padakharule niji wyaktiharuko pratinidhitwa garna pani kaam gardacha, rar kahilekaahin tokan, libharka lagi buttonharu, adiko rupma wyawaharik prayogma rakhinchha. tiniharu vivaha, wa vivaha, chaandi wa sunaulo vivaha, janma rar baptisma samjhan prayog garinchha, rar tyahan sikka wa padak ("प्yaaटेnahaपफेnahaिगे") ko akarma prayojakharuko namkaran upaharharuko thulo sankhya chha june uddeshyaka lagi spashta rupma banaieko chha rar shishu rar dharma-pita, baptismako sthan rar miti, rar samanyataya ek pawitra ukti. yee "प्yaaटेnahaपफेnahaिगे" lai prayaha gahanako rupma lagaunaka lagi samridha settingharuma rakhinthyo, rar wanshaparamparabata pustasammaka rupma hastantaran garinthyo. jiwanma prawesh matra hoina tara mrityu pani padakharuma record garieko chha; rar tyasta dherai tukraharuma wistrit jiwani suchanaharu chhan. dherai patak padakle dharmik uddeshya pura gardacha; kremnitzma rar vishesh gari joakimstalma tyasta dharmik sikkaharuko wistrit shringkhala prahar garieko thiyo. typological pratinidhitwaharule thulo paksha pae, ek pakshale purano-testament prakar dekhaundacha, arko nayan-testament antitype. sudharle bibleya wakyanshharule sajaieko dherai padakharu utpadan गऱ्yo. dharmik padakharuma manaparne vishaya khrishtako shir thiyoh bhiyana saharle shatabdiyaundekhi yass designlai wishishtatako sarvajanik chinhako rupma prayog gardai aeko chha. easter padakharuma pascal bhedasanga, krisamasma shishu yeshusanga anyalai upaharko rupma diiyo. santaharu, cent. georgelai prayaha "jorar्गस्टेलrar" rar "jorar्गस्डक्yaaट" maa pratinidhitwa garieko thiyo, rar centko chhawi bhaeko padak lagaunu euta andhawishwas thiyo. george ghaubata suraksha garne wyakti thie. yastai andhawishwas centko pratinidhitwasanga jodieko thiyo. roach rar cent. sebastian wa cent. rosalia, sathai pishachbata suraksha garne rupma, khamiro sarpako sath krusko pani. tyahan purnataya andhawishwasayukta tabij, jyotishiya rar rasayanik sikkaharuko ananta shringkhala pani chha june adharbata bahumulya dhatuma rasayanik rupantaranko utpadan bhaeko dabi gardacha. bhiyanako shahi sikka-cabinetma yee tukraharu madhye euta chha, sambhawatah astitwama raheko sabaibhanda thulo padak, jasko wazan lagbhag 15 1/2 pound chha. evordupois; rar samrata leopold prathamka chalis purkhaharuko chitraharule sajaieko chha, jasko upasthitima rupantaran bhaeko manincha. yasari padaklai vishwaspurwak prayog garieko dherai rar bahuayamik uddeshyaharule sanskritik awasthalai pratibimbit gardacha jasle yasako sikkako netritwa garyo rar jankariko srota how june ajhai purna rupma prashansa garieko chhaina. saancho padakharu puratan kaldekhi agyat thie; tiniharuko karyaharu dherai mamilaharuma thie-vishesh gari mahatwapurna ghatanaharuko smarakko rupma-sikkaharudwara pradarshan garieko thiyo. wartaman samayako niras rar samanyataya kalatmak sikkaharuko viparit, puratan kalka sikkaharu, rar vishesh gari griska sikkaharu, dye-utkirnakko kalako utkrishta kritiharu thie, jo afno kaushal pradarshan garna anya awasarharu khojna badhya thienan. romanharuka sartaharu saman thie, apawadka sath kii samratharuko padakharu hamro padakharuko charitrasanga lagbhag kehi hadasamma chhan, yadyapi tiniharu niyamko rupma, kanuni maudrik ekaiko nakkalharu hun; tokanharu ("tesero"), khelharuka lagi prahar garieko, rar कnaha्टोrar्nahaिaeटहrarू padaksanga ajha najikbata sambandhit chhan. samrata luis da pyus (814-40) kaa kehi sunka muddaharu pani padakharu jastai chhan, rar madhya yugko agadi hamile thulo sankhyama sikkaharu bhete june spashta rupma itihasko kunai ghatanako samjhanama banaieko thiyo, yadyapi tiniharuko upkaranharu prayaha wyakhya garna gahro hunchha; yahan ajhai pani samadhanko pratikshama dheraiwata paheliharu chhan. heinry sinhako pratikko rupma, bawaria rar saxonyko shaktishali duke, sinhale unko sikkaharuma mahatwapurna bhumika khelchha. tara unko virodhi, wittelsbakhko otho, jasle heinry sinhalai gairakanuni banaiepachhi, baweriyako douchy prapta gare, yass pratiklai pani prayog gare rar aswikarkartaharu jaari gare jasle unlai sinhako khojima wa hatma sinhako katieko tauko liera chitran gardacha. sikkaharu prayaha gupta sampattiharuko samjhanama pani prayog garinchha, rar yee mudraharule lies lardako pratinidhitwa gardacha jasbata ghunda tekne jagirdarle gonfalon prapta gardacha. ek polish ब्rarाक्टिटley duke bolslabh III ko tirthayatrako samjhanama centko chihanma kayam rakhchha. ganesenma adalbert. bohemiaka ladislas prathamko aswikarkartale ekatira warnanatmak kinwadanti rar arkotira charchako sath shaitanko ghrinit tauko dekhaunchha. luschinle yass upkaranko lekha nimnanusar garna saksham thieh bohemiama gambhir maulik wikshobhko ekpachhi, ek bhayanak aandhiko bichma, ek ulkapind ayo, jasma dherai wyaktiharule mahal najikai manav rupma shaitanlai dekheko ghoshana gare; yo aswikarkarta tyasapachhi prahar garieko thiyo, duwai chheuma shaitanko tauko rar bhagawanko church thiyo. yasta sikkaharule kehi hadasamma smarak padakko uddeshya pura garchhan. pahilo saancho padak chaudhaun shatabdiko antyatira italyma dekha paryo. paduwaka swami francesco dwitiya kararale prachin roman padakharuko nakkal gardai duiwata padak prahar gareka thieh euta, unka buba francesco prathamko samjhanama, commodus rar septimius sebherasko pachhillo padakharu samjhanchhan; arko, sann 1390 maa paduako kabja bhaeko samjhanama, francesco dwitiyako chitra chha june samrata bhiteliusko cestersma saman chha. pratyek awasthama ultole karara pariwarko punning upkaran, cart ("carro") bokchha. yee padakharu kansya rar rajatma prahar garinchha. sohi awadhima bhenisko cesto pariwar, dye-katarharuko pariwardwara banaieka padak-jasto parikshan-tukra hun. yee pani chhap lagaieko thiyo; tara arko awadhima padakko vikas chhap lagaieko tukraka karan thiena. pandhraun shatabdiko madhyatira pani italian kala achanak cast medalka sath yass vibhagma charmotkarshama pugchha. whittor pisano, ek chitrakar (bee. lagbhag 1380, verona prantama; dee. sann 1455 wa 1456) sabaibhanda purano rar sabaibhanda mahatwapurna padak vijeta hun. unka anuyayiharu jastai, unka kamharu momka modelharu wa falamma katieka modelharubata cast garinchha, yasto prakriya jasle prayaha tukraharulai pachhi chharine awashyak banaunchha. unle afno kriti "opus pisani pictoris" maa hastakshar garchhan. padakharu, dherai jaso, thulo akarka hunchhan, rar kritrim patinale lepit hunchhan. agrabhagma tiniharule abhiwyaktipurna chitraharu prastut garchhan, samanyataya profilema; ulto, sunder rar saral rupakharuh yasari leonelo dee 'este, cupidle samatera rakheko sangitko panabata gaundai sinha; wa naplesko alphonso, ek igal jasle udaratapurwak marieko mriglai giddhaharulai chhodchha. pisanole kehi prototaipharu prayog gare june sambhawatah silharubata liieko thiyo bhanera pramanit garna sakinchha, padak kalako wastawik nirmatako rupma unko prasidhi tyas tathyale bhautik rupma cum bhaeko chhaina. rachana rar karyanwayan duwaima uni shayed nai barabar chhan, udaharanka lagi, kuleen janawarharu, sinha, igal, how rasko unko pratinidhitwama. pisanole sampurna italyko yatra gare, rar afno samayaka pramukh rajkumarharu rar prabhawashali wyaktiharuko chitran gare; unle padak kalalai yati lokpriya banae kii tyasabeladekhi kalakarharu, italyka sabai mahatwapurna kala kendraharuma, padak nirmanma sanlagna thie. yasta thie matteo day 'pasty, rar riminiko darbarma prashansaniya kalakar; bheniska jiyovanni boldu rar gaira-yahudi bellini, jasmadhye pachhillole sultan mehmetka lagi potret-medal banae; mantuan sperandio, pandhraun shatabdiko sabaibhanda utkrishta padak vijeta, rar anya dherai. yass samayama pani, stamp garieko padak pramukhtama farkanchha. rome benbhenyuto selenyma rar, uni pachhi, caradoso, rar vishesh gari pope pudinaka malikharu ullekha garna yogya chhan. क्yaaभिnahaोda्wararा roman samratharuko kaansaako sikkako nakkal sanchchai prashansaniya chha. antatah, kehi samayapachi, italian padak vijeta videshi rajkumarharuko sewama painchhanh netherlandsma jakopo daa trejo, germanyma dui abandiyo. italian padakle purano francelli utpadanharuko vikasma sabaibhanda shaktishali prabhawa parchha. pandhraun shatabdiko uttarardhama italian lauranale pahilo francelli padakharu heat गऱ्yo, rar arko awadhiko karyaharule spashta rupma italian wisheshtaharu dekhaunchha. satraun shatabdisamma nayan shaili dekha parena, jasma drapery vishesh gari prashansaniya rupma punah utpadan garieko thiyo; sabaibhanda pramukh kalakarharu zin richiyar, metzma, rar pachhi, gilam duprey rar zin warrin thie. germanyma, italian sikkaharuko prabhawama tyrolko halma sabaibhanda pahile chandika thula tukraharu banaieka thie; rar gian marco kyabhalo, jaslai takasalma utkirnakko rupma halma amantrit garieko thiyo, yee sikkaharule kalako itihasma afno mahatwapurna sthan rar germanyka dherai padakharuma uniharuko pradarshanyogya prabhawko shreya dinchha. yee, german padak kalako sabaibhanda purano namunaharu, ekai samayama sikkaharu thie, chhap lagaieko thiyo; tara, italian jastai, german padak pani chhapma yasako uchchatam purnata pugdaina, tara cast tukraharuma pugchha. buxwod, kehlheim dhungaka rar pachhi momka baneka modelharuko ek thulo sankhya ajhai pani awasthit chha. kath wa dhungama banaieka yee chitraharulai suruma antim maninthyo, rar matra degreedwara tiniharu dhatuma castingka lagi modelko rupma prayog garna thale. yee cast padakharu, jasle germanyko kala-kendraharuma (sohraun shatabdiko suruma, ogsberg rar neuremberg) afno upasthiti banayo, tyasai gari tiniharuko utpatti italian padakma bhaeko how. tara kewal tiniharuko utpatti; german padakko thap vikasle purna rupma maulik rar swatantra rekhaharu pachhyauncha jabasamma yo utkrishtatako degreema pugdaina, italianko starma. yo satya how kii germanharule uniharuko akritiko dhanko sath bhawya designharu utpadan garna asafal hunchhan june hamile italian padakharuko viparitma fela pardachhaun; yasako satta, hammy samanyataya, hatiyarko kotko utkrishta pratinidhitwaharu fela pardachhaun. german padakko thulo shakti agrabhagma sahi chitrako karyanwayanma pradan garieko prempurna herchahma nihit chha; rar yo padakko uddeshyasanga mail khanchha, june italyko tulanama madhyam wargaka pramukh pariwarharuma dherai wyapak rupma witaran garieko thiyo. german padak warsha 1500 pachhi chaandai yasako shikharma pugchha, italian bhanda dherai pachhih hamima aeko sabaibhanda purano udaharanharu madhye albrecht durerko how. dherai kalakarharule hamilai uniharuko pahichanko kunai pani sanket dindainan wa prayaha wyakhya garna gahro hune chinha wa pratikharudwara afulai hastakshar garchhan. tathapi, neurembergka master pieter floatnerlai nishchit rupma dherai mulyawan padakharuko lamo shringkhala tokieko ab sambhawa bhaeko chha, jaslai tyasaile sabai padak vijetaharu madhye ekko rupma mannuparchha; unlai mathus gebelle najikbata pachhyaunchan. yass awadhika anya ullekhaniya padak vijeta hans doucher hun, jasko adhikansh kaam pyaletinetko darbarka lagi garieko thiyo; neurembergka hans schwarz, "kathma sabaibhanda ramro jalsaji", jasle 1518 ko ogasabargako aharka sadasyaharuka lagi thulo sankhyama kamharu gare; jacob stampfer, swizerlandma; sabaibhanda lokpriya kalakarharu madhye ek, friedrich hagenoar; joachim desler, jo antatah astriyama basobas gare, jahaan, vishesh gari bhiyana, cremnitz rar joआचिmahmस्टलko takasalma, yass awadhima thulo sankhyama padakharu prahar garieko thiyo, tee sabai hoinan, yadyapi, padak kalako faidako lagi; hans rehard, jasbata hamisanga dherai sawadhanipurwak challies rar tobia, duwai saxonyma टबिyaaँ chhan. sohraun shatabdiko antyasammama german padak spashta rupma afno charamsima parr garisakeko chha rar videshi, rar suruma, vishesh gari italian kritiharuma nirbhar hunchha. netherlandsma kalale uccha starko purnata prapta गऱ्yo. yahanka mahan namharu stephanus hollandicus rar, kehi pachhi, konrad block, sohraun shatabdiko uttarardhaka duwai, rar satraun shatabdika pieter bhyan abil hun. englandma padak vijetaharu adhikansh videshiharu hun; dherai dhilosamma dekha naparne deshi kalakarharu madhye, ullekha garna sabaibhanda yogya wyaktiharu hun. syman rar william rar ell. see. leo. arkatira casper rar syman pasele dherai sawadhanipurwak kundieka sanah, patlo chandika tukraharuko utpadanma thulo kalatmak kaushal prapta garchhan. anya rajyaharuko mahatwa cum chha; tiniharule adhikansh videshi kalakarharulai rojgar die. adhunik yugko suruma italy rar germanyma prapta padakko uccha kalatmak starlai sthayi rupma kayam rakhna sakiena. kinki utkrishta kalakritiharu yahan-tyahan utpadan garindai thie, padakharu rar sikkaharu, kalako rupma, adhik rar adhik bigrandai gae. unnaisaun shatabdiko madhyasamma kalale nayan prerana prapta garena rar francema pahilo. yasako bahya abhiwyaktilai matra vichar garda, yo andolanko suruwatko sahi miti taya garna pani sambhawa chha. 2 mey 1868 maa, peris takasalko kamite consultatif days ग्rarेभrar्सkaa adhyaksha rasayanshastri dumasle padakko kalatmak vikaslai rokne doshharu aunlyaundai sambodhan gare, rar takasalka adhyakshaka rupma, tiniharuko sanshodhanko lagi apil gare. unle vishesh gari akshar, palis, uccha rim adiko kharab swadko ullekha gare. yadi yo thegana bahiri rupsanga sambandhit chha bhane, padakko saancho uddeshyako nayan drishtikon bistarai sirjana bhaisakeko thiyo. odin, pall dubois, chapas, sabai bhanda mathi herbert पोnaha्स्kaarar्mahm्स (padakko palishingko virodh garne pahilo) rar pachhi dayjorar्ज, chaplain, rar daniel dupris, oskar rotiko utpadanpachi francelli padak vijetaharu madhye sabaibhanda pratishthitle vishishta prapta gare. uni ek potretistko rupma matra utkrishta chhainan, tara vishesh gari ultoko sanrachanama utkrishta chhanh unka ramro rupakharu (uda.zee., ketiharuko shikshako sambandhama yogyatako padakma-ganatantra sikaune kumariharu, purushharuka bhawi amaharu) quatrocentoca kalakarharulai samjhanchhan, jaslai unle sawadhanipurwak adhyayan gare, tara niyamko rupma, pratyaksha rupma nakkal garenan. jasari padakko karyanwayanbhanda pahile maulik vicharlai kasari kaam garne bhanne bare lamo rar sawadhanipurwak chhalfal hunchha (पोnaha्स्kaarar्mahm्सley yasama marga prashasta gareko dekhinchha) tyasaile karyanwayanle nai antim kshansamma sabaibhanda sawadhanipurwak dhyan prapta gardacha. kalakarko hatle matra unko kaam chhune hunchha. francelli padakle yasari utkrishta parinamharu prapta gareko chha, yasako prawidhik gunharuma matra nyaya garda pani. francelli andolanbata swatantra rupma, astriyama padak punarutthan suru bhaeko chha. anton scarfle padak shailiko punarsthapana rar kathora paramparagat rupharubata mukti lyae; unisanga chheuma kaam garne josef थोटेnahaहेmahm, alder, stefan schwartz, chisseld medalko prawidhiko master, rar frange jabhar pawalik hun. halai rudolf marcelle ek potretistko rupma uccha pratishtha jiteka chhan, rar leo xiii rar payas ex duwaika lagi padak karyanwayan garne ayog prapta gareka chhan. francelli rar bhienis padakharule anya deshharuma yasto gatiwidhilai awhan gareka chhan jasko parinamswarup padak kalako dherai sunder namunaharu pahile nai paisakeka chhan. august. wee. lohar.

catholic encyclopedia (1913)/mudra bigyana charchare sankhyara byabahara nank demetes  mudra bigyana heuchhi mudra ebong padkar bigyana. pratyeka mudra kimba padaka jeun sanskrutika, arthika ebong rajanaitika paristhitire utpanna hoichhi, ehi bigyana manabajatira bibhinna sabhya sampradai anujai bibhakta . ehaa kebala eka swatantra bigyana nuhen, barang ehara nijaswa bhagare, sehi samasta bigyanara eka shakha jaahaa rastrara itihas ebong semanankara sanskruti sahita jadita-shastriya pratnatatwa, ehara sankirna arthare itihas prachyabada ityadi . byabaharika bhabe, kebala pracheen, adhunika ebong sambhabatah prachya mudra bigyanara gurutwa rahichhi. ehaa byatita mudrankana, jaahaa mukhyatah barnanatmaka, ebong mudrashastra, jaahaa mudraku ehara kalatmaka, arthika ebong sanskrutika digaru dekhuchhi, madhyare eka parthakya karajiba uchita. mudra sangraha upare tatwika mudra bigyanara nirbharasheelata bigyana itihasare spust bhabe dekhibaku milithae. jekaunasi gurutwapurna prakashanagudika sangrahakamananka abashyakata purana kariba paain lekhajaithila (udaa.jii. taylor, groshen, ebong ducatra bibhinna cabinet ebong "munjwelustibungen", kimba "mudra-pastime"), jetebele kii pracheen mudra bigyanara baigyanika chikitsa paain muladua 1790 parjyanta, ekel dwara ebong adhunika paain unabinsha shatabdi parjyanta madder groat ebong lewel dwara jogai diajai nathila . (ehaa maneh rakhiba jogya je cent. thomas aquinas, "dii regimin principes", 2jaiah, xiii, xiv ray, artha ebong mudrara bishajaku chikitsa karithile, ebong ehi karjya aneka barsha dhari canonistmananka madhyare kartrutwa thila .) mudrara sabutharu puruna sangraha jaahaa bishajare ammer kichhi gyaana rahichhi, taaha panchdash shatabdire arambha hoithila, ebong petrarkanka dwara nirmita hoithila; taanka udaharanare aneka anukaranakaree dekhibaku milithila. hubert goldz, 'aai. dii. 1' ray yuropara bibhinna sangraha paridarshan karithile, jeunthiru 950tii thila bolly kuhajae, gharoi sangraha tulanare, jaahaa eka niam bhabare semananka malikanka mrutyu parey bikhipta hoi rahichhi, shasaka, rajya kimba sangrahalajara sangraha sarbadhika gurutwa bahn kare, ebong mudra sambandheeah anusandhana paain sabutharu biswasaneeja aadhara pradan kare . 1756 masihare astriara pratham francis mahan soundarjyara duiti kruti, "monois enn ora" ebong "monois enn argent" ray taanka sangrahara bhandara bishajare suchana deithile; ebong nikata ateetare mahan catalogue, bisesh curry british sangrahalajara, ehi bigyanare suchanara sabutharu gurutwapurna utsa hoiparichhi . ubhaja sangrahaka ebong tatwika chatramananka abashyakata jogun bahu sankhyaka mudrabadi samaj tatha praiah 100tii baishajika patrika srusti hoichhi, jaahaa ehi samajagudika dwara bahu matrare prakashita hoichhi. bibhinna saharare barshaku barsha ajojita german society off numismatics baithakaru, antarjatija congress bikashita hoichhih brasels, 1892; paris, 1900 (record ebong karbar, kamte dii castellan ebong aii. blanchet); rome, 1903; (aeti dayle congress internagionale dii scienz storich, 6 khanda.); brasels, 1910. aai. mudra mudragudiku dhatur khanda bhabe byakhya karajaipare, jaahaa aaingata bhabe darkari hoithae. ehi shabdare sadharana mudra, smaraka kimba upasthapana khanda antarbhukta jaahaa pratisthita manaka anujai sarkari kartupakhyanka dwara stamp hoichhi ityadi ., kintu kagaja tanka kimba byaktigata mudra nuhen. shesh shreneere aame ingraji tokengudiku ullekha karu, jaahaa praiah 1800 masihare bhagnansha mudrara aparjapta jogaana karanaru byapaka bhabe prasarita hoithila; ehaa byatita, "mariax" namaka khandagudika, bisesh curry church corporation dwara jaari karajaithila, artha paain bhauchar bhabare, ebong parey sadharana bhabare mulya paain, jepariki jetone, kimba counter, ebong "rechanangspenij" . jetebele pratyeka byakti pruthibeeru nijara jeebika banchaibare sakhyama huanti naahin, setebele shrama bantiba ebong ehara utpada bunton karibara abashyakata srusti hue . ehaa prathame drabyara binimai dwara prabhabita hoithae, jaahaa sadharanatah gorumananka madhyare miluthiba binimai paain eka sarbajaneena upalabdha madhyama aabasyaka kare (homarare menelausra upkaranara mulya 9 stiyara; glacesra mulya 100). goru byatita, adim lokamane luha, chhaati, kapada ityadi byabahara karichanti ., ehi uddeshyare. tebe, khub shighra, epari eka mulyara mapa khojiba aabasyaka hoijae, jaahaa sarbabharatija starare byabahruta hoipariba, ebong ethipain suna, rupa ebong tamba ati prarambhika kalaru byabahruta hoiasuchhi; anya aneka dhaatu sahita parikhyana parey, tulanatmaka bhabe sampratika barshagudikare, nickel ethire jodajaichhi. dhataba mudrara pratham parjyajare jekaunasi akarara dhataba khandaru ojana sahita pahanchajae; kintu, jehetu kebala mote ojana ehi prakriya dwara nirdharita hoipariba, sukshmatara degree nuhen (mulyabana dhaatu khetrare eka atyanta atyabashyaka karaka), tenu sarbajaneena kartupakhyanka stamp dwara sukshmata pramanita karibara abashyakata utpanna hue, ebong ehi stamp dhatur pindaku eka mudra kare . ullekha karajaithiba dhatugudika madhyaru kebala gotie dhatur nijukti shighra aparjapta pramanita hueh yathesta chhot mulyara suna mudra prachalan kariba kimba, moola dhaatu byabahara curry, yathesta uccha mulyara mudra jaari kariba asambhaba . sethipain, eka samajare duiti kimba tinoti dhaatu byabahara kariba aabasyaka. ehaa eka mulyabana dhatuku mulyara mapakathi bhabare ebong anyatiku tamba sahita, kebala eka drabya kimba sahajaka mudra bhabare byabahara curry karajaipariba, kimba ine dwara sthira hoithiba rasanare mulyara mapakathi bhabare ubhaja dhaatu upare ekakaleena makaddama dair curry (dwimatrikata), eka pathyakrama jaahaa dui mulyabana dhatur binimai haarare otha chadhaiba karanaru barambar asubidha srusti karichhi . aakarare, mudra sadharanatah bruttakara, belebele andakara ebong chaturbhuja hoithae; jarureekaleena mudrare ehi shesh mudra bisesh bhabare sadharana, ebong swidenare eka bishala aakaar ebong mahan ojanaku brudhi paithila . bisesh curry sudoora purbare, sabutharu adbhuta aakrutira mudra madhya dekhibaku milithae. upakarana ebong shilalekha byatita mudragudikare barambar pudina chinha kimba pudina-mastaranka chinha rahithae jaahaa bisesh ullekha jogya . aneka khetrare pudina-master ebong dye-sinkaramane nirdista chinha kimba akhyara madhyamare semananka karjyaku pruthaka karibare abhyasta; ebong pudina patragudika semanankara nijaswa mudragudiku akhyara dwara pruthaka karanti, jaahaa paramparika ebong managadha chinha dwara jaari sthanaku suchita kare, kimba anya kaunasi upaiah dwara-belebele anah-arambha hoithiba byaktinka paain kwachit grahaniah-jepariki shilalekhar eka nirdista akhyara tale eka bindu sthapana . ehi upaajare mudrara bibhinna nirgamana anyatha samaana bhabare, swatantra rakhajae . mudra bigyana bahu parimanare mudra abishkara dwara bhautika bhabare unnat hoichhih purbaru ajana prakarara gyaana byatita, ehipari abishkaragudika nirdista samajare mudrara prakruta prachalan ebong nirdista mudra kete matrare niz niz rajyara seema bahare chaluthila shay bishajare eka nirdeshatmaka antardrusti pradan kare, ebong aamaku kaunasi nirdista pudina-master kimba sathik samai paain tarikhabiheena prakara, bisesh curry madhyajugara, nirdharita karibare sahajya kare . bigyana adhyajanare, tatha mudrara bargeekaranare, ehaa heuchhi tinoti mahan jugaku anusarana karibara abhyasah pracheen, madhyajugeeja ebong adhunika; bhougolika bhabare, samprukta samaira bibhinna rajanaitika bibhajan . greek mudra paain, ekel eka drustantamoolaka byabastha grahan karichhi jaahaa ebe madhya byabaharare achhi . harkiulisra stambharu arambha curry shay pracheen kaalare parichita biswara deshagudiku, jathah prathame yuropara, taa 'parey acia, bharat parjyanta, ebong sheshare africaku, mishararu gibraltara jalaprabaha parjyanta, bhumadhyasagar charipakhare semananka abasthana anusare grahan karanti. aii. greek mudra pracheen mudra bigyanare "greek" shabdati sarbada bujhajae, jeunthire roman moola ebong italiah os kabara byatita samasta mudra antarbhukta thaae. mudra ekaka heuchhi 60 minitor pratibha (pratibha kimba minah kaunasi mudra dwara pratinidhitwa karajae naahin), kimba 6000 drackme, pratyeka 6 obel sahita samaana . adhikansha khetrare bibhinna mudra parasyara ojana pranali upare aadharita. parseemananka pakhare mulyabana dhaatu paain ozner duiti bhinna manaka thilah suna paain, yuboyana; rupa paain, babylonian . suna darik, sadharana suna mudra, greek rupa dedracom sahita anuroopa, ojana 8.385 gramm (praiah 129 1/3 grain); rupa darik (shekel), 5.57 gramm (praiah 87 grain) . jehetu pracheen kaalare sunara mulya rupa tulanare 1ru 10 thila, tenu sunara darik 15tii rupa darik sahita samaana. mudrara anya manakagudika helah phosian, aginetan, attic, corinthian, tolemic ebong acia minorer systophoric manaka; tebe, egudika madhyaru keteka parasya manakaru utpanna hoipare . puruna agintan solana paain haluka attic manaka badalaiba dwara runara aanshika uchheda hoithila. sabutharu adhika bhabe srusti hoithiba khandagudika helah tetradracm (25-33 mimi. byasare) ebong dedracom; aatha, dasha, ebong barati drackme khanda asadharana, ebong eka chalisha-dracma khanda eka birala . nimnagamee skelare bibhajan chaturthansha-oboles (= 1/24 dracma) parjyanta prasarita . greek acra suna ebong rupa (electrom) mishranare nirmita chhot chhot mudra byabahara karajauthila. greesare rupa mudra bahula bhabe prachlita thila; tamra mudra 400 bii. rahr purbabarti nuhen.sii., jetebele kii suna kwachit tiari heuthila . anyapakhyare, parasyara mudra sunare bahuta samruddha thila, ebong ehaa semanankara udaharana thila jaahaa masidner phillip dwiteeja ebong alekjandar mahananku prabhabita karithila . keteka byatikrama byatita, sabutharu adhika sukshmata lakhya rakhajaithila, suna darik 97 pratishata bhal thila . prarambhika samajare mudrankana gotie dye sahita karajauthilaha khaali dhatur bipareet parswaku eka pegg dwara, sadharanatah bargakara, anbhilare dharajaithila, ebong tenu eka chaturbhuja abapata (incuse berg) aakarare ehara chhapa paithila; samajakrame ehi berg rekha, chitra ebong shilalekhare sajjit hebaku lagila . dakhina italyre paraspara sahita khap khuaithiba duiti dye byabahruta hoithila, jaahaa dwara mudra gudika sammukh bhagare utkirna ebong bipareet parsware abrodhita ("nammi incusi") ray samaana design upasthapana kare . ehi shilalekhagudika bibhinna bhasare rahichhi, jatijata anusare. dwibhashi abhilekha-ee.jii., greek-lattin-ebong jeun abhilekhagudikare bhasha ebong prakara anuroopa nuhen-ee.jii.cypriot akhyarare greek madhya dekhajae; ebong epariki greek akhyaragudika madhya samajakrame roopare aneka paribartana dei gati karanti . mudrara adhikara sarbabhoumatwara eka bisheshadhikara hoithibaru, shilalekhare prathame sarbabhouma shaktira naama ullekha karajaichi jahara khyamata adheenare mudrati aaghata karajaithila; greesare, alekjandar mahananka samai parjyanta, ehaa sampradai thila . mudrara dajitware thiba adhikarinka naama madhya milichi; ebong parabarti mudragudika madhya sehi barshaku darshaithae, jaahaa aneka samajare chayan jugaru ganana karajae, 312 bii.sii. sabutharu puruna mudragudikara utpatti ezhina upakoolare hoithila, sambhabatah ldre, jepari herodotes aamaku kuhanti, kimba ejinare, jahara raja, fiddon, parian chronicle semananku barnana kare, sambhabatah 600 khristabda purbaru .sii. gotie samudrara bibhinna dwepa mudra prastuta karanti, jahara design egudikatharu bahuta bhinna nuhen. dakhina italyra mudra gudika beshi kaalara nuhen, jaahaa pramana kare je cibaris saharar namunaman rahichhi, jaahaa khreestapoorba 510ray nust hoijaithila.sii. greece proper ebong acia minorra prarambhika mudra gudika dhatur mota khanda, jaahaa chapata guli bhali, ebong, swabhabika bhabare, sarala upakarana, udbhida ebong prani bahn kare, jaahaa shighra nirdista anchalara swatantra hoijae; egudika parey debata ebong purushanka munda ebong aakruti aase, belebele gostheere ekatrita hue . praiah 400 bii.sii. dye-katingra greek kalaa ehara purna bikashare pahanchithila, parabarti kaunasi jaati dwara asman utkarshata hassel karithilah syracuse pratham sthana adhikara karichhi; ehaa parey kramare aase aridia, thibus, alinthus ityadi . jeun anah-hellenic lokamananka mudra greek shrunkhalare antarbhukta, semananka madhyaru aama paain sabutharu gurutwapurna heuchhanti ihudi. prathame semane bideshi mudra byabahara karuthile, kintu sireejamananka biruddhare machabimananka adheenare jatiah utthapanara eka parinam bhabare, pradhan purohita, symon antiox VII (139-38 b) nka thaaru grahan karithile.sii.) mudrara adhikara. symon tamba ebong rupa tiari karuthile. taanka paain "shekel israela" bolly barnita hoichhih agrabhagare thiba kimbadanti (shekel israela) ebong eka cop kimba challis jaahaa upare eka tarikh (1-5, mudrara adhikara pradanaru ganana karajae); bipareet, kimbadanti (jerujelam pabitra) ebong tinoti kanaa sahita eka lilly-stock . anya machabimane-zohn hydrance, judas aristobulus, alekjandar janes, matathias antigones ityadi-kebala puruna hibru kimba hibru ebong greek bhasare abhilekha sahita tamba srusti karithile. ehaa parey idumian rajkumar najaka ebong taanka uttaradhikareenka tamra mudra asithila . khristanka samajare roman mudra madhya prachlita thila. ehaa shradhanjali arthara kahani dwara pramanita hue . "ebong semane tanku [khreestanku] eka paisa dele. yeeshu semananku kahile, "ehaa kahar pratimurti oh abhilekha? semane tanku kahantih 'sizar' (maat)., xxii, 19-21). ehaa kebala romanmananka biruddhare ihudeemanankara duiti bidroha samajare hoithila.dii. 66-70 ebong 132-135, sehi rupa puni jathakrame ilazar ebong symon ebong baara-kachaba adheenare srusti karajaithila. khristanka parey pratham shatabdir bactrian mudrare gondopheres naama, kimba kichhi samaana naama achhi, jaahaa tini maggy, kaspar madhyaru jananka sahita samaana bolly anumana karajae . bii. roman mudra italyre binimaira prarambhika madhyama thila tamba, jaahaaku pratyeka karabarare ojana karibaku paduthila ("os rudd"). prathame ehaa aniyamita aakarare byabahruta heuthila, parey anabruta barare . prathame eka aaingata tender pradan karibara shreya sarbhijas tulijasnku diajae, jieki nirdista chitra sahita baar stamp karithile, mukhyatah gaai ("primes signavit os; os signatum") . prakruta mudrara parichai, jahara mulya ebong saharar prateekagudika suchai thiba chinhagudika, bahu parabarti samaira. mudra ekaka 12 ounces (10.527 oz) thila. troy), eka roman pound ("libra"-tenu, libral standard) sahita samaana; sadharanatah, tathapi, eka akarara ojana maatra 10 ounces (praiah 8 3/4 ounsa) thila . troy). semi" = 1/2, "triance" = 1/3, "quadrance" = 1/4, "sextan" = 1/6, ebong "yusia" = 1/12) rahr bibhajan, jaahaa dwara segudika adhika sahajare pruthaka hoipariba, gotie parsware ankita hoithila jete bull segudikare thila. gotie pate jahajar bahner pratinidhitwa thila, rome saharar baisistyapoorna upakarana, anya pate, eka debatara munda, jaahaa mudrara mulya sahita bhinna thila . mudra gudika goal, uccha, kintu kichhita anabashyaka, aaramadajaka ebong dhaala-dhaala thila; keteka campaniare tiari hoithila. 268 bii ru.sii. ehara ojana kramagata bhabe hrass paila; libral standard prathame eka triental, taa 'parey eka uncial, ebong sheshare eka ardhanusial standard-moola ozner 1/24 ray parinata helah . ehi manaka hrass bruhattara mulyara mudra (jathakrame 2,3 ebong 10 gadha sahita samaana "dupondias, trypondias, decusis") utpadanaku sahaja karithila, ehara phalaswaroopa tamba mudragudiku semanankara aabhyantareen mulyatharu eka barttamanara mulya milithila ebong nikhyepa mudra paribarte stamping prachalanaku aagaku badhaithila. libhinka matare pratham rupa mudra 268 khreestabdare tiari hoithila.sii., ehi pratham rupa khandati thila "denarius", jaahaa 10tii gadha sahita samaana. ehaa parey chhot chhot mulya, "quinerious" (1⁄2 "denarius") ebong "cesterious" (1⁄2 "denarius") thila. ehaa byatita keteka pradeshar banijyika mudra bhabe byabahara kariba paain "victoriats" (1/4 "denarius") rahr udbhabana karajaithila. prathame eka paundra 'aai. dii. 1' ojana thiba 'dinarias' 217 bii. ray hrass paithila.sii. 1/84 parjyanta, rupa praiah shudha heuthila . sammukhabhagare "dia roma" dekhajae; ehara bipareet, duiti dioskuri; ehi daaka tikatagudika madhyaru prathamati bisesh curry aneka barsha dhari byabaharare rahithila . pudina eka commission ("tresviri ore argento aaro flando feriundo") dwara parichalita heuthila, jahara sadasyamane shighra mudragudikare semanankara naama kimba aadyakhyara rakhuthile, ebong parey semananka paribarara sadasya ebong semananka karjya (paribara kimba dutabas mudra) ku gauraba pradan karithile. epariki sehi samajare, kintu samrajya kaalare, khyara dhatur dinari thila jaahaa prajatah rupa ("dinari suboebati") sahita patala bhabare lepita heuthila . ehaa kwachit ghatithila je suna tiari hoithila . sizar samrajya mudra prati paribartanara sanketa deithaeh 44 bii ray.sii. taanka pratikruti thiba mudra jaari karibaku sineta nirdesh deithile. epariki bruts madhya ehi udaharana anusarana karithile, ebong augustsnka sahita pratikruti mudrara nirabachhinna sirij arambha hoithila . jadio sizar purbaru suna ebong rupa mudra tiari karibara adhikara daabi karisarithile, augusts kebala niz paain ehi adhikara daabi karithile ebong kebala tamra mudra sineta upare chhadi deithile; ebong ehi tamra mudra gudika akhyara 'ess' dwara chinhita .sii. ("senates paramarshadata"). arelian (270-76) madhya sinetaru ehi bisheshadhikara neithile. samrajyaru arambha curry aame prachur parimanara suna mudra paithau. mukhya mudra heuchhi "arias", jahara ojana praiah 123 1/2 grain; ehara sammukh bhagare samratanka naama, upadhi ebong pratikruti rahichhi; ehara bipareet, samruddha bibidhatare aitihasika upasthapana . nirmana, samratanka priya debata, ebong tanku susobhita karithiba kimba susobhita karajiba uchit gunara byaktitwa; taanka paribarara sadasyamane madhya pratinidhitwa karanti . ehi drustiru trazan ebong hadrian shrunkhala bisesh bhabare samruddha . nironka sahita mudrara abakhyai arambha hue, bisesh curry rupa; ebong ehaa puni kichhi matrare krama pratistha kariba parjyanta jaari rahila . shay eka nutan suna mudra, "solids" prabartana karithile, jaahaa eka pound (praiah 70 grain) rahr 1/72 sahita samaana, jaahaa shatabdi shatabdi dhari mudra byabasthara bikashare eka gurutwapurna karaka hoi rahithila . kaunasi karjyakramara smaranare jaari karajaithiba padakgudika bishajare bisesh ullekha karajiba uchita, bisesh curry pudina patrara bruhata ebong jatnapurbaka karjyakaree karjya. segudika suna, rupa kimba tamare nirmita hoithila, ebong mulyabana dhature, sadharanatah aaingata manaka sahita anuroopa bhabare srusti karajaithila . haladia dhatur eka brutta ("mediles day dex cuverse") dwara gherithiba tamare nirmita namuna madhya achhi . contorniate" shabdati eka budd bruttakara tamra mudra upare prajoga karajae, jahara eka uthita rimm thaae, jaahaa mukhyatah circasian khela sahita jadita . purba roman samratamananka mudra, jaahaaku byzantine bhabare namit karajaichi, atikamre madhyajugara, kalanukramika bhabare, kintu, semananka mudrare parjyabekhyana karajaithiba manaka dwara bichara karajae ebong, prarambhare, mudragudikara charitra dwara madhya, samagra sirij roman samrajyara prasanga sahita ghanistha bhabare jadita . tamra prachur parimanare tiari hoithila, rupa kwachit, kintu suna mudra sahita jadita sabutharu gurutwapurna . aneka barsha dhari suna kebala byzantium ray tiari hoithila, ebong ehi suna khandagudika kebala paschatyara suna mudra paain nuhen, jaahaa trayodasha shatabdi parjyanta punah arambha hoinathila, barang islam paain madhya eka model bhabare karjya karithila . byzantine mudrare kalatmaka gunara sampurna abhaba rahichhih segudikara prakara kathore ebong ekagheje. purba sampatti ebong bipareet parsware bibhinna upakarana badalare, aame dharmika pratika, khristanka monogram ebong santhamananku paithau . samratamananka madhyaru shesh, kintu eka, praiah panchdash shatabdir madhyabhagare, zohn VIII nka mudra byzantine shrunkhalara shesh thila . sii. madhyajugeeja mudra puruna roman samrajyara anchalika seema madhyare utpanna hoithiba nutan rajyagudika prathame roman mudragudikara byabahara karuthile, jeunthiru yathesta sankhyaka bidyamana thile. jatigata sthanantarana samaira birala swajangsasita prasangagudika roman shrunkhala sahita ati nibida bhabare jadita; francere kebala merovingianamane nijaku kichhi matrare swadheena karithile . tebe, khub shighra mudra sahita jadita samasta prasangare eka sadharana patana arambha hoithila; mudra kramagata bhabare mota hoijae, suna mudra adrushya hoijae, tamba kebala asadharana bhabare tiari hoithila; chhot rupa mudra deyara ekamatra madhyama thila . charleman eka prakarara shrunkhala punaruddhara karithile; eka rajkiah bisheshadhikara bhabare mudra tiari karibara adhikara daabi curry, kebala rajanka dwara prajoga karibaku, shay samasta byaktigata mudraku daman karithile, jaahaa sehi samajare biparjyajapurna anupata grahan karithila . ehaa byatita shay mudrankana khetrare adhika jatna nebaku nirdesh deithile ebong ehi prasangare nijamabali pranajan karithile jaahaa yuropara adhikansha ansha paain manaka hoigala, ebong jaahaa semanankara atyabashyaka baisistyare aaji parjyanta englandare karjya karuchhi . ehara aadhara thila rupa (praiah 11/5 ounsa) rahr pratibha, kimba pound. troy); ehaaku 20tii silingare bibhakta karajaithila (pound ebong silinga ubhaja kebala accounter tanka) pratyeka 12 pence ("pratyakhyanakaree") sahita samaana . tenu ehi penira ojana 23⁄2 grain thila. karlovingian mudragudikare sabutharu sadharana design heuchhi krusra pratinidhitwa ebong stambhare sajjit eka church, jaahaa kimbadanti "khristiana religio" dwara gheri rahichhi . madhyajugara swatantra arthika paristhiti kramagata bhabe hrass pauthiba ojana ebong sukshmatara rupa mudrara nirgamanaku janma deithila, jaahaa phalare segudika kramagata bhabe adhikaru adhika mulyaheena hoigala ebong moolyare sadharana brudhi karanaru, aau mudra bhabare byabahara hoiparila naahin. ehipari eka prakriya arambha hoithila jaahaa madhyajugare aneka thara punarabrutti hoithilah puruna chhot mudragudikara abamulyayan phalaswaroopa, budd ebong adhika mulyabana nutan mudra kichhi saharare aaghata karajaithila, jeuntharu semane samagra juropare bijayara pathare jatra karithile . samajakrame egudikara mulya hrass paila ebong eka nutan prasanga dwara pratisthapita helah . trayodasha shatabdire pratham thara paain bhraman samajare shiling (12 pence sahita samaana) udbhabita hoithila; "dinier" rahr bipareetare, jaahaa sehi samajare bahuta patala hoijaithila, ehaaku "nummus grosses" (mota mudra) kuhajauthila, ebong, jeunthare ehaa pratham thara paain srusti karajaithila, sehi sthanara namaru, "grosses turonesis", kimba "gross turnois" . gotie parsware rajanka naama sahita eka cruce ebong eka kimbadanti achhi, sadharanatah "benediktam siit namakarana dominy"; anyati, eka church . turnois" frances ebong raine sahita druta gatire byapithila, ebong pragyure ("grosses progensis", kimba "pregor grocen") samaana mudrara mudrana karithila, jaahaa aneka deshare anukaran karajaithila . merovingian samai parey kebala samrat frederic dwiteejanka augustels suna mudra tiari hoithila. egudika purba roman mudrara nakal thila ebong cecily bhasare mudrita hoithila. florence ganarajyare praiah 1250 masiha parjyanta eka nijamita suna mudra arambha hoinathila. ehi mudragudikara gotie pate cent. baptist zohn, ebong, anya pakhyare, eka lilly, florencer pratika. ehi upakarana ("floss lilly") ru, kimba saharar namaru, semane "florin" naama grahan karithile. semanankara ojana 540 shasyaru tike adhika thila. kichhi dashandhi parey bhenisra dog, jiobhanni dandolo, eka suna mudrara mudrana arambha karithile jaahaa sentanka purbaru dog aanthu tekibara pratinidhitwa kare . marck ebong khristanka pratimurti sahita kimbadanteeh "siit tibi khrista dates cume tuu regis iste ducats" . ehi kimbadantitira shesh sabda mudraku ehara naama "ducato" (ducat) deithila; bhenisare ehaaku "laa jekka", "pudina" ru "jechino" (sequin) madhya kuhajauthila . florinra prakara ebong ducatra naama khub shighra saaraa bisware prachlita hoigala . adhunika jugaku paribartanara sanketa heuchhi ahuri budd rupa mudrara prachalan. egudika madhyaru italiah "testone" ebong farasi "phranka" byatita german "taylor" sabutharu gurutwapurna thila. 1485 masihare tyrolra archduke sigismond 2 "loth" ozner ebong 15 "loth" sukshmatara eka nutan rupa mudra jaari karithila; sehi samaira binimai haarare ehara mulya suna gulden sahita mela khauthila ebong tenu ehaaku "guldengroschen" kuhajauthila . tyrolra udaharana shighra aneka sambhranta byaktimananka dwara anusarana karajaithila, jeunmanankara mudra tiari karibara adhikara thila; joakimstalre, scholic gananara pudinare tiari "joakimstaller" ("taylor" ku sankhipta), taylor (dollar) naama srusti karithila, jaahaa aaji parjyanta bajaiah rahichhi. ehi prakarara mudra madhyaru sabutharu aakarshaneeah heuchhi "rubentelara", jaahaa keutsachara leonard, salzbergra aarchabishapnka dwara udbhabita hoithila, ebong taanka astrashastra bijaringaru namit hoithila, eka turnip (rube); egudika madhyajugara birala ebong prajatah nakali mudra madhyare ganana karajae . madhyajugare german samrajyara mudra byabastha kebala ehara prakarara mudra sankhya drustiru nuhen, barang ehara bibartanara biseshatwa drustiru madhya sabutharu adhika agrahi . ehaa satya je charleman mudrara ekatara pratistha karithile ebong mudrara adhikaraku kebala sarbabhoumatwara bolly sweekara karithile; kintu taanka durbala uttaradhikarimane dheere dheere ehaaku tatha anya adhikansha rajkiah bisheshadhikara samanta prabhunku debaku badhya hoithile, jahanka shakti brudhi paibare lagila, jehetu sarbocha sarkar durbala hoithile. ehi samantamananka madhyare kebala samasta archabishap ebong bishop nathile, barang samrajya madhyare agrani mathadhish ebong mathadhish madhya thile. bibartana dheere dheere heuthila. prathame eka melaa ("mercats") ayojan kariba, eka ticks ("telonium") adaiah kariba ebong samantamananka madhyaru jananka kaunasi sthanare eka pudina ("moneta") nirmana kariba paain anumathi diajaithila. prathame pudina kebala eka binimai hoithaipare, jahara laabh madhyajugare prajatah bahuta budd thila, ebong prabhunka nikatare uparjita heuthila . ehapare tanku taanka pratikruti thiba mudra rakhibaku anumathi diajaithila, kintu tanku samaana manaka bajaiah rakhibaku padithila. dirgha samai dhari ehi samanta prabhumane bina kaunasi pratibandhakare mudra nirmana karibara bisheshadhikara hassel karithile. jetebele ehaa karajaithila, samrajyara mudrare ekarupata samapta hoithila, mudrare eka mahan bibidhata sambhaba hoithila, ebong mudra tiari karibara adhikara, samratanka eka bisheshadhikara heba paribarte, pratyeka samantanka eka bisheshadhikara hoigala . semane mudraku kramagata bhabe hrass curry ebong paribartana curry ayara eka utpadanakhyama utsa bhabe ehi bisheshadhikarara upajoga karibaku chesta karithile, jahadwara banijyare nijojita thiba semananka prajamankara gurutara khyati hoithila. tenu jeun saharagudika eparjyanta mudrara adhikara hassel curry nathile, semane mudra tiari karibara adhikara hassel curry kimba chaash paain takshal tiari curry kimba takshal malikamananku semananka bisheshadhikara adhika juktijukta dhangare prajoga kariba paain prabartai byabastha upare kichhi nijantrana hassel karibaku prayasa karithile. german madhyajugeeja mudra madhyaru, "bractates" (laat. "bractia", "eka patala dhataba patra") bisesh ullekha jogya. segudika byaktigata alankara nathila, purba samaira skandinevian bractet pari, kintu prakruta mudra . ekadash shatabdire pratyakhyanakaree patala ebong patala hoijaithibaru, dwadasha shatabdir prarambhare, germanyra kichhi anshare, ehaa ati patala kintu barang budd rupa mudra dwara pratisthapita hoithila, gotie daire tiari, samaana design darshai, gotie parsware aaramare ebong anya parsware depress . ehi mudragudika, bisesh curry prarambhare, kalatmaka guna bina nuhen, jatnapurbaka karjyakaree karajaithila. swabiara haale sahara (wurtemberg) eka chhot bhagnansha mudra jaari karithila jahara byapaka prachalan thila, ebong ehara utpatti sthanaru ehaaku "heller" kuhajauthila . keteka khetrare farasi mudrara bibartana german mudra sahita samanah ethaare madhya aame dasham shatabdire sadharana ebong mandaleeja barron (viena, arles, rimsara arch bishap ityadi) nka mudra paithau. bisesh curry), eka sthira prakara ("prakara sthajitwa") dwara chinhita jaahaa dirgha samai dhari aparibartita rahithae. kintu madhyajugara shesh suddha ehi mudra khub comm shaktishali samantanka madhyare seemita rahichhi ebong rajkiah mudra tulanare ehara aau gurutwa naahin. franceru aama pakhare "chaze dii 'or", eka suna mudra achhi jaahaa anya deshare madhya mukhyatah tiari hoithila; ehaa eka gathika singhasanare basithiba rajanku pratinidhitwa kare . englandare starling ebong sambhranta byaktimane ataki rahithile, ubhaja prajatah nakali thile. canterberry ebong yorker arch bishapnka mudra bidyamana achhi . italyre, ehara aneka rajanaitika bibhajan hetu, aame germany bhali mudrara bibidhata paithau. mandaleeja takasalara mudrara abhaba ullekhaneejah keteka bichhinna udaharana ebong aquileja, trent ebong triestera shrunkhalaku baada dei, aama pakhare kebala pope mudra achhi, jaahaa mukhyatah byzantine model anusarana curry adrian I ru arambha hue, kintu clement v (jahara pratham mudra, tebe, abhiganan ray aaghata karajaithila) parjyanta gurutwapurna hue naahin . purba europe adhikansha samajare baijantinanka prabhabare thibabele, krusedaramane paschatya prakaraku semananka dwara pratisthita rajyagudiku aanithile. mohammed mudra kebala 700 barsha pakhapakhi dekhajae; ehi mudra gudika, kaaran coran chitratmaka upasthapanaku nishedha kare, kebala coran ru pathya bahn kare ebong sadharanatah, shasaka, pudina-guru ebong mudra tarikh bishajare sathik bibrutti . dii. adhunika mudra adhunika samaira arambha sahita, aanshika bhabare americara abishkara ebong ehara rupa bhandarar soshanara parinam swaroopa, budd rupa khanda sabuthi bahu sankhyare dekhajae . ehara eka swabhabika parinam swaroopa, aame ehi karjyara karjyakarita upare adhika jatna, shilalekhare adhika supathya akhyara ebong chitratmaka upasthapana (pratikruti ebong coat-off-arms) prati adhika dhyana deuthibara dekhu. aneka nabajagarana prasanga, bisesh curry pope mudra, sehi samaira pramukh kalakruti madhyare ganana karajae . bigata kichhi shatabdi madhyare, jeun desagudika madhyajugara sabhyatara prabhabare naah thile, semane anyamananka sahita mudra sambandheeah samparka sthapana karithile, jathahji.rushia ebong sudoora purbare, cheenare sabutharu asadharana aakrutira mudra rahichhi, kichhi chhidrajukta, kichhi tyuning-fork, sabber ityadi aakarare .; siam, muhanithiba rupa taarara pind . purba shatabdire yuropara puruna sabhya desagudikara mudra byabastha sadharanatah madhyajuga samajare pratisthita aadhaarare bikashita hoithila, unabinsha shatabdir mahan rajanaitika ebong arthanaitika biplaba nutan shakti srusti karithila jahara prabhaba mudra byabastha upare padithila. germanbhashi lokamananka madhyare paribartita samparka jogun semananka mudrare paribartana asithila (germanyre chinha, astriaare crone, halyandare gulden ebong swijaralyandare phranka), anyapakhyare italyra ekeekaranara phala swaroopa eka samaana italiah mudra byabastha (lira) srusti hoithila. kintu arthika sthiti rajanaitika apekhya adhika sthajee phalaphal aanichi. 23 december, 1865ray frances, italy, belgium ebong swijaralanda latin sangha gathan karithile, jaahaa 1868ray greece dwara joga diajaithila, ebong farasi mudra byabastha aadhaarare ehi rajyagudikara mudrara eka samaana nijantrana upare sahmat hoithile. ehi byabastha ebe bahu sankhyaka rajya dwara grahan karajaichi, jeunmane nije latin mudra sanghare joga deinahanti-rumania, bulgaria, sarbhiaa, finland, spain, ebong, ati kamare namamatra bhabare, aneka kendriah ebong dakhina americae ganarajya, jaahaa purbaru spanian upanibesa thila, ebong ahuri aneka chhot europeah rajya . astria-hangeree ebong rushia madhya ehi byabastha sahita pakhapakhi sahmat. 1873 masihare anya eka mudra sangha gathan karajaithila ebong ethire swidena, denmark ebong narawe antarbhukta thila, mudra sangha skandinevian crone thila . partugalara mudra byabastha brajilare, ehara purbatana upanibeshare, ebebi balabattar rahichhi. kaunasi aanusthanika parampra bina madhya, eka mudra bideshare mudra laabh karipare. tenu mexicore dollar, jaahaa naama ebong moolyare german mudra byabasthara eka shakha, prashanta mahasagar doora upakoolare, cheenara samudrika pradeshare, japanare, siamare ebong maale dwepapunjara kichhi anshare barttamanara mudra; ehaa kendriah america ebong epariki aneka african samudrika pradeshaku prabhabita kare . bharatiah tanka madhya ehara utpatti sthalara bipareet digare, purba africa, dakhina arab ebong maale upadweepara upakoolare samudra koolare mudra arjan karichhi. arthanaitika ebong rajanaitika swarthara paara hebara eka bhal udaharana kanada dwara pradan karajaichi, jeunthare ingraji sarbabhouma aaingata tender, jadio canadia mudra americara manaka anusarana kare . bartamana astria ebong hangerire prachlita mudra lichtenstein ebong montenegro mudra bhabare baidha hoithibabele, eka astria mudra dirgha deane parey astriaare prachlita nuhen, jaahaa maria-terrecien taylor bhabare janashuna, ebong tarikh 1780 bahn kare, bartamana madhya kendriah africa, sudan, tripoli ebong arber sabutharu gurutwapurna banijyika mudra . gata dashandhigudikare mudra nirmana koushalare jeun ucchamanara purnata hassel karajaithila, taaha gotie pate mudra (aluminijamare tiari mudra, rusher platinum mudra, belgian biddha mudra, duiti dhatur ingraji mudra) sahita aneka parikhyanara janma deithila, jaahaa madhyaru adhikangshare kaunasi nirnajaka saphalata milinathila. anyapakhyare, mudra prastutira kalatmaka diga upare adhika dhyana deba sambhaba helah, jaahaa farasi ebong italiah takasalara sadyatama prasangaru pramanita hoichhi. 2. padaka padaka" sabda (florencere "medalia" = adhaa pratyakhyana) dhatur khanda upare prajoga karajae, sadharanatah bruttakara, jaahaa eka pudina dwara jaari hoithile madhya deyara madhyama bhabare uddista nuhen . semanankara samagri, roop, utpadana pranali ebong itihas pramana kare je segudika moola mudra thila, jadio paribartita paristhiti ebong abashyakata, ubhaja kalatmaka ebong sanskrutika, semananku swadheena karichhi . semanankara uddeshya heuchhi eka rastrara itihasare gurutwapurna ghatanagudiku smarana kariba, ete je kaunasi byakti kimba samagra deshar padaka shrunkhala dwara chitrita ebong chitrita itihas lekhibaku prayasa karajaichi . singhasana aarohan, juddha ghoshana, shanti kimba ment, eka sarbajaneena bhabner samapti aadi khetrare padaka pradanara sujoga milithae; sarbabhoumamane jeunmananku sammana debaku chahunthile semananku upahara deba paain madhya ehara byapaka byabahara karajaithae, ebong ebhali khetrare ehaa prajatah sunamara kalaara eka prakruta ratna thila. anyapakhyare, taanka bibaha bhali absarare, shradhanjali swaroopa, aneka samajare prajanka dwara semananka sarbabhoumanku eka padaka pradan karajaithae. kintu eka lokara sanskrutira abhibyakti bhabare byaktigata padaka bahuta adhika agraha rakhe, ebong ehi khetrare punarjagaranara german padaka ebong parabarti shatabdeegudika sarbadhika udaharana pradan kare . portrait padakgudika bartamana photography dwara niajaithiba bhumika grahan karithila . coat-off-armsre stamp hoithiba padakgudika madhya byaktigata byaktibisheshanku pratinidhitwa karithae, ebong belebele ehaaku token, libheri paain button ityadi bhabare byabaharika byabahara paain rakhajae . egudika nirbandha, kimba bibaha, rupa kimba subarna bibaha, janma ebong baptismara smruticharana paain byabahruta hue, ebong ehi uddeshyare spust bhabare tiari hoithiba mudra kimba padaka ("pettenphanes") aakarare bahu sankhyaka prajojakanka namakarana upahara achhi ebong shishu ebong dharma-pitanka naama, baptismara sthana ebong tarikh, ebong sadharanatah eka pabitra ukti sahita khodita . ehi "pettenphanes" gudiku prajatah alankara bhabare pindhiba paain samruddha setingre rakhajaithila, ebong banshanugata bhabare uttaradhikara bhabare hastantara karajaithila . kebala jeebanare prabesha nuhen barang mrutyu madhya padakare lipibadha hoichhi; ebong ehipari aneka anshare bistruta jibanigata bigyapti achhi . aneka samajare ehi padaka eka dharmika uddeshya sadhan karithae; cremonitz ebong bisesh curry joakimstalare ebhali dharmika mudrara byapaka shrunkhala prachlita hoithila . typological upasthapanagudika bahuta pasanda paila, gotie parswa puruna-testament prakara darshauchhi, anyati nutan-testament antitype . ehi sanskara dwara bible bakyangshare sajjit aneka padaka srusti hoithila. dharmika padaka upare eka priya bishai thila khristanka mukhyah bhiena sahara shatabdi shatabdi dhari ehi design thiba padakaku sarbajaneena bisistata chinha bhabare byabahara karichhi . easter padaka samajare paschal meshashabaka sahita, khreestamasare shishu jeesunka sahita anyamananku upahara bhabare diajaithila . santhamananka madhyaru, cent. jarjanku "georgestaller" ebong "georgesducat" ray prajatah pratinidhitwa karajaithila, ebong eka andhabiswasa prachlita thila je sentanka pratichabi sahita eka padaka pindhiba . george khyataru surakhya pradan karuthile. eka samaana andhabiswasa sentanka pratinidhitwa sahita jadita thila . roach ebong cent. sebastian kimba cent. rosalia, ebong lugapata saapa sahita krusher madhya, playg biruddhare surakhya bhabare . sampurna andhabiswasi tabij, jyotish ebong alchemistic mudrara eka antahina sirij madhya achhi jaahaa eka khyararu eka mulyabana dhature alchemistic rupantara utpada bolly daabi kare . bhienasthita imperial mudra-cabinetare ehi jinisagudika madhyaru gotie achhi, sambhabatah bidyamana sarbabruhata padaka, jahara ojana praiah 15 1/2 pound . avoirdupois; ebong samrat leopold-1manka chalisha purbapurushanka pratikruti dwara sajjit, jahanka upasthitire rupantara ghatithibara anumana karajae . tenu jeunsabu aneka ebong bibidha uddeshyare ehi padakaku nijojita karajaichi, taaha biswastatara saha sehi sanskrutika paristhitiku pratiphalita karuchhi, jaahaa ehara mudra nirmanara kaaran hoithila ebong ehaa heuchhi eka suchana utsa, jaahaaku eparjyanta sampurna bhabe prashansa karajainahni. prakruta padakgudika pracheen kalaru ajana thila; semanankara karjya aneka drustiru thila-bisesh curry gurutwapurna ghatnagudikara smaraki bhabare-mudra dwara paribeshana karajaithila . barttamanara ekagheje ebong sadharanatah kalaheena mudra tulanare, prachinara mudra, ebong bisesh curry greecer mudra, khodita kalaara shrestha kruti thila, jieki nijara dakhyata pradarshan kariba paain anya sujoga khojibaku badhya hoinathile. romanmananka madhyare paristhiti samaana thila, kebala ehi kathaa byatita je samratamananka padakgudika aama padakagudikara charitra sahita pakhapakhi kichhi matrare jadita, jadio segudika, eka niam bhabare, aaingata arthika ekaka; token ("tessero"), khela paain aaghata, ebong contorniatgudika padaka sahita ahuri ghanistha bhabare jadita . samrat louis daa pues (814-40) nka kichhi suna nirgamana madhya padaka sadrusha, ebong madhyajugara parabarti samajare aame bahu sankhyaka mudra sahita sakhyata kalu jaahaa spust bhabare itihasara kaunasi ghatanaku smarana kariba uddeshyare thila, jadio semanankara upakaranagudika prajatah byakhya kariba bahuta kastakara; ethaare aneka puzzle eparjyanta samadhan apekhyare achhi . henrira pratika bhabare singh, babharia ebong saxnira shaktishali dick, singh taanka mudrare eka gurutwapurna bhumika grahan kare . kintu taanka birodhi, witelswaknka anya jane, jieki jetebele henry singhaku beaina ghoshana karajaithila, setebele babhariara duki grahan karithile, ehi prateekaku madhya byabahara karithile ebong aswikarakari jaari karithile jaahaa tanku singhara pichha karuthiba kimba haatare singhara kataa munda sahita chitrana kare . mudra madhya barambar feofmenter smruti paain byabahruta hue, ebong egudika liz lardanka pratinidhitwa bahn kare jahankatharu aanthuandha samanta gonfalan grahan kare . eka polish bractit dick bolaslav truteejanka tirthajatrara smrutiku sentnka samadhi parjyanta sthajee kare . gnayson ray adalbert. bohemiar ladislas-1manka pratyakhyanakaree gotie parsware eka barnanatmaka kimbadanti ebong anya parsware eka church sahita shajatanara ghrunya mundaku dekhanti . luschin ehi upakarana paain nimnamate hisab karibaku sakhyama hoithileh bohemiaare kramagata bhabare gurutara moulika bishrunkhala parey, eka bhajankara ghurnibatya madhyare, eka ulka barsha hoithila, jeun samajare aneka lock ghoshana karithile je semane durga nikatare manab roopare shajatananku dekhuchhanti; ehi pratyakhyanakaree parey aaghata karajaithila, ubhaja parsware shajatanara munda ebong bhagabananka church bahn karithila . ehi bhali mudra kichhi matrare smaraka padaka uddeshyare karjya karithae. pratham prakruta padaka chaturdasha shatabdir shesh aadaku italyre aabirbhuta hoithila . pracheen roman padakagudikara anukaranare, paduara prabhu francesco dwiteeja karara duiti padaka hassel karithileh gotie, taanka pita francesco prathamanka smrutire, commodes ebong septimius sebherasra parabarti padakagudiku maneh pakai; anyati, 1390 masihare paduaku dharibara smaranare, taanka cesters upare samrat bhitelijasnka anuroopa francesco dwiteejanka eka chitra rahichhi. pratyeka khetrare bipareetare karara paribarara paning upakarana, eka cart ("carro") thaae . ehi padakgudika bronz ebong roupya padakare pradan karajaithae. sehi samai madhyare, dye-katarmananka eka paribara, bhenisra cesto paribara dwara nirmita padaka bhali parikhyana-khanda antarbhukta . egudika upare madhya mohar lagajaithila; kintu parabarti samajare padkar bikash mohar hoithiba khandagudika karanaru hoinathila. panchdash shatabdir madhyabhaga purbaru italian kalaa hathat cast padaka sahita ehi bibhagare charamotkarshare pahanchithila . bhitore pisano, jane chitrakar (kha. praiah 1380, verona pradeshare; gha. 1455 kimba 1456) heuchhanti padaka bijetanka madhyaru sabutharu bayaska ebong sabutharu gurutwapurna. taanka anugameemananka pari, taanka karjyagudika mahm model kimba luhaare kataa madelaru cast karajae, eka prakriya jaahaa parey khandagudiku katiba aabasyaka kare . shay taanka kruti "opus pisani pictoris" ray dastakhat karanti. ehi padakgudika adhikansha khetrare budd akarara ebong eka krutrima patina dwara aachadita . agrabhagare semane abhibyaktisheela chitraman upasthapana karanti, sadharanatah profilere; bipareet parsware, sunder ebong chatur roopakah ehipari leonelo dii 'este, eka singh jaahaa kupidnka dwara dhaaran karajaithiba eka sangeetaru gaithae; kimba nepalsra alphonso, eka eagle jaahaa khubasuratare nihata harinaku giddhamananku samarpana kare . jadio ehaa pramanita hoipariba je pisano keteka prototype byabahara karithile jaahaa sambhabatah silaru utpanna hoithila, padaka kalaara prakruta nirmata bhabare tankara prasiddhi sehi tathya dwara bhautika bhabare hrass painahin . ubhaja rachna ebong karjyakaritare tanku kwachit samaana karajaichi, udaharana swaroopa, sambhranta prani, singh, eagle, hoe rasnka pratinidhitware . pisano samagra italy bhraman karithile, ebong taanka samaira pramukh rajkumar ebong prabhabasali byaktimananku chitrana karithile; shay padaka kalaku ete lokpriya karithile je taa 'paratharu italyra samasta gurutwapurna kalaa kendrare kalakaramane padaka utpadanare nijojita hoithile. ehipari thile matteo dii 'pasty, ebong rimini darabarare prashansaneeah kalakara; venecian jiobhanni boldu ebong gentile belini, jahanka madhyaru parabarti sultan mehemetnka paain eka portrait-padaka tiari karithile; panchdash shatabdir sabutharu samruddha padaka bijeta mantuan sperandio ebong ahuri aneka. ehi samajare madhya, stamp hoithiba padakati pradhanyaku pheruchhi. rome benbhenito seleni ebong taanka parey, caradoso, ebong bisesh curry pope pudina gurumane ullekha jogya . kavinonka dwara roman samratamananka bronz mudrara anukaran bastabare prashansaneeah . sheshare, kichhi samai parey, italiah padaka bijeta bideshi rajakumaranka sebare dekhibaku milithantihi nedaralyandare jacopo daa trejo, germanyra dui abandio. italiah padaka puruna farasi utpadanara bikash upare sabutharu shaktishali prabhaba pakaithae . panchdash shatabdir sheshardhare italiah lurana pratham farasi padaka hassel karithila, ebong parabarti samaira karjya spust bhabare italiah baisistya darshae . saptadasa shatabdi parjyanta eka nutan sailee aabirbhuta hoinathila, jeunthire poshaka bisesh bhabare prashansaneeah bhabare punahutpadita hoichhi; sabutharu pramukh kalakara thile zin richiyar, metz ray, ebong parey, guillom dupre ebong zin warrin . germanyre, italian mudrara prabhabare, tyrolra halre sarbaprathama bruhata rupa mudra tiari karajaithila; ebong gian marco kavalo, jahanku pudina paain khodita bhabare hull karibaku nimantran karajaithila, ehi mudra kalaa itihasare semanankara gurutwapurna sthana ebong germanyra aneka padaka upare semanankara pradarsanajogya prabhaba runee . german padaka kalaara sabutharu puruna namuna, jaahaa eka samajare mudra thila, sethire mohar lagajaithila; kintu, italiah bhali, german padaka madhya mohorre nuhen, barang cast pisare ehara sarbocha purnatare pahanchuchhi. boxoud, kehlheim pathara ebong parey mahamare nirmita aneka model aaji madhya bidyamana . kaath kimba patharare nirmita ehi pratikrutigudiku prathame chudanta bolly bibechana karajauthila, ebong kebala degree aadhaarare segudiku dhature dhalai paain model bhabe byabahara karajauthila. germanyra kalaa-kendragudikare (shodash shatabdir prarambhare, ougasbarga ebong nuremberg) upasthita hoithiba ehi cast padakagudikara utpatti madhya italiah padakaru hoithila. kintu kebala semanankara utpatti; german padkar ahuri bikash sampurna moola ebong swadheena line anusarana kare, jeparjyanta ehaa italiah starare utkarshatara degreere pahanchinahin . ehaa satya je germanmane semananka bishala aakruti sahita chamatkara design utpadana karibare biphal huanti jaahaa aame italiah padkar bipareetare paai; ehaa paribarte, aame adhika sadharana bhabare, astrashastra kotra utkrusta upasthapana paithau . german padkar sabutharu budd shakti heuchhi sammukh bhagare sathik pratikruti nirmana kariba upare diajaithiba premapurna jatna; ebong ehaa padaka uddeshyare paripurna, jaahaa italy tulanare madhyama berger pramukh paribara madhyare adhika byapaka bhabare bunton karajaithila . german padaka 1500 masiha parey ehara sheershare pahanchithila, italiah padaka tulanare yathesta bilambareh aama pakhaku asithiba sabutharu puruna udaharanagudika madhyare albrecht duraranka padaka rahichhi. aneka kalakara aamaku semanankara parichai bishajare kaunasi suchana dianti naahin kimba chinha kimba pratika dwara nijaku dastakhat karanti jaahaa prajatah byakhya kariba kastakara . tebe, ebe sambhaba hoiparichhi, nischita bhabe, nurembergra jane guru pieter phlotanaranku eka dirgha mulyabana padaka pradan kariba, jahanku samasta padaka bijetanka madhyare anyatama agraganya bhabe bibechana karajiba aabasyaka; taanka parey achanti maths gebel. ehi samaira anya ullekhaneeah padaka bijeta heuchhanti hans doucher, jahanka adhikansha karjya palatinet court paain karajaithila; nurembergra hans swarja, "kaathare sarbashrestha nakal", jie 1518 rahr augusberg khadyara sadasyamananka paain bahu sankhyaka karjya sampadana karithile; swijaralyandara jacob stampfer; sabutharu lokpriya kalakaranka madhyaru jane friedrich hagenawara; joakim dessler, jie sheshare astriaare basati sthapana karithile, jeunthare, bisesh curry bhiena, cremonitz ebong joakimstalara mintare, ehi samajare bahu sankhyaka padaka diajaithila, tebe padaka kalaara laabh paain samaste nuhnti; hans reinhard, jahanka thaaru aame aneka jatnapurbaka chailed, tobia ebong ubhaja jhaala bilei, ubhaja tobia, tobia, tobia, tobia, tobia, tobia, tobia, tobia, tobia, tobia, tobia, tobia, tobia, tobia, tobia, tobia, tobia, tobia, tobia, tobia, toba shodash shatabdir shesh suddha german padaka spust bhabare ehara shirshaku atikrama karichhi ebong bideshi, ebong prathame, bisesh curry italiah karjya upare nirbharashila . nedaralyandare ehi kalaa eka uccha starar purnata hassel karithila. ethaare mahan namagudika heuchhi stephans hollandics ebong kichhi samai parey, shodash shatabdir dwiteejardhara konrad block ebong saptadasa shatabdir pieter bhaan abile . englandare padaka bijetanka madhyaru adhikansha heuchhanti bideshi; sthaniah kalakaramananka madhyaru, jeunmane bahuta bilamba parjyanta upasthita huanti naahin, ullekhar sabutharu jogya heuchhanti tii. symon ebong william ebong ell. sii. leone. anyapakhyare kaspar ebong symon paase ati jatnapurbaka khodita chhot, patala rupa khanda utpadanare mahan kalatmaka dakhyata hassel karanti . anya rajyagudikara gurutwa comm; semane adhikansha bideshi kalakaranku nijukta karithile. adhunika jugara prarambhare italy ebong germanyre jeun uccha kalatmaka stara padaka hassel karajaithila, taahaaku sthajee bhabe bajaiah rakhajaiparinathila. kaaran ethaare ebong sethare utkrusta karjyara utpadana heuthibabele, padaka tatha mudra, kalakruti bhabare, adhikaru adhika kharap heuthila . unabinsha shatabdir madhyabhaga parjyanta ehi kalaku eka nutan prerana milinathila ebong ehaa francere pratham . kebala ehara bahya abhibyaktigudiku bicharaku nele, ehi gatibidhi arambha hebara sathik tarikh sthira kariba madhya sambhaba. 1868 masiha meey 2 tarikhare paris mintra kamiti consultatif days grebharsra sabhapati rasayan bigyani dumas eka abhibhashana pradan karithile, jeunthire padkar kalatmaka bikashaku baadha deuthiba trutigudika upare alokapata karajaithila ebong mintra sabhapati bhabe segudikara sanshodhana paain nibedana karithile. shay bisesh curry akhyara, palish, uccha rimm ityadi kharap swada bishajare ullekha karithile . jadi ehi thikanati bahya roop sahita jadita, tebe padkar prakruta uddeshya bishajare eka nutan drustikona dheere dheere srusti hoisarithila . oudins, pull dubois, chapus, sarbopari herbert punscarms (padaka palishaku birodha karithiba pratham byakti) ebong parey deserge, chaplain ebong daniel dupris, askara rutty, eparjyanta sabutharu bisista farasi padaka bijetanka madhyare bisistata hassel karithile. shay kebala jane pratikruti nirmata bhabare utkarshata hassel karanti naahin, barang bisesh curry bipareet rachanareh tankara sukshma rupaka (udaa.jii.jhiamananka sikhya sambandheeah jogyata padaka upare-ganarajya sikhyadana karuthiba kumari, purushanka bhabisyata maaa) quatrocentore kalakaramananku maneh pakanti, jaahaaku shay jatna sahakaare adhyajana karithile, kintu eka niam bhabare, sidhasalakha anukaran karinathile . jepari padaka karjyakaree heba purbaru dirgha ebong jatnashila bichara-bimarsa karajaithae je moulika bicharaku kipari karjyakaree karajiba (punscarms ethire pathapradarshaka hoithiba pari manehue), sehipari karjyakaree kariba upare shesh muhurta parjyanta sabutharu jatnashila dhyana diajaithae. kebala kalakaranka haata taanka karjyaku chhuinba aabasyaka. kebala ehara baishajika gunabatta aadhaarare bichara karajiba satwe, farasi padaka ehipari bahuta bhal phalaphal hassel karichhi. farasi aandolanaru swadheena bhabe, astriaare eka padaka punaruddhara arambha hoichhi. anton scarf padaka saileera punaruddhara ebong kathore paramparika rooparu mukti aanithile; taanka sahita milita bhabare karjya karuthiba joseph thotenheim, budd, stephan swartz, chizeld medaller kaushalara master, ebong frange jabhar paulik . nikatare rudolf marshal jane pratikruti kalakara bhabare uccha pratistha jitichanti, ebong ubhaja leo xiii ebong pices x paain padaka karjyakaree karibaku commission paichanti . farasi ebong vnj padaka anya deshare eka karjyakalapaku aahwana karichhi jaahaa purbaru padaka kalaara aneka sunder namuna srusti karichhi . august. bhi. lohr.

catholic encyclopaedia (1913)/numismatics church witch nambran dee varton nunk dimitis  mudra vigiaan sikkiaan atey tamgiaan daa vigiaan haii. harr sikka jaan tamga sabheyacharak, aarthik atey rajneetik sathitiaan daa ikk utpaad haii jiss dey tehat iss dee shuruat hoee haii, iss vigiaan noon manukhta dey vakkh-vakkh sabhiak bhaichariaan dey anusar vandiaa giaa haii. ih naa siraf ikk vakkhra vigiaan haii, balki aapne-aapne hissiaan witch, unhan saare vigiaanan dee ikk shakha haii joe rashtaran dey itihaas atey unhan dey sabheyachar-classical puratattav vigiaan, aapne sankuchit arthan witch itihaas aadi naal sabandhat hunn. vivharak taur utte, siraf prachin, aadhunik atey sambhav taur utte purbi number vigiaan mahattavpuran hunn. iss toon ilava, mukkh taur utte varnanyog nuvismatetography atey sikke noon kalatmak, aarthik atey sabheyacharak pakkh toon dekhan vaale nuvisemtatology witch vee antar keeta jaanha chahida haii. sikka ikkatha curran dee koshish utte sidhantak mudra vigiaan dee nirbharta vigiaan dey itihaas witch spasht taur utte vekhi jaandi haii. kise vee mahattav dey sabh toon purane parkashan collectoran deeaan zaruratan noon poora curran laee likhe gaye sunn (jiven kii.jee. teller, grochen atey ducats dey vakkh-vakkh almariaan atey "munjbelstibungen", jaan "sikka-pastimes"), jadon kii prachin number vigiaan dey vigiaanak ilaaj laee neenh 1790 takk, aikel duaara atey aadhunik laee 19veen sadee takk madder grot atey lelewell duaara naheen ditti gaee see. (ih yaad rakkhan yog haii kii cent. thamas acvinas neey "dee regimine principis", II, xiii, xiv witch, paise atey sikkiaan dey vishe noon pesh keeta, atey ih kamm kaee saalan takk canonistan witch adhikar see.) sikkiaan daa sabh toon purana sangrah jiss daa saanoon kujh giaan haii, uh pandravin sadee daa haii, atey patrarch duaara banaiaa giaa see; uss dee udaharan witch bahut saare nakal curran vaale mille. 1556-60 witch, hubbert goltz neey yoorap dey vakkh-vakkh sangrahian daa daura keeta, jinhan vicchon 950 dassiaa jaanda haii. private sangrahian dee tulna witch, joe kii ikk niyam dey roop witch aapne malkan dee maut toon baad khinde hoye hunn, shaskan, raajan jaan ajaib gharan dey sangrah sabh toon vaddh mahattav rakkhde hunn, atey mudra jaanch laee sabh toon bharoseyog adhaar pardan karde hunn. 1756 witch austria dey francis pahile neey mahaan sundarta deeaan doou rachnavan, "monois ainn orr" atey "monois ainn argent" witch, aapne sangrah dey khazaniaan noon janhiaa; atey haal hii dey saalan witch mahaan suchiaan, khaas karke british ajaib gharr, iss vigiaan witch jankari dey sabh toon mahattavpuran sarot bann gaye hunn. collectoran atey sidhantak vidiaarthiaan dovan deeaan zaruratan neey vaddi ginti witch mudra vigiaan samajan dey naal-naal inhan susaitiaan duaara prakashit lagbhag 100 takniki rasaliaan noon vee shamal keeta haii. vakkh-vakkh shahiran witch saal darr saal aayojit honn valiaan german suciety aaf numismatics deeaan meetingan toon, itthe antarashtari congress vikast hoiaan hann brasals, 1892; paris, 1900 (ricard atey lainn-denh, kamte dee castellen atey aii. blanchet); rome, 1903; (aitee dell congress internagionale dee scienz storich, 6 valiam.); brasals, 1910. I. sikke sikkiaan noon dhaat dey tukdiaan vajon paribhashit keeta jaa sakda haii joe kanunni tender vajon kamm karde hunn. iss shabad witch aam mudra, yadgari jaan peshkari dey tukde shamal hunn jinhan utte jantak adhikari duaara sathapit miaar aadi dey anusar mohar lagaai gaee haii.parr kagaz dey paise jaan nijji sikke naheen. pichli class witch aseen angrezi tokan daa havala dinde haan joe vadde paddhar 'teey saal 1800 dey aas paas anshak sikke dee nakafi saplai dey natije vajon prasarit keete gaye sunn; iss toon ilava, "merax" namak tukde, khaas taur' teey church corporationan duaara jaari keete gaye, paise laee voucher vajon, atey baad witch aam taur 'teey mull laee, jiven kii jatone, jaan counter, atey "rechnangsfenies". jadon harr viakati dharti toon aapni rozzy-rotty haasal curran dey yog naheen hunda, taan mazdoori vandann atey aapne utpadan noon vandann dee zaroorat paida hoow jaandi haii. ih sabh toon pahilan vastan dee adla-badli duaara prabhavit hunda haii, jiss laee aam taur utte pashuaan witch paae jaanh vaale adaan-pardan dey ikk sarav viaapak taur utte upalbadh madhiam dee zaroorat hundi haii (hommer witch mainlouse dey upkarnan dee keemat 9 steer haii; glaches dee, 100). pashuaan toon ilava, aarambhik aadmiaan neey chamdi, chhaale, kappde aadi dee varton keeti haii.iss udesh laee. halanki, jaldi hii, ikk ajiha mull labbhna zaruri hoow jaanda haii jiss noon vishwaviaapi taur 'teey vartiaa jaa sake, atey iss laee soona, chaandi atey tambe dee varton bahut shuruati samein toon keeti jaa rahee haii; tulnatmak taur' teey haal hii dey saalan witch kaee horr dhaatan naal prayog curran toon baad, nickle noon inhan witch jodiaa giaa haii. dhatu dey paise daa pahila padaa kise vee shakal dey dhaat dey tukdiaan dey bhaar naal pahunchiaa jaanda haii; parr, kiunki siraf kull bhaar iss prakiriaa duaara nirdharat keeta jaa sakda haii, naa kii barikta dee digri (keemati dhaatan dey mamle witch ikk bahut hii zaruri kaarak), jantak adhikar dee mohar duaara barikta noon pramanit curran dee zaroorat paida hundi haii, atey ih mohar dhaat dee gaanth noon ikk sikka banaundi haii. zikar keetiaan gaeeaan dhaatan vicchon siraf ikk daa hii kamm jaldi hii nakafi saabat hunda haiyav kaafi chhote mull dey sone dey sikkiaan noon prachalan witch liauna jaan, adhaar dhaat dee varton karke, kaafi ucch mullan dey sikke jaari karna asambhav haii. iss laee, ikko samein doou jaan tinn dhaatan dee varton karna zaruri haii. ih jaan taan ikk keemati dhaat noon mull dey maap vajon atey duji noon tambe dey naal, siraf ikk vastu jaan sahaik sikke vajon, jaan kanoon duaara nirdharat ikk raashan (bimetalism) utte mull dey maap vajon doven dhaatan utte ikko samein mukaddama karke keeta jaa sakda haii, ikk course, jiss neey aksar doou keemati dhaatan dey adaan-pardan dee darr witch utraa-chadhaa dey caarn mushkilan paida keetiaan hunn. roop witch, sikke aam taur utte circular, kaee vaar andakar atey chaturbhuj hunde hunn; ih aakhri emergency sikke witch vishesh taur utte aam hunde hunn, atey sweden witch ikk vishal aakaar atey bahut vadda bhaar takk vadh gaye sunn. itthe vishesh taur utte door purab witch sabh toon vaddh vilakkhan aakaar dey sikke vee milde hunn. yantar atey shilalekh sikkiaan toon ilava aksar pudine dey nishan jaan pudine-maastar dey nishan hunde hunn joe vishesh zikar dey hakkdaar hunde hunn. taksal-maastar atey dye-sinker bahut saare mamlian witch kujh nishanan jaan akkhran dey zariye aapne kamman witch farak curran dey aadee rahey hunn; atey taksal jaan taan aapne-aapne sikkiaan noon akkhran duaara vakkh karde hunn, joe ravaiti atey manmarzi dey chinnhan duaara jaari keete jaanh dey sathaan noon darsaunde hunn, jaan kise horr tarike naal-kaee vaar anjaan lokan laee shayed hii samjhan yog hunde hunn-jiven kii shilalekh dey kise vishesh akkhar dey hethan ikk bindu rakkhna. iss tarahan sikkiaan dey vakkh-vakkh muddiaan noon alagg rakkhiaa jaanda haii. mudra vigiaan daa vigiaan vaddi matra witch sikkiaan dee khoj duaara bhautik taur utte unnat haiyav pahilan anjaan kisman dey giaan toon ilava, ajihiaan khojan ditte gaye samein witch sikkiaan dey asal sanchar atey kujh sikke kinni hadd takk maujuda sunn baare ikk updeshak samajh pardan kardiaan hunn. vigiaan dey adhiaen dey naal-naal sikkiaan dey vargikaran witch, kalkramik taur utte, tinn mahaan yuggan daa paalan karna abhiaas haiyav prachin, madhkali atey aadhunik; bhugolik taur utte, sabandhat samein dee vakkh-vakkh rajneetik vandd. yunani sikkiaan laee, ekel neey ikk misali pranali apnai haii joe ajey vee varton witch haii. harkioolis dey thammhan toon shuru karke uh dunia dey deshan noon lae keey, jiven kii purane lock janade sunn, mediterian dey aale duaale unhan deeaan sathitiaan dey kram witchea pahilan yoorap dey, firr eshia dey bharat takk, atey ant witch africa noon misser toon waps gibralter dey jaldamroomadh takk. aii. yunani sikke yunani shabad noon hamesha prachin mudra vigiaan witch roman mool atey italvi oss kabar noon chhadd keey saare sikkiaan noon shamal curran laee samajhiaa jaanda haii. mudra ikai 60 mint (naa taan pratibha atey naa hii meena noon kise sikke duaara darsaiaa jaa riha haii), jaan 6000 drachme dee pratibha haii, harek 6 obol dey barabar haii. vakkh-vakkh mudravan ziaadaatar mamlian witch bhaar dee farcy pranali utte adharat hundiaan hunn. farcy lokan dey keemati dhaat laee bhaar dey doou vakkh-vakkh mapdand sanauu sone laee, euboan; chaandi laee, babylonian. sone daa drick, aam sone daa sikka, yunani chaandi dey dedrecom dey anusari, bharit 8.385 graam (lagbhag 129 1/3 grain); chaandi daa drick (shekal), 5.57 graam (lagbhag 87 grain). jiven kii sone dee tulna witch chaandi daa mull, puratanta witch, 1 toon 10 see, sone daa drick 15 chaandi dey drick dey barabar haii. sikkiaan dey horr miaar fossian, agineton, attari, corinthian, tolemic atey eshia minor daa systophoric miaar sunn; halanki, inhan vicchon kujh farcy miaar toon lae jaa sakde hunn. purane éginetan solan laee halke chubare dey miaar dee thaan lainn naal karze daa anshak khatma hoiaa. sabh toon vaddh varte gaye tukde tetradracom (25-33 mm) sunn. viaas witch) atey dedrecom; atth, dass atey baaran dracham dey tukde bemisal hunn, atey ikk chaali-dracham daa tukda ikk durlabh haii. hethan vall dey paimane witch division quarter-obols (= 1/24 drackma) takk faildi haii. yunani eshia witch sone atey chaandi (electrum) dey mishran dey chhote sikke varte jaande sunn. yunan witch chaandi dey sikke bahut pramukh sunn; tambe dey sikke 400 bee toon purane naheen hunn.see., jadon kii soona bahut ghatt hii banaiaa jaanda see. dooje paase, faarsiaan dey sikke sone naal bharpur sunn, atey ih unhan dee udaharan see jiss neey messedon dey philip II atey mahaan alegzander noon prabhavat keeta. kujh apvadan dey naal, sone dee drick 97 pratishat vadhiaa see. shuruati samiaan witch sikke dee usari ikk single dye naal keeti jaandi seeuuu khaali dhaat dey pichle hisse noon ikk khambhe duaara, aam taur 'teey vargakar, envil witch mazbooti naal rakkhiaa jaanda see, atey iss laee ikk chaturbhuj depression (inkiooz varag) dey roop witch iss daa prabhav prapat keeta giaa see; samein dey naal ih varag rekhavan, ankadiaan atey shilalekhan naal shingariaa jaanh lagga. dakkhni itali witch doou dies joe ikk dooje witch fitt hunde sunn, noon vartiaa jaanda see, taan joe sikke ikko design noon sahmane vaale paase raahat witch pesh curran atey pichle paase dabaa ("nammi incusi"). ih shilalekh rashtariata anusar vakkh-vakkh bhashavan witch hunn. dobhashi shilalekh-ee.jee.yunani-lattin-atey shilalekh jinhan witch bhasha atey kisam mail naheen khandiaan-ee.jee.yunani witch cypriot akkhar vee hunde hunn atey ithon takk kii yunani akkhar vee samein dey naal roop witch kaee tabdiliaan toon guzarde hunn. sikkiaan daa adhikar prabhusatta daa vishesh adhikar honn dey naate, shilalekh sabh toon pahilan uss prabhusatta shakti dey naam daa zikar karde hunn jiss dey adhikar heth sikka maariaa giaa see; yunan witch, mahaan sikander dey samein takk, ih bhaichara see. sikkiaan daa chaaraj rakkhan vaale adhikariaan dey naam vee milde hunn; atey baad dey sikke saal noon vee darsaunde hunn, joe aksar chonh yugg, 312 bee toon giniaa jaanda haii.see. sabh toon purane sikkiaan dee shuruat égina tattan utte hoee see, shayed lydia witch, jiven kii herodotes saanoon dassda haii, jaan égina witch, jiss dey raaje, feeden, parian itihaas uhanan noon darsaunda haii, shayed 600 bee toon pahilan.see. ikko samunder dey vakkh-vakkh tapu sikke pesh karde hunn jinhan dey design ihanan toon bahut vakkhre naheen hunde. dakkhni itali dey sikke bahut baad dey samein dey naheen hunn, jiven kii iss tatth toon saabat hunda haii kii namune sibaris shehar toon maujood hunn, joe kii 510 bee witch nasht hoow gaye sunn.see. yunan dey sahee atey eshia minor dey mudhle sikke dhaat dey motte tukde hunn, joe chaptiaan goliaan varge hunde hunn, atey, kudrati taur 'teey, sabh toon assan upkaran, paude atey janwar hunde hunn, joe jaldi hii vishesh khetran dey vishesh bann jaande hunn; inhan toon baad devtiaan atey manukkhan dey sir atey ankade aaunde hunn, kaee vaar samoohan witch ikjutt hunde hunn. lagbhag 400 bee.see. dye-kattan dee yunani qalaa aapne poore vikas takk pahunch gaee, jiss neey baad witch kise vee nasal duaara bemisal uttmata dee digri prapat kitia sirakus pahile sathaan 'teey haii; iss toon baad kram witch ariadia, theebs, olinus, aadi aaunde hunn. gair-hellenic lokan vicchon jinhan dey sikke yunani luddy witch shamal hunn, saade laee sabh toon mahattavpuran yahudi hunn. pahilan taan unhan neey videshi sikkiaan dee varton keeti, parr cri lokan dey virudh makabiaan dey adheen rashtari ubhaar dey natije vajon, pardhan pujari, saiman noon antiox VII (139-38 b.see.) sikke daa adhikar. saiman neey tambe atey chaandi dee mint keeti. uss noon "shekal israeel" kiha jaanda haiyav agge dee kathaa (shekal israeel) atey ikk piala jaan kadahi jiss dey uppar ikk mitee haii (1-5, sikkiaan dey adhikar dey pardan curran toon giniaa jaanda haii); ulat, kathaa (yerushalam pavittar) atey tinn kaliaan vaala ikk lillie-stock. baaki macabies-jauhan hyderns, judes aristobools, alegzander genius, metatheus antigones, atey iss tarahan dey horr-neey purane habrio jaan habrio atey yunani witch shilalekh dey naal vishesh taur 'teey tambe dee rachna keeti. inhan toon baad idumian rajkumar heroad atey uss dey uttradhikariaan dey tambe dey sikke aae. isai dey samein witch roman sikke vee prachlat sunn. ih shardhanjali dee rakam dee kahani toon saabat hunda haii. "atey unhan neey uss noon [masih] ikk paisa ditta. atey yisu neey unhan noon puchhiaao" "ih kiss dee tasveer atey shilalekh haii? uh uss noon kahinde hann seasure daa "(mait.xxii, 19-21). ih siraf romanan dey virudh yahudiaan dey doou vidrohan dauran see.dee. 66-70 atey 132-135, uh chaandi kramvaar elazar atey saiman atey baar-kachba dey adheen dubara tiaar keeti gaee see. masih toon baad pahili sadee dey bactrian sikkiaan utte gondofress naam, jaan koee samaan naam, tinn maggy, caspar vicchon ikk dey samaan manniaa jaanda haii. bee. roman sikke itali witch mudra daa sabh toon purana madhiam pittal see, jiss noon harek lainn-denh ("ou. ee. aiss. rudd") 'teey toliaa jaanha see. pahilan iss dee varton aniyamit roop dey tukdiaan witch keeti jaandi see, baad witch besmajh baaran witch. sabh toon pahilan ikk kanunni tender pardan curran daa sihra servius tullius noon ditta jaanda haii, jiss baare kiha jaanda haii kii baaran utte nishchit ankadiaan naal mohar laggi hoee see, ziaadaatar pashu ("primes signavit oss; oss signetum"). sacche sikkiaan dee shuruat uhanan dey mull noon darsaun vaale chinnh atey shehar dey chinnh bahut baad dee mitee naal sabandhat hunn. mudra ikai 12 auns (10.527 oz) see. troye), ikk roman paaoond ("libra"-iss laee, libral standard) dey barabar; aam taur utte, halanki, ikk daa bhaar siraf 10 auns (lagbhag 8 3/4 auns) hunda see. troi). ("saimi" = 1/2, "trines" = 1/3, "quadrance" = 1/4, "sextence" = 1/6, atey "yusia" = 1/12) dey bhagan noon, taan joe uhanan noon vadhere asani naal vakkh keeta jaa sake, ikk paase utte onsan dey roop witch bahut saariaan gendan naal maarak keeta giaa see. ikk paase jahaz dee peshkari see, rome shehar daa vishesh upkaran, dooje paase, ikk devta daa sir, joe sikke dey mull naal bhinn hunda haii. sikke goal, ucche, parr kujh beey-taraas, raahat atey sutte hoye sunn; kujh campania witch banaae gaye sunn. 268 bee tonsi. jiven kii daa bhaar lagatar ghatda giaa; libral standard pahilan ikk triental, firr ikk gair-nasli, atey ant witch ikk aradh-gair-rashtari standard-mool bhaar daa 1/24 bann giaa. jadon kii miaar dee iss qamee neey vadde mullan dey sikkiaan ("dupondius, tripondius, decusis", kramvaar 2,3 atey 10 gadhe dey barabar) dey nirman witch sahaita keeti, iss dey natije vajon tambe dey sikkiaan noon uhanan dee andruni keemat toon bahut uppar maujuda mull ditta giaa atey cast sikkiaan dee bajaae mohar laggan dee shuruat noon agge vadhaiaa. livy dey anusar chaandi dey pahile sikke 268 bee witch banaae gaye sunn.see.ih chaandi daa pahila tukda "denarius" see, joe 10 gadhe dey barabar see. iss toon baad chhote mull, "quinerius" (addha "denarius") atey "cestertius" (addha "denarius") sunn. inhan toon ilava "victorius" (1/4 "denarius") noon kujh subiaan dee vaparak mudra vajon varton laee ghadiaa giaa see. ikk pond daa pahilan 1/72 bhaar vaala dinarias 217 b witch ghataiaa giaa see.see. 1/84 takk, chaandi lagbhag shudh hundi see. agge vaala hissa "diia roma" noon darsaunda haii; ulat, doou dioscuri; inhan tikatan vicchon pahila vishesh taur 'teey kaee saalan takk varton witch riha. pudine daa parbandhan ikk commission ("traceviry orey argento auro flando feriundo") duaara keeta jaanda see, jiss dey memberan neey jaldi hii sikkiaan utte aapne naam jaan pahile akkhar rakkhe, atey baad witch aapne parivaran dey memberan atey unhan dey kaarjan (parivaar jaan consular sikke) dee vadiaai keeti. uss samein vee, parr shaahi qaal witch bahut ziaada, bases maital dee deenar see joe aksar chaandi ("deenarai suboevati") naal patli parat keeti jaandi see. ajiha ghatt hii hunda haii kii soona ghadiaa jaanda see. seasure shaahi sikkiaan witch tabdili noon darsaunda haiyav 44 bee witch.see. senate neey uss dee tasveer vaale sikke jaari curran daa adesh ditta. ithon takk kii bruts neey vee iss udaharan dee palna keeti, atey augustes dey naal portrait sikkiaan dee nirvighan luddy shuru hundi haii. jadon kii seasure neey pahilan hii sone atey chaandi dey sikke banaun dey adhikar daa daava keeta see, augustes neey iss adhikar daa daava aapne laee keeta atey siraf senate utte tambe dey sikke chhadd ditte; atey ih tambe dey sikke akkhran duaara darsaiaan gaeeaan hunn.see. ("sanatus salahkar"). aurelian (270-76) neey ih vishesh adhikar vee senate toon lae liaa. samraj toon shuru karde hoye saanoon sone dey bahut saare sikke milde hunn. mukkh sikka "aurius" haii, jisda bhaar lagbhag 123 1/2 grain haii; iss dey sahmane samrat daa naam, sirlekh atey chittar haii; iss dey ulat, ameer vibhinnta witch itihasak prastutiaan hunn. imaarat, samrat deeaan manpasand devtiaan, atey uhanan gunan dey roop jinhan neey uss noon shingariaa, jaan shingariaa jaanha chahida see, uss dey parivaar dey memberan dee vee numaindagi keeti jaandi haii. iss sabndh witch trajan atey hadrian dee luddy vishesh taur 'teey ameer haii. niro dey naal sikkiaan dee girawat shuru hundi haii, khaskar chaandi dee; atey ih udon takk jaari riha jadon takk kii firr toon kujh hadd takk kram sathapat naheen hoow giaa. uss neey ikk navaan sone daa sikka, "solids" pesh keeta, joe ikk pond (lagbhag 70 anaaj) dey 1/72 dey barabar haii, joe sadiaan takk mudra pranali dey vikas witch ikk mahattavpuran kaarak riha. kise ghatna dee yaad witch jaari keete gaye tamgiaan daa vishesh taur 'teey zikar keeta jaanha chahida haii, khaas taur' teey vadde atey dhiaan naal keete gaye pudine dey kamm. uh sone, chaandi jaan tambe dey baney hunde sunn, atey keemati dhaat witch, aam taur utte kanunni miaar dey anusar banaae jaande sunn. peele rung dee dhaat ("madels days dukes cuverse") dey chakkar naal ghire tambe dey baney namune vee hunn. contorniate" shabad ikk ucchi rima vaale ikk vadde circular tambe dey sikke utte lagu hunda haii, joe mukkh taur utte circancian khedan dey sabndh witch vartiaa jaanda haii. purab dey roman samrat dey sikke, jinhan noon byzantine vajon namzad keeta giaa haii, ghatto ghatt maddh yugg dey hunn, parr, unhan dey sikkiaan witch vekhe gaye miaar duaara atey shuruat witch, sikkiaan dey charittar duaara vee, puurii luddy roman samraj dey muddiaan naal nediyon judee hoee haii. tambe noon bahut ziaada ghadiaa jaanda see, chaandi ghatt hii hundi see, parr sone dey sikkiaan naal sabh toon vaddh mahatta judee hundi see. kaee saalan takk soona siraf byzantium witch hii ghadiaa jaanda see, atey ih sone dey tukde naa siraf pachham dey sone dey sikkiaan laee ikk maadal vajon kamm karde sunn, joe kii tervin sadee takk dubara shuru naheen hoye sunn, balki islam laee vee sunn. byzantine sikkiaan witch kalatmak yogta dee puurii tarahan ghaat haiyav uhanan dee kisam sakhat atey neeras haii. pichli daulat atey ulat paase vakkh-vakkh tarahan dey upkarnan dee thaan, saanoon dharmik chinnh, masih daa monogram atey sant milde hunn. john VIII daa sikka, badshahan vicchon aakhri parr ikk, lagbhag 15veen sadee dey maddh witch, byzantine luddy daa aakhri see. see. madhkali sikke purane roman samraj deeaan khetri seemavan dey ander ubbharan vaale navein raajan neey pahilan roman sikkiaan dee varton keeti, jinhan vicchon kaafi vaddi ginti maujood see. nasli parvas dey samein dey durlabh khudmukhtiaar mudde roman luddy naal bahut nediyon jude hoye hunn; france witch siraf merovingians neey aapne aap noon kujh hadd takk sutantar banaiaa. halanki, bahut jaldi, sikkiaan naal jude saare mamlian witch ikk aam girawat shuru hoow gaee; sikke nirantar motte hoow jaande hunn, sone dee mudra alop hoow jaandi haii, tambe noon siraf asdharan taur 'teey ghadiaa jaanda see; chhote chaandi dey sikke bhugtan daa ikko ikk madhiam sunn. charlemen neey kise kisam dee vivastha noon bahaal keeta; ikalle raaje duaara varte jaanh vaale shaahi vishesh adhikar vajon sikke banaun dey adhikar daa daava karde hoye, usne saare nijji sikkiaan noon dabaa ditta, joe uss samein vinashkari anupat witch sunn. iss toon ilava, unhan neey minting witch vadhere dekhbhal daa adesh ditta atey iss bindu 'teey niyam banaae joe yoorap dey vadde hisse laee miaar bann gaye atey joe aapniaan zaruri visheshtavan witch ajj takk england witch karajsheel hunn. iss daa adhaar chaandi dee pratibha jaan pond (lagbhag 11/5 auns) see. trie); iss noon 20 shilingan (paaoond atey shilling doven siraf khaate daa paisa hunn) witch vandiaa giaa see, harek 12 pannes ("inkaar curran vaale") dey barabar see. iss laee paini daa bhaar 23 1/2 anaaj see. carlovingi sikkiaan utte sabh toon aam design saleeb dee numaindagi atey kalman naal sajaae ikk church hunn, joe kii "krishiana religio" dee kathaa naal ghiriaa hoiaa haii. maddh yugg deeaan vilakkhan aarthik sathitiaan neey lagatar ghatde bhaar atey shudhta dey chaandi dey sikkiaan dey jaari honn noon janam ditta, taan joe uh nirantar vaddh toon vaddh bekaar hoow jaanh atey mullan witch aam vaadhe dey natije vajon, hunn mudra vajon naheen varte jaa sakde. iss tarahan ikk prakiriaa shuru hoee joe maddh yugg dauran kaee vaar duhrai gaee seeuuu purane chhote sikkiaan dee girawat dey natije vajon, vadde atey vadhere keemati navein sikke, kise shehar witch chhape gaye jithon unhan neey poore yoorap witch jitt naal aapna raah banaiaa. samein dey naal inhan dee keemat ghatt hoow gaee atey ikk navein mudde duaara tabdil qarr ditta giaa. 13veen sadee witch shilling (12 pannes dey barabar) pahili vaar tooran witch ghadiaa giaa see; "inkaar curran vaale" dey ulat, joe uss samein bahut patle hoow gaye sunn, iss noon "numms groces" (mota sikka) kiha jaanda see, atey, uss jagha dey naam toon jitthe ih pahili vaar ghadiaa giaa see, "groces turonensis", jaan "gross turnois". ikk paase raaje dey naam naal ikk saleeb atey ikk kathaa haii, aam taur utte "benediktam sitt noman dominy"; dooje paase, ikk church haii. tournois" france atey rine dey naal-naal tezi naal fail giaa, atey praag ("groces pregonsis", jaan "praigar grochen") vikhe isey tarahan daa sikka banaun daa caarn baniaa, jiss dee nakal bahut saare deshan witch keeti gaee see. merovingian qaal toon baad siraf sone dey sikke samrat fredrik II dey augustel sunn. ih purane roman sikke deeaan kapiaan sunn atey sisili witch chhapiaan gaeeaan sunn. ikk niyamat sone dey sikke lagbhag 1250 takk florence ganraj witch shuru naheen hunde. inhan sikkiaan dey ikk paase cent hunn. john baptist, atey, dooje paase, ikk lillie, florence daa chinnh. iss yantar ("floss lillie") toon, jaan shehar dey naam toon, uhanan noon "florin" naam miliaa. uhanan daa bhaar 540 anaaj toon thodah vaddh see. kujh dahakiaan baad venis dey dog, jiovanni dendolo neey ikk sone dey sikke dee chhapai shuru keeti jiss witch cent toon pahilan gode tekann vaale dog dee numaindagi keeti gaee haii. maarak atey masih daa putla iss kathaa dey nalaya "seet tibbi christ datas kioom tuu regis iste ducats". iss kathaa dey aakhri shabad neey sikke noon iss daa naam ditta, "ducato" (ducat); venis witch iss noon "laa zeka", "pudine" toon "zechino" (sequin) vee kiha jaanda see. florin dee kisam atey ducat daa naam jaldi hii dunia bharr witch prachlit hoow giaa. aadhunik samein witch tabdili noon chaandi dey horr vee vadde sikkiaan dee shuruat duaara darsaiaa giaa haii. inhan vicchon, italvi "testone" atey franch "frank" toon ilava, german "teller" sabh toon mahattavpuran see. sann 1485 witch tyrol dey archdiook sigismund neey 2 "loath" bhaar atey 15 "loath" dee shudhta vaala ikk navaan chaandi daa sikka jaari keeta; uss samein dey adaan-pardan dee darr naal iss daa mull sone dey gulden naal mail khanda see atey iss laee iss noon "guldengroshen" kiha jaanda see. tyrol dee udaharan toon baad jaldi hii bahut saare amiran neey sikka banaun daa adhikar prapat keeta; joakimstal vikhe shalik dey ginti dey taksal witch baney "joakimstler" (chhota "teller") neey teller (dallar) daa naam utpan keeta, jiss noon ajj takk barkarar rakkhiaa giaa haii. iss kisam dey sikkiaan vicchon sabh toon dilchsap "rubentler" hunn, joe kii salzberg dey archbiship, keutshch dey leonard duaara tiaar keeta giaa see, atey uss dey hathiaarband bearings, ikk salgam (rube) toon naam ditta giaa see; ih maddh yugg dey durlabh atey aksar jaali sikkiaan vicchon ginne jaande hunn. maddh yugg dauran german samraj deeaan mudra pranaliaan naa siraf iss deeaan kisman dey sikkiaan dee ginti dey sambandh witch, balki iss dey vikas dee visheshta dey sambandh witch vee sabh toon vaddh dilchaspi rakhdiaan hunn. ih sacch haii kii charlemen neey sikkiaan dee iksarta sathapat keeti see atey sikke banaun dey adhikar noon vishesh taur 'teey prabhusatta naal sabandhat manniaa see; parr uss dey kamzor uttradhikari hauli-hauli iss dey naal-naal ziaadaatar horr shaahi vishesh adhikar samanti prabhuaan noon denh laee majbur hoow gaye sunn, jinhan dee shakti surbouch sarkaar dey kamzor honn naal vadhadi gaee. inhan samanti witch naa siraf saare archbishpan atey bishpan sunn, balki samraj dey ander pramukh abots atey abais vee sunn. vikas hauli-hauli hoow riha see. sabh toon pahilan mella ("mercats") lagaun, taiks ("telonium") lagaun atey kise samanti naal sabandhat kise jagha 'teey pudina ("moneta") lagaun dee aagiaa ditti gaee see. shuru witch pudina siraf ikk mudra hoow sakda see, jiss daa laabh, halanki, maddh yugg witch aksar bahut vadda hunda see, atey prabhu noon prapat hunda see. firr uss noon aapni tasveer vaale sikke lagaun dee aagiaa ditti gaee see, parr uss noon ikko jihe miaar noon kaaim rakkhna piaa. lambe samein takk inhan samanti sardaran neey binan kise pabandi dey sikka banaun daa vishesh adhikar prapat keeta. jadon ih keeta giaa taan samraj dee mudra witch iksarta khatam hoow gaee see, sikkiaan witch ikk vaddi vibhinnta sambhav hoow gaee see, atey sikke banaun daa adhikar, samrat daa vishesh adhikar honn dee bajaae, harr samanti daa vishesh adhikar bann giaa see. inhan neey lagatar sikkiaan noon ghataa keey atey badal keey aamdan dey ikk utpadak sarot vajon iss vishesh adhikar daa laabh uthaun dee koshish keeti, jiss naal unhan dey vishiaan dey lokan noon gambhir nuksan hoiaa joe vapaar witch rujhe hoye sunn. iss laee jinhan shahiran neey ajey takk sikkiaan daa adhikar prapat naheen keeta see, unhan neey jaan taan aapne laee sikke banaun daa adhikar prapat karke jaan kheti taksalan duaara, jaan taksal dey malkan noon aapne vishesh adhikaran dee varton curran laee prerit karke pranali utte kujh niyantaran prapat curran dee koshish keeti. german madhkali sikkiaan vicchon, "brackets" (lait. "bractia", "dhaat dee ikk patli sheet") vishesh zikar dey hakkdaar haii. uh nijji gahine naheen sunn, jiven kii purane samein dey scandinavian bracket, parr asal sikke sunn. jiven kii giaarvin sadee dey dauran inkaar curran vaala pakka atey patla hoow giaa see, iss dee thaan barahvin sadee dey shuru witch, germany dey kujh hissiaan witch, bahut patle parr vadde chaandi dey sikkiaan neey lae laee, ikk dye naal baney, ikko design dikhaunde hoye, ikk paase raahat witch atey dooje paase udas. ih sikke, khaas karke shuruat witch, dhiaan naal lagu keete gaye sunn atey kalatmak yogta toon binan naheen sunn. swabia (vertemberg) witch haale shehar neey ikk chhota jiha anshik sikka jaari keeta jiss daa ikk viaapak circulation see, atey iss noon aapne mool sathaan toon "heller" kiha jaanda see. kujh mamlian witch franch sikkiaan daa vikas german dey sikkiaan naal milda julda haiyav itthe vee aseen dasvin sadee witch, aam atey dharmik bairan (vien, arles, reims, aadi dey archbishpan) dey sikke labhde haan. vishesh taur utte), ikk nishchit kisam ("kisam dee sathirta") duaara darsai gaee haii joe ikk lambe samein laee binan kise tabdili dey banayi rakkhi jaandi haii. parr maddh yugg dey ant takk ih sikka bahut ghatt shaktishali samanti takk seemat haii atey shaahi sikkiaan dee tulna witch, hunn mahattav daa naheen haii. france toon saade cole "chaze dee 'orr" haii, ikk sone daa sikka joe vadde paddhar' teey dooje deshan witch vee banaiaa giaa see; ih ikk gothik singhasan 'teey baithe raaje noon darsaunda haii. england witch sterlings atey kuleen fase hoye sunn, uh doven aksar jaali hunde sunn. canterbury atey yarak dey archbishpan dey sikke maujood hunn. itali witch, iss deeaan kaee rajneetak vandan dey caarn, aseen germany dey samaan sikkiaan dee vibhinnta labhde haan. dharmik taksal dey sikkiaan dee ghaat dhiaan denh yog haiyav kujh alagg-thalagg udaharnan atey acvileja, trent atey tricete dee luddy noon chhadd keey, saade cole siraf pope dey sikke hunn, joe mukkh taur 'teey byzantine maadal dee palna karde hoye, adrian I naal shuru hunde hunn, parr clement v (jiss dey pahile sikke, halanki, avinan' teey maare gaye sunn) takk mahattavpuran naheen hunde. jadon kii purbi yoorap ziaadaatar hisse laee byzantine dey prabhav heth see, firr vee crusader pachmi kisman noon unhan duaara sathapat raajan witch liaunde sunn. mohammad dey sikke siraf saal 700 dey baare witch dikhai dinde hunn; ih sikke, kiunki corran chittarkari prastutiaan toon manha karda haii, siraf corran dey text atey aam taur 'teey, shask, taksal-maastar atey sikkiaan dee mitee baare sahee biaan dinde hunn. dee. aadhunik sikke aadhunik samein dee shuruat dey naal, anshak taur utte amrica dee khoj atey iss dey chaandi dey bhandaran dey shoshan dey natije vajon, chaandi dey vadde tukde harr jagha vaddi ginti witch dikhai dinde hunn. iss dey kudrati natije vajon, aseen kamm noon lagu curran witch vadhere dhiaan ditta jaanda haii, shilalekh witch vadhere supathyog akkhar, atey chittrik prastutiaan (portrait atey coat-aaf-arms) vall vadhere dhiaan ditta jaanda haii. punarjagaran dey kaee mudde, khaas karke pope dey sikke, uss samein deeaan qalaa deeaan pramukh rachnavan vicchon ikk manne jaande hunn. pichliaan kujh sadiaan dauran, joe desh maddh yugg dee sabhiata dey prabhav heth naheen aae sunn, uh doojiaan naal mudra sambandhan witch dakhal hunde hunn, jiven kii.jee.roos atey door purab, cheen witch sabh toon asdharan aakaar dey sikke hunn, kujh chhitte hoye, kujh tuning-fork, sebar aadi dey roop witch.; siaam, modee hoee chaandi dee taar deeaan gandhan. jadon kii pichliaan sadiaan dauran yoorap dey purane sabhiak deshan deeaan mudra pranaliaan aam taur utte maddh yugg dey dauran sathapit lines dey naal vikast hoiaan, unhivin sadee deeaan mahaan rajneetik atey aarthik krantiaan neey naviaan taktan noon hond witch lianda jinhan daa prabhav mudra pranaliaan utte piaa. jadon kii german bolann vaale lokan dey badle hoye sabandhan dey natije vajon uhanan deeaan mudravan (germany witch nishan, austria witch crone, halland witch gulden atey switzerland witch frank) witch bhinnta aaee, dooje paase, itali dey ekikaran dey natije vajon ikk iksaar italvi mudra pranali (leera) paida hoee. parr aarthik sathitiaan neey rajneetak naalon vee ziaada sathayi natije ditte hunn. 23 dasambar, 1865 noon france, itali, belgium atey switzerland neey latini union daa gathan keeta, jiss witch 1868 witch yunan neey shamal hoow keey, franch mudra pranali dey adhaar 'teey inhan raajan dey sikkiaan dey ikk samaan niyam' teey sehmati pragtai. iss pranali noon hunn vaddi ginti witch raajan duaara apnaiaa giaa haii, joe aapne aap noon latini mudra union witch shamal naheen hoye hunn-rumania, bulgaria, sarviaa, finland, spain, atey ghatto ghatt namatar taur 'teey, bahut saare kendri atey dakkhni amriki ganraj, joe pahilan spanish cloniaan sunn, atey iss toon ilava kaee chhote european raaj. austria-hangri atey roos vee iss pranali dey lagbhag hunn. ikk horr mudra union 1873 witch banayi gaee see atey iss witch sweden, danmark atey narve shamal hunn, mudra union scandinavian crone haii. puratgali mudra pranali braazeel witch ajey vee lagu haii, joe iss dee sabka basti haii. binan kise rasmi sammelan dey vee, ikk sikka videshi deshan witch mudra prapat qarr sakda haii. iss tarahan mexican dallar, joe kii naam atey mull witch german mudra pranali dee ikk shakha haii, parshant mahansagar dey door dey kinare, cheen dey samundari prantan witch, japaan, siaam atey maale tapu samooh dey hisse witch maujuda sikka haii; ih maddh amrica atey ithon takk kii bahut saare african samundari prantan noon prabhavat karda haii. bharti rupiaa neey vee aapne mool bhumi dey sahmane samunder dey kinare, purbi africa, dakkhni arab atey maley praideep dey tattan utte mudra prapat keeti haii. aarthik atey rajneetik hittan noon paar curran dee ikk changi udaharan canada duaara pesh keeti gaee haii, jitthe angrezi prabhusatta kanunni taur 'teey naram haii, halanki canadian mudra sanyukat raaj dey miaar dee palna kardi haii. jadon kii hunn austria atey hangri witch prachlat sikke leachtenstein atey montenegro witch mudra dey roop witch jaaiz hunn atey iss dey ulat, ikk austriaai sikka lambe samein toon austria witch hii prachlat naheen haii, jiss noon maria-terracian teller vajon janhiaa jaanda haii, atey 1780 dee mitee vaala, ajj vee maddh africa, sudan, tripoli atey arab witch sabh toon mahattavpuran vaparak mudra haii. pichle dahakiaan dauran sikkiaan dee takneek witch prapat keeti gaee ucch padhri sampuranta neey ikk paase sikkiaan (alminium dey baney sikke, platinum dey russie sikke, belgian vinnh sikke, doou dhaatan dey angrezi sikke) dey naal kaee prayogan noon janam ditta, jinhan vicchon ziaadaatar noon koee nirnayak safalta naheen millie. dooje paase, sikke dey kalatmak pakkh vall vadhere dhiaan denna sambhav hoow giaa, jiven kii franch atey italian taksal dey navintam muddiaan toon pataa chalda haii. II. tamge shabad "maddle" (florence = addhe inkaar witch "maidliaa") dhaat dey tukdiaan utte lagu hunda haii, aam taur utte circular, joe kii ikk pudine duaara jaari keete jaande hunn, bhugtan dey madhiam vajon naheen hunde hunn. uhanan dee samaggari, roop, nirman daa dhang atey itihaas ih saabat karde hunn kii uh asal witch sikke sunn, halanki badliaan hoiaan sathitiaan atey zaruratan, kalatmak atey sabheyacharak, dovan neey uhanan noon sutantar bnaa ditta haii. uhanan daa udesh kise rashter dey itihaas witch mahattavpuran ghatnavan noon yaad karna haii, inna kii kise viakati jaan poore desh dey tamgiaan dee luddy dey adhaar 'teey itihaas likhan atey darsaun deeaan koshishan keetiaan gaeeaan hunn. tamge jaari curran dey mauke singhasan dey pravesh, yuddh dee ghoshna, shanti dee samapati, jaan gathjod, jantak imaarat dey mukammal honn witch paae jaande hunn; iss dee varton prabhu duaara uhanan viaktiaan noon pesh curran laee vee bahut viaapak taur 'teey keeti jaandi haii jinhan daa uh sanman karna chahunde sunn, atey ajihe mamlian witch aksar sunhiri dee qalaa daa ikk asal rattan hunda see. dooje paase, ikk tamga aksar aapne prabhu noon uss dey viaah varge maukiaan 'teey, shardhanjali dey prateek vajon, vishiaan duaara pesh keeta jaanda haii. parr lokan dey sabheyachar dey pragtave dey roop witch niji maddle witch bahut ziaada dilchaspi hundi haii, atey iss khetar witch punarjagaran atey agliaan sadiaan daa german maddle sabh toon vaddh udaharnan pesh karda haii. portrait maidlan neey hunn photography duaara laee gaee bhumika nibhai. coat-aaf-arms naal mohar lagge tagme vee nijji viaktiaan dee numaindagi curran laee kamm karde hunn, atey kaee vaar tokan, leaver laee button aadi vajon viharak varton witch rakkhe jaande hunn. uhanan dee varton mangani, jaan viaah, chaandi jaan sone dey viaahan, janam atey baptisma dee yaad witch keeti jaandi haii, atey sikkiaan jaan tagmiaan ("pattenphanes") dey aakaar witch vaddi ginti witch spanceran dey namkaran tohfe hunn joe iss udesh laee spasht taur 'teey banaae jaande hunn atey bacche atey dharam-pitaa dey naam, ishnan dee jagha atey mitee, atey aam taur' teey ikk pavittar ucharan dey naal ukkre jaande hunn. inhan "pattenphanes" noon aksar gahiniaan vajon pahinan laee ameer settingan witch rakkhiaa jaanda see, atey virasat dey roop witch peedhi darr peedhi ditta jaanda see. naa siraf jeevan witch pravesh balki maut vee tamgiaan witch daraj keeti jaandi haii atey ajihe bahut saare tukdiaan witch vistrit jeevani notice hunde hunn. bahut vaar ih tamga ikk dharmik udesh dee purti karda haii; cramnits witch atey khaas karke joakimstal witch ajihe dharmik sikkiaan dee viaapak luddy chhapi gaee see. kisam-vigiaanak prastutiaan noon bahut pasand miliaa, ikk paase purani-name dee kisam dikhai dindi haii, dooja paase naveen-name dee kisam. sudhar neey bible dey vakansh naal sajaae gaye bahut saare tagme tiaar keete. dharmik tagmiaan utte ikk pasandida visha masih daa sir seeuuu vienna shehar neey sadiaan toon iss design vaale tagmiaan noon vilakhanta dey jantak chinnh vajon vartiaa haii. paschal bhedu dey naal easter maddle, christmas 'teey bacche yisu dey naal horr, tohfe vajon ditte gaye sunn. santan dey, sann. jaaraj noon aksar "jargstler" atey "jargsdookt" utte darsaiaa jaanda see, atey ikk andhvishwas prabal see kii cent dee tasveer vaala tagma pahinana. jaaraj zakhman toon bachaa curran vaala see. isey tarahan daa andhvishwas cent dee numaindagi naal judiaa hoiaa see. roach atey cent. sebastian jaan cent. rozalia, atey naal hii farzi sapp dey naal saleeb dee, playg toon surakhiaa vajon. puurii tarahan andhvishwas vaale tabiz, jyotshi atey alchemistic sikkiaan dee ikk sadivi luddy vee haii joe ikk adhaar toon ikk keemati dhaat witch ikk alchemistic parivartan daa utpaad honn daa daava karde hunn. vienna vikhe shaahi sikka-mantri mandal witch ihanan vicchon ikk tukda haii, joe shayed maujood sabh toon vadda tamga haii, jisda bhaar lagbhag 15 1/2 pond haii. avoirdupice; atey samrat leopold I dey chaali purvajan deeaan tasviran naal shingariaa giaa, jiss dee maujudgi witch parivartan hoiaa manniaa jaanda haii. iss tarahan jinhan kaee atey kaee udeshan laee maddle noon vartiaa giaa haii, uh vafadari naal sabheyacharak sathitiaan noon darsaunde hunn jinhan caarn iss dey sikke baney atey ih jankari daa ikk sarot haii jiss dee ajey takk puurii tarahan parshansa naheen keeti gaee haii. sacche tagme puratanta toon anjaan sunn; unhan dey kaaraj bahut saare mamlian witch sunn-khaas karke mahattavpuran ghatnavan deeaan yadgaran vajon-sikkiaan duaara keete jaande sunn. ajj dey ikkars atey aam taur utte qalaa-rahit sikkiaan dey ulat, puratanta dey sikke, atey khaas taur utte yunan dey sikke, utte ukkari hoee chittarkari dee qalaa deeaan masterpiece sunn, joe aapne hunar noon pradarshit curran laee horr mauke labbhan laee majbur naheen sunn. romanan deeaan sathitiaan samaan sunn, iss apvaad dey naal kii badshahan dey tamge saade tamgiaan dey charittar dey lagbhag hunn, halanki uh ikk niyam dey roop witch, kanunni mudra ikai dey duplicate hunn; tokan ("tesro"), khedan laee maare jaande hunn, atey contorniates tagme naal horr vee nediyon sabandhat hunn. samrat luis dey kujh sone dey mudde vee tamgiaan varge hunn, atey maddh yugg dey agge dey samein witch aseen vaddi ginti witch sikke mille joe spasht taur 'teey itihaas dee kise ghatna noon yaad curran laee sunn, halanki uhanan dey upkarnan noon samjhauna aksar bahut mushkal hunda haii; itthe bahut saariaan bujhartan ajey vee hall dee udeek witch hunn. bavria atey saxony dey shaktishali rajkumar hannery shher dey prateek vajon, shher aapne sikkiaan utte mahattavpuran bhumika nibhaunda haii. parr uss daa virodhi, whittleback daa otho, jiss neey, jadon hannery shher noon gairkanunni karaar ditta giaa see, bavria daa duchy prapat keeta, iss chinnh noon vee vartiaa atey inkaar curran vaale jaari keete joe uss noon shher daa pichha karde hoye jaan hatth witch shher daa kattiaa hoiaa sir lae keey darsaunde hunn. sikke aksar jangikaran dee yaad witch vee varte jaande hunn, atey ih leej lard dee numaindagi karde hunn jiss toon gode tekann vaala samanti gonfellen prapat karda haii. ikk polish brackteet cent dee kabar takk diook bolslave III dee tirath yaatra dee yaad noon kaaim rakkhda haii. gnessen witch adalbert. bohimia dey ladislaus I daa ikk inkaar curran vaala shaitan dey gussedar sir noon ikk paase varnanyog kathaa dey naal darsaunda haii, atey dooje paase ikk church haii. luschin iss yantar laee heth likhe anusar lekha denh dey yog seeuuu bohimia witch gambhir tattamak gadbad dey baad, ikk bhiaanak toofan dey vichkaar, ikk ulkapanj varkha aaee, jiss dauran bahut saare viaktiaan neey ghoshna keeti kii unhan neey shaitan noon manukkhi roop witch kilhe dey nede vekhiaa; iss inkaar curran vaale noon firr maariaa giaa, jiss dey doven paase shaitan daa sir atey bhagwan daa church see. ajihe sikke kujh hadd takk yadgari tagmiaan dey udesh noon poora karde hunn. pahila saccha tamga itali witch chaudvin sadee dey ant witch pragat hoiaa. padua dey maalak, francisco II kairara neey prachin roman tagmiaan dee nakal kardiaan doou tagme jitte sanauu ikk, aapne pitaa, francisco I dee yaad witch, commodes atey septimius saverse dey baad dey tagmiaan noon yaad karda haii; dooje, 1390 witch padua dey kabze dee yaad witch, francisco II dee tasveer haii joe samrat vitalius dey samaan haii. harek mamle witch ulat karara parivaar daa punning upkaran, ikk cart ("carro") haii. ih tagme kaansi atey chaandi dey tagmiaan witch paae jaande hunn. isey arse witch venis dey cesto parivaar duaara banaae gaye tamge varge azmaish-tukde, dye-cutters dey ikk parivaar naal sabandhat hunn. inhan utte vee mohar laggi hoee see parr agle samein witch tamge daa vikas mohar lagge tukdiaan caarn naheen hoiaa see. pandravin sadee dey maddh toon pahilan hii italvi qalaa achanak cast maddle naal iss vibhag witch sikhar 'teey pahunch gaee. vittor pisano, ikk chittarkar (aaa. lagbhag 1380, verona prant witch; dee. 1455 jaan 1456) sabh toon purana atey sabh toon mahattavpuran tamga jetu haii. uss dey pairokaran dee tarahan, uss deeaan rachnavan mome dey maadlan jaan lohe witch katte gaye maadlan toon banaiaan gaeeaan hunn, ikk prakiriaa joe aksar tukdiaan noon baad witch kattna zaruri banaundi haii. uh aapni rachna "opes pisani pictoris" utte dastkhat karda haii. ih tagme ziaadaatar vadde aakaar dey hunde hunn atey ikk nakli petina naal lape keete jaande hunn. sahmane vaale paase uh bhavnatmak portrait pesh karde hunn, aam taur utte profile witch; ulat, sunder atey kushal rupankan iss tarahan leonello dee 'aist, ikk shher joe kii capeed duaara rakkhe sangeet dee ikk sheet toon gaa riha haii; jaan napples dey alfonso, ikk ukaab joe khullh keey maare gaye hiran noon giddh noon saunp dinda haii. bhaven kii ih saabat keeta jaa sakda haii kii pisano neey kujh prototypan dee varton keeti joe sambhav taur 'teey mohran toon prapat keetiaan gaeeaan sunn, iss tatth naal tamga qalaa dey asal sirjanhar vajon unhan dee prasidhi bhautik taur' teey ghatt naheen hoee haii. rachna atey amal dovan witch uss noon shayed hii barabar manniaa giaa haii, jiven kii, udaharan vajon, uss dey kuleen janwaran, shher, baaz, hoars deeaan numaindagiaan witch. pisano neey poore itali dee yaatra keeti, atey aapne samein dey pramukh rajkumaran atey prabhavshali viaktiaan noon darsaiaa; usne tamga qalaa noon inna prasidh banaiaa kii uss toon baad itali dey saare mahattavpuran qalaa kendran witch kalakar tamgiaan dey nirman witch lagge hoye sunn. ajihe mattio dee 'paasti, atey rimini dey darbar witch parshansayog kalakar sunn; venesian jiovani boldu atey gair-yahudi belini, jinhan vicchon baad vaale neey sultan mehmat laee ikk portrait-maddle banaiaa; mantuan sperandio, pandranvin sadee daa sabh toon vadda tamga jetu, atey horr bahut saare. iss samein vee, mohar laggiaa tamga pramukhta vall waps aaunda haii. rome witch benvenuto seleni atey, uss toon baad, caradoso, atey khaas karke pope pudine dey maalak zikar dey hakkdaar hunn. cavino duaara roman samrat dey kaansi dey sikkiaan dee nakal sachmuch parshansayog haii. ant witch, kujh samein baad, italvi tamga jetu videshi rajkumaran dee seva witch paae jaande hann needarlands witch jacopo daa trezo, germany witch doou abondio. italvi tagma purane franch utpadan dey vikas utte sabh toon shaktishali prabhav paunda haii. pandravin sadee dey akhirle addh witch italvi laurana neey pahile franch tagmiaan noon maariaa, atey agle samein dey kamm spasht taur teey italvi visheshtavan noon darsaunde hunn. starhvin sadee takk ikk naveen shaili naheen dikhai ditti, jiss witch drappery vishesh taur 'teey parshansayog taur' teey dubara tiaar keeti gaee haii; sabh toon pramukh kalakar jeane richier, matz vikhe, atey baad witch, guillom dupre atey jeane warrin sunn. germany witch, sabh toon purane vadde chaandi dey tukde italian sikkiaan dey prabhav heth, tyrol dey haal witch tiaar keete gaye sunn; atey giaan marco cavalo, jiss noon taksal dey ukkari dey roop witch haal witch sadda ditta giaa see, noon ih sikke qalaa dey itihaas witch aapni mahattavpuran sathiti atey germany dey bahut saare tagmiaan utte aapne pardarshanyog prabhav dey caarn hunn. ih, german tamga qalaa dey sabh toon purane namune, ikko samein dey sikkiaan dey honn karke, mohar laggi hoee see; parr, italvi dee tarahan, german tamga mohar laggan witch aapni uchtam sampuranta takk naheen pahunchada, balki cast tukdiaan witch pahunchada haii. boxwod, kehlheim patthar atey baad witch mome dey baney maadlan dee ikk vaddi ginti ajey vee maujood haii. lakkad jaan patthar dey inhan chittran noon pahilan antam manniaa jaanda see, atey siraf dhigriaan duaara uhanan noon dhaat witch dhalan laee maadlan vajon vartiaa jaanh lagga. ih cast maddle, jinhan neey germany dey qalaa-kendran (solhvin sadee dey arambh witch, augusburg atey neuremberg) witch aapni dikkh banayi, isey tarahan unhan dee shuruat italian maddle naal hoee. parr siraf uhanan daa mool; german maddle daa agge daa vikas puurii tarahan mool atey sutantar lines daa paalan karda haii jadon takk ih italian dey paddhar 'teey uttmata dee digri takk naheen pahunchada. ih sacch haii kii german aapne ankadiaan dee daulat naal shandar design tiaar curran witch asfal rahinde hunn joe saanoon italvi tagmiaan dey ulat milde hunn; iss dee bajaae, aseen aam taur 'teey, hathiaaran dey kotan dee shandar numaindagi paunde haan. german maddle dee vaddi taakat agge vaale paase sahee chittar noon lagu curran laee ditti gaee piaar bharee dekhbhal witch haii; atey ih maddle dey udesh naal mail khanda haii, joe itali dey mukabale maddh varag dey pramukh parivaran witch bahut ziaada vandiaa giaa see. german tagma saal 1500 toon turant baad aapne sikhar 'teey pahunch jaanda haii, joe kii italian naalon kaafi baad witch haiyav saade cole aaunn valiaan sabh toon puraniaan udaharnan vicchon ikk albrect durrer dee haii. bahut saare kalakar saanoon aapni pachanh daa koee sanket naheen dinde jaan aapne aap noon chinnhan jaan pratikan naal dastkhat karde hunn jinhan dee viaakhiaa karna aksar mushkal hunda haii. halanki, hunn ih sambhav hoow giaa haii kii pieter floatner noon bahut keemati tagmiaan dee ikk lammi luddy nirdharat keeti jaave, joe kii neuremberg dey ikk maastar hunn, jiss noon iss laee saare tamga jetuaan vicchon ikk manniaa jaanha chahida haii; uss toon baad maths gable hunn. iss samein dey horr mahattavpuran tamga jetu hunn hannes doucher, jinhan daa ziaadaatar kamm palatinate dee adalat laee keeta giaa see; neuremberg dey hannes schwarz, "lakkad witch sabh toon vadhiaa jaali", jinhan neey 1518 dey augusburg dey khurak dey memberan laee vaddi ginti witch kamm keete; jacob stampfer, switzerland witch; friedrich hagnor, sabh toon prasidh kalakaran vicchon ikk; joachim dashler, joe ant witch austria witch vas giaa, jitthe, khaas karke vienna, cramnits atey joachimstal dey taksal witch, iss samein vaddi ginti witch tamge maare gaye sunn, halanki, uh saare naheen, halanki, tamge dee qalaa dey laabh laee; hannes rehard, jinhan toon saade cole bahut savdhani naal bahut saare challies atey tobias, doven sexi witch hunn. solhvin sadee dey ant takk german maddle spasht taur 'teey aapne sikhar noon paar qarr giaa haii atey videshi, atey, shuru witch, vishesh taur' teey italvi rachnavan 'teey nirbhar hoow giaa haii. needarlands witch qalaa neey ucch padhri sampuranta prapat keeti. itthe mahaan naam stephens hollandics atey, kujh samein baad, konrad block, doven solhvin sadee dey dooje addh dey, atey starhvin sadee dey pieter vain abil hunn. england witch tamga jetu ziaadaatar videshi hunde hunn; mool kalakaran vicchon, joe bahut dair takk pesh naheen hunde, sabh toon vaddh zikar dey hakkdaar hunn. saiman atey viliam atey ail. see. leone. dooje paase caspar atey saiman paase bahut dhiaan naal ukkre hoye chhote, patle chaandi dey tukdiaan dey utpadan witch mahaan kalatmak hunar prapat karde hunn. horr raajan dee mahatta ghatt haii; unhan neey ziaadaatar videshi kalakaran noon naukari ditti. aadhunik yugg dee shuruat witch itali atey germany witch prapat keete gaye ucch kalatmak paddhar noon sathayi taur 'teey kaaim naheen rakkhiaa jaa sakiaa. kiunki jadon kii shandar kalakritiaan itthe-utthe tiaar keetiaan jandiaan sunn, kalakritiaan dey roop witch tamge atey sikke vaddh toon vaddh kharaab hunde gaye. unhivin sadee dey maddh toon baad takk qalaa noon ikk navaan hulara naheen miliaa atey ih france witch sabh toon pahilan see. siraf iss dey baahari pragtaviaan noon dhiaan witch rakkhde hoye, iss andolan dee shuruat dee sahee mitee noon nirdharat karna vee sambhav haii. 2 maee, 1868 noon, paris taksal dey kamite consultatif days gravers dey pardhan chemist dumas neey ikk sambodhan ditta jiss witch unhan nuksan vall ishara keeta giaa jinhan neey maddle dey kalatmak vikas noon rokiaa, atey taksal dey pardhan vajon, uhanan dee sodh laee apeel keeti. unhan neey vishesh taur utte akkhran, palish, ucchi rima aadi dey maade suaad daa zikar keeta. jey ih sambodhan baahari roop naal sambandhit see, taan maddle dey asal udesh daa ikk navaan drishtikon pahilan hii hauli-hauli banaiaa jaa chukka see. audines, paul dubois, chaps, sabh toon vaddh herbert ponscorms (tagmiaan dee palish daa virodh curran vaala pahila) atey baad witch desorge, chaplain atey daniel dupris, aaskar rotty dey nirman toon baad, hunn takk dey sabh toon vakkhre franch tamga jetuaan neey vakkaar haasal keeta. uh naa siraf ikk portratist dey roop witch, balki vishesh taur 'teey ulat dee rachna witch uttam haiyav uss dey vadhiaa roopak (ee.jee.ladkiaan dee sikkhiaa dey sabndh witch marrit laee maddle-gantantar deeaan adhiaapan maavan, mardan deeaan bhavikh deeaan maavan) quatrocento dey kalakaran noon yaad karde hunn, jiss daa usne dhiaan naal adhiaen keeta, parr ikk niyam dey roop witch, siddhe taur teey nakal naheen keeti. jiven tamge noon lagu curran toon pahilan lambe atey savdhani naal vichaar-vatandra keeta jaanda haii kii buniaadi vichaar noon kiven kamm keeta jaanha haii (ajiha lagda haii kii ponscarm neey iss witch agvai keeti haii) iss laee amal aapne aap witch aakhri pall takk sabh toon savdhani naal dhiaan dinda haii. kalakar daa hatth hii uss dey kamm noon chhuhna chahida haii. iss tarahan franch maddle neey shandar natije prapat keete hunn, bhaven kii siraf iss dey takniki gunan dey adhaar teey faisla keeta giaa howay. franch andolan toon sutantar taur 'teey, austria witch ikk tamga punar surjiti shuru hoow gaee haii. aintan sharf neey tamga shaili dee bahali atey sakhat ravaiti roopan toon mukti liaandi; uss dey naal kamm qarr rahey josaf thottenheim, bazurg, stephen schwartz, chizeld maddle dee takneek dey mahr, atey franz zawar polic hunn. haal hii witch rudolf marshell neey ikk portratist vajon ucch pratishtha jitti haii, atey leo XIII atey pice X dovan laee tamge jittan laee commission prapat keeta haii. franch atey veeneez tagmiaan neey dooje deshan witch ikk ajihi gatividhi daa sadda ditta haii jiss dey natije vajon pahilan hii tamga qalaa dey bahut saare sunder namune mill chukke hunn. agast. vee. lohar.

kaitholik vishvakosha (1913)/mudrashastram charchamadhye sankhyaanaam upayogah nanka-demethys a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a mudraavidnyaanam iti mudranam padakeshu cha vidnyaanam asti. pratyekam mudraa athavaa padakam, yasyaam saamskrutika-aarthik-raajanaitik-paristhitayah tasya utpatteh karanat, etat vidnyaanam manavajatyaha vividha-sabhya-samudayanam anusaaram vibhajyate. naa kevalam vishishtam vidnyaanam apitu, swa-swabhaageshu, rashtranam itihasena, teshaam samskrutehe cha vishaye, yathaa shaastreey-puraatatvashaastram, sankuchita-arthena itihaasah, praachyavaadah ityadinam vishayeshu vidnyaanasya shakha api asti. vyaavahaarikaroopen kevalam prachina-aadhunik-prachya-mudraavidnyaanasya mahattvam vartate. api cha mudraavidnyaanasya, yat mukhyataya varnanaatmakam asti, mudraavidnyaanasya cha madhye bhedah karaneeyah, yat mudraam kalaatmak-aarthik-saamskrutika-pakshaat drushtam bhavati. mudraa-sangrahasya anveshanasya vishaye saiddhaamtika-mudraashaastrasy avalambanam vidnyaanasya itihaase spashtatayaa drushyate. kasyaapi mahattvasya praarambhikaani prakashanani sangrahakanam aavashyakataam poorayitum likhitaah aasan (udaa.jii. teller, grochen, ducats ityetayoho vividha-mantrisabhah tathaa "munjbelastibungen" athavaa "nanika-gatakaalah"), parantu prachina-mudraavidnyaanasya vaidnyaanik-chikitsayaha adharaha 1790 paryantam, ekel ityanena, aadhunik-krute naa tu 19 shatabdyabhyantare, medder grot, level ityanena cha naa pradattaah. (saha sa. a. smaranam yogyam. thaamas aquinas ityayam "da regimin principis" ityasmin, II, xiii, xiv ityasmin, dhanasya mudraayaah cha vishaye abhisambodhanam krutavaan, tathaa cha etat krutihi bahubhyah varshaani yaavat canonists-madhye adhikaarah aasit.) mudranam praacheenatamah sangrahah yasya vishaye asmakam katipayadnyaanam asti, saha panchadashashataabdyaah asti, tathaa cha petrarch ityanena nirmitah aasit; tasya udaaharanam anyaah anukarakah drushtaah. 1556-60 madhye hubert goltz ityayam europe-deshasya vividhasangrahaan abhyaagacchat, yeshu 950 iti kathyate, teshaam malikanam mrutyoho anantaram samanyataha vikshiptaanaam nijisangrahanam apekshayaa shasakanam, rajyanam, sangrahalayanam cha sangrahanam sarvochcham mahattvam vartate, mudraashaastreey-anveshanaartham sarvaadhikam vishvasaneeyam aadharam cha pradadaati. 1756 tame varshe eva austria-deshasya prathama-fraamsis-varyaha, "monnoyis enn aar" tathaa "monnoyis enn argent" iti mahaan saundaryapoornayoh krutidwaye, tasya sangrahasya dhanaan prakatitavaan, tathaa cha sadyah varsheshu, visheshatah british-sangrahaalayasy mahaan soocheeh, asmin vidnyaanasya suchana-mahattvapoornaani srotaani abhavan. sangrahakanam, saiddhaamtikachhaatraanaam cha aavashyakataayah karanat, eteshaam samaajaih prachuratayaa prakashitani mudraashaastreey-samajaha, praayah 100 tantrika-niyatakaalikaah cha santi. vividhanagareshu prativarsham aayojite german-sosaiti-aaf-numismatics ityasya sabhaasu antarashtriya-sammelanaani vikasitaani santi-brasals, 1892; pyaris, 1900 (camte dee castellen tathaa e. blanchet); rome, 1903; (attee dell kaangreso internagionale dee scienz storich, 6 khandaah.); brasals, 1910. a. mudraah mudraah dhaatu-khandarupena vyaakhyaayante yaani vaidhaanik-mudraaroopen karyam kurvanti. asmin shabdasya antargatam samanya-mudraa, smaarak-mudraah athavaa saarwajanik-praadhikaranen mudraamkitaani prastuteekaran-mudraah, sthapita-manakena anuroopaani, ityadini santi., parantu kagadiyadhanam athavaa nijee-mudraah naa. antimavargam prati vayam aangl-token ityetaan suchayama, ye praayah 1800 tame varshe aamshika-mudraayaah aparyaapt-aapoorteh parinaamen prasaritaha aasan; api cha, "merex" iti namna prasidhaah khandaah, visheshatah charch-nigamaih, dhanasya krute vaachar-rupena, tadanantaram saamaanyaroopen mulyartham, yathaa jetones, athavaa counter-rupena, "rechnungspenij" ityaadibhih cha nirgamitaah. yadaa pratyekam vyaktihi swajeewikaayaah krute pruthivyaa naa pihitum shaknoti tadaa shramasya vitaranasya, utpadanam vitaranasya cha aavashyakataa utpannam bhavati. etat prathame vastoonaam vinimayena prabhaavitam asti, yasya krute samanyataya pashunam madhye drushyamaanasya sarvavyaapyena upalabdhasya vinimayasya madhyamena aavashyakataa bhavati (hommer ityasmin menilas ityasya upakaranasy moolyam 9 steers iti bhavati; himanadasya saadhanasy moolyam 100 iti). pashunam atiriktam adima-purushaah charmasya, pettaah, vastrasya ityadinam upayogah kurvanti sma.etasmaat prayojanartham. parantu sheeghramev, vaishvikaroopena upayoktum shakyate mulyasya maapanam anveshtum aavashyakam bhavati, tathaa cha asya krute swarnam, rajatam, taamram cha atyantam purvakalat eva upayujyate; anyaih dhaatubhih saha prayogasya anantaram tulanaatmakaroopen sadyah varsheshu eteshu nikel-dhaatuh yojitaa asti. dhaatu-dhanasya prathama-charanam kasyaapi aakaarasy dhaatu-khandasya bharena praaptam bhavati; parantu, yatah kevalam sthool-bhaarah eva asyaah prakriyaya nirdhaaritah bhavet, naa tu sukshmatayaha matra (bahumulya-dhaatu-kshetre atyantam aavashyakah kaarakah), ataha saarwajanik-praadhikaranasy mudrapatrena sukshmatam pramaaneekartum aavashyakataa utpannam bhavati, tathaa cha eshaa mudrapatrika dhaatu-pindam mudraaroopen nirmeeyati. ullikhitaanaam dhaatushu ekasya eva upayogah sheeghramev aparyaaptah iti siddhah bhavati-paryaptataya laghuroopasy suvarnamudranam prasaaranam vaa, mooladhaatuh upayogena, paryaptataya ucchamulyanam mudranam nirgamanam vaa asambhavam asti. ataha ekasamaye dwau vaa treeni vaa dhaatuh vaa upayoktum aavashyakam. etat moolyaparimaapakatwen ekam bahumoolyam dhaatuh, anyam tamrena saha, kevalam vastu athavaa sahaayak-mudraaroopen vaa upayoktum shakyate, anyathaa vidhinaa nishchiteshu dhaanye (dwi-dhaatu) moolyaparimaapakaroopen dwayoh dhatuyoho upari ekayoge davam krutvaa kartum shakyate, parantu, yena dwayoh bahumulya-dhatuyoho vinimaya-darena praayah samasyaah utpannah asti. mudraah samanyataya vruttaakaaraah, kadaachit andaakaaraah, chatushkoneeyah cha bhavanti; etaani antimaani mudraah aapatkaaleen-mudraasu visheshatah samanyani santi, sweeden-deshe api vishaal-akaram, bruhat-bhaarah cha yaavat vardhante sma. visheshatah sudoorapoorvadishi atyantam vilakshanaroopasya mudraah api drushyante. yantram, shilalekham cha atirichya mudraasu praayah pudinachinhani athavaa pudina-guruhu iti namna prasidhaah chihnaani santi, ye vishesha-ullekhasya yogyaani santi. pudina-guruhu, dai-sinkers cha anekeshu sandarbheshu katipayanam chihnanam vaa aksharanam vaa madhyamena swakarmanaam bhedam kartum abhyastau stah; tathaa cha pudina-mudraah swaswamudranam bhedam patraihi kurvanti, yaihi nirgamasthaanam paaramparikaih svecchayaa cha chihnaihi soochate, athavaa anyaih madhyamena-kadaachit avidnyaataabhyah naa drushyate-yathaa shilaalekhanasy vishishtasya aksharasya adhah bindunah sthaapanam. evam mudranam vividhaani nirgamasthaanaani anyathaa samaanaroopen vishishtaah bhavanti. mudraashaastrasy vidnyaanam dravyadrushtyaa bruhadaanena mudranam aavishkaaraih unnatam asti-poorva ajnaataprakaaraanaam gyaanaat atiriktam, etaadrushaah aavishkaaraah nirdishtakaaleshu mudranam vaastavika-prasarasya vishaye, katipayaani mudraah swaraajyasya simayaha bahihi kiyat vartamaanaani aasan iti vishaye cha shikshaatmak-antardrushtim pradadaati, tathaa cha anativrutteekruta-prakaran, visheshatah madhyayugebhyah, kasyaapi vishishta-pudina-guruhu athavaa sunishchit-kaalasy krute nirdishtum sahayyam kurvanti. vidnyaanasya adhyayanasya, tathaa mudranam vargeekaranasya cha kaalaanukramikarupen, prachina-madhyayugeen-aadhunik-tathaa bhaugolikadrushtyaa, tatsthaaneeyakaalasy bhinna-raajanaitik-vibhaajan-iti trayah mahateeyugaah anusaritavyah prathaa asti. greek-mudranam krute, ekel-ityanena anukaraniya-vyavasthaa sweekrutah, yaa adyaapi prayujyate. herculus ityasya stambhaat aarabhy saha prachinakalat dnyaataah vishvasya deshaan, yathaa bhoomadhyasaagarasy paritah teshaam sthananam kramanusare, prathame europe, tatah asia, yaavat bharatam, ante africa-deshaan easypt-deshaat gibralter-jalasandhiparyantam punah sweekaroti. a. greek-mudraah prachina-mudrashastre "greek" iti padam sarvadaa roman-mulasya italian-ess-grave ityetam vihaay sarvaani mudraah antarbhootvaa dnyaayate. maudrika-ekakam 60 minutes (naa pratibhaam, naa minaani cha kasyaapi mudrayaa pratinidhitvam bhavati), athavaa 6000 drachme, pratyekam 6 obols-samaanam asti. adhikaamsheshu mudraah pertian-bhaar-pranaalim aadhrutya bhavanti. pertian-jananam bharasya mulyayutasya dhaatuh dwau bhinnau maanau aasan-swarnasya euboyan-rajatasya babylonian-iti. swarna-daric, samanya-swarna-mudraa, greek-rajat-dedracm ityanena anuroopam, yasya bhaarah 8.385 graam (praayah 129 1/3 grain); rajat-daric (shekel), 5.57 graam (praayah 87 grain) iti asti. prachinatame kaale, yathaa 1 taha 10 paryantam, rajatasya moolyam swarnasya moolyam bhavati, tathaiva swarna-daric 15 rajat-daric-ityasya samatulyam asti. mudraa-nirmanasya anyaani maanakaah fosein, agineten, attary, corinthian, tolemic, asia-mainar ityasya systophoric-maanakam cha aasan; tathaapi eteshu kechan pertian-manakena nishpannani bhaveyuhu. puratanasya agineton solan ityasya krute laghu-attary-maanakam pratisthapayitva runasya aamshika-nirmoolanam abhavat. tetradracm (25-33 mm) iti sarvaadhikam nirmitaani khandaani aasan. vyaase) tathaa cha didrakm; ashtadashah, dwaadashah cha draakme ityasya khandaah apavaadinah santi, cha chatushtimshati dracma khandah durlabhah asti. nimnagaamee-skelamadhye vibhaajanam chaturthaamsha-obolus (= 1/24 dracma) paryantam vistrutaa asti. greek-asiadeshe suvarna-rajat-mishranena (alectrum) nirmitaani laghu-mudraah upayujyante sma. grees-deshe rajat-mudraah bahu prabalah aasit; taamra-mudraah 400 bii. poorvavartinah naa santi.sii.swarnam tu viralatayaa mudritam jaatam. aparam, pertian-jananam mudraah suvarna-samruddhaa aasit, teshaam udaaharanam eva massedon-nagarasya phillip-dwiteeyah tathaa alexander-da-gret ityetaan prabhaavitavaan. katipayaan apavaadaan vihaay, ucchatama-starasya sukshmatayaha lakshyam aasit, swarna-daric 97 pratishatam uttamm aasit. praarambhe mudrakaranam ekena dai ityanena krutam aasit-riktasya dhaatunah prushtabhaagah samanyataha vargaakaaren pegg ityanena drudatayaa dhaaritah aasit, ataha chatushkoneey-depression (incuse square) rupena tasya prabhaawah praaptah; kalantare ayam vargah rekhaihi, aakrutyaabhih, shilaalekhebhih cha alankrutah abhavat. dakshina-itaali-deshe parasparm yojitaah dwau dai ityetau prayuktau aasan, yena mudraah agrabhaage utkeernaroopen, prushtabhaage cha samaanam vinyaasam prastooyanti ("nummee incusi"). shilalekhah rashtrasya anusaaram bhinnabhaashaasu santi. dvibhashi-shilalekhaha-ee.jii., greek-lattin-tathaa cha shilalekhaha yatra bhasha prakaarah cha naa yojayanti-ee.jii.sapriot-varneshu greek-bhashayam api bhavati; greek-varneshu api kaalakramen anekaani parivartanaani bhavanti. mudranam adhikaarah saarvabhoumatvasya visheshaadhikaarah iti karanat, shilaalekheshu prathamam tasya saarwabhaumashakteh naam ullikhitam asti yasya adhikarasya adheene mudraa mudritaa aasit; grees-deshe, aleksaandar-da-gret ityasya kaalaparyantam, ayam samudayah aasit. mudranam prabharasya adhikarinam naamaani api drushyante; pashchat mudraah api varsham darshayanti, yat praayah chayanayugat ganyate, 312 bii.sii. prachinatamanam mudranam utpattih ejinaa-tatapradesheshu, sambhawatah lydia-nagare, yathaa herodotus vadati, athavaa ejinaa-nagare, yasya raja feedon iti periyan-vruttaantah praayah saa. sha. poo. 600 taha poorvam varnayati.sii. ekasyaam samudrasya vibhinnaah dweepaah mudraasu mudraasu mudraasu mudraasu mudraasu mudraasu mudraasu mudraasu mudraasu mudraasu mudraasu mudraasu mudraasu mudraasu mudraasu mudraasu mudraasu mudraasu mudraasu mudraasu mudraasu mudraasu mudraasu mudraasu mudraasu mudraasu mudraasu mudraasu mudraasu mudraasu mudraasu mudraasu mudraasu mudraasu mudraasu mudraasu mudraasu mudraasu mudraasu mudraasu mudraasu mudraasu mudraasu mudraasu mudraasu mudraasu mudraasu mudraasu mudraasu mudraasu mudraasu mudraasu mudraasu mudraasu mudraasu mudraasu mudraasu mudraasu mudraasu mudraasu mudraasu mudraasu mudraasu mudraasu mudraasu mudraasu mudraasu mudraasu mudraasu mudraasu mudraasu mudraasu mudraasu mudraasu mudraasu mudraasu mudraasu mudraasu mudraasu mudraasu mudraasu mudraasu mudraasu mudraasu mudraasu mudraasu mudraasu mudraasu mudraasu mudraasu mudraasu mudraasu mudraasu mudraasu mudraasu mudraasu mudraasu mudraasu mudraasu mudraasu mudraasu mudraasu mudraasu mudraasu. dakshina-itaali-deshasya mudraah adhikam naa kalat aarabhy santi, yathaa saa. sha. poo. 510 tame varshe nashtasy sibaris-nagaraat namunaah santi iti pramaanatah.sii. grees-deshasya prachyasya asia-mainar-deshasya cha praarambhik-mudraah dhaatavah sthool-khandaah santi, ye cha cha cha cha chaplava-golikaprakaraha santi, tathaa cha svaabhaavikatayaa, saralatamaah yantraani, vanaspatayah, pashavah cha dhaarayanti, ye sheeghramev vishishta-pradeshanam vishishtaah bhavanti; teshaam pashchat devataanaam, purushaanaam cha shiraha, aakrutayah cha bhavanti, kadaachit samooheshu samyuktaah bhavanti. praayah 400 b.sii. greek-deshasya dai-cutting-kalaa purnataya vikaasam praapnot, tadanantaram kasyaapi jatya asamanatam praaptawateeh, syracuse prathamastham dhaarayati; tadanantaram aradia, theebs, olinthus ityadini kramam prapnuyat. greek-shrunkhalaayaam yanam mudraah antarbhavanti, te hellenic-deshetarajananam madhye, asmakam krute sarwaadhikaah mahattwapoornaah janaah yahudee-janaah santi. prathame te videshiyamudranam upayogam kurvanti sma, parantu syrian-deshasya viruddham machebi-janaanaam adheenam rashtriya-udayasya parinaamaroopen, pradhaanapurohitah syman, antiocus VII (139-38 b) ityatah praaptah.sii.) mudranam adhikaarah. saiman taamram rajatam cha mudrayat. tasya krute "shekel-isrel" iti aakhyaayitam asti-agra-akhyayika (shekel-isrel), tathaa cha ekam panapatram vaa paatram yasya upari dinaankah (1-5, mudranam adhikarasya pradanat ganyate); pratyutaram, akhyayika (jeroosalam-pavitram), tathaa tribhihi kalaihi yukttam lilly-stall. anye makabi-jaan hadronus, judas aristobulus, alexander janeyas, matatheous antigonus ityadini-puraatane hibrubhashayam athavaa hibroo-greek-bhashayam shilaalekhen saha visheshatayaa taamram eva nirmitavantah. tadanantaram idumian rajakumarasya nayakasya tasya uttaradhikarinam cha taamramudraani praaptaani. christon-ityasya kaale roman-mudraah api prachaleetaani aasan. etat pratidaanadhanasy kathaya siddham. "te tam ekapayam cha samarpayan. yeeshuh taan aprucchat, eshaa kaarachihnam shilalekhah cha asti? te tam vadanti-seesar ityasya "(myaat).xxii, 19-21). kevalam roman-viruddhe yudanam vidrohadvaye eva etat abhavat.dee. 66-70 tathaa 132-135, tatt rajatam punah kramashah ilazar tathaa saiman tathaa baar-kacchaa ityasya adheene nirmitam. christ ityasya anantaram prathamashataabdyaah bactrian-mudraasu gondofers iti naam, athavaa kimapi samaanam naam, trishu megi-madhye ekasya kaspar ityanena saha samaanam iti manyate. kha. roman-mudraah italian-deshe vinimayasya prarambhikam madhyamam taamram aasit, yasya pratyeka-vyavahaarasya bhaarah bhavet ("o. ess. rudd"). prathamam asya upayogah aniyamitaroopen, pashchat anaachaarayukteshu pattasu cha abhavat. prathamam vaidha-mudraapatram pradadat iti shreyam servius tulius ityasmai dattam, yah adhikatayaa pashunam ("praimas signavit oss; oss signetum") nishchit-akrutya saha dandanam mudraam krutavaan iti kathyate. yathaa-mudranam mudranam parichayah, teshaam moolyam soochayati, tathaa cha nagarasya prateekaah cha bahu pashchat kaalasy santi. maudrika-ekakam 12 auns (10.527 oz) yaavat aasit. troy), roman-paund ityasya samatulyam ("libra"-ataha, libral-standard); tathaapi, samanyataya, e ess ityasya bhaarah kevalam 10 auns (praayah 8 3/4 auns) aasit. trayo). ("ardha-" = 1/2, "tribhuja-" = 1/3, "chaturbhuja-" = 1/4, "sextance" = 1/6, tathaa "yunsia" = 1/12) ityetayoho vibhaajanaah, yena te adhikatayaa sahajataya vibhedyante, ekasyaam pakshe auns-yukttaih kandukaih ankitaah aasan. ekasmin bhaage rome-nagarasya vishishta-yantrasya, naukaayaah proo ityasya pratinidhitvam aasit, aparasmin, devatvasya shiraha, yat mudraayaah mulyena bhinnah aasit. mudraah golaah, ucchaah, parantu kechan anaakaaraah, upashirshakaha, prastutah cha aasan; kechan campaniadeshe mudritaah aasan. 268 b.sii. yathaa-dravyasya bhaarah nirantaram nyooneekrutah; granthasya maanakam prathame tribhujam, tatah uncial, ante api moolabhaarasy ardha-uncial maanakam-1/24 abhavat. yadyapi manakena eshaa nyunikaranam bruhattaramulyanam ("dupandius, trapondius, decusis", kramashah 2,3,10 gadhanam samatulyam) mudranam nirmaanam sulabhataram krutavaan, tathaapi tatt tamramudranam vartamaanamoolyam teshaam aantarikamulyaat bahu adhikam dattavaan, tathaa mudraanka-mudraayaah sthaane mudraanka-mudraayaah prayogam cha pravardhayat. livee ityasya matena prathamam rajatamudraani saa. sha. poo. 268 tame varshe mudritaah aasan.sii.etat prathamam rajat-khandam "dinarius" iti aasit, yat 10 gadhanam samatulyam aasit. tadanantaram "quinerious" (1/2 "denarius"), "cestertius" (1/4 "denarius") iti laghu-moolyavargah aasit. etaan atirichya "victoriatus" (1/4 "denarius") iteedam keshaanchan prantanam vaanijya-mudraaroopen upayogaay nirmitam. prathame ekapavuntasya 1/72 bharakam dinarius 217 b madhye nyunikrutam.sii. 1/84 paryantam, rajatam praayah shuddham aasit. agrabhaage "dee romaa" iti drushyate; aparatah, dwayoskuree iti; eteshu mudraapatrayoh poorvam visheshatayaa bahubhyah varshaani yaavat upayoge aasit. pudina-mudraah ekaa ayogena ("tresviri ore argento oro flando feriyundo") vyavasthaapitaa aasit, yasya sadasyaah sheeghramev mudraasu swasya naamaani athavaa aadyaksharaani sthaapayan, pashchat svaparivaarasya sadasyanam, teshaam karyanam (parivaarasya athavaa dootaavaasasy mudraah) cha mahimaam dattavantah. tasmin samaye api, parantu samrajyakale adhikatayaa, kshar-dhaatuh dinarayi aasit, ye praayah rajaten ("dinarayi suboivatee") patitaah aasan. suvarnasya nirmaanam viralatayaa abhavat. seesar-mudraayaah saamraajy-mudraayaah parivartanam 44 bii. madhye soochayati.sii. tasya chitrayuktaanaam mudranam nirgamanam seenet-ityanena aadeshitam. brutus ityapi etat udaharanam anusarata, tathaa cha augustus ityanena saha chitramudranam aviratashrunkhalaa arabhyate. yadyapi seasure ityeshah suvarna-rajat-mudranam adhikaram poorvamev angeekrutavaan aasit, tathaapi augustus ityeshah kevalam swaartham eva ayam adhikaram angeekrutavaan, kevalam taamra-mudraah seenet-samsthaayai eva avashishtavaan; ete taamra-mudraah ess-aksharaihi varnitaah santi.sii. ("senatos consulto"). aareliyan (270-76) api etat visheshaadhikaaram seenet-pakshaat sveekrutavaan. samrajyat aarabhy vayam prachuram suvarnamudraam pashyaamah. pramukhah mudraa "aureus" asti, yasya bhaarah praayah 123 1/2 grain asti; tasya agrabhaage samraat ityasya naam, upadhi, chitram cha asti; tasya vipareetam, samruddhavividhataayaam aitihaasika-pratinidhitvaani santi. nirmanam, samraat-varyasya priyadevataam, tasya alankrutaanaam, athavaa alankaranm apekshitaanaam sadgunanam murtarupani, tasya kutumbasya sadasyanam pratinidhitvam cha bhavati. asmin vishaye traajan-hadrian-ityetayoho shrunkhalaah visheshatayaa samruddhaah santi. neero ityanena mudranam, visheshatah rajatasya, kshayam praarabdham, tathaa cha yaavat punah kinchitkramam naa sthaapitam taavat yaavat naa abhavat. saha "solidus" iti nootanam swarnamudraa praavartayat, yat ekapavuntasya (praayah 70 dhaanyaani) 1/72 ityasya samatulyam aasit, yat shatabdan yaavat mudraa-vyavasthaayaah vikaase mahattvapoornam kaarakam aasit. kasyaapi aayojanasy smaranartham jaarikrutaanaam, visheshatayaa bruhadyaah, savadhanataya cha nishpaditanam cha pudina-krutayah, padakaah visheshatayaa ullekhaneeyaah. te suvarna-rajat-taamra-dhaatubhih nirmitaani aasan, tathaa cha bahumoolye dhaatubhih nirmitaani aasan, praayah vidhimaanaken anuroopam nirmitaani aasan. tamrasya nirmitaani pratiroopaani api santi, ye peeta-dhaatu-vruttena ("medails dey dukes cuverse") paritah santi. contorniate" iti padam oordhvatarmayukte bruhad vruttaakaarasy tamramudrayaha krute prayujyate, yat mukhyataya circancian-kreedaayaah vishaye upayujyate. poorvadishi roman-samraat-ityeteshaam mudraah, ye baizaintain iti nirdishtah santi, te kaalaanukramikarupen nyunatinyoonam madhyayugehe santi, parantu teshaam mudraasu nireekshite manakena, aarambhe mudranam swaroopena cha nirdhaaritaah, sampornashrunkhalaa roman-samrajyasya samasyaih saha nikatayaa sambadhaah santi. tamrasya utpattih prachuraroopen abhavat, rajatasya utpattih viralaroopen bhavati sma, parantu swarna-mudraayaah mahattvam sarvaadhikam bhavati sma. bahubhyah varshebhyah suvarnam kevalam bagantium ityatra eva nirmitam aasit, ete suvarna-mudraah naa kevalam pashchimadeshasy swarna-mudranam krute, yat trimshatishataabdyaabhyanta punah naa punah praavartat, apitu islaam-deshasya krute api pratirooparoopen karyam krutavantah. baizaintain-mudraasu kalaatmak-yogyataayaah sarvathaa abhaawah asti-teshaam prakaarah kathorah ekataanah cha asti. poorvasampatteh, vividha-sadhananam cha sthaane, vayam dhaarmikachihnaani, kristasya ekavarnam, santaan cha pashyaamah. jaan VIII ityasya mudraa, samraat-madhye antimah, parantu ekaha, praayah panchadashashataabdyaah madhyabhaage, baizaintain-shrunkhalaayaah antimah aasit. sii. madhyayugeen-mudraah prachina-roman-samrajyasya pradeshikasimayaha antah udabhavitaah nootan-rajyani prathame roman-mudranam upayogam krutavantah, yeshu paryaapt-sankhyayam mudraah aasan. jaateey-pravaasakaalasy durlabh-svaayatta-vishayaah roman-shrunkhalayaa saha ateeva nikatayaa sambadhaah santi; kevalam france-deshasya merovingian-janaah eva kinchitkalam yaavat swaswatantram krutavantah. parantu sheeghramev mudraasambandhishu sarveshu vishayeshu samanya-patanam aarabdham; mudraah nirantaram sthoolaani bhavanti, swarna-mudraa adrushyaa bhavati, taamra-mudraa asadharanarupena eva nirmitah; laghuvilvarnaa mudraah eva ekamaatram deya-madhyamam aasit. chaarlamen ityeshah kasminshchit prakarasya vyavasthaam punahsthaapayat; kevalam raajnaa prayujyamaanasy raaj-visheshaadhikaararoopen mudrakaranasya adhikaram abhyarthayitvaa, saha sarvaan nijee-mudraan damanam akarot, ye tasmin samaye vinaashakaari-anupatan gruheetavantah aasan. saha api mudrane adhika-dhyanam kartum aadishat, tathaa cha asmin vishaye niyamaah cha krutavaan, ye europe-deshasya adhikaamshabhaagasya krute maanakaah abhavan, ye cha, teshaam aawashyak-lakshanaih, adyaavadhi england-deshe karyam kurvanti. adharaha rajatasya pratibhayaha, athavaa paund ityasya (praayah 11/5 auns) aasit. troy); etat 20 shiling-madhye vibhaktam aasit (paund tathaa shiling-ityetayoho kevalam lekhayaha dhanah eva aasit) pratyekam 12 pence ("diniers") ityasya samatulyam aasit. ataha penee ityasya bhaarah 23 1/2 dhaanyam aasit. carlovingian-mudraasu cruss ityasya pratinidhitvam, stambhaihi alankrutam charch cha, "christiana religio" iti akhyayakena pariveshtitam, cha samanyani vinyaasaani santi. madhyayugeshu vishishta-aarthik-sthitayah nirantaram nyunikartamananam bharanam sukshmatam cha rajat-mudranam nirgamanam praavartayan, yena te nirantaram adhikatayaa mulyahinani abhavan, moolyavruddhehe parinaamen cha mudraa-rupena naa upayujyante sma. evam ekasyaah prakriyayaha aarambhah abhavat, yat madhyayuge anekavaaram punaraavartitam aasith prachinanam laghu-mudranam avamoolyanasya parinaamen, bruhattaraani, adhikamoolyam cha nootanaani mudraah kasminchit nagare praavartitaani, yasmaat te sampoorn-europe-deshe vijayapooranam krutavantah. kalantare ete avamoolyanaani abhavan, nutanena samasyaya pratisthapitaha cha abhavan. trimshatishatabdyam shiling (12 pence-samaanam) prathamavaaram paryatanakale nirmitam aasit; "dinier" ityasya viruddham, yat tasmin samaye ateeva patalam jaatam aasit, tatt "nummas grassus" (sthool-mudraa) iti namna, tathaa cha, yatra prathamam nirmitam aasit tasya naamatah "grassus turonesis" athavaa "grass ternois" iti namna cha. ekasmin paarshve raajnah naamnah shiluhu, akhyayika cha asti, praayah "benediktam sitt nomen dominy" iti; aparam charch iti. tournois" iti padam france-deshe rain-deshe cha drutagatyaa prasrutah, tathaa cha praag-nagare ("grossus presensis" athavaa "pregor grochen") samaan-mudraayaah mudranam jaatam, yasya anukaranam bahunam desheshu krutam. merovingian-kalanantaram kevalam samrajasya fredrick-dwiteeyasya augustels iti suvarnamudraani eva mudritaah. etaaha poorvatanasya roman-mudraayaah pratilipayah aasan, sisilee-bhashayam mudritaah aasan. praayah 1250 tamavarshaparyantam, florence-ganarajye, niyamita-swarna-mudraah naa arabhyate. eteshu mudraasu ekasyaam dishi sa. jaan da baptist, aparam, lilly, florence ityasya prateekam. asya yantraat ("floss lilly"), athavaa nagarasya namna, te "florin" iti naam praaptavantah. teshaam bhaarah 540 dhanyat alpam adhikam aasit. katipaya dashakanantaram venis-deshasya dog-giovanni-daandolo-naamakah, ess. tii. ityasya poorvam dog-ghutanam tekttum pratinidhitvam kurvan suvarnamudraayaah mudrakaranam aarabdhavaan. maark tathaa kinvadantee saha kristasya putraah "sitt tibby christe datus kyoom tu regis iste ducatus" iti. asya akhyayike antimashabdena mudraayaah naam "ducato" (ducat) iti dattam; venis-bhashayam "laa zekkaa", "pudina" iti padaat "zechino" (sequin) iti api uchyate sma. pushpasya prakaarah, dukat ityasya naam cha sheeghramev sampoorne vishve prachalitam abhavat. aadhunikakaalasy prati sankramanam, itoapi bruhattameshu rajatamudraanaam praavartanen lakshitam asti. eteshu italian-bhashayaha "testone", french-bhashayaha "fraank" ityetayoho atiriktam german-bhashayaha "teller" iti cha sarvaadhikam mahattvapoornam aasit. 1485 tame varshe tairol ityasya archduke sigismund ityanena 2 "loth" vajanee nootanam rajatamudram, 15 "loth" sukshmatayaha mudranam cha praavartat; tasya moolyam tasmin samaye swarna-gulden-mudraayaah vinimaya-darena anuroopam aasit, ataha tatt "guldengroschen" iti namna prasidhah. tairol ityasya udaharanam sheeghramev aneke kuleenajanaih anusaritam, ye mudrankanasya adhikaram praaptavantah; jochimstal ityatra, shlick-gananayaha pudeene nirmitah "jochimstaller" ("teller" iti laghutaram) iti naam, teller (daalar) iti naamnah utpattih, yat adyaavadhi cha rakshitam asti. asya prakarasya mudraasu sarvaadhikam rochakam "rubentler" asti, yat salzberg-nagarasya aarch bishap ketshock-ityasya leonard ityanena nirmitam, tasya shastrastra-berrings-taha namakaranam krutam, turnip (rube) iti, ye madhyayugeshu durlabhaah praayah cha jaalee-mudraasu ganyante. madhyayuge german-samrajyasya mudraa-pranaalishu naa kevalam mudraprakaranam sankhyaa, apitu tasya vikaasasya vishishtataa api sarvaadhikam ruchihi asti. chaarlamen ityeshah, satyameva, mudranam ekarupatam sthapitavan, mudrakaranasya adhikaram visheshatayaa saarvabhoumasya iti manyatam praapnot; parantu tasya durbalah uttaraadhikaari kramena etat, tathaiva anyeshu adhikamshan raaj-visheshadhikaran saamanta-prabhunam krute daatum baadhyah abhavat, yasya shakttih sarvopari sarvakaarasya durbalatayaa vardhamana aasit. eteshu samantishu naa kevalam sarve aarch bishap-bishap-janaah, api tu samrajyasya antare pramukhah mataadheeshaah api aasan. vikaasah kramena abhavat. prathame melaa ("mercuts") aayojayitum, karam ("telonium") kartum, ekasmin samanti-samsthaayaah sthaane pudina ("moneta") sthaapayitum cha anumatihi dattaa. praarambhe pudina kevalam ekam vinimayam eva syaat, yasya labha, tathaapi, madhyayuge praayah mahatee aasit, prabhuroopen cha upaarjitah aasit. tatah tasya chitrayuktaani mudraani sthaapayitum anumatihi prapta, parantu samaanamaanam avalambaneeyam jaatam. ete samanti-prabhawah kalantare vinaa pratibandham mudranam kartum visheshaadhikaaram praaptavantah. yadaa etat krutam tadaa samrajyasya mudrayam ekarupata samapta abhavat, mudraasu mahatee vividhataa sambhavitaa abhavat, mudrakaranasya adhikaarah samraat ityasya visheshaadhikaarasy sthaane pratyekam samanti-adhikaarah abhavat. ete nirantaram mudranam avamoolyanasya parivartanasya cha madhyamena, ayasya utpaadakasrotah iti asya visheshaadhikaarasy dohanam kartum prayatanta, yena vyaapaarasy vishaye samlagnanam prajanam krute gambheeram nashtam jaatam. ataha ye nagaraani adyaapi mudranam adhikaram naa praaptaah aasan, te mudraa-nirmanasya adhikaram praptva vaa krushi-tankashaalaabhih vaa, athavaa tankashala-swaminam swaswadhikaran adhika-yuktipoorvakam upayoktum prerayitvaa, vyavasthaayaah upari kinchidapi niyantranam praaptum prayatanta. german-madhyayugeen-mudraasu "bractates" (lyaat) iti mudritam asti. "bractia", "dhaatuh patitah") vishesha-ullekhasya yogyah asti. te naa vyaktigata-aabhushanaani aasan, yathaa poorvakaalasy scandinavian-bractates, parantu vaastavika-mudraah aasan. ekaadashashataabdyaam yaavat asweekaarah patitah patitah cha abhavat, ataha dwadashashatabdyam praarambhe germany-deshasya keshuchit bhaageshu tasya sthaane ateeva patrena parantu bruhadanena rajat-mudraihi pratisthaapitam, ekena dai ityanena nirmitaih, ekasyaam vinyaasen pradarshitaah, ekasyaam dishi upashamanam, aparasyam bhaage avakshepitaah cha. etaani mudraah, visheshatah aarambhe, kalaatmak-yogyataayaah vinaa naa tu savadhanataya nishpaaditaah aasan. swabia-nagarasya haale-nagaram (vertemberg) ekam laghu-aamshika-mudraa praavartayat, yasya prasaarah vistrutah aasit, tasya mulasthanat eva "heller" iti namna prasidhah aasit. keshuchit vishayeshu french-mudranam vikaasah german-mudraayaah sadrushah asti, atra api dashame shatake leey-charcha-barrence (viyane, arles, reams ityadinam aarch bishap-ityete) mudraayaah aavishkaarah bhavati. visheshatah), nishchitaprakaaren ("prakaar-sthirankah") lakshanayuktah, yah dirghakalam yaavat aparivartitah bhavati. parantu madhyayugehe ante eva etat mudranam atyalpaih shaktiyutaih saamantaih eva seemitam asti, rajamudranam tulanayam tatt mahattvam naa paalayati. france-deshaat asmakam sameepe "chess dii 'or" iti swarnamudraa asti, yaa anyeshu desheshu api bahusankhyaya mudritaa aasit; saa gothik-simhaasanasya upari upavishtasya raajnah pratinidhitvam karoti. england-deshe sterling-kuleen-janaah cha baddhau aasan, tau ubhau praayah nakalee aasan. kenterbury-yaark-nagarayoho aarch bishap-ityeteshaam mudraah vidyamaanah asti. itaali-deshe, tasya anekanam rajanaitikavibhajanam karanat, germany-deshasya samaanaani mudranam vividhataa vayam pashyaamah. mata-aadhaarit-mudraa-mudranam abhaawah lakshaneeyah asti-katipayanam pruthak-udaharananam, akvilejaa, trent, traste ityetayoho shrunkhalaanaam cha apavaaden, asmakam sameepe kevalam pope-mudraah eva santi, ye mukhyataya baizaintain-pratiroopasy anusaranena adrian-1 ityanena aarabhy aarabhante, parantu clement-5 (yasya mudraasu prathamah evinaan-mudritehe mudritah aasit) yaavat mahattwapoornah naa bhavati. poorveeya-europe-deshah praayah baizaintain-ityasya prabhaave aasit, tathaapi crusader-janaah pashchim-prakaran poorvadishi sthapitan rajyani prati aanayan. mohammadan-mudraah praayah 700 varshe eva drushyate; ete mudraah, yatah coron chitraatmak-pratinidhitvam nishedhayati, kevalam coron-granthaani eva dhaarayanti, samanyataya shasakasya, pudina-guruhu, mudranam dinaankasya cha vishaye yathaarth-kathanani cha dhaarayanti. dee. aadhunik-mudraah aadhunikakaalasy aarambhe, aamshikaroopena amerikaadeshasy aavishkaarasya, tasya rajat-nikshepanam cha shoshanasya parinaamen, sarvatra bruhattamaah rajat-khandaah drushyante. asya swaabhaawikaroopen, vayam krutyaah nishpadanasya vishaye adhikam dhyanam, shilaalekheshu adhikaani supaathya-varnaani, chitraatmak-pratinidhitvaani (chitraani, coatus-aaf-arms) prati adhikam dhyanam cha pashyaamah. aneke punarjaagaran-vishayaah, visheshatah pope-mudraah, tasmin kaalasy pramukhakalasu ganitaah santi. gatashataabdyaam yaavat ye deshaah madhyayuge sabhyatayaha prabhaawen naa aagataah aasan te anyebhyah mudrashastriyasambandha abhyanayn, yathaa.jii., rashyaa, sudoorapoorvadesheshu cha, cheenadeshe atyantam asadharanarupasya mudraah santi, kechan chhidrayuktaah, kechan tuning-forks, sebar ityadinam rupena santi.; siam, vakra-rajat-tarasya pindaah. purvashatabdyam europe-deshasya puraatanaam sabhyadeshanam mudraa-vyavasthaam samanyataya madhyayuge sthapitanam maargaih vikasitaani, parantu oonabimshatishataabdyaam mahaan raajanaitikah aarthikah cha krantihi nutanan shaktayah asthaapayan, ye mudraa-vyavasthaasu prabhaavam akurvan. german-bhashinam jananam parivartita-sambandhanam parinaamen teshaam mudraasu (germany-deshe chihnam, austriadeshe crone, halland-deshe gulden, switzerlyaand-deshe fraank) bhinnata abhavat, aparatah italee-deshasya ekikaranasya parinaamen samaan-italian-maudrika-vyavasthaa (lira) abhavat. parantu aarthik-paristhitihi raajanaitik-sthityaah apekshayaa adhikaani chirasthayee-parinaamaani dattavantah. 1865 tame varshe december-masasya 23 dinaanke, france, itaali, belgium, switzerlyaand cha deshaah lattin-sangham niramaat, yasya 1868 tame varshe grees-deshah saha sammilitah, french-mudraa-vyavasthaayaah aadhaaren etaasu rajyanam mudranam samananiyamanasya vishaye sahamatah abhavat. adhunaa eshaa vyavasthaa bahubhihi raajyaih sweekrutam asti, ye svayameva lattin-maudrika-sanghe naa sammilitaah-rumania, bulgaria, sarviya, finlyaand, spen, tathaa cha, naamatah, aneke madhya-dakshina-amerikiya-ganarajyani, ye poorvam spen-deshasya upaniveshaani aasan, itoapi anekaani laghuvyuvyapeeyan-rajyani cha. austria-hangaree, rashyaa cha api asya vyavasthaayaah praayah anuroopam asti. 1873 tame varshe anyasya maudrikasanghasya nirmanam jaatam, yasmin sweeden, denmark, naarve cha antarbhavanti, vitteeyasanghah scandinavian crone iti asti. portugees-mudraa-vyavasthaa tasya poorva-upaniveshasya brazil-deshe adyaapi prachalati. aupachaarika-parampara vinaa api mudraa videsheshu mudraa prapnuyat. evam namamulye cha german-mudraa-vyavasthaayaah upashakha meksiko-daalar iti vartamaanam mudraa asti, yat prashaantamahaasaagarasy sudooratate, cheena-deshasya samudriyapranteshu, japan-deshasya siam-dweepasamoohe, maale-dweepasamoohasya cha bhaage asti; etat madhya-amerikaam, api cha anekaan aafrikan-samudriyaprantan api prabhaavayati. bhaarateey-rupyayaha mudraa api, tasya moolabhomyaah viruddham samudratate, poorva-africa-deshasya, dakshina-arabia-deshasya, male-dweepakalpasya cha tate mudraa prapta asti. aarthik-raajanaitik-hitanam paaragamanasy uttamm udaharanam kenada-deshah pradadaati, yatra aangl-saarvabhouma-mudraa vaidhaanik-mudraa asti, yadyapi kenada-deshasya mudraa samyuktarajyamerika-deshasya maanakam anusarati. yadaa kii adhunaa austriadeshe, hangeree-deshe cha prachalitaah mudraah lactainstein-montenegro-deshe mudraa-rupena maanyah santi, tathaa cha tasya vipareetam, dirghakaalaat austriadeshe eva pracharanm naa krutam, maria-terresian-teller iti namna prasidhah, 1780 tame varshe dinaamkam dharitah, austrian-mudraa, adhunaa api madhya-africa-deshe, sudana-tripoli-arabia-desheshu mahattvapoornam vaanijya-mudraa asti. mudraakaran-tantrasya uccha-starasya purnata, yat gata-dashakeshu praaptam aasit, ekasyaam dishi mudranam (aluminium-nirmitaani mudraah, plaatinam-yuktaani rusie-mudraah, belgian-chhidrita-mudraah, dhaatudwayam aangl-mudraah) anekaan prayogaan udabhavayat, yeshu adhikaamshaani naa nirnayakani safalaani abhavan. aparam, mudrakaranasya kalaatmakapakshasy vishaye adhikam avadhaanam daatum shakyam abhavat, yat french-italian-mints-ityasya navinatama-vishayaihi sakshyam bhavati. II. padake padakam" (florence-bhashayam "medalia" = 1/2 dinier) iti padam dhaatu-khandeshu prayuktam bhavati, praayah vruttaakaarah, ye yadyapi pudinadwara nirgamitaah, tathaapi deya-maadhyamaroopen naa prayujyante. teshaam saamagreeh, roopam, nirmaanapaddhatih, itihaasah cha siddhavantah yat te moolatah mudraah aasan, yadyapi parivartitaah avasthaha, aavashyakataah cha, kalaa-saamskrutika-cha, taan swatantraan krutavantah. teshaam uddeshyah rashtrasya itihaase mahattvapurnanam ghatananam smaranam asti, etaavat yat kasyaapi vyaktehe athavaa sampornasya deshasya padakanam shrunkhalaayaah aadhaaren, chitranena cha itihasan lekhayitum prayatatam krutam asti. simhaasanaarohanam, yuddhasya ghoshanaa, shaanteh samaaptih, athavaa sanghatanam, saarvajanikanirmaanasy samaaptih iti padakeshu padakeshu pradanasya sandarbheshu drushyante; saarvabhoumaanaam dwara api teshaam sammanartham vyaktinaam krute upaharartham asya upayogah bahu vyaapakah asti, tathaa cha etaadrushaasu sandarbheshu praayah swarnakaarasya kalayaha vaastavikah ratnah aasit. aparam, tasya vivaaham ityadini avasaraani, shraddham prateekaroopen, prajaihi praayah swaswaraajaay padakam pradattam asti. parantu jananam samskrutyaah abhivyaktehe rupena nijee-padakasya ruchihi bahu adhikaa bhavati, asmin kshetre punarjaagaranasy german-padakam, anantaram shataabdayah cha, asankhyaakaah udaaharanaani pradadaati. chaayaachitrapadakeshu adhunaa chhaayaachitranadwaaraa svikruta bhumika aasit. coatus-aaf-arms ityanena mudritaah padakaah api nijee-vyaktinaam pratinidhitvam kurvanti, tathaa cha kadaachit tokans, liveries krute buttons ityadini rupena vyaavahaarikaroopen upayujyante. vivaah-vivaahasya, vivaahasya, rajat-suvarna-vivaahasya, janma-dikshasnanasya cha smaranartham te upayujyante, tathaa cha asya prayojanartham spashtatayaa nirmitaani, tathaa cha shishoho, pitrudevasya cha naamaani, dikshasnanasya sthaanam, tithi cha, samanyataya pavitram vachanam cha utkeernaani mudranam athavaa padakanam ("petenfeniz") aakaarasy prayojakanam naamakaran-upahaaraani bahuvaaram santi. ete "patenphanies" ityetaani praayah alankaranaroopen dharitum samruddha-sthaaneshu sthaapitaah aasan, tathaa cha vamshaparamparaagataroopena vamshaparamparaaroopena cha dattaani aasan. naa kevalam jeevanasya praveshah apitu mrutyuhu api padakeshu abhilekhitah asti; etaadrusheshu anekeshu khandeshu vistruta-jeevanacharitraatmak-soochanaah santi. praayah padakasya dhaarmik-uddeshyam asti; cremnitz-madhye, visheshatah jochimstal-madhye, etadrushanam dhaarmik-mudranam vistruta-shrunkhalaah mudritaah aasan. prakaarashaastreey-pratinidhitvaani mahatim anukulyam praaptaah, ekasyaam dishi puratanam-parikshanam, anyayam pakshe nootan-parikshanam pratiroopam cha darshitam. sudharanena bable-vaakyaamshaihi alankrutaah bahavah padakaah utpadyanta. dhaarmikapadakeshu priyah vishayah khrishtasya shiraha aasit-viyannaa-nagaram shatabdan yaavat etat vinyaasam yukttam padakam vishishtataayaah saarvajanikachihnaroopena upayujyate. easter-padakaani paaschal-meshashaawaken saha, chrismus-dine anye cha shishu-yeeshuh saha upahaararoopen dattaani aasan. santanam, sa. georgestaller" tathaa "georgesducat" ityatra jaarj ityasya pratinidhitvam bahudhaa krutam aasit, tathaa cha andhawishwaasah prabalah aasit yat sent ityasya chitrayuktam padakam paridhanam bhavati iti. jaarj ityeshah vranaat rakshanm karoti sma. etaadrushee andhawishwaasah sa. key. ityasya pratinidhitvena saha sambadhah aasit. roch tathaa ess. tii. sebastian athavaa ess. tii. rosalia, tathaa cha kaamsya-sarpena saha krushah api, playg-rogaat rakshanarthm. tatra purnataya andhavishvaasayuktaanaam tabijanam, jyotishiyanam, rasayanikanam cha mudranam anantashrunkhalaa api asti, ye ksharat bahumulya-dhaatuh iti rasaayanik-parivartanasya utpaadyah iti pratipaadayanti. viyannaa-nagarasya saamraajy-mudraa-mantrisabhe eteshu ekaha khandah asti, sambhawatah vidyamaanah bruhattamah padakah, yasya bhaarah praayah 15 1/2 paund asti. evirdupoyis; tathaa cha samraat prathamasya leopold ityasya chaturvimshati poorvajanaah chitraihi alankrutaah, yasya upasthitau parivartanam abhavat iti manyate. evam, yasmaat anekaih anekaih prayojanaih, yasmaat krute padakasya upayogah krutah asti, tatt tasya mudranam nirmaanaay kaaranaani saamskrutika-sthitim vishvasayati, tathaa cha suchana-srotah asti, yat adyaapi purnataya prashamsitam naa abhavat. vaastavikapadakaah prachinataya adnyaataani aasan; teshaam karyani anekavishayeshu-visheshatah mahattvapurnanam ghatananam smarakani-mudraihi pradarshitaah aasan. vartamaanakaalasya nirasanam, samanyataha cha kalarahitanam mudranam vipareetam, prachinatayaha, visheshatah grees-deshasya mudraah, utkeernak-kalayaha utkrushtakrutikaah aasan, ye swakaushalasya pradarshanartham anyaan avasaraan anveshtum naa baadhyaah aasan. roman-janaanaam sthitayah samaanaani aasan, parantu samraat-janaanaam padakaah praayah asmakam padakebhyah anuroopaani aasan, yadyapi te niyamaanugunam, kreedaayaah krute praharitaha tokens ("tesero"), tathaa cha contarniots cha padaken saha itoapi nikatayaa sambadhaah santi. samraajnasya louis-pavitrasya (814-40) katipayaani swarna-mudraah api padakebhyah sadrushaani aasan, tathaa cha madhyayuge vayam bahusankhyakaah mudraah militavantah, ye spashtatayaa itihasasya kasyaapi ghatanaayaah smaranartham uddeshitaah aasan, yadyapi teshaam upakaranani praayah vivaranam kathinam bhavati; atra bahavah pajal-kathaah adyaapi samadhanasya pratikshaayaam santi. hennri-simhasya pratikatvena, bavaria tathaa saxony ityetayoho shaktishaalee-rajakumaraha, simhah tasya mudraasu mahattvapoornam paatram nirvahati. parantu tasya shatruhu, wittelsbuck ityasya otho, yah yadaa henry-simhah nishidhah aasit, tadaa bavaria-dacheem avaapnot, saha etat chihnam api prayuktavaan, tathaa cha tam simhasya anudhaavanaartham athavaa haste simhasya vicchedya-shiraha saha chitrayantah niraakaran-mudraam api jaariyat. mudraah api praayah yuddhasya smaranartham upayujyante, ete cha layej-lard ityasya pratinidhitvam kurvanti, yasmaat ghutanam tektah samanti gonfaalon-padam sweekaroti. polish-bractit iti duke bolslav-truteeyasya tirthayatrayaha smrutim sent-ityasya samadhisthalam prati chirasthayi karoti. gnessen ityasmin adalbert. bohemia-deshasya prathamasya ladyslas ityasya niraakarane, ekasyaam dishi varnanaatmak-akhyayika, aparayam charch cha saha, shaitaan-ityasya vikarshaneeya-shiraha drushyate. luschin ityeshah asya yantrasya vivaranam nimnalikhitam kartum samarthah bohemiyadvara gambhir-maulika-vikshobhaanaam uttaradhikarat anantaram, bhayaanak-prabhanjanasy madhye, ulkaapavrushtihi abhavat, yasmin aneke janaah durgasya sameepe manavarupena shaitaanam pashyanti iti ghoshayan; tatah etat nirakaranam aghatitam, yatra ubhayapaarshveshu shaitaan shiraha, devasya charch cha aasit. etaadrushaah mudraah kasminshchit parimaane smarakapadakanam prayojanartham prayujyante. prathamam vaastavikam padakam chaturdashashataabdyaah ante italee-deshe drushtam. paaduvaayaah adhipatihi fraansesko-dwiteeyah karara, prachina-roman-padakebhyah anukrutya, dwau padakaah praptavan-ekaha, swapituh fraansesko-prathamasya smaranartham, commodus tathaa septimius-sevaras ityetayoho pashchat padakebhyah smaryate; anyasmin, 1390 tame varshe paaduvaayaah grahanasya smaranartham, tasya cesterses ityatra, samraat vitalius ityasya anuroopam fraansesko-dwiteeyasya chitram vartate. pratyekam kshetre, pratyutare karara-kulasya panning-yantram, cart ("kaaro") bhavati. ete padakaah kaamsya-rajat-padakeshu mudritaah santi. tasmin eva kaale venis ityasya cesto-parivaaren nirmitaani padaka-sadrushaani pareekshan-khandaani santi, ye dai-cutter-parivaarah asti. ete api mudrapatrani aasan, parantu agrimakaale padakam naa vikasat mudrapatra-khandaih. panchadashashataabdyaah madhyabhagat poorvam eva italian-kalaa akasmikataya cast-medal ityanena saha asmin vibhaagasya paraakaashtaam prapta. vitor pisaano, ekaha chitrakaarah (kha. praayah 1380 tame varshe, veronaa-pradeshe; gha. 1455 athavaa 1456) iti padakavijetrushu praacheenatamah mahattwapoornah cha asti. tasya anuyayinam sadrusham tasya krutihi api mena-pratiroopaih athavaa loha-kruta-pratiroopaih nirmitaani santi, eshaa prakriya praayah khandaan pashchat chilehe aavashyakam karoti. saha swasya krutim "opus pisani pictoris" iti hastaaksharam karoti. padakaah, praayah, bruhadaakaarasya santi, krutrima-patinaya lepitaah cha santi. agrabhaage te abhivyanjak-chitraani prastooyanti, samanyataya ruparekhayam; prushtabhaage, sundaram tathaa cha kaushalapoornam roopakaanih evam leonello dii 'este iti simhah cupid ityanena dhaarite sangeetasy sheet-taha gaayati; athavaa alphonso aaf naples iti garudah yah vadhita-mrugam gitarupena samarpayati. yadyapi pisaano ityeshah katipayanam pratikrutinam upayogam krutavaan iti siddhum shakyate, ye sambhawatah mudranam karanat nishpannani aasan, tathaapi padakakalaayaah vaastavikanirmaataarah iti tasya khyaati tena bhautikaroopena naa nyooneebhavati. rachanaa-kaaryeshu, nishpaadana-kaaryeshu cha saha praayah samaanah naasti, yathaa, simhah, garudah, how-rose iti kuleen-pashunam pratinidhitve. pisaano sampoorne itaali-deshe pravaasam krutvaa, swakaalasya pramukharajaputranam prabhavashalinam cha chitranam krutavaan; saha padakakalam etaavat lokapriyam krutavaan yat tatah param itali-deshasya sarveshu mahattvapoorna-kalaa-kendreshu kalakaraha padaka-nirmanasya kaarye nimagnau aasan. etaadrushaah matteyo dey 'pasty, riminee-nagarasya sabhayam prashamsaneeyah kalakaraha cha aasit; venesian-giovanni boldoo, anyajaati-belini cha, ye sultan mehamet ityasya krute chitra-padakam akurvan; panchadashashataabdyaah sarwaadhikah utkrushtah padakavijetaa mantuvaan sperandio, anye cha aneke. asmin samaye api mudraamkitapadakam punah pramukhatam prapnuyat. rome-benvenuto seleni ityasmin, tasya anantaram caradoso, visheshatah pope-pudina-guruhu cha ullekhasya yogyaah santi. roman-samraat-ityeteshaam kaamsya-mudranam anukaranam kevino ityanena vastutah prashamsaneeyam. ante, kinchitkalam pashchat, italian-padakavijetaarah videsheey-rajakumaranam sevaayaam drushyante-netherlands-deshe jaakopo daa trezo, germany-deshe dwau abondio-desheu. italian-padakasya prabhaawah prachinam french-utpadananam vikaase atyantam prabalah bhavati. panchadashashataabdyaah uttarardhe italian-lorana-granthah prathamam french-padakam praapnot, agrimakaalasy krutihi cha spashtatayaa italian-lakshanani darshayanti. saptadashashataabdyaah poorvam yaavat naa naveenaa shailee drushyate sma, yasmin vastrakalaa visheshatayaa prashamsaneeyam punarutpadita asti; mets-nagare jeane richiyar, anantaram gillaum duprey, jeane vaarin cha ityete pramukhah kalakaraha aasan. germany-deshe italian-mudranam prabhaawen, tairol-nagarasya sabhaagruhe prachinatamani bruhad-rajat-mudraah nirmitaani; tathaa cha pudina-mudraayaah utkeernakaroopen sabhaagruhe aamantritasy jiann maarko kaavallo ityasya krute, ete mudraah kalayaha itihaase mahattvapoornam sthaanam, germany-deshasya anekeshu padakeshu teshaam pradarshaneey-prabhaavasya cha runee santi. etaaha german-padakakalaayaah prachinatamaha namunaah, ye ekasamaye mudraah aasan, mudraamkitaani aasan; parantu italian-deshasya iva german-padakam mudraamkitaroopena naa, apitu cast-pees-madhye sarvochcham paripurnatam praapyate. baaks-wood-ityanena, kehlheem-shilaya, pashchat mena-nirmitaani anekaani pratiroopaani adyaapi vidyamaanaani santi. kaashtasya athavaa shilayaha ete chitraani prathame antimaani iti manyante sma, kevalam degree-dwara eva te dhaatu-nirmanena pratirooparoopen upayujyante sma. germany-deshasya kalaa-kendreshu (shohratamashataabdyaah aarambhe, augsberg, neuremberg) ye ete cast-padakaah prakatitah, te api italian-padakasya moolam iti runee santi. parantu kevalam teshaam utpattih-german-padakam yaavat italian-starasya utkrushtataayaah staram naa praapyate taavat yaavat tasya vikaasah sampurnataya mool-swatantra-panktim anusarati. german-janaah italian-padakebhyah prushtabhaage praaptaih aakrutisaudhaih saha bhavyaani vinyaasaani nirmaatum viphalaah iti satyam; tasya sthaane, vayam adhikatayaa, shastra-kotanam utkrushtaani pratinidhitvaani pashyaamah. german-padakam mahatee shaktisampannam asti yat agrabhaage yathaarth-chitrasya nishpadanasya krute pradattasy premapurna-paricharyayam bhavati; tathaa cha etat padakasya uddeshyena saha sangatah asti, yat itali-deshasya apekshayaa madhyamavargasya pramukha-parivaaraanaam madhye bahu vyaapakaroopen vitaritam aasit. german-padakam 1500 varshasya anantaram sheeghramev, italian-padakebhyah bahu pashchat, tasya sheersham praapyate, yat asmakam sameepe agatanam prachinatamasu udaaharaneshu albrecht durer ityasya asti. bahavah kalakaraha asman swaparichayasya vishaye kimapi naa soochayanti, athavaa praayah arthanirdharanam kathinam chihnaihi chihnaihi vaa swaaksharam kurvanti. adhunaa tu neuremberg-deshasya guruhu peater floatner ityasmai bahumulyanam padakanam dirghashrunkhala nishchitaroopen niyojayitum shakyate, ataha saha sarwaah padakavijetrushu agraganyah iti manyate; tasya sameepe myaathas gebel ityasau asti. asya kaalasy anyaani ullekhaneey-padakavijetaarah haans doucher-varyaha, yasya adhikaamsham karyam palatinate-nyayalayasya krute krutam aasit; neuramberg-nagarasya haans schwarz-varyaha, "kaashtasya sarvottama-kapatakarah", yah 1518 tame varshe augsberg-nagarasya aahaarasy sadasyanam krute bahusankhyayam krutayah nishpaadayat; swijarlyaand-deshasya jacob stampfer; lokapriyeshu kalaavidaasu anyatamah friedrich heganaur; antatah austriadeshe sthaayikah joaakim dessler, yatra, visheshatah viyannaa, cremnitz, joachimstal ityetayoho takashalasu, asmin kaale bahusankhyakaah padakaani praaptaani, tathaapi te sarve naa, padakakalaayaah prayojanartham, haans rehard-ityanena saha, yasmaat vayam bahusankhyaakaah saavadhaaneepoorvakam, shindikaah, tathaa ubhayoho shindah, ubhayoho cha, saxio-jaatau, tauksiyo-jaatau, tauksiyo-jaatau, tauksiyo-jaatau, tauksiyo-jaatau, tauksiyo-jaatau, tauksiyo-jaata shohratamashataabdyaah ante german-padakam spashtatayaa tasya paraakaashtaam atikramya videshiyanam, prathame cha visheshatah italian-krutayah aashritah abhavat. netherlands-deshe kalaa uccha-starasya purnata praaptavatee. atra mahataah namaha santi stephenus holandicus, tathaa cha, kinchitkalam anantaram, konaraad-blaak, shohratamashataabdyaah dwiteeyaardhasy, saptadashashataabdyaah peater vaan abeel cha. england-deshe padakavijetaarah adhikaamshaah videsheeyaah santi; desheeyaah kalakaraha, ye bahubhyah avadhikebhyah naa aagacchanti, te sarwaadhikaah ullekhasya yogyaah santi. saiman tathaa vilium tathaa cha ell. sii. lyon. aparam kaaspar tathaa syman paase ityetau ateeva savadhanataya utkirnaanaam laghu-patanga-rajat-khandanam utpaadane mahatee kalaatmak-kaushalam praaptavantah. anye rajyani mahattvaheenaani santi, te adhikaamshe videshiyakalaakaaraan niyuktavantah. aadhunikayuge italee-germany-deshayoho yat uccha-kalaatmak-staram praaptam aasit, tatt padakam sthayirupena naa sthaapayitum shakyam. yato hii atra tatra cha utkrushtaani shilpaani nirmitaani aasan, padakaani mudraah cha kalaakrutayah iti rupena adhikatayaa kshayeetaah abhavan. oonabimshatishataabdyaah madhyabhagat param naa yaavat eshaa kalaa nootanam preranam praapnot, prathamam francey cha. kevalam tasya bahyarupan vichaarayitvaa, asya aandolanasy aarambhasy yathartham dinaankam nishchetum api shakyate. 1868 mey 2 dinaanke, pyaris-mint ityasya kamite-consultatif-days-gravers ityasya adhyakshah rasaayanashaastradnyah dumas ityeshah, padakasya kalaatmakavikaasam prati rodhamanan doshaan suchayan, tathaa cha mint ityasya adhyakshatvena, teshaam samshodhanaartham abhyartayat. saha visheshatah aksharanam, paalish-aksharasya, uccha-rim-aksharasya ityadinam durbhakshyam avadat. yadi etat abhibhashanam baahyaroopen saha vyavaharate tarhi padakeh vaastavika-uddeshyasy nootanam drushyam kramena poorvamev nirmitam aasit. audins, paal dubois, chaapas ityetayoho utpadananantaram, sarvopari herbert ponscorms (prathamatah padakanam paalishing ityasya virodhah), anantaram desorge, chaplanes, daniel dupris, oscar rotty cha iti, adhunaa yaavat french-padakavijetrushu atyantam vishishtah vishishtatam praapnot. saha naa kevalam chitrakaaratvena, apitu visheshatah tasya uttama-rupakanam (udaa.jii.balika-shikshayaha vishaye yogyataayaah padakasya vishaye-ganarajyam shikshikasu kanyaamahyaah, purushaanaam bhaavee mataraha) quatrocento-ityasya kalakaran smaryanti, yasya saha savadhanataya adhyayanam krutavaan, parantu niyamaanugunam tatt sakshat naa anukaroti sma. yathaa padakasya nishpadanat poorvam deerghah saavadhaanah cha vichaarah bhavati yat mulakalpana katham nishpaadyate iti (ponscorms iti asya maargam agruhnaat) tathaa eva nishpaadanam antimam kshanam eva ateeva saavadhaanam dhyanam prapnuyat. kevalam kalakaraha hastah eva tasya kalaakrutim sprushati. evam french-padakam mahatim phalaani praapnot, yadyapi kevalam tasya tantrikagunanam aadhaaren api. french-andolanat swatantraroopena austriadeshe padaka-punarujjeevanam aarabdham. anton scarf ityeshah padakashaili punahsthaapayat, katoraparamparaagataroopaih cha muktim aanayat; tasyai saha saha karyam kurvan jyeshtah joseph tautenhaim, chisel-padakasya tantrasya nipunah stephen schwarts, fraanj zaavar paavlik cha santi. sadyah eva rudalf maarshal ityayam chitrakaaratvena uccham pratishtaam praapnot, leo-xiii tathaa cha payas-x ityetayoho krute padakam nishpaadayitum aayogam cha praapnot. french-viennies-padakaah anyeshu desheshu ekam karyam praavartayanti, yasya parinaamen padakakalaayaah anekaani sundaraani pratiroopaani praaptaah santi. aga. vi. lohr.

catholica kalaikkalanjchiyam (1913)/naanayaviyal devalayaththil enngalin payanpaadu mutthirai kuththuthal  naanayaviyal enbathu naanayangkal mattrum pathakkangkalin ariviyal aagum. ovvoru naanayamum pathakkamum adhu thoantriya kalaachaara, porulaathaara mattrum arasiyal nilaimaigalin vilaiporulaaga iruppathaal, inththa ariviyal manithagulaththin palvaeru naagariga samoogangalinpadi pirikkappattullathu. idhu oru thaniththuvamaana ariviyal mattumalla, anthantha pakuthikalil, naadugalin varalaaru mattrum avarkalin kalacharam-paarambariya tholliyal, adhan kurugiya arththaththil varalaaru oriendalism poantravattrudan thodarpudaiya anaitthu ariviyalgalin oru kilaiyaagum. nadaimuraiyil, pandaiya, naveena mattrum kilakkatthiya naanayaviyal mattumae mukkiyathuvam vaainththavai. maelum, naanayaviyal, mukkiyamaaga vilakkamaana, naanayaviyal, adhan kalai, porulaathaara mattrum kalaachaara pakkaththilirunthu naanayaththaip paarkkum naanayaviyal aagiyavattrukku idaiyae oru vaerupaadu kaattappada vaendum. nanaya sekarippaith thodarvathil koatpaattu naanayaviyalin saarbu ariviyal varalaattril thelivaaga kaanappadugiradhu. endhavoru mukkiyaththuvaththin aarambagaala veliyeedugalum sekarippaalarkalin thevaikalaip poorthi seivatharkaaga ezhuthappattana (eeyee.jii. dailor, kroshen mattrum tucats mattrum "munspelestibungen" allathu "naanayam-kadantha kaalangal" aagiyavattrin palvaeru pettikal, athaesamayam pandaiya naanayaviyalin ariviyal sigichchaiyin adiththalangkal 1790 varai valangkappadavillai, eckell mattrum naveena kaalaththirku paththonpathaam noottraandu varai maadar croad mattrum levell aakiyoaraal valangkappadavillai. (antha saint ninaivil kolla vaendum. thamas akvinas, "dii rejimin brinsibis", II, xiii, xiv ill, panam mattrum naanayangkal pattriya vishayathai kaiyandar, maelum inththa padaippu pala aandugalaaka niyamavaathigalidaiye athikaaramaaga irunththathu.) namakkuth therintha naanayangkalin migap palamaiyaana thoguppu pathinainthaam noottraandaich saernthathu, idhu petrarsal uruvaakkappattathu; avarathu udhaaranam aeraalamaana pinpattrupavargalaik kandarindhadhu. 1556-60 ill hoobert golds iroappaavin palvaeru sekarippukalai parvaiyittaar, avattril 950 irunththathaagak koorappadugiradhu. thaniyar sekarippukaludan oppidugaiyil, avattrin urimaiyaalargalin maranaththirkup piragu oru vithiyaaga sitharikkidakkum, aatchiyaalarkal, maanilangkal allathu arungaatchiyagangkalin sekarippukal miga mukkiyamaanavai, maelum nanaya aaivugalukku migavum nambagamaana adippadaiyai vazhangkukintrana. 1756 aam andilaeyae austriavin muthalaam francis, "monois enn aarr" mattrum "monois enn argent" aagiya irandu azhagaana padaippugalil, avarathu sekarippin pokkishangkalai arivitthaar; sameepathiya aandugalil periya pattiyalkal, kurippaaga british arungaatchiyagaththin pattiyalkal, inththa ariviyalil miga mukkiyamaana thagaval aathaarangkalaaka marivittana. sekarippaalarkal mattrum thathuvaarththa maanavargal aagiya iruvarin thevaikalum aeraalamaana nanaya samoogangal mattrum sumar 100 thozhilnutpa idhazhgal, inththa samoogangalaal veliyidappadugindrana. palvaeru nagarangalil aanduthoarum nadaiperum jerman naanayaviyal sangaththin koottangalilirunthu, sarvadesa maanaadugal uruvaakkappattullana pressels, 1892; baris, 1900 (pathivukal mattrum parivarththanaigal, kamde dii castellan mattrum aee. plancet); roam, 1903; (atti dell congress international dii science storch, 6 thoguthigal.); pressels, 1910. aii. naanayangkal naanayangkal sattappoorvamaana dendaraaga seyalpadum uloagath thundugalaaga varaiyarukkappadalaam. inththa soll saathaarana naanayam, ninaivu allathu vazhangkal thundugal aagiyavai niruvapatta tharanilaiyinpadi podhu athikaaraththaal muththiraiyidappattullana., aanaal kaakithap panamoa allathu thaniyar naanayamoa alla. 1800 aam aandil pinna naanayaththin poathiya viniyoagaththin vilaivaaga perumpaalum viniyoagikkappatta aangkila tokkankalai kadaisi vaguppil kurippidugiroam; maelum, kurippaaga devalaya niruvanangalaal veliyidappatta "mariaux" endru azhaikkappadum thundugal, panaththirkaana samaalippaagavum, pinnar podhuvaaga jettoangal allathu kavundarkal mattrum "rechnungspennij" poantra mathippirkaakavum veliyidappattana. ovvoru thaninabarum inii poomiyilirunthu thanathu sontha vaazhvaathaaraththai parikka mudiyaathapoathu, uzhaippaip pagirnthu kolvatharkum adhan thayaarippukalai viniyoagikkavum avasiyam ezhugirathu. idhu muthalil porutkalin pandamaattru muraiyaal paathikkappadukirathu, idharku podhuvaaga kaalnadaigalil kaanappadum ulagalavil kidaikkakoodiya parimaattra uudagam thaevaippadukirathu (homaril menalosine ubakaranangkal 9 steeyargal mathippidappadugindrana; panippaaraiyin ubakaranangkal 100). kaalnadaigalaith thavira, pazhangkaala aangal thoalkal, thuvaarangal, thuni poantravattraip payanpaduththiyullanar., inththa nokkaththirkaaga. iruppinum, viraivil, ulagalavil payanpaduththakkoodiya mathippin alavaik kandupidippadhu avasiyam, idharkaaga thangam, velli mattrum taamiram migavum aaramba kaalaththilirunthae payanpaduththappadugindrana; oppeettalavil sameepathiya aandugalil pala uloagangkaludan parisoathanai seitha piragu, nikkal ivatrtril serkkappattullathu. uloagap panaththin muthal kattam endha vadivaththin uloagath thundugalilirunthum edaiyudan adaiyappadugiradhu; aanaal, moththa edaiyai mattumae inththa seyalmuraiyaal theermaanikka mudiyum, maelum nerththiyin alavu alla (vilaimathippattra uloagangkalaip porutthavarai migavum aththiyaavasiyamaana kaarani), podhu athikaaraththin mutthiraiyaal nerththiyai saantralippatharkaana thaevai ezhugirathu, maelum inththa mutthirai uloagak kattiyai oru naanayamaaga aakkukirathu. kurippidapatta uloagangkalil ontrin payanpaadu viraivil poathumaanathaaka illai enbathai niroobikkirathuh poathumaana siriya mathippulla thanga naanayangalai puzhakkaththil vaippathu allathu adippadai uloagaththaip payanpaduththi, poathumaana uyar mathippulla naanayangalai veliyiduvathu saathiyamillai. enavae, oray neraththil irandu allathu moontru uloagangkalaip payanpaduththuvathu avasiyam. idhu oru vilaimathippattra uloagaththai mathippin alaveedaagavum, mattrondru thaamiraththudan saernthu, oru porul allathu thunai naanayamaaga mattumae payanpaduththuvathan moolamum, allathu sattaththaal nirnayikappatta raeshanil (iru uloagaviyal) mathippin alaveedugalaaga irandu uloagangkalaiyum oray neraththil vazhakkuth thodaruvathan moolamum seiyappadalaam, iruppinum, idhu irandu vilaimathippattra uloagangkalin parimaattra vigithaththil aetrtra irakkangkal kaaranamaaga adikkadi siramangalai aerpaduththiyullathu. vadivaththil, naanayangkal podhuvaaga vattamaagavum, sila nerangalil oval mattrum naarkaramaagavum irukkum; ivai kadaisi avasarakaala naanayangkalil kurippaaga podhuvaanavai, maelum sweedenil magaththaana alavilum periya edaiyilum valarnththana. kurippaaga tholaithoora kilakkil, migavum visithiramaana vadivangkalin naanayangalum kaanappadugindrana. saathanam mattrum kalvettu naanayangalukku koodudhalaaga, pudhinaa kurippugal allathu pudhinaa-maastarkalin kurippugal endru azhaikkappadum kurippugal adikkadi kurippidapadugindrana. pudhinaa-maastar mattrum dye-singarkal pala santharppangalil sila kurippugal allathu ezhuththukkal moolam thangal padaippugalai vaerupaduththip paarppathaip pazhagivittanar; maelum naanayaththaalgal anthantha naanayangalai ezhuththukkal moolam vaerupaduththukintrana, idhu valakkamaana mattrum thannichaiyaana adaiyaalangkalaal veliyidappadum idaththaik kurikkirathu, allathu vaeru sila vazhigalil-sila nerangalil thodangappadaathavargalukku arithaagavae unaramudiyum-kalvettin oru kuripitta ezhuththukku keezhae oru pulliyai vaippathu poantravai. inththa vazhiyil naanayangkalin palvaeru veliyeedugal oray maathiriyaaga vaikkappadugindrana. naanayaviyal ariviyal periya alavil naanayangkalaik kandupidippadhan moolam porul reethiyaaga munnaeriyullathu munbu ariyappadaatha vagaikalaip pattriya arivaith thavira, aththagaiya kandupidippugal kuripitta kaalangalil naanayangkalin unmaiyana puzhakkam mattrum sila naanayangkal avattrin sontha nilaigalin varambugalukku appaal endha alavirku irunththana enbathu pattriya arivuruththal nunnarivai vazhangkukintrana, maelum thaethi kurippidappadaadha vagaikalai, kurippaaga idaikaalaththaich saernthavai, sila kuripitta pudhinaa maastar allathu thulliyamaana kaalaththirku odhukka uthavukintrana. ariviyal padippilum, naanayangkalin vagaippaattilum, kaalavarisaippadi, moontru periya sagaapthangalaip pinpattruvathu nadaimuraiyaagum pandaiya, idaikkaala mattrum naveena; puviyiyal reethiyaaga, anthantha kaalaththin vevvaeru arasiyal pirivu. kiraekka naanayangkalaip porutthavarai, eckell oru munmaathiriyaana muraiyai aetrtrukkondaar, adhu innum payanpaattil ullathu. herculusine thoongalil thodangi, pandaiyavargalukkuth therintha ulagin naadugalai, maththiyatharaik kadalaich suttriyulla nilaigalin varisaiyil avar eduthukkolkiraar muthalil iroappaavin nilaigal, pinnar asea india varai, kadaisiyaaga aprica egipthilirunthu kibralder neerinai varai. auuu. kiraekka naanayangkal greakkam" endra soll pandaiya nanayaviyalil eppoathum romanian vamsaavaliyaich saernthavai mattrum itaaliya oas kallarai thavira anaitthu naanayangalaiyum ulladakkiyathu endru purinthu kollappadugiradhu. pana alagu enbathu 60 nimida thiramai (thiramai allathu minaavai endha naanayamum pirathinithiththuvappaduththavila), allathu 6000 truckmay, ovvondrum 6 oopoalgalukku samam. palvaeru naanayangkal perumpaalaana santharppangalil paaraseeka edaikal muraiyai adippadaiyaagak kondavai. persiyarkal vilaimathippattra uloagaththirku irandu vevvaeru tharanilaigalaik kondirunthanar thangaththirku eubian; vellikku babylonian. kiraekka velli tetracom udan thodarpudaiya podhuvaana thanga naanayamana thanga daric, 8.385 kiram (sumar 129 1/3 thaaniyangkal) edaiyullathu; velli daric (shekkal), 5.57 kiram (kittatthatta 87 thaaniyangkal). pandaiya kaalaththil velliyin mathippu thangaththudan 1 muthal 10 varai irunthathaal, thanga daric enbathu 15 velli darricugalukku samam. naanayangkalin pira tharanilaikal phosian, ageneton, adukumadi, korindhiyan, tolemic mattrum asea mainarin systophoric tharanilai aagum; iruppinum, ivatrtril sila paaraseeka tharanilaiyilirunthu perapattirukkalaam. pazhaiya agineton solanukku ilaguvaana maadi adukkai tharanilaiyai maattruvathan moolam cuddon oralavu ozhikkappattathu. migavum aeraalamaaka uruvaakkappatta thundugal tetratrachm (25-33 mimee. vittam) mattrum tetracom; ettu, paththu mattrum pannirandu trackmay thundugal vithivilakkaanavai, maelum naarpathu trachma thundu arithaanathu. keelnoakkiya alavil pirivu kaall-oopoalas (= 1/24 trachma) varai neendullathu. kiraekka aasiyaavil thangam mattrum velli (electrum) kalavaiyal seiyappatta siriya naanayangkal payanpaduththappattana. kiraekkaththil velli naanayangkal perithum aathikkam seluththiyirunthana; sembu naanayangkal kii. pii. 400 kku munthaiyavai alla.chii.athaevaelai thangam arithaagavae achchidappattathu. marupuram, paaraseekarkalin naanayangkal thangaththaal nirainthirunthana, maelum avarkalin udhaaranamae macedone irandaam pilip mattrum alexander thii crate paathiththathu. oru sila vithivilakkukaludan, thanga daric 97 sathaveetham nandraaga irunththathu, miga uyarnththa alavilaana nerththiyai ilakkaakak kondadhu. aaramba kaalangalil naanayangkal oray dye moolam seyyappattan vetrtru uloagaththin pinpuram oru beck moolam, podhuvaaga sathuramaaga, munaiyil uruthiyaagap pidiththathu, enavae oru naarkara manachoarvu (thoondappatta sathuram) vadivaththil adhan thaakkaththaip pettrathu; kaalappoakkil inththa sathuram koadugal, uruvangkal mattrum kalvettugalaal alangarikkappattathu. therku itaaliyil oruvarukkoruvar porutthappatta irandu daikkal payanpaduththappattana, ithanaal naanayangkal munpuraththil neiyilum, pinpuraththil azhuththaththilum ("nammi inkusi") oray vadivamaippai vazhangkukintrana. kalvettugal thaesiyaththavargalukku aerpa vevvaeru mozhigalil ullana. irumozhi kalvettugal-ii.jii., kiraekka-latheen-mattrum mozhiyum vagaiyum oththirukkaatha kalvettugal-ii.jii.cypriot ezhuththukkalil kiraekka ezhuththukkalum nigazhkindrana; kiraekka ezhuththukkalum kooda kaalappoakkil vadivaththil pala maattrangkalukku aalaakirathu. naanayangkal vaangkum urimai iraiyaanmaiyin oru salugaiyaaga iruppathaal, kalvettugal muthalil antha iraiyaanmai sakthiyin peyaraik kurippidugindrana, adhan athikaaraththin keezh naanayam thaakkappattathu; kiraekkaththil, alexander thii cratin kaalam varai, idhu samoogamaaga irunththathu. naanayangkalin poruppaik kondirundha athikaarigalin peyarkalum kaanappadugindrana; maelum pirkaala naanayangalum pii 312 ill ulla thernthedukkappatta sagaapthaththilirunthu adikkadi kanakkidapadum aandaik kaattugindrana.chii. migap palamaiyaana naanayangkal avattrin thoattraththai ejina kadarkaraigalil kondirunthana, oruvaelai lydiavil, herototus namakkuch solvathu poal, allathu ejinaavil, yaarudaiya mannar, faidon, barrian varalaaru avattraik kurippidugiradhu, oruvaelai kii. muuu. 600 kku munbu.chii. oray kadalin palvaeru theevugal ivatrtrudan migavum vaerupatta vadivamaippugalaik konda naanayangalai vazhangkukintrana. kimu 510ill alikkappatta sibaris nagaraththilirunthu maathirigal ullana endra unmaiyal niroopikkappadugirapadi, therku itaaliyin naanayangkal vegu pinththaiya kaalatthaich saernthavai alla.chii. kiraekkaththin aarambagaala naanayangkal sariyanavai mattrum aasiya mainar thattaiyaana thoattaakkalaip poantra thadimanaana uloagath thundugalaagum, maelum iyarkaiyaagavae, eliya saathanangal, thaavarangal mattrum vilangkugalaik kondullana, avai viraivil kuripitta vattaarangkalil podhuvaanavaiyaaga maarum; ivai theivangal mattrum manitharkalin thalaikalaalum uruvangkalaalum pinpattrappadugindrana, sila nerangalil kuzhukkalaaga ontrinaikkappadugindrana. sumar 400 pii.chii. dye-vettum kiraekka kalai adhan muzhumaiyaana valarchchiyai adainthathu, pirkaala inaththaal oppidamudiyaatha sirappai adainthathu siracuse muthal idaththaip pidiththullathu; adhan piragu aradia, theeps, olintus poantravai varukintrana. greekkath thodaril naanayangkal serkkappattulla helinik allaatha makkalil, engkalukku miga mukkiyamaanavargal yootharkal. muthalil avarkal anniya naanayangkalaip payanpaduththinar, aanaal, siriyarkalukku ethiraaga maachchaapikalin keezh thaesiya ezhuchchiyin vilaivaaga, thalaimaik guruvaana saiman antiogus VII (139-38 b.chii.) naanayangkalin urimai. saiman sembu mattrum velliyai achchidugiraar. avarukku "shekkal israel" endru kurippidappattullathu munpura puraanakkathai (shekkal israel) mattrum oru kapp allathu paanai adharku mael oru thaethi (1-5, naanayangkalin urimaiyai vazhangkuvathilirunthu kanakkidappadugiradhu); thalaikeezh, puraanakkathai (jerusalem punitham) mattrum moontru mottukalaik konda lillie-stack. john hydronous, judas aristopulus, alexander janius, matathias anticonus mattrum pala-mattra maachchaabikal pazhaiya hebru allathu hebru mattrum kiraekka mozhigalil kalvettugaludan piraththiyaegamaaga sembai uruvaakkinar. ivatrtrukkup piragu idumiyan ilavarasar naayagan mattrum avarathu vaarisugalin sembu naanayangkal vanthana. kiristhuvin kaalaththil romanian naanayangalum puzhakkaththil irunththana. idhu anjali panaththin kathaiyaal niroopikkappadukirathu. "avarkal avarukku [kiristhuvukku] oru baisa koduththanar. iyaesu avarkalidam, "idhu yaarudaiya uruvamum kalvettum? avarkal avaridam, "seesarin" (mott.xxii, 19-21). idhu roamaaniyargalukku ethiraana yootharkalin irandu kilarchchigalin poathu mattumae irunththathu.dii. 66-70 mattrum 132-135, antha velli meendum muraiyae elajar mattrum saiman mattrum paarr-kachpaavin keezh uruvaakkappattathu. kiristhuvukkup piragu muthal noottraandin bactrian naanayangkalil gondopares endra peyar ullathu, allathu idhae poantra sila peyarkal, moontru meji, cosperil ondrudan othirukka vaendum. pii. romanian naanayangkal itaaliyil, muthal muraiyaaga sembu parimaattraththin moolam ovvoru parivarththanaiyilum edaipoada vaendiyirunththathu ("oaes ruud"). muthalil idhu ozhungkattra vadivaththil thundugalaaga payanpaduththappattathu, pinnar murattutthanamaana paarkalil payanpaduththappattathu. muthalil oru sattappoorva dendarai valangkiya perumai servius duliasukuk koorappadugiradhu, avar perumpaalum kaalnadaigal ("primus signavit oas; oas signadam") thittavattamaana pullivivarangkaludan pattaikalai muththiraiyittathaagak koorappadugiradhu. unmaiyana naanayangkalin mathippu mattrum nagarin chinnangalaik kurikkum adaiyaalangaludan avai arimugappaduththappattathu migavum pirkaalaththirku sonthamaanathu. pana alagu 12 avunce (10.527 oz) aaga irunththathu. troy), oru roaman pavundukku samam ("libra"-enavae, noolaga tharanilai); iruppinum, vazhakkamaaga, oru aasin edai 10 avunce (sumar 8 3/4 avunce) mattumae. troy). ("arai" = 1/2, "mukkoanangkal" = 1/3, "gwatrans" = 1/4, "sextance" = 1/6, mattrum "yunsia" = 1/12) aagiyavattrin pirivugal, avai migavum elithil vaerupaduththik kaattappaduvadharkaaga, oru pakkaththil avunce konda pala pandhugalaal kurikappattana. orupuram oru kappalin pirathinithiththuvam, roam nagaraththin sirappiyalbu saathanam, marupuram, oru theiveegaththin thalai, idhu naanayaththin mathippaip porutthu maarupadum. naanayangkal vattamaagavum, uyaramaagavum irunththana, aanaal oralavu murattuththanamaagavum, narumanamaagavum irunththana, avattril sila cambonyavil achchidappattana. 268 pii.chii. adhan edai seeraagak kurainthathu; noolagath tharam muthalil oru muttharappu, pinnar oru ansiyal, iruthiyaaka oru araianshiyal tharanilai-asal edaiyin 1/24 aaga maariyathu. tharanilaiyin inththa kuraippu periya mathippulla naanayangalai ("dupontius, triphontius, tecusis", muraiyae 2,3 mattrum 10 kazhudhaigalukku samam) urpaththi seiya elithaakkiya poathilum, idhan vilaivaaga sembu naanayangalukku avattrin ullaarntha mathippai vida tharpoothaiya mathippai valangkiyathu mattrum vaarppukku pathilaaka muthiraiyidappatta naanayangkalin arimugaththai maelum athikariththathu. livi puddy muthal velli naanayangkal kimu 268 ill achchidappattana.chii.inththa muthal velli thundu 10 kazhudhaigalukku samamaana "denarius" aagum. adhaith thodarnthu "quinerious" (1⁄2 "denarius") mattrum "sestertius" (1⁄2 "denarius") endra siriya pirivugal irunththana. ivai thavira, sila maakaanangkalai vaniga naanayamaagap payanpaduththuvatharkaaka "victoriatus" (naangil oru pangku "denarius") uruvaakkappattathu. muthalil oru pavundin 1/72 edaiyulla denarius 217 b ill kuraikkappattathu.chii. 1/84 varai, velli kittatthatta thooimaiyaaga irunththathu. munpuram "dii roma" enbathaik kaattukirathu; idharku nermaaraaga, irandu dioscuri; inththa muththiraigalil munthaiyathu kurippaaga pala aandugalaaka payanpaattil irunththathu. pudhinaa oru kamishanaal ("tresviri oore argento aaroa flando ferriundo") nirvagikkappattathu, adhan uruppinarkal viraivil naanayangkalil thangal peyarkal allathu muthaleluththukkalai vaiththanar, pinnar avarkalin kudumba uruppinargalaiyum avarkalin seyalgalaiyum (kudumbam allathu thootharaga naanayangkal) magimaippaduththinar. antha neraththilum kooda, aanaal aekaathipaththiya kaalaththil migavum adikkadi, adippadai uloagaththin dinari irunththana, avai perumpaalum velliyaal ("dinari suboveti") melliya muraiyil poosappattana. thangam uruvaakkappattathu arithaagavae nadanthathu. kibi 44ill aekaathipaththiya naanayangalukku maariyathaik kurikkirathu.chii. avarathu uruvappadam konda naanayangalai veliyida senat uttaravittathu. brudus kooda inththa uthaaranaththaip pinpattrinaar, augustesuden thadaiyattra uruvappada naanayangkalin thodar thodangukirathu. seaser aerkanavae thangam mattrum velliyai naanayamaakkuvatharkaana urimaiyai kooriyirunthapoathu, augustus inththa urimaiyai thanakkuththaanae urimai koorinaar, maelum sembu naanayangalai mattumae senattirku vittuch sentraar; maelum inththa sembu naanayangkal 'ess' ezhuththukkalaal vagaippaduththappadugindrana.chii. (senatus aaloasanai). aurelian (270-76) inththa salugaiyai kooda senattidamirunthu pettraar. paerarasil thodangi aeraalamaana thanga naanayangkalaik kaankiroam. idhan pirathaana naanayam "aurious" aagum, idhan edai sumar 123 1/2 thaaniyangkal aagum; adhan munpuraththil beararasarin peyar, thalaippu mattrum uruvappadam ullathu; adhan thalaikeezh, varalaattru pirathinithiththuvangkal valamaana vagaikalil ullana. kattidam, beararasarukku pidiththa theivangal mattrum avarai alangarikkum allathu alangarikka vaendiya nallozhukkangkalin uruvagappaduththuthalkal; avarathu kudumba uruppinargalum pirathinithiththuvappadraththu. inththa vishayathil trajan mattrum hadrian thodarkal kurippaaga valamaanavai. neerovudan naanayangkalin seerazhivu thodangukirathu, kurippaaga velliyin; maelum idhu meendum oralavu varisaiyai niruvum varai thodarnthathu. avar oru puthiya thanga naanayatthai arimugapaduththinaar, "solitus", idhu oru pavundin (sumar 70 thaaniyangkal) 1/72 kku samam, idhu pala noottraandugalaaga nanaya amaippin valarchchiyil oru mukiya kaaraniyaaga irunththathu. sila nigazhvugalin ninaivaaga veliyidappatta pudhinaavin pathakkangkal, visaeshamaaga periya mattrum kavanamaaga seyalpaduththappatta padaippugal pattri sirappu kurippidappada vaendum. avai thangam, velli allathu thaamiratthaal seiyappattana, maelum vilaimathippattra uloagaththil, podhuvaaga sattath tharaththirku inangka uruvaakkappattana. manjal uloaga vattatthaal ("medails tess dukes cuverse") soolappatta sembu maathirigalum ullana. contorniate" endra soll oru periya vatta sembu naanayaththirku payanpaduththappadukirathu, idhu oru uyarthappatta vilimbudan, mukkiyamaaga surcensian vilaiyaattukal thodarbaaga payanpaduththappadukirathu. byzandine endru kuripidappadum kizhakkin romanian beararasargalin naanayangkal, kaalavarisaiyil kurainthapatcham idaikaalaththaich saernthavai, aanaal, avattrin naanayangkalil kaanapatta tharanilaiyaal mathippidappadukirathu, maelum aarambaththil, naanayangkalin thanmaiyal, muzhu thodarum romanian paerarasin pirachchanaikaludan nerukkamaaga inaikkappattullathu. sembu aeraalamaaka uruvaakkappattathu, velli arithaagavae, aanaal thanga naanayangaludan inaikappatta migapperiya mukkiyathuvam. pala aandugalaaka thangam baisaandiyaththil mattumae uruvaakkappattathu, maelum inththa thangath thundugal merkaththiya thanga naanayangalukku mattumallaamal, pathinmoondraam noottraandu varai meendum thodangappadaatha islaam naattirkum oru maathiriyaaga seyalpattana. byzandine naanayangkalil kalaith thaguthi muttrilum illaif avattrin vagai kadinamaanadhu mattrum salippu. munththaiya selvam mattrum palvaeru saathanangalukku pathilaaka, madha chinnangal, kiristhuvin monogram mattrum punitharkalaik kaankiroam. beararasargalil kadaisi john VIII inn naanayangkal, aanaal ondru, pathinainthaam noottraandin naduppaguthiyil, byzandine thodarin kadaisi naanayamaagum. chii. idaikkaala naanayangkal pazhaiya romaniap paerarasin piraanthiya ellaikalukkul thoantriya puthiya maanilangkal muthalil romanian naanayangkalaip payanpaduththina, avattril poathumaana ennikkaiyil irunththana. ina idampeyarvuk kaalaththin ariya thannatchi pirachchanaikal romaniath thodarudan migavum nerukkamaaga thodarpudaiyavai; brancil ulla meroavinjchiyarkal mattumae thangalai oralavu suthanthiramaaga aakik kondanar. iruppinum, miga viraivil, naanayangkal thodarpaana anaitthu vishayangkalilum podhuvaana sarivu thodangiyathu; naanayangkal seeraaga karadumuradaanavaiyaaga maarina, thanga naanayam marainthuvittathu, sembu vithivilakkaaga mattumae uruvaakkappattathu; siriya velli naanayangkal mattumae panam seluththum oray uudakamaaka irunththana. chaarlamaen oruvitha ozhungkai meettedutthaar; naanayangalai uruvaakkuvatharkaana urimaiyai arasa urimaiyaagak koori, adhai mannar mattumae payanpaduththa vaendum endru koori, antha neraththil paerazhivu tharakoodiya vigithangkalai eduththirunththa anaitthu thanipatta naanayangalaiyum adakkinaar. maelum, achchiduvathil adhiga akkarai kaatta vaendum endrum, inththa vishayathil ozhungkumuraigalai uruvaakkinaar, idhu iroappaavin perumbaguthikku tharamaaga maariyathu, maelum avattrin aththiyaavasiya amsangkalil, intru varai englaanththil seyalpadugirathu. idhan adippadai velliyin thiramai allathu bound (sumar 11 4/5 avunce) aagum. troy); idhu 20 shillingugalaagap pirikkappattathu (bound mattrum shilling irandum verum kanakku panam mattumae) ovvondrum 12 benzuku ("maruppaalargal") samam. enavae anthap baisa 23 1/2 thaaniyangkal edaiyullathaaka irunththathu. carlovingian naanayangkalil migavum podhuvaana vadivamaippugal siluvaiyin pirathinithiththuvam mattrum neduvarisaigalaal alangarikkappatta oru devalayam, puraanakkathaiyaal soozhappattullathu "christhuva madham". idaikkaalaththin thaniththuvamaana porulaathaara nilaimaigal thodarnthu kuraindhu varum edai mattrum nerththiyaana velli naanayangkalin veliyeettai aerpaduththiyathu, ithanaal avai padippadiyaaga maelum maelum payanattrathaakina, maelum mathippukalin podhuvaana uyarvin vilaivaaga, inii naanayamaaga payanpaduththa mudiyaathu. inththa vazhiyil oru seyalmurai thodangiyathu, idhu idaikkaalaththil pala murai meendum meendum seyyappattathu pazhaiya siriya naanayangkalin theimaanaththin vilaivaaga, periya mattrum migavum mathippumikka puthiya naanayangkal, iropa muzhuvathum vetrtriperach seitha sila nagarangalil thaakappattana. kaalappoakkil ivai theimaanamadainthana, maelum oru puthiya sikkalaal maattrappattana. pathinmoondraam noottraandil shilling (12 benzuku samam) muthanmuthalil suttruppayanangkalil uruvaakkappattathu; antha neraththil migavum melliyathaaga maariya "maruppu" enbatharku muranaaga, idhu "nammas crosses" (thadimanaana naanayam) endrum, adhu muthanmuthalil uruvaakkappatta idaththin peyarilirunthu "crosses tronensis" allathu "cross turnois" endrum azhaikkappattathu. oru pakkaththil mannarin peyarudan oru siluvaiyum, oru puraanakkathai, podhuvaaga "penetictum chitt nomeni"; mattrondru, oru devalayam ullathu. tournois" brance mattrum kaandaamirugaththin kurukkae vaekamaaka paraviyathu, maelum idhaepoandra naanayatthai brack ("crosus pragensis" allathu "breaker kroshen") achchida vazhivaguththathu, idhu pala naadugalil pinpattrappattathu. merovinjiyan kaalaththirkup piragu achidappatta oray thanga naanayangkal paerarasar frederic II inn augustales aagum. ivai munththaiya romanian naanayaththin pirathikalaakum, avai seasily mozhiyil achchidappattana. oru valakkamaana thanga naanayangkal sumar 1250 varai, plorence kudiyarasil thodangavillai. inththa naanayangkal oru pakkaththil, St. gnanasnanam pettra john, marupuram, oru lillie, plorence chinnam. inththa saathanaththilirunthu ("floes lillie"), allathu nagaraththin peyarilirunthu, avarkal "floorin" endra peyaraip pettranar. avattrin edai 540 thaaniyangalukku sattru athigamaaga irunththathu. sila thasaapthankalukkup piragu, vanis naai, jiovanni dandolo, oru thanga naanayatthai achchidath thodangkinaar, idhu saint muun mandiyitta naai pirathinithiththuvam seikirathu. kuri mattrum puraanaththudan kiristhuvin uruvappadam "thippi christ tatus kuvem thuu rejis istae tucatus". inththa puraanaththin kadaisi varththai naanayaththirku adhan peyarai "tucato" (dugat) endru koduththathu; venesil idhu "laa jecca", "pudhinaa" enbathilirunthu "jechino" (seekvin) endrum azhaikkappattathu. ploarin vagaiyum ducatin peyarum viraivil ulagam muzhuvathum pirabalamaanathu. naveena kaalaththirku maariyathu innum periya velli naanayangkalin arimugaththaal kurikkappadugiradhu. ivatrtril, itaaliya "destone" mattrum pirenchu "frank" thavira, jerman "doller" miga mukkiyamaanathu. 1485 aam aandil diroline archteuke sigisment 2 "loath" edaiyulla oru puthiya velli naanayatthai veliyida kaaranamaaga amainthathu, maelum 15 "loath" endra nerththiyaanathu; antha neraththil adhan mathippu thanga kultanudan oththirunthathu, enavae adhu "gultengrotion" endru azhaikkappattathu. diroline udhaaranam viraivil naanayangalai uruvaakkum urimiyaik kondirundha pala pirabukkalaal pinpattrappattathu; jochimstalil ulla shlick ennikkaiyin pudhinaavil thayaarikkappatta "jochimstaller" ("daylor" endru surukkamaaga), daylor (dollar) endra peyarai uruvaakkiyathu, idhu intru varai thakkavaikkappattullathu. inththa vagaiyaana naanayangkalil migavum suvaarasyamaanavattril "rubendaller" adangkum, idhu sallsburg paeraayar keitchaakkin leonard enbavaraal uruvaakkappattathu, maelum avarathu aayutha thaangkikalilirunthu peyaridappattathu, oru turnip (roop); ivai idaikkaalaththin arithaana mattrum adikkadi poali naanayangkalil ontraaka kanakkidappadugindrana. idaikkaalaththil jerman paerarasin nanaya amaippugal adhan nanaya vagaikalin ennikkaiyaip porutthavarai mattumallaamal, adhan parinaamaththin thaniththuvaththaiyum karuththil kondu migap periya aarvatthaik kondullana. chaarlamaen, naanayangkalin seeraana thanmaiyai niruviyirunthaar enbathu unmaithaan, maelum naanayangkal thayaarikkum urimai piraththiyaegamaaga iraiyaanmaikkuch sonthamaanathu endru angkeekarikkappattathu, aanaal avarathu palaveenamaana vaarisugal padippadiyaaga idhaiyum, athae poal perumpaalaana pira arasa urimaigalaiyum nilappirapukkalukku vazhangka vaendiya kattaayam aerpattathu, avarkalin athikaaram miga uyarnththa arasaangkaththin palaveenamadaivathaal thodarnthu athikariththathu. inththa nilappirapukkalil, anaitthu thalaimai aayarkal mattrum aayarkal mattumallaamal, beararasukkul munnani thuravigal mattrum thuravigalum irunththanar. parinaamam padippadiyaaga irunththathu. muthalil oru kankaatchiyai ("mercaudus") nadaththavum, varii ("telonium") vithikkavum, nilappirapukkalil oruvarukkuch sonthamaana oru idaththil oru pudhinaa ("moneta") amaikkavum anumathi vazhangkappattathu. aarambaththil pudhinaa oru parimaattramaaka mattumae irunthirukkalaam, iruppinum, idaikkaalangkalil adhan ilaapangkal perumpaalum kanisamaaga irunththana, maelum avai aandavarukku thirattappattana. pinnar avarathu uruvappadam konda naanayangalai achchida avar anumathikkappattaar, aanaal seeraana tharatthai paraamarikka vaendiyirunththathu. neendakaalamaaga inththa nilappirapukkal endha kattuppaadugalum illaamal naanayangalai uruvaakkum paakkiyaththaip pettranar. idhu seiyappattapoathu, paerarasin naanayaththil seeraana thanmai mudivukku vanthathu, naanayangkalil oru periya panmugaththanmai saaththiyamaanathu, maelum naanayangkal thayaarikkum urimai, beararasarin thanichchirappaaga iruppatharkup pathilaaka, ovvoru nilappirabuvaththirkum oru salugaiyaaga maariyathu. naanayangalai thodarnthu kuraitthu, maattruvathan moolam, varththagaththil eedupattiruntha thangal kudimakkalukku kadumaiyaana izhappugalai aerpaduththuvathan moolam, inththa salugaiyai oru urpaththi varumaana aathaaramaaka payanpaduththa muyantranar. enavae, naanayangkal thayaarikkum urimaiyai innum peraatha nagarangal, naanayangkal thayaarikkum urimaiyai thangalukkuth thaangkalae peruvathan moolamoa allathu vivasaaya naanayak karuvigal moolam allathu naanayak karuvigalin urimaiyaalargalai thangal salugaigalaip payanpaduththa thoonduvathan moolamoa inththa amaippin meethu sila kattuppaattaip pera muyantrana. jerman idaikkaala naanayangkalil, "bractates" (lott. "bractia", "oru melliya uloagath thaazh") sirappuk kuripukku thaguthiyaanathu. avai munththaiya kaalaththin scandinavian bractategalaip poala thanipatta aabaranangkal alla, aanaal unmaiyana naanayangkal. pathinoaraam noottraandin poathu maruppu melliyathaagavum melliyathaagavum maariyathaal, pannirandaam noottraandin thodakkaththil, germanyin sila pakuthikalil, migavum melliya aanaal periya velli naanayangalaal maattrappattathu, avai oru dye kondu seiyappattana, athae vadivamaippaik kaattugindrana, oru pakkaththil nivaaranamaagavum marupuram azhuththamaagavum irunththana. inththa naanayangkal, kurippaaga aarambaththil, kavanamaaga seyalpaduththappattana, kalaith thaguthi illaamal alla. swaabiyaavil ulla haalae nagaram (wordemberg) oru siriya pinna naanayatthai veliyittathu, idhu parantha pulakkaththaik kondirundhadhu, maelum adhan thoattra idaththilirunththu "helar" endru azhaikkappattathu. sila vishayangkalil pirenchu naanayangkalin parinaamam germanian naanayatthai othirukkirathu ingkaeyum patthaam noottraandil, lae mattrum thiruchchabai bearangalin (vienne, arles, reims poantravargalin thalaimai aayarkal) naanayangkalaik kaankiroam. kurippaaga), oru nilaiyaana vagai ("vagai asaivu") aall vagaippaduththappadukirathu, idhu neenda kaalaththirku maattramintri paraamarikkappadukirathu. aanaal idaikkaalaththin mudivil inththa naanayangkal migach sila sakthivaaintha nilappirapukkaludan mattuppaduththappattulla, maelum arasa naanayangaludan oppidugaiyil, inii mukkiyathuvam illai. brancil irunthu engkalidam "sais dii 'oor" endra thanga naanayam ullathu, idhu perumpaalum mattra naadugalilum achchidappattathu; idhu koathik simmaasanaththil amarnthirukkum rajaavaik kurikkirathu. englaanththil sterling mattrum pirabukkal sikkik kondanar, avarkal iruvarum perumpaalum poaliyaanavargal. canterbury mattrum yark paeraayargalin naanayangkal ullana. itaaliyil, adhan ennattra arasiyal pilavugal kaaranamaaga, germanyyip poantra palavithamaana naanayangalai naam kaankiroam. thiruchchabai naanayak karuvaraigalin naanayangkalin pattraakkurai kavanikkathakkathuh sila thanimaippaduthappatta eduththukkaattukal mattrum akvileja, trent mattrum triste aagiyavattrin thodar thavira, engkalidam poap naanayangkal mattumae ullana, avai mukkiyamaaga byzandine maathiriyaip pinpattri, adrian i ill thodangugindrana, aanaal clement v (iruppinum, adhan naanayangkalil muthal, avignaanil thaakkappattathu) varai mukkiyamaanathaaka illai. kilakku iropa perumpaalum byzandine selvaakkin keezh irunththapoathilum, siluvaip poarveerargal merkaththiya vagaikalai avarkal ooriyanttil niruviya maanilangkalukkul kondu vanthanar. mohamat naanayangkal sumar 700 aam aandil mattumae thoandrugindrana; inththa naanayangkal, aenenil kooran siththira pirathinithiththuvangkalaith thadaiseikirathu, kooranil irunthu uraigal mattumae ullana, podhuvaaga, aatchiyaalar, pudhinaa maastar mattrum naanayangkal thayaarikkappatta thaethi pattriya thulliyamaana arikkaikal. dii. naveena naanayangkal naveena kaalaththin thodakkatthudan, oralavu america kandupidikkappattathan vilaivaagavum, adhan velli vaippukkalai surandiyathan vilaivaagavum, periya velli thundugal ellah idangkalilum adhiga ennikkaiyil kaanappadugindrana. idhan iyarkaiyaana vilaivaaga, padaippai niraivaettruvathil adhiga akkarai kaattappaduvadhaiyum, kalvettugalil ulla adhiga pulanunarvu ezhuththukkal mattrum siththira pirathinithiththuvangkalil (uruvappadangkal mattrum code-off-arms) adhiga kavanam seluththappaduvathaiyum naam kaankiroam. pala marumalarchi pirachchanaikal, kurippaaga poappin naanayangkal, anthak kaalaththin munnani kalaip padaippugalil ontraaka karudhappadugindrana. kadantha sila noottraandugalil, idaikkaala naagarigaththin selvaakkin keezh varaatha naadugal mattravargaludan naanayaviyal uravugalil nuzhaigindrana, eeyee.jii.russia mattrum tholaithoora kilakku, cheena migavum asaathaarana vadivangkalin naanayangkalaik kondullathu, sila thulaikal, sila tuning-forks, saber poantra vadivangkalil ullana.siam, murukkapatta velli kambiyin kattikal. munththaiya noottraandugalil iroappaavin pazhaiya naagariga naadugalin nanaya amaippugal podhuvaaga idaikkaalaththil niruvapatta vazhigalil valarnththaalum, paththonpathaam noottraandin periya arasiyal mattrum porulaathaara puratchigal puthiya sakthigalai uruvaakkina, avai nanaya amaippugalil thaakkatthai aerpaduththina. jerman mozhi paesum makkalin maarupatta uravugalin vilaivaaga avarkalin naanayangkal (germanyil kurimurai, aasthriyaavil crone, haalanthil gulton mattrum switcherlaandhil frank) maarupattana, marupuram, itaaliyin orunginaippu, oru seeraana itaaliya nanaya amaippai (lira) vilaiviththathu. aanaal porulaathaara nilaimaigal arasiyal nilaigalai vida innum neediththa mudivugalai aliththullana. disambar 23,1865 andru, brance, itali, beljiyam mattrum switcherlaandhu aagiyavai latheen ontriyaththai uruvaakkina, idhu 1868 ill kiraekkaththudan inainthathu, pirenchu nanaya amaippin adippadaiyil inththa naadugalin naanayangkalin seeraana olungkumuraikku oppukkondathu. inththa amaippu ippoathu latheen nanaya ontriyaththil saeraatha aeraalamaana maanilangkalaal aetrtrukkollappattullathu-rumenia, bulgaria, sarviya, finlandhu, speyin mattrum kurainthapatcham peyaralavil, pala matthiya mattrum thenn america kudiyarasugal, munbu spanish kaalanigalaaga irunththana, maelum pala siriya iroappiya maanilangkalum. austria-hangeri mattrum russiavum inththa amaippai thoaraayamaaga mathippidugindrana. mattroru nanaya ontriyam 1873 ill uruvaakkappattathu, idhil sweeden, denmark mattrum norway aagiyavai adangkum, nanaya ontriyam scandinavian crone aagum. poarththukeesiya nanaya amaippu adhan munnaal kaalaniyana brazilil innum nadaimuraiyil ullathu. muraiyaana marabu ethuvum illaavittaalum, oru naanayam velinaadugalil naanayaththaip peralaam. ivvaaru peyar mattrum mathippil jerman nanaya amaippin oru kilaiyaaga irukkum mexican dollar, pasipik perungkadalin tholaithoorak karaiyil, chinaavin kadalsaar maakaanangkalil, jappanil, siam mattrum malae theevukkoottaththin oru paguthiyil tharpoothaiya naanayamaagum; idhu matthiya americaavaiyum pala aaprikka kadalsaar maakaanangkalaiyum kooda paathikkirathu. inthiya roopaayum, adhan thoattra nilaththirku ethirpuramaaka, kilakku aprica, therku arabia mattrum malae theepakarpaththin kadarkaraigalil kadal karaiyil naanayaththaip pettrullathu. kanediya naanayam americavin tharaththaip pinpattrinaalum, porulaathaara mattrum arasiyal nalangalaik kadappadharku oru nalla eduththukkaattu kanadawal vazhangkappadukirathu, angku aangkila iraiyaanmai sattappoorvamaana dender aagum. ippoathu austria mattrum hangeriyil puzhakkaththil ulla naanayangkal lichenstein mattrum montenegro mattrum idharku nermaaraaga naanayamaaga sellupadiyaagum athaevaelai, austriavileye puzhakkaththil illaatha oru aasthriya naanayam, maria-terrasian dollar endru azhaikkappadukirathu, maelum 1780 thaethiyaik kondullathu, idhu matthiya aprica, suudaan, triboli mattrum araebiyaavil miga mukkiyamaana vaniga naanayamaaga intrum ullathu. naanayangkal thayaarikkum nutpaththil kadantha thasaapthankalil adaiyappatta uyar matta paripooranaththanmai orupuram, naanayangaludan pala soathanaigalukku vazhivaguththathu (aluminiyatthaal seiyappatta naanayangkal, russia platinum naanayangkal, beljiya thulaiththa naanayangkal, irandu uloagangkalin aangkila naanayangkal), iruppinum, avattril perumbaalaanavai theerkkamaana vetrtriyaip peravillai. marupuram, naanayaththin kalaip pakkaththil adhiga kavanam seluththa mudinthathu, idhu pirenchu mattrum itaaliya naanayak karuvigalin sameepathiya sikkalkalaal saantralikkappadukirathu. II. pathakkangkal pathakkam" (florence = irandil oru pangku maruppu) endra soll uloagath thundugalukku payanpaduththappadukirathu, podhuvaaga vatta vadivil irukkum, avai oru pudhinaavaal valangkappattaalum, panam seluththum uudakamaaka karudhappaduvathillai. avattrin porul, vadivam, urpaththi murai mattrum varalaaru aagiyavai avai muthalil naanayangkal enbathai niroobikkindrana, iruppinum kalai mattrum kalacharam aagiya irandilum maattrappatta nilaimaigal mattrum thaevaigal avattrai suyaatheenamaaga aakkiyullana. oru naattin varalaattril mukkiyamaana nigazhvugalai ninaivukooruvathan noakkam, oru thaninabarin allathu oru muzhu naattin thodarchchiyaana pathakkangkalin adippadaiyil varalaarugalai ezhutha muyarchigal maerkollappattullana. simmaasanaththil amarththuthal, poar pirakadanam, amaithi allathu koottani mudivu, oru podhuk kattidaththai niraivu seithal aagiyavattril pathakkangkal vazhangkuvatharkaana santharppangkal kaanappadugindrana; idhu iraiyarasargalaal avarkal qalla or ravika virumbiya nabarkalukku vazhangkuvatharkum migavum virivaagap payanpaduththappadukirathu, maelum idhupoandra santharppangalil perumpaalum porkollarin kalaiyin unmaiyana raththinamaaga irunththathu. marupuram, avarathu tirumanam poantra santharppangalil, mariyaathaiyin adaiyaalamaaga, oru pathakkam perumpaalum thangal iraiyaanmaikku kudimakkalaal vazhangkappattullathu. aanaal oru makkalin kalaachaaraththin velippaadaaga thaniyar pathakkam migap periya aarvatthaik kondullathu, maelum inthath thuraiyil marumalarchi mattrum aduthaduththa noottraandugalin jerman pathakkam miga athigamaana uthaaranangkalai valangkukirathu. uruvappadap pathakkangkal ippoathu pugaippadam eduththa pangaik kondirunthana. code-off-arms moolam muthiraiyidappatta pathakkangkal thaniyar thaninaparkalaip pirathinithiththuvappaduththav uthavukintrana, maelum sila nerangalil tokkankal, kalleeralgalukkaana poththaangal poantra nadaimurai payanpaattirku vaikkappadugindrana. avai thirumana nichchayathaarththangkal allathu thirumanangal, velli allathu thanga thirumanangal, pirappugal mattrum gnaanasnaanangkalai ninaivukoorum vagaiyil payanpaduththappadugindrana, maelum naanayangkal allathu pathakkangkal ("bedenbennij") vadivaththil aeraalamaana spaancharkalin peyaridal parisugal inththa nokkaththirkaaga velippadaiyaaga seiyappadugindrana mattrum kuzhandhai mattrum kadavulin peyarkal, gnanasnanam pettra idam mattrum thaethi mattrum podhuvaaga oru punithamaana uvamai aagiyavattraik kondu porikkappattullana. inththa "bedenbennij" perumpaalum aabaranangkalaaka aniya valamaana amaippugalil vaikappattana, maelum parambarai marabukalaaka thalaimurai thalaimuraiyaaga vazhangkappattana. vaazhkkaiyin nuzhaivu mattumallaamal maranamum pathakkangkalil pathivu seiyappadugindrana; maelum idhupoandra pala thundugal virivaana vaazhkkai varalaattru arivippugalaik kondullana. perumpaalum pathakkam oru madha nokkaththirkaaga saevai seikirathu; chremnitzil mattrum kurippaaga jochimstalil iththagaiya madha naanayangkalin virivaana thodar thaakkappattathu. vagaippaattu pirathinithiththuvangkal perum aatharavaik kandana, oru pakkam pazhaiya-soathanai vagaiyaik kaattukirathu, mattrondru puthiya-soathanai ethirppaakum. inththa seerthiruththam bible sottrodargalaal alangarikkappatta pala pathakkangkalai uruvaakkiyathu. madhap pathakkangkalil kiristhuvin thalai oru viruppamaana paadamaaga irunthathu vienna nagaram pala noottraandugalaaga inththa vadivamaippaik konda pathakkangkalai podhu adaiyaalangkalaagap payanpaduththukirathu. eestar pathakkangkalil bassel aattukkuttiyudan, christhumas pandigaiyil kuzhandhai iyaesuvudan mattravargal parisugalaaka vazhangkappattanar. punitharkal, saint. jaarj perumpaalum "georgestaller" mattrum "georgestugat" aagiyavattril pirathinithiththuvappaduththa, maelum saint uruvaththudan oru pathakkam anivathu oru moodanambikkai nilaviyathu. jaarj kaayangalilirunthu oru paathukaappaaka irunthaar. idhaepoandra moodanambikkai saint pirathinithiththuvaththudan inaikkappattullathu. roach mattrum saint. sebastian allathu saint. rosalia, athae poal venkala paambudan siluvaiyum, plaekkilirunthu paathukaappaaka. muttrilum moodanambikkai thaayaththukkal, joathida mattrum irasaayana naanayangkalin idaividaatha thodar ullathu, avai oru adiththalaththilirunthu oru vilaimathippattra uloagamaaga irasaayana maattraththin vilaivaaga iruppathaagak koorugindrana. viyannaavil ulla aekaathipaththiya nanaya-amaicharavai inththa thundugalil ontrai kondullathu, idhu anegamaaga irunththa migapperiya pathakkam, sumar 15 1/2 pavundugal edaiyullathu. avoirtubois; mattrum paerarasar muthalaam leopoltin naarpathu moothaathaiyarkalin uruvappadangkalaal alangarikkappattullathu, avarathu munnilaiyil maattram nadanthirukka vaendum. enavae pathakkam payanpaduththappatta ennattra mattrum panmuga nokkangkal adhan naanayangalukku vazhivaguththa kalaachaara nilaimaigalai unmaiyudan pirathipalikkintrana, maelum avai innum muzhumaiyaaga paaraattappadaatha thagavalkalin aathaaramaakum. unmaiyana pathakkangkal pazhangkaalaththirkuth theriyaathu; avattrin seyalpaadugal pala vishayangkalil irunththana-kurippaaga mukkiyamaana nigazhvugalin ninaivaaga-naanayangalaal nigazhththappattana. intraiya oray maathiriyaana mattrum podhuvaaga kalaisaarntha naanayangalukku maaraaga, pazhangkaala naanayangkal, kurippaaga kiraekka naanayangkal, dye-engraevarin kalaiyin thalaisirantha padaippugalaagum, avar thanathu thiramaiyai velippaduththa mattra vaaippugalaith thaeda vaendiya kattaayam aerpadavillai. romanian nilaimaigalil othavai, beararasargalin pathakkangkal namathu pathakkangkalin thanmaikku oralavu thoaraayamaaga ullana, iruppinum avai oru vithiyaaga, sattappoorva pana alagin nagalkal; tokkankal ("dessero"), vilaiyaattukalukku thaakappattana, maelum contorniategal pathakkaththudan innum nerukkamaaga thodarpudaiyavai. punithamaana paerarasar louisin (814-40) sila thangap porutkalum pathakkangkalai oththirukkintrana, maelum idaikkaalaththil naam aeraalamaana naanayangalai chandithom, avai varalaattril sila nigazhvugalai ninaivukoorum noakkil irunththana, iruppinum avattrin saathanangal perumpaalum migavum kadinamaaga ullana vilakka; ingkae pala puthirkal innum theervukkaagak kaaththirukkindrana. henry singaththin chinnamaaka, bavaria mattrum sacsonyin sakthivaaintha ilavarasar, singham avarathu naanayangkalil mukiya pangku vagikkirathu. aanaal avarathu ethiriyaana vittelpaakkin ooththoa, hendri singham sattaviroathamaakkappattathoa, pavariyaavin dutchyaip pettraar, inththa chinnaththaiyum payanpaduththinaar, maelum maruppaalargalai veliyittaar, idhu avarai oru singaththaip pinthodarvathu allathu thundikappatta thalaiyudan siththarikkirathu. naanayangkal adikkadi izhappugalai ninaivukoorum vagaiyil payanpaduththappadugindrana, maelum ivai mandiyitta adimaiyaal gonfalanai perum lij lartin pirathinithiththuvaththaik kondullana. oru bolish bractead, tuke bolaslav III inn punitha yaaththiraiyin ninaivaaga saint kallaraikku nirantharamaaga ullathu. cneasenil adalbert. bohemiyaavin muthalaam laudislassin maruppaalar saathaanin verukkatthakka thalaiyai oru pakkaththil oru vilakkamaana puraanak kadhaiyudanum, marupuram oru devalayathudanum kaattukiraar. lushinal inththa saathanaththai pinvarumaaru kanakkida mudinthathu bohemiyaavil thodarchchiyaana kadumaiyaana adippadai idaiyoorugalukkup piragu, oru payankaramaana sooraavalikku matthiyil, oru vinkal mazhai vanthathu, idhan poathu palar koattaikku arugil manitha vadivaththil saaththaanaip paarththathaaga ariviththanar; inththa maruppu pinnar thaakkappattathu, saathaanin thalai mattrum kadavulin devalayaththin irupuramum thaakkiyathu. idhu poantra naanayangkal sila alaveedugalil ninaivu pathakkangkalin nokkaththirku uthavukintrana. muthal unmaiyana pathakkam pathinaankaam noottraandin iruthiyil itaaliyil thoantriyathu. pandaiya romanian pathakkangkalaip poalavae, paduvaavin pirabuvaagiya irandaam francesco karara irandu pathakkangkalai ventraar ondru, avarathu thanthai muthalaam franceskovin ninaivaaga, pinnar cometus mattrum septimius severus pathakkangkalai ninaivu koorkiraar; mattrondru, 1390 ill paduvaavaik kaippattriyathai ninaivukoorum vagaiyil, avarathu sestersil paerarasar viteliusipe poalavae francesco II inn uruvappadam ullathu. ovvoru nigazhvilum thalaikeezh karara kudumbaththin punnagaikkum saathanaththaik kondullathu, oru vandi ("carro"). inththa pathakkangkal venkala mattrum velliyil adikkappadugindrana. athae kaalakattathil dye-kattarkalin kudumbamaana venezine cesto kudumbaththaal thayaarikkappatta pathakkam poantra soathanai-thundugal ullana. ivatrtrilum mutthirai kuththappattathu; aanaal aduththa kaalakattathil pathakkam uruvaanathu muthiraiyidappatta thundugal kaaranamaaga alla. pathinainthaam noottraandin naduppaguthiyil kooda itaaliya kalai thideerendru nadigargalin pathakkaththudan inthath thuraiyil uchakkattaththai adaikirathu. vittoar bisano, oru ooviyar (pii. sumar 1380, verona maagaanaththil; ii. 1455 allathu 1456) pathakkam ventravargalil migavum pazhamaiyaanavar mattrum miga mukkiyamaanavar. avaraip pinpattrupavargalaip poalavae, avarathu padaippugalum mezhugu maathirigal allathu irumbil vettapatta maathirigalilirunthu poadappadugindrana, idhu thundugalai pinnar vettuvathu avasiyam. avar thanathu padaippaana "oopas bisani pictoris" ill kaiyezhuththidugiraar. pathakkangkal perumpaalum periya alavil ullana, maelum avai oru seyarkai pattinawal poosappattullana. munpuraththil avai velippadaiyaana uruvappadangkalai vazhangkukintrana, podhuvaaga suyavivaraththil; pinpuraththil, azhagaana mattrum puththisaalithanamaana uruvagangal leonello dii 'este, oru singham cubit vaiththirukkum isaiyin thaalilirunthu paadugirathu; allathu naplesine alfonso, kollapatta maanai kazhugugalukku thaaraalamaaga oppadaikkum kazhugu. bisano sila munmaathirigalaip payanpaduththinaar enbathai niroobikka mudiyum, avai muththiraigalilirunthu perapattirukkalaam, pathakkak kalaiyin unmaiyana padaippaalar endra avarathu pugazh antha unmaiyal porul reethiyaagak kuraiyavillai. uthaaranamaaga, uyarnththa vilangkugalaana singham, kazhugu, hoow ruzz aagiyavattraip pattriya avarathu pirathinithiththuvangkalil, avar isaiyamaippilum niraivaettraththilum samamaaga illai. bisano itali muzhuvathum payanam seithu, thanathu kaalaththin mukiya ilavarasargal mattrum selvaakkumikka manitharkalai siththariththaar; avar pathakkak kalaiyai migavum pirabalamaakkinaar, athanpiragu itaaliyin anaitthu mukiya kalai maiyangkalilum kalaignargal pathakkangkal thayaarippathil eedupattanar. aththagaiyavargal mattio dii basty mattrum rimini arasavaiyil poatraththakka kalaignar; venaeshiyargalin jiovanni poaldu mattrum purajaathiyinar bellini, avarkalil pinthaiyavar sultan mehmettukku uruvappada pathakkam valangkinaar; pathinainthaam noottraandin miga sirantha pathakkam ventra manduvaan sperantio mattrum palar. inththa neraththilum, muthiraiyidappatta pathakkam meendum mukkiyathuvam perukirathu. roam penvenudo seleni mattrum, avarukkup piragu, caratoso mattrum kurippaaga poap pudhinaavin ejamaanargal kurippidappada thaguthiyaanavargal. romanian beararasargalin venkala naanayangkalaip poala cavinovin nagarvugal unmaiyilaeyae paaraattathakkavai. iruthiyaaka, oralavu pirkaalaththil, itaaliya pathakkam ventravargal velinaattu ilavarasargalin sevaiyil kaanappadugiraargal netherlaandhil jacobo daa tresso, germanyil irandu abandeo. itaaliya pathakkam pazhaiya pirenchu thayaarippukalin valarchchiyil migavum sakthivaaintha thaakkatthai seluththukirathu. pathinainthaam noottraandin pirpaguthiyil itaaliya lorana muthal pirenchu pathakkangkalai ventrathu, aduththa kaalakattathin padaippugal itaaliya panbugalai thelivaaga kaattugindrana. pathinaezhaam noottraandu varai oru puthiya paani thoandravillai, athil aadai kurippaaga paaraattathakka vagaiyil meendum uruvaakkappadugirathu; miga mukkiyamaana kalaignargal jeane richiyar, metzil, pinnar, killaam dubrey mattrum jeane vaarin. germanyil, itaaliya naanayangkalin thaakkaththin keezh, dirole ulla mandapaththil migap palamaiyaana periya vellith thundugal uruvaakkappattana; maelum pudhinaavukku poriyaalaraaka mandapaththirku alaikkappatta kian marco kaavalloavidam, inththa naanayangkal kalai varalaattril avattrin mukiya idaththaiyum, germanyin pala pathakkangkalil avattrin niroobikkakkoodiya thaakkaththaiyum seluththugindrana. ivai, jerman pathakkak kalaiyin migap palamaiyaana maathirigal, athae neraththil naanayangkalaaka irunththana, muththiraiyidappattana; aanaal, ithaaliyargalaip poalavae, jerman pathakkamum muththiraiyidappattathil adhan miga uyarnththa paripooranaththai adaiyavillai, aanaal vaarppu thundugalil. backs wood, kelheim cull mattrum pinnar mezhugu aagiyavattraal seiyappatta kanisamaana ennikkaiyilaana maathirigal innum ullana. maram allathu kallil ulla inththa uruvappadangkal muthalil iruthi endru karudhappattana, maelum avai alavugal moolam mattumae uloagaththil vaarppatharkaana maathirigalaagap payanpaduththappattana. germanyin kalai maiyangkalil (pathinaaraam noottraandin thodakkaththil, oxburg mattrum neuremberg) thoantriya inththa nadigap pathakkangkalum idhaepoal itaaliya pathakkaththin thoattraththirkuk kaaranamaaga ullana. aanaal avattrin thoattram mattumae; jerman pathakkaththin maelum valarchi muttrilum asal mattrum suyaatheenamaana varigalaip pinpattrukirathu, idhu itaaliya mattaththil oru sirantha alavai adaiyum varai. itaaliya pathakkangkalin pinpuraththil naam kaanum uruvangkalin selvaththudan germaniyargal arputhamaana vadivamaippugalai uruvaakkath thavarivittanar enbathu unmaithaan; adharku pathilaaka, podhuvaaga, code off armsin sirantha pirathinithiththuvangkalai naam kaankiroam. jerman pathakkaththin perum valimai, mugappil thulliyamaana uruvappadaththai niraivaettruvathil valangkappatta anbaana kavanippil ullathu; idhu pathakkaththin nokkaththudan oththuppoakirathu, idhu itaaliyil irunthathai vida naduththara varkkaththin mukiya kudumbangalidaiye migavum paravalaaka viniyoagikkappattathu. jerman pathakkam 1500 aam aandukkup piragu adhan uchaththai adaikirathu, idhu italianai vida kanisamaaga thaamathamaaga ullathu engkalukku vantha migap palamaiyaana eduththukkaattukalil albrecht durine pathakkangkalum adangkum. pala kalaignargal thangal adaiyaalaththaip pattri endha thupum kodukkavillai allathu perumpaalum vilakkuvathu kadinam endru adaiyaalangkal allathu chinnangal moolam thangalai kaiyezhuththidugiraargal. iruppinum, neuramberkin maastar piittar floadnarukku oru neenda thodar migavum mathippumikka pathakkangkalai odhukkuvathu ippoathu saaththiyamaagivittathu, enavae avar anaitthu pathakkam ventravargalil munnaniyil karudhappada vaendum; avarai nerukkamaaga pinthodarkiraar matts kebal. inthak kaalakattathin pira kurippidatthakka pathakkathaararkal hohns ducher, avarathu perumpaalaana panikal palatinate neethimantraththirkaaga seiyappattana; neuramberkin hohns swars, "maraththil sirantha poali", 1518 aam aandin oxburkin unavu uruppinarkalukkaaga aeraalamaana padaippugalaich seithaar; switcherlandil ulla jacob stamber; migavum pirabalamaana kalaignargalil oruvaraana frietrich heganaavar; iruthiyaaka austriavil kudiyaeriya jochim dessler, angku, kurippaaga vienna, cremnits mattrum jochimstal naanayak karuvoolangalil, inththa kaalakattathil aeraalamaana pathakkangkal thaakappattana, iruppinum, pathakkak kalaiyin nanmaikkaaga avarkal anaivarum alla; hohns rehard, avaridamirunthu engkalidam pala kavanamaaga sellidap pattaikal, oanaai thundugal mattrum irandu saaksiyoakkalilum ullana. pathinaaraam noottraandin iruthiyil jerman pathakkam adhan uchaththai thelivaaga kadanthu, velinaattaich saarnthullathu, muthalil, kurippaaga itaaliya padaippugalaich saarnthullathu. netherlaandhil inththa kalai uyarnththa alavilaana paripooranaththai adainthathu. ingkulla sirantha peyarkal stephanus holandicus mattrum, oralavu pinnar, pathinaaraam noottraandin irandaam paathiyil ulla konrad pilaak mattrum pathinaezhaam noottraandin piittar vaan abeel aagum. englaanththil pathakkam ventravargal perumpaalum velinaattavargal; migavum thaamathamaaga varaatha ulloor kalaignargalil, kurippida migavum thaguthiyaanavargal thii. saiman mattrum villiyam mattrum ell. chii. leone. marupuram kaaspar mattrum saiman bassie migavum kavanamaaga porikkapatta siriya, melliya velli thundugalai thayaarippathil sirantha kalaith thiranai adaikiraargal. mattra maanilangkal kuraivaana mukkiyathuvam kondavai; avai perumpaalum velinaattu kalaignargalai paniyamarththukintrana. naveena yugaththin thodakkaththil itali mattrum germanyil pathakkam pettra uyar kalai mattaththai nirantharamaaga paraamarikka mudiyavillai. aenentraal, angkum ingkum sirantha padaippugal thayaarikkappattaalum, pathakkangkalum naanayangalum kalaip padaippugalaagavum maelum maelum moasamadainththana. paththonpathaam noottraandin naduppaguthikku piragu inththa kalai oru puthiya uthvaegaththaip pettrathu, adhu brancil muthanmuthalaaga irunththathu. adhan velippura velippaadugalai mattumae karuththil kondu, inththa iyakkaththin thodakkaththin sariyaana thaethiyai kooda nirnayika mudiyum. 1868 mae 2 andru, baris pudhinaavin kamitti consultatiff tess graversin thalaivaraana vaethiyiyalaalar dumas, pathakkaththin kalai valarchchiyaith thaduththa kuraipaadugalai chuttikatti oru uraiyai nigazhththinaar, maelum, pudhinaavin thalaivaraaga, avattrin thiruththaththirku muraiyittaar. ezhuththukkal, balish, uyar vilimbu poantravattrin moasamaana suvai kuritthu avar kurippaaga kuripittaar. inththa mugavari velippura vadivaththaik kaiyaandirundhaal, pathakkaththin unmaiyana noakkam kuriththa oru puthiya paarvai aerkanavae padippadiyaaga uruvaakkappattathu. avudingal, paal tubois, sabus aagiya thayaarippukalaith thodarnthu, ellaavattrirkum maelaaga herbert banscorms (pathakkangkalai merukoottuvathai muthanmuthalil ethirththavar) mattrum pinnar dejarjes, saaplaingal mattrum daniel dubris, askar roatti, idhuvarai pirenchu pathakkam ventravargalil migavum pugazhpettravargal. avar oru uruvappadak kalaignaraaga mattumallaamal, kurippaaga thalaikeezh kalavaiyil siranthu vilankinaar avarathu sirantha uruvagangkal (uuu.jii., sirumigalin kalvi thodarbaaga thaguthikkaana pathakkam-kudiyarasu karpikkum kannigaigal, aangalin varungkaala thaaimaargal) avar kavanamaaga padiththa gwatrosendovin kalaignargalai ninaivukoorukiraar, aanaal oru vithiyaaga, neradiyaagap pinpattravillai. pathakkaththai niraivaettruvatharku munbu adippadai yoasanai evvaaru seyalpaduththappada vaendum enbathu kuritthu neenda mattrum kavanamaana kalandhuraiyaadal seivathu poalavae (paanskaarmgal idharku vazhivaguththathaagath therikirathu) enavae niraivaettrum kadaisi nimidam varai migavum kavanamaana kavanaththaip perukirathu. kalaignarin kaii mattumae avarathu padaippugalaith thoda vaendum. pirenchu pathakkam adhan thozhilnutpa thaguthigalin adippadaiyil mattumae mathippidappattaalum kooda, ithanaal sirantha mudivugalai adainthullathu. pirenchu iyakkaththilirunththu suyaatheenamaaga, aasthriyaavil oru pathakka marumalarchi thodangiyullathu. anton sharf pathakka paaniyai meetteduppatharkum, kadumaiyaana valakkamaana vadivangkalilirunthu viduthalaiyaiyum kondu vanthaar; avarudan josaph thowtenheim, mooththavar, stefan swards, vettu pathakkaththin nutpaththil nipunar mattrum france saver paavlik aagiyoar inainthu paniyaattrinar. sameepaththil rudaalp marshell oru uruvappadak kalaignaraaga uyarnththa narpeyaraip pettrullaar, maelum leoo XIII mattrum bayas x aagiya iruvarukkum pathakkangkalai niraivaettruvatharkaana kamishanaip pettrullaar. pirenchu mattrum viennies pathakkangkal mattra naadugalil oru seyalpaattaik kooriyullana, idhan vilaivaaga aerkanavae pathakkak kalaiyin pala azhagaana maathirigal ullana. aagastu. vii. loyer.

catholic encyclopedia (1913)/numismatics charchilo sankhyala upayogam nock demetes  naanhela shaastram anedi naanhelu mariyu patakaala shaastram. prati naanem ledhaa patakam adhi udbhavinchina saamskrutika, aardhika mariyu raajakeeya paristhitula utpatti kaavadamtho, eee shaastram manavjati yokka vividha nagarika samaajaala prakaram vibhajinchabadindi. idhi oka pratyaekamaina shaastram matrame kaadu, daani sambandhita bhagalalo, deshaala charitra mariyu vaari samskruti-shaastreeya puraavastu shaastram, daani sankuchita konamlo charitra, orientalism modalaina vatiki sambandhinchina anni saastraala saakha kooda. aacharanatmakamgaa, puraatana, aadhunika, bahusha praachya naanhyataa shaastram matrame praamukhyata kaligi unnaayi. antekakunda naanemnu daani kalaatmaka, aardhika mariyu saamskrutika vaipu nundi chuse naanhela shaastram, pradhanamgaa vivaranaatmakamaina naanhela shaastram, naanhela shaastram madhya vyatyaasam chuupaali. naanhela sekarana saadhanapai saiddhaantika naanhela shaastram aadharapadatam shaastra charitralo spashtamgaa kanipistundi. edainaa praamukhyata kaligina toli prachuranalu collectorla avasaralanu teerchadaaniki vrayabaddayi (udhaa.zii. tayle, groshen, ducats mariyu "munjbelestibungen" ledhaa "naanhelu-gatam") yokka vividha mantrivargaalu, ayithe puraatana naanhela shaastram yokka shaastreeya chikitsaku punaadulu 1790 varaku, ekkel dwara mariyu aadhunikam kosam pantommidava sataabdam varaku modder groat mariyu level dwara sarafara cheyabadaledu. (aaa seyint gurthunchukovadam viluva. thamus aquinas, "dii regimine principis", II, xiii, xiv loe, dabbu mariyu naanhela amsaanni pariganinchaaru, mariyu eee pani chaalaa samvatsaraalu cananistulalo adhikaram kaligi undhi.) manaku kontha ghnaanam unna naanhela puraatana sekarana padihenava sataabdaaniki chendinadi, mariyu petrarch chetha tayaaru cheyabadindi; athani udaaharanalo aneka mandhi anukarinchevaaru kanugonnaru. hubert goldz, 1556-60 loe, airopaloni vividha sekaranalanu sandarsinchaaru, veetilo 950 unnayani cheppabadindi. private sekaranalato poliste, ivi saadhaaranamgaa vaati yajamaanula maranam taruvaata chellacheduruga unnaayi, paalakulu, rashtraalu ledhaa museumla sekaranalu, atyanta praamukhyatanu kaligi unnaayi mariyu naanhela parisoedhanalaku atyanta nammadagina aadharaanni andistaayi. 1756 lone austriaku chendina modati frances, goppa andam yokka rendu rachanalalo, "monois enn aarr" mariyu "monois enn argent", athani sekarana yokka sampadanu teliyajesaaru; mariyu iteevali samvatsaraalalo goppa ketalaglu, mukhyamgaa british museum yokkavi, eee saastramlo atyanta mukhyamaina samachara vanarulugaa marai. collectorlu mariyu saiddhaantika vidyaarthula avasaralu pedda sankhyalo naanhela sanghaalato paatu daadaapu 100 saanketika patrikalanu eee sanghaalu prachurinchaayi. vividha nagarallo samvatsaraaniki jarige german society off numismatics samavesala nundi, antarjaateeya samavesalu abhivruddhi chendaih brassels, 1892; paris, 1900 (comte dii castellan mariyu eah. blanchet); rome, 1903; (atti dell congresso internagionale dii sains storch, 6 values.); brassels, 1910. ii. naanhelu naanheelanu chattabaddhamaina dravyamgaa upayogapade lohapu mukkaluga nirvachinchavacchu. eee padam saadhaarana currency, smaaraka ledhaa pradarsana mukkalanu kaligi untundi, idhi sthaapinchabadina pramaanaaniki anugunamgaa prabhutva adhikaram mudra vesindi., conny kaagitapu dabbu ledhaa private naanhelu kaadu. 1800 samvatsaramlo pakshika naanem taginantagaa sarafara cheyakapovadam valla ekkuvagaa pampinhee cheyabadina aangla tokenlanu chivari taragatiki memu suuchistaamu; inca, mukhyamgaa charchi corporations jaarii chesina "mariaux" anie piluvabade mukkalu, dabbu kosam vocharlugaa, taruvaata saadhaaranamgaa jetonelu ledhaa counterlu mariyu "rechanangspenniz" vanti viluva kosam. prati vyakti thana sonta jeevanaadhaaraanni bhoomi nundi pondalekapoyinappudu, sramanu panchukovadam mariyu daani utpattulanu pampinhee cheyadam avasaram avutundi. idhi modata vastuvula marpidi dwara prabhaavitamavutundi, dheeniki saadhaaranamgaa pasuvulalo kanipinche marpidi yokka vishwavyaaptamgaa andubaatulo unna madhyamam avasaram (homerlo menelas parikaraala viluva 9 steerlu; himaninadam yokka viluva 100). pasuvulatoe paatu, aadima purushulu charmalu, goddali, vastram modalaina vaatini upayoginchaaru., eee prayojanam kosam. ayithe, twaralone, vishwavyaaptamgaa upayoginchagala viluvanu kanugonadam avasaram avutundi, dheeni kosam bangaaram, vendi mariyu raagi chaalaa prarambha kaalam nundi upayoginchabadutunnaayi; aneka itara lohalatho prayogaalu chesina taruvaata, iteevali samvatsaraalalo, nickel veetiki jodinchabadindi. lohapu dabbu yokka modati dasha yea aakaaramlonainaa lohapu mukkala baruvutho cherukuntundi; conny, sthuula baruvunu matrame eee prakriya dwara nirnayinchavacchu, mariyu suukshmata yokka sthaayi (viluvaina lohala vishayamlo chaalaa mukhyamaina amsam) kaadu, praja adhikaram yokka stamp dwara suukshmatanu dhruveekarinchaalsina avasaram talettutundi, mariyu eee stamp lohapu muddanu naanem chestundi. perkonna lohalalo okadaanini matrame upayoginchadam tvaralo saripodani rujuvu chestundih taginanta chinna viluva kaligina bangaaru naanheelanu chelaamaniloki pettadam ledhaa, bays metalnu upayoginchi, taginanta adhika viluvala naanheelanu jaarii cheyadam asadhyam. anduvalla, oke samayamlo rendu ledhaa moodu lohalanu upayoginchadam avasaram. idhi oka viluvaina lohanni viluva kolatagaa mariyu marokati, raagitho kalipi, oka vastuvu ledhaa anubandha naanem vale matrame upayoginchadam dwara cheyavachu, ledhaa chattam dwara nirnayinchabadina ration (dvi lohavaadam) vadda viluva kolatalugaa rendu lohalapai ekakaalamlo daavaa veyadam dwara cheyavachu, ayithe, idhi rendu viluvaina lohala marpidi retulo hecchutaggula kaaranamgaa tarachugaa ibbandulanu kaliginchindi. roopamlo, naanhelu saadhaaranamgaa vruttaakaaramlo, konnisaarlu andakaramlo mariyu chatushkonamgaa untaayi; eee chivari naanhelu atyavasara naanhelalo mukhyamgaa saadhaaranam, mariyu sweedanlo apaaramaina parimaanam mariyu goppa baruvuku perigayi. mukhyamgaa suduura thoorpuna atyanta asaadhaarana aakaaraala naanhelu kooda kanipistaayi. parikaram mariyu saasana naanhelatho paatu tarachugaa pudiinaa gurtulu ledhaa pudiinaa-masters gurtulu anie piluvabade vaatini kaligi untaayi, ivi pratyeka prastaavanaku arhamainavi. pudiinaa-maastarlu mariyu dye-sinkarlu aneka sandarbhaallo konni gurtulu ledhaa aksharaala dwara tama rachanalanu vaeru cheyadaaniki alavaatu paddaru; mariyu pudiinaalu tama naanheelanu aksharaala dwara vaeru chestaayi, idhi jaarii chese sthalaanni sampradaaya mariyu ekapaksha gurtula dwara suuchistumdi, ledhaa konnisaarlu praarambhinchani vaariki arudugaa grahinchadagina-saasanam yokka nirdishta aksharam krinda oka chukkanu unchadam vanti itara maargaala dwara. eee vidhamgaa naanhela yokka vividha sanchikalu okela untaayi, vibhinnamgaa unchabadataayi. naanhela shaastram pedda parimaanamlo naanheelanu kanugonadam dwara bhouthikamgaa abhivruddhi chendindihi gatamlo teliyani rakaala parignaanamtho paatu, ituvanti aavishkaranalu icchina kalallo naanhela vaastava prasarana gurinchi mariyu konni naanhelu vaati swantha sthithula parimitulaku minchi enthavaraku prastutamlo unnayane daanipai bodhanaa antardrushtini andistaayi, mariyu thedhee laeni rakalanu, mukhyamgaa madhya yugaalaku chendina vaatini, konni nirdishta pudiinaa-master ledhaa khachitamaina kaalaaniki ketaayinchadaaniki maaku sahaayapadataayi. shaastra adhyayanamlo, alaage naanhela vargeekaranalo, kalakramanusaranga, moodu goppa yugalanu anusarinche paddhatih puraatana, madhyayuga mariyu aadhunika; bhougolikamgaa, aaya kaalamlooni vibhina raajakeeya vibhajana. greeku naanhela kosam, ekkel ippatikee upayogamlo unna aadarsapraayamaina vyavasthanu avalambinchindi. herculus stambhaala nundi praarambhinchi, athanu puurveekulaku telisina prapancha deshaalanu, madhyadhara chuttoo vaari sthaanaala kramamlo teesukuntaduh modata airopa, taruvaata asea nundi bharatadesam varaku, chivaraga africa eejipt nundi gibraulter jalasandhi varaku. eah. greeku naanhelu greeku" anae padaanni puraatana naanhela saastramlo ellappuduu roman muulam mariyu italian oos samadhi minaha anni naanheelanu chaerchadaaniki ardham chesukobadindi. dravya unit 60 nimishala pratibha (pratibha ledhaa mina yea naanem dwara suuchimchabadadu), ledhaa 6000 dratchme, prati okkati 6 obollaku samanam. vividha currencylu chaalaa sandarbhaallo pertian baruvu vyavasthapai aadharapadi untaayi. pertianlu viluvaina lohaniki rendu ververu pramaanaalanu kaligi unnaru bangaaram kosam ubian; vendi kosam babylonian. bangaaru daric, saadhaarana bangaaru naanem, greeku vendi dedracomku anugunamgaa, 8.385 graamula (sumaru 129 1/3 grainlu) baruvutho untundi; vendi daric (shekel), 5.57 graamulu (daadaapu 87 grainlu). puraatana kaalamlo bangaaram viluva vendi viluva 1 nundi 10 varaku unnanduna, bangaaru daric 15 vendi darriclaku samanam. naanhela yokka itara pramaanaalu phosian, agineton, atakapai, corinthian, tolemic mariyu asea mainer yokka systophoric pramaanam; ayithe, veetilo konni pertian pramaanam nundi udbhavinchi undavacchu. paatha agineton solan kosam telikapati ataka pramaanaanni pratyaamnaayam cheyadam dwara runaanni paakshikamgaa raddu chesaaru. atyanta samruddhiga roopondinchina mukkalu tetradracm (25-33 mm. vyaasamlo) mariyu dedracom; enimidi, padhi, mariyu pannendu drackmay mukkalu asaadhaaranamainavi, mariyu nalabhai-dracma mukka arudainadi. diguva sthaayilo vibhajana quarter-obolus (= 1/24 dracma) varaku vistarinchi untundi. greeku asealo bangaaram mariyu vendi (electrum) mishramtho tayaaru chesina chinna naanhelu upayoginchabaddaayi. greeslo vendi naanhelu baga prabalamgaa undevi; raagi naanhelu 400 bii.sii., ayithe bangaaram chaalaa arudugaa mudrinchabadindi. marovaipu, parshiyanla naanhelu bangaaramtho samruddhiga undevi, mariyu vaari udaaharana massidon yokka phillip II mariyu alegzander dhi gratenu prabhaavitam chesindi. konni minahaayimpulato, atyadhika sthaayi suukshmatanu lakshyamgaa pettukunnaru, bangaaru daric 97 saatam jarimana. prarambha kaalamlo naanheelanu oke daitho tayaaru chesevaru khaalii lohaniki venuka bhaganni oka pegg, saadhaaranamgaa chadarapu, vantenalo gattiga pattukunevaaru, anduvalla idhi chatushkona maandyam (incuse square) roopamlo daani mudranu pondindi; kalakramena eee chaturasram panktulu, bommalu mariyu saasanaalatoe alankarinchabadindi. dakshina italeelo okadaanikokati saripoye rendu dies upayoginchabaddaayi, tadwara naanhelu mundu bhaagamlo upasamanamgaa mariyu venuka bhaagamlo nitaruga oke designu pradarsistaayi ("nammi incusi"). jaateeyatala prakaram saasanaalu vividha bhaashalalo unnaayi. dwibhasha saasanaalu-ii.zii., greeku-latin-mariyu bhasha mariyu rakam anugunamgaa laeni saasanaalu-ii.zii.cypriot aksharaalalo greeku kooda sambhavistundi; mariyu greeku aksharalu kooda kalakramena roopamlo aneka maarpulaku lonavutaayi. naanhela hakku saarvabhoumaadhikaara hakku kaavadamtho, saasanaalu modata aaa saarvabhouma shakti paerunu prastaavinchaayi, dheeni adhikaaramlo naanem mudrinchabadindi; greeslo, alegzander dhi grate kaalam varaku, idhi samajam. naanhela nirvahanaku baadhyata vahinchina adhikaarula paerlu kooda kanugonabaddayi; taruvaata vacchina naanhelu kooda aaa samvatsaraanni chuuputaayi, idhi tarachugaa cree. puu. 312 naati cellucid shakam nundi lekkinchabadutundi.sii. atyanta puraatana naanhelu bahusha lydialo, ezhina tiiraalaloo, herodotus manaku cheppinatlugaa, ledhaa ezhina vadda, dheeni raaju, feedon, parian chronicle vaatini bahusha 600 bii kante mundu perkontundi.sii. oke samudramloni vividha dveepaalu veetiki chaalaa bhinnamgaa laeni designlanu kaligi unna naanheelanu andistaayi. dakshina italii naanhelu chaalaa taruvaati teedeeki chendinavi kaavu, cree. puu. 510 loe naasanam cheyabadina sibaris nagaram nundi namuunaalu unnayani vaastavam rujuvu chestundi.sii. greeku yokka prarambha naanhelu sarainavi mariyu asea mainer, chadunaina bulletlanu pooli unde mandapati lohapu mukkalu, mariyu sahajamgaa, saralamaina parikaraalu, mokkalu mariyu jantuvulanu kaligi untaayi, ivi tvaralo nirdishta praantaalaku vilakshanamgaa marutayi; veeti taruvaata devatalu mariyu purushula talalu mariyu bommalu vastaayi, konnisaarlu samoohaalalo ekam avtayi. sumaru 400 bii.sii. greeku dye-cutting kala daani puurti abhivruddhiki cherukundi, taruvaati jaatiki samaanamaina shreshtatanu saadhinchindihi syracuse modati sthaanaanni kaligi undhi; daani taruvaata varusaga ariadia, theebs, olynthus modalainavi vastaayi. greeku shrenilo naanhelu cherchabadina hellenic kaani prajalalo, maaku atyanta mukhyamainavi yoodulu. modata vaaru videshee naanheelanu upayoginchaaru, conny, syrianlaku vyatiraekamgaa matchabies krinda jaateeyamgaa edugutunna phalitamgaa, pradhana poojaari, saiman antiocus VII (139-38 b.sii.) naanhela hakku. saiman raagi mariyu vendini mudrinchaadu. ataniki "shekel izrael" anie aapaadinchabadindih mukhamgaa puraanam (shekel izrael) mariyu oka kappu ledhaa kunda, daani paina oka thedhee (1-5, naanhela hakkunu pradaanam cheyadam nundi lekkinchabadutundi); riverse, puraanam (jerusalem pavitra) mariyu moodu moggalatho kuudina lillie-stuck. migilina machabilu-zaan hydranus, judas aristobulus, alegzander janius, matathias antigonus modalainavi-paatha hebru ledhaa hebru mariyu greekullo saasanaalatoe pratyaekamgaa raagini roopondinchaaru. veeti taruvaata idumian yuvaraju, veerula raagi naanhelu vachayi. kreestu kaalamlo roman naanhelu kooda chelaamanilo undevi. idhi nivaali dabbu katha dwara rujuvu cheyabadindi. "mariyu vaaru ataniki [kreestuku] oka paisa icchaaru. yesu vaaritho ilaa annadu idhi evari vigraham, saasanam? vaaru athanitho ilaa antaru seasure yokka "(mott., xxii, 19-21). idhi romanlaku vyatiraekamgaa yoodula rendu tirugubatla samayamlo matrame jarigindi.dii. 66-70 mariyu 132-135, aaa vendi mallee varusaga elazar mariyu saiman mariyu baar-kachba krinda roopondinchabadindi. kreestu taruvaata modati sataabdapu bactrian nanelapai gondophares anae paeru ledhaa ilantidhe paeru undhi, idhi mugguru maageelalo okaraina kaspar thoo samanamga untundi. bii. roman naanhelu italeelo mottamodati marpidi madhyamam raagi, idhi prati lavadevilo baruvu pettavalasi undedi ("oes ruud"). modata idhi kramarahita roopamlo mukkaluga upayoginchabadindi, taruvaata vikrutamaina baarlalo upayoginchabadindi. modata chattaparamaina tendarnu andinchina ghanata servius tuliusku aapaadinchabadindi, athanu baarlanu khachitamaina bommalatho stamp chesinatlu chebutaaru, ekkuvagaa pasuvulu ("primus signavit oos; oos signatum"). nijamaina naanheelanu vaati viluvanu soochinche gurtulato mariyu nagaram yokka chihnalanu chaalaa taruvaati teedeeki chendinavigaa parichayam cheyadam. dravya unit 12 ounsula (10.527 oz) gaa undhi. troy), roman pound ("libra"-anduvalla, libral standard) kuu samanam; ayithe, saadhaaranamgaa, oka yass yokka baruvu kevalam 10 ounsulu (sumaru 8 3/4 ounsulu) matrame untundi. troy). ("semis" = 1/2, "trains" = 1/3, "quadrons" = 1/4, "sextance" = 1/6, mariyu "yunsia" = 1/12) yokka vibhagalu, avi marinta sulabhamgaa vaeru cheyabadataaniki, oka vaipu avi ounsulanu kaligi unnanta banthulatho gurtinchabaddaayi. oka vaipu ooda yokka gurrapu praatinidhyam, rome nagaram yokka lakshana parikaram, marovaipu, naanem viluvanu batti maarutuu unde daivatvam yokka thala. naanhelu gundramgaa, ettainavigaa undevi, conny kontha vikrutamainavi, upasamanam kaliginchevi mariyu veyabadinavi; konnintini campanialo mudrinchaaru. 268 bii nundi.sii. aaa baruvu kramamga taggindi; grandha grandha pramaanam modata oka trayam, taruvaata oka anaesuval, chivaraku asalu baruvuku pakshika pramaanamgaa-1/24 kooda maarindi. pramaanaala taggimpu pedda viluvala naanhela tayaareeni sulabhataram chesinappatiki ("dupandius, trypondius, decusis", varusaga 2,3 mariyu 10 gaadidalaku samanam), idhi raagi naanhelaku vaati antargata viluva kante chaalaa ekkuva prastuta viluvanu ivvadaaniki daariteesindi mariyu cast naanhelaku badulugaa stamp cheyabadina naanhela parichayaanni marinta munduku teesukellindi. livy prakaram modati vendi naanhelu cree. puu. 268 loe mudrinchabaddaayi.sii., eee modati vendi mukka "denarius", idhi 10 gaadidalaku samanam. dheeni taruvaata chinna viluvalu, "quinarious" (1/2 "denarius") mariyu "sestertius" (1/4 "denarius") vachayi. veetitho paatu konni praavinsulanu vaanijya currenciega upayoginchadaaniki "victoriatus" (naaluginta oka vanthu "denarius") nuu roopondinchaaru. oka pound yokka modati 1/72 baruvunna denarius 217 b loe tagginchabadindi.sii. 1/84 varaku, vendi daadaapu swachchamgaa undedi. mundu bhaagam "dii roma" nuu choopistundi; dheeniki viruddhamgaa, rendu dioscury; eee stampulalo modatidi chaalaa samvatsaraalu upayogamlo undhi. pudiinaa oka commission ("tresviri ore argento aaro flando ferriundo") dwara nirvahinchabadindi, dheeni sabhyulu tvaralo nanelapai vaari paerlu ledhaa modati aksharaalanu unchaaru, taruvaata vaari kutumba sabhyula mariyu vaari panulanu (kutumbam ledhaa consular naanhelu) keertinchaaru. aaa samayamlo kooda, conny saamraajya kaalamlo chaalaa tarachugaa, bays metal yokka dinari undevi, ivi tarachugaa venditho ("dinari suboyevati") sannaga pooyabadi undevi. bangaaram srushtinchadam chaalaa arudugaa jarigindi. seasure saamraajya naanhelaku parivartananu suchistundihi 44 bii loe.sii. ayana chitrapatam kaligina naanheelanu jaarii cheyaalani senate aadesinchindi. brutus kooda eee udaaharananu anusarinchaadu, mariyu augustusto portrait naanhela nirantaraaya shreni praarambhamavutundi. seasure appatike bangaaram mariyu vendini tayaaru chese hakkunu prakatinchukunnappatiki, augustus eee hakkunu tanaku matrame prakatinchukunnadu mariyu raagi naanheelanu matrame senetku vadilivesadu; mariyu eee raagi naanhelu s aksharaalato vargeekarinchabaddaayi.sii. ("senatus consulto"). aurelian (270-76) eee adhikaranni kooda senate nundi teesukunnadu. saamrajyam nundi praarambhinchi, manaku samruddhiga bangaaru naanhelu kanipistaayi. pradhana naanem "arius", dheeni baruvu sumaru 123⁄2 grainlu; daani mundu bhaagamlo chakravarthy paeru, sheershika mariyu chitram unnaayi; daani vyatiraeka, chaaritraka praatinidhyaalu goppa vaividhyamlo unnaayi. chakravarthy yokka bhavanam, ishtamaina devatalu, mariyu atanni alankarinchina ledhaa alankarinchaalsina dharmala vyaktitvaalu; athani kutumba sabhyulu kooda praatinidhyam vahistaaru. eee vishayamlo trajan mariyu hadrian shrenulu mukhyamgaa samruddhiga unnaayi. neerolo naanhela ksheenata praarambhamavutundi, mukhyamgaa vendi; mariyu idhi kontha sthaayi kramaanni mallee sthirapariche varaku konasaagindi. athanu oka pound (sumaru 70 dhanyalu) yokka 1/72 kuu samaanamaina "salidus" anae kotta bangaaru naanemnu pravesapettaadu, idhi satabdaalugaa dravya vyavastha abhivruddhilo mukhyamaina karakamga migilipoyindi. konni sanghatanala ghnaapakaartham jaarii cheyabadina pudiinaa yokka patakaalu, pratyaekamgaa peddavi mariyu jagrattagaa amalu cheyabadina panula gurinchi pratyeka prastaavana cheyali. avi bangaaram, vendi ledhaa raagitho tayaaru cheyabaddaayi mariyu viluvaina lohamlo, saadhaaranamgaa chattaparamaina pramaanaalaku anugunamgaa roopondinchabaddaayi. pasupu lohapu vruttamtoe ("medailles dess dukes cuverse") chuttumuttabadina raagi nundi tayaaru chesina namuunaalu kooda unnaayi. contarniot" anae padam ettaina anchutho kuudina pedda vruttaakaara raagi naanheniki vartinchabadutundi, idhi pradhanamgaa sirkensian atalaku sambandhinchi upayoginchabadutundi. thoorpu roman chakravartula naanhelu, byzantine gaa gurtinchabaddaayi, kalakramanusaranga kaneesam madhya yugaalaku chendinavi, conny, vaari naanhelalo gamaninchina pramaanam dwara mariyu praarambhamlo, naanhela swabhaavam dwara kooda nirnayinchabadutundi, mottam shreni roman saamrajyam yokka samasyalatho daggari sambandham kaligi undhi. raagi samruddhiga tayaaru cheyabadindi, vendi arudugaa, conny bangaaru naanhelaku atyanta praamukhyata undhi. chaalaa samvatsaraalu bangaaram byzantium vadda matrame roopondinchabadindi, mariyu eee bangaaru mukkalu paschimam yokka bangaaru naanhelaku matrame kakunda, padamuudava sataabdam varaku tirigi praarambhinchabadaledu, islam kosam kooda oka namoonaga panicheesaayi. byzantine naanhelalo kalaatmaka yogyata puurtigaa leduh vaati rakam drudamainadi mariyu maarpulenidi. munupati sampada mariyu vividha rakaala parikaraala sthaanamlo, manaku mataparamaina chihnalu, kreestu yokka ekalekhanam mariyu saadhuvulu kanipistaaru. chakravarthulalo chivarivadu ayina zaan VIII yokka naanhelu, conny okati, padihenava sataabdam madhyalo, byzantine shrenilo chivaridi. sii. madhyayuga naanhelu paatha roman saamrajyam yokka praadaesika parimitula lopala udbhavinchina kotta rashtraalu modata roman naanheelanu upayoginchaayi, veetilo taginanta pedda sankhyalo unikilo unnaayi. jaathi valasala kaalamlooni arudaina swayampratipatti samasyalu roman shrenitho chaalaa daggari sambandham kaligi unnaayi; fraanslooni merovingianlu matrame tamanu taamu kontavaraku swatantramgaa chesukunnaru. ayithe, chaalaa twaragaa, naanhelaku sambandhinchina anni vishayaalalo saadhaarana ksheenata praarambhamaindi; naanhelu kramamga mutakagaa marai, bangaaru currency adrusyamaindi, raagi anoohyamgaa matrame roopondinchabadindi; chinna vendi naanhelu matrame chellimpu madhyamam. charlemagne oka rakamaina kramaanni punaruddharinchaadu; raaju matrame upayoginchavalasina raaja pratyeka hakkugaa naanheelanu tayaaru chese hakkunu paerkontuu, aaa samayamlo vinaasakaramaina nishpattulanu sweekarinchina anni vyaktigata naanheelanu anachivesaadu. inca, athanu tankasaalalo ekkuva shraddha vahinchaalani aadesinchaadu mariyu eee amsampai nibandhanalanu roopondinchaadu, idhi airopaloni ekkuva bhaagaaniki pramaanamgaa maarindi, mariyu vaati mukhyamaina lakshanaalalo, eee roeju varaku inglandlo panicheestunnaayi. vendi yokka pratibha ledhaa pound (sumaru 11/5 ounsulu) dheeniki aadharam. troy); idhi 20 shillinglu (pound mariyu shillinglu rendoo kevalam khaataa dabbu) gaa vibhajinchabadindi, okkokkati 12 penslaku ("niraakarinchevaaru") samanam. anduvalla aaa pennie baruvu 23 1/2 dhanyalu. carlovingian nanelapai atyanta saadhaarana namuunaalu siluva yokka praatinidhyam mariyu stambhaalato alankarinchabadina charchi, chuttoo puraanam "christiana religio" undhi. madhya yugaalaloni vichitramaina aardhika paristhitulu nirantaram taggutunna baruvu mariyu suukshmata kaligina vendi naanhela jaareeki daariteesaayi, tadwara avi kramamga marinta panikiraniviga marai mariyu viluvalalo saadhaarana perugudala phalitamgaa, ikapai currenciega upayoginchabadavu. eee vidhamgaa oka prakriya praarambhamaindi, idhi madhya yugaalalo anekasaarlu punaraavrutamaindihi paatha chinna naanhela tarugudala phalitamgaa, pedda mariyu marinta viluvaina kotta naanhelu, airopa antataa vijayavantamgaa tama marganni yerparachukunna konni nagarallo mudrinchabaddaayi. kalakramena ivi tarugudala chendaayi mariyu kotta samasyatho bharti cheyabaddaayi. padamuudava sataabdamloo shilling (12 penslaku samanam) modatisaari paryatanalalo roopondinchabadindi; aaa samayamlo chaalaa sannaga maarina "dinier" kuu viruddhamgaa, dheenini "nammas grassus" (mandapati naanem) anie pilicheevaaru, mariyu, idhi modata roopondinchina pradaesam paeru nundi, "grassus turonensis" ledhaa "gross tornois". oka vaipu raaju paerutoe oka siluva mariyu oka puraanam undhi, saadhaaranamgaa "benedictum sitt nomen domini"; maroka vaipu, oka charchi. torniois" france antataa mariyu khadgamrugam venta vaegamgaa vyaapinchindi, mariyu prague ("grossus progensis" ledhaa "pragor groshen") vadda idhe vidhamaina naanem mudranaku daariteesindi, idhi daani vaipu aneka deshaalalo anukarinchabadindi. merovingian kaalam taruvaata mudrinchina bangaaru naanhelu chakravarthy frederic II yokka augustals matrame. ivi munupati roman naanem yokka kaapeelu mariyu sisileeloo mudrinchabaddaayi. saadhaarana bangaaru naanhela tayari 1250 varaku, republic off florencelo prarambham kaaledu. eee naanhelaku oka vaipu seyint. zaan baptist, mariyu, marovaipu, oka lillie, florence chihnam. eee parikaram ("floes lili") nundi, ledhaa nagaram paeru nundi, vaaru "florin" anae paerunu pondaaru. vaari baruvu 540 dhaanyaala kante konchem ekkuva. konni dasaabdaala taruvaata venis yokka dogg, geovanni dandolo, oka bangaaru naanem yokka tankam praarambhinchaadu, idhi seyint mundu mokarilli unna dogg yokka praatinidhyaanni kaligi undhi. maark mariyu puraanamtho kreestu dishtibommah "sitt tb christe datus quem tuu regis iste ducatus". eee puraanam yokka chivari padam naanheniki daani paerunu "ducato" (ducat) anie ichindi; venis loe dheenini "laa jekka", "pudiinaa" nundi "jechino" (sequin) anie kooda pilicheevaaru. florin rakam mariyu ducut paeru tvaralo prapanchavyaaptamgaa prastutamayyaayi. aadhunika kaalaaniki parivartana anedi inca pedda vendi naanhela parichayam dwara gurtinchabadindi. veetilo, italian "testone" mariyu french "fraank" thoo paatu, german "tayle" atyanta mukhyamainadi. 1485loe tyrol yokka arch duke sigismund 2 "loth" baruvunna, 15 "loth" suukshmata kaligina kotta vendi naanem jaareeki kaaranamaindi; aaa samayamlo daani viluva marpidi raetu bangaaram guldenku anugunamgaa undedi, anduvalla dheenini "guldengroschen" anie pilicheevaaru. tyrol yokka udaaharananu tvaralo naanheelanu tayaaru chese hakku unna chaalaa mandhi prabhuvulu anusarinchaaru; jochimstal vadda shlick gananala pudiinaaloo tayaaru cheyabadina "jochimstaller" ("tayle" gaa kudinchabadindi), tayle (dollar) paerunu udbhavinchindi, idhi netikee konasaginchabadindi. eee rakamaina naanhelalo atyanta aasaktikaramainavi "rubentaller", salzberg yokka arch bishop ayina keatschack yokka leonard roopondinchaaru, mariyu athani aayudha bearingla nundi paeru pettaru, turnip (roob); ivi madhya yugaala arudaina mariyu tarachugaa nakilee naanhelalo pariganinchabadataayi. madhya yugaalalo german saamrajyam yokka dravya vyavasthalu daani naanhela rakaala sankhyaku matrame kakunda, daani parinaamam yokka pratyekataku sambandhinchi kooda chaalaa aasaktini kaligistaayi. charlemagne, naanhela ekaruupatanu sthaapinchi, naanhela hakkunu pratyaekamgaa saarvabhoumaadhikaariki chendinadigaa gurtinchela chesaadu, conny athani balaheenamaina vaarasulu kramamga dheenini, alaage itara raaja adhikaaraalanu bhuswamya prabhuvulaku appaginchavalasi vachindi, vaari adhikaram atyunnata prabhutvam balaheenapadatamtho perugutuunae undhi. eee bhuusvaamyavaadulaloo, anni arch bishaplu mariyu bishaplu matrame kakunda, saamraajyamloni pramukha mataadhipatulu mariyu mataadhipatulu kooda unnaaru. parinaamam kramamga jarigindi. modata oka jaatara ("mercutus") nirvahinchadaaniki, pannu ("telonium") vidhinchadaaniki, bhuusvaamyavaadulaloo okariki chendina pradaesamloe pudiinaa ("moneta") nii erpaatu cheyadaaniki anumati ivvabadindi. modata pudiinaa kevalam oka marpidi ayi undavacchu, ayithe, madhya yugaalalo dheeni labhalu tarachugaa chaalaa gananeeyamgaa undevi mariyu prabhuvuku jama cheyabadevi. appudu athani chittaruvuto mudrinchina naanheelanu unchadaaniki ataniki anumati ivvabadindi, conny ekareeti pramaanaanni konasaginchalsi vachindi. sudeerghakaalam paatu eee bhuswamya prabhuvulu etuvanti parimitulu lekunda naanheelanu tayaaru chese hakkunu pondaaru. idhi jariginappudu saamrajyam yokka currencylo ekaruupata mugisindi, naanhelalo goppa vaividhyam saadhyamaindi, mariyu naanheelanu tayaaru chese hakku, chakravarthiki pratyeka hakkugaa kakunda, prati bhuuswaamyaaniki pratyeka hakkugaa maarindi. naanheelanu nirantaram tagginchadam mariyu marchadam dwara eee pratyeka hakkunu utpaadaka aadaaya vanarugaa upayoginchukovadaaniki prayatninchaaru, tadwara vaanijyamlo nimagnamaina vaari prajalalo teevramaina nashtalanu kaliginchaaru. anduvalla, naanhela hakkunu inca pondani nagaralu, naanhela hakkunu pondadam dwara ledhaa vyavasaya tankasaalala dwara ledhaa tankasaalala yajamaanulanu vaari adhikaaraalanu marinta sahetukamaina paddhatiloo viniyoginchamani prerepinchadam dwara vyavasthapai kontha niyantrananu pondadaaniki prayatninchaayi. german madhyayuga naanhelalo, "bractates" (lott. "bractia", "oka metal sannani sheet") pratyeka prastaavanaku arhamainadi. avi munupati kaalamlooni scandinavian brocketla maadirigaa vyaktigata aabharanaalu kaavu, conny nijamaina naanhelu. padakondava sataabdamloo tiraskarana sannaga mariyu sannaga maaradamtho, pannendava sataabdam praarambhamlo, germanyloni konni praantaalalo, chaalaa sannani conny pedda vendi naanhelatho bharti cheyabadindi, oka daitho tayaaru cheyabadindi, adhe designu choopistundi, oka vaipu upasamanam mariyu maroka vaipu niraasaku guraindi. eee naanhelu, mukhyamgaa praarambhamlo, kalaatmaka yogyata lekunda jagrattagaa amalu cheyabaddaayi. swaabiyaalooni haale nagaram (wrttemberg) oka chinna pakshika naanemnu vidudala chesindi, idhi vistrutamgaa prasarana kaligi undhi, mariyu daani muulam nundi "heller" anie piluvabadindi. konni vishayaalalo french naanhela parinaamam german naanheelanu pooli untundih ikkada kooda padava sataabdamloo, lae mariyu mataparamaina baranla (vienne, arles, reims modalaina vaati pradhana mataguruvulu) naanheelanu manam kanugonnamu. mukhyamgaa), idhi sthiramaina rakam ("rakam sthirathvam") kaligi untundi, idhi sudeerghakaalam paatu marakunda nirvahinchabadutundi. conny madhya yugam mugise samayaniki eee naanhelu chaalaa takkuva mandhi saktivantamaina saamantulaku matrame parimitam cheyabaddaayi mariyu raaja naanhelatho poliste, ika praamukhyata ledhu. france nundi manaku "chais dii 'oor" anae bangaaru naanem undhi, idhi itara deshaalalo kooda ekkuvagaa mudrinchabadindi; idhi gothik simhaasanampai kuurchunna raajunu suuchistumdi. inglandlo sterlings mariyu prabhuvulu chikkukunnaru, vaariddaruu tarachugaa nakileevaaru. canterbury mariyu yark yokka arch bishapla naanhelu unnaayi. italeelo, daani aneka raajakeeya vibhajanala kaaranamgaa, germany maadirigaane naanhela vaividhyam manaku kanipistundi. mataparamaina tankasaalala naanhela korata gamaninchadaggadih konni vivikta udaaharanalu mariyu aquileza, trent mariyu trieste varusa minaha, mana vadda papal naanhelu matrame unnaayi, ivi pradhanamgaa byzantine namuunaanu anusarinchi, adrian I thoo praarambhamavutaayi, conny clement v (ayithe, dheeni naanhelalo modatidi avignon vadda kottabadindi) varaku mukhyamainavi kaavu. thoorpu airopa chaalaa varaku byzantine prabhaavamlo undagaa, crusaderlu paaschaatya rakalanu vaaru sthaapinchina raashtraalloki teesukuvacchaaru. mohamad naanhelu 700va samvatsaram loe matrame kanipistaayi; eee naanhelu, endukante coron chitra praatinidhyaalanu nishedhistundi, coron nundi paataalanu matrame kaligi untaayi mariyu saadhaaranamgaa, palakudu, pudiinaa-master mariyu naanhela teedeeki sambandhinchina khachitamaina prakatanalanu kaligi untaayi. dii. aadhunika naanhelu aadhunika kaalam praarambhamtho, paakshikamgaa america aavishkarana mariyu daani vendi nikshepaala dopidi phalitamgaa, pedda vendi mukkalu pratichota pedda sankhyalo kanipistaayi. dheeni sahaja paryavasanamga, rachanala amalupai ekkuva shraddha, saasanaalalo marinta spashtamaina paatralu mariyu chitra praatinidhyaalapai (portraitlu mariyu coats-off-arms) ekkuva shraddha chuupadam manaku kanipistundi. aneka punarujjeevana samasyalu, mukhyamgaa papal naanhelu, aaa kaalamlooni pramukha kalaakrutulalo okatigaa pariganhinchabadutunnaayi. gatha konni sataabdaala kaalamlo, madhya yugaala nagarikata prabhaavaaniki raani deshaalu itarulatoe naanhela sambandhaalaloki pravesinchaayi, udhaa.zii.russia mariyu suduura thoorpu, chainaalo atyanta asaadhaaranamaina aakaaraala naanhelu unnaayi, konni randhraalu, konni tuning-forkulu, saabarlu modalaina vaati roopamlo unnaayi.; siam, vakreekruta vendi theega gaddalu. munupati sataabdaalaloo airopaloni paatha nagarika deshaala dravya vyavasthalu saadhaaranamgaa madhya yugaalalo sthaapinchabadina margallo abhivruddhi chendagaa, pantommidava sataabdapu goppa raajakeeya mariyu aardhika viplavaalu kotta saktulanu yerparuchukunnayi, ivi dravya vyavasthalapai prabhavam chupayi. german matlade prajala maarutunna sambandhaala phalitamgaa vaari currencylalo vaividhyam (germanylo maark, austrialo crone, haalandlo gulden mariyu switzerlandlo fraank), marovaipu italii ekikarana, ekareeti italian dravya vyavastha (lira) kuu daariteesindi. conny aardhika paristhitulu raajakeeya paristhitula kante marinta shaashwata phalitaalanu icchaayi. 1865 december 23naa france, italii, belgium mariyu switzerlandlu latin unionnu erpaatu chesaayi, 1868loe grease eee raashtraala naanheelanu french dravya vyavastha aadhaaramgaa ekareeti niyantranapai angeekarinchindi. eee vyavasthanu ippudu pedda sankhyalo rashtraalu sweekarinchaayi, ivi taamu latin dravya unionlo cheraledu-rumania, bulgaria, servia, finland, speyin, mariyu kaneesam namamatramga, gatamlo spanish kaalaneeluga unna aneka madhya mariyu dakshina america ganatantraalu, inca aneka chinna european rashtraalu. austria-hangari mariyu russia kooda eee vyavasthaku anugunamgaa unnaayi. 1873loe maroka dravya sangham erpadindi, indulo sweeden, denmark mariyu norway unnaayi, dravya sangham scandinavian crone. portugees dravya vyavastha daani puurva kaalanee ayina brazillo ippatikee amalulo undhi. etuvanti adhikaarika sampradaayam lekunda kooda, oka naanem videshee deshaalalo karenseeni pondavacchu. aaa vidhamgaa paeru mariyu viluvalo german dravya vyavastha yokka saakha ayina mexican dollar, pasiphik mahasamudram yokka suduura teeramlo, chaina yokka samudra provinceulalo, japan, siam mariyu malae dveepasamoohamlo bhaagamgaa prastuta naanem; idhi madhya americanu mariyu aneka african samudra praavinsulanu kooda prabhaavitam chestundi. bhaarata roopayi kooda daani muulam unna bhoomi edurugaa unna samudra teeramlo, thoorpu africa, dakshina arabia mariyu malae dveepakalpam tiiraalaloo karenseeni pondindi. kenadian currency united states yokka pramaanaanni anusaristunnappatiki, aardhika mariyu raajakeeya prayojanaalanu daatadaaniki kenada oka manchi udaaharana, ikkada aangla saarvabhoumaadhikaaram chattabaddhamaina dravyam. austria mariyu hangareelo ippudu chelaamanilo unna naanhelu lichtenstein mariyu montenegrolo currenciega chellubaatu avutundagaa, chaalaa kaalam nundi austrialone chelaamanilo laeni austrian naanem, maria-terracian tollar anie pilustaaru, mariyu 1780 teedeeni kaligi undhi, idhi ippatikee madhya africa, sudan, tripoli mariyu arabialo atyanta mukhyamaina vaanijya currency. gatha dasaabdaallo naanhela saanketikatalo saadhinchina unnata sthaayi paripuurnata oka vaipu naanhelatho (aluminiumtho chesina naanhelu, platinum yokka russian naanhelu, belgian kuttina naanhelu, rendu lohala aangla naanhelu) aneka prayogaalaku daariteesindi, ayithe veetilo ekkuva bhaagam nirnayaatmaka vijayanni saadhinchaledu. marovaipu, naanhela kalaatmaka vaipuku ekkuva shraddha chuupadam saadhyamaindi, dheeniki french mariyu italian tankasaalala taja sanchikalu sakshyam. II. patakaalu medal" (florence = 1/2 tiraskaranalo "medalia") anae padam saadhaaranamgaa vruttaakaara lohapu mukkalaku vartinchabadutundi, ivi pudiinaa dwara jaarii cheyabadinappatiki, chellimpu maadhyamgaa uddesinchabadavu. kalaatmaka mariyu saamskrutikamgaa maarutunna paristhitulu mariyu avasaralu vaatini swatantramgaa chesinappatiki, avi modata naanhelu anie vaati padaarthaalu, roopam, tayari vidhanam mariyu charitra rujuvu chestaayi. oka dhesha charitralo mukhyamaina sanghatanalanu smarinchukovadam vaari uddesyam, enthagaa antey, oka vyakti ledhaa mottam desham yokka patakaala shreni aadhaaramgaa mariyu vivarinchina charitralanu vraayadaaniki prayatnaalu jarigaayi. patakaala jaarii sandarbhaalu simhasananni adhishtinchadam, yuddha prakatana, shanti ledhaa kootami mugimpu, praja bhavanam puurti cheyadam vanti vaatilo kanipistaayi; saarvabhoumulu taamu gouravinchaalanukunna vyaktulaku samarpinchadaaniki kooda dheenini chaalaa vistrutamgaa upayoginchaaru, mariyu atuvanti sandarbhaallo idhi tarachugaa swarnakaaruni kalalo nijamaina ratnam. marovaipu, gourava suuchakamgaa, athani vivaham vanti sandarbhaallo tama saarvabhoumaadhikaariki pourulu tarachugaa patakaanni andajestaaru. conny prajala samskruti yokka vyakteekaranagaa private patakam chaalaa ekkuva aasaktini kaligi untundi, mariyu eee rangamlo punarujjeevanam mariyu taruvaati sataabdaala german patakam chaalaa udaaharanalanu andistundi. portrait patakaalu ippudu photography dwara teesukunna paatranu poeshinchaayi. coats-off-arms thoo stamp cheyabadina patakaalu kooda private vyaktulaku praatinidhyam vahistaayi, mariyu konnisaarlu tokenlu, livareela kosam buttonlu modalainavatila aacharanatmakamgaa upayoginchabadataayi. avi nischitaartham ledhaa vivahalu, vendi ledhaa bangaaru vivahalu, jananaalu mariyu baptismla ghnaapakaartham upayoginchabadataayi, mariyu naanhelu ledhaa patakaala ("patenphennies") aakaaramlo pedda sankhyalo spaansarla naamakarana bahumatulu eee prayojanam kosam spashtamgaa tayaaru cheyabadataayi mariyu sisuvu mariyu devuni paerulu, baptism yokka pradaesam mariyu thedhee mariyu saadhaaranamgaa pavitramaina saametatoe chekkabadi untaayi. eee "patenphennies" nuu tarachugaa aabharanalugaa dharinchadaaniki goppa amarikalalo unchaaru, mariyu vaarasatvamgaa tarataraalugaa vaarasatvamgaa ivvabaddaayi. jeevita pravesam matrame kaadu, maranam kooda patakaalalo namodu cheyabadindi; mariyu atuvanti aneka bhagalu vivaranaatmaka jeevitacharitra noteesulanu kaligi untaayi. chaalaa tarachugaa patakam oka mataparamaina prayojanam kosam upayogapadutundi; cremnitz loe mariyu mukhyamgaa jochimstal loe ituvanti mataparamaina naanhela yokka vistruta shreni mudrinchabaddaayi. typological praatinidhyaalu goppa aadarananu pondaayi, oka vaipu paatha-nibandhana rakanni chooputundi, maroka vaipu kotta-nibandhana pratiroopam. samskarana baibil padabandhaalato alankarinchabadina aneka patakaalanu utpatti chesindi. mataparamaina patakaalapai ishtamaina vishayam kreestu adhipati vienna nagaram satabdaalugaa eee roopakalpananu kaligi unna patakaalanu vishishtata yokka bahiranga gurtulugaa upayoginchindi. eestar patakaalalo paschal gorrepillatho, chrismus samayamlo sisuvu yesutho itarulaku bahumatulugaa ivvabaddaayi. saadhuvula nundi, seyint. georg chaalaa tarachugaa "georgestaller" mariyu "georgesducat" loe praatinidhyam vahinchaaru, mariyu oka moodhanammakam seyint chithramtho patakaanni dharinchadam prabalamgaa undhi. georg gaayaala nundi rakshanagaa undevaadu. idhe vidhamaina moodhanammakam seyint praatinidhyamtho mudipadi undhi. roach mariyu St. sebastian ledhaa seyint. rosalia, alaage picchipaamu paamu thoo siluva, plaegu nundi rakshanagaa. puurtigaa andhavishwaasa taayettulu, jyotishashaastra mariyu rasavaada naanhela yokka anantamaina shreni kooda undhi, ivi oka kshaara nundi viluvaina lohamgaa rasavaada parivartana yokka utpatti anie cheppukuntaayi. viyannaalooni saamraajya naanem-cabinetlo eee mukkalalo okati undhi, idhi bahusha unikilo unna atipedda patakam, dheeni baruvu sumaru 15⁄2 poundlu. avoirdupois; mariyu chakravarthy modati leopold yokka nalabhai mandhi puurveekula chitraalato alankarinchabadindi, vaari samakshamlo parivartana jarigi undalsi undhi. anduvalla patakaanni upayoginchina aneka mariyu aneka prayojanaala kosam daani naanhela tayaareeki daariteesina saamskrutika paristhitulanu nammakamgaa pratibimbistaayi mariyu inca puurtigaa prasamsimchabadani samachara vanarugaa unnaayi. nijamaina patakaalu praacheena kaalaaniki teliyanivi; vaati vidhulu aneka vidhaluga-mukhyamgaa mukhyamaina sanghatanala smaaraka chihnaluga-naanhela dwara pradarsinchabaddaayi. prastuta kaalamlooni maarpuleni, saadhaaranamgaa kalaatmaka naanhelaku viruddhamgaa, puraatana naanhelu, mukhyamgaa grease naanhelu, thana naipunyaanni pradarsinchadaaniki itara avakaasaalanu vetakadaaniki balavantam cheyabadani dye-chekkadam kala yokka kalakhandalu. romanla paristhitulalo saaruupyata undhi, chakravartula patakaalu mana patakaala swabhaavaaniki kontavaraku anugunamgaa untaayi, ayithe avi, oka niyamam vale, chattaparamaina dravya unit yokka nakileelu; tokenlu ("tessero"), aatala kosam kottabaddayi, mariyu contarniatelu pathakamtho marinta daggari sambandham kaligi untaayi. pavitra chakravarthy luis (814-40) yokka konni bangaaru sanchikalu kooda patakaalanu pooli untaayi, mariyu madhya yugaala tadupari kaalamlo manam pedda sankhyalo naanheelanu kalusukunnamu, ivi charitralo konni sanghatanalanu gurthuchesukovadaaniki uddesinchabaddaayi, ayinappatikee vaati parikaraalu tarachugaa vivarinchadaaniki chaalaa kashtamgaa untaayi; ikkada aneka puzzle ippatikee parishkaram kosam vechi unnaayi. henry simham yokka chihnamgaa, bavaria mariyu saxony yokka saktivantamaina duke, simham athani nanelapai mukhyamaina paatra poeshistumdi. conny athani virodhi, whittelsback yokka odho, henry simham nishedhinchabadinappudu, bavaria yokka ducheeni andukunnadu, eee chihnanni kooda upayoginchaadu mariyu atanini simham vembadistunnatlu ledhaa chetilo simham yokka narikivesina thalatho chithreekarinche tiraskaranalanu jaarii chesaadu. naanhelu kooda tarachugaa japtula ghnaapakaartham upayoginchabadataayi, ivi mokarilli unna saamantulu gonfalannu sweekarinche lease lard yokka praatinidhyaanni kaligi untaayi. polish bractit duke boleslav III yokka teerthayaatra ghnaapakaartham seyint samadhini saasvatamgaa unchutundi. gneysenlo adalbert. bohemiaku chendina modati ladislas yokka tiraskarana saataanu yokka vikarshana talanu oka vaipu vivaranaatmaka puraanamtho mariyu maroka vaipu charchini choopistundi. luschin eee parikaranni eee krindi vidhamgaa vivarinchagaligaaduh bohemiyaalo varusakramamlo teevramaina moulika aatamkaalu sambhavinchina taruvaata, bhayankaramaina tuphaanu madhyalo, oka ulkapatam vachindi, eee samayamlo chaalaa mandhi vyaktulu koota sameepamlo maanava roopamlo saataanunu chusinatlu prakatinchaaru; eee tiraskarana appudu debbatindi, dheeniki iruvaipula saataanu thala mariyu devuni charchi unnaayi. ilanti naanhelu edho oka kolatalo smaaraka patakaala prayojanaanni andistaayi. modati nijamaina patakam padnaalugo sataabdam chivaralo italeelo kanipinchindi. puraatana roman patakaalanu anukaristuu, paduva prabhuvu rendava francesco karara rendu patakaalu saadhinchaadu okati, athani tandri modati francesco ghnaapakaartham, taruvaata vacchina commodus mariyu septimius severus patakaalanu gurthuchesukuntadu; marokati, 1390loe paduva swaadheenam chesukunna ghnaapakaartham, athani sesterses meeda chakravarthy vitelius maadirigaane rendava francesco chitram undhi. prati sandarbhamlo venukavaipu karara kutumbam yokka pumning parikaram, oka cart ("carro") untundi. eee patakaalu kaamsya mariyu rajata patakaalato mudrinchabadataayi. adhe kaalam varaku, dye-cutters kutumbam ayina venis yokka sesto kutumbam tayaaru chesina patakam lanty trial-mukkalu unnaayi. ivi kooda mudrinchabaddaayi; conny taruvaati kaalamlo patakam abhivruddhi anedi mudrinchina mukkala kaaranamgaa kaadu. padihenava sataabdam madhyakaalaaniki mundhe italian kala akasmaattugaa taaraaganam pathakamtho eee vibhaagamlo paraakaashtaku cherukundi. vittor pisano, chitrakaarudu (bii. sumaru 1380, verona provincelo; d. 1455 ledhaa 1456) pataka vijaetalaloe atyanta puraatanamainavaaru mariyu atyanta mukhyamainavaaru. athani anucharula maadirigaane, athani rachanalu mainapu namuunaalu ledhaa inumutho kattirinchina namuunaala nundi vaeyabadataayi, eee prakriya tarachugaa mukkalanu taruvaata mukkalu cheyalsina avasaram erpadutundi. athanu thana rachana "opus pisani pictoris" paie santakam chestaadu. patakaalu chaalaa varaku pedda parimaanamlo untaayi mariyu krutrima paatinaatho puuta pooyabadi untaayi. mundu bhaagamlo vaaru vyakteekarana chitraalanu pradarsistaaru, saadhaaranamgaa profile; venuka bhaagamlo, andamaina mariyu telivigala roopakaalu eee vidhamgaa leonello dii 'este, cupid pattukunna sangeeta sheet nundi paadutunna simham; ledhaa champabadina jinkanu raabandulaku udaaramgaa ichhe alphonso off naples anae dega. pisano konni namuunaalanu upayoginchaadani niroopinchagaliginappatiki, avi bahusha mudrala nundi udbhavinchaayani, pataka kala yokka nijamaina srushtikartagaa athani keerti aaa vaastavam valla bhouthikamgaa taggaledu. kuurpu mariyu amalu rendintiloonuu athanu samanamga laedu, udaaharanaku, goppa jantuvulaina simham, dega, hoow rus yokka praatinidhyaalalo. pisano italii antataa paryatinchi, thana kaalamlooni pramukha yuvarajulu mariyu prabhaavavantamaina vyaktulanu chithreekarinchaadu; athanu pataka kalanu entha prachuryam pondado, appati nundi kalaakaarulu, italeelooni anni mukhyamaina kalaa kendraalalo, patakaala tayaareeloo nimagnamai unnaaru. atuvanti vaaru matteo dii 'pasty, mariyu rimini aasthaanamlo prasamsaneeyamaina kalakarudu; venetianlu geovanni boldu mariyu gentile bellini, veerilo rendovaaru sultan mehemetku portrait-medal chesaaru; padihenava sataabdamloo atyanta phalavantamaina pataka vijaeta montwan sperandio mariyu aneka mandhi itarulu. eee samayamlo kooda, stamp cheyabadina patakam praamukhyataku tirigi vastundi. rome benvenuto sellini mariyu athani taruvaata, caradoso, mariyu mukhyamgaa papal pudiinaa masters prastaavinchadaaniki arhulu. cavino roman chakravartula kaamsya naanheelanu anukarinchadam nijamgaa prasamsaneeyamainadi. chivaraku, kontakaalam taruvaata, italian pataka vijaetalu videshee yuvarajula sevalo kanipistaaruh netherlandslo jacopo daa trejo, germanylo iddaru abondeo. italian patakam paatha french utpattula abhivruddhipai atyanta saktivantamaina prabhavanni chooputundi. padihenava sataabdam chivari bhaagamlo italian larana modati french patakaalanu saadhinchindi, mariyu taruvaati kaalapu rachanalu spashtamgaa italian lakshanaalanu chuuputaayi. padihedava sataabdam varaku oka kotta shaili kanipinchaledu, dheenilo vastradhaarana mukhyamgaa prasamsaneeyamgaa punarutpatti cheyabadindi; atyanta pramukha kalaakaarulu zeane richier, metz vadda, mariyu taruvaata, gilloum duprey mariyu zeane warrin. germanylo, italian naanhela prabhaavamtho, mottamodati pedda vendi mukkalu tyrol looni haall loe roopondinchabaddaayi; mariyu pudiinaa chekkadam kosam haall kuu aahvaaninchabadina zian marco kaavallo, eee naanhelu kala charitralo vaati mukhyamaina sthaanaaniki mariyu germany yokka aneka patakaalapai vaati pradarsinchadagina prabhaavaaniki runapadi unnaayi. ivi, german pataka kala yokka puraatana namuunaalu, adhe samayamlo naanhelu, stamp cheyabaddaayi; conny, italian maadirigaa, german patakam stampulo daani atyunnata paripuurnatanu cherukodu, conny taaraaganam mukkalalo. pette chekkatho, kehlheim raatitoe, taruvaata mainaputho chesina namuunaalu gananeeyamaina sankhyalo ippatikee unnaayi. chekka ledhaa raatitoe chesina eee chitraalu modata antimamgaa pariganinchabaddaayi, mariyu degreela prakaram matrame avi lohamlo casting kosam namoonalugaa upayoginchabaddaayi. germanyloni kalaa kendraalalo (padahaarava sataabdam praarambhamlo, augsburg mariyu neuremberg) kanipinchina eee taaraaganam patakaalu kooda italian patakaaniki muulam. conny vaati muulam matrame; german patakam yokka marinta abhivruddhi puurtigaa asalaina mariyu swatantra panktulanu anusaristundi, idhi italian sthaayilo, shreshtata sthaayiki cherukune varaku. italian patakaala venuka bhaagamlo manaku kanipinche vaari bommala sampadatho germanlu adbhutamaina designlanu roopondinchadamlo viphalamayyaaranedi nijam; badulugaa, marinta saadhaaranamgaa, aayudhaala kotala yokka adbhutamaina praatinidhyaalanu manam kanugontamu. german patakam yokka goppa balam mundu bhaagamlo khachitamaina chittaruvunu amalu cheyadampai ivvabadina premapoorvaka samrakshanhalo undhi; mariyu idhi patakam yokka uddesyamto saripotundi, idhi italeelo kante madhyataragati pramukha kutumbaalalo chaalaa vistrutamgaa pampinhee cheyabadindi. italian kante chaalaa aalasyamgaa, 1500 samvatsaram taruvaata german patakam daani sikharaaniki cherukuntundihi manaku vacchina puraatana udaaharanalalo albrecht durer yokkavi unnaayi. chaalaa mandhi kalaakaarulu vaari gurtimpuku etuvanti clue ivvaru ledhaa ardham chesukovadam kashtamgaa unde gurtulu ledhaa chihnalatho tamanu taamu santakam chesukuntaru. ayithe, ippudu, neuremberg yokka master ayina peater floatnerku chaalaa viluvaina patakaala sudeergha shrenini ketayinchadam saadhyamaindi, anduvalla athanu anni pataka vijaetalaloe agragamiga pariganinchabadaali; atanini mathes gebel daggaragaa anusaristaadu. eee kaalamlooni itara mukhyamaina pataka vijaetalu hohns datcher, veerilo ekkuva bhaagam palatinate kortu kosam chesaaru; neurembergku chendina hohns schwarz, "kalapalo uttama nakileevaadu", 1518 naati augsburg diet sabhyula kosam pedda sankhyalo rachanalanu amalu chesaaru; jacob stampfer, switzerlandlo; atyanta prajaadarana pondina kalakarulalo okaraina friedrich hegenaur; chivaraku austrialo sthirapadina jochim dessler, mukhyamgaa vienna, cremnitz mariyu jochimstal tankasaalalo, eee kaalamlo pedda sankhyalo patakaalu kottabaddayi, ayithe, pataka kala prayojanam kosam vaarandaruu kaadu; hohns rehard, vaari nundi maaku chaalaa jagrattagaa chelli, thodella mukkalu, rendu thodellalo, rendu thodella mukkalu unnaayi. padahaarava sataabdam chivari natiki german patakam spashtamgaa daani atyunnata sthaayini daatindi mariyu videshee, mariyu modata, mukhyamgaa italian rachanalapai aadharapadi untundi. netherlandslo eee kala unnata sthaayi paripuurnatanu saadhinchindi. ikkada goppa paerlu padahaarava sataabdam rendava bhaagaaniki chendina stephanus halandicus mariyu kontakaalam taruvaata, konrad block mariyu padihedava sataabdaaniki chendina peater vaan abeel. inglandlo pataka vijaetalu ekkuvagaa vidaeseeyulu; chaalaa alasyam varaku kanipinchani sthaanika kalakarulalo, prastaavinchadaaniki atyanta arhulu. saiman mariyu vilium mariyu ell. sii. leone. marovaipu cosper mariyu saiman paaslu chaalaa jagrattagaa chekkabadina chinna, sannani vendi mukkala utpattilo goppa kalaatmaka naipunyaanni saadhistaaru. itara raashtraalaku takkuva praamukhyata undhi; vaaru ekkuvagaa videshee kalaakaarulanu niyaminchukunnaaru. aadhunika yugam praarambhamlo italii mariyu germanylalo saadhinchina patakaanni unnata kalaatmaka sthaayini saasvatamgaa konasaginchalekapoyindi. endukante adbhutamaina kalakhandalu ikkada akkada utpatti cheyabadinappatiki, patakaalu mariyu naanhelu, kalaakrutulugaa, marinta ksheeninchaayi. pantommidava sataabdam madhyakaalam varaku eee kalaku kotta prerana labhinchaledu, adhi fraanslo modatidi. kevalam daani bahya vyakteekaranalanu parigananaloki teesukunte, eee udyamam praarambhamaina khachitamaina teedeeni kooda nirnayinchadam saadhyamavutundi. 1868 mae 2naa, paris pudiinaa yokka kaamiti consultatiff dess gravers adhyakshudu rasayana shaastravetta dumas, patakam yokka kalaatmaka abhivruddhini nirodhinchina lopaalanu etthi chuuputuu, pudiinaa adhyakshudiga, vaati savarana kosam vignapti chestu oka prasangam chesaaru. aksharalu, palish, adhika anchu modalaina vaati chedu ruchini ayana pratyaekamgaa prastaavinchaaru. eee chirunama bahya roopamtho vyavaharinchinatlayithe, patakam yokka nijamaina prayojanam gurinchi kotta drukpatham appatike kramamga srushtinchabadindi. oudins, paal dubois, chapas, annintikante herbert ponscorms (patakaala merugudalanu vyatirekinchina modati vyakti), taruvaata deserges, chaplines, daniel dupris, askar roaty, ippativaraku atyanta vishishtamaina french pataka vijaetalaloe vishishtatanu geluchukunnaru. athanu chitrakaarudigaa matrame kakunda, mukhyamgaa riverse kuurpuloo ranistaduhu athani chakkati roopakaalu (udhaa.zii., baalikala vidyaku sambandhinchi merrit kosam patakam-kanyalaku bodhinche republic, purushula bhavishyat tallulu) athanu jagrattagaa adhyayanam chesina quatrocento kalaakaarulanu gurthuchesukuntadu, conny oka niyamam vale, neerugaa anukarinchaledu. patakam amalu cheyadaaniki mundu praathamika aalochananu elaa roopondinchaalo sudeerghamaina mariyu jagrattagaa charchinchadam jarugutundi (panscorms dheeniki daari teesinatlu anipistundi) kabatti amalu chivari kshanam varaku atyanta jagrattagaa shraddha teesukuntundi. kalakarudi cheyi matrame athani panini taakaali. french patakam kevalam daani saanketika yogyatala aadhaaramgaa teerpu ichinappatikii goppa phalitaalanu saadhinchindi. french udyamam nundi swatantramgaa, austrialo pataka punaruddharana praarambhamaindi. anton sharf pataka sailini punaruddharinchi, drudamaina sampradaaya roopaala nundi vimuktini teesukuvacchaadu; athanitho kalisi panichesina vaarilo joseph toutenheim, pedda, stephan schwartz, cheaseld medal techniclo master, mariyu franz jaavar pavlic unnaaru. iteevala rudolph marshal chitrakaarudigaa adhika khyaatini geluchukunnadu mariyu leo XIIIi mariyu payas X rendintikee patakaalanu amalu cheyadaaniki commission andukunnadu. french mariyu vienna patakaalu itara deshaalalo oka karyakalapanni prothsahinchaayi, idhi ippatike pataka kala yokka aneka andamaina namuunaalaku daariteesindi. augustu. vii. lohr.

catholic encyclopaedia (1913)/nomazmatiks charch mein nambaron kaa istemaal nunk demates  naumazmiyat sakoon aur tamaghon kii science hay. harr sakah yaa tamgha inn saqafati iqtesadi aur seyasi halaat kii paidawar honay kay naatay jiss kay tahat iss kii ibtada hoyee iss science kuu bunny nooa ansaan kii mukhtalif mahzab baradariyon kay mutabiq taqsim kiyaa gayaa hay. yaha naha sarf eek alg science hay balkah apnay apnay hasoon mein inn tamaam aloom kii eek shaakh bhee hay juu qomon kii tareekh aur inn kii saqafat say mutaliq haine-classici aasaar qadimah tareekh apnay tung maanon mein mashriqiyat waghairah. emli toor parr sarf qadeem jadeed aur mamkanah toor parr mashriqi addi ahmiyat kay haamil haine. mazeed baraan numasmatography juu bunyadi toor parr wazahati hay aur numesmatology juu sakay kuu iss kay fankarana iqtesadi aur saqafati pehlu say dekhti hay kay darmiyan farq kiyaa jaana chahiye. sakay jamaa karnay kay hasool parr nazaryati nautiyaat kaa inhasaar science kii tareekh mein waazah toor parr dekha jaataa hay. kasee bhee ahmiyat kii ibtadayi ashaatein jamaa karnay waalon kii zaruriyat kuu poraa karnay kay liye likhee gayee thein (misaal kay toor parr.jee. teller grocian aur docate kii mukhtalif almariyan aur "manjabilostbingan"yee yaa "sakay-pastimes")yee jabkah qadeem addi kay sciency alaaj kii bunyadein 1790 takk acale kay zariah aur jadeed kay liye aneeswein sadee takk meader grote aur livil kay zariah farahim nahein kii gayein. (yaha yaad rakhnay kay qaabil hay kahh sent. thamas aquinas "ddee regimen principle"yee IIyee xiiiyee xiv mein paisay aur sakay kay mozua kaa alaaj kiyaa aur yaha kaam kayee saalon takk canoniston kay darmiyan akhtiyar thaa.) sakoon kaa sabb say qadeem majmuah jiss kaa hamein kachh alam hay wah pandrahwen sadee kaa hay aur asay patrarch nay banaya thaa vovo iss kii misaal mein mutadid nql karnay waalay paaye gayey. hobert goltz nay 1556-60 mein europ kay mukhtalif majmuon kaa dorah kiyaa jinn mein say 950 kay baaray mein kahaa jaataa hay. najee majmuon kay muqabilay mein juu aam toor parr apnay maalkaan kii moth kay baad bikhray hoay haine hukmaranon riyasaton yaa ajayeb gharoon kay majmuay kuu sabb say ziyadah ahmiyat haasil hay aur wah maaliyaati tehqiqat kay liye sabb say qaabil aetemad bunyaad paish kartay haine. 1756 mein austriya kay frances awal nay azeem khubsurati kay duu kaamon "monuis aine aur" aur "monuis aine arjant" mein apnay majmuay kay khazanon kuu jaana aur haaliyah barson mein azeem catalog khaas toor parr bartanvi museum kay iss science mein malumat kay sabb say aham zaraye bunn gayey haine. jamaa karnay waalon aur nazaryati talbaa donon kii zaruriyat nay bury taadad mein maaliyaati muashiron kay saath saath taqriba 100 takniki rasalon kuu inn muashiron kay zariah shaye kiyaa hay. german society aaf numesmatics kay ajlason say juu saal bahh saal mukhtalif shehron mein munaqid hotay haine beenn alaqwami congress tayaar hoyee haine: barsalz 1892 vovo peers 1900 (record aur leane deen juu kaamtay ddee castilin aur aey. blancht) vovo room 1903 vovo (atty dail congress internazionil dee science storch 6 jald.) vovo barsalz 1910. I. sakay sakoon kii tareef dhaat kay inn takadon kay toor parr kii jaa sakti hay juu qanuni tender kay toor parr kaam kartay haine. iss astalah mein aam currency yaadgaari yaa paish kash kay takday shaamil haine jinn parr awami atharti kii taraf say qayem kardah mayaar waghairah kay mutabiq maher lagayi gayee hay.yee leakin kaghazi raqam yaa najee sakay nahein. aakhri klaas mein humm angrezi tokan kaa hawalah deetay haine juu saal 1800 kay aas paas frectional sakay kii nakafi farahami kay natijay mein baday paimanay parr gardash kiye gayey thay. iss kay alawah "meriks" naami takday khaas toor parr charch corporations kay zariah jaari kiye gayey paisay kay voucher kay toor parr aur baad mein aam toor parr qeemat kay liyay jeesay jetoon yaa counter aur "reaching spinage". jabb harr fard zameen say apnee rozee roty chhinnay kay qaabil nahein hotaa hay tuu mahnat baantnay aur apnee masnuaat taqsim karnay kii zarurat paida hoti hay. yaha sabb say pehley ajnaas kii mubadilah say mutasir hotaa hay jiss kay liye aam toor parr maveshiyon mein paaye jaanay waalay tabadle kay aalimi satah parr dastiyaab zariah kii zarurat hoti hay (homar mein minlows kay saamaan kii qeemat 9 stairs hay vovo gleases kay saamaan kii qeemat 100 hay). maveshiyon kay alawah qadeem mardon nay khaal chhalkay kapda waghairah istemaal kiyaa hay.iss maqsad kay liye. tahim jald hyee aisi qadr kii paimaish talaash karnaa zaruri how jaataa hay jasay aalimi satah parr istemaal kiyaa jaa sakay aur iss kay liye sonaa chaandi aur taanbey kaa istemaal behat ibtadayi zamanay say kiyaa jaataa rehaa hay. nasbata haaliyah barson mein behat see dosri dhaaton kay saath tajarbaat kay baad nikal kuu inn mein shaamil kiyaa gayaa hay. dhaati raqam kay pehley marhalay mein kasee bhee shakal kay dhaat kay takadon kay wazan kay saath pahuncha jaataa hay vovo leekan chonkah sarf majmuyi wazan kaa tayeen iss tariqah kaar say kiyaa jaa saktaa hay naha kahh bariki kii digri (qeemati dhaaton kay muamile mein eek behat hyee zaruri ansar)yee awami atharti kii ddaak ticket kay zariye bariki kii tasdiq karnay kii zarurat paida hoti hay aur yaha ddaak ticket dhaat kii gaanth kuu eek sakah banata hay. zakar kardah dhaaton mein say sarf eek kaa istemaal jald hyee nakafi saabat hotaa hay: kaafi chhotay maaliyat kay sonay kay sakoon kuu gardash mein laana yaa bunyadi dhaat kaa istemaal kartay huay kaafi ziyadah qeemat kay sakay jaari karnaa namumkin hay. iss liye eek hyee waqat mein duu yaa teen dhaaton kaa istemaal zaruri hay. yaha yaa tuu eek qeemati dhaat kuu qeemat kii paimaish kay toor parr aur dosri kuu taanbey kay saath sarf eek shay yaa zeeli sakay kay toor parr istemaal karkay kiyaa jaa saktaa hay yaa phir donon dhaaton parr qanoon kay zariah muqarar kardah raashan (duu dhaati) parr qeemat kii paimaish kay toor parr beek waqat moqhadhima kirr kay kiyaa jaa saktaa hay tahim eek aisa kors jiss nay aksar duu qeemati dhaaton kay tabadle kii sharah mein ataar chadhao kii wajah say mashkalaat paida kii haine. shakal mein sakay aam toor parr goal kabhi kabhi indakar aur chothayi hotay haine. yaha aakhri hungami sakay khaas toor parr aam haine aur sweaden mein eek bay panah size aur baday wazan takk badh gayey thay. yahaan bhee paaye jaatay haine khaas toor parr mashriq bayed mein intehayi sanki shaklon kay sakay. aalah aur naushtah jaat kay elawah sakoon parr aksar podinay kay nishanaat yaa podinay kay maaster kay nishanaat hotay haine juu khususi zakar kay laiq hotay haine. taksaal kay maaster aur daayee sankar behat say muamilat mein apnay kaamon mein makhsus nishanaat yaa khatut kay zariye farq karnay kay aadi rahay haine. aur taksaal yaa tuu apnay mutaliqah sakoon mein haroof kay zariye farq kartay haine juu kahh jaari honay kii jagah kuu rawayati aur minn maanee nashanon say zahir kartay haine yaa kasee dosray tareeqe say-baaz auqaat ghair sharoo shadah afraad kay liye shayed hyee qaabil fehm-jeesay kahh naushtah kay kasee khaas haraf kay neechey eek naqtay kuu rakhna. iss tarah sakoon kay mukhtalif ajraa kuu basurat deegar yaksaan rakhaa jaataa hay. niksatiyat kii science bury maqdar mein sakoon kii driyafaton say maadi toor parr tarqi karti hay: pehley say namalum aqsaam kay alam kay alawah iss tarah kii driyafatein deeye gayey adwaar mein sakoon kii asl gardash aur iss hadd takk kahh kachh sakay apnee riyasaton kii hadood say baahir mojud thay kay baaray mein eek sabq aamoz basirat farahim karti haine aur hamein ghair tareekh shadah aqsaam khaas toor parr qaroon wastee kii kasee khaas taksaal maaster yaa eyen mutabiq madat kuu tafviz karnay mein madad karti haine. science kay mutalah kay saath saath sakoon kii darjah bundi mein yaha amal hay kahh teen azeem adwaar kii peervi kii jaaye: qadeem qaroon wastee aur jadeed vovo geografiyayi toor parr mutaliqah door kii mukhtalif seyasi taqsim. yunani sakoon kay liyay acale nay eek misali nazaam apnaya hay juu abb bhee istemaal mein hay. herculus kay satunon say sharoo kartay hoay wah duniya kay inn mamalik kuu lay jaataa hay juu qadeem zamanay mein bahirah room kay ard gird inn kii positionon kii tartib mein jaana jaataa thaa: pehley europ kay phir aishya kay hindustan takk aur aakhir mein afriqah misar say aabnaye jabraltar takk. aey. yunani sakay astalah "yunani" kuu hamishah qadeem hindsiyaat mein roman nazaad aur atalvi awais qabar kay elawah tamaam sakoon kuu shaamil karnay kay liye samjha jaataa hay. maaliyaati akayee 60 mint (naha tuu telent aur naha hyee meena kii numaindagi kasee sakay say kii jaa rahee hay)yee yaa 6000 drachmi kii telent hay harr eek 6 obol kay baraabar hay. mukhtalif currenciyan ziyadah tarr muamilat mein wazan kay faarsi nazaam parr mubni hoti haine. faarsiyon kay wazan kay duu mukhtalif mayaraat thay: sonay kay liyay yubuvin vovo chaandi kay liyay baabal kay liye. sonay kaa daark aam sonay kaa sakah juu yunani chaandi kay dedrakam say mutabiqat rakhta hay jiss kaa wazan 8.385 graam (taqriba 129 1/3 anaaj) hay vovo chaandi kaa daark (sheekal)yee 5.57 graam (taqriba 87 anaaj). chonkah qadeem zamanay mein chaandi kii qeemat sonay kay muqabilay mein 1 say 10 thee iss liye sonay kaa daark 15 chaandi kay daark kay baraabar hay. sakay kay deegar mayaraat fokiyan agenatin attari karantheen tolimic aur aishya minor kaa sestofork mayaar thay. tahim inn mein say kachh faarsi mayaar say akhz kiye jaa saktay haine. paraaney agenatin solon kay liye halkay attari mayaar kay muthbadil say qarz kaa jazwi khaatima hawaa. sabb say ziyadah kasrat say tayaar kardah takday tetradracham (25-33 milly metter) thay. qatar mein) aur dedracham vovo aath duss aur baarah drachmi kay takday ghair mamuli haine aur eek chalis drachma kaa tukda eek nayaab hay. neechey kii taraf kay paimanay parr taqsim chothayi obulus (= 1/24 drakma) takk phail jaati hay. yunani aishya mein sonay aur chaandi (electrum) kay markab say banay chhotay sakay istemaal kiye jaatay thay. yunaan mein chaandi kay sakay behat ziyadah ghalib thay vovo taanbey kay sakay 400 qabal maseeh kay nahein haine.see.jabkah sonaa shaaz woo naadir hyee banaya jaataa thaa. dosri taraf faarsiyon kay sakay sonay say behat maalaa maal thay aur yaha inn kii misaal thee jiss nay mesiden kay flip dom aur alegzender dee great kuu mutasir kiyaa. chand mustasniyat kay saath sabb say ziyadah bariki kaa maqsad thaa gold daark 97 faisad theek thaa. ibtadayi zamanay mein sakay kii tayari eek daayee kay saath kii jaati thee: khaali dhaat kay pachlay hasay kuu eek khambe kay zariye mazbuti say pakda jaataa thaa aam toor parr marbaa makhtoot mein aur iss tarah iss nay eek chothayi dabao (incuse marbaa) kii shakal mein apnaa taasir haasil kiyaa vovo waqat kay saath yaha marbaa linon aidaad woo shamaar aur naushtah jaat say aarasta honay lagaa. janubi atlee mein eek dosray mein fitt honay waalay duu daayee istemaal kiye gayey thay taakah sakay saamney kii taraf raahat mein eek hyee design paish karein aur peeche kii taraf dabao daalein ("nammi ankosi"). qomiyat kay mutabiq yaha naushtah jaat mukhtalif zabanon mein haine. duu lasaani naushtah jaat-ayee.jee.yunani-laatini-aur wah naushtah jaat jinn mein zabaan aur qasm mutabiqat nahein rakhtay haine-e.jee.yunani cypriot haroof mein bhee paaye jaatay haine vovo aur yahaan takk kahh yunani haroof bhee waqat kay saath shakal mein mutadid tabdiliyon say guzartay haine. sakay kaa haqh khudmukhtari kaa istehqaq honay kii wajah say naushtah jaat mein sabb say pehley iss khudmukhtar taaqat kay naam kaa zakar kiyaa gayaa hay jiss kay akhtiyar mein yaha sakah maaraa gayaa thaa. yunaan mein alegzender azeem kay zamanay takk yaha baradari thee. inn ahdidaron kay naam bhee paaye jaatay haine jinn kay paas sakay kaa chaarij thaa vovo aur baad kay sakay bhee saal kuu dikhatay haine juu aksar sleekod door 312 bee say shamaar hotay haine.see. qadeem tareen sakoon kii ibtada aijina kay sahilon parr hoyee thee shayed leadiya mein jaisa kahh herodots hamein batata hay yaa aijina mein jiss kay baadshah feedan peeri tareekh mein inn kaa zakar kiyaa gayaa hay mamkanah toor parr 600 qabal maseeh say pehley.see. eek hyee samandar kay mukhtalif jazair aisey sakay paish kartay haine jinn kay design inn say behat mukhtalif nahein hotay haine. janubi atlee kay sakay ziyadah deer kay nahein haine jaisa kahh iss haqeeqat say saabat hotaa hay kahh namunay shehar sabaris say mojud haine juu 510 qabal maseeh mein tabaah hawaa thaa.see. yunaan kay aslee aur aishya kay mamuli sakay dhaat kay motay takday haine juu chapti goliyon say miltay jaltay haine aur qadarti toor parr sabb say aasaan aalaat poday aur janwar rakhtay haine juu jald hyee makhsus elaqon kay liye makhsus how jaatay haine. inn kay baad dewataon aur mardon kay sarr aur mujasme aatay haine juu kabhi kabhi grohon mein muthad how jaatay haine. taqriba 400 bee.see. daayee kaatnay kaa yunani funn apnee makmal tarqi takk pahunch gayaa jiss nay baad kii kasee bhee nasal say bay misaal maharat haasil kii: cyrox pehli jagah rakhta hay vovo iss kay baad ardiya theebs aulenthus waghairah aatay haine. ghair helliny logon mein say jinn kay sakay yunani seerez mein shaamil haine hamaray liye sabb say aham yahudi haine. sharoo mein inhon nay ghair milki sakay istemaal kiyay leekan shaamiyon kay khalaaf machabiyon kay tahat qomi arooj kay nataij mein say eek kay toor parr sardaar pajaari saaiman kuu inteoks VII (139-38 b.see.) sakay kaa haqh. saaiman nay taanbey aur chaandi kii dunain banayein. iss kay liye "sheekal israel" mansub kiyaa gayaa hay: madwi daastaan (sheekal israel) aur eek cup yaa pyalah jiss kay oopar eek tareekh hay (1-5yee sakay kay haqh say shamaar) vovo altaa daastaan (eroshulam muqadas) aur teen kaliyon kay saath eek lalee stock. baaqi machabiyon-jaan hydrance jodas airstobolis alegzender genius metathius antigons aur asee tarah-nay taanbey kuu khaas toor parr paraaney ibrani yaa ibrani aur yunani mein naushtah jaat kay saath tayaar kiyaa. inn kay baad adumeen shehzade heroad aur iss kay janashinon kay taanbey kay sakay aayey. maseeh kay zamanay mein roomi sakay bhee gardash mein thay. yaha kharaaj kii raqam kii kahaani say saabat hotaa hay. "aur inhon nay asay [maseeh] eek paisah paish kiyaa. aur yasua nay inn say kahaa: yaha kiss kii tasveer aur naushtah hay? wah iss say kehtay haine: seezar kaa "(mutt.yee xxiiyee 19-21). yaha sarf romiyon kay khalaaf yahudiyon kii duu baghawaton kay doraan hawaa.ddee. 66-70 aur 132-135yee wah chaandi dobarah baltarteeb alizaar aur saaiman aur baar-kachba kay tahat banayi gayee thee. maseeh kay baad pehli sadee kay bacterian sakoon parr gondopheres naam yaa kachh aisa hyee naam paaya jaataa hay juu teen jaduyi mein say aike kaspar say milta jaltaa hay. bub. roomi sakay atlee mein tabadle kaa ibtadayi zariah taanbah thaa jasay harr leane deen parr wazan karnaa padta thaa ("awo ayee aiss road"). pehley tuu yaha bay qayedah shakal kay takadon mein istemaal hotaa thaa baad mein bay tartib salakhon mein. sabb say pehley qanuni tender farahim karnay kaa sehra saroes tlais say mansub hay jiss kay baaray mein kahaa jaataa hay kahh iss nay salakhon parr makhsus aidaad woo shamaar ziyadah tarr maveshiyon ("primes sainawat aus vovo aus segnetum") kii maher lagayi thee. haqeeqi sakoon kaa taaruf jinn kay nishanaat inn kii qadr kii nishandahi kartay haine aur shehar kii alamatein behat baad kii tareekh say taaluq rakhti haine. maaliyaati akayee 12 oons (10.527 auz) thee. troey)yee eek roman pound ("labra"-iss liyay aazadana mayaar) kay baraabar vovo tahim aam toor parr eek jaisa wazan sarf 10 oons (taqriba 8/3/4 oons) thaa. trow). iss kay taqsim ("seemi" = 1/2yee "trians" = 1/3yee "kwadrains" = 1/4yee "sextance" = 1/6yee aur "inshiya" = 1/12)yee taakah inhein ziyadah aasani say mamtaz kiyaa jaa sakay eek taraf atnee hyee gaindon say nashaan zad kiyaa gayaa jitna inn mein oons thay. eek taraf jehaaz kay pru kii numaindagi thee juu room shehar kaa khaas aalah thaa dosri taraf devta kaa sarr juu sakay kay farq kay saath mukhtalif thaa. sakay goal oonchay leakin kachh hadd takk bay hodah raahat bakhash aur kachay hoay thay vovo kachh campaniah mein banaye gayey thay. 268 bee say.see. iss kaa wazan muslisil kumm hotaa gayaa vovo libral mayaar pehley eek triantal phir eek ghair milki aur aakhir mein yahaan takk kahh eek neem ghair milki mayaar bunn gayaa-asl wazan kaa 1/24. agarcha mayaar kii iss kamee nay bury aqdaar kay sakoon kii tayari mein sahulat farahim kii ("dopondius terpondius decoses"yee baltarteeb 2yee 3yee aur 10 gadhon kay baraabar)yee iss kay natijay mein taanbey kay sakoon kuu inn kii androni qeemat say kahein ziyadah maujudah qeemat milly aur cast kay bajaye maher bund sakoon kay taaruf kuu aagay badhaya. leevi kay mutabiq chaandi kay pehley sakay 268 qabal maseeh mein banaye gayey thay.see.chaandi kaa yaha pehla tukda "denarius" thaa juu 10 gadhon kay baraabar thaa. iss kay baad chhotay farqay "queenrees" (1/2 "denarius") aur "cestertius" (1/4 "denarius") thay. inn kay elawah "victorates" (1/4 "denarius") kachh soobon kuu tajarti karansi kay toor parr istemaal karnay kay liye tayaar kiyaa gayaa thaa. eek pound kaa ibtadayi wazan 1/72 217 b mein kumm kiyaa gayaa thaa.see. 1/84 takk chaandi taqriba khaalis hoti thee. saamney waalay hasay mein "ddiah romaa" dikhaya gayaa hay vovo iss kay barakas duu deoscory vovo inn ddaak tikton mein say sabqah khaas toor parr kayee saalon takk istemaal mein rehaa. taksaal kaa intezam eek commission ("treasory auree argento auro flando ferendo") kay zariye kiyaa jaataa thaa jiss kay arakeen nay jald hyee sakoon parr apnay naam yaa ibtadayi haroof rakhay aur baad mein apnay khaandaan kay afraad aur inn kay aamaal (khaandaani yaa qonsular sakay) kii tamheed kii. iss waqat bhee leakin shaahi door mein behat ziyadah kasrat say bees mettle kii denari hoti thee juu aksar chaandi ("denari sabyuti") say patli leepat hoti thee. aisa shaaz woo naadir hyee hawaa kahh sonaa tayaar kiyaa gayaa. seezar shaahi sakay kii taraf muntaqli kii nishandahi kartaa hay: 44 bee mein.see. senate nay inn kii tasveer waalay sakay jaari karnay kaa hakam diyaa. yahaan takk kahh broats nay bhee iss misaal kii peervi kii aur agastas kay saath portrait sakoon kaa balatatal silsilah sharoo hotaa hay. jabb kahh seezar pehley hyee sonay aur chaandi kay sakay bananay kay haqh kaa daawi kirr chakaa thaa augustis nay iss haqh kaa daawi sarf apnay liye kiyaa aur sarf taanbey kay sakay senate parr chhod diye vovo aur inn taanbey kay sakoon kii khususiyat s haroof say hay.see. ("senate mashawarti"). aurleen (270-76) nay yaha istehqaq bhee senate say lay liyaa. sultanat say sharoo kartay hoay hamein sonay kay behat saaray sakay miltay haine. asl sakah "aurees" hay jiss kaa wazan taqriba 123 1⁄2 anaaj hay vovo iss kay saamney shahanshah kaa naam laqab aur tasveer hay vovo iss kay barakas bharpur aqsaam mein tarikhi numaindagi. tameer shahanshah kii pasandidah dewataon aur inn khoobiyon kii shaqsiyat juu asay sajati thein yaa sajana chahiye thaa iss kay khaandaan kay afraad kii bhee numaindagi kii jaati hay. iss silsilay mein trejan aur hudrain kaa silsilah khaas toor parr ameer hay. neero kay saath sakay khaas toor parr chaandi kii grawat sharoo hoti hay vovo aur yaha iss waqat takk jaari rehaa jabb takk kahh qarantina dobarah kasee hadd takk tartib qayem naha kirr lay. iss nay eek pound (taqriba 70 anaaj) kay 1/72 kay baraabar sonay kaa eek neeya sakah "soulds" mutaarif karaya juu sadiyon takk maaliyaati nazaam kii tarqi mein eek aham ansar rehaa. tamaghon kaa khaas zakar kiyaa jaana chahiye khaas toor parr baday aur ahtiyaat say anjaam diye gayey taksaal kay kaam juu kasee taqrib kii yaad mein jaari kiye jaatay haine. wah sonay chaandi yaa taanbey say banay thay aur qeemati dhaat mein aam toor parr qanuni mayaar kay mutabiq banaye jaatay thay. taanbey say banay namunay bhee haine juu pailay rung kii dhaat kay dairay say gharaa hawaa hay ("medials ddais deoks cuverse"). contornet" kii astalah kaa itlaaq taanbey kay eek baday circler sakay parr hotaa hay jiss kaa kinaray buland hotaa hay juu bunyadi toor parr circancian kheelon kay silsilay mein istemaal hotaa hay. mashriq kay roomi shahanshahon kay sakay jinhein bienteen kay naam say namzad kiyaa gayaa hay kumm az kumm qaroon wastee kay haine leekan inn kay sakoon mein mashahidah kardah mayaar kay mutabiq aur ibtada mein khood sakoon kay kirdaar kay lahaaz say poori seerez roman sultanat kay masail say qareeb say jadee hoyee hay. taanbey kuu kasrat say tayaar kiyaa jaataa thaa chaandi shaaz woo naadir hyee hoti thee leakin sonay kay sakoon say mansalk sabb say bury ahmiyat. kayee saalon takk sonaa sarf buzentium mein tayaar kiyaa jaataa thaa aur yaha sonay kay takday naha sarf maghrab kay sonay kay sakoon kay liye eek namunah kay toor parr kaam kartay thay juu teerhawein sadee takk dobarah sharoo nahein hoay thay balkah islaam kay liye bhee thay. bienteen sakoon mein fankarana qabiliyat kii makmal kamee hay: inn kii qasm sakht aur yaksaniyat hay. sabqah dolat aur mukhtalif qasm kay aalat kii jagah hamein mazhabi alamatein maseeh kaa monogram aur sunat miltay haine. shahanshahon mein say aakhri leakin aike pandrahwen sadee kay wast kay qareeb jaan VIII kay sakay byzantine seerez kay aakhri sakay thay. see. qaroon wastee kay sakay praani roomi sultanat kii elaqayi hadood mein ubharnay waali nayee riyasatein pehley tuu roomi sakoon kaa istemaal karti thein jinn mein say kaafi bury taadad mojud thee. nasli hijrat kay door kay nayaab khood mukhtar masail roman seerez say behat qareeb say jaday hoay haine vovo france mein sarf morwengiyon nay khood kuu kasee hadd takk aazaad banaya. tahim behat jald sakoon say mutaliq tamaam muamilat mein aam zawal sharoo how gayaa. sakay muslisil motay hotay jaa rahay haine sonay kii karansi ghaib how rahee hay taanbey kuu sarf ghair mamuli toor parr tayaar kiyaa gayaa thaa vovo chaandi kay chhotay sakay adayegi kaa waahid zariah thay. sharlimeen nay kasee qasm kaa nazam bahaal kiyaa vovo shaahi istehqaq kay toor parr sakay bananay kay haqh kaa daawi kartay huay jasay sarf baadshah hyee istemaal karay gaa iss nay tamaam najee sakoon kuu dabaa diyaa juu iss waqat tabaah kunn tanasib akhtiyar kirr chakay thay. iss kay elawah iss nay tiknayi mein ziyadah ahtiyaat kaa hakam diyaa aur iss niktay parr qawaid banaye juu europ kay baday hasay kay liye mayaar bunn gayey aur juu apnee bunyadi khususiyat mein aaj takk england mein faal haine. iss kii bunyaad chaandi kii telent yaa pound (taqriba 11 4/5 auz) thee. troey) vovo asay 20 shalangz (pound aur shalangz donon mahaz khaatay kii raqam haine) mein taqsim kiyaa gayaa thaa harr eek 12 pans ("ankaar karnay waalay") kay baraabar thaa. iss liye iss peeni kaa wazan 23 1⁄2 anaaj thaa. karlovingin sakoon parr sabb say aam design saleeb kii numaindagi aur kalimon say aarasta eek charch hay juu kahh "christiyana religio" kay afsanay say gharaa hawaa hay. qaroon wastee kay ajeeb woo gharib maashi halaat nay chaandi kay sakoon kay muslisil kumm hotay wazan aur bariki kay ajraa kuu janam diyaa taakah wah muslisil ziyadah say ziyadah bekaar how gayey aur aqdaar mein aam izaafe kay natijay mein abb karansi kay toor parr istemaal nahein how sakay. iss tarah eek aisa amal sharoo hawaa jasay qaroon wastee kay doraan kayee baar dohraya gayaa: paraaney chhotay sakoon kii grawat kay natijay mein baday aur ziyadah qeemati nayey sakay kasee aisey shehar mein maaray gayey jehaan say inhon nay puray europ mein fatah kay saath apnaa raastah banaya. waqat guzarnay kay saath inn kii qadr mein kamee waaqa hoyee aur inn kii jagah eek neeya masilah lay liyaa gayaa. teerhawein sadee mein shilling (12 pans kay baraabar) pehli baar dooron mein tayaar kiyaa gayaa thaa vovo "denier" kay tazaad mein juu iss waqat behat patla how gayaa thaa asay "namams groces" (motaa sakah) kahaa jaataa thaa aur iss jagah kay naam say jehaan asay pehli baar tayaar kiyaa gayaa thaa "groces toronances"yee yaa "gross tornois". eek taraf baadshah kay naam kay saath saleeb aur eek daastaan hay aam toor parr "benedectum seet nomeen dominy" vovo dosri taraf eek charch. tornois" france aur gainday kay saath teezi say phail gayaa aur pragio ("groces progainsis"yee yaa "pregor grocian") mein asee tarah kaa sakah bananay kaa baais banaa jiss kii nql behat say mamalik mein kii gayee. morvengin door kay baad sarf shahanshah frederk dom kay augusteel sonay kay sakay banaye gayey. yaha pehley kay roomi sakay kii kaapiyan thein aur sasli mein likhee gayee thein. sonay kay eek baqayedah sakay kaa istemaal taqriba 1250 takk jamhuria fluorance mein sharoo nahein hotaa. inn sakoon parr eek taraf sent haine. jaan baptasmah deenay waalaa aur dosri taraf eek lalee fluorance kii alaamat. iss aalay ("flos lalee") say yaa shehar kay naam say inhein "floreen" naam milaa. inn kaa wazan 540 anaaj say thoda ziyadah thaa. chand dahayiyon kay baad wens kay dooj jewawani dandolo nay sonay kay sakay kii tabakhi sharoo kii jiss mein sent say pehley doj kay ghatnay teknay kii numaindagi hoti hay. maark aur maseeh kaa patla iss afsanay kay saath: "bethein teebi maseeh datoos cuem tuu reejas stay docots". iss afsanay kay aakhri lafz nay sakay kuu iss kaa naam diyaa "docato" (docate) vovo wens mein asay "laa zeeka"yee "podinay" say "zechino" (seekoin) bhee kahaa jaataa thaa. floreen kii qasm aur docate kaa naam jald hyee poori duniya mein maqbool how gayaa. jadeed door kii taraf muntaqli chaandi kay mazeed baday sakoon kay taaruf say nashaan zad hay. inn mein say atalvi "testone" aur francisi "frank" kay alawah german "teller" sabb say aham thaa. 1485 mein tyrol kay aarch ddiok sagasmand nay 2 "loth" wazni aur 15 "loth" kii bariki kay saath chaandi kaa eek neeya sakah jaari kiyaa. iss waqat kay tabadle kii sharah parr iss kii qeemat sonay kay gulden say mutabiqat rakhti thee aur iss wajah say asay "guldingroshin" kahaa jaataa thaa. tyrol kii misaal kay baad jald hyee behat say raison nay paisah kamanay kaa haqh haasil kiyaa. joachmistal mein siklik kii ganti kay taksaal mein banaya gayaa "joachmistler" (mukhtasir "teller")yee teller (ddaalar) kaa naam paida hawaa jasay aaj takk barqarar rakhaa gayaa hay. iss qasm kay sakoon mein sabb say ziyadah dilchasp "rubentler" haine juu salzberg kay aarch bashp levanard aaf cuteshoch nay tayaar kiyaa thaa aur iss kay armorial barring say naam diyaa gayaa thaa eek trunp (roob) vovo yaha qaroon wastee kay nayaab aur aksar jaali sakoon mein shamaar hotay haine. qaroon wastee kay doraan german sultanat kay maaliyaati nazaam naha sarf iss kii aqsaam kay sakoon kii taadad balkah iss kay irtaqaa kii khususiyat kay hawalay say bhee sabb say ziyadah dilchaspi rakhtay haine. yaha sach hay kahh sharlimeen nay sakoon kii yaksaniyat qayem kii thee aur sakay bananay kay haqh kuu khususi toor parr khudmukhtar kay toor parr tasleem kiyaa thaa. leakin iss kay kamzor jansheen batadreej asay neez deegar shaahi istehqaq kuu jagirdaron kay hawalay karnay parr majbur how gayey jinn kii taaqat mein izafah hotaa rehaa keunkah sabb say bury hukumat kamzor hoti gayee. inn jagirdaron mein naha sarf tamaam aarch bashp aur bashp thay balkah sultanat kay andar sarkardah मठाधीश aur abisi bhee thay. irtaqaa batadreej thaa. pehley tuu eek melah ("mercots") munaqid karnay teks ("telonium") lagaaney aur kasee jagirdar say taaluq rakhnay waali jagah parr taksaal ("moneta") laganay kii ajazat dee gayee thee. sharoo mein taksaal sarf eek tabadlah how saktaa hay tahim qaroon wastee mein jiss kaa munafa aksar behat ziyadah hotaa thaa aur rabb kay liye jamaa hotaa thaa. phir asay ajazat dee gayee kahh wah apnee tasveer waalay sakay rakhay leakin asay yaksaan mayaar barqarar rakhna padaa. inn jagirdaron kuu baghair kasee pabandi kay nqsha saazi kaa istehqaq haasil hawaa. jabb yaha kiyaa gayaa tuu sultanat kii karansi mein yaksaniyat khatam how chaki thee sakoon mein eek behat badaa tanoo mumkin how gayaa aur sakay bananay kaa haqh shahanshah kaa akhtiyar honay kay bajaye harr jagirdar kaa istehqaq bunn gayaa. inhon nay muslisil sakoon kuu kumm karkay aur tabdil kirr kay aamadni kay paidawari zariah kay toor parr iss istehqaq kaa fayedah uthanay kii koshish kii jiss say inn kay riaya kuu juu tajarat mein masruf thay sangeen nqsan pahuncha. lehza jinn shehron nay ubhee takk sakoon kaa haqh haasil nahein kiyaa thaa inhon nay nazaam parr kachh control haasil karnay kii koshish kii yaa tuu apnay liye sakoon kaa haqh haasil karkay yaa kashtkari kay tiksalon kay zariye yaa tiksalon kay maalkaan kuu apnay maraat kuu ziyadah maqool tareeqe say istemaal karnay parr aamadah karkay. german qaroon wastee kay sakoon mein say "brektaits" (laatini. "brektiya"yee "dhaat kii eek patli sheet") khaas zakar kay laiq hay. wah zaati zewaraat nahein thay jeesay kahh pehley zamanay kay scandinivia kay brankets balkah haqeeqi sakay thay. chonkah gayarahwein sadee kay doraan ankaar karnay waala patla aur patla how gayaa thaa iss liye barahwein sadee kay awail mein germani kay kachh hasoon mein iss kii jagah behat patlay leakin balkah baday chaandi kay sakay lay liye gayey juu eek daayee say banay thay juu eek hyee design kuu zahir kartay thay eek taraf raahat mein aur dosri taraf dabao mein. inn sakoon cow khaas toor parr sharoo mein ahtiyaat say anjaam diyaa gayaa thaa aur fankarana qabiliyat kay baghair nahein. sawabiya (writtemberg) mein waaqa shehar haalay nay eek chhota saa jazwi sakah jaari kiyaa jiss kii wasee gardash thee aur asay iss kii asl jagah say "healer" kahaa jaataa thaa. kachh muamilat mein francisi sakoon kaa irtaqaa german say milta jaltaa hay: yahaan bhee humm daswein sadee mein aam aur mazhabi berun (ween aarlis rems waghairah kay aarch bashp) kay sakay paatay haine. khaas toor parr)yee eek muqarrah qasm ("type umbobles") kii khususiyat hay juu taweel arsey takk ghair mutaghir barqarar rehti hay. leakin qaroon wastee kay ikhtatam takk yaha sakay behat kumm taqatwar jagirdaron takk mahdud how gayey haine aur shaahi sakay kay muqabilay mein abb iss kii ahmiyat nahein rahee. france say hamaray paas "chees ddee aur" hay eek sonay kaa sakah juu baday paimanay parr dosray mamalik mein bhee banaya gayaa thaa. yaha gothak takht parr bethay baadshah kii numaindagi kartaa hay. england mein sterling aur raees phans gayey thay wah donon aksar jaal saazi kartay thay. canterbry aur yark kay aarch bashpas kay sakay mojud haine. atlee mein iss kii mutadid seyasi taqsim kii wajah say hamein germani kii tarah sakoon kaa tanoo milta hay. mazhabi tiksalon kay sakoon kii kamee qaabil zakar hay: kachh alg thalag misalon aur acvilega trent aur tricetay kay silsilay kuu chhod kirr hamaray paas sarf pope kay sakay haine juu bunyadi toor parr byzantine maadal kii peervi kartay huay adrian I say sharoo hotay haine leakin clement v (jinn kay sakoon mein say pehla tahim ognoon parr maaraa gayaa thaa) takk aham nahein hotay haine. jabb kahh mashriqi europ ziyadah tarr hasay kay liye bazantini kay zeer asar thaa iss kay bawajood saleebiyon nay maghrabi aqsaam kuu inn riyasaton mein laaya jinn kii bunyaad inn kay zariah mashriq mein rakhee gayee thee. mohammad kay sakay sarf 700 kay aas paas zahir hotay haine. yaha sakay keunkah qaraan mein tasveeri numaindagi say manaa hay sarf qaraan say mutan aur aam toor parr hukmaran taksaal kay maaster aur sakay kii tareekh say mutaliq darsat bayanaat rakhtay haine. ddee. jadeed sakay jadeed door kay aaghaz kay saath jazwi toor parr america kii driyafat aur iss kay chaandi kay zakhayer kay istehsaal kay natijay mein chaandi kay baday takday harr jagah bury taadad mein nazar aatay haine. iss kay fitri natijay kay toor parr humm kaam kay nafaz parr ziyadah taujah deetay haine naushtah jaat mein ziyadah qaabil fehm kardaar aur tasveeri numaindagi (portrait aur coat aaf aarmz) parr ziyadah taujah deetay haine. nishatah saaniya kay kayee masaail khaas toor parr pope kay sakay iss waqat kay funn kay aham kaamon mein shamaar kiye jaatay haine. pachli chand sadiyon kay doraan wah mamalik juu qaroon wastee kii tehzeeb kay zeer asar nahein aayey thay dosron kay saath maaliyaati taluqat mein daakhil hotay haine maslaa.jee.roos aur mashriq bayed mein cheen kay sakay intehayi ghair mamuli shaklon kay haine kachh surakh shadah kachh teuning forks seebar waghairah kii shakal mein.vovo seyam maray hoay chaandi kay taar kii gaanth. agarcha ibtadayi sadiyon kay doraan europ kay paraaney mahzab mamalik kay maaliyaati nazaam aam toor parr qaroon wastee kay doraan qayem honay waali khatut parr tayaar huay aneeswein sadee kay azeem seyasi aur maashi inqilabat nay nayee quwatein wajood mein laayein jinn kaa maaliyaati nazaam parr asar padaa. jabb kahh german bolnay waalay logon kay badaltay hoay taluqat kay natijay mein inn kii currenciyon mein taghir (germani mein nashaan austriya mein crone holland mein gulden aur sweatzerland mein frank)yee dosri taraf atlee kay itehad kay natijay mein eek yaksaan atalvi maaliyaati nazaam (leera) paida hawaa. leakin maashi halaat nay seyasi say bhee ziyadah derpa nataij paida kiye haine. 23 dasambar 1865 kuu france atlee belgium aur sweatzerland nay laatini union tashkil dee jiss mein 1868 mein yunaan nay shamoliyat akhtiyar kii aur francisi maaliyaati nazaam kii bunyaad parr inn riyasaton kay sakoon kay yaksaan zabtay parr ittefaq kiyaa. iss nazaam kuu abb bury taadad mein riyasaton nay apnaya hay jinhon nay khood laatini monitory union mein shamoliyat akhtiyar nahein kii hay-romaniah balgharia sarbiya funn lend speen aur kumm az kumm baraye naam behat see wastee aur janubi americi jamhuria juu pehley hispanvi kaluniyan thein aur iss kay elawah mutadid chhoti europi riyasatein. austriya hungri aur roos bhee iss nazaam kay qareeb haine. eek aur maaliyaati union 1873 mein tashkil dee gayee thee aur iss mein sweedan dunmark aur naarway shaamil haine maaliyaati union scandinivia crone hay. partagali maaliyaati nazaam brazeel mein abb bhee naafiz hay juu iss kii sabqah kaloni hay. yahaan takk kahh kasee bazabtah convention kay baghair bhee eek sakah ghair milki sarzamin mein karansi haasil kirr saktaa hay. iss tarah maxican daalar juu naam aur qeemat mein german maaliyaati nazaam kii eek shaakh hay bahar alkahil kay door daraaz saahil parr cheen kay samandari soobon mein japaan seyam mein aur maalay jazair kay hasay mein maujudah sakah hay. yaha wastee america aur yahaan takk kahh behat say afriqi samandari soobon kuu bhee mutasir kartaa hay. hindustani rupiyah nay bhee apnay asl milk kay saamney mashriqi afriqah janubi arab aur jazirah namaa maalay kay sahilon parr samandar kay kinaray parr karansi haasil kii hay. iqtesadi aur seyasi mufadat kuu abur karnay kii eek achhi misaal canada kii taraf say paish kii gayee hay jehaan angrezi khudmukhtar qanuni tender hay halankah canadian karansi riyasathaye muthadah kay mayaar parr amal karti hay. agarcha abb austriya aur hungri mein gardash karnay waalay sakay lekhtenistin aur monti neegro mein karansi kay toor parr darsat haine aur iss kay barakas eek austriya kaa sakah juu behat arsey say austriya mein hyee gardash say baahir thaa jasay maariyah-terricin teller kay naam say jaana jaataa hay aur jiss kii tareekh 1780 hay abb bhee wastee afriqah sodaan taripoli aur arab mein sabb say aham tajarti karansi hay. sakoon kii taknik mein pachli dahayiyon kay doraan haasil honay waali aalee darjay kii kamaliyat nay eek taraf sakay (allomenium say banay sakay platinum kay rosee sakay belgium kay chheday hoay sakay duu dhaaton kay angrezi sakay) kay saath mutadid tajarbaat kuu janam diyaa jinn mein say ziyadah tarr kuu koyee faislah kunn kamiyabi nahein milly. dosri taraf sakay saazi kay fankarana pehlu parr ziyadah taujah deena mumkin how gayaa jaisa kahh francisi aur atalvi tiksalon kay taazah tareen masail say zahir hotaa hay. II. tamghe medal kii astalah (florence = 1/2 ankaar mein "medalia") dhaat kay takadon parr laago hoti hay aam toor parr circler juu agarcha taksaal kay zariye jaari kiye jaatay haine leakin adayegi kay zariah kay toor parr nahein hotay haine. inn kaa mawaad shakal tayari kaa tariqah aur tareekh saabat karti hay kahh wah asl mein sakay thay halankah badaltay hoay halaat aur zaruriyat fankarana aur saqafati donon nay inhein aazaad banaa diyaa hay. inn kaa maqsad kasee qoom kii tareekh kay aham waaqiaat kuu yaad karnaa hay atnaa kahh kasee fard yaa puray milk kay tamaghon kay silsilay kii bunyaad parr aur iss kii wazahat kii tareekh likhnay kii koshishein kii gayee haine. tamaghon kay ajraa kay mawaqa takht nasheen honay aalaan jung aman kay akhtatam yaa athaad awami emarat kii takmeel mein paaye jaatay haine. yaha khood mukhtar afraad kay zariah inn afraad kuu paish karnay kay liye bhee behat baday paimanay parr istemaal kiyaa jaataa hay jinn kii wah azat karnaa chahtay haine aur aisey muamilat mein aksar sunhare kay funn kaa eek haqeeqi jawahir hotaa thaa. dosri taraf kharaaj tehseen kii alaamat kay toor parr aksar riaya apnay haakim kuu iss kii shaadi jeesay mawaqa parr eek tamgha paish kartay haine. leakin logon kii saqafat kay izhaar kay toor parr najee tamghe mein behat ziyadah dilchaspi hoti hay aur iss shobay mein nishatah saaniya aur iss kay baad kii sadiyon kaa german tamgha sabb say ziyadah misalein paish kartaa hay. portrait medal nay wah kirdaar adaa kiyaa juu abb foto girafi kay zariye liyaa gayaa hay. coat aaf aarmz say maher bund tamghe bhee najee afraad kii numaindagi kartay haine aur baaz auqaat tokan levers kay button waghairah kay toor parr emli istemaal mein laaye jaatay haine. wah mangitar yaa shaadiyon chaandi yaa sunhari shaadiyon paidaishon aur baptasmah kii yaad mein istemaal hotay haine aur iss maqsad kay liye waazah toor parr banaye gayey sakoon yaa tamaghon ("pattenphanage") kii shakal mein sponsors kay naam kay tahaif kii eek bury taadad hoti hay aur iss parr bachay aur devta kay naam baptasmah kii jagah aur tareekh aur aam toor parr eek muqadas qool likhaa hotaa hay. inn "pattenphanage" kuu aksar zewaraat kay toor parr pehannay kay liye bharpur tartibaat mein rakhaa jaataa thaa aur warasat kay toor parr nasal darr nasal muntaqil kiyaa jaataa thaa. naha sarf zindagi mein daakhil honaa balkah moth bhee tamaghon mein darj hay vovo aur iss tarah kay behat say takadon mein tafsili sawanhi notes hotay haine. aksar yaha tamgha eek mazhabi maqsad kii takmeel kartaa hay. creamentz mein aur khaas toor parr joachmistal mein iss tarah kay mazhabi sakoon kaa wasee silsilah maaraa jaataa thaa. typological numaishein behat pasand kii gayein eek taraf paraaney ahed kii qasm dikhayi gayee dosri taraf nayey ahed kii qasm. aslaah nay bible kay jamley say aarasta behat say tamghe tayaar kiye. mazhabi tamaghon parr eek pasandidah mozua maseeh kaa sarr thaa: wayana shehar sadiyon say iss design waalay tamaghon kuu awami imtiyaz kay nishanaat kay toor parr istemaal kartaa rehaa hay. ester kay tamaghon mein paschal memnay kay saath karsams kay moqaa parr dosray bachon kuu yasua kay saath tahfay kay toor parr diye gayey. sunton kay sent. jaarj kii numaindagi aksar "georgestler" aur "jargsdocate" parr kii jaati thee aur eek toham parasti ghalib thee kahh sent kii tasveer kay saath tamgha pehanna. jaarj zakhmon say tahfuz farahim karnay waala thaa. asee tarah kay toham parasti sent kii numaindagi say mansalk thee. roch aur sent. sebistin yaa sent. rozaliya neez sandoq kay saath lambay saanp kay saath taaun say tahfuz kay toor parr. makmal toor parr toham parsat taabein satutesh aur alchemistic sakoon kaa eek naqabil taskhir silsilah bhee hay juu eek bunyaad say eek qeemati dhaat mein alchemistic muntaqli kii paidawar honay kaa daawi kartay haine. wayana mein shaahi sakay kii kabinah mein inn mein say eek tukda hay juu shayed mojud sabb say badaa tamgha hay jiss kaa wazan taqriba 15 1⁄2 pond hay. avidpois vovo aur shahanshah leopold awal kay chalis aabao ajdaad kii tasveeron say aarastah jinn kii maujudgi mein muntaqli hoyee hay. iss tarah wah mutadid aur mutadid maqasid jinn kay liye yaha tamgha istemaal kiyaa gayaa hay wah wafadari kay saath inn saqafati halaat kii akaasi kartay haine juu iss kay sakoon kii tashkil kaa baais banay aur yaha malumat kaa eek aisa zariah hay jasay ubhee takk makmal toor parr saraha nahein gayaa hay. haqeeqi tamghe qadeem zamanay say nawaqif thay. inn kay kaam behat say muamilat mein thay-khaas toor parr aham waaqiaat kii yaadgaaron kay toor parr-sakoon kay zariye anjaam diye jaatay thay. maujudah door kay yaksaniyat aur aam toor parr ghair fankarana sakoon kay barakas qadeem door kay sakay aur khaas toor parr yunaan kay sakay kandah kaaree kay funn kay shahkar thay juu apnee maharat kaa mazahirah karnay kay liye dosray mawaqa talaash karnay parr majbur nahein thay. romiyon kay halaat mein mashabahat thee iss riayat kay saath kahh shahanshahon kay tamghe hamaray tamaghon kay kirdaar kay mutabiq haine halankah wah eek asul kay toor parr qanuni maaliyaati yount kii nql haine vovo tokan ("tessero")yee kheelon kay liye maaraa jaataa hay aur contornates kaa tamghe say aur bhee ziyadah qareeb say taaluq hay. shahanshah lois dee piyos (814-40) kay sonay kay chand masail bhee tamaghon say miltay jaltay haine aur qaroon wastee kay aagay kay door mein hamein bury taadad mein sakay milay jinn kaa maqsad waazah toor parr tareekh kay kasee waaqiye kii yaad dilana thaa halankah inn kay aalat kii wazahat karnaa aksar behat mashkal hotaa hay. yahaan behat see paheeli abb bhee hall kaa intezar kirr rahee haine. hanny sheer kii alaamat kay toor parr bawariya aur sexoni kay taqatwar ddiok sheer iss kay sakoon parr aham kirdaar adaa kartaa hay. leakin iss kaa mukhalif watilazbakh kaa autho jiss ney jabb hunry sheer kuu kaladam qaraar diyaa gayaa thaa tuu asay bawariya kaa dochi milaa iss alaamat kuu bhee istemaal kiyaa aur ankaar karnay waalay jaari kiye juu asay sheer kay taaqib mein yaa haath mein sheer kay katay hoay sarr kay saath dikhatay haine. sakoon kuu aksar afzudon kii yaad mein bhee istemaal kiyaa jaataa hay aur inn mein leej laard kii numaindagi hoti hay jiss say ghatnay teknay waala jagirdar gonfalon wasool kartaa hay. eek paalish breaket ddiok bolsalav III kii sent kay maqbaray kii ziyarat kii yaad kuu barqarar rakhta hay. ganison mein edalbert. bohemia kay leadylas awal kay ankaar mein shaitan kay nagwar sarr kuu dikhaya gayaa hay jiss kii eek taraf wazahati daastaan hay aur dosri taraf eek charch hay. losheen iss aalay kaa hasaab iss tarah day sakaa: bohemia mein eek kay baad eek sangeen bunyadi khalal kay baad eek khufnaak samandari toofan kay darmiyan eek alkaa baarish hoyee jiss kay doraan behat say logon nay aalaan kiyaa kahh inhon nay shaitan kuu qalye kay qareeb insani shakal mein dekha hay. iss ankaar kuu phir maaraa gayaa jiss kii donon taraf shaitan kaa sarr aur charch aaf gaadd thaa. iss tarah kay sakay kasee hadd takk yaadgaari tamaghon kay maqsad kuu poraa kartay haine. pehla haqeeqi tamgha chudhawein sadee kay ikhtatam parr atlee mein namodar hawaa. padwa kay maalik francesco dom karara nay qadeem roman tamaghon kii nql kartay hoay duu tamghe maaray thay: aike apnay waalid francesco awal kii yaad mein commodes aur septimius severse kay baad kay tamaghon kuu yaad kartaa hay vovo dosray 1390 mein padwa parr qabzah karnay kii yaad mein francesco dom kii tasveer hay juu shahanshah vitilees kay sesters parr hay. harr muamile mein altaa karara khaandaan kaa panang device eek cart ("kiro") rakhta hay. yaha tamghe kaansi aur chaandi mein maaray jaatay haine. asee arsey mein daayee cutter kay khaandaan wens kay sesto khaandaan kay zariah banaye gayey tamghe jeesay aazmaishi takadon kaa taaluq hay. inn parr bhee maher lagayi gayee thee vovo leakin aglay arsey mein tamghe kii tarqi maher bund takadon kii wajah say nahein thee. pandrahwen sadee kay wast say pehley hyee atalvi funn achanak cast medal kay saath iss shobay mein arooj parr pahunch jaataa hay. vittor paisano eek masoor (bub. taqriba 1380yee subah virona mein vovo daad. 1455 yaa 1456) tamgha jeetnay waalon mein sabb say qadeem aur aham hay. inn kay pirokaron kii tarah inn kay kaam moam kay namunon yaa lohay mein katay hoay namunon say banaye jaatay haine eek aisa amal jiss kii wajah say aksar inn takadon kuu baad mein chheedna zaruri how jaataa hay. wah apnay kaam "opes paisani paktors" parr dastakhat kartaa hay. tamghe ziyadah tarr hasay kay liyay baday size kay hotay haine aur eek masnuyi patina say leepat hotay haine. saamney kii taraf wah aam toor parr profile mein izhaar kii tasveer paish kartay haine vovo iss kay barakas khubsurat aur zaheen istearon parr: iss tarah leonelo ddee aistay kaa eek sheer juu capeed kay haathon mein mausiqi kii eek sheet say gaa rehaa hay vovo yaa napples kay alfonso kaa eek aqaab juu khilam khilaa maaray gayey harran kuu gadhon kuu day deeta hay. agarcha yaha saabat kiyaa jaa saktaa hay kahh paisano nay kachh proto types kaa istemaal kiyaa juu mamkanah toor parr mehron say akhz kiye gayey thay leakin tamghe kay funn kay haqeeqi khaaliq kay toor parr inn kii shahrat iss haqeeqat say maadi toor parr kumm nahein hoyee hay. saakhat aur amal daraamad donon mein asay shayed hyee baraabar kiyaa gayaa how misaal kay toor parr azeem janwaron sheer aqaab how roos kii numaindagi mein. paisano nay puray atlee kaa safar kiyaa aur apnay waqat kay mamtaz shehzadon aur baasir afraad kii tasveer kashee kii. iss nay tamghe kay funn kuu atnaa maqbool banaa diyaa kahh iss kay baad say fankaar atlee kay tamaam aham aart marakaz mein tamaghon kii tayari mein masruf how gayey. aisey hyee metio ddee paasti thay aur ramni kay darbaar mein qaabil tareef fankaar thay vovo veneshin jewawani boldo aur ghair mamuli belini jinn mein say moakhar alzikar nay sultan mahmat kay liye portrait medal banaya thaa vovo mantwan sprendio pandrahwen sadee kaa sabb say shandar medalist aur behat say dosray. iss waqat bhee maher bund tamgha numayan how jaataa hay. room mein benovenoto seleni aur iss kay baad caradoso aur khaas toor parr pope kay taksaal kay maalik zakar kay laiq haine. cavino kay zariah roman shahanshahon kay kaansi kay sakoon kii nql waaqee qaabil tareef hay. aakhir kaar kachh arsey baad atalvi tamgha yafatgan ghair milki shehzadon kii khadmat mein paaye jaatay haine: netherlands mein jacopo daa treaso germani mein duu abundio. atalvi tamgha praani francisi production kii tarqi parr sabb say ziyadah taqatwar asar daalta hay. pandrahwen sadee kay awakhir mein atalvi lauranah nay pehley francisi tamghe haasil kiyay aur aglay door kay kaam waazah toor parr atalvi khususiyat kuu zahir kartay haine. satrahwein sadee takk eek neeya andaaz zahir nahein hawaa jiss mein labaas khaas toor parr qaabil tareef toor parr dobarah paish kiyaa gayaa hay. sabb say numayan fankaar jaine reechar metz mein aur baad mein galome dopar aur jaine waran thay. germani mein chaandi kay qadeem tareen baday takday tyrol kay haal mein atalvi sakoon kay zeer asar tayaar kiye gayey thay vovo aur jiyaan marco kiwalo jinhein taksaal kay kandah kaar kay toor parr haal mein madau kiyaa gayaa thaa inn sakoon kaa funn kii tareekh mein apnaa aham maqaam aur germani kay behat say tamaghon parr inn kay qaabil deed asar kaa maqrooz hay. yeah german tamghe kay funn kay qadeem tareen namonay eek hyee waqat kay sakay honay kii wajah say maher lagayi gayee thee vovo leekan atalvi kii tarah german tamgha maher bund mein apnee aalee tareen kamaal takk nahein pahunchta balkah cast kay takadon mein pahunchta hay. baaks woad calheim pathar aur baad mein moam kay banay models kii kaafi taadad abb bhee mojud hay. lakdi yaa pathar kii inn tasveeron kuu pehley hatmi samjha jaataa thaa aur sarf digri kay lahaaz say inhein dhaat mein cast karnay kay liye maadal kay toor parr istemaal kiyaa jaanay lagaa. yaha cast tamghe jinhon nay germani kay aart centres (solahvein sadee kay aaghaz mein augusburg aur neuremberg) mein apnee zahiri shakal dee asee tarah inn kii ibtada atalvi tamghe say hoyee. leakin sarf inn kii asl vovo german tamghe kii mazeed tarqi makmal toor parr asl aur aazaad khatut kii peervi karti hay jabb takk kahh yaha atalvi kay saath eek satah parr eek hadd takk atkarjata takk naha pahunch jaaye. yaha sach hay kahh german apnay aidaad woo shamaar kii dolat say shandar design tayaar karnay mein nakaam rehtay haine juu hamein atalvi tamaghon kay altay parr miltay haine vovo iss kay bajaye humm ziyadah aam toor parr hathiyaron kay coat kii behtareen numaindagi paatay haine. german tamghe kii bury taaqat saamney kii taraf darsat tasveer parr amal daraamad parr dee jaanay waali mohabat bharee deekh bhaal mein mazmar hay vovo aur yaha tamghe kay maqsad say mutabiqat rakhta hay juu atlee kay muqabilay matusat tabqe kay mamtaz khandanon mein behat ziyadah taqsim kiyaa gayaa thaa. german tamgha 1500 kay foraa baad apnay arooj parr pahunch jaataa hay atalvi kay muqabilay mein kaafi deer say: hamaray paas aaney waali qadeem tareen misalon mein albrecht deverer kii misalein haine. behat say fankaar hamein apnee shanakhat kaa koyee saraag nahein deetay yaa khood kuu inn nashanon yaa alamaton say nashaan zad kartay haine jinn kii tashrih karnaa aksar mashkal hotaa hay. tahim abb yaha mumkin how gayaa hay kahh neuremberg kay maahir petter floatner kuu yaqeeni toor parr behat qeemati tamaghon kii eek taweel seerez tafviz kii jaaye jasay iss liye tamaam tamghe jeetnay waalon mein sabb say aagay samjha jaana chahiye. iss kay qareeb say methas gable bhee iss kay peeche haine. iss door kay deegar qaabil zakar tamgha yafatgan huns dochar haine jinn kaa ziyadah tarr kaam palitinate kay darbaar kay liye kiyaa gayaa thaa. neuremberg kay huns shawariz "lakdi mein sabb say behtareen jaal saaz"yee jinhon nay 1518 kay augusburg kay ghazaa kay arakeen kay liye bury taadad mein kaam anjaam diye. sweetzerland mein jacob steampfer vovo sabb say mashhur funkaron mein say eek frederk hagnor vovo joaakham dessler juu aakhir kaar austriya mein aabaad how gayey jehaan khaas toor parr wayana creamentz aur joachmistal kay tiksalon mein iss arsey mein bury taadad mein tamghe maaray gayey tahim inn mein say sabhi kuu nahein tahim tamghe kay funn kay fayede kay liye vovo huns ree haard jinn say hamaray paas behat ahtiyaat say cheeld aur bhediya kay takday donon sexni mein haine. solahvein sadee kay aakhir takk german tamgha waazah toor parr apnay arooj kuu abur kirr chakaa thaa aur ghair milki aur sharoo mein khaas toor parr atalvi kaamon parr munhasir how gayaa thaa. netherlands mein funn nay aalee darjay kii kamaal haasil kii. yahaan kay azeem naam stephens holandics aur kachh arsey baad konrad block solahvein sadee kay dosray nasf kay aur satrahwein sadee kay petter ween abili haine. england mein tamgha yafatgan ziyadah tarr ghair milki hotay haine vovo maqami funkaron mein say juu behat deer takk zahir nahein hotay sabb say ziyadah qaabil zakar haine. saaiman aur waleem aur eel. see. leone. dosri taraf kaspar aur saaiman pais behat ahtiyaat say kandah shadah chhotay patlay chaandi kay takadon kii tayari mein zabardast fankarana maharat haasil kartay haine. deegar riyasatein kumm ahmiyat kii haamil haine vovo wah ziyadah tarr ghair milki funkaron kuu mulazimat deetay haine. jadeed door kay aaghaz mein atlee aur germani mein haasil honay waalay aalee fankarana satah kuu mustaqil toor parr barqarar nahein rakhaa jaa sakaa. keunkah yahaan aur wahaan behtareen kaam kay takday tayaar kiye jaatay thay tamaghon kay saath saath sakay batoor funn kay kaam ziyadah say ziyadah kharaab hotay gayey. aneeswein sadee kay wast kay baad takk iss funn kuu eek nayee tehreek nahein milly aur yaha france mein sabb say pehley thaa. mahaz iss kay beruni mazharon kuu madnazar rakhtay huay iss harkat kay aaghaz kii saheeh tareekh tay karnaa bhee mumkin hay. 2 mayee 1868 kuu peers taksaal kay committy consultif ddais qabroors kay sadr chemist domas nay inn nqayes kii taraf asharah kartay hoay khataab kiyaa jinhon nay tamghe kii fankarana tarqi kuu rook diyaa aur taksaal kay sadr kii haisiyat say inn mein tarmim kii apeel kii. inhon nay khaas toor parr haroof paalish oonche kinaray waghairah kay kharaab zaiqah kaa zakar kiyaa. agar yaha khataab beruni shakal say mutaliq thaa tuu tamghe kay haqeeqi maqsad kaa eek neeya nazariyah batadreej pehley hyee paida how chakaa thaa. odeenz paal dobos cheeps kii tayari kay baad sabb say badh kirr herbert ponscorms (tamaghon kii paalish kii mukhalifat karnay waalay pehley shaqs) aur baad mein ddejorjaz chaplains aur denail dopress aaskar roty abb takk kay sabb say mamtaz francisi tamgha yafatgan nay imtiyaz haasil kiyaa. wah naha sarf eek portraitist kay toor parr balkah khaas toor parr altaa kii saakhat mein behtareen hay: iss kay emdah istearon (misaal kay toor parr.jee.yee ladkiyon kii taleem kay silsilay mein meert kay tamghe parr-jamhuria kii tadrisi nokarani mardon kii mustaqabil kii maayein) kwatersanto kay funkaron kuu yaad kartay haine jiss kaa inhon nay ahtiyaat say mutalah kiyaa leakin eek asul kay toor parr braah raast nql nahein kiyaa. jiss tarah tamghe parr amal daraamad say pehley taweel aur mohtat ghoor woo fakar kii jaati hay kahh bunyadi khayaal kuu kiss tarah tayaar kiyaa jaana hay (aisa lagtaa hay kahh ponscorms nay iss kii raah hamwaar kii hay) asee tarah amal daraamad khood aakhri lamhay takk sabb say ziyadah mohtat taujah haasil kartaa hay. sarf fankaar kaa haath iss kay kaam kuu chhota hay. francisi tamghe nay iss tarah zabardast nataij haasil kiye haine yahaan takk kahh jabb sarf iss kii takniki khoobiyon kay mutabiq faislah kiyaa jaataa hay. francisi tehreek say aazadana toor parr austriya mein eek tamgha baziyafat sharoo how gayee hay. aintan shaarif nay tamghe kay andaaz kii bahaali aur sakht rawayati shaklon say najaat laayi. inn kay saath mill kirr kaam karnay waalay jozaf thoutenheim buzurg stephan schwartz juu chisled medal kii taknik kay maahir haine aur franz zewar pawlik haine. haal hyee mein rudolf maarshil nay eek portraitist kay toor parr aalee shahrat haasil kii hay aur liyo XIII aur piyos aiks donon kay liye tamghe parr amal daraamad karnay kaa commission haasil kiyaa hay. francisi aur veneez tamaghon nay dosray mamalik mein eek aisi srgarmi kaa mutalibah kiyaa hay jiss kay natijay mein pehley hyee tamghe kay funn kay behat say khubsurat namunay saamney aaa chakay haine. agast. wee. lohar.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6968957

Hiroshi Tada

Hiroshi Tada Japanese aikidoka Hiroshi Tada (多田 宏, ただ ひろし, "Tada Hiroshi") (born December 14, 1929) is a Japanese aikido teacher holding the rank of 9th dan in the Aikikai. Born in Tokyo within a former Samurai family, Tada first studied his family's style of archery (Heki-Ryū Chikurin-ha Ban-pa) under his father in the family's house in Jiyūgaoka. He then became a member of the Waseda University karate club before starting training in aikido at the Aikikai Hombu Dojo under aikido founder Morihei Ueshiba in March 1950. He was dispatched to Rome, Italy, in 1964 where he established the Italian "Dojo Centrale" in 1967, and the national association "Aikikai d'Italia" in 1970. He returned to Japan in 1971 to resume teaching at the Aikikai Hombu Dojo. To supplement aikido training, he has developed a system of breathing and meditative exercises called "ki no renma" (気の錬磨, "cultivation of ki") based largely on the teachings of Nakamura Tempu and the Ichikukai Dojo. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

hiruxi taada hirusi taada (ingrajihhiroshi tada) (jonmo 14 disembor, 1929) egoraki japani ikdu xikhyok ji aaikaikair 9moo daan renk dokhol korise. tokuwat etaa prakton xamurai poriyalor bhitorot jonmogrohon koraa taadai prothome jiyugukar poriyalor ghorot teur pitrir odhinot teur poriyalor dhonurbidyar xoili (heki-riyu sikurin-haa baan-paa) odhyoyon korisil. taar pisot teu 1950 sonor march maahot ikdur protisthapok murihei ucber odhinot ikdur ikdu hombu dojut proxikhyon aarombho korar aagote wesada biswobidyaloyor karate clubber xodosyo hoisil. 1964 sonot teuk italyr rumoloi preron koraa hoisil, zo 'too teu 1967 sonot italy "doju centrel" aaru 1970 sonot rastriyo xongstha "aikikai di' italia" protistha korisil. 1971 sonot teu aikaikai hombu dojut xikhyokota punor aarombho koriboloi japanoloi ubhoti aahisil. ikdu proxikhyonor xompurok hisape teu "ki nu renma" (kir kheti) naamor swax-proswax aaru dhyanmulok byayamor etaa byowostha bikoxito korise, jitu mulotoh nakamura tempu aaru aisikukai dojur xikhyar uporot aadharito.

hiroshi taada hiroshi taada (<unk>, <unk>, "taada hiroshi") (jonmo 14 december, 1929) ekjon japani ikido shikkhok jini aikaikai-teey 9maum daner podomorjadar adhikari. praktan samurai poribarer modhye tokiote jonmogrohonkari taada prothome taanr babar adhine jiogoka poribarer barite taanr poribarer tirandajir shaili (heckie-reu chikurin-haha baan-paa) adhyayan korechilen. 1950 saaler march maase ikidor protisthata morihei uyeshibar adhine ikidote ikidote proshikkhon shuru korar agey tini oyaseda bishwobidyaloyer karate cluber sadasya hohn. 1964 saale italir romey taanke pathano hoy, jekhane tini 1967 saale italian "dojo central" ebong 1970 saale jatiya samiti "aikichai dii 'italia" protistha corren. tini 1971 saale japane firey asen ike hombu dojote shikkhokota shuru korar jonno. ikido proshikkhoner poripurok hisabe, tini mulat nakamura tempu ebong ichikukai dojor shikkhar upor vitti korey "kii noo renama" (kii-err chaash) naame shwas-prashwas ebong dhyaner byayamer ekti byabostha toiri korechen.

hiroshi taadaa hiroshi taada (<unk>, <unk>, "taada hiroshi") (janm 14 december, 1929) aek japanese ikido shikshak chhe, jeey ikykaima 9maa denno krama dharaave chhe. bhutpurv samurai parivaarmaa tokyomaa janmela taadae pahelaa temnaa parivaarni tirandajini shailee (hackey-rayu chikurin-haa baan-paa) noow abhyaas temnaa pitaa hethal jiyogokama parivaarnaa ghare karyo hato. tyarbad teo march 1950maan ikidona sthaapak morihei ushiba hethal ikidoma ikidoma taaleem sharoo kartaa pahelaa vaseeda university karaate klabnaa sabhy banyaa. temne 1964maan rooma, itali mokalvaamaa aavyaa hataa, jyaan temane 1967maan italian "dojo centrelle" nee sthaapnaa curry hatee aneey 1970maan raashtriy sangathan "ikikai dii 'italia" nee sthaapnaa curry hatee. teo 1971maan ike hombu dojomaa shikshan pharii sharoo karvaa maate japan parat faryaa hataa. ikido taalimne purak banaavvaa maate, temane mote bhaage nakamura tempu aneey ichikukai dojonaa upadesho parr aadharit "qee noow renaa" (keaney khetee) naamnee shvaas aneey dhyanni kasaratoni pranali vikasavi chhe.

hiroshi taadaa hiroshi taada (janm 14 disambar, 1929) ack japani ikido shikshak hain joe ike mein 9vein danne kaa pada dhaaran karate hain. ack poorv samurai parivaar key bheetar tokyo mein janme, taada ney pahali baar apane parivaar kii tirandaji kii shally (heckie-rayu chikurin-haa baan-paa) kaa adhyayan kiya, joe unake pitaa key ghar jiogoka mein thaa. isake baad way march 1950 mein aikido key sansthaapak morihei ushiba key tahat aikido mein prashikshan shuru karane seey pahale vasseda vishvavidyalaya karaate club key sadasya bunn gaye. unhein 1964 mein rome, itali bheja gayaa, jahaan unhone 1967 mein italvi "dojo central" kii sthaapana kii, aur 1970 mein rashtriya sangh "ekikaai dee 'italia" kii sthaapana kii. way 1971 mein aikido hombu dojo mein shikshan phir seey shuru karane key liye japan laut aae. ikido prashikshan key poorak key roop mein, unhone kaafee hudd taka nakamura tempu aur ichikukai dojo kii shikshaon parr adharit "kii noo rena" (kii kii kheti) naamak shwas aur dhyaan abhyaas kii ack pranali vikasit kii haye.

hiroshi taadaa hiroshi tada (<unk>, <unk>, "tada hiroshi") (janana december 14,1929) japanina aikikainalli 9neey daan shreniyannu hondiruva sikshaka. tokiyodalli maaji samuray kutumbadalli janisida tada, modalu tanna kutumbada billugaarikeya sailiyannu (heckie-reu chikurin-haa baan-paa) tanna tandeya adiyalli jiyogokadalliruva kutumbada maneyalli adhyayana maadidanu. nantara avaru 1950rahra marchnalli aikido samsthaapaka morihi yushibaada adiyalli aikidodalli tarabeti praarambhisuva modalu vasida vishvavidyaalayada karate clubna sadasyaraadaru. 1964ralli avarannu itaaliyaada romge kaluhisalaayitu, allie avaru 1967ralli italian "dojo central" annu sthaapisidaru mattu 1970ralli rashtriya sangha "aikik dii 'italia" annu sthaapisidaru. avaru 1971ralli japange maralidaru. aikik hombu dojodalli bodhaneyannu punaraarambhisidaru. aikido tarabetiyannu purakavagi, avaru hechchaagi nakamura tempu mattu ichikukay dojo bodhanegalannu aadharisida "kii noow renma" (kii krishi) emba usirata mattu dhyanada vyaayaamagala vyavastheyannu abhivraddhipadisiddare.

hiroshi taada hiroshi taada (janm 14 december 1929) haah eka japani ikido shikshak aahe, joou aaykikaimadhye 9vya dancha darja dharan karato. tokiyomadhye eka majee samurai kutumbat janmalelya tadane, tyachya vadilanchya netrutvakhali, tyachya kutumbachya tirandajichya shailicha (heckie-rayu chikurin-haah baan-paa) pratham abhyas keela. tyanantar march 1950 madhye ikidoche sansthapak morihei ushiba yanchya netrutvakhali ikido yethe ikidoche prashikshan suru karnyapurvi teey vaseeda vidyapithachya karate clubche sadasya jhaale. 1964 madhye tyanna rome, italila pathvanyat aale, jithe tyanni 1967 madhye italian "dojo central" aanee 1970 madhye rashtriy sanghatana "aaykikai dii 'italia" chee sthapana kelee. aaykinai hombu dojo yethe adhyapan punha suru karnyasathi teey 1971 madhye japanla paratale. ikido prashikshanala purak mhanoon, tyane mukhyatve nakamura tempu aanee ichikukai dojo yanchya shikavaninvar aadharit 'qee noow remma' (keechi lagwad) navachi shwasan aanee dhyan vyayamanchi pranali vikasit kelee aahe.

hiroshi tada hiroshi tada (<unk>, â, â, â, â, â, â, â, â, â, â, â) (janma december 14,1929) ek japani aikido shikshak hun jasle aikikaima 9 aun danko pada dharan gareka chhan. tokiyoma purva samurai pariwarma janmeka tadale pahilo patak afno pariwarko tirandaji shaili (hecky-rayu chikurin-hah baan-paa) afno bubako adhinma jiyogokako pariwarko gharma adhyayan gare. tyasapachhi uni march 1950 maa aikido sansthapak morihei yusiba antargat aikido hombu dojoma ikidoma prashikshan suru garnu aghi wasida vishwavidyalaya karate clubka sadasya bane. unlai 1964 maa rome, italy pathaieko thiyo, jahaan unle 1967 maa italian "dojo centrelle" rar 1970 maa rashtriya sangha "aikikai dee 'italia" sthapana gare. uni 1971 maa japan farke rar aikikai hombu dojoma adhyapan punah suru gare. aikido prashikshanko purakka rupma, unle nakamura tempu rar ichikukai dojoko shikshama adharit "key no renma" (kiko kheti) namak sas ferne rar dhyan abhyasko pranali vikas gareka chhan.

hiroshi tadda hiroshi tadda (<unk>, <unk>, "tadda hiroshi") (janma december 14,1929) jane japani ikido sikhyaka jie aikaikaire 9maha daan pahya dhaaran karichanti. tokiore eka purbatana samurai paribara madhyare janmita tadda prathame taanka paribarara tirandaji sailee (heckie-riu chikurin-haa baan-paa) taanka pitanka adheenare jijogokare thiba paribarara ghare adhyajana karithile. 1950 masiha march maasare ikido pratisthata morihei ushibanka adheenare aikidore aikidore prasikhyana arambha kariba purbaru shay waseda biswabidyalaja karate clubber sadasya hoithile. 1964 masihare tanku italyra romaku pathajaithila, jeunthare shay 1967 masihare italiah "dojo centrale" ebong 1970 masihare jatiah sangha "aikikai dii 'italia" pratistha karithile. shay 1971 masihare japan ferry aikikai hombu dojore sikhyadana arambha karithile. ikido prashikhyanara paripuraka bhabe, shay "kii noe renma" (kii "," kii "rahr chaash") namaka eka swasakrija ebong dhyana byajamara pranali bikashita karichanti, jaahaa mukhyatah nakamura tempu ebong ichikukai dojore sikhya upare aadharita.

hiroshi taada hiroshi taada (janam 14 dasambar, 1929) ikk japani icido adhiaapak haii joe aaikikai witch witch daena daa darja rakkhda haii. ikk sabka samurai parivaar witch tokio witch paida hoye, taada neey sabh toon pahilan aapne pitaa dey adheen jiagaoka witch parivaar dey gharr witch aapne parivaar dee tirandazi dee shaili (heckie-rioo chikurin-haa baan-paa) daa adhiaen keeta. firr uh march 1950 witch ikido dey sansthapak morihi uishiba dey adheen ikky hombu dojo witch ikido witch sikhlai shuru curran toon pahilan vasida university karate club daa member bann giaa. uss noon 1964 witch rome, itali bhejiaa giaa, jitthe uss neey 1967 witch italian "dojo central" atey 1970 witch rashtari association "ikky dee 'italia" dee sathapana keeti. uh 1971 witch ikky hombu dojo witch padhauna dubara shuru curran laee japaan waps aaiaa. ikido sikhlai dey poorak vajon, unhan neey saah lainn atey dhiaan lagaun deeaan kasratan dee ikk pranali viksit keeti haii jiss noon "qee noo rena" (qee dee kaashat) kiha jaanda haii joe vadde paddhar 'teey nakamura tampu atey ichikkai dojo deeaan sikkhiaavan' teey adharat haii.

hiroshi-tada hiroshi tada (<unk>, <unk>, "tada hiroshi") (janma december 14,1929) ekaha japani-aikido-shikshaka asti yah aikeekai-madhye 9 tama-daan-padaveem dhaarayati. poorvasamuraay-kutumbe tokyo-nagare janma praapnot, tada-varyaha prathamam jiyogaka-nagare swapituh adheene swapituh kutumbe dhanurvidyaayaah shailee (heckie-ryoo chikurin-haa baan-paa) adhyayanam krutavaan. tatah saha 1950 maarch-maase aikido-samsthaapake morihey-ushiba ityasya adheene aikido-hombu-dojo-madhye aikido-madhye prashikshanm aarabhy, pare, vasadaa-vishvavidyaalaya-karaate-club-sadasyah abhavat. 1964 tame varshe, italee-deshasya rome-nagaram prati saha preshitah, yatra saha 1967 tame varshe italian-"dojo-centrale", 1970 tame varshe rashtriya-sangham "aikik-kai-dii-italia" cha samsthaapayat. 1971 tame varshe aikik-hombu-dojo-ityatra adhyaapanam punaraarambhayitum japaan-desham pratyagatavan. aikido-prashikshanasy poorakaroopen, saha "kee no renmaa" (kee-krushihi) iti shvaasocchvaasa-dhyaana-vyaayaameraam cha pranaalim vikasitavaan, yat bahudhaa nakamura-tempoo tathaa ichikukaay-dojo ityasya shikshaasu aadhrutya asti.

hiroshi taadaa hiroshi taadaa (prappu disambar 14,1929) oru japanian ikido aasiriyar aavaar, ivar aikkiyil 9 vadhu dawn padhaviyai vagikkiraar. munnaal saamuraai kudumbaththil tokyovil pirantha thadaa, jiogokavil ulla thanathu thanthaiyin veettil thanathu kudumbaththin vilviththai paaniyai (heggy-reu sigurin-haa paan-phaa) muthalil padiththaar. 1950 maarch maatham ikido niruvanar moari heisi youshibavin keezh ikidoavil payirchi peruvatharku munbu avar vaseetha palkalaikkazhaga karate kilappil uruppinaraaga aanaar. 1964 aam aandil itaaliyin roamil 1967 aam aandil avar "tojo central" endra itaaliya "aikikkai dii 'tidalia" endra thaesiya sangaththai niruvinaar. 1970 aam aandil avar 1971 aam aandil jappanukuth thirumbinaar. ikido payirchikku thunaipurivatharkaaga, avar perumpaalum nagamura dembu mattrum isigugai dojovin poathanaikalai adippadaiyaagak konda "kii noow renna" (kii sagupadi) endra suvaasa mattrum thiyaana payirchigalin amaippai uruvaakkiyullaar.

hiroshi taadaa hiroshi tada (jananam december 14,1929) oka japanese ikido upadhyayudu, athanu aikailo 9va daan ranknu kaligi unnadu. maajee samuray kutumbamlo tokyolo janminchina tada, geogokaloni thana tandri intlo thana kutumba viluvidya sailini (heckie-ryuu chikurin-haa baan-paa) modata adhyayanam chesaadu. 1950 maarchilo ikido vyavasthaapakudu morihey yushiba aadhvaryamlo ikido hombu dozolo sikshana praarambhinchadaaniki mundu athanu vaseda vishwavidyaalaya karate clublo sabhyudayyadu. athanu 1964loe italeelooni romku pampabaddaadu, akkada athanu 1967loe italian "dozo central" nuu sthaapinchaadu, mariyu 1970loe jaateeya sangham "ikic dii 'italia" nuu sthaapinchaadu. athanu 1971loe japanku tirigi vacchi ikic hombu dozolo bodhananu tirigi praarambhinchaadu. ikido sikshanaku anubandhamgaa, athanu ekkuvagaa nakamura tempu mariyu ichikukay dozo bodhanala aadhaaramgaa "kii noo renma" (kii saagu) anae swaasa mariyu dhyana vyayamala vyavasthanu abhivruddhi chesaadu.

heroshi todda heroshi taada (<unk>, <unk>, "taada heroshi") (paidaish 14 dasambar 1929) eek japani acado teacher hay juu akikayi mein 9 wein deane kaa darjah rakhti hay. tokiyo mein eek saabiq samorai khaandaan mein paida honay waalay taada nay sabb say pehley jeogaka mein apnay waalid kay gahar mein apnay khaandaan kay teer andazi kay andaaz (hackie-riyo chakoreen-haa baan-paa) kaa mutalah kiyaa. iss kay baad wah maarch 1950 mein acado kay baanee maurihi yashiba kay tahat akiko hombo dojo mein acado mein tarbiyat sharoo karnay say pehley vesida university karaatay kalb kay rakan bunn gayey. inhein 1964 mein room atlee bhej diyaa gayaa jehaan inhon nay 1967 mein atalvi "dojo central" aur 1970 mein qomi aisosi aishan "akikayi ddee ataliya" qayem kii. wah akikayi hombo dojo mein tadris dobarah sharoo karnay kay liye 1971 mein japaan waps aayey. acado training kii takmeel kay liyay iss nay saans leenay aur maraqabah kii mashqon kaa eek nazaam tayaar kiyaa hay jasay "kii noow renah" ("kii kii kaasht") kahaa jaataa hay juu bury hadd takk nakamora tempo aur aaichikokai dojo kii talimaat parr mubni hay.