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9451 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice%20hockey | Ice hockey | Ice hockey is a sport that is played by two teams on ice. The players wear ice skates on their feet and can skate across the ice at very high speeds. They hold hockey sticks, which they use to push, shoot or pass a puck around the ice. The players score by shooting the puck into a net; the goaltenders try to stop them. Six players on each team play at once, but a whole team has over 20 players. Each team has 2 defenders, 3 forwards, and a goalie on the ice at a time. When a player breaks a rule, a referee calls a penalty, and the player has to sit in a penalty box for 2-4 minutes. While the player sits in the penalty box, their team has to play without them, and will have fewer players on the ice until the penalty is over.
Ice hockey is very well-known and well-liked in Canada, Russia, Sweden, Finland, the Czech Republic, the United States, Latvia and Slovakia. Most of the best players in the world play in the National Hockey League (NHL), which has 32 teams in the United States and Canada. These teams are divided 2 conferences and 4 divisions. In the regular season, they play 82 games. Each team faces each other about 3 times. They try to win the Stanley Cup at the end of the year. Another popular hockey league is the Kontinental Hockey League (KHL), which has teams in Russia, Kazakhstan, Latvia, Belarus, Slovakia, China and Croatia. In North America, women play in the Canadian Women's Hockey League and the Western Women's Hockey League. In North America and Europe, men's hockey is much more popular than women's hockey. Hockey is played by both men and women at the Olympic games, and at world championships. Ice hockey began in Canada in the 19th century. There are two types of penalty: The major and the minor. The minor is the main one the referee will call during a game and the players have to go in the penalty box for two minutes. The major is when players fight with each other or when someone did something very dangerous. Most of time players are kicked out of the games but in a fight they only get 5 minutes in the penalty box. In the National Hockey League (NHL) there are four referees. Two lineman and two head referee. Only head referees can call the penalty. They can be recognized by the orange armband on their arm. In the major league, the game is separated into three periods of 20 minutes. For the minor league, the time can be different for each category. Each period starts after the face-off. A face-off is when two teams are in position around the face-off circle. Then, the referee drops the puck between the players who play center. There are 6 different positions: center, right wing, left wing, right defense, left defense and goalie. The play is over after a whistle of any referee. After a whistle-blow, the time stops running. Each team can have a maximum of 20 players, including two goaltenders who have a zone to defend. Each team has one captain and two or three assistant captains. The ice is separated into three zones. Each zone is marked by lines. The center zone is between two blue lines and team zones are between one blue line and the end of the ice. The lineman can whistle for two reasons: icing and offside. An icing is when a player throws the puck into the zone before he crosses the red line (center line) and an offside is when a player enters the zone before the one who has the puck enters with it.
Other websites
International Olympic Committee
http://www.nhl.com/ice/page.htm?id=27011}
Hockey
Ice hockey
Hockey
Skating
Team sports
Winter Olympic sports
Winter sports |
9455 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1492 | 1492 | The year 1492 is considered to be an important year in the history of the Western Hemisphere, Europe, Christianity, Islam, Judaism, Spain, and the New World, among others.
Events
Christopher Columbus sets off on the voyage for which he would discover The Americas. |
9458 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtues%20of%20Harmony | Virtues of Harmony | Virtues of Harmony was a sitcom that ran in Hong Kong from 2001 until February 2005. Virtues of Harmony One was set in ancient China during the Ming Dynasty. It follows the lives of the Kam family. The allure of the series was the humorous storylines and how the good always wins. The star of the show was Nancy Sit, a kind hearted matriarch with the best intentions.
Following the success of Virtues of Harmony One, Virtues of Harmony Two was set in modern Hong Kong with a similar cast.
Sitcoms
2001 television series debuts
2000s establishments in Asia
2005 television series endings
21st-century disestablishments in Asia |
9459 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashford%2C%20Kent | Ashford, Kent | Ashford is a large town in Kent in England. Many villages in are nearby and Ashford attracts lots of locals for its shopping. The Ashford international railway station is connected by the Channel Tunnel to mainland Europe. Ashford is an established and populated area of Kent with lots of houses. The UK Government is going to build many more houses in the town and will double its population in a few years. About 120,000 people live there.
There's also an Ashford Designer Outlet Shopping Centre nearby.
Towns in Kent |
9460 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Song | Song | A song is a piece of music which contains lyrics and words. Songs may be made by songwriters. Other songs are folk songs, which are songs created by people long ago that have been sung as tradition.
Some people form bands which write and record songs to make money from it. When two or three singers sing the song it is called a duet or trio. Some people also make parodies of songs, which is usually changing the words of the song but keeping the tune. Parodies are usually made to make fun of a song or its writer/singer (parody artist "Weird Al" Yankovic is an example of this).
The word "song" is often used to describe any piece of music, even one without words or lyrics. The proper word for a piece of music without words is "instrumental".
Basic English 850 words
sv:Musikverk |
9461 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesium | Magnesium | Magnesium ( /mæɡˈniːziəm/ mag-NEE-zee-əm) is a chemical element with the symbol Mg, atomic number 12 and common oxidation state +2. It is an alkaline earth metal and the eighth most abundant element in the Earth's crust, where it constitutes about 2% by mass, and ninth in the known universe as a whole. This preponderance of magnesium is related to the fact that it is easily built up in supernova stars from a sequential addition of three helium nuclei to carbon (which in turn is made from three helium nuclei). Magnesium ion's high solubility in water helps ensure that it is the third most abundant element dissolved in seawater.
Magnesium is the 11th most abundant element by mass in the human body. Its ions are essential to all living cells. The ions play a major role in manipulating important biological polyphosphate compounds like ATP, DNA, and RNA. Hundreds of enzymes thus require magnesium ions to function. Magnesium is also the metallic ion at the center of chlorophyll, and is thus a common additive to fertilizers. Magnesium ions are sour to the taste, and in low concentrations help to impart a natural tartness to fresh mineral waters.
The free element (metal) is not found naturally on Earth, as it is highly reactive (though once produced, is coated in a thin layer of oxide (see passivation), which partly masks this reactivity). The free metal burns with a characteristic brilliant white light, making it a useful ingredient in flares. The metal is now mainly obtained by electrolysis of magnesium salts obtained from brine.
Uses
Commercially, the chief use for the metal is as an alloying agent to make aluminium-magnesium alloys, sometimes called "magnalium" or "magnelium". Since magnesium is less dense than aluminium, these alloys are prized for their relative lightness and strength.
Magnesium is used in fireworks to make a brilliant bright light. Another use is to mix it with other metals to make it strong, lightweight alloys such as those used to make bicycle frames.
Magnesium compounds are used medicinally as common laxatives, antacids (i.e., milk of magnesia), and in a number of situations where stabilization of abnormal nerve excitation and blood vessel spasm is required (that is, to treat eclampsia).
Magnesium is used in electronic devices, including: mobile phones, laptop computers, cameras, and other electronic components. Magnesium's low weight, good mechanical and electrical properties are good for these uses.
Magnesium reacted with an alkyl halide gives a Gringard reagent, which is a very useful tool for preparing alcohols.
Magnesium is also used in incendiary bombs, which are bombs that blow up and spread fire everywhere.
Related pages
Periodic table
List of common elements
References
Alkaline earth metals
Alkali metals |
9462 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan%20Brown | Dan Brown | Dan Brown (born June 22, 1964) is an American author. His best-known book is The Da Vinci Code.
Dan Brown lives in the United States. His father was a math teacher and his mother was a church organist. Before Dan Brown wrote books, he was an English teacher. Dan Brown's wife, Blythe, is an artist. Sometimes she is known to help him with his books.
Dan Brown also likes to write about codes and secrets. Sometimes he writes about real secrets, but he mostly writes fiction.
Hollywood director Ron Howard made a movie about one of Brown's books. Tom Hanks is the movie's star actor. It was released in theaters in May 2006.
Brown's next book was supposed to be called The Solomon Key, but then the name was changed to The Lost Symbol. When the book The Da Vinci Code came out in the United States, there were some puzzles hidden in the art of the book cover. Brown said that the answers to those puzzles give hints about what would be in his next book. Two of the puzzles are about a famous sculpture called Kryptos, which is in the middle of the CIA Headquarters building in Washington D.C.
This is a list of Dan Brown's books:
Digital Fortress (1997)
Angels and Demons (2000)
Deception Point (2001)
The Da Vinci Code (2003)
The Lost Symbol (2009)
Inferno (2013)
Origin (2017)
References
Other websites
Official Dan Brown website
American novelists
Writers from New Hampshire
1964 births
Living people |
9463 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thurso | Thurso | Thurso is a town in north Scotland. The town has a population of 8,721 (2001 census)
Towns in Scotland |
9464 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penzance | Penzance | Penzance () is a town and port in Cornwall, South West England. It is near Land's End and the most westerly major town in England. Many people live and work in Penzance. In 2001, there were 21,168 people living in Penzance. The main Cornish railway line ends at Penzance. The fishing port of Newlyn is close to Penzance.
References
Towns in Cornwall
Civil parishes in Cornwall |
9469 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Tonight%20Show | The Tonight Show | The Tonight Show is a popular late night television talk and comedy show in the United States. It appears on the NBC television network. The show started in 1954 and was hosted by Steve Allen. In 1957, Jack Paar became the host, with Ernie Kovacs hosting on some nights.
In 1962, Johnny Carson took over and stayed until 1992, with announcer Ed McMahon as sidekick, and Doc Severinsen as bandleader. Carson, McMahon, and Severinsen retired from The Tonight Show in 1992, when Jay Leno became host. Leno left the show in 2009, and Conan O'Brien (of Late Night and Saturday Night Live fame) became host from June 2009 to January 2010 before leaving due to controversy with The Tonight Show'''s timeslot. Jay Leno became the host of the show again on March 1, 2010. Leno retired in 2014 when Jimmy Fallon took over.
2009 timeslot controversy
In late 2009, NBC said that they would be moving the Jay Leno Show to 11:35 PM, the time usually slotted for The Tonight Show. The Jay Leno Show would be 30 minutes long. The Tonight Show would be moved to 12:05 AM, but would still be a full hour long. NBC did this because Jay Leno and Conan O'Brien were not getting enough viewers, and they believed that moving The Jay Leno Show to late night would increase their prime time viewers.
After being told this, Conan O'Brien said that he would be leaving The Tonight Show. He said that he believed that moving the show to 12:05 would ruin it, and that it would be unfair to Late Night'', which would have been moved to 1:05 AM. The deal was made that O'Brien would receive $33 million and that his staff of almost 200 people would receive $12 million. Conan O'Brien's last show aired on January 22, 2010.
1954 television series debuts
1950s American television series
1960s American television series
1970s American television series
1980s American television series
1990s American television series
2000s American television series
2010s American television series
American television talk shows
NBC network shows |
9470 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/January%2017 | January 17 |
Events
Up to 1900
395 - Roman Emperor Theodosius I dies in Milan. The Roman Empire is re-divided into West and East.
1287 - King Alfonso III of Aragon invades the island of Menorca.
1377 - Pope Gregory XI moves the Pope's residence (place where he lives) back to Rome from Avignon.
1524 - Giovanni da Verrazzano sets sail westward from Madeira to find a sea route to the Pacific Ocean.
1562 – France accepted the Huguenots under the Edict of St. Germain.
1566 - On his 62nd birthday, Pope Pius V officially becomes Pope.
1595 - Henry IV of France invades Spain.
1648 – England's Long Parliament agrees with the Vote of No Address, stopping dealing with King Charles I which then started the second part of the English Civil War.
1746 – Charles Edward Stuart, "Bonnie Prince Charlie", makes a Hanoverian army lose at Falkirk in his failing campaign to get back the throne for the Jacobite dynasty.
1773 – Captain James Cook becomes the first person to cross the Antarctic Circle.
1781 – Continental troops of Brigadier General Daniel Morgan makes British forces under Lieutenant Colonel Banastre Tarleton lose at the Battle of Cowpens in South Carolina.
1799 - Maltese patriot Dun Mikiel Xerri, along with some other patriots, is executed.
1811 - Mexican War of Independence: Battle of Calderon Bridge - A heavily outnumbered Spanish force of 6,000 troops defeats 100,000 Mexican revolutionaries.
1813 - Humphrey Davy creates the electric arc.
1819 – Simón Bolívar creates the Republic of Colombia.
1852 – United Kingdom accepts the freedom of the Boer places of the Transvaal.
1873 – First Battle of the Stronghold in the United States Modoc War.
1885 – A British force makes a large Dervish army lose at the Battle of Abu Klea in the Sudan.
1893 – American sugar planters led by the Citizen's Committee of Public Safety remove the government of Queen Liliuokalani of the Kingdom of Hawaii.
1899 – The United States gets Wake Island in the Pacific Ocean.
1901 1950
1904 - Anton Chekhov's play The Cherry Orchard is performed for the first time, at Moscow Art Theatre.
1912 – Robert Falcon Scott reaches the South Pole, one month after Roald Amundsen. The return journey will lead to the deaths of all members of Scott's expedition, including Scott himself.
1913 - Raymond Poincaré becomes President of France.
1916 – The Professional Golfers Association of America (PGA) starts.
1917 – The United States pays Denmark $25 million for the Virgin Islands.
1918 - Finnish Civil War: The first serious battles take place between the Red Guards and White Guards.
1929 - Inayatullah Khan, King of Afghanistan, abdicates (resigns) the throne after only three days.
1929 – Popeye the Sailor Man, a cartoon character made by Elzie Crisler Segar, first seen in a newspaper comic strip.
1944 - World War II: Allied forces launch the first of four assaults on Monte Cassino, Italy, in an effort to reach Rome. It would take four months and would cost 105,000 Allied lives.
1945 – Soviet forces get the almost completely destroyed Polish city of Warsaw.
1945 – The Nazis begin the process of people leaving the Auschwitz concentration camp as Soviet forces surround it.
1945 – Swedish diplomat Raoul Wallenberg disappears in Hungary while the Soviets were in charge of him.
1946 – The United Nations Security Council has its first meeting.
1949 – The Goldbergs, the first sitcom on American television, is seen.
1950 – The Great Brinks Robbery – 11 people steal more than $2 million from an secure car in Boston, Massachusetts.
1951 2000
1955 - Nuclear submarine Nautilus starts its first mission.
1961 - Congolese Prime Minister Patrice Lumumba is murdered, with the governments of both Belgium and the United States suspected of being involved.
1966 – Simon and Garfunkel release their second album, Sounds of Silence, on Columbia Records.
1966 – A B-52 bomber slams into a KC-135 jet tanker over Spain, dropping three 70-kiloton hydrogen bombs near the town of Palomares and another one into the sea.
1966 – Carl Brashear, the first African American United States Navy diver, gets hurt in a way so his leg has to be chopped off.
1972 - Bangladesh receives its current Flag.
1973 – Ferdinand Marcos is declared "President for Life" of the Philippines.
1975 – Bob Dylan puts out Blood on the Tracks, often said to be one of his best albums.
1977 – Gary Gilmore is put to death by a firing squad in Utah, ending a ten-year delay on being put to death as punishment in the United States.
1982 –" Cold Sunday" in the United States sees temperatures fall to their lowest levels in over 100 years in many cities.
1985 – British Telecom says that Britain's famous red telephone boxes will no longer exist.
1989 - Cleveland school massacre in Stockton, California: Patrick Purdy kills 5 elementary school children with an assault rifle, as well as one teacher, before killing himself.
1991 – Gulf War: Operation Desert Storm begins early in the morning. Iraq shoots 8 Scud bombs into Israel in a failed attempt to provoke Israel to fight back.
1991 – Harald V becomes King of Norway because his father, Olav V, died.
1992 – Punk rock band Green Day sends out their second full-length album, Kerplunk.
1994 – A magnitude 6.7 earthquake happens in Northridge, California.
1995 – A magnitude 7.3 earthquake called the "Great Hanshin earthquake" happens near Kobe, Japan, causing property to be damaged and killing 6,433 people.
1996 – The Czech Republic asks the European Union if they can be a member.
1998 – Paula Jones says she was sexually harassed by President Bill Clinton.
From 2001
2002 – Mount Nyiragongo erupts in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, making about 400,000 people homeless.
2007 - The Doomsday Clock is set to five minutes before midnight in response to North Korea's nuclear testing.
2008 - British Airways Flight 38 crash-lands at London Heathrow Airport. All people on board survive.
2010 - Religious riots between Muslims and Christians erupt in Jos, Nigeria, killing more than 200 people.
2018 - A car bomb attack in Bogota, Colombia, kills 21 people.
Births
Up to 1850
1463 – Frederick III of Saxony, Elector of Saxony (d. 1525)
1501 - Leonhart Fuchs, German scientist (d. 1566)
1504 – Pope Pius V (d. 1572)
1574 - Robert Fludd, English physician, astrologer and mathematician (d. 1637)
1600 – Pedro Calderon de la Barca, Spanish playwright (d. 1681)
1640 - Jonathan Singletary Dunham, American settler and ancestor of Barack Obama (d. 1724)
1659 - Antonio Veracini, Italian composer and violinist (d. 1745)
1706 – Benjamin Franklin, American writer, inventor and statesman (d. 1790)
1712 - John Stanley, English composer (d. 1786)
1732 – Stanislaw II August Poniatowski of Poland (d. 1798)
1734 - François-Joseph Gossec, Belgian composer (d. 1829)
1738 - James Anderson, Scottish botanist (d. 1809)
1746 - Paul Brigham, Governor of Vermont (d. 1824)
1749 – Vittorio Alfieri, Italian poet and dramatist (d. 1803)
1761 - Sir James Hall, 4th Baronet, Scottish geologist and geophysicist (d. 1832)
1789 – August Neander, German theologian (d. 1850)
1798 – Auguste Comte, French philosopher (d. 1857)
1800 - Caleb Cushing, American diplomat (d. 1879)
1811 – Emperor Norton, self-declared Emperor of the United States (d. 1880)
1820 – Anne Brontë, English writer (d. 1849)
1828 - Lewis A. Grant, American Civil War general (d. 1918)
1829 - Catherine Booth, English wife of William Booth (d. 1890)
1831 – Archduchess Elisabeth Franziska of Austria (d. 1903)
1845 - Manuel Barillas, President of Guatemala (d. 1907)
1847 - Nikolay Yegorovich Zhukovsky, Russian mathematician and aviator (d. 1921)
1850 - Aleksandr Yaneyev, Russian composer (d. 1918)
1851 1900
1856 - Jens Bratlie, Prime Minister of Norway (d. 1939)
1860 – Douglas Hyde, 1st President of Ireland (d. 1949)
1863 – David Lloyd George, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 1945)
1863 - Constantin Stanislavski, Russian theatre practitioner (d. 1938)
1865 - Charles Fergusson, Governor-General of New Zealand (d. 1951)
1867 - Carl Laemmle, German-born American movie pioneer (d. 1939)
1870 - Princess Marie Louise of Bourbon-Parma (d. 1899)
1871 - Nicolae Iorga, 34th Prime Minister of Romania (d. 1940)
1879 - Burt McKinnie, American golfer (d. 1946)
1881 - Antoni Lamnicki, Polish mathematician (d. 1941)
1882 - Noah Beery, Jr., American actor (d. 1946)
1883 – Compton Mackenzie, Scottish novelist (d. 1972)
1886 - Glenn L. Martin, American aviation pioneer (d. 1955)
1887 – Ola Raknes, Norwegian psychoanalyst and philologist (d. 1975)
1889 - Ralph Howard Fowler, British astronomer and physicist (d. 1944)
1895 - John Duff, Canadian racing driver (d. 1958)
1897 - Marcel Petiot, French physician and serial killer (d. 1946)
1899 – Al Capone, American gangster (d. 1947)
1899 – Nevil Shute, English writer (d. 1960)
1901 1925
1901 - Aron Gurwitsch, Lithuanian-born American philosopher (d. 1973)
1902 - Nazim Hikmet, Turkish poet (d. 1963)
1905 – Guillermo Stabile, Argentine footballer (d. 1966)
1908 - Cus D'Amato, American boxing coach (d. 1985)
1911 – George Stigler, American economist (d. 1991)
1911 - John S. McCain, Jr., father of John McCain (d. 1981)
1914 - Taizo Kawamoto, Japanese footballer (d. 1985)
1914 - Fang Zhaoling, Chinese artist (d. 2006)
1917 – M. G. Ramachandran, Indian politician and actor (d. 1987)
1918 – George M. Leader, former Governor of Pennsylvania (d. 2013)
1918 - Keith Joseph, British politician (d. 1994)
1921 – Antonio Prohias, Cuban-born cartoonist (d. 1998)
1921 - Asghar Khan, Pakistani politician and military officer (d. 2018)
1922 – Luis Echeverria Alvarez, former President of Mexico
1922 – Betty White, American actress (d. 2021)
1922 - Nicholas Katzenbach, 55th United States Attorney General (d. 2012)
1925 – Robert Cormier, American writer (d. 2000)
1925 - Edgar Ray Killen, American criminal (d. 2018)
1926 1950
1926 – Moira Shearer, Scottish actress (d. 2006)
1926 - Nélida Romero, Argentine actress (d. 2015)
1927 – Eartha Kitt, American singer (d. 2008)
1927 - Harlan Mathews, United States Senator from Tennessee (d. 2014)
1928 – Vidal Sassoon, British hairdresser (d. 2012)
1928 - Chu Shijian, Chinese businessman (d. 2019)
1929 – Jacques Plante, Canadian ice hockey player (d. 1986)
1931 – James Earl Jones, American actor
1931 – L. Douglas Wilder, American politician, former Governor of Virginia
1931 - Don Zimmer, American baseball coach (d. 2014)
1933 – Dalida, French singer (d. 1987)
1934 - Cedar Walton, American pianist and composer (d. 2013)
1935 – Ruth Ann Minner, American politician, former Governor of Delaware (d. 2021)
1938 - Toini Gustafsson, Finnish-Swedish cross-country skier
1939 – Christodoulos, Archbishop of Athens (d. 2008)
1940 - Mircea Snegur, former President of Moldova
1940 - Nerses Bedros XIX Tarmouni, Egyptian church leader (d. 2015)
1940 – Kipchoge Keino, Kenyan runner
1940 – Tabaré Vazquez, President of Uruguay
1942 – Muhammad Ali, American boxer (d. 2016)
1942 - Forges, Spanish cartoonist (d. 2018)
1943 – René Préval, former President of Haiti (d. 2017)
1944 - Françoise Hardy, French singer
1944 - Jan Guillou, Swedish writer and journalist
1945 - Javed Akhtar, Indian composer, poet and scriptwriter
1948 - Eddie Gray, Scottish footballer
1948 – David Oddson, former Prime Minister of Iceland
1949 – Andy Kaufman, American comedian (d. 1984)
1949 – Mick Taylor, British musician
1949 - Gyude Bryant, Liberian politician (d. 2014)
1949 - Dick Nanninga, Dutch footballer (d. 2015)
1949 - Anita Borg, American computer scientist and activist (d. 2003)
1949 - Heini Hemmi, Swiss skier
1950 - Richard L. Anderson, American sound editor
1951 1975
1954 – Robert F. Kennedy, Jr., American lawyer and activist
1956 – Paul Young, English musician
1956 - Damian Green, British politician
1957 - Keith Chegwin, British television presenter (d. 2017)
1957 - Steve Harvey, American comedian and actor
1959 - Susanna Hoffs, American musician
1959 - Momoe Yamaguchi, Japanese singer and actress
1960 - John Crawford, American musician
1960 - Chili Davis, Jamaican baseball player
1961 - Maia Chiburdanidze, Georgian chess player
1961 - Brian Helgeland, American screenwriter, director and movie producer
1962 – Jim Carrey, Canadian actor and comedian
1963 - Kai Hansen, German singer and guitarist
1963 - Cyrus Chestnut, American jazz musician
1964 – Michelle Obama, former First Lady of the United States
1964 – Andy Rourke, English guitarist
1965 - Sylvain Turgeon, Canadian ice hockey player
1966 - Nobuyuki Kojima, Japanese footballer
1966 - Joshua Malina, American actor
1967 – Filippo Raciti, Italian police officer (d. 2007)
1968 - Svetlana Masterkova, Russian athlete
1969 - Lukas Moodysson, Swedish writer and director
1971 - Leslie Benzies, Scottish video game producer
1971 - Leonardo Ciampi, Italian-American singer and musician
1971 - Kid Rock, American singer
1971 – Richard Burns, English rally driver (d. 2005)
1971 - Sylvie Testud, French actress
1972 - Ken Hirai, Japanese singer-songwriter, producer and actor
1973 - Chris Bowen, Australian politician
1973 – Cuauhtémoc Blanco, Mexican footballer
1974 - Danny Bhoy, Scottish comedian
1974 - Ladan and Laleh Bijani, Iranian conjoined twins (d. 2003)
1975 - Freddy Rodriguez, American actor
From 1976
1976 - Tonique Williams-Darling, Bahamian athlete
1978 – Ricky Wilson, English singer (Kaiser Chiefs)
1979 – Ricardo Cabanas, Swiss footballer
1980 – Zooey Deschanel, American actress
1981 - Daniel Diges, Spanish singer
1981 - Warren Feeney, Northern Irish footballer
1981 - Ray J, American singer and actor
1981 - Stefan Petzner, Austrian politician
1982 - Hwanhee, South Korean actor and singer
1982 - Dwyane Wade, American basketball player
1983 - Alvaro Arbeloa, Spanish footballer
1983 – Yelle, French singer and songwriter
1984 – Calvin Harris, Scottish singer and musician
1985 - Riyu Kosaka, Japanese singer
1985 – Simone Simons, Dutch singer
1985 – Pablo Barrientos, Argentine footballer
1986 - Viktor Stalberg, Swedish ice hockey player
1986 - Max Adler, American actor
1988 - Earl Clark, American basketball player
1988 - Héctor Moreno, Mexican footballer
1989 - Björn Dreyer, German footballer
1989 - Taylor Jordan, American baseball player
1991 - Lee Kiseop, South Korean actor and singer
1992 - Nate Hartley, American actor
1992 - Frankie Cocozza, English singer
Deaths
Up to 1900
395 – Theodosius I, Roman Emperor (a kind of leader)
1229 – Albert of Buxhoeveden (b. 1165)
1369 – Peter I of Cyprus (b. 1328)
1468 – Skanderbeg, Albanian leader against the Ottoman Empire (b. 1405)
1598 – Fyodor I of Russia (b. 1557)
1617 – Faust Vrancic, Croatian inventor of the Parachute (b. 1551)
1705 - John Ray, English naturalist (b. 1627)
1738 - Jean-François Dandrieu, French organist and composer (b. 1682)
1751 – Tomaso Albinoni, Italian song maker (b. 1671)
1799 - Dun Mikiel Xerri, Maltese patriot (b. 1739)
1834 - Giovanni Aldini, Italian physicist (b. 1762)
1861 – Lola Montez, adventurer (b. 1821)
1863 - Horace Vernet, French painter (b. 1789)
1874 – Chang and Eng Bunker, Siamese twins (b. 1811)
1884 - Hermann Schlegel, German ornithologist (b. 1804)
1886 – Amilcare Ponchielli, Italian composer (b. 1834)
1887 - William Giblin, Premier of Tasmania (b. 1840)
1893 – Rutherford B. Hayes, 19th President of the United States (b. 1822)
1901 2000
1908 – Ferdinand IV of Tuscany (b. 1835)
1909 - Francis Smith, Premier of Tasmania (b. 1819)
1911 – Francis Galton, English polymath, anthropologist (b. 1822)
1927 - Juliette Gordon Low, founder of the Girl Scouts of the USA (b. 1860)
1931 - Grand Duke Peter Nikolaevich of Russia (b. 1864)
1933 – Louis Comfort Tiffany, American artist and designer (b. 1848)
1947 - Pyotr Krasnov, Russian general (b. 1869)
1947 - Jean-Marie-Rodrigue Villeneuve, Canadian cardinal (b. 1883)
1951 - Jyoti Prasad Agarwala, Assamese poet, playwright and movie maker (b. 1903)
1956 - Blind Alfred Reed, American musician (b. 1880)
1961 – Patrice Lumumba, Prime Minister of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (b. 1925)
1963 - Henri Masson, French fencer (b. 1872)
1964 – T.H. White, writer (b. 1906)
1967 – Evelyn Nesbit, actress, also known as "The Girl In The Red Velvet Swing" (b. 1884)
1972 - Betty Smith, American writer and singer (b. 1896)
1975 - Gustavo Rojas Pinilla, President of Colombia (b. 1900)
1977 - Dougal Haston, Scottish mountaineer (b. 1940)
1977 – Gary Gilmore, American murderer (executed by firing squad) (b. 1940)
1991 – King Olav V of Norway (b. 1903)
1993 – Albert Hourani, historian (b. 1915)
1994 - Yevgeni Ivanov, Soviet spy (b. 1926)
1996 – Amber Hagerman, American murder victim (b. 1986)
1996 – Barbara Jordan, American politician (b. 1936)
1997 – Clyde Tombaugh, American astronomer (b. 1906)
From 2001
2001 – Laurent-Désiré Kabila, President of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (b. 1939)
2002 – Camilo José Cela, Spanish writer, winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature 1989 (b. 1916)
2003 – Richard Crenna, American actor (b. 1926)
2004 – Czeslaw Niemen, Polish musician (b. 1939)
2004 – Rafael Churumba Cordero, mayor of Ponce, Puerto Rico (b. 1942)
2004 – Ray Stark, American movie producer, produced Funny Girl in 1968 (b. 1915)
2005 – Charlie Bell, former chief executive officer of McDonald's (b. 1960)
2005 – Virginia Mayo, American actress of the 1940s and 1950s (b. 1920)
2005 – Albert Schatz, microbiologist, discoverer of streptomycin (b. 1920)
2005 – Zhao Ziyang, Premier of the People's Republic of China and General Secretary of the Communist Party of China (b. 1917)
2008 – Bobby Fischer, American-born Icelandic chess player (b. 1943)
2009 - Anders Isaksson, Swedish journalist, writer and historian (b. 1943)
2010 – Jyoti Basu, Indian politician (b. 1914)
2010 – Erich Segal, American writer and screenwriter (b. 1937)
2011 – Don Kirshner, American composer (b. 1934)
2012 - Johnny Otis, American singer and musician (b. 1921)
2013 - Jakob Arjouni, German writer (b. 1964)
2013 - Sophiya Haque, British actress (b. 1971)
2013 - John Nkomo, Vice President of Zimbabwe (b. 1934)
2014 - Suchitra Sen, Indian actress (b. 1931)
2014 - Mohammed Burhanuddin, Indian Islamic leader (b. 1915)
2014 - Alistair McAlpine, Baron McAlpine of West Green, English politician (b. 1941)
2015 - Faten Hamama, Egyptian actress (b. 1931)
2015 - Bill Sykes, English chaplain and writer (b. 1939)
2015 - Don Harron, Canadian comedian, actor and author (b. 1924)
2015 - Origa, Russian singer (b. 1970)
2016 - Blowfly, American musician and producer (b. 1939)
2016 - Bob Harkey, American racing driver (b. 1930)
2016 - Gottfried Honegger, Swiss artist and graphic designer (b. 1917)
2016 - V. Rama Rao, Indian politician, former Governor of Sikkim (b. 1935)
2017 - M. M. Ruhul Amin, Bangladeshi judge (b. 1942)
2017 - Brenda C. Barnes, American businesswoman (b. 1953)
2017 - Philip Bond, British actor (b. 1934)
2017 - Colo, American-bred Western gorilla (b. 1956)
2017 - Mario Fasino, Italian politician, President of Sicily (b. 1920)
2017 - Heng Freylinger, Luxembourgish wrestler (b. 1926)
2017 - Steven Plaut, American-Israeli economist and academic (b. 1951)
2017 - Robert Timlin, American judge (b. 1932)
2017 - Daniel Vischer, Swiss politician (b. 1950)
2018 - Simon Shelton, English actor (b. 1966)
2018 - Jessica Falkholt, Australian actress (b. 1988)
2018 - Augusto Polo Campos, Peruvian composer (b. 1932)
2019 - Babiker Awadalla, Prime minister of Sudan (b. 1917)
2019 - Windsor Davies, British actor (b. 1930)
2019 - Mary Oliver, American poet (b. 1935)
2019 - Reggie Young, American guitarist (b. 1936)
2019 - Horst Stern, German science journalist, filmmaker and writer (b. 1922)
Observances
Ancient Latvia – Zirgu Diena observed
Catholicism – Feast day of St. Anthony.
Martin Luther King, Jr. Day in the United States when this day falls on a Monday.
National Day of Menorca
Other websites
BBC: On This Day
Days of the year |
9472 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoni%20Grabowski | Antoni Grabowski | Antoni Grabowski was a Polish chemical engineer, and an early supporter of the Esperanto movement. The books and poems that he changed into Esperanto from other languages helped to make Esperanto more well-known and used.
Learning and work
Grabowski was born on 11 June 1857 in Nowe Dobre, near Chełmno, in Poland. Soon after his birth, his family moved from Nowe Dobre to Toruń. Grabowski's parents did not have a lot of money, so Grabowski started to work before leaving high school. He wanted to learn a lot, though, so he got himself ready to take a test to get into grammar school. He passed the test.
He went to the Nicolaus Copernicus school in Toruń. At that place, he was shown to be smarter than other people that were as old as him. He was put in a higher class twice.
In 1879, his family got more money, so Grabowski started to learn philosophy and natural science at the University of Breslau in Wrocław.
After he was done with school, he started to work as a chemical engineer. After that job, he started to work as a manager of a factory.
At that time, he made many new ideas about chemicals and things that helped with those ideas. He became famous among people in Europe because of that. He also had the job of making new words in the Polish language for technical things. In 1906, he wrote a book, Słownik chemiczny. The book helped other people to learn the words he had made.
Esperanto and writing
At his school, Grabowski started to want to know more about language. Because of that, he joined the Slavic Literary Society (Towarzystwo Literacko-Słowianskie), a group that wanted to learn about the Slavic language. Grabowski did not only want to learn about this language. He learned a lot of other languages.
In 1887, Grabowski read the book Lingvo internacia. Antaŭparolo kaj plena lernolibro.. This book was written by L.L. Zamenhof, a person who wanted to make an easy language that everyone could learn. This language was called "Esperanto." Grabowski liked this language a lot. He learned it, then went to Warsaw to see Zamenhof. They spoke to each other in Esperanto.
Grabowski thought that books and writing were important to languages. He thought that this was much more true with Esperanto. Esperanto was getting used more, so it needed this. So, in 1888, Grabowski started to rewrite books into Esperanto from other languages. (this is called "translation")
In the early 1890s, Grabowski thought that Esperanto was being used by fewer people than before. He thought that this was because Esperanto needed to be remade in a different way. In 1894, though, he said that Esperanto was good like it was at first. He said that all the time after that, too.
Grabowski was the leader of the Warsaw Esperanto Society and the Polish Esperanto society for a long time. In 1908, he became the director of the Grammar Section of the Esperanto Academy. He taught people a lot about Esperanto.
From that year until 1914, he made classes for schools about Esperanto. He wrote something showing that Esperanto was good for learning other languages. People did not know this at that time.
World War I made his family have to leave Poland. They went to Russia, and he was left in Warsaw. While he was there, he rewrote from Polish one of the most important things that have been changed into Esperanto. This was the Polish poem, Pan Tadeusz by Adam Mickiewicz.
Grabowski died of a heart attack in Warsaw on 4 July 1921.
1857 births
1921 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Engineers
Esperantists
Polish people |
9475 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vessel | Vessel | Vessel or vessels may refer to:
Blood vessel, a tube that carries blood around the body
Lymph vessel, a thin walled, valved structure that carries lymph
Vessel element, a narrow tube that carries water in plants (such as the xylem)
Bowl, a common open-top container
Drinking vessel, for holding drinkable liquids
Marine vessel, any kind of boat or ship |
9476 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire | Fire | Fire is a chemical reaction that gives off light and heat. Fire is sometimes useful, but also very dangerous because it can cause houses, trees and other things to burn to ashes. Forest fires are very harmful. They can destroy a huge area in a matter of minutes. Every year people die by accident from fire.
Fire can be made in many different ways. Some ways are rubbing sticks together for a long time, using flint and steel, or using matches. However, the Sun does not make fire. Instead, it crushes together hydrogen atoms to release energy through the process of nuclear fusion.
Uses
Fire can be very useful if it is treated carefully. It has always been very important for people to be able to make fire. People need its heat to keep warm on cold days. It is also used to cook meats. Its light can be useful to be able to see in dark places.
Most heat engines work by fire.
Danger
If human skin touches fire, the skin may burn, which can take some time to heal and to remove the scar. If a fire gives off a large amount of smoke, a person's mouth should be covered with a wet cloth, since people can faint when they breathe in too much smoke. Even a spark, such as from a cigarette, should be kept away from any fuels that very easily catch and spread fire, like gasoline, or cause an explosion, like gunpowder.
If fire is not treated carefully, it can be very dangerous. One wildfire sometimes burns thousands of square miles or kilometers. Forests can burn down if fires are not controlled. Every year, large areas of forests are destroyed because of fire. This usually happens in the Summer.
Controlling
In some camps, there is a camp fire; around the camp fire, there are usually some logs to stop it from spreading. In buildings fire shutters can be used. Fire shutters compartmentalize a fire. With the help of effective shutters, a fire cannot spread from room to room in a building.
Fire needs three things to burn: oxygen, fuel, and heat. Fuels can be wood, tinder, coal, oil or any other substance that will easily oxidize. Once a fire is burning, it creates its own heat. This lets the fire keep burning on its own for some time.
Firefighters are people with special training to control and stop fires. They also rescue victims of fire related incidents.
A fire can be stopped in three different ways:
The fuel can be removed. If a fire burns through all of its fuel and extra nearby fuel is removed, the fire will stop burning.
The oxygen can be removed. This is called "smothering" a fire. Fires cannot burn in a vacuum or if they are covered in carbon dioxide.
The heat can be removed. The most common way to remove heat is to use water to absorb that heat, putting the fire out.
However, some fires cannot be smothered, such as magnesium flames. They can burn in carbon dioxide, nitrogen, and some other elemental compounds. However, they cannot burn in noble gases such as helium.
Reactions
Fires are usually combustion reactions that take carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. The products are commonly water and carbon dioxide, although there are other examples that avoid this generalization, such as burning magnesium in air, which makes magnesium oxide.
Fires can occur in many ways. There are many types of fire. There are wood fires, gas fires, metal fires, and more.
Wood fires can usually be put out with water because water absorbs heat, but metal fires are too hot for water to absorb enough heat to put out the fire. If water is used to extinguish ("put out") a metal fire, the water will simply evaporate. For metal fires, sand can be used to cover the fire and keep it from obtaining oxygen. A fire extinguisher can put out most fires.
Related pages
Flame
Prometheus
References
Basic English 850 words |
9484 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five%20solas | Five solas | In Europe in the 16th century there was a big change in the Christian religion. In this Protestant Reformation, hundreds of thousands of people left the Catholic church to form Protestant churches all over Europe..
"The Five solas" are an important part of the reformed theology of these Protestant leaders:
Sola Scriptura. This means "The Bible only". The Protestants believed that they should only read the Bible to find out what God wants them to believe. They did this instead of listening to the Pope or the Priests in the Catholic Church.
Solus Christus. This means "Jesus Christ only". The Protestants believed that the only way to heaven is by Jesus dying on the cross. They did this so they did not have to pray to Mary or saints or angels.
Sola Gratia. This means "Grace only". This talks about going to heaven. It means that God lets people into heaven who do not deserve it. It also means that no one deserves to go to heaven.
Sola Fide. This means "Faith only". Protestants believed that people must trust Jesus. They have to trust that Jesus lets people into heaven. Only people who trust Jesus can get to heaven.
Soli Deo Gloria. This means "Only worship God. He is wonderful". It also means that God is the only one people should worship. People should not worship the Catholic Pope or Priests. People should not trust the Catholic Church to get to heaven. People should only worship God.
The words "Sola Scriptura", "Solus Christus", "Sola Gratia", "Sola Fide" and "Soli Deo Gloria" are not English words. They are words written in Latin.
Other websites
Articles on the Five Solas—from a conservative Calvinistic perspective
FiveSolas.com—a Reformed page devoted to the Solas
Protestant theology
Protestant Reformation |
9488 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6ran%20Persson | Göran Persson | Göran Persson (born January 20, 1949) was the Prime minister of Sweden between 1996 and 2006. He was the leader of the Swedish Social Democratic Party, but quit in March 2007. He was replaced by Mona Sahlin as leader of the party, the party's first woman to do so.
References
Other websites
Government Offices of Sweden - Göran Persson
1949 births
Living people
Government ministers of Sweden
Prime Ministers of Sweden |
9495 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane%20Fonda | Jane Fonda | Jane Seymour Fonda (born December 21, 1937) is an American actress, writer, political activist and former fashion model. She is the daughter of Henry Fonda, the sister of Peter Fonda and the aunt of Bridget Fonda, both of whom are actors. She won two Academy Awards. Fonda made instructional videos on exercise and aerobics.
Personal life
Fonda was born on December 21, 1937 in New York City. She is the daughter of actor Henry Fonda (1905–1982) and the Canadian-born socialite Frances Ford Seymour (1908–1950). According to her father, their surname comes from Italian ancestors who immigrated to the Netherlands. There they intermarried and began to use Dutch given names. She is also of English, Scottish, French-Canadian, German, and Norwegian ancestry. She was named after the third wife of English king Henry VIII, Jane Seymour. Her mother is distantly related to Jane Seymour. Her brother was actor Peter Fonda (1940–2019) and through him, her niece was his daughter Bridget. In 1950, her mother committed suicide when Jane was 13.
In the early 1950s, Fonda taught dance at Fire Island Pines, New York. She attended the Emma Willard School in Troy, New York, and Vassar College in Poughkeepsie, New York, but dropped out to become a fashion model.
Health
Fonda was diagnosed with breast cancer and osteoporosis in her later years. She had a lumpectomy in November 2010, and has recovered. In April 2019, Fonda revealed she had a cancerous growth removed from her lower lip in March 2018 and had pre-melanoma growths removed from her skin.
References
Other websites
1937 births
Living people
Academy Award winning actors
Movie producers from New York City
Screenwriters from New York City
Models from New York City
Actors from New York City
Breast cancer survivors
People with cancer
American feminists
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
American voice actors
American feminist writers
American political activists |
9501 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physician | Physician | A physician or medical doctor is a person who uses medicine to treat illness and injuries to improve a patient's health.
In most countries, the basic medical degree qualifies a person to treat patients and prescribe appropriate treatment, including drugs. A physician may also do the simplest kinds of surgery.
Training and qualifications
Doctors are trained in medical schools which are usually part of a university. They hold a degree awarded by a medical school. Doctors work in hospitals, medical clinics, from their own offices, or may even visit people in their homes. They may also work for schools, companies, sports teams, or the military. Medical doctors are often assisted in their work by nurses.
The basic degree is awarded on the successful completion of medical school education and practice. It is given different names in different countries. It is M.D. (Doctor of Medicine) in the USA, Scotland and some other countries. In England, different universities use different terms. The University of London qualification is M.B. Ch.B. (that is, Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery). Most countries have higher qualifications, based on experience, supervised work, more exams, and theses. Because of its history, in England a general practitioner eventually becomes an MRCP (member of the Royal College of Physicians), but a surgeon works towards becoming an MRCS (Member of the Royal College of Surgeons). A similar system is used in Edinburgh, Ireland and Canada.
What they do
Medical doctors treat patients by finding out what is wrong with them, known as a diagnosis. They ask questions about the patient's symptoms. These might include fever or pain. They may ask about past illnesses or family members who have been sick. They will then examine the patient. They look at different parts of the body, listen to the heart and lungs with a stethoscope. Sometimes they may need to collect a sample of blood, use an x-ray machine, or use other tools. When they have gathered enough information, a doctor can make a diagnosis and then plan a treatment. Often they prescribe drugs.
Specialists
Some physicians only work on certain diseases or injuries, or may only work on one part of the human body. These doctors are called specialists. For example, there are doctors who specialize in diseases of the stomach or intestines. Other medical doctors are "general practitioners" or "family practitioners". This means that they do a little bit of everything. The general practitioner the first doctor a patient will see, and this doctor may decide to send them to a specialist doctor if needed.
Some types of specialists are:
Anesthesiologist, a doctor who gives anesthesia to patients
Dentist, also known in the US as a dental surgeon, is a surgeon who specializes in dentistry—the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of diseases and conditions of the oral cavity.
Ophthalmologist, a doctor who specialises in treating eyes
Podiatrist, a doctor who specialises in treating feet
Psychiatrist, a doctor who specializes in psychiatry, and treats people with mental illness. Psychiatrists can prescribe psychiatric medication.
Surgeon, a doctor who performs surgery
Pediatrician, a child specialist who also knew about everything such as elderly health, mental illness, eye problems etc.,
Related pages
Doctor of Medicine
Doctor-patient relationship
:Category: Physicians
References
Healthcare occupations |
9504 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffy%20the%20Vampire%20Slayer | Buffy the Vampire Slayer | Buffy the Vampire Slayer is an American television series. It is about a girl who fought vampires and other monsters. It was written by Joss Whedon. He based it on the script that he wrote for a movie with the same title. The movie came out in 1992 and stars Kristy Swanson, Luke Perry, Donald Sutherland, and Paul Reubens. The television series has many fans. It was originally shown from March 10, 1997 until May 20, 2003.
The main idea of the series is the opposite of what is the normal Hollywood idea about horror. In traditional Hollywood horror stories, the young blonde girl is always the weakest character. She is always the one that needs to be saved. She is often the first one to die. In Buffy, Whedon changed that. He changed that girl into the person with all the power. He changed her into the hero. Many of the monsters and storylines on the series are symbols of real-life problems faced by teenagers. As Whedon has said, "Highschool is a horror movie."
Buffy the Vampire Slayer was first shown on March 10, 1997 on the WB network. It was a very important part of the Warner Bros. television network in its early years.
After five seasons, the series left the WB and went to the United Paramount Network (UPN) for its last two seasons. In the United Kingdom, the entire series was shown on Sky One and BBC2. The BBC showed the series at two different times. A family-friendly version with violence and bad language cut out was shown early in the evening and an unedited version was shown later at night. Sky One did something similar. It showed an edited version in the afternoon and the uncut version in prime time. From the fourth season onwards, the BBC showed the series in anamorphic 16:9 widescreen format, but Whedon said that Buffy was never supposed to be watched this way.
The Slayer
The Slayer or Chosen One is a girl who kills vampires. She had superhuman strength and speed. She also heals very fast. It is her destiny to fight evil demons, mainly vampires. When the Slayer dies, a new girl is chosen. That girl gets all of the powers of the Slayer. Potentials (girls who might be chosen - "potential slayers") are trained from an early age by a "Watcher". In this series, Buffy Summers, Kendra Young, and Faith Lehane were the main slayers.
Plot
The main character was Buffy Summers. She was played by Sarah Michelle Gellar. Buffy was an ordinary high school student in the fictional city of Sunnydale, California, except for being a "vampire slayer." Buffy's Watcher was a British man named Giles. With the help of Giles and her friends, Xander and Willow, Buffy fought a different monster every episode. (aside from the main villains of each season).
Buffy and her friends went to school at Sunnydale High School. They appear normal to their families while killing vampires and monsters at night.
Not all vampires were evil in the series. One vampire was named Angel. He was given his soul back by a gypsy curse. The curse would make him lose his soul and become evil again if he became really happy. He and Buffy fell in love. The curse took his soul away when they had sexual intercourse for the first time. This caused Angel to become evil (losing his soul). When Angel got back his soul, he knew that he and Buffy could not be together because he might lose it again. Angel left Sunnydale and went to Los Angeles. The television series Angel tells the story of what happened to him after he left.
Notable episodes
"Earshot" (Season 3): This episode was not shown when it was first supposed to. The episode dealt with a school violence. It was first scheduled to be shown just after the shootings at Columbine happened. Because of this, they did not show it in the United States until the summer after the season had ended.
"Hush"(Season 4): Nearly all of the episode was done with no talking at all. For 29 minutes, the characters could not say anything. Joss Whedon created this episode after hearing that the most important part of the series was the dialogue. The episode was nominated for an Emmy Award.
"The Body" (Season 5): This episode had no musical soundtrack at all. The episode was about the death of Buffy's mother, Joyce Summers.
"Once More, With Feeling"(Season 6): The entire episode was done as a musical. Every scene included the characters singing. They usually were also dancing. The episode was nominated for an Emmy Award.
Characters
Major characters
Buffy Summers
Buffy Anne Summers (played by Sarah Michelle Gellar) is "the Slayer," one in a long line of young women chosen to fight evil. She is blonde and beautiful and she is a normal cheerleading girl at the start of the movie. Being the Slayer gave her increased strength, endurance, agility and healing. She also had greater intuition, and some ability of clairvoyance, usually in the form of dreams that tell the future. She was born January 19, 1981 and grew up in Los Angeles, California. Buffy died two times in the normal series. There have also been magical times that she died in, but these periods of time were stopped and do not affect normal times. The first time she died, she drowned and was brought back to life with CPR. The second time, magic was used to bring her back to life.
Rupert Giles
Rupert "Ripper" Giles (played by Anthony Stewart Head) is Buffy's Watcher. He was an Englishman. He was Buffy's second Watcher. Her first watcher was killed in the movie version of the story but this fact is not talked about in the series. Unlike most slayers, it was not known that Buffy was a potential slayer at an early age. When she was chosen, the Watcher's council sent a watcher to help her. When he died, the Council sent Giles to Sunnydale to become her watcher. In the past, Giles used magic and had a lot of knowledge about demons and vampires.
Willow Rosenberg
Willow Rosenberg (played by Alyson Hannigan) was Buffy's schoolmate and best friend. She was very smart and good with computers. During the series, she learned more and more about magic. She found out that she is very good at magic and became a powerful witch. While in highschool, she had a boyfriend named Oz, who was a guitarist in a local band called Dingoes Ate My Baby, and he was also a werewolf. After Oz left in college, Willow fell in love with another witch, Tara Maclay. When Tara was killed, Willow tried to destroy the world, but Xander stopped her. Later on, at the end of season seven, she developed a relationship with a potential slayer named Kennedy.
Xander Harris
Alexander Lavelle "Xander" Harris (played by Nicholas Brendon) was another good friend of Buffy. During season 4, Xander becomes romantically involved with an ex-vengeance demon, Anya (Anyanka), whom he later became engaged to, but left during the wedding in the episode "Hells Bells". It was said many times during the series that Xander was the person in the group who had no special powers at all, but still fought as much as everyone else, and, in season 7 ("Potential") Xander is named the "Seer" because he sees everything that is going on, because he's never actually in the spotlight, just next to it. Xander was often the character the writers used for comic moments. Xander was a major character in the series and saved the world (from Willow) at the end of Season 6, by telling her he loved her repeatedly, accessing the human love inside of her "evil" persona, created by Tara Maclay's death.
Dawn Summers
Dawn Summers (played by Michelle Trachtenberg) was a magical energy (The Key) that was turned into a person and Buffy's sister. At first, Dawn had the special ability to open the way to a hell dimension (with her blood). After Buffy's death closed that way, Dawn's only special abilities was being very good with languages and a very fast learner. She could have made a very good Watcher.
Anya Jenkins
Anya Christina Emmanuella Jenkins, or Anyanka, or Aud (played by Emma Caulfield) was an 1100 year old vengeance demon. She was born with the name Aud somewhere in Scandinavia during the 9th century. She became a vengeance demon after casting a magic spell on her lover, Olaf. The spell turned him into a troll. Anya spent the next 1100 years as Anyanka. As a vengeance demon, she would use magic to give a wish to a woman who had been treated wrong by a man. Anyaka lost her powers during a wish she cast for Cordelia Chase. When the wish was ended, Anyanka was trapped in the human body of 17 year old Anya. Anya and Xander got together after graduation and later were engaged. But Xander left her at the wedding, realising he was not ready to get married, but still loved her. She then got her vengeance powers back from D'Hoffryn (head of vengeance) but later lost them again after she realized how unfulfilling maiming human men was (her human side).
Angel
Angel (played by David Boreanaz) was an Irish vampire first named Liam. He was born in 1727, in Galway, Ireland. After being turned into a vampire in 1753, he spent the next 145 year creating terror as "Angelus" (face of an angel). In 1898, he killed the daughter of gypsies. As punishment, the Gypsies returned Angelus human soul to him. This caused him to have to feel all the pain he had caused. Angel went to the United States and lived on the streets. He stopped killing people to drink their blood because with a soul he knew it was wrong. He lived a very poor life drinking the blood of rats until a messenger from the Powers That Be took him to California to show him Buffy. He fell in love with her and changed his life so he could help her. Buffy fell in love with Angel but he turned evil after she gave him one true moment of happiness (after they had sex). Then he turned into Angelus and when he was finally changed back (after months, by Willow), Buffy stabbed him in order to once again save the world by closing acaphla (against her feelings of love for him).
Cordelia Chase
Cordelia "Cordy" Chase (played by Charisma Carpenter) went to Sunnydale High with Buffy. She was a cheerleader who only thought of herself. She would help Buffy every now and then, but most often was the one that needed help. During her senior year of high school, all the money Cordelia's parents had was taken away by the government because Cordy's dad had not fully paid his family's taxes. Cordy had to get a job at a dress store to pay for a dress for her senior prom.
Although Cordelia started off as a self-involved character, she grew throughout the first three seasons, learning to love others (spawning a relationship with Xander Harris, above). After Season 3 of Buffy, Cordelia moves away to L.A. to become an actress. After having little luck, she meets Angel and they work together in the detective business- Angel Investigations. Cordelia's character grows even further throughout Angel as well, and by Season 4/5 of Angel, she seems to be a completely different person.
Spike
Spike, or William the Bloody, (played by James Marsters) was an English vampire. He was born in London around 1853. He was turned into a vampire in 1880 by Drusilla, a pretty vampire created by Angelus. He spent the next 20 years with Angelus, Drusilla and Darla as they killed throughout Europe and Asia. After Angelus got his soul back and left, Spike and Drusilla continued for 100 years before going to Sunnydale to try and find him. Later, Spike fell in love with Buffy. He fought a demon (initially to get his chip removed) and got his soul back and helped save the world in the last episode ("Chosen"). He was sent, by the amulet he wore, to Angel. (Stars in the final season of Angel).
Faith Lehane
Faith Lehane (played by Eliza Dushku) was a vampire slayer. Buffy's first death caused Kendra Young to be chosen as the Slayer. When Kendra died, Faith was chosen. Faith is in many ways the opposite of Buffy. While Buffy had family and friends for support, Faith was alone. Faith tried to fight evil, but later chose to be evil instead. In the end, Faith learns from her mistakes and helps Buffy in her fight.
Oz
Daniel "Oz" Osborne (played by Seth Green) was a musician and werewolf. He was Willow's first boyfriend. For three nights each month, Oz would change shape. If he was not put into a cage or locked up, he would roam Sunnydale from the time the sun set until it came up again in the morning. Being a werewolf gave him increased strength, endurance and healing. As a werewolf, his mind was similar to an animal and not a human.
Riley Finn
Riley Finn was a member of a secret part of American military.
During the day, he was a helper to a professor at Sunnydale University. At night, he lead a military team that hunted and captured demons. He had increased strength and endurance, but he was not as strong as Buffy. He gave Buffy an ultimatum and at the last minute she decided on him. But when she got to his helicopter they had already taken off and he did not see her. When he comes back in a later episode Buffy finds out that he is married.
Tara Maclay
Tara was a member of the Wicca group Willow joined in her first year in college. Willow and Tara started as friends. Over time, they became lovers. When Tara is first introduced, she is very shy. Tara has a very obvious stutter in her first season. Through season five, Tara becomes more confident. Eventually, her family comes back to take Tara home, but she (with Buffy and the gang's help) stands up to them. She became more and more confident until Glory took her sanity. Willow got it back in the season five finale, and Tara was sane again.
In season 6, Willow used dark magic (magic that hurt other people) more and more. Eventually, she used it to make Tara forget a fight they had had. Tara broke up with Willow. Tara came back when Willow stopped using dark magic. A very short time later, Tara died after being hit by a bullet meant for Buffy.
Minor characters
Joyce Summers: Joyce was Buffy's mother. She died of a aneurysm shortly after having surgery to take a tumor out of her head.
Jonathan Levinson: Jonathan went to school with Buffy. He was often only used for comic moments. In season 6, he played a larger part as a member of the Trio. He was killed by Andrew Wells in season 7 in an attempt to open the Hellmouth.
Harmony Kendall: Harmony was one of Cordelia's friends. She was turned into a vampire at their high school graduation.
Principal Snyder: Snyder was the high school principal for a lot of Buffy's time at Sunnydale High. He made Buffy's daily life very hard. He is one of the few people other than the main cast that shows he knows about the weird things in town such as vampires and demons. After Mayor Wilkins turned into a giant demon snake at the graduation, he killed Principal Snyder.
Kennedy: Kennedy was one of the potential slayers. She had a lesbian relationship with Willow.
Principal Robin Wood: Wood was the son of a Slayer (Nikki Woods). His mother was killed by Spike. He became the principal of Sunnydale High after it was rebuilt. He tried and failed to get revenge on Spike for killing his mother. He later joined Buffy in her fight and got into a relationship with Faith.
Andrew Wells: Andrew was a obnoxious, possibly bi-sexual nerdy member of the Trio. He has a talent for languages and summoning demons.
Jenny Calendar: Jenny was the high school computer teacher. She was also a member of the same gypsy clan that cursed Angel. She was in Sunnydale to watch Angel. She had a romance with Giles. Angelus broke her neck, killing her.
Villains
The Master: The Master was one of the oldest living vampires. He was the first major villain that Buffy faced in Sunnydale. The Master was the leader of a vampire cult called the Order of Aurelius. The cult included Darla who The Master turned into a vampire. Buffy killed the Master in season 1.
Darla: Darla was a very old vampire. She was turned into a vampire in 1609. She was a prostitute who was dying of syphilis, when the Master turned her into a vampire. She was the vampire who sired Liam turning him into Angelus (Angel). Darla was killed by Angel in season 1 of Buffy. She was later brought back to life on the spin-off Angel.
Drusilla: Drusilla is a vampire created by Angelus around 1860. Angelus made her insane before turning her into a vampire. She has the ability to see the future and hypnotize people. Drusilla created Spike in 1880. It is not known if Drusilla has been killed or if she still lives.
Mayor Richard Wilkins III: Wilkins was the mayor of Sunnydale. He first came to the area in the 19th century to search for gold. He is the founder of Sunnydale. Wilkins made a deal with demons. He created the town so that demons would have a place to feed and the demons said they would turn him into a pure demon. It would take over 100 years to turn into a demon. Wilkins turned into a giant snake at Buffy's graduation. She killed him by blowing up the school with him inside it. Wilkins was the major villain in season 3.
Adam: Adam was a cyborg. He was made out of parts of humans, demons, and electronic machines. Adam was created in The Initiative's lab 314. He was the major villain in season 4. Buffy killed Adam by taking his power source out of his chest.
Glorificus: Glorificus, or Glory, was an evil goddess from a different dimension. She was trapped in the body of a baby boy named Ben. Many years later, she began to take control of the body. After a while she could take full control and change the body into that of her own form for a short time. Glory was trying to find the key that would let her go back to her own dimension. Buffy stopped her. She beat her very badly and Glory was trapped inside Ben again. Knowing that she would become strong enough to come back one day, Giles killed Ben which also killed Glory. Glory was the main villain of season 5.
The First: The First, or The First Evil, is the creator of evil itself. The First has no body (incorporeal) and can not physically affect things. It can look like anyone who has ever died. This includes dead humans (Buffy's mother Joyce), vampires (Drusilla, Spike), and even Buffy herself. The First had an army of very very old vampires called Turok-Han and a cult of humans called The Bringers that did things for it because it could not do them itself. The First can not be killed. Its army and cult were destroyed in the final episode of the series and its plans were stopped. The First was the main villain in season 7.
Whedon's Trademarks
Joss Whedon uses several themes throughout his works. These are often found in the writing done for Buffy.
Strong female characters: As a supporter of feminism, Whedon likes to create teenage girls with superpowers. Many of the most powerful characters in the series are female. Buffy and Willow are examples.
Homosexuality: Whedon uses gay characters both for major parts (Willow and Tara) and for minor parts (Larry Blaisdall and Scott Hope).
Witty dialogue: The dialogue in Joss Whedon's series and movies is notable. It often has rapid-fire wit and pop culture references. Some are easy to notice others are more difficult.
Death: No one is safe in a story written by Whedon. Major characters can die at any time. Minor characters die more often. In a world with magic, not all deaths are forever though. Buffy herself died at least four times and was brought back to life twice. Tara Maclay, Jenny Calender, Joyce Summers, and Principal Snyder were all regular characters that died and did not return. Other characters such as Harmony Kendall died and came back as vampires.
Relationships: A good romantic relationship makes for a bad story. Whedon does not like relationships that have a happy ending. Every relationship in the series ended badly.
Angel and Buffy: Angel loses his soul and turns evil.
Spike and Buffy: Spike later tries to rape Buffy, but she stops him. At the end of the series, Spike dies to save the world.
Willow and Tara: Tara is shot and killed.
Xander and Anya: They almost got married, but Xander leaves Anya at the altar. They never get back together. Anya dies at the end of the series.
Family: In a Whedon story, family is not who you were born to. Family is who you chose to be with. In Buffy, Buffy, Giles, Willow and Xander, as well as the others with them, were more of a family than any of their biological families.
Fatherhood: Fathers in Whedon's stories are almost always shown badly. Buffy's father left her mother and her. He is rarely talked about or seen in the series. Xander's father is always shown as being abusive. Father figures replace the traditional father in the same way Whedon replaced the traditional family. Giles takes the place of the father in Buffy. At times, even he is shown badly in the role.
Related pages
Angel
References
Other websites
20th Century Fox — Buffy section
All Things Philosophical on Buffy the Vampire Slayer
Buffyverse Dialogue Database
Slayage.tv - Buffy academic essays
Whedonesque.com
Whedon.info
Stakes and Salvation: a Buffyverse Encyclopedia
WhedonWiki.com
1997 American television series debuts
2003 American television series endings
1990s American drama television series
2000s American drama television series
American fantasy television series
American horror television series
American teen drama television series
College television series
High school television series
Television series created by Joss Whedon
Television series set in California
UPN network shows
Whedonverse
WB network shows
English-language television programs
The WB original programming |
9505 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vampire | Vampire | Vampires are monsters in legends and stories. The first vampire stories were told in Eastern Europe, but much of how modern people see vampires was created by Bram Stoker in the famous novel, Dracula. Few people believe that vampires are real, but they are still very popular in movies, television, and books.
Vampires were once people but have a supernatural curse. Some vampires must drink blood to survive. They do this by biting people or animals on the neck with their two long fangs. People who are killed by having their blood drunk by vampires may also become vampires. Others can live off the life energy of people. In many stories, vampires can change into other animals, usually bats, though also wolves, cats or rats.
Depending on the story, vampires may have some or all of these characteristics:
They cannot go out in sunlight, so they sleep during the day.
They can only be killed in certain ways:
being beheaded
having a stake driven through their heart
or being sprayed or washed with vervain
being set on fire
They can be weakened by crosses or other religious symbols, garlic, holy water, and silver.
They cannot cross the ocean unless they are in a coffin surrounded by soil from their homeland.
If vampires click their fingers they can disappear in the blink of an eye.
If a bag of rice, grain, seeds or other similar substance is spilled on the ground, a vampire will have to count every grain.
They have no reflection in glass, mirrors, or other things.
Vampires have photographic memory.
Vampires are cold blooded, if once they touch the wound will go.
Vampires in fiction
Dracula is the most famous vampire in fiction, and many movies have been made about him, often with Christopher Lee as Dracula himself. Bela Lugosi is another actor known for the role. Nosferatu is also a famous vampire movie.
There is a popular series of books by Anne Rice about vampires. Stephen King also wrote about vampires in the 1970s in Salem's Lot. The television show Buffy the Vampire Slayer featured a young girl who fought vampires, but also befriended good ones. The series Twilight by Stephenie Meyer is also about vampires. The movie The Lost Boys was about a band of vampires in California. Among many other stories about vampires are The Southern Vampire Mysteries, which led to the television show True Blood.
Protection
In stories, garlic is often used for keeping vampires away, but it does not actually affect them. Vervain is used to hurt vampires, and in Europe, Though this is not traditional, mirrors have been used to make vampires stay away (in some cultures, vampires do not have a reflection and sometimes do not have a shadow, perhaps as a way of showing that they do not have souls). Not all vampires in stories have this quality (the Greek vrykolakas/tympanios had both reflections and shadows), was used by Bram Stoker in Dracula. In addition to this, in Bram Stoker's Dracula, it is mentioned that wolf's-bane (or Aconitum) can be used to repel dracula. The reason for this in the novel it is explained dracula is the Wolfman, and can transform into one just as easily as a bat.
Other
Some neurologists believe that rabies might lie at the base of the myth.
Rabid people have trouble walking.
They are sexually very active and can be aggressive. They may bite, while they are in this frenzy.
Very often they have cramps, or seizures. They often bite their tongue during such cramps. This may lead to them bleeding from their mouth.
Rabies can be spread by biting
Many diseases of the brain make people sensitive to light.
Many diseases of the brain make people have difficulty swallowing. This is the fear of water.
The problem with this is that rabid people, especially in advanced stages of the disease, will live for about ten days, at best. This does not account for them getting out of ditches and graves over weeks or months.
Another explanation was given by other people. The disease might be porphyria, rather than rabies. Porphyria is a genetic condition that leads to differences when the body makes blood. Some parts of the blood can not be made in sufficient quantities. Writers for the Toronto Garlic Festival say people with porphyria do not like to eat foods that have sulfur in them, and garlic has sulfur in it.
Psychological disorders can contribute to vampiric behavior. As well as the fact that drinking blood has always been believed to give you the strength of the one you drink from. That belief stems all the way back to ancient civilizations.
There are people in the real world who like to dress and behave like a vampire. Some of them may also drink blood.
Finally, there is the vampire bat.
References
Mythology
Legendary creatures
Folklore |
9509 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degree | Degree | Degree generally means to have a level in something.
Degree can mean:
Academic degree awarded by a university to people who graduate from it
A degree is a unit of how we measure temperature
degree (angle) in geometry, 1/360th of a circle
degree (mathematics), the highest power of x occurring inside a polynomial |
9510 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic%20degree | Academic degree | An academic degree is a certification students get when they graduate from a university. It shows they successfully completed their classes, and passed a final examination.
It is an official credential. The length of courses, and the number of courses vary depending on which college is attended. In the U.S.A. high schools give out diplomas to graduating students. These are not degrees.
There are hundreds of different academic degrees, but they are often grouped into a few categories:
Associate's degree: this is typically a 2-year degree, often obtained at a junior college.
Bachelor's degree: this is typically a 3 or 4-year degree.
Licentiate: a degree given in some countries. It carries the permission (licence) to teach and practice in the area concerned. Its level varies according to the country, mostly at bachelor's level or above. Sometimes it represents a higher degree.
All other degrees are known as "higher degrees".
Master's degree: this is typically a 1 or 2 year degree, earned by attending advanced courses and doing projects.
Doctoral degree: this is typically a 4-to-6-year degree, where a person must write a thesis based on new research in their field of study.
In medicine, membership of specialist societies are also degrees, and Fellowships are higher degrees. Examples: MRCP = Member of the Royal College of Physicians. These degrees require postgraduate training and practical experience.
The college courses needed for a master's degree, or for a doctorate, are often highly advanced, difficult subjects, and they would be extremely difficult to understand unless a person had already attended the undergraduate courses. The reason the upper-level courses are so difficult, so hard to understand, is that they assume the person already knows, perhaps, 1,000 technical terms learned in earlier college courses. This is similar to having to know the Latin names of all 206 bones in the human body, as just part of those technical terms.
In many countries these degrees are shown by letters which the person is allowed to put after their name, e.g. John Smith, BA. A bachelor's degree is usually the degree received at the end of a first degree. While the student is studying for a degree he or she is an "undergraduate". When he graduates he is a "graduate". He may continue with his studies and receive a master's degree or do some original work and write a thesis to get a doctor's degree (which does not mean a Doctor of Medicine).
A Juris Doctor (JD) is earned by completing law school in the United States, Canada, Australia, and other common law countries. In the United States and elsewhere, those holding a JD must pass an examination in order to practice law.
Some examples of degrees:
Bachelor of Arts (BA)
Bachelor of Science (BSc)
Bachelor of Music (BMus)
Master of Arts (MA)
Master of Science (MS or MSc)
Master of Music (MMus)
Master of Business Administration (MBA)
Master of Public Administration (MPA)
Doctor of Medicine (MD or MB, ChB or other variations)
Doctor of Music (DMus)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD or D.Phil)
Related pages
Diploma
Academia |
9511 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/High%20school | High school | High school is a kind of school, a place where people go to learn skills for future jobs. In a three-part system such as in the United States, children go to high school after middle school ("junior high"). In a two-party system such as in the United Kingdom, the change is from primary school to secondary school at 11 years of age.
In the United States, a high school is a school that students go to usually for grades 9 through 12, from the ages of about 14-15 to about 17-18. It is also the last school that the law requires the student to go to. However, students with behavioral issues that are too much for the school to handle are not required to attend. This is called expulsion. Some states have an age or certain grade where a student does not have to attend school, this is called the compulsory age, for example in New York, students below 17 years of age are required to attend school unless the child is excused. Some people may choose to take some tests called GED (General Education Development) as another way to finish high school. A student is allowed by law to stop going to high school after a certain age without having graduated. In most this is 16, however, in a few states, it is 18 or higher, for example, Wisconsin.
In the United Kingdom the law requires the student to go to school until 16. The term 'high school' is only used in Scotland.
The term 'Secondary School' is used for most of the UK instead of 'high school'.
'Secondary school' is school year 7-11; which is pupils aged 11-16.
There are public high schools and private high schools in the United States and many other countries.
References
Types of educational institutions |
9514 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public%20school | Public school | A public school means different things in different countries:
USA and Canada
In the United States and Canada, public schools are schools that are paid for by the government. They are open to all students who live nearby without any charge. They are usually paid for through property taxes that are applied to everyone who owns buildings in the area around the school.
Public schools greatly expanded in the United States in the 19th century. Every U.S. state now has free public schools.
Some people think that public schools have done a bad job of education in the United States. One solution has been to give "vouchers" to parents that help them send their children to private schools. Critics say this takes money away that could go to improving public schools.
UK and Commonwealth
In the United Kingdom, public schools are independent fee-paying schools like Eton College. They are called 'public' because they accept students from anywhere not just people living nearby in the school area. Some are boarding schools, where students can sleep and live at school during the school term. The public schools have an association called the Headmasers' and Headmistresses' Conference. Junior schools which prepare children for entry into public schools are called Preparatory schools ('prep' schools).
The term "public school", for what are actually privately owned schools, is historical. It dates from the UK Public Schools Act 1868 which set the framework for seven leading English boys' schools, which were:
Charterhouse School
Eton College
Harrow School
Rugby School
Shrewsbury School
Westminster School
Winchester College
To these should be added other fee-paying schools which have first-class reputations. These would include:
Merchant Taylors' School
St. Paul's School
Tonbridge School
Dulwich School
Wellington School
Others of note include Fettes College in Edinburgh, which is co-educational. This is very unusual for a public school. By independent" is meant fee-paying, and therefore not run by the public authorities.
Public schools have a very good record of getting their pupils into elite universities, such as Cambridge and Oxford. They educate the sons and daughters of the British upper and upper-middle classes. In particular, the sons of officers and senior administrators of the British Empire were educated in England while their parents were on overseas postings. In 2010, over half of Cabinet Ministers had been educated at public schools. In 2018, annual fees at Eton were up to £48,500 for boarders. Therefore, although some scholarships are available, most students come from wealthy families.
Two twenty-first century Prime Ministers, Tony Blair and David Cameron, were educated at public schools, as were a high proportion of those in previous centuries.
The leading public schools are challenged only by Manchester Grammar School, which was for many years the leading state-funded grammar school. It is now a fee-paying independent school. It made this change when the Labour government in 1976 chose to abolish the Direct Grant System. This would have given the government powers to change the school in ways with which it did not agree.
Girls' schools
Public schools for girls have a similar unofficial ranking, though more of them are day schools. The best-known girls public school is Cheltenham Ladies' College. The Girls' Schools Association (GSA) is the body for independent girls' schools. It has over a hundred schools as members. The GSA is a member of the Independent Schools Council.
First, an historical note. Up to and including the 19th century girls from "good families" were educated at home by governesses and tutors. This applies very widely across the world, not just in England. The other controversial issue is whether girls should be educated with boys or not. Here the United States is one extreme and Muslim countries the other extreme. Even in England, co-education is almost universal at primary level, but are not common at secondary level except in the state education sector.
Another point of difference in England is that girls from wealthy families are more likely to be educated abroad than are boys. Expensive independent schools in French-speaking Switzerland are often chosen. It has not gone unnoticed that, by having such options, the wealthy give their children advantages which the children of ordinary people never get.
Well-known girls' public schools are:
Cheltenham Ladies' College
Bedford Girls' School
James Allen's Girls' School: Known as "JAGS": a day school
Haberdashers' Aske's School for Girls
Manchester High School for Girls
References
Related pages
Co-education
References
Types of educational institutions
Schools in the United Kingdom
Schools in the United States |
9517 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seoul | Seoul | Seoul () is the biggest city of the Republic of Korea (South Korea), and its capital. Its official name is Seoul Special City ( Seoul Teukbyeolsi). It has a population of 10 million which is about 1/5 of the Korean population and 1/7 of Korea peninsula, and covers an area of 610 km² that is only 0.6% of South Korea. It is the 6th most populated city in the world, and 7th most crowded. Seoul is the center of politics, economy, culture, transportation, and education for South Korea.
Seoul is in the middle of the Korean Peninsula. Han River (한강 Han-gang) is a major river in South Korea and the fourth longest river on the Korean peninsula. This river goes across Central Seoul.
Seoul hosted the 1986 Asian Games and the 1988 Olympic Games. It also hosted the 2007 World Schools Debating Championships.
History
Seoul is thought to be the capital of Baekje Kingdom (백제) from 18 BC. At that time, the name of the city was Wiryeseong (). Wiryeseong is thought to be Songpa-gu, Seoul. During Silla Period (신라시대), Hanju (한주) was name of Seoul. During Goryeo Period (고려시대), the name of Seoul was Namgyeong (남경) which means "the south capital". There was a palace of Goryeo Dynasty. Hanyang was name of Seoul in late Goryeo Period. After establishment of Joseon Dynasty, the name of Seoul was Hanseong (한성) and Hanseong became the capital of Joseon Kingdom. From 1910 to 1945 when Korea was under Japanese rule, the name of Seoul was Gyeongseong (경성). Since South Korea was started in 1948, it has been the capital, except for a short time during the Korean War. Seoul became a special city in 1948. April 19th Revolution (4.19혁명) and June Revolution (6월 민주항쟁) was took place in Seoul.
Sports
The most famous soccer team in Seoul is FC Seoul. Their stadium is Sang-am World cup Stadium. It can seat 66,806 people.
Seoul has three famous baseball teams that all play as part of the Korea Baseball Organization. One is The Doosan Bears and they have many famous players. The LG Twins won the Korean Series in 1990 and 1994. Both of these teams play at Jamsil Stadium. Lastly The Nexen heroes who use Mokdong stadium .
Seoul has many stadiums such as Olympic stadium, Jamsil Stadium, Sang-am World Cup Stadium, and Mokdong Stadium. Olympic Stadium was built in 1988 for the Olympics. It was used for the opening and closing ceremonies. World Cup stadium was used for several games in the 2002 FIFA World Cup.
Language
Today, Korean is the official language in Seoul and is spoken in both North and South Korea. Hangul is the alphabet for the written language. Hangul(한글,Korean) was made by Sejong the Great in 1443. Hangul has 19 consonants and 21 vowels and was said to be a scientific language patterned on the vocal organs. Hangul replaced the Hanja, or Chinese characters, which were used before and are still occasionally used.
Etymology
Seoul has been known in past by the names Wirye-seong (위례성), Hanju (한주), Namgyeong (남영), Hanseong (한성), Hanyang (한양), Gyeongseong (경성). It’s current name comes from the Korean word meaning “capital city.” The name Seoul is thought to come from the Seorabeol (서라벌) which is Gyeongju’s old name. Gyeongju was the kingdom Silla’s capital city.
Education
There are many universities in Seoul. Seoul National University, Yonsei University, Korea University, Sungkyunkwan University, Chungang University are in Seoul too. Seoul University is Korea’s first national university. Yonsei University is widely acknowledged as one of the country’s oldest, largest and top-ranked universities in Korea.
Transportation
Seoul’s transportation dates back to the Korean empire, when the first streetcar lines were laid and a railroad between Seoul and Incheon was completed. Today, because of the effectiveness of Seoul’s transportation network it has become a great transportation center for Asia.
Seoul is connected to every big Korean city by the Korea Train eXpress high speed train, which goes more than 300km/h(186mph).
Seoul has a big subway that connects every part of the city and many other close cities.
Seoul bus system is operated by the Seoul metropolitan government, with four bus areas servicing most of the city.
There are two airports close to Seoul. One is Gimpo International Airport, the other is Incheon International Airport .
Culture
Museums, Art Galleries, and Libraries
Museums and Art Galleries → See List of Museums in Seoul
National Library of Korea
National Assembly Library of Korea
Historic Sights
Changgyeong Palace
Changdeok Palace
Deoksu Palace
Gyeongbok Palace
Gyeonghui Palace
Donggwanwang Shrine
Hwangudan
Nakseongdae
Sajikdan
Seodaemun Prison
Royal Shrine of Joseon Dynasty
Pungnap Earthen Wall
Tourist Attractions
COEX
Insa-dong
Itaewon
Lotte World
Myeong-dong
Namdaemun Market
Namsangol Hanok Village--Hanok is a traditional Korean house.
N Seoul Tower
Samcheong-dong
University Road
63 Building
Parks & Stadiums
Boramae Park
Children's Grand Park
Han River Citizens' Park
Mount Bukhan National Park
Seoul Forest
Seoul Olympic Park
World Cup Park
Yangjae Citizens' Forest
Yeoui Island Park
Seoul Olympic Stadium
Seoul World Cup Stadium
Performing Centers
Chongdong Theater
National Center for Korean Traditional Performing Arts
National Theater of Korea
Sejong Center for the Performing Arts
Seoul Arts Center
Broadcasing Stations
Korean Broadcasting System(KBS)
Educational Broadcasting System(EBS)
Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation(MBC)
Seoul Broadcasting System(SBS)
Architecture
63 building
63 building is 249m high. It has cinema (63 IMAX), observatory - 60th floor (63 Sky Art), aquarium (63 Seaworld), and lots of amenity. The 63 building has 60 stories high and 3 stories below so it became 63 building. The elevator’s speed is 540m/min. Before Daehan Life Insurance’s building but it’s now Hanwha’s building.
N Seoul tower (Namsan Tower)
N Seoul tower is 236.7m high. It has restaurant and observatory. In the first floor, you can see Seoul only. But you can see Incheon in the fifth floor. YTN take over the building and it became YTN Seoul building (N Seoul building for short).
Gyeongbokgung
Gyeongbokgung is Joseon’s castle. It has Gangnyeongjeon, Geunjeongjeon, Gwanghwamun, Gyeonghoeru, Gyotaejeon, Hyangwonjeong, Jagyeongjeon, Jibokjae, Sajeongjeon, Sujeongjeon, Taewonjeon, Donggung, and Geoncheonggung.
Sungnyemun
Sungnyemun is Joseon’s south big door. It is national treasure number 1 in Korea. But, it had a fire in 2008. So it was fixed. And on May 4th 2013, it was done.
Other websites
Olympic cities |
9518 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/May%208 | May 8 |
Events
Up to 1900
413 - Emperor Honorius signs an edict providing tax relief for the provinces Tuscia, Campania, Picenum, Samnium, Apulia, Lucania and Calabria, which were plundered by the Visigoths.
1541 – Hernando de Soto reaches the Mississippi River.
1654 - The Peace of Westminster ends the First Anglo-Dutch War.
1781 – Battle of Pensacola in Florida: Spanish troops reconquer Pensacola.
1788 - The French parliament is suspended to be replaced by the creation of forty-seven new courts.
1794 – French chemist Antoine Lavoisier is executed on the guillotine.
1821 - Greek War of Independence: The Greeks defeat the Turks at the Battle of Gravia Inn.
1842 – French explorer Jules Dumont D'Urville and his family, are among those killed in a major train crash.
1842 – The Great Fire of Hamburg is brought under control. It had killed 51 people and made 20,000 homeless.
1846 - Mexican-American War: Battle of Palo Alto - Zachary Taylor defeats a Mexican force north of the Rio Grande in the first major battle of the war.
1861 - American Civil War: Richmond, Virginia is declared capital city of the Confederate States of America.
1886 – John Pemberton creates the drink that is now known as Coca-Cola.
1898 – The Italian football league is held for the first time; all in one day.
1901 2000
1901 - The Australian Labor Party is founded.
1902 – The Volcano Mt. Pelée erupts on the Caribbean Island of Martinique, killing 30,000 people.
1912 – Paramount Pictures is founded.
1919 - Edward George Honey proposes the idea of a Moment of Silence to commemorate the World War I Armistice on November 11.
1927 - Attempting to make the first Transatlantic flight from Paris to New York City, Frenchmen Charles Nungesser and Francois Coli disappear after taking off aboard the White Bird airplane.
1933 – Mahatma Gandhi begins a 21-day fast against British colonial oppression.
1941 - World War II: The German Luftwaffe launches a bombing raid on Nottingham and Derby.
1942 – World War II: In the Battle of the Coral Sea, a Japanese Navy aircraft attacks the ship USS Lexington.
1945 – End of World War II in Europe; this day is known as VE Day for "Victory in Europe".
1945 – Thousands of Algerian civilians are massacred by French colonial troops.
1945 – End of Prague uprising.
1963 - South Vietnamese soldiers of Catholic President Ngo Dinh Diem open fire on Buddhists who were defying a ban on the Buddhist flag, killing 9.
1967 - The Philippines province of Davao is spilt into three, Davao del Norte, Davao del Sur, and Davao Oriental.
1969 – The movie Easy Rider, starring Dennis Hopper, has its premiere in Cannes, France.
1970 – The last Beatles album, Let it Be, is released.
1973 – Members of the American Indian Movement leave the Pine Ridge Reservation at Wounded Knee, after a 71-day protest.
1976 - The rollercoaster "Revolution", the first steel coaster with a vertical loop, opens at Six Flags Magic Mountain.
1978 – Reinhold Messner and Peter Habeler reach the top of Mt. Everest without Oxygen supplies, becoming the first people to do so.
1980 – The WHO announces the eradication of Smallpox.
1984 – The Soviet Union decides to boycott the Summer Olympics in Los Angeles.
1984 – The Thames Barrier officially opens.
1988 - Francois Mitterrand is elected to a second term as President of France.
1993 - Lennox Lewis wins his Heavyweight Boxing fight against Tony Tucker in Las Vegas.
1995 – The 50th anniversary of VE Day is marked.
1997 – A China Southeast Airlines Boeing 737 crashes at Shenzhen Bao'an Airport, killing 35 people.
From 2001
2003 - A train is sliced in two in a collision with a tourist bus in Siofok, Hungary, killing 30 German bus passengers and the driver.
2007 – A new power-sharing deal takes effect in Northern Ireland. Ian Paisley becomes First Minister and Martin McGuinness becomes his Deputy.
2007 - Archaeologists in Israel announce that they have discovered the grave of Herod the Great.
2008 – Silvio Berlusconi becomes Prime Minister of Italy for a third time.
2010 – Laura Chinchilla becomes President of Costa Rica.
2013 - Manchester United football manager Alex Ferguson announces his upcoming retirement, which takes effect on May 19. He had been in charge of the team for over 26-and-a-half years, making him one of the game's longest-serving managers. David Moyes replaces him, but is already sacked on April 22, 2014.
2014 - The African National Congress wins elections in South Africa, allowing Jacob Zuma to serve a second full term as President.
2015 - 2015 Pakistan Army Mil Mi-17 crash: A helicopter carrying foreign diplomats crashes near Gilgit in the far north of Pakistan. The Norwegian and Filipino Ambassadors are among those killed in the accident.
2015 - United Kingdom general election, 2015: As David Cameron starts his second term as Prime Minister, and the Scottish National Party adds 50 more MPs, three party leaders resign - Ed Miliband (Labour Party), Nick Clegg (Liberal Democrats) and Nigel Farage (UKIP). Farage later decides to stay on as UKIP leader.
2018 - President Donald Trump decides to withdraw the United States from the Iran nuclear agreement.
2019 - The African National Congress wins the most votes in the elections held in South Africa, but with a reduced number of votes.
Births
Up to 1900
1326 – Joanna I of Auvergne, Queen of France (d. 1360)
1460 - Frederick I, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach (d. 1536)
1521 – Petrus Canisius, Dutch Jesuit (d. 1597)
1587 – Victor Amadeus I, Duke of Savoy (d. 1637)
1629 - Niels Juel, Danish admiral (d. 1697)
1639 - Giovanni Battista Gaulli, Italian painter (d. 1709)
1653 - Claude Louis Hector de Villars, French general (d. 1734)
1668 - Alain-René Lesage, French writer and playwright (d. 1747)
1720 – William Cavendish, 4th Duke of Devonshire, Prime Minister of Great Britain (d. 1764)
1735 – Nathaniel Dance-Holland, English painter (d. 1811)
1737 – Edward Gibbon, British historian (d. 1794)
1738 – Mikhail Kamensky, Russian general (d. 1809)
1744 - Nikolay Novikov, Russian writer (d. 1818)
1753 – Miguel Hidalgo, Mexican revolutionary (d. 1811)
1781 – Pedro de Sousa Holstein, 1st Duke of Palmela, Portuguese politician (d. 1850)
1786 – John Vianney, French priest and saint (d. 1859)
1818 - Samuel Leonard Tilley, Canadian politician, 3rd Premier of New Brunswick (d. 1896)
1821 – William Henry Vanderbilt, American businessman (d. 1885)
1824 - William Walker, American physician, lawyer, journalist and mercenary (d. 1860)
1828 – Henry Dunant, Swiss co-founder of the Red Cross, co-winner of first Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1910)
1828 - Charbel Makhluf, Lebanese monk and saint (d. 1898)
1847 – Oscar Hammerstein I, American theatre producer and impresario (d. 1919)
1856 – Pedro Lascuráin, Mexican politician, shortest-serving President (d. 1952)
1859 – Johan Jensen, Danish mathematician (d. 1925)
1867 - Albert, 8th Prince of Thurn and Taxis (d. 1952)
1874 - E. W. Marland, Governor of Oklahoma (d. 1941)
1884 – Harry S. Truman, 33rd President of the United States (d. 1972)
1889 – Song Jin-woo, Korean politician, educationist and journalist (d. 1945)
1889 - Louis Van Hege, Belgian footballer (d. 1975)
1895 – James H. Kindelberger, American aviation executive (d. 1962)
1895 – Fulton J. Sheen, American bishop (d. 1979)
1895 – Edmund Wilson, American writer (d. 1972)
1895 – Joselito, Spanish bullfighter (d. 1920)
1898 - Aloysius Stepinac, Croatian cardinal (d. 1960)
1899 – Friedrich Hayek, Austrian economist (d. 1992)
1901 1925
1902 – André Michel Lwoff, French microbiologist (d. 1994)
1903 – Fernandel, French comedy actor and singer (d. 1971)
1904 – John Snagge, British radio personality (d. 1996)
1905 – Red Nichols, American musician (d. 1965)
1906 – Roberto Rossellini, Italian movie director (d. 1977)
1909 – Count Lennart Bernadotte, Swedish royal (d. 2004)
1910 – Mary Lou Williams, American singer (d. 1981)
1911 – Robert Johnson, American blues musician (d. 1938)
1913 - Bob Clampett, American animator, producer and director (d. 1984)
1913 - Sid James, English actor (d. 1976)
1914 – Romain Gary, Polish writer (d. 1980)
1916 – Chinmayananda Saraswati, Indian spiritualist (d. 1993)
1916 – Joao Havelange, Brazilian sports official (d. 2016)
1917 - John Anderson, Jr., American politician, 36th Governor of Kansas (d. 2014)
1919 - Lex Barker, American actor (d. 1973)
1920 – Saul Bass, American graphic designer and movie maker (d. 1996)
1920 – Tom of Finland, Finnish fetish artist (d. 1991)
1923 - Cheikha Rimitti, Algerian singer (d. 2006)
1924 - Tapan Raychaudhuri, Indian historian (d. 2014)
1925 – Ali Hassan Mwinyi, former President of Tanzania
1926 1950
1926 – David Attenborough, British naturalist, TV presenter and writer
1926 – Don Rickles, American actor (d. 2017)
1927 - Laszlo Paskai, Hungarian cardinal (d. 2015)
1928 – Manfred Gerlach, East German politician (d. 2011)
1928 - Ted Sorensen, American lawyer and 8th White House counsel (d. 2010)
1929 - Girija Devi, Indian singer (d. 2017)
1929 - Miyoshi Umeki, Japanese actress (d. 2007)
1930 - Doug Atkins, American baseball player (d. 2015)
1930 - Heather Harper, Irish-English soprano (d. 2019)
1930 - Gary Snyder, American poet
1932 – Phyllida Law, Scottish actress
1932 – Sonny Liston, American boxer (d. 1970)
1935 – Jack Charlton, English footballer
1935 – Princess Elisabeth of Denmark (d. 2018)
1936 – Kazuo Koike, Japanese manga artist
1937 – Thomas Pynchon, American writer
1938 – Jean Giraud, French comic book artist and production designer (d. 2012)
1939 - Paul Drayton, American sprinter (d. 2010)
1940 – Peter Benchley, American writer (d. 2006)
1940 – Ricky Nelson, American singer and actor (d. 1985)
1940 - Irwin Cotler, Canadian politician
1940 - Toni Tennille, American singer (Captain & Tennille)
1941 - James Traficant, American politician (d. 2014)
1942 - Norman Lamont, British politician
1943 - Pat Barker, British writer
1944 – Bill Legend, British musician
1944 – Gary Glitter, British musician
1945 – Keith Jarrett, American musician
1945 - Mike German, Baron German, Welsh politician
1946 – Jonathan Dancy, British philosopher
1947 – John Reid, Baron Reid of Cardowan, British politician
1947 – H. Robert Horvitz, American biologist
1947 – Felicity Lott, British singer
1947 - Aram I, Armenian church leader
1948 – Norbert Nigbur, German footballer
1949 – Mohammed bin Hammam, Qatari FIFA official
1951 1975
1951 – Philip Bailey, American musician (Earth, Wind & Fire)
1951 – Chris Frantz, rock musician
1952 – Charles Camarda, American astronaut
1953 – Alex Van Halen, Dutch-American musician
1953 – Billy Burnette, American singer-songwriter
1954 – Pam Arciero, American voice actress
1954 – John Michael Talbot, American monk, singer and musician
1954 - Clive Wood, English actor
1955 – Meles Zenawi, Prime Minister and President of Ethiopia (d. 2012)
1955 – Asgeir Sigurvinsson, Icelandic footballer
1956 - David Provan, Scottish footballer
1957 – Marie Myriam, French singer
1958 – Roddy Doyle, Irish writer
1958 – Kevin McCloud, English writer, designer and television presenter
1958 – Lovie Smith, American football coach
1958 – Simone Kleinsma, Dutch musical theatre actress
1958 – Brooks Newmark, American-English politician
1959 – Ronnie Lott, American football player
1959 – David Pearce, British professional boxer (d. 2000)
1960 – Franco Baresi, Italian footballer
1961 – Akira Taue, Japanese professional wrestler
1961 – Bill de Blasio, Mayor of New York City
1961 – Andrea Pollack, German swimmer (d. 2019)
1962 – David Sole, Scottish rugby player
1962 – Natalia Molchanova, Russian diver (d. 2015)
1963 – Michel Gondry, French director and screenwriter
1963 – Aleksandr Kovalenko, Soviet triple jumper
1963 - Anthony Field, Australian musician (The Wiggles)
1964 – Dave Rowntree, British musician (Blur)
1964 – Melissa Gilbert, American actress
1965 – Mario Frick, Liechtenstein politician
1967 – Viviana Durante, Italian ballet dancer
1968 – Chris Lighty, American music executive and talent agent (d. 2012)
1968 – Nathalie Normandeau, Canadian politician
1969 – Akebono Taro, American sumo wrestler
1970 – Luis Enrique Martínez García, Spanish footballer
1970 – Naomi Klein, Canadian author and activist
1971 – Shaolin, Brazilian cartoonist, comedian and presenter (d. 2016)
1972 – Darren Hayes, Australian singer
1973 – Hiromu Arakawa, Japanese manga artist
1973 – Jesús Arellano, Mexican footballer
1973 – Marcus Brigstocke, English comedian
1974 – Korey Stringer, American football player (d. 2001)
1975 – Enrique Iglesias, Spanish singer
From 1976
1976 – Martha Wainwright, Canadian singer-songwriter
1976 - Ian "H" Watkins, Welsh singer and actor
1977 - Joe Bonamassa, American musician
1977 – Bad News Brown, Canadian rapper (d. 2011)
1978 – Matthew Davis, American actor
1978 – Lúcio, Brazilian footballer
1979 - Gennaro Sardo, Italian footballer
1980 - Evgeny Lebedev, Russian businessman and newspaper owner
1980 – Michelle McManus, Scottish singer
1981 - Stephen Amell, Canadian actor
1981 – Andrea Barzagli, Italian footballer
1982 – Buakaw Banchamek, Thai Muay-Thai boxer
1982 – Adrian Gonzalez, American baseball player
1983 - Elyes Gabel, English actor
1983 - Vicky McClure, English actress
1983 – Matt Willis, English singer (Busted)
1984 - Julia Whelan, American actress
1985 – Sarah Vaillancourt, Canadian ice hockey player
1986 - Galen Rupp, American long-distance runner
1987 - Aneurin Barnard, Welsh actor
1987 – Isabel Lestapier Winqvist, Miss Sweden winner
1987 - Mark Noble, English footballer
1987 - Felix Jones, American football player
1988 - Maicon Pereira de Oliveira, Brazilian footballer (d. 2014)
1989 - Liam Bridcutt, English-Scottish footballer
1989 - Nora Arnezeder, French actress
1989 - Benoit Paire, French tennis player
1990 - Kemba Walker, American basketball player
1992 - Ana Mulvoy-Ten, English-Spanish actress
1995 - Park Jung-hwa, South Korean singer and actress
2003 - Moulay Hassan, Crown Prince of Morocco
Deaths
Up to 1900
535 – Pope John II
685 – Pope Benedict II
840 – Emperor Junna of Japan (b. 786)
1192 – Duke Ottokar IV of Syria (b. 1163)
1278 – Emperor Duanzongof China (b. 1268)
1319 – Haakon V of Norway (b. 1270)
1782 – Marques de Pombal, Portuguese politician (b. 1699)
1785 - Pietro Longhi, Venetian painter (b. 1701)
1785 - Etienne François duc de Choiseul, French general and politician (b. 1719)
1788 - Giovanni Antonio Scopoli, Italian physician and naturalist (b. 1723)
1794 – Antoine Lavoisier, French chemist (executed) (b. 1743)
1819 – Kamehameha I, King of Hawai'i (b. c. 1758)
1828 – Mauro Giuliani, Italian composer (b. 1781)
1837 - Alexander Balashov, Russian general and statesman (b. 1770)
1842 – Jules Dumont d'Urville, French explorer (b. 1790)
1853 - Jan Roothaan, Dutch priest (b. 1785)
1873 – John Stuart Mill, English philosopher (b. 1806)
1880 – Gustave Flaubert, French novelist (b. 1821)
1884 - Judah P. Benjamin, American politician (b. 1811)
1887 - Lorenzo Batlle, President of Uruguay (b. 1810)
1891 – Helena Blavatsky, Russian-born writer (b. 1831)
1901 2000
1903 – Paul Gauguin, French painter (b. 1846)
1904 – Eadweard Muybridge, British photographer (b. 1830)
1907 - Edmund G. Ross, Territorial Governor of New Mexico (b. 1826)
1936 – Oswald Spengler, German historian and philosopher (b. 1880)
1941 - Natalie of Serbia (b. 1859)
1941 - Tore Svennberg, Swedish actor and director (b. 1858)
1943 - Mordechai Anielewicz, Polish Resistance activist (b. 1919)
1944 - Ethel Smyth, English composer, conductor and writer (b. 1858)
1945 – Bernhard Rust, Nazi education minister (b. 1883)
1945 – Josef Terboven, Nazi Reichskommissar in Norway (b. 1898)
1945 - Paul Giesler, German politician, Prime minister of Bavaria (b. 1895)
1947 – Harry Gordon Selfridge, department store founder (b. 1858)
1948 – U Saw, Burmese politician (b. 1900)
1950 - Vital Brazil, Brazilian physician and immunologist (b. 1865)
1952 – William Fox, Austro-Hungarian-born American movie producer (b. 1879)
1960 – J. H. C. Whitehead, British mathematician (b. 1904)
1965 - Wally Hardinge, English cricketer and footballer (b. 1886)
1967 - LaVerne Andrews, American singer (The Andrews Sisters) (b. 1911)
1971 - Lars Pettersson, Swedish ice hockey player (b. 1925)
1975 – Avery Brundage, President of the International Olympic Committee (b. 1887)
1982 – Gilles Villeneuve, Canadian race car driver (b. 1950)
1985 – Theodore Sturgeon, American science fiction writer (b. 1918)
1988 – Robert A. Heinlein, American science fiction writer (b. 1907)
1990 - Luigi Nono, Italian composer (b. 1924)
1991 – Jean Langlais, French composer and pianist (b. 1907)
1991 – Rudolf Serkin, Austrian pianist (b. 1903)
1993 – Avram Davidson, American science fiction writer (b. 1923)
1994 – George Peppard, American actor (b. 1928)
1996 – Dominguin, Spanish bullfighter (b. 1926)
1998 – Jennings Randolph, American politician (b. 1902)
1999 – Dirk Bogarde, British actor (b. 1921)
1999 – Dana Plato, American actress (b. 1964)
From 2001
2008 - Eddy Arnold, American singer (b. 1918)
2008 - Luigi Malerba, Italian author (b. 1927)
2008 – François Sterchele, Belgian footballer (b. 1982)
2009 – Dom DiMaggio, American baseball player (b. 1917)
2010 – Andor Lilienthal, Hungarian chess player (b. 1911)
2011 – Lionel Rose, Australian boxer (b. 1948)
2011 – Cornell Dupree, American musician (b. 1942)
2012 – Maurice Sendak, American writer (b. 1928)
2012 – Roman Totenberg, Polish-American violinist (b. 1911)
2012 - Nicholas Katzenbach, former United States Attorney General (b. 1922)
2013 - Jeanne Cooper, American actress (b. 1928)
2013 - Dallas Willard, American philosopher (b. 1935)
2013 - Bryan Forbes, British movie director, screenwriter and producer (b. 1926)
2013 - Taylor Mead, American actor (b. 1924)
2014 - Yago Lamela, Spanish athlete (b. 1977)
2014 - Joseph P. Teasdale, 48th Governor of Missouri (b. 1936)
2014 - Jair Rodrigues, Brazilian musician and singer (b. 1939)
2014 - Mercedes Salisachs, Spanish writer (b. 1917)
2014 - Nancy Malone, American producer, director and actress (b. 1935)
2015 - Deaths in the 2015 Pakistan Army Mil Mi-17 crash:
Domingo Lucenario, Jr., Ambassador of the Philippines to Pakistan (b. 1960)
Leif Holger Larsen, Ambassador of Norway to Pakistan (b. 1954)
2015 - Phil Skoglund, New Zealand lawn bowls player (b. 1937)
2015 - Zeki Alasya, Turkish actor and director (b. 1943)
2015 - Atanas Semerdzhiev, Vice President of Bulgaria (b. 1924)
2015 - Menashe Kadishman, Israeli artist (b. 1932)
2015 - Martin Nag, Norwegian writer (b. 1926)
2016 - Philippe Beaussant, French author and musicologist (b. 1930)
2016 - Tonita Castro, American actress (b. 1953)
2016 - Ken Gorgal, American football player (b. 1929)
2016 - Nick Lashaway, American actor (b. 1988)
2016 - Elisa Mainardi, Italian actress (b. 1927)
2016 - William Schallert, American actor (b. 1922)
2016 - John Bradshaw, American self-help writer (b. 1933)
2016 - John Young, American baseball player (b. 1949)
2017 - Allan H. Meltzer, American economist (b. 1928)
2017 - Lou Richards, Australian footballer (b. 1923)
2017 - Cécile DeWitt-Morette, French mathematician and physicist (b. 1922)
2017 - Curt Lowens, German-born American actor (b. 1925)
2017 - Lawson Soulsby, Baron Soulsby of Swaffham Prior, British microbiologist and life peer (b. 1926)
2017 - Juan Carlos Tedesco, Argentine politician (b. 1944)
2017 - Mary Tsoni, Greek actress (b. 1987)
2018 - Anne V. Coates, British film editor (b. 1925)
2018 - George Deukmejian, American politician, former Governor of California (b. 1928)
2018 - Lara Saint Paul, Italian-Eritrean singer (b. 1945)
2018 - Big Bully Busick, American professional wrestler (b. 1954)
2019 - Jens Beutel, German politician (b. 1946)
2019 - Sprent Dabwido, President of Nauru (b. 1972)
2019 - Yevgeny Krylatov, Russian composer (b. 1934)
2019 - David Montgomery, American baseball player (b. 1946)
2019 - Bob Zeman, American football player and coach (b. 1937)
Observances
Victory in Europe Day, marking the end of World War II in Europe in 1945.
International Red Cross and Red Crescent Day, birthday of Henry Dunant, co-founder of the International Red Cross.
Parents' Day (South Korea).
Truman Day (Missouri).
Miguel Hidalgo's birthday (Mexico).
May 08 |
9519 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/July%2025 | July 25 |
Events
Up to 1900
285 Diocletian appoints Maximian as his Roman co-ruler.
306 Constantine I is elected Emperor by his troops.
315 The Arch of Constantine is completed near the Colosseum in Rome.
864 The Edict of Pistres of Charles the Bald orders defensive measures against the Vikings
1261 The city of Constantinople is recaptured by Nicaean forces under the command of Alexios Strategopoulos, re-establishing the Byzantine Empire.
1278 The Battle of Algeciras results in a victory for the Emirate of Granada.
1467 Battle of Molinella: First battle in Italy in which guns are used extensively.
1536 Sebastian de Belalcazar founds the city of Santiago de Cali in Colombia in his search for El Dorado.
1538 The city of Guayaquil in present-day Ecuador is founded.
1547 King Henry II of France is crowned.
1554 Mary I of England marries Philip II of Spain.
1567 Caracas is founded.
1593 Henry IV of France publicly converts from Protestantism to Roman Catholicism.
1603 James VI of Scotland is crowned joint king of Scotland and England.
1797 Horatio Nelson loses over 300 men and his right arm during the failed conquest attempt of Tenerife.
1814 War of 1812: Battle of Lundy's Lane.
1824 Costa Rica annexes Guanacaste from Nicaragua.
1868 Wyoming becomes a United States Territory.
1869 The daimyo begin returning their land holdings to the Emperor of Japan as part of the Meiji Restoration.
1893 The Corinth Canal in Greece is used for the first time.
1898 Spanish-American War: The US invades Puerto Rico.
1901 2000
1909 Louis Blériot flies across the English Channel.
1917 Robert Borden introduces the first income tax in Canada.
1920 France captures Damascus.
1925 The Telegraph Agency of the Soviet Union (TASS) is established.
1934 The Nazis assassinate Austrian Chancellor Engelbert Dollfuss in a failed coup attempt.
1935 A flooding disaster in China kills around 200,000 people.
1940 World War II: General Henri Guisan orders the Swiss army to resist German invasion and makes surrender illegal.
1942 World War II: The Norwegian Manifesto calls for non-violent resistance against the Nazis.
1943 Benito Mussolini is removed from office by his own Italian Grand Council. He is replaced by Pietro Badoglio.
1944 World War II: Operation Spring - Canada's military suffers its deadliest day of the war, as 500 soldiers are killed, with around 1,000 injured.
1951 The legacy of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk is protected under Turkish law.
1952 Puerto Rico introduces a constitution.
1956 Near Nantucket Island, Italian Ocean liner Andrea Doria collides with the MS Stockholm in heavy fog and sinks the next day, killing 51 people.
1957 Tunisia becomes a Republic, with Habib Bourguiba as President.
1961 John F. Kennedy says that any attack on Berlin is an attack on NATO.
1965 Bob Dylan goes electric as he plugs in at the Newport Folk Festival.
1969 An earthquake in China kills around 3,000 people.
1973 Soviet Mars 5 space probe is launched.
1976 The Viking 1 space probe takes the famous "Face on Mars" photograph.
1978 Louise Brown, the first test tube baby, is born in Oldham, England.
1984 Svetlana Savitskaya becomes the first woman to go on a space walk.
1992 The 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona begin.
1993 Saint James Church massacre in Kenilworth, Cape Town.
1994 Israel and Jordan end their state of war, which had existed since 1948.
1995 A gas bottle explodes at Saint Michel station of Line B on Paris' regional rail network, killing 8 people.
1996 In a military coup in Burundi, Pierre Buyoya deposes Sylvestre Ntibantunganya.
1997 K. R. Narayanan becomes President of India.
1999 Lance Armstrong wins the first the seven consecutive Tour de France titles that have been struck from the record in 2012 following doping revelations.
2000 Air France Flight 4590, a concorde supersonic jet, crashes shortly after take-off near Paris, killing all 109 people on board, and 4 on the ground.
From 2001
2002 A. P. J. Abdul Kalam becomes President of India.
2007 Pratibha Patil becomes the first female President of India.
2010 WikiLeaks releases 90,000 internal reports on the US involvement in the War in Afghanistan.
2012 Pranab Mukherjee becomes President of India.
2013 Tunisian opposition leader Mohamed Brahmi is shot dead, leading to many protests in the country.
2017 Ram Nath Kovind becomes President of India.
2018 A bomb attack occurs in the city of Quetta, Pakistan, killing 31 people, on the country's election day. Former cricketer Imran Khan's party declares victory in the vote.
2018 The discovery of a lake of liquid water under Mars' southern polar ice cap is announced.
2019 Beji Cad Essebsi, President of Tunisia, dies aged 92 while still in office; Mohamed Ennaceur becomes Interim President until elections can be held.
2019 Several Western European countries and cities record their hottest-ever temperatures.
2019 Over 150 people die when their boat sinks off Libya.
Births
Up to 1900
975 Thietmar of Merseburg, bishop, historian and writer (d. 1018)
1016 Casimir I the Restorer, Duke of Poland (d. 1058)
1109 King Afonso I of Portugal (d. 1185)
1261 Arthur II, Duke of Brittany (d. 1312)
1336 Albert, Count of Holland (d. 1404)
1404 Philip I, Duke of Brabant (d. 1430)
1421 Henry Percy, 3rd Earl of Northumberland, English politician (d. 1461)
1562 Kato Kiyomasa, Japanese daimyo and samurai (d. 1611)
1654 Agostino Steffani, Italian diplomat and composer (d. 1728)
1657 Philipp Heinrich Erlebach, German composer (d. 1714)
1658 Archibald Campbell, 1st Duke of Argyll (d. 1703)
1683 Pieter Langendijk, Dutch dramatist and poet (d. 1756)
1704 August Gottlieb Spangenberg, theologian (d. 1792)
1711 Lorenz Christoph Mizler, German physician, mathematician and writer (d. 1778)
1746 Infanta Benedita of Portugal (d. 1829)
1750 Henry Knox, American general (d. 1806)
1753 Santiago de Liniers, 1st Count of Buenos Aires, 10th Spanish Viceroy of River Plate (d. 1810)
1775 Anna Harrison, shortest-serving First Lady of the United States (d. 1864)
1797 Princess Augusta of Hesse-Kassel (d. 1889)
1799 David Douglas, botanist, plant collector, explorer (d. 1834)
1839 Francis Garnier, French captain and explorer (d. 1873)
1844 Thomas Eakins, artist (d. 1916)
1848 Arthur Balfour, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 1930)
1848 Ottokar Kernstock, poet (d. 1928)
1860 Princess Louise Margaret, Duchess of Connaught (d. 1917)
1867 Max Dauthendey, German writer (d. 1918)
1870 Maxfield Parrish, illustrator (d. 1966)
1876 Elisabeth of Bavaria, Queen of Belgium (d. 1965)
1878 Masaharu Anesaki, Japanese philosopher and specialist in religious studies (d. 1949)
1882 George S. Rentz, American captain (d. 1942)
1883 Alfredo Casella, Italian composer (d. 1947)
1884 Martin L. Davey, 53rd Governor of Ohio (d. 1946)
1884 Davidson Black, anthropologist (d. 1934)
1886 Bror von Blixen-Finecke, Swedish big-game hunter (d. 1946)
1886 Hans von Blixen-Finecke, Swedish horse rider (d. 1917)
1894 Walter Brennan, Academy Award-winning actor (d. 1974)
1894 Gavrilo Princip, assassin of Franz Ferdinand, Archduke of Austria (d. 1918)
1895 Yvonne Printemps, French actress and singer (d. 1977)
1896 Jack Perrin, American actor and stuntman (d. 1967)
1901 1950
1902 Eric Hoffer, philosopher (d. 1983)
1905 Elias Canetti, Bulgarian writer, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Literature (d. 1994)
1905 Masazo Nonaka, Japanese supercentenarian (d. 2019)
1906 Johnny Hodges, saxophonist (d. 1970)
1907 Karl Höller, composer (d. 1987)
1908 Bill Bowes, English cricketer (d. 1987)
1915 Joseph P. Kennedy, Jr., older brother of John F. Kennedy (d. 1944)
1917 Fritz Honegger, Swiss politician (d. 1999)
1918 Nan Grey, American actress (d. 1993)
1920 Rosalind Franklin, British scientist (d. 1958)
1921 Paul Watzlawick, American psychologist (d. 2007)
1921 Adolph Herseth, American trumpeter (d. 2013)
1923 Maria Gripe, Swedish writer (d. 2007)
1923 Estelle Getty, American actress (d. 2008)
1924 Frank Church, American politician (d. 1984)
1925 Richard Kadison, American mathematician (d. 2018)
1926 Beatriz Segall, Brazilian actress (d. 2018)
1927 Jimmy Binning, Scottish footballer
1927 Daniel Ceccaldi, French actor, director and screenwriter (d. 2003)
1927 Sadiq Hussein Qureshi, Pakistani politician, 10th Governor of Punjab (d. 2000)
1929 Somnath Chatterjee, Indian politician (d. 2018)
1929 Eddie Mazur, Canadian ice hockey player (d. 1995)
1929 Manuel Olivencia, Spanish lawyer and economist (d. 2018)
1930 Maureen Forrester, Canadian contralto (d. 2010)
1930 Herbert Scarf, American economist and academic (d. 2015)
1932 Paul J. Weitz, American astronaut (d. 2016)
1933 Jukka Virtanen, Finnish television presenter, film director, screenwriter and songwriter (d. 2019)
1934 Don Ellis, American trumpeter and composer (d. 1978)
1934 Claude Zidi, French director and screenwriter
1935 Barbara Harris, American actress (d. 2018)
1935 Adnan Khashoggi, Saudi businessman (d. 2017)
1935 Gilbert Parent, Canadian politician
1935 Lars Werner, Swedish politician (d. 2013)
1937 Colin Renfrew, archeology professor
1941 Marco Lucioni, Italian painter
1941 Raul Ruiz, Chilean movie director (d. 2011)
1941 Emmett Till, American teenager, murder victim (d. 1955)
1941 Nate Thurmond, American basketball player (d. 2016)
1941 Manny Charlton, Spanish-Scottish guitarist
1943 Erika Steinbach, German politician
1943 Jim McCarty, English singer and musician
1946 Nicole Farhi, French fashion designer and sculptor
1946 Rita Marley, Jamaican-Cuban singer
1947 Adolfo Rodríguez Saá, Argentine politician and former President
1948 Peggy Fleming, American figure skater
1951 1975
1951 Verdine White, American bass player and producer (Earth, Wind & Fire)
1953 Robert Zoellick, former World Bank President
1954 Paul Hegarty, Scottish footballer and manager
1954 Jürgen Trittin, German politician
1954 Walter Payton, American football player (d. 1999)
1954 Sheena McDonald, Scottish broadcaster
1955 Iman Abdulmajid, Somali-born model
1957 Mark Hunter, English politician
1958 Thurston Moore, American musician (Sonic Youth)
1958 Alexei Filippenko, American astrophysicist
1959 Fyodor Cherenkov, Russian footballer (d. 2014)
1959 Anatoly Onoprienko, Ukrainian serial killer (d. 2013)
1960 Alain Robidoux, Canadian snooker player
1963 Denis Coderre, Canadian politician, 44th Mayor of Montreal
1963 Julian Hodgson, Welsh-English chess player
1964 Anne Applebaum, American writer and journalist
1964 Sharif Sheikh Ahmed, former President of Somalia
1965 Marty Brown, American singer-songwriter and guitarist
1965 Ileana Douglas, American actress, director, screenwriter and producer
1967 Magdalena Forsberg, Swedish biathlete
1967 Matt LeBlanc, American actor
1967 Chuck Paugh, American record company owner
1969 Annastacia Palaszczuk, Australian politician, 39th Premier of Queensland
1970 Ernesto Alterio, Argentine-Spanish actor
1970 Eric Jacobson, American puppeteer
1973 Hu Jia, Chinese activist
1973 Dani Davey, American singer
1973 Kevin Phillips, English footballer
1975 Jean-Claude Darcheville, French footballer
1975 Jody Craddock, English footballer
From 1976
1976 Tera Patrick, American pornographic actress
1977 Kenny Thomas, American basketball player
1978 Louise Brown, first baby conceived through IVF
1978 Gerard Warren, American football player
1979 Amy Adams, American singer, American Idol 3 contestant
1979 Ali Carter, English snooker player
1979 Ariane Hingst, German footballer
1979 Stefanie Hertel, German yodeler
1980 Cha Du-Ri, South Korean footballer
1981 Yuichi Komano, Japanese footballer
1982 Brad Renfro, American actor (d. 2008)
1983 Nenad Krstic, Serbian basketball player
1985 Nelson Piquet, Jr., Brazilian racing driver
1985 James Lafferty, American actor
1985 Hugo Rodallega, Colombian footballer
1986 Hulk, Brazilian footballer
1986 Barbara Meier, German model
1986 Robert Dietrich, German ice hockey player (d. 2011)
1987 Michael Welch, American actor
1988 Anthony Stokes, Irish footballer
1988 Paulinho, Brazilian footballer
1988 Heather Marks, Canadian model
1990 Wakaso Mubarak, Ghanaian footballer
1991 Toni Duggan, English footballer
2000 Preston Bailey, American actor
2000 Ellie Soutter, English snowboarder (d. 2018)
Deaths
Up to 1900
306 Constantius Chlorus, Roman Emperor (b. 250)
1034 Constance of Arles, Queen of France (b. 986)
1195 Herrad of Landsberg, German abbess and writer
1409 King Martin I of Sicily (b. 1374)
1471 Thomas a Kempis, choir master and mystic (b. 1380)
1492 Pope Innocent VIII (b. 1432)
1564 Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor (b. 1503)
1572 Isaac Luria, Ottoman rabbi and mystic (b. 1534)
1608 Pomporio Nenna, Italian composer (b. 1556)
1790 Johann Bernhard Basedow, German theologian, writer and philanthropist (b. 1724)
1790 William Livingston, American politician, 1st Governor of New Jersey (b. 1723)
1794 André Chénier, Greek-French poet (b. 1762)
1794 Jean-Antoine Roucher, French poet (b. 1745)
1794 Friedrich von der Trenck, Prussian aristocrat and adventurer (b. 1726)
1826 Kondraty Ryleyev, Russian poet and revolutionary (b. 1795)
1831 Maria Agati Szymanowska, Polish composer and pianist (b. 1789)
1834 Samuel Taylor Coleridge, English poet (b. 1772)
1843 Charles Macintosh, Scottish chemist and inventor (b. 1766)
1846 Louis Bonaparte, King of the Netherlands (b. 1778)
1861 Jonas Furrer, Swiss politician (b. 1805)
1863 El Pipila, Mexican national hero (b. 1782)
1866 Floride Calhoun, 4th Second Lady of the United States (b. 1792)
1887 Henry Mayhew, English writer and journalist (b. 1812)
1899 Niklaus Riggenbach, Swiss engineer (b. 1817)
1901 2000
1934 Engelbert Dollfuss, Chancellor of Austria (b. 1892)
1938 Franz I, Prince of Liechtenstein (b. 1853)
1942 Fred Englehart, American triple jumper (b. 1879)
1945 Malin Craig, American general (b. 1875)
1945 Kurt Gerstein, German military officer (b. 1905)
1962 Nelle Wilson Reagan, mother of Ronald Reagan (b. 1883)
1963 Ugo Cerletti, Italian neurologist (b. 1877)
1969 Otto Dix, German artist (b. 1891)
1973 Louis Stephen St. Laurent, Prime Minister of Canada (b. 1882)
1976 John C. Slater, American physicist and chemist (b. 1900)
1980 Vladimir Vysotsky, Russian singer-songwriter (b. 1938)
1983 Alberto Ginastera, Argentine composer (b. 1916)
1984 Big Mama Thornton, American singer (b. 1926)
1986 Vincente Minnelli, American movie director (b. 1903)
1988 Judith Barsi, American child actress (b. 1978)
1991 Lazar Kaganovich, Soviet politician (b. 1893)
1992 Alfred Drake, American actor and singer (b. 1914)
1993 Nan Grey, American actress (b. 1918)
1995 Charlie Rich, American singer and musician (b. 1932)
1996 Howard Vernon, Swiss actor (b. 1914)
1997 Ben Hogan, American golfer (b. 1912)
2000 Rudi Fassnacht, German football manager (b. 1934)
From 2001
2002 Abdur Rahman Badawi, Egyptian existentialist philosopher (b. 1917)
2002 Johannes Joachim Degenhardt, German cardinal (b. 1926)
2003 Erik Brann, American singer and guitarist (Iron Butterfly) (b. 1950)
2003 John Schlesinger, English-American actor, director, producer and screenwriter (b. 1926)
2005 Albert Mangelsdorff, German trombonist (b. 1928)
2007 Bernd Jakubowski, German footballer (b. 1952)
2008 Randy Pausch, American professor of Computer Science (b. 1960)
2009 Harry Patch, British supercentenarian and World War I veteran (b. 1898)
2011 Michael Cacoyannis, Cypriot movie director and producer (b. 1922)
2011 Jeret Peterson, American skier (b. 1981)
2013 Mohamed Brahmi, Tunisian political activist (b. 1955)
2013 Bernadette Lafont, French actress (b. 1938)
2013 Walter De Maria, American sculptor (b. 1935)
2014 Bel Kaufman, German-born American teacher and author (b. 1911)
2014 Carlo Bergonzi, Italian tenor (b. 1924)
2015 R. S. Gavai, Indian politician, Governor of Bihar and Kerala (b. 1929)
2016 Tim LaHaye, American Christian minister and author (b. 1926)
2016 Halil Inalcik, Turkish historian (b. 1916)
2016 Jerzy Bahr, Polish diplomat (b. 1944)
2016 Artur Correia, Portuguese footballer (b. 1950)
2016 Bülent Eken, Turkish footballer (b. 1923)
2016 Arundhati Ghose, Indian diplomat (b. 1939)
2016 Tom Peterson, American television personality (b. 1930)
2017 Gretel Bergmann, German-American high jumper (b. 1914)
2017 Michael Johnson, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (b. 1944)
2017 Barbara Sinatra, American fashion model (b. 1927)
2017 Billy Joe Walker Jr., American musician, record producer and songwriter (b. 1952)
2017 Geoffrey Gurrumul Yunupingu, Australian musician (b. 1971)
2017 Hywel Bennett, Welsh actor (b. 1944)
2018 Vakhtang Balavadze, Georgian freestyle wrestler (b. 1927)
2018 Sergio Marchionne, Italian executive (b. 1952)
2018 Guy Molinari, American politician (b. 1928)
2018 György Szepesi, Hungarian radio presenter, journalist and sports executive (b. 1922)
2018 Ellie Soutter, English snowboarder (b. 2000)
2019 Beji Caid Essebsi, President of Tunisia (b. 1926)
2019 Jesper Juul, Danish writer and therapist (b. 1948)
2019 Jorma Kinnunen, Finnish javelin thrower (b. 1941)
2019 Pierre Péan, French journalist and writer (b. 1938)
Observances
Feast of Saint James (Christianity)
National Day of Galicia, Spain
Republic Day (Tunisia)
Commonwealth Constitution Day (Puerto Rico)
Days of the year |
9523 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welfare%20state | Welfare state | A welfare state is where the government has a duty to provide some level of basic support for welfare of its citizens, including Social Security. In politics, conservatives are against welfare states.
Examples
The government provides scholarship to people who do not have as much as most other people in terms of education. The state may also give homes to people who do not have them particularly who find it difficult to make ends meet due to lack of education. The state has a system in place to monitor the progress of above such aids. To make this happen there have to be economical reformation, and the state and organisations who believe that the future is now come together to achieve this. The state also will aid in tax audits initially to put such a measure in place. The taxes vary and the pyramid information will be available for such a complex socio-political structure.A Welfare State could also be paid for if the government borrows money from people, mainly by selling bonds. It is run by the government which helps the poor and the needy out.
Scholarship scheme at varying levels would be introduced to the school and university pupils so a healthy yet connected growth of youth happens. Thus a seamless transition happens in a way the future generations stand as self sustaining individuals and contribute back to the state welfare through sense of giving back and also giving forward to their next generation. Double profit in an investment made for the betterment.
Welfare states
The most known welfare states are Nordic countries. The United Kingdom, Canada, and France are some other examples of welfare states.
Related pages
Constitutional economics
Economic, social and cultural rights
Social democracy
Politics |
9524 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athlete%20%28band%29 | Athlete (band) | Athlete are an English band from South London. Their second album is widely regarded as their breakthrough and they have released two singles so far from the album.
Discography
Albums
Vehicles and Animals – (April 7, 2003) #19 UK
Tourist – (January 31, 2005) #1 UK
Beyond the Neighbourhood – (September 3, 2007) #5 UK
Singles
Compilations
Athlete tracks have appeared on the following compilation CDs:
Musical groups from London |
9525 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic%20chemistry | Organic chemistry | Organic chemistry is the study of chemical compounds that contain carbon. Carbon has the ability to form a chemical bond with a wide variety of chemical elements and other carbon atoms. This allows a nearly unlimited number of combinations, called organic compounds. The subject of carbon compounds is called organic chemistry because all known organisms, or living things, are made up of water and carbon compounds. Organic chemistry largely involves the synthesis, or formation, of organic products by chemical reaction using different reactants and reagents, the substances used up during a reaction. Several different areas of chemistry expand on the concepts and principles of organic chemistry, including biochemistry, microbiology, and medicine.
History
The term organic originates from Jons Jacob Berzelius, a 19th century Swedish scientist, who used the term to refer to substances present in living things. During Berzelius’ time, the vital force theory was popular. This theory stated that a life force was needed to produce the organic compounds found only in living things. The vital force theory began losing support after an 1828 experiment conducted by Friedrich Wöhler. His work showed that urea, an organic compound, could be created from ammonium cyanate, an inorganic compound.
Hydrocarbons
The study of hydrocarbons is a very large part of organic chemistry. Hydrocarbons are molecules containing only the elements carbon and hydrogen in the form of chains. Hydrocarbons can be classified into two categories based on the presence of a benzene ring, a circular type of hydrocarbon. Aliphatic hydrocarbons do not contain a benzene ring and aromatic hydrocarbons do.
Reactions
Organic chemistry reactions happen because electrons are not shared evenly in a chemical bond. Some atoms or molecules, like oxygen, nitrogen, and negatively charged anions, are nucleophilic because they have extra electrons and want to be around positive charges. Others, such as H+ and other positively charged cations, are electrophilic and want to be around negative charges. When an organic molecule has a positive charge, it is called a carbocation. It is also an electrophile. When nucleophiles and electrophiles mix, a reaction can occur.
Common reaction mechanisms
A reaction mechanism is a series of smaller reactions that form an overall reaction. Two basic mechanism types are substitution and elimination reactions. They are very important in the study of organic chemistry mechanisms because many more complicated mechanisms use them.
Substitution Reactions (SN1 & SN2)
Nucleophilic substitution occurs when an atom or group of atoms detaches from an organic molecule and is replaced by another. If the leaving and adding happens at the same time, it is called a SN2 reaction. If the leaving group breaks away from the organic molecule and forms a carbocation before substitution occurs, it is called an SN1 reaction.
Elimination Reactions (E1 & E2)
Elimination occurs when two groups are broken off of an organic molecule by a strong acid and the resulting charges form a double bond. Usually one of the groups is a nucleophile and the other is a hydrogen atom. If both groups are pulled off at the same time, it is called an E2 reaction. If one group is pulled off first and forms a carbocation before the second group is removed, it is called an E1 reaction.
Stereochemistry
Stereochemistry is the study of molecules in space. It looks into the arrangement of atoms inside of molecules in space relative to one another and how they will interact. Molecules that have the same chemical make up but are arranged differently are called isomers. Famous chemist Louis Pasteur was an early researcher of stereochemistry.
A central part of the study of sterochemistry is chirality. Put simply, chirality looks at the symmetry in chemical molecules. If an object cannot be superimposed onto its mirror image, then it is a chiral object. If it can, it is called achiral.
Spectroscopy
Spectroscopy is the study of the interactions between light energy and matter. We are able to see colors because of energy absorption by organic and inorganic compounds. When a plant undergoes photosynthesis, it traps energy from the sun, and this is an example of an interaction between energy and organic compounds.
Spectroscopy is used to identify organic molecules in unknown compounds. There are many types of spectroscopy, but most important to organic chemistry are infrared spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.
References
Other websites
Portal site on Organic Chemistry
Organic Chemistry Help!
Organic Chemistry: An Introduction
MIT.edu, OpenCourseWare: Organic Chemistry I
HaverFord.edu, Organic Chemistry Lectures, Videos and Text
Journal of Organic Chemistry (subscription required) (Table of Contents)
Organic Letters (Pubs.ACS.org, Table of Contents)
Thime-Connect.com , Synlett
Thieme-Connect.com , Synthesis
Organic-Chemistry.org, Organic Chemistry Portal - Recent Abstracts and (Name)Reactions
Orgsyn.org, Organic Chemistry synthesis journal
Ochem4free.info, Home of a full, online, peer-reviewed organic chemistry text
CEM.MSU.edu , Virtual Textbook of Organic Chemistry
Organic Chemistry Resources WorldWide - A collection of Links
Organic.RogerFrost.com, Roger Frost's Organic Chemistry - mechanisms and animation for teaching and learning, typically for ages 15–19
ChemHelper.com, Organic chemistry help
Organic-Chemistry-Tutor.com, Organic Chemistry Tutor
ACDlabs.com, Chemical Freeware
Chemaxon.com , Chemical Freeware from ChemAxon.
AceOrganicChem.com ,
OrgChemInfo.8k.com , A collection of Organic chemistry Resources
Benzylene.com , Organic Chemistry Reactions, Mechanisms, and Problems
Beilstein-Journals.org, Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry (Open Access)
Study-Organic-Chemistry.com, Resources for Success in Organic Chemistry
Branches of chemistry |
9526 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton | Proton | A proton is part of an atom. They are found in the nucleus of an atom along with neutrons. The periodic table groups atoms according to how many protons they have. A single atom of hydrogen (the lightest kind of atom) is made up of an electron moving around a proton. Most of the mass of this atom is in the proton, which is almost 20000 times heavier than the electron. Protons and neutrons make up the nucleus of every other kind of atom. In any one element, the number of protons is always the same. An atom's atomic number is equal to the number of protons in that atom.
Protons are made of quarks. A proton is believed to be made up of 3 quarks, two up quarks and one down quark. One down quark has a charge of -1/3, and two up quarks have a charge of +2/3 each. This adds to a charge of +1. A proton has a very small mass. The mass of the proton is about one atomic mass unit. The mass of the neutron is also about one atomic mass unit. The size of a proton is determined by the vibration of the quarks that are in it, and these quarks effectively form a cloud. This means that a proton is not so much a hard ball as an area that contains quarks.
Related pages
Proton decay
Neutron
Electron
Quarks
References
Subatomic particles |
9529 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/July%2026 | July 26 |
Events
Up to 1900
615 K'inich Janaab' Pakal I, aged 12, is crowned ruler of the Mayan city of Palenque.
1309 Henry VII, Holy Roman Emperor is recognised as King of the Romans by Pope Clement V.
1469 Wars of the Roses: Forces of Edward IV of England defeat those of Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick in the Battle of Edgecote Moor.
1533 Atahualpa dies at the hands of Francisco Pizarro's Conquistadors, marking the end of the Inca Empire.
1581 The northern Low Countries declare independence from King Philip II of Spain.
1745 The first recorded women's cricket match takes place in Guildford, Surrey, England.
1758 French and Indian War: The Siege of Louisbourg ends with British forces defeating the French and taking control of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence.
1775 Benjamin Franklin is named Postmaster-General by the United States Congress.
1788 New York ratifies the United States Constitution, becoming the 11th State.
1803 The Surrey Iron Railway opens in South London.
1805 An earthquake in central Italy kills an estimated 26,000 people.
1822 José de San Martín arrives in Guayaquil, present-day Ecuador, to meet with Simon Bolivar.
1822 First day of the three-day Battle of Dervenakia between the Ottoman Empire, led by Mahmud Dramali Pasha, and a Greek Revolutionary force led by Theodoros Kolokotronis.
1847 Liberia becomes independent, with Joseph Jenkins Roberts being its first President.
1861 American Civil War: George B. McClellan assumes control of the Army of the Potomac, following a disastrous Union defeat at the First Bull Run.
1882 Boer settlers found the Republic of Stellaland in present-day South Africa.
1882 Richard Wagner's opera Parsifal is first performed in Bayreuth, Bavaria.
1887 Unua Libro, the 'First book of Esperanto', is published.
1891 France takes control of Tahiti.
1901 1950
1908 The FBI is founded.
1910 The Rail Tunnel under the Detroit River linking Windsor, Ontario and Detroit, Michigan is opened.
1914 Serbia and Bulgaria interrupt their diplomatic relationship.
1936 The Axis Powers decide to intervene in the Spanish Civil War.
1936 Edward VIII of the United Kingdom unveils the Canadian Vimy Memorial.
1937 Spanish Civil War: End of the Battle of Brunete.
1944 World War II: The Soviet army enters German-occupied Lviv, in present-day Ukraine.
1944 The first German V-2 rocket hits the United Kingdom.
1945 The British Conservative Party under Winston Churchill loses the General Election to the Labour Party, led by Clement Attlee.
1945 The Potsdam Declaration is signed.
1946 Aloha Airlines begins service.
1947 The National Security Act of 1947 is signed by US President Harry S. Truman.
1948 Harry S. Truman signs Executive Order 9981, desegregating the United States Military.
1951 2000
1951 Walt Disney movie Alice in Wonderland has its first showing in London.
1952 Argentina's First Lady Eva Perón dies aged 33.
1953 Begin of the Cuban Revolution: Fidel Castro later helps to found the 26th July Movement.
1956 The Suez Crisis begins, after Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser nationalises the Suez Canal.
1957 President Carlos Castillo Armas of Guatemala is assassinated.
1958 The Explorer 4 space probe is launched.
1963 A earthquake strikes Skopje in the present-day Republic of Macedonia, killing around 1,100 people.
1965 The Maldives gain full independence from the United Kingdom.
1971 Apollo 15 launches from the Kennedy Space Center, with David Scott, James Irwin and Alfred Worden on board, to the Moon.
1974 Konstantinos Karamanlis forms the Greek Government.
1977 The National Assembly of Quebec imposes the use of French as an official language of the Provincial Government.
1990 The Americans With Disabilities Act of 1990 is signed into law by US President George H. W. Bush.
1994 Boris Yeltsin orders the removal of Russian troops from Estonia.
1994 A bomb explodes outside the Israeli Embassy in London.
1998 Cambodia holds its first election since regaining full independence.
From 2001
2005 Space Shuttle Discovery launches from Cape Canaveral, Florida. It is the first Space Shuttle mission since the Space Shuttle Columbia disaster of February 1, 2003.
2005 Nearly a meter of rain falls in one day in Mumbai, causing flooding.
2006 A conference begins in Rome, Italy to discuss a solution to the Israel-Lebanon War, though without the participation of Israel, Hezbollah, Hamas and Syria.
2008 56 people are killed in a bombing in Ahmedabad, India.
2013 2013 Cleveland, Ohio, missing trio: Ariel Castro pleads guilty to all charges in order to avoid the death penalty. He commits suicide in prison on September 3.
2016 Mass murder with knife is carried out in an institution of Sagamihara in Japan for persons with disabilities out of disability hate crime; 19 people are killed.
2016 Solar Impulse 2 becomes the first solar-powered aircraft to complete a flight around the world.
2016 Roman Catholic priest Jacques Hamel is murdered at his church in Normandy, France, by an attacker linked to the self-proclaimed Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant.
2016 Hillary Clinton is officially nominated by the Democratic Party for President of the United States, becoming the first woman to be nominated for this position by a major US political party.
2017 US President Donald Trump announces via Twitter that he intends to ban Transgender people from serving in the United States Military.
2019 The 2019 Pan American Games in Lima, Peru, begin.
Births
Up to 1900
1030 Stanislaus of Szczepanow, Polish bishop and martyr (d. 1074)
1575 Anne Catherine of Brandenburg, Queen of Denmark and Norway (d. 1612)
1678 Joseph I, Holy Roman Emperor (d. 1711)
1721 Samuel von Brukenthal, Governor of Transylvania (d. 1803)
1739 George Clinton, 4th Vice President of the United States and 1st State Governor of New York (d. 1812)
1756 Maria Fitzherbert, first wife of King George IV of the United Kingdom (d. 1837)
1782 John Field, Irish composer (d. 1837)
1787 Theodor Friedrich Ludwig Nees von Esenbeck, German botanist and pharmacologist (d. 1837)
1791 Franz Xaver Wolfgang Mozart, Austrian composer (d. 1844)
1796 George Catlin, American painter (d. 1872)
1801 Maria Röhl, Swedish artist (d. 1875)
1802 Mariano Arista, President of Mexico (d. 1855)
1829 Auguste Beernaert, Belgian statesman and 14th Prime Minister of Belgium (d. 1912)
1842 Alfred Marshall, British economist (d. 1924)
1844 Stefan Drzewiecki, Polish scientist and inventor (d. 1938)
1846 Texas Jack Omohundro, American scout, cowboy and actor (d. 1880)
1855 Ferdinand Tönnies, German sociologist and philosopher (d. 1936)
1856 George Bernard Shaw, Irish writer (d. 1950)
1858 Tom Garrett, Australian cricketer (d. 1943)
1862 George P. Cortelyou, American politician (d. 1940)
1865 Philipp Scheidemann, Chancellor of Germany (d. 1939)
1866 Princess Milica of Montenegro (d. 1951)
1874 Serge Koussevitzky, Russian conductor (d. 1961)
1875 Carl Jung, Swiss psychiatrist (d. 1961)
1875 Antonio Machado, Spanish poet (d. 1939)
1878 Ernst Hoppenberg, German swimmer and water polo player (d. 1937)
1880 Volodymyr Vynnychenko, Ukrainian statesman (d. 1951)
1882 Dixie Bibb Graves, American politician and United States Senator for Alabama (d. 1965)
1893 E. R. Dodds, Irish classical scholar (d. 1979)
1893 George Grosz, German painter (d. 1959)
1894 Aldous Huxley, British writer (d. 1963)
1895 Jane Bunford, UK's tallest woman (d. 1922)
1895 Gracie Allen, American actress and comedienne (d. 1964)
1896 Tom Birkin, English racing driver (d. 1933)
1897 Paul Gallico, American novelist (d. 1976)
1901 1950
1901 Umberto Caligaris, Italian footballer (d. 1940)
1903 Estes Kefauver, American politician (d. 1963)
1904 Edwin Albert Link, American inventor of the flight simulator (d. 1981)
1906 Irena Illakowicz, Polish intelligence agent (d. 1943)
1907 Donal McLaughlin, American architect and graphic artist (d. 2009)
1908 Lucien Wercollier, Luxembourg sculptor (d. 2000)
1909 Peter Thorneycroft, Baron Thorneycroft, British politician (d. 1994)
1909 Vivian Vance, American actress (d. 1979)
1910 Yann Fouéré, Breton political activist (d. 2011)
1914 Erskine Hawkins, American trumpeter and bandleader (d. 1993)
1914 C. Farris Bryant, 34th Governor of Florida (d. 2002)
1916 Dean Brooks, American physician and actor (d. 2013)
1917 Alberta Adams, American singer (d. 2014)
1917 Bertil Nordahl, Swedish footballer (d. 1998)
1918 Marjorie Lord, American actress (d. 2015)
1919 James Lovelock, British scientist
1919 Angelo Felici, Italian cardinal (d. 2007)
1920 Mario Fasino, Italian politician, President of Sicily (d. 2017)
1921 Amedeo Amadei, Italian footballer (d. 2013)
1922 Gilberto Agustoni, Swiss cardinal (d. 2017)
1922 Blake Edwards, American movie director (d. 2010)
1922 Jason Robards, American actor (d. 2000)
1923 Jan Berenstain, American writer (d. 2012)
1923 Biff Elliot, American actor (d. 2012)
1925 Jerzy Einhorn, Polish-born Swedish doctor and politician (d. 2000)
1925 Joseph Engelberger, American physicist, engineer and entrepreneur (d. 2015)
1925 Gene Gutowski, Polish-American movie producer (d. 2016)
1925 Ana María Matute, Spanish writer (d. 2014)
1926 James Best, American actor (d. 2015)
1928 Joe Jackson, patriarch of the Jackson musical family (d. 2018)
1928 Stanley Kubrick, American movie director (d. 1999)
1928 Francesco Cossiga, 8th President of Italy (d. 2010)
1928 Peter Lougheed, Canadian politician (d. 2012)
1928 Bernice Rubens, Welsh writer (d. 2004)
1928 Ibn-e-Safi, Pakistani poet (d. 1980)
1929 Alexis Weissenberg, Bulgarian pianist (d. 2012)
1930 Barbara Jefford, English actress
1932 James Stafford, American cardinal
1932 Robert Timlin, American judge (d. 2017)
1933 Edmund Phelps, American economist
1933 Lance Percival, English actor, comedian and singer (d. 2015)
1936 Mary Millar, English actress (d. 1998)
1936 Lawrie McMenemy, English footballer and coach
1939 John Howard, 25th Prime Minister of Australia
1940 Brigitte Hamann, German-Austrian author and historian (d. 2016)
1940 Mary Jo Kopechne, American aide to Robert F. Kennedy (d. 1969)
1940 Jürgen Kurbjuhn, German footballer (d. 2014)
1942 Hannelore Elsner, German actress (d. 2019)
1942 Vladimir Meciar, former Prime Minister of Slovakia
1943 Peter Hyams, American director
1943 Mick Jagger, British musician
1945 Helen Mirren, British actress
1945 Panagiotis Pikrammenos, Greek jurist
1946 Erwin Huber, German politician
1947 Alejandra Da Passano, Argentine actress (d. 2014)
1947 Emilio de Villota, Spanish racing driver
1949 Sharron Angle, American politician
1949 Thaksin Shinawatra, Thai politician
1949 Roger Taylor, British musician (Queen)
1950 Nelinho, Brazilian footballer
1950 Susan George, English actress
1951 1975
1951 Sabine Leutheusser-Schnarrenberger, German politician
1952 Heiner Brand, German handball player and coach
1953 Felix Magath, German footballer
1954 Mareike Carrière, German actress (d. 2014)
1954 Vitas Gerulaitis, American tennis player (d. 1994)
1955 Asif Ali Zardari, former President of Pakistan
1955 Aleksandrs Starkovs, Latvian footballer
1956 Dorothy Hamill, American figure skater
1957 Yuen Biao, Chinese actor
1957 Nana Visitor, American actress
1959 Kevin Spacey, American actor
1961 Gary Cherone, American singer-songwriter
1962 Sigga, Icelandic singer
1964 Sandra Bullock, American actress
1965 Jimmy Dore, American comedian
1965 Jeremy Piven, American actor
1966 Angelo Di Livio, Italian footballer
1967 Anthony Durante, American wrestler (d. 2003)
1967 Jason Statham, English actor and producer
1968 Olivia Williams, English actress
1969 Tanni Grey-Thompson, British wheelchair athlete
1971 Khaled Mahmud, Bangladeshi cricketer
1971 Andrea Fortunato, Italian footballer (d. 1995)
1971 Kendall Francois, American murderer (d. 2014)
1973 Kate Beckinsale, British actress
1975 Elizabeth Truss, British politician
From 1976
1976 Pavel Pardo, Mexican footballer
1977 Martin Laursen, Danish footballer
1977 Emma Barton, English actress
1979 Peter Sarno, Canadian ice hockey player
1980 Jacinda Ardern, 40th Prime Minister of New Zealand
1980 Madeleine West, Australian actress
1980 Dave Baksh, Canadian guitarist (Sum 41)
1980 Sonali Shah, English television presenter
1981 Maicon Douglas Sisenando, Brazilian footballer
1983 Kelly Clark, American snowboarder
1983 Stephen Makinwa, Nigerian footballer
1983 Delonte West, American basketball player
1985 Zhou Bichang, Chinese singer-songwriter and actress
1985 Brice Feillu, French road racing cyclist
1985 Gaël Clichy, French footballer
1985 Leonardo Ulloa, Argentine footballer
1987 Fredy Montero, Colombian footballer
1988 Sayaka Akimoto, Japanese actress and singer (AKB48)
1988 Francia Raisa, American actress
1988 Diego Perotti, Argentine footballer
1989 Ivian Sarcos, Venezuelan model
1990 Jesus Herrada, Spanish motorcycle racer
1990 Bianca Santos, American actress
1993 Elizabeth Gillies, American actress and singer
1993 Taylor Momsen, American actress and singer
1993 Caleb Stanko, American soccer player
1993 Stormzy, English rapper
1996 Tatiana Vorobjova, Estonian tennis player
1998 Maya Sakura, Japanese singer and actress
Deaths
Up to 1900
342 Jin Chengdi, Emperor of China (b. 321)
432 Pope Celestine I
796 Offa, King of Mercia
811 Nicephorus I, Byzantine Emperor (killed in battle)
1380 Emperor Komyo of Japan (b. 1322)
1471 Pope Paul II (b. 1417)
1506 Anne of Foix-Candale, Queen of Hungary and Bohemia (b. 1478)
1533 Atahualpa, Inca ruler (b. 1502)
1592 Armand de Gontaut, baron de Biron, French soldier (b. 1524)
1605 Miguel de Benavides, Spanish clergyman and Sinologist (b. 1552)
1611 Horio Yoshiharu, Japanese warlord (b. 1542)
1630 Charles Emmanuel I, Duke of Savoy (b. 1562)
1680 John Wilmot, 2nd Earl of Rochester, English writer (b. 1647)
1684 Elena Cornaro Piscopia, Italian mathematician (b. 1646)
1712 Thomas Osborne, 1st Duke of Leeds, English statesman (b. 1631)
1723 Robert Bertie, 1st Duke of Ancaster and Kesteven, English statesman (b. 1660)
1726 Nicolaus II Bernoulli, Swiss mathematician (b. 1695)
1801 Archduke Maximilian Francis of Austria (b. 1756)
1863 John J. Crittenden, Governor of Kentucky (b. 1786)
1863 Sam Houston, President of the Republic of Texas (b. 1793)
1867 King Otto of Greece (b. 1815)
1901 1950
1915 James Murray, English philologist (b. 1837)
1919 Sir Edward Poynter, British painter (b. 1836)
1922 Ciro Luis Urriola, 8th President of Panama (b. 1863)
1925 Antonio Ascari, Italian racing driver (b. 1888)
1925 Gottlob Frege, German mathematician and logician (b. 1848)
1925 William Jennings Bryan, American politician (b. 1860)
1926 Robert Todd Lincoln, American lawyer and politician (b. 1843)
1935 Winsor McCay, American cartoonist (b. 1871)
1937 Gerda Taro, German photographer (b. 1910)
1941 Henri Lebesgue, French mathematician (b. 1875)
1942 Roberto Arlt, Argentinian writer (b. 1900)
1943 Ruth M. Gardiner, American nurse (b. 1914)
1944 Reza Shah, ruler of Iran (b. 1878)
1951 2000
1952 Eva Perón, wife of Argentine President Juan Perón (b. 1919)
1953 Nikolaos Plastiras, Greek general and politician (b. 1883)
1957 Carlos Castillo Armas, President of Guatemala (b. 1914)
1969 Frank Loesser, American composer (b. 1910)
1970 Robert Taschereau, Canadian jurist (b. 1896)
1971 Diane Arbus, American photographer (suicide) (b. 1923)
1976 Stefanos Natsinas, Greek politician (b. 1910)
1980 Ibn-e-Safi, Pakistani poet (b. 1928)
1984 George Gallup, American statistician (b. 1901)
1984 Ed Gein, American serial killer (b. 1906)
1986 Averell Harriman, American diplomat (b. 1891)
1988 Fazlur Rahman, Pakistani scholar (b. 1919)
1990 Brent Mydland, American musician (b. 1952)
1992 Mary Wells, American singer (b. 1943)
1995 George Romney, Governor of Michigan and father of Mitt Romney (b. 1907)
1999 Phaedon Gizikis, President of Greece (b. 1917)
From 2001
2001 Peter von Zahn, German journalist (b. 1913)
2002 Tony Anholt, English actor (b. 1941)
2005 Mario David, Italian footballer (b. 1934)
2009 Merce Cunningham, American choreographer (b. 1919)
2011 Margaret Olley, Australian artist (b. 1923)
2011 Sakyo Komatsu, Japanese science fiction writer (b. 1931)
2012 Lupe Ontiveros, American actress (b. 1942)
2012 Mary Tamm, English actress (b. 1950)
2013 Sung Jae-ki, South Korean activist (b. 1967)
2013 JJ Cale, American singer-songwriter and musician (b. 1938)
2014 Oleh Babayev, Ukrainian politician (b. 1965)
2014 Charles R. Larson, American admiral (b. 1936)
2014 Majid Nizami, Pakistani journalist (b. 1928)
2014 Roland Verhavert, Belgian movie director (b. 1927)
2015 Bobbi Kristina Brown, American media personality and singer (b. 1993)
2015 Leo Reise, Jr., Canadian ice hockey player (b. 1922)
2015 Ann Rule, American true crime author (b. 1931)
2015 Vic Firth, American musician and instruments manufacturer (b. 1930)
2016 Jacques Hamel, French priest (b. 1930)
2016 David A. Katz, American judge (b. 1933)
2016 Mohamed Khan, Egyptian film director (b. 1942)
2017 Patti Deutsch, American actress (b. 1943)
2017 June Foray, American voice actress (b. 1917)
2017 Giovanni Battista Pichierri, Italian Roman Catholic prelate (b. 1943)
2017 Lawrence Pezzulo, American diplomat (b. 1926)
2017 Maxlei dos Santos Luzia, Brazilian footballer (b. 1975)
2017 Joachim Vobbe, German Roman Catholic prelate (b. 1947)
2017 Leo Kinnunen, Finnish racing driver (b. 1943)
2018 Adem Demaçi, Albanian politician (b. 1936)
2018 Aloyzas Kveinys, Lithuanian chess player (b. 1962)
2018 María Concepción César, Argentine actress and singer (b. 1926)
2018 Anne Vermeer, Dutch politician (b. 1916)
2019 Graham Freudenberg, Australian political speechwriter (b. 1934)
2019 Jaime Lucas y Alamino, Cuban cardinal (b. 1936)
2019 Kevin Roster, American poker player (b. 1983)
2019 Russi Taylor, American voice actress (b. 1944)
Observances
Independence Day (Liberia and Maldives)
Days of the year |
9530 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/April%207 | April 7 |
Events
Up to 1900
451 - Attila the Hun sacks the town of Metz and attacks other cities in Gaul.
1141 - Empress Matilda becomes the first female ruler of England.
1348 - Charles University is founded in Prague.
1521 – Ferdinand Magellan reaches the island of Cebu.
1655 - Fabio Chigi is elected to become Pope Alexander VII.
1767 - End of two-year Burmese-Siamese War.
1782 – Thailand became a country.
1788 - American pioneers to the Northwest Territory arrive at the meeting point of the Ohio River and Muskingum River, opening the westward expansion of the United States.
1789 - Selim III becomes Sultan of the Ottoman Empire.
1798 - The Mississippi Territory is organized from disputed territory claimed by both the United States and Spain.
1805 - Ludwig van Beethoven premieres his Third Symphony in Vienna.
1827 - John Walker, an English chemist, sells the first friction match that he had invented the previous year.
1829 - Joseph Smith begins his translation of the Book of Mormon, with Oliver Cowdery as his scribe.
1831 - Pedro I of Brazil resigns to become King of Portugal.
1862 – American Civil War: The Battle of Shiloh ends in a Union victory.
1896 - Fridtjof Nansen reaches the point furthest North of any human being up until that point.
1901 1950
1906 – Mount Vesuvius erupts.
1906 - The Algeciras Conference gives France and Spain control over Morocco.
1908 – H. H. Asquith becomes Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.
1919 - The Federation Francais de Football is founded.
1927 - The first long-distance television broadcast is made from Washington, DC to New York City.
1933 - Prohibition in the United States is removed for beer of no more than 3.2% alcohol by weight.
1939 - World War II: Italy invades Albania.
1940 – Booker T. Washington becomes the first African American to be depicted on a US postage stamp.
1943 - Holocaust: In Trebovlia, Ukraine, Nazi troops order 1,100 Jews to undress to their underwear and march through the city to the village of Plebanivka, where they are shot dead.
1943 - Ioannis Rallis becomes collaborationist Prime Minister of Greece during the occupation by the Axis Powers.
1945 - World War II: Japanese battleship Yamato, the largest battleship ever constructed, is sunk by American planes 200 miles north of Okinawa while on the way to a suicide mission in Operation Ten-Go.
1946 – Syria's independence is recognised.
1948 – The United Nations created the World Health Organization.
1954 - Dwight D. Eisenhower gives his "Domino Theory" speech during a news conference.
1955 – Anthony Eden replaced Winston Churchill as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.
1956 - Spain relinquishes its protectorate in Morocco.
1964 - IBM announces the System/360.
1967 - Roger Ebert publishes his first movie review in the Chicago Sun-Times.
1968 - Scottish racing driver Jim Clark is killed in a crash at Hockenheim, Germany, aged 32.
1969 - The Internet's symbolic birth date.
1971 - Richard Nixon announces his decision to increase the rate of American troops withdrawals from Vietnam.
1977 – German federal prosecutor Siegfried Buback is shot dead, along with his driver, by two members of the Red Army Faction.
1978 - Development of the neutron bomb is cancelled by US President Jimmy Carter.
1980 - The United States severs diplomatic relations with Iran.
1983 - During STS-6 mission, astronauts Story Musgrave and Don Peterson perform the first space shuttle space walk.
1989 – Soviet submarine Komsomolets sinks in the Barents Sea, killing 42 people.
1990 - A fire breaks out on the passenger ferry M/S Scandinavian Star, killing 198 people.
1992 – Republika Srpska declares independence.
1994 – The Rwandan Genocide begins. One of the first victims is Rwandan Prime Minister Agathe Uwilingiyimana.
1995 - First Chechen War: Russian paramilitary troops begin a massacre of civilians in Samashki, Chechnya.
1999 - The World Trade Organization rules in favour of the United States in its long-running trade dispute with the European Union over bananas.
From 2001
2001 – The Mars Odyssey space probe is launched.
2003 – US troops capture Baghdad.
2009 – Former Peruvian President Alberto Fujimori is sentenced to 25 years in prison for ordering killings and kidnappings by security forces.
2010 – In Kyrgyzstan, President Kurmanbek Bakiyev flees the capital city Bishkek, after days of fierce rioting. Roza Otunbayeva is installed as Head of Government.
2017 - 2017 Stockholm attack: A beer lorry is driven into people in central Stockholm, killing 5 people.
2018 - A vehicle is driven into people in the city centre of Münster, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, killing 2 people. The driver then kills himself.
Births
Up to 1850
1506 - Francis Xavier, Spanish Roman Catholic missionary (d. 1552)
1539 - Tobias Stimmer, Swiss painter (d. 1584)
1613 - Gerrit Dou, Dutch painter (d. 1675)
1629 - John of Austria the Younger, Spanish military leader and statesman (d. 1679)
1648 - John Sheffield, 1st Duke of Buckingham and Normanby, English statesman and poet (d. 1721)
1652 – Pope Clement XII (d. 1740)
1713 - Nicola Sala, Italian composer and music theorist (d. 1801)
1718 - Hugh Blair, Scottish minister and author (d. 1800)
1742 - Gunning Bedford, Sr., Governor of Delaware (d. 1797)
1763 - Domenico Dragonetti, Italian double-bass virtuoso and composer (d. 1846)
1767 - Henry Bell, Scottish engineer (d. 1830)
1770 – William Wordsworth, English poet (d. 1850)
1772 - Charles Fourier, French philosopher (d. 1837)
1786 - William R. King, 13th Vice President of the United States (d. 1853)
1803 - James Curtiss, Mayor of Chicago (d. 1859)
1803 - Flora Tristan, French author (d. 1884)
1811 - Hasan Tahsini, Albanian astronomer, mathematician and philosopher (d. 1881)
1839 - Ida Ferenczy, Hungarian Lady-in-waiting to Elisabeth of Bavaria (d. 1928)
1847 – Jens Peder Jacobsen, Danish writer (d. 1885)
1848 - Randall Davidson, 1st Baron Davidson of Lambeth, Archbishop of Canterbury (d. 1930)
1851 1900
1853 – Prince Leopold, Duke of Albany (d. 1884)
1857 - Nazrullah Khan, Emir of Afghanistan (d. 1920)
1859 - Walter Camp, American football player, coach and writer (d. 1925)
1860 - Will Keith Kellogg, American businessman and food manufacturer (d. 1951)
1867 – Holger Pedersen, Danish linguist (d. 1953)
1868 - José de Castro, Prime Minister of Portugal (d. 1929)
1870 – Gustav Landauer, German anarchist and revolutionary (d. 1919)
1871 - Epifanio de los Santos, Filipino jurist, historian and scholar (d. 1927)
1872 - William Monroe Trotter, American newspaper editor (d. 1934)
1873 - John McGraw, American baseball player and manager (d. 1934)
1874 - Frederick Carl Frieseke, German-American painter (d. 1939)
1876 - Fay Moulton, American sprinter, football player, coach and lawyer (d. 1945)
1882 – Kurt von Schleicher, German military officer and politician, Chancellor of Germany (d. 1934)
1883 – Gino Severini, Italian painter (d. 1966)
1884 - Clement Smoot, American golfer (d. 1963)
1886 - Emilio Pujols, Catalan guitarist and composer (d. 1980)
1887 - Joseph Stadler, American jumper (d. 1950)
1889 – Gabriela Mistral, Chilean writer (d. 1945)
1890 - Paul Berth, Danish footballer (d. 1969)
1890 - Marjory Stoneman Douglas, American journalist and activist (d. 1998)
1891 – Ole Kirk Christiansen, Danish inventor, of Lego (d. 1958)
1893 - Allen Dulles, American CIA director (d. 1969)
1896 - Frits Peutz, Dutch architect (d. 1974)
1897 - Walter Winchell, American broadcaster and journalist (d. 1972)
1899 - Robert Casadesus, French pianist (d. 1972)
1900 - Jebbs Lloyd Johnson, English race walker (d. 1984)
1901 1950
1907 - Le Duan, Vietnamese politician (d. 1986)
1907 - John Burroughs, Governor of New Mexico (d. 1978)
1908 - Percy Faith, Canadian composer, conductor and bandleader (d. 1976)
1911 - Hervé Bazin, French author (d. 1996)
1913 - Louise Currie, American actress (d. 2013)
1913 - Charles Vanik, American politician (d. 2007)
1914 - Charles Flanagan, American bandleader, conductor, pianist, composer and arranger (d. 1995)
1915 – Stanley Adams, American actor (d. 1977)
1915 – Billie Holiday, American jazz singer (d. 1959)
1915 - Henry Kuttner, American writer (d. 1977)
1916 – Anthony Caruso, American actor (d. 2003)
1917 - R. G. Armstrong, American actor (d. 2012)
1918 - Bobby Doerr, American baseball player and coach
1919 - Edoardo Mangiarotti, Italian fencer (d. 2012)
1920 – Ravi Shankar, Indian sitar player (d. 2012)
1924 – Johannes Mario Simmel, Austrian writer (d. 2009)
1927 - Babatunde Olatunji, Nigerian drummer, educator and activist (d. 2003)
1927 - Leonid Shcherbakov, Russian high jumper
1928 – James Garner, American actor (d. 2014)
1928 - James White, Northern Irish author (d. 1999)
1928 - Alan J. Pakula, American movie maker (d. 1998)
1929 – Bob Denard, French mercenary (d. 2007)
1930 – Andrew Sachs, German-born British actor
1930 - Cliff Morgan, Welsh rugby player (d. 2013)
1930 - Roger Vergé, French chef and restaurateur (d. 2015)
1930 - Vilma Espin, Cuban revolutionary and politician (d. 2007)
1931 - Donald Barthelme, American writer (d. 1989)
1931 - Ted Kotcheff, Canadian director
1933 – Wayne Rogers, American actor (d. 2015)
1934 – Ian Richardson, Scottish actor (d. 2007)
1937 - Cynthia Lynn, Latvian-American actress (d. 2014)
1938 – Jerry Brown, American politician, former Governor of California
1938 – Freddie Hubbard, American jazz musician (d. 2008)
1938 - Spencer Dryden, American drummer (d. 2005)
1938 - Justin Lekhanya, former Prime Minister of Lesotho
1939 – David Frost, British broadcaster (d. 2013)
1939 – Francis Ford Coppola, American movie director
1941 – Gorden Kaye, British actor (d. 2017)
1943 - Mick Abrahams, English guitarist (Jethro Tull)
1944 - Makoto Kobayashi, Japanese physicist
1944 – Gerhard Schröder, former Chancellor of Germany
1944 - Bill Stoneman, American baseball player and manager
1945 - Megas, Icelandic singer-songwriter
1945 – Werner Schroeter, German movie movie director (d. 2010)
1945 - Robert S. Wistrich, Kazakh-born British-Israeli professor (d. 2015)
1946 - Colette Besson, French sprinter (d. 2005)
1946 - Stan Winston, American special effects expert (d. 2008)
1947 – Florian Schneider, German musician (Kraftwerk)
1947 - Patricia Bennett, American singer
1948 – Pietro Anastasi, Italian footballer
1949 - Valentina Matviyenko, Russian politician
1949 – Mitch Daniels, American politician, Governor of Indiana
1949 - Wells Kelly, American singer-songwriter and musician (Orleans) (d. 1984)
1951 1975
1951 – Janis Ian, American singer and songwriter
1952 - Clarke Peters, American actor and singer
1954 – Jackie Chan, Chinese (Hong Kong) actor
1955 - Tim Cochran, American mathematician (d. 2014)
1955 - Werner Stocker, German actor (d. 1993)
1960 - Buster Douglas, American boxer
1961 – Luigi De Agostini, Italian footballer
1962 – Ram Gopal Varma, Indian director, producer and screenwriter
1962 - Jon Cruddas, English politician
1963 - Jaime de Marichalar, Spanish nobleman
1963 - Nick Herbert, English politician
1964 – Russell Crowe, New Zealand-Australian actor
1965 – Alison Lapper, British artist
1965 - Bill Bellamy, American comedian and actor
1966 - Gary Wilkinson, British snooker player
1967 - Bodo Illgner, German footballer
1968 – Jennifer Lynch, American director
1968 - Vasiliy Sokov, Russian triple jumper
1970 - Leif Ove Andsnes, Norwegian pianist
1971 – Guillaume Depardieu, French actor (d. 2008)
1971 – Victor Kraatz, Canadian figure skater
1971 - Jennifer Schwalbach Smith, American journalist and actress
1972 - Tim Peake, English astronaut
1973 - Marco Delvecchio, Italian footballer
1973 - Jeanine Hennis-Plasschaert, Dutch politician
1975 - Karin Dreijer Andersson, Swedish singer
From 1976
1976 - Kevin Alejandro, American actor
1977 - Jenni Haukio, Finnish writer and First Lady of Finland
1979 – Pascal Dupuis, Canadian ice hockey player
1979 – Duncan James, British singer
1979 - Danny Sandoval, Venezuelan baseball player
1980 - Dragan Bogavac, Montenegrin footballer
1980 – Carl Fletcher, Welsh footballer
1981 - Kelli Young, English singer (Liberty X)
1982 - Silvana Arias, Peruvian actress
1983 - Franck Ribéry, French footballer
1983 - Jon Stead, English footballer
1985 - Humza Yousaf, Scottish politician
1986 - Christian Fuchs, Austrian footballer
1987 - Martín Cáceres, Uruguayan footballer
1989 - Alexa Demara, American actress, model, writer and martial artist
1989 – Franco Di Santo, Argentine footballer
1989 - Sylwia Grzeszczak, Polish singer
1989 - Yulia Samoylova, Russian singer
1991 - Anne-Marie, English singer and songwriter
1992 - William Carvalho, Angolan-born Portuguese footballer
1992 – Alexis Jordan, American singer
1992 - Jessica Sara, American actress
1993 - Irina Shtork, Estonian ice dancer
1994 - Johanna Allik, Estonian figure skater
1997 - Oliver Burke, Scottish footballer
Deaths
Up to 1900
924 - Berengar I of Italy (b. 845)
1498 – King Charles VIII of France (b. 1470)
1614 – El Greco, Greek-born Spanish painter (b. 1541)
1638 - Shimazu Tadatsune, Japanese ruler of Satsuma (b. 1576)
1651 – Lennart Torstensson, Swedish Governor-General (b. 1603)
1658 - Juan Eusebio Nieremberg, Spanish mystic (b. 1595)
1719 - Jean-Baptiste de La Salle, French saint (b. 1651)
1739 – Dick Turpin, English outlaw (b. 1705)
1762 – Pietro Guarneri, Italian violin maker (b. 1695)
1789 – Abdul Hamid I, Ottoman Sultan (b. 1725)
1789 - Petrus Camper, Dutch anatomist (b. 1722)
1801 - Noel Francois de Wailly, French lexicographer (b. 1724)
1804 – Toussaint Louverture, Haitian revolutionary (b. 1743)
1811 – Garsevan Chavchavadze, Georgian diplomat and politician (b. 1757)
1823 - Jacques Charles, French physicist and mathematician (b. 1746)
1833 – Antoni Radziwill, Polish politician (b. 1775)
1836 - William Godwin, English journalist and author (b. 1756)
1849 - Pedro Ignacio de Castro Barros, Argentine priest and politician (b. 1777)
1868 – Thomas D'Arcy McGee, Canadian journalist and Father of the Confederation (b. 1825)
1871 - Alexander Loyd, Mayor of Chicago (b. 1805)
1885 – Karl Theodor Ernst von Siebold, German physiologist (b. 1804)
1889 - Youssef Karam, Lebanese nationalist leader (b. 1823)
1891 – P. T. Barnum, American circus impresario (b. 1810)
1900 - Frederic Edwin Church, American painter (b. 1826)
1901 2000
1914 - Mohammad Ayub Khan, interim regent of Afghanistan (b. 1857)
1917 - Spyridon Samaras, Greek composer (b. 1861)
1918 - David Kolehmainen, Finnish wrestler (b. 1885)
1920 - Karl Binding, German jurist (b. 1841)
1928 - Alexander Bogdanov, Russian physician and philosopher (b. 1873)
1930 - Octaviano Ambrosio Larrazolo, 4th Governor of New Mexico (b. 1859)
1932 - Grigore Constantinescu, Romanian priest and journalist (b. 1875)
1934 - William Monroe Trotter, American newspaper editor (b. 1872)
1938 - Suzanne Valadon, French painter (b. 1865)
1939 – Joseph Lyons, Prime Minister of Australia (b. 1879)
1943 – Alexandre Millerand, President of France (b. 1859)
1944 - Johann Gruber, Austrian priest (b. 1889)
1947 – Henry Ford, American business person (b. 1863)
1950 – Walter Huston, Canadian-born actor (b. 1884)
1955 - Theda Bara, American actress (b. 1885)
1956 - Fred Appleby, English long-distance runner (b. 1879)
1957 - John Hart, Irish-Canadian politician, Premier of British Columbia (b. 1879)
1960 - Henri Guisan, Swiss army officer (b. 1874)
1965 - Roger Leger, Canadian ice hockey player (b. 1919)
1966 - Fred G. Aandahl, American politician, Governor of North Dakota (b. 1897)
1968 – Jim Clark, Scottish racing driver (b. 1936)
1972 – Abeid Karume, President of Zanzibar (b. 1905)
1977 – Siegfried Buback, German federal prosecutor (b. 1920)
1981 - Norman Taurog, American movie director (b. 1899)
1982 – Harald Ertl, Austrian racing driver (b. 1948)
1984 - Frank Church, American politician (b. 1924)
1985 - Carl Schmitt, German philosopher and theorist (b. 1888)
1986 - Leonid Kantorovich, Soviet-Russian mathematician and economist (b. 1912)
1990 - Ronald Evans, American astronaut (b. 1933)
1992 – Ace Bailey, Canadian ice hockey player (b. 1903)
1994 – Albert Gudmundsson, Icelandic footballer and politician (b. 1923)
1994 – Agathe Uwilingiyimana, Prime Minister of Rwanda (b. 1953)
1994 - Golo Mann, German historian (b. 1909)
1997 - Georgi Shonin, Soviet cosmonaut (b. 1935)
1997 – Tomoyuki Tanaka, Japanese movie producer (b. 1910)
2000 - Moacir Barbosa Nascimento, Brazilian footballer (b. 1921)
From 2001
2003 - David Greene, British director (b. 1921)
2004 - Victor Argo, American actor (b. 1934)
2005 - Cliff Allison, Britsh racing driver (b. 1932)
2007 – Barry Nelson, American actor (b. 1917)
2008 - Mark Speight, English television presenter (b. 1965)
2009 – Dave Arneson, American creator of the game Dungeons and Dragons (b. 1947)
2010 – Christopher Cazenove, British actor (b. 1945)
2012 - Mike Wallace, American journalist (b. 1918)
2012 - Ignatius Moses I Daoud, Syrian Catholic patriarch (b. 1930)
2013 - Lilly Pulitzer, American socialite and fashion designer (b. 1931)
2013 - Les Blank, American director and producer (b. 1935)
2014 - George Dureau, American artist (b. 1930)
2014 - Frans van der Lugt, Dutch priest (b. 1938)
2014 - Josep Maria Subirachs, Catalan sculptor and painter (b. 1927)
2014 - John Shirley-Quirk, English opera singer (b. 1931)
2014 - Peaches Geldof, English model and television host (b. 1989)
2014 - Zeituni Onyango, Kenyan-American computer programmer (b. 1952)
2014 - George Shuffler, American musician (b. 1925)
2015 - Jean Germain, French politician, Mayor of Tours (b. 1947)
2015 - Richard Henyekane, South African footballer (b. 1983)
2015 - Kardam, Prince of Turnovo, Bulgarian-Spanish nobleman (b. 1962)
2015 - Stan Freberg, American writer, actor and comedian (b. 1926)
2015 - Tim Babcock, American politician, Governor of Montana (b. 1919)
2015 - Geoffrey Lewis, American actor (b. 1935)
2015 - James B. Rhoads, American public servant (b. 1928)
2016 - Frank E. Denholm, American politician (b. 1923)
2016 - Carlo Monti, Italian athlete (b. 1920)
2017 - Marthe Gosteli, Swiss women's rights activist (b. 1917)
2017 - Peter Isaacson, Australian media publisher (b. 1920)
2017 - Christopher Morahan, English stage and television director (b. 1929)
2017 - Glenn O'Brien, American journalist, editor and television presenter (b. 1947)
2017 - Tim Pigott-Smith, English actor (b. 1946)
2018 - Petr Braiko, Soviet-Russian World War II soldier (b. 1919)
2018 - Peter Grünberg, German physicist (b. 1939)
2019 - Hugo Ballesteros Reyes, Chilean politician and diplomat (b. 1931)
2019 - Michael E. Busch, American politician (b. 1947)
2019 - Seymour Cassel, American actor (b. 1935)
2019 - Cho Yang-ho, South Korean businessman (b. 1949)
2019 - Arie Irawan, Malaysian golfer (b. 1990)
2019 - Mya-Lecia Naylor, English actress (b. 2002)
Holidays
Day of Maternity and Beauty in Armenia
Genocide Memorial Day (Rwanda)
World Health Day (WHO)
Women's Day (Mozambique)
April 07 |
9532 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/March%2016 | March 16 |
Events
Up to 1900
597 BC - Babylonians capture Jerusalem and replace Jehoiachin with Zedekiah as King.
455 - Roman Emperor Valentinian III is assassinated by two Hunnic retainers while training with the bow on the Campus Martinus in Rome.
1190 – Crusaders start to massacre the Jews of York.
1244 - Over 200 Cathars are burned after the fall of Montségur.
1521 – Ferdinand Magellan reaches the Philippines.
1621 – Samoset, a Mohegan, visits the settlers of Plymouth Colony and greets them, "Welcome, Englishmen! My name is Samoset."
1660 – The Long Parliament disbands.
1782 - American Revolutionary War: Spanish troops capture the British island of Roatan.
1792 – King Gustav III of Sweden is shot; he dies on March 29.
1802 – The United States Military Academy West Point is established.
1815 – Prince Willem of the House of Orange-Nassau proclaimed himself King of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands, the first constitutional monarch in the Netherlands.
1818 - Second Battle of Cancha Rayada: Spanish forces defeat Chileans under Jose de San Martin.
1850 – Nathaniel Hawthorne's novel The Scarlet Letter is first published.
1861 – Edward Clark becomes Governor of Texas, replacing Sam Houston, who was evicted from the office for refusing to take an oath of loyalty to the Confederacy.
1864 - American Civil War: During the Red River Campaign, Union troops reach Alexandria, Louisiana.
1865 - American Civil War: The Battle of Avenasborough begins, with Confederate forces suffering heavy losses.
1867 – First publication of an article by Joseph Lister outlining the discovery of antiseptic surgery, in The Lancet.
1872 – The Wanderers F.C. won the first FA Cup, the oldest football competition in the world, beating Royal Engineers A.F.C. 1-0 at The Oval in Kennington, London.
1898 - The Italian Football Federation is founded.
1900 – Sir Arthur Evans purchases the land around the ruins of Knossos, the largest Bronze Age archaeological site on Crete.
1901 1950
1906 – A magnitude 7.1 earthquake hits Chiayi, Taiwan, killing around 1,300 people.
1912 - Lawrence Oates, a member of Robert Falcon Scott's ill-fated South Pole expedition, because of illness leaves the tent to die, a day before his 32nd birthday. His last words were "I am just going outside and may be some time".
1916 - The 7th and 10th Cavalry regiments under John J. Pershing cross the US-Mexico border in a bid to capture Pancho Villa.
1916 - Antonio Jose de Almeida becomes Prime Minister of Portugal.
1924 - In accordance with the Treaty of Rome, the Free State of Fiume is annexed as part of Italy.
1925 – A magnitude 7.1 earthquake hits Yunnan, China, killing around 5,000 people.
1926 – Robert Goddard launches the first liquid-fueled rocket, at Auburn, Massachusetts.
1935 – Adolf Hitler orders Germany to rearm herself in violation of the Versailles Treaty.
1936 - Warmer-than-normal temperatures rapidly melt snow and ice on the upper Allegheny and Monongahela Rivers, flooding Pittsburgh.
1939 - At Prague Castle, Adolf Hitler declares Bohemia and Moravia a German protectorate.
1939 - Marriage of Princess Fawzia Fuad of Egypt and Mohammed Reza Pahlavi of Iran.
1940 - World War II: A German bombing raid is carried out on Scapa Flow, Orkney.
1942 - The first V-2 rocket is test-launched - it explodes after lift-off.
1945 – World War II: The Battle of Iwo Jima ends but small pockets of Japanese resistance persist.
1945 – World War II: Würzburg, Germany is 90% destroyed, with 5,000 dead, in only 20 minutes by British bombers.
1951 2000
1956 – St. Urho's Day is first celebrated.
1958 - The Ford Motor Company produces its 50 millionth automobile, the Thunderbird.
1962 – A Flying Tiger Line Super Constellation disappears in the western Pacific Ocean, with 107 people missing.
1966 - Launch of Gemini 8, the 12th manned American space flight, with Neil Armstrong and David Scott on board.
1968 – Vietnam War: In the My Lai massacre, between 350 and 500 Vietnamese villagers—men, women, and children—are killed by American troops.
1968 - General Motors produces its 100 millionth automobile, an Oldsmobile Toronado.
1969 – A Venezuelan Airlines DC-9 crashes shortly after takeoff in Maracaibo, Venezuela killing 155
1972 – The first building of the Pruitt-Igoe housing complex is demolished.
1976 - Harold Wilson resigns as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom five days after his 60th birthday, citing personal reasons. James Callaghan replaces him.
1977 - Assassination of Kamal Jumblatt, the main leader of the anti-government forces in the Lebanese Civil War.
1978 – Aldo Moro is kidnapped by left-wing urban guerrillas in Italy and is later killed by his captors.
1978 – The Amoco Cadiz oil tanker runs aground off Brittany, leading to an oil spill.
1983 – Demolition of the radio tower Ismaning, the last radio tower in Germany built of wood.
1984 – William Buckley, the CIA station chief in Beirut, Lebanon, is kidnapped by Islamic fundamentalists and later dies in captivity.
1985 – Associated Press newsman Terry Anderson is taken hostage in Beirut. He would be released on December 4, 1991.
1988 – Iran-Contra Affair: Lieutenant Colonel Oliver North and Vice Admiral John Poindexter are indicted on charges of conspiracy to defraud the United States.
1988 – Halabja poison gas attack: The Kurdish town of Halabjah in Iraq was attacked with a mix of poison gas and nerve agents, killing thousands of people.
1989 - In Egypt, a 4,400-year-old mummy is found near the Pyramid of Cheops.
1993 – A blizzard on the east coast of the United States kills 184 (see Great Blizzard of 1993).
1994 – Tonya Harding pleads guilty to conspiracy to hinder prosecution for trying to cover-up an attack on figure skating rival Nancy Kerrigan.
1995 - Mississippi formally ratifies the 13th Amendment, becoming the last US State to approve a ban on slavery.
1996 - Mike Tyson defeats Frank Bruno in Las Vegas to win the Boxing World Heavyweight title.
1997 – Stuart Appleby wins the Honda Golf Classic.
From 2001
2002 – Closing ceremonies of the Winter Paralympics in Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.
2003 – Largest coordinated worldwide vigil, as part of the global protests against Iraq war.
2005 - Israel officially hands over Jericho to Palestinian control.
2006 – Release date of the computer role-playing game Final Fantasy XII in Japan.
2010 – The Kasubi Tombs in Uganda, which formed a World Heritage Site, are destroyed by fire.
2014 - Closing ceremony of the Winter Paralympics in Sochi, Southern Russia.
2014 - A referendum held in Crimea results in a majority wanting to join Russia rather than stay part of Ukraine.
Births
Up to 1800
1399 - Xuande Emperor of China (d. 1435)
1465 - Kunigunde of Austria (d. 1520)
1473 - Henry IV the Pious, Duke of Saxony (d. 1541)
1581 - Pieter Corneliszoon Hooft, Dutch poet, historian and dramatist (d. 1647)
1663 - Jean-Baptiste Matho, French composer (d. 1743)
1687 – Sophia Dorothea of Hanover (d. 1757)
1750 – Caroline Herschel, German-English astronomer (d. 1848)
1751 – James Madison, 4th President of the United States (d. 1836)
1771 - Antoine-Jean Gros, French painter (d. 1835)
1773 - Juan Ramon Balcarce, Argentine military leader and politician (d. 1836)
1774 – Matthew Flinders, English explorer (d. 1814)
1789 – Georg Simon Ohm, German physicist (d. 1854)
1789 - Francis Chesney, English general and explorer (d. 1872)
1799 – Anna Atkins, British botanist and illustrator (d. 1871)
1800 – Emperor Ninko of Japan (d. 1846)
1801 1900
1805 - Peter Ernst von Lasaulx, German philosopher and writer (d. 1861)
1821 - Eduard Heine, German mathematician (d. 1851)
1822 – Rosa Bonheur, French painter and sculptor (d. 1899)
1827 - Ferdinand Meldahl, Danish architect (d. 1908)
1834 - James Hector, Scottish geologist (d. 1907)
1836 - Andrew Smith Hallidie, English-American engineer and inventor (d. 1900)
1839 – Sully Prudhomme, French writer (d. 1907)
1839 - John Butler Yeats, Irish artist (d. 1922)
1840 - Shibusawa Eiichi, Japanese industrialist (d. 1931)
1845 - Umegatani Totaro I, Japanese sumo wrestler (d. 1928)
1846 - Jurgis Bielinis, Lithuanian book smuggler (d. 1918)
1846 - Gosta Mittag-Leffler, Swedish mathematician (d. 1927)
1848 - Axel Heiberg, Norwegian diplomat and financier (d. 1932)
1851 - Martinus Beijerinck, Dutch microbiologist and botanist (d. 1931)
1856 - Napoleon Eugene, Prince Imperial, son of Napoleon III of France (d. 1879)
1859 – Alexander Stepanovich Popov, Russian physicist (d. 1907)
1865 - Aspazija, Latvian poet and playwright (d. 1943)
1871 - Frantz Reichel, French athlete and rugby player (d. 1932)
1877 - Leo-Ernest Ouimet, Canadian movie pioneer (d. 1972)
1877 – Reza Shah Pahlavi of Iran (d. 1944)
1878 – Clemens August Graf von Galen, German bishop and Resistance activist (d. 1946)
1883 - Ethel Anderson, Australian poet (d. 1958)
1884 - Alexander Belyayev, Russian writer (d. 1942)
1885 - Giacomo Benvenuti, Italian composer and musicologist (d. 1943)
1887 - Emilio Lunghi, Italian middle-distance runner (d. 1925)
1889 - Reggie Walker, South African athlete (d. 1951)
1890 - Solomon Mikhoels, Soviet actor (d. 1948)
1892 - Nikolai Kondratiev, Russian economist (d. 1938)
1892 – César Vallejo, Peruvian poet (d. 1938)
1897 – Conrad Nagel, American actor (d. 1970)
1901 1925
1902 - Leon Roppolo, American jazz clarinettist (d. 1943)
1905 - Elisabeth Hickenschildt, German actress, producer and author (d. 1977)
1906 – Francisco Ayala, Spanish writer (d. 2009)
1908 - Rene Daumal, French writer and poet (d. 1944)
1908 - Robert Rossen, American screenwriter, movie director and producer (d. 1966)
1911 – Pierre Harmel, 40th Prime Minister of Belgium (d. 2009)
1911 – Josef Mengele, Nazi war criminal (d. 1979)
1912 – Pat Nixon, First Lady of the United States (d. 1993)
1915 - Haldun Taner, Turkish playwright and short story writer (d. 1986)
1915 – Kunihiko Kodaira, Japanese mathematician (d. 1997)
1916 – Tsutomu Yamaguchi, Japanese survivor of the Hiroshima and Nagasaki atomic bombs (d. 2010)
1918 – Frederick Reines, American physicist (d. 1998)
1918 - Mercedes McCambridge, American actress (d. 2004)
1920 – Tonino Guerra, Italian poet, writer and screenwriter (d. 2012)
1920 - John Addison, British composer (d. 1998)
1920 - Sid Fleischman, American writer (d. 2010)
1920 – Traudl Junge, Adolf Hitler's press secretary (d. 2002)
1921 - Werner Uebelmann, Swiss entrepreneur (d. 2014)
1923 – Sergiu Cunescu, Romanian politician (d. 2005)
1925 – Luis E. Miramontes, Mexican chemist (d. 2004)
1925 - Cornell Borchers, German actress (d. 2014)
1926 1950
1926 – Jerry Lewis, American comedian (d. 2017)
1926 - Charles Goodell, United States Senator for New York (d. 1987)
1927 - Vladimir Komarov, Soviet-Russian cosmonaut (d. 1967)
1927 - Daniel Patrick Moynihan, American politician (d. 2003)
1927 - Joseph W. Tkach, American pastor (d. 1995)
1928 - Christa Ludwig, German mezzo-soprano
1928 – Karlheinz Böhm, Austrian actor (d. 2014)
1928 - Wakanohana Kanji I, Japanese sumo wrestler (d. 2010)
1929 - Betty Johnson, American singer
1929 - Tihomir Novakov, Serbian-American physicist (d. 2015)
1929 - Nadja Tiller, Austrian actress
1930 - Tommy Flanagan, American jazz pianist (d. 2001)
1931 – Augusto Boal, Brazilian theatre director (d. 2009)
1931 - Anthony Kenny, English philosopher
1932 - Kurt Diemberger, Austrian mountaineer
1932 – Walter Cunningham, American astronaut
1933 - Jos Chabert, Belgian politician (d. 2014)
1934 – Ray Hnatyshyn, Governor General of Canada (d. 2002)
1934 - Ray Walker, American singer
1935 - Teresa Berganza, Spanish opera singer
1936 – Raymond Vahan Damadian, Armenian-American practitioner of MRI
1936 - Elisabeth Volkmann, German actress (d. 2006)
1937 - Attilio Nicora, Italian cardinal (d. 2017)
1939 – Carlos Bilardo, Argentine footballer
1940 – Bernardo Bertolucci, Italian movie director (d. 2018)
1941 – Robert Guéï, military leader of Ivory Coast (d. 2002)
1942 - Roger Crozier, Canadian ice hockey player (d. 1996)
1944 - John Kipkurgat, Kenyan middle-distance runner
1944 - Andrew S. Tanenbaum, American computer scientist
1946 - Michael Basman, English chess player
1948 – Richard Desjardins, Canadian singer, songwriter and movie director
1948 - Margaret Weis, American writer
1949 - Erik Estrada, American actor
1949 - Victor Garber, Canadian actor
1950 – Joe Bugner, Hungarian-born boxer
1951 1975
1952 - Philippe Kahn, French technology innovator and entrepreneur
1952 - Irwin Keyes, American actor and comedian (d. 2015)
1953 – Richard Stallman, American free software activist
1953 - Oscar Ramirez, Peruvian revolutionary leader
1954 – Jimmy Nail, British actor and singer
1955 - Bruno Barreto, Brazilian movie director
1955 - Svetlana Alexeeva, Russian ice dancer and coach
1956 - Eveline Widmer-Schlumpf, Swiss politician
1956 - Ozzie Newsome, American football player and coach
1956 - Clifton Powell, American actor and comedian
1958 - Phillip Wilcher, Australian pianist
1959 – Jens Stoltenberg, former Prime Minister of Norway and current Secretary-General of NATO
1959 - Flavor Flav, American rapper
1960 – Jenny Eclair, British comedienne
1960 - Duane Sutter, Canadian ice hockey player
1960 - John Hemming, British politician
1961 - Todd McFarlane, Canadian artist, cartoonist and entrepreneur
1961 - Michiru Oshima, Japanese composer
1963 - Jimmy DeGrasso, American musician
1964 - Patty Griffin, American singer
1965 - Mark Carney, Canadian economist, Governor of the Bank of England
1965 - Belén Rueda, Spanish actress
1967 – Lauren Graham, American actress
1967 - John Darnielle, American musician and novelist
1969 – Markus Lanz, German-Italian television presenter and entertainer
1970 – Joakim Berg, Swedish composer
1970 – Pall Oskar, Icelandic singer and musician
1975 - Sienna Guillory, English actress
From 1976
1976 - Paul Schneider, American actor and director
1977 - Steve Jones, Welsh television presenter
1978 - Brooke Burns, American actress and model
1979 – Leena Peisa, Finnish musician (Lordi)
1979 - Andrei Stepanov, Estonian footballer
1979 – Edison Mendez, Ecuadorean footballer
1980 - Todd Heap, American football player
1980 - Felipe Reyes, Spanish basketball player
1981 – Yoav Ziv, Israeli footballer
1984 – Wilfried Sanou, Burkina Faso footballer
1984 - Brandon Prust, Canadian ice hockey player
1986 - Daisuke Takahashi, Japanese figure skater
1986 – Ken Doane, American wrestler
1986 - Neil Gray, Scottish politician
1986 – Bernard Parker, South African footballer
1987 - Tiiu Kuik, Estonian model
1988 - Jessica Gregg, Canadian short-track speed skater
1988 - Patrick Herrmann, German footballer
1989 – Theo Walcott, English footballer
1989 – Blake Griffin, American basketball player
1990 – James Bulger, English toddler whose killing led to a high profile murder case (d. 1993)
1991 – Wolfgang Van Halen, American musician
1992 - Brett Davern, American actor
1993 - George Ford, English rugby union player
1995 - Shy Carlos, Filipino-Swiss actress and singer
1999 - Bailie Key, American gymnast
Deaths
Up to 1900
37 – Tiberius, Roman Emperor (b. 42 BC)
455 – Valentinian III, West Roman Emperor (b. 419)
455 - Heraclius, Roman servant
1021 - Heribert of Cologne, Archbishop of Cologne and Chancellor of Otto III, Holy Roman Emperor
1037 - Robert I, Archbishop of Rouen
1072 - Adalbert of Hamburg, German archbishop
1457 – Laszlo Hunyadi, Hungarian statesman and warrior (b. 1433)
1485 – Anne Neville, Queen of Richard III of England (b. 1456)
1679 - John Leverett, Governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony (b. 1616)
1736 - Giovanni Battista Pergolesi, Italian composer (b. 1710)
1737 - Benjamin Wadsworth, President of Harvard University (b. 1670)
1747 - Christian Augustus of Anhalt-Zerbst, father of Catherine II of Russia (b. 1690)
1861 – Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, mother of Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom (b. 1786)
1888 - Hippolyte Carnot, French statesman (b. 1801)
1890 – Zorka of Montenegro, Princess of Serbia (b. 1864)
1898 – Aubrey Beardsley, British artist (b. 1872)
1899 - Joseph Medill, Mayor of Chicago (b. 1823)
1901 2000
1903 – Roy Bean, American jurist (b. 1825)
1912 – Lawrence Oates, English Antarctic explorer (b. 1880)
1914 – Charles Albert Gorbat, Swiss politician (b. 1843)
1919 – Yakov Sverdlov, Russian politician (b. 1885)
1926 - Sergeant Stubby, American World War I dog (b. 1916 or 1917)
1930 – Miguel Primo de Rivera, Spanish military leader (b. 1870)
1935 – Aron Nimzowitsch, Latvian chess player (b. 1886)
1935 – John James Rickard Macleod, Scottish physiologist, won the 1923 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, (b. 1876)
1936 – Marguerite Durand, French journalist and feminist (b. 1864)
1940 – Selma Lagerlof, Swedish writer (b. 1858)
1945 - Simeon Price, American golfer (b. 1882)
1957 – Constantin Brancusi, Romanian sculptor (b. 1876)
1961 - Chen Geng, Chinese military leader (b. 1903)
1963 – William Henry Beveridge, British economist (b. 1879)
1968 – Mario Castelnuovo-Tedesco, Italian composer (b. 1895)
1968 - Gunnar Ekelof, Swedish writer (b. 1858)
1970 - Tammi Terrell, American singer (b. 1945)
1971 – Thomas E. Dewey, American politician, 1948 Presidential candidate (b. 1902)
1975 – T-Bone Walker, American musician (b. 1910)
1977 - Kamal Jumblatt, leader of anti-government forces during the Lebanese Civil War (b. 1917)
1979 – Jean Monnet, French entrepreneur and politician (b. 1888)
1980 – Tamara de Lempicka, Polish-born painter (b. 1898)
1985 - Eddie Shore, Canadian ice hockey player (b. 1902)
1985 - Roger Sessions, American composer (b. 1896)
1992 - Yves Rocard, French physicist (b. 1903)
1995 – Heinrich Sutermeister, Swiss composer (b. 1910)
1998 – Derek Harold Richard Barton, British chemist (b. 1918)
2000 - Thomas Ferebee, Hiroshima bomber (b. 1918)
From 2001
2003 – Rachel Corrie, American activist (b. 1979)
2005 – Sergiu Cunescu, Romanian politician (b. 1923)
2008 – Ola Brunkert, Swedish drummer (b. 1946)
2008 – Gary Hart, American professional wrestler and Wrestling manager (b. 1942)
2012 – Mervyn Davies, Welsh rugby player (b. 1946)
2012 – Estanislao Basora, Spanish footballer (b. 1926)
2013 - Booth Gardner, 19th Governor of Washington (b. 1936)
2013 - Jose Alfredo Martinez de Hoz, Argentine economist (b. 1925)
2013 - Marina Solodkin, Israeli politician (b. 1952)
2013 - Frank Thornton, English actor (b. 1921)
2014 - Gary Bettenhausen, American racing driver (b. 1941)
2014 - Donald Crothers, American academic and educator (b. 1937)
2014 - Alexander Pochinok, Russian economist and politician (b. 1958)
2015 - Bruce Crump, American musician (b. 1957)
2015 - Buddy Elias, Swiss actor (b. 1925)
2015 - Andy Fraser, British musician (b. 1962)
2015 - Arthur A. Hartman, American diplomat (b. 1926)
2015 - Jack Haley, American basketball player (b. 1964)
2015 - Miguel Donoso Pareja, Ecuadorean writer (b. 1931)
2016 - Alexander Esenin-Volpin, Soviet-born American poet and mathematician (b. 1924)
2016 - Frank Sinatra, Jr., American singer (b. 1944)
2016 - Cliff Michelmore, English broadcaster (b. 1919)
2017 - James Cotton, American musician (b. 1935)
2017 - Torgny Lindgren, Swedish writer (b. 1938)
2017 - Hasyim Muzadi, Indonesian Islamic scholar and cleric (b. 1944)
2018 - Boyukagha Hajiyev, Azerbaijani footballer (b. 1958)
2018 - Arnie Lerma, American writer and Scientology whistleblower (b. 1950)
2018 - Louise Slaughter, American politician (b. 1929)
2019 - Dick Dale, American guitarist and surf music pioneer (b. 1937)
2019 - Richard Erdman, American actor (b. 1925)
2019 - Bengt Gustafsson, Swedish military officer (b. 1933)
2019 - Barbara Hammer, American film director (b. 1939)
2019 - Tom Hatten, American actor and television presenter (b. 1926)
2019 - Yann-Fañch Kemener, French singer (b. 1957)
2019 - Yulia Nachalova, Russian singer, actress and television presenter (b. 1981)
Observances
St. Urho's Day (Finnish Communities in Canada and the US)
Latvian Legion Day
Day of the Book Smugglers (Lithuania)
Days of the year |
9533 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1774 | 1774 |
Events
January 21 – Mustafa III, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire dies and is succeeded by his brother Abd-ul-Hamid I.
May 10 – Louis XVI becomes King of France.
June 2 – Intolerable Acts: The Quartering Act, requiring American colonists to let British soldiers into their homes, is reenacted.
June 11 – Jews in Algier escape the attack of the Spanish army.
July 21 – Russo-Turkish War, 1768-1774: Russia and the Ottoman Empire sign the Treaty of Kuchuk-Kainarji ending six years of war. The treaty does give Russia the right to intervene in Ottoman politics to protect its Christian subjects.
September 5 – First Continental Congress assembles in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
The British pass the Quebec Act setting out rules of governance for the colony of Quebec in British North America.
The Sardinian pika becomes extinct.
Births
September 26 – Johnny Appleseed |
9534 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clint%20Eastwood | Clint Eastwood | Clinton Eastwood Jr. (born May 31, 1930) is an American actor, movie director, producer, and composer.
Early life
Eastwood was born in San Francisco, California on May 31, 1930. He was nicknamed "Samson" by the hospital nurses as he weighed at birth. Eastwood is of English, Irish, Scottish, and Dutch ancestry. He was raised in Piedmont, California. He studied at Piedmont Junior High School and at Oakland Technical High School.
Career
He has appeared in many movies since the 1950s. The most famous are the Dollars trilogy of Spaghetti Westerns (1964–1966), Dirty Harry movie series as Harry Callahan (1972–1988), Any Which Way You Can (1979) and similar movies. Eastwood also won critical acclaim as a director with the movies Unforgiven (1992), Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil (1996), Space Cowboys (2000), Mystic River (2003), and Million Dollar Baby (2005). In recent years, Eastwood directed biopic movies such as American Sniper, Sully, and Richard Jewell.
Personal life
Eastwood was married to Maggie Johnson from 1953 until they divorced in 1984. They had two children. Then he was married to Dina Ruiz since 1996. They have one child. He now lives with his family in Carmel-by-the-Sea, California. He was the mayor of Carmel-by-the-Sea for two years, starting in 1986.
Awards
References
Other websites
1930 births
Living people
Academy Award winning directors
Actors from San Francisco
American mayors
American movie actors
American television actors
American television directors
American television writers
Military people from California
Movie directors from California
Movie producers from California
Politicians from California
Screen Actors Guild Award winners
US Republican Party politicians |
9535 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spaghetti%20Western | Spaghetti Western | Spaghetti Westerns were a name given to low-budget Western movies, which were made by Italian movie companies in the 1960s. They were different from the American western movies, usually filmed in Italian, had limited budgets, filmed on location in Spain and Italy with minimal sets, and many close-ups and artistic shots. Perhaps the most well-known of these movies is "The Man with No Name" trilogy: A Fistful of Dollars (1964), For a Few Dollars More (1965), and The Good, the Bad and the Ugly (1966). All three of these movies were directed by Sergio Leone, featured music by Ennio Morricone, and starred American actor Clint Eastwood as the main character.
Other websites
Spaghetti Western Database |
9536 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disneyland | Disneyland | Disneyland Park is a theme park in Anaheim, California, United States. It is the first Disneyland. It was opened on July 17, 1955, by Walt Disney, the man who invented Mickey Mouse. It is one of the most popular theme parks in the world. Disneyland Park celebrated it or 66th, anniversary on July 17, 2021.
In 2001, the area around the park expanded into a resort with three hotels, a shopping and dining area called Downtown Disney and a second theme park, Disney's California Adventure. The area is now called Disneyland Resort.
The park offers its guests many ways of enjoying their visit. For instance, when visiting the park, guests can find "Hidden Mickeys" on each ride and all throughout the resort. "Hidden Mickeys" are shaped in the form of Mickey Mouse's head and ears, and displayed through various forms; such as a Hidden Mickey shaped cement, on the floor of the Daisy Level in the Mickey & Friends Parking Structure, or three speakers—in the shape of a circle—forming Mickey Mouse's head on the Space Mountain ride, in Tomorrowland. Hidden Mickeys provide guests an exciting way of discovering magic throughout the park.
Dedication
History
Walt Disney worked very hard to run his movie studio. He liked to spend weekends with his two daughters. The family liked going to carnivals and fairs. Mr. Disney wanted to build a place that had all of the fun of the traveling fairs where parents and children could ride together. That is how Mr. Disney got the idea for Disneyland. In 1953, Disney talked to people at Stanford University. He asked them to find a place that would be a good place to build his park. The Stanford people recommended an orange grove for sale in Anaheim, a farming area south of Los Angeles. Mr. Disney's friends thought the idea was a crazy one. He was sure that his dream would be a good one. After selling land that he loved very much in Palm Springs to help pay for the park, the building of Disneyland began in 1954. He also used a weekly television show called Disneyland to make people want to see his park. In only one year, Disneyland Park was open.
When Disneyland Park opened on July 17, 1955, the opening was shown on television as it happened. Mr. Disney asked three of his Hollywood friends to help him: Art Linkletter, Robert Cummings and Ronald Reagan. Many things went wrong that day. 11,000 people were invited to the private event but nearly 30,000 came. The streets were still fresh and many people had their shoes stuck in it. They stepped out of their shoes. Even the running water was a problem. Mr. Disney had to choose between drinking water and water for flushing toilets. Mr. Disney chose the toilets. Disneyland may have had problems when it opened, but it was not long before it became a success. Visitor number one million came to Disneyland less than two years later.
Sunday, July 17, 2005, was the fiftieth anniversary of the opening day. Many people waited to enter the park that morning. Some people spent the night waiting in Disney's California Adventure. A ceremony was held that morning with very important people speaking to the audience. Art Linkletter, who was part of the first television show, was the first to speak. The day was also Mr. Linkletter's 93rd birthday. Michael Eisner and Bob Iger, the top men at the Disney company each gave speeches. California governor Arnold Schwarzenegger gave a speech as did Walt Disney's daughter, Diane Disney Miller. The ceremony was shown on giant television screens placed in the park and were played over the televisions during the day. At 4:45 that afternoon, the exact time the Walt Disney had given his speech on the opening day, his speech was played over speakers all over Disneyland.
The lands of Disneyland Park
Inside Disneyland are several areas called "lands." Each land has its own theme. This is a list of those lands and some of the things in them. Disneyland is called the "Happiest place in America."
Main Street, U.S.A.
Main Street, U.S.A. is the first land people see when they come into Disneyland. It was built to look like a small American town, much like the one Mr. Disney grew up in. A station for the Disneyland Railroad can be found here. It is located at the entrance to Disneyland. Mr. Disney and some of his workers loved trains and wanted a railroad in their new park. Guests can ride steam-powered trains for a ride around the edge of Disneyland. They can also ride a streetcar pulled by a horse, a double-deck bus and even a small fire engine. Many shops and restaurants can be found on Main Street, U.S.A.
Fantasyland
Fantasyland is like the places in old fairy tales. There is an antique carousel from 1875. The main entry to Fantasyland is through the Sleeping Beauty castle, the symbol of Disneyland. Attractions (Disneyland does not use the term "rides") include Snow White's Scary Adventures and It's a Small World. It also includes the Alice in Wonderland attractions. The Alice in Wonderland ride allows riders to take the adventure just like Alice did and visit the "creatures" she met in Wonderland. The teacups are another Alice attraction where guests sit in giant teacups and spin as fast or as slow as they want.
Other attractions include the Matterhorn Bobsleds. It is the only roller coaster in Fantasyland and the world's first steel roller coaster. Mr. Toad's Wild Ride is an attraction that takes riders through the world of Mr. Toad as he drives around in his car. The Casey Jr. Circus Train goes through tunnels and a small stream. Dumbo the Flying Elephant has long been a young children's favorite. "It's A Small World" is a classic Disney attraction boat ride taking guests around the world. Each part of the world has dolls that sing the song "It's a Small World" in their language. In Peter Pan's Flight, one may fly over London in a pirate ship and explore Neverland. Pinocchio's Daring Journey is another ride that allows riders to explore the story of the Pinocchio Disney movie. Guests can see different small villages of classic Disney stories on Storybook Land Canal Boats.
Adventureland
Adventureland is made to look like a jungle in Africa or Asia. One of Disneyland's first attractions can be ridden here. It is called "Jungle Cruise" and takes guests on a boat ride on a jungle river. Tarzan's Treehouse was originally named The Swiss Family Treehouse after an old novel. The Indiana Jones Adventure is a ride in a jeep through "dangerous" caverns that include lava, a giant snake, and other perils. The only other attraction in Adventureland as of now is the Enchanted Tiki Room which is the first ride in the world to feature audio-animatronics.
Frontierland
Frontierland is a land that looks like the old American West. The Mark Twain, a steam-powered boat called a "paddlewheeler" takes guests for a ride on the "Rivers of America." Guests can also ride "Big Thunder Mountain Railroad," a roller coaster that looks like a mine train.
Tomorrowland
Tomorrowland was meant to look like the world of the future. An attraction called "Buzz Lightyear Astro Blasters" and it opened there in 2005. The "Space Mountain" indoor roller coaster, built in 1977, reopened in 2005 after two years of rebuilding. An old attraction called "Submarine Voyage" was rebuilt. It re-opened in 2007, as Finding Nemo Submarine Voyage with characters from Disney's Finding Nemo.
Mickey's Toontown
Mickey's Toontown is where Mickey Mouse and his friends are supposed to live. It is named "Toontown" after a place in the movie, Who Framed Roger Rabbit?
New Orleans Square
New Orleans Square looks like a place called the "French Quarter" in New Orleans, Louisiana. Two of Disneyland's very popular attractions are in New Orleans Square: "Pirates of the Caribbean" and "The Haunted Mansion", which have both inspired movies.
Critter Country
Critter Country was first named Bear Country. It looks like America's Deep South of more than 100 years ago. "Splash Mountain" is a very popular log ride that guests wait in line for a long time to enjoy. It ends with a very long drop down a waterfall. The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh was more recently added to Disneyland.
Star Wars: Galaxy's Edge
Star Wars: Galaxy's Edge is the newest land in Disneyland. It is themed after the Star Wars franchise. There are two rides, the "Millennium Falcon: Smugglers Run" and "Star Wars: Rise of the Resistance." The land opened on May 31, 2019.
Closure because of COVID-19
In 2020, Disneyland closed until further notice. This was because of the COVID-19 pandemic. The park was supposed to reopen on July 17th 2020, but this was postponed. On March 17, 2021, it was announced that the park would reopen on April 30, 2021.
Related pages
Walt Disney World Resort
Disneyland Paris
References
Other websites
Disneyland Resort Official website
1955 establishments in California
Anaheim, California
Disney theme parks
Theme parks in California |
9538 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boroughs%20of%20Berlin | Boroughs of Berlin | The German capital Berlin is subdivided into 12 boroughs (German: Stadtteile/ Bezirke). The boroughs are called Bezirke in German. The 12 boroughs have political rights like a town community but they are not a legal city.
On January 1, 2001 there was a Berlin borough reform. The reform cut the number of Berlin's boroughs from 23 to 12. This was the result of combining several of the old boroughs. The reform was done in order to cut down administration costs.
Here are the old and the new boroughs:
(the data in the table is March 2004) |
9539 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superhuman | Superhuman | Superhuman means something that is beyond what people are naturally able to do. It is a word most used in fiction such as superhero comic books, but also sometimes in science fiction and fantasy movies and books.
Any character in books or movies that is much stronger than any real person, or can do things such as fly like Superman, is said to be superhuman or to have superhuman powers.
The word "superhuman" may also mean something that is not human but can do something that humans cannot, like a robot that can think faster than a person can.
Fiction |
9550 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real%20Madrid%20CF | Real Madrid CF | Real Madrid Club de Fútbol, sometimes known as Real Madrid, is a Spanish football club from Madrid, Spain. It was started in 1902 and competes in La Liga (the Spanish top league). The "Real" in the club's name is Spanish for "royal", because it was blessed by the King of Spain in 1920.
Real Madrid has won La Liga 34 times and the Copa del Rey (King's Cup) 19 times, the most out of any team in the league. It has also won the UEFA Champions League a record 13 times and the UEFA Cup twice.
Real Madrid was recognised as the FIFA Club of the 20th Century on 11 December 2000, and received the FIFA Centennial Order of Merit on 20 May 2004. In June 2017, the team succeeded in becoming the first club to win the Champions League twice in a row. In 2018, Madrid made history by becoming the first club in recent history to win the Champions League three times in a row. They beat Liverpool F.C. 3–1 in the final.
Since it began, Real Madrid has since spent all of its history in La Liga, and has never been relegated down to a lower level. This shows how strong they have been just to stay in the top flight of Spanish football. In the 1940s, the club, the Santiago Bernabéu Stadium and the Ciudad Deportiva were rebuilt after the Spanish Civil War. The club became a major force in both Spanish and European football during the 1950s. In the 1980s, the club had one of the best teams in Spain and Europe (known as La Quinta del Buitre). They had won two UEFA Cups, five Spanish championships in a row, one Spanish cup and three Spanish Super Cups.
The club has bought and had many famous footballers, including Ronaldo, David Beckham, Zinedine Zidane, Michael Owen, Cristiano Ronaldo, Kaká and other very famous footballers. The most expensive player is Gareth Bale who was bought for 85.3 million pounds from Tottenham Hotspur of the English Premier League.
The club's traditional home colours are all white. Its crest has been changed several times in attempts to modernise or re-brand. The current crest is a modified version of the one first adopted in the 1920s. Real's home stadium is the 81,044 capacity Santiago Bernabéu Stadium in Madrid, where it has played since 1947. Unlike most European football clubs, Real Madrid's members (socios) have owned and operated the club since it was opened. Real is the world's most valuable club. Real Madrid has won 34 La Liga titles.
Rivalries
El Clásico
There is a strong rivalry between the two strongest teams in La Liga, which are Real Madrid and FC Barcelona, where the game between them is known as "El Clásico" ("The Classic").
Madrid Derby
The club's nearest neighboring club is Atlético Madrid, and matches between them are known as "Madrid Derby". A strong rivalry is shared between fans of both teams.
Current Squad
Current Squad
Honours won by Real Madrid
shared record
League position
Former position
Reserve Team
Most expensive players
References
Spanish football clubs
Madrid
1902 establishments in Europe
1900s establishments in Spain |
9551 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1874 | 1874 |
Births
March 29 – Lou Henry Hoover, First Lady of the United States (d. 1944)
August 10 – Herbert Hoover, 31st President of the United States (d. 1964)
September 13 – Arnold Schoenberg
November 30 – Winston Churchill |
9552 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bigfoot | Bigfoot | Bigfoot, also called Sasquatch is a creature in folklore. People say that they are primates living in remote areas of Canada and the United States, most commonly in the Pacific Northwest. Even though many people claim to have seen a Bigfoot, or seen their tracks, no one has ever captured one, or found a dead body. So, most people do not believe in Bigfoot. Bigfoot is said to be very tall, from 7 to 9 feet (about 2 to 2.75 meters) and covered in brown, black, red, or sometimes even white fur or hair. They are said to have very big feet, about 13 inches long (0.3 meters), which is why they are named Bigfoot.
Bigfoot is similar to another mythical creature, the Yeti of the Himalayas.
The name Sasquatch comes from the Halkomelem language, a Central Salish language in the Salish language family. Stories of this type of creature are known among a number of First Nations groups in south-western British Columbia.
American folklore
Cryptozoology |
9557 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Da%20Vinci%20Code | The Da Vinci Code | The Da Vinci Code is a 2003 book by Dan Brown.
The book talks about a religious group called Opus Dei, a famous artist named Leonardo da Vinci, and some famous paintings he made called the Mona Lisa and The Last Supper.
According to Sharan Newman in The Real History behind the Da Vinci Code, Dan Brown based The Da Vinci Code on a book called Holy Blood, Holy Grail by Baigent and Leigh. This book was based on some papers found in the National Library of France, and which were forgeries. The papers were written to show that the man who wrote them was really the true king of France and head of an ancient secret society.
In 2006, Columbia Pictures made a movie version. It was directed by Ron Howard and stars Tom Hanks as Robert Langdon.
2003 books
20th-century American novels
English-language novels |
9558 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1959 | 1959 | 1959 (MCMLIX) was .
Events
Fidel Castro becomes the President of Cuba.
Alaska and Hawaii become the 49th and 50th states of the United States.
February 3- American musicians, Buddy Holly, Ritchie Valens, and The Big Bopper are killed in a plane crash on their way to a concert, an event that would be known as The Day the Music Died.
March 9 – the first Barbie dolls are issued.
October-The 1959 Mexico hurricane hits western Mexico. Storm kills over 1,800 people.
Births
January 5 – Clancy Brown, American actor
January 22 – Linda Blair, actress
January 30 – Irina Pudova, Yakut ballerina
March 6 – Tom Arnold, American comedian
April 15 – Emma Thompson, British actor
April 20 – Clint Howard, American actor
May 3 – Ben Elton, British comedian and writer
June 19 – Christian Wulff, German politician
June 20 – Chris Williams, African-American actor
June 29 - Gary Rydstrom, American sound designer
July 22 - Lon Bender, American sound editor
July 29 – Sanjay Dutt, Indian actor
October 10 – Maya Lin, American architect
October 31 – Neal Stephenson – science fiction writer
November 14 – Paul McGann, British actor
December 31 – Val Kilmer, American actor
R. A. Salvatore, science-fiction and fantasy writer
Deaths
February 3 — Buddy Holly, singer and guitarist, Ritchie Valens, singer and guitarist, Jiles Perry “The Big Bopper” Richardson Jr. disc jockey and singer
February 4 – Una O'Connor, actress
February 5 – Gwili Andre, actress
February 28 – Maxwell Anderson, playwright, movie writer
March 3 – Lou Costello, comedian and actor, half of Abbott and Costello comedy team
March 26 – Raymond Chandler, American novelist.
June 16 – George Reeves, actor
June 18 – Ethel Barrymore, actress
June 23 – Boris Vian, French novelist
September 18 - Harvey Glatman, American serial killer (executed by gas chamber; b. 1927)
October 14 – Errol Flynn, actor
November 20 – Sylvia Lopez, European actress
November 25 – Gérard Philipe, French actor
Movies released
Anatomy of a Murder
Auntie Mame
Ben-Hur
Darby O'Gill and the Little People
Diary of Anne Frank Imitation of Life North by Northwest The Nun's Story Pillow Talk Rio Bravo The Shaggy Dog Some Like It Hot Sleeping Beauty Series
The Gumby Show – Gumby is premiered The Zoops, Even Stevens, The Glob, Chicken Feed, Hidden Valley, The Groobee, The Witty Witch and Hot Rod Granny.
New books
Advertisement for Myself – Norman Mailer
Advise and Consent – Allen Drury
The Apprenticeship of Duddy Kravitz – Mordecai Richler
The Children of Gebelaawi – Naguib Mahfouz
Children of the Wolf – Alfred Duggan
Dear and Glorious Physician – Taylor Caldwell
The Defeat of the Spanish Armada – Garett Mattingly
The Elements of Style – William Strunk Jr. and E. B. White
Exodus – Leon Uris
Goldfinger – Ian Fleming
Goodbye, Columbus – Philip Roth
The Haunting of Hill House – Shirley Jackson
Hawaii – James A. Michener
Henderson the Rain King – Saul Bellow
The Magic Christian – Terry Southern
Mountolive – Lawrence Durrell
Mrs. 'Arris Goes to Paris – Paul Gallico
Naked Lunch – William S. Burroughs
Poor No More – Robert Ruark
Psycho – Robert Bloch
Rape of the Fair Country – Alexander Cordell
Sink the Bismarck! aka The Last Nine Days of the Bismark – C.S. Forester
The Sirens of Titan – Kurt Vonnegut
Starship Troopers – Robert Heinlein
The Tin Drum – Günter Grass
The Ugly American'' – William J. Lederer and Eugene L. Burdick
Hit songs
"A Fool Such As I" – Elvis Presley
"All For The Love Of A Girl" – Johnny Horton
"(All of A Sudden) My Heart Sings" – Paul Anka
"Among My Souvenirs" – Connie Francis
"Apron Strings" – Cliff Richard
"The Battle Of New Orleans" – Johnny Horton
"Beyond The Sea" – Bobby Darin
"The Big Hurt" – Toni Fisher
"Billy Bayou" – Jim Reeves
"Ciao, Ciao Bambina" – Dalida
"Come Softly To Me" – The Fleetwoods
"Crackin' Up" – Bo Diddley
"Crying, Waiting, Hoping" – Buddy Holly
"Dream Lover" – Bobby Darin
"El Paso" – Marty Robbins
"First Name Initial" – Annette
"Forty Miles Of Bad Road" – Duane Eddy
"Heartaches By The Number" – Guy Mitchell
"He'll Have To Go" – Jim Reeves
"High Hopes" – Frank Sinatra
"I'm Blue Again" – Patsy Cline
"I'm Sorry" – Bo Diddley
"I Only Have Eyes For You" – The Flamingos
"It Doesn't Matter Anymore" – Buddy Holly
"It's All In The Game" – Tommy Edwards
"It's Just A Matter Of Time" – Brook Benton
"It's Only The Good Times" – Tommy Edwards
"Kansas City" – Wilbert Harrison
"Kissin' Time" – Bobby Rydell
"La Bamba" – Ritchie Valens
"Lipstick On Your Collar" – Connie Francis
"Lonely Boy" – Paul Anka
"Lonesome Town" – Ricky Nelson
"Love Potion Number Nine" – The Clovers
"M.T.A" – The Kingston Trio
"Mack The Knife" – Bobby Darin
"Mr. Blue" – The Fleetwoods
"Misty" – Johnny Mathis
"My Heart Is An Open Book" – Carl Dobkins, Jr.
"Non Dimenticar" – Nat King Cole
"Peggy Sue Got Married" – Buddy Holly
"Personality" – Lloyd Price
"Pillow Talk" – Doris Day
"Poison Ivy" – The Coasters
"Poor Jenny" – The Everly Brothers
"Put Your Head On My Shoulder" – Paul Anka
"Raining In My Heart" – Buddy Holly
"Roberta" – Frankie Ford
"Rockin' Mother" – Frankie Laine
"Rocks And Gravel" – Frankie Laine
"Rummy Polka" – Matys Brothers
"Running Bear" – Johnny Preston
"Say Man" – Bo Diddley
"Say Man, Back Again" – Bo Diddley
"Sea Cruise" – Frankie Ford
"Since I Don't Have You" – The Skyliners
"Sleepwalk" – Santo & Johnny
"Small World" – Johnny Mathis
"Smoke Gets In Your Eyes" – The Platters
"Stagger Lee" – Lloyd Price
"Sweet Nothin's" – Brenda Lee
"Take A Message To Mary" – The Everly Brothers
"Tall Oak Tree" – Dorsey Burnette
"A Teenager In Love" – Dion & the Belmonts
"There Goes My Baby" – The Drifters
"'Til I Kissed Youe" – The Everly Brothers
"Till There Was You" – Anita Bryant
"True Love, True Love" / "Dance With Me" – The Drifters
"The Twist" – Hank Ballard
"Venus" – Frankie Avalon
"What A Difference A Day Makes" – Dinah Washington
"What'd I Say" – Ray Charles
"Where the Boys Are" – Connie Francis
"Why" – Frankie Avalon
"A Worried Man" – The Kingston Trio |
9559 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1957 | 1957 | 1957 (MCMLVII) was .
Events
The Africanized bee is accidentally released in Brazil
The Asian Flu pandemic begins in China
March 10 – Floodgates of The Dalles Dam are closed inundating Celilo Falls and ancient Indian fisheries along the Columbia River in Oregon.
March 25 – Treaty of Rome
October 4 - Sputnik launched.
November 13 – Flooding in the Po River valley of Italy leads to the flooding also in Venice
Births
January 6 – Nancy Lopez, golfer
January 7 – Nicholson Baker, novelist
January 7 – Katie Couric, television host
January 7 – Julian Solis, world champion boxer
January 11 – Robert Earl Keen, musician, singer
January 15 – Mario Van Peebles, actor, director
January 15 – Julian Sands, actor
January 19 – Katey Sagal, actress, singer & writer
January 22 – Mike Bossy, ice hockey player
January 23 – Earl Falconer, bassist
January 23 – Princess Caroline of Monaco
March 10 - Osama bin Laden, Terrorist, born in Saudi
June 16 - The Ultimate Warrior, American professional wrestler
July 26 – Nana Visitor
September 2 - Steve Porcaro, American keyboardist (Toto)
September 22 - Nick Cave, Australian singer
October 21 - Steve Lukather, American guitarist (Toto)
December 21 - Ray Romano, American sports writer and actor from Everybody Loves Raymond
December 27 - Rostislav-Amir Jirka, Czech politician and Member of Parliament European
Deaths
January 10 – Gabriela Mistral, Chilean poet (b. 1889)
January 14 – Humphrey Bogart, American actor (b. 1899)
January 16 – Arturo Toscanini, Italian conductor (b. 1867)
February 8 – John von Neumann, Hungarian-American mathematician (b. 1903)
February 9 – Miklós Horthy, Hungarian admiral and longtime Regent (b. 1868)
February 10 – Laura Ingalls Wilder, American writer (b. 1867)
February 18 – Henry Norris Russell, astronomer
February 25 – George "Bugs" Moran, Chicago gangster
March 11 – Admiral Richard E. Byrd, American explorer
March 16 – Constantin Brancusi, Romanian sculptor (b. 1876)
March 17 – Ramon Magsaysay, President of the Philippines
March 25 – Max Ophüls, director, writer
March 29 – Joyce Cary, writer
July 15 – George Cleveland, Canadian actor
August 7 - Oliver Norvell Hardy, American comic-entertainer
September 20 – Jean Sibelius, Finnish composer (b. 1865)
Movies released
An Affair to Remember
Aparajito
The Bridge on the River Kwai
The Delinquents
A Farewell to Arms
Friendly Persuasion
Giant
Hercules
I Was a Teenage Werewolf
Island in the Sun
Jailhouse Rock
Jamboree
La Grande strada azzurra
Le Notti di Cabiria
Loving You
Nights of Cabiria
Oklahoma!
Old Yeller
Pal Joey
Peyton Place
Quatermass 2
Sayonara
Seven Wonders of the World
The Seventh Seal
The Sweet Smell of Success
Teahouse of the August Moon
The Ten Commandments
The Three Faces of Eve
Twelve Angry Men
What's Opera, Doc?
Young and Dangerous
New books
At Lady Molly's – Anthony Powell
Atlas Shrugged – Ayn Rand
Below the Salt – Thomas B. Costain
Blue Camellia – Frances Parkinson Keyes
By Love Possessed – James Gould Cozzens
The Cat in the Hat – Dr. Seuss
The Comforters – Muriel Spark
Compulsion – Meyer Levin
Doomsday Morning – C. L. Moore
Eagle's Nest – Anna Kavan
Eloise in Paris – Kay Thompson
From Russia With Love – Ian Fleming
The Guns of Navarone – Alistair MacLean
Justine – Lawrence Durrell
Kids Say the Darndest Things! – Art Linkletter
La Loi – Roger Vailland
Long Day's Journey Into Night – Eugene O'Neill
On the Beach – Nevil Shute
On the Road – Jack Kerouac
Rascals in Paradise – James A. Michener
The Scapegoat – Daphne du Maurier
Some Came Running – James Jones
Sugar Street – Naguib Mahfouz
Voltaire in Love – Nancy Mitford
The Wapshot Chronicle – John Cheever
Where Did You Go? Out. What Did You Do? Nothing – Robert Paul Smith
Hit songs
"All shook Up" – Elvis Presley
"An Affair To Remember" – Nat King Cole
"Almost In Your Arms (Love Theme From Houseboat) – Sophia Loren
"April Love" – Pat Boone
"Around The World" – Nat King Cole
"Bernadine" – Pat Boone
"Black Slacks" – Joe Bennett
"Blue Starr" – Kay Starr
"Blueberry Hill" – Fats Domino
"Butterfly" – Andy Williams
"Bye Bye Love" – Everly Brothers
"Chances Are" – Johnny Mathis
"Come Go With Me" – Dell-Vikings, one of the first integrated groups
"Crazy Street" – Matys Brothers (some sources say 1958)
"Dark Moon" – Gale Storm
"Deep Purple" – Billy Ward & The Dominoes
"Diana" – Paul Anka
"Everyday" – Buddy Holly
"Fascination" – Nat King Cole
"Fascination" – Jane Morgan & The Troubadors
"Forbidden Fruit" – Anita Ellis
"Four Walls" – Jim Reeves
"Great Balls Of Fire" – Jerry Lee Lewis
"The Greater Sin" – Frankie Laine
"Gunfight At the OK Corral" – Frankie Laine
"Happy, Happy Birthday, Baby" – The Tune Weavers
"Hey, Schoolgirl" – Tom and Jerry
"Honeycomb" – Jimmie Rodgers
"Hoot Owl" – Guy Mitchell
"How High The Moon" – Pat Suzuki
"I'm Sorry" – The Platters
"I'm Walkin" – Fats Domino
"I'm Walking The Floor Over You" – Georgia Gibbs
"It's Not For Me To Say" – Johnny Mathis
"Jailhouse Rock" – Elvis Presley
"Kisses Sweeter Than Wine" – Jimmie Rodgers
"Last Train to San Fernando" – Johnny Duncan (huge hit in the UK)
"Little Darlin' " – Diamonds, a parody cover of a rhythm and blues hit
"The Lonesome Road" – Frankie Laine
"Look Homeward, Angel" – Johnnie Ray
"Love Is Strange" – Mickey & Sylvia
"Love Letters In The Sand" – Pat Boone
"Loving You" – Elvis Presley
"Lucille" – Little Richard
"Maman, la plus belle du monde" – Dalida
"My Special Angel" – Bobby Helms
"Not Fade Away" – Buddy Holly
"Oh Boy" – Buddy Holly
"Old Cape Cod" – Patti Page
"Party Doll" – Buddy Knox
"Peggy Sue" – Buddy Holly
"Pink Champagne" – The Tyrones
"Quand on n'a que l'amour" – Dalida
"Queen Of The Senior Prom" – The Mills Brothers
"Remember You're Mine" – Pat Boone
"Rock-A-Bye Baby Blues" – Brenda Lee
"Rock And Roll Music" – Chuck Berry
"Round and Round" – Perry Como
"Rumble" -- Link Wray, early feedback, only instrumental ever banned
"Searchin' " – The Coasters
"Shangri-La" – The Four Coins
"Silent Lips" – Georgia Gibbs
"So Rare" – Jimmy Dorsey
"Stardust" – Nat King Cole
"Sugar Moon" – Pat Boone
"Sugartime" – McGuire Sisters
"Tammy" – The Ames Brothers
"Tammy" – Debbie Reynolds
"Teddy Bear" – Elvis Presley
"That'll Be The Day" – Buddy Holly
"3:10 To Yuma" – Frankie Laine
"Too Young To Have A Broken Heart" – Gayla Peevey
"Treat Me Nice" – Elvis Presley
"The Twelfth Of Never" – Johnny Mathis
"Up Above My Head" – Johnnie Ray and Frankie Laine
"Wake Up Little Susie" – The Everly Brothers
"Walkin' After Midnight" – Patsy Cline
"When I Fall In Love" – Nat King Cole
"Who Needs You" – The Four Lads
"Whole Lotta Shakin' Goin' On"-Jerry Lewis
"Witchcraft" – Frank Sinatra
"Wonderful! Wonderful!" – Johnny Mathis
"Why Baby, Why" – Pat Boone
"You Know How It Is" – Frankie Laine
"You Send Me" – Sam Cooke
"Young Blood" – The Coasters, a two-sided hit with "Searchin"'
"Young Love" – Tab Hunter |
9560 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1966 | 1966 | 1966 (MCMLXVI) was .
Events
January 3 – Hullabaloo shows promotional videos of The Beatles songs "Day Tripper" and "We Can Work It Out".
January 8 – Shindig! airs for the last time on ABC, with musical guests the Kinks and the Who.
January 12 – Batman debuts on ABC (1966-1968).
February 23 – Television is first broadcast in Greece when ERT went on the air.
April 5 – The Money Programme debuts on BBC2 (1966-present).
June 5 – A taped appearance by The Beatles on The Ed Sullivan Show. The band debuts their music videos for "Rain" and "Paperback Writer".
June 27 – The first episode of the supernatural soap opera Dark Shadows airs on ABC, introducing Victoria Winters (Alexandra Moltke) to the viewing audience as she applies for a job at the Collinwood Manor.
July 1 – First Canadian color television broadcast.
September – ABC switches to the color standard, meaning that all three US networks are now broadcasting in color regularly.
September 3 – The last new episode of the television series The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet airs.
September 7 – The final episode of The Dick Van Dyke Show airs (the first episode aired on October 3, 1961).
September 8 – The first episode of Star Trek airs (1966-1969).
September 12 – The Monkees premieres (1966-1968).
October 2 – The four-part serial Talking to a Stranger, acclaimed as one of the finest British television dramas of the 1960s, begins transmission in the Theatre 625 strand on BBC2.
October 27 – It's the Great Pumpkin, Charlie Brown airs for the first time on CBS.
November 16 – Cathy Come Home, possibly the best-known play ever to be broadcast on British television, is transmitted in BBC1's The Wednesday Play anthology strand.
Births
February 6 – Rick Astley, British singer
March 10 – Omer Tarin Pakistani poet, scholar and mystic.
April 8 – Robin Wright, American actress
April 15 – Samantha Fox, British supermodel & singer
May 3 – Peter Abbay
May 16 – Janet Jackson, American singer & actress
June 30 – Mike Tyson professional boxer
August 3 – Brent Butt, Canadian actor and comedian
August 7 – Jimmy Wales, American founder of Wikipedia
September 9 – Adam Sandler, American comedian and actor
October 2 – Rodney Anoa'i, American professional wrestler (died 2000)
October 9 — David Cameron, British Prime Minister
October 11 – Luke Perry, American actor (died 2019)
December 21 – Kiefer Sutherland, actor
Deaths
August 3 – Lenny Bruce
November 17 – James Jabara, American Air Force pilot
Movies released
A Man for All Seasons
Alfie
Batman
The Battle of Algiers Golden Lion winner
The Birds, the Bees and the Italians Palme d'Or winner
Blowup
Chappaqua
Cul-de-Sac Golden Bear winner
Follow Me, Boys!
Frankie and Johnny
A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum
The Good, the Bad and the Ugly
Hawaii
It Happened Here
A Man and a Woman Palme d'Or winner
Morgan!
Our Man Flint
Paradise, Hawaiian Style
The Sand Pebbles
The Singing Nun
Spinout
Winnie the Pooh and the Honey Tree (short subject)
The Wild Angels
Hit Songs
"The Sound of Silence" – Simon and Garfunkel
"We Can Work It Out" – The Beatles
"My Love" – Petula Clark
"Lightnin' Strikes" – Lou Christie
"Ballad of the Green Berets" – Sgt. Barry Sadler (the Top Song of 1966, according to Billboard)
"These Boots Are Made For Walkin'" – Nancy Sinatra
"(You're My) Soul and Inspiration'" – Righteous Brothers
"Good Lovin'" – The Young Rascals
"Yellow Submarine" – The Beatles
"Monday Monday" – The Mamas and Papas
"When A Man Loves a Woman" – Percy Sledge
"Paint It Black" – The Rolling Stones
"Paperback Writer" – The Beatles
"Kicks" – Paul Revere & the Raiders
"Gloria" – Shadows of Knight
"Homeward Bound" – Simon and Garfunkel
"I Am a Rock" – Simon and Garfunkel
"Sweet Pea" – Tommy Roe
"You Don't Have to Say You Love Me" – Dusty Springfield
"It's a Man's Man's Man's World" – James Brown
"A Groovy Kind of Love" – The Mindbenders
"Along Comes Mary" – The Association
"Red Rubber Ball" – The Cyrkle
"Lil' Red Riding Hood" – Sam The Sham & The Pharaohs
"Born Free" – Roger Williams
"Strangers In the Night" – Frank Sinatra
"Wild Thing" – The Troggs
"Summer in the City" – Lovin' Spoonful
"Reach Out I'll Be There" – The Four Tops
"Last Train To Clarksville" – The Monkees
"You Keep Me Hangin' On" – The Supremes
"Summertime" – Billy Stewart
"Winchester Cathedral" – New Vaudeville Band
"Good Vibrations" – The Beach Boys
"Mellow Yellow" – Donovan
"I'm a Believer" – The Monkees
"Snoopy vs. the Red Baron" – The Royal Guardsmen
"That's Life" – Frank Sinatra
"Sugar Town" – Nancy Sinatra
"Tell It Like It Is" – Aaron Neville
"Good Thing" – Paul Revere and the Raiders
New Books
The Adventurers – Harold Robbins
The Anti-Death League – Kingsley Amis
Capable of Honor – Allen Drury
The Circle Game – Margaret Atwood
The Dartmoor Worker anthology of William Crossing
Der Meteor – Friedrich Dürrenmatt
The Devil's Brigade – Robert H. Adleman
The Double Image – Helen McInnes
The Embezzler – Louis Auchincloss
Expeditions – Margaret Atwood
Fantastic Voyage – Isaac Asimov
The Fixer – Bernard Malamud
In Cold Blood – Truman Capote
Jean de Florette – Marcel Pagnol
Last Picture Show – Larry McMurtry
The Magic Finger – Roald Dahl
Manon des sources – Marcel Pagnol
The Master and Margarita – Mihail Bulgakov
The Moon is a Harsh Mistress – Robert A. Heinlein
Octopussy and The Living Daylights – Ian Fleming
The Soldier's Art – Anthony Powell
The Solid Mandala – Patrick White
Speeches for Doctor Frankenstein – Margaret Atwood
The Sun King – Nancy Mitford
Tai-Pan – James Clavell
Tell No Man – Adela Rogers St. Johns
A Thousand Days – Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr.
Valley of the Dolls – Jacqueline Susann
Wide Sargasso Sea – Jean Rhys
Nobel Prizes 1966
The 1966 Nobel Prize in Literature was won by Shmuel Yosef Agnon and Nelly Sachs.
The 1966 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was won by Peyton Rous and Charles Brenton Huggins.
The 1966 Nobel Prize in Chemistry was won by Robert S. Mulliken.
The 1966 Nobel Prize in Physics was won by Alfred Kastler.
The Nobel Peace Prize was not awarded in 1966.
References |
9563 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peugeot | Peugeot | Peugeot is a French company. They make cars, vans, motorcycles and scooters in France.
Vehicles
Peugeot 605
The Peugeot 605 is the name of a car. This was a full-size car. It was made between 1989 and 1999 after the company stopped the production of Peugeot 505. After this, the company made a smaller car named Peugeot 405, and a bigger car named Peugeot 605. The Peugeot is a car of the luxury-family car class.
Peugeot 306
The Peugeot 306 is the name of a car that started being made in 1993 and stopped being made in 2002. It was a small, family car. There were several verities of this car: from the slowest version, the 1.4, all the way up to the fastest version which was called the GTI-6.
Peugeot 3008
The Peugeot 3008 was launched in 2010 as part of Peugeot's family car range . The design of this crossover aimed to combine the genres of an MPV and a hatchback. The 3008 comes as turbocharged 1.6-litre petrol engines, plus 1.6 and 2.0-litre diesels.
Following the original 3008 model, Peugeot revealed the 3008 diesel hybrid later the same year at the Paris Motor Show.
The Peugeot 306 also came in a diesel veriety, which many people see as an important step in bringing economical diesel oil powered car to people. This version came in 1.8 litre, 1.9 litre, and 1.9 litre turbocharged versions. In 1999, Peugeot replaced these diesel engines with the 2.0 litre HDI engine which was better at saving fuel than all the other engines.
Current Vehicles
The cars that Peugeot make are the:
Peugeot: 107, 206, 207, 308, 508, 807, 1007, 4007, 5008, 3008, RCZ and the Partner
The vans that Peugeot make are the:
Peugeot Bipper, Expert, Boxer, Partner Van, 207 Van and the Bipper
Other websites
Peugeot International Website
Peugeot Motorcycles Website
19th-century establishments in France
Automobile companies of France |
9564 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton%20Keynes | Milton Keynes | Milton Keynes is a very large town in Buckinghamshire, England. In 1967, the government decided to start a large new town with the idea that it would become a city of 250,000 people by the end of the twentieth century. The place where it was built already included three towns and sixteen villages, with about 45,000 people living there. More and more houses, shops and factories are built every year. By 2011, there were are about 275,000 residents. (In the United Kingdom, no matter how large a town is, it can not just call itself a city. Only the King or Queen can give it that name).
Aeroplanes flying over ordinary towns can see roads that look like a spider's web. But when they fly over Milton Keynes, they see that its big roads look like a net or a grid. The people who live there call the spaces between the busy roads grid squares and that is where they live. Nobody lives right next to the big roads, so there are no trucks going past the front door of people who live there. So really, Milton Keynes often seems more like a 100 little villages than a big city.
People do not have to cross a busy road to get from one grid square to the next one, because the roads go over bridges and people can cross safely under them. The paths that go under the roads and between the houses are called Redways because they are red in colour. Only people on bicycles and people walking are allowed to use them. Cars, lorries and motorbikes are not allowed to go on them. So people could cycle all the way across the city and never have to go on a busy road.
What was it like before the builders came?
Before the builders came, there were many fields and a lot of villages. People can still see the old villages because the houses look different. There are many rivers and streams and lakes and a canal. There are no houses on the fields beside the rivers. Nobody can build on these fields because sometimes they get flooded when it rains a lot. But nearly all the time, they are just giant long parks called linear parks.
When the builders dug up the ground to build on, they found some strange things. The oldest was the fossil of a dinosaur fish, called an Ichthyosaur. They also found a Roman farm - people can still see bits of it because they decided to leave it alone. They also found some buried treasure (the Milton Keynes Hoard) which is now in the British Museum (with copies in the Milton Keynes Museum).
What is there to do?
There is one big theatre and four small ones. There are only two cinemas but each one has ten sections, so there are twenty movies on at a time. There is a ski slope with real snow, even in summer. That is because it is indoors, with a giant fridge to keep it cold. There are four big swimming pools. At the National Bowl, people can see their favourite bands and artists. Not very far away, at Silverstone, they can see Formula 1 motor racing - including Milton Keynes's own F1 team, Red Bull Racing. There is a football stadium, where they can see the local football club, Milton Keynes Dons F.C., play. They can see barges going past on the canal. Near the station, there is a covered skateboard place. There is also Planet Ice where there is leisure skating available and the MK Lightning ice hockey team plays. This is also where they train figure skaters and ice dancers at national competition level. Professional skater, Vicky Ogden who has skated internationally and nationally for Great Britain for over 12 years is the head coach.
Road system and roundabouts
The road system in Milton Keynes is based on the idea of major roads between districts and minor roads within them. The major roads (often dual carriageways) run almost all the way across the city but the minor roads are just for local use. Most of the major roads have a national speed limit: 60 MPH / 95 KPH for single carriageway and 70 MPH / 110 KPH for dual carriageways. That means that traffic passing through Milton Keynes can cross from one side to the other in a relatively short time. The major roads run either north/south or east/west, though not in straight lines. This network is called a grid: the major roads are called 'grid roads'. Roundabouts are used at the junctions of the grid: not many junctions have traffic lights.
Public transport
The original design for Milton Keynes expected bus services to use the grid roads, with passengers walking to the nearest 'edge'. In reality, the bus services use the internal minor roads.
Concrete Cows
The Concrete Cows are an art installation by the American artist Elizabeth Leyh. The artist was working with local children to use found objects to create art. The concrete and armatures came as left-overs from local building sites. People from outside (notably a BBC Radio One disc jockey) jumped to the conclusion that they symbolised 'concrete cows for concrete fields', failing to recognise how green Milton Keynes is and that real cows and sheep graze the linear parks.
The cows in the field to the north of Monks Way near the junction with Erica Road are a copy. The original set is in the shopping centre in Central Milton Keynes. The copy cows are regularly the subject of vandalism - some more creative than others: in 2012 the cows were all painted to appear as skeletons by a local guerrilla artist in readiness for Halloween. This effort was more artistic than most and generally well received with many people voicing a wish (in the local newspaper) that the council not repaint them - but this has been done.
Where is it?
It is in England. It is about half way between Oxford and Cambridge. It is about half way between London and Birmingham. They can get here on the train because we have five railway stations - the biggest one is Milton Keynes Central. They can come on the M1 motorway - get off at Junction 14. It takes less than an hour to get here in the train from London, maybe half an hour if they take an express train.
Other websites
http://www.mkweb.co.uk Official website
Milton Keynes |
9565 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calais | Calais | Calais is a commune in the Pas-de-Calais department in north France. It is an important ferry port opposite Dover. The Channel Tunnel is also nearby. About 73,000 people live in Calais.
Communes in Pas-de-Calais
Port cities and towns of the North Sea
Subprefectures in France |
9567 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/December%202 | December 2 |
Events
Up to 1950
1409 - The University of Leipzig opens.
1697 - The new St. Paul's Cathedral in London, designed by Christopher Wren, opens.
1755 - The second Eddystone Lighthouse on the English coast is destroyed by fire.
1763 - Dedication of the Touro Synagogue in Rhode Island.
1804 – At Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris, Napoleon Bonaparte crowns himself Emperor of the French, the first French Emperor in a thousand years.
1805 – Napoleonic Wars: French troops under Napoleon defeat a joint Russo-Austrian force.
1823 – US President James Monroe delivers a speech establishing American neutrality in future European conflicts.
1845 – US President James K. Polk announces to Congress that the United States should aggressively expand into the West.
1848 - Franz Joseph I of Austria becomes Emperor.
1851 - French President Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte overthrows the Second Republic.
1854 - Napoleon III crowns himself Emperor of France.
1859 - Militant abolitionist John Brown is hanged for the October 16 raid on Harpers Ferry, Virginia.
1867 – In a New York City theater, British writer Charles Dickens gives his first public reading in the United States.
1879 - British passenger ship Borussia sinks in the North Atlantic Ocean, killing 169 people.
1899 - Philippine-American War: Battle of Tirad Pass.
1908 – Child Emperor Pu Yi ascends the Chinese throne at the age of two.
1917 - World War I: Russia and the Central Powers sign an armistice at Brest-Litovsk.
1927 - Following 19 years of Ford Model T production, the Ford Motor Company unveils the Ford Model A as its automobile.
1930 – Great Depression: US President Herbert Hoover goes before the United States Congress and asks for a US$150 million public works program to help generate jobs and stimulate the economy.
1939 - LaGuardia Airport, belonging to New York City, opens.
1942 – Manhattan Project: A team led by Enrico Fermi initiates the first self-sustaining nuclear chain reaction.
1943 – A Luftwaffe bombing raid on the harbour of Bari, Italy, sinks an American ship with a mustard gas stockpile.
1949 - Convention against human trafficking and prostitution is adopted by United Nations.
1951 2000
1954 – The United States Senate votes 65 to 22 to condemn Joseph McCarthy for "conduct that tends to bring the Senate into dishonor and disrepute."
1956 - Fidel Castro and 80 other members of the 26th July Movement start on their journey to start the Cuban Revolution, landing in Oriente province.
1959 - The Malpasset Dam breaks in Southern France, killing 421 people.
1961 – In a nationally-broadcast speech, Cuban leader Fidel Castro declares that he is a Marxist-Leninist and that Cuba is going to adopt Communism.
1970 - The US Environmental Protection Agency begins operations.
1971 – Abu Dhabi, Ajman, Fujairah, Sharjah, Dubai, and Umm al-Quwain form the United Arab Emirates. Ras al-Khaimah joins in February 1972.
1972 – Gough Whitlam becomes Prime Minister of Australia.
1975 - The Communist political party Pathet Lao takes power in Laos, creating the Lao People's Democratic Republic, with Souphanouvong as its first leader.
1976 – Fidel Castro becomes President of Cuba replacing Osvaldo Dorticós Torrado.
1980 - El Salvador Civil War: Four American nuns and a churchwoman are murdered by military death squad.
1982 - At the University of Utah, Barney Clark becomes the first person to receive a permanent artificial heart.
1988 – Benazir Bhutto becomes Prime Minister of Pakistan, making her the first woman to lead a mainly-Muslim country.
1990 – A coalition led by Chancellor Helmut Kohl wins the first free all-German elections since 1932.
1993 – Drug dealer Pablo Escobar is shot dead by Colombian police.
1999 – The United Kingdom devolves political power in Northern Ireland to the Northern Ireland Executive.
From 2001
2001 – Enron files for Chapter 11 bankruptcy.
2004 - Typhoon Nanmadol kills about 1,000 people in the Philippines.
2008 – Somchai Wongsawat resigns as Prime Minister of Thailand.
2010 – Russia and Qatar are announced as hosts of the FIFA World Cup, for 2018 and 2022 respectively.
2019 - Climate change talks begin in Madrid.
Births
Up to 1900
885 - Li Cunxu, Chinese Emperor of the Later Tang Dynasty (d. 926)
1578 – Agostino Agazzari, Italian composer and music theorist (d. 1640)
1694 – William Shirley, colonial Governor of Massachusetts (d. 1771)
1710 - Bertinazzi, Italian actor and author (d. 1783)
1754 - William Cooper, American judge and politician (d. 1809)
1760 – John Breckinridge, American politician (d. 1806)
1760 - Joseph Graetz, German composer, organist and educator (d. 1826)
1810 - Henry Yesler, 7th Mayor of Seattle (d. 1892)
1825 – Emperor Pedro II of Brazil (d. 1891)
1827 - William Burges, English architect and designer (d. 1881)
1837 - Joseph Bell, Scottish surgeon, physician and forensics pioneer (d. 1911)
1846 – Pierre Waldeck-Rousseau, French statesman (d. 1904)
1859 – Georges Seurat, French painter (d. 1891)
1866 - Harry Burleigh, American composer (d. 1949)
1873 - Eduardo Schaerer, President of Paraguay (d. 1941)
1874 - Joseph Olivier, French rugby player (d. 1901)
1885 – George Richards Minot, American physician (d. 1950)
1891 – Otto Dix, German painter and graphic artist (d. 1969)
1891 - Charles H. Wesley, American historian and author (d. 1987)
1893 - Leo Ornstein, Russian-American pianist and composer (d. 2002)
1895 - Harriet Cohen, English pianist (d. 1967)
1897 – Hovhannes Bagramyan, Soviet politician (d. 1982)
1898 - Indra Lal Roy, Indian pilot (d. 1918)
1899 – John Barbirolli, English conductor (d. 1970)
1899 – John Cobb, British racing driver (d. 1952)
1901 1950
1901 – Raimundo Orsi, Argentine-Italian footballer (d. 1986)
1909 - Pietro Arcari, Italian footballer (d. 1988)
1909 - Marion Dönhoff, German journalist and Resistance activist (d. 2002)
1913 - Marc Platt, American ballet dancer, musical theatre performer and actor (d. 2014)
1914 – Ray Walston, American actor (d. 2001)
1915 – Prince Mikasa, Japanese royal (d. 2016)
1921 - Carlo Furno, Italian cardinal (d. 2015)
1923 – Maria Callas, Greek-American soprano (d. 1977)
1924 – Alexander Haig, American politician, United States Secretary of State (d. 2010)
1925 – Julie Harris, American actress (d. 2013)
1929 - Leon Litwack, American historian and author
1930 – Gary Becker, American economist (d. 2014)
1931 - Nigel Calder, English science writer (d. 2014)
1931 - Masaaki Hatsumi, Japanese martial artist
1931 - Edwin Meese, 75th United States Attorney General
1933 - Mike Larrabee, American sprinter
1934 - Tarcisio Bertone, Italian cardinal and diplomat
1934 – Sissela Bok, Swedish philosopher and ethicist
1937 - Manohar Joshi, 15th Chief Minister of Maharashtra, India
1939 – Harry Reid, American politician (d. 2021)
1943 - Wayne Allard, American politician
1944 - Cathy Lee Crosby, American actress
1944 – Ibrahim Rugova, President of Kosovo (d. 2006)
1946 – Gianni Versace, Italian fashion designer (d. 1997)
1947 - Andy Rouse, English racing driver
1947 – Rudolf Scharping, German politician
1948 – Antonin Manenka, Czechoslovakian footballer
1948 - Patricia Hewitt, British politician
1948 - Toninho Horta, Brazilian guitarist
1950 - Paul Watson, Canadian-American conservationist
1951 1975
1954 - Dan Butler, American actor
1956 - Steven Bauer, American actor
1957 - Dagfinn Hoybraten, Norwegian politician
1958 - Vladimir Parfenovich, Belarus canoe racer
1960 - Justus von Dohnanyi, German actor
1960 - Deb Haaland, American politician
1960 – Rick Savage, British musician (Def Leppard)
1962 - Kardam, Prince of Turnovo, Spanish-Bulgarian nobleman
1963 - Don Gaulthier, American actor
1963 - Brendan Coyle, British actor
1967 - Mary Creagh, British politician
1967 - Laurie Morgan, 1st Chief Minister of Guernsey
1968 – David Batty, English footballer
1968 – Nate Mendel, American musician (Foo Fighters)
1968 – Lucy Liu, American actress
1968 - Rena Sofer, American actress
1970 - Yang Hyuk-suk, South Korean singer-songwriter and producer
1971 – Francesco Toldo, Italian footballer
1971 - Mine Yoshizaki, Japanese illustrator
1972 – Sergei Zholtok, Latvian ice hockey player (d. 2004)
1973 – Monica Seles, Yugoslavian-born tennis player
1973 – Jan Ullrich, German cyclist
From 1976
1976 - Masafumi Gotch, Japanese singer-songwriter and guitarist
1978 – Maelle Ricker, Canadian snowboarder
1978 – Nelly Furtado, Canadian singer and songwriter
1978 – Chris Wolstenholme, English bassist (Muse)
1978 - Jarron Collins, American basketball player
1978 - Jason Collins, American basketball player
1979 - Sabina Babayeva, Azerbaijani singer
1979 – Yvonne Catterfeld, German singer and actress
1981 – Britney Spears, American singer
1983 – Chris Burke, Scottish footballer
1983 – Aaron Rodgers, American football player
1983 - Daniela Ruah, Portuguese-American actress
1985 - Amaury Leveaux, French swimmer
1985 - Dorrell Wright, American basketball player
1986 - Adam le Fondre, English footballer
1987 - Teairra Mari, American singer-songwriter and actress
1988 - Soniya Mehra, Indian actress
1988 - Stephen McGinn, Scottish footballer
1989 - Cassie Steele, Canadian singer-songwriter
1989 - Richard Tait, Scottish footballer
1990 - Gastón Ramírez, Uruguayan footballer
1990 - Hikaru Yaotome, Japanese singer-songwriter
1990 - Emmanuel Agyemang-Badu, Ghanaian footballer
1991 - Brandon Knight, American basketball player
1991 - Charlie Puth, American singer and songwriter
1993 - Dylan McLaughlin, American actor
1994 - Cauley Woodrow, English footballer
1998 - Amber Montana, American actress
1998 - Juice Wrld, American rapper (d. 2019)
Deaths
Up to 1900
1348 – Emperor Hanazano of Japan (b. 1297)
1463 - Albert IV, Archduke of Austria (b. 1418)
1469 – Piero di Cosimo de' Medici of Florence (b. 1416)
1547 – Hernán Cortés, Spanish explorer (b. 1485)
1594 – Gerardus Mercator, Flemish mapmaker (b. 1512)
1694 - Pierre Paul Puget, French painter, sculptor and architect (b. 1622)
1723 - Philippe II, Duke of Orleans, French nobleman (b. 1674)
1774 - Johann Friedrich Agricola, German composer and organist (b. 1720)
1794 – Johann Gottlob Leidenfrost, German physician and theologian (b. 1715)
1810 – Philipp Otto Runge, German painter (b. 1777)
1814 – Marquis de Sade, French philosopher (b. 1740)
1815 – Jan Potocki, Polish writer and historian (b. 1761)
1844 - Eustachy Erazm-Sanguszko, Polish general and politician (b. 1768)
1849 – Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen, Queen Consort of William IV of the United Kingdom (b. 1792)
1859 – John Brown, American abolitionist (b. 1800)
1863 – Jane Pierce, American First Lady, wife of Franklin Pierce (b. 1806)
1881 - Jenny von Westphalen, German writer, wife of Karl Marx (b. 1814)
1888 - Namik Kemal, Turkish poet (b. 1840)
1889 - Gregorio del Pilar, Filipino general (b. 1825)
1901 2000
1918 - Edmond Rostand, French poet and playwright (b. 1868)
1943 – Nordahl Grieg, Norwegian writer and journalist (b. 1902)
1944 – Filippo Tommaso Marinetti, Italian writer (b. 1876)
1944 - Eiji Sawamura, Japanese baseball player (b. 1917)
1950 - Dinu Lipatti, Romanian pianist and composer (b. 1917)
1953 - Tran Kong Kim, Vietnamese scholar and politician (b. 1883)
1966 - Luitzen Egbertus Jon Brouwer, Dutch mathematician and philosopher (b. 1881)
1969 - Jose Maria Arguedas, Peruvian author, poet and anthropologist (b. 1911)
1969 - Kliment Voroshilov, Soviet politician (b. 1881)
1972 - Yip Man, Chinese martial artist (b. 1893)
1974 – Max Weber, Swiss politician (b. 1897)
1980 – Chaudhry Muhammad Ali, Prime Minister of Pakistan (b. 1905)
1980 – Romain Gary, Lithuanian-born French writer (b. 1914)
1982 – Marty Feldman, British-American actor and director (b. 1934)
1982 – Giovanni Ferrari, Italian footballer (b. 1907)
1985 – Philip Larkin, English poet (b. 1922)
1986 – Desi Arnaz, Cuban-born actor and bandleader (b. 1917)
1986 - Lee Dorsey, American singer (b. 1924)
1987 – Luis Federico Leloir, French-Argentine chemist (b. 1906)
1987 - Yakov Borisovich Zel'dovich, Belarussian physicist, astronomer and cosmologist (b. 1914)
1988 - Tata Giacobetti, Italian singer-songwriter (b. 1922)
1990 – Aaron Copland, American composer (b. 1900)
1993 – Pablo Escobar, Colombian druglord (b. 1949)
1995 - Robertson Davies, Canadian author (b. 1913)
1999 – Charlie Byrd, American jazz musician (b. 1925)
From 2001
2004 – Alicia Markova, British ballet dancer (b. 1910)
2005 – Kenneth Lee Boyd, American convicted murderer (b. 1948)
2009 – Eric Woolfson, British musician and producer (b. 1945)
2010 – Ron Santo, American baseball player (b. 1940)
2011 – Chiyono Hasegawa, Japanese supercentenarian (b. 1896)
2011 – Bill Tapia, American musician (b. 1908)
2012 - Ehsan Naraghi, Iranian sociologist and author (b. 1926)
2013 - Pedro Rocha, Uruguayan footballer (b. 1942)
2013 - William Allain, 58th Governor of Mississippi (b. 1928)
2013 - Christopher Evan Welch, American actor (b. 1965)
2013 - Vernon Shaw, President of Dominica (b. 1930)
2013 - Salim Kallas, Syrian actor and politician (b. 1936)
2013 - Brian Hitchen, English newspaper editor (b. 1936)
2014 - Bobby Keys, American saxophonist (b. 1943)
2014 - A. R. Antulay, Indian politician, Chief Minister of Maharashtra (b. 1929)
2014 - Jean Beliveau, Canadian ice hockey player (b. 1931)
2014 - Don Laws, American figure skater and coach (b. 1929)
2015 - Sandy Berger, American political consultant (b. 1945)
2015 - Gabriele Ferzetti, Italian actor (b. 1925)
2015 - George Sakato, American soldier (b. 1921)
2016 - Sammy Lee, American diver (b. 1920)
2016 - Gisela May, German actress (b. 1924)
2017 - Ulli Lommel, German actor and director (b. 1944)
2017 - Mundell Lowe, American jazz guitarist and composer (b. 1922)
2017 - Edwin Mosquera, Colombian weightlifter (b. 1985)
2017 - Ewald Schurer, German politician (b. 1954)
2017 - Nava Semel, Israeli author and playwright (b. 1954)
2018 - Séry Bailly, Ivorian writer and politician (b. 1948)
2018 - Ugo De Censi, Italian-Peruvian priest (b. 1924)
2018 - Paul Sherwen, English racing cyclist (b. 1956)
2019 - George Atkinson III, American football player (b. 1992)
2019 - Jimmy Cavallo, American rock music saxophonist (b. 1927)
2019 - D. C. Fontana, American television scriptwriter and story editor (b. 1939)
2019 - Francesco Janich, Italian footballer (b. 1937)
2019 - Robert K. Massie, American historian (b. 1929)
Holidays and observances
Laos – National Day
United Arab Emirates – National Day (independence from Britain, 1971)
International Day for the Abolition of Slavery – United Nations
December 02 |
9569 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%20Clockwork%20Orange | A Clockwork Orange | A Clockwork Orange is an English dystopian novella written by Anthony Burgess and published in 1962.
Through the exploits and experiences of the teenaged, charismatic but sociopathic, Alex, it explores mankind's violent nature. The novel is set in a not-so-distant future society with a culture of extreme youth rebellion and violence. It satirizes trends in youth culture that were around in the 1960s in the West, and to some extent still present today. The dramatic events throw a light on human free will to choose between good or evil, and the weakness of free will as a solution to evil. Alex and his three goons do various crimes, mainly assaulting everyone: Brutally for the men, and sexually for the women. He is sent to prison for murdering a woman whilst burgling her house.
Burgess experiments with language by writing in a Russian-influenced argot (slang) called "Nadsat" which is used by the novel’s teenage anti-hero in his first-person narrative, and the younger characters. According to Burgess, the novel was a jeu d'esprit written in just three weeks.
In 2005, A Clockwork Orange was included on Time magazine's list of the 100 best English-language novels written since 1923, and it was named by Modern Library and its readers as one of the 100 best English-language novels of the 20th century. The original manuscript of the book was bought by McMaster University. Hamilton, Ontario, Canada in 1971.
The best known adaptation of the novel to other forms is the 1971 movie A Clockwork Orange by Stanley Kubrick, starring Malcolm McDowell as Alex. A 1965 film by Andy Warhol entitled Vinyl was also an adaptation of Burgess' novel.
Awards
2008 - Prometheus Award (Hall of Fame Award)
References
1962 books
Antisocial personality disorder in fiction
Crime fiction books
English novels
Fiction set in the future
Rape in fiction |
9571 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/False | False | False means untrue. If something is false, it means it is not real. A falsehood is anything said that is not true. A falsehood can also be a series of lies, told to "prove" something that is false itself.
In logic, "false" is one of the truth values (with the other one being 'true'). This is written as , F or 0.
Related pages
Contradiction
References
Logic
Basic English 850 words |
9572 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine%20biology | Marine biology | Marine biology is the study of any living plant or animal in the sea. Marine biologists are the people who study it. Like other scientists, marine biologists must know a lot about the creatures they are studying. They also must understand how the sea works. The study of how the sea works is oceanography.
History
During the Age of Discovery many more ships sailed far from home. Captain James Cook. He went around the world twice while finding new discoveries. Another person who helped is Charles Darwin, known for the Theory of Evolution. He helped a lot in marine biology. His expeditions aboard the HMS Beagle from 1831-1836 to collect marine organisms.
Marine Animals
Marine animals include squids, corals, whales and fish. Marine plants include sea grasses and algae. The Census of Marine Life was a ten-year project of marine biology.
One marine animal that is regularly seen in this position is called the lion fish also known as the zebra fish, fire fish, turkey fish, or butterfly cod. It has a pattern of red, white, cream, or black stripes. This fish is an invasive species. This means that it should not be in as many waters as it is. Another animal is the clownfish is usually orange, or yellow, and black and white stripes. They are part of the Amphiprioninae family. Both of these animals are examples of the life in the ocean or sea.
Marine biologist
Previous education is a bachelor's degree in biology, followed by at least an MSc in marine biology.
The ocean is large and marine biologists work in many subfields like zoology, invertebrate, ichthyology, and physiology. Other subfields study physical traits like scales, scales, or eyes. Biologists also study animal behavior.
Other websites
What is a marine biologist? -Careers
What is marine biology? -University of Texas
Branches of biology |
9574 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/President%20of%20Russia | President of Russia | The President of Russia is the head of state and head of the executive of the central government of Russia and the commander in chief of the Russian Armed Forces. The current president is Vladimir Putin. Boris Yeltsin was the first president of Russia, Vladimir Putin was second and fourth, and Dmitry Medvedev was the third. His duties are listed in the 1993 Russian Constitution. The president directs the foreign and domestic policy of the Russian Federation.
The first inauguration took place on 10 July 1991 following the collapse of the Soviet Union. Mikhail Gorbachev having to resign sealed the fate of the Soviet Union. The Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic became the Russian federation.
Inauguration of the President of Russia is done six years after the last inauguration (since 2000, this 7 May).
In case if the President dies, resigns or is removed from office, the Prime Minister serves as acting President until a replacement is appointed.
List of presidents
Living former Presidents
As of , there is only one living former president. The only death of a former president was that of Boris Yeltsin (1991–1999) on April 23, 2007, aged 76.
References
Other websites
Official site of the President of Russia
Presidents of Russia |
9575 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvio%20Berlusconi | Silvio Berlusconi | Silvio Berlusconi (born 29 September 1936) is an Italian politician and businessman. He was Prime Minister of Italy from May 1994 to January 1995, June 2001 to May 2006, and May 2008 to November 2011. He was the first to become Prime Minister without first holding another office. He is the leader of a coalition named Forza Italia.
Berlusconi is also the most important manager of Italy, he is the owner of television group Mediaset, of the editorial group "Mondadori" and of the Bank group Mediolanum SpA. He was born in Milan. In July 2020, his net worth was at US$6.3 billion.
Berlusconi had some problems with justice, including fraud (1994, 1996) and corruption (1998). In the 1990s he entered politics and he has been Head of Government in 1994, in 2001 and since 2008 to 2011. On 26 October 2012, he was convicted of fraud. On 1 August 2013, his jail term got confirmed, he will have to serve 4 years, in house arrest, because of his old age. In 2013, Berlusconi was convicted of paying for sex with an underage girl. This conviction was overturned on 18 July 2014.
In 2019, he was elected a member of the European Parliament during the 2019 elections. He was an MEP previously between 1999 and 2001. He was seen as a possible candidate for President of Italy in the 2022 elections.
On 2 September 2020, during the worldwide coronavirus pandemic, Berlusconi tested positive to COVID-19. The next day, he was hospitalized in Milan with pneumonia. He was released from the hospital on 14 September.
References
Other websites
Official party site, in Italian
1936 births
Living people
Fraudsters
Italian businesspeople
Italian Roman Catholics
People acquitted of sex crimes
People from Milan
MEPs for Italy
Politicians from Lombardy
Prime Ministers of Italy |
9576 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundi | Burundi | Burundi (officially called the Republic of Burundi) is a small country in Africa. The capital of Burundi is Gitega. The official languages of Burundi are Kirundi French and English. There are about eight and a half million people in Burundi. Burundi is one of the poorest countries in the world.
History
In 1962, Burundi became independent.
Provinces, communes and collines
Burundi is divided into 18 provinces, 117 communes, and 2,638 collines (hills). Provincial governments are based on these boundaries. In 2000, the province encompassing Bujumbura was separated into two provinces, Bujumbura Rural and Bunjumbura Mairie.
The provinces are:
Largest cities
These are the largest cities in Burundi:
Geography
One of the smallest countries in Africa, Burundi is landlocked. It is bordered by Rwanda to the north, Tanzania to the east and south and the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the west. It has an equatorial climate. Burundi is a part of the Albertine Rift, the western extension of the East African Rift.
The country lies on a rolling plateau in the center of Africa. The average elevation of the central plateau is , with lower elevations at the borders. The highest peak, Mount Heha at , is southeast of Bujumbura. The source of the Nile River is in Burundi province. It is linked from Lake Victoria to its headwaters by the Ruvyironza River. Lake Victoria is also an important water source. It serves as a fork to the Kagera River. Another major lake is Lake Tanganyika in Burundi's southwestern corner.
Burundi's lands are mostly agricultural or pasture. Settlement by rural populations has led to deforestation, soil erosion, and habitat loss.
There are two national parks: Kibira National Park and Ruvubu National Park. Both were formed in 1982 to keep wildlife populations.
Related pages
Burundi at the Olympics
Burundi national football team
List of rivers of Burundi
References
Notes
Other websites
States and territories established in the 1960s
1962 establishments in Africa
French-speaking countries
Least developed countries |
9579 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espoo | Espoo | Espoo () is the second largest city in Uusimaa, Finland. As of January 2014, more than 260,000 people lived in Espoo. Other municipalities near to it are Kauniainen, Vantaa, Kirkkonummi, Nurmijärvi, Vihti and the capital Helsinki.
Nature
There are several lakes in the northern parts of Espoo. Example Lippajärvi, Pitkäjärvi, Nuuksion Pitkäjärvi and Velskolan Pitkäjärvi.
Other websites
Official Espoo site
Travelling quide |
9584 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hospital | Hospital | A hospital is a place where a person goes to be healed when he or she is sick or injured. The difference between a hospital and other healthcare places like a clinic or a doctor's office is that a hospital will have beds where patients can stay overnight. These patients are called inpatients. The goal of inpatient treatment is to provide 24-7 medical stabilization, which is why this type of treatment has more of a hospital-like feel since patients are monitored by doctors, nurses, therapists, and social workers. Treatment is structured and has a schedule that can include individual therapy, group therapy, case management, and support groups.
Hospitals also treat people who do not stay overnight, called outpatients. Doctors and nurses work at hospitals. Doctors make use of advanced medical technology to heal patients.
Patients who are staying at the hospital will always be under the care of doctors and nurses who are always available for taking care of the injured or sick patients. Hospitals always have the tools and machines needed for treating the patients.
The word hospital originally meant "a place where people can stay". There have been hospitals for sick people since ancient times. They were often created and run by religious groups. In the early modern period, hospitals began to be funded by donations from rich people and by governments. Today, hospitals might get money from the government, from charging patients for treatments and check-ups, from patients' health insurance, from people giving to charity or a mixture of those things.
Related pages
Intensive care unit
References
Other websites
Basic English 850 words |
9585 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nose | Nose | A nose is a body part which allows animals to smell things. The nose also helps animals breathe. It has parts that make it work and send messages to the brain. The nose's parts include smell receptors and nerve connectors to receptors. In humans, the nose is on the front of the face. The power of the nose varies for animals. For example, dogs have a stronger sense of smell than humans do. It is part of the respiratory system which is the system in animals that help them to breathe. Your nose is very powerful and can remember up to 50,000 different scents.
The nose is important to health. It filters the air breathed in, removing dust, germs, and irritants. It warms and moistens the air to keep the lungs and tubes that lead to them from drying out. The nose also contains nerve cells that help the sense of smell. When there is a problem with the nose, the whole body can suffer. For example, the stuffy nose of the common cold can make it hard to breathe, sleep, or get comfortable.
Many problems besides the common cold can affect the nose. They include
Deviated septum - a shifting of the wall that divides the nasal cavity into halves
Nasal polyps - soft growths that develop on the lining of the nose or sinuses
Nosebleeds
Rhinitis - inflammation of the nose and sinuses sometimes caused by allergies. The main symptom is a runny nose.
Nasal fractures, also known as a broken nose
Related pages
Nose-picking
Basic English 850 words
Anatomy of the respiratory system |
9586 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love | Love | Love is a mix of feelings and actions that shows a deep liking for someone or something. Love involves caring for another. Romantic love can lead to things such as dating, marriage and sex, but a person can also feel for friends, such as platonic love, or family.
There are also chemical reactions within the brain that can be triggered by the different types of love.
Forms of love
Their are many kinds of love. There can be self-love, love towards a friend (such as platonic love), love in romance, towards family, toward God, or towards an object or idea.
Often love can be confused with other feelings. Being sexually or physically attracted is the feeling of lust. Lust and love may be thought of as different. Normal friendship is a form of love that can be distracted by lust and misunderstanding.
First love
People describe the person that they first loved romantically as their "first love." For example, in William Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet, Romeo is Juliet's very first love. At that time, she was only 13. In Maria Edgeworth's book Belinda, Mr. Vincent says, "First loves are silly things."
Chemical basis
The biological model of lust is different from love because it is more like hunger or thirst. Helen Fisher, an expert in the topic of romantic love, divides it into three stages: lust, attraction, and attachment. Lust makes people like each other, attraction encourages people to focus on mating, and attachment helps people tolerate the spouse (or the child).
Lust is the passionate sexual desire that promotes mating. This usually lasts only a few weeks or months. Attraction is more for one person specially. Recent studies in neuroscience say that as people fall in love, the brain releases chemicals, including dopamine. These chemicals make people less hungry and sleepy, and also adds an intense feeling of excitement. Research shows that this stage normally lasts from one and a half to three years.
Since these lust and attraction stages are both described as temporary, a third stage might describe long-term love. Attachment can be used to describe the bonding period that helps keep husband and wife together for many years. Attachment occurs in the longer term.
Love and health
Love has consequences for health and well-being. Joyful activities such as love activate areas in the brain responsible for emotion, attention,
motivation and memory, and it may further lead to reduction of cortisol, which reduces stress. Some people usually do not feel love. They are called aromantics.
Related pages
Saint Valentine
Notes
Basic English 850 words
Love
Healthy lifestyle |
9589 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael%20Jackson | Michael Jackson | Michael Joseph Jackson (August 29, 1958 – June 25, 2009) was an American singer, songwriter, and dancer, who was the most successful music artist of all time. He is referred to as the "King of Pop", the "Emperor of Pop", the "King of Music", or just "The King", and is extremely considered as the most influential and most famous musician of the 20th century, widely regarded as one of the most well-known people in history. He was the best-selling pop music artist even in the year of his death. His contributions to music, dance, and fashion for over five decades, along with his publicized personal life, made him a global figure in popular culture.
Jackson started performing with his older brothers Jackie, Tito, Jermaine, and Marlon in The Jackson 5 in 1964. In 1971, he started a solo career while also being a member of The Jackson 5. He released the best-selling album of all time, Thriller in 1982, with estimated sales of 66 million copies worldwide. The video for "Thriller" showed him dancing like a zombie and other dancers around him were zombies as well. "Thriller", which includes famous songs like "Beat It" and "Billie Jean" has sold 110 million copies worldwide. The popularity of these videos helped bring the television channel MTV to fame. Jackson wrote other well-known songs such as "Bad", "Black or White", "Heal the World", and "Earth Song". Through music videos and live performances, he is known for popularizing dance moves such as the robot and the moonwalk. He won a lot of awards and broke many records. Guinness World Records says he is the most successful entertainer of all time. Jackson is also remembered for giving money to charities and pioneering efforts in charitable fundraising in the entertainment industry. Jackson traveled the world attending events honoring his humanitarianism, and, in 2000, the Guinness World Records recognized him for supporting 39 charities, more than any other entertainer.
His other studio albums, including Off the Wall (1979), Bad (1987), Dangerous (1991), HIStory: Past, Present and Future, Book I (1995), and Blood on the Dance Floor: HIStory in the Mix (1997) also rank among the world's best selling albums. He released his last studio album Invincible (2001).
Aspects of Jackson's personal life, including his changing appearance, personal relationships, and behavior, generated controversy. He was accused of child sexual abuse in 1993, but the case was settled out of court. In 2003, Jackson was charged with child sexual abuse by Garvin Arvizo. In 2005, Jackson was found not guilty of all charges. While preparing for his comeback concert series, This Is It, Jackson died of an overdose of propofol on June 25, 2009, after having a cardiac arrest. Jackson's doctor, Conrad Murray, was convicted of involuntary manslaughter. On July 7, there was a memorial service for Jackson. It was on television and 2.5-3 billion people watched it. This made it the most-watched funeral ever.
Life and career
1958-1975: Early life and The Jackson 5
Michael Joseph Jackson was born on August 29, 1958, at St Mary's Mercy Hospital in Gary, Indiana to a family of Jehovah's Witnesses. He was the eighth of Katherine and Joe Jackson's ten children. Jackson's father Joseph was a steel mill worker.
On January 1, 1964, Jackson and his brother Marlon joined their older brothers Jackie, Tito, and Jermaine's band, The Jackson Brothers, in the band's first public performance. Jackson was six years old.
When Jackson was 8, he started being the band's main singer with Jermaine. The group's name then changed to The Jackson 5. The group won an important talent show in 1966. In 1968 they were signed to a famous record label called Motown Records. Their first Motown single "I Want You Back" was No.1 in the US.
In 1971, Jackson released his first song singing on his own, "Got to Be There" from his album "Got to Be There". It reached No.4 in the Billboard 100. Three more singles were released from the album.
On August 4, 1972, his second album Ben was released. The single "Ben" was his first solo No.1.
In 1974, Jackson hosted the first American Music Awards with Donny Osmond, Rodney Allen Rippy, and Ricky Segall.
In 1975, The Jackson 5 left Motown. They were signed to CBS Records in June 1975. On CBS Records they changed their name to The Jacksons.
1976-1981: Move to Epic and Off the Wall
In 1976, The Jacksons got their own TV show on CBS. The show was cancelled in March 1977.
On October 24, 1978, a movie called The Wiz was released. The movie was a remake of The Wizard of Oz with all black actors. Jackson acted as Scarecrow.
On December 17, 1978, The Jacksons' twelfth album was released. It was the first album they had produced. Jackson wrote the album's second single "Shake Your Body (Down to the Ground)" with Randy Jackson. It reached No.7 in the US Hot 100.
In December 1978, Jackson started making his first solo album on Epic Records, Off the Wall with Quincy Jones. It was released on August 10, 1979. The album got good reviews and a Grammy Award for Best Male R&B Vocal Performance.
The Jacksons' thirteenth album Triumph was released in 1980.
1982-1983: Thriller, and the Grammy Awards
In 1982 Jackson made "Somewhere in the Dark" for the E.T. soundtrack. It won a Grammy for Best Recording for Children in 1984. That year Jackson won seven other Grammys for his album Thriller.
On October 18, 1982, the first single from Thriller, "The Girl Is Mine", was released. It was sung with Paul McCartney. Some people thought that the album wasn't going to be very good because of the song.
Jackson's sixth solo album Thriller was released on November 30, 1982. Jackson didn't do a tour for the album. This album went on to become the best-selling album of all time.
In 1983 Jackson made three songs with Freddie Mercury.
1984-1985: Pepsi, "We Are the World", and business career
"Somebody's Watching Me", a single by Rockwell with Jackson singing on the chorus, was released January 14, 1984. It reached number one in Spain and France.
On January 27, 1984, Michael and other members of the Jacksons filmed a Pepsi Cola commercial. Michael's hair caught on fire and he was rushed to hospital. Pepsi gave Jackson $1.5 million. He gave it to the Brotman Medical Center in Culver City, California. In May 1984 "Farewell My Summer Love", a song that Jackson made it 1973, was released as a single. It reached number seven in the UK Singles Chart.
The Jacksons' album Victory was released on July 2, 1984. Between July and December 1984 Jackson toured with his brothers. He won eight awards at the 1984 American Music Awards, the most anyone has ever won at once. He also won Best International Solo Artist and Best International Album at the BRIT Awards.
Jermaine Jackson released his tenth album, Jermaine Jackson. Michael sang on a song from the album, "Tell Me I'm Not Dreaming' (Too Good to Be True)". It was nominated for Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals at the 1985 Grammy Awards.
In August 1985, Jackson bought music publisher ATV Music for $47.5 million. They owned the rights to The Beatles.
Jackson wrote "We Are the World" with Lionel Richie in 1985. The song was recorded by USA for Africa. It was released as a single around the world to make money to give to starving people in Africa. It sold over 20 million copies. It also won four Grammy Awards.
1986-1990: Bad, films and autobiography
In August 1987, Bad was released. Jackson wanted it to sell 100 million copies. It has sold over 45 million copies. Five of the album's seven singles were No.1 in the US. They were "I Just Can't Stop Loving You", "Bad", "The Way You Make Me Feel", "Man in the Mirror" and "Dirty Diana". Until Katy Perry's success with her 2010 album Teenage Dream, Jackson was the only musician to ever have had that many singles from one album be No.1. From September 1987 to January 1989, Jackson did the Bad World Tour. This was the first tour that he did on his own. In 1988 Moonwalk, a book that Jackson wrote about his life, was published. It took Jackson four years to write. The book sold 200,000 copies. Jackson then released Moonwalker, a movie he made. In 1989 some video games about the movie were released by U.S. Gold.
In 1986, Disneyland and EPCOT started showing a short film called Captain EO that had Jackson in it.
Jackson sang "You Were There" at Sammy Davis Jr.'s 60th birthday. He was nominated for an Emmy Award for it.
The Jacksons released their last album 2300 Jackson Street in 1989. Michael sang on the album's second single 2300 Jackson Street with his brothers and two of their sisters, Janet and Rebbie. Michael was also in the music video for the song.
Jackson won the Grammy Award for Best Music Video, Short Form in 1989 for "Leave Me Alone".
1991-1993: Dangerous, Heal the World Foundation, and Super Bowl XXVII
Jackson's eighth studio album Dangerous was released on November 26, 1991. It was produced with Teddy Riley. It is a new jack swing album. It was Jackson's first album to have a rapper on it. Nine singles were released from the album. On June 27, 1992, Jackson started the Dangerous World Tour. All of the money Jackson made from the tour was given to charities such as the Heal the World Foundation, having grossed $100 million, Jackson performed to 3.5 million people in 70 concerts. The tour was supposed to last until Christmas 1992. However, Jackson ended the tour on November 11, 1993, because he was ill and needed to go to the hospital. Jackson performed at the halftime show at Super Bowl XXVII in January 1993.
1994-1996: HIStory: Past, Present and Future, Book I
HIStory: Past, Present and Future, Book I, Jackson's ninth studio album, was released July 16 1995. The album has two discs. The first disc is a collection of some of his greatest hits. The second disc is fifteen songs recorded in late 1994 and early 1995. Thirteen of the songs are new. Two of them are cover versions. In August 1995 the album's single "You Are Not Alone" became the first single ever to go straight to No.1 in the US. HIStory won the Grammy Award for Album of the Year. The video for the single "Scream" went in the Guinness Book of World Records for being the most expensive short film ever made. In 1996, he started his HIStory World Tour and ended in 1997. Jackson performed 82 concerts in five continents, 35 countries, and 58 cities to over 4.5 million fans, and grossed a total of $165 million, becoming Jackson's most successful tour in terms of audience figures. Jackson released a short film called Ghosts in 1997. He wrote it with Stephen King.
1997-1999: Blood on the Dance Floor: History in the Mix
In 1997, Blood on the Dance Floor was released. It is the best-selling remix album ever made. There were five new songs on the album. The album's first single was a new song called "Blood on the Dancefloor". The album and its first single were No.1 in the UK.
2000-2003: Label dispute and Invincible
Jackson won Artist of the 1980s at the American Music Awards in 2000.
On October 30, 2001 Invincible, Jackson's last studio album, was released. The album got good and bad reviews. It was No.1 in 12 countries and sold 13 million copies around the world. But compared to Jackson's earlier albums, it was unsuccessful. The album's first single "You Rock My World" was nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Male Pop Vocal Performance.
Jackson won his 22nd American Music Award for Artist of the Century in 2002.
On November 17, 2003, an album called Number Ones was released. It is a collection of Jackson's hits. There is also a new song on the album called "One More Chance". It was released as a single. It reached number one in three countries. The album was released as a DVD too.
2004-2009: Final years and This Is It
In 2006, Sony released twenty of Jackson's popular singles.
In March 2009, Jackson told the press that he was going to do a tour called This Is It. He said that he might stop making music after this. Jackson practiced his singing and dancing for the tour in Los Angeles with Kenny Ortega. Jackson died of an overdose of Propofol on June 25, 2009, after having a cardiac arrest, and his personal physician, Conrad Murray, was convicted of involuntary manslaughter.
During an Interview on YouTube during the BBC UK Show featuring "Michael Jackson's This Is It" Michael talked about the future of his career and that he "may" be retiring after his "This Is It" Tour, but he wasn't sure if he would or not. However, due to his death in 2009, the show was cancelled. Some show-goers who paid for tickets wanted refunds but the Jackson Estate did not provide any.
Voice
Jackson's voice changed from boy soprano to spinto tenor between 1971 and 1975. He sang 'come on' wrongly on purpose so that it sounded like 'shamone'. Jackson had a three-octave vocal range. He is the most well-known musician to use the 'vocal hiccup'. He first used it in 1973 on "It's Too Late to Change the Time" on The Jackson 5's G.I.T.: Get It Together album.
Personal life
Jackson lived a well-publicized personal life even though he tried to stay private. He was often in celebrity and tabloid magazines. Later in his life, he was in magazines because of his personal life more than for his music.
1993 child sexual abuse allegations
In 1993, he was accused of child molestation, but there was no trial; the case was settled out of court but more allegations are yet to come.
2003 child sexual abuse allegations
In 2003, he was accused a second time of child molestation. This happened after a documentary called Living With Michael Jackson was shown on TV. In the documentary, Jackson held hands with a 12-year-old boy called Gavin Arvizo and said that he shared his bed with children. His accuser was Gavin Arvizo. He was 13 years old when he made the allegations. This time Jackson went to court and was found not guilty of fourteen charges in 2005.
2013 child molestation allegations
In May 2013, a dancer called Wade Robson appeared on the Today show. He alleged that Jackson sexually abused him for 7 years. Prior to this, Robson had vehemently defended Jackson, including twice under oath.
Marriages and children
He was married to Lisa Marie Presley, the daughter of Elvis Presley in 1994, before divorcing her in 1995 and marrying nurse Debbie Rowe in 1996. Three months after Rowe and Jackson's marriage she gave birth to a son, Michael Joseph Jackson Jr. The next year she gave birth to a daughter, Paris-Michael Katherine Jackson.
The couple divorced on October 8, 1999. Prince Michael II was born on February 21, 2002. Jackson never said who the mother was. He is better known as Blanket. When Blanket was 8 months old Jackson held him over a balcony. Blanket has a towel over his head. At the time, people did not know that he was called Blanket. Jackson made a public apology after people were upset. After Jackson died, his mother Katherine was made the guardian of his children. In August 2012, Jackson's cousin TJ was made the children's co-guardian.
Bubbles
Bubbles (born 1983) is a common chimpanzee, known for being the one-time pet of American recording artist Michael Jackson. Jackson bought the animal from a Texas research facility in the 1980s. The animal was a frequent travel companion to the singer, whose attachment to the animal led to media mockery and, among other factors, to a public perception of Jackson as an eccentric. The chimp, for example, was permitted to use Jackson's personal toilet.
Their human-animal bond, as well as the entertainer's other alleged eccentricities, contributed to the media epithet "Wacko Jacko", a nickname Jackson would eventually come to despise. The media often focused on Bubbles, rather than on Jackson's music, and published many false stories regarding the animal. One such story was an allegation that Bubbles was not a single ape, but one of several.
Appearance and health
Over the years, his changing facial appearance and lightening skin color attracted much attention. From childhood, Jackson had afro hair. His hair caught fire during the filming of a Pepsi commercial in 1983. Jackson got second-degree burns to his scalp. Jackson started taking painkillers for the very bad pain caused by the burns. Jackson always wore a hairpiece or wig in his later years that blended with his natural hair. His autopsy found that his scalp was tattooed black so that it blended in with his wigs.
He claimed to have had only a little plastic surgery to his face. He said that puberty, weight loss and his vegetarian diet had changed his face. People said that Jackson bleached his skin to make it lighter. In a television interview with Oprah Winfrey in 1993 he said he had a rare skin condition called vitiligo. When Jackson died, the autopsy found that he did have vitiligo. This disease made many white spots on Jackson's skin. Jackson used makeup and medication to even out his skin color to treat his vitiligo. This made Jackson appear to have a lightening skin tone. Jackson also had an immune condition called discoid lupus. Dr. Richard Strick said that this "had destroyed part of the skin of his nose". Jackson's nose was the body part that people talked about most.
Jackson was addicted to prescription drugs. In 2009 he died from an overdose of an anesthetic called Propofol. He was given Propofol for his insomnia. The insomnia was a side effect of Jackson's addiction to Demerol. Jackson's doctor Conrad Murray said that Jackson took the overdose himself. Though Murray was charged with involuntary manslaughter and served a prison sentence after Michael Jackson’s death was ruled a homicide by the coroner. Propofol is used as anesthesia for major surgeries and requires heavy monitoring including nurses and medical equipment, none of which were present at the time Conrad Murray administered the drug. The recommendation for a higher level of care to safely administer this drug was also noted in his autopsy, with great detail noting how dangerous the circumstance was. Michael Jackson was known to have an injury to his lung, which was cited in the autopsy report to further exacerbate his likelihood for complications with a drug like Propofol. Meaning he was at a higher risk for respiratory failure.
In his autopsy, it was found that he had an enlarged prostate and osteoarthritis. His lips were tattooed pink. He used a skin-bleaching cream called Benoquin to treat his Vitiligo.
Jackson was physically abused by his father when he was a child. He would also call Jackson "big-nose". As a teenager, Jackson had acne. In Living With Michael Jackson, Jackson told Martin Bashir how he went home and cried after a woman called him ugly because of his acne. Some medical professionals have said that they think Jackson had body dysmorphic disorder. The disorder is often triggered by appearance-related bullying. Some people think that Jackson had anorexia nervosa. In 1984, Jackson weighed 105 pounds. He was 5"9 tall. This would have made his BMI 15.5, which is very underweight. He weighed 136 lbs. when he died. This is in the healthy range.
A biographer called Ian Halperin wrote that Jackson had a rare genetic disease called Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency. He also wrote that Jackson's genetic disease had caused him to lose 95% of the vision in his left eye.
Jackson's doctor Conrad Murray said that he thought Jackson was "legally blind" and had phlebitis.
Death
Jackson was announced dead at age 50 on June 25, 2009 at 2:25 pm at the Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center. It is thought that he went into cardiac arrest, which means his heart stopped. At 4:36 pm local time, the Los Angeles coroner confirmed Jackson's death. However, he was unresponsive by 12:15, even though he was not proclaimed dead at the time of hospital arrival, he already passed on by 1pm. Jackson died just two months before his 51st birthday. Rumors and news of Jackson's death broke web records causing a cyberspace traffic jam. The circumstances of his death and the outpouring of grief which was experienced around the world were on record scales never seen before. His death gave Google, Twitter, Facebook, and Yahoo the most page views they had ever encountered. Jackson arrived at the hospital not showing any signs of life.
Memorial service
A memorial service was held at the Staples Center in downtown Los Angeles on July 7, 2009. It began with a reading of a letter by Smokey Robinson of comments by Nelson Mandela, Diana Ross and other close friends of Michael Jackson who could not be at the memorial. Mariah Carey sang I'll Be There at the memorial service, followed by a speech given by Queen Latifah. Lionel Richie performed "Jesus is Love". Berry Gordy, Motown founder, spoke next, offering condolences. Kobe Bryant and Magic Johnson also spoke, with Magic describing the event as a "celebration of Jackson's life and works" rather than a funeral. Jennifer Hudson sung Will You Be There accompanied by a music video. Reverend Al Sharpton then gave a speech about how Jackson kept rising and "never stopped". John Mayer played the guitar as he did in Michael Jackson's song Human Nature. This was followed by Brooke Shields speaking. Jermaine Jackson, Jackson's older brother, then performed Smile, Michael's favorite song written by comic drama legend Charlie Chaplin. This was proceeded by speeches by Martin Luther King III and Bernice King. Congresswoman Sheila Jackson Lee was the next person who spoke at the memorial service, claiming "people are innocent until proven guilty," (reminding those who accused Jackson of unproven child molestations) saying that Jackson's humanitarian efforts need to be praised. Usher then sang "Gone Too Soon," followed by a montage of old videos of Jackson himself. Shamim sang next, with Kenny Ortega introducing him afterward. Kenny Ortega explained that Michael Jackson saw the Staples Center as his home, a reason for the funeral service to be held there. This was followed by Kenny Ortega doing a tribute to him, including We Are the World and Heal the World. The service ended with speeches by members of his family, including Jermaine, Marlon and daughter Paris who broke into tears and said that "Daddy was the best father anyone could have" and also that "I will miss him" then she left the microphone and turned into Janet Jackson's arms. The memorial lasted over 2 hours.
Burial
At first, Michael Jackson's custom-made quarter-million dollar golden casket, nicknamed "The Promethean" was not expected to appear at the memorial service, however, due to a change in the family's plans the casket was taken to the memorial service.
Viewing parties were held all over the world for the broadcast, including at several movie theaters, in Times Square, the Apollo Theater, Raleigh, and Berlin. The broadcast was replayed a few times the next day. An estimated 1 billion people tuned into the farewell concert.
Over 3,000 police officers were assigned to the event, the largest amount assigned to a single event since the 1984 Summer Olympics. It cost the City of Los Angeles 1.4 million dollars.
His funeral took place in Glendale California on September 3, 2009, 9 weeks after he died. He was laid to rest at 9:45 pm in the mausoleum, above the ground. Mother Katherine decided on burial details but some family members and friends wanted him buried below ground in the mausoleum. Jermaine Jackson wanted him buried on Neverland ranch.
After death
Although he died in 2009, Jackson is still often in the news. His music is also still popular.
2009-2010: Michael Jackson's This Is It and Michael Jackson: The Experience
Jackson won Entertainer of the Year at the 2009 Soul Train Awards. That year he also won five American Music Awards.
On October 26, 2009, a two-disc album called Michael Jackson's This Is It was released. The album's only single "This Is It" was nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Male Pop Vocal Performance in 2011.
On October 28, 2009 Michael Jackson's This Is It was released. It was a documentary movie. The movie showed recordings of Jackson's rehearsals for his This Is It tour. Jackson died before he could do the tour. It made $72,091,016 in the United States. It has made $261,183,588 around the world. It got good reviews from movie critics. On 26 January 2010 the movie was released on DVD. It sold over a 1.5million copies in the US in the first week it was released. This was more than any other music DVD had sold in its first week.
Jackson won the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award in 2010. His children, Prince and Paris collected the award for Jackson.
A video game called Michael Jackson: The Experience was released in November 2010 for the Nintendo DS, PlayStation Portable and Wii.
2011-2012: California v. Murray and Bad 25
In April 2011 Mohamed Al-Fayed, who was friends with Jackson when he was alive, showed the public a 7 ft 6in statue of Jackson outside Craven Cottage football stadium. A lot of people did not like the statue. In July 2013 Fayed sold his football club to Shahid Khan. In September 2013 Khan chose to have the statue was removed. It was given back to Fayed. Man in the Music: The Creative Life and Work of Michael Jackson, a book written by Joseph Vogel about Jackson's life, was published in 2011.
Jackson was voted as the Greatest Singer of All Time by people who did a poll on NME.com.
In 2011 there was a criminal trial for Jackson's doctor Conrad Murray. Murray was found guilty of involuntary manslaughter of Jackson. He was sentenced to four years in prison. On October 28, 2013, Murray was released from prison. He was interviewed by 60 Minutes. He said that he did not think that Jackson's death was his fault in any way. The journalist Liz Hayes asked Murray if he thought that Jackson was a pedophile. Murray stared at her for 13 seconds and would not give an opinion. He said that he would not answer because he did not want to make anything up.
An extinct species of hermit crab was called Mesoparapylocheles michaeljacksoni after Jackson in January 2012.
Bad 25, a documentary movie about Jackson's album Bad, was released in August 2012.
In 2012 he sold almost 819,000 albums in the United States. He is thought to have sold 2.7 million albums around the world in 2012. His estate makes $145 million a year.
2013-2014: Xscape
Jackson made more money than any other dead celebrity in 2013.
In May 2013 Wade Robson said that Jackson sexually abused him from the age of 7 to 14. In 2005 he had been a defense witness for Jackson's child molestation trial. In June 2014 there will be a hearing where it is decided whether Robson can sue Jackson's estate over the abuse.
In November 2013 Billboard magazine's issue, 44 did a cover with Michael on it. It said 'Life After Death'. Inside the magazine there was an article about the success of Michael Jackson: The Immortal World Tour.
In January 2014 a judge ruled that Jackson's family could not have another trial against AEG Live. Xscape was released on May 9, 2014.
Music
Recent releases
Jackson recorded several songs before his death. He had recently released a compilation album called "Michael" featuring remixed songs and new songs such as "Hold My Hand" a duet between him and popular singer Akon, and "Monster", a strong song with lots of attitudes and a hint of dislike for the paparazzi. Also "(I Like) The Way You Love Me", "Keep Your Head Up", and "Much Too Soon".
Albums
Got to Be There (1972)
Ben (1972)
Music & Me (1973)
Forever, Michael (1975)
Off the Wall (1979)
Thriller (1982)
Bad (1987)
Dangerous (1991)
HIStory: Past, Present and Future, Book I (1995)
Blood on the Dance Floor: HIStory in the Mix (1997)
Invincible (2001)
Filmography
The Wiz (1978)
Captain EO (1986)
Moonwalker (1988)
Michael Jackson's Ghosts (1997)
Men in Black II (2002)
Miss Cast Away and the Islands Girls (2004)
Documentaries after death
Michael Jackson's This Is It (2009)
Bad 25 (2012)
Michael Jackson: The Last Photo Shoot (2014)
Michael Jackson's Journey from Motown to Off the Wall (2016)
“Square One: Michael Jackson” (2019)
Concert Tours
Bad World Tour (1987-1989)
Dangerous World Tour (1992-1993)
HIStory World Tour (1996-1997)
MJ & Friends (1999)
This Is It (2009-2010; cancelled)
Singles
Related pages
Janet Jackson
The Jackson 5
Moonwalk
References
Other websites
Michael Jackson's Official website
1958 births
2009 deaths
African American actors
African American musicians
American autobiographers
American manslaughter victims
American philanthropists
American drummers
American guitarists
American pianists
American pop musicians
American R&B musicians
Jackson family
American singer-songwriters
Brit Award winners
Grammy Award winners
Deaths from cardiac arrest
Drug-related accidental deaths in the United States
New wave musicians
Michael Jackson
People acquitted of sex crimes
People from Gary, Indiana
Singers from Indiana |
9593 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portable | Portable | Something that is portable can be carried or easily moved. The word portable may also refer to:
Portable building, a manufactured building that is built off site and moved in upon completion of site and utility work
Portable classroom, a temporary building installed on the grounds of a school to provide additional classroom space where there is a shortage of capacity
Portable toilet, a modern, portable, self-contained outhouse manufactured of moulded plastic
In computing:
Portable object (computing), a distributed computing term for an object which can be accessed through a normal method call while possibly residing in memory on another computer
Portable software, software that can easily be ported to multiple platforms
Portable applications, applications that do not require any kind of installation onto a computer, and can store data in the program's directory
In electronics:
Portable communications device, a wearable or handheld device
Portable audio player, a personal electronic device that allows the user to listen to recorded or broadcast audio whilst being mobile
Portable computer, a computer that is designed to be moved from one place to another
Compaq Portable series (1982–?)
Apricot Portable (1984)
IBM Portable (1984)
Macintosh Portable (1989–1991) from Apple Computer
Handheld game console, a lightweight, portable electronic machine for playing video games
In music:
Portable Life, a 1999 album by Danielle Brisebois
Related pages
Portability |
9594 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20graphic%20design | History of graphic design | Graphics (from Greek ) are visual presentations on some surface, such as a wall, canvas, computer screen, paper, or stone. It includes everything that relates to creation of signs, charts, logos, graphs, drawings, symbols, geometric designs and so on.
Graphic design is the art or profession of combining text and pictures in art, advertisements, publications, or websites. The aim of graphics is to brand, inform, and have a specific effect on its audience.
History of graphics
Hundreds of graphic designs of animals were made by primitive people in Chauvet cave, in the south of France, about 30,000 BC. Also, similar art was done in the Lascaux cave, France, about 14,000 BC. The art of primitive hunters is found in the rocks of Bhimbetka in India, drawn earlier than 7000 BC. Aboriginal rock art in Kakadu National Park of Australia, show that graphics has a long history in many parts of the world. This history (with writing, which emerged in 3000–4000 BC) are the foundation of graphic art.
Rock and cave art
Writing
Calligraphy & graphics in books
Religious books have used graphics extensively. Among these books are Bibles that were created in the monasteries in Ireland, Scotland, and England. Spiralling and interlocking patterns, often including small figures, were part of the ancient graphic tradition of the British Isles. From the 6th century onwards these were applied to the decoration of illuminated gospels.
Graphics in the Quran
In Islamic countries the graphic designs can be found in their holy book, the Quran. The Quran was first wriiten an angled style called Kufi. This appeared in the 8th century, and reached its peak in the 10th century. Later on decoration of margin, page and other graphic techniques were added to beautify the book. In the 12th century the Naskh script was invented: it used curves instead of angled lines. Other styles were added later on.
Graphics and miniatures
Graphic compositions in Asia
Decorative graphic design in pottery
From ancient times graphic design has been used for decoration of pottery and ceramics.
Birth of modern graphic design
William Morris had an influence on modern graphics. In the second half of 19th century his Kelmscott Press produced many graphic designs, and created a collector market for this kind of art. In Oxford he was associated with artists like Burne-Jones, and Dante Gabriel Rossetti. They formed the Pre-Raphaelites group, whose ideas influenced modern graphic design considerably.
Mondrian's minimalism revolution
The Dutch painter Piet Mondrian in the years 1920–21 courageously introduced the style of minimalism in painting. His simple geometric compositions, together with the use of only three basic colors, blue, yellow, and red, in combination with black and white created
a new venue for the graphic designers. He demonstrated that with simple relocation of these colors, and experimenting with the proportionality of various square surfaces, one can achieve extremely different ambiances and various feelings. For the graphic designers who intend to convey a message with a minimum interference from the extraneous elements his experiment in minimalism was a valuable gift.
Communication with pictures
Logos and trademarks
A trademark, identified by the symbols ™ and ®, or mark is a distinctive sign or indicator used by an individual, company or other entity to identify its products or services and to distinguish them from those of other producers. A trademark is a type of intellectual property, and typically a name, word, phrase, logo, symbol, design, image, or a combination of these elements.
Signs of culture and peace
Information signs: Isotype and the Viennese method
In 1921, Otto Neurath, an Austrian social scientist, introduced graphic design to help the understanding of social and economical data. In 1925, the Museum of Economy and Society used such graphics for the public. This style of presentation at the time was called the Viennese method, but now it is known as Isotype charts.
Dynamic designs, and computer animation
Placards and posters
Placards and posters existed from ancient times. The Greek axons and the Roman Albums, with their decorative designs and announcements, were quite similar to today's posters. In ancient Greece the names of athletes and games schedules were written on columns that were slowly turning on an axis. Romans used whitewashed walls in their markets in which sellers, money lenders, and slave traders wrote their announcements and advertised for their products, and to attract the attention of customers they added an attractive design.
With the invention of printing, in 1440, and particularly the development of the lithographic process, invented by a Czech named Alois Senefelder in 1798 in Austria, creation of posters became feasible. Although handmade posters existed before, they were mainly used for government announcements. William Caxton, who in 1477 started a printing company in England, produced the first printed poster.
In 1870, the advertising poster emerged.
Art nouveau posters and the impact of graphics on painting
Posters after World War II
After the Second World War, with the emergence of new color printing technology and particularly appearance of computers, the art of posters underwent a new revolutionary phase. People can create color posters on their laptop computers and create color prints at a very low cost. Unfortunately, the high cost of sophisticated printing processes can only be afforded mostly by government entities and large corporations. With the emergence of the internet, the role of posters in conveying information has greatly diminished. However, some artists still use chromolithography in order to create works of art in the form of print. In this regard the difference between painting and print has been narrowed considerably.
Graphic design in modern life
Today graphic design has penetrated into all aspects of modern life. In particular modern architecture has been influenced by graphics.
References
Graphic Design
Communication |
9595 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pornography | Pornography | Pornography (or porn) is the name for writing, pictures, and films which feature sex for the sole or primary purpose of arousing people sexually, either to help them masturbate, or to prepare them for sex with a partner.
When the purpose of these works is not arousal, but for example education, or art, these works are not called pornographic. People instead speak about "erotica."
In the law of most countries, showing naked people is not called "pornography" unless the people are doing something sexual; even so, material that counts as pornographic may still be legal. When people consider photographs or movies to harm or to disrespect the people depicted or the viewers, or to violate the community's moral or religious standards, they condemn the material as "obscene." Most countries have laws against obscenity. One type of pornography against the law in most countries is child pornography.
Pornography can be made in different media. Some ways include photos, drawings, paintings, animations, and movies. Live shows (like sex shows or striptease) are usually not considered pornography. Pornography is made to entertain adults. Many people are involved in the industry of making, selling, or showing pornography. People shown in pornographic movies are called pornographic actors (or actresses), and when they attain the popularity to appear in many films, they are called "porn stars."
Definition
The word "pornography" comes from the Greek words meaning "prostitute" and "writing". The word was first used for stories about sex, but is now also used for photographs, paintings, illustrations, cartoons, and movies that depict sex to arouse people to sexual activity. It is also called "porn" or "porno" for short.
What is not pornography
There are different ideas about what is and what is not pornography. Diana Russell, a psychologist, says that there is a difference between pornography and erotica. The word "erotica" is often used for pictures, movies or stories that focus on the beauty of sexuality. There is not often a clear difference between "erotica" and "pornography." The dispute over what is or is not pornography can even go to the courts.
Some people believe that anything that shows a naked body is a type of pornography. The laws of the United States and many other countries do not support this. There can be all sorts of reasons for showing a naked or partly undressed body. Some of these reasons include art work or a medical diagram.
Types of pornography
There are different kinds of pornography. The term "soft porn" is sometimes used for pictures that show people who may or may not be naked, but who are posed in a sexy manner. Pictures of women like this are sometimes called "cheesecake," and pictures of men are called "beefcake." Pornographic pictures or movies which show people having sex are sometimes called "hard porn."
The business of pornography
Businesses have been making pornography for many years. Until the 1970s, businesses making pornography were small because there were many laws against it. In the 1970s, pornographic magazines such as Penthouse became a huge and successful business. Pornographic movies also become popular at this time. In the 1980s, the creation of the video cassette recorder caused a rise in the pornography business. A number of companies began making pornographic videotapes in the United States. In the 1990s, as more people began using the Internet, businesses began selling pornographic pictures on the Internet. In the 2000s, the increased speed of computers allowed pornography companies to sell porn videos over the Internet. The pornography brand Mitchell Gaffney was the first website that contained such items.
Many different kinds of businesses make and sell pornography: magazines such as Playboy and Hustler, movie companies such as Vivid Video, and web sites, such as Pornhub, that make and sell porn. Since "pornography" is a word that many people consider being the name for something that is morally wrong or ugly, businesses do not say that they are in "the business of pornography," but rather in the "adult entertainment" business.
Pornography and the law
In the nations of Western Europe and the United States, the law permits people who have reached the legal age of adulthood (the age of majority) to own, buy, sell, make, or participate in pornography. Laws about the public display of pornographic materials for sale may vary in the West: in The Netherlands the very liberal laws allow stores that sell pornography to display books, magazines, photographs, and the covers of videos openly, but in Canada and the United States the laws require that such stores keep pornographic material out of the sight of children. In many nations of Asia, however, like Indonesia, Iran, and Pakistan, making or owning pornography is a crime.
In the law of most countries, those people who have not reached the age of majority, or minors, may not buy, let alone sell, pornography of any sort. More importantly, there are laws against showing minors naked in photographs or films meant to arouse others sexually or showing them engaged in sexual acts. Such material is called "child pornography," and is considered not just illegal, but a very serious crime. Because the laws against child pornography (also called "child porn") are meant to protect children against people who "use" or "exploit" them, the laws also require those who make pornographic photos or films to keep records to prove that their models, actors, and actresses are over the age of legal majority.
Criticism of pornography
Since the 1970s, many women's groups and feminist writers have criticized pornography, especially hardcore pornography, arguing that such pornography degrades and humiliates women. Some psychologists who have talked with many people in jail for violent sex crimes believe that pornographic depictions of violent sex often make people less caring about other people's feelings, which might make them more likely to commit rape and other sex crimes. Many pedophiles, who sexually assault children, also have collections of child pornography.
Religious people believe that, because it depicts the sexual act without any relation to love and marriage, pornography is unholy. Most parents do not wish their children to see pornography because they believe that it will make them less capable of romantic love. Special computer programs can be installed on computers to block access to pornographic websites, or websites otherwise objectionable.
In the novel Nineteen Eighty-Four by George Orwell, pornography is described as a tool that is secretly pushed by some evil governments, who believe that the use of pornography makes the public less likely to care about injustice, let alone to rebel.
Other problems with pornography
Even though many countries have laws against child pornography, enforcement has become a problem because new computer technologies allow pornographers to make an adult in a photograph look like an adolescent, or in making a film can use actors and actresses who, although they have passed the age of majority, still look much younger. In addition, organized crime makes money from trafficking human beings; they force girls and women into prostitution, and sometimes force them to make pornography.
References
Obscenity |
9596 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nudity | Nudity | Nudity (or nakedness) is when a person is not wearing clothes. The word "nudity" can also be used when only part of a person's body is uncovered. It is used particularly if the person's genitals (or a woman's nipples) can be seen, even if other parts of the body are covered.
Nudity can also mean that a person is wearing less clothing that other people would expect. This type of nudity is related to culture. People of different cultures wear different amounts of clothing, and keep different parts of the body covered. For some people nudity is a lifestyle, belief system or a default state of being, which is called naturism or nudism.
The word "nude" is often used in art. A "nude figure" is a figure without clothes on. The nude figure might be a live person who is posing for an artist. A painting or sculpture that shows a nude figure is often just called a "nude".
Nudism
There are several things that affect how people and societies feel about nudity:
The gender of the nude person
The age of the nude person
The body of the nude person
Where the nude person is
What the person is doing while they are nude
Whether the nude person is alone or with other people
The age and gender of the person who sees the nudity
Modesty
In most cultures it is normal to keep parts of the body covered. The feeling that a person has about covering their body is called modesty. Modesty is different in different cultures. Often, people feel shame if their body is not covered to match their culture's idea of modesty.
The amount of clothing needed to take away the feeling of shame is different for each culture. With some indigenous peoples like the Yanomami, a piece of string is enough to make that feeling go away.
In some cultures, people nearly always keep their bodies covered. In these cultures, nudity is only normal when a person is alone, for example, dressing or bathing. In other cultures, it is quite normal for people to be naked together, for example, when dressing or swimming. In still other cultures, particularly indigenous ones, people wear very few clothes, and complete nudity is normal.
Even with people from the same culture, different people can have different feelings about nudity. Some people in Western culture (for example the United States) do not mind if a family member sees them naked in the bath. Other people from the same culture would be uncomfortable if anyone saw them naked in the bath. Some women in a Western culture are happy to wear a bikini. Other women feel naked in a bikini and always wear a one-piece swimsuit. Nudity is more acceptable in European countries.
Rules
Many societies have rules or laws about nudity, and where they allow it. For example, in some societies, the law allows nudity on a beach, but does not allow nudity in a public street. The same sort of laws can also allow people to be partly naked in some places but not in others, for example, women might be allowed to have naked breasts on the beach, but not in a shopping centre. When a woman uncovers her breasts on the beach, this is called toplessness (because her swimsuit is "topless"). This is allowed in many parts of Europe and Australia. In many other countries, it is not allowed.
The rules about dress and nudity may be set by a government, or by a church or some other organisation. For example, in some Christian churches, a woman must cover her shoulders and a man must not have bare legs. Another example is in many schools, a man must wear a jacket over his shirt, and a woman must wear a dress that has sleeves. Another example is that some hotels that are near beaches will not serve customers who are dressed only in swimsuits.
Some countries have very strict laws about whether a person can be nude in public, like Spain, and what parts of the body can be shown. In many countries, if a person breaks these laws, they can be charged with indecency (which means that they have acted in a rude way that upsets people). For example, if a man took his trousers off near a school, so that the children would see him, he would be charged with indecency. The reason why a person is nude, affects whether the law says that their nudity is indecent.
Functional nudity
"Functional nudity" is when a person is nude for a reason. Even where nudity is generally not allowed, functional nudity often is.
An example of this is when a person at the beach changes from a wet swimsuit to their dry clothes. Often the person who is changing can use a towel so that other people do not see their nudity, and do not become embarrassed or angry.
Another type of functional nudity happens when a woman is breastfeeding in public. A woman who would not usually show her breasts because of modesty, might be quite happy to show her breast while she is feeding her baby.
A very similar thing is called contextual nudity. That means nudity is considered normal in a particular situation or place. For example, people sometimes are nude so their doctor can check if they are healthy or not.
Sex segregation
In some countries, "functional nudity" is usual for people of different genders in some places. An example is in a mixed-gender public sauna.
In many cultures, "functional nudity" is usual in front of people of the same sex. Places where functional nudity happens, such as public toilets or changing rooms are usually separated by gender. There is one for men, and another one for women. In many cultures it is usual for people of the same sex to undress or take a shower in a public change room. In some cultures, such as Japan, open showers and open urinals in men's toilets are not allowed.
Western culture
Among people of Western culture around the world, there are several influences on the way societies feel about nudity. In European society, it is not usual for older children or adults to be completely nude in public. In most European societies, when people swim in public, they cover their genitals, and women also cover their breasts. In most European societies, change rooms and toilets are separated for men and women.
Countries in Southern Europe, where the Catholic Church is very important, as well as English-speaking countries which have been affected by Puritanism usually have a lower tolerance towards nudity in public. Countries in Central Europe, and Scandinavia care less about public nudity.
Naturism
Naturism (or nudism) is a cultural and political movement. Followers of this movement think that nudity should get a higher value, both in the private as well as the public context. It is also a lifestyle based on personal, family and/or social nudity.
Naturists reject current standards of modesty. These standards discourage people from being nude with others, they say. They want to create a social environment where people feel comfortable in the company of nude people. They want a society in which people do not fear being seen nude, even by the general public.
Scandal
The singer Janet Jackson was the cause of a scandal during the Super Bowl halftime show in 2004. While she was performing, her robe moved. Her left breast could be seen for a few seconds. Today, this is known as the "Wardrobe Malfunction" or "Nipplegate" by the media, the latter being a comparison to the Watergate scandal.
The Royal Academy of Arts runs some museums in London, and elsewhere. In 2008, they did an advertisement so that more people would visit their museums. In this advertisement, they showed a picture of a naked woman. This painting was done by Lucas Cranach the Elder in the 15th century. It is called Venus (shown above). The picture was printed on ads in the London Underground. It caused protests in London. Because of the protests, Transport for London refused to allow the ads to be used in the Underground. On December 7, 2008, the Internet Watch Foundation put the Wikipedia article on Virgin Killer, on their blacklist. This meant that most Internet users in Great Britain could no longer access the article. The foundation did this because they believed the original album cover could be child pornography. The cover is pictured on the Wikipedia article. It shows a naked ten-year-old girl in a sexual pose, with her breasts shown.
Africa
There are different traditions about nudity in Africa. Some of Africa south of the Sahara (called sub-Saharan Africa) is similar to how they were after colonialism. In certain Togolese tribal areas, it is common for big families to not wear any clothes at all for certain festivities. Others do not wear any clothes below the waist. This makes it possible for young men to see women and girls whom they may marry. Stick-fighting tournaments are very popular places to do this.
Other people, like the Bantu do not like public nudity at all. A newspaper in Botswana once printed a photograph showing how a thief was punished. He was flogged on his bare buttocks. Many people did not like this. The problem was not the flogging, but the newspaper showing the picture.
The Ugandan Kavirondo tribes are a mix of Bantu and Nilotic immigrants. Traditionally, they went mostly naked. Over time, the men began wearing clothing similar to men in western culture.
Muslim culture
Among many Muslim people, a woman is thought to be not properly dressed unless her legs, arms and hair are completely covered. In some Arabic countries, women wear a garment called a burqa. The burqa fully covers the woman and has only a slit for her eyes to see. If a woman does not wear this garment when she goes out but shows her face, hair and arms, she is thought to be naked. Not wearing the burqa brings shame on herself and family.
Nudity in art
Levels of nudity
There are different levels of nudity. Societies have different moral values for these levels. One such level in English is called full frontal nudity. This usually is a pose where the nude person faces the viewer. In this pose, there are no things covering parts of the body. Many societies see this as very bad. The image below called Truth shows this pose.
Most movies try not to show this type of nudity. This is often done by putting an object somewhere. This object will hide the pubic area of the naked actor or actress. This kind of nudity can also be seen in the picture Woman Bathing.
Since the very early ages, nudity has been a subject of the arts. One of the earliest works of art known is the Venus of Willendorf. It is a statuette (a small statue) of a nude woman. The face of the woman is not visible. The belly of the woman as well as her breasts are exaggerated. It is not known what the statuette meant to the people who made it, or what importance it had. From the Renaissance onward, nude figures were shown in works of art more often. Michelangelo is one of the Renaissance artists known for doing this.
Nudity in photography
Since the beginning of photography, people have taken photographs of nude people. Some people simply photographed nude people. Some of the photographs were made to sexually arouse people. These are generally called pornography. Some people also photographed nude people because they thought the human body was something beautiful to show. These photos are usually not sexual in nature, and are known as nude photography. The kind of photography that is in between is called erotic photography.
Nudity in different times
Ancient Egypt
Fashion was relatively constant in Ancient Egypt, and did not change much. In general, Egyptians did not wear much clothing. Men were often topless and bare-footed. They usually wore a tunic around the waist. Women wore loose clothes. People who were showing spectacles, usually did not wear any clothes. This applied to both men and women. In general, children did not wear any clothes, until they reached puberty, that is, until they were about twelve years old. Later cultures did not like these clothing rules.
Europeans also did not like these clothing rules. When Meyers Konversationslexikon (an encyclopedia) was published in the 1880s, the depiction of murals in the Tomb of Ti was changed to the image that can be seen on the right. Other publications were also changed in the same way.
Old Testament and Judaism
The creation story in the Old Testament of the Bible mentions nudity as a sign of innocence. Only after Adam and Eve have eaten from the tree of knowledge do they become aware of their nudity, and start to feel ashamed. Theologians see this feeling of shame as a consequence of the fall from grace. Because of this, they are later chased away from the Garden of Eden. The Bible does not make a distinction between shame as a consequence of not obeying a rule, and the shame resulting from nudity.
The Old Testament often sees nudity as a consequence of being poor or of being a social outcast. It is not seen as a result of breaking rules, and accepted. Later Orthodox Judaism sees nakedness as a bad thing.
Ancient Greece
In Ancient Greece, especially Ancient Athens, people did not see a problem with nude men. Nude women were seen as bad, though, and women were forbidden from being nude in public. The Cynics taught that it was bad to have worldly goods. Feelings like shame were also seen as bad. There was nothing wrong with being naked.
The Gymnasion shows by its name alone that public nudity was not common in Ancient Greece. The name comes form gynós, which means naked. The gymnasion was used for sports. In Ancient Greece most sports were done totally naked. In most places in Ancient Greece, women were forbidden from doing sports, or from attending sports events.
The only place were women were allowed to do sports was Sparta. There, they also did sports, like the men, but separated from these. They were also naked while doing sports.
Another place where nakedness was tolerated was in the arts.
Ancient Rome
In Ancient Rome, nudity was nothing special or unusual. It was seen more as a sign of not needing much. People did not attach sexual feelings to it. When the Romans had conquered Ancient Greece, they did not think it was necessary to discuss or forbid that the Olympic Games were done in the nude. Cato the Elder mentions that usually the virtuous Roman worked nude during the summer months.
Celts, German tribes
The Celtic and Germanic tribes bathed nude in rivers and lakes together and sometimes children grew up nude. Romans also tell us that some of them fought the Romans in the nude.
Jainism and Hinduism
Both Jainism and Hinduism have special monks. In Jainism these are called Digambars (or Digambarras), in Hinduism they are called Sadhus. Both lead an ascetic lifestyle, and are well-respected in their community. Part of this lifestyle is that they wear little or no clothes.
Nudity and sexuality
Many cultures that expect some level of modesty associate nudity with sexuality. These cultures usually know striptease in some form. When the difference between the sexes is shown in the main stream media of these cultures this is often seen as sexually related. In Latin cultures the common definition of modesty does not generally allow genital nudity, but the definition of what is lewd has changed and women's breasts are now commonly exposed or depicted without scandal.
Nudity in front of a sexual partner is widely accepted, but there may be restrictions—for example, only at the time and place of sex, or with subdued lighting, during bathing with the partner or afterwards, covered by a sheet or blanket, or while sleeping.
Public nudity
Nudity for social bonding
The Japanese idea of hadaka no tsukiai, or spending time together naked, means classmates, teammates, fellow employees, families or neighbors spend time together naked for social bonding. Usually, this is while bathing at a bathhouse or onsen.
Nudity in sports in history
In Ancient Greece it was seen as normal that the athletes taking part in sporting events, like the Olympic Games were nude, for most events. At that time, women were not allowed to take part or in the games or watch them. Nudity with women was frowned upon.
In the 20th century, it was very common for boys to swim nude in the United States. Boys usually found rivers, ponds or lakes to swim in. If there were no girls or adults there, boys just took off their clothes to go swimming. In the United States, recreational (fun) nude swimming (but not school nude swimming) is often called skinny dipping. Boys didn't care if other boys saw them without clothing. Poor boys and farm boys did not even own a bathing suit. Some teenagers, usually boys, still go skinny dipping. It is most common outside of cities.
Until the mid-1960s boys were usually nude in swimming pools. From the 1890s until 1962, men and boys used to swim nude at the YMCA (Young Men's Christian Association.) The YMCA is an organization with many swimming pools in the United States. After women were allowed to join the YMCA, the rule changed. Nobody could swim nude there.
At school swimming pools and public swimming pools there were different hours for boys and girls to swim. Sometimes the pool had bathing suits for girls to wear. Many families did not have money to buy bathing suits for children then.
Teachers told boys to swim without a bathing suit at most high schools in the United States. It was normal for boys. Swimming nude at school was usually not allowed for girls. (A few schools had nude swimming for girls. At some schools, girls were not allowed to swim at all.) The boys had to swim nude in high schools in Houston, Texas from 1930 or earlier until the mid-1960s. In Chicago, Illinois schools, boys were required to swim nude until in the early 1970s.
Until the 1960s, nude swimming was the rule for men at many colleges and universities. Some colleges had only male students. Other colleges had only female students. At colleges with men and women, there were separate pools or different swimming times for men and women.
In the United States and Canada, there is not nude swimming at school now.
Nudity in sports today
There are some places where people swim nude. People swim nude at special clothing optional beaches. Usually these are called nude beaches. It is not as common in the United States and Canada as in Europe. Sometimes a city or county owns the beach. Sometimes a state or province owns the beach. Sometimes the federal (national) government owns the beach. Optional means people can swim nude or with a bathing suit. Usually the government does not tell people they must be nude. Each person can choose what to wear.
Some people have a pool in their house. Some people have an outdoor pool or a pond in their backyard. Some people swim nude in their own pool or pond. Sometimes neighbors complain. Some people swim nude in lakes or rivers when they go camping. Some public pools have special hours or special days for nude swimming. That is more common in indoor public pools.
Clubs for people who like to be nude usually have nude swimming. These are usually called naturist clubs or naturist retreats. A retreat is like a camp or park. It is usually away from the city. Many years ago they were usually called nudist clubs. The name nudist club is less common now. If there is enough space, the club may have other nude sports. They sometimes have nude volleyball or nude basketball. They sometimes have nude soccer (football) if they have a big space. Sometimes people use boats without clothes. People sometimes use a sailboat, rowboat or canoe nude. Sometimes a camp or retreat owned by a church has nude swimming or other sports.
Nudity only with people who are the same age
If there is a swimming pool or pond at a house, sometimes teenagers are happy to swim nude with their teenaged friends or with their brothers or sisters. They might not want to be seen nude by their parents. They might not want to be seen nude by much younger brothers or sisters. Sometimes parents are happy to swim nude with other adults. They might be happy to swim nude with young children. But they might not want to be seen nude by teenagers.
Different behavior at different places
Sometimes people have different rules (sometimes called social norms) at different places. For example, people in a family might not be naked at home. They might always put a towel around themselves after a shower or bath. But if they go somewhere else, the rules might change. Families sometimes go camping or to a cabin (also called a lake house or beach house or cottage in some places) for a vacation (holiday). The people in that family might swim or lie in the sun nude there. They might eat breakfast together nude. Same people. Different place. What is normal, expected, or comfortable for them changes with the place or situation.
Some families with an outdoor swimming pool at their house have a no nudity inside the house rule. They swim nude, lie in the sun nude, but they put clothes or a towel on when they come inside the house. The rule may be to show politeness or respect for others. A fancy expression for this is a matter of decorum. It is comparable to a rule like "mobile devices (like phones) can be used at breakfast but not at the evening meal."
Common activities in the nude
At least since the early 20th century there is a movement of people wanting to do some things together, while they were nude. Sometimes it was just seen functionally, like a common bath in a pond or lake. Some people do other activities together (in the nude), where being naked is usually not required. For instance, some people prefer nude sunbathing when otherwise a swimsuit could be worn. There are some nude bicycle tours. This movement is generally known as naturism or nudism. In 2009, Appenzell Innerrhoden, a small Swiss canton, voted to stop nude hiking. German tourists have been walking nude through the Alps wearing only boots, socks, and a back pack. The canton will fine nude hikers 200 Swiss francs.
Nudity and health
The Naturism movement of the 20th century claims that being nude is healthy. Starting in 1853, reformer Arnold Rikli said that Sun- and air-bathing is a good thing, and that it can only give its full potential when done in the nude. Many of these views have been proved wrong today. Not smoking or drinking alcohol is good for health, regardless of whether clothing is worn or not. People suffering from being exposed too little to the sun will also be so if they are clothed. Wearing wet clothes can lead to cystitis (an infection of the urinary bladder).
Some doctors recommend sleeping in comfortable clothes, or sleeping naked. At some points in time, fashion dictates very tight-fitting clothes. These can be bad for health.
Nudity and the law
In many countries in Europe, being naked in public is not a punishable offense, as long as no one feels molested. Being naked near places where people change clothes is common, and legal in many jurisdictions. Nudity in a public space is often handled by special laws (made for police). In this case, what often happens is the police will fine the offenders, and tell them to go elsewhere. Certain places have started to pass laws, which forbid nudity in certain settings. A well-known case is that of the Canton of Appenzell Inner Rhodes passing a law against hiking naked.
For historical reasons, many English-speaking countries are less tolerant towards naked people. Exhibitionists get sexual pleasure from showing themselves naked or partly naked. In the context of the law, exhibitionism is often handled differently.
Some Western countries, such as Canada and the United Kingdom, have no laws stopping nude swimming in public areas. In Canada there are many small lakes with few houses or people around. People sometimes swim nude in them. People often swim nude at night or very early in the morning.
In the United States there is no federal (national) law against nudity at national beaches. But sometimes there are local laws that say people cannot be nude. Sometimes local police arrest people on federal lands or beaches. Sometimes police use general laws, saying that nudity is disturbing the peace.
Nudity as a form of communication
Nudity as a form of protest
Some people use the nudity as a form of protest, like a movement in the United States that wants equal treatment of bare-chested men, and women. This movement fights for the right of women to be topless. Often this is done with topless demonstrations.
One example that nudity was used as a form of protest, even in the Middle Ages is the story of Lady Godiva. She is said to have ridden through Coventry totally naked, only covered by her long hair. She did this to protest against the high taxes.
Using nudity for advertising
Nudity is often used to draw the attention of customers to a given product. That way, nude people or people with very little clothing are often shown on covers of magazines, even if the content of the magazine has nothing to do with nudity. Naked people, sometimes in connection with body painting are used to distribute fliers at events.
This uses erotic stimuli, especially to people of the opposite sex. On the other hand, nudity seems to work all by itself in such contexts. Nudity in public places is rare, and people generally do not expect it. The more it is used however, the less it will act on people. At some point it will have become normal.
Nudity and children
Most children do not develop a feeling of shame until they are about five years old. For this reason there have been discussions. These discussions try to answer two basic questions:
Should children see naked adults?
Should children see each other naked?
Different people have different opinions on the subject.
Nude children
Works of art, such as paintings, statues, or photographs have shown nude children, or nude children with nude adults. In recent years, showing nude children has become more and more problematic, especially with photographs. In a few cases, photographs taken by parents showing their toddler or small child naked have been seen as child pornography by courts. In May 2008, police in Sydney, Australia, raided an exhibition by the photographer Bill Henson. This exhibition showed images of naked children. The raid was done on allegations of child pornography. Incidents such as this one sent a strong message to the community.
Children seeing their parents nude
People cannot agree if parents should appear naked in front of their children. Gordon and Schroeder say that there is a wide variation on parental nudity from family to family. According to them, "there is nothing (..) wrong with bathing with children or otherwise appearing naked in front of them". In their opinion, doing so may provide an opportunity for parents to give important information. They note that by ages five to six, children begin to develop a sense of modesty, and recommend to parents who wish to be sensitive to their children's wishes that they limit such activities from that age onwards.
Bonner recommends against nudity in the home where children are showing sexual behaviour considered problematic.
A study by Alfred Kinsey found that 75% of the participants stated that there was never nudity in the home when they were growing up, 5% of them said that there was "seldom" nudity in the home, 3% said "often", and 17% said that it was "usual". The study found that there was no significant difference between what was reported by men and by women with respect to frequency of nudity in the home.
In a 1995 review of the literature, Paul Okami concluded that there was no reliable evidence linking exposure to parental nudity to any negative effect. Three years later, his team finished an 18-year longitudinal study that showed that, if anything, such exposure was associated with slight beneficial effects, particularly for boys.
Children seeing other people nude
Different cultures have different opinions on whether children should see people other than their parents, and other children naked. In general the opinions are also different, depending on how old the child is, and what context the nudity is placed in.
Many countries have made laws that should protect children from seeing sex scenes on television by accident. That way, such scenes may usually not be shown during the day. British TV must not show such scenes between 5.30am and 9pm. The time when content not suitable for children may be shown is called "watershed". The Broadcasting Code requires that "Nudity before the watershed must be justified by the context."
Students showering together
Sometimes the nudity of children in front of other children has been an issue. In Europe, it is common that all students take a shower together after sports classes. Usually showering is segregated by sex.
In the United States and some of English-speaking Canada, students at tax funded schools have historically been required to shower with classmates of the same sex after physical education classes. In the United States, public objections and the threat of lawsuits have resulted in a number of school districts in recent years changing policy to make showers optional. Now showering together (sometimes called communal nude showering) after sports is not common anymore at schools in the United States or Canada. Many students wear shorts in the shower. At new schools there are separate (individual) shower stalls (closets) for each student to shower in. At many older schools the showers are never used. Students go to the next class sweaty and smelly. Communal nude showering is still common at colleges, public pools, universities and health clubs.
At some public swimming pools, men and women cannot use the same shower room as boys and girls respectively. (These rules are common in Canada and the United States.)
A court case in the State of Colorado noted that students have a reduced expectation of personal privacy in regards to "communal undress" while showering after physical education classes. According to an interview with a middle school principal, most objections to school showers that he had heard were actually from the student's parents rather than from the student.
The change in thinking also involves issues of bullying, consideration for gay and other LGBTQ students, and body image (such as very big or very thin students feeling uncomfortable when people see them nude.)
Nudity as a punishment
Most people feel uneasy or ashamed when they are nude (outside a social context where this is acceptable). This fact has been used both as a means of torture and as a punishment. That way, during witch-hunts, the alleged witches were stripped to discover what was called the witches' mark. It was believed that the devil left this mark as part of the pact the witch had with him. When the mark was found, this was then used as evidence in the trials.
Nakedness can also be part of a punishment or a public humiliation. Torture manuals sometimes make a difference, as men and women react differently when they are disrobed.
The United States and its allies invaded Iraq in 2003. After they had done this, members of the United States Army Reserve abused prisoners. Photographs were circulated that showed that prisoners had to pose naked, were sometimes bound by ropes, and intimidated that way
Other websites
Nudity in art Today by Art Lister
20 century Nude in the "History of Art"
Nudity in Ancient to Modern Cultures by Aileen Goodson (This chapter excerpt is from Aileen Goodson's Therapy, Nudity & Joy)
corte de cabelo curto
cortes de cabelo
chapinha
cortes de cabelo feminino curto |
9597 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom | Kingdom | A kingdom is a country with a king or queen. The type of government is a monarchy.
For example, the United Kingdom has a queen as head of state.
Monarchy |
9600 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestantism | Protestantism | Protestantism is a form of Christian faith and practice. It began in northern Europe in the early 16th century. At that time, they were against some parts of Roman Catholicism. Together with Eastern Orthodoxy and Roman Catholicism, Protestantism became one of the three greatest forces in Christianity. Protestantism much influenced the culture, beliefs, and economy of the place it became important in.
The word Protestantism had its origin when German princes and free cities at the Diet of Speyer (1529), petitioned or "protested" against the imperial ban adopted by the Diet against Martin Luther and its stance against the Reformation. Lutherans in Germany began using it. Swiss and French more often used Reformed. The Anglicans use Catholic, Reformed and Protestant, however the Anglican Church is not always regarded as part of Protestantism because it kept most of the doctrine of the Roman Catholic Church from which it separated.
Martin Luther, a doctor of theology and a monk, said that the church should return to its roots, and give more weight to what is written in the Bible (Sola scriptura). Luther thought that the Church had gone too far away from the original teachings. He published 95 theses on the way the Catholic Church was then. Some say, he stuck them onto the door of the church of Wittenberg, but others say this is not true. The 95 theses were published in 1516 or 1517. With the theses, he started the Protestant Reformation.
Protestant churches with a big following are:
Lutheran Church
Calvinist Church
Baptists
Pentecostals
Often but not always:
Anglican Church: Henry VIII split from the Roman Catholic Church. He wanted to divorce from Catherine of Aragon, but the Pope refused to divorce him. King Henry started the Church of England. It is sometimes seen as being the middle way, between Roman Catholicism and Protestantism, and that is why is often excluded from Protestantism. This is because, in the English Reformation, the English Church kept the early Catholic ministry of bishops, priests, and deacons, as well as most of the doctrine and liturgy. The critical point which led to the Anglican Church was the outright rejection of the Pope, and so of the Roman Catholic Church as an organisation.
References
Other websites |
9610 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algiers | Algiers | Algiers is the capital city of Algeria, which is a country in northern Africa. It is on the northern coast of the country. The population of the city is 1,519,570. After Algeria beacme independent from France, Algiers became a very important city for anti-colonial activists and revolutionaries from around the world.
Names
The city's name is gotten from the Arabic name al-Jazāʾir (الجزائر), which means "The Islands". This name refers to the four former islands which were off the city's coast before becoming part of the mainland in 1525.
Twin towns
Algiers has many twin towns all over the world:
References
Other websites
10th-century establishments in Africa
Establishments in Algeria
944 establishments |
9612 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arles | Arles | Arles is a city in the south of France. It was built in the 6th century BC by the Greeks. Today more than 50,000 people live there. In the 1880s, the famous painters, Vincent van Gogh and Paul Gauguin lived there. Vincent van Gogh painted his famous Sunflowers in Arles.
The city is at the heart of the Camargue. Not many people live in this region, so there is a lot of free land around Arles. Because of this, Arles is the city in France to have the largest area (nearly 760 square kilometres).
Subprefectures in France |
9617 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificate | Certificate | A certificate is a document for authentication of something. It may be an award that can be given to people. The certificate can be given to people for graduation, for good working skills, or to thank someone who has done good things. They are usually tied to an occupation, technology, or industry. Certifications are usually offered by a professional organization or a company that specializes in a particular field or technology. A certification demonstrates that the person have a specific skill or level of knowledge, ultimately showing an employer that person know what need to do to successfully peform a job. Other items, such as patches, badges, lapel pins, watches, and medals can also come with the certificate.
Many other kinds exist. A certificate of authenticity says a thing is real. For example, it can say that a painting was made at a particular time by a particular artist and is not a forgery. A certificate of occupancy says a building is fit for use. A certificate of deposit says someone has money in a bank. A birth certificate is one of the kinds of vital record.
References |
9619 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily%20Mail | Daily Mail | The Daily Mail is a large, well-known newspaper. It started in 1896. It is published every weekday and Saturday from a factory in London, England. It is not printed on Sundays. Its sister paper, the Mail on Sunday, is printed instead.
It is the second-most sold newspaper in the United Kingdom. It sells more than a million copies a day. Its political opinion is right-wing, and it supports the Conservative Party in elections. The newspaper is available in many countries outside the United Kingdom, such as Egypt and the US. There is a different Scottish edition of the newspaper, which is sold in Scotland only and differs mainly in the Sport pages. There is also an Irish version of the newspaper, but the main international version is the English one.
It is the principal publication of the Daily Mail and General Trust, but the company also prints the Evening Standard, London Lite and Metro newspapers in the UK.
People are often critical of The Daily Mail, because a lot of people think it's racist and sexist.
The Daily Mail was first published by Lord Northclife in 1896. It started as a broadsheet. It is now a tabloid.
References
Other websites
Official site
1896 establishments in the United Kingdom
Newspapers published in the United Kingdom |
9624 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhineland-Palatinate | Rhineland-Palatinate | Rhineland-Palatinate (, Rhine Franconian: Rhoilond-Palz) is one of 16 states () of Germany. It has an area of and 4.073 million people living in it. The capital is Mainz.
History
Rhineland-Palatinate was created on 30 August 1947. It was formed from the northern part of the French Occupation Zone (the Rhenish Palatinate or which had been a part of Bavaria) as well as the southern parts of the Prussian Rhine Province, Birkenfeld which formerly belonged to Oldenburg, parts of the Prussian Province of Nassau (see Hesse-Nassau), and parts of Hesse-Darmstadt as well as Rheinhessen on the western banks of the Rhine.
The people of the new state voted to accept the boundary changes in a referendum on 18 May 1947.
Geography
Rhineland-Palatinate borders on (from the north and clockwise) North Rhine-Westphalia (another German state), Hesse (another German state), Baden-Württemberg (another German state), France, Saarland (another German state), Luxembourg, and Belgium.
The main axis of the state is the Rhine river, that forms the border with Baden-Württemberg and Hesse in the southeast before running across the northern part of Rhineland-Palatinate.
The Rhine Valley is bounded by mountains with some of the historically most significant places of Germany.
In the northwest there are the southern parts of the Eifel mountains. Farther south there is the Hunsrück mountain, which is continued by the Taunus mountains on the opposite side of the Rhine.
The hilly lands in the south of the state are called the Palatine Forest (Pfälzerwald).
These mountains are separated from each other by the tributaries of the Rhine: the Moselle (Mosel), the Lahn and the Nahe.
Government
Rhineland-Palatinate is a parliamentary democracy. Every five years, all Germans over the age of 18 elect the members of the Rhineland-Palatinate Parliament, . This regional parliament or legislature then elects the premier and confirms the cabinet members. Rhineland-Palatinate is the only German Bundesland (state) to have a cabinet minister for winegrowing.
Castles
This is only some of the castles in Rhineland-Palatine:
Universities
There are 7 universities and 13 "Fachhochschulen".
Technische Universität Kaiserslautern
Universität Koblenz-Landau – locations: Koblenz, Landau
Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz
Universität Trier
Fachhochschule Bingen
Fachhochschule Kaiserslautern – locations: Kaiserslautern I and II, Pirmasens and Zweibrücken
Fachhochschule Koblenz – locations: Koblenz, Höhr-Grenzhausen, Remagen
Fachhochschule Ludwigshafen
Evangelische Fachhochschule Ludwigshafen
Fachhochschule Mainz
Fachhochschule Trier – locations: Trier, Idar-Oberstein, Birkenfeld
Fachhochschule Worms
Katholische Fachhochschule Mainz
Fachhochschule für Finanzen Edenkoben
Fachhochschule der Deutschen Bundesbank, Hachenburg
Fachhochschule für öffentliche Verwaltung Mayen
Wissenschaftliche Hochschule für Unternehmensführung Otto-Beisheim-Hochschule (private university)
Philosophisch-Theologische Hochschule Vallendar (church university)
Politics
The Ministers President since 1947:
1947–1947: Wilhelm Boden, CDU
1947–1969: Peter Altmeier, CDU
1969–1976: Helmut Kohl, CDU
1976–1988: Bernhard Vogel, CDU
1988–1991: Carl-Ludwig Wagner, CDU
1991–1994: Rudolf Scharping, SPD
1994–2013: Kurt Beck, SPD
2013–present: Malu Dreyer, SPD
Partnerships
, Bourgogne
, in East Africa
, Province of València
's German-Speaking Community
, Voivodeship of Oppeln
, Middle Bohemia
, Province of Fujian
, State of South Carolina
, Prefecture of Iwate
Administration
Rhineland-Palatinate is divided into 24 districts, grouped into the three administrative regions: Koblenz, Trier and Rheinhessen-Pfalz.
Districts
(with county code car plate)
Big cities
Mainz
Koblenz
Kaiserslautern
Ludwigshafen
Neuwied
Landau
Pirmasens
Mayen
Bad Kreuznach
Related pages
List of coats of arms of the districts in Rhineland-Palatinate
Wine regions |
9625 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhine%20River | Rhine River | The Rhine River (, , ) is long. The Rhine is the second longest river in Europe. Its name comes from the Celtic word "renos", which means 'raging flow'.
The Rhine is an important waterway. can be used by ships, and boats can go to the Black Sea using the Rhine-Main-Danube Canal. Many goods are transported over the Rhine, and the Rhine valley is also an important wine producing region. The river Rhine begins at Tomasee, a lake in the canton of Graubünden in Switzerland, and runs through Switzerland, Germany and the Netherlands. It is the border between Switzerland and Liechtenstein and also the border between Germany and France. It is also the border between Switzerland and Austria. It is also the border between the Netherlands and Germany. It is the border between France and Switzerland. It runs through Basel, Bonn, Cologne and Duisburg. It also separates the cities of Mainz and Wiesbaden. The Rhine has 50 species of fish. The Rhine is one of the longest and most important river in Europe.
Geography
The river runs through only one lake on its way, Lake Constance, which is on the border of Switzerland, Germany and Austria.
The middle Rhine has many castles. Robber barons used some of them during the 15th–18th centuries. When the Industrial Revolution hit Europe, factories set up along its banks and emptied their waste into the River. The Salmon left and other fish became rare. After World War II, the Rhine Action Programme was set up to boost the Rhine's wildlife and reduce the pollution there.
Together with the Danube it formed most of the northern frontier of the Roman Empire.
List of features
Cities near the Rhine
These are large cities that are found near the Rhine:
Switzerland:
Basel
France:
Strasbourg
Germany:
Karlsruhe
Mannheim
Ludwigshafen
Wiesbaden
Mainz
Koblenz
Bonn
Cologne
Leverkusen
Neuss
Düsseldorf
Krefeld (Uerdingen)
Duisburg
Netherlands:
Arnhem (Nederrijn)
Nijmegen (Waal)
Utrecht (Kromme Rijn)
Rotterdam (Nieuwe Maas)
Smaller cities that are found near the Rhine:
Switzerland
Chur
Kreuzlingen
Schaffhausen
Liechtenstein:
Vaduz
Germany:
Konstanz
Breisach
Speyer
Worms
Bingen am Rhein
Rüdesheim am Rhein
Neuwied
Andernach
Bad Honnef
Königswinter
Niederkassel
Wesseling
Dormagen
Zons
Monheim am Rhein
Wesel
Xanten
Emmerich am Rhein
Netherlands:
Zutphen (IJssel)
Deventer (IJssel)
Zwolle (IJssel)
Kampen (IJssel)
Leiden (Oude Rijn)
Dordrecht (Merwede)
Wageningen (Nederrijn)
Woerden (Oude Rijn)
Wijk bij Duurstede (Neder Rijn / Kromme Rijn / Lek)
Alphen aan den Rijn (Oude Rijn)
References
Geography of Baden-Württemberg
Geography of North Rhine-Westphalia
Geography of Rhineland-Palatinate
Rivers of Austria
Rivers of France
Rivers of Germany
Rivers of Liechtenstein
Rivers of the Netherlands
Rivers of Switzerland
Vorarlberg
Grand Est
Gelderland
South Holland
Utrecht (province) |
9626 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robber%20baron | Robber baron | The term robber baron was first used in the 12th and 13th centuries to describe rich men who lived in large castles along major transportation rivers, like the Rhine in Europe. They would send ships out onto these rivers to stop anybody who was traveling through who did not know better and collect a tax from them on any money or goods on these ships. They were not officially allowed to collect these taxes. It was only the Holy Roman Emperor who could decide what taxes to be charged, how much and who could charge it.
Second, it is a slang term used of certain rich and ruthless industrialists and bankers, especially in the late 19th and early 20th century U.S.A.
History of Germany
People |
9627 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winery | Winery | A winery is a place or business that makes wine.
Related pages
Vineyard
Wine |
9642 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar | Sugar | Sugar is the common name for a number of chemical substances, some of which have a sweet taste. Mostly, it refers to either sucrose, lactose, or fructose. Sugar is contained in certain kinds of food, or it is added to give a sweet taste.
Regular sugar extracted from sugarcane or sugar beet (the one commonly added to food) is called sucrose. Fructose is the sugar that is in fruits. As chemicals, sucrose and fructose are both made by two smaller sugars. Glucose is the more common of these smaller sugars. The human body changes regular sugar into the smaller sugars.
Sugars are a kind of carbohydrate. This is because sugars are made from carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. Carbohydrates can be simple carbohydrates or complex carbohydrates. Simple carbohydrates are made of only one or a few of the smallest sugars. Complex carbohydrates are made of many of the smallest sugars.
Starch is a chemical found in foods such as bread, crackers, and potatoes. It is a complex carbohydrate that is made from many glucose molecules. When starch is eaten, the human body breaks it apart into smaller sugars. An enzyme is added in the mouth, but it only begins to work in the stomach. Pure starch is actually tasteless in the mouth.
Brazil produces the most sugar per person and India's total consumption of sugar is the highest for a country.
There are other chemical substances that can be used to make a sweet taste, but that are not sugar. One of them, commonly called Stevia, is gained from a plant with the same name. Others, like aspartame, are completely synthetic. In general, these substances are known as artificial sweeteners, or sugar substitutes. People eat them to avoid health problems that sugar causes.
Sugar can be different colours. For example, brown sugar has molasses in it, and is often used in baking.
There are 387 calories for 100 g of sugar.
Related pages
monosaccharide
glucose
fructose
disaccharides
sucrose
lactose
starch
glycogen
cellulose
References
Basic English 850 words
Carbohydrates
Chemical compounds
Sweeteners |
9645 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canterbury | Canterbury | Canterbury is a city in Kent, England. It is about from London. It was made famous by a book called The Canterbury Tales. It is also famous for Canterbury Cathedral. Thomas Becket was assassinated by knights who came from Sandlings.
Transportation
There are two railway stations in the city; Canterbury East and Canterbury West. The A2 road passes near the city. It goes west to London and south-east to Dover.
Education
The city has an estimated 31,000 students. This is the highest student/permanent resident ratio in the UK. There are three universities, and several other higher education institutions and colleges. At the 2001 census, 22% of the population aged 16–74 were full-time students, compared with 7% throughout England. The three universities: the University of Kent, Canterbury Christ Church University, and the University for the Creative Arts.
Sports
The St Lawrence Ground is the home ground of Kent County Cricket Club. It has hosted several One Day Internationals, including one England match during the 1999 Cricket World Cup.
History
The Canterbury area has been lived in since prehistoric times. Paleolithic stone axes, and Neolithic and Bronze Age pots have been found in the area. Canterbury was once the main settlement of the Celtic tribe of the Cantiaci, which lived in most of modern-day Kent. In the 1st century AD, the Romans captured the settlement and named it Durovernum Cantiacorum. The Romans rebuilt the city, with new streets in a grid pattern, a theatre, a temple, a forum, and public baths. Its position on Watling Street on route to the major Kentish ports of Rutupiae (now Richborough), Dubrae (now Dover), and Lemanae (now Lymne) made it important.
References |
9650 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huddersfield | Huddersfield | Huddersfield is a large town in the Metropolitan borough of Kirklees in West Yorkshire, England. It was famous for its cloth industry, and where Rugby League football started.
Huddersfield was the birthplace for the Labour Party prime minister, Harold Wilson. It is also known for its football team, who were the first team to win the Football League first division title three years in a row (1924-26).
Huddersfield had 162,949 residents at the 2011 census. It sits close to the Pennines, south-west of Leeds, west of Wakefield, north-west of Sheffield and north-east of Manchester.
The River Holme discharges into the River Colne. They were tapped for steam turbines and textile treatment in the large weaving sheds.
References |
9652 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-tank%20dog | Anti-tank dog | Anti-tank dogs were dogs with explosives placed on their backs. These dogs were trained to run under enemy tanks. The explosives were then remotely detonated in order to destroy the target tank.
These dogs were trained by the Soviet Union during World War II to be used against German armored vehicles. They were trained on Russian tanks, which used diesel fuel. In battle, the dogs often ran toward the smell of diesel fuel from the Soviet tanks instead of the intended German targets.
The German Army soon learned about the dogs, so all Russian dogs were shot on sight by the Germans. Very few dogs remained in the Eastern Front as a result of this.
After the war better weapons against tanks were made. Therefore, it is unlikely that anti-tank dogs will ever be used again.
Military animals |
9659 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/October%202 | October 2 |
Events
Up to 1900
829 Theophilus becomes Byzantine Emperor.
1187 Saladin captures Jerusalem after 88 years of Crusader rule.
1263 The Battle of Largs is fought between Scots and Norwegians.
1535 Jacques Cartier discovers Montreal, Quebec.
1552 Conquest of Kazan by Russian Tsar Ivan the Terrible.
1780 American Revolutionary War: British spy John Andre is hanged by American forces for his role in Benedict Arnold's plot to sell West Point to the British Army.
1814 Battle of Rancagua: Spanish royalist troops under Mariano Osorio defeat rebel Chilean forces under Bernardo O'Higgins and Jose Miguel Carrera.
1835 Texas Revolution begins: Battle of Gonzales – Mexican soldiers attempt to disarm the people of Gonzales, Texas but encounter stiff resistance from a hastily assembled militia.
1836 Naturalist Charles Darwin returns to Falmouth, England aboard the HMS Beagle after a 5-year journey collecting biological data he will later use to develop his theory of evolution.
1864 American Civil War: Battle of Saltville – Union forces attack Saltville, Virginia but are defeated by Confederate troops.
1889 In Washington, DC, the first international Conference of American States begins.
1889 In Colorado, Nicolas Creede strikes it rich in silver during the last great silver boom of the American Old West.
1901 2000
1919 US President Woodrow Wilson suffers a massive stroke, leaving him partially paralyzed.
1924 The Geneva Protocol is adopted as a means to strengthen the League of Nations.
1925 John Logie Baird performs the first test of a working television system.
1928 The "Prelature of the Holy Cross and the Work of God", commonly known as Opus Dei, was founded by Saint Josemaría Escrivá.
1935 Italy invades Abyssinia (Ethiopia).
1937 Dominican Republic leader Rafael Trujillo orders the execution of the Haitian population living within the borderlands. Around 20,000 are killed in the following few days.
1941 World War II: Operation Typhoon – Germany begins an all-out offensive against Moscow.
1942 World War II: Ocean liner RMS Queen Mary accidentally hits and sinks her own escort ship HMS Curacoa off Ireland.
1944 Holocaust: Nazi troops end the Warsaw Uprising.
1950 The comic strip Peanuts by Charles M. Schulz is first published in seven US newspapers.
1955 The ENIAC computer is deactivated at 11:45 PM.
1955 Alfred Hitchcock Presents debuts (last new episode aired on June 26, 1962).
1958 Guinea declares itself independent from France.
1959 The Twilight Zone pilot premieres.
1962 Johnny Carson debuts as host of The Tonight Show.
1967 Thurgood Marshall sworn in as the first African-American justice of United States Supreme Court.
1968 A peaceful student demonstration in Mexico City ends in the Tlatelolco massacre.
1970 A plane carrying the Wichita State University football team, administrators andsupporters crashes in Colorado, killing 31 people.
1979 Pope John Paul II speaks at the UN.
1984 Elisabeth Kopp becomes the first woman to be elected to the Swiss Federal Council.
1988 The 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul come to an end.
1990 A Chinese airline Boeing 737-247 is hijacked; after landing at Guangzhou, crashes into an empty Boeing 707-3J6B and then a Boeing 757-21B on the ground killing 132
1992 Hero opens in theaters, starring Dustin Hoffman.
1992 The Carandiru Massacre takes place after a riot in the Carandiru prison system in São Paulo, Brazil.
1993 The 1993 Moscow riots by Hardline Communists occur.
1996 The Electronic Freedom of Information Act Amendments are signed by U.S. President Bill Clinton.
1996 An Aeroperu Boeing 757 crashes in Pacific Ocean shortly after takeoff from Lima, Peru killing 70.
1997 In the European Union the Amsterdam Treaty is signed.
From 2001
2001 Bankruptcy of Swissair.
2002 The Beltway sniper attacks begin.
2004 American Samoa joins the North American Numbering Plan.
2005 The Ethan Allen tour boat capsizes on Lake George, Upstate New York, killing 20 people.
2006 Five schoolgirls are killed in a shooting at an Amish school in Pennsylvania, before the gunman commits suicide.
2007 President of South Korea Roh Moo-hyun walks across the Military Demarcation Line in North Korea, on his way to the inter-Korean summit meeting with Kim Jong-il.
2009 Rio de Janeiro is chosen to host the 2016 Summer Olympics.
2009 Voters in Ireland support the EU's Lisbon Treaty in a second referendum.
2016 Dozens of people are killed in a protest in Ethiopia's Oromia region.
2016 Voters in Colombia reject a peace deal between their government and FARC by a narrow margin.
2018 Nobel Prize in Physics: Donna Strickland becomes the 3rd woman to win the award for Physics, while Arthur Ashkin becomes the oldest-ever Nobel laureate, at age 96 (until John B. Goodenough wins the following year's Chemistry Prize at age 97); They share it with Gérard Mourou.
2018 Saudi journalist Jamal Khashoggi is murdered in Saudi Arabia's consulate in Istanbul, Turkey.
Births
Up to 1900
1452 King Richard III of England (d. 1485)
1470 Isabella of Aragon, Queen of Portugal (d. 1498)
1470 Isabella of Naples, Duchess of Milan (d. 1524)
1538 Charles Borromeo, Italian Catholic Saint (d. 1584)
1718 Elizabeth Montagu, English social reformer, patron of the arts, literary critic and writer (d. 1800)
1722 Leopold Widhalm, Austrian instrument maker (d. 1776)
1724 Louis Gabriel Ambroise de Bonald, French philosopher and statesman (d. 1840)
1737 Francis Hopkinson, American signer of the Declaration of Independence (d. 1791)
1768 William Carr Beresford, 1st Viscount Beresford, British general and politician (d. 1854)
1781 William Wyatt Bibb, Governor of Missouri (d. 1820)
1798 Charles Albert of Sardinia (d. 1849)
1800 Nat Turner, American revolutionary (d. 1831)
1815 James Agnew, Irish-Australian politician, 16th Premier of Tasmania (d. 1901)
1821 Nino Bixio, Italian freedom fighter (d. 1873)
1828 Charles Floquet, 55th Prime Minister of France (d. 1896)
1832 Edward Burnett Tylor, British anthropologist (d. 1917)
1833 William Corby, American Catholic priest (d. 1897)
1839 Hans Thoma, German painter (d. 1924)
1847 Paul von Hindenburg, German politician and military officer (d. 1934)
1851 Ferdinand Foch, French soldier (d. 1929)
1852 William Ramsay, Scottish chemist (d. 1916)
1854 Patrick Geddes, Scottish biologist, sociologist, geographer and town planner (d. 1932)
1864 Alfred Roller, Austrian painter (d. 1935)
1867 Theodore F. Green, Governor of Rhode Island (d. 1966)
1869 Mahatma Gandhi, Indian spiritual leader and advocate of non-violent resistance (d. 1948)
1871 Cordell Hull, United States Secretary of State (d. 1955)
1871 Martha Brookes Hutcheson, American landscape architect (d. 1959)
1879 Wallace Stevens, American poet (d. 1955)
1882 Boris Shaposhnikov, Russian military commander (d. 1945)
1890 Groucho Marx, American actor and comedian (d. 1977)
1893 Leroy Shield, American movie score and radio composer (d. 1962)
1895 Bud Abbott, American actor and comedian (d. 1974)
1901 1950
1901 Alice Prin, French singer and artist (d. 1953)
1902 Leopold Figl, Austrian politician (d. 1965)
1904 Graham Greene, English writer (d. 1991)
1904 Lal Bahadur Shastri, 2nd Prime Minister of India (d. 1966)
1905 Enchi Fumiko, Japanese writer (d. 1986)
1907 Víctor Paz Estenssoro, Bolivian politician (d. 2001)
1907 Alexander Todd, Baron Todd, Scottish chemist (d. 1997)
1909 Alex Raymond, American comic artist (d. 1956)
1910 Aldo Olivieri, Italian footballer (d. 2001)
1911 Tilly Fleischer, German javelin thrower (d. 2005)
1913 Annette Rogers, American athlete (d. 2006)
1914 Yuri Levitan, Soviet radio announcer (d. 1983)
1914 John Whiteside Parsons, American rocket scientist, writer and occultist (d. 1952)
1915 Chubby Wise, American bluegrass fiddler (d. 1996)
1916 Angel Suquia Goicoechea, Spanish archbishop (d. 2006)
1917 Christian de Duve, English-born Belgian biologist and Nobel Prize winner (d. 2013)
1919 John W. Duarte, British composer, guitarist and writer (d. 2004)
1920 Stefan Kovacs, Romanian footballer (d. 1995)
1921 Albert Scott Crossfield, American test pilot (d. 2006)
1921 Robert Runcie, Archbishop of Canterbury (d. 2000)
1924 Tex Coulter, American football player (d. 2007)
1924 Gilbert Simondon, French philosopher (d. 1989)
1926 Jan Morris, British historian and author
1927 Uta Ranke-Heinemann, German theologian and author
1928 Wolfhart Pannenberg, German theologian (d. 2014)
1928 George "Spanky" McFarland, American actor (d. 1993)
1929 Cesare Maestri, Italian mountaineer
1930 Dave Barrett, Canadian politician (d. 2018)
1933 John Gurdon, British scientist and Nobel Prize winner
1933 Giuliano Sarti, Italian footballer (d. 2017)
1933 Michel Blasson, French conductor
1935 Peter Frankl, Hungarian-born pianist
1935 Omar Sívori, Argentine footballer (d. 2005)
1936 Feliciano Belmonte Jr., Filipino lawyer and politician
1938 Rex Reed, American movie critic and actor
1940 Gheorghe Gruia, Romanian handball player
1940 Pantelis Voulgaris, Greek actor, director, producer and screenwriter
1943 Anna Ford, English journalist and newsreader
1943 Paul Van Himst, Belgian footballer and coach
1945 Don McLean, American singer
1946 Peter Kellner, English journalist, President of YouGov
1946 Marie-Georges Pascal, French actress (d. 1985)
1947 Dieter Pfaff, German actor (d. 2013)
1948 Donna Karan, American fashion designer
1948 Trevor Brooking, English footballer
1948 Siim Kallas, Estonian politician, European Commissioner and former Prime Minister of Estonia
1949 Annie Leibovitz, American photographer
1949 Richard Hell, American singer-songwriter and bass player
1950 Ian McNeice, British actor
1950 Mike Rutherford, British musician
1951 1975
1951 Romina Power, American singer
1951 Sting, English musician
1953 Ernest Bai Koroma, former President of Sierra Leone
1953 Muhammad Abdul Bari, Bangladeshi-English physicist
1954 Lorraine Bracco, American actress
1955 Philip Oakey, English singer (The Human League)
1956 Viatcheslav Mukhanov, Russian-German cosmologist and physicist
1957 Janry, Belgian comic artist
1957 Dave Faulkner, Australian singer-songwriter and guitarist
1958 Robbie Nevil, American musician
1960 Glenn Anderson, Canadian ice hockey player
1960 Terence Winter, American screenwriter and producer
1960 Tom Schweich, American politician (d. 2015)
1960 Derek Whittenburg, American basketball player and coach
1962 Sigtryggur Baldursson, Icelandic musician
1962 Jeff Bennett, American actor
1966 Rodney Adnoa'i, Samoan-American professional wrestler (d. 2000)
1967 Frankie Fredericks, Namibian athlete
1967 Keith Bradshaw, Australian cricketer
1967 Thomas Muster, Austrian tennis player
1967 Dave Goldberg, American businessman (d. 2015)
1968 Victoria Derbyshire, English journalist and radio presenter
1968 Jana Novotna, Czech tennis player
1969 Jun Akiyama, Japanese professional wrestler
1970 Kelly Ripa, American actress
1970 Eddie Guardado, American baseball player
1971 Tiffany, American singer
1971 James Root, American guitarist (Slipknot)
1971 Xavier Naidoo, German singer
1973 Lene Nystrom Rasted, Norwegian singer (Aqua)
1973 Proof, American rapper (d. 2006)
1973 Verka Serduchka, Ukrainian comedian and singer
1973 Maria Wetterstrand, Swedish politician
1974 Simon Gregson, British actor
From 1976
1977 Didier Défago, Swiss skier
1978 Ayumi Hamasaki, Japanese singer
1978 Matt Hancock, English politician
1979 Francisco Fonseca, Mexican footballer
1979 Maja Ivarsson, Swedish singer
1981 Luke Wilkshire, Australian footballer
1982 Stephen Pearson, Scottish footballer
1982 George Pettit, Canadian singer
1982 Tyson Chandler, American basketball player
1984 Marion Bartoli, French tennis player
1985 Ciprian Marica, Romanian footballer
1986 Camilla Belle, American actress
1987 Ruan Lufei, Chinese chess player
1987 Keith Earls, Irish rugby player
1988 Kiko Casilla, Spanish footballer
1989 Marta Gastini, Italian actress
1990 Christopher Drazan, Austrian footballer
1990 Samantha Barks, Manx actress and singer
1991 Roberto Firmino, Brazilian footballer
1993 Tara Lynne Barr, American actress
1994 Brendan Meyer, Canadian actor
Deaths
Up to 1900
534 Athalaric, King of the Ostrogoths (b. 516)
939 Gilbert, Duke of Lorraine (b. 890)
1264 Pope Urban IV
1559 Jacquet of Mantua, French-Italian composer (b. 1483)
1629 Antonio Cifra, Italian composer (b. 1584)
1764 William Cavendish, 4th Duke of Devonshire, Prime Minister of Great Britain (b. 1720)
1775 Chiyo-ni, Japanese poet (b. 1703)
1782 Charles Lee, British and U.S. general (b. 1732)
1786 Augustus Keppel, 1st Viscount Keppel, English admiral and politician (b. 1725)
1803 Samuel Adams, American patriot, revolutionary and statesman (b. 1722)
1817 Fyodor Fyodorovich Ushakov, Russian naval commander and admiral (b. 1744)
1850 Sarah Biffen, English painter (b. 1784)
1853 François Jean Dominique Arago, French mathematician (b. 1786)
1892 Ernest Renan, French writer, historian, archaeologist and theologian (b. 1823)
1895 Eugen Langen, German entrepreneur, engineer and inventor (b. 1833)
1901 2000
1920 Max Bruch, German composer and conductor (b. 1838)
1927 Svante Arrhenius, Swedish chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1859)
1931 Thomas Lipton, British trader and yacht owner (b. 1850)
1938 Alexandru Averescu, Romanian soldier and politician (b. 1859)
1943 John Evans, Premier of Tasmania (b. 1855)
1947 P. D. Ouspensky, Russian philosopher (b. 1878)
1950 John F. Fitzgerald, Mayor of Boston, Massachusetts and maternal grandfather of John F. Kennedy (b. 1863)
1962 Boris Y. Bukreev, Soviet mathematician (b. 1859)
1968 Marcel Duchamp, French artist (b. 1887)
1973 Paavo Nurmi, Finnish runner (b. 1897)
1973 Paul Hartman, American actor, singer and dancer (b. 1904)
1974 Vasily Shukshin, Russian writer, actor, screenwriter and director (b. 1929)
1975 Kumaraswami Kamaraj, Indian political leader (b. 1903)
1981 Hazel Scott, singer (b. 1920)
1981 Harry Golden, American journalist (b. 1902)
1985 Rock Hudson, American actor (b. 1925)
1987 Peter Medawar, Brazilian-born scientist (b. 1915)
1987 Madeleine Carroll, British-born actress (b. 1906)
1988 Alec Issigonis, British engineer (b. 1906)
1991 Ecumenical Patriarch Demetrios I of Constantinople (b. 1914)
1994 Harriet Nelson, American actress and singer (b. 1909)
1996 Andrey Lukanov, Bulgarian politician (b. 1938)
1996 Robert Bourassa, 22nd Premier of Quebec (b. 1933)
1998 Gene Autry, American singer, actor, and entrepreneur (b. 1907)
From 2001
2001 Franz Biebl, German composer (b. 1906)
2002 Heinz von Foerster, physicist and philosopher (b. 1911)
2003 John T. Dunlop, U.S. Secretary of Labor (b. 1914)
2006 Tamara Dobson, American actress (b. 1944)
2006 Paul Halmos, Hungarian mathematician (b. 1916)
2006 Charles Carl Roberts, American murderer (b. 1973)
2007 Tex Coulter, American football player (b. 1924)
2007 Princess Katherine of Greece and Denmark (b. 1913)
2008 Choi Jin-sil, South Korean actress (b. 1968)
2009 Marek Edelman, Polish social and political activist (b. 1919)
2009 Rolf Rüssmann, German footballer (b. 1950)
2013 Abraham Nemeth, American mathematician and inventor (b. 1919)
2014 Vaughn O. Lang, American general (b. 1927)
2014 Pedro Peña, Spanish actor (b. 1925)
2014 Robert Flower, Australian Rules Football player (b. 1955)
2015 Brian Friel, Irish dramatist (b. 1929)
2015 Eric Arturo Delvalle, former President of Panama (b. 1937)
2016 Neville Marriner, English conductor (b. 1924)
2017 Evangelina Elizondo, Mexican actress, singer and writer (b. 1929)
2017 Robert Elsie, Canadian linguist and translator (b. 1950)
2017 Solly Hemus, American baseball player (b. 1923)
2017 Kim Un-yong, South Korean sports administrator (b. 1931)
2017 Klaus Huber, Swiss composer and academic (b. 1924)
2017 Paul Otellini, American businessman (b. 1950)
2017 Tom Petty, American musician (b. 1950)
2017 Robert Yates, American racing team owner (b. 1943)
2018 Smilja Avramov, Serbian law academic (b. 1918)
2018 Balabhaskar, Indian violinist, composer and record producer (b. 1978)
2018 Geoff Emerick, English recording engineer (b. 1945)
2018 Dorothy Hukill, American politician (b. 1946)
2018 Roman Kartsev, Russian actor and comedian (b. 1939)
2018 Jamal Khashoggi, Saudi journalist (b. 1958)
2018 Hermenegildo Sábat, Uruguayan-Argentine political cartoonist and journalist (b. 1933)
2019 Bill Bidwill, American businessman (b. 1931)
2019 Tiny Hill, New Zealand rugby union player (b. 1927)
2019 Giya Kancheli, Georgian composer (b. 1935)
2019 Jafar Kashani, Iranian footballer (b. 1944)
2019 John Kirby, American lawyer (b. 1939)
2019 Isaac Promise, Nigerian footballer (b. 1987)
2019 Kim Shattuck, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (b. 1963)
2019 Hargovind Laxmishanker Trivedi, Indian nephrologist (b. 1932)
Observances
Feast of the Saint Guardian Angels
Gandhi Jayanti (India) and International Day of Non-Violence (birthday of Mahatma Gandhi)
Independence Day (Guinea)
October 02 |
9661 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/January%202 | January 2 |
Events
Up to 1900
366 – Many Alamanni cross the frozen Rhine, invading the Roman Empire.
533 – Mercurius became Pope John II. He was the first pope to use a papal name.
1492 – Reconquista: Granada, the last Moorish stronghold in Spain, surrenders.
1757 – The United Kingdom captures Calcutta, India.
1777 – American Revolutionary War: American forces under command of George Washington hold back a British attack at the Battle of Assunpink Creek near Trenton, New Jersey.
1788 – Georgia becomes the 4th state to ratify the United States Constitution.
1793 – Russia and Prussia partition Poland.
1815 – Lord Byron marries Anna Isabella Milbanke, Seaham, County Durham.
1818 – British Institution of Civil Engineers formed.
1859 – Erastus Beadle publishes The Dime Book of Practical Etiquette.
1860 – The discovery of the planet Vulcan was announced at a meeting of the Académie des Sciences in Paris. People later realized that this planet does not exist.
1863 – American Civil War: The Battle of Stones River, which started on December 31, 1862, ends in a Union victory.
1870 – Construction of the Brooklyn Bridge begins.
1871 – Amadeus I becomes King of Spain.
1872 – Brigham Young is arrested for bigamy (25 wives).
1879 – Fred Spofforth claims the first hat-trick in test cricket. It happens on the Sydney Cricket Ground against England.
1882 – John D. Rockefeller unites his oil holdings into the Standard Oil trust.
1890 – Alice Sanger becomes the first female staffer for the White House.
1893 – Introduction by Webb C. Ball of the General Railroad Timepiece Standards in North America: Railroad chronometers.
1900 – John Hay announces the Open Door Policy to promote trade with China.
1900 – The Chicago Canal opens.
1901 1950
1905 – Russo-Japanese War: The Russian fleet surrenders at Port Arthur, China.
1907 – France officially separates church and state.
1911 – Two people are killed in a gunfight in East London.
1917 – The Royal Bank of Canada takes over Quebec Bank.
1920 – Under A. Mitchell Palmer, United States Attorney General, United States Department of Justice agents launch raids against people with leftist and anarchist views, in 30 cities across 23 US States.
1921 – The Spanish steamship Santa Isabel sinks off the coast of Galicia, killing 213 people. 56 people are rescued.
1921 – The first religious radio broadcast (KDKA AM in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania) .
1921 – The DeYoung Museum opens in Golden Gate Park, San Francisco.
1923 – United States Secretary of the Interior Albert Fall resigns due to the Teapot Dome scandal.
1929 – Canada and the United States agree on a plan to preserve Niagara Falls.
1935 – Bruno Hauptmann goes on trial for the murder of Charles Lindbergh Jr., infant son of aviator Charles Lindbergh.
1941 – World War II: German bombing severely damaged the Llandaff Cathedral, built in 1290 on the bank of the River Taff in Cardiff, Wales.
1941 – The U.S. government announces its Liberty ship program. They plan to build 200 freighters. Over 2,700 ships were built by the end of the war.
1942 – World War II: Manila is captured by Japanese forces.
1942 – The United States Navy opens a blimp base at Lakehurst, New Jersey.
1944 – World War II: US and Australian forces land on Papua New Guinea in an attempt to cut off a Japanese retreat.
1945 – World War II: Nuremberg is severely bombed by the Allies.
1946 – King Zog is unable to resume his rule over Albania after World War II. He abdicates but still claims to be King of Albania.
1949 – Luis Muñoz Marín became the first democratically elected Governor of Puerto Rico.
1951 2000
1955 – Panamanian president José Antonio Remon is assassinated.
1955 – The lost Inca city of Paititi is re-discovered by Hans Ertl.
1957 – San Francisco and Los Angeles stock exchanges merge.
1959 – The Soviet Union launches the Luna 1 spacecraft.
1959 – CBS Radio cancels four soap operas: Backstage Wife, Our Gal Sunday, Road of Life, and This is Nora Drake.
1963 – Vietnam War: The Viet Cong wins its first major victory in the Battle of Ap Bac.
1967 – Ronald Reagan becomes Governor of California.
1968 – Dr. Christiaan Barnard performs the second successful heart transplant.
1971 – 66 die in stairway crush at Rangers v Celtic football match, Glasgow, Scotland.
1974 – Richard Nixon signs a bill lowering the maximum US speed limit to 55 miles per hour in order to conserve gasoline during an OPEC embargo.
1976 – The Gale of January 1976 begins, causing flooding on southern North Sea coasts. 82 people are eventually killed.
1979 – Sid Vicious goes on trial for the murder of Nancy Spungen.
1981 – Peter Sutcliffe, the Yorkshire Ripper, is arrested.
1983 – The musical Annie is ends its first Broadway run after 2,377 shows at the Uris Theatre.
1991 – Sharon Pratt Dixon is sworn in as mayor of Washington, D.C. becoming the first African American woman to lead a city of that size and importance.
1992 – Paraguay becomes a member of the Berne Convention copyright treaty.
1993 – Leaders of the three warring groups in Bosnia meet to discuss peace plans.
1996 – The Akademia Nauk stratovolcano on Russia's Kamchatka Peninsula erupts.
1998 – Russia begins to circulate new rubles to slow inflation and promote confidence.
1999 – A major snowstorm hits the Midwestern United States, causing of snow at Milwaukee, Wisconsin and at Chicago. In Chicago, temperatures drop to , and 68 deaths are reported.
From 2001
2002 – Levy Mwanawasa becomes the third President of Zambia.
2002 – Eduardo Duhalde becomes interim President of Argentina.
2003 – The spill from the oil tanker Prestige reaches France.
2004 – Stardust successfully flies past Comet Wild 2, collecting samples that it will return to Earth two years later.
2006 – The roof of an ice rink in Bad Reichenhall, Bavaria, collapses, killing 15 people.
2006 – 12 miners are killed in an explosion at a coal mine in Sago, West Virginia.
2016 – Saudi Arabia executes 47 prisoners in one day, including Sheikh Nimr al-Nimr.
2017 – A bomb attack in Baghdad kills at least 35 people.
2018 – A bus plunges off a cliff near Pasamayo, Peru (to the north of Lima), killing at least 48 people.
Births
Up to 1900
869 – Emperor Yozei of Japan (d. 949)
1462 – Piero di Cosimo, Italian painter (d. 1521)
1642 – Mehmed IV, Ottoman Sultan (d. 1693)
1647 – Nathaniel Bacon, English-born American colonist (d. 1676)
1699 – Osman III, Ottoman Sultan (d. 1757)
1713 – Marie Dumesnil, French actress (d. 1803)
1727 – James Wolfe, British general in French and Indian War (d. 1759)
1752 – Philip Freneau, American poet (d. 1832)
1777 – Christian Daniel Rauch, German sculptor (d. 1857)
1822 – Rudolf Clausius, German physicist, contributions to thermodynamics (d. 1888)
1827 – Pyotr Semyonov-Tyan-Shansky, Russian geographer and statistician (d. 1914)
1833 – Frederick A. Johnson, American politician (d. 1893)
1834 – Karl Louis Friedrich Dobermann, German dog breeder (d. 1894)
1836 – Mendele Mocher Sforim, Russian writer (d. 1917)
1836 – Queen Emma of Hawaii (d. 1885)
1837 – Mily Balakirev, Russian composer (d. 1910)
1857 – Martha Carey Thomas, American educator and women's rights activist (d. 1935)
1859 – Anna Sacher, Austrian hotel owner, Hotel Sacher (d. 1930)
1862 – Mikhail Dolivo-Dobrovolsky, Polish-Russian engineer, electrician and inventor (d. 1919)
1866 – Gilbert Murray, British philologist (d. 1957)
1870 – Ernst Barlach, German sculptor, graphic artist, and poet (d. 1938)
1871 – Nik Welter, Luxembourg professor, writer and statesman (d. 1951)
1872 – Albert C. Barnes, American physician, author, collector and philanthropist (d. 1951)
1873 – Therese of Liseaux, French nun and saint (d. 1897)
1873 – Antonie Pannekoek, Dutch astronomer (d. 1960)
1877 – Slava Raskaj, Croatian painter (d. 1906)
1879 – Rudolf Bauer, Hungarian athlete (d. 1932)
1884 – Oscar Michaux, American writer and movie director (d. 1951)
1886 – Apsley Cherry-Garrard, British explorer of Antarctica (d. 1959)
1886 – Florence Lawrence, Canadian actress (d. 1938)
1889 – Bertram Stevens, Premier of New South Wales (d. 1973)
1889 – Tito Schipa, Italian tenor and composer (d. 1965)
1891 – Giovanni Michelucci, Italian architect (d. 1990)
1892 – Edoardo Agnelli, Italian industrialist (d. 1935)
1895 – Folke Bernadotte, Swedish diplomat (d. 1948)
1896 – Dziga Vertov, Russian movie maker (d. 1954)
1901 1950
1904 – Walter Heitler, German physicist (d. 1981)
1904 – Sally Rand, American fan dancer (d. 1979)
1905 – Michael Tippett, English composer (d. 1998)
1905 – Luigi Zampa, Italian movie director and screenwriter (d. 1991)
1908 – Lawrence Wetherby, American politician, Governor of Kentucky (d. 1994)
1909 – Riccardo Cassin, Italian mountaineer (d. 2009)
1909 – Barry Goldwater, American politician (d. 1998)
1912 – Renato Guttuso, Italian painter (d. 1987)
1913 – Anna Lee, English actress (d. 2004)
1917 – Vera Zorina, dancer, actress (d. 2003)
1918 – Willi Graf, German activist (d. 1943)
1918 – Gudrun Zapf-von Hesse, German type designer
1919 – William Needles, Canadian theatre actor (d. 2016)
1920 – Isaac Asimov, Russian-born American science fiction writer (d. 1992)
1920 – Bob Feerick, American basketball player (d. 1976)
1920 – George Herbig, American astronomer (d. 2013)
1920 – Anna Langfus, Polish-French writer (d. 1966)
1922 – Maurice Faure, French diplomat and politician (d. 2014)
1925 – Irina Arkhipova, Russian opera singer (d. 2010)
1925 – Giacomo Furia, Italian actor (d. 2015)
1925 – Larry Harmon, American entertainer and television producer (d. 2008)
1927 – Gino Marchetti, American football player
1928 – Daisaku Ikeda, Japanese writer
1928 – Alberto Zedda, Italian conductor and musicologist (d. 2017)
1930 – Julius La Rosa, American singer (d. 2016)
1931 – Toshiki Kaifu, former Prime Minister of Japan
1931 – James D. Murray, English mathematician
1933 – Richard Riley, 111th Governor of North Carolina
1935 – Lolo Soetoro, Indonesian geographer, stepfather of Barack Obama (d. 1987)
1936 – Roger Miller, American country music singer (d. 1992)
1936 – Kjell Opseth, Norwegian politician (d. 2017)
1937 – Martin Lauer, German athlete and Schlager singer
1938 – Goh Kun, 31st Prime Minister of South Korea
1938 – Ian Brady, British serial killer (d. 2017)
1938 – Hans Herbjørnsrud, Norwegian writer
1939 – Jim Bakker, American televangelist
1939 – Konstanze Vernon, dancer
1940 – Saud bin Faisal, Saudi royal and politician (d. 2015)
1942 – Dennis Hastert, American politician, former Speaker of the United States House of Representatives
1942 – Hugh Shelton, American Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff
1943 – Baris Manco, Turkish musician (d. 1999)
1944 – Prince Norodom Ranariddh, Cambodian politician
1944 – Péter Eötvös, Hungarian composer and conductor
1945 – Slobodan Praljak, Croatian-Bosnian general and politician (d. 2017)
1946 – Sonny Ruberto, American baseball player (d. 2014)
1947 – Alexander Yakushev, Russian ice hockey player
1947 – Calvin Hill, American football player
1947 – Jack Hanna, American zoologist
1947 – David Shapiro, American poet
1947 – Calvin Hill, American football player
1947 – Alexander Yakushev, Russian ice hockey player
1948 – Deborah Watling, British actress (d. 2017)
1948 – Tony Judt, British historian (d. 2010)
1948 – Judith Miller, American journalist
1949 – Christopher Durang, American playwright
1951 1975
1951 – Waldir Peres, Brazilian footballer (d. 2017)
1952 – Indulis Emsis, biologist and politician, former Prime Minister of Latvia
1952 – Christine Lavin, American singer-songwriter
1954 – Milovan Rajevac, Serbian footballer and coach
1954 – Henry Bonilla, American politician
1954 – Dawn Silva, singer (The Brides of Funkenstein, P-Funk)
1955 – Tex Brashear, American voice actor
1955 – Vivien Savage, French singer-songwriter
1959 – Kirti Azad, Indian cricketer
1960 – Naoki Urasawa, Japanese manga artist
1961 – Gabrielle Carteris, American actress
1961 – Neil Dudgeon, British actor
1961 – Todd Haynes, American movie director
1963 – David Cone, American baseball pitcher
1964 – Luis Moro, Cuban-American actor, producer and screenwriter
1964 – Pernell Whitaker, American boxer
1967 – Tia Carrere, American actress
1967 – Jon Gnarr, Icelandic actor, comedian and politician, Mayor of Reykjavik
1967 – Francois Pienaar, South African rugby player
1968 – Goichi Suda, Japanese video game designer
1968 – Cuba Gooding, Jr., American actor
1968 – Anky van Grunsven, Dutch dressage competitor
1969 – William Fox-Pitt, English equestrian
1969 – Christy Turlington, American fashion model
1969 – Tommy Morrison, American boxer (d. 2013)
1969 – Karl-Heinz Grasser, Austrian politician
1969 – Robby Gordon, American racing driver
1971 – Renée Elise Goldsberry, American actress and singer
1972 – Taye Diggs, American actor
1972 – Rodney MacDonald, 26th Premier of Nova Scotia
1973 – Lucy Davis, English actress
1974 – Tricia Helfer, Canadian actress and model
1975 – Doug Robb, American singer (Hoobastank)
1975 – Dax Shepard, American actor, comedian, writer and director
From 1976
1976 – Paz Vega, Spanish actress
1976 – Phil Radford, Greenpeace Executive Director
1978 – Kjartan Sveinsson, Icelandic musician
1978 – Karina Smirnoff, Ukrainian-American dancer and actress
1979 – Jonathan Greening, English footballer
1980 – Paulo da Silva, Paraguayan footballer
1981 – Hanno Balitsch, German footballer
1981 – Maxi Rodriguez, Argentine footballer
1981 – Kirk Hinrich, American basketball player
1982 – Athanasia Tsoumeleka, Greek race walker
1983 – Kate Bosworth, American actress
1985 – Heather O'Reilly, American soccer player
1985 – Ivan Dodig, Croatian tennis player
1986 – Asa Akira, Japanese-American pornographic actress
1986 – Trombone Shorty, American jazz musician
1987 – Loïc Rémy, French footballer
1987 – Shelley Hennig, American model and actress
1988 – Jonny Evans, Northern Irish footballer
1989 – Bianca Knight, American sprinter
1991 – Davide Santon, Italian footballer
1991 – Luis Pedro Cavanda, Belgian footballer
1991 – Steele Sidebottom, Australian rules footballer
1993 – Bryson Tiller, American singer-songwriter
1995 – Renata Notni, Mexican actress and model
Deaths
Up to 1900
1512 – Svante, Regent of Sweden (b. 1460)
1514 – William Smyth, English bishop and statesman (b. 1460)
1557 – Pontormo, Italian painter (b. 1494)
1665 – Pierre de Fermat, French mathematician (b. 1601)
1726 – Domenico Zipoli, Italian composer (b. 1688)
1850 – Manuel de la Pena y Pena, President of Mexico (b. 1789)
1861 – Frederick William IV of Prussia (b. 1795)
1879 – Caleb Cushing, United States Attorney General (b. 1800)
1892 – George Biddell Airy, English mathematician and astronomer (b. 1801)
1901 2000
1904 – James Longstreet, American Confederate general (b. 1821)
1913 – Léon-Philippe Teisserenc, French meteorologist (b. 1855)
1915 – Carl Goldmark, Hungarian composer (b. 1830)
1917 – Edward Burnett Tylor, English anthropologist (b. 1832)
1922 – Pope Benedict XV (b. 1854)
1936 – Francis Newdegate, Governor of Tasmania (b. 1862)
1939 – Roman Tmowski, Polish politician (b. 1864)
1941 – Mischa Levitzki, Russian-born pianist (b. 1898)
1945 – Bertram Ramsay, British naval commander (b. 1883)
1948 – Vicente Huidobro, Chilean poet (b. 1893)
1950 – James Dooley, Premier of New South Wales (b. 1877)
1950 – Theophrastos Sakellaridis, Greek composer and conductor (b. 1883)
1951 – William Campion, Governor of Western Australia (b. 1870)
1955 – José Antonio Remon, President of Panama (b. 1908)
1960 – Fausto Coppi, Italian composer (b. 1919)
1960 – Paul Sauvé, 17th Premier of Quebec (b. 1907)
1960 – Friedrich Adler, Austrian politician and assassin (b. 1897)
1961 – Daniel Chanis Pinzon, President of Panama (b. 1892)
1963 – Jack Carson, American actor (b. 1910)
1968 – Cuno Hoffmeister, German astronomer and geophysicist (b. 1892)
1974 – Tex Ritter, American actor (b. 1905)
1986 – Una Merkel, American actress (b. 1903)
1987 – Harekrushna Mahatab, Indian journalist and politician (b. 1899)
1989 – Safdar Hashmi, Indian playwright, writer and director (b. 1954)
1990 – Alan Hale Jr., American actor (b. 1921)
1994 – Pierre-Paul Schweitzer, Managing Director of the International Monetary Fund (b. 1915)
1994 – Dixy Lee Ray, American politician and Governor of Washington (b. 1917)
1995 – Siad Barre, President of Somalia (b. 1919)
1997 – Randy California, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (b. 1951)
1999 – Sebastian Haffner, German journalist and writer (b. 1907)
2000 – Nat Adderley, American jazz musician and composer (b. 1931)
From 2001
2001 – William P. Rogers, United States Secretary of State (b. 1913)
2002 – Armi Aavikko, Finnish singer (b. 1958)
2006 – Lidia Wysocka, Polish actress (b. 1916)
2007 – Teddy Kollek, Austrian-born Israeli politician, Mayor of Jerusalem (b. 1911)
2008 – Galyani Vadhana, Thai princess, sister of King Bhumibol Adulyadej (b. 1923)
2008 – George MacDonald Fraser, British writer (b. 1925)
2008 – Lee S. Dreyfus, 40th Governor of Wisconsin (b. 1926)
2009 – Ryuzo Hiraki, Japanese footballer (b. 1931)
2009 – Maria de Jesus, Portuguese supercentenarian (b. 1893)
2011 – Anne Francis, American actress (b. 1930)
2011 – Pete Postlethwaite, British actor (b. 1946)
2011 – Richard Winters, American paratrooper (b. 1918)
2012 – William P. Carey, American investment banker and philanthropist (b. 1930)
2013 – Teresa Toranska, Polish journalist and writer (b. 1944)
2013 – Ladislao Mazurkiewicz, Uruguayan footballer (b. 1945)
2013 – Mamie Rearden, American supercentenarian (b. 1898)
2013 – Ned Wertimer, American actor (b. 1923)
2014 – Elizabeth Jane Howard, English novelist (b. 1923)
2014 – Dirk Sager, German journalist (b. 1940)
2014 – Thomas Kurzhals, German keyboardist and songwriter (b. 1953)
2014 – Bernard Glasser, American director and producer (b. 1924)
2015 – Lam Po-chuen, Hong Kong dubbing artist (b. 1951)
2015 – Arthur A. Neu, American politician (b. 1933)
2015 – Little Jimmy Dickens, American country music singer (b. 1920)
2015 – Noel Cobb, British philosopher, psychologist and author (b. 1938)
2015 – Tihomir Novakov, American physicist (b. 1929)
2015 – Abu Anas al-Libi, Libyan Al-Qaeda member (b. 1964)
2015 – Basil Hansen, Australian ice hockey player (b. 1926)
2015 – Danny Dunton, English speedway rider and promoter (b. 1924)
2015 – Roger Kitter, English actor (b. 1949)
2016 – Nimr al-Nimr, Saudi cleric (b. 1959)
2016 – Michel Delpech, French singer (b. 1946)
2016 – Ardhendu Bhushan Bardhan, Indian politician (b. 1924)
2016 – Frances Cress Welsing, American psychiatrist and author (b. 1935)
2016 – Gisela Mota Ocampo, Mexican politician (b. 1982)
2016 – Marcel Barbeau, Canadian artist (b. 1925)
2016 – Shigeji Kaneko, Japanese boxer (b. 1931)
2016 – Matt Hobden, English cricketer (b. 1993)
2017 – John Berger, English art critic, writer and painter (b. 1926)
2017 – Viktor Tsaryov, Russian footballer (b. 1931)
2017 – Albert Brewer, American politician, 47th Governor of Alabama (b. 1928)
2017 – Jean Vuarnet, French skier (b. 1933)
2017 – François Chérèque, French trade unionist (b. 1956)
2017 – Richard Machowicz, American navy SEAL (b. 1965)
2017 – René Ballet, French journalist and author (b. 1928)
2017 – Tom Harpur, Canadian classicist, journalist, theologian an priest (b. 1929)
2018 – Frank Buxton, American actor (b. 1930)
2018 – Rick Hall, American songwriter and recording producer (b. 1932)
2018 – Ferdinando Imposimato, Italian judge and politician (b. 1936)
2018 – Lawal Kaita, Nigerian politician (b. 1932)
2018 – Ali Akbar Moinfar, Iranian politician (b. 1928)
2018 – Thomas S. Monson, American religious leader, President of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (b. 1927)
2019 - Daryl Dragon, American songwriter (Captain & Tennille) (b. 1942)
2022 - Richard Leakey, Kenyan paleoanthropologist, conservationist and politician (b. 1944)
Observances
New Year's Day Bank Holiday (Scotland)
Ancestry Day (Haiti)
Berchtold's Day (Switzerland, Liechtenstein, Alsace)
01-02 |
9662 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/January%205 | January 5 |
Events
Up to 1900
1066 – Edward the Confessor, King of England, dies. The resulting crisis leads to the Norman conquest of England later the same year.
1463 – Poet François Villon is banned from Paris.
1477 – Battle of Nancy: Charles the Bold is killed, Burgundy becomes part of France.
1500 – Duke Ludovico Sforza conquers Milan.
1527 – Martyrdom of Felix Manz, a Swiss Anabaptist.
1554 – Great fire in Eindhoven, Netherlands.
1675 – Battle of Colmar, French army beats Brandenburg.
1757 – Louis XV of France survives the assassination attempt by Robert-François Damiens, the last person to be executed in France with the traditional and gruesome form of death penalty used for regicides.
1759 – George Washington marries Martha Dandridge Custis.
1769 – James Watt patents his steam engine.
1781 – American Revolutionary War: Richmond, Virginia, is burned by British naval forces led by Benedict Arnold.
1813 – Denmark is declared bankrupt.
1846 – The United States House of Representatives votes to stop sharing the Oregon Territory with the United Kingdom.
1854 – The San Francisco steamer sinks, 300 dead.
1895 – Dreyfus Affair: French officer Alfred Dreyfus is stripped of his rank and sentenced to life imprisonment on Devil's Island.
1896 – An Austrian newspaper reports that Wilhelm Roentgen discovered a type of radiation later known as X-rays.
1900 – Irish leader John Edward Redmond calls for a revolt against British rule.
1901 2000
1909 – Colombia recognizes the independence of Panama.
1913 – First Balkan War: During the Battle of Lemnos, Greek admiral Pavlos Kountouriotis forces the Turkish fleet to retreat to its base within the Dardanelles, from which it did not venture for the rest of the war.
1914 – Ford Motor Company announces an eight-hour workday and a minimum wage of $5 for a day's labor.
1919 – The German Workers' Party is founded. It later becomes the Nazi Party.
1925 – Nellie Tayloe Ross becomes the first female governor in the United States.
1933 – Construction of the Golden Gate Bridge begins in San Francisco Bay.
1940 – FM radio is demonstrated to the FCC for the first time.
1944 – The Daily Mail becomes the first transoceanic newspaper.
1945 – The Soviet Union recognizes the new pro-Soviet government of Poland.
1948 – Warner Brothers shows the first color newsreel (Tournament of Roses Parade and the Rose Bowl).
1949 – US President Harry S. Truman unveils his "Fair Deal" program.
1956 – Elvis Presley records "Heartbreak Hotel."
1957 – Major league baseballer Jackie Robinson retires.
1961 – Television: Mr. Ed debuts.
1964 – Pope Paul VI meets the Greek patriarch Athenagoras I in Jerusalem, the first meeting of Catholic and Orthodox Christianity leaders since 1439.
1968 – Alexander Dubček comes to power, "Prague Spring" begins in Czechoslovakia.
1970 – Soap opera All My Children premieres.
1971 – The first one-day international cricket match takes place between Australia and England at the Melbourne Cricket Ground.
1972 – President of the United States Richard Nixon orders the development of a space shuttle program.
1973 – Netherlands recognizes East Germany.
1974 – An earthquake in Lima, Peru, kills six, and damages hundreds of houses.
1974 – Warmest recorded temperature in Antarctica, at 15 degrees Celsius (59 degrees Fahrenheit).
1975 – The Tasman Bridge in Tasmania, Australia, is struck by the bulk ore carrier Lake Illawarra, killing twelve people.
1976 – Cambodia is renamed Democratic Kampuchea.
1980 – Hewlett-Packard announces release of its first personal computer.
1984 – Richard Stallman starts developing GNU.
1987 – US President Ronald Reagan undergoes prostate surgery causing worries about his health.
1991 – Georgian forces enter Tskhinvali, South Ossetia, beginning the 1991-1992 South Ossetia War.
1993 – The oil tanker MV Braer runs aground on the coast of the Shetland Islands spilling 84,700 tonnes of oil.
1993 – Washington state executes Westley Allan Dodd by hanging (the first legal hanging in America since 1965).
1996 – Hamas operative Yahya Ayyash is killed by an Israeli-planted booby-trapped cell phone.
1997 – Withdrawal of Russian forces from Chechnya.
2000 – The 1st day of the 2000 Al Qaeda Summit.
From 2001
2002 – Charles Bishop, a 15-year-old student pilot, crashes a light aircraft into a Tampa, Florida building, evoking fear of a copycat 9/11 terrorist attack.
2005 – Scientists discover the dwarf planet Eris, near the edge of the Solar System.
2008 – Mikheil Saakashvili is re-elected as President of Georgia.
2012 – Portia Simpson-Miller becomes Prime Minister of Jamaica for a second time.
2015 – The Euro currency plunges to its lowest value in over nine years, while Asian stock markets also experience difficulties.
Births
Up to 1800
1209 – Richard I, Earl of Cornwall, King of the Romans (d. 1272)
1425 – Henry IV of Castile (d. 1474)
1548 – Francisco Suarez, Spanish theologian (d. 1617)
1587 – Xu Xiake, Chinese geographer (d. 1641)
1592 – Shah Jahan, Mughal Emperor of India (d. 1666)
1614 – Archduke Leopold Wilhelm of Austria (d. 1662)
1640 – Paolo Lorenzani, Italian composer (d. 1713)
1667 – Antonio Lotti, Italian composer (d. 1740)
1679 – Pietro Filippo Scarlatti, Italian composer, organist and choirmaster (d. 1750)
1696 – Giuseppe Galli-Bibiena, Italian architect (d. 1757)
1717 – William Barrington, 2nd Viscount Barrington, British statesman (d. 1793)
1744 – Gaspar Melchor de Jovellanos, Asturian statesman, author and philosopher (d. 1811)
1762 – Constanze Mozart, mother of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (d. 1842)
1767 – Jean-Baptiste Say, French economist (d. 1832)
1779 – Zebulon Pike, American general and explorer (d. 1813)
1801 1900
1833 – Sophus Bugge, Norwegian philologist (d. 1907)
1834 – William John Wills, Australian explorer (d. 1861)
1838 – Camille Jordan, French mathematician (d. 1922)
1846 – Rudolf Christoph Eucken, German writer (d. 1926)
1855 – King Camp Gillette, American inventor (d. 1932)
1864 – Bob Caruthers, American baseball player (d. 1911)
1865 – Julio Garavito Armero, Colombian astronomer (d. 1920)
1866 – Antonio Maria Baptista, Prime Minister of Portugal (d. 1920)
1867 – Dimitrios Gounaris, 94th Prime Minister of Greece (d. 1922)
1874 – Joseph Erlanger, American doctor, won the 1944 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1965)
1876 – Konrad Adenauer, Chancellor of Germany (d. 1967)
1879 – Marcel Tournier, French harpist and composer (d. 1951)
1879 – Hans Eppinger, Austrian physician (d. 1946)
1881 – Pablo Gargallo, Spanish sculptor and painter (d. 1934)
1891 – Bill Cody, American actor (d. 1948)
1893 – Paramahansa Yogananda, Indian philosopher and writer (d. 1952)
1895 – Jeannette Piccard, American priest and aeronaut (d. 1981)
1895 – Elizabeth Cotten, American singer-songwriter (d. 1987)
1897 – Theodor Mackeben, German pianist (d. 1953)
1897 – Kiyoshi Miki, Japanese philosopher (d. 1945)
1900 – Yves Tanguy, French painter (d. 1955)
1901 1950
1902 – Stella Gibbons, English author (d. 1989)
1904 – Jeane Dixon, American astrologer (d. 1997)
1906 – Kathleen Kenyon, British archaeologist (d. 1978)
1909 – Stephen Cole Kleene, American mathematician (d. 1994)
1909 – Lucienne Bloch, Swiss-born American sculptor, muralist and photographer (d. 1995)
1910 – Jack Lovelock, New Zealand athlete (d. 1949)
1914 – George Reeves, American actor (d. 1959)
1917 – Francis L. Kellogg, American diplomat and socialite (d. 2006)
1917 – Wieland Wagner, German stage director (d. 1996)
1917 – Jane Wyman, American actress (d. 2007)
1918 – Dal Richards, Canadian big band leader (d. 2015)
1919 – Severino Gazzelloni, Italian flautist (d. 1992)
1921 – Former Grand Duke Jean of Luxembourg (d. 2019)
1921 – Friedrich Dürrenmatt, Swiss writer (d. 1990)
1921 – John H. Reed, 67th Governor of Maine (d. 2012)
1923 – Sam Phillips, American music producer (d. 2003)
1925 – Lou Carnesecca, American basketball coach
1926 – Walther Leisler Kiep, German politician (d. 2016)
1928 – Alexander Dalgarno, British physicist (d. 2015)
1928 – Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto, Pakistani politician (d. 1979)
1928 – Walter Mondale, American politician, 42nd Vice President of the United States (d. 2021)
1928 – Preben Hertoft, Danish sexologist (d. 2017)
1929 – Aulis Rytkönen, Finnish footballer (d. 2014)
1931 – Alfred Brendel, Austrian pianist
1931 – Alvin Ailey, American choreographer and activist (d. 1989)
1931 – Juan Goytisolo, Spanish writer (d. 2017)
1931 – Robert Duvall, American actor
1932 – Umberto Eco, Italian writer and columnist (d. 2016)
1932 – Raisa Gorbachova, wife of Mikhail Gorbachev (d. 1999)
1932 – Chuck Noll, American football coach (d. 2014)
1934 – Phil Ramone, South African-born American sound engineer and record producer (d. 2013)
1935 – David Ryall, English actor (d. 2014)
1936 – Florence King, American novelist, essayist and columnist (d. 2016)
1938 – Juan Carlos I, King of Spain from 1975 to 2014
1938 – Ngugi wa Thiong'o, Kenyan writer
1938 – Terry Davis, British politician
1940 – Veikko Kankkonen, Finnish ski jumper
1941 – Hayao Miyazaki, Japanese film director, producer, animator and screenwriter
1941 – Chuck McKinley, American tennis player (d. 1986)
1942 – Maurizio Pollini, Italian classical pianist
1944 – Ed Rendell, 45th Governor of Pennsylvania
1946 – Prince Tomohito of Mikasa, Japanese royal (d. 2012)
1946 – Diane Keaton, American actress, movie producer and director
1947 – Mike DeWine, American politician
1947 – Kathrine Switzer, American author, television commentator and marathon runner
1947 – Rita Kühne, German athlete
1948 – Ted Lange, American actor
1948 – Giuseppe Impastato, Italian anti-Mafia campaigner (d. 1978)
1950 – John Manley, Canadian lawyer and politician
1950 – Peter Goldsmith, Baron Goldsmith, English lawyer and politician
1950 – Ioan P. Culiano, Romanian historian, philosopher and author (d. 1991)
1951 1975
1952 – Uli Hoeness, German footballer
1953 – Steve Archer, American singer
1953 – George Tenet, American former CIA director
1953 – Mike Rann, 44th Premier of South Australia
1954 – Alex English, American basketball player
1954 – Pamela Sue Martin, actress
1955 – Mamata Banerjee, Indian politician, Chief Minister of West Bengal
1955 – Jimmy Mulville, English comedian, actor, producer and screenwriter
1955 – Douglas Chapman, Scottish politician
1956 – Frank-Walter Steinmeier, German politician, President of Germany
1958 – Monica Guerritore, Italian actress
1959 – Clancy Brown, American actor
1960 – Otar Korghalidze, Georgian footballer
1960 – Phil Thornalley, English songwriter, producer and musician
1962 – Suzy Amis, American actress
1963 – Ralf Loose, German footballer
1965 – Vinnie Jones, British footballer and actor
1967 – Joe Flanigan, American actor
1968 – DJ BoBo, Swiss DJ, singer-songwriter and producer
1968 – Carrie Anne Inaba, American actress, singer, dancer and choreographer
1968 – Andrew Golota, Polish boxer
1969 – Giorgi Baranidze, Georgian politician
1969 – Marilyn Manson, American rock singer
1972 – Sakis Rouvas, Greek singer
1972 – Sascha Schmitz, German singer
1972 – Luciana Pedraza, Argentine actress, director and screenwriter
1972 – Philip Davies, English politician
1973 – Uday Chopra, Indian actor
1974 – Iwan Thomas, Welsh sprinter
1975 – Bradley Cooper, American actor
From 1976
1976 – Matt Wachter, American bass player
1978 – Franck Montagny, French Formula One driver
1978 – January Jones, American actress
1978 – Emilia Rydberg, Swedish singer
1979 – Kyle Calder, Canadian ice hockey player
1979 – Masami Tanaka, Japanese swimmer
1979 – Blanca Soto, Mexican actress and model
1980 – Sebastian Deisler, German footballer
1980 – Santiago Ventura Bertomeu, Spanish tennis player
1980 – Chema Rodriguez, Spanish handball player
1981 – Corey Flynn, New Zealand rugby player
1982 – Janica Kostelic, Croatian skier
1982 – Darren Mackie, Scottish footballer
1982 – Jaroslav Plasil, Czech footballer
1982 – Karel Geraerts, Belgian footballer
1983 – Sean Dockery, American basketball player
1984 – Ikechukwu Uche, Nigerian footballer
1984 – Reinar Hallik, Estonian basketball player
1984 – Amanda Hearst, American model
1985 – Diego Vera, Uruguayan footballer
1985 – Yoon So-yi, South Korean actress
1986 – Deepika Padukone, Indian actress
1987 – Kristin Cavallari, American actress
1988 – Miroslav Raduljica, Serbian basketball player
1988 – Nikola Kalinic, Croatian footballer
1989 – Krisztian Nemeth, Hungarian footballer
1990 – Yang Yo-seok, South Korean singer and dancer
1990 – Leroy Fer, Dutch footballer
1991 – Daniel Pacheco, Spanish footballer
1993 – Franz Drameh, British actor
1996 – Max Baldry, British actor
1996 – Emma Bolger, Irish actress
1999 – Marc Yu, American pianist and cellist
Deaths
Up to 1900
1066 – Edward the Confessor, King of England (b. 1004)
1113 – Ulrich I, Duke of Brno, Moravian ruler
1387 – Peter IV of Aragon (b. 1319)
1448 – Christopher III of Bavaria, King of Denmark (b. 1416)
1465 – Charles, Duke of Orleans (b. 1389)
1477 – Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy (b. 1433)
1527 – Felix Manz, Swiss martyr (b. 1498)
1588 – Qi Jiguang, Chinese general (b. 1528)
1589 – Catherine de' Medici, Queen of France (b. 1519)
1713 – Jean Chardin, French explorer (b. 1643)
1740 – Antonio Lotti, Italian composer (b. 1677)
1762 – Elizabeth of Russia (b. 1709)
1771 – John Russell, 4th Duke of Bedford, British statesman (b. 1710)
1816 – George Prevost, British officer and diplomat (b. 1767)
1858 – Joseph Radetzky von Radetz, Austrian field marshal (b. 1766)
1891 – Emma Abbott, American soprano (b. 1849)
1901 2000
1904 – Karl Alfred von Zittel, German palaeontologist (b. 1839)
1910 – Léon Walras, French economist (b. 1834)
1910 – Nikolaos Deligiannis, Greek politician (b. 1844)
1913 – Louis Paul Cailletet, French physicist (b. 1834)
1919 – Sumako Matsui, Japanese actress (b. 1886)
1922 – Ernest Shackleton, Irish Antarctic explorer (b. 1874)
1933 – Calvin Coolidge, 30th President of the United States (b. 1872)
1941 – Amy Johnson, English pilot (b. 1903)
1942 – Tina Modotti, Italian photographer, model, actress, revolutionary and political activist (b. 1896)
1943 – George Washington Carver, American scientist and educator (b. 1864)
1945 – Julius Leber, German politician and resistance activist (b. 1891)
1951 – Seo Jae-pil, Korean journalist and politician (b. 1864)
1952 – Victor Hope, 2nd Marquess of Linlithgow, British Viceroy of India (b. 1887)
1952 – Hristo Tatarchev, Bulgarian revolutionary (b. 1869)
1956 – Mistinguett, French actress and singer (b. 1875)
1970 – Max Born, German physicist (b. 1882)
1971 – Douglas Shearer, Canadian-American sound designer and engineer (b. 1899)
1976 – John A. Costello, Irish Taoiseach (b. 1891)
1976 – Mal Evans, English band manager (The Beatles) (b. 1935)
1979 – Charles Mingus, American bassist and composer (b. 1922)
1981 – Harold C. Urey, American chemist (b. 1893)
1985 – Robert L. Surtees, American cinematographer (b. 1906)
1987 – Herman Smith-Johannsen, Norwegian-Canadian cross country skier (b. 1875)
1991 – Vasko Popa, Yugoslavian poet (b. 1922)
1993 – Westley Allan Dodd, American murderer (b. 1961)
1994 – Tip O'Neill, American politician (b. 1912)
1997 – Burton Lane, American composer and lyricist (b. 1912)
1997 – Prince Bertil, Duke of Halland, Swedish royal (b. 1912)
1998 – Sonny Bono, American musician, actor and politician (b. 1935)
From 2001
2003 – Roy Jenkins, British politician (b. 1920)
2003 – Massimo Girotti, Italian actor (b. 1918)
2004 – Tug McGraw, American baseball player (b. 1944)
2006 – Merlyn Rees, British politician (b. 1920)
2007 – Momofuko Ando, Taiwanese businessman (b. 1910)
2009 – Adolf Merckle, German industrialist (b. 1934)
2010 – Kenneth Noland, American painter (b. 1924)
2010 – Toni Tecuceanu, Romanian actor (b. 1972)
2012 – Frederica Sagor Maas, American screenwriter, playwright and writer (b. 1900)
2013 – Reg Dean, British supercentenarian (b. 1902)
2013 – Martha Greenhouse, American actress (b. 1921)
2014 – Eusébio, Portuguese footballer (b. 1942)
2014 – Simon Hoggart, English journalist (b. 1946)
2014 – Carmen Zapata, American actress (b. 1927)
2014 – Alma Muriel, Mexican actress (b. 1951)
2014 – Mogens E. Pedersen, Danish journalist (b. 1928)
2014 – Jerry Coleman, American baseball player (b. 1924)
2015 – Bernard Joseph McLaughlin, American Roman Catholic bishop (b. 1912)
2015 – Jean-Pierre Beltoise, French racing driver (b. 1937)
2015 – Joy Ali, Fijian boxer (b. 1978)
2015 – Khan Bonfils, English actor (b. 1972)
2015 – King Sporty, Jamaican-American reggae musician (b. 1943)
2016 – Jean-Paul L'Allier, Canadian politician (b. 1938)
2016 – Pierre Boulez, French composer and conductor (b. 1925)
2016 – Percy Freeman, English footballer (b. 1945)
2016 – Rudolf Haag, German theoretical physicist and educator (b. 1922)
2016 – Lev Nikolayevich Korolyov, Russian computer scientist (b. 1926)
2016 – Michael Purcell, Australian rugby player (b. 1945)
2017 – Tullio De Mauro, Italian linguist and politician (b. 1932)
2017 – Jill Saward, English campaigner (b. 1965)
2017 – Christopher Weeramantry, Sri Lankan judge (b. 1926)
2017 – Spartak Belyaev, Russian theoretical physicist (b. 1921)
2017 – Géori Boué, French soprano (b. 1918)
2017 – Paul Goble, English-American author and illustrator (b. 1933)
2017 – John Wightman, American politician (b. 1938)
2018 – Antonio Angelillo, Argentine-Italian footballer (b. 1937)
2018 – Carlos Heitor Cony, Brazilian journalist and writer (b. 1926)
2018 – Asghar Khan, Pakistani politician and military officer (b. 1921)
2018 – Marina Ripa Di Meana, Italian writer, actress and television personality (b. 1941)
2018 – Jerry Van Dyke, American actor and comedian (b. 1931)
2018 – John W. Young, American astronaut (b. 1930)
Observances
Twelfth Night (Western Christianity) – night to January 6
01-05 |
9669 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/January%206 | January 6 | Since 2021, the terms January 6, January 6th, and 1/6 have been used in the media as a shorthand for the 2021 United States Capitol riots, which occurred on that day
Events
Up to 1900
1066 – Harold Godwinson is crowned King of England.
1118 – Reconquista: Alfonso the Battler conquers Zaragoza.
1311 – Henry VII, Holy Roman Emperor becomes King of Italy.
1355 – Charles I of Bohemia is crowned King of Italy in Milan.
1389 – The University of Cologne is opened, with a celebratory church service in Cologne Cathedral on the Feast day of the Three Kings, the city's patron saints.
1492 – The Catholic Monarchs Ferdinand and Isabella enter Granada, completing the Reconquista.
1540 – King Henry VIII of England marries Anne of Cleves.
1612 – Axel Oxenstierna becomes Lord High Chancellor of Sweden.
1661 – English Restoration: The Fifth Monarchists unsuccessfully attempt to seize control of London.
1759 – George Washington marries Martha Dandridge.
1781 – Battle of Jersey: Great Britain defeats the last attempt by France to invade Jersey in the Channel Islands.
1838 – Alfred Vail demonstrates a telegraph system using dots and dashes.
1839 – Ireland is hit by its most damaging storm in 300 years.
1853 – US President-elect Franklin Pierce's family are involved in a train accident in Andover, Massachusetts, killing Pierce's 11-year-old son Benjamin. Pierce and his wife suffer from depression after this incident, and Franklin Pierce turns to alcoholism.
1870 – Vienna's Musikverein is inaugurated.
1893 – Washington National Cathedral is chartered by the United States Congress.
1900 – It is reported that millions are starving in India.
1900 – Boers attack Ladysmith, South Africa – over 1000 people killed.
1901 2000
1907 – Maria Montessori opens her first school and daycare center for working class children in Rome.
1912 – New Mexico is admitted as the 47th U.S. state.
1912 – Alfred Wegener presents his theory of Continental drift.
1921 – Formation of Iraq's Army.
1926 – Lufthansa, currently Germany's biggest airline, is created.
1929 – Alexander I of Yugoslavia suspends his country's constitution.
1929 – Mother Teresa arrives in Calcutta.
1930 – The first diesel-engine automobile trip is completed (Indianapolis, Indiana, to New York City).
1931 – Thomas Edison submits his last patent application.
1939 – Al Capone is released early from prison.
1940 – Mass execution of Polish people by Germans in the city of Poznań, Warthegau.
1941 – Franklin D. Roosevelt makes his "Four Freedoms" speech during his State of the Union Address.
1947 – Pan American Airlines becomes the first commercial airline to schedule a flight around the world.
1950 – The United Kingdom recognizes the People's Republic of China. The Republic of China ends diplomatic relations with Britain in response.
1951 – Korean War: Ganghwa massacre.
1960 – National Airlines Flight 2511 is destroyed in mid-air by a bomb between New York City and Miami.
1967 – United States Marine Corps and ARVN troops launch "Operation Deckhouse Five" in the Mekong River delta.
1978 – The United States returns the Crown of St. Stephen to Hungary.
1991 – Jorge Antonio Serrano Elias is elected President of Guatemala, becoming the first Protestant Head of State in Latin America.
1992 – The United Nations Security Council condemns Israel's treatment of Palestinians.
1992 – President Zviad Gamsakhurdia leaves Georgia, after a military coup.
1993 – The Indian Border Security Force kills 55 Kashmiri civilians in Sopore, Jammu and Kashmir.
1994 – Nancy Kerrigan is attacked during the U.S. Figure Skating Championships in Detroit.
1998 – Unidentified perpetrators saw off the head of the Little Mermaid statue in Copenhagen; this is the second time that the statue has been damaged by this kind of vandalism; it previously happened in 1964.
From 2001
2001 – Al Gore, as President of the United States Senate, names George W. Bush as the winner of the 2000 United States presidential election.
2005 – Edgar Ray Killen is arrested as a suspect in the 1964 murders of three civil rights activists.
2016 – North Korea declares that nuclear weapons testing of hydrogen atom has been done.
2018 – The "MV Sanchi" oil tanker collides with a Hong Kong-flagged ship near Shanghai, causing an explosion and leaving 32 sailors missing.
Births
Up to 1850
1256 – Gertrude the Great, German mystic and theologian (d. 1302)
1367 – Richard II of England (d. 1400)
1412 – Joan of Arc, Roman Catholic Saint and national heroine of France (legendary date) (d. 1431)
1486 – Martin Agricola, German composer (d. 1556)
1525 – Caspar Peucer, German reformer and physician (d. 1602)
1561 – Thomas Fincke, Danish mathematician and physician (d. 1656)
1587 – Gaspar de Guzman, Count-Duke of Olivares, Spanish statesman (d. 1645)
1617 – Kristoffer Gabel, Danish statesman (d. 1673)
1655 – Eleonore-Magdalena of Neuburg, Holy Roman Empress (d. 1720)
1670 – Alexander Gordon, Scottish-Russian general (d. 1752)
1695 – Giuseppe Sammartini, Italian composer (d. 1750)
1714 – Percival Pott, English physician (d. 1788)
1730 – Thomas Crittenden, 1st Governor of Vermont (d. 1797)
1745 – Jacques Etienne Montgolfier, French inventor (d. 1799)
1787 – Gaspard Théodore-Ignace de la Fontaine, 1st Prime Minister of Luxembourg (d. 1871)
1793 – James Madison Porter, American politician (d. 1862)
1798 – Melchior von Diepenbrock, Prince-Bishop of Breslau (d. 1853)
1799 – Jedediah Smith, American hunter, explorer and author (d. 1831)
1801 – Daniel Haines, two-time Governor of New Jersey (d. 1877)
1803 – Henri Herz, Austrian pianist and composer (d. 1888)
1805 – Charles J. Jenkins, American politician and Governor of Georgia (d. 1883)
1807 – Joseph Petzval, Slovakian inventor (d. 1891)
1811 – Charles Sumner, American politician (d. 1874)
1812 – Melchora Aquino, Filipino revolutionary figure (d. 1919)
1819 – Baldassare Verazzi, Italian painter (d. 1886)
1822 – Heinrich Schliemann, German archaeologist (d. 1890)
1826 – Adolf Kirchhoff, German philologist (d. 1908)
1827 – John C. Brown, American Confederate general and politician, Governor of Tennessee (d. 1889)
1832 – Gustave Dore, French painter and sculptor (d. 1883)
1837 – Juan Lindolfo Cuestas, President of Uruguay (d. 1905)
1838 – Max Bruch, German composer (d. 1920)
1842 – Clarence King, American geologist, mountaineer and critic (d. 1901)
1848 – Hristo Botev, Bulgarian poet and revolutionary (d. 1876)
1850 – Eduard Bernstein, German politician and political theorist (d. 1932)
1850 – Franz Xaver Scharwenka, Polish-German pianist and composer (d. 1924)
1851 1900
1856 – Giuseppe Martucci, Italian composer (d. 1909)
1857 – William E. Russell, 37th Governor of Massachusetts (d. 1896)
1857 – Hugh Mahon, Australian politician (d. 1931)
1859 – Samuel Alexander, Australian-English philosopher (d. 1938)
1861 – Victor Horta, Belgian architect and designer (d. 1947)
1862 – August Oetker, German businessman (d. 1918)
1868 – Stefan Luchian, Romanian painter (d. 1937)
1868 – Vittorio Monti, Italian composer, conductor and violinist (d. 1922)
1870 – Gustav Bauer, Chancellor of Germany (d. 1944)
1872 – Alexander Scriabin, Russian composer (d. 1915)
1874 – Fred Niblo, American actor, director and producer (d. 1948)
1878 – Carl Sandburg, American poet and historian (d. 1967)
1880 – Tom Mix, American actor, director and producer (d. 1940)
1882 – Sam Rayburn, American politician (d. 1961)
1882 – Fan S. Noli, 14th Prime Minister of Albania (d. 1965)
1883 – Kahlil Gibran, Lebanese writer (d. 1931)
1899 – Heinrich Nordhoff, German automobile pioneer (d. 1968)
1900 – Maria of Yugoslavia (d. 1961)
1901 1950
1902 – Helmut Poppendick, German physician (d. 1994)
1913 – Edward Gierek, Polish politician (d. 2001)
1913 – Loretta Young, American actress (d. 2000)
1915 – Don Edwards, American politician (d. 2015)
1915 – Alan Watts, English philosopher (d. 1973)
1920 – John Maynard Smith, English biologist (d. 2004)
1920 – Early Wynn, American baseball player
1922 – George Carroll, American lawyer and politician (d. 2016)
1923 – Norman Kirk, Prime Minister of New Zealand (d. 1974)
1924 – Earl Scruggs, American musician (d. 2012)
1925 – John DeLorean, American engineer and businessman (d. 2005)
1925 – Princess Regina of Saxe-Meiningen (d. 2010)
1925 – Ari Rath, Austrian-Israeli journalist (d. 2017)
1926 – Ralph Branca, American baseball player (d. 2016)
1926 – Pat Flaherty, American racing driver (d. 2002)
1926 – Mickey Hargitay, Hungarian actor and bodybuilder (d. 2006)
1927 – Jesse Leonard Steinfeld, American physician, 11th Surgeon General of the United States (d. 2014)
1928 – Capucine, American actress (d. 1990)
1928 – Derek Saunders, English footballer (d. 2018)
1929 – Babrak Karmal, Afghan politician (d. 1996)
1931 – E. L. Doctorow, American writer (d. 2015)
1931 – Dickie Moore, Canadian ice hockey player (d. 2015)
1932 – José Saraiva Martins, Portuguese cardinal
1932 – Max Streibl, German politician, Minister-President of Bavaria (d. 1998)
1933 – Oleg Makarov, Soviet cosmonaut (d. 2003)
1933 – Leszek Drogosz, Polish boxer (d. 2012)
1933 – Emil Steinberger, Swiss actor, director and screenwriter
1934 – Sylvia Sims, English actress
1935 – Margarita of Bulgaria
1935 – Claude Steiner, French-born American psychologist and writer (d. 2017)
1935 – Gerald R. Molen, American film producer
1936 – Alejandro Maldonado Aguirre, 49th President of Guatemala
1936 – Julio Maria Sanguinetti, former President of Uruguay
1937 – Harri Holkeri, 57th Prime Minister of Finland (d. 2011)
1937 – Paolo Conte, Italian singer-songwriter, jazz musician and composer
1938 – Adriano Celentano, Italian singer-songwriter, actor and director
1939 – Murray Rose, British-born Australian swimmer (d. 2012)
1939 – Valeriy Lobanovskyi, Ukrainian footballer and coach (d. 2002)
1941 – Philippe Busquin, Belgian politician
1942 – Vicki Lansky, American author and publisher (d. 2017)
1943 – Hak Ja Han, South Korean church leader
1943 – Terry Venables, English football manager
1944 – Bonnie Franklin, American actress (d. 2013)
1944 – Rolf M. Zinkernagel, Swiss immunologist
1945 – Barry John, Welsh rugby player
1946 – Syd Barrett, English guitarist, singer and songwriter (Pink Floyd) (d. 2006)
1948 – Guy Gardner, American air force officer and astronaut
1949 – Carolyn D. Wright, American poet (d. 2016)
1950 – Louis Freeh, 10th Director of the FBI
1951 1975
1951 – Kim Wilson, American musician
1953 – Malcolm Young, Scottish-Australian singer-songwriter, actor and director (d. 2017)
1953 – Manfred Kaltz, German footballer
1954 – Yuji Horii, Japanese video game designer
1954 – Anthony Minghella, English movie director (d. 2008)
1954 – Trudie Styler, English actress
1955 – Rowan Atkinson, English comedian and actor
1956 – Angus Deayton, English comedian, actor and television presenter
1956 – Justin Welby, Archbishop of Canterbury
1956 – Clive Woodward, English rugby player and coach
1957 – Michael Foale, British-American astronaut
1959 – Kathy Sledge, American actress
1960 – Nigella Lawson, English chef and writer
1960 – Paul Azinger, American golfer
1960 – Kari Jalonen, Finnish ice hockey player
1961 – Fergal Keane, Irish-British journalist and BBC News correspondent
1964 – Henry Maske, German boxer
1964 – Mark O'Toole, English musician
1964 – Anthony Scaramucci, American financier, entrepreneur and political figure
1964 – Yuri, Mexican singer
1965 – Christine Wachtel, German middle-distance runner
1966 – Attilio Lombardo, Italian footballer
1968 – John Singleton, American director (d. 2018)
1969 – Norman Reedus, American actor
1971 – Karin Slaughter, American crime fiction writer
1972 – Nek, Italian singer
1973 – Scott Ferguson, Canadian ice hockey player
1974 – Daniel Cordone, Argentine footballer
From 1976
1976 – Richard Zednik, Slovakian ice hockey player
1976 – Judith Rakers, German newsreader
1976 – David Di Michele, Italian footballer
1978 – Bubba Franks, American football player
1980 – Travis Dodd, Australian footballer
1980 – Steed Malbranque, French footballer
1981 – Rinko Kikuchi, Japanese actress
1981 – Asante Samuel, American football player
1982 – Eddie Redmayne, English actor
1983 – Adam Burish, American ice hockey player
1985 – Ben Haenow, English singer
1985 – Callum McCaig, Scottish politician
1985 – Inge Vermeulen, Brazilian-Dutch field hockey player (d. 2015)
1986 – Alex Turner, English musician (Arctic Monkeys)
1986 – Paul McShane, Irish footballer
1986 – Petter Northug, Norwegian skier
1986 – Irina Shayk, Russian model
1987 – Gemma Gibbons, English judoka
1987 – Zhang Lin, Chinese swimmer
1987 – Bongani Khumalo, South African footballer
1989 – Andy Carroll, English footballer
1989 – James Durbin, American singer-songwriter and guitarist
1990 – Sandro Cortese, German motorcycle racer
1996 – Courtney Eaton, Australian actress and model
2003 – Matty BRaps, American rapper
Deaths
Up to 1900
429 – Honoratus, French archbishop (b. 350)
768 – Abo of Tiflis, Christian saint
1088 – Berengar of Tours, French theologian (b. 999)
1537 – Alessandro de' Medici, Duke of Florence (b. 1510)
1537 – Baldassare Peruzzi, Italian architect and painter (b. 1481)
1646 – Elias Holl, German architect (b. 1573)
1689 – Seth Ward, English mathematician and astronomer (b. 1617)
1693 – Mehmed IV, ex-Ottoman Sultan (b. 1642)
1829 – Josef Dobrovsky, Czech philologist and theologian (b. 1753)
1831 – Rodolphe Kreutzer, French violinist, composer and conductor (b. 1766)
1840 – Fanny Burney, English author (b. 1752)
1852 – Louis Braille, French teacher of the blind, inventor of Braille (b. 1809)
1855 – Giacomo Beltrami, Italian explorer (b. 1779)
1882 – Richard Henry Dana, Jr., American lawyer and politician (b. 1815)
1884 – Gregor Johann Mendel, Austrian geneticist (b. 1822)
1896 – Thomas W. Knox, American writer and journalist (b. 1835)
1901 2000
1918 – Georg Cantor, German mathematician (b. 1845)
1919 – Theodore Roosevelt, 26th President of the United States (b. 1858)
1934 – Herbert Chapman, English football manager (b. 1878)
1939 – Gustavs Zemgals, 2nd President of Latvia (b. 1871)
1942 – Henri de Baillet-Latour, Belgian head of the International Olympic Committee (b. 1876)
1944 – Ida Tarbell, American journalist (b. 1857)
1944 – Jacques Rosenbaum, Estonian-German architect (b. 1878)
1945 – Edith Frank, mother of Anne Frank (b. 1900)
1949 – Ivar Lykke, Prime Minister of Norway (b. 1872)
1972 – Chen Yi, Chinese military commander (b. 1901)
1980 – Georgeanna Tillman, American singer (b. 1944)
1981 – A. J. Cronin, Scottish writer (b. 1896)
1990 – Pavel Cherenkov, Soviet-Russian physicist (b. 1904)
1990 – Ian Charleson, Scottish actor (b. 1949)
1993 – Dizzy Gillespie, American musician (b. 1917)
1993 – Rudolf Nureyev, Russian dancer (b. 1938)
1994 – Virginia Dell Cassidy, mother of Bill Clinton (b. 1923)
1997 – Catherine Scorsese, Italian-American actress (b. 1912)
1999 – Michel Petrucciani, French jazz pianist (b. 1962)
2000 – Don Martin, American cartoonist (b. 1931)
2001 2015
2002 – Sanya Dharmasakti, Prime Minister of Thailand (b. 1905)
2004 – Pierre Charles, Prime Minister of Dominica (b. 1954)
2005 – Makgatho Mandela, South African lawyer, businessman and son of Nelson Mandela (b. 1950)
2005 – Louis Robichaud, 25th Premier of New Brunswick (b. 1925)
2006 – Lou Rawls, American singer-songwriter, producer and actor (b. 1933)
2009 – Ron Asheton, American musician (The Stooges) (b. 1948)
2011 – Gary Mason, British boxer (b. 1962)
2012 – Roger Boisjoly, American aeronautical engineer (b. 1938)
2012 – Bob Holness, South African-born British quiz show host (b. 1928)
2013 – Neil Adcock, South African cricketer (b. 1931)
2014 – Larry D. Mann, Canadian-American actor (b. 1922)
2014 – Lena Smedsaas, Swedish journalist (b. 1951)
2014 – Don Ward, Canadian ice hockey player (b. 1935)
2015 – Vlastimil Bubnik, Czech ice hockey player and footballer (b. 1931)
2015 – Johannes de Villiers Graaff, South African economist (b. 1928)
2015 – Basil John Mason, British meteorologist (b. 1923)
2015 – Joseph Djida, Cameroonian bishop (b. 1945)
2015 – Ron Hovey, Australian football player (b. 1932)
2015 – George H. McKee, American air force lieutenant general (b. 1923)
2015 – Tim Roberts, American professional wrestler (b. 1976)
From 2016
2016 – Christy O'Connor Jnr, Irish golfer (b. 1948)
2016 – Silvana Pampanini, Italian actress (b. 1925)
2016 – Nivaria Tejera, Cuban poet and novelist (b. 1929)
2016 – Florence King, American writer (b. 1936)
2016 – Pat Harrington, Jr., American actor (b. 1929)
2016 – Alfredo "Chocolate" Armenteros, Cuban trumpeter (b. 1928)
2016 – Ioannis Petridis, Greek politician (b. 1931)
2016 – Yves Vincent, French actor (b. 1921)
2017 – Om Puri, Indian actor (b. 1950)
2017 – Octavio Lepage, Venezuelan politician (b. 1923)
2017 – Ricardo Piglia, Argentine author (b. 1941)
2017 – Bayezid Osman, Turkish royalty (b. 1924)
2017 – Gavin Whittaker, Australian rugby league player (b. 1970)
2017 – Francine York, American actress (b. 1936)
2017 – Greg Jelks, American-Australian baseball player (b. 1961)
2017 – Yaron Ben-Dov, Israeli footballer (b. 1970)
2017 – Les Lazarowitz, American sound mixer (b. 1941)
2017 – Tilikum, American-held orca (b. 1981)
2018 – Horace Ashenfelter, American athlete (b. 1923)
2018 – Rita Crocker Clements, American political organizer, First Lady of Texas (b. 1931)
2018 – Thomas Bopp, American astronomer (b. 1949)
2018 – Marjorie Holt, American politician (b. 1920)
2018 – Peter Preston, British journalist, former editor of The Guardian (b. 1938)
2018 – Greta Thyssen, Danish-American actress (b. 1927)
2018 – Chris Tsangarides, British music producer (b. 1956)
Holidays and observances
Epiphany, feast day of the Three Kings (except Eastern and Oriental Orthodox who follow the Julian Calendar) – Twelfth Day of Christmas
Public holiday in Spain, Italy and Puerto Rico to mark Epiphany
Ireland – Little Christmas
Rastafari – Celebration of the ceremonial birthday of Haile Selassie
Armenian Christmas (except in the Holy Land where it is on 18 January – old calendar)
End of Four Hills Ski jumping tournament (Germany, Austria)
01-06 |
9670 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/January%207 | January 7 | For Orthodox Christians, this is when Christmas is celebrated.
Events
Up to 1900
1325 – Alfonso IV becomes King of Portugal.
1350 - Guttorm Palsson, Bishop of Stavanger in Norway, dies, as the last known death from Europe's 1347-1350 plague epidemic.
1558 – France takes Calais, the last continental possession of England.
1566 – Pius V becomes Pope.
1598 – Boris Godunov seizes the throne of Russia.
1601 – Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex leads revolt in London against Queen Elizabeth I of England.
1608 - Fire destroys Jamestown, Virginia.
1610 – Galileo Galilei observes the four largest moons of Jupiter for the first time. He named them and in turn the four are called the Galilean moons.
1782 – The first American commercial bank opens (Bank of North America).
1785 – Frenchman Jean-Pierre Blanchard and American John Jeffries travel from Dover, England to Calais, France in a gas balloon, becoming the first to cross the English Channel by air.
1789 - George Washington is elected the first President of the United States, taking office on April 30.
1797 – The parliament of the Repubblica Cisalpina adopts the Italian green-white-red tricolour as the official flag. It is the birthday of the flag of Italy.
1835 – HMS Beagle anchors off the Chonos Archipelago.
1894 – W.K. Dickson receives a patent for movie film.
1896 – Fannie Farmer publishes her first cookbook.
1901 1950
1901 – Alferd Packer is released from prison after serving 18 years for cannibalism.
1904 – The distress signal "CQD" is established only to be replaced two years later by "SOS."
1911 – Mary Pickford marries Owen Moore.
1919 - Montenegrin guerrilla fighters rebel against the planned annexation (take-over) of Montenegro by Serbia, but fail.
1922 – Dáil Éireann ratifies the Anglo-Irish Treaty by 64-57 votes.
1924 – George Gershwin completes "Rhapsody in Blue".
1926 – George Burns marries Gracie Allen.
1927 – First international telephone call – New York City to London.
1927 – The Harlem Globetrotters play their first basketball game.
1931 - Guy Menzies becomes the first person to, on his own, fly non-stop from Australia to New Zealand in 11 hours and 45 minutes, crash-landing on New Zealand's west coast after crossing the Tasman Sea.
1935 – World War II: Benito Mussolini and French Foreign Minister Pierre Laval sign the Italo-French agreements.
1940 - Winter War: The Finnish 9th Division stops and completely destroys the overwhelming Soviet forces on the Raate-Suomussalmi road.
1942 – World War II: Siege of the Bataan Peninsula begins.
1945 – British General Bernard Montgomery holds a press conference in which he claims credit for victory in the Battle of the Bulge.
1950 – A fire at Mercy Hospital in Davenport, Iowa kills 41 people.
1951 2000
1953 – President Harry Truman announces that the United States has developed a hydrogen bomb.
1954 – The first public demonstration of a machine translation system was held in New York at the head office of IBM.
1955 - Contralto Marian Anderson becomes the first African American person to perform at the Metropolitan Opera in New York City.
1958 - Walter Hallstein becomes the first President of the European Commission.
1959 – The United States recognizes the new Cuban government of Fidel Castro.
1960 - The UGM-27 Polaris missile is test-launched.
1968 - The Surveyor 7 spacecraft is launched from Cape Canaveral, Florida.
1972 - While landing on Ibiza, a Sud Caravelle airplane of the Iberia airline crashes, killing 104 people.
1973 - Mark Essex shoots 10 people dead and injures 13 at a Howard Johnson's hotel in New Orleans, Louisiana, before being shot dead by police.
1975 – OPEC agrees to raise crude oil prices by 10%.
1979 – Pol Pot and the Khmer Rouge in Cambodia are overthrown by Vietnamese troops.
1980 – US President Jimmy Carter authorizes legislation giving $1.5 billion in loans to bail out Chrysler Corporation.
1984 – Brunei becomes the sixth member of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN).
1989 – Long-serving Japanese Emperor Hirohito dies aged 87; His son Akihito becomes Emperor of Japan.
1990 – The Leaning Tower of Pisa is closed to the public due to safety concerns.
1991 – Roger Lafontant attempts a coup in Haiti.
1993 - The Fourth Republic of Ghana is inaugurated, with Jerry Rawlings as President.
1993 - The Bosnian Army executes a surprise attack on the village of Kravica in Srebrenica.
1996 – One of the worst blizzards in American history hits eastern states killing more than 100.
1997 – A team of programmers at the University of Regensburg, Germany releases Tibia, one of the earliest graphical MMORPGs.
1999 – The impeachment trial of President Bill Clinton begins.
1999 - A series of landslides in Indonesia kills over 100 people.
From 2001
2006 - In the UK, Charles Kennedy resigns as leader of the Liberal Democrats, having come under pressure after admitting that he had a drink problem.
2010 - Muslim gunmen in Egypt open fire on a crowd of Coptic Christians, killing 8 of them and one Muslim bystander.
2012 - A hot-air balloon crashes near Carterton, New Zealand, killing all 11 people on board.
2015 - A bomb attack in Sana'a, Yemen, kills at least 30 people.
2015 - Charlie Hebdo shooting: Islamic extremist gunmen storm the offices of French satirical magazine Charlie Hebdo in Paris, killing 12 people, including 2 police officers and several prominent French journalists and cartoonists. 11 people are seriously injured.
Births
Up to 1900
889 - Li Bian, Emperor of Southern Tang, China (d. 943)
1355 – Thomas of Woodstock, 1st Duke of Gloucester (d. 1397)
1434 - Adolf, Duke of Bavaria (d. 1441)
1502 – Pope Gregory XIII (d. 1585)
1528 – Jeanne d'Albret, Queen of Navarre (d. 1572)
1624 - Guarino Guarini, Italian architect (d. 1683)
1634 - Adam Krieger, German composer (d. 1666)
1685 – Jonas Alströmer, Swedish agriculture and industry pioneer (d. 1761)
1713 - Giovanni Battista Locatelli, Italian opera director and impresario (d. 1785)
1718 - Israel Putnam, American Revolutionary War general (d. 1790)
1768 – Joseph Bonaparte, King of Naples (d. 1844)
1796 – Princess Charlotte Augusta of Wales (d. 1817)
1797 – Mariano Paredes, Mexican military and politician (d. 1849)
1800 – Millard Fillmore, 13th President of the United States (d. 1874)
1800 - Moritz Daniel Oppenheim, German painter (d. 1882)
1827 – Sandford Fleming, Canadian engineer (d. 1915)
1830 – Albert Bierstadt, German-American painter (d. 1902)
1831 - Heinrich von Stephan, German postman, founded the Universal Postal Union (d. 1897)
1832 - James Munro, Australian politician, Premier of Victoria (d. 1908)
1833 - Josep Manyanet i Vives, Catalan priest (d. 1901)
1834 – Johann Philipp Reis, German physicist and inventor (d. 1874)
1837 - Thomas Henry Ismay, English businessman (d. 1899)
1844 – Bernadette Soubirous, French saint (d. 1879)
1845 – Ludwig III of Bavaria (d. 1921)
1858 - Eliezer Ben-Yehuda, Russian-Israeli journalist and promoter of Hebrew (d. 1922)
1860 - Emanuil Manolov, Bulgarian composer (d. 1902)
1864 - Seo Jae-pil, Korean-American journalist and activist (d. 1951)
1871 - Emile Borel, French mathematician and politician (d. 1956)
1873 – Adolph Zukor, Hungarian producer (d. 1976)
1875 - Thomas Hicks, American runner (d. 1963)
1875 - Gustav Flatow, German gymnast (d. 1945)
1877 - William Clarence Matthews, American athlete and lawyer (d. 1928)
1880 - Santiago Copello, Archbishop of Buenos Aires (d. 1967)
1883 - Andrew Cunningham, 1st Viscount Cunningham of Hyndhope, British admiral (d. 1963)
1885 - Edwin Swatek, American swimmer and water polo player (d. 1966)
1887 - Oskar Luts, Estonian author and playwright (d. 1953)
1888 – Vera de Bosset, Russian artist (d. 1915)
1891 - Zora Neale Hurston, American writer (d. 1960)
1895 - Clara Haskill, Romanian pianist (d. 1960)
1895 - Hudson Fysh, Australian pilot and businessman, co-founder of Qantas (d. 1974)
1896 - Arnold Ridley, British playwright and actor (d. 1984)
1899 - Francis Poulenc, French pianist and composer (d. 1963)
1901 1950
1903 - Alan Napier, British actor (d. 1988)
1903 - Carlos Di Sarli, Argentine tango musician (d. 1960)
1907 – Nicanor Zabaleta, Spanish harpist (d. 1993)
1908 - Red Allen, American trumpeter (d. 1967)
1910 - Frank Lubin, American-Lithuanian basketball player (d. 1999)
1910 – Orval Faubus, American politician, Governor of Arkansas (d. 1994)
1911 - Butterfly McQueen, American actress (d. 1995)
1912 - Charles Addams, American cartoonist (d. 1988)
1915 - Chano Poco, Cuban singer, dancer and jazz musician (d. 1948)
1916 - Paul Keres, Estonian chess player (d. 1975)
1916 – Elena Ceausescu, First Lady of Romania (d. 1989)
1918 - Alessandro Natta, Italian politician (d. 2001)
1920 - Vincent Gardenia, American actor (d. 1992)
1922 – Francisco Aramburu, Brazilian footballer (d. 1997)
1922 - Jean-Pierre Rampal, French flautist (d. 2000)
1922 - Eric Jupp, British-born Australian composer, arranger and conductor (d. 2003)
1922 - Alvin Dark, American baseball player (d. 2014)
1924 - Ralph Miliband, Belgian-born sociologist, father of David and Ed Miliband (d. 1994)
1924 - Edwin Reinecke, American politician (d. 2016)
1925 – Gerald Durrell, British naturalist and writer (d. 1995)
1925 - Robert Cormier, American writer (d. 2000)
1926 - Kim Jong-pil, 11th Prime Minister of South Korea
1928 - William Peter Blatty, American writer, screenwriter and director (d. 2017)
1929 - Terry Moore, American actress
1930 - Eddie LeBaron, American football player (d. 2015)
1931 - Mirja Hietamies, Finnish skier (d. 2013)
1932 - Tormod Knutsen, Norwegian Nordic combined athlete
1934 – Tassos Papadopoulos, President of Cyprus (d. 2008)
1934 - Charles Jenkins Sr., American sprinter
1935 - Valeri Kubasov, Soviet cosmonaut (d. 2014)
1936 - Hunter Davies, Scottish author and journalist
1937 - Ali Soilih, President of the Comoros (d. 1978)
1937 - Carlos Westendorp, Spanish diplomat
1938 - Patrick John, 2nd Prime Minister of Dominica
1938 - Paul Revere, American musician (Paul Revere and the Raiders) (d. 2014)
1939 – Prince Michael of Greece and Denmark
1939 - Tom Kiernan, Irish rugby player and coach
1941 – John E. Walker, British chemist
1941 - Frederick D. Gregory, American astronaut
1942 – Vasily Alekseyev, Russian weightlifter (d. 2011)
1943 – Sadako Sasaki, Japanese victim of the Hiroshima atomic bomb (d. 1955)
1943 - Richard Armstrong, English conductor
1944 – Mario Bertini, Italian footballer
1945 – Raila Odinga, Kenyan politician, former Prime minister of Kenya
1945 - Jay Lynch, American cartoonist (d. 2017)
1946 – Vann Nath, Cambodian painter (d. 2011)
1946 - Jann Wenner, American publisher
1947 - Mohammad-Reza Lotfi, Iranian classical musician (d. 2014)
1948 – Ichiro Mizuki, Japanese singer
1948 – Kenny Loggins, American singer
1950 - Erin Gray, American actress
1950 - Juan Gabriel, Mexican singer and composer (d. 2016)
1951 1975
1951 - Talgat Musabayev, Kazakhstani cosmonaut
1951 - Helen Worth, English actress
1953 - Jenis av Rana, Faroese physician and politician
1953 - Dieter Hoeness, German footballer
1956 – Uwe Ochsenknecht, German actor and singer
1956 – David Caruso, American actor
1957 – Katie Couric, American newscaster
1958 – Linda Kozlowski, American actress
1959 - Angela Smith, Baroness Smith of Basildon, English politician
1960 - Loretta Sanchez, American politician
1962 – Abigail Johnson, American businesswoman
1963 - Rand Paul, American politician
1964 - Christian Louboutin, French fashion designer
1964 – Nicolas Cage, American actor
1965 - Alessandro Lambruschini, Italian hurdler
1965 - John Ondrasik, American singer-songwriter
1965 - José Manuel Imbamba, Angolan archbishop
1966 - Corrie Sanders, South African boxer (d. 2012)
1966 – Carolyn Bessette-Kennedy, American publicist (d. 1999)
1967 – Nick Clegg, British politician, former Deputy Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
1967 - Guy Hebert, American ice hockey player
1967 - Mark Lamarr, English comedian and radio host
1969 - David Yost, American actor
1970 – Andy Burnham, British politician, Mayor of Greater Manchester
1970 – Doug E. Doug, American actor
1970 – Joao Ricardo, Angolan footballer
1971 – DJ Otzi, Austrian DJ, musician and rapper
1971 – Jeremy Renner, American actor and singer
1971 - David Longoria, American trumpeter, composer, producer and songwriter
1972 – Donald Brashear, American-Canadian ice hockey player
From 1976
1976 – Marcelo Bordon, Brazilian footballer
1977 – Dustin Diamond, American actor
1977 - Sofi Oksanen, Finnish author
1978 – Emilio Palma, first person to be born on the continent of Antarctica
1978 – Jean Charles de Menezes, Brazilian electrician, shot dead by police in London (d. 2005)
1979 - Christian Lindner, German politician
1982 - Lauren Cohan, American actress
1982 - Camilo Villegas, Colombian golfer
1983 – Natalie Gulbis, American golfer
1985 – Lewis Hamilton, English racecar driver, two-time Formula One world champion
1985 - Wayne Routledge, English footballer
1986 – Grant Leadbitter, English footballer
1987 - Davide Astori, Italian footballer (d. 2018)
1987 - Lyndsy Fonseca, American actress
1988 - Haley Bennett, American singer and actress
1988 - Hardwell, Dutch DJ and producer
1989 - Emiliano Insua, Argentine footballer
1990 – Liam Aiken, American actor
1990 – Elene Gedevanishvili, Georgian figure skater
1990 – Camryn Grimes, American actress
1990 – Gregor Schlierenzauer, Austrian ski jumper
1991 – Caster Semenya, South African athlete
1991 - Eden Hazard, Belgian footballer
1991 - Max Morrow, Canadian actor
1991 - Roberto Pereyra, Argentine footballer
1992 - Erik Gudbranson, Canadian ice hockey player
1997 - Ayumi Ishida, Japanese singer (Morning Musume)
Deaths
Up to 1900
312 – Lucianus of Antioch, theologist/saint
672 - Emperor Tenji of Japan (b. 626)
1131 - Canute Lavard, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein and saint (b. 1096)
1285 - King Charles I of Naples (b. 1226)
1325 – King Dinis of Portugal (b. 1261)
1355 - Ines de Castro, Castilian royal (b. 1320)
1451 - Antipope Felix V (b. 1383)
1536 – Catherine of Aragon, Queen of England (b. 1485)
1609 - Nicholas Hilliard, English painter (b. 1547)
1625 - Ruggiero Giovanelli, Italian composer (b. 1560)
1655 - Pope Innocent X (b. 1574)
1658 - Theophilus Eaton, American farmer and politician (b. 1590)
1730 - Arni Magnusson, Icelandic scholar (b. 1663)
1758 - Allan Ramsay, Scottish poet (b. 1686)
1770 - Carl Gustaf Tessin, Swedish politician (b. 1695)
1830 – Thomas Lawrence, English painter (b. 1769)
1830 - Carlota Joaquina of Spain, Queen of Portugal (b. 1775)
1864 – Caleb Blood Smith, U.S. Secretary of the Interior (b. 1808)
1872 – James Fisk, American entrepreneur (b. 1834)
1882 - Ignacy Lukasiewicz, Polish inventor and chemist (b. 1822)
1892 - Tewfik Pasha, Khedive (ruler) of Egypt (b. 1852)
1893 – Jožef Stefan, Slovene physicist, mathematician and poet (b. 1835)
1901 2000
1913 - Jack Boyle, American baseball player (b. 1866)
1920 – Edmund Barton, 1st Prime Minister of Australia (b. 1849)
1927 - Nikolaos Kalogeropoulos, Greek politician (b. 1851)
1932 - André Maginot, French civil servant, soldier and politician (b. 1877)
1943 – Nikola Tesla, Serbian-born inventor and electrical engineer (b. 1856).
1944 - Lou Henry Hoover, First Lady of the United States (b. 1874)
1945 - Alexander Stirling Calder, American sculptor (b. 1870)
1951 – René Guénon, French-Egyptian writer (b. 1886)
1963 - Arthur Moore, Australian politician, Premier of Queensland (b. 1876)
1964 – Cyril Davies, blues musician (b. 1932)
1972 – John Berryman, American poet (b. 1914)
1973 - Mark Essex, American spree killer (b. 1949)
1975 – Sinéad de Valera, wife of Irish statesman Éamon de Valera (b. 1878)
1980 - Larry Williams, American singer-songwriter, pianist and producer (b. 1935)
1984 - Alfred Kastler, French physicist (b. 1902)
1986 - P. D. Eastman, American writer and illustrator (b. 1909)
1988 – Trevor Howard, English actor (b. 1913)
1989 – Hirohito, Emperor of Japan (b. 1901)
1989 - Frank Adams, English mathematician (b. 1930)
1990 – Bronko Nagurski, American football player (b. 1908)
1992 - Richard Hunt, American puppeteer (b. 1951)
1995 – Murray Rothbard, American economist (b. 1926)
1998 – Vladimir Prelog, Croatian chemist (b.1906)
2001 2015
2002 – Avery Schreiber, American actor (b. 1935)
2004 - Ingrid Thulin, Swedish actress (b. 1926)
2005 – Pierre Daninos, French novelist (b. 1913)
2005 – Rosemary Kennedy, third child and first daughter of Joseph and Rose Kennedy (b. 1918)
2005 – Eileen Desmond, Irish politician, former Minister for Health & Social Welfare (b. 1932)
2007 - Magnus Magnusson, Icelandic television presenter (b. 1929)
2008 - Alwyn Schlebusch, South African politician (b. 1917)
2013 - Carl Berner, German-American supercentenarian (b. 1902)
2013 - Huell Howser, American television host (b. 1945)
2013 - David R. Ellis, American director, actor and stuntman (b. 1952)
2014 - Run Run Shaw, Hong Kong movie producer and entrepreneur (b. 1907)
2015 - People killed in the Charlie Hebdo shooting:
Cabu, French cartoonist (b. 1938)
Elsa Cayat, French psychiatrist, psychoanalyst and columnist (b. 1960)
Charb, French cartoonist and journalist, Editor-in-Chief of Charlie Hebdo (b. 1967)
Philippe Honoré, French cartoonist (b. 1941)
Bernard Maris, French economist and journalist (b. 1946)
Tignous, French cartoonist (b. 1957)
Georges Wolinski, French cartoonist (b. 1934)
2015 - Tadeusz Konwicki, Polish writer and filmmaker (b. 1926)
2015 - Rod Taylor, Australian actor (b. 1930)
2015 - Mompati Merafhe, former Vice President of Botswana (b. 1947)
2015 - B. S. Abdur Rahman, Indian business executive (b. 1947)
2015 - Arch A. Moore, Jr., American politician, 28th and 30th Governor of West Virginia (b. 1923)
2015 - Jethro Pugh, American football player (b. 1944)
2015 - J. P. Parisé, Canadian ice hockey player (b. 1941)
2015 - David Rolfe, Australian swimmer (b. 1964)
2015 - José Arias, Spanish skier (b. 1922)
From 2016
2016 - Mufti Mohammad Sayeed, Indian politician (b. 1936)
2016 - Sergey Shustikov, Russian footballer (b. 1970)
2016 - Robert M. Cundick, American organist and composer (b. 1926)
2016 - Judith Kaye, American lawyer (b. 1938)
2016 - Kitty Kallen, American singer (b. 1921)
2016 - Klaas Bakker, Dutch footballer (b. 1926)
2016 - Sol Polansky, American diplomat (b. 1926)
2016 - Richard Libertini, American actor (b. 1933)
2016 - Anton Srholec, Slovakian writer and priest (b. 1929)
2016 - Ashraf Pahlavi, Iranian princess (b. 1919)
2016 - Valerio Zanone, Italian politician (b. 1936)
2017 - Mario Soares, President of Portugal (b. 1924)
2017 - Nat Hentoff, American political philosopher, columnist and music critic (b. 1925)
2017 - Jerzy Kossela, Polish guitarist and singer (b. 1942)
2017 - Lech Trzeciakowski, Polish historian (b. 1931)
2017 - Lelio Lagorio, Italian politician (b. 1925)
2017 - Lucina da Costa Gomez-Matheeuws, Prime Minister of the Netherlands Antilles (b. 1929)
2017 - Ramanuja Devnathan, Indian Sanskrit scholar (b. 1959)
2017 - John Deely, American philosopher (b. 1942)
2018 - Jim Anderton, New Zealand politician (b. 1938)
2018 - France Gall, French singer (b. 1947)
2018 - Anna Mae Hays, American military officer and nurse (b. 1920)
2018 - Markku Into, Finnish poet (b. 1945)
2018 - Peter Sutherland, Irish businessman (b. 1946)
2020 - Neil Peart, Canadian drummer (Rush) (b. 1952)
2021 - Tommy Lasorda, American baseball player/manager for the L.A. Dodgers (b. 1927)
Observances
Christmas in Eastern Orthodox Churches that still use the Julian calendar
Tricolour Day (Italy)
Victory from Genocide Day (Cambodia)
01-07 |
9675 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eyeglasses | Eyeglasses | Eyeglasses (U.S), or spectacles (Brit.), are pieces of glass or clear plastic, called lenses, in a frame that holds them in front of someone's eyes.
Corrective lenses let some people see or read better if they have problems seeing. If the someone is long-sighted (the light is focusses past the retina), they use a different type of glasses than someone who is short-sighted. Lenses can also correct Astigmatism. Contact lenses also help people see better.
Glasses can also protect the eyes. Goggles and safety glasses are strong and protect the eyes from flying objects. Sunglasses keep too much sunlight from getting in people's eyes. Some eyeglasses block blue light from a computer, game, smart phone and TV.
Eyeglasses have many models. They be worn for fashion.
Related pages
Myopia (nearsightedness)
Bifocals
References
Eye
Optics |
9676 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goa | Goa | Goa (गोवा) is a state in the Republic of India. It is India's smallest state. It has the second smallest number of people. The total area is 1,430 mi² (3,702 km²), it is bigger than Samoa but smaller than the Georgian territory of South Ossetia. In traditional Indian geography it falls under the South Indian zone. It is on the west coast of India, in the region known as the Konkan. The state of Maharashtra is its neighbour to the north, and Karnataka to the east and south. The Arabian Sea makes up the state's west coast. Panjim is the state's capital, and Margao its largest town.
Portuguese merchants first landed in Goa in the 16th century but soon after, colonised it. It was a part of the Portuguese empire for about 450 years. In 1961 India took control of Goa by sending its army and defeating Portuguese army.
History
The 1961 Indian annexation of Goa, was an action by India’s armed forces that ended Portuguese rule in its Indian enclaves in 1961. The armed action, code named Operation Vijay by the Indian government, involved air, sea and land strikes for over 36 hours, and was a decisive victory for India, ending 451 years of Portuguese colonial rule in Goa. One of the problems vexing the Indian prime minister Jawarhalal Nehru in the 1950s was what to do about Goa. The situation began to come to a head in 1955 when a group of Goanese and Indian protesters staged a ‘liberation march’ in Goa and more than 20 of them were shot and killed.
He announced that Portuguese control of Goa could be tolerated no longer and instituted a blockade, which the Portuguese regime evaded by building an airport into which to fly supplies and by opening up trade with Pakistan and Sri Lanka. Portuguese dictator, Antonio Salazar tried to drum up international support from world leaders. President Kennedy wrote to Nehru advising him not to use force and the Portuguese ambassador in London reminded the British government that under the terms of the Anglo-Portuguese alliance of 1899 it was obliged to come to Portugal’s assistance if any Portuguese colony was attacked.
There were more incidents and in November 1961 the Portuguese in Goa opened fire on Indian fishing boats. Nehru lost patience and mounted a military, naval and air attack on Goa using overwhelming force on December 17th. The Portuguese governor, who had at the most 3,000 men to oppose an Indian army of 30,000, blew up a few bridges to delay the invaders but his situation was plainly hopeless and he hoisted the white flag and surrendered. There had been almost no resistance and few casualties.
Tourism
Bounded on one side by the foothills of the Sahyadri range and on the other by the Arabian Sea Goa is a green natural paradise and best tourist spots in India. It is very truly said that living in Goa is a 365-day vacation. Goa is one of the best beach destinations in India due to the picturesque sunsets, beaches, historic forts, and laid-back life. Goa serves travelers of varied tastes, whether it's witnessing the majestic 600m high Dudhsagar Falls or trying your luck at Casino Royale. From the famous Fort Aguada to the blue waters. It is from the beaches of Dona Paula and Sinquerim, there is no shortage of points of interest in Goa.
Gallery
Provincial symbols of Goa
References |
9679 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second%20language | Second language | A second language is a language that a person learns in addition to their first language. A second language may be learned in a formal or informal way, such as at school or in a family. A person may speak two or more second languages.
Adults do not learn languages the same way that children do. Learning a second language is difficult for adults, who rarely speak it as well as their native language because it is much easier for children to learn a second language.
Some children have native multilingualism and so speak several languages, such as by living in a foreign country or having a father speaking a different language from their mother.
Other websites
Asha
References
Language |
9680 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ido | Ido | Ido is a constructed language, a so-called reformed Esperanto, which was developed in 1907. Ido was made by a group of people that thought Esperanto was too hard to be a world language. They did not like how Esperanto used letters with special diacritic marks over them, because that made it hard to type, and they thought that a world language should be easy to learn and write.
Ido is not as popular as Esperanto, but still about 100-200 people in the world speak it. They have a conference every year where people come together and speak the language.
Special points about Ido
Ido is easy to learn for many reasons:
Spelling is simple and regular. In English, the words doughnut, tough, and through all have the letters ough, but the speaker says them differently. In Ido, the word skolo is sko-lo, the word multa is mool-ta, and so on.
Verbs (action words) all act the same - In English the speaker says "I learn, you learn, we learn, she learns". In Ido the verb is always the same - "".
Ido looks like a lot of other languages. If learners already know English, French or some other European language, they can probably understand a lot of Ido even without studying it. means "I learn with my friend in the school." A person can see that the word for 'I' looks like 'me', 'lernas' is 'learn, and 'skolo' is 'school'. Also, if the person is French, they will know the word 'amiko' which means friend, and looks like the French word, 'ami' or 'amie'. It also resembles the Italian word 'amico', and the Spanish/Portuguese word 'amigo'.
Grammar (how to use the language)
Each word in Ido comes from a smaller word called a root word. A root word has a root and an ending. The speaker can take the root and put it on another word to make a new one. For example, urbo means "city" and -estro means "leader". The root of urbo is urb-, and if -estro is put on the end, it becomes urbestro, which means mayor (leader of a city). Or the speaker can put something on before; chef- means chief or leader, and if the speaker puts that before the word it becomes chefurbo, which means capital city.
Here are some of the endings:
-o : single noun (objects and things). Book - libro. Friend - amiko.
-i : plural noun (more than one object). Books - libri. Friends - amiki.
-a : adjective (words that describe objects). Fast - rapida. Short - kurta.
-e : adverb (words that describe how to do an action). Quickly - rapide. Shortly, brief - kurte.
-ar : verb (action word), present tense infinitive (like to go, to see, to find). To go - irar. To see - vidar.
-is : verb, past tense. Went - iris. Saw - vidis.
-as : verb, present tense (now). Go, goes - iras. See, sees - vidas.
-os : verb, future tense. Will go - iros. Will see - vidos.
-us : verb, conditional (like the English would). (I) would go - irus. (I) would see - vidus.
-ez : verb, imperative (telling someone to do something). Go! - irez! See! - videz!
Pronouns
Pronouns are the words in a language like I, thou, he, she, it, we, ye, they, and so on. Ido was made from Esperanto, and all of Esperanto's pronouns end in -i. The people that made Ido thought that they sounded too much the same and that it might be too difficult to hear sometimes. Also, most languages have two ways of saying you so they decided to have two ways of saying you. Lastly, they decided to make a pronoun that can mean he or she. Some languages like the Finnish language and the Estonian language have something like this.
Here is a chart of all the pronouns in English, Ido, and Esperanto.
Ido and Esperanto
Ido is a language that came from Esperanto, so they look very similar. Since Esperanto has more speakers than Ido, most people that know Ido first learned Esperanto and then later learned that Ido is a language, too. Sometimes Idists (people who speak Ido) and Esperantists (people who speak Esperanto) do not agree with each other. Luckily they both agree that making a language that everybody can learn is a good idea. Most Idists and Esperantists can understand most of each other's language.
Samples
Here are samples of the language Ido to show what the language looks like. On the right is a page from a magazine in Ido called Adavane! (forward), written by an Ido group in Spain every two months. This is a page from a diary by a girl named Anne Frank, a Jewish girl from the Netherlands that was killed in 1944 by the German government of Adolf Hitler.
Below is a small part of the book The Little Prince called La Princeto in Ido.
La Princeto
CHAPITRO XVII
Bona nokto ! – dicis la surprizata princeto.
Bona nokto ! – dicis la serpento.
Adsur qua planeto me falis ? – questionis la princeto.
Adsur Tero, sur Afrika. – respondis la serpento.
Ha !... Kad esas nulu sur Tero ?
To esas la dezerto, e nulu esas sur la dezerti. Tero esas tre granda – dicis la serpento.
La princeto sideskis sur stono e levis lua okuli a la cielo.
Me questionas a me – lu dicis- ka la steli intence brilas por ke uladie singlu povez trovar sua stelo. Videz mea planeto, olu esas exakte super ni... ma tre fore !
Olu esas bela planeto – dicis la serpento-. Por quo vu venis adhike ?
Esas chagreneto inter floro e me – dicis la princeto.
Ha ! – dicis la serpento.
E la du permanis silence.
Ube esas la personi ? – klamis fine la princeto-. Onu esas kelke sola sur la dezerto...
Inter la personi onu anke esas sola – dicis la serpento.
La princeto regardis la serpento longatempe.
Vu esas stranja animalo ! – dicis la princeto-. Vu esas tam tenua kam fingro...
Yes, ma me esas plu potenta kam fingro di rejo – dicis la serpento.
La princeto ridetis.
Me ne kredas ke vu esas tre potenta, mem vu ne havas pedi... nek vu povas voyajar...
Me povas transportar vu plu fore kam navo -dicis la serpento.
Ed olu spulis la maleolo di la princeto, same kam ora braceleto.
Ta quan me tushas retroiras a la tero deube lu venis. Ma vu esas pura e vu venas de stelo...
La princeto nulon respondis.
Me kompatas vu, qua esas tante sola sur ta harda granita Tero. Me povas helpar vu se vu sentas nostalgio a vua planeto. Me povas...
Ho ! – dicis la princeto-. Me bone komprenis, ma pro quo vu sempre parolas enigmatoze ?
Me solvas omna enigmati – dicis la serpento.
E la du permanis silence.
Mea vido-cirklo (horizonto)
This was a song by a bard from Russia named Alexandr Sukhanov; he used words from the poetry of another Russian person named Yunna Mortis. This is the Ido version, sung with guitar.
()
Me nule savas la Angla, la Franca, la Greka,
Mea vid-cirklo do restas sat mikra e streta -
En mea vid-cirklo trovesas nur flori, arbori,
Nur tero e maro, aero, fairo, amoro.
Me nule savas la Dana e la Portugala,
Mea vid-cirklo restas sat infantala -
Nur joyi rapide pasant', bruligiva aflikto,
Nur esperi, e timi noktal' es en mea vid-cirklo.
Me savas nek la Sanskrito e nek la Latina,
Mea vid-cirklo es ancien-mod' quale tino
Nur morto e nasko homala, nur grani ed astri
Aden mea vid-cirklo penetras e standas sat mastre.
Mea savo artala esas fakultativa.
Mea vid-cirklo restas presk' primitiva -
En olu es nia afero intima, interna
Por ke kun homaro la Tero flugadez eterne.
Mea vid-cirklon restriktas nur timi, esperi,
En olu trovesas nur amo, nur maro e tero.
Aden mea vid-cirklo penetras e standas sat mastre
Nur morto e nasko homala, nur grani ed astri.
Conventions
People who know Ido come together for a few days every year to meet each other and speak the language. Most Ido speakers live in Europe and so the conventions (a meeting of people) have taken place in Europe.
Information on Ido conferences (the section that says raporto is the report on the convention written in Ido).
References
Other websites
The main page for the language
A site with dictionaries
Ido Wikipedia
Ido Wiktionary
Louis de Beaufront, Louis Couturat, Paul Hugon, English-international dictionary (1908) on https://archive.org
Esperanto
Constructed languages |
9683 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javier%20Solana | Javier Solana | Francisco Javier Solana de Madariaga (born July 14, 1942 in Madrid) is a Spanish physicist, politician and diplomat.
He is the former Secretary General of the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) and also the former European Union foreign policy chief.
Solana was studying in both the United Kingdom and the United States before returning to Spain with Nicolás Cabrera, and becoming a Professor of solid state physics in the Complutense University.
Having already joined the banned PSOE left-wing party in 1964, he became one of its leaders when it became legal in 1977. He became a Cabinet Minister, serving first as Minister for Culture and party spokesman, then Minister for Education, then Minister for Foreign Affairs, before being made NATO boss in December 1995, just as the Dayton agreement saw the IFOR NATO peacekeeping mission enter the former Yugoslavia. He was also involved in the Kosovo bombings, and the negotiations that led to an eventual peace.
In March 2020, Solana tested positive for COVID-19.
References
1942 births
Living people
Spanish diplomats
European Union politicians
Secretaries General of NATO
People from Madrid
Physicists
Spanish politicians
Spanish scientists |
9686 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paragraph | Paragraph | A paragraph is a collection of words strung together to make a longer unit than a sentence. Several sentences often make to a paragraph. There are normally three to eight sentences in a paragraph. Paragraphs can start with a five-space indentation or by skipping a line and then starting over. This makes it simpler to tell when one paragraph ends and the next starts.
A topic phrase appears in most ordered types of writing, such as essays. This paragraph's topic sentence informs the reader about the topic of the paragraph. In most essays, numerous paragraphs make statements to support a thesis statement, which is the essay's fundamental point.
Paragraphs may signal when the writer changes topics. Each paragraph may have a number of sentences, depending on the topic.
A pilcrow mark (¶) is sometimes used to show where a paragraph begins.
Grammar
Typography
Writing |
9687 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lansing%2C%20Michigan | Lansing, Michigan | Lansing is the capital city of the U.S. state of Michigan. It is about 1 to 2 hours west of Detroit. It is in the center of the Lower Peninsula of Michigan.
The landscape is flat. There is a lot of agriculture.
Notes
References
Other websites
State capitals in the United States
1835 establishments in Michigan Territory |
9690 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parody | Parody | A parody is a special piece of art.
Parodies make fun of another piece of art by mocking it.
The parody is an imitation of the original, but exaggerating it, showing clichés which have been used, to make the original look ridiculous or to make a comment about an issue affecting society.
For example, in a serious Western movie, the good guys always seem to shoot better and faster than the bad guys. In a Western parody, this might be exaggerated by showing a good guy firing a single shot, and a dozen of the bad guys falling from their horses as a result.
Mel Brooks is a director who has made many movies which are parodies:
Blazing Saddles is a parody of Western movies in general,
Spaceballs is a parody of the Star Wars movies, and science fiction in general,
Men in Tights is a parody of Robin Hood movies,
The website Uncyclopedia is also a parody of Wikipedia.
Parodies can be anything from songs to poems to books to movies.
Newspaper columnists are well known for their strip cartoons which can very often parody public opinion on major issues affecting society, such as the recent credit crunch.
Related pages
Irony
Satire
Parody mass |
9691 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fact | Fact | A fact is a statement that is real or true, or a thing that can be shown to be real or true. That is its core meaning, though the word has a long history, and has been used in many ways.
A fact is something that has really happened or is actually the case. The usual test for a statement of fact is whether it can be shown to be true. Standard reference works are often used to check facts. Scientific facts are verified by careful observation or measurement (by experiments or other means).
Facts as statements
A fact is a statement (a claim) about something that is true. A fact can answer questions like, "what color is it?" or "who made that?"
An opinion is different from a fact. But you can say facts about a person's opinion. For example, someone can ask a question like "What is Alice's opinion about the book?" You can answer this question with a fact, for example "Alice said she likes the book." Then it is a fact that Alice says she likes the book. But maybe Alice does not like the book. So it not a fact that Alice likes the book, but it is a fact that Alice says she likes the book.
One way to learn a fact is if a person can help you see it. For example, if you ask, "do you have my book?" To answer this question, a person can let you see your book. Then you can know it is a fact that this person has your book.
Examples of fact statements
These examples show that there are facts of different kinds.
Your heart pumps blood through your body.
The leaves of growing plants are usually green.
Some people keep dogs as pets.
1 liter of water weighs 1 kilogram.
There are 50 states in the United States.
False statements
Water always comes from the sky.
Dogs are made of cheese.
All people read books.
Cows live under water.
Scientific theories
A scientific theory is knowledge of important facts about a natural thing. The facts in a scientific theory have evidence that shows that the fact is not false.
A person who understands the scientific method can test to see if the facts of a scientific theory are correct. When statements have been tested and shown to be not false, they may be "true". The facts of each scientific theory have usually been questioned and tested by many people. Because of this, we know that the knowledge of a scientific theory is fact and not opinion. Examples of scientific theories include the theory of relativity and the theory of evolution. More simply, it is a fact that the Earth goes around the Sun (and not vice versa). This took so long to establish because a leading religious body had the reverse opinion (see articles on Galileo and Copernicus for the story). Now we can say that there is a difference between statements of fact, and opinions or claimed truths of religion. The difference is in the way disputes about the truth are decided.
References
Basic English 850 words
Philosophy |
9693 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victim | Victim | Victim is a term used for a person who suffers adverse circumstances, often in relation to having a crime committed against them. If someone is robbed, he or she is the victim. If someone is killed, that person is the victim. The person who committed the crime is the culprit.
Victim blaming is saying that it is the fault of the victim that a crime was committed against them.
Criminal justice |
9695 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culprit | Culprit | A culprit is a person who commits a crime. If someone robs a person, the robber is the culprit, while the person who was robbed is the victim.
law |
9697 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shot%20put | Shot put | Shot put is an athletics sport where people try to "put" a heavy weighted ball as far as they can. They are not allowed to throw it, but instead they push the ball out into the air. They "put" the ball by holding it at their neck and pushing it through the air. The shot put has been part of the Olympics since 1896. The weight of the ball can vary from 6 to 16 pounds (2.76 to 7.26 kg), depending on level age and gender of the participants. The main objective of the sport is to throw the ball as far as possible.
The Shot put is similar to the javelin. It is an official Olympic event and can be seen at the Olympic games. The athlete cannot wear gloves when they are participating. If wearing gloves, the athlete will be disqualified.
The shot put event was first seen in the Middle Ages, when they would throw cannonballs at their enemies.
It is an outdoor event and cannot be played inside. It is a track and field event.
Throwing technique
There are two types of putting styles: glide and spin (rotation). The glide was invented in the US in the year 1876. The spin was also developed in the US. It was invented by Parry O'Brian and made famous by Brian Oldfield.
Rules
The athlete must only use one hand and it must not drop below the shoulder or it could cause damage.
The athlete can be disqualified for leaving the circle before the shot hits the ground, or leaving the sector lines.
The athlete must not put a foot past the toe board, or it is a disqualification.
The athlete must not take longer than 60.00 seconds to take a shot.it is compulsory to put the shot in the given time.
History
Shot put was originally used in the Olympics to see who was the strongest athlete. Each athlete threw from a wooden square, and could only stand to throw. The shot put was a large stone ball. That is now a metal not softer than brass.
Warm up
Under hand toss
Stand facing landing area.
Hold shot in front of body with both hands.
Bend knees and throw shot up and out, away from body, using an underhand toss.
Chest pass
Stand facing landing area.
Hold shot with both hands with fingers behind shot.
Push shot out like a basketball chest pass.
Record holders
Cameron George, 23.12m United Kingdom 2013
Natalya Lisovskaya, 22.63m RUS 1987
Mark Robinson, 24.60m USA 2009
Events in athletics |
9698 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magic | Magic | Magic can mean:
Magic (illusion), tricks that fool people into thinking they see something they really did not see
"Magic" (Pilot song), a song by the Scottish band Pilot
Apotropaic magic, protection against harmful influences
Black magic
Magic: The Gathering, a collectible card game
Witchcraft, the action of using magic powers. |
9699 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitchhiking | Hitchhiking | Hitchhiking is a way to end travel from place to place in someone else's car or lorry. Usually, a hitchhiker (a person who hitchhikes) will stand at the side of a road and hold his or her thumb in the air waiting for a passerby to come and pick her or him up. This is a sign that he or she wants to go somewhere else.
It was a very common way of traveling in Europe in the 1970s until people started to go missing. It is common for people to encounter rapists or lunatics while hitchiking, it is not always clear when being picked up if a person is dangerous, and this make it very dangerous and has made it less popular.
Because of this, hitchhiking is illegal or restricted in many country’s and states of America.
Other websites
The Hitchhiker's Guide to Hitchhiking - a wiki project to collect information about hitchhiking
Anhalterfreunde - Information all about hitchhiking (English and German language)
Liftershalte.info - a worldmap with hitching places.
hitchbase.com - Database with hitchhing places
Abgefahren e.V. - the first German Autostop Society; ideas, tips, projects,..
Transport |
9700 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owl | Owl | Owls are birds in the order Strigiformes. There are 200 species, and they are all animals of prey. Most of them are solitary and nocturnal; in fact, they are the only large group of birds which hunt at night. Owls are specialists night-time hunters. They feed on small mammals such as rodents, insects, and other birds, and a few species like to eat fish as well.
As a group, owls are very successful. They are found in all parts of the world except Antarctica, most of Greenland, and some small islands.
Owl families
There are two families of owls: the true owls and the barn owls:
True owls: the family Strigidae (185 species in 25 genera)
Barn owls: the family Tytonidae. This contains the genus Tyto, especially Tyto alba, with its many sub-species. The genus Pholidus has only a couple of species, known as bay-owls. It hunts mainly by sound.
Appearance
An owl has a big head, flat face, hooked beak, short tail, and sharp talons, The wings of an owl are long. Owls have brown, gray, or white plumage with streaks or spots.
Adaptations
Owls have a suite of adaptations which help them to be successful.
Owls have large eyes and holes for ears, a hawk-like beak, and a rather flat face. Most birds of prey have eyes on the sides of their heads, but the owl's eyes are facing forwards to help it see better in the dark. Their eyes are also fixed inside their sockets, so they have to turn their whole head to look at other things. Owls can rotate their heads and necks up to 270 degrees in both directions.
Owls are good at looking at things far from its eyes, but it cannot see anything clearly within a few centimeters of their eyes. Owls use small feathers on the beak and the feet that help it feel the prey it catches.
Hunting
Most owls hunt at night, and in twilight (dawn and dusk). A few owls are also active during the day.
The owls' hunting depends on surprising its prey. Their most important adaptation is their almost silent flight. The feathers are soft, with fringes on the back edge, and the base of each is downy. This all muffles noise, and makes for silence. Also, they glide when coming in for the kill.
The dull colors of the owls' feathers make them less visible by camouflaging the owl. This helps them as they roost during the day.
Owls have fantastic hearing. The shape of the head helps slight sounds reach the ears. The feathers of the facial disc are arranged in order to increase sound delivered to the ears. Their ears are asymmetrical allowing the owl to locate a sound. They can hear a mouse move in the grass.
An owl's sharp beak and powerful talons allow it to kill its prey before swallowing it whole, unless it is too big. Owls usually regurgitate the parts of their prey that they cannot digest. These parts include bones, scales, and fur. Scientists who study the things that owls eat can get clues by studying the parts that the owl spit back out, called "owl pellets". These "owl pellets" are sold by supply companies to schools for use in the students' biology and ecology lessons.
Winter larder
Many animals store food during times of plenty to prepare for leaner times. Owls may store dead mice for winter.
Swivelling the head
Owls have special adaptations which help them swivel their heads 270 degrees. They have 14 neck vertebrae instead of our seven. Also, the big carotid arteries, instead of being on the side of the neck as in humans, are carried close to the centre of rotation just in front of the spine. So these arteries get much less twisting and stretching, and the potential for damage is greatly reduced. This arrangement is seen in other birds, but in owls the vertebral arteries – the vessels that travel through channels in the neck bones – are given extra space.
Owls also have wide parts in their carotid arteries just under the base of the skull. Researchers found these could dilate and fill with a reservoir of blood. "We believe this is kind of a new structure not really known before", said a researcher. "It's probably a way to pool blood and get some continuity of flow even if there is disruption below at the next level".
Owls in culture
Mythology and stories that include owls are:
The owl is the symbol of the Greek goddess Athena (Minerva to the Romans)
Nursery rhyme: "The wise old owl sat in an oak, the more he heard, the less he spoke".
Poem by Tennyson: "The wise owl in the belfry sits..."
"Wol" is a character from the Winnie the Pooh books by A.A. Milne.
Owls carry the mail in the Harry Potter books by J.K. Rowling.
Gallery
Related pages
Great horned owl
Northern pygmy owl
Barred owl
Nocturnal animals
Barn owl
References
Other websites
Facts about Owls |