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Mipomersen (INN; trade name Kynamro) is used to treat homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia and is administered by subcutaneous injection. There is a serious risk of liver damage from this drug and it can only be prescribed in the context of a risk management plan. Indications Kynamro is used to treat homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia and is administered by injection. It cannot be freely prescribed; instead every person put on mipomersen is enrolled in a Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategies (REMS) program approved by the FDA. Pregnancy and lactation Mipomersen is pregnancy category B; women who are pregnant or intending to become pregnant should only use this drug if needed. It is unknown if it is secreted in human breast milk, but it was found to be secreted in the breast milk of rats. Contraindications The drug is contraindicated in people with moderate to severe liver impairment, active liver diseases, and unexplained high levels of transaminase liver enzymes. Adverse effects The drug has a black box warning about the risk of liver damage; specifically it can cause elevations in the levels of transaminases and causes fatty liver disease. In clinical trials, 18% of subjects taking mipomersen stopped using the drug due to adverse effects; the most common adverse effects leading to discontinuation were injection site reactions, increases of transaminases, flu-like symptoms (fever, chills, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting), and abnormal liver tests. Other adverse effects include: heart problems including angina and palpitations, edema, pain in legs or arms, headache, insomnia, and hypertension. Interactions Other drugs known for causing liver problems might add to mipomersen's risk of liver damage. No pharmacokinetic interactions have been described. Pharmacology Mechanism of action Mipomersen binds to the messenger RNA coding for apolipoprotein B-100 (ApoB-100), a protein that is the main component of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL). As a consequence, the RNA is degraded by the enzyme ribonuclease H, and ApoB-100 is not translated. Pharmacokinetics After subcutaneous injection, mipomersen reaches highest blood levels after 3 to 4 hours. It accumulates in the liver, which is convenient since apolipoprotein B predominantly acts there. Protein binding is over 90%. The molecule is slowly broken up by endonucleases and subsequently by exonucleases. After 24 hours, less than 4% of the degradation products are found in the urine, and overall half-life is 1 to 2 months. Chemistry The compound is a 'second-generation' antisense oligonucleotide; the nucleotides are linked with phosphorothioate linkages rather than the phosphodiester linkages of RNA and DNA, and the sugar parts are deoxyribose in the middle part of the molecule and 2’-O-methoxyethyl-modified ribose at the two ends. These modifications make the drug resistant to degradation by nucleases, allowing it to be administered weekly. The complete sequence is portrayed below: 5’—G*—mC*—mC*—mU*—mC*—dA—dG—dT—dmC—dT—dG—dmC—dT—dT—dmC—G*—mC*—A*—mC*—mC*—3’ * = 2’-O-(2-methoxyethyl) m = 5-methyl d = 2’-deoxy History The drug was discovered and developed to Phase 2 by Ionis Pharmaceuticals and subsequently licensed to Genzyme Corporation in 2008 by an auction bid. Isis earned an upfront payment of $325 million, with payments of a further $825 million if milestones are met. Mipomersen was rejected by the European Medicines Agency in 2012 and again in 2013 due to concerns about the liver and cardiovascular adverse effects. In January 2013, The United States Food and Drug Administration approved mipomersen for the treatment of homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia. References Category:Antisense RNA Category:Hypolipidemic agents Category:Therapeutic gene modulation Category:Sanofi

John Morgan (June 12, 1846 – February 10, 1926) was a member of the Wisconsin State Assembly. Biography John J. Morgan was born on June 12, 1846 in Wethersfield, New York. He graduated from what is now the University at Buffalo School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences in 1873 and from Albany Law School in 1884. On October 27, 1887, Morgan married Jane Humphrey, with whom he had two children. Career Morgan was elected to the Assembly in 1914. Previously, he had been elected County Clerk of Pepin County, Wisconsin in 1880 and held the position for eight years. He was also District Attorney of Pepin County from 1886 to 1888 and Mayor of Durand, Wisconsin from 1902 to 1905. Morgan was a Republican. Death and burial Morgan died in Durand on February 10, 1926. He was buried at Forest Hill Cemetery in Durand. References Category:People from Wyoming County, New York Category:People from Durand, Wisconsin Category:Members of the Wisconsin State Assembly Category:Mayors of places in Wisconsin Category:District attorneys in Wisconsin Category:County clerks in Wisconsin Category:Wisconsin Republicans Category:Physicians from Wisconsin Category:University at Buffalo alumni Category:Albany Law School alumni Category:1846 births Category:1926 deaths

Limnellia is a genus of shore flies in the family Ephydridae. There are at least 20 described species in Limnellia. Species These 22 species belong to the genus Limnellia: L. anderssoni Mathis, 1978 i c g L. anna Cresson, 1935 i c g b L. balioptera Mathis, 1978 i c g L. fallax (Czerny, 1903) c g L. flavifrontis Costa, Savaris, Marinoni & Mathis, 2016 L. flavitarsis Zhang & Yang, 2009 g L. helmuti Hollmann-Schirrmacher & Zatwarnicki, 1995 c g L. huachuca Mathis, 1978 i c g L. itatiaia Mathis, 1980 c g L. lactea Mathis, 1978 i c g L. lecocercus Mathis, 1978 i c g L. luchunensis Zhang & Yang, 2009 g L. maculipennis Malloch, 1925 c g L. minima Canzoneri & Meneghini, 1969 c g L. picta Canzoneri & Meneghini, 1969 c g L. quadrata (Fallén, 1813) i c g L. rainier Mathis and Zack, 1980 i c g L. sejuncta (Loew, 1863) i c g L. stenhammari (Zetterstedt, 1846) i c g L. sticta Mathis, 1978 i c g L. surturi Andersson, 1971 g L. turneri Mathis, 1978 i c g L. vounitis Costa, Savaris, Marinoni & Mathis, 2016 Data sources: i = ITIS, c = Catalogue of Life, g = GBIF, b = Bugguide.net References Further reading External links Category:Ephydridae Category:Articles created by Qbugbot Category:Schizophora genera

Multinucleate cells (multinucleated or polynuclear cells) are eukaryotic cells that have more than one nucleus per cell, i.e., multiple nuclei share one common cytoplasm. Mitosis in multinucleate cells can occur either in a coordinated, synchronous manner where all nuclei divide simultaneously or asynchronously where individual nuclei divide independently in time and space. Certain organisms may have a multinuclear stage of their life cycle. For example, slime molds have a vegetative, multinucleate life stage called a plasmodium. Although not normally viewed as a case of multinucleation, plant cells share a common cytoplasm by plasmodesmata, and most cells in animal tissues are in communication with their neighbors via gap junctions. Multinucleate cells, depending on the mechanism by which they are formed, can be divided into "syncytia" (formed by cell fusion) or "coenocytes" (formed by nuclear division not being followed by cytokinesis). Some bacteria, such as Mycoplasma pneumoniae, a pathogen of the respiratory tract, may display multinuclear filaments as a result of a delay between genome replication and cellular division. Terminology Some biologists use the term "acellular" to refer to multinucleate cell forms (syncitia and plasmodia), such as to differentiate "acellular" slime molds from the purely "cellular" ones (which do not form such structures). This usage is incorrect and highly misleading to laymen, and as such it is strongly discouraged. Some use the term "syncytium" in a wide sense, to mean any type of multinucleate cell, while others differentiate the terms for each type. Physiological examples Syncytia Syncytia are multinuclear cells that can form either through normal biological processes, such as the mammalian placenta, or under the influence of certain pathogens, such as HIV, via fusion of the plasma membrane. Other examples include the skeletal muscle cells of mammals, the tapetal cells of plants, and the storage cells of Douglas-fir seeds. The polymorphonuclear leukocytes of mammals are not polynuclear cells, although the lobes of their nuclei are so deeply bifurcated that they can appear so under non-optimal microscopy. Osteoclasts are multinuclear cells that are found commonly in the human body that aid in the maintenance and repair of the bones by secreting acid that dissolves bone matter. They are typically found to have 5 nuclei per cell, due to the fusion of preosteoclasts. The chlorarachniophytes form multinucleate cells by fusion, being syncytia and not coenocytes. This syncytia is called plasmodium, in the sense of a multinucleate protoplast without a cell wall which exhibits amoeboid movement. Other examples include some plasmodiophorids, some haplosporidians, and the grex of cellular slime moulds (dictyostelids and acrasids). Placenta The placenta, a temporary organ that transports nutrients, oxygen, waste, and other materials between a mother and a developing fetus, is partially composed of a syncytial layer that forms the interface between the fetus and the mother. In addition to performing simple interface duties, the placental syncytia also acts as a barrier to infection from viruses, bacteria, and protozoa, which is likely due to unique cytoskeletal properties of these cells. Coenocytes Furthermore, multinucleate cells are produced from specialized cell cycles in which nuclear division occurs without cytokinesis, thus leading to large coenocytes or plasmodia. In filamentous fungi, multinucleate cells may extend over hundreds of meters so that different regions of a single cell experience dramatically different microenvironments. Other examples include, the plasmodia of plasmodial slime molds (myxogastrids) and the schizont of the Plasmodium parasite which causes malaria. Pathological examples Multinucleated cells can also occur under pathological conditions as the consequence of a disturbed cell cycle control (e.g., some binucleated cells and metastasizing tumor cells). Human Immunodeficiency Virus As previously mentioned, syncytia may be induced through the actions of Human Immunodeficiency Virus, where T-cells are fused by the action of virus-derived proteins on the cell membrane. During viral replication in T lymphoid cells, large amounts of viral Envelope Glycoprotein (Env) are synthesized and trafficked to the cell membrane where they can be incorporated in to new virus particles. However, some of the Env molecules interact with neighboring T-cell receptors, which brings the cells into close enough proximity to enable trigger events culminating in the fusion of two host cells, likely due to the close contact of the two plasma membranes. This interaction is likely specific to CD4+ T-cells, as cells lacking this receptor were unable to form syncytia in laboratory conditions. References Category:Cell biology

John Krebs (born October 1, 1950) is an American professional stock car racing driver. Hailing from Roseville, California, he is a 15-year veteran of NASCAR's Cup Series, competing in 19 events from 1978 to 1994. He also competed in the Winston West Series for many years, scoring one win in the series in 1978. Krebs was involved in an accident with Derrike Cope at Sears Point Raceway in 1994 that sent Krebs flipping outside of the racetrack's limits. It was the final race of Krebs' Cup Series career as he failed to qualify for races at Indianapolis and Phoenix later that season. More recently, Krebs owned a team in the NASCAR K&N Pro Series West. The team, John Krebs Racing, last competed in the 2018 season with driver Takuma Koga. The team's best finish came at Orange Show Speedway in 2017, where they placed fifth. Motorsports career results NASCAR (key) (Bold – Pole position awarded by qualifying time. Italics – Pole position earned by points standings or practice time. * – Most laps led.) Winston Cup Series ARCA Hooters SuperCar Series (key) (Bold – Pole position awarded by qualifying time. Italics – Pole position earned by points standings or practice time. * – Most laps led.) References External links Category:1950 births Category:20th-century American racing drivers Category:Racing drivers from California Category:NASCAR drivers Category:NASCAR team owners Category:Living people Category:ARCA Menards Series drivers

In Greek mythology, Oeneus (; Ancient Greek: Οἰνεύς Oineús means "intoxicate" or "wine-man") was a Calydonian king. He introduced wine-making to Aetolia, which he learned from Dionysus and the first who received a vine-plant from the same god. Family Oeneus was the son of King Porthaon and Euryte, and thus, brother of Agrius, Alcathous, Melas, Leucopeus, and Sterope. He married Althaea and became the father of Deianeira, Meleager, Toxeus, Clymenus, Periphas, Agelaus (or Ageleus), Thyreus (or Phereus or Pheres), Gorge, Eurymede, Melanippe and Perimede (although Meleager's and Deianeira's fathers could also have been Ares and Dionysus respectively). see Meleagrids. Oeneus was also the father of Tydeus and possibly Melanippus or Olenias by Periboea, daughter of Hipponous, though Tydeus was exiled from Aetolia and appears in myths concerning Argos. According to Pausanias, Mothone was a daughter of Oeneus by a concubine. In some accounts, Polyxo was called the sister of Meleager and thus, can be counted among the daughters of Oeneus. Mythology Oeneus slew his son Toxeus by his own hand because he leaped over the ditch. Divine visit When Dionysus had come as a guest to Oineus he fell in love with Althaea and the king realizing this, he voluntarily left the city and pretended to be performing sacred rites. But Dionysus lay with Althaea, who became mother of Dejanira. To Oineus, because of his generous hospitality, he gave the vine as a gift, and showed him how to plant it, and decreed that its fruit should be called oinos from the name of his host. Calydonian hunt Since Oineus had made sacrifices yearly to all the gods during the harvest ceremonies, but had omitted to honor Artemis, in anger she sent a boar of immense size to lay waste the district of Calydon. He sent out his son Meleager who promised that he would go with chosen leaders to attack the Calydonian Boar. So began the Calydonian Hunt during which the boar was killed by Atalanta and Meleager. However, an argument began as to who should take the boar's skin as a prize: Meleager gave it to Atalanta, but two of his maternal uncles, sons of Thestius, wanted the trophy for themselves, claiming that it belonged to them by the right of birth if Meleager did not want it. Meleager, in rage, killed them, which resulted in a war between the Calydonians and the Curetes, in which all of Oeneus' sons, including Meleager, fell. Aftermath When Hipponoüs of Olenus, angered at his daughter Periboea because she claimed that she was with child by Ares, sent her away into Aetolia to Oeneus with orders for him to do away with her at the first opportunity. Oeneus, however, who had recently lost son and wife, was unwilling to slay Periboea, but married her instead and begat a son Tydeus. The sons of Oeneus' brother Agrius deposed him but Diomedes, his grandson through Tydeus, put Oeneus back on the Calydonian throne (or the throne passed to Andraemon, husband of Gorge, due to Oeneus' old age). Oeneus either died of natural causes or was killed by the surviving sons of Agrius who laid an ambush against him while Diomedes was transporting him to Peloponessus. He was buried in Argos by Diomedes, and a town was named Oenoe after him. Family tree Notes References Antoninus Liberalis, The Metamorphoses of Antoninus Liberalis translated by Francis Celoria (Routledge 1992). Online version at the Topos Text Project. Diodorus Siculus, The Library of History translated by Charles Henry Oldfather. Twelve volumes. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press; London: William Heinemann, Ltd. 1989. Vol. 3. Books 4.59–8. Online version at Bill Thayer's Web Site Diodorus Siculus, Bibliotheca Historica. Vol 1-2. Immanel Bekker. Ludwig Dindorf. Friedrich Vogel. in aedibus B. G. Teubneri. Leipzig. 1888-1890. Greek text available at the Perseus Digital Library. Gaius Julius Hyginus, Fabulae from The Myths of Hyginus translated and edited by Mary Grant. University of Kansas Publications in Humanistic Studies. Online version at the Topos Text Project. Pausanias, Description of Greece with an English Translation by W.H.S. Jones, Litt.D., and H.A. Ormerod, M.A., in 4 Volumes. Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1918. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library Pausanias, Graeciae Descriptio. 3 vols. Leipzig, Teubner. 1903. Greek text available at the Perseus Digital Library. Pseudo-Apollodorus, The Library with an English Translation by Sir James George Frazer, F.B.A., F.R.S. in 2 Volumes, Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1921. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library. Greek text available from the same website. Category:Kings in Greek mythology Category:Family of Calyce Category:Characters in Greek mythology Category:Dionysus in mythology Category:Aetolian mythology

This is a list of films produced in the Telugu film industry in India in 2011. Box office Box office releases January–June releases July–December releases Dubbed films Notable deaths References General references Filmfare Awards 2012 Telugu winners list 2011 Telugu Category:2011 in Indian cinema

Janet Darnell Leach (15 March 1918 – 12 September 1997), was an American studio potter working in later life at the Leach Pottery in St Ives, Cornwall in England. After studying pottery at Black Mountain, North Carolina under Shoji Hamada, a visiting artisan, she traveled to Japan to work with him. She studied with him for two years and always considered him to be her principal mentor. She was the first foreign woman to study pottery in Japan and only the second westerner. After returning to the US from Japan, in 1955 she married Bernard Leach, the noted British studio potter, whom she had earlier studied with. They returned to Great Britain to operate his studio at St. Ives. Janet Leach continued to be influenced by Japanese aesthetics in her pottery and ceramics, and her work has increased in popularity. In 2006-2007 there was a major retrospective of her work at Tate St Ives. Life Janet Darnell was born in Grand Saline, Texas, United States, in 1918. Her early years involved moving to New York to work with sculptor Robert M. Cronbach and becoming involved with the Federal Works Art Project. She was briefly married during the Second World War and worked as a welder in a shipyard on Staten Island. Eventually she started to work with clay and learned to use a potter's wheel. In 1948 she set up a pottery in a Steiner community in Spring Valley. She taught pottery at a mental health hospital in New York. After meeting Bernard Leach and Shoji Hamada at Black Mountain College, North Carolina, she gained Hamada's agreement to work with him at Mashiko after he had returned to Japan. She travelled there in 1954, by cargo boat. Darnell spent a great deal of time with Bernard Leach and eventually they agreed to marry, initially intending to live in Japan. However with Bernard's son David Leach leaving the Leach Pottery to establish his own studio, they returned to England in 1956. Janet Leach's independent spirit ensured that her work was quite different from much of the Leach style. She never felt the need to pay reverence to her husband's work, and could be openly critical of it. In return her own work was not always valued within the St Ives Studio; much of it lay hidden for many years. Clearly influenced by the oriental style and form, her work is free flowing and energetic. There was a retrospective exhibition of her work in 2006-7 at Tate St Ives. References Cooper, Emmanuel. (2006). Janet Leach: A Potter's Life Ceramic Review Publishing Ltd. External links Further reading Article by Joanna Wason about Janet Leach, Studio Pottery Janet Leach Biography, Aberystwyth University Ceramics Collection Article on Bernard Leach, includes photo of Janet & Bernard together Letters from Bernard & Janet Leach to Warren MacKenzie, includes draft article by Janet Leach, Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Institution Examples of work Janet Leach Pots in V&A Collection, London: Vase 1, Vase 2, Vase 3, Vase 4 & Vase 5 Category:1918 births Category:1997 deaths Category:20th-century American women artists Category:St Ives artists Category:People from Grand Saline, Texas Category:American potters Category:Women potters Category:20th-century ceramists Category:American ceramists Category:American women ceramists

The Battle of the Grapevine Creek was a short battle between two large armed groups of the Hatfield family and the McCoy family which was the last offensive event during the Hatfield–McCoy feud and marked the beginning of the end in the feud between the two families. Battle Shortly after the capture and murder of Jim Vance in January 1888, the Hatfield family, led by Devil Anse Hatfield, prepared for one last major offensive against the McCoy family in order to gain revenge for the killing of Jim Vance and to achieve victory over the McCoy family to end the feud. When news of the Hatfields' preparations for war reached the McCoy side, the Hatfields were already en route to invade the McCoy territory, so Frank Phillips, the leader of the McCoy posse, rounded up every able man he could and led his posse to intercept the invading Hatfields. Two McCoys were members of Philipps' posse, Bud McCoy (bud was killed by Hatfields for the murder of Ellison)and one of Randolph's own sons James "Jim" McCoy. Both sides eventually met around the area of the Grapevine Creek on the West Virginia side of the Tug Fork River and began exchanging shots at each other. One group of the McCoy side managed to lure the Hatfields into one area of the battlefield while another group of McCoys moved to outflank them, which caused the Hatfields to suffer multiple casualties and made them retreat. A number of Hatfields did not manage to escape and were taken prisoner by the McCoys. Aftermath As a result of the battle some members of the Hatfield side were taken prisoner. These prisoners alongside those from prior to the battle were put on trial with the permission of the Kentucky government for the various crimes they had committed during the feud, mainly the murder of the Randall McCoy's sons for killing Ellison Hatfield and the killing of one of his daughters during the New Year's Eve massacre. All the Hatfields were found guilty and sent to prison except for Cottontop Ellison Mounts, the illegitimate son of Ellison Hatfield, who was sentenced to death as it was he who was proved to have killed Randall McCoy's daughter. See also Hatfield–McCoy feud References Category:History of Kentucky Category:History of West Virginia Category:History of the Southern United States Category:Culture of the Southern United States Category:American folklore Category:Appalachian society Category:Feuds in the United States Category:Folklore of the Southern United States

The Théâtre de la Michodière is a theatre building and performing arts venue, located at 4 bis, in the 2nd arrondissement of Paris. Built by in 1925 in Art Deco style, it has a tradition of showing boulevard theatre. History On the site of the Hotel de Lorge, sold in lots, the rue de la Michodiere opened in 1778. Around the place where the Gaillon gate stood at the enclosure of Louis XIII, in 1925, the architect built a theatre in the Art Deco style. Decorated by Jacques-Émile Ruhlmann, the red and gold auditorium could accommodate 800 spectators, but in the 21st century, it has only 700 seats left. Unlike the West End, where the activities of "bricks and mortar" and producers tend to be separate, Parisian commercial theatres are producing houses. Management decides on the artistic policy, and shows are financed by the theatre, albeit sometimes in co-production with a touring management that hopes to profit from a Parisian success to take a show out on tour. Inaugurated on 16 November 1925 under the management of Gustave Quinson, from 1927 to 1977 it was run by actor-managers who made the success of its shows: Victor Boucher, Yvonne Printemps, Pierre Fresnay, François Périer, with works by Édouard Bourdet, André Roussin, Jean Anouilh, Marcel Achard and . By public demand, the theatre specialised in boulevard plays, as evidenced by the many old posters that could be seen on its walls. The theatre was co-directed by Fresnay and Printemps until his death in 1975. Printemps remained alone at the head of the theatre, until she died in 1977. The theatre went into receivership, and after a brief period of being run by ATECA association, was bought from the receivers in September 1981 by Jacques Crepineau, who, unlike his predecessors, was not an actor, but still performed the role of artistic director. In April 2014, vente-privee.com bought the theatre. Repertoire Management by Gustave Quinson 1925: L'Infidèle éperdue by Jacques Natanson, 16 November 1926: Passionnément 3-act operetta by Maurice Hennequin and Albert Willemetz, music by André Messager, 15 January 1926: Le Temps d'aimer by Pierre Wolff, Henri Duvernois, couplets Hugues Delorme, music Reynaldo Hahn, 6 November Management by Victor Boucher 1927: Son mari, three-act comedy by and Robert Spitzer, 4 March 1927: L'Enlèvement de Paul Armont and Marcel Gerbidon, 6 September 1927: 4-act comedy by Édouard Bourdet, directed by Victor Boucher, 25 November 1928: Sur mon beau navire, three-act comedy by Jean Sarment, 30 November 1929: Le Trou dans le mur, 4-act comedy by Yves Mirande, 1 February 1929: La Vie de château, 3-act comedy by Ferenc Molnár, 29 May 1929: L'Ascension de Virginie 3-act comedy by Maurice Donnay and , 28 September 1929: , 3-act comedy by Édouard Bourdet, 10 December 1932: La Banque Nemo, play in 3 acts and 9 tableaux by Louis Verneuil, 21 November 1932: La Fleur des pois 4-act comedy by Édouard Bourdet, 4 October 1933: Le Vol nuptial 3-act comedy by Francis de Croisset, 1 April 1934: Les Temps difficiles 4-act play by Édouard Bourdet, 30 January 1934: Les Vignes du seigneur by Robert de Flers and Francis de Croisset, 1934: Do, Mi, Sol, Do 3-act comedy by Paul Géraldy, 21 December 1935: Bichon 4-act play by Jean de Létraz, 3 May 1936: 5-act play by Édouard Bourdet, 15 October 1937: Bureau central des idées, one-act comedy by Alfred Gehri, directed by Louis Tunc, 24 April 1937 : Les Vignes du seigneur by Robert de Flers and Francis de Croisset, Management by Victor Boucher and Yvonne Printemps 1938: Le Valet maître by Paul Armont and , directed by Pierre Fresnay, 1 March 1939: Trois Valses by Léopold Marchand and Albert Willemetz, directed by Pierre Fresnay, June 1940: La Familiale by Jean de Létraz, with François Périer, 9 February 1940: Léocadia by Jean Anouilh, 28 November 1940: by Armand Salacrou, directed by Alice Cocéa 1941: Hyménée, four-act play by Édouard Bourdet, 7 May Management by Pierre Fresnay and Yvonne Printemps 1941: Comédie en trois actes, by Henri-Georges Clouzot, 1942: , by Édouard Bourdet, 15 December 1943: Le Voyageur sans bagage, play in five tableaux by Jean Anouilh, 1 April 1944: Le Dîner de famille, three-act play by Jean Bernard-Luc, directed by Jean Wall, 1 December 1944: Père, by Édouard Bourdet, 1945: , by Édouard Bourdet, 1946: Auprès de ma blonde by Marcel Achard, directed by Pierre Fresnay, 7 May 1946: Si je voulais… by Paul Géraldy and Robert Spitzer 1947: Le Prince d'Aquitaine, three-act comedy , May 1947: Savez-vous planter les choux ?, by Marcel Achard, directed by Pierre Fresnay, 25 September 1948: K.M.X labrador, by Jacques Deval after H. W. Reed, directed by the author, 29 January 1948: Pauline ou l'Écume de la mer, two-act play by Gabriel Arout, 17 June 1948: Du côté de chez Proust, by Curzio Malaparte, 22 November 1948: by André Roussin, directed by Pierre Fresnay, 22 November 1949: L'École des dupes, 1-act comedy by André Roussin, directed by the author, 2 June 1950: by André Roussin, directed by the author, 14 March 1951: Le Moulin de la galette, three-act play by Marcel Achard, directed by Pierre Fresnay, 17 December 1952: Hyménée, by Édouard Bourdet, 1952: Un beau dimanche, play in three-act and five tableaux by Jean-Pierre Aumont, after the novel Rencontre by Pierre Larthomas, 29 June 1953: Le Ciel de lit play in three-act and six tableaux by Jan de Hartog, directed by Pierre Fresnay, 14 April 1953: Histoire de rire, by Armand Salacrou 1954: Les Cyclones, by Jules Roy, directed by Pierre Fresnay, 10 September 1954: Voici le jour, three-act play by Jean Lasserre, with Pierre Fresnay, 22 April 1955: Les Grands Garçons, by Paul Géraldy, 1955: Les Œufs de l'autruche, by André Roussin, directed by Pierre Fresnay, 10 March 1955: Le Mal d'amour by Marcel Achard, directed by François Périer Management Pierre Fresnay, Yvonne Printemps and François Périer 1956: Le Séducteur, three-act comedy by Diego Fabbri, directed by François Périer, 13 January 1956: Le Voyage à Turin, four-act comedy by , 12 September 1957: Bille en tête, by Roland Laudenbach, directed by , 19 February by , directed by Georges Douking, 29 April Bobosse by André Roussin, directed by the author, 10 September 1958: Père by Édouard Bourdet, directed by Pierre Fresnay, 9 September 1959: Gog et Magog, by Roger MacDougall and Ted Allan, translation Gabriel Arout, directed by François Périer, 3 September 1962: , by Romain Gary, directed by François Périer, 10 September 1963: Le Neveu de Rameau, by Denis Diderot, directed by , 4 February 1963: L’Équation ou Une heure avec Monsieur Zweistein, by Jacques Perry, 4 February 1963: L'Homme et la perruche, by Alain Allioux, 28 September 1964: La Preuve par quatre, by Félicien Marceau, directed by the author, 4 February 1965: La Preuve par quatre, by Félicien Marceau, directed by the author, April 1966: , by Paul Valéry, directed by , 17 January 1966: , three-act comedy by Marcelle Maurette and Marc-Gilbert Sauvajon, directed by Pierre Fresnay, 4 October Management by Pierre Fresnay, Yvonne Printemps 1967: Comme au théâtre, by Françoise Dorin, directed by Michel Roux, 2 February 1968: Le Truffador, by , directed by the author, 8 February 1968: Visitations, by Jean Giraudoux, 15 June 1968: , by Marcel Achard, directed by Michel Roux 7 September 1969: La Tour d'Einstein by Christian Liger, directed by Pierre Fresnay and Julien Bertheau, 10 January 1969: La Paille humide, by Albert Husson, Michel Roux, 20 February 1969: On ne sait jamais, by André Roussin, directed by the author, 12 September 1970: Une poignée d'orties, by Marc-Gilbert Sauvajon, directed by Jacques-Henri Duva], 4 September 1970: Le Procès Karamazov by Diego Fabbri after Dostoievski, directed by Pierre Franck, 15 October 1970: , by Paul Valéry, directed by Pierre Franck 1970: Jeu, set et match by Anthony Shaffer, directed by Clifford Williams, 18 December 1971: Et alors ? by Bernard Haller, 9 September 1971: by Paul Valéry, directed by Pierre Franck 1971: Le Client by Jean-Claude Carrière, directed by the author 1972: Et alors ? by Bernard Haller, 1 August 1972: La Claque by André Roussin, directed by the author, 17 October 1973: L'Arnacœur by , directed by Pierre Mondy, 10 October 1975: by Roland Dubillard, directed by , 10 January 1975: Gog et Magog by Roger MacDougall and Ted Allan, directed by François Périer, 1976: Voyez-vous ce que je vois ? and Ray Cooney and John Chapman, directed by Jean Le Poulain, 19 February 1976: Acapulco Madame by , directed by , September 1977: Pauvre Assassin by Pavel Kohout, directed by Michel Fagadau, 30 September 1978: Les Rustres after Carlo Goldoni, directed by Claude Santelli, 31 January 1979: Coup de chapeau by Bernard Slade, adaptation by Pierre Barillet and , directed by Pierre Mondy, with François Périer, Daniel Auteuil, 6 September Management by Jacques Crépineau 1981: Mademoiselle by Jacques Deval, directed by , 25 September 1981: Amusez-vous... Ah ces années 30 by and directed by Jacques Décombe, 2 November 1982: La Pattemouille by , directed by Jean-Claude Islert, 21 January 1982: Joyeuses Pâques by Jean Poiret, directed by Pierre Mondy, 15 April 1983: Le Vison voyageur by Ray Cooney and John Chapman, directed by , 13 January (photos sur Gallica) 1984: Banco ! by Alfred Savoir, directed by Robert Manuel, 26 January 1984: J'ai deux mots à vous dire by , directed by Pierre Mondy, 30 March 1984: Le Bluffeur de Marc Camoletti, directed by the author, 9 November (photos sur Gallica) 1986: by Sacha Guitry, directed by Jean Meyer, 18 January 1986: Double mixte by Ray Cooney, directed by Pierre Mondy 7 November (photos sur Gallica) 1988: Lamy Public N°1 by and with André Lamy, 15 January 1988: Ma cousine de Varsovie by Georges Berr and Louis Verneuil, directed by Jean-Claude Islert, 21 June (photos sur Gallica) 1989: Pâquerette by , directed by Francis Perrin, 21 January (photos sur Gallica) 1989: Pièce détachée by Alan Ayckbourn, directed by , 8 October 1990: Une journée chez ma mère by , Charlotte de Turckheim, directed by Jacques Décombe, 23 March 1990: Tiercé gagnant by John Chapman, adaptation Stewart Vaughan and Jean-Claude Islert, directed by Christopher Renshaw, 21 September 1991: Le Gros n'avion by Michèle Bernier, , Mimie Mathy (les filles), directed by Éric Civanyan, 21 January 1991: Tromper n'est pas jouer by Patrick Cargill, adaptation Jean-François Stévenin and , directed by Daniel Colas, 4 July 1991: Pleins Feux by Mary Orr, adaptation , directed by Éric Civanyan, 26 September 1992: Je veux faire du cinéma by Neil Simon, directed by Michel Blanc, 15 January 1992: La Puce à l'oreille by Georges Feydeau, directed by Jean-Claude Brialy, 17 June 1993: Partenaires by David Mamet, directed by Bernard Stora, 4 March 1993: by , directed by , 10 July 1994: La Fille à la trompette by , directed by Gérard Caillaud, with , 22 February 1994: Bobosse by André Roussin, directed by Stéphane Hillel, 19 May 1994: Les Crachats de la Lune by , directed by , 15 September 1994: L'Hôtel du libre échange by Georges Feydeau, directed by , 24 November 1995: Le Vison voyageur by Ray Cooney, directed by Patrick Guillemin, 27 May 1995: by Danielle Ryan by 17 October 1996: Un grand cri d'amour by Josiane Balasko, directed by the author with Richard Berry, 15 January 1996: Ciel ma mère ! by Clive Exton, adaptation Michèle Laroque and Dominique Deschamps, directed by , 12 July 1996: Vacances de Reve by Francis Joffo, directed by Francis Joffo, 20 September 1997: revival of Un grand cri d'amour by Josiane Balasko, directed by the author, with Richard Berry, 14 January 1997: Branquignol, 20 May 1997: Les Palmes de monsieur Schutz by Jean-Noël Fenwick, directed by Gérard Caillaud, 1 July 1997: Espèces menacées by Ray Cooney adaptation Gérard Jugnot, Michel Blanc, Stewart Vaughan directed by Éric Civanyan, with Gérard Jugnot, Martin Lamotte, 9 October to 31 May 1998 1998: continuation of Espèces menacées, 25 September 1998 to 9 January 1999 1999: continuation of Espèces menacées, with cast change, 15 January to 4 July 1999: continuation of Espèces menacées, with second cast change, 23 September 2000: Moi, mais en mieux, by Jean-Noël Fenwick, directed by , 20 January 2001: Les Désirs sauvages de mon mari by John Tobias, adaptation Sally Micaleff, directed by Éric Civanyan, 8 February 2001: Moi, mais en mieux by Jean-Noël Fenwick, directed by Jean-Claude Idée, 3 May 2001: Impair et père by Ray Cooney, adaptation Stewart Vaughan and Jean-Christophe Barc, directed by Jean-Luc Moreau, with Roland Giraud, 8 November 2003: by Michel Thibaud, directed by and , 18 January 2003: Tout bascule by , directed by the author, 3 July 2003: Daddy Blues by and , directed by Éric Civanyan, 9 October 2004: L'Éloge de ma paresse by Maria Pacôme, directed by , 24 January 2004: Ciel ! Mon Feydeau ! after Georges Feydeau, adaptation Anthéa Sogno, directed by Anthéa Sogno, 14 April 2004: Le Canard à l'orange by William Douglas Home, adaptation Marc-Gilbert Sauvajon, directed by Gérard Caillaud, 7 October 2005: Stationnement Alterné by Ray Cooney, adaptation Stewart Vaughan and Jean-Christophe Barc, directed by Jean-Luc Moreau, with Eric Metayer, Roland Marchisio, 6 October 2006: Délit de Fuites by Jean-Claude Islert, directed by Jean-Luc Moreau, 5 October 2007: Chat et Souris by Ray Cooney, adaptation Stewart Vaughan and Jean-Christophe Barc, directed by Jean-Luc Moreau, with Francis Perrin, Jean-Luc Moreau, 20 September 2009: continuation of Chat et Souris with change of cast, 23 January 2009: Goodbye Charlie by George Axelrod, adaptation Dominique Deschamps and Didier Caron, directed by Didier Caron, with Marie-Anne Chazel, , 4 September 2009 : by Sacha Guitry, directed by , with Robin Renucci, Marianne Basler, 8 December 2010: À deux lits du délit by Derek Benfield, adaptation Stewart Vaughan and Jean-Christophe Barc, directed by Jean-Luc Moreau, with Arthur Jugnot, , 16 September 2011: De filles en aiguilles by Robin Hawdon, adaptation Stewart Vaughan and Jean-Christophe Barc, directed by Jacques Décombe, with Alexandre Brasseur, Delphine Depardieu, 17 September 2012: Plein la Vue by Jean Franco and Guillaume Mélanie, directed by Jean-Luc Moreau, 1 March 2012: Occupe Toi d'Amélie ! by Georges Feydeau new version and directed by , with Hélène de Fougerolles, Bruno Putzulu, Jacques Balutin, 20 September 2013: Coup de sangria by Eric Chappell adaptation Stewart Vaughan and Jean-Christophe Barc, directed by Jean-Luc Moreau, with , , 12 September 2014: Hollywood, by Ron Hutchinson, adaptation Martine Dolleans, directed by Daniel Colas, with Thierry Frémont, Pierre Cassignard, Emmanuel Patron and Françoise Pinkwasser, 24 January. Management by Richard Caillat and Stéphane Hillel 2015: Représailles by Éric Assous, directed by , with Marie-Anne Chazel and Michel Sardou, 22 September 2015: Il était une fois... les histoires préférées des enfants, directed by , with voices of Jenifer and Jean-Pierre Marielle, 20 November See also List of theatres and entertainment venues in Paris References External links Yvonne Printemps / Ephéméride, décès un 18 janvier (in French) funeraire-info.fr programme 1964 (in French) la Michaudière la Michaudière Category:1925 establishments in France Category:Theatres completed in 1925 Category:Art Deco architecture in France

Sean Patrick Tracey (born November 14, 1980) is a former American professional baseball right-handed pitcher. He appeared in seven games with the Chicago White Sox in 2006, all as a relief pitcher. College Tracey played both football and baseball in his first year at Citrus College in Glendora, California. In baseball, he earned All-American honors his second baseball season at Citrus. Minor leagues Tracey was selected by Chicago White Sox in the 8th round (240th overall) of 2002 Major League Baseball draft. He made his professional debut that season in rookie ball with the Bristol White Sox of the Appalachian League. Over the next four seasons, he worked his way up through the White Sox organization, reaching triple-A in with the Charlotte Knights. Major league debut Tracey made his Major League Baseball debut with the White Sox on June 8, 2006, against the Detroit Tigers at U.S. Cellular Field in Chicago. In his debut, Tracey pitched two innings and surrendered 1 hit and no runs while striking out two. He appeared in seven games for Chicago, all in relief. Tracey was involved in a controversial situation on June 14, 2006. With the White Sox down by 8 runs, manager Ozzie Guillén brought in Tracey to face Texas Rangers third baseman Hank Blalock in retaliation for White Sox catcher A. J. Pierzynski being hit by pitches in his first two at-bats, which the second hit by pitch was an off speed pitch. After attempting to hit Blalock and missing, Guillen removed Tracey from the game, despite Tracey retiring Blalock. Guillen verbally berated Tracey in the dugout. After the game Guillen told his side of the story to the media about his actions during the game. Tracey responded to the media with "No comment" and was demoted to the White Sox Triple-A affiliate, the Charlotte Knights, the next day because the White Sox had already acquired another pitcher in an unrelated trade, however the new acquisition was represented by his same sports management group. Tracey signed with the Laredo Lemurs of the American Association of Independent Professional Baseball for the 2013 season. He played with the club in the 2014 and 2015 seasons as well. Notes External links Category:1980 births Category:Living people Category:Aberdeen IronBirds players Category:Águilas de Mexicali players Category:Baseball players from California Category:Birmingham Barons players Category:Bristol White Sox players Category:Charlotte Knights players Category:Chicago White Sox players Category:Citrus Owls baseball players Category:Great Falls White Sox players Category:Kannapolis Intimidators players Category:Laredo Lemurs players Category:Major League Baseball pitchers Category:Newark Bears players Category:Norfolk Tides players Category:People from Upland, California Category:Peoria Saguaros players Category:Perth Heat players Category:Tiburones de La Guaira players Category:UC Irvine Anteaters baseball players Category:Winston-Salem Warthogs players

Frederick Corbin "Boots" Blesse (August 22, 1921 – October 31, 2012) was a United States Air Force major general and flying ace. He graduated from the United States Military Academy in 1945. He flew two combat tours during the Korean War, completing 67 missions in P-51s, 35 missions in F-80s and 121 missions in F-86s. During the second tour in F-86s, he was officially credited with shooting down nine MiG-15s and one La-9. At the time of his return to the United States in October 1952, he was America's leading jet ace. Early life Blesse was born on August 22, 1921, in Colón, Panama Canal Zone. His father, Frederick A. Blesse, was a brigadier general in the U.S. Army Medical Corps during World War II. He graduated from American High School at Manila in the Philippines in 1939, and he entered the U.S. Military Academy at West Point in 1942. Blesse was commissioned a year early due to World War II, graduating from West Point and being awarded his pilot wings on June 5, 1945. Military career He earned his pilot wings just as World War II was ending and did not see any combat during the war. After completing gunnery training and P-47 Thunderbolt training, he was assigned to the 1st Fighter Squadron of the 413th Fighter Group on Okinawa from March to October 1946, and then with the 25th Fighter Squadron of the 51st Fighter Group, also on Okinawa, until March 1948. During this time, Blesse transitioned to the F-80 Shooting Star jet fighter. His next assignment was with the 63d Fighter Squadron of the 56th Fighter Group at Selfridge Air Force Base, where he served from March 1948 to November 1950. Korean War Blesse was assigned to the 67th Fighter-Bomber Squadron of the 18th Fighter-Bomber Group in Korea from November 1950 to February 1951, and then with the 7th Fighter-Bomber Squadron of the 49th Fighter-Bomber Group. He flew F-80 Shooting Stars and P-51 Mustangs, during his first tour of duty in Korea. He returned to the U.S. in June 1951. Blesse then served with the 94th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron at George Air Force Base until April 1952, when he returned to Korea for a second tour, this time with the 334th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron, returning to the U.S. in October 1952, where he flew F-86 Sabres and was credited in destroying nine MiG-15s and one La-9 in aerial combat plus 1 probable and 3 more damaged. Overall, he flew 223 combat missions in the F-51 Mustang, F-80 Shooting Star, and F-86 Sabre fighters. Post Korean War From December 1952 to February 1956, he served as a gunnery instructor and squadron commander at Nellis Air Force Base and he was on the Air Training Command Fighter Gunnery Team in 1954 and 1955. During this time, he wrote the book "No Guts, No Glory", which has been used as a basis for fighter combat operations for many of the world's air forces, such as Royal Air Force, the U.S. Marine Corps, Chinese Nationalist, Korean Air Force, and U.S. Air Force since 1955. As recently as 1973, 3,000 copies were reproduced and sent to tactical units in the field. During the 1955 Air Force Worldwide Gunnery Championship, he won all six trophies offered for individual performance, a feat never equaled. He transferred to Randolph Air Force Base in February 1956, and served as chief of the Fighter Division of Crew Training until April 1958, when he was assigned to the 32nd Fighter Interceptor Squadron at Soesterberg Air Base, the Netherlands serving as commander of the squadron before returning to the United States in August 1961. He served as base and squadron commander of the F-100 Super Sabre and F-102 organization. He returned to the United States in August 1961 as a member of the Air Staff with the inspector general, Norton Air Force Base, California. He was then assigned as a member of the Air Staff with the inspector general at Norton Air Force Base, where he served until August 1965. Col Blesse next attended National War College in Washington, D.C. During this assignment he attended night school and earned a master's degree in international relations at The George Washington University. He then attended F-4 Phantom II Combat Crew Training. Vietnam War During the Vietnam War, Blesse was assigned as Director of Operations for the 366th Tactical Fighter Wing at Da Nang Air Base in the Republic of Vietnam from April 1967 to April 1968. During this one-year tour of duty, he flew 108 combat missions over North Vietnam and another 46 in Laos and South Vietnam. He was decorated for valor for helping unload the bombs from a burning F-4 Phantom II aircraft during a rocket attack. While on his first tour in 1967–1968, he flew in total 156 combat missions. Blesse next served as Director of Operations for the 474th Tactical Fighter Wing, U.S. Air Force's first General Dynamics F-111 Aardvark wing at Nellis Air Force Base, from May 1968 until becoming the Wing's commander in June 1969. He was made Commander of the 831st Air Division at George Air Force Base in June 1970. During his second tour in Vietnam, he served as Assistant Director of Operations for 7th Air Force at Tan Son Nhut Air Base in the Republic of Vietnam from January to July 1971. In May 1968 he again was assigned to Nellis Air Force Base, this time as director of operations of the 474th Tactical Fighter Wing, and in June 1969 became commander. In July 1970 General Blesse became commander of the 831st Air Division at George Air Force Base, California, and then was selected for another tour of duty in the Republic of Vietnam as assistant director of operations for Seventh Air Force, Tan Son Nhut Air Base. Blesse then became Assistant Deputy Chief of Staff for Operations followed by Deputy Chief of Staff for Operations at Headquarters Pacific Air Forces at Hickam Air Force Base, where he served from July 1971 to November 1973. From November 1973 to August 1974, he served as senior Air Force member on the Weapons Systems Evaluation Group in the Office of the Secretary of Defense, followed by service as Deputy Inspector General of the U.S. Air Force, where he served from August 1974 until April 1, 1975. He retired from the USAF on April 1, 1975, with more than 6,500 flying hours in fighter-type aircraft and more than 650 hours combat time to his credit. Later life After his retirement from the Air Force, he worked with the Grumman Corporation before he completely retired. He lived with his wife, Betty, in Florida. They had four children and three step-children. In December 1998, over 40 years after the Korean War, he was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross for actions during that war. Blesse died on October 31, 2012 at golf course in Melbourne, Florida, officially 'flying west'. He was honored with a flyover of F-15 Eagles before being buried with full military honors at Arlington National Cemetery. Awards and decorations His military decorations and awards included the Distinguished Service Medal; Silver Star with two oak leaf clusters; Legion of Merit with two oak leaf clusters; Distinguished Flying Cross with silver leaf cluster with "V" device; Bronze Star with "V" device; Air Medal with 20 oak leaf clusters and Purple Heart. He was a command pilot with more than 6,500 flying hours, most of which were in fighter aircraft including the P-40, P-47, P-51 Mustang, P-80, F-86, F-100, F-102, A-7, F-104, F-106, F-4, and F-111. He had more than 650 hours combat flying and is the nation's sixth ranking jet ace. References Category:1921 births Category:2012 deaths Category:American air force personnel of the Korean War Category:American Korean War flying aces Category:Aviators from the Panama Canal Zone Category:Recipients of the Air Medal Category:Recipients of the Distinguished Flying Cross (United States) Category:Recipients of the Distinguished Service Cross (United States) Category:Recipients of the Air Force Distinguished Service Medal Category:Recipients of the Legion of Merit Category:Recipients of the Silver Star Category:Zonians

Dendrochilum magnum is a species of orchid, commonly known as the large dendrochilum, endemic to Philippines. magnum

The 6th Queen Elizabeth's Own Gurkha Rifles was a rifle regiment of the British Indian Army, before being transferred to the British Army following India's independence. Originally raised in 1817 as part of the army of the British East India Company, the regiment has been known by a number of names throughout its history. Initially the unit did not recruit from the Gurkhas, although after being transferred to the British Indian Army following the Indian Rebellion of 1857, it became a purely Gurkha regiment, in due course with its regimental headquarters at Abbottabad in the North West Frontier Province of British India. After 1947 the regiment was one of only four Gurkha regiments to be transferred to the British Army and this continued up until 1994, when it was amalgamated with other Gurkha regiments to form the Royal Gurkha Rifles. Over the course of its 177-year history, the regiment was awarded 25 battle honours, although prior to World War I it had only been awarded one and no battle honours were awarded to it after World War II. History Beginnings The regiment was initially raised in 1817 as the Cuttack Legion as part of the army of the East India Company. This was a unit of Indian natives from the Cuttack City of Odisha area and initially it was used to maintain order in the region, before moving to Northern Bengal in 1823 when it became known as the Rungpoor Light Infantry. During the Indian Rebellion of 1857 the regiment remained "loyal" to the British and two of its members were awarded with Indian Order of Merit, which was the highest award that a Gurkha could receive until 1911 when Gurkhas became eligible for the Victoria Cross. Following this, the regiment was transferred to the newly formed British Indian Army and as time passed, the regiment began recruiting Nepalese Gurkhas into its ranks—initially only two companies of Gurkhas were formed, but, over time, more and more were recruited until it eventually became a pure Gurkha regiment, being numbered as the 42nd Regiment of Goorkha Light Infantry in 1886. During the period before the First World War, the regiment was primarily involved in patrolling the north-east border of India, indeed it remained in eastern India for 77 years, and as such the regiment gained only a single battle honour up to 1914. In 1899 the regiment moved from Assam to Abbottabad, in present-day Pakistan, and began operations on the North-West Frontier. In 1903, the regiment was also renumbered as the 6th Gurkha Rifles. A year later, a second battalion for the regiment was raised from a cadre taken from the 1st Battalion. Lineage 1817–1823 – The Cuttack Legion 1823–1823 – Rungpore Local Battalion (January–March) 1823–1823 – Rungpore Light Infantry (March–May) 1823–1826 – 10th Rungpore Light Infantry 1826–1827 – 8th Rungapore Light Infantry 1827–1844 – 8th Assam Light Infantry 1844–1850 – 8th/1st Light Infantry Battalion 1850–1861 – 1st Assam Light Infantry Battalion 1861–1861 – 46th Regiment of Bengal Native (Light) Infantry 1861–1865 – 42nd Regiment of Bengal Native (Light) Infantry 1865–1885 – 42nd (Assam) Regiment of Bengal Native (Light) Infantry 1885–1886 – 42nd (Assam) Regiment of Bengal (Light) Infantry 1886–1889 – 42nd Regiment Gurkha Light Infantry 1889–1891 – 42nd (Gurkha) Regiment of Bengal Light Infantry 1891–1901 – 42nd Gurkha (Rifle) Regiment of Bengal Light Infantry 1901–1903 – 42nd Gurkha Rifles 1903–1959 – 6th Gurkha Rifles 1959–1994 – 6th Queen Elizabeth's Own Gurkha Rifles. First World War During the First World War the regiment was expanded further with the raising of a third battalion. The regiment served in a number of theatres during the war, including Persia, the Middle East, Turkey and Greece. The 1st Battalion had the distinction of being the first Gurkha unit to arrive at Gallipoli landing at Cape Helles on 25 April 1915. Their first major operation saw them attack an Ottoman position that was doing significant damage to Allied forces with machine guns—this involved them going up a 300-foot (91 metre) vertical slope which had defeated both the Royal Marine Light Infantry and the Royal Dublin Fusiliers—however, the Gurkhas gained the position with ease. Eighteen Gurkhas were killed in this action and another forty-two were wounded. For their sacrifice, this area is now known as Gurkha Bluff. The 2nd Battalion meanwhile began service with the 2nd (Rawalpindi) Division and in April 1916 transferred to the new 15th Indian Division where it served the remainder of the war in Mesopotamia. The 3rd Battalion was formed as the 3rd Gurkha Reserve Battalion on 5 February 1917 at Rawalpindi. In February 1918, it was transferred to the Bannu Brigade on the North East Frontier. With the brigade, it served in the Third Anglo-Afghan War in 1919. It was disbanded on 1 February 1921. Inter-war years Between the First and Second World Wars the regiment was reduced to two battalions once more and they returned to the North-West Frontier where they were employed on garrison duties. Second World War The Second World War saw the expansion of all ten Gurkha regiments of the British Indian Army, and the 6th Gurkhas raised a further two battalions, numbered as the 3rd and 4th Battalions. Over the course of the conflict, battalions of the regiment fought in Italy and Burma, and also in Waziristan on the North West Frontier (1940–41) where they served as garrison troops and saw action against Pathan tribesmen. In January 1943 the 2nd Battalion was attached to the 3rd Indian Motor Brigade which had just returned from the Western Desert after having been almost destroyed at the Battle of Gazala. At the end of the month the brigade was renamed as the 43rd Indian Infantry Brigade (Lorried). The brigade and its Gurkha battalions were sent to Italy in mid-1944 as an Independent brigade and fought in the Italian Campaign. It was during the Burma Campaign, that the regiment received its first Victoria Cross, in fact two awards were made to members of the regiment for actions on the same day. Captain Michael Allmand and Rifleman Tulbahadur Pun were awarded the VC for their actions during the fighting around the Pin Hmi Road Bridge at the Battle of Mogaung in Burma on 23 June 1944 while serving with the 3rd Battalion who were taking part Operation Thursday, which was the second Chindit expedition. The 3rd Battalion's involvement in this operation proved very costly and they suffered 126 killed, 352 wounded and 7 missing. As well as the two previously mentioned VCs, members of the battalion also received the following awards: 2 DSOs, 3 IOMs, 6 MCs, 4 IDSMs, 12 MMs, 3 US Silver Stars. Post 1947 In 1946 the regiment was reduced to three battalions, following the disbandment of the 4th Battalion. A year later, India gained its independence and under the 1947 Tri Partite Agreement four regiments of the Brigade of Gurkhas were allocated to the British Army, while the other six were transferred to the newly formed independent Indian Army. The 6th Gurkhas were one of the regiments that were transferred to the British Army, although the 3rd Battalion was transferred to the 5th Royal Gurkha Rifles (Frontier Force), which was one of the battalions that had been allocated to the Indian Army, and the regiment was thus reduced to two battalions once more. In 1959, the regiment was renamed as the 6th Queen Elizabeth's Own Gurkha Rifles in honour of Elizabeth II. As with other Gurkha regiments, the 6th Gurkhas primarily saw service in the Far East until the British withdrawal from East of Suez. Both battalions participated in the Malayan Emergency. Later, between 1962 and 1964, the 1st Battalion served in the United Kingdom. Between 1963 and 1966, both the 1st and 2nd Battalions saw service in Borneo during Confrontation. On 16 June 1969, the 6th Gurkhas was reduced to a single battalion, when the 1st and 2nd Battalions were amalgamated as the 1st Battalion. The single battalion continued to rotate with the other Gurkha regiments between Hong Kong, Brunei and Church Crookham until 1 July 1994. At that point, while in Hong Kong, the 1st Battalion was amalgamated with the 1st Battalion, 2nd King Edward VII's Own Gurkha Rifles (The Sirmoor Rifles) to form the 1st Battalion, Royal Gurkha Rifles. Victoria Cross recipients There have been two Victoria Cross recipients from the 6th Gurkhas. These were: Lieutenant (acting Captain) Michael Allmand, 6th Duke of Connaught's Own Lancers (Watson's Horse) attached to the 3rd Battalion, 6th Gurkha Rifles, 23 June 1944, Burma (posthumous); and Rifleman Tulbahadur Pun, 3rd Battalion, 23 June 1944, Burma. Battle honours The 6th Gurkhas received the following battle honours: Burma 1885–87. The Great War: Helles, Krithia, Suvla, Sari Bair, Gallipoli 1915, Suez Canal, Egypt 1915–16, Khan Baghdadi, Mesopotamia 1916–18, Persia 1916–1918, North West Frontier India 1915–17. Afghanistan 1919. The Second World War: Coriano, Sant Angelo, Monte Chicco, Lamone Crossing, Gaiana Crossing, Italy 1944–45, Burma 1942–45, Shwebo, Kyaukmyaung Bridgehead, Mandalay, Rangoon Road 1945, Chindits 1944. Regimental Colonels Colonels of the Regiment were: 6th Gurkha Rifles 1926–1951: F.M. Sir William Riddell (Birdwood), 1st Lord Birdwood, GCB, GCSI, GCMG, GCVO, CIE, DSO 1951–1961: Gen. Sir John Harding, GCB, CBE, DSO, MC, ADC (Field Marshal from 1953) 6th Queen Elizabeth's Own Gurkha Rifles (1959) 1961–1969: Maj-Gen. James Alexander Rowland Robertson, GB, CBE, DSO 1969–1974: Maj-Gen. Arthur Gordon Patterson, CB, DSO, OBE, MC 1974–1978: Brig. David Leonard Powell-Jones, DSO, OBE 1978–1983: Col. (Hon. Brig.) Sir Noel Edward Vivian Short, Kt, MBE, MC 1983–1988: Lt-Gen. Sir Derek Boorman, KCB (also Staffordshire Regiment) 1988–1994: Maj-Gen. Raymond Austin Pett, MBE *1994 Regiment amalgamated to form The Royal Gurkha Rifles See also John Lucas (MC) Notes References Further reading External links 6th Gurkhas Homepage 06 Category:Military units and formations established in 1817 Gurkha 006 Category:British Indian Army infantry regiments Category:British light infantry Category:Border guards Category:Gurkhas R Category:Military units and formations disestablished in 1994

Dean Johnson (1961–2007) was a cross-dressing musician, party promoter, and prominent figure in the nightlife scene of New York City in the 1980s, 1990s, and 2000s. Known for his towering height, shaved head, giant sunglasses, and penchant for wearing short cocktail dresses that exaggerated the length of his pale, lithe figure, Johnson played a seminal role in the emergence of the Queercore gay rock-and-roll subculture in the East Village. Music career Both an underground rock star and a porn star, Dean Johnson fronted two bands: Dean and the Weenies and the Velvet Mafia. He partied with art-world luminaries like Keith Haring, Jean-Michel Basquiat, and Andy Warhol, and performed at nightclubs such as Area, Danceteria, The Cat Club, and the Pyramid. Johnson was the driving force behind the ground-breaking Rock and Roll Fag Bar party, held Tuesday nights in the late 1980s at The World. He subsequently produced the monthly HomoCorps live music showcase at CBGB, which featured gay and transgender rock-and-roll bands. Death Johnson grappled with drug addiction and was a sex worker. He died at age 46 from an apparent drug overdose while turning a trick in a Washington, D.C. apartment. There is some suspicion around his death, stemming from the fact that the man he was with had been found not guilty of murder in a trial held only a few weeks prior. References External links Guide to the Dean Johnson Papers at NYU Special Collections Velvet Mafia band page Dean and the Weenies Myspace Music Page Dean and the Weenies Facebook page Category:1961 births Category:2007 deaths Category:American drag queens Category:LGBT entertainers from the United States Category:American male prostitutes Category:Drug-related deaths in Washington, D.C. Category:New York City nightlife

Dudley Archives and Local History holds the archives for the town of Dudley. The archives are held at Tipton Road, Dudley, and run by Dudley Metropolitan Borough Council. The Archives and Local History Service looks after a collection that is housed in the purpose built Archives and Local History Centre in Dudley and includes records dating back to the 12th century. They hold original archive material including business ledgers, local authority correspondence and minutes, maps and school records. The Archive contains over 15,000 books and pamphlets and around 26,000 images relating to the Dudley Metropolitan Borough. References Category:County record offices in England Category:Dudley

The Gourmet Ghetto is a colloquial name for the business district of the North Berkeley neighborhood in the city of Berkeley, California, known as the birthplace of California cuisine. Other developments that can be traced to this neighborhood include specialty coffee, the farm-to-table and local food movements, the rise to popularity in the U.S. of chocolate truffles and baguettes, the popularization of the premium restaurant designed around an open kitchen, and the California pizza made with local produce. The business district, also known as Gourmet Gulch, is sometimes more formally referred to as "North Shattuck." After coalescing in the mid-1970s as a culinary destination, the neighborhood received its "Gourmet Ghetto" nickname in the late 1970s from comedian Darryl Henriques. Early, founding influences were Peet's Coffee, Chez Panisse and the Cheese Board Collective. Alice Medrich began her chain of Cocolat chocolate stores there. The neighborhood, anchored by Alice Waters' Chez Panisse, became the center of farm-to-table food sourcing, using selected locally grown produce, especially naturally and sustainably grown—preferably organic—ingredients. Waters and a loosely organized left-leaning coterie of friends and colleagues actively promoted the idea of socially conscious eating. Many former staff at Chez Panisse have gone on to start their own restaurants, bakeries, and food shops in the wider San Francisco Bay Area. History The Gourmet Ghetto can trace its origins to April 1, 1966, when Dutch-born Alfred Peet opened the first Peet's Coffee location at the corner of Walnut and Vine. Peet's was the first coffee retailer in the U.S. to feature specialty beans from around the world, with darker roasts such as French roast. The store initially sold only whole bean, fresh roasted coffee for home preparation—coffee was brewed only to enable customers to sample the product. Peet had a fiery and temperamental character; he insisted that his patrons follow specific instructions for the preparation of European-style coffee at home. Peet's Coffee kicked off a nationwide trend in specialty coffee. The activist-oriented Berkeley Co-op grocery store was already in the neighborhood, focusing on natural foods. Also nearby were several neighborhood butcher shops which had survived the trend toward consumers buying pre-packaged meat in a grocery store. Into this mix, catering to European tastes in the manner of Peet's, the Cheese Board was founded a few doors down from Peet's in 1967 by academics Elizabeth and Sahag Avedisian, who wanted to sell fine cheeses while they studied. The success of the business interrupted their studies, so the Avedisians sold the store to their six employees in 1971. The new enterprise was formed as an employee-owned collective and renamed the Cheese Board Collective. The Cheese Board also offered local cheeses, and they baked bread because the combination of bread and cheese was a classic. The sourdough baguette was introduced to the U.S. at the Cheese Board in 1975; it sold very well along with soft cheeses. Chez Panisse was founded in 1971 by U.C. Berkeley film studies professor Paul Aratow and Alice Waters, who had been a student of the French language, a political activist, and a world traveler. The restaurant opened in an Arts and Crafts-style home on Shattuck Avenue, and featured French-style dinners but made with locally grown ingredients. Waters very actively promoted the idea of an alternate network of food suppliers working together to create flavorful meals. At first, Waters used ingredients bought at the Berkeley Co-op and at smaller markets around Berkeley. The staff foraged for ingredients such as wild blackberries, and neighbors brought produce grown in their backyards. David Lance Goines, Waters' boyfriend and a skilled artist, created posters for the restaurant and other Gourmet Ghetto businesses. With her friends including film scholars Aratow and Tom Luddy, Waters effectively ran a culinary salon at Chez Panisse, to advocate social change with the goal of making locally sourced food economically viable. In February 1973, Waters hired Jeremiah Tower as head chef. Tower increased the focus on salads and local food. Tower says that a turning point in the focus on locally sourced food came in October 1976, when he prepared a regional menu including cream corn soup made in a Mendocino style, oysters from Tomales Bay, cheese from Sonoma, and California-grown fruits and nuts purchased at a farmer's market in San Francisco. In 1973, Victoria Wise, a former philosophy student and Chez Panisse's first head chef, opened Pig-by-the-Tail, a French-style charcuterie, across the street from Chez Panisse. In December 1973, Alice Medrich began selling her chocolate truffles out of Pig-by-the-Tail; after quickly running out of her first small batch, Wise asked Medrich to deliver 25 dozen every day. This was the start of an American craze for chocolate truffles. Seeking a larger space in July 1975, the Cheese Board Collective moved into the retail space next to Wise. Down Shattuck a couple of blocks was Poulet, a gourmet restaurant which featured the work of Bruce Aidells, who would soon be known for his novel sausage flavors. Later, Aidells founded his own sausage company. Another co-op, the Juice Bar Collective, opened in 1976. In 1977, Medrich opened a chocolate and dessert shop named Cocolat on the same block as Chez Panisse and Pig-by-the-Tail. Medrich's chocolate truffles were somewhat larger and lumpier than their French cousins; these became known as California truffles. Wise says that the arrival of Cocolat was a catalyst, that it "cinched the whole Gourmet Ghetto thing." In 1980, Chez Panisse opened a more casual dining room upstairs from the original. The second floor cafe operated almost as a second restaurant, with an à la carte menu featuring pasta, pizza and calzone rather than the table d'hôte / prix fixe style downstairs. In the cafe, one of the first California-style pizzas was made in a prominent wood-fired brick oven, using unusual toppings such as goat cheese and duck sausage. The cafe was built around an open kitchen plan so that patrons could watch the food being prepared. Though the open kitchen plan used to exhibit the preparation of food had been used in several other premium restaurants (such as Johnny Kan's in San Francisco's Chinatown in 1953, Fournou's Ovens in San Francisco in 1972, and Depuy Canal House in High Falls, New York in 1974), Chez Panisse's implementation of the concept influenced chef Wolfgang Puck, who brought it much wider acceptance beginning with his Spago restaurant in Beverly Hills. Until the late 1980s, the Berkeley Co-op grocery store offered natural foods to residents and chefs of the Gourmet Ghetto. Next door was the French Hotel cafe, which featured cappucino and espresso coffee. Location According to the North Shattuck Association, the Gourmet Ghetto business district runs primarily along Shattuck Avenue, with some shops on Walnut and Vine streets, and is roughly bordered by Rose Street to the north and Delaware Street to the south. Controversy The "Gourmet Ghetto" nickname became controversial in 2019 when Nick Cho, co-owner of a new coffee shop in the neighborhood, remarked in an interview with Berkeleyside that he thought it was an inappropriate, offensive name. The North Shattuck Association, which had been using "Gourmet Ghetto" in its marketing, deliberated and decided to drop the phrase and remove the street-side banners that used it. See also Local food Berkeley Student Food Collective References External links List of Gourmet Ghetto businesses, SFGate.com Category:Culture of Berkeley, California Category:Restaurant districts and streets in the United States Category:Tourist attractions in Berkeley, California Category:Shopping districts and streets in the San Francisco Bay Area Category:Food and drink in the San Francisco Bay Area

"Hey Look Ma, I Made It" is a song by Panic! at the Disco from their sixth studio album, Pray for the Wicked, through Fueled by Ramen and DCD2 Records. It was written by band member Brendon Urie with Michael Angelakos, Sam Hollander, Morgan Kibby, and the track's producers Jake Sinclair and Dillon Francis. The song was made available via album release on June 22, 2018 and it was serviced to alternative radio on February 19, 2019 and US contemporary hit radio on February 26, 2019 as the album's third single. The music video was released on June 21, 2018. Together with Panic! at the Disco's previous single, "High Hopes", they spent a record 65 consecutive weeks at number 1 on Billboards Hot Rock Songs chart, from November 2018 to April 2020. Music video The music video was released on June 21, 2018. The video follows a puppet version of lead singer Brendon Urie in his journey of becoming famous, occasionally cutting to the real Urie performing the song. After signing a contract with a manager, Brendon lives the glory of being famous. His manager then introduces him to drugs and he becomes addicted, sending his life into a tailspin to the point that he is robbed and beaten. In a bathroom mirror, puppet Urie encounters the real Brendon, who berates him. Puppet Brendon slowly recovers, dumping his drugs into the toilet and taking walks on the beach. The real Urie finishes the song, whereupon his audience is revealed to be puppets. A puppet version of Jimmy Fallon appears on stage and announces the release of Pray for the Wicked, holding up what appears to be a vinyl of the album, referencing Panic! at the Disco's performance on The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon in which they performed "Say Amen (Saturday Night)". The manager appears and throws puppet Brendon into a lifeless pile of other puppets. The clip was named one of the top ten best alternative music videos of 2018 by iHeartRadio. Composition The song was written in the key of F major with a tempo of 108 beats per minute. Reception Billboard described it as having "a vibrant energy" and "bright melodies". AllMusic described it as "sanguine club jam" and having "a strong hook". Chart performance In the United States, "Hey Look Ma, I Made It" peaked at number 16, becoming the band's third top 20 hit on the US Billboard Hot 100 after "I Write Sins Not Tragedies", and "High Hopes", which peaked at numbers 7, and 4 respectively and fourth top 40 hit overall. After a record 34 weeks at number 1 on Billboards Hot Rock Songs chart with "High Hopes", "Hey Look Ma, I Made It" relented the top spot on the July 6, 2019, ranking reigning for 11 weeks. With the two songs, Panic! went on to lead Hot Rock Songs for a record total of 76 (consecutive) weeks, after "High Hopes" reclaimed the top spot from "Hey Look Ma, I Made It" for another 31 weeks, until the run ended on April 25, 2020, being dethroned by Twenty One Pilots' "Level of Concern". This distinction was previously held by Imagine Dragons (52 straight weeks, from November 18, 2017 – November 3, 2018) and Twenty One Pilots (44; May 21, 2016 – March 18, 2017). Panic!'s switch at number 1 marked the sixth time that an act had replaced itself atop Hot Rock Songs, which began in 2009. Twenty One Pilots first traded spots with "Ride" replacing "Stressed Out", followed by "Heathens" usurping "Ride". Imagine Dragons then landed three straight leaders over a year-long period, with "Thunder" replaced by "Whatever It Takes"; "Thunder" then returned to number 1 before being succeeded by "Natural". Charts Weekly charts Year-end charts Decade-end charts Certifications References Category:2019 singles Category:2018 songs Category:Funk songs Category:Panic! at the Disco songs Category:Songs written by Morgan Kibby Category:Songs written by Dillon Francis Category:Songs written by Brendon Urie Category:Songs written by Michael Angelakos Category:Songs written by Sam Hollander Category:Songs written by Jake Sinclair (songwriter)

Fulton Township may refer to: Fulton Township, Fulton County, Arkansas, in Fulton County, Arkansas Fulton Township, Whiteside County, Illinois Fulton Township, Fountain County, Indiana Fulton Township, Muscatine County, Iowa Fulton Township, Webster County, Iowa Fulton Township, Michigan Fulton Township, Fulton County, Ohio Fulton Township, Lancaster County, Pennsylvania Category:Township name disambiguation pages

Myopsyche puncticincta is a moth of the subfamily Arctiinae. It was described by William Jacob Holland in 1893. It is found in the Republic of the Congo and Gabon. References Category:Arctiinae Category:Moths described in 1893

The green-billed malkoha (Phaenicophaeus tristis) is a species of non-parasitic cuckoo found throughout Indian Subcontinent and Southeast Asia. The birds are waxy bluish black with a long graduated tail with white tips to the tail feathers. The bill is prominent and curved. These birds are found in dry scrub and thin forests. Description Green-billed malkoha is about 50–60 cm centimetres long and weighs 100–128 g. It often has a clear white boarder to the red face patch salty grey on the face and neck. Adult green-billed malkoha has dark grey with green gloss above, oily green wings. Distribution and habitat Its breeding habitat is Primary forest, second growth, dense thickets, scrub, cultivated areas, rubber plantations across south Asia east from Nepal, India, and Sri Lanka to the Southeast Asia. Gallery References green-billed malkoha Category:Birds of Bangladesh Category:Birds of Eastern Himalaya Category:Birds of Nepal Category:Birds of India Category:Birds of Southeast Asia green-billed malkoha Category:Articles containing video clips

María Digna Collazo y del Castillo was a Cuban midwife, essayist, editor, suffragist, and feminist activist. She was one of the architects of Cuba's women's suffrage campaign of the 1910s, along with Amalia Mallén and Aída Peláez de Villa Urrutia. To this end, she participated in the foundation of the first organizations that sought to allow women to vote in her country, such as the Cuban Suffragists (1912) and the National Suffragist Party (1913) – of which she was vice president. Furthermore, together with Carmen Velacoracho de Lara, she founded the Feminist Party in 1918. Digna Collazo was also the first president of the nascent Midwives' Association of Cuba in 1889, an entity which enabled the compulsory licensing of this type of professional. She was also editor-in-chief of the magazine El Amigo (1900) and director of the periodical El Sufragista (1913). References Category:Cuban editors Category:Cuban suffragists Category:Cuban women essayists Category:Cuban midwives Category:Year of birth missing Category:Year of death missing

Muscles The lateral compartment of the leg contains: Fibularis longus Fibularis brevis Action Foot evertors Foot plantarflexion Nerve Supply The lateral compartment of the leg is supplied by the superficial fibular nerve (superficial peroneal nerve). Blood Supply Its proximal and distal arterial supply consists of perforating branches of the posterior tibial artery and fibular artery. Additional images See also Fascial compartments of leg References External links Diagram at patientcareonline.com Category:Muscles of the lower limb

Robert Whyte (January 6, 1787–November 12, 1844) was a Justice of the Tennessee Supreme Court from 1816 to 1834. Born in Wigtonshire, Scotland, Whyte's parents intended for him to enter the ministry, and with that end in view he was highly educated at Edinburgh. He asked his parents permission to pursue a different professions, and when they refused, Whyte he emigrated to America. He reportedly taught for several years as a professor of languages in William and Mary College, although the accuracy of this account is disputed. He studied law, he went to North Carolina to practice, and having been licensed to practice law in Tennessee in September 1802, moved to Nashville, Tennessee, in 1804. In May 1816, Whyte was appointed to the Tennessee Supreme Court to succeed John Overton. In October of the following year, Whyte "narrowly won election by the General Assembly to fill the seat", and then served until 1834, his eighteen year term of service being longest on the court to that point, and one rarely surpassed thereafter. During his tenure, Whyte was "one of the Court's foremost advocates of English law as providing guidance". His service on the court was describe by The Green Bag as follows: On the reorganization of the court after the adoption of the Constitution of 1834, advancing years and the possession of what was then a large fortune disinclined him to further judicial work; and he retired. References Category:Tennessee Supreme Court justices Category:1787 births Category:1844 deaths Category:Scottish emigrants to the United States Category:U.S. state supreme court judges admitted to the practice of law by reading law

Pioneer 10 (originally designated Pioneer F) is an American space probe, launched in 1972 and weighing , that completed the first mission to the planet Jupiter. Thereafter, Pioneer 10 became the first of five artificial objects to achieve the escape velocity that will allow them to leave the Solar System. This space exploration project was conducted by the NASA Ames Research Center in California, and the space probe was manufactured by TRW Inc. Pioneer 10 was assembled around a hexagonal bus with a diameter parabolic dish high-gain antenna, and the spacecraft was spin stabilized around the axis of the antenna. Its electric power was supplied by four radioisotope thermoelectric generators that provided a combined 155 watts at launch. It was launched on March 2, 1972, by an Atlas-Centaur expendable vehicle from Cape Canaveral, Florida. Between July 15, 1972, and February 15, 1973, it became the first spacecraft to traverse the asteroid belt. Photography of Jupiter began November 6, 1973, at a range of , and about 500 images were transmitted. The closest approach to the planet was on December 4, 1973, at a range of . During the mission, the on-board instruments were used to study the asteroid belt, the environment around Jupiter, the solar wind, cosmic rays, and eventually the far reaches of the Solar System and heliosphere. Radio communications were lost with Pioneer 10 on January 23, 2003, because of the loss of electric power for its radio transmitter, with the probe at a distance of from Earth. Mission background History In the 1960s, American aerospace engineer Gary Flandro of the NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory conceived of a mission, known as the Planetary Grand Tour, that would exploit a rare alignment of the outer planets of the Solar System. This mission would ultimately be accomplished in the late 1970s by the two Voyager probes, but in order to prepare for it, NASA decided in 1964 to experiment with launching a pair of probes to the outer Solar System. An advocacy group named the Outer Space Panel and chaired by American space scientist James A. Van Allen, worked out the scientific rationale for exploring the outer planets. NASA Goddard Spaceflight Center put together a proposal for a pair of "Galactic Jupiter Probes" that would pass through the asteroid belt and visit Jupiter. These were to be launched in 1972 and 1973 during favorable windows that occurred only a few weeks every 13 months. Launch during other time intervals would have been more costly in terms of propellant requirements. Approved by NASA in February 1969, the twin spacecraft were designated Pioneer F and Pioneer G before launch; later they were named Pioneer 10 and Pioneer 11. They formed part of the Pioneer program, a series of United States unmanned space missions launched between 1958 and 1978. This model was the first in the series to be designed for exploring the outer Solar System. Based on multiple proposals issued throughout the 1960s, the early mission objectives were to explore the interplanetary medium past the orbit of Mars, study the asteroid belt and assess the possible hazard to spacecraft traveling through the belt, and explore Jupiter and its environment. Later development-stage objectives included the probe closely approaching Jupiter to provide data on the effect the environmental radiation surrounding Jupiter would have on the spacecraft instruments. More than 150 scientific experiments were proposed for the missions. The experiments to be carried on the spacecraft were selected in a series of planning sessions during the 1960s, then were finalized by early 1970. These would be to perform imaging and polarimetry of Jupiter and several of its satellites, make infrared and ultraviolet observations of Jupiter, detect asteroids and meteoroids, determine the composition of charged particles, and to measure magnetic fields, plasma, cosmic rays and the Zodiacal Light. Observation of the spacecraft communications as it passed behind Jupiter would allow measurements of the planetary atmosphere, while tracking data would improve estimates of the mass of Jupiter and its moons. NASA Ames Research Center, rather than Goddard, was selected to manage the project as part of the Pioneer program. The Ames Research Center, under the direction of Charles F. Hall, was chosen because of its previous experience with spin-stabilized spacecraft. The requirements called for a small, lightweight spacecraft which was magnetically clean and which could perform an interplanetary mission. It was to use spacecraft modules that had already been proven in the Pioneer 6 through 9 missions. Ames commissioned a documentary film by George Van Valkenburg titled "Jupiter Odyssey". It received numerous international awards, and is visible on Van Valkenburg's YouTube channel. In February 1970, Ames awarded a combined $380 million contract to TRW for building both of the Pioneer 10 and 11 vehicles, bypassing the usual bidding process to save time. B. J. O'Brien and Herb Lassen led the TRW team that assembled the spacecraft. Design and construction of the spacecraft required an estimated 25 million man-hours. An engineer from TRW said "This spacecraft is guaranteed for two years of interplanetary flight. If any component fails within that warranty period, just return the spacecraft to our shop and we will repair it free of charge." To meet the schedule, the first launch would need to take place between February 29 and March 17 so that it could arrive at Jupiter in November 1974. This was later revised to an arrival date of December 1973 in order to avoid conflicts with other missions over the use of the Deep Space Network for communications, and to miss the period when Earth and Jupiter would be at opposite sides of the Sun. The encounter trajectory for Pioneer 10 was selected to maximize the information returned about the radiation environment around Jupiter, even if this caused damage to some systems. It would come within about three times the radius of the planet, which was thought to be the closest it could approach and still survive the radiation. The trajectory chosen would give the spacecraft a good view of the sunlit side. Spacecraft design The Pioneer 10 bus measures deep and with six long panels forming the hexagonal structure. The bus houses propellant to control the orientation of the probe and eight of the eleven scientific instruments. The equipment compartment lay within an aluminum honeycomb structure to provide protection from meteoroids. A layer of insulation, consisting of aluminized mylar and kapton blankets, provides passive thermal control. Heat was generated by the dissipation of 70 to 120 watts (W) from the electrical components inside the compartment. The heat range was maintained within the operating limits of the equipment by means of louvers located below the mounting platform. The spacecraft had a launch mass of about . At launch, the spacecraft carried of liquid hydrazine monopropellant in a diameter spherical tank. Orientation of the spacecraft is maintained with six 4.5 N, hydrazine thrusters mounted in three pairs. Pair one maintained a constant spin-rate of 4.8 rpm, pair two controlled the forward thrust, and pair three controlled the attitude. The attitude pair were used in conical scanning maneuvers to track Earth in its orbit. Orientation information was also provided by a star sensor able to reference Canopus, and two Sun sensors. Power and communications Pioneer 10 uses four SNAP-19 radioisotope thermoelectric generators (RTGs). They are positioned on two three-rod trusses, each in length and 120 degrees apart. This was expected to be a safe distance from the sensitive scientific experiments carried on board. Combined, the RTGs provided 155 W at launch, and decayed to 140 W in transit to Jupiter. The spacecraft required 100 W to power all systems. The generators are powered by the radioisotope fuel plutonium-238, which is housed in a multi-layer capsule protected by a graphite heat shield. The pre-launch requirement for the SNAP-19 was to provide power for two years in space; this was greatly exceeded during the mission. The plutonium-238 has a half-life of 87.74 years, so that after 29 years the radiation being generated by the RTGs was at 80% of its intensity at launch. However, steady deterioration of the thermocouple junctions led to a more rapid decay in electrical power generation, and by 2001 the total power output was 65 W. As a result, later in the mission only selected instruments could be operated at any one time. The space probe includes a redundant system of transceivers, one attached to the narrow-beam, high-gain antenna, the other to an omni-antenna and medium-gain antenna. The parabolic dish for the high-gain antenna is in diameter and made from an aluminum honeycomb sandwich material. The spacecraft was spun about an axis that is parallel to the axis of this antenna so that it could remain oriented toward the Earth. Each transceiver is an 8 W one and transmits data across the S-band using 2110 MHz for the uplink from Earth and 2292 MHz for the downlink to Earth with the Deep Space Network tracking the signal. Data to be transmitted is passed through a convolutional encoder so that most communication errors could be corrected by the receiving equipment on Earth. The data transmission rate at launch was 256 bit/s, with the rate degrading by about −1.27 millibit/s for each day during the mission. Much of the computation for the mission is performed on Earth and transmitted to the spacecraft, where it was able to retain in memory up to five commands of the 222 possible entries by ground controllers. The spacecraft includes two command decoders and a command distribution unit, a very limited form of a processor, to direct operations on the spacecraft. This system requires that mission operators prepare commands long in advance of transmitting them to the probe. A data storage unit is included to record up to 6,144 bytes of information gathered by the instruments. The digital telemetry unit is used to prepare the collected data in one of the thirteen possible formats before transmitting it back to Earth. Scientific instruments Mission profile Launch and trajectory Pioneer 10 was launched on March 3, 1972 at 01:49:00 UTC (March 2 local time) by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration from Space Launch Complex 36A in Florida, aboard an Atlas-Centaur launch vehicle. The third stage consisted of a solid fuel TE364-4 developed specifically for the Pioneer missions. This stage provided about 15,000 pounds of thrust and spun up the spacecraft. The spacecraft had an initial spin rate of 30 rpm. Twenty minutes following the launch, the vehicle's three booms were extended, which slowed the rotation rate to 4.8 rpm. This rate was maintained throughout the voyage. The launch vehicle accelerated the probe for net interval of 17 minutes, reaching a velocity of 51,682 km/h (32,114 mph). After the high-gain antenna was contacted, several of the instruments were activated for testing while the spacecraft was moving through the Earth's radiation belts. Ninety minutes after launch, the spacecraft reached interplanetary space. Pioneer 10 passed by the Moon in 11 hours and became the fastest human-made object at that time. Two days after launch, the scientific instruments were turned on, beginning with the cosmic ray telescope. After ten days, all of the instruments were active. During the first seven months of the journey, the spacecraft made three-course corrections. The on-board instruments underwent checkouts, with the photometers examining Jupiter and the Zodiacal light, and experiment packages being used to measure cosmic rays, magnetic fields and the solar wind. The only anomaly during this interval was the failure of the Canopus sensor, which instead required the spacecraft to maintain its orientation using the two Sun sensors. While passing through interplanetary medium, Pioneer 10 became the first mission to detect interplanetary atoms of helium. It also observed high-energy ions of aluminum and sodium in the solar wind. The spacecraft recorded important heliophysics data in early August 1972 by registering a solar shock wave when it was at a distance of 2.2 AU. On July 15, 1972, Pioneer 10 was the first spacecraft to enter the asteroid belt, located between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter. The project planners expected a safe passage through the belt, and the closest the trajectory would take the spacecraft to any of the known asteroids was . One of the nearest approaches was to the asteroid 307 Nike on December 2, 1972. The on-board experiments demonstrated a deficiency of particles below a micrometer (μm) in the belt, as compared to the vicinity of the Earth. The density of dust particles between 10–100 μm did not vary significantly during the trip from the Earth to the outer edge of the belt. Only for particles with a diameter of 100 μm to 1.0 mm did the density show an increase, by a factor of three in the region of the belt. No fragments larger than a millimeter were observed in the belt, indicating these are likely rare; certainly much less common than anticipated. As the spacecraft did not collide with any particles of substantial size, it passed safely through the belt, emerging on the other side about February 15, 1973. Encounter with Jupiter On November 6, 1973, the Pioneer 10 spacecraft was at a distance of from Jupiter. Testing of the imaging system began, and the data were successfully received back at the Deep Space Network. A series of 16,000 commands were then uploaded to the spacecraft to control the flyby operations during the next sixty days. The orbit of the outer moon Sinope was crossed on November 8. The bow shock of Jupiter's magnetosphere was reached on November 16, as indicated by a drop in the velocity of the solar wind from to . The magnetopause was passed through a day later. The spacecraft instruments confirmed that the magnetic field of Jupiter was inverted compared to that of Earth. By the 29th, the orbits of all of the outermost moons had been passed and the spacecraft was operating flawlessly. Red and blue pictures of Jupiter were being generated by the imaging photopolarimeter as the rotation of the spacecraft carried the instrument's field of view past the planet. These red and blue colors were combined to produce a synthetic green image, allowing a three-color combination to produce the rendered image. On November 26, a total of twelve such images were received back on Earth. By December 2, the image quality exceeded the best images made from Earth. These were being displayed in real-time back on Earth, and the Pioneer program would later receive an Emmy award for this presentation to the media. The motion of the spacecraft produced geometric distortions that later had to be corrected by computer processing. During the encounter, a total of more than 500 images were transmitted. The trajectory of the spacecraft took it along the magnetic equator of Jupiter, where the ion radiation was concentrated. Peak flux for this electron radiation is 10,000 times stronger than the maximum radiation around the Earth. Starting on December 3, the radiation around Jupiter caused false commands to be generated. Most of these were corrected by contingency commands, but an image of Io and a few close-ups of Jupiter were lost. Similar false commands would be generated on the way out from the planet. Nonetheless, Pioneer 10 did succeed in obtaining images of the moons Ganymede and Europa. The image of Ganymede showed low albedo features in the center and near the south pole, while the north pole appeared brighter. Europa was too far away to obtain a detailed image, although some albedo features were apparent. The trajectory of Pioneer 10 was chosen to take it behind Io, allowing the refractive effect of the moon's atmosphere on the radio transmissions to be measured. This demonstrated that the ionosphere of the moon was about above the surface on the dayside, and the density ranged from 60,000 electrons per cubic centimeter on the dayside, down to 9,000 on the night face. An unexpected discovery was that Io was orbiting within a cloud of hydrogen that extended for about , with a width and height of . A smaller, cloud was believed to have been detected near Europa. It was not until after Pioneer 10 had cleared the asteroid belt that NASA selected a trajectory towards Jupiter that offered the slingshot effect that would send the spacecraft out of the Solar System. Pioneer 10 was the first spacecraft to attempt such a maneuver and became a proof of concept for the missions that would follow. Such an extended mission was not originally something that was planned, but was planned for prior to launch. At the closest approach, the velocity of the spacecraft reached 132,000 km/h, and it came within of the outer atmosphere of Jupiter. Close-up images of the Great Red Spot and the terminator were obtained. Communication with the spacecraft then ceased as it passed behind the planet. The radio occultation data allowed the temperature structure of the outer atmosphere to be measured, showing a temperature inversion between the altitudes with 10 and 100 mbar pressures. Temperatures at the 10 mbar level ranged from , while temperatures at the 100 mbar level were . The spacecraft generated an infrared map of the planet, which confirmed the idea that the planet radiated more heat than it received from the Sun. Crescent images of the planet were then returned as Pioneer 10 moved away from the planet. As the spacecraft headed outward, it again passed the bow shock of Jupiter's magnetosphere. As this front is constantly shifting in space because of dynamic interaction with the solar wind, the vehicle crossed the bow shock a total of 17 times before it escaped completely. Deep space Pioneer 10 crossed the orbit of Saturn in 1976 and the orbit of Uranus in 1979. On June 13, 1983, the craft crossed the orbit of Neptune, the second outermost planet, and so became the first human-made object to leave the proximity of the major planets of the Solar System. The mission came to an official end on March 31, 1997, when it had reached a distance of 67 AU from the Sun, though the spacecraft was still able to transmit coherent data after this date. After March 31, 1997, Pioneer 10's weak signal continued to be tracked by the Deep Space Network to aid the training of flight controllers in the process of acquiring deep-space radio signals. There was an Advanced Concepts study applying chaos theory to extract coherent data from the fading signal. The last successful reception of telemetry was received from Pioneer 10 on April 27, 2002; subsequent signals were barely strong enough to detect and provided no usable data. The final, very weak signal from Pioneer 10 was received on 23 January 2003 when it was 12 billion kilometers (80 AU) from Earth. Further attempts to contact the spacecraft were unsuccessful. A final attempt was made on the evening of March 4, 2006, the last time the antenna would be correctly aligned with Earth. No response was received from Pioneer 10. NASA decided that the RTG units had probably fallen below the power threshold needed to operate the transmitter. Hence, no further attempts at contact were made. Timeline Current status and future On January 3, 2019, Pioneer 10 was predicted to be 122.594 au from the Earth (about 11.4 billion miles); and traveling at (relative to the Sun) and traveling outward at about 2.52 au per year. Voyager 2 is expected to pass Pioneer 10 around April 2023. Sunlight takes 14.79 hours to reach Pioneer 10. The brightness of the Sun from the spacecraft is magnitude −16.3. Pioneer 10 is currently in the direction of the constellation Taurus. If left undisturbed, Pioneer 10 and its sister craft Pioneer 11 will join the two Voyager spacecraft and the New Horizons spacecraft in leaving the Solar System to wander the interstellar medium. The Pioneer 10 trajectory is expected to take it in the general direction of the star Aldebaran, currently located at a distance of about 68 light years. If Aldebaran had zero relative velocity, it would require more than two million years for the spacecraft to reach it. But well before that, in about 90,000 years, Pioneer 10 will pass about 0.23 pc (0.75 ly) from the late K-type star HIP 117795. This is the closest stellar flyby in the next few million years of all the four Pioneer and Voyager spacecraft which are leaving the Solar System. A backup unit, Pioneer H, is currently on display in the "Milestones of Flight" gallery at the National Air and Space Museum in Washington, D.C. Many elements of the mission proved to be critical in the planning of the Voyager program. Pioneer plaque At the behest of Carl Sagan, Pioneer 10 and Pioneer 11 carry a gold-anodized aluminum plaque in case either spacecraft is ever found by intelligent life-forms from another planetary system. The plaques feature the nude figures of a human male and female along with several symbols that are designed to provide information about the origin of the spacecraft. The plaque is attached to the antenna support struts to provide some shielding from interstellar dust. Pioneer 10 in popular media In the film Star Trek V: The Final Frontier, a Klingon ship destroys Pioneer 10 as target practice. See also Exploration of Jupiter Pioneer 11, Jupiter and Saturn fly-by Voyager 1 and Voyager 2, Jupiter fly-by en route to other outer Solar System fly-bys Galileo, Jupiter orbiter Cassini–Huygens, Jupiter fly-by for Saturn orbiter and Titan lander, respectively New Horizons, Jupiter flyby en route to Pluto fly-by Juno, Jupiter polar orbiter List of artificial objects leaving the Solar System List of missions to the outer planets Pioneer anomaly Robotic spacecraft Timeline of artificial satellites and space probes 17776 References Bibliography External links Pioneer Project Archive Page Pioneer 10 Profile by NASA's Solar System Exploration NSSDC Pioneer 10 page A distant Pioneer whispers to Earth – CNN article, December 19, 2002 2005 Pioneer Anomaly Conference – Mentions March 4, 2006 Contact Attempt – recording from 1994 interview Category:Missions to Jupiter Category:Pioneer program Category:Spacecraft escaping the Solar System Category:Derelict space probes Category:Extraterrestrial life Category:Spacecraft launched by Atlas-Centaur rockets Category:Spacecraft launched in 1972 Category:TRW Inc.

Lewis Buckley Stillwell (March 12, 1863 – January 19, 1941) was an American electrical engineer and the president of American Institute of Electrical Engineers (AIEE) from 1909 to 1910. He received the AIEE Lamme Medal (1933) and the AIEE Edison Medal (1935), for "his distinguished engineering achievements and his pioneer work in the generation, distribution, and utilization of electric energy." He also was inducted into the IEEE's Electrical Engineering Hall of Fame. His papers (1886-1939) are held in the Manuscript Division of the Princeton University Library. He was elected as a member of the National Academy of Sciences in 1921. Stillwell matriculated at Wesleyan University in 1882; two years later he entered Lehigh University and graduated in 1885 with a degree in electrical engineering. Lehigh bestowed the M.S. degree upon him in 1907; Wesleyan, the Sc.D. in the same year. "He is credited with a number of inventions including the Stillwell regulator and a time-limit circuit breaker." "Few of the pioneer electrical engineers of the United States contributed as much to the advancement of electrical engineering, and the position of the engineer in public esteem, as did Lewis Buckley Stillwell." References External links Category:IEEE Edison Medal recipients Category:Wesleyan University alumni Category:Lehigh University alumni Category:1863 births Category:1941 deaths Category:IEEE Lamme Medal recipients

Tang Wensheng (; born 1943) is an American-born Chinese diplomat. She played an important role during U.S. President Richard Nixon's historical 1972 visit to the People's Republic of China, serving as Mao Zedong's chief interpreter. Early life and career Tang Wensheng, also known as Nancy Tang, was born in Brooklyn, New York City, in March 1943. Her father, , was a Chinese diplomat who served as Under-Secretary General of the United Nations. In the early 1950s, Tang and her family moved to mainland China. Upon completing high school, she enrolled at the Beijing Institute of Foreign Languages (today known as the Beijing Foreign Studies University). Tang entered diplomatic service for the Chinese Foreign Ministry as an English interpreter. She was later recommended by fellow interpreter Ji Chaozhu, a family friend in New York, to be an intepreter for Chairman Mao Zedong and Premier Zhou Enlai of China. Role as interpreter In 1972, U.S. President Richard Nixon made a historic visit to the People's Republic of China, which included a meeting with Chinese leader Mao Zedong. The meeting included President Nixon and National Security Advisor Henry Kissinger of the U.S. delegation, and Chairman Mao Zedong and Premier Zhou Enlai of the Chinese delegation. Tang served as an interpreter for the meeting, playing an important and essential role in China–United States relations. In interviews, Tang has spoken about her experience as an interpreter at the 1972 meeting. On the topic of Nixon, Tang has said, "I do think that [the Chinese delegation] respected President Nixon very much, because he was a man of courage to come to a country as the President of the United States, which was a major superpower at that time, to a country with which it had no diplomatic relations...he was bold enough to do so, and he spoke very candidly". Wensheng has also said that the U.S. delegation initially came off as "condescending", before treating the Chinese delegation as "equals". Later career After serving as interpreter for Chairman Mao and Premier Zhou, Tang continued her career at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. She became a member of the Department of North American and Oceanian Affairs, and later Deputy Director General of the department. She also served as a member of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC), the Vice Chairman of the Hong Kong, Macau, Taiwan & Overseas Chinese Affairs Committee, Advisor to the All-China Federation of Returned Overseas Chinese, and Vice President of China's Soong Ching Ling Foundation. References Category:1943 births Category:Living people Category:Chinese women diplomats Category:Beijing Foreign Studies University alumni Category:People from Brooklyn Category:Members of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference Category:American emigrants to China

The Bangui National Forum was a national reconciliation conference organized by the transition government of the Central African Republic (CAR). It took place in Bangui from May 4 to 11, 2015 and was part of the third phase of the Brazzaville process. Following the Brazzaville ceasefire conference of July 2014 and the CAR popular consultations during the first quarter of 2015, the forum resulted in the adoption of a Republican Pact for Peace, National Reconciliation and Reconstruction in the CAR and the signature of a Disarmament, Demobilisation, Rehabilitation and Repatriation (DDRR) agreement among 9 of 10 armed groups. The Forum was presided by Professor Abdoulaye Bathily, Special Representative of the United Nations Secretary-General for Central Africa. There were over 600 participants representing the government, civil society, political parties, the media, the diaspora and faith-based organisations. Purpose The purpose of the Bangui National Forum was to bring together Central Africans from all regions and backgrounds to find lasting solutions to years of recurrent political instability in the country. The latest episode of conflict broke out in December 2012 when an armed rebellion was launched by the Séléka Coalition, led by Michel Djotodia, a former defence minister. It resulted in the overthrow of the government of François Bozizé in March 2013. However, the takeover by the Séléka Coalition did not end the violence taking a sectarian angle between the pro-Muslim Séléka Coalition and the predominantly Christian anti-Balaka militias. Several peace initiatives, driven by regional governments, were prompted by the deteriorating security and human rights situation in the country. This included the Summit of the Economic Community of Central African States (ECCAS) leaders which took place in Malabo, Equatorial Guinea on the side lines of the 23rd Ordinary Summit of the African Union in June 2014. The ECCAS leaders agreed to establish a three-phase plan to reconcile the country, including a ceasefire conference in Brazzaville in July 2014, popular consultations and the Bangui National Forum. The initial idea for the Bangui Forum stemmed from a workshop organized by the Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue (HD) in June 2014, that had gathered 30 Central African participants from varying backgrounds to analyse and openly discuss the sources of contention which had led to the conflict. This initiative was the first to be held after the 2013 episodes of violence in CAR. Recommendations The recommendations resulting from the popular consultations held early 2015 were compiled into four thematic reports and were put forward for debate at the Forum in four thematic sub-committees (Peace and security, Justice and Reconciliation, Governance and Economic and Social Development) and at plenary sessions. The deliberations benefited from the technical support of foreign expertise provided by organizations including the United Nations Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in the Central African Republic (MINUSCA), the Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue (HD), the Organisation Internationale de la Francophonie, ECCAS and the African Union (AU). Among others, the following recommendations were adopted during the forum: the disarmament and reintegration or reinsertion of armed groups, reform of the security sector, the creation of a special tribunal to try persons suspected of committing war crimes and crimes against humanity, creation of a peace, reconciliation and reparation commission, revision of the nationality code, recognition of two Muslim feasts, redeployment of administrative services across the country, investment in infrastructure, education and health, reform of the judiciary and improved transparency in the management of the country's abundant natural resources.[13] return and reintegration of refugees and IDPs The delegates also agreed on the extension of the mandate of the transitional government to provide adequate time for the planning of fair elections. Agreements The recommendations issuing from the Bangui Forum are contained in a Republican Pact for Peace, National Reconciliation and Reconstruction in the Central African Republic, which was adopted at the end of the Forum. The Pact calls for the immediate implementation of the resolutions of the Forum and for the commitment of the candidates in the upcoming presidential elections to uphold them. To address concerns that the outcomes of the Bangui Forum might not be fully implemented, the President of the Central African Republic, Catherine Samba-Panza announced in her closing address that a monitoring committee would oversee the full implementation. A disarmament, demobilization, reintegration and repatriation of ex-combatants (DDRR) was also signed at the end of the Forum by nine out of ten armed groups: the Front Populaire pour la Renaissance de la Centrafrique (FRPC), the Rassemblement Patriotique pour le Renouveau de la Centrafrique (RPRC), the Union des Forces Républicaines Fondamentales (UFRF), the Seleka Rénovée, the Mouvement des Libérateurs Centrafricains pour la Justice (MLCJ), the Coordination des ex-combattants Anti-Balaka, The Unité du Peuple Centrafricain (UPC), Révolution et Justice, and Unité des Forces Républicaines. The Front Démocratique pour le Progrès de la Centrafrique (FDPC) did not sign the agreement. The DDRR agreement outlines that ex-combatants should be relocated to designated camps for identification and awareness sessions. They will be either integrated into the security agencies under the National DDRR Programme; returned to their communities and included in various income-generating programmes funded by MINUSCA and the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and other international partners; or in the case of foreign fighters, not suspected of committing war crimes, they will be repatriated to their home countries. The agreement was well received by national and international public opinion as a milestone in the search for peace in the country. A contributing factor to the achievement of the Bangui Forum and of the DDRR agreement was the signing of peace declarations in Nairobi by former presidents Bozizé and Djotodia in April 2015. In a surprise move, both men agreed to recognize the recommendations of the Brazzaville ceasefire conference of July 2014 and to support the Bangui Forum. This enabled representatives of the two main armed groups, the Séléka and Anti-Balaka, to participate at the forum and for security to be respected during the week that it was held. A declaration by armed groups to stop enrolling children into their ranks and to release those already in their possession was also signed on the margins of the Forum. UNICEF reported the release of 357 children by these groups one week after signature. References Category:Politics of the Central African Republic Category:2015 in the Central African Republic Category:Mediation

Antonio Joseph is the name of: Antonio Joseph (artist) (1921–2016), Haitian artist Antonio Joseph (politician) (1846–1910), delegate from the Territory of New Mexico Antonio Joseph (footballer) (born 1996), footballer for St. Lucia See also

The Aspa was a Czech automobile, a successor to the Stelka, manufactured from 1924 until 1925 at a small machine factory in Pribram. The car used many Ford parts, including a Model T engine. Very few units were built. Category:Cars of the Czech Republic Category:Cars introduced in 1924

Joseph Anthony Irudayaraj (4 October 1935 – 29 November 2019) was an Indian Roman Catholic bishop. Irudayaraj was born in India and was ordained to the priesthood in 1965. He served as bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Dharmapuri, India, from 1997 to 2012. Notes Category:1935 births Category:2019 deaths Category:Indian Roman Catholic bishops

The 2012 UCI Mountain Bike & Trials World Championships was the 23rd edition of the UCI Mountain Bike & Trials World Championships and was held in Leogang and Saalfelden, Austria. Medal summary Medal table See also 2012 UCI Mountain Bike World Cup References External links Category:UCI Mountain Bike World Championships UCI Mountain Bike World Championships 2012 UCI Mountain Bike World Championships UCI Mountain Bike World Championships Category:Mountain biking events in Austria Category:Sport in Salzburg (state)

Pterostichus stygicus is a species of woodland ground beetle in the family Carabidae. It is found in North America. References Further reading Category:Pterostichus Category:Articles created by Qbugbot Category:Beetles described in 1823

Warren W. Unna (September 14, 1923 – February 9, 2017) was an American journalist. A 1943 graduate of the University of California (Berkeley) in international relations, he joined the San Francisco Chronicle. He joined The Washington Post in 1952. His work as a reporter for The Washington Post landed him on the master list of Nixon political opponents. He was later Post bureau chief in New Delhi (1965–1967). In 1971 he joined the Calcutta-based The Statesman as its Washington-based correspondent, working in that role for some two decades. He retired to Mitchellville, Maryland, and died in February 2017 at the age of 93. References Haniffa, Aziz (May 10, 2006). The legend who loved India. Rediff Category:1923 births Category:2017 deaths Category:American male journalists Category:The Washington Post people Category:20th-century American journalists

The Society of Mineral Museum Professionals is a Tucson, Arizona based professional organization of current and retired staff of accredited museums and universities in the curation of mineralogical, gemological and petrological collections. The organization has produced monthly newsletters for its members since 1994. References External links Category:Mineralogy museums Category:Natural Science Collections Alliance members

Efrat is an Israeli anti-abortion group which tries to convince Jewish women not to undergo abortions. To this end, the organization distributes explanatory materials and offers economic aid to pregnant women considering abortion. The name "Efrat" comes from I Chronicles, in which Efrat is the name of Caleb's wife (according to Jewish tradition, she is none other than Miriam). The Midrash Rabbah writes, "Why was she called Efrat? Because Israel was fruitful ("paru") and multiplied through her." This refers to her actions against Pharaoh's decree of infanticide, by which she saved the lives of many Israelite children. Efrat's explanatory materials demonstrate the fetus' qualities of life during the different stages of pregnancy, with the goal of showing that the fetus is a human life. Additionally, the organization presents the medical dangers resulting from abortion, stories of women who had an abortion and later regretted it, and stories of women who planned to have an abortion but ultimately did not. Since the beginning of the 21st century, the organization has concentrated on providing financial support to pregnant women who plan on having an abortion due to their economic situation. The organization's approach is illustrated by the following, quoted from Efrat's website: What is an abortion? Abortion means ending the life of child who is not sufficiently developed to survive outside its mother’s womb. Although the vast majority of abortions are performed on socio-economic grounds, an abortion does not resolve financial or social difficulties. Very often, the psychological scars caused by an abortion only serve to complicate existing problems. Sometimes, it takes women a lifetime to resolve these issues. Economic and social problems can be worked out. Situations can - and do - change. But a life can never be restored. The organization's main offices are located in Jerusalem, and is led by Dr. Eli J. Schussheim, and, according to the organization's website, has 2,800 volunteers working on the streets in Israel. According to the publications by the organization, in 2006 it prevented the abortion of about 2,600 unborn children, and, in total, has prevented about 25,000 abortions as of 2007. Efrat officially views abortion among Jews as a demographic threat to the Jewish people. Consequently, Efrat's activity is only carried out in the Jewish sector of Israeli society. Criticism Various bodies, among them Mishpacha Hadasha ("New Family"), have attacked the organization. The central complaint is that the religious stance of the organization supports the protection of the pregnancy at almost any price and can make both mother and child miserable, such as in cases of teen pregnancies, or pregnancies that involve medical danger. A law proposed by Knesset Member Reshef Chayne of Shinui attempted to prevent Efrat from providing information to women considering abortion, on the basis he considered it harassment of the pregnant woman. The law was not passed, and certain legalists attacked it. Another criticism was that the organization would station women outside offices where abortion permits are issued, with the aim of appealing to women visiting the offices. The Israel Religious Action Center appealed against the rules which regulate the pay grade of those who volunteer for National Service by participating in Efrat's activities, claiming "infringement of privacy, dignity and freedom of conscience of the women," an appeal which was dismissed by the Supreme Court of Israel. In 2012, Efrat "ambassadors" were criticized for encouraging a pregnant teen not to have an abortion, because the teen couple later attempted suicide. In response, Efrat claims that a stance opposing abortion is legitimate, and that in many cases, going through with an abortion will later make the woman miserable. Additionally, the organization claims that it does not coerce women to not perform an abortion, and only provides information. It also wants to ensure that women are not forced into abortions out of economic concerns. References External links Efrat's website A review of Efrat, from a meeting of the Knesset's Committee on the Status of Women (Hebrew) "Sefer Hahayim (Book of Life)", an interview with Dr. Eli J. Shussheim in the newspaper HaTzofe (Hebrew) Ofrah Locks, Sefer Hahayim (Book of Life), a report on Efrat in Besheva (Hebrew) Responsa on the topic of abortion in cases of severe illness (Hebrew) Category:Abortion in Israel Category:Crisis pregnancy centers Category:Jewish charities based in Israel Category:Anti-abortion organizations Category:Volunteer organizations of Israel

The 2017 Supercopa de España was the 34th edition of the Supercopa de España, an annual two-legged football tie contested by the winners of the previous season's La Liga and Copa del Rey competitions. The tie was played in August 2017 between the winners of the 2016–17 Copa del Rey and holders of the Supercopa, Barcelona, and the champions of the 2016–17 La Liga, Real Madrid. This was the first time since the 2012 edition that the Supercopa featured El Clásico. Real Madrid won the Supercopa de España 5–1 on aggregate for their 10th title. First leg Summary The first half of the match ended goalless. Five minutes into the second half, Marcelo fired a cross that deflected off Piqué's foot, resulting in an own goal. In the 77th minute, Luis Suárez was brought down in the box by Navas, resulting in a penalty, which was subsequently converted by Messi. Messi's hit marked his 25th goal in the fixture. In the 80 minute, Real scored their second through a counter attack when Isco assisted Ronaldo who shot into the top right corner from the edge of the box. Ronaldo was booked for removing his shirt as part of his celebrations. Two minutes later he was booked again by the referee for simulation, which resulted in a red card, therefore getting suspended for the second leg. Real's last goal was scored in the 90th minute in similar fashion to the second, when Asensio shot into the top left corner following an assist from Lucas Vázquez. Details Second leg Summary The first goal came quite early in the second leg through a Real throw-in the fourth minute which resulted in getting the ball to the young Marco Asensio who scored from 30-yards out. Nine minutes after the half-hour mark, Marcelo crossed in for Benzema to control who finished it with a half-volley straight into the back of the net which was enough for the victory. There was lesser action in the second half but, Theo Hernandez, Dani Ceballos and Nélson Semedo came on to make their official debuts respectively. Details See also El Clásico 2016–17 La Liga 2016–17 Copa del Rey References Category:2017–18 in Spanish football cups 2017 Category:August 2017 sports events in Europe Category:FC Barcelona matches Category:Real Madrid CF matches

Spin trapping is an analytical technique employed in chemistry and biology for the detection and identification of short-lived free radicals through the use of electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. EPR spectroscopy detects paramagnetic species such as the unpaired electrons of free radicals. However, when the half-life of radicals is too short to detect with EPR, compounds known as Spin Traps are used to react covalently with the radical products and form more stable adduct that will also have paramagnetic resonance spectra detectable by EPR spectroscopy. The use of radical-addition reactions to detect short-lived radicals was developed by several independent groups by 1968. Spin traps The most commonly used spin traps are alpha-phenyl N-tertiary-butyl nitrone (PBN) and 5,5-dimethyl-pyrroline N-oxide (DMPO). More rarely, C-nitroso spin traps such as 3,5-dibromo-4-nitrosobenzenesulfonic acid (DBNBS) can be used: often additional hyperfine information is derived, but at a cost of specificity (due to facile non-radical addition of many compounds to C-nitroso species, and subsequent oxidation of the resulting hydroxylamine). 5-Diisopropoxyphosphoryl-5-methyl-1-pyrroline-N-oxide (DIPPMPO) spin trapping has been used in measuring superoxide production in mitochondria. A comprehensive list of Spin Trapping molecules is maintained by the IUPAC. Radical detection A common method for spin-trapping involves the addition of radical to a nitrone spin trap resulting in the formation of a spin adduct, a nitroxide-based persistent radical, that can be detected using EPR. The spin adduct usually yields a distinctive EPR spectrum characteristic of a particular free radical that is trapped. The identity of the radical can be inferred based on the EPR spectral profile of their respective spin adducts such as the g value, but most importantly, the hyperfine-coupling constants of relevant nuclei. Unambiguous assignments of the identity of the trapped radical can often be made by using stable isotope substitution of the radicals parent compound, so that further hyperfine couplings are introduced or altered. Advances It is worth noting that the radical adduct (or products such as the hydroxylamine) can often be stable enough to allow non-EPR detection techniques. The groups of London, and Berliner & Khramtsov have used NMR to study such adducts and Timmins and co-workers used charge changes upon DBNBS trapping to isolate protein adducts for study. A major advance has been the development of anti-DMPO antibodies by Mason's group, allowing study of spin trapping reactions by a simple immuno-based techniques. References External links Synthesis and application of a radical trapping agent NXY-059, a Free Radical–Trapping Agent ... The free radical trapping agent N-tert.-butyl-alpha-phenylnitrone (PBN) ... New Method in Free Radical Chemistry Using 2,4-Diphenyl-4-methyl-1-pentene as Radical Trapping Agent Spin trapping by nitrosoalkanes: Mechanisms of Some Photochemically Induced Reactions, Jan Willem Hartgerink Category:Laboratory techniques

Grand Colombier is a small, uninhabited island in the French North American territory of Saint Pierre and Miquelon. Only 50 ha in area, it lies 500 m off the north coast of Saint Pierre Island and rises to an elevation of 150 m. It is steep sided and treeless with rocky outcrops and a gently rolling top. The slopes are vegetated with grasses and ferns, while the top of the island is dominated by crowberry. It has been identified as an Important Bird Area (IBA) by BirdLife International because it supports a population of 100,000 breeding pairs of Leach's storm petrels. See also Geography of Saint Pierre and Miquelon List of Saint Pierre and Miquelon-related topics Miquelon Island (Northeast Coast) Important Bird Area References Category:Islands of Saint Pierre and Miquelon Category:Important Bird Areas of Saint Pierre and Miquelon Category:Seabird colonies

John Anthony Bowden Cuddon (2 June 1928 – 12 March 1996), was an English author, dictionary writer, and school teacher. He is known best for his Dictionary of Literary Terms (published in several editions), described by the Times Educational Supplement as ‘scholarly, succinct, comprehensive and entertaining…an indispensable work of reference.’ Cuddon also wrote The Macmillan Dictionary of Sport and Games, a two million-word account of most of the world’s sports and games through history, as well as several novels, plays, travel books, and other published works. Cuddon's The Owl's Watchsong was a study of Istanbul. Cuddon also edited two important anthologies of supernatural fiction - The Penguin Book of Ghost Stories and The Penguin Book of Horror Stories (both 1984). In his distinguished teaching career at Emanuel School in London, England, he taught English. He also coached rugby and cricket. Bibliography Novels A Multitude of Sins (1961) Testament of Iscariot (1962) The Acts of Darkness (1963) The Six Wounds (1964) The Bride of Battersea (1967) Non-fiction The Owl’s Watchsong (1960) The Companion Guide to Jugoslavia (1974) A Dictionary of Literary Terms (1977) The Macmillan Dictionary of Sport and Games (1980) The Penguin Book of Ghost Stories (1984) (editor) The Penguin Book of Horror Stories (1984) (editor) References External links Obituary: The Independent, March 16, 1996. Obituary: The Times, March 15, 1996. Cuddon, J. A. (revised by C. E. Preston), Dictionary of Literary Terms & Literary Theory, 4th ed. . Category:1928 births Category:1996 deaths Category:English rugby union coaches Category:English writers Category:British writers

This is a list of high schools and school districts in the U.S. state of Missouri. Adair County Adair County R-I School District - Novinger Adair County R-I High School Adair County R-II School District - Brashear Adair County R-II High School Kirksville R-III School District - Kirksville Kirksville High School Life Church School - Kirksville - nondenominational Christian (co-ed) Andrew County North Andrew County R-VI School District - Rosendale North Andrew County High School Savannah R-III School District - Savannah Savannah High School Atchison County Fairfax R-III School District - Fairfax Fairfax High School Rock Port R-II School District - Rock Port Rock Port High School Tarkio R-I School District - Tarkio Tarkio High School Audrain County Community R-VI School District - Laddonia Community High School Mexico Public School District No. 59 - Mexico Mexico Senior High School Missouri Military Academy - Mexico - nondenominational Christian (all boys) Van-Far R-I School District - Vandalia Van-Far High School Barry County Cassville R-IV School District - Cassville Cassville High School Exeter R-VI School District - Exeter Exeter High School Monett R-I School District - Monett Monett High School Purdy R-II School District - Purdy Purdy High School Southwest R-V School District - Washburn Southwest High School Wheaton R-III School District - Wheaton Wheaton High School Barton County Golden City R-III School District - Golden City Golden City High School Lamar R-I School District - Lamar Lamar High School Liberal R-II School District - Liberal Liberal High School Bates County Adrian R-III School District - Adrian Adrian High School Ballard R-II School District - Butler Ballard High School Butler R-V School District - Butler Butler High School Hume R-VIII School District - Hume Hume High School Miami R-I School District - Amoret Miami High School Rich Hill R-IV School District - Rich Hill Rich Hill High School Benton County Cole Camp R-I School District - Cole Camp Cole Camp High School Lincoln R-II School District - Lincoln Lincoln High School Warsaw R-IX School District - Warsaw Warsaw High School Bollinger County Leopold R-III School District - Leopold Leopold High School Meadow Heights R-II School District - Patton Meadow Heights High School New Bethel Christian School - Marble Hill - nondenominational Christian (co-ed) New Salem Baptist Academy - Marble Hill - Baptist (co-ed) Woodland R-IV School District - Marble Hill Woodland High School Zalma R-V School District - Zalma Zalma High School Boone County Centralia R-VI School District - Centralia Centralia High School Christian Fellowship School - Columbia - nondenominational Christian (co-ed) Columbia Independent School - Columbia - nonsectarian (co-ed) Columbia Public Schools - Columbia David H. Hickman High School Frederick Douglass High School Muriel Battle High School Rock Bridge High School Fr. Tolton High School - Columbia - Roman Catholic (co-ed) Hallsville R-IV School District - Hallsville Hallsville High School Harrisburg R-VIII School District - Harrisburg Harrisburg High School Heritage Academy - Columbia MU High School - Columbia - nonsectarian (co-ed) Southern Boone County R-I School District - Ashland **Southern Boone County High School Sturgeon R-V School District - Sturgeon Sturgeon High School Sunnydale Adventist Academy - Centralia - Seventh-Day Adventist (co-ed) Buchanan County Bishop Le Blond High School - St. Joseph - Roman Catholic (co-ed) Buchanan County R-IV School District - DeKalb DeKalb High School East Buchanan County C-1 School District - Gower East Buchanan County High School Mid-Buchanan County R-V School District - Faucett Mid-Buchanan County High School St. Joseph Christian School - St. Joseph - nondenominational Christian (co-ed) St. Joseph School District - St. Joseph Benton High School St. Joseph Central High School Lafayette High School South Park Christian Academy - St. Joseph - Pentecostal (co-ed) Butler County Agape Christian School - Poplar Bluff - nondenominational Christian (co-ed) Neelyville R-IV School District - Neelyville Neelyville High School Poplar Bluff R-I School District - Poplar Bluff Poplar Bluff High School Southern Missouri Christian School - Poplar Bluff - Pentecostal (co-ed) Twin Rivers R-X School District - Broseley Twin Rivers High School Westwood Baptist Academy - Poplar Bluff - Baptist (co-ed) Zion Lutheran School - Poplar Bluff - Lutheran (co-ed) Caldwell County Braymer C-4 School District - Braymer Braymer High School Breckenridge R-I School District - Breckenridge Breckenridge High School Hamilton R-II School District - Hamilton Penney High School Polo R-VII School District - Polo Polo High School Callaway County Fulton School District 58 - Fulton Fulton High School New Bloomfield R-III School District - New Bloomfield New Bloomfield High School North Callaway R-I School District - Kingdom City North Callaway High School South Callaway R-II School District - Mokane South Callaway High School Camden County Camden Christian School - Camdenton - Baptist (co-ed) Camdenton R-III School District - Camdenton Camdenton High School Climax Springs R-IV School District - Climax Springs Climax Springs High School Macks Creek R-V School District - Macks Creek Macks Creek High School Stoutland R-II School District - Stoutland Stoutland High School Cape Girardeau County Cape Girardeau Public School District No. 63 - Cape Girardeau Cape Central High School Delta R-V School District - Delta Delta High School Eagle Ridge Christian School - Cape Girardeau - nondenominational Christian (co-ed) Jackson R-II School District - Jackson Jackson High School Notre Dame Regional High School - Cape Girardeau - Roman Catholic (co-ed) Oak Ridge R-VI School District - Oak Ridge Oak Ridge High School Saxony Lutheran High School - Jackson/Fruitland - Lutheran (co-ed) Carroll County Bosworth R-V School District - Bosworth Bosworth High School Carrollton R-VII School District - Carrollton Carrollton High School Hale R-I School District - Hale Hale High School Norborne R-VIII School District - Norborne Norborne High School Tina-Avalon R-II School District - Tina Tina-Avalon High School Carter County East Carter County R-II School District - Ellsinore East Carter County High School Van Buren R-I School District - Van Buren Van Buren High School Cass County Archie R-V School District - Archie Archie High School Belton Public School District No. 124 - Belton Belton High School Belton High School - Freshman Center Drexel R-IV School District - Drexel Drexel High School Harrisonville R-IX School District - Harrisonville Harrisonville High School Heartland Family Schools - Belton - Baptist (co-ed) Hope Baptist Christian School - Pleasant Hill - Baptist (co-ed) Midway R-I School District - Cleveland Midway High School Pleasant Hill R-III School District - Pleasant Hill Pleasant Hill High School Raymore-Peculiar R-II School District - Peculiar Raymore-Peculiar High School Raymore-Peculiar High School - Freshman Center Sherwood Cass R-VIII School District - Creighton Sherwood High School Training Center Christian School - Garden City - Pentecostal (co-ed) Cedar County Agape Boarding School - Stockton - Baptist (all boys) El Dorado Christian School - El Dorado - Church of God (co-ed) El Dorado Springs R-II School District - El Dorado Springs El Dorado Springs High School Stockton R-I School District - Stockton Stockton High School Chariton County Brunswick R-II School District - Brunswick Brunswick High School Keytesville R-III School District - Keytesville Keytesville High School Northwestern R-I School District - Mendon Northwestern High School Salisbury R-IV School District - Salisbury Salisbury High School Christian County Billings R-IV School District - Billings Billings High School Chadwick R-I School District - Chadwick Chadwick High School Clever R-V School District - Clever Clever High School Faith Christian School - Spokane - Baptist (co-ed) Nixa Public Schools - Nixa Nixa Public High School Ozark R-VI School District - Ozark Ozark High School Sparta R-III School District - Sparta Sparta High School Spokane R-VII School District - Spokane Spokane High School Clark County Clark County R-I School District - Kahoka Clark County R-I High School Clay County Excelsior Springs Public School District No. 40 - Excelsior Springs Excelsior Springs High School Eagle Heights Christian School - Kansas City - Baptist (co-ed) Kearney R-I School District - Kearney Kearney High School Liberty Public School District No. 53 - Liberty Liberty High School Liberty North High School North Kansas City Public School District No. 74 - Kansas City North Kansas City High School Oak Park High School Staley High School Winnetonka High School Outreach Christian Education School - Avondale - nondenominational Christian (co-ed) St. Pius X High School - Kansas City - Roman Catholic (co-ed) Smithville R-II School District - Smithville Smithville High School Clinton County Cameron R-I School District - Cameron Cameron High School Clinton County R-III School District - Plattsburg Plattsburg High School Lathrop R-II School District - Lathrop Lathrop High School Cole County Blair Oaks R-II School District - Jefferson City Blair Oaks High School Calvary Lutheran High School - Jefferson City - Lutheran (co-ed) Central Baptist Christian Academy - Jefferson City - Baptist (co-ed) Cole County R-I School District - Russellville Russellville High School Cole County R-V School District - Eugene Eugene High School Helias High School - Jefferson City - Roman Catholic (co-ed) Jefferson City School District - Jefferson City Jefferson City High School Simonsen 9th Grade Center Cooper County Boonville R-I School District - Boonville Boonville High School Cooper County R-IV School District - Bunceton Bunceton High School Otterville R-VI School District - Otterville Otterville High School Pilot Grove C-4 School District - Pilot Grove Pilot Grove High School Prairie Home R-V School District - Prairie Home Prairie Home High School PHS Webpage Home of the Panthers and Lady Panthers Lady Panthers: 2016–2017 Class 1 Girls Basketball State Championship - Fourth Place Crawford County Crawford County R-I School District - Bourbon Bourbon High School Crawford County R-II School District - Cuba Bourbon High School Meramec Valley Christian School - Sullivan - Baptist (co-ed) Steelville R-III School District - Steelville Steelville High School Dade County Dadeville R-II School District - Dadeville Dadeville High School Everton R-III School District - Everton Everton High School Greenfield R-IV School District - Greenfield Greenfield High School Lockwood R-I School District - Lockwood Lockwood High School Dallas County Dallas County R-I School District - Buffalo Buffalo High School Daviess County Gallatin R-V School District - Gallatin Gallatin High School North Daviess R-III School District - Jameson North Daviess High School Pattonsburg R-II School District - Pattonsburg Pattonsburg High School Tri-County R-VII School District - Jamesport Tri-County High School Winston R-VI School District - Winston Winston High School DeKalb County Maysville R-I School District - Maysville Maysville High School Osborn R-O School District - Osborn Osborn High School Stewartsville C-2 School District - Stewartsville Stewartsville High School Union Star R-II School District - Union Star Union Star High School Dent County Salem High School Douglas County Ava R-I School District - Ava Ava High School Ava Victory Academy - Ava - nondenominational Christian (co-ed) Mt. Zion Bible Academy - Ava - Church of God (co-ed) Teen Harvest - Ava - nondenominational Christian (all boys) Dunklin County Campbell R-II School District - Campbell Campbell High School Clarkton C-4 School District - Clarkton Clarkton High School Holcomb R-III School District - Holcomb Holcomb High School Kennett Christian Academy - Kennett - Pentecostal (co-ed) Kennett Public School District No. 39 - Kennett Kennett High School Malden R-I School District - Malden Malden High School Senath-Hornersville C-8 School District - Senath Senath-Hornersville High School Southland C-9 School District - Cardwell Southland High School Franklin County Cornerstone Baptist Academy - St. Clair - other affiliation (co-ed) Crosspoint Christian School - Villa Ridge - nondenominational Christian (co-ed) The Fulton School at St. Albans - St. Albans - nonsectarian (co-ed) Meramec Valley R-III School District - Pacific Pacific High School New Haven School District - New Haven New Haven High School St. Clair R-XIII School District - St. Clair St. Clair High School St. Francis Borgia Regional High School - Washington - Roman Catholic (co-ed) Sullivan School District - Sullivan Sullivan High School Union R-XI School District - Union Union High School Washington School District - Washington Washington High School Gasconade County Gasconade County R-I School District - Hermann Hermann High School Gasconade County R-II School District - Owensville Owensville High School Gentry County Albany R-III School District - Albany Albany High School King City R-I School District - King City King City High School Stanberry R-II School District - Stanberry Stanberry High School Greene County Ash Grove R-IV School District - Ash Grove Ash Grove High School Christian Schools of Springfield - Springfield - Baptist (co-ed) Fair Grove R-X School District - Fair Grove Fair Grove High School Grace Classical Academy - Springfield - nondenominational Christian (co-ed) Greenwood Laboratory School - Springfield - nonsectarian (co-ed) Logan-Rogersville R-VIII School District - Rogersville Logan-Rogersville High School New Covenant Academy - Springfield - nondenominational Christian (co-ed) Republic R-III School District - Republic Republic High School Springfield Catholic High School - Springfield - Roman Catholic (co-ed) Springfield R-XII School District - Springfield Glendale High School Hillcrest High School Kickapoo High School Parkview High School Springfield Central High School Strafford R-VI School District - Strafford Strafford High School Walnut Grove R-V School District - Walnut Grove Walnut Grove High School Willard R-II School District - Willard Willard High School Grundy County Grundy County R-V School District - Galt Grundy County High School Trenton R-IX School District - Trenton Trenton High School Harrison County Cainsville R-I School District - Cainsville Cainsville High School Gilman City R-IV School District - Gilman City Gilman City High School North Harrison County R-III School District - Eagleville North Harrison County High School Ridgeway R-V School District - Ridgeway Ridgeway High School South Harrison County R-II School District - Bethany South Harrison County High School Henry County Calhoun R-VIII School District - Calhoun Calhoun High School Clinton School District - Clinton Clinton High School Henry County R-I School District - Windsor Windsor High School Montrose R-XIV School District - Montrose Montrose High School Hickory County Hermitage R-IV School District - Hermitage Hermitage High School Hickory County R-I School District - Urbana Skyline High School Weaubleau R-III School District - Weaubleau Weaubleau High School Wheatland R-II School District - Wheatland Wheatland High School Holt County Craig R-III School District - Craig Craig High School Mound City R-II School District - Mound City Mound City High School South Holt County R-I School District - Oregon South Holt County High School Howard County Fayette R-III School District - Fayette Fayette High School Howard County R-II School District - Glasgow Glasgow High School New Franklin R-I School District - New Franklin New Franklin High School Grace N Glory Christian Academy - New Franklin - Baptist (co-ed) Howell County Faith Assembly Christian School - West Plains - Pentecostal (co-ed) Mountain View-Birch Tree R-III School District - Mountain View Liberty High School Ozarks Christian Academy - West Plains - nondenominational Christian (co-ed) West Plains R-VII School District - West Plains West Plains High School Willow Springs R-IV School District - Willow Springs Willow Springs High School Iron County Arcadia Valley R-II School District - Ironton Arcadia Valley High School Iron County C-4 School District - Viburnum Viburnum High School South Iron County R-I School District - Annapolis South Iron County High School Jackson County Alta Vista Charter School - Kansas City Alta Vista Charter School Archbishop O'Hara High School - Kansas City - Roman Catholic (co-ed) The Barstow School - Kansas City - nonsectarian (co-ed) Blue Ridge Christian School - Kansas City - other affiliation (co-ed) Blue Springs R-IV School District - Blue Springs Blue Springs High School Blue Springs Freshmen Center Blue Springs South High School Valley View High School Center Place Restoration School - Independence - Mormon (co-ed) Center Public School District No. 58 - Kansas City Center High School Cristo Rey Kansas City High School - Kansas City - Roman Catholic (co-ed) Dela Salle Education Center - Kansas City - nonsectarian (co-ed) Fort Osage R-I School District - Independence Fort Osage High School McCune School for Boys Genesis School Incorporated - Kansas City Genesis School Incorporated Gillis Center School - Kansas City - nonsectarian (co-ed) Grain Valley R-V School District - Grain Valley Grain Valley High School Grandview C-4 School District - Grandview Grandview High School Grandview Christian School - Grandview - nondenominational Christian (co-ed) Heart of America Christian Academy - Kansas City - Pentecostal (co-ed) Hickman Mills C-1 School District - Kansas City Hickman Mills High School Ruskin High School Hogan Preparatory Academy - Kansas City Hogan Preparatory Academy Independence Public School District No. 30 - Independence Independence Academy Truman High School Van Horn High School William Chrisman High School Kansas City Academy - Kansas City - nonsectarian (co-ed) Kansas City Public School District No. 33 - Kansas City Ace Collegium C.R. Anderson Alternative High School at Fairview East Kansas City High School Kansas City Central High School Lincoln College Preparatory Academy Northeast Kansas City High School Paseo Academy of Performing Arts Southeast Kansas City High School Teenage Parents Center Westport High School Lee A. Tolbert Community Academy - Kansas City Lee A. Tolbert Preparatory Academy Lee's Summit Community Christian School - Lee's Summit - nondenominational Christian (co-ed) Lee's Summit R-VII School District - Lee's Summit Lee's Summit High School Lee's Summit North High School Lee's Summit West High School Lone Jack C-6 School District - Lone Jack Lone Jack High School Lutheran High School - Kansas City - Lutheran (co-ed) Notre Dame de Sion - Kansas City - Roman Catholic (co-ed) Nova Center Special Education School - Kansas City - nonsectarian (co-ed) Oak Grove R-VI School District - Oak Grove Oak Grove High School The Ozanam School - Kansas City - nonsectarian (co-ed) The Pembroke Hill School - Kansas City - nonsectarian (co-ed) Plaza Heights Christian Academy - Blue Springs - Baptist (co-ed) Raytown C-2 School District - Raytown Raytown High School Raytown South High School Rockhurst High School - Kansas City - Roman Catholic (all boys) St. Marys High School Bundschu Memorial - Independence - Roman Catholic (co-ed) St. Paul's Episcopal Day School - Kansas City - Episcopalian (co-ed) St. Teresa's Academy - Kansas City - Roman Catholic (all girls) Seton Center High School - Kansas City - nonsectarian (co-ed) Tri-City Christian School - Independence - Baptist (co-ed) Universal Academy Islamic School (UAIS) - Kansas City - Muslim - (co-ed) University Academy - Kansas City Upper University Academy Victory Mountain Christian School - Buckner - Church of God (co-ed) Whitefield Academy - Kansas City - nondenominational Christian (co-ed) Jasper County Carl Junction R-I School District - Carl Junction Carl Junction High School Carthage R-IX School District - Carthage Carthage High School College Heights Christian School - Joplin - nondenominational Christian (co-ed) Jasper County R-V School District - Jasper Jasper High School Joplin R-VIII School District - Joplin Joplin High School McAuley Catholic High School - Joplin - Roman Catholic (co-ed) Sarcoxie R-II School District - Sarcoxie Sarcoxie High School Webb City R-VII School District - Webb City Webb City High School Thomas Jefferson Independent Day School - Joplin - nonsectarian (co-ed) Jefferson County Christian Outreach School - Hillsboro - nondenominational Christian (co-ed) Crystal City Public School District No. 47 - Crystal City Crystal City High School De Soto Public School District No. 73 - De Soto De Soto High School Dunklin R-V School District - Herculaneum Herculaneum High School Festus R-VI School District - Festus Festus High School Fox C-6 School District - Arnold Fox High School - Arnold Seckman High School - Imperial Grandview R-II School District - Hillsboro Grandview High School Hillsboro R-III School District - Hillsboro Hillsboro High School Jefferson County R-VII School District - Festus Jefferson County High School Manna Christian Academy - De Soto - Southern Baptist (co-ed) Northwest R-I School District - High Ridge Northwest High School - Cedar Hill People's Christian Academy - Arnold - Pentecostal (co-ed) St. Pius X High School - Festus - Roman Catholic (co-ed) Twin City Christian Academy - Festus - Baptist (co-ed) Windsor C-1 School District - Imperial Windsor High School Johnson County Chilhowee R-IV School District - Chilhowee Chilhowee High School Holden R-III School District - Holden Holden High School Johnson County Christian Academy - Centerview - nondenominational Christian (co-ed) Johnson County R-VII School District - Centerview Crest Ridge High School Kingsville R-I School District - Kingsville Kingsville High School Knob Noster R-VIII School District - Knob Noster Knob Noster High School Leeton R-X School District - Leeton Leeton High School Warrensburg R-VI School District - Warrensburg Warrensburg High School Knox County Knox County R-I School District - Edina Knox County High School Laclede County Laclede County R-I School District - Conway Conway High School Lebanon R-III School District - Lebanon Lebanon High School Lafayette County Concordia R-II School District - Concordia Concordia High School Lafayette County C-1 School District - Higginsville Lafayette County High School Lexington R-V School District - Lexington Lexington High School Odessa R-VII School District - Odessa Odessa High School St. Paul Lutheran High School - Concordia - Lutheran (co-ed) Santa Fe R-X School District - Alma Santa Fe High School Victory Christian Fellowship School - Waverly - nondenominational Christian (co-ed) Wellington-Napoleon R-IX School District - Wellington Wellington-Napoleon High School Lawrence County Aurora Christian Academy - Aurora - Baptist (co-ed) Aurora R-VIII School District - Aurora Aurora High School Harvest Christian Academy - Aurora - nondenominational Christian (co-ed) Marionville R-IX School District - Marionville Marionville High School Miller R-II School District - Miller Miller High School Mount Vernon R-V School District - Mount Vernon Mount Vernon High School Pierce City R-VI School District - Pierce City Pierce City High School Verona R-VII School District - Verona Verona High School Lewis County Canton R-V School District - Canton Canton High School Cedar Falls School - Canton - nondenominational Christian (co-ed) Lewis County C-1 School District - Ewing Highland High School Lincoln County Calvary Christian School - Winfield - Pentecostal (co-ed) Elsberry R-II School District - Elsberry Elsberry High School Silex R-I School District - Silex Silex High School Troy Holiness School - Troy - Methodist (co-ed) Troy R-III School District - Troy Troy Buchanan High School Troy Buchanan High School - 9th Grade Center Winfield R-IV School District - Winfield Winfield High School Linn County Brookfield R-III School District - Brookfield Brookfield High School Bucklin R-II School District - Bucklin Bucklin High School Linn County R-I School District - Purdin Linn County High School Marceline R-VSchool District - Marceline Marceline High School Meadville R-IV School District - Meadville Meadville High School Livingston County Chillicothe R-II School District - Chillicothe Chillicothe High School Southwest Livingston County R-I School District - Ludlow Southwest Livingston County High School Macon County Atlanta C-3 School District - Atlanta Atlanta High School Bevier C-4 School District - Bevier Bevier High School La Plata R-II School District - La Plata La Plata High School Macon County R-I School District - Macon Macon High School Macon County R-IV School District - New Cambria Macon County High School Madison County Faith Christian Academy - Fredericktown - Baptist (co-ed) Fredericktown R-I School District - Fredericktown Fredericktown High School Marquand-Zion R-VI School District - Marquand Marquand-Zion High School Maries County Maries County R-I School District - Vienna Vienna High School Maries County R-II School District - Belle Belle High School Marion County Hannibal Public School District No. 60 - Hannibal Hannibal High School Marion County R-II School District - Philadelphia Marion County High School Palmyra R-I School District - Palmyra Palmyra High School St. Thomas Aquinas Seminary - Hannibal - Roman Catholic (all boys) McDonald County McDonald County R-I School District - Anderson McDonald County High School Trinity Learning Center - Anderson - nondenominational Christian (co-ed) Mercer County North Mercer County R-III School District - Mercer Mercer High School Princeton R-V School District - Princeton Princeton High School Miller County Eldon R-I School District - Eldon Eldon High School Iberia R-V School District - Iberia Iberia High School Lakeview Christian Academy - Lake Ozark - nondenominational Christian (co-ed) Miller County R-III School District - Tuscumbia Tuscumbia High School Powerhouse Christian Academy - Iberia - nondenominational Christian (co-ed) St. Elizabeth R-IV School District - St. Elizabeth St. Elizabeth High School School of the Osage - Lake Ozark Osage High School - Osage Beach Mississippi County Charleston R-I School District - Charleston Charleston High School East Prairie R-II School District - East Prairie East Prairie High School Moniteau County Jamestown C-1 School District - Jamestown Jamestown High School Moniteau County R-I School District - California California High School Tipton R-VI School District - Tipton Tipton High School Morgan County Morgan County R-I School District - Stover Morgan County R-I High School Morgan County R-II School District - Versailles Morgan County R-II High School Monroe County Faith Walk Academy - Paris - nondenominational Christian (co-ed) Madison C-3 School District - Madison Madison High School Monroe City R-I School District - Monroe City Monroe City High School Paris R-II School District - Paris Paris High School Montgomery County Montgomery County R-II School District - Montgomery City Montgomery County High School Wellsville Middletown R-I School District - Wellsville Wellsville-Middletown R-I Schools New Madrid County Gideon Public School District No. 37 - Gideon Gideon High School New Madrid County R-I School District - New Madrid New Madrid County Central High School Portageville School District - Portageville Portageville High School Risco R-II School District - Risco Risco High School Newton County Diamond R-IV School District - Diamond Diamond High School East Newton County R-VI School District - Granby East Newton County High School Neosho Christian Schools - Neosho - Church of Christ (co-ed) Neosho R-V School District - Neosho Neosho High School Ozark Christian Academy - Neosho - Pentecostal (co-ed) Racine Apostolic Christian School - Racine - Pentecostal (co-ed) Seneca R-VII School District - Seneca Seneca High School Nodaway County Jefferson C-123 School District - Conception Junction Jefferson High School Maryville R-II School District - Maryville Maryville High School Missouri Academy of Science, Mathematics and Computing - Maryville Nodaway-Holt R-VII School District - Graham Nodaway-Holt High School North Nodaway County R-VI School District - Hopkins North Nodaway High School Northeast Nodaway County R-V School District - Ravenwood Northeast Nodaway High School South Nodaway County R-IV School District - Barnard South Nodaway High School West Nodaway County R-I School District - Burlington Junction West Nodaway High School Oregon County Alton R-IV School District - Alton Alton High School Couch R-I School District - Myrtle Couch High School Oregon-Howell R-III School District - Koshkonong Koshkonong High School Thayer R-II School District - Thayer Thayer High School Osage County Osage County R-I School District - Chamois Chamois High School Osage County R-II School District - Linn Linn High School Osage County R-III School District - Westphalia Fatima High School Ozark County Bakersfield R-IV School District - Bakersfield Bakersfield High School Dora R-III School District - Dora Dora High School Gainesville R-V School District - Gainesville Gainesville High School Lutie R-VI School District - Theodosia Lutie High School Pemiscot County Caruthersville Public School District No. 18 - Caruthersville Caruthersville High School Cooter R-IV School District - Cooter Cooter High School Delta C-7 School District - Deering Delta High School Hayti R-II School District - Hayti Hayti High School North Pemiscot County R-I School District - Wardell North Pemiscot County High School South Pemiscot County R-V School District - Steele South Pemiscot County High School Perry County Perry County Public School District No. 32 - Perryville Perryville High School St. Vincent de Paul Schools - Perryville - Roman Catholic (co-ed) Pettis County Applewood Christian School - Sedalia - nondenominational Christian (co-ed) Green Ridge R-VIII School District - Green Ridge Green Ridge High School La Monte R-IV School District - La Monte La Monte High School Pettis County R-V School District - Hughesville Northwest High School Sacred Heart Elementary/High School - Sedalia - Roman Catholic (co-ed) Sedalia Public School District No. 200 - Sedalia Smith-Cotton High School Show-Me Christian School - La Monte - nondenominational Christian (co-ed) Smithton R-VI School District - Smithton Smithton High School Phelps County Boys & Girls Town of Missouri School - St. James - nonsectarian (co-ed) Newburg R-II School District - Newburg Newburg High School Rolla Public School District No. 31 - Rolla Rolla High School St. James R-I School District - St. James St. James High School Pike County Bowling Green R-I School District - Bowling Green Bowling Green High School Louisiana R-II School District - Louisiana Louisiana High School Pike County R-III School District - Clarksville Clopton High School Platte County North Platte County R-I School District - Dearborn North Platte County High School Park Hill School District - Kansas City Park Hill High School Park Hill South High School Platte County R-III School District - Platte City Platte County High School West Platte County R-II School District - Weston West Platte County High School Polk County Bolivar R-I School District - Bolivar Bolivar High School Fair Play R-II School District - Fair Play Fair Play High School Halfway R-III School District - Halfway Halfway High School Humansville R-IV School District - Humansville Humansville High School Marion C. Early R-V School District - Morrisville Marion C. Early High School Pleasant Hope R-VI School District - Pleasant Hope Pleasant Hope High School Pleasant Hope Ranch School Word of God Fellowship Academy - Bolivar - nondenominational Christian (co-ed) Pulaski County Crocker R-II School District - Crocker Crocker High School Dixon R-I School District - Dixon Dixon High School Laquey R-V School District - Laquey Laquey High School Maranatha Baptist Academy - St. Robert - Baptist (co-ed) Richland R-IV School District - Richland Richland High School Waynesville R-VI School District - Waynesville Waynesville High School Putnam County Putnam County R-I School District - Unionville Putnam County High School Ralls County Ralls County R-II School District - Center Mark Twain High School Randolph County Higbee R-VIII School District - Higbee Higbee High School Moberly School District - Moberly Moberly High School Northeast Randolph County R-IV School District - Cairo Northeast Randolph County High School Westran R-I School District - Huntsville Westran High School Ray County Hardin-Central C-2 School District - Hardin Hardin-Central High School Lawson R-XIV School District - Lawson Lawson High School Orrick R-XI School District - Orrick Orrick High School Richmond R-XVI School District - Richmond Richmond High School Stet R-XV School District - Stet (closed 2012) Stet High School (closed 2012) Reynolds County Bunker R-III School District - Bunker Bunker High School Lesterville R-IV School District - Lesterville Lesterville High School Southern Reynolds County R-II School District - Ellington Southern Reynolds County High School Ripley County Doniphan R-I School District - Doniphan Doniphan High School Naylor R-II School District - Naylor Naylor High School West Point Christian Academy - Doniphan - Pentecostal (co-ed) St. Charles County Duchesne High School - St. Charles - Roman Catholic (co-ed) Fort Zumwalt R-II School District - O'Fallon Fort Zumwalt East High School - St. Peters Fort Zumwalt North High School - O'Fallon Fort Zumwalt South High School - St. Peters Fort Zumwalt West High School - O'Fallon Hope High School - O'Fallon Francis Howell R-III School District - St. Peters Francis Howell Central High School - Cottleville Francis Howell High School - Weldon Spring Heights Francis Howell North High School - St. Peters Francis Howell Union High School - St. Charles Liberty Classical School - O'Fallon - nondenominational Christian (co-ed) Lutheran High School of St. Charles County - St. Peters - Lutheran (co-ed) Living Word Christian Schools - O'Fallon - nondenominational Christian (co-ed) Orchard Farm R-V School District - St. Charles Orchard Farm High School St. Charles R-VI School District - St. Charles St. Charles High School St. Charles West High School St. Dominic High School - O'Fallon - Roman Catholic (co-ed) Wentzville R-IV School District - Wentzville Emil E. Holt High School Timberland High School Liberty (Wentzville) High School St. Clair County Appleton City R-II School District - Appleton City Appleton City High School Lakeland R-III School District - Deepwater Lakeland High School Osceola School District - Osceola Osceola High School St. Francois County Bismarck R-V School District - Bismarck Bismarck High School Farmington R-VII School District - Farmington Farmington High School North St. Francois County R-I School District - Bonne Terre North St. Francois County High School St. Francois County Central R-III School District - Park Hills St. Francois County Central High School West St. Francois County R-IV School District - Leadwood West St. Francois County High School St. Louis City Bishop DuBourg High School - St. Louis Cardinal Ritter College Prep High School - St. Louis Crossroads College Preparatory School - St. Louis Imagine College Preparatory High School - St. Louis Normandy Technology School - St. Louis Rosati-Kain High School - St. Louis St. Elizabeth Academy - St. Louis St. Louis Public Schools Beaumont High School - St. Louis (CLOSED 2014) Career Academy High School Central Visual and Performing Arts High School Cleveland Junior Naval Academy - St. Louis Gateway STEM High School - St. Louis Metro Academic and Classical High School - St. Louis Roosevelt High School - St. Louis Soldan International Studies High School - St. Louis Sumner High School - St. Louis Vashon High School - St. Louis St. Louis University High School - St. Louis St. Mary's High School - St. Louis St. Louis County Public schools: Affton School District Affton High School - Affton Bayless School District Bayless Senior High School - Unincorporated St. Louis County Brentwood School District Brentwood High School - Brentwood Clayton School District Clayton High School - Clayton Ferguson-Florissant School District McCluer High School - Florissant McCluer North High School - Florissant McCluer South-Berkeley High School - Ferguson Hancock Place School District Hancock High School, Lemay Hazelwood School District Hazelwood Central High School - Florissant Hazelwood East High School - Spanish Lake Hazelwood West High School - Hazelwood Jennings School District Jennings High School - Jennings Kirkwood School District Kirkwood High School - Kirkwood Ladue School District Ladue Horton Watkins High School - Ladue Lindbergh School District Lindbergh High School - Sunset Hills Maplewood Richmond Heights School District Maplewood Richmond Heights High School - Maplewood Mehlville School District Mehlville High School - St. Louis Oakville High School - St. Louis Normandy School District Normandy High School - Normandy Parkway School District Fern Ridge High School - Creve Coeur Parkway Central High School - Chesterfield Parkway North High School - Creve Coeur Parkway South High School - Manchester Parkway West High School - Ballwin Pattonville School District Pattonville High School - Maryland Heights Ritenour School District Ritenour High School - St. Ann Riverview Gardens School District Riverview Gardens High School - Riverview Rockwood School District Eureka High School - Eureka Lafayette High School - Wildwood Marquette High School - Chesterfield Rockwood Summit High School - Fenton University City School District University City High School - University City Valley Park School District Valley Park High School - Valley Park Webster Groves School District Webster Groves High School - St. Louis Private and parochial schools: ACE Learning Centers - Florissant Al Manara Academy Block Yeshiva High School - Olivette Chaminade College Preparatory School - Creve Coeur Christian Brothers College High School - Town and Country Cor Jesu Academy - Affton De Smet Jesuit High School - Creve Coeur Eskridge High School - St. Louis Hiram Neuwoehner School - Town and Country Incarnate Word Academy - Bel-Nor John Burroughs School - Ladue John F. Kennedy Catholic High School - Manchester (CLOSED 2017) Logos School - Olivette Lutheran High School North - Normandy Lutheran High School South - Affton Mary Institute and St. Louis Country Day School - Ladue Miriam Academy - Nerinx Hall High School - Webster Groves North County Christian School - Florissant North Technical High School - Florissant Notre Dame High School - Lemay The Principia School - Town and Country St. John Vianney High School - Kirkwood St. Joseph's Academy - Frontenac St. Louis Priory School - Creve Coeur South Technical High School - Sunset Hills Thomas Jefferson School - Sunset Hills Trinity Catholic High School (formed from the merger of three Catholic schools: Mercy, St. Thomas Aquinas and Rosary High Schools) - Spanish Lake Ursuline Academy - Oakland Villa Duchesne/Oak Hill School - Des Peres Visitation Academy of St. Louis - Des Peres Westminster Christian Academy - Ladue Whitfield School - Creve Coeur Wildwood Christian School - Wildwood Ste. Genevieve County Ste. Genevieve County R-II School District - Ste. Genevieve Ste. Genevieve High School Valle Catholic Schools - Ste. Genevieve - Roman Catholic (co-ed) Saline County Calvary Baptist School - Marshall - Baptist (co-ed) Malta Bend R-V School District - Malta Bend Malta Bend High School Marshall School District - Marshall Marshall High School Slater School District - Slater Slater High School Sweet Springs R-VII School District - Sweet Springs Sweet Springs High School Schuyler County Schuyler County R-I School District - Queen City Schuyler County High School Scotland County Scotland County R-I School District - Memphis Scotland County High School Scott County Chaffee R-II School District - Chaffee Chaffee High School Oran R-III School District - Oran Oran High School Scott County Central School District - Sikeston Scott County Central High School Scott City R-I School District - Scott City Scott City High School Scott County R-IV School District - Benton Thomas W. Kelly High School Sikeston R-VI School District - Sikeston Sikeston High School Shannon County Eminence R-I School District - Eminence Eminence High School Winona R-III School District - Winona Winona High School Shelby County Heartland Christian Academy - Bethel - Pentecostal (co-ed) North Shelby School District - Shelbyville North Shelby High School Shelby County R-IV School District - Shelbina South Shelby High School Shiloh Christian School - Shelbina - nondenominational Christian (co-ed) Stoddard County Advance R-IV School District - Advance Advance High School Bell City R-II School District - Bell City Bell City High School Bernie R-XIII School District - Bernie Bernie High School Bloomfield R-XIV School District - Bloomfield Bloomfield High School Dexter R-XI School District - Dexter Dexter High School Puxico R-VIII School District - Puxico Puxico High School Richland R-I School District - Essex Richland High School Stone County Apostolic Christian School - Reeds Spring - nondenominational Christian (co-ed) Blue Eye R-V School District - Blue Eye Blue Eye High School Crane R-III School District - Crane Crane High School Galena R-II School District - Galena Galena High School Hurley R-I School District - Hurley Hurley High School Reeds Spring R-IV School District - Reeds Spring Reeds Spring High School Sullivan County Green City R-I School District - Green City Green City High School Milan C-2 School District - Milan Milan High School Newtown-Harris R-III School District - Newtown Newtown-Harris High School Taney County Bradleyville R-I School District - Bradleyville Bradleyville High School Branson R-IV School District - Branson Branson High School Forsyth R-III School District - Forsyth Forsyth High School Hollister R-V School District - Hollister Hollister High School Trinity Christian Academy - Hollister - nondenominational Christian (co-ed) Texas County Cabool R-IV School District - Cabool Cabool High School Houston R-I School District - Houston Houston High School Licking R-VIII School District - Licking Licking High School Plato R-V School District - Plato Plato High School Summersville R-II School District - Summersville Summersville High School Vernon County Bronaugh R-VII School District - Bronaugh Bronaugh High School Calvary Christian School - Nevada - Baptist (co-ed) Nevada R-V School District - Nevada Nevada High School Heartland School Northeast Veron County R-I School District - Walker Northeast Vernon County High School Sheldon R-VIII School District - Sheldon Sheldon High School Warren County Warren County R-III School District - Warrenton Warrenton High School Warrenton Christian School - Warrenton - other affiliation (co-ed) Wright City R-II School District - Wright City Wright City High School Washington County Kingston K-14 School District - Cadet Kingston High School Potosi R-III School District - Potosi Potosi High School Valley R-VI School District - Caledonia Valley High School Wayne County Clearwater R-I School District - Piedmont Clearwater High School Greenville R-II School District - Greenville Greenville High School Lighthouse Christian Academy - Piedmont - nondenominational Christian (co-ed) New Hope Christian Academy - Silva - Baptist (co-ed) Victory Baptist Academy - Piedmont - Baptist (co-ed) Webster County Fordland R-III School District - Fordland Fordland High School Marshfield Christian School - Marshfield - nondenominational Christian (co-ed) Marshfield R-I School District - Marshfield Marshfield High School Niangua R-V School District - Niangua Niangua High School Ozark Mennonite School - Seymour - Mennonite (co-ed) Seymour R-II School District - Seymour Seymour High School Worth County Worth County R-III School District - Grant City Worth County High School Wright County Hartville R-II School District - Hartville Hartville High School Liberty Faith Christian Academy - Norwood - nondenominational Christian (co-ed) Mansfield R-IVSchool District - Mansfield Mansfield High School Mountain Grove Christian Academy - Mountain Grove - nondenominational Christian (co-ed) Mountain Grove R-III School District - Mountain Grove Mountain Grove High School Norwood R-I School District - Norwood Norwood High School See also List of school districts in Missouri External links List of high schools in Missouri from SchoolTree.org References * Missouri Schools

The Cow ( Korova) is a 1989 Soviet animated short film directed by Aleksandr Petrov. It tells the story of a boy who recalls how his family lost its cow. The film is based on a short story by Andrei Platonov and was made using paint-on-glass animation. The film competed at the 40th Berlin International Film Festival, where it received an Honourable Mention. It was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film. It received the Gran Prix of the Hiroshima International Animation Festival. References Category:1980s animated short films Category:1989 animated films Category:1989 films Category:Films about cows Category:Films based on short fiction Category:Films directed by Aleksandr Petrov Category:Paint-on-glass animated films Category:Soviet animated short films Category:Soviet drama films Category:Soviet films

The Fighting Sap is a 1924 American silent western film directed by Albert S. Rogell and starring Fred Thomson, Hazel Keener and Wilfred Lucas. Cast Fred Thomson as Craig Richmond Hazel Keener as Marjorie Stoddard Wilfred Lucas as Charles Richmond George B. Williams as Walter Stoddard Frank Hagney as Nebraska Brent Ralph Yearsley as Twister Bob Williamson as Chicago Kid Bob Fleming as Sheriff References Bibliography Munden, Kenneth White. The American Film Institute Catalog of Motion Pictures Produced in the United States, Part 1. University of California Press, 1997. External links Category:1924 films Category:1920s Western (genre) films Category:English-language films Category:American films Category:American silent feature films Category:American Western (genre) films Category:American black-and-white films Category:Films directed by Albert S. Rogell Category:Film Booking Offices of America films

Ate may be: Garus language Arhe language

Antonius Sanderus (15 September 1586 – 10 January 1664) was a Flemish Catholic cleric and historian. Biography Sanderus was born "Antoon Sanders", but like all writers and scholars of his time he Latinized his name. Having become master of philosophy at the University of Douai in 1609, he studied theology for some years under Johannes Malderus (Jan van Malderen) at the University of Leuven, and Willem Hessels van Est (Estius) at Douai, and was ordained priest at Ghent. For some years he was engaged in parochial duties, and combated the Anabaptist movement in Flanders with great zeal and success. In 1625 he became secretary and almoner of Cardinal Alfonso de la Cueva, later becoming canon and scholaster of St Martin's Cathedral, Ypres. Publication of the first volume of his sumptuously illustrated Flandria illustrata (1641) nearly bankrupted him, and he was rescued from ruination by an award of 1,000 florins through the Lille Chamber of Accounts. Further such subventions in support of his work followed in 1645, 1651, 1655 and 1662. In 1654 he was appointed penitentiary at Ypres. After three years, however, he resigned this office to devote himself entirely to scientific, and especially to historical studies. He soon found himself compelled to claim the hospitality of the Benedictine Abbey of Afflighem, since he had reduced himself to absolute poverty by the publication of numerous works. Writings He combined high intellectual gifts with great zeal, and left behind forty-two printed, and almost as many unprinted, works. The most important are the following: De scriptoribus Flandriae libri III (Antwerp, 1624) De Gandavensibus eruditionis fama claris (Antwerp 1624) De Brugensibus eruditionis fama claris libri II (Antwerp, 1624) Hagiologium Flandriae sive de sanctis eius provinciae liber unus (Antwerp, 1625; 2nd ed., Lille, 1639). A general edition of these four works appeared under the title: Flandria illustrata (2 volumes, Cologne, 1641–44; The Hague, 1726). Of his other works may be mentioned: Elogia cardinalium sanctitate, doctrina et armis illustrium (Louvain, 1625) Gandavium sive rerum Gandavensium libri VI (Brussels, 1627) Bibliotheca belgica manuscripta (2 parts, Lille, 1641-3) Chorographia sacra Brabantiae sive celebrium in ea provincia ecclesiarum et coenobiorum descriptio, imaginibus aeneis illustrata (Brussels, 1659; The Hague, 1726); this is his chief work. References newadvent.org External links Category:1586 births Category:1664 deaths Category:17th-century Latin-language writers Category:Belgian Roman Catholic priests Category:Flemish historians Category:People from Antwerp Category:University of Leuven alumni Category:University of Douai alumni

Coliseo de Arecibo Manuel G. Iguina Reyes (English: Manuel Iguina Coliseum) is an indoor sporting arena located in Arecibo, Puerto Rico. The capacity of the arena is 12,500 persons. The Coliseo Manuel Iguina is also known as Coliseo de Arecibo. It is managed by Capitanes de Arecibo Interprise. It is the home of Capitanes de Arecibo basketball and volleyball team. The basketball team is a member of Baloncesto Superior Nacional. References External links Facebook page Category:Buildings and structures in Arecibo, Puerto Rico Category:Indoor arenas in Puerto Rico Category:Basketball venues in Puerto Rico

Heli Pauliina Laaksonen (born 28 September 1972 in Turku) is a Finnish poet. She has a MA degree from the University of Turku. She writes poetry in the dialect of south-western Finland, and performs her poetry on tours. She was said in 2011 to be "Finland's best-selling poet" and "at the moment the only Finnish poet who can survive on the proceeds of her poetry without financial assistance". It is said that the majority of her readers and listeners are "women who have reached retirement age". She contributed a translation to the book Intiimejä avaruuksia : XXV skotlantilaista runoa 1978-2002 (Intimate Expanses: XXV Scottish Poems 1978-2002), a collection of Scottish poems translated into Finnish, published in 2006 by Finnish publisher Like (), the original having been published in 2004 by Carcanet Press and the Scottish Poetry Library (). Selected publications References External links Category:1972 births Category:Living people Category:21st-century Finnish poets Category:Finnish women poets

Benjamin Turner or Ben Turner may refer to: Artists Ben Turner (actor) (born 1980), British actor Ben Turner (producer), co-founder of Fulwell 73 Benjamin Brecknell Turner (1815–1894), photographer Politicians Benjamin S. Turner (1825–1894), U.S. Representative from Alabama Sir Ben Turner (politician) (1863–1942), Member of Parliament for Batley and Morley Benjamin F. Turner, Sr. (1873–1950), mayor of Passaic, New Jersey Sportsmen Ben Turner (weightlifter) (born 1984), Australian weightlifter Ben Turner (footballer) (born 1988), English footballer Characters Benjamin Turner, character in Cake Bronze Tiger or Ben Turner, a fictional DC Comics character

Professors are usually categorized as "ordinario" or "concursado" (tenured, selected by a jury composed of tenured professors or other reputed authorities on the subject, after a selection process involving academic background evaluation and a public dissertation), "interino" (non-tenure, but stable position, the professor is proposed by the director of the corresponding department – sometimes after different selection processes – and accepted by the Consejo Directivo of the corresponding school), or "suplente" (substitute, hired through the same process as interinos). In most cases, classes are taught by a professorial team (a "cátedra", chair), formed by one or two professors and auxiliars, which generally also functions as a research team. Regardless of the rank, professors in public universities (and in many private ones) must perform research. This ranking system is the one used at the Universidad de Buenos Aires (the largest Argentine university) and by most of the public universities, but not all of them; being autonomous, they can choose their own scale. Private universities have their own rank in each case, sometimes based on the public university system, although as a general rule they have less ranks or hold a higher ranking as the starting point for a teaching career (devoting auxiliar ranks to undergraduates). Main professorships Honorary degree, the professor has the same duties and rights as a Professor Titular. (The lowest rank for a professor to be head of a teaching team, a "cátedra"). Other professorships a retired tenured faculty member who demonstrated excellency in both teaching and researching also a retired faculty member who provides assistance in specific knowledge areas an honorary mostly ceremonial position Professors holding these positions usually teach upper classes, graduate classes, or do not teach (working as researchers or research advisors). Temporary professorships (for a certain period) Teaching auxiliaries or assistants (In many universities, holding a doctorate is now a non-formal requirement for this post.) (Graduated) (Graduated) (for undergraduate students) See also List of academic ranks Category:Academic ranks Category:Education in Argentina Ranks

Dieu a besoin des hommes (God Needs Man) is a 1950 French drama film directed by Jean Delannoy. At the 1st Berlin International Film Festival it won the Special Prize for an Excellent Film Achievement. Cast Antoine Balpêtré - Le père Gourvennec, un pêcheur Lucienne Bogaert - Anaïs Le Berre Charles Bouillaud - Le gendarme Jean Brochard - L'abbé Kerhervé, le recteur de Lescoff Jean Carmet - Yvon Andrée Clément - Scholastique Kerneis Marcel Delaître - M. Kerneis Jean d'Yd - Corentin Gourvennec Pierre Fresnay - Thomas Gourvennec Daniel Gélin - Joseph le Berre Marcelle Géniat - La mère Gourvennec René Génin - Le père d'Yvon Jérôme Goulven - Le brigadier Daniel Ivernel - François Guillen Germaine Kerjean - Mme Kerneis Cécyl Marcyl - La vieille Albert Michel - Le Bail Jean-Pierre Mocky - Pierre Pierre Moncorbier - Un pêcheur Raphaël Patorni - Jules Fernand René - Yves Lannuzel Madeleine Robinson - Jeanne Gourvennec References External links Category:1950 films Category:French films Category:French-language films Category:1950 drama films Category:Films directed by Jean Delannoy Category:French black-and-white films Category:Films with screenplays by Jean Aurenche Category:Films with screenplays by Pierre Bost

The Sentencing Act of 1987 (Pub.L. 100-182) enacted some changes to the federal sentencing regime in the United States. The legislation amended to permit expressly departures based on circumstances of an exceptional "kind" or "degree". The insertion of this new language was described by the manager of the House bill, Representative John Conyers, as "clarifying" in nature because it simply made explicit in the law that which was previously described in the Senate Committee Report as implicit and intended. There is evidence that under the new regime, sentences may not have increased as much as expected: although the average prison term for trial sentences increases post‐reforms, there is no systematic increase in the average length of the pleas. Additionally, the law abolished parole for federal prisoners and created the United States Sentencing Commission. The commission makes the guidelines used by federal judges when sentencing people convicted of a federal crime. The bill was introduced by Senator Joseph Biden on October 27, 1987. It was signed into law on December 7, 1987, by President Ronald Reagan. References Category:1987 in law Category:United States sentencing law

InvisiClues were hint booklets sold by Infocom to help players solve puzzles in their interactive fiction computer games. Before Infocom's games exploded in popularity, players could request hints by mail and receive a type-written sheet in response. When the number of requests proved unmanageable, the Zork Users Group began a pay-per-hint telephone system. The invention of InvisiClues replaced this system and was revolutionary: a player could often buy a hint book at the same time and at the same location as the game itself. Questions relating to the game were printed in the book, for example, the InvisiClues for Zork I<ref>[http://www.csd.uwo.ca/Infocom/Invisiclues/zork1/ InvisiClues for Zork I] from the Infocom Homepage</ref> contained the question "How can I kill the songbird?" A series of "empty" boxes located below or following the text contained the answers, printed in invisible ink. The contents of each box could be revealed by using a highlighter-like marker that came with the book. Over time, the ink degraded and the text reverted to invisibility. To discourage players from accidentally learning what awaited by reading all the questions, each booklet contained a number of plausible-sounding "fake" questions. Revealing these answers usually resulted in a mild scolding. Several "non-puzzles" also had questions, such as the songbird example used above. The answer to these was usually a tersely-worded statement saying "You can't do that", often followed by one or more items reading "This space intentionally left blank" or, on occasion, showed false clues such as "How Do I get off the roof of the House?" the clue being "How did you get up there?". Even the answers to real questions began with vague hints, so a player could choose to stop short of getting explicit solutions to the puzzles. The InvisiClues books were very popular. By late 1984 Infocom had sold more than 500,000 copies at $9.95 each for its games, including about 200,000 for the Zork I book. Richard E. Snyder of Simon & Schuster amazed InvisiClues author Mike Dornbrook by stating that such volumes made him "one of the bestselling authors on the planet ... In terms of dollars you're at Stephen King level!" For a short time, The Status Line, the Infocom Game newsletter, included "Visiclues". These were just select InvisiClues questions from a couple of newer games, with answers written in a simple cryptogram. InvisiClues books were almost always packaged with the navigation map for the same given game. Though InvisiClues, like the games themselves, are no longer available, a few Internet sites have recreated the booklets. Typically, either all the answers are printed normally on the site or the user must "highlight" a section by clicking and dragging the mouse to reveal the hints. The InvisiClues were included in a hint booklet packaged with The Lost Treasures of Infocom. However, the InvisiClues packaged with the Treasures were not produced to Infocom's high standards: The clues were not written in invisible ink, which made it easy to accidentally getting answers to puzzles. Some of the hints were missing There were many errors, such as misspellings, mis-capitalizations, formatting issues, and punctuation errors. The clues were not included with The Lost Treasures of Infocom II''. However, there was a pay-per-minute card included. In the Solid Gold line, typing "HINT" twice would allow you to access Invisiclues from in-game. References External links The Infocom Gallery, a site with InvisiClues to some Infocom games Category:Video game culture Category:Infocom

William Joseph Jenkins (18 May 1885 - 23 December 1956) was a Welsh international forward who played club rugby for Canton RFC and Cardiff. He won four caps for Wales ending on the losing side just once. Personal history Jenkins was born in Cardiff in 1885. His younger brother Eddie became a football player of note in the association game winning a single cap for Wales in 1925. Outside of rugby Jenkins worked in the building trade. Rugby career Jenkins joined Cardiff in the 1909-10 season, but it wasn't until 1912 that he was selected to play for Wales. He turned out on 9 March 1912 against Ireland at the Balmoral Showgrounds, in a match Wales lost 12-5. Two weeks later he played his second game for Wales, this time at Rodney Parade against France. Although Wales won the game, eight members of the Welsh team played their last Five Nations Championship game. Jenkins was one of the seven players to survive this cull and he was chosen to play in two matches the next season in the 1913 Five Nations Championship. Jenkins was also selected to play for invitational touring team, the Barbarians. He played twice for the Barbarians, a war-time match against the SA Services in 1915 and later against Neath in 1921. International matches played Wales 1912 1912, 1913 1913 Bibliography References Category:Welsh rugby union players Category:Rugby union flankers Category:1885 births Category:1956 deaths Category:Cardiff RFC players Category:Barbarian F.C. players Category:Wales international rugby union players Category:Rugby union players from Cardiff Category:Canton RFC players

Astrobiology Science and Technology for Exploring Planets (ASTEP) is a program established by NASA to sponsor research projects that advance the technology and techniques used in planetary exploration. The objective is to enable the study of astrobiology and to aid the planning of extraterrestrial exploration missions while prioritizing science, technology, and field campaigns. Overview ASTEP is one of four elements of NASA's Astrobiology Program, which falls under the Planetary Science Division of the Science Mission Directorate. According to the formal description from NASA, "The ASTEP program sponsors the development of technologies that enable remote searches for, and identification of, life in extreme environments, including planetary surfaces and subsurfaces." ASTEP is concerned with discovering technologies which will enable scientists to study astrobiology both on the surface of the Earth and on extraterrestrial bodies. A central focus of ASTEP's research is terrestrial field campaigns, or long-duration expeditions where researchers live in the same region they are studying. These are conducted on Earth in remote or hostile locations, such as Antarctica or the bottom of the ocean. Through understanding complex and exotic life on Earth, such as extremophiles, scientists hope to better define the characteristics they should look for and the locations they should seek when attempting to discover extraterrestrial life. Methodology ASTEP funded projects typically perform research by searching for and studying extremophile biology in Earth's harshest environments through the use of field research campaigns. The environments where this research is conducted is meant to simulate the expected conditions on extraterrestrial worlds in the Solar System. Past field work has typically targeted two regions. Arctic and Antarctic climates simulate the low temperatures expected on many other planets such as Mars, near rover landing sites. Underwater regions are also an area of study because they simulate high pressure, low light and variable temperature conditions. This region simulates proposed missions to explore the vast liquid water ocean that is expected to reside under Jupiter's moon, Europa. ASTEP promotes the development of new exploration technologies and techniques that can search, identify, and study life in extreme conditions in locations that are difficult to access. There is a broad range of things that can fall into this category. Previous examples include laboratories such as the Mars Science Laboratory, sampling techniques, the Mars rovers, the Titan lander (Huygens), and submersibles. Autonomous systems are preferred because data can be collected without the presence of humans near the test area. The field campaigns are used as a proof-of-concept for the proposed technologies as well as a demonstration. They are generally tested with mock-mission where conditions and challenges simulate those that might be experienced on an actual mission. This helps identify their strengths and weaknesses in the technology's mission execution and structural endurance. Beyond the practice of new technologies, ASTEP strives to learn more about astrobiology through observation and study on the field campaigns. Analyzing the collected samples helps researchers determine the thermal, photonic, pressure, and chemical boundary conditions for living organisms. Understanding how these organisms adapt and evolve in these extreme conditions may be similar to the methods used by extraterrestrial organisms, and thus offers clues about where life may be found. Another area of study is the environmental footprint that extremophile life leaves behind, biomolecules or biosignatures such as chemical trails, geological formations, etc. Identifying these clues often inspires new biology searching techniques, and simplifies mission planning. Past projects 2007 The Deep Phreatic Thermal Explorer (DEPTHX) The Arctic Gakkel Vents Expedition (AGAVE) The Arctic Mars Analogue Svalbard Expedition (AMASE) The Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute’s Environmental Sample Processor (ESP) 2008 The Environmentally Non-Disturbing Under-Ice Robotic Antarctic Explorer (ENDURANCE) Arctic Mars Analogue Svalbard Expedition (AMASE) Sample Return Oases for Life and Pre-Biotic Chemistry: Hydrothermal Exploration Using Advanced Underwater Robotics IceBite: An auger and sampling system for ground ice on Mars VALKYRIE: Very-deep Autonomous Laser-powered Kilowatt-class Yo-yoing Robotic Ice Explorer Autonomous Exploration, Discovery, and Sampling of Life in Deep Sea Extreme Environments Deep Drilling and Sampling Via Compact Low-Mass Rotary-Hammer Auto-Gopher Exploration of Deep-Sea Hydrothermal Vent Microbial Communities using the Environmental Sample Processor (ESP) 2011 The 2011 projects included: Mars Methane Plume Tracer Planetary Lake Lander Shallow-Borehole Array for Measuring Greenland Emission of Trace Gases as an Analogue for Methane on Mars (GETGAMM) VALKYRIE: Phase 2 Robotic Investigation of Subsurface Life in the Atacama Desert Other projects Stromatolite building provides important geological information on the history of microorganisms dating back to over a billion years ago. In recent years, ASTEP has been researching how these layered fossils could have formed by studying modern day microbial mats, which leave stromatolite similar to their ancestors. ASTEP's instrument development program is currently working on a prototype to detect the presence of DNA on the Martian surface. The prototype will replicate any DNA found in Martian ice or regolith using polymerase chain reaction amplification techniques. The IceBite Project involves testing drills for future Martian missions where ice will need to be penetrated. The research is being conducted in high altitude Antarctic valleys which closely resemble the Phoenix landing site in geologic composition. As of 2009, the scientists have successfully completed the first phase of the three-year mission, which was to probe the region, install scientific instruments, and determine the future testing sites. A team of ASTEP scientists are exploring the Mid-Cayman Spreading Center, a wide ridge at the westernmost region of the Cayman Trough. Oceanic life reaches the extremes at the depths, where the pressure is the greatest and underwater sea vents pump hot and mineral-rich water into the ocean. Project researchers think extraterrestrial life could be similar to the exotic life forms found near these vents. The submersible Nereus was developed by ASTEP to autonomously survey the hydrothermal vent systems at the depths of the Mid-Cayman Spreading Center. Publicity In order to raise awareness about the research being conducted under the auspices of ASTEP, scientists have been increasingly using blogs as a way to convey information about their studies, typically when they are performing science at a remote location on a terrestrial field test. Scientists have also begun contacting museums via satellite uplink to discuss astrobiology with the public. The most prominent blog is produced by NASA's IceBite team, which performs annual expeditions to Antarctica. See also Abiogenesis NASA Astrobiology Institute Nexus for Exoplanet System Science References Works cited Billings, L. (2008, 01 22). About ASTEP. Retrieved from Astrobiology: https://web.archive.org/web/20100528091403/http://astrobiology.nasa.gov/astep/about/ Billings, L. (2008, 02 06). NASA Astrobiology Roadmap 2008. Retrieved from Astrobiology: https://web.archive.org/web/20100219093302/http://astrobiology.nasa.gov/roadmap/ Commodore, J. (2010, 02). NRA Proposers Guidebook - Final. Retrieved from NASA: http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/procurement/nraguidebook/ German, C. (2009, 10 21). Astrobiology Magazine. Retrieved from Oases for Life on the Mid-Caymen Rise: http://www.astrobio.net/pressrelease/3287/oases-for-life-on-the-mid-caymen-rise Marinova, M. (2010, 02 01). Astrobiology Magazine. Retrieved from IceBite Blog: Saying Farewell to a Frozen World: http://www.astrobio.net/index.php?option=com_expedition&task=detail&id=3388&type=blog&pid=19 Peter Doran, P. C. (2010). RESULTS FROM ASTEP AND OTHER ASTROBIOLOGY FIELD CAMPAIGNS II. Schirber, M. (2010, 01 03). Astrobiology Magazine. Retrieved from First Fossil-Makers in Hot Water: http://www.astrobio.net/exclusive/3418/first-fossil-makers-in-hot-water Schirber, M. (2010, 02 15). Astrobiology Magazine. Retrieved from Detecting Our Martian Cousins: http://www.astrobio.net/exclusive/3401/detecting-our-martian-cousins Category:Astrobiology Category:NASA programs

Robust statistics are statistics with good performance for data drawn from a wide range of probability distributions, especially for distributions that are not normal. Robust statistical methods have been developed for many common problems, such as estimating location, scale, and regression parameters. One motivation is to produce statistical methods that are not unduly affected by outliers. Another motivation is to provide methods with good performance when there are small departures from parametric distribution. For example, robust methods work well for mixtures of two normal distributions with different standard-deviations; under this model, non-robust methods like a t-test work poorly. Introduction Robust statistics seek to provide methods that emulate popular statistical methods, but which are not unduly affected by outliers or other small departures from model assumptions. In statistics, classical estimation methods rely heavily on assumptions which are often not met in practice. In particular, it is often assumed that the data errors are normally distributed, at least approximately, or that the central limit theorem can be relied on to produce normally distributed estimates. Unfortunately, when there are outliers in the data, classical estimators often have very poor performance, when judged using the breakdown point and the influence function, described below. The practical effect of problems seen in the influence function can be studied empirically by examining the sampling distribution of proposed estimators under a mixture model, where one mixes in a small amount (1–5% is often sufficient) of contamination. For instance, one may use a mixture of 95% a normal distribution, and 5% a normal distribution with the same mean but significantly higher standard deviation (representing outliers). Robust parametric statistics can proceed in two ways: by designing estimators so that a pre-selected behaviour of the influence function is achieved by replacing estimators that are optimal under the assumption of a normal distribution with estimators that are optimal for, or at least derived for, other distributions: for example using the t-distribution with low degrees of freedom (high kurtosis; degrees of freedom between 4 and 6 have often been found to be useful in practice ) or with a mixture of two or more distributions. Robust estimates have been studied for the following problems: estimating location parameters estimating scale parameters estimating regression coefficients estimation of model-states in models expressed in state-space form, for which the standard method is equivalent to a Kalman filter. Definition There are various definitions of a "robust statistic." Strictly speaking, a robust statistic is resistant to errors in the results, produced by deviations from assumptions (e.g., of normality). This means that if the assumptions are only approximately met, the robust estimator will still have a reasonable efficiency, and reasonably small bias, as well as being asymptotically unbiased, meaning having a bias tending towards 0 as the sample size tends towards infinity. One of the most important cases is distributional robustness. Classical statistical procedures are typically sensitive to "longtailedness" (e.g., when the distribution of the data has longer tails than the assumed normal distribution). This implies that they will be strongly affected by the presence of outliers in the data, and the estimates they produce may be heavily distorted if there are extreme outliers in the data, compared to what they would be if the outliers were not included in the data. By contrast, more robust estimators that are not so sensitive to distributional distortions such as longtailedness are also resistant to the presence of outliers. Thus, in the context of robust statistics, distributionally robust and outlier-resistant are effectively synonymous. For one perspective on research in robust statistics up to 2000, see . A related topic is that of resistant statistics, which are resistant to the effect of extreme scores. When considering how robust an estimator is to the presence of outliers, it is useful to test what happens when an extreme outlier is added to the dataset, and to test what happens when an extreme outlier replaces one of the existing datapoints, and then to consider the effect of multiple additions or replacements. Examples The mean is not a robust measure of central tendency. If the dataset is e.g. the values {2,3,5,6,9}, then if we add another datapoint with value -1000 or +1000 to the data, the resulting mean will be very different to the mean of the original data. Similarly, if we replace one of the values with a datapoint of value -1000 or +1000 then the resulting mean will be very different to the mean of the original data. The median is a robust measure of central tendency. Taking the same dataset {2,3,5,6,9}, if we add another datapoint with value -1000 or +1000 then the median will change slightly, but it will still be similar to the median of the original data. If we replace one of the values with a datapoint of value -1000 or +1000 then the resulting median will still be similar to the median of the original data. Described in terms of breakdown points, the median has a breakdown point of 50%, while the mean has a breakdown point of 1/N, where N is the number of original datapoints (a single large observation can throw it off). The median absolute deviation and interquartile range are robust measures of statistical dispersion, while the standard deviation and range are not. Trimmed estimators and Winsorised estimators are general methods to make statistics more robust. L-estimators are a general class of simple statistics, often robust, while M-estimators are a general class of robust statistics, and are now the preferred solution, though they can be quite involved to calculate. Example: speed-of-light data Gelman et al. in Bayesian Data Analysis (2004) consider a data set relating to speed-of-light measurements made by Simon Newcomb. The data sets for that book can be found via the Classic data sets page, and the book's website contains more information on the data. Although the bulk of the data look to be more or less normally distributed, there are two obvious outliers. These outliers have a large effect on the mean, dragging it towards them, and away from the center of the bulk of the data. Thus, if the mean is intended as a measure of the location of the center of the data, it is, in a sense, biased when outliers are present. Also, the distribution of the mean is known to be asymptotically normal due to the central limit theorem. However, outliers can make the distribution of the mean non-normal even for fairly large data sets. Besides this non-normality, the mean is also inefficient in the presence of outliers and less variable measures of location are available. Estimation of location The plot below shows a density plot of the speed-of-light data, together with a rug plot (panel (a)). Also shown is a normal Q–Q plot (panel (b)). The outliers are clearly visible in these plots. Panels (c) and (d) of the plot show the bootstrap distribution of the mean (c) and the 10% trimmed mean (d). The trimmed mean is a simple robust estimator of location that deletes a certain percentage of observations (10% here) from each end of the data, then computes the mean in the usual way. The analysis was performed in R and 10,000 bootstrap samples were used for each of the raw and trimmed means. The distribution of the mean is clearly much wider than that of the 10% trimmed mean (the plots are on the same scale). Also whereas the distribution of the trimmed mean appears to be close to normal, the distribution of the raw mean is quite skewed to the left. So, in this sample of 66 observations, only 2 outliers cause the central limit theorem to be inapplicable. Robust statistical methods, of which the trimmed mean is a simple example, seek to outperform classical statistical methods in the presence of outliers, or, more generally, when underlying parametric assumptions are not quite correct. Whilst the trimmed mean performs well relative to the mean in this example, better robust estimates are available. In fact, the mean, median and trimmed mean are all special cases of M-estimators. Details appear in the sections below. Estimation of scale The outliers in the speed-of-light data have more than just an adverse effect on the mean; the usual estimate of scale is the standard deviation, and this quantity is even more badly affected by outliers because the squares of the deviations from the mean go into the calculation, so the outliers' effects are exacerbated. The plots below show the bootstrap distributions of the standard deviation, the median absolute deviation (MAD) and the Rousseeuw–Croux (Qn) estimator of scale. The plots are based on 10,000 bootstrap samples for each estimator, with some Gaussian noise added to the resampled data (smoothed bootstrap). Panel (a) shows the distribution of the standard deviation, (b) of the MAD and (c) of Qn. The distribution of standard deviation is erratic and wide, a result of the outliers. The MAD is better behaved, and Qn is a little bit more efficient than MAD. This simple example demonstrates that when outliers are present, the standard deviation cannot be recommended as an estimate of scale. Manual screening for outliers Traditionally, statisticians would manually screen data for outliers, and remove them, usually checking the source of the data to see whether the outliers were erroneously recorded. Indeed, in the speed-of-light example above, it is easy to see and remove the two outliers prior to proceeding with any further analysis. However, in modern times, data sets often consist of large numbers of variables being measured on large numbers of experimental units. Therefore, manual screening for outliers is often impractical. Outliers can often interact in such a way that they mask each other. As a simple example, consider a small univariate data set containing one modest and one large outlier. The estimated standard deviation will be grossly inflated by the large outlier. The result is that the modest outlier looks relatively normal. As soon as the large outlier is removed, the estimated standard deviation shrinks, and the modest outlier now looks unusual. This problem of masking gets worse as the complexity of the data increases. For example, in regression problems, diagnostic plots are used to identify outliers. However, it is common that once a few outliers have been removed, others become visible. The problem is even worse in higher dimensions. Robust methods provide automatic ways of detecting, downweighting (or removing), and flagging outliers, largely removing the need for manual screening. Care must be taken; initial data showing the ozone hole first appearing over Antarctica were rejected as outliers by non-human screening. Variety of applications Although this article deals with general principles for univariate statistical methods, robust methods also exist for regression problems, generalized linear models, and parameter estimation of various distributions. Measures of robustness The basic tools used to describe and measure robustness are, the breakdown point, the influence function and the sensitivity curve. Breakdown point Intuitively, the breakdown point of an estimator is the proportion of incorrect observations (e.g. arbitrarily large observations) an estimator can handle before giving an incorrect (e.g., arbitrarily large) result. For example, given independent random variables and the corresponding realizations , we can use to estimate the mean. Such an estimator has a breakdown point of 0 because we can make arbitrarily large just by changing any of . The higher the breakdown point of an estimator, the more robust it is. Intuitively, we can understand that a breakdown point cannot exceed 50% because if more than half of the observations are contaminated, it is not possible to distinguish between the underlying distribution and the contaminating distribution . Therefore, the maximum breakdown point is 0.5 and there are estimators which achieve such a breakdown point. For example, the median has a breakdown point of 0.5. The X% trimmed mean has breakdown point of X%, for the chosen level of X. and contain more details. The level and the power breakdown points of tests are investigated in . Statistics with high breakdown points are sometimes called resistant statistics. Example: speed-of-light data In the speed-of-light example, removing the two lowest observations causes the mean to change from 26.2 to 27.75, a change of 1.55. The estimate of scale produced by the Qn method is 6.3. We can divide this by the square root of the sample size to get a robust standard error, and we find this quantity to be 0.78. Thus, the change in the mean resulting from removing two outliers is approximately twice the robust standard error. The 10% trimmed mean for the speed-of-light data is 27.43. Removing the two lowest observations and recomputing gives 27.67. Clearly, the trimmed mean is less affected by the outliers and has a higher breakdown point. If we replace the lowest observation, −44, by −1000, the mean becomes 11.73, whereas the 10% trimmed mean is still 27.43. In many areas of applied statistics, it is common for data to be log-transformed to make them near symmetrical. Very small values become large negative when log-transformed, and zeroes become negatively infinite. Therefore, this example is of practical interest. Empirical influence function The empirical influence function is a measure of the dependence of the estimator on the value of one of the points in the sample. It is a model-free measure in the sense that it simply relies on calculating the estimator again with a different sample. On the right is Tukey's biweight function, which, as we will later see, is an example of what a "good" (in a sense defined later on) empirical influence function should look like. In mathematical terms, an influence function is defined as a vector in the space of the estimator, which is in turn defined for a sample which is a subset of the population: is a probability space, is a measure space (state space), is a parameter space of dimension , is a measure space, For example, is any probability space, , , The definition of an empirical influence function is: Let and are i.i.d. and is a sample from these variables. is an estimator. Let . The empirical influence function at observation is defined by: What this actually means is that we are replacing the i-th value in the sample by an arbitrary value and looking at the output of the estimator. Alternatively, the EIF is defined as the (scaled by n+1 instead of n) effect on the estimator of adding the point to the sample. Influence function and sensitivity curve Instead of relying solely on the data, we could use the distribution of the random variables. The approach is quite different from that of the previous paragraph. What we are now trying to do is to see what happens to an estimator when we change the distribution of the data slightly: it assumes a distribution, and measures sensitivity to change in this distribution. By contrast, the empirical influence assumes a sample set, and measures sensitivity to change in the samples. Let be a convex subset of the set of all finite signed measures on . We want to estimate the parameter of a distribution in . Let the functional be the asymptotic value of some estimator sequence . We will suppose that this functional is Fisher consistent, i.e. . This means that at the model , the estimator sequence asymptotically measures the correct quantity. Let be some distribution in . What happens when the data doesn't follow the model exactly but another, slightly different, "going towards" ? We're looking at: , which is the one-sided Gateaux derivative of at , in the direction of . Let . is the probability measure which gives mass 1 to . We choose . The influence function is then defined by: It describes the effect of an infinitesimal contamination at the point on the estimate we are seeking, standardized by the mass of the contamination (the asymptotic bias caused by contamination in the observations). For a robust estimator, we want a bounded influence function, that is, one which does not go to infinity as x becomes arbitrarily large. Desirable properties Properties of an influence function which bestow it with desirable performance are: Finite rejection point , Small gross-error sensitivity , Small local-shift sensitivity . Rejection point Gross-error sensitivity Local-shift sensitivity This value, which looks a lot like a Lipschitz constant, represents the effect of shifting an observation slightly from to a neighbouring point , i.e., add an observation at and remove one at . M-estimators (The mathematical context of this paragraph is given in the section on empirical influence functions.) Historically, several approaches to robust estimation were proposed, including R-estimators and L-estimators. However, M-estimators now appear to dominate the field as a result of their generality, high breakdown point, and their efficiency. See . M-estimators are a generalization of maximum likelihood estimators (MLEs). What we try to do with MLE's is to maximize or, equivalently, minimize . In 1964, Huber proposed to generalize this to the minimization of , where is some function. MLE are therefore a special case of M-estimators (hence the name: "Maximum likelihood type" estimators). Minimizing can often be done by differentiating and solving , where (if has a derivative). Several choices of and have been proposed. The two figures below show four functions and their corresponding functions. For squared errors, increases at an accelerating rate, whilst for absolute errors, it increases at a constant rate. When Winsorizing is used, a mixture of these two effects is introduced: for small values of x, increases at the squared rate, but once the chosen threshold is reached (1.5 in this example), the rate of increase becomes constant. This Winsorised estimator is also known as the Huber loss function. Tukey's biweight (also known as bisquare) function behaves in a similar way to the squared error function at first, but for larger errors, the function tapers off. Properties of M-estimators M-estimators do not necessarily relate to a probability density function. Therefore, off-the-shelf approaches to inference that arise from likelihood theory can not, in general, be used. It can be shown that M-estimators are asymptotically normally distributed, so that as long as their standard errors can be computed, an approximate approach to inference is available. Since M-estimators are normal only asymptotically, for small sample sizes it might be appropriate to use an alternative approach to inference, such as the bootstrap. However, M-estimates are not necessarily unique (i.e., there might be more than one solution that satisfies the equations). Also, it is possible that any particular bootstrap sample can contain more outliers than the estimator's breakdown point. Therefore, some care is needed when designing bootstrap schemes. Of course, as we saw with the speed-of-light example, the mean is only normally distributed asymptotically and when outliers are present the approximation can be very poor even for quite large samples. However, classical statistical tests, including those based on the mean, are typically bounded above by the nominal size of the test. The same is not true of M-estimators and the type I error rate can be substantially above the nominal level. These considerations do not "invalidate" M-estimation in any way. They merely make clear that some care is needed in their use, as is true of any other method of estimation. Influence function of an M-estimator It can be shown that the influence function of an M-estimator is proportional to , which means we can derive the properties of such an estimator (such as its rejection point, gross-error sensitivity or local-shift sensitivity) when we know its function. with the given by: Choice of ψ and ρ In many practical situations, the choice of the function is not critical to gaining a good robust estimate, and many choices will give similar results that offer great improvements, in terms of efficiency and bias, over classical estimates in the presence of outliers. Theoretically, functions are to be preferred, and Tukey's biweight (also known as bisquare) function is a popular choice. recommend the biweight function with efficiency at the normal set to 85%. Robust parametric approaches M-estimators do not necessarily relate to a density function and so are not fully parametric. Fully parametric approaches to robust modeling and inference, both Bayesian and likelihood approaches, usually deal with heavy tailed distributions such as Student's t-distribution. For the t-distribution with degrees of freedom, it can be shown that For , the t-distribution is equivalent to the Cauchy distribution. The degrees of freedom is sometimes known as the kurtosis parameter. It is the parameter that controls how heavy the tails are. In principle, can be estimated from the data in the same way as any other parameter. In practice, it is common for there to be multiple local maxima when is allowed to vary. As such, it is common to fix at a value around 4 or 6. The figure below displays the -function for 4 different values of . Example: speed-of-light data For the speed-of-light data, allowing the kurtosis parameter to vary and maximizing the likelihood, we get Fixing and maximizing the likelihood gives Related concepts A pivotal quantity is a function of data, whose underlying population distribution is a member of a parametric family, that is not dependent on the values of the parameters. An ancillary statistic is such a function that is also a statistic, meaning that it is computed in terms of the data alone. Such functions are robust to parameters in the sense that they are independent of the values of the parameters, but not robust to the model in the sense that they assume an underlying model (parametric family), and in fact such functions are often very sensitive to violations of the model assumptions. Thus test statistics, frequently constructed in terms of these to not be sensitive to assumptions about parameters, are still very sensitive to model assumptions. Replacing outliers and missing values Replacing missing data is called imputation. If there are relatively few missing points, there are some models which can be used to estimate values to complete the series, such as replacing missing values with the mean or median of the data. Simple linear regression can also be used to estimate missing values. In addition, outliers can sometimes be accommodated in the data through the use of trimmed means, other scale estimators apart from standard deviation (e.g., MAD) and Winsorization. In calculations of a trimmed mean, a fixed percentage of data is dropped from each end of an ordered data, thus eliminating the outliers. The mean is then calculated using the remaining data. Winsorizing involves accommodating an outlier by replacing it with the next highest or next smallest value as appropriate. However, using these types of models to predict missing values or outliers in a long time series is difficult and often unreliable, particularly if the number of values to be in-filled is relatively high in comparison with total record length. The accuracy of the estimate depends on how good and representative the model is and how long the period of missing values extends. The in a case of a dynamic process, so any variable is dependent, not just on the historical time series of the same variable but also on several other variables or parameters of the process. In other words, the problem is an exercise in multivariate analysis rather than the univariate approach of most of the traditional methods of estimating missing values and outliers; a multivariate model will therefore be more representative than a univariate one for predicting missing values. The Kohonen self organising map (KSOM) offers a simple and robust multivariate model for data analysis, thus providing good possibilities to estimate missing values, taking into account its relationship or correlation with other pertinent variables in the data record. Standard Kalman filters are not robust to outliers. To this end have recently shown that a modification of Masreliez's theorem can deal with outliers. One common approach to handle outliers in data analysis is to perform outlier detection first, followed by an efficient estimation method (e.g., the least squares). While this approach is often useful, one must keep in mind two challenges. First, an outlier detection method that relies on a non-robust initial fit can suffer from the effect of masking, that is, a group of outliers can mask each other and escape detection. Second, if a high breakdown initial fit is used for outlier detection, the follow-up analysis might inherit some of the inefficiencies of the initial estimator. See also Robust confidence intervals Robust regression Unit-weighted regression Notes References . . Republished in paperback, 2005. . . . 2nd ed., CRC Press, 2011. . Republished in paperback, 2004. 2nd ed., Wiley, 2009. . . . . . . . Republished in paperback, 2003. . Preprint . . . . . External links Brian Ripley's robust statistics course notes. Nick Fieller's course notes on Statistical Modelling and Computation contain material on robust regression. David Olive's site contains course notes on robust statistics and some data sets. Online experiments using R and JSXGraph

The contrast of white and black (light and darkness, day and night) has a long tradition of metaphorical usage, traceable to the Ancient Near East, and explicitly in the Pythagorean Table of Opposites. In Western culture as well as in Confucianism, the contrast symbolizes the moral dichotomy of good and evil. Description Day, light, and good are often linked together, in opposition to night, darkness, and evil. These contrasting metaphors may go back as far as human history, and appear in many cultures, including both the ancient Chinese and the ancient Persians. The philosophy of neoplatonism is strongly imbued with the metaphor of goodness as light. Examples Religion and mythology The Genesis creation narrative has God "separate light from darkness" on the First Day. The Bible associates light with God, truth, and virtue; darkness is associated with sin and the Devil. Painters such as Rembrandt portrayed divine light illuminating an otherwise dark world. War of the Sons of Light Against the Sons of Darkness, part of the Dead Sea Scrolls. The underworld (Hades, Tartarus) was imagined as a chthonic place of darkness, contrasting with the celestial realm of the gods. Christian notions of heaven and hell inherit this conception, as do the "dark angels" vs. the unfallen angels, often with aureola (halos), in Christian mythology. Day and night are personified as deities in various mythologies (e.g. Norse Dagr and Nótt, Greek Hemera and Nyx, et cetera). Dress White often represents purity or innocence in Western culture, particularly as white clothing or objects can be stained easily. In most Western countries white is the color worn by brides at weddings. Angels are typically depicted as clothed in white robes. In many Hollywood Westerns, bad cowboys wear black hats while the good ones wear white. Melodrama villains are dressed in black and heroines in white dresses. This can be reversed as a deliberate play on conventions, by having the evil character dress in white, as a symbol of their hypocrisy or arrogance. For example, Don Fanucci in The Godfather, Part II is an evil character, but wears an expensive all-white suit as a sign of his esteem, power and prestige. Sometimes protagonists can wear black too, as in Return of the Jedi, wherein Luke Skywalker wears black during the final battle. This may symbolize the danger of Luke turning to the dark side, but once he has prevailed (in the scene where he removes Darth Vader's helmet), his jacket has opened up to reveal that it has a lighter color in the inside, as if to indicate that Luke "on the inside" was always good. Darth Vader himself, while still in the grip of the dark side, dresses all in black and may be regarded as a science fiction version of a Dark Knight. The chief antagonist of the Star Wars franchise, the evil Emperor Palpatine, wears a black cloak. In computer security, a black hat is an attacker with evil intentions, while a white hat bears no such ill will. (This is derived from the Western movie convention.) Magic Healing or "good" paranormal magic is called White magic. Black magic is a destructive or evil form of magic. A Treatise on White Magic is a book by Alice Bailey, a Theosophist. White witch. Evil witches are stereotypically dressed in black and good fairies in white. In popular culture The topos of "light and darkness" is also reflected in numerous titles in popular culture, such as Heart of Darkness (1899), Light in My Darkness (1927), Darkness and the Light (1942), Creatures of Light and Darkness (1969), From Darkness to Light (1973), Darkness and Light (1989), The Lord of the Light and of the Darkness (1993), the Star Trek: Deep Space 9 episode "The Darkness and the Light" (1997), the Babylon 5 episode "Between the Darkness and the Light" (1997), and Out of the Darkness, Into the Light (1998). In works of fantasy fiction, the main antagonist is often called a "Dark Lord", for example Sauron in The Lord of the Rings. The space-opera franchise Star Wars also depicts Light and Dark aspects in the form of the fictional energy field called The Force where there are two sides, light side and dark side wherein the protagonists, the Jedi practice and propagate the use of the former and the antagonists, the Sith use the latter. George Orwell makes a bitterly ironic use of the "light and darkness" topos in his Nineteen Eighty Four. In the early part of the book the protagonist gets a promise that "We will meet in the place where there is no darkness" – which he interprets as referring to a place where the oppressive totalitarian state does not rule. But the man who made the promise was in fact an agent of the Thought Police – and they eventually meet as prisoner and interrogator where there is indeed no darkness, in detention cells where the light remains on permanently, day and night, as an additional means of torturing detainees. The Dark Crystal explains the two split halves of a balanced whole, reflecting the impossibility of acknowledging any metaphorical divine balance without the combination of both the light(the Mystics) and the dark(the Skesis). Other examples The Dark Ages vs. the Age of Enlightenment. "Black and white thinking" is the false dichotomy of assuming anything not good is evil and vice versa. See also Black and white thinking Dialectics of Nature Fantasy tropes and conventions Table of Opposites References Armin Lange, Eric M. Meyers (eds.), Light Against Darkness: Dualism in Ancient Mediterranean Religion and the Contemporary World, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht (2011). Fontaine, Petrus Franciscus Maria, The Light and the Dark: A Cultural History of Dualism, 21 volumes (1986). Category:Metaphors Category:Dualism Category:Dichotomies

Turbinicarpus alonsoi is a species of plant in the family Cactaceae. It is endemic to Mexico. Its natural habitat is hot deserts. Cultivation Turbinicarpus alonsoi is easily grown in cultivation, however due to its large taproot, it requires porous soil with plenty of inorganic material such as stones and dries as quickly as possible. Water infrequently and only when it is dry. Full sun to part shade is preferred, as it will encourage slow, compact and steady growth during spring and summer months. During its winter quiescent period, keep dry to prevent rot. References External links alonsoi Category:Cacti of Mexico Category:Endemic flora of Mexico Category:Critically endangered plants Category:Endangered biota of Mexico Category:Taxonomy articles created by Polbot

The 1915 Rice Owls football team was an American football team that represented Rice University as a member of the Southwest Conference (SWC) during the 1915 college football season. In its fourth season under head coach Philip Arbuckle, the team compiled a 5–3 record (1–2 against SWC opponents) and was outscored by a total of 143 to 122. Schedule References Rice Category:Rice Owls football seasons Rice

5-Iodowillardiine is a selective agonist for the kainate receptor, with only limited effects at the AMPA receptor. It is selective for kainate receptors composed of GluR5 subunits. It is an excitotoxic neurotoxin in vivo, but has proved highly useful for characterising the subtypes and function of the various kainate receptors in the brain and spinal cord. References Category:Neurotoxins Category:Kainate receptor agonists Category:Pyrimidines Category:Amino acid derivatives Category:Iodoarenes

Publius Cornelius Rutilus Cossus was a statesman and military commander from the early Roman Republic who served as Dictator in 408 BC. Family Cossus belonged to the gens Cornelia, one of the most important patrician gentes of the Republic. His father was named Marcus, and his grandfather Lucius, but no magistracy is recorded for them. He was however the brother of the more famous Aulus Cornelius Cossus, one of the only three Romans awarded the spolia opima for having killed the king of Veii Lars Tolumnius in single combat. Aulus was then consul in 428, and consular tribune in 426. Publius' had at least two nephews: Gnaeus, consular tribune in 414 and consul in 409, and Publius, consular tribune in 408. Aulus, dictator in 385 and perhaps consul in 413, may have also been his nephew. The Cornelii Cossi were thus among the foremost families of the Republic at the end of the 5th century BC. Career In 408 BC, a large army comprising mainly Volsci and Aequi assembled at Antium. When news of this reached Rome, the Senate, thinking the situation to be a dangerous one, called for the appointment of a dictator to lead the war effort. This caused consternation among two of the three Consular tribunes, Gaius Julius Iulus and Publius Cornelius Cossus, who wanted the command to stay with them. The disagreement stoked the existing tensions in Rome during the Conflict of the Orders, but Livy's narrative is confused on these events. The situation was only resolved when the third tribune, Gaius Servilius Structus Ahala, seeing that Iulus and Cornelius could not be persuaded, rose to nominate Rutilus Cossus, Cornelius' uncle. Rutilus Cossus then appointed Ahala as his magister equitum, which is doubtless the result of a power-sharing negotiation between the consular tribunes. Rutilus Cossus and Ahala then led the army out to Antium. They defeated the Volscian coalition in one battle before laying waste to the countryside and storming the Volscian fortress at Lake Fucinus. As many as 3.000 Volsci were taken prisoner. When Cossus returned to the city, he lay down the office of dictator and, according to Livy, did not receive much acclaim for his success. Indeed, according to the Fasti Triumphales, Rutilus Cossus was not awarded a triumph. Rutilus Cossus was elected as one of the consular tribunes for the year 406 BC, alongside Gnaeus Cornelius Cossus, his distant cousin, Numerius Fabius Ambustus, and Lucius Valerius Potitus. The Senate ordered a new war on Veii, but the consular tribunes opposed it, arguing that the war against the Volsci was not over. Rutilus Cossus was given the command against the city of Ecetra, while Fabius took Anxur. The consular tribunes then shared the booty with the soldiers, which improved the relations between plebeians and patricians. The Senate followed and ordered that citizens must be paid while serving, whereas they had to cover their own expenses before. References Bibliography Ancient sources Livy, Ab Urbe Condita. John the Lydian, de magistratibus. Fasti Consulares. Fasti Triumphales. Modern sources T. Robert S. Broughton, The Magistrates of the Roman Republic, American Philological Association, 1952–1986. Category:Ancient Roman dictators Category:5th-century BC Romans

George Washington Donaghey (July 1, 1856 – December 15, 1937) was the 22nd Governor of the U.S. state of Arkansas from 1909 to 1913. Early life and education Donaghey was born as the oldest of five children to Christopher Columbus and Elizabeth (née Ingram) Donaghey, in the Oakland Community in Union Parish in north Louisiana. His father's family was from Ireland and his mother's from Scotland. His father Christopher was a farmer who moved from Alabama to northern Louisiana, purchasing land there, and later moved to Arkansas where he served in the Confederate Army. In 1875, without letting his family know, Donaghey moved to Texas where he worked as a cowboy on the Chisholm Trail and farmer, but later moved again to Arkansas in 1876 due to cowboy lifestyle and health issues. From 1882 to 1883, he attended the University of Arkansas at Fayetteville. He was a school teacher and carpenter, and studied both architecture and structural engineering. In 1883, Donaghey established his residence at Conway, Arkansas, and adopted that city as his hometown. There, he later met his wife Louvenia Wallace; they had no children. One of the major streets there bears his name. He served one term as town marshal and was an unsuccessful prohibition candidate for mayor in 1885. Having himself lacked a formal education, Donaghey worked diligently to bring institutions of higher learning to Conway. He served on the boards of Philander Smith College in Little Rock, Hendrix College (to which he donated $75,000 in 1910), the University of Central Arkansas, State Normal School (where he was the principal speaker for its 1908 dedication) and Little Rock Junior College (both now part of University of Central Arkansas) in Conway, where his service extended from 1906 until his death. Additionally, he gave generously to both institutions. Business Donaghey entered business as a contractor and constructed courthouses in Texas and Arkansas, including the first bank building in Conway in 1890. Shortly afterward, he detoured into the mercantile business—for his contracting business was not profitable in its early years—and suffered significant losses after building the second Faulkner County courthouse. When he returned, he reconstructed the Arkansas Insane Asylum after a tornado in 1894. He built ice plants and roads in Arkansas, and water tanks and railroad stations for the Choctaw, Oklahoma and Gulf Railroad, and often invested in farm and timber land. In 1899, Donaghey was appointed to the commission tasked with constructing the new state capitol. The project was not complete until a dozen years later; during much of that time Jefferson "Jeff" Davis was state governor and firmly opposed all the new plans. This obstruction impelled Donaghey to enter politics; eventually in 1907 he sought the nomination for governor, in the teeth of opposition from Davis (who had been elected U.S. senator for Arkansas) and Davis's ally William F. Kirby. As governor In 1908, Donaghey won a three-way primary election that broke the hold of Jeff Davis on the Arkansas Democratic Party. He then attained an easy victory in the gubernatorial general election with 106,512 votes, over Republican John I. Worthington (42,979) and Socialist J. Sam Jones (6,537). Worthington had also run in 1906 against Davis. Donaghey had to wait ten months to take office. In the meantime he traveled the country, and as professor Calvin Ledbetter, Jr. of the University of Arkansas at Little Rock points out in his book The Carpenter from Conway, Donaghey educated himself for the political office which awaited him. In June 1909, he appointed the fourth and final state capitol commission and hired Cass Gilbert for the architecture project. Donaghey was reelected in 1910, defeating another Republican, Andrew L. Roland, by 101,612 votes to 38,870. Another 9,196 ballots were cast for the Socialist candidate, Dan Hogan. That same year he negotiated with the Southern Regional Education Board to bring its campaign to Arkansas, which had successful results in the state, and he also supported four agricultural high schools that later formed into Arkansas Tech University, Arkansas State University, Southern Arkansas University and the University of Arkansas at Monticello. His actions in 1910 also included helping to create the Booneville Tuberculosis Sanatorium, thus improving public health; he later also negotiated with the Rockefeller Sanitary Commission to eradicate hookworm. During his term, Arkansas was the first state in the country to require smallpox vaccinations for all schoolchildren and school personnel, and the Crossett malaria control experiment campaigned against the mosquitos. Donaghey's achievements included establishment of a new state board of education, support for high schools, and the passage of a law making consolidation easier. Although several of the prisoners he pardoned from the convict lease program were black, Donaghey still supported segregation. In 1910 at the state Baptist Colored Convention in Little Rock, he said "It is not for any political purpose that I come to talk to you. It is not for the purpose of getting your votes, this you know as well as I do, because your people don't vote much. This, perhaps, is best for you. The greatest man in your race [Booker T. Washington] has said that you should keep out of politics and in this I agree with him. I think it is best that you stay out of politics and look after the condition of your people, and in this you have as much as you can do". In autumn 1911, he appeared with Booker T. Washington at the National Negro Business League and said to an audience of one thousand black men to "not waste their time running around begging for social equality". The Chicago Defender quoted him as saying "You must ride in the last two seats in our street cars; you must not sit in a Pullman car; you must not ride on the same deck, nor eat in the same restaurant, nor drink in the same saloon as me...You are a race of degenerates, your women are lewd and we cannot afford to have our white women and children associate with you". Donaghey's progressive stance procured passage of the Initiative and Referendum Act by which Arkansans can take governmental matters into their own hands and bypass the state legislature. He recruited William Jennings Bryan to help campaign for the amendment's adoption in 1910. Arkansas is the only state in the American South to grant its citizens such power. The initiative, which began in South Dakota, is otherwise particularly known in California and Colorado. The Donaghey administration focused on roads, public health, and railroads. Donaghey was vehemently opposed to the use of prisoners for contract-leased labor, especially for building railroads. He particularly learned about convict lease while at a Southern governors' conference in West Virginia in autumn 1912. Unable to get the legislature to abolish the practice, he prior to leaving office pardoned 360 prisoners, 44 in country farms and 316 out of 850 in penitentiaries and 37 percent of the incarcerated population. This left the lease system with insufficient available prisoners for utilization in construction. In 1913, a year after Donaghey left office, the legislature finally ended the practice and a new prison board was formed. In 1912, he was eager for a third term, hoping to take care of statewide prohibition and the much-needed tax reform, but the legislature rejected his reforms and the electorate rejected his prohibition plans. During his campaign for the third term the state capitol project ran out of money, and Donaghey's appropriation plans were not successful. What also helped bring on his defeat was that former governor Jeff Davis and his allies also campaigned for governor, along with emerging powerbroker Joseph Taylor Robinson. Donaghey was the first Arkansas governor who could indisputably be labeled 'progressive' but was also within the southern progressive tradition, as well as the first businessman to become governor of Arkansas. After being governor After his bid for a third term as governor was defeated by Joseph Taylor Robinson in 1912, Donaghey persisted in his quest to complete the Capitol. A critical year was 1913. Senator Jeff Davis died two days into the year. Robinson, by this time state governor, was named by the legislature as Davis's successor. J. M. Futtrell, president of the Arkansas Senate, became acting governor. The result was that Futtrell and the Capitol Building Commission asked Donaghey to become a commission member and take charge of completing construction, which he did. The Capitol, valued at more than $300 million today, was completed in 1917 for $2.2 million, ending an 18-year effort. As a hallmark to completion, Donaghey personally built the governor's conference table, which sets today as the centerpiece of the governor's conference room in the north wing of the Capitol. As a former governor, Donaghey served on a number of boards and commissions responsible for a variety of tasks such as constructions, education, and charities. He penned the book Build a State Capitol, which details the construction of the Arkansas capitol building. Donaghey died from a heart attack in Little Rock in 1937, and is interred there at the Roselawn Memorial Park Cemetery. His estate is managed by George W. Donaghey Foundation in Little Rock. Former Arkansas Governor (1949-1953) Sid McMath said in his memoir Promises Kept: a Memoir that Donaghey was "without a doubt, one of the great governors of Arkansas and served as an inspiration to my administration and to others, particularly in the continuing struggle for human rights, and I decided to continue what he had begun". One book called him "arguably one of the best and most influential governors and philanthropists in Arkansas history". In 1999, the Log Cabin Democrat named him one of the ten most influential people in Faulkner County's history. Donaghey's Monument In 1931, Donaghey, who felt a kinship to both Arkansas and Louisiana, established a monument at the Union Parish/Union County state line near his birthplace. The Art Deco-style monument contains intricate carvings; it includes references to transportation in 1831 and 1931, and mentions Governor Huey P. Long, Jr., whose educational program Donaghey admired. The land was not registered with state parks offices in either state, timber companies cut trees around it, and the marker was forgotten. In 1975, an employee of the Louisiana Department of Transportation came across the abandoned monument and informed then-State Representative Louise B. Johnson of Bernice of his discovery. In an article in the North Louisiana Historical Association Journal (afterward North Louisiana History), Johnson explained that she asked the Olinkraft Timber Company of West Monroe, Louisiana, to cease cutting trees on the property and to help with the restoration of the monument. She introduced a bill to cede the state's part of the property to the state parks system. Governor Edwin Washington Edwards signed what became Act 734 of 1975, and a re-dedication ceremony was held in which he and Johnson planted a tree. Months later, according to the Arkansas Historic Preservation Program, Arkansas sold its part of the land to Olin Mathieson Chemical Corporation. Since that time, chunks of the monument have been lost or spray-painted by vandals. Restoration efforts were unveiled in 2009. The Monument was dedicated in 1933; Donaghey died four years later. At one time there were plans for a Donaghey State Park, but these were never implemented. See also References External links Encyclopedia of Arkansas Arkansas Secretary of State Category:Governors of Arkansas Category:Arkansas Democrats Category:People from Union Parish, Louisiana Category:People from Conway, Arkansas Category:Politicians from Little Rock, Arkansas Category:1856 births Category:1937 deaths Category:University of Arkansas alumni Category:University of Arkansas at Little Rock people Category:American real estate businesspeople Category:Businesspeople from Little Rock, Arkansas Category:Democratic Party state governors of the United States

The peach-throated monitor (Varanus jobiensis), also known commonly as the Sepik monitor, is a species of monitor lizard in the family Varanidae. The species is native to New Guinea. Taxonomy V. jobiensis belongs to the subgenus Euprepiosaurus, which includes species such as the blue-tailed monitor and mangrove monitor, both of which it is sympatric with in much of its range. It is likely that this species is actually a species complex of multiple different species that have been diverging since the Pliocene, and diverged from the V. indicus species complex 4.7 million years ago. Distribution V. jobiensis is endemic to New Guinea and surrounding islands such as Biak, Salawati, Yapen, Normanby, and Waigeo. It occurs in rainforests at altitudes of . Description V. jobiensis grows up to in total length (including tail). The colour of the throat is white-yellow to red, to which one of its common names refers. Diet V. jobiensis primarily eats insects, and sometimes frogs, but may also take freshwater fish and small mammals. As food V. jobiensis is hunted for human consumption in New Guinea. Reproduction V. jobiensis is oviparous. Etymology The specific name, jobiensis, which is Latin, means "from Jobi". Jobi is the island also known as Yapen, which is the type locality of this species. The junior synonym, Varanus karlschmidti, was named in honor of American herpetologist Karl Patterson Schmidt. References Further reading Ahl E (1932). "Eine neue Eidechse und zwei neue Frösche von der Insel Jobi ". Mitteilungen aus dem Zoologischen Museum in Berlin 17: 892–899. (Varanus indicus jobiensis, new subspecies, p. 892). (in German). Mertens R (1951). "A New Lizard of the Genus Varanus from New Guinea". Fieldiana Zoology 31 (43): 467–471. (Varanus karlschmidti, new species). Ziegler T, Schmitz A, Koch A, Böhme W (2007). "A review of the subgenus Euprepiosauras of Varanus (Squamata: Varanidae): morphological and molecular phylogeny, distribution and zoogeography, with an identification key for members of the V. indicus and V. prasinus species groups". Zootaxa 1472: 1-28. External links Photo at Varanus.net Care of Varanus jobiensis at Repticzone.com Category:Monitor lizards Category:Reptiles described in 1932

The Immigration Department of Malaysia () is a department of the Federal Government of Malaysia which provides services to Malaysian Citizens, Permanent Residents and Foreign Visitors. The functions of the department are as follows:- 1. Issuing of passports and travel documents to Malaysian Citizens and Permanent Residents. 2. Issuing of visas, passes and permits to Foreign Nationals entering Malaysia. 3. Administering and managing the movement of people at authorised entry and exit points. 4. Enforcing the Immigration Act 1959/63, Immigration Regulations 1963 and Passport Act 1966. The department is a section of the Ministry of Home Affairs. MESBEH AR686139 History 1. In the early years before World War II, the Immigration Department conducted surveillance and inspection work involving the inspection of travellers and travel documents at entry points. 2. Immigration matters were administered by a Senior Officer of the Malayan Civil Service who bore the title of ‘Immigration Officer of the Straits Settlement and Federated Malay States’. He was assisted by the Deputy Immigration Officer, who was actually a police officer, temporarily seconded to the post. They were based in Penang which was the main entry point into Malaya. Other entry points were Changloon, Padang Besar, Kroh and Port Swettenham. The administrative centre was based in Singapore. 3. After World War II, the Immigration Department was known as The Refugees and Disposal Persons Bureau which was based in Kuala Lumpur and led by a British Military Administration Officer. Its main role was to bring people stranded in other countries due to World War II back to Malaysia. 4. The first immigration law was the Passenger Restriction Ordinance 1922, which was enforced on 21 July 1922 to regulate entries into this country. In 1930, the Aliens Immigration Restriction Ordinance was enacted to regulate the arrivals and to monitor the labourers especially those from China where the quota system was used. A review of the law was done as a step to increase the control. The Aliens Ordinance 1932 took effect on 1 April 1933. 5. A treaty on the formation of Federated Malay States and the Declaration of Emergency in 1948 led to a better Immigration and Passport Law which comprises the following: The Emergency (Travel Restriction) Regulation 1948 The Passport Ordinance 1949 The Passport Regulations 1949 and The Emergency (Entry By Land From Thailand) Regulations 1949 6. The immigration laws used during the State of Emergency were replaced by The Immigration Ordinance 1952. It became the main immigration law used to regulate and monitor the entries of all British nationals, people under the British colony and ‘aliens’ to the Federated Malay States. The law was also enforced in Singapore. 7. The Immigratation Department was then placed under the administration of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Besides being responsible for the control of entry, the Immigration Department was also responsible for the: Issuing of passports at the passport issuing offices in Singapore, Penang, Residents’ Offices and the office of the British advisor; Issuance of visas and citizenship applications for Commonwealth countries on behalf of the British government 8. After independence, The Immigration Ordinance 1959, The Immigration Regulations 1959 and The Passport Ordinance 1960 were introduced to replace The Immigration Ordinance 1949. These laws provided greater power for regulating the entry of foreigners and visitors into the Federated Malay States. 9. The formation of Malaysia in 1963 had extended the immigration requirements to the states of Sabah and Sarawak. The Immigration (Transitional Provisions) Act 1963 was enacted to protect the interests of both States. Apart from regulating and controlling the entry and exit of non citizens, the Sabah and Sarawak's immigration office also controlled the entry of Malaysian citizens originating from Peninsular Malaysia (West Malaysia). 10. In 1964, the management of immigration matters was placed under the Ministry of Home Affairs. The administration was handed over to a Malaysian. Mr. Ibrahim bin Ali was appointed as the first National Immigration Controller. The appointment took place on 1 January 1967. Starting from 13 April 1965, the immigration head office was located at Jalan Tugu, Kuala Lumpur. 11. On 1 December 1971, immigration administrative matters of the Malay States came under the Malaysian Immigration Headquarters. The immigration laws enforced at that time were reviewed and in 1974, a special provision for the states of Sabah and Sarawak was included. The Immigration Act 1959/63 (Act No. 155) and the Passport Act 1966 (Act No. 150) were used nationwide. These Acts were revised and amended from time to time according to the current situation and need. The title, Immigration Controller was replaced with the Director General of Immigration in 1969. 12. Since its establishment in 1947, the Headquarters of the Immigration Department of Malaysia was in Penang. On 13 April 1965, the Immigration Headquarters was transferred to Jalan Tugu, Kuala Lumpur. In January 1981, the office moved to BUKOTA Building, Jalan Pantai Baharu, Kuala Lumpur, before moving to Pusat Bandar Damansara, Kuala Lumpur in 1988. Now, the headquarters of the Immigration Department of Malaysia are located at Putrajaya. The move of premises started in September 2004 and it was done in stages to ensure that the quality of services to the public was maintained. History of Corruption The Immigration Department of Malaysia has a longstanding history of corruption, allowing for threats of terrorism and human trafficking to become significant problems for the country. Despite the Malaysian government's desire to promote an image of Malaysia as a progressive nation, widespread abuses of immigration controls since at least the 2000s have sullied that image. In 2017, government minister Datuk Seri Idris Haron named the Department of Immigration in Malacca as the most corrupt civil service department in the state. After being promoted as head of Malaysia's Department of Immigration in 2017, Datuk Seri Mustafar Ali revealed that an internal audit and an investigation by the Malaysian Anti-Corruption Commission (MACC) had uncovered a passport fraud scheme being committed by officers in Selangor since 2014 that, according to MACC deputy commissioner Datuk Azam Baki, "could be happening at most Immigration offices nationwide." In 2016, massive corruption was discovered involving the disabling of the national electronic security system at Malaysia's international airports by immigration officers profiting from bribes by human trafficking syndicates to allow illegal passage of migrants into the country, raising questions about the system's effectiveness at keeping terrorists from streaming into Malaysia. Uniforms Since the 1960s, immigration officials use white uniform and dark blue uniform color. In early 2013 a new color uniform immigration officers have been converted to black overall. Features new uniforms are black beret, badge over the left shoulder and right, tags and badges on the chest to the right service. They have also introduced digital uniforms for enforcement duties and tasks in the immigration detention centre. The need to change uniforms was deemed necessary as the previous white and dark blue uniforms have remained in service since the 1960s. In addition, the application ranks were changed to avoid confusion with the ranks of other agencies. Weaponry and equipment Hiatt speedcuffs, T-baton, LED flashlight, riot shields, helmets and walkie-talkies are supplied to the officer when on duty to enforce immigration law. The need for better weapons is necessary to ensure the safety of officers during the operation and control of detainees in immigration detention. The Department of Immigration bear firearms, but not all immigration officers are supplied with them. Immigration officers are licensed by the particular State Immigration Director to carry firearms in the possession of immigration like the standard issued ones: Smith & Wesson Model 38 HK USP Compact Vektor SP1 Franchi SPAS-12 Remington Model 870 Mossberg 500 Reported that Immigration only have 190 of them carry firearms, compare to their 14,000 personnel. Immigration officers also not supplied with rifles, SMGs and carbines. There is no indication that immigration will use better weapons with better firepower such as those used by Royal Malaysian Police or Malaysian Prison Department. However, as of 2014 the need for superior weapons and better equipment were planned. Immigration Detention Centre Immigrants who commit offenses will be held in immigration detention facilities are located in every state in Malaysia to further investigation and repatriation to the country of origin. Detention overcrowding in detention centres across the country and dilapidated buildings has resulted in efforts to combat the problem of illegal immigrants to be difficult. The problem is being resolved by upgrading detention and detention capacity. Congestion also due to documentation problems involved countries and UNHCR refugees. Immigration officers working in detention centres receive training tactics and techniques to control prisoners, unarmed combat, training T-baton and so by certified trainers from within and outside the department. Immigration Department has also set up a special anti-riot team known as the "Pasukan Kawalan Khas".MESBEH AR686139 Pasukan Kawalan Khas Immigration Department introduced the Special Control Team (), which was created to address the threat situation, the riot of illegal immigrants in the depot and the accompanying department officials and other VIPs. It is an elite team and first trained immigration training modules of the Federal Reserve Unit (FRU) of the Royal Malaysia Police (RMP). Students who practiced the team is divided into two, namely Prevent Riots and Close Quarter Battle (CQB) skills, martial arts and unarmed combat situations or dangerous and high-risk operations. The team is undergoing training under the supervision of teaching staff is made up of a mix of professional trainers who commissioned from abroad, a former police trainer and former FRU trainers. The team who received the anti-riot training and the skills to use the T- baton, handcuffs and spray tear from qualified experts concerned. The team is equipped with digital uniform and gun last for setting up of any unexpected situations occur. The Bravo platoon was assigned as teams Tandem control involving dignitaries who faced a high risk situation either from the department or the department yet. For example, the service is required to accompany the team superiors and operations department following the terrorist attack is likely. In popular culture Gerak Khas season 18 (2018) cooperation with Skop Production and Royal Malaysia Police which one of the episodes about operation against Human trafficking and murder Immigration officer References External links Immigration Malaysia Category:Immigration to Malaysia Category:Ministry of Home Affairs (Malaysia)

Sam Jamie Bird (born 9 January 1987) is a British professional racing driver who currently drives for Envision Virgin Racing in Formula E and for AF Corse in the FIA World Endurance Championship. Career Formula BMW Bird made his name in single seater racing in the Formula BMW category, coming fourteenth overall in his debut season and second in the rookie cup. He came runner up in 2005, which was only his second season in the category and also came fourth in the Formula BMW world final, the race itself was won by German Marco Holzer. Formula Renault For 2006, Bird entered the British Formula Renault series, where he won four races and came fourth in the championship, 111 points behind series champion Sebastian Hohenthal. Formula Three In 2007, Bird raced in the British Formula 3 Championship with Carlin Motorsport, racing in a Mercedes powered Dallara. In March 2007, Bird secured sponsorship from BP, "The brand is already prominent in the World Rally Championship" Mark Reader, BP's UK Fuels Marketing Manager, commented, "Sam's an incredible prospect and we're excited to be getting into a relationship at this stage of his career" he added. Bird was elected to the Motor Sports Association Race Elite Scheme in April 2007, along with 5 other drivers in various British series and also participated in a series of aerodynamic tests with the AT&T Williams F1 Team. Bird moved to the Manor Motorsport and the Formula 3 Euro Series in 2008 and had a testing year, finishing eleventh in the championship with 23 points – 16 of which came from second places during Saturday races at Catalunya and Le Mans and only picked up points from three other races. For 2009, he joined McLaren Autosport BRDC Award winner Alexander Sims, 2008 Mücke driver Christian Vietoris and 2008 Formula BMW Europe runner-up Marco Wittmann at Mücke Motorsport. He earned his first pole position and fastest laps, but failed to win a race en route to eighth in the championship. GP2 Series Bird missed the final round of the F3 Euroseries season to join up with the ART Grand Prix team for a GP2 Asia Series test at the Yas Marina Circuit in Abu Dhabi. He raced in the 2009–10 season for the team, where he finished seventh in the series, with a second place in the final round. Bird contested the 2010 GP2 Series with ART, having long coveted a drive with the French team. He was fast but frequently unlucky, losing several potential results due to technical issues, engine failures and collisions for which he was not at fault. However, he managed to claim his maiden series win at the first race at Monza, as well as claiming his third fastest lap of the season. For 2011, Bird moved to the iSport International team alongside Marcus Ericsson. His GP2 Asia campaign resulted in three retirements from four races, but after a strong start to the main series season, he was second in the Drivers' Championship after four rounds, with the same number of points as leader Romain Grosjean. After this point, however, he gradually slipped back in the standings and finished sixth overall at the end of the season. Bird competed for the new Russian Time squad in 2013 and enjoyed a hugely successful season. The Englishman took five wins on the way to second place in the championship, having taken the championship race down to the very last weekend. Bird's performances alongside teammate Tom Dillmann secured Russian Time first place in the GP2 constructors' championship. Formula Renault 3.5 Between his last two seasons in the GP2 series, Bird competed in the 2012 Formula Renault 3.5 season. He won two races and took five further podium positions to head into the final round at Catalunya in a three-way battle for the title with Robin Frijns and Jules Bianchi. He lost out on the title by just 10 points and ended up finishing third in the championship. Formula One On 16 November 2010 he took part in the young drivers test in Abu Dhabi driving for Mercedes GP. World Endurance Championship In 2014 Bird made two guest appearances for the Ferrari AF Corse team. The first was at his home race in Britain for the 6 hours of Silverstone where he came 3rd in the GTE Amateur class. His second appearance was at the legendary 24 Hours of Le Mans. Bird took pole position in the GTE Am class, 2nd overall of all GT cars. He ran in the first stint of the race, holding the GTE Am lead until he collided with a pair of front-running LMP1 cars, the number 3 Audi and a Toyota, in wet conditions on the Mulsanne Straight putting him out of the race in the second hour. Formula E 2014-15 In the 2014–15 Formula E season, Bird began driving for Richard Branson's Virgin Racing alongside Jaime Alguersuari. He claimed third place in the first race, the Beijing ePrix, before dominating the second race of the season in Putrajaya to claim victory from second on the grid. At the following race in Punta del Este, he did not manage to qualify and so started from 18th place and soon retired from the race after a collision. The 2015 Long Beach ePrix was another race to forget for Bird: after starting 11th, he suffered a suspension failure on lap 11 and retired from the race. Bird managed to avoid the massive first lap collision at the 2015 Monaco ePrix and went from his qualifying position of 12th to finish fourth. The final round of the season was the 2015 London ePrix where Bird started from fourth and went on to cross the line second at his home ePrix. Race winner Stéphane Sarrazin received a 49-second penalty and so Bird was handed the win. He finished the season with 103 points and secured 5th place in the championship after his home win. 2015-16 At the first race of the season in Beijing, Bird only managed to finish 7th. In the next race in Putrajaya, Bird took 2nd place after Renault had a mechanical failure and the two Dragon cars of Loic Duval and Jerome d'Ambrosio had suspension failure while running 2nd and 3rd respectively. In the next race at Punta del Este, Bird finished 2nd just behind Sebastien Buemi; in Buenos Aires, Bird won after fending off Buemi who started 18th and last. Further 6th places finishes were achieved in Mexico, Long Beach and Paris, before an 11th place finish in Berlin after contact in the race. At home in the double-season finale in London, Bird finish 7th in the first race, but in next the next race he retired because of throttle failure. Bird eventually finished the season 4th place with 88 points after being overtaken by Prost after Prost won the double-header in London. 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19 Sam's first podium finish of the season came in the 2019 Marrakesh ePrix, finishing in 3rd after taking pole position. In 2019, Bird became the first Formula E driver to win a race in every Formula E season, after winning the 2019 Santiago ePrix. 2019-20 Bird won the opening race of the season, the 2019 Diriyah ePrix, for Envision Virgin Racing. Personal life He was educated at Millfield School in Somerset. He successfully proposed marriage to his partner, Hollie, after winning the GTE-Pro class race at the 2017 6 Hours of Bahrain. Their wedding was held on 23 August 2018 in Lake Como, Italy. Racing record Career summary † As Bird was a guest driver, he was ineligible for points. * Season still in progress. Complete Formula 3 Euro Series results key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate fastest lap) Complete GP2 Series results (key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate fastest lap) Complete GP2 Asia Series results (key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate fastest lap) Complete Formula Renault 3.5 Series results (key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate fastest lap) Complete FIA World Endurance Championship results (key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate fastest lap) 24 Hours of Le Mans results Complete WeatherTech SportsCar Championship results (key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate fastest lap) Complete Formula E results (key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate fastest lap) † Driver did not finish the race, but was classified as he completed over 90% of the race distance. * Season still in progress. References External links Sam Bird's ESPNF1 column Category:1987 births Category:Living people Category:People from Roehampton Category:People educated at Millfield Category:English racing drivers Category:McLaren Autosport BRDC Award nominees Category:Formula BMW UK drivers Category:British Formula Renault 2.0 drivers Category:British Formula Three Championship drivers Category:Formula 3 Euro Series drivers Category:GP2 Asia Series drivers Category:GP2 Series drivers Category:World Series Formula V8 3.5 drivers Category:24 Hours of Daytona drivers Category:24 Hours of Le Mans drivers Category:WeatherTech SportsCar Championship drivers Category:FIA World Endurance Championship drivers Category:Formula E drivers

Baidi (, ) is a small village in Baidi Township, Nagarzê County, Lhoka (Shannan) Prefecture, Tibet Autonomous Region, China. It is located at the western end of Yamdrok Lake. Near the village the Yamdrok Hydropower Station, the largest power station in Tibet, was completed and dedicated in 1996. References Category:Populated places in Shannan, Tibet Category:Nagarzê County

Make Way for a Lady is a 1936 romantic comedy/ drama directed by David Burton, starring Herbert Marshall and Anne Shirley. June Drew (Anne Shirley) is the teenaged "lady" based on Elizabeth Jordan's novel Daddy and I. Plot June Drew (Anne Shirley) is the daughter of widowed Christopher Drew (Herbert Marshall), who suffers in silence as his daughter tries to "match" him with every eligible woman in sight. Cast Herbert Marshall as Christopher 'Chris' Drew Anne Shirley as June Drew Gertrude Michael as Miss Eleanor Emerson Margot Grahame as Valerie Broughton Taylor Holmes as George Terry Clara Blandick as Mrs. Dell, Drew's Maid Frank Coghlan Jr. as Billy Hopkins Maxine Jennings as Miss Marian Moore Mary Jo Ellis as Mildred Jackson Murray Kinnell as Doctor Barnes References External links Category:1936 films Category:1930s romantic comedy-drama films Category:American romantic comedy-drama films Category:American films Category:American black-and-white films Category:English-language films Category:Films based on American novels

Vayapparappadi is a location in Manjeri Municipality in Malappuram district of Kerala State of south India. Culture Vayapparapadi village is a predominantly Muslim populated area. Hindus exist in comparatively smaller numbers. So the culture of the locality is based upon Muslim traditions. Duff Muttu, Kolkali and Aravanamuttu are common folk arts of this locality. There are many libraries attached to mosques giving a rich source of Islamic studies. Most of the books are written in Arabi-Malayalam which is a version of the Malayalam language written in Arabic script. People gather in mosques for the evening prayer and continue to sit there after the prayers discussing social and cultural issues. Business and family issues are also sorted out during these evening meetings. The Hindu minority of this area keeps their rich traditions by celebrating various festivals in their temples. Hindu rituals are done here with a regular devotion like other parts of Kerala. Transportation Vayapparapadi village connects to other parts of India through Manjeri town. National highway No.66 passes through Parappanangadi and the northern stretch connects to Goa and Mumbai. The southern stretch connects to Cochin and Trivandrum. National Highway No.966 connects to Palakkad and Coimbatore. The nearest airport is at Kozhikode. The nearest major railway station is at Tirur. References Category:Manjeri

Guillermo Espinosa Rodríguez is a Cuban nurse, journalist, blogger and human rights activist. In 2006 he was dismissed from his job with the public health service and arrested after reporting on an outbreak of dengue fever. Since then he has been repeatedly arrested for his human rights activities. Until 2006 Guillermo Espinosa Rodríguez worked as a nurse in the public health service and as a part-time reporter. In October 2005 Espinosa Rodríguez filed a report on an event in Santiago de Cuba attended by 20,000 young people as part of a campaign for the prevention of AIDS. Police tried to remove a participant, but were forced to retreat when the crowd turned against them. In July 2006 Espinosa submitted reports on an outbreak of dengue fever in Santiago de Cuba to the independent agency Agencia de Prensa Libre Oriental (APLO). Shortly afterwards he was dismissed from his job. Cuba suppresses reports of epidemics to avoid disturbing the tourists. Before Espinosa published his reports, the official media had refused to recognize the existence of dengue fever in Cuba. The reports seem to have triggered his arrest. Espinosa Rodríguez was arrested in October 2006 along with Armando Betancourt Reina and Raymundo Perdigon Brito. In November 2006 he was convicted under article 72 of the Cuban Penal Code in a Santiago de Cuba court on grounds of "social dangerousness." He was sentenced to two years of home confinement. Although he had lost his job with the public health service, Espinosa was told he should find another job with a government department or he would have to serve his house arrest in jail. In a call for Espinosa's release on 8 November 2006, Reporters Without Borders noted that "social dangerousness" meant he might commit a crime although he had not in fact committed any. The authorities could use this charge to imprison anyone they wanted to. In a press release on 29 January 2007 the Office of the Special Rapporteur for Freedom of Expression of the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights noted that Espinosa had been jailed and said it "reiterates its great concern over the systematic and continuous situation of utter and complete disrespect for freedom of thought and expression in Cuba." In March 2009 Espinosa was working for the Center of Applied Marketing and Political Publicity in Santiago de Cuba. He was detained and then placed under house arrest for his activities on the sixth anniversary of the arrest of 75 activists in the "Black Spring" of 2003. In February 2011 Espinosa was detained for commemorating the death of Orlando Zapata, a political prisoner, one year earlier. He was one of many arrested during marches held across the country. In April 2012 during a papal mass in Santiago de Cuba a dissident named Andrés Carrión Alvarez shouted "down with communism" and was promptly arrested. A scuffle broke out, and Carrión was attacked by a Red Cross stretcher bearer. Espinosa went to Carrión's aid, and was himself arrested for "contempt of authority". At the time, Espinosa was under house arrest for three years for his pro-democracy activities. References Category:Cuban journalists Category:Male journalists Category:Cuban bloggers Category:Cuban male writers Category:Living people Category:People from Santiago de Cuba Category:Cuban nurses Category:Male bloggers Category:Year of birth missing (living people)

The Aladdin Theater (also known as The Historic Cocoa Village Playhouse) is an historic theater in Cocoa, Florida, United States. It is located at 300 Brevard Avenue and originally opened its doors on August 18, 1924. On October 17, 1991, it was added to the U.S. National Register of Historic Places. Brevard Community College owned the theater from 1985 to 2010. In the mid-eighties, the college had rescued the theater from a dilapidated state. In 2010 the college offered ownership to the city of Cocoa. The theater has its own board of directors. The annual budget for 2009 was about $263,000. History In 1924 the Aladdin Theater first started showing silent movies and live acts. It was built for $80,000. The Sparks Theater chain purchased the Aladdin in 1939 and changed its name to the "State Theater." The Kent Theater Chain purchased the building in 1960 and renamed it the Fine Arts Theater. Subsequently, the city of Cocoa bought the building and renamed it the Cocoa Village Playhouse. The city sold it to Brevard Community College for $1 in 1984. Through donations, and grants, the building was restored from 1985 through 1989. In 1990, the playhouse began staging community based musicals. In 2007, a $2.8 million annex was started. In 2011, the building was returned to the city of Cocoa. In 2012, there were 50,000 paying customers annually. References External links Cocoa Village Playhouse (official site) Cocoa Village Playhouse (additional info via Cocoa Village Publishing) Brevard County listings at National Register of Historic Places Florida's Office of Cultural and Historical Programs Brevard County listings Cocoa Village Playhouse Cocoa-Rockledge Historical Trail (Archived 2009-10-24) at Historic Hiking Trails (Archived 2009-10-24) Category:Buildings and structures in Brevard County, Florida Category:National Register of Historic Places in Brevard County, Florida Category:Theatres on the National Register of Historic Places in Florida Category:Tourist attractions in Brevard County, Florida Category:Theatres completed in 1924 Category:Cocoa, Florida Category:1924 establishments in Florida

White Station may refer to: White Station, Mississippi, an unincorporated community located in Clay County White Station, Memphis, Tennessee, an unincorporated area in Shelby County White Station High School, in Memphis, Tennessee White Station Middle School, in Memphis, Tennessee White Station Tower, a high-rise office building in Memphis, Tennessee

The European Athletics U23 Championships is a biennial athletics competition for European athletes under the age of 23, which is organized by the European Athletic Association. The oldest of the 'age-group' track and field events held by European Athletics - European Athletics U20 Championships (previously called 'Junior Championships') are held in the same odd numbered years, while the European Athletics U18 Championships, previously the 'Youth Championships' are held in even numbered years. The event was first held in 1997 and was a replacement for the European Athletics U23 Cup – a biennial event which had "A" and "B" level leagues that was held in 1992 and 1994. Editions European Athletics U23 Cup European Athletics U23 Championships Championships records Men Women All-time medal table Medal table includes 1997–2017 Championships. References External links European Athletic Association European Athletics U23 Championships – European Athletic Association U23 Category:Under-23 athletics competitions Category:Continental athletics championships Category:Biennial athletics competitions

Loss of significance is an undesirable effect in calculations using finite-precision arithmetic such as floating-point arithmetic. It occurs when an operation on two numbers increases relative error substantially more than it increases absolute error, for example in subtracting two nearly equal numbers (known as catastrophic cancellation). The effect is that the number of significant digits in the result is reduced unacceptably. Ways to avoid this effect are studied in numerical analysis. Demonstration of the problem The effect can be demonstrated with decimal numbers. The following example demonstrates loss of significance for a decimal floating-point data type with 10 significant digits: Consider the decimal number x = 0.1234567891234567890 A floating-point representation of this number on a machine that keeps 10 floating-point digits would be y = 0.1234567890 which is fairly close when measuring the error as a percentage of the value. It is very different when measured in order of precision. The value 'x' is accurate to , while the value 'y' is only accurate to . Now perform the calculation x - y = 0.1234567891234567890 − 0.1234567890000000000 The answer, accurate to 20 significant digits, is 0.0000000001234567890 However, on the 10-digit floating-point machine, the calculation yields 0.1234567891 − 0.1234567890 = 0.0000000001 In both cases the result is accurate to same order of magnitude as the inputs (−20 and −10 respectively). In the second case, the answer seems to have one significant digit, which would amount to loss of significance. However, in computer floating-point arithmetic, all operations can be viewed as being performed on antilogarithms, for which the rules for significant figures indicate that the number of significant figures remains the same as the smallest number of significant figures in the mantissas. The way to indicate this and represent the answer to 10 significant figures is Workarounds It is possible to do computations using an exact fractional representation of rational numbers and keep all significant digits, but this is often prohibitively slower than floating-point arithmetic. One of the most important parts of numerical analysis is to avoid or minimize loss of significance in calculations. If the underlying problem is well-posed, there should be a stable algorithm for solving it. Loss of significant bits Let x and y be positive normalized floating-point numbers. In the subtraction x − y, r significant bits are lost where for some positive integers p and q. Instability of the quadratic equation For example, consider the quadratic equation with the two exact solutions: This formula may not always produce an accurate result. For example, when is very small, loss of significance can occur in either of the root calculations, depending on the sign of . The case , , will serve to illustrate the problem: We have In real arithmetic, the roots are In 10-digit floating-point arithmetic: Notice that the solution of greater magnitude is accurate to ten digits, but the first nonzero digit of the solution of lesser magnitude is wrong. Because of the subtraction that occurs in the quadratic equation, it does not constitute a stable algorithm to calculate the two roots. A better algorithm A careful floating-point computer implementation combines several strategies to produce a robust result. Assuming that the discriminant is positive, and b is nonzero, the computation would be as follows: Here sgn denotes the sign function, where is 1 if is positive, and −1 if is negative. This avoids cancellation problems between and the square root of the discriminant by ensuring that only numbers of the same sign are added. To illustrate the instability of the standard quadratic formula compared to this formula, consider a quadratic equation with roots and . To 16 significant digits, roughly corresponding to double-precision accuracy on a computer, the monic quadratic equation with these roots may be written as Using the standard quadratic formula and maintaining 16 significant digits at each step, the standard quadratic formula yields Note how cancellation has resulted in being computed to only 8 significant digits of accuracy. The variant formula presented here, however, yields the following: Note the retention of all significant digits for . Note that while the above formulation avoids catastrophic cancellation between and , there remains a form of cancellation between the terms and of the discriminant, which can still lead to loss of up to half of correct significant digits. The discriminant needs to be computed in arithmetic of twice the precision of the result to avoid this (e.g. quad precision if the final result is to be accurate to full double precision). This can be in the form of a fused multiply-add operation. To illustrate this, consider the following quadratic equation, adapted from Kahan (2004): This equation has and roots However, when computed using IEEE 754 double-precision arithmetic corresponding to 15 to 17 significant digits of accuracy, is rounded to 0.0, and the computed roots are which are both false after the 8th significant digit. This is despite the fact that superficially, the problem seems to require only 11 significant digits of accuracy for its solution. See also Round-off error Kahan summation algorithm Karlsruhe Accurate Arithmetic Exsecant Exponential minus 1 Natural logarithm plus 1 Example in wikibooks: Cancellation of significant digits in numerical computations References Category:Numerical analysis

Shihua () is a town of Gucheng County in northwestern Hubei province, China, located against the immediate backdrop of the Daba Mountains. , it has 8 residential communities (社区) and 38 villages under its administration. Administrative divisions Eight residential communities: Dongmenjie (), Xihejie (), Shixijie (), Cangtaijie (), Houfan (), Minyingjingjiqu (), Dayuqiaojie (), Laojuntai () Thirty-eight villages: Jiepaiya (), Hongmamiao (), Tiemiaogou (), Huangjiaying (), Pingchuan (), Peijiaqiao (), Gongjiawan (), Yangxiwan (), Shuixingtai (), Xiaxindian (), Zhoujiawan (), Shijiawan (), Pengjiawan (), Caijiaying (), Gaojiachong (), Dayu (), Shaojialou (), Doupodian (), Biaojiamiao (), Tuqiaogou (), Tongbeimiao (), Yinfan (), Liangshuijing (), Pengjialing (), Xijiaya (), Wujiazhou (), Yanwan (), Cangyu (), Baijiayan (), Tongshan (), Cuihuapu (), Jiangjunshan (), Yangjiahu (), Xiaotanshan (), Chenjialou (), Longjiagou (), Longwan () See also List of township-level divisions of Hubei References External links Category:Township-level divisions of Hubei

The Western world, also known as the West, refers to various regions, nations and states, depending on the context, most often consisting of the majority of Europe, Australasia, and the Americas. There are many accepted definitions, all closely interrelated. The Western world is also known as the Occident (from the Latin word occidens, "sunset, West"), in contrast to the Orient (from the Latin word oriens, "rise, East"), or Eastern world. It might mean the Northern half of the North–South divide. Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome are generally considered to be the birthplaces of Western civilization—Greece having heavily influenced Rome—the former due to its impact on philosophy, democracy, science, aesthetics and art, building designs and proportions, architecture; the latter due to its influence on law, warfare, governance, republicanism, engineering and religion. Western civilization is also strongly associated with Christianity, which is in turn shaped by Hellenistic philosophy, Judaism and Roman culture. In the modern era, Western culture has been heavily influenced by the Renaissance, the Ages of Discovery and Enlightenment and the Industrial and Scientific Revolutions. Through extensive imperialism, colonialism and Christianization by Western powers in the 15th to 20th centuries, and later exportation of mass culture, much of the rest of the world has been extensively influenced by Western culture, in a phenomenon often called Westernization. The concept of the Western part of the earth has its roots in the theological, methodological and emphatical division between the Western Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Churches. West was originally literal, opposing Catholic Europe with the cultures and civilizations of Orthodox Europe, the Middle East and North Africa, Sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia, Southeast Asia and the remote Far East, which early-modern Europeans saw as the East. By the mid-20th century, Western culture was exported worldwide through the emergent mass media: film, radio, television and recorded music; and the development and growth of international transport and telecommunication (such as transatlantic cable and the radiotelephone) played a decisive role in modern globalization. In modern usage, Western world sometimes refers to Europe and to areas whose populations have had a large European ethnical presence since the 15th century Age of Discovery. Introduction Western culture was influenced by many older civilizations of the ancient Near East, such as Phoenicia, Ancient Israel, Minoan Crete, Sumer, Babylonia, and also Ancient Egypt. It originated in the Mediterranean basin and its vicinity; Ancient Greece and Rome are often cited as its birthplaces. Over time, their associated empires grew first to the east and west to include the rest of Mediterranean and Black Sea coastal areas, conquering and absorbing. Later, they expanded to the north of the Mediterranean Sea to include Western, Central, and Southeastern Europe. Christianization of Ireland (5th century), Christianization of Bulgaria (9th century), Christianization of Kievan Rus' (Russia, Ukraine, Belarus; 10th century), Christianization of Scandinavia (Denmark, Norway, Sweden; 12th century) and Christianization of Lithuania (14th century) brought the rest of present-day European territory into Western civilization. Historians, such as Carroll Quigley in "The Evolution of Civilizations", contend that Western civilization was born around AD 500, after the total collapse of the Western Roman Empire, leaving a vacuum for new ideas to flourish that were impossible in Classical societies. In either view, between the fall of the Western Roman Empire and the Renaissance, the West (or those regions that would later become the heartland of the culturally "western sphere") experienced a period of first, considerable decline, and then readaptation, reorientation and considerable renewed material, technological and political development. This whole period of roughly a millennium is known as the Middle Ages, its early part forming the "Dark Ages", designations that were created during the Renaissance and reflect the perspective on history, and the self-image, of the latter period. The knowledge of the ancient Western world was partly preserved during this period due to the survival of the Eastern Roman Empire and the introduction of the Catholic Church; it was also greatly expanded by the Arab importation of both the Ancient Greco-Roman and new technology through the Arabs from India and China to Europe. Since the Renaissance, the West evolved beyond the influence of the ancient Greeks and Romans and the Islamic world, due to the successful Second Agricultural, Commercial, Scientific, and Industrial revolutions (propellers of modern banking concepts). The West rose further with the 18th century's Age of Enlightenment and through the Age of Exploration's expansion of peoples of Western and Central European empires, particularly the globe-spanning colonial empires of 18th and 19th centuries. Numerous times, this expansion was accompanied by Catholic missionaries, who attempted to proselytize Christianity. There is debate among some as to whether Latin America as a whole is in a category of its own. Whether Russia should be categorized as "East" or "West" has been "an ongoing discussion" for centuries. Western/European culture The term "Western culture" is used very broadly to refer to a heritage of social norms, ethical values, traditional customs, religious beliefs, political systems, and specific artifacts and technologies. Specifically, Western culture may imply: a Biblical Christian cultural influence in spiritual thinking, customs and either ethic or moral traditions, around the Post-Classical Era and after. European cultural influences concerning artistic, musical, folkloric, ethic and oral traditions, whose themes have been further developed by Romanticism. a Graeco-Roman Classical and Renaissance cultural influence, concerning artistic, philosophic, literary, and legal themes and traditions, the cultural social effects of migration period and the heritages of Celtic, Germanic, Slavic and other ethnic groups, as well as a tradition of rationalism in various spheres of life, developed by Hellenistic philosophy, Scholasticism, Renaissance humanism, the Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment. The concept of Western culture is generally linked to the classical definition of the Western world. In this definition, Western culture is the set of literary, scientific, political, artistic and philosophical principles that set it apart from other civilizations. Much of this set of traditions and knowledge is collected in the Western canon. The term has come to apply to countries whose history is strongly marked by European immigration or settlement, such as the Americas, and Oceania, and is not restricted to Europe. Some tendencies that define modern Western societies are the existence of political pluralism, secularism, generalization of middle class, prominent subcultures or countercultures (such as New Age movements), increasing cultural syncretism resulting from globalization and human migration. The modern shape of these societies is strongly based upon the Industrial Revolution and the societies' associated social and environmental problems, such as class and pollution, as well as reactions to them, such as syndicalism and environmentalism. Historical divisions The geopolitical divisions in Europe that created a concept of East and West originated in the ancient tyrannical and imperialistic Graeco-Roman times. The Eastern Mediterranean was home to the highly urbanized cultures that had Greek as their common language (owing to the older empire of Alexander the Great and of the Hellenistic successors.), whereas the West was much more rural in its character and more readily adopted Latin as its common language. After the fall of the Western Roman Empire and the beginning of the Medieval times (or Middle Ages), Western and Central Europe were substantially cut off from the East where Byzantine Greek culture and Eastern Christianity became founding influences in the Eastern European world such as the Eastern and Southern Slavic peoples. Roman Catholic Western and Central Europe, as such, maintained a distinct identity particularly as it began to redevelop during the Renaissance. Even following the Protestant Reformation, Protestant Europe continued to see itself as more tied to Roman Catholic Europe than other parts of the perceived civilized world. Use of the term West as a specific cultural and geopolitical term developed over the course of the Age of Exploration as Europe spread its culture to other parts of the world. Roman Catholics were the first major religious group to immigrate to the New World, as settlers in the colonies of Portugal and Spain (and later, France) belonged to that faith. English and Dutch colonies, on the other hand, tended to be more religiously diverse. Settlers to these colonies included Anglicans, Dutch Calvinists, English Puritans and other nonconformists, English Catholics, Scottish Presbyterians, French Huguenots, German and Swedish Lutherans, as well as Quakers, Mennonites, Amish, and Moravians. Ancient Greek-Hellenistic worlds (13th–1st centuries BC) Ancient Greek civilization had been growing in the first millennium BC into wealthy poleis, so-called city-states (geographically loose political entities which in time, inevitably end giving way to larger organisations of society, including the empire and the nation-state) such as Athens, Sparta, Thebes, and Corinth, by Middle and Near Eastern ones (Sumerian cities such as Uruk and Ur; Ancient Egyptian city-states, such as Thebes and Memphis; the Phoenician Tyre and Sidon; the five Philistine city-states; the Berber city-states of the Garamantes). The then Hellenic division between the barbarians (term used by Ancient Greeks for all non-Greek-speaking people) and the Greeks contrasted in many societies the Greek-speaking culture of the Greek settlements around the Mediterranean to the surrounding non-Greek cultures. Herodotus considered the Persian Wars of the early 5th century BC a conflict of Europa versus Asia (which he considered all land north and east of the Sea of Marmara, respectively). The terms "West" and "East" were not used by any Greek author to describe that conflict. The anachronistic application of those terms to that division entails a stark logical contradiction, given that the term "West" has been used to distinguish Latin-speaking peoples from their Greek-speaking neighbors. Greek culture is said to have influenced Roman civilization in all aspects of society, from architecture to philosophy, art and war. According to a few writers, the future conquest of parts of the Roman Empire by Germanic peoples and the subsequent dominance by the Western Christian Papacy (which held combined political and spiritual authority, a state of affairs absent from Greek civilization in all its stages), resulted in a rupture of the previously existing ties between the Latin West and Greek thought, including Christian Greek thought. Ancient Roman world (509 BC–AD 476) Ancient Rome (753 BC – AD 476) was a civilization that grew from a city-state founded on the Italian Peninsula about the 8th century BC to a massive empire straddling the Mediterranean Sea. In its 10-centuries expansion, Roman civilization shifted from a small monarchy (753 – 509 BC), to a republic (509 – 27 BC), to an autocratic empire (27 BC – AD 476). It came to dominate Western, Central and Southeastern Europe and the entire area surrounding the Mediterranean Sea through conquest using the Roman legions and then through cultural assimilation by eventually giving Roman citizenship privileges to the whole population. Nonetheless, despite its great legacy, a number of factors led to the eventual decline and fall of the Roman Empire. The Roman Empire succeeded the approximately 500-year-old Roman Republic ( 510 BC – 30 BC), which had been weakened by the conflict between Gaius Marius and Sulla and the civil war of Julius Caesar against Pompey and Marcus Brutus. During these struggles hundreds of senators were killed, and the Roman Senate had been refilled with loyalists of the First Triumvirate and later those of the Second Triumvirate. In 350 years, from the successful and deadliest war with the Phoenicians began in 218 BC to the rule of Emperor Hadrian by AD 117, Ancient Rome expanded up to twenty-five times its area. The same time passed before its fall in AD 476. Rome had expanded long before the empire reached its zenith with the conquest of Dacia in AD 106, under Emperor Trajan. During its territorial peak, the Roman Empire controlled about of land surface and had a population of 100 million. From the time of Caesar (100 – 44 BC) to the Fall of the Western Roman Empire, Rome dominated Southern Europe, the Mediterranean coast of Northern Africa and the Western Middle East, including the ancient trade routes with population living outside. Ancient Rome has contributed greatly to the development of law, war, art, literature, architecture, technology and language in the Western world, and its history continues to have a major influence on the world today. Latin language has been the base from which Romance languages evolved and it has been the official language of the Catholic Church and all Catholic religious ceremonies all over Europe until 1967, as well as an or the official language of countries such as Poland (9th–18th centuries). In AD 395, a few decades before its Western collapse, the Roman Empire formally split into a Western and an Eastern one, each with their own emperors, capitals, and governments, although ostensibly they still belonged to one formal Empire. The Western Roman Empire provinces eventually were replaced by Northern European Germanic ruled kingdoms in the 5th century due to civil wars, corruption, and devastating Germanic invasions from such tribes as the Goths, the Franks and the Vandals by their late expansion throughout Europe. The three-day Visigoths's AD 410 sack of Rome who had been raiding Greece not long before, a shocking time for Graeco-Romans, was the first time after almost 800 years that Rome had fallen to a foreign enemy, and St. Jerome, living in Bethlehem at the time, wrote that "The City which had taken the whole world was itself taken." There followed the sack of AD 455 lasting 14 days, this time conducted by the Vandals, retaining Rome's eternal spirit through the Holy See of Rome (the Latin Church) for centuries to come. The ancient Barbarian tribes, often composed of well-trained Roman soldiers paid by Rome to guard the extensive borders, had become militarily sophisticated 'romanized barbarians', and mercilessly slaughtered the Romans conquering their Western territories while looting their possessions. The Roman Empire is where the idea of "the West" began to emerge. By Rome's central location at the heart of the Empire, "West" and "East" were terms used to denote provinces west and east of the capital itself. Therefore, Iberia (Portugal and Spain), Gaul (France), the Mediterranean coast of North Africa (Tunisia, Algeria, and Morocco) and Britannia were all part of the "West", while Greece, Cyprus, Anatolia, Lebanon, Syria, Israel, Palestine, Egypt, and Libya were part of the "East". Italy itself was considered central, until the reforms of Diocletian dividing the Empire into true two halves: Eastern and Western. The dissolution of the Western half (nominally in AD 476, but in truth a long process that ended by AD 800) left only the Eastern Roman Empire alive. The East continued to call themselves Eastern Romans even after AD 610 – 800 when the official language of the empire was Latin, and the Pope crowned Charlemagne as Emperor of the Romans. The West began thinking in terms of Western Latins (those living in the old Western Empire) and Eastern Greeks (those inside the Roman remnant to the east). The Eastern Roman Empire, governed from Constantinople, is usually referred to as the Byzantine Empire after AD 476, the traditional date for the "fall of the Western Roman Empire" and beginning of the Early Middle Ages. The Eastern Roman Empire surviving the fall of the Western protected Roman legal and cultural traditions, combining them with Greek and Christian elements, for another thousand years. The name Byzantine Empire was used after the Byzantine Empire ended, the inhabitants calling themselves Romans since the term “Roman” was meant to signify all Christians. Middle Ages: Byzantine Empire (AD 395–1450), Holy Roman Empire (AD 800/962–1806), East-West Schism (AD 1054), Protestant Reformation (1500s) In the early 4th century (AD 330), Roman Emperor Constantine the Great had established the city of Constantinople (formerly ancient Byzantium) as the capital of the Roman Empire, later called "Byzantine Empire" by modern historians. The Eastern Roman Empire included lands south-west of the Black Sea and bordering on the Eastern Mediterranean and parts of the Adriatic Sea. This division into Eastern and Western Roman Empires was reflected in the administration of the Roman Catholic and Eastern Greek Orthodox churches, with Rome and Constantinople debating over whether either city was the capital of Western religion. As the Eastern (Orthodox) and Western (Catholic) churches spread their influence, the line between Eastern and Western Christianity was moving. Its movement was affected by the influence of the Byzantine empire and the fluctuating power and influence of the Catholic church in Rome. The geographic line of religious division approximately followed a line of cultural divide. The influential American conservative political scientist, adviser and academic Samuel P. Huntington argued that this cultural division still existed during the Cold War as the approximate Western boundary of those countries that were allied with the Soviet Union. In AD 800 under Charlemagne, the Early Medieval Franks established an empire that was recognized by the Pope in Rome as the Holy Roman Empire (Latin Christian revival of the ancient Roman Empire, under perpetual Germanic rule from AD 962) inheriting ancient Roman Empire's prestige but offending the Roman Emperor in Constantinople. The crowning of the Emperor by the Pope led to the assumption that the highest power was the papal hierarchy, quintessential Roman Empire's spiritual heritage authority, establishing then, until the Protestant Reformation, the civilization of Western Christendom. The Latin Rite Catholic Church of western and central Europe split with the eastern Greek-speaking Patriarchates in the Christian East–West Schism, also known as the "Great Schism", during the Gregorian Reforms (calling for a more central status of the Roman Catholic Church Institution), three months after Pope Leo IX's death in April 1054. Following the 1054 Great Schism, both the Western Church and Eastern Church continued to consider themselves uniquely orthodox and catholic. Augustine wrote in On True Religion: “Religion is to be sought... only among those who are called Catholic or orthodox Christians, that is, guardians of truth and followers of right.” Over time, the Western Church gradually identified with the "Catholic" label, and people of Western Europe gradually associated the "Orthodox" label with the Eastern Church (although in some languages the "Catholic" label is not necessarily identified with the Western Church). This was in note of the fact that both Catholic and Orthodox were in use as ecclesiastical adjectives as early as the 2nd and 4th centuries respectively. Meanwhile, the extent of both Christendoms expanded, as Germanic peoples, Bohemia, Poland, Hungary, Scandinavia, Baltic peoples, British Isles and the other non-Christian lands of the northwest were converted by the Western Church, while Eastern Slavic peoples, Bulgaria, Serbia, Montenegro, Russian territories, Vlachs and Georgia were converted by the Eastern Church. In 1071, the Byzantine army was defeated by the Muslim Turco-Persians of medieval Asia, resulting in the loss of most of Asia Minor. The situation was a serious threat to the future of the Eastern Orthodox Byzantine Empire. The Emperor sent a plea to the Pope in Rome to send military aid to restore the lost territories to Christian rule. The result was a series of western European military campaigns into the eastern Mediterranean, known as the Crusades. Unfortunately for the Byzantines, the crusaders (belonging to the members of nobility from France, German territories, the Low countries, England, Italy and Hungary) had no allegiance to the Byzantine Emperor and established their own states in the conquered regions, including the heart of the Byzantine Empire. The Holy Roman Empire would dissolve on 6 August 1806, after the French Revolution and the creation of the Confederation of the Rhine by Napoleon. Decline of the Byzantine Empire (13th–15th centuries) began with the Latin Christian Fourth Crusade in AD 1202–04, considered to be one of the most important events, solidifying the schism between the Christian churches of Greek Byzantine Rite and Latin Roman Rite. An anti-Western riot in 1182 broke out in Constantinople targeting Latins. The extremely wealthy (after previous Crusades) Venetians in particular made a successful attempt to maintain control over the coast of Catholic present-day Croatia (specifically the Dalmatia, a region of interest to the maritime medieval Venetian Republic moneylenders and its rivals, such as the Republic of Genoa) rebelling against the Venetian economic domination. What followed dealt an irrevocable blow to the already weakened Byzantine Empire with the Crusader army's sack of Constantinople in April 1204, capital of the Greek Christian-controlled Byzantine Empire, described as one of the most profitable and disgraceful sacks of a city in history. This paved the way for Muslim conquests in present-day Turkey and the Balkans in the coming centuries (only a handful of the Crusaders followed to the stated destination thereafter, the Holy Land). The geographical identity of the Balkans is historically known as a crossroads of cultures, a juncture between the Latin and Greek bodies of the Roman Empire, the destination of a massive influx of pagans (meaning "non-Christians") Bulgars and Slavs, an area where Catholic and Orthodox Christianity met, as well as the meeting point between Islam and Christianity. The Papal Inquisition was established in AD 1229 on a permanent basis, run largely by clergymen in Rome, and abolished six centuries later. Before AD 1100, the Catholic Church suppressed what they believed to be heresy, usually through a system of ecclesiastical proscription or imprisonment, but without using torture, and seldom resorting to executions. This very profitable Central European Fourth Crusade had prompted the 14th century Renaissance (translated as 'Rebirth') of Italian city-states including the Papal States, on eve of the Protestant Reformation and Counter-Reformation (which established the Roman Inquisition to succeed the Medieval Inquisition). There followed the discovery of the American continent, and consequent dissolution of West Christendom as even a theoretical unitary political body, later resulting in the religious Eighty Years War (1568–1648) and Thirty Years War (1618–1648) between various Protestant and Catholic states of the Holy Roman Empire (and emergence of religiously diverse confessions). In this context, the Protestant Reformation (1517) may be viewed as a schism within the Catholic Church. German monk Martin Luther, in the wake of precursors, broke with the pope and with the emperor by the Catholic Church's abusive commercialization of indulgences in the Late Medieval Period, backed by many of the German princes and helped by the development of the printing press, in an attempt to reform corruption within the church. Both these religious wars ended with the Peace of Westphalia (1648), which enshrined the concept of the nation-state, and the principle of absolute national sovereignty in international law. As European influence spread across the globe, these Westphalian principles, especially the concept of sovereign states, became central to international law and to the prevailing world order. Colonial West: discovery of America, mercantilism and imperialism (15th–20th centuries) Later concepts of a world of nation-states born by the Peace of Westphalia in 1648, coupled with the ideologies of the Enlightenment, the coming of modernity, the Scientific Revolution and the Industrial Revolution, would produce powerful social transformations, political and economic institutions that have come to influence (or been imposed upon) most nations of the world today. Historians agree that the Industrial Revolution has been one of the most important events in history. This process of influence (and imposition) began with the voyages of discovery, colonization, conquest, and exploitation of Portugal enforced as well by papal bulls in 1450s (by the fall of the Byzantine Empire), granting Portugal navigation, war and trade monopoly for any newly discovered lands, and competing Spanish navigators. It continued with the rise of the Dutch East India Company by the destabilising Spanish discovery of the New World, and the creation and expansion of the English and French colonial empires, and others. Due to the reach of these empires, Western institutions expanded throughout the world. Even after demands for self-determination from subject peoples within Western empires were met with decolonization, these institutions persisted. One specific example was the requirement that post-colonial societies were made to form nation-states (in the Western tradition), which often created arbitrary boundaries and borders that did not necessarily represent a whole nation, people, or culture (as in much of Africa), and are often the cause of international conflicts and friction even to this day. Although not part of Western colonization process proper, following the Middle Ages Western culture in fact entered other global-spanning cultures during the colonial 15th–20th centuries. With the discovery of the American continent or 'New World' in 1492–1493, the European colonial Age of Discovery and exploration was born, revisiting an imperialistic view accompanied by the invention of firearms, while marking the start of the Modern Era. During this long period the Catholic Church launched a major effort to spread Christianity in the New World and to convert the Native Americans and others. A 'Modern West' emerged from the Late Middle Ages (after the Renaissance and fall of Constantinople) as a new civilization greatly influenced by the interpretation of Greek thought preserved in the Byzantine Empire, and transmitted from there by Latin translations and emigration of Greek scholars through Renaissance humanism. (Popular typefaces such as italics were inspired and designed from transcriptions during this period.) Renaissance architectural works, revivals of Classical and Gothic styles, flourished during this modern period throughout Western colonial empires. In the 13th and 14th centuries, a number of European travelers, many of them Christian missionaries, had sought to cultivate trading with Asia and Africa. With the Crusades came the relative contraction of the Orthodox Byzantine's large silk industry in favour of Catholic Western Europe and the rise of Western Papacy. The most famous of these merchant travelers pursuing East–west trade was Venetian Marco Polo. But these journeys had little permanent effect on east–west trade because of a series of political developments in Asia in the last decades of the 14th century, which put an end to further European exploration of Asia: namely the new Ming rulers were found to be unreceptive of religious proselytism by European missionaries and merchants. Meanwhile, the Ottoman Turks consolidated control over the eastern Mediterranean, closing off key overland trade routes. The Portuguese spearheaded the drive to find oceanic routes that would provide cheaper and easier access to South and East Asian goods, by advancements in maritime technology such as the caravel ship introduced in the mid-1400s. The charting of oceanic routes between East and West began with the unprecedented voyages of Portuguese and Spanish sea captains. In 1492 European colonialism expanded across the globe with the exploring voyage of merchant, navigator, and Hispano-Italian colonizer Christopher Columbus. Such voyages were influenced by medieval European adventurers after the European spice trade with Asia, who had journeyed overland to the Far East contributing to geographical knowledge of parts of the Asian continent. They are of enormous significance in Western history as they marked the beginning of the European exploration, colonization and exploitation of the American continents and their native inhabitants. The European colonization of the Americas led to the Atlantic slave trade between the 1490s and the 1800s, which also contributed to the development of African intertribal warfare and racist ideology. Before the abolition of its slave trade in 1807, the British Empire alone (which had started colonial efforts in 1578, almost a century after Portuguese and Spanish empires) was responsible for the transportation of 3.5 million African slaves to the Americas, a third of all slaves transported across the Atlantic. The Holy Roman Empire was dissolved in 1806 by the French Revolutionary Wars; abolition of the Roman Catholic Inquisition followed. In the early-19th century, the systematic urbanisation process (migration from villages in search of jobs in manufacturing centers) had begun, and the concentration of labour into factories led to the rise in the population of the towns. World population had been rising as well. It is estimated to have first reached one billion in 1804. Also, the new philosophical movement later known as Romanticism originated, in the wake of the previous Age of Reason of the 1600s and the Enlightenment of 1700s. These are seen as fostering the 19th century Western world'''s sustained economic development. Western world's major national buildings and churches by the colonial 15th–20th centuries Legislative buildings List of legislative buildings Church buildings List of largest church buildings Lists of cathedrals List of Catholic basilicas Colonial architecture Before the urbanisation and industrialization of the 1800s, demand for oriental goods such as porcelain, silk, spices and tea remained the driving force behind European imperialism in Asia, and (with the important exception of British East India Company rule in India) the European stake in Asia remained confined largely to trading stations and strategic outposts necessary to protect trade. Industrialisation, however, dramatically increased European demand for Asian raw materials; and the severe Long Depression of the 1870s provoked a scramble for new markets for European industrial products and financial services in Africa, the Americas, Eastern Europe, and especially in Asia (Western powers exploited their advantages in China for example by the Opium Wars). This resulted in the so-called "New Imperialism", which saw a shift in focus from trade and indirect rule to formal colonial control of vast overseas territories ruled as political extensions of their mother countries. The later years of the 19th century saw the transition from "informal imperialism" (hegemony) by military influence and economic dominance, to direct rule (a revival of colonial imperialism) in the African continent and Middle East. Between the 1870s and 1914 (the so-called Beautiful Era, socioeconomically optimistic and innovative decades of the Second Industrial Revolution), the established colonial powers in Asia (United Kingdom, France, Netherlands) added to their empires also vast expanses of territory in the Indian Subcontinent and South East Asia. Japan was involved primarily in the so-called Meiji period (1868–1912), though earlier contact with the Portuguese, the Spaniards and the Dutch were also present in recognition of European nations as strategically important to the Japanese Empire. The traditional Japanese society was virtually overturned into an industrial and militarist power like Western countries such as the United Kingdom and the French Third Republic, and similar to the German Empire and Russian Empire. The United States, following the Spanish–American War in 1898, quickly emerged as the new imperial power in East Asia and in the Pacific Ocean area. By 1913, the British Empire held sway over 412 million people, of the world population at the time, and by 1920, it covered , of the Earth's total land area. At its apex, the phrase "the empire on which the sun never sets" described the British Empire, because its expanse around the globe meant that the sun always shone on at least one of its territories. As a result, its political, legal, linguistic and cultural legacy is widespread throughout the Western World. In the aftermath of the Second World War, decolonizing efforts were employed by all Western powers under United Nations (ex-League of Nations) international directives. Most of colonized nations received independence by 1960. Great Britain showed ongoing responsibility for the welfare of its former colonies as member states of the Commonwealth of Nations. But the end of Western colonial imperialism saw the rise of Westrern neocolonialism or economic imperialism. Multinational corporations came to offer "a dramatic refinement of the traditional business enterprise", through "issues as far ranging as national sovereignty, ownership of the means of production, environmental protection, consumerism, and policies toward organized labor." Though the overt colonial era had passed, Western nations, as comparatively rich, well-armed, and culturally powerful states, wielded a large degree of influence throughout the world, and with little or no sense of responsibility toward the peoples impacted by its multinational corporations in their exploitation of minerals and markets.R. Vernon, Sovereignty at Bay: the Multinational Spread of U.S. Enterprises (1971). The dictum of Alfred Thayer Mahan is shown to have lasting relevance, that whoever controls the seas controls the world. Cold War context (1947–1991) During the Cold War, a new definition emerged. Earth was divided into three "worlds". The First World, analogous in this context to what was called the West, was composed of NATO members and other countries aligned with the United States. The Second World was the Eastern bloc in the Soviet sphere of influence, including the Soviet Union (15 republics including presently independent Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania) and Warsaw Pact countries like Poland, Bulgaria, Hungary, Romania, East Germany (now united with Germany), and Czechoslovakia (now split into the Czech Republic and Slovakia). The Third World consisted of countries, many of which were unaligned with either, and important members included India, Yugoslavia, Finland (Finlandization) and Switzerland (Swiss Neutrality); some include the People's Republic of China, though this is disputed, since the People's Republic of China, as communist, had friendly relations — at certain times — with the Soviet bloc, and had a significant degree of importance in global geopolitics. Some Third World countries aligned themselves with either the US-led West or the Soviet-led Eastern bloc. Maps on the Cold War East–west division A number of countries did not fit comfortably into this neat definition of partition, including Switzerland, Sweden, Austria, and Ireland, which chose to be neutral. Finland was under the Soviet Union's military sphere of influence (see FCMA treaty) but remained neutral and was not communist, nor was it a member of the Warsaw Pact or Comecon but a member of the EFTA since 1986, and was west of the Iron Curtain. In 1955, when Austria again became a fully independent republic, it did so under the condition that it remain neutral; but as a country to the west of the Iron Curtain, it was in the United States' sphere of influence. Spain did not join the NATO until 1982, seven years after the death of the authoritarian Franco. Cold War II context During the Cold War II, a new definition emerged. More specifically, Cold War II, also known as the Second Cold War, New Cold War, Cold War Redux, Cold War 2.0, and Colder War, refers to the tensions, hostilities, and political rivalry that intensified dramatically in 2014 between the Russian Federation on the one hand, and the United States, European Union, NATO and some other countries on the other hand.As Cold War II Looms, Washington Courts Nationalist, Rightwing, Catholic, Xenophobic Poland, Huffington Post, 15 October 2015. Tensions escalated in 2014 after Russia's annexation of Crimea, military intervention in Ukraine, and the 2015 Russian military intervention in the Syrian Civil War. By August 2014, both sides had implemented economic, financial, and diplomatic sanctions upon each other: virtually all Western countries, led by the US and EU, imposed restrictive measures on Russia; the latter reciprocally introduced retaliatory measures.Johanna Granville, "The Folly of Playing High-Stakes Poker with Putin: More to Lose than Gain over Ukraine." 8 May 2014. Modern definitions The exact scope of the Western world is somewhat subjective in nature, depending on whether cultural, economic, spiritual or political criteria are employed. It is a generally accepted western view to recognize the existence of at least three "major worlds" (or "cultures", or "civilizations"), broadly in contrast with the Western: the Eastern world, the Arab and the African worlds, with no clearly specified boundaries. Additionally, Latin American and Orthodox worlds are sometimes separately considered "akin" to the West. Many anthropologists, sociologists and historians oppose "the West and the Rest" in a categorical manner. The same has been done by Malthusian demographers with a sharp distinction between European and non-European family systems. Among anthropologists, this includes Durkheim, Dumont and Lévi-Strauss. As the term "Western world" does not have a strict international definition, governments do not use the term in legislation of international treaties and instead rely on other definitions. Cultural definition In modern usage, Western world refers to Europe and to areas whose populations largely originate from Europe, through the Age of Discovery's imperialism. In the 20th century, Christianity declined in influence in many Western countries, mostly in the European Union where some member states have experienced falling church attendance and membership in recent years, and also elsewhere. Secularism (separating religion from politics and science) increased. However, while church attendance is in decline, in some western countries (i.e. Italy, Poland and Portugal) more than half the people state that religion is important, and most Westerners nominally identify themselves as Christians (e.g. 59% in the United Kingdom) and attend church on major occasions, such as Christmas and Easter. In the Americas, Christianity continues to play an important societal role, though in areas such as Canada, a low level of religiosity is common due to a European-type secularization. The official religions of the United Kingdom and some Nordic countries are forms of Christianity, while the majority of European countries have no official religion. Despite this, Christianity, in its different forms, remains the largest faith in most Western countries. Christianity remains the dominant religion in the Western world, where 70% are Christians. A 2011 Pew Research Center survey found that 76.2% of Europeans, 73.3% in Oceania, and about 86.0% in the Americas (90% in Latin America and 77.4% in North America) described themselves as Christians.Western world countries also are the most keen on digital and televisual media technologies, as they were in the postwar period on television and radio: from 2000 to 2014, internet's market penetration in the West was twice that in non-Western regions. Wikipedia is blocked intermittently in China since 2004. Economic definition The term "Western world" is sometimes interchangeably used with the term First World or developed countries, stressing the difference between First World and the Third World or developing countries. This usage occurs despite the fact that many countries that may be culturally "Western" are developing countries – in fact, a significant percentage of the Americas are developing countries. It is also used despite many developed countries or regions not being Western (e.g. Japan, Singapore, South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Macao), and therefore left out when "Western world" is used to denote developed countries. Privatization policies (involving government enterprises and public services) and multinational corporations are often considered a visible sign of Western nations's economic presence, especially in Third World countries, and represent common institutional environment for powerful politicians, enterprises, trade unions and firms, bankers and thinkers of the Western world.James C. W. Ahiakpor, "Multinational Corporations in the Third World: Predators or Allies in Economic Development?" 20 July 2010.Jackson J. Spielvogel, "Western Civilization: A Brief History, Volume II: Since 1500" 2016. The existence of "The North" implies the existence of "The South", and the socio-economic divide between North and South. The term "the North" has in some contexts replaced earlier usage of the term "the West", particularly in the critical sense, as a more robust demarcation than the terms "West" and "East". The North designates the geographical location of most wealthy countries (though this does not indicate the Northern Hemisphere, which also includes many countries of "The South"), Modern financial services and technologies are largely developed by Western nations: Bitcoin, the best known digital currency is subject to skepticism in the Eastern world whereas Western nations are more open to it. Latin America American political scientist, adviser and academic Samuel P. Huntington considered Latin America as separate from the Western world for the purpose of his geopolitical analysis. However, he also states that, while in general researchers consider that the West has three main components (European, North American and Latin American), in his view, Latin America has followed a different development path from Europe and North America. Although it is a scion of European civilization, it also incorporates, to an extent, elements of indigenous American civilizations, absent from North America and Europe. It has had a corporatist and authoritarian culture that Europe had to a much lesser extent. Both Europe and North America felt the effects of the Reformation and combined Catholic and Protestant culture. Historically, Latin America has been only Catholic, although this is changing due to the influx of Protestants into the region. Some regions in Latin America incorporate indigenous cultures, which did not exist in Europe and were effectively annihilated in the United States, and whose importance oscillates between two extremes: Central America, Peru and Bolivia, on the one hand, and Argentina, Brazil, Chile and Uruguay on the other. However, he does mention that the modus operandi of the Catholic Church was to incorporate native elements of pagan European cultures into the general dogma of Catholicism, and the Native American elements could be perceived in the same way. Subjectively, Latin Americans are divided when it comes to identifying themselves. Some say: "Yes, we are part of the West." Others say: "No, we have our own unique culture"; and a vast bibliographical material produced by Latin Americans and North Americans exposes in detail their cultural differences. Huntington goes on to mention that Latin America could be considered a sub-civilization within Western civilization, or a separate civilization intimately related to the West and divided as to its belonging to it. While the second option is the most appropriate and useful for an analysis focused on the international political consequences of civilizations, including relations between Latin America, on the one hand, and North America and Europe, on the other, he also mentions that the underlying conflict of Latin America belonging to the West must eventually be addressed in order to develop a cohesive Latin American identity. Huntington's view has, however, been contested on a number of occasions as biased. Views on torn countries According to Samuel P. Huntington, some countries are torn on whether they are Western or not, with typically the national leadership pushing for Westernization, while historical, cultural and traditional forces remaining largely non-Western. These include Turkey, whose political leadership has since the 1920s tried to Westernize the predominantly Muslim country with only 3% of its territory within Europe. It is his chief example of a "torn country" that is attempting to join Western civilization. The country's elite started the Westernization efforts, beginning with Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, who took power as the first president of the modern Turkish nation-state in 1923, imposed western institutions and dress, removed the Arabic alphabet and embraced the Latin alphabet. It joined NATO and since the 1960s has been seeking to join the European Union with very slow progress. Mexico and Russia are also considered to be torn by Huntington. He also gives the example of Australia as a country torn between its Western civilizational heritage and its growing economic engagement with Asia. Russia, Japan, and India also are what Huntington terms 'swing civilizations'. Other views A series of scholars of civilization, including Arnold J. Toynbee, Alfred Kroeber and Carroll Quigley have identified and analyzed "Western civilization" as one of the civilizations that have historically existed and still exist today. Toynbee entered into quite an expansive mode, including as candidates those countries or cultures who became so heavily influenced by the West as to adopt these borrowings into their very self-identity. Carried to its limit, this would in practice include almost everyone within the West, in one way or another. In particular, Toynbee refers to the intelligentsia'' formed among the educated elite of countries impacted by the European expansion of centuries past. While often pointedly nationalist, these cultural and political leaders interacted within the West to such an extent as to change both themselves and the West. The theologian and paleontologist Pierre Teilhard de Chardin conceived of the West as the set of civilizations descended from the Nile Valley Civilization of Egypt. Palestinian-American literary critic Edward Said uses the term occident in his discussion of orientalism. According to his binary, the West, or Occident, created a romanticized vision of the East, or Orient, to justify colonial and imperialist intentions. This Occident-Orient binary focuses on the Western vision of the East instead of any truths about the East. His theories are rooted in Hegel's Master-slave dialectic: The Occident would not exist without the Orient and vice versa. Further, Western writers created this irrational, feminine, weak "Other" to contrast with the rational, masculine, strong West because of a need to create a difference between the two that would justify imperialist ambitions, according to the Said-influenced Indian-American theorist Homi K. Bhabha. Map illustrations of the West according to different but closely interrelated definitions From a very different perspective, it has also been argued that the idea of the West is, in part, a non-Western invention, deployed in the non-West to shape and define non-Western pathways through or against modernity. See also Americanization Anglicisation Anglophone Atlanticism Christendom Eastern world East-West dichotomy Europeanisation Far West Francophonie Free world Global North Global South Golden billion Hispanophone History of Western civilization Mid-Atlantic English Monroe Doctrine Orient Three-world model Western esotericism Western philosophy Westernization Western civilization Western culture Organisations European Council European Union European Economic Area Group of Seven (G7) North Atlantic Treaty Organization Representation in the United Nations Eastern European Group Western European and Others Group Notes References Further reading Bavaj, Riccardo: "The West": A Conceptual Exploration , European History Online, Mainz: Institute of European History, 2011, retrieved: 28 November 2011. Daly, Jonathan. "The Rise of Western Power: A Comparative History of Western Civilization" (London and New York: Bloomsbury, 2014). . Daly, Jonathan. "Historians Debate the Rise of the West" (London and New York: Routledge, 2015). . The Western Tradition homepage at Annenberg/CPB – where you can watch each episode on demand for free (Pop-ups required) J. F. C. Fuller. A Military History of the Western World. Three Volumes. New York: Da Capo Press, Inc., 1987 and 1988. V. 1. From the earliest times to the Battle of Lepanto; . V. 2. From the defeat of the Spanish Armada to the Battle of Waterloo; . V. 3. From the American Civil War to the end of World War II; . Category:Country classifications Category:Cultural concepts Category:Cultural regions Category:Historiography of Europe Category:Western culture

Daisy Bacon (May 23, 1898 – March 1, 1986) was an American pulp fiction magazine editor and writer, best known as the editor of Love Story Magazine from 1928 to 1947. Early life Daisy Bacon was born in Union City, Pennsylvania. One of her great-uncles, Dr. Almon C. Bacon, was the founder of Bacone College in Oklahoma. Career Daisy Bacon started working in publishing at Street & Smith as an advice columnist, before becoming editor of several of their pulp magazines. She began editing Love Story in 1928, and stayed in that position until the magazine's run ended in 1947. "In her pages, she offers to the average woman – not a flight from actual life — but a heightened reality," explained one profile in 1942, noting that the magazine's circulation was between two and three million readers a month. She also edited Smart Love Stories, Detective Stories, The Shadow, and Doc Savage (the latter two, superhero adventure series). As a writer, she published several stories and essays, and a how-to manual, Love Story Writer (1953). In the 1960s, she launched her own imprint, Gemini Books. On romance in mid-twentieth century America, she noted that "It is better for girls to acquire careers first, husbands afterward," and "financial independence for the wife is an ideal basis for marriage. To be singled out by a girl with a good job is the highest form of flattery for a man. She does not need his support. Therefore she loves him for himself." Personal life Daisy Bacon's unmarried status while editing a magazine about romance was often remarked upon, along with her tall slim figure and her stylish wardrobe. She died in 1986, aged 87 years, in Port Washington, New York. In 2016 the Baxter Estates Village Hall in Port Washington held an exhibit about Bacon, including her desk, photographs, manuscripts, and typewriter. A biography of Bacon was reported as underway in 2016. References External links Category:1898 births Category:1986 deaths Category:American editors Category:American women writers Category:People from Erie County, Pennsylvania

Roderic O'Connor (foaled 4 April 2008) is an Irish Thoroughbred racehorse. He won the Criterium International as a two-year-old and the Irish 2000 Guineas as a three-year-old. He is owned by Mrs John Magnier and was trained by Aidan O'Brien. He now stands as a stallion at Ballyhane Stud. Breeding Roderic O'Connor is the son of Galileo, who won The Derby, Irish Derby and King George VI and Queen Elizabeth Stakes and multiple Champion sire. Galileo's sire was Sadler's Wells, winner of the Eclipse Stakes and Irish Champion Stakes and multiple Champion sire. Roderic O'Connor's dam, Secret Garden won twice, including a listed race. Secret Garden's sire was Danehill, winner of the Sprint Cup and Champion sire. Racing career 2010: two-year-old season Roderic O'Connor finished third on his racecourse debut when starting at 20/1 for a seven furlong maiden at Leopardstown. He then won a maiden race at the Curragh, beating Master of Hounds by 2½ lengths. In the Dewhurst Stakes he took on Frankel and Dream Ahead. Starting as the 25/1 outsider he finished second, 2¼ lengths behind Frankel. In his final start as a two-year-old he travelled to France for the Criterium International. He started the race the 5/2 second favourite and was ridden by Johnny Murtagh. He was ridden prominently during the early stages of the race and then quickened clear in the finishing straight. In the closing stages he drifted first left and then right, but he ran on again to win by 1½ lengths from Salto. 2011: three-year-old-season He started his three-year-old season 2000 Guineas and was amongst the favourites. Dewhurst winner Frankel was the hot favourite at 1/2, then came Roderic O'Connor and National Stakes winner Pathfork at 8/1. Racing Post Trophy winner Casamento started at 11/1. Frankel pulled away in the opening stages of the race and was never caught. Ridden by Ryan Moore, Roderic O'Connor was near the front of the chasing group, but faded with three furlongs still to run. He finished 38 lengths behind the winner in eleventh. Roderic O'Connor then took on 2000 Guineas runner-up Dubawi Gold in the Irish 2000 Guineas. Under Joseph O'Brien (son of trainer Aidan O'Brien) he led from the start. Dubawi Gold closed in the final stages of the race, but could not catch him and Roderic O'Connor went on to win by ¾ length. This was Joseph O'Brien's first Group 1 win. He then finished eighth in the Prix du Jockey Club, sixth in the Irish Derby and fifth in the Irish Champion Stakes. Assessment He was officially rated as the 136th best horse in the world in 2011. Stud career At the end of the 2011 season Roderic O'Connor was retired to stud. He stands as a stallion at Ballyhane Stud and also as a shuttle stallion in Brazil during the 2012 season. His 2012 stud fee is €9,000. Pedigree Note: b. = Bay, br. = Brown, ch. = Chestnut * Roderic O'Connor is inbred 3x4 to Northern Dancer, meaning that the stallion appears once in the third generation and once in the fourth generation of his pedigree. References Category:2008 racehorse births Category:Racehorses bred in Ireland Category:Racehorses trained in Ireland Category:Irish Classic Race winners Category:Thoroughbred family 16-c

McClurg Branch is a stream in Iron County in the U.S. state of Missouri. It is a tributary of Cedar Creek. The stream headwaters arise around at an elevation of around 1320 feet. The stream flows northwest and then north to its confluence at and an elevation of 968 feet. The stream valley is also known as Coon Hollow. The confluence is just south of Missouri Route 32 about one mile east of the community of Banner. Belleview is about five miles to the east. McClurg Branch has the name of Jake McClurg, an early settler. See also List of rivers of Missouri References Category:Rivers of Iron County, Missouri Category:Rivers of Missouri

Boerhavia triquetra, with the common names creeping sticky stem, slender spiderling, spiderling, is an annual desert plant in the four o'clock family (Nyctaginaceae). It is native to California and Arizona, in habitats of the Mojave Desert and Sonoran Desert. External links Calflora Database: Boerhavia triquetra (Creeping sticky stem, Slender spiderling) triquetra Category:Flora of the California desert regions Category:Flora of Arizona Category:Flora of the Sonoran Deserts Category:Natural history of the Colorado Desert Category:Natural history of the Mojave Desert Category:Taxa named by Sereno Watson

Prokopy Petrovich Lyapunov () (died 1611) was a Russian statesman of Rurikid stock, who helped deliver Moscow from Polish interventionists. After the death of Boris Godunov, Prokopy and his brother Zakhary Lyapunov sided with False Dmitriy I. In early 1606, he took part in the Bolotnikov Uprising on the side of the rebels. In November 1606, Lyapunov came to Moscow and gave himself up to Vasili IV. After his repentance, Lyapunov was made a dvoryanin of the Boyar Duma (1607). In 1608–1610, Lyapunov led the army of service class people against a peasant uprising in the Ryazan region and supporters of False Dmitriy II. In July 1610, Lyapunov was the one to organize the overthrowing of Vasili IV. When the Polish army occupied Moscow in 1611, Lyapunov, inspired by Patriarch Germogen's proclamations, levied the First People's Volunteer Army and became its leader. In March 1611, the people's volunteer army approached Moscow and blocked the invaders. In the summer of 1611, Lyapunov practically became the head of the interim government. On June 30, he issued a decree, which reinstated certain serf regulations and violated his own promises to Cossacks of "freedom and salary". Thereupon he was killed by the indignant Cossacks on August 1, 1611 O.S. The idea of a Volunteer Army was taken up by Dmitry Pozharsky, who finally delivered Moscow from the Poles in 1612. See also Mikhail Skopin-Shuysky Category:Year of birth missing Category:1611 deaths Prokopy Category:Russian military leaders Category:Tsardom of Russia people Category:Russian knights

José Molíns Montes (born 17 February 1933) is a Spanish long-distance runner. He competed in the men's 5000 metres at the 1960 Summer Olympics. References Category:1933 births Category:Living people Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 1960 Summer Olympics Category:Spanish male long-distance runners Category:Olympic athletes of Spain Category:Place of birth missing (living people)

Peter Flannery (born 12 October 1951, Jarrow, County Durham) is an English playwright and screenwriter. He was educated at the University of Manchester and is best known for his work while a resident playwright at the Royal Shakespeare Company in the late 1970s and early 1980s. Notable plays during his tenure include: Savage Amusement (1978), Awful Knawful (1978), and Our Friends in the North (1982). Other theatre work has included Singer (1989). He is perhaps best known to a wider audience for his highly acclaimed television adaptation of Our Friends in the North, produced by the BBC and screened on BBC2 in 1996. The epic nine-part serial, charting the course of the lives of four friends from Newcastle from 1964 to 1995, was in 2000 voted by the British Film Institute as one of the 100 Greatest British Television Programmes of the 20th century. Flannery's other television work has included Blind Justice (1988), a series about the work of radical lawyers. At the 1997 British Academy Television Awards, Flannery was given the honorary Dennis Potter Award for outstanding achievement in television writing. In January 2007, he scripted an adaptation of Alan Hunter's Inspector Gently novels, entitled George Gently, for BBC One to be broadcast later in the year. Flannery changed the setting of the stories from Suffolk to the North East in the 1960s and created new characters who had not featured in the novels. George Gently is produced by Company Pictures, reuniting Flannery with Our Friends in the North producer Charles Pattinson, who co-runs Company and is an executive producer on the series alongside Flannery. The drama was eventually shown on 8 April 2007. The seventh series - now screened as Inspector George Gently - screened in the spring of 2015. Flannery has also worked in film, although with less success than in other media. He wrote the screenplays for films such as Funny Bones (1995) and The One and Only (2002). In 2008 Channel 4 transmitted Flannery's mini-series about the English Civil War, The Devil's Whore, on which he had worked for more than a decade. In 2014, the channel released a four-part continuation, titled New Worlds. This series was set in England and America in the 1680s and was co-written by Martine Brandt. It featured various characters of a new generation, played by Jamie Dornan, Freya Mavor, Joe Dempsie, Eve Best, Jeremy Northam and Alice Englert. Flannery's stage adaptation of Nikita Mikhalkov's film Burnt by the Sun opened at the National Theatre, London, in March 2009. The cast included Irish actor Ciarán Hinds as General Kotov, Rory Kinnear as Mitya, and Michelle Dockery as Maroussia. Flannery lives in Wallingford, Oxfordshire. Notes References Rebellato, Dan. The Continuum Companion to Twentieth Century Theatre (ed. Colin Chambers). London. Continuum. . External links Article on Burnt by the Sun by [Andrea Grunert] in June 2010. Category:Alumni of Bath Spa University Category:English dramatists and playwrights Category:English television writers Category:People from Jarrow Category:1951 births Category:Living people Category:Male screenwriters Category:English male dramatists and playwrights Category:Male television writers

Amblyseius impressus is a species of mite in the family Phytoseiidae. References Category:Arachnids Category:Articles created by Qbugbot Category:Animals described in 1973

The periodontium is the specialized tissues that both surround and support the teeth, maintaining them in the maxillary and mandibular bones. The word comes from the Greek terms περί peri-, meaning "around" and -odont, meaning "tooth". Literally taken, it means that which is "around the tooth". Periodontics is the dental specialty that relates specifically to the care and maintenance of these tissues. It provides the support necessary to maintain teeth in function. It consists of four principal components, namely: Gingiva Periodontal ligament (PDL) Cementum Alveolar bone proper Each of these components is distinct in location, architecture, and biochemical properties, which adapt during the life of the structure. For example, as teeth respond to forces or migrate medially, bone resorbs on the pressure side and is added on the tension side. Cementum similarly adapts to wear on the occlusal surfaces of the teeth by apical deposition. The periodontal ligament in itself is an area of high turnover that allows the tooth not only to be suspended in the alveolar bone but also to respond to the forces. Thus, although seemingly static and having functions of their own, all of these components function as a single unit. The Wnt signaling antagonist Sfrp3/Frzb has been recently discovered as an early developmental marker of the periodontium. External forces and the periodontium The periodontium exists for the purpose of supporting teeth during their function and it depends on the stimulation it receives from the function for preservation of its structure. Therefore, a constant state of balance always exists between the periodontal structures and the external forces. Alveolar bone undergoes constant physiologic remodeling in response to external forces, particularly occlusal forces. Bone is removed from areas where it is no longer needed and added to areas where it is needed. The socket wall reflects the responsiveness to the external forces. Osteoblasts and newly formed osteoid line the areas of tension, whereas lines of compression are lined by osteoclasts. The forces also influence the number, density, and alignment of trabeculae inside the bone. The bony trabeculae are aligned in the path of tensile and compressive stresses to provide maximum resistance to occlusal forces with a minimum of bone substance. When forces are increased, the bony trabeculae also increase in number and thickness and bone is added to the external surfaces. The periodontal ligament depends on stimulation provided by function to preserve its structure. Within physiologic limits the PDL can accommodate increased function by increasing its width. Forces that exceed the adaptive capacity of the periodontium produce injury called trauma from occlusion. When occlusal forces are reduced the PDL atrophies, appearing thinned. This phenomenon is called disuse atrophy. References Category:Periodontology Category:Human mouth anatomy Category:Dental anatomy

Jordan Clark (born 14 October 1990) is an English cricketer. Clark is a right-handed batsman who bowls right-arm medium pace and who occasionally fields as a wicket-keeper. He was born in Whitehaven, Cumbria and was educated at Sedbergh School. Clark made his debut for Cumberland in the 2007 Minor Counties Championship against Norfolk. The following season he played two further matches in that competition, against Buckinghamshire and Norfolk again. Clark joined Lancashire's Academy in 2008; after two years in the Academy, he was given a scholarship with Lancashire in January 2010. Having represented the Lancashire Second XI in since 2008, Clark made his debut for Lancashire in Lancashire's last List A match in the 2010 Clydesdale Bank 40 against Worcestershire. He scored 32 runs before being dismissed by Jack Shantry. In the winter of 2010/11 Clark suffered a stress fracture to the back. At the start of the 2011 season, Clark's scholarship was renewed and, in June, he made his Twenty20 debut. He scored 19 runs from 11 balls as Lancashire tied with Derbyshire. In October Clark signed his first full-time professional contract with Lancashire. On 24 April 2013 in a second XI game for Lancashire against Yorkshire at North Marine Road Ground, Scarborough, he became only the fifth player to hit six sixes off an over in a professional game, scoring the runs against left-arm spinner Gurman Randhawa. On 22 July 2018, Clark removed England captain Joe Root, New Zealand captain Kane Williamson, and England batsman Jonny Bairstow in consecutive balls to secure a hat-trick in the County Championship roses match against Yorkshire. Clark took 5-58 in this innings, his maiden first-class 5 wicket haul. In September 2018, he was named in the Hobart Hurricanes' squad for the 2018 Abu Dhabi T20 Trophy. References External links Category:1990 births Category:Living people Category:Sportspeople from Whitehaven Category:People educated at Sedbergh School Category:English cricketers Category:Cumberland cricketers Category:Lancashire cricketers Category:Surrey cricketers Category:Cricketers from Yorkshire Category:Hobart Hurricanes cricketers

Diadelia parapunctifrons is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Breuning in 1977. References Category:Diadelia Category:Beetles described in 1977

The Santa Cruz Guitar Company is an American manufacturer of acoustic guitars, located in Santa Cruz, California. The company was started in 1976 by luthier Richard Hoover, who is reputed to have "trained some of the most accomplished contemporary luthiers in his workshop", and investors Bruce Ross and William Davis. They produce somewhere between 500 and 700 guitars a year, and their instruments are known for being "some of the world’s finest steel-string guitars" with characteristics described as "being highly resonate and having a complexity of overtones". History Luthier Richard Hoover began learning his craft from Bruce McGuire and Jim Patterson in the late 1960s, and became well known in his home town of Santa Cruz, California after having run his own guitar repair and manufacturing shop for several years. In the early 1970s there was little information on building steel-string guitars available, and builders like Hoover, Bob Taylor, Jean Larrivée, and Michael Gurian started collaborating, sharing ideas, tools, and techniques as they discovered them. Hoover also learned from reading an "armload of books on how to make violins", supplied by his mother, who was a reference librarian, and learned techniques on wood finishes from a Swedish finish carpenter. In 1976 Hoover was approached by investors Bruce Ross and William Davis, who wanted to start their own acoustic guitar company. Hoover had made his own guitar and he was invited to join the team. The name "Santa Cruz Guitar Company" was initially a place-holder name that they expected to replace when they thought of a better one, which never happened. The company called its first model the "D", a dreadnought that they wanted to have a tone with good balance between bass and treble. They chose koa wood for the sides and back, a wood common in guitars at the beginning of the twentieth century, but that had become rare during the Great Depression. Many things happened with the company in 1978. William Davis left because the company was struggling to make a healthy profit, and Hoover purchased Davis's share. They introduced the H model, named after the initial of Paul Hostetter's last name, as he introduced the guitar's concepts to Hoover and Ross. The FTC model was also introduced, which has a flat top with a carved, arched back. This model was a limited edition run, with the 17th of the series being bought by Eric Clapton. They later altered the FTC into the F model—which has a flat back, a plainer fretboard, and with the cutaway an option. Lastly, they started collaborating with Tony Rice, building a model based on his Martin d-28, a guitar that has gotten some odd modifications done to it by various repairmen. Rice started touring with the guitar which led to the company receiving many phone calls. They realized they had a something offered by nobody else, and the Tony Rice model was introduced as a standard in 1981. Richard Hoover bought out Bruce Ross in 1989 (who went on to pursue his current career in Family Therapy) and made several changes, for instance standardizing headstock shapes and neck widths on some models to get the amount of variation down. By the 1990s they had over 20 standard models, including 12 fret, smaller bodied guitars, and offered a variety of different customization options, including tone woods (Cocobolo, Ziricote, Brazilian, Figured Mahogany, etc.), custom neck shapes, inlays and custom voicing/bracing. The company focuses on fine detail, and limits its size to maintain instrument quality. They have developed new designs and understanding of materials in pursuit of a greater variation in tone—because where guitars traditionally had to produce sufficient volume to compete with other instruments, smaller bodied guitars are now amplified if necessary. The company uses both reclaimed wood and responsibly harvested new wood, having had a "green philosophy […] from the company's beginning." Due to the company's reputation they are often approached by others who have wood available, as for instance when they in 2009 built guitars after accepting an offer of Brazilian rosewood harvested in the 1930s. Their guitars are often perceived as expensive. Some of their well-known models having expensive options, e.g., one review lists the Don Edwards signature model "Cowboy Singer" at (approx. as of March 2012). Other models are priced similar to equivalently featured instruments from other makers. Notable players Tony Rice Bob Brozman Disappear Fear ( aka SONiA Rutstein ) Don Edwards Brad Paisley Robert Plant Ben Harper Elvis Costello Lloyd Cole Jack Black (Tenacious D) Arlen Roth Jackie Greene References External links Company homepage Richard Hoover Interview NAMM Oral History Library (2007, 2016) Category:Guitar manufacturing companies of the United States Category:Manufacturing companies based in California Category:Companies based in Santa Cruz County, California Category:American companies established in 1976 Category:Manufacturing companies established in 1976 Category:1976 establishments in California

Hocus Pocus Alfie Atkins () is a 2013 Danish-Norwegian-Swedish animated feature film directed by Torill Kove. It is based on the book of the same title from the Alfie Atkins book series by Gunilla Bergström. Plot Alfie Atkins wants a dog for his birthday, but his father says he's way too small to take care of it. When he goes to school later on, he's also told by the bigger children in school that he's too small to play with them. Alfie then meets an old man that can conjure money out of thin air and decides to use his help to gain a dog. Cast Markus Engdahl-Alfons Åberg, Mållgan Åberg Gustaf Hammarsten-Pappa Åberg Per Eggers-Trollkarl Gunilla Röör-Trollkarl Fru Singoalla Sofia Wendt-Milla Åberg Adrian Bratt-Viktor Åberg References External links Category:2013 films Category:Swedish films Category:Swedish animated films Category:Norwegian animated films Category:Danish animated films Category:2013 animated films Category:Animated films based on children's books Category:Films directed by Torill Kove

Robert Beaumont (fl. 1639), essayist, is chiefly remarkable for his Missives, which appear, from one part of Beaumont's epistle to the reader, to be his own composition, and from another part to be the composition of others. But the former intimation has the stronger support. "Letters", he says, "should be like a well-furnished table, where every guest may eat of what dish he pleases." This reminds us of Bickerstaff's once-popular opera, Love in a Village There are fifteen essays on the various parts of the body–the head, eye, nose, ear, tongue, and so forth. They are full of trope and figure, frequently with much force of application, quaint and sententious. The precise title of his work is as follows: Love's Missives to Virtue; with Essaies, London printed by William Godbid, and are to be sold at the signe of the Star, in Little Britain, 1660. Small octavo, pages 120. References DNB references These references are found in the DNB article referred to above. External links Category:Year of birth missing Category:Year of death missing Category:English letter writers Category:English essayists Category:17th-century English writers Category:17th-century male writers

Salikin Mardi Hardjo (1910- July 1993) was a Javanese-Surinamese social activist born in Malang, Jawa Timur (East Java), Indonesia. He is known for his opposition to Dutch colonial rule in Suriname in the 1930s, advocacy for the Javanese community in Suriname, and their perceived marginalisation and orchestrating the repatriation of many Javanese-Surinamese to Tongar in West Sumatra near Padang. Early life Born in Malang in East Java. In 1920, he emigrated to Suriname which was a Dutch plantation colony at the time. His father, Doel worked as a mechanic in Moengo in the bauxite industry. In 1926, the family relocated to Paramaribo. Klaas Breunissen, an author proved in 2001 that Hardjo secretly wrote under the pen name, ‘Bok Sark’ posing as a Javanese woman maltreated on a plantation in the Surinamese magazine De Banier van Waarheid en Recht’. Political career He founded the Pergerakan Bangsa Indonesia Suriname (PBIS), in English the ‘People’s Party of Indonesians in Suriname’. The PBIS rivalled the Kaum Tani Persatuan Indonesia, (KTPI) (Indonesian (Muslim) Peasant’s Party) which is now the Party for National Unity and Solidarity. Hardjo and the PBIS eventually lost out to the more traditionalist KTPI, led by Iding Soemita, the father of Willy Soemita. In 1954 after, Suriname gained self-governance, all citizens of Suriname were granted Dutch citizenship. In response, the Government of Indonesia sent Abikusno Tjokrosujoso, a leading statesman and signatory to the constitution of Indonesia. It was determined that repatriation was popular. After his defeat by the KTPI and the success of Tjokrosujoso’s mission, Hardjo set up the Jajasan ke Tanah Air, (JTA) which translates as the 'Homeland Foundation' which existed to promote the repatriation of the Javanese. A further delegation subsidised by the Indonesian government was sent to Indonesia to discuss repatriation efforts, members of the delegation met with President of Indonesia, Sukarno, Mohammad Hatta, then Vice President of Indonesia and Prime Minister of Indonesia, Sutan Sjahrir. It was decided and promised that each repatriate household would receive 2.5 hectares of land and decided that due to overpopulation, this land would not be in Java but instead in Lampung, a site already used to transmigration. Hardjo, migrated to Indonesia along with his family in 1953. He was followed by the RMS Langkoeas, which set sail on 4 January 1954 carrying 1014 people, some 646 of whom had been born in Suriname. ‘At the last minute’, the migrants were informed that they would be granted 1.5 hectares of land rather than the expected 2.5 and that they should establish their settlement in Tongar, sometimes referred to as Tongass in West Sumatra rather than Lampung. Tongar was praised as ‘model village’ by Indonesian authorities, but this outlook was not shared by many immigrants who doubted the stability of the new Indonesian state after the Permesta rebellion. Many left Tongar to the village of Duri in Riau province to work for Caltex, Padang with "Portland Cement" and to Jakarta for general economic prosperity. The village also grew with the further settlement of Javanese transmigrants. Despite its setbacks, the ‘Surinamese village' was declared to be the most developed West Sumatran village in 1988. Hardjo died in Tongar in July 1993. References Category:1910 births Category:1993 deaths Category:People from Malang Category:Surinamese people of Javanese descent Category:Indonesian emigrants to Suriname Category:Surinamese politicians

Three hundred sixty-nine is the natural number following three hundred sixty-eight and preceding three hundred seventy. In mathematics 369 is the magic constant of the 9 × 9 magic square and the n-Queens Problem for n = 9. There are 369 free octominoes (polyominoes of order 8). In other fields 369 is also: The year 369 or 369 BC A Singapore gang, also known as Salakau in Hokkien References Category:Integers

City of Vice is a British historical crime drama television series set in Georgian London and first screened on 14 January 2008 on Channel 4. It was produced by Touchpaper Television part of the RDF Media Group. Premise The series mixes fiction with fact following the fortunes of the famous novelist Henry Fielding (Ian McDiarmid) and his brother John (Iain Glen). Henry and John Fielding were magistrates of Westminster and the men who created the modern police force in Britain through the Bow Street Runners. The series was written by Clive Bradley and Peter Harness, whose scripts were nominated for a Writers' Guild of Great Britain Award for Best Series, 2008. It was directed by Justin Hardy and Dan Reed. The historical consultant was Hallie Rubenhold. Other information The show uses authentic historical research to tell the story of the two men battling to create a police force, 75 years before Robert Peel founded the Metropolitan Police. Henry Fielding’s memoirs and contemporary sources such as the Old Bailey Sessions Papers have been used to provide historical accuracy to the series. The series uses innovative mapping sequences to follow the narrative and characters' progress, wherein John Rocque's map of 1746 is seen from above, becomes firstly 3D and ultimately merges with film sequences of the next scene to pick up the narrative tale. The series won the Royal Television Society Judges' Award, 2008. Episodes Episode One (Written by Peter Harness. Directed by Justin Hardy.) The Fielding brothers investigate an attempted murder of a prostitute found raped and horrifically mutilated in a bagnio. Episode Two (Written by Clive Bradley. Directed by Dan Reed.) The Reverend Erasmus Cavendish is found murdered and the evidence leads to an infamous Molly house on Saffron Hill, a brothel and rendezvous for London's gay men, where William Flynn is named as the prime suspect. It also turns out that Mr. Daniel Conn, one of the Bow Street Runners, is a closet homosexual and sodomite (at the time a crime punishable by death). Mr. Conn must choose between sin (and living a life with his secret homosexual lover) and redemption. Mr. Conn is eventually discovered to be with his lover who also turns out to be the Reverend's killer. Daniel is summarily relieved of his duties as one of the Bow Street Runners. Tom is found guilty and hanged. Episode Three (Written by Peter Harness. Directed by Dan Reed.) The Bow Street Runners investigate a burglary in Mayfair, the search leading to the shanty towns of Covent Garden, known as the Seven Dials, and a gang of Irish immigrant criminals. Episode Four (Written by Clive Bradley. Directed by Justin Hardy.) The gang leader, ironically named Tom Jones, is broken out of jail by his Irish gang, who shoot several prison guards in the process. The Bow Street Runners then travel to the Seven Dials to re-arrest Jones. Henry Fielding accompanies them to make sure Jones is apprehended, but is taken hostage by the gang. The Runners must decide if they're prepared to make a deal with the criminal elements of London to ensure his release. We also learn of how John Fielding, the Magistrate's half-brother became blind ("his sight was poor, but a quack's remedy blinded him.") Episode Five (Written by Clive Bradley. Directed by Justin Hardy.) Henry's narrative returns to the situation before the creation of the Runners. While lobbying the Duke of Newcastle to obtain his support for the venture, Henry investigates a secretive trade in child prostitutes. The UK DVD release of the series has this as the first episode. Reception City of Vice launched with 2.7 million viewers and an 11% share in the 9pm hour on Channel 4. The first episode of City of Vice was relatively well received in the British press, The Times describing it as "an antidote to the current spate of twee costume dramas" and "more likely to resonate with cynical modern audiences". The Guardian described it as looking "gravelled for cash" but compensating with "documentary direction and Ian McDairmid's voice, as rich as a liqueur." DVD release Contender Entertainment Group released the complete series on DVD in Region 2 (UK) on 18 February 2008. This release has been discontinued and is now out of print. Entertainment One released the complete series on DVD in Region 1 on 10 June 2008. Bow Street Runner – the game Bow Street Runner was an online game in five parts to accompany the series. Like the television series the game attempts to be historically accurate. The player takes control of a "Bow Street Runner" and has to solve several crimes by collecting clues, consulting witnesses and visiting several places in Georgian London. Each character is played by an actor (e.g. John Fielding is played by Julian Glover). The game itself is accompanied by several minigames which simulate various activities like picking locks or shooting. The game was produced by Brighton-based company Littleloud, and won a BAFTA in November 2008. References External links Category:Channel 4 television dramas Category:2000s British drama television series Category:2008 British television series debuts Category:2008 British television series endings Category:Television series by RDF Media Group Category:Television series set in the 18th century Category:Television series about organized crime Category:2000s British crime drama television series

Mengalum Island () is an island located on the West Coast Division of Sabah in the South China Sea on Malaysia. The island is among popular destination for Chinese tourists to Sabah. 2017 Chinese tourist boat mishap On 28 January 2017, three Chinese nationals died while 22 others rescued after their boat sunk in the sea while on their way to visiting the island. See also List of islands of Malaysia References External links Sabah Tourism, see Mengalum Island Category:Islands of Sabah

Sanation (, ) was a Polish political movement that was created in the interwar period, prior to Józef Piłsudski's May 1926 Coup d'État, and came to power in the wake of that coup. In 1928 its political activists would go on to form the Nonpartisan Bloc for Cooperation with the Government (BBWR). The Sanation movement took its name from Piłsudski's aspirations for a moral "sanation" (healing) of the Polish body politic. The movement functioned integrally until his death in 1935. Following Piłsudski's death, Sanation split into several competing factions, including "the Castle" (President Ignacy Mościcki and his partisans). Sanation, which advocated authoritarian rule, rested on a circle of Piłsudski's close associates, including Walery Sławek, Aleksander Prystor, Kazimierz Świtalski, Janusz Jędrzejewicz, Adam Koc, Józef Beck, Tadeusz Hołówko, Bogusław Miedziński and Edward Rydz-Śmigły. It preached the primacy of the national interest in governance, and contended against the system of parliamentary democracy. Background Named after the Latin word for "healing" ("sanatio"), the Sanation movement mainly comprised former military officers who were disgusted with the perceived corruption in Polish politics. Sanation was a coalition of rightists, leftists and centrists whose main focus was the elimination of corruption and the reduction of inflation. Sanation appeared prior to the May 1926 Coup d'État and lasted until World War II but was never formalized. Piłsudski, though he had been the former leader of the Polish Socialist Party, had grown to disapprove of political parties, which he saw as promoting their own interests rather than supporting the state and the people. For this reason, the Sanation movement never led to the creation of a political party. Instead, in 1928 Sanation members created a Bezpartyjny Blok Współpracy z Rządem ("Nonpartisan Bloc for Cooperation with the Government"), a pro-government grouping that denied being a political party. History Although Piłsudski never claimed personal power, he exercised extensive influence over Polish politics after Sanation took power in 1926. For the next decade, he dominated Polish affairs as strongman of a generally popular centrist regime. Kazimierz Bartel's government and all subsequent governments were first unofficially approved by Piłsudski before they could be confirmed by the President. In the course of pursuing "sanation", Piłsudski mixed democratic and authoritarian elements. Poland's internal stability was enhanced, while economic stagnation was ended by Eugeniusz Kwiatkowski's reforms. At the same time, the Sanation regime prosecuted communist parties (on the ostensible formal grounds that they had failed to legally register as political parties) and sought to limit the influence of opposition parties by splitting their forces. A distinguishing feature of the regime was that, unlike the situation in most of non-democratic Europe, it never transformed itself into a full-scale dictatorship. Freedom of speech and press and political parties were never legally abolished, and opponents were usually dealt with via "unidentified perpetrators" rather than court sentences. Sanation allowed the 1928 election to be relatively free, but was dealt a setback when its supporters in the BBWR came up far short of a majority. For the 1930 election, Sanation left nothing to chance; more than 20 prominent opposition leaders were arrested and the opposition press was gagged. Under these conditions, the BBWR won over 46 percent of the vote and a large majority in both houses. Józef Piłsudski's personal cult stemmed from his general popularity among the nation rather than from top-down propaganda; this is notable, considering Piłsudski's disdain for democracy. Sanation's ideology never went beyond populist calls to clean up the country's politics and economy; it did not occupy itself with society, as was the case with contemporary fascist regimes. From 1929, the semi-official newspaper of Sanation, and thus of the Polish government, was Gazeta Polska (the Polish Gazette). Legislative agenda The Sanation government invalidated the May 1930 election results by disbanding the parliament in August and with increasing pressure on the opposition started a new campaign, the new elections being scheduled to November. Using the anti-government demonstrations as a pretext, 20 members of the opposition parties, including most of the leaders of Centrolew alliance (from the Socialists, Polish People's Party "Piast" and Polish People's Party "Wyzwolenie") were arrested in September without a warrant, only on the order of Piłsudski and the then-Minister of Internal Security, Felicjan Sławoj Składkowski, accusing them of plotting an anti-government coup. The opposition members (who included the former prime minister Wincenty Witos, and Wojciech Korfanty) were imprisoned in the Brest Fortress, where their trial took place (thus the popular name for the election: the 'Brest election'). A number of less known activists were arrested throughout the country. They were released after the end of the election in the same month. The Brest trial ended in January 1932, with 10 accused receiving sentences up to three years of imprisonment; the appeals of 1933 confirmed the sentences. The government however gave the accused choice of emigrating: five of them took it, the other five to serve the prison term instead. In April 1935, shortly before Piłsudski's death, a new constitution (the "April Constitution") was adopted, which supported Sanation's principal ideas: a strong centralized state with a presidential system of government. Piłsudski died soon after, however, and Sanation faced some serious internal problems. Eventually it devolved into three separate movements: the Sanation Left (Lewica sanacyjna, formed around Walery Sławek), which sought a modus vivendi with the opposition; the Castle (Zamek, formed around President Ignacy Mościcki, who resided in the Warsaw Castle — hence the movement's name), which became the center; and the Sanation Right (Prawica sanacyjna, formed around Edward Rydz-Śmigły), which soon became virtually indistinguishable from the Camp of National Unity. The first of these Sanation movements soon lost much of its importance, but the other two continued the ideological struggle within the country until the outbreak of war. World War II During the 1939 invasion of Poland, many Sanation members were taken prisoner-of-war by the Germans, while others evacuated to Romania, where they remained until war's end or were able to go on to France or Britain. Though France insisted on excluding Sanationists from the Polish Government in Exile, many remained highly influential. During the war, Sanation members created several resistance organizations, including in 1942 the Fighting Poland Movement (Obóz Polski Walczącej) and the Convention of Independence Organizations (Konwent Organizacji Niepodległościowych), which in 1943 became subordinate to the Home Army and in 1944 merged into the Union of Independence Organizations (Zjednoczenie Organizacji Niepodległościowych). After World War II, the Soviet-installed communist regime forced many Sanationists into permanent exile, and branded them enemies of the state. Notable members Józef Beck Tadeusz Hołówko Janusz Jędrzejewicz Wacław Jędrzejewicz Adam Koc Leon Kozłowski Ignacy Matuszewski Bogusław Miedziński Ignacy Mościcki Bronisław Pieracki Józef Piłsudski Aleksander Prystor Edward Rydz-Śmigły Adam Skwarczyński Walery Sławek Kazimierz Świtalski See also Bereza Kartuska prison Confederation of Independent Poland, founded in 1979, principal sanationist political party in Poland today Intermarium Piłsudski's colonels Polish Underground State Prometheism Notes References Adam Zamoyski, The Polish Way: A Thousand-Year History of the Poles and Their Culture, New York, Hippocrene Books, 1994, . Encyklopedia Polski via Google Books, p. 601- . Category:Military dictatorships Category:Józef Piłsudski Category:Second Polish Republic Category:Political history of Poland Category:May Coup (Poland)

Gyromitra anthracobia is a post-fire ascomycete fungus in the family Discinaceae. It was described as new to science in 2018 from recently burned forests on the island of Cyprus. This fungus can strongly resemble a Verpa species in the field, because of its smooth, hollow and distinctly elongated stipe, which is attached to the pileus only at the apex. Its cerebriform (brain-like) pileus, brown-pigmented paraphyses and biguttulate cyanophilic spores, are all typical gyromitroid features, however. Because of its carbonicolous ecology and isolated phylogenetic position within Gyromitra, G. anthracobia was placed in the new subgenus Pseudoverpa by Crous and colleagues (2018). References Category:Fungi described in 2018 Category:Discinaceae Category:Fungi of Europe

Crooked Creek may refer to: Streams In Australia Crooked Creek (Clyde River), a tributary of the Clyde River in New South Wales Crooked Creek (Walsh River), a tributary of the Walsh River in Queensland In the United States Crooked Creek (Alaska) a tributary of the Kasilof River in Kenai Peninsula Borough Crooked Creek (Allegheny River), a tributary of the Allegheny River in Pennsylvania Crooked Creek (Arkansas), a tributary of the White River Crooked Creek (Georgia), a tributary of the Chattahoochee River near Fulton and Gwinnett Crooked Creek (Indiana), a tributary of the Kankakee River Crooked Creek (Iowa), a main tributary of the Skunk River Crooked Creek (Houston County, Minnesota) Crooked Creek (Mississippi River), a tributary of the Mississippi in Minnesota Crooked Creek (Bear Creek), a stream in Missouri Crooked Creek (Coon Creek), a stream in Missouri Crooked Creek (Meramec River), a stream in Missouri Crooked Creek (Muddy Creek), a stream in Missouri Crooked Creek (North Fork Salt River), a stream in Missouri Crooked Creek (Salt River), a stream in Missouri Crooked Creek (Wyaconda River), a stream in Missouri Crooked Creek (Third Fork), a stream in Missouri Crooked Creek (Headwaters Diversion Channel), a stream in Missouri Crooked Creek (Oregon), a tributary of the Owyhee River Crooked Creek (Tennessee), a tributary of the Little River in Blount County Crooked Creek (Tioga River), a tributary of the Tioga River in Pennsylvania Crooked Creek (Summit County, Utah) Crooked Creek (Guyandotte River), a stream in West Virginia Communities Crooked Creek, Alaska, a census-designated place (CDP) in Bethel Census Area Crooked Creek, West Virginia, an unincorporated community in Logan County Crooked Creek, Alberta, an unincorporated community in Canada Crooked Creek, Ontario, a community in Canada Other Crooked Creek crater, an impact crater in Crawford County, Missouri, USA Crooked Creek Formation, a geologic formation in Meade County, Kansas, USA See also Crooked River (disambiguation) Crooked Creek Township (disambiguation)

Town of Crows Nest Historic District is a national historic district located at Indianapolis, Indiana. It encompasses 29 contributing buildings, 5 contributing sites, 4 contributing structures, and 3 contributing objects in an exclusive residential enclave of Indianapolis. The district developed between about 1905 and 1950, and includes representative examples of Tudor Revival, Colonial Revival, Renaissance Revival, and Art Deco style architecture. Notable contributing resources include Vellameda (1904-1905), W. Hathaway Simmons House (1914), Walden Estate (1927), Lane's End Estate (1928), Goodman House (1927), and Eli Lilly House (1930). It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2000. References Category:Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Indiana Category:Colonial Revival architecture in Indiana Category:Art Deco architecture in Indiana Category:Tudor Revival architecture in Indiana Category:Renaissance Revival architecture in Indiana Category:Historic districts in Indianapolis Category:National Register of Historic Places in Indianapolis

Ford Crull (born June 6, 1954) is an American neo-symbolist abstract artist. Crull was born in Boston, MA, but lived in Seattle until 1976, after which he moved to Los Angeles to embark on his professional career. While still an art student at the University of Washington, he won many prizes at local arts festivals, and was the youngest ever artist to be invited to show at the Northwest Art Annual. Considered a precocious talent, Crull joined Foster White Gallery, one of Seattle's premier at galleries where he had several exhibitions before graduating university. From 1976 to 1983 Crull's paintings focused on organic, biomorphic shapes on white backgrounds, a gestational period for the artist that expressed in a pure abstract manner with impasto like surfaces. He joined the Stella Polaris Gallery in 1983, where he met art critic and writer Edward Goldman, and host of KCRW's “Art Talk.” Goldman championed Crull's works, which were acquired by corporate art collections, and was also instrumental in Crull's first significant non-gallery show at the USC Fisher Museum of Art (then, the Fisher Gallery) at the University of Southern California. In 1983 Crull relocated to New York City, and became a seminal figure in the East Village art scene. He was discovered by Colin de Land, founder of Vox Populi, and the Armory Art Show. Crull had several shows at the Vox Populi, a time marked also by commercial success, and national recognition for the artist. Crull's works were acquired by the Metropolitan Museum of Art, the Brooklyn Museum, the National Gallery of Art, and the Dayton Art Institute. In 1989, Crull was part of the very first showing of American artists in the USSR, Painting Beyond the Death of Painting at the Kuznetsky Most Exhibition Hall in Moscow curated by American art critic and historian, Donald Kuspit. This coincided with the time Crull was influenced by the Philosophy of Dualism. Upon his return from Russia, Crull began using steel framing for his paintings, with the edges burned. It was an invention that came to him after seeing the ancient icons in Russia. The new works were titled, “Relic Series”. In a 1994 interview on the artist's work at Howard Scott Gallery in NYC noted art critic Eleanor Heartney stated,"The key to Crull’s vision is his simultaneous embrace of the uncertainties of the contemporary world and his affirmation of the reality of the individual consciousness within it. In his work, the authentic self remains the last bulwark against an anarchic world." From 2006 - 2010, Crull made several visits to Shanghai, China, culminating in the first of his subsequent interdisciplinary live art works. At the opening of the Bund 1919 art bank, a cultural and art enclave developed from five 1919 buildings at Shanghai No. 8 Cotton and Textile Factory, Crull executed a public art project to a live performance of pianist Shi Wen. References External links Official website Category:1954 births Category:Living people Category:American abstract artists Category:20th-century American painters Category:21st-century American painters

Bulbophyllum pumilio is a species of orchid in the genus Bulbophyllum. References The Bulbophyllum-Checklist The Internet Orchid Species Photo Encyclopedia pumilio

The word Hamburgefonts (traditionally Hamburgefons or Hamburgefonstiv) is a filler text used for assessing the design and the appearance of a typeface. It contains all essential forms in a latin alphabet, so that the character of the respective font can be recognized quickly. It consists of the letters that are often first designed when designing a typeface. While the word has no meaning, it is useful for typographers and designers during the design of a font, as the form of its letters include all of the curves and abutments normally found in a font. As a test word it is useful for determining the visual readability of a font chosen for a layout. One of the three words is often used as a standard word in the visual layout of fonts submitted to competitions and exhibitions. Bibliography Jérôme Peignot, L’Alphabet des lettres, ou le petit hamburgefons, Paris, Imprimerie nationale, 1995, 128 p. (). References Category:Typography

"I'm Still Gonna Need You" is a song performed by The Osmonds in 1975. It is on their 1975 album, The Proud One. Its B-side, "Thank You", is also on the album. It reached No. 38 on the U.S. Adult Contemporary chart and No. 32 in the U.K. The mid-tempo ballad is sung primarily by Merrill Osmond and the other Osmond brothers filling in the various harmony parts during the chorus. Charts References Category:1975 songs Category:1975 singles Category:The Osmonds songs Category:MGM Records singles