q_id
stringlengths 5
6
| title
stringlengths 10
300
| selftext
stringlengths 0
10.9k
| document
stringclasses 1
value | subreddit
stringclasses 1
value | answers
sequence | title_urls
sequence | selftext_urls
sequence | answers_urls
sequence | title_body
stringlengths 17
10.9k
| embeddings
sequence |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
5n8ju0 | At its core, what is a logarithm? What's the difference between a logarithm and a natural logarithm? What makes it such a useful function and how can it be applied to so many different subjects (i.e. chemistry/biology, stats, finance/economics, etc.)? | [deleted] | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"dc9j2j4",
"dc9m0jx",
"dc9kcfp"
],
"text": [
"Taking the logarithm is the inverse operation to exponentiation.\n\nIf y = b^(x), then log*_b_*(y) = x.\n\nb is called the \"base\" of the logarithm.\n\nThe natural logarithm is a logarithm where the base is Euler's number e. Other common bases for logarithms are 2 and 10.\n\nLogarithms are useful for a number of reasons. The one most people are probably familiar with is logarithmic scales. It's easy to plot data which varies over a range of many orders of magnitude by simply plotting the logarithm of the quantity instead of the quantity itself.\n\nLogarithms also have some nice properties, like log(a\\*b\\*c\\*...\\*n) = log(a) + log(b) + log(c) + ... + log(n), and log(x^(n)) = n\\*log(x).",
"Other posters have talked about inverting y=b^x, so I'll skip that. (Really, it's a useful property but not much to do with why logs are so common)\n\nThere are two major properties of logs that makes them useful:\n\n* log(a x b x c) = log(a)+log(b)+log(c).\nThis means that if you don't know what a x b x c equals, you get a printed log table (a book), look up log(a), log(b) and log(c), add the entries up and take the inverse log (from the book) of the result. This is how most calculations were performed before computers\n\n* suppose you have a graph where the **slope** at some *x* is proportional to the y **value** at that *x*. For example, the rate of growth of a population is proportional to the size of the population - more adults means more babies. What function describes that? e^x does. That's the definition of a *natural log*, and what makes base *e* special from base 2 or base 10; base *e* has the property that e^x = d/dx(e^x ), so it is its own derivative. You scale or offset the function as needed (so growth rate equals half the population size for example), and you just get some variation on y = e^x, but it'll always be in that family of functions. This property of growth rate being proportional to value appears everywhere - ecology (as above), chemical reactions, account balance with interest being earned, value of debt etc. which is why *e* and ln() appear everywhere",
"Logarithms is one of the inverses of exponentiation.\n\nLet's say you have the following equation:\n\na = b^c\n\nIn the above equation the variable 'a' is isolated. What operation would you perform to isolate b? You take the c-root:\n\n(a)^1/c = b\n\nBut let's say instead of trying to find the value of b, you wanted to find the value of c. What operation would you perform to isolate c. You take the b-logarithm:\n\n\na = b^c\n\nlog_b(a) = c\n\nSo the logarithm anwers the question 'b to what power is equal to a?'. Notice that the base for the logarithm above is 'b'. When b is the natural constant e=~2.72, the logarithm is called the natural logarithm and is shortenned to ln(x)\n\nWhen you just have just log (ex. log(1.3)) without a base, the base is usually either e or 10 as they are the most common logarithms in science and economics. \n\nAs for why its useful: Logarithms can be useful to mesaure quantities that occur over a very large range. For example the pH scale is defined as: pH = -log([H+]), where the log is base 10 and [H+] is the effective concentration of H+ ions. The concentration of H+ ions varies between a very large range. Instead of using the very small or very large numbers for the concentration, the logarithmic scale allows us to use number in the range of 0 to 14. \n\nAlso in economics exponentiation growth (e^x) is very common, so that might be reason why ln(x) is so common in economics and growth."
],
"score": [
13,
6,
4
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | At its core, what is a logarithm? What's the difference between a logarithm and a natural logarithm? What makes it such a useful function and how can it be applied to so many different subjects (i.e. chemistry/biology, stats, finance/economics, etc.)?
[deleted] | [
-0.6150643229484558,
-0.33981093764305115,
0.9074971675872803,
0.015537294559180737,
-0.26934465765953064,
-0.039365727454423904,
0.19575385749340057,
-0.4293493628501892,
-0.42406201362609863,
0.08138926327228546,
0.8558485507965088,
0.5899413228034973,
-1.1364173889160156,
-0.5741824507713318,
0.5241550207138062,
0.007739025633782148,
-0.5418956279754639,
-0.1353917121887207,
-0.2221469283103943,
-0.4506169259548187,
0.3901219367980957,
0.48732730746269226,
0.18425777554512024,
1.636354684829712,
-0.3122807741165161,
0.2268025130033493,
0.5749697685241699,
0.48272767663002014,
-0.04101039096713066,
0.21188484132289886,
0.3413226902484894,
0.2899145781993866,
-0.36928945779800415,
0.808023989200592,
0.28062212467193604,
-0.3464483618736267,
0.6196562647819519,
0.19212336838245392,
0.588072657585144,
-0.28041592240333557,
0.2749634087085724,
-0.24940206110477448,
0.2497389018535614,
0.42754313349723816,
-0.2136300504207611,
0.06377042829990387,
-0.2647147476673126,
0.05560872331261635,
-1.5994300842285156,
-0.6406649947166443,
-0.6416944861412048,
0.18253065645694733,
0.9526162147521973,
0.08327309042215347,
-0.41999199986457825,
-0.26584041118621826,
0.2799279987812042,
-0.2689305543899536,
0.6357792615890503,
-0.4002377688884735,
0.41394340991973877,
0.02131003700196743,
-0.8993757963180542,
-1.100709080696106,
0.2171698808670044,
-0.5622509121894836,
0.6436084508895874,
0.7487491965293884,
-0.7488660216331482,
-0.8423789143562317,
0.9564228057861328,
-0.338071346282959,
-0.6305374503135681,
-0.33056947588920593,
-0.15269649028778076,
-0.427753746509552,
0.13904397189617157,
0.18850287795066833,
0.20022323727607727,
-0.40908902883529663,
-0.09060067683458328,
-0.43587327003479004,
-0.10844912379980087,
0.2942832112312317,
-0.23845215141773224,
-0.40685516595840454,
0.07773394137620926,
-0.03649915009737015,
-0.245711550116539,
0.7844073176383972,
-0.4095652401447296,
-0.631213903427124,
0.29531219601631165,
0.23684102296829224,
-0.2604990601539612,
-0.7118069529533386,
0.32855433225631714,
-0.9228466749191284,
-0.21723145246505737,
0.7655065655708313,
-0.3236454725265503,
-0.41194161772727966,
0.5429820418357849,
0.40436652302742004,
-0.15621183812618256,
-0.8226888179779053,
0.6193447113037109,
0.28423693776130676,
-0.4517965018749237,
0.4172046482563019,
-0.8219854235649109,
-0.1806860864162445,
0.10210327804088593,
-0.13701342046260834,
-0.19257180392742157,
-1.5418485403060913,
0.0973016768693924,
0.5966852307319641,
0.6607102751731873,
0.43656444549560547,
0.3514755368232727,
0.6338926553726196,
0.6343896985054016,
0.550217866897583,
0.5105347633361816,
0.0794852152466774,
-0.2824453115463257,
0.3658963441848755,
0.3235853612422943,
-0.6735203862190247,
0.4171876907348633,
0.361583411693573,
0.13023538887500763,
-0.2302243709564209,
-0.014614286832511425,
-0.3358227014541626,
-0.023371994495391846,
0.29268673062324524,
-0.6425879597663879,
0.1900855451822281,
0.15985259413719177,
0.3749048411846161,
1.2068934440612793,
-0.6442749500274658,
-0.2482028305530548,
-0.13492871820926666,
-1.2836849689483643,
0.4227715730667114,
0.2003943771123886,
-0.5784346461296082,
-0.8046306371688843,
0.0053174723871052265,
0.38036036491394043,
-0.95224928855896,
0.4486309587955475,
0.3678973615169525,
-0.23127295076847076,
-0.5259392261505127,
0.10210258513689041,
0.8202819228172302,
-0.5567976236343384,
-0.28795552253723145,
0.22396136820316315,
-0.4237680733203888,
0.6387448906898499,
-0.3534424304962158,
-0.3860977292060852,
-0.13805846869945526,
-0.7876997590065002,
0.4352019727230072,
0.35720452666282654,
-0.24464353919029236,
1.3939331769943237,
0.13525526225566864,
0.5067330002784729,
0.12689225375652313,
-0.5104135870933533,
-0.019221089780330658,
-0.8083469867706299,
0.2322445511817932,
0.36279842257499695,
-0.5264686346054077,
-0.08721815049648285,
0.8676555752754211,
-0.00420742854475975,
0.4613901376724243,
0.19309428334236145,
0.02011837065219879,
0.6477577090263367,
0.28081998229026794,
0.10449165850877762,
-0.2927583158016205,
-0.9849971532821655,
0.1508866399526596,
0.2536468505859375,
0.26324471831321716,
0.06817904859781265,
0.024382226169109344,
-0.009270923212170601,
-0.9749037623405457,
0.1082744151353836,
-0.27458950877189636,
0.06311257183551788,
-0.4776172935962677,
0.02731730230152607,
-0.3055194318294525,
0.23835459351539612,
-0.500550389289856,
-0.0572037436068058,
-0.23211000859737396,
-0.39364883303642273,
0.6015019416809082,
-0.38870587944984436,
-0.15962804853916168,
0.28272727131843567,
0.9420692920684814,
-0.19781160354614258,
-0.07679174840450287,
0.6218746900558472,
0.2835879325866699,
0.8643062114715576,
-0.3004893362522125,
-0.2921917736530304,
-0.2964370548725128,
0.5079038143157959,
0.3498966097831726,
0.6101548075675964,
-0.09840120375156403,
0.298747718334198,
0.12114933878183365,
-0.37555649876594543,
0.2897897958755493,
-0.16713453829288483,
0.628677487373352,
-0.30337047576904297,
-0.6150224804878235,
-1.0991041660308838,
-0.6640694737434387,
-0.5277398824691772,
-0.8130452036857605,
-0.4511502981185913,
0.5885664820671082,
0.4546429216861725,
-0.07033459097146988,
0.65484219789505,
0.6214253902435303,
-0.8954972624778748,
-0.5716972947120667,
-0.14392201602458954,
-0.28031885623931885,
0.05764826014637947,
-0.2755551338195801,
-0.09081863611936569,
-1.3231592178344727,
1.3552632331848145,
-0.721125066280365,
-0.14391757547855377,
0.2851525843143463,
-0.016021931543946266,
-0.2549622058868408,
0.07162700593471527,
-0.7536619901657104,
0.5440818071365356,
-0.3002470135688782,
-0.44363486766815186,
-0.3643542230129242,
-0.795448362827301,
0.18470068275928497,
0.4545862376689911,
0.21942606568336487,
-0.30145785212516785,
0.19033463299274445,
0.35643699765205383,
0.7970141768455505,
-0.014063031412661076,
-0.3186582922935486,
0.44666969776153564,
-0.5513635873794556,
-0.147718608379364,
0.462312787771225,
-0.06491649150848389,
0.4462113678455353,
-0.03316880762577057,
-0.9540250301361084,
-0.6005831956863403,
0.3905797600746155,
0.25976571440696716,
0.20198087394237518,
0.5774273872375488,
-0.8175418972969055,
0.8809049129486084,
0.73810213804245,
-0.869204580783844,
0.6249412298202515,
0.8906232118606567,
-0.8042027950286865,
0.30610302090644836,
0.4744778573513031,
-0.25121796131134033,
0.6946682929992676,
-0.5266435146331787,
-0.13314040005207062,
-0.176663339138031,
0.38276487588882446,
0.2109680473804474,
-0.014430730603635311,
0.25152385234832764,
-0.6489174962043762,
0.2406187653541565,
-0.0874955877661705,
0.3249860107898712,
0.9319403767585754,
0.05483390763401985,
0.8300113081932068,
-0.5225511789321899,
0.6655946969985962,
0.2584672272205353,
-0.4167065918445587,
-0.6925758719444275,
-0.4380526542663574,
0.02861211635172367,
0.9404122233390808,
0.22029097378253937,
0.26574471592903137,
0.07152363657951355,
1.6633192300796509,
-0.46378064155578613,
0.24575725197792053,
-0.7386212348937988,
0.08354336023330688,
1.0048667192459106,
-0.4305712878704071,
-0.08954285085201263,
0.3894115686416626,
-0.03165850415825844,
0.04811080917716026,
-0.2304271012544632,
0.13069912791252136,
-0.31124845147132874,
-0.9433205127716064,
0.6837776303291321,
0.4664064049720764,
0.09183082729578018,
0.5966969132423401,
-0.6421094536781311,
-0.1084446907043457,
-0.6021385788917542,
0.5391250252723694,
-0.22208864986896515,
-0.8326833248138428,
0.22120451927185059,
0.47984620928764343,
0.25647804141044617,
-0.6436355710029602,
0.4750717282295227,
0.8365415930747986,
-1.0258322954177856,
0.5721138119697571,
0.3344923257827759,
0.6929137110710144,
0.6187772750854492,
-0.015581057406961918,
0.6615801453590393,
-0.08707313239574432,
0.5244162082672119,
-0.10319879651069641,
-0.6452820897102356,
-0.5846208930015564,
0.7251309156417847,
0.6370174884796143,
0.8789845108985901,
0.17927564680576324,
-0.997381329536438,
-0.017937561497092247,
-0.5098574161529541,
-0.19386450946331024,
0.8928418159484863,
0.32767778635025024,
-1.0837830305099487,
0.3152197599411011,
0.461559921503067,
0.29764652252197266,
-0.5285885334014893,
0.44967249035835266,
-0.5676167607307434,
-0.3024837076663971,
-0.0005793669261038303,
-0.32317766547203064,
0.6385287046432495,
0.22561344504356384,
0.39937588572502136,
0.005277522839605808,
-0.39266833662986755,
-1.1903959512710571,
-1.1606841087341309,
-0.6430798768997192,
-1.0710713863372803,
1.354296326637268,
-0.5640484690666199,
-0.4227147102355957,
-0.09732743352651596,
1.003562092781067,
0.09126957505941391,
0.7163130640983582,
-0.07832591235637665,
-0.6940628886222839,
-0.19298793375492096,
0.735784113407135,
1.116037368774414,
-0.7470096945762634,
0.08945649862289429,
-0.5932034850120544,
-0.22725649178028107,
-0.27616825699806213,
0.010906624607741833,
-0.8484295010566711,
-1.400522232055664,
-0.6521769762039185,
-0.2612128257751465,
-0.724229633808136,
0.5350417494773865,
-0.34661272168159485,
-0.16324366629123688,
0.6714797616004944,
-0.11945883929729462,
-0.13404591381549835,
1.1097594499588013,
-0.44270747900009155,
-0.11479587852954865,
1.3970941305160522,
-0.4525211751461029,
-0.9134891629219055,
-0.6656470894813538,
-0.06574225425720215,
-0.44925203919410706,
0.13701993227005005,
-0.19979265332221985,
-0.2117539644241333,
0.12336535006761551,
-1.0148868560791016,
-0.9191920757293701,
0.43274986743927,
-0.16405007243156433,
0.37587493658065796,
-0.05924716219305992,
0.8094993233680725,
-0.1423957496881485,
-0.04609272629022598,
-0.4131547510623932,
-0.21486061811447144,
-0.10171826928853989,
-0.6665111184120178,
-0.10510272532701492,
-0.21378888189792633,
0.5200446844100952,
0.8551396131515503,
-0.7407024502754211,
0.7587200403213501,
-1.1627354621887207,
0.03067043051123619,
-0.555941641330719,
-0.34990859031677246,
-0.11283737421035767,
-0.016374755650758743,
0.4457066059112549,
0.18626175820827484,
0.6173539757728577,
0.05422189086675644,
0.37469157576560974,
-0.3959353268146515,
-0.5471805930137634,
-0.26053372025489807,
-0.20191910862922668,
0.2533361613750458,
0.061970215290784836,
-0.26572707295417786,
0.4846985638141632,
-0.9929915070533752,
-1.036815881729126,
-0.7555322647094727,
-0.20082637667655945,
-0.6487900018692017,
0.5231522917747498,
0.26993316411972046,
0.8000444769859314,
-1.4568289518356323,
-0.3714855909347534,
0.3026285767555237,
0.6822564005851746,
-0.2378331869840622,
-0.35495325922966003,
-0.19048571586608887,
0.17039591073989868,
0.8829248547554016,
0.5135481953620911,
0.6983174085617065,
-0.15932908654212952,
0.555864155292511,
-0.2029094099998474,
0.10086843371391296,
0.11540117859840393,
-0.38724470138549805,
-0.5301369428634644,
-0.03988863155245781,
0.17847807705402374,
-0.040187351405620575,
-0.16101068258285522,
0.16376374661922455,
0.8856510519981384,
0.42801064252853394,
-0.125085711479187,
0.007879240438342094,
0.40917280316352844,
-0.43344444036483765,
-0.1470232456922531,
0.010831245221197605,
0.1834535300731659,
0.4669366180896759,
-0.08682923018932343,
0.2348993569612503,
-1.042815923690796,
-0.009971720166504383,
0.9422619938850403,
0.7658050656318665,
0.4035622477531433,
0.3839585483074188,
-0.46179378032684326,
-0.8052132725715637,
-0.29948270320892334,
-0.15064997971057892,
0.6243775486946106,
-0.31527015566825867,
-1.2151068449020386,
0.48212313652038574,
-0.6547786593437195,
0.7810245752334595,
0.6600797176361084,
0.008405961096286774,
0.7439409494400024,
-0.08906110376119614,
-0.4332519471645355,
0.5221523642539978,
0.7346982955932617,
0.30117636919021606,
-0.24028263986110687,
-0.08929130434989929,
-0.6961409449577332,
-0.2771981358528137,
-0.7163922190666199,
0.03399892523884773,
-0.2049313634634018,
-0.10978296399116516,
0.6286777853965759,
0.786499559879303,
-0.16227899491786957,
-0.6228745579719543,
-1.043866753578186,
-1.3291410207748413,
0.0003603353979997337,
0.8731883764266968,
0.014073185622692108,
-0.10509499162435532,
0.09530013799667358,
-0.469709575176239,
0.2841857969760895,
-0.49813002347946167,
-0.4531477391719818,
-0.34884291887283325,
-1.4644170999526978,
0.32948315143585205,
-0.46359628438949585,
-0.8867524266242981,
0.21717941761016846,
-0.010473819449543953,
0.5044463276863098,
-0.14325407147407532,
0.41907376050949097,
-0.24361278116703033,
0.8945044875144958,
0.5398322343826294,
0.157912015914917,
0.3702700436115265,
0.024342147633433342,
0.33683642745018005,
0.18449968099594116,
0.1298007369041443,
0.7238173484802246,
-0.7003594040870667,
-0.36643484234809875,
0.2094179093837738,
-0.608219563961029,
-0.4137009382247925,
0.1906326562166214,
-0.38999131321907043,
0.3239133358001709,
-0.48432043194770813,
0.10914137959480286,
0.42806676030158997,
-0.29040268063545227,
-0.5338314175605774,
0.4469391405582428,
-0.7637662291526794,
-0.12658795714378357,
0.09663184732198715,
-0.45638519525527954,
-0.18765707314014435,
0.28366562724113464,
-0.699004054069519,
-0.325948029756546,
0.7026705741882324,
0.15756778419017792,
-0.21091054379940033,
0.5726485848426819,
-0.1828203946352005,
-0.05517815798521042,
0.714519202709198,
-0.8340346813201904,
-0.13840371370315552,
0.9694993495941162,
0.8565887808799744,
0.5145922899246216,
-0.21219582855701447,
-0.04526976868510246,
-0.1830718070268631,
0.812656044960022,
0.22750064730644226,
0.20685380697250366,
0.09899298846721649,
-0.49622011184692383,
-0.47483187913894653,
0.3357257544994354,
-0.3414020836353302,
0.48894479870796204,
-0.04957345128059387,
-0.3968360722064972,
-0.09725832939147949,
-0.7022578120231628,
0.1870214194059372,
-0.42120859026908875,
-0.27714717388153076,
0.1425379067659378,
0.21410079300403595,
-0.0741041749715805,
0.28850024938583374,
0.3069852590560913,
0.1318909376859665,
-0.40283113718032837,
0.3680853247642517,
-0.4662787616252899,
1.4915740489959717,
-0.2158554047346115,
0.5362486839294434,
-0.2877029478549957,
-0.4465811252593994,
0.1672297567129135,
-1.3752069473266602,
-0.28401920199394226,
0.2198008894920349,
0.2839553654193878,
0.5037204027175903,
-1.5395137071609497,
-0.29250961542129517,
0.31771066784858704,
-0.4056139588356018,
0.8883754014968872,
-0.5140201449394226,
0.6907371878623962,
-0.00021965944324620068,
-0.0034531729761511087,
0.03603821620345116,
0.26142066717147827,
-0.796226978302002,
-0.35242533683776855,
-0.3144206404685974,
0.45527157187461853,
-0.3662031292915344,
-0.07971903681755066,
-0.23209013044834137,
-0.5062886476516724,
0.19694077968597412,
0.01272647362202406,
-0.14861179888248444,
-0.3347321152687073,
-0.2256808876991272,
-0.012035118415951729,
-0.23348061740398407,
-0.3951927423477173,
1.2886898517608643,
-0.14639827609062195,
-0.19174908101558685,
-0.026983652263879776,
-0.5227379202842712,
0.12861596047878265,
0.007734436076134443,
-0.6480087041854858,
0.19372457265853882,
-0.781538188457489,
0.20223866403102875,
-0.9614617228507996,
0.3464623689651489,
-0.17585061490535736,
-0.3809055685997009,
-0.5020820498466492,
-1.4165737628936768,
0.25847938656806946,
0.3546065390110016,
0.3876500427722931,
0.397460401058197,
-0.21746575832366943,
-0.3534761071205139,
0.5235363245010376,
-0.29283779859542847,
0.37588533759117126,
0.417156845331192,
0.058808811008930206,
0.698113203048706,
-0.713187038898468,
-0.21110105514526367,
-0.27334633469581604,
0.042935434728860855,
-0.5111886262893677,
-0.27177226543426514,
0.18247976899147034,
-0.04293422773480415,
-0.6120902299880981,
0.5394330024719238,
-0.701875627040863,
-0.07867634296417236,
-0.21834205090999603,
0.27421078085899353,
0.0641685277223587,
-0.7105206251144409,
-0.13481764495372772,
0.45949313044548035,
-0.013177420943975449,
-0.25766071677207947,
0.6044514775276184,
0.7984933257102966,
-0.26917341351509094,
-0.02709369733929634,
-0.7339977025985718,
-0.21316197514533997,
0.12206030637025833,
0.1852964460849762,
0.48249927163124084,
-0.11458398401737213,
-0.7598991990089417,
0.5036597847938538,
-0.4475398659706116,
0.5477297306060791,
1.2860385179519653,
0.40074607729911804,
0.039194826036691666,
-0.010651982389390469,
-0.11972952634096146,
0.48449867963790894,
0.08952920883893967,
-0.6703725457191467,
-0.7947326302528381,
0.07048048079013824,
0.10764267295598984,
0.02824658900499344,
0.22606000304222107,
-0.2601124346256256,
-0.39909082651138306,
-0.701316773891449,
-0.16604922711849213,
-0.3757854998111725
] |
|
b7i34g | Why are the Galapagos Islands specifically so important to study? | I always see the Galapagos Islands as the big place that people are studying. I realize there are major historical discoveries that have happened there, but aren't there likely to be many archipelagos that are near a mainland that display the same amounts of natural selection and adaptive radiation? Are they just the "famous" archipelago? Is there a really unique situation there? Or are people building upon 100+ years of research in that specific place? | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"ejs6lkc",
"ejsfvcl",
"ejstvl1",
"ejtp4l4",
"eju19mj"
],
"text": [
"It's for a number of reasons. Largely because of the fact that the Galápagos is a volcanic landmass that was never connected to any continent. This means that all the species there had to migrate there, and there are no natural large predatory mammals, so they're able to survive there. Because of this, and because of how different the Galápagos landscape is compared to anywhere else, species were able to adapt in ways that we haven't seen before. There are many species there that can't be found anywhere else in the world. For instance, there's a native species of Iguana there that's adapted to aquatic life, which is something we've never seen from Iguanas.",
"It's a combination of being far from the mainland, and the actual islands being relatively far from eachother. This is important for two main reasons:\n\n & #x200B;\n\n1: Because they're far from the mainland, and were never attached to a land mass, all animals on it migrated to the islands from one place or another. This is important because such migrations are generally rare events, so any population of seed-animals was likely small and not refreshed by further immigrants from the mainland. Because of this, we can assume that all of the similar varieties of sparrow there, for instance, came from the same root population.\n\n & #x200B;\n\nBecause there's a pretty good distance between the islands, this means that populations on one island -could- move to another, but it'd be relatively uncommon. This helps to boost speciation since populations could move to all the islands over time, but a population on one island are relatively unlikely to mate with members of the original species they descended from. This allowed distinctive species to evolve on each island as they interacted with that particular island's geography and population of flora and fauna.",
"In addition to what everyone's already said about biodiversity, consider one other aspect: the habitable zones. I count 11 different zones for unique species to inhabit in one small group of islands - that's pretty unique. Even considering Hawai'i, which has as many - but spread out over many more miles and islands. You can go from thermal vents to mountaintops in a matter of an hour, and everything you hit in between is going to be unique to each zone. Just another thought.",
"Another reason is thanks to Darwin we have more data on what the Galápagos were like historically than other, similar island groups. This means we can conclude a lot more about how the islands are changing over time than we can in other places.\nBut also on a more general scale any isolated island systems are going to have unique diversity that is worth protecting because when it's gone, it's gone.",
"> Or are people building upon 100+ years of research in that specific place?\n\nAdded to what others have said, there's a study on the finches run be Peter and Rosemary Grant that has been going for decades. Their data explains how the certain species evolve in response to droughts and so on. I'd strongly recommend reading through some of their papers if you have any interest in evolutionary biology. The paper [this article](_URL_0_) is based on is really good.\n\nIt's a sad reality that funding generally only lasts for a few years so projects that have been going for decades are a rarity."
],
"score": [
149,
47,
12,
3,
2
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"https://www.nature.com/news/2006/060710/full/news060710-11.html"
]
} | Why are the Galapagos Islands specifically so important to study?
I always see the Galapagos Islands as the big place that people are studying. I realize there are major historical discoveries that have happened there, but aren't there likely to be many archipelagos that are near a mainland that display the same amounts of natural selection and adaptive radiation? Are they just the "famous" archipelago? Is there a really unique situation there? Or are people building upon 100+ years of research in that specific place? | [
0.26656726002693176,
-0.5300706624984741,
1.0943396091461182,
-0.6522925496101379,
-0.3070996105670929,
-0.33731672167778015,
-0.15135297179222107,
-0.6278461217880249,
-0.17594298720359802,
-0.366884708404541,
1.0278185606002808,
0.021041154861450195,
0.06975042074918747,
1.1693562269210815,
0.12095634639263153,
-0.2630118429660797,
0.2534847557544708,
-0.04850386828184128,
-0.5793647170066833,
-0.4763723611831665,
0.3103492856025696,
0.5721275806427002,
0.07387420535087585,
1.0036909580230713,
0.12522314488887787,
-0.3422727882862091,
-0.7010296583175659,
0.5357987880706787,
0.44129759073257446,
0.5594092011451721,
0.382182776927948,
0.21723124384880066,
-1.1454764604568481,
0.7710626125335693,
-0.5579531192779541,
0.1842806041240692,
0.5869147181510925,
-0.4048093557357788,
0.024253379553556442,
-1.3454424142837524,
-0.007304222323000431,
-0.6219288110733032,
0.5561332106590271,
1.2390412092208862,
-0.1126326471567154,
-0.21237389743328094,
0.20614852011203766,
0.8162710666656494,
-0.8109605312347412,
0.049594998359680176,
-0.5344945192337036,
0.5998144745826721,
-0.22179478406906128,
-0.04599117487668991,
0.2221900075674057,
-0.11912087351083755,
-0.44592735171318054,
-0.04431096836924553,
1.257358431816101,
-1.0354818105697632,
0.226430281996727,
0.43344515562057495,
-0.37504735589027405,
-0.958091676235199,
1.232275128364563,
-0.6059768795967102,
-0.38846129179000854,
0.4584972560405731,
-1.2676914930343628,
-0.22640857100486755,
0.11739286035299301,
-0.02614799328148365,
0.18956774473190308,
-1.0407936573028564,
-0.4057132601737976,
-0.7755784392356873,
-0.005220420192927122,
-0.5876045227050781,
-0.03205869346857071,
-0.8038501739501953,
-0.2251732498407364,
0.30557379126548767,
-0.4053597152233124,
0.9976242780685425,
-0.10966391861438751,
0.35284122824668884,
0.48590344190597534,
-0.6218270659446716,
-0.41547536849975586,
1.0181394815444946,
-0.4634344279766083,
-0.7419406175613403,
0.4930553138256073,
0.14535415172576904,
-0.2779178023338318,
-0.20174089074134827,
0.4427981376647949,
-1.0095200538635254,
0.46969982981681824,
0.602868914604187,
-0.6711835861206055,
0.3295917212963104,
0.7958136796951294,
0.907050371170044,
0.0632636621594429,
0.002652171766385436,
0.4108077883720398,
-0.07069869339466095,
-0.008717875927686691,
-0.0653238371014595,
0.09648076444864273,
0.43849441409111023,
-0.23003530502319336,
0.14554479718208313,
-0.5546475648880005,
-0.8330217599868774,
0.7122819423675537,
-0.7132877707481384,
0.1164298802614212,
0.5195214748382568,
0.09519738703966141,
0.07819244265556335,
0.2026779055595398,
0.5311660766601562,
-0.1829344630241394,
-0.42351749539375305,
-0.08495113253593445,
0.4859604239463806,
-0.22545209527015686,
0.08357115834951401,
-0.2815726101398468,
-0.6321638822555542,
-0.12138553708791733,
-0.015111471526324749,
0.4114892780780792,
0.09814119338989258,
-0.9741995334625244,
0.36037540435791016,
-0.7281218767166138,
0.6976562738418579,
-0.9060280323028564,
0.019292833283543587,
1.29221510887146,
-0.8345451951026917,
-0.4519802927970886,
-0.6449781060218811,
-0.16140863299369812,
-0.5170379877090454,
0.17984429001808167,
-0.2624817490577698,
0.21034516394138336,
-0.275473415851593,
0.5375614166259766,
-0.9435732364654541,
-0.32791832089424133,
-0.6450293064117432,
0.848818838596344,
-0.7661296129226685,
-0.09673015773296356,
-0.18189065158367157,
-1.2062091827392578,
-1.2548549175262451,
1.149352788925171,
0.47627735137939453,
-0.13545344769954681,
-0.5811826586723328,
-0.013595622032880783,
-0.7936941981315613,
-0.19910669326782227,
0.8044856786727905,
-0.5077410340309143,
0.5641514658927917,
0.45332902669906616,
0.08928076177835464,
0.14764760434627533,
-0.1424970030784607,
0.5985152125358582,
0.21956579387187958,
0.5328845381736755,
0.07046255469322205,
-0.29140356183052063,
-0.15535113215446472,
-0.2502709627151489,
0.49794429540634155,
-0.7467190623283386,
0.3538379669189453,
0.636519193649292,
0.05746573954820633,
0.8366686105728149,
0.23885223269462585,
0.8844982385635376,
-0.3893550634384155,
-0.24094361066818237,
0.13209976255893707,
0.7901166081428528,
0.2978079915046692,
-0.03167508915066719,
1.3136321306228638,
0.1649080067873001,
0.09687244147062302,
-0.030492356047034264,
-0.7069651484489441,
-0.1944488137960434,
0.35980504751205444,
-0.3885534405708313,
-0.22160562872886658,
0.1184476688504219,
-0.2094065546989441,
0.6175751090049744,
-0.2418457567691803,
-0.2958882749080658,
0.8604406714439392,
-0.5338259339332581,
-0.16404882073402405,
-0.3422968089580536,
0.5485348105430603,
-0.44386035203933716,
0.21659715473651886,
-0.44097912311553955,
-0.36075571179389954,
0.5412113666534424,
0.03480991721153259,
0.012286380864679813,
-0.43615981936454773,
0.28613048791885376,
-0.7148516178131104,
-0.30555465817451477,
-0.42062318325042725,
-0.08671442419290543,
0.01719358190894127,
0.31239745020866394,
-0.3983786404132843,
0.11121665686368942,
-0.115174800157547,
0.2205512374639511,
-0.6049277782440186,
-1.209628939628601,
-0.4023034870624542,
0.4638580083847046,
-0.3187280297279358,
-0.3056398034095764,
0.26490622758865356,
0.3103535771369934,
0.04724881425499916,
1.2816206216812134,
0.4962044954299927,
-0.5984554886817932,
-1.1548068523406982,
-0.24129247665405273,
-0.6662425994873047,
-0.8537576198577881,
-1.1215440034866333,
-0.8658129572868347,
-0.23474399745464325,
0.29312241077423096,
-0.42034000158309937,
1.5247528553009033,
-1.029892921447754,
0.5367498993873596,
0.30124375224113464,
0.27578336000442505,
-0.6248548030853271,
0.45632559061050415,
-0.6036670207977295,
-0.5420114994049072,
-0.3064901530742645,
-0.10800095647573471,
-0.1215251237154007,
0.6032117605209351,
0.4330716133117676,
-0.8839651346206665,
-0.3988161087036133,
0.25025123357772827,
0.1502629965543747,
0.08348290622234344,
-0.28570473194122314,
0.08962564915418625,
-0.8583774566650391,
1.1935405731201172,
0.8865322470664978,
1.3235281705856323,
0.4108274579048157,
-0.35802650451660156,
-1.4542768001556396,
-0.29683932662010193,
-0.32493099570274353,
0.20495136082172394,
-1.2661031484603882,
0.4056043028831482,
-0.9392260313034058,
0.3477821350097656,
0.3328839838504791,
-0.12695391476154327,
0.34154197573661804,
0.5635400414466858,
-0.10182022303342819,
0.7701840996742249,
0.2752237915992737,
-1.1502137184143066,
0.20316384732723236,
-0.2981840670108795,
-0.07159558683633804,
0.31788012385368347,
0.8059870004653931,
0.06186262518167496,
-0.6265325546264648,
1.060039758682251,
-1.0111063718795776,
0.1705327332019806,
-0.0039611938409507275,
0.9490986466407776,
-0.5049307346343994,
0.12890765070915222,
1.138643503189087,
0.33358293771743774,
0.8420056104660034,
1.1693646907806396,
-1.0086236000061035,
-0.6156629920005798,
-0.22043302655220032,
-0.09637666493654251,
0.6746428608894348,
0.6044080257415771,
0.6696379780769348,
-0.42027008533477783,
1.5216237306594849,
-0.1573977768421173,
0.5671593546867371,
-0.8511666655540466,
-0.814316987991333,
0.4871843457221985,
-0.5800784230232239,
0.5236204862594604,
0.42589789628982544,
-0.3182896077632904,
-0.649933397769928,
-0.23155805468559265,
0.5482590198516846,
0.6504036784172058,
-0.43782952427864075,
0.46843960881233215,
0.2906009256839752,
0.1826319545507431,
0.052280083298683167,
0.4424162209033966,
0.12586148083209991,
-1.3646624088287354,
-0.21678240597248077,
0.22774061560630798,
-0.6571947932243347,
-0.24842485785484314,
-0.20075911283493042,
0.7994085550308228,
-0.8279358744621277,
-0.017136843875050545,
0.7063753604888916,
-0.5730029344558716,
-0.5429573655128479,
0.7225595712661743,
0.031213270500302315,
0.6659250855445862,
-0.10544033348560333,
-0.19983889162540436,
-0.08618808537721634,
0.593529462814331,
-0.03716830164194107,
-0.7457715272903442,
-0.14889003336429596,
0.19141283631324768,
0.08847757428884506,
0.7499531507492065,
0.2630017101764679,
0.2090654969215393,
0.7413885593414307,
0.020235858857631683,
-0.21426846086978912,
0.3202723264694214,
-0.27489951252937317,
-0.16034115850925446,
-0.031584933400154114,
-0.6092942953109741,
0.4451042711734772,
-0.534581184387207,
0.6150932908058167,
-0.0958118587732315,
-0.23440608382225037,
-1.2100061178207397,
-0.8757429718971252,
-0.2610425651073456,
0.10444612056016922,
-0.6880056858062744,
0.9413126707077026,
0.5214698910713196,
-1.4430499076843262,
-0.18331195414066315,
-0.33619922399520874,
-0.6581941246986389,
0.7207788825035095,
0.601375162601471,
-0.7667429447174072,
-0.6903463006019592,
1.4017109870910645,
0.13731800019741058,
0.2757696509361267,
0.014827538281679153,
0.34733691811561584,
0.7144749760627747,
0.3756461441516876,
0.9636411070823669,
-0.4453558623790741,
0.4826953709125519,
-0.7984045743942261,
-0.24074408411979675,
0.10600264370441437,
0.8380759358406067,
-0.0826912373304367,
-0.1951013207435608,
-0.9828343987464905,
-0.5757371783256531,
0.11581135541200638,
0.502475380897522,
-0.11420135945081711,
0.19916342198848724,
0.11980180442333221,
0.5973231196403503,
-0.10822892189025879,
0.49065861105918884,
-0.345497190952301,
-0.5800145864486694,
0.9681133031845093,
-0.3877237141132355,
-0.7753933668136597,
-0.25242307782173157,
0.4133637249469757,
0.006100831087678671,
0.269806444644928,
-0.751636266708374,
-0.1522369682788849,
-0.858893632888794,
-0.13920986652374268,
-0.27819597721099854,
0.8956890106201172,
0.3566301167011261,
1.1945916414260864,
0.5742892026901245,
-0.4142088294029236,
0.5084322094917297,
-0.0027485587634146214,
-0.14011135697364807,
1.0594483613967896,
0.47412171959877014,
-0.7171429991722107,
0.6872479915618896,
-0.403501033782959,
0.34609824419021606,
0.5642879009246826,
-0.5975387692451477,
-0.14208823442459106,
-0.9433664083480835,
0.6556065082550049,
-0.10762728750705719,
-1.0078821182250977,
-0.08830995112657547,
0.33176806569099426,
0.41040414571762085,
0.44723841547966003,
0.03711741417646408,
0.08875613659620285,
0.4225851595401764,
-1.052480697631836,
-0.39115047454833984,
0.22436752915382385,
0.1997702717781067,
0.026443583890795708,
-0.24297381937503815,
-0.33222734928131104,
0.0005643683252856135,
0.1820789873600006,
-0.19468894600868225,
-0.6031002998352051,
0.2322913110256195,
-1.0631730556488037,
-0.04827398434281349,
0.3966691195964813,
0.2494431585073471,
-0.46041372418403625,
-0.4978169798851013,
0.04795730859041214,
-0.12394724786281586,
0.3858295977115631,
0.5064243078231812,
0.4001006782054901,
-0.06753968447446823,
0.5254189372062683,
-0.11290165036916733,
0.25836479663848877,
0.3787190020084381,
1.0995707511901855,
0.0070387255400419235,
-0.2160293459892273,
-0.29687267541885376,
-0.07058662921190262,
-0.917231023311615,
-0.445289671421051,
0.021844975650310516,
-0.8473278880119324,
0.11436716467142105,
0.08107985556125641,
-0.018698228523135185,
0.85371333360672,
0.007503225933760405,
0.2905307114124298,
0.31696993112564087,
-0.8102408051490784,
-0.3393130600452423,
0.6347101926803589,
0.09002339839935303,
0.692660927772522,
-0.7600224018096924,
1.2552980184555054,
-0.16589707136154175,
-0.1656230092048645,
1.2030162811279297,
0.6521316170692444,
0.3214850425720215,
0.44991376996040344,
-0.9599257707595825,
-1.0318909883499146,
0.1468990445137024,
0.06784883141517639,
1.0495071411132812,
-0.2647091746330261,
-1.1019530296325684,
0.6860530376434326,
-0.47548002004623413,
0.8537238240242004,
0.7024667263031006,
-1.2805826663970947,
0.6194185614585876,
-0.46610593795776367,
0.12476624548435211,
-0.40317437052726746,
0.39618968963623047,
-0.09212673455476761,
-0.014634802006185055,
0.285795658826828,
0.1558108627796173,
0.6479189395904541,
-0.7364409565925598,
0.21762202680110931,
0.022559864446520805,
0.10640183836221695,
0.6091848611831665,
0.16312487423419952,
-0.10353048890829086,
0.6163762807846069,
-0.1712198555469513,
-1.0841745138168335,
-0.13856078684329987,
1.219883680343628,
-0.6298354268074036,
0.3717346787452698,
1.019944667816162,
0.12277571856975555,
0.3408997356891632,
-0.13478323817253113,
0.07000284641981125,
-0.29987287521362305,
-0.2607608139514923,
0.2809998393058777,
-0.9494969248771667,
0.05458672717213631,
0.0727996900677681,
-0.10375480353832245,
-0.7353732585906982,
0.2759018540382385,
-0.6384782195091248,
0.0015358093660324812,
0.7526074051856995,
-0.3519224524497986,
0.09589609503746033,
-0.3709108233451843,
0.7340802550315857,
0.6389967203140259,
-0.33241885900497437,
-0.009856777265667915,
-0.017940569669008255,
-0.06963023543357849,
-0.347989022731781,
0.002445635851472616,
-0.9790465831756592,
-1.270042896270752,
-0.6357427835464478,
-0.1477719396352768,
0.7045736312866211,
0.18154340982437134,
0.9451261758804321,
0.6603073477745056,
0.03584537282586098,
-0.5431618690490723,
-0.17955592274665833,
-0.7978197932243347,
-0.2992972433567047,
-0.4824707806110382,
-0.011422858573496342,
-0.34468093514442444,
0.8624175786972046,
-0.7032973766326904,
-0.49314624071121216,
1.1325923204421997,
-0.28377020359039307,
-0.5978019833564758,
0.8490798473358154,
-0.47152188420295715,
0.46769315004348755,
-0.4162288308143616,
-0.4541337788105011,
-0.765544056892395,
-0.8770612478256226,
0.002019306877627969,
0.021655717864632607,
0.05026451125741005,
-0.8207937479019165,
-0.016839008778333664,
1.3177539110183716,
0.15565215051174164,
-0.07109441608190536,
0.23524506390094757,
0.3406131863594055,
-0.2815660536289215,
-0.4606327712535858,
-0.3274291455745697,
0.15338656306266785,
-0.47279608249664307,
-0.45074576139450073,
-0.8784067630767822,
-0.8539435267448425,
-0.0010863242205232382,
-0.27511847019195557,
-0.8459041118621826,
-0.6759195923805237,
0.12552718818187714,
0.17201949656009674,
0.08659408986568451,
0.4794372320175171,
0.5374078154563904,
0.2380542755126953,
1.2008732557296753,
0.49513381719589233,
0.9016850590705872,
-0.103920578956604,
0.380485475063324,
-0.2962382137775421,
-0.2650362253189087,
-0.2719597816467285,
0.5918830633163452,
0.11405180394649506,
-0.2572181224822998,
-0.23144052922725677,
0.1047370582818985,
-0.737552285194397,
-1.1536914110183716,
-0.15667401254177094,
0.01723780296742916,
-0.18486279249191284,
-0.21687576174736023,
0.696406900882721,
0.38804784417152405,
-0.2835734784603119,
-0.15490800142288208,
0.021768400445580482,
0.28293532133102417,
-0.7597066164016724,
0.2779052257537842,
1.2370043992996216,
0.27685031294822693,
-0.03351976349949837,
0.15127882361412048,
-0.4942950904369354,
-0.43456071615219116,
-0.45807263255119324,
0.16760055720806122,
-0.13330449163913727,
-0.15765240788459778,
-0.6495736837387085,
-0.7355902194976807,
-0.8940156698226929,
1.0687272548675537,
0.38508573174476624,
-1.0800156593322754,
0.2954109311103821,
0.06909480690956116,
0.24814145267009735,
-0.6374200582504272,
-0.7924196720123291,
-0.27264276146888733,
-0.17056162655353546,
-0.2575739622116089,
-0.9259852170944214,
-0.5622463822364807,
-0.0113902036100626,
-0.21199820935726166,
-0.48126333951950073,
-0.38449299335479736,
0.00940652284771204,
0.28664761781692505,
0.4870661199092865,
-0.6289502382278442,
-0.6573514938354492,
-1.3276315927505493,
0.26075854897499084,
-1.5114716291427612,
-0.8008906841278076,
-0.7064204812049866,
0.4818638563156128,
0.668258786201477,
0.20325803756713867,
0.5636178255081177,
-0.19765058159828186,
0.32204487919807434,
-0.5649253129959106,
-0.6646166443824768,
-0.5100902318954468,
0.4057500660419464,
-0.35167211294174194,
0.26660239696502686,
0.586974561214447,
0.18895575404167175,
0.45971858501434326,
0.1283675730228424,
-0.9598910212516785,
-0.31570765376091003,
-0.20876362919807434,
0.9048014283180237,
0.30380889773368835,
0.7453569769859314,
-0.1994863599538803,
0.6174115538597107,
0.08050652593374252,
0.7359053492546082,
-0.6680402159690857,
-0.25061845779418945,
-0.35760754346847534,
-0.8256168365478516,
0.1616634726524353,
-0.2359088957309723,
0.0043585291132330894,
0.21781818568706512,
-0.025924213230609894,
1.0622673034667969,
0.5649591684341431,
0.299484521150589,
0.5637202858924866,
-0.7166415452957153,
-0.0814739391207695,
-0.07014475762844086,
-0.1074676364660263,
-0.5204591155052185,
-0.5872070789337158,
-0.3973715603351593,
0.23171204328536987,
-0.006669555325061083,
-0.1331581026315689,
0.8429202437400818,
0.1000218540430069,
0.049028221517801285,
-0.054373402148485184,
-1.2107487916946411
] |
|
4zd0ot | Ask Anything Wednesday - Physics, Astronomy, Earth and Planetary Science | Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on **Physics, Astronomy, Earth and Planetary Science**
Do you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: "What would happen if...", "How will the future...", "If all the rules for 'X' were different...", "Why does my...".
**Asking Questions:**
Please post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions.
The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists.
**Answering Questions:**
Please only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. [The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here](_URL_1_). In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience.
If you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, [please refer to the information provided here](_URL_2_).
Past AskAnythingWednesday posts [can be found here](_URL_0_).
Ask away!
| askscience | {
"a_id": [
"d6uwt3o",
"d6uuhck",
"d6uyrhk",
"d6uvdy4",
"d6uvucg",
"d6uzfi9",
"d6usvrq",
"d6utqdx",
"d6uvuta",
"d6v94l6",
"d6uxwns"
],
"text": [
"Do black holes have dimension to them? As in, could they be viewed from a different angle and have a \"shape\" or do they appear as flat black circles regardless of the angle?",
"Two parter\n\n1. What would the universe look like from inside a nebula\n\n2. Since nebulae are collections of gas and dust. Is it theoretically possible to find a \"sweet spot\" in a nebula that would replicate the pressure and composition of earth's atmosphere allowing a human to breathe in outer space.",
"Astronomy/Physics\n\nI've just read news that NASA believes there is a celestial body orbiting proxima centauri in a temperate zone. Based on current technology, how long (earth years) would it take a space ship or probe to reach that planet and how fast would it be traveling (average). What are the limitations of this technology and is it theortically possible to get there faster? Finally, how fast could Han Solo get there in parsecs?",
"**PHYSICS / ASTRONOMY**\n\nCan gravitational waves output enough energy to create a habitable zone around the object producing them?\n\nEDIT: To clarify the logic here is that G waves would be able to produce a heating effect in some analogue to the way EM waves do.",
"Speed of light. \n\n\nIf I was on, say, a spaceship capable of going the speed of light - If i were to then walk forward, would I be breaking the speed of light at this point? \n\n\nOr would time freeze :P",
"First time askee...How does magnetic attraction work? I get there's opposite poles, and there's an exchange of virtual photons, but how does something giving something to something else, pull it towards it?",
"**GEOLOGY**\n\nA few weeks ago, I was out in Badlands National Park, and I noticed [this weird rock formation.](_URL_0_) I thought this was a pretty strange formation, so I pointed it out to a friend and asked if he had any ideas on how it formed. Together, we came up with a theory, but I'd like to get a real geologist's thoughts on it.\n\nWe think that a long time ago, when the whole area was an ocean floor, a crevasse was opened by an earthquake. It was flooded by ocean water which was copper-rich (it may be hard to tell in the photos, but the rock has a green tint). Over many millennia, the cravasse continued to fill with rock, leaving the bands seen in those photos.\n\nIs this a reasonable theory for the creation of that rock formation? If not, how did this form? I've never seen anything like it before, so I'd be very interested to hear an explanation.",
"Submitted before and it was dropped for being \"Speculation/fiction/imagination\"...hoping this is an appropriate thread to re-try...\n\nWhat are some theories for how we could bridge/travel/open into another dimension? Would really appreciate a parallel ELI5 answer as you all are way too smart in this area of study.\n\nLayman's guesses:\n\n- Breaking the speed of light (yes, not possible, but that's kinda the idea- breaking out of the \"laws\" that bind us)\n\n- Creating/entering a wormhole\n\n- Splitting open the smallest particle in our dimension\n\n- Separating/pulling apart a couple of one-dimensional strings\n\n- A beam from an anti-mass spectrometer contacting a crystal, creating a resonance cascade\n\nAre any of these realistic approaches? Is there any interest/effort to accomplish this?",
"PHYSICS/ASTRONOMY \n\nHow would the shadow of a black hole look like? \n\nIf you put a giant white plane on one side of a black hole and a point light source on the other side, what would the shadow look like? I'm sure it wouldn't be a circle because of gravitational lensing, but what else ?",
"Is the radiant of a meteor shower the direction that Earth appears to be moving through space? For example, the Perseids have a radiant on or near the Perseus Constellation. Does that mean that at that time of the year every year, the earth is apparently barreling towards that constellation?",
"Could there be green life and unknown forgotten species under all the ice like in Antarctica and the North Pole?"
],
"score": [
6,
4,
3,
3,
3,
3,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/search?q=flair%3A%27meta%27&restrict_sr=on&sort=new&t=all",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/wiki/index#wiki_answering_askscience",
"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/3exo6p/askscience_panel_of_scientists_xiii/"
]
} | {
"url": [
"http://imgur.com/a/qmT8I"
]
} | Ask Anything Wednesday - Physics, Astronomy, Earth and Planetary Science
Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on **Physics, Astronomy, Earth and Planetary Science** Do you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: "What would happen if...", "How will the future...", "If all the rules for 'X' were different...", "Why does my...". **Asking Questions:** Please post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions. The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists. **Answering Questions:** Please only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. [The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here](_URL_1_). In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience. If you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, [please refer to the information provided here](_URL_2_). Past AskAnythingWednesday posts [can be found here](_URL_0_). Ask away! | [
-0.44144341349601746,
-0.504654586315155,
1.043596625328064,
-0.2559351325035095,
-0.574461042881012,
-0.9896713495254517,
0.029139764606952667,
-0.563826322555542,
0.35382238030433655,
0.09766313433647156,
0.504187285900116,
0.1162564754486084,
-0.5023185610771179,
0.5724055767059326,
0.6098686456680298,
-0.4440850019454956,
-0.6062884330749512,
0.06768468767404556,
-0.4509466588497162,
-0.17299634218215942,
0.14242114126682281,
0.08265821635723114,
0.02455970086157322,
0.9236299991607666,
-0.3297460675239563,
0.04112325981259346,
0.13181738555431366,
0.3443010449409485,
0.047889553010463715,
1.2948743104934692,
-0.6562062501907349,
0.3539692461490631,
-0.47215065360069275,
0.5894869565963745,
0.39477968215942383,
-0.26671671867370605,
0.3009635806083679,
-0.07428710907697678,
0.3477477431297302,
-0.40258023142814636,
0.1571103185415268,
-0.7502955198287964,
0.15908926725387573,
-0.20273488759994507,
-0.3566987216472626,
-0.1551518440246582,
0.44603589177131653,
-0.0769028514623642,
-1.0088108777999878,
-0.1088675931096077,
0.15250132977962494,
0.13111987709999084,
0.2557871341705322,
0.005292631685733795,
-0.42987287044525146,
-0.5248969793319702,
1.0266238451004028,
0.3465457260608673,
0.1595301479101181,
0.0116218077018857,
-0.2144480049610138,
-0.07923726737499237,
-0.322385311126709,
-0.2480267584323883,
0.07800138741731644,
-0.4392692446708679,
-0.2655006945133209,
0.27119243144989014,
-1.9715760946273804,
0.060748450458049774,
-0.09486263245344162,
0.21278031170368195,
-0.11535672843456268,
-0.530888020992279,
0.6003779172897339,
-0.8657447695732117,
0.22989408671855927,
0.2251635491847992,
-0.01455734670162201,
-0.01143878884613514,
-0.236636683344841,
0.44234520196914673,
0.7019604444503784,
0.6580920815467834,
0.008231192827224731,
0.3433161973953247,
0.8096491694450378,
-0.028124786913394928,
0.035792864859104156,
0.869731605052948,
-0.015892162919044495,
0.12617315351963043,
0.29363441467285156,
-0.06496292352676392,
0.7918115258216858,
-0.03565055876970291,
0.1707857847213745,
-0.7219653129577637,
0.6014843583106995,
0.9533089399337769,
-0.4055727422237396,
0.4781258702278137,
0.17729422450065613,
0.4933195114135742,
-0.09520913660526276,
-0.49631768465042114,
0.5278723835945129,
-1.0677896738052368,
-0.2355656772851944,
0.4816347360610962,
-0.07288013398647308,
0.9747772216796875,
-0.29925045371055603,
-0.5798467993736267,
-0.3464924097061157,
-1.254422903060913,
-0.5089867115020752,
0.5282824039459229,
1.0426828861236572,
0.7688040733337402,
-0.22501735389232635,
-0.3646223545074463,
0.9986685514450073,
0.6722313165664673,
0.29020190238952637,
0.5139725208282471,
-0.13864374160766602,
0.5927656888961792,
-0.21988175809383392,
-1.1147234439849854,
-0.49619269371032715,
0.25234490633010864,
-0.21031813323497772,
0.10298921912908554,
0.7504041194915771,
-0.6664758324623108,
-1.0095492601394653,
0.01941739022731781,
-0.35403043031692505,
-0.016579626128077507,
-0.7988815307617188,
-0.0285041481256485,
0.9570736885070801,
-0.6923957467079163,
0.29768458008766174,
-0.7913991212844849,
-0.8220129013061523,
-1.2387553453445435,
-0.22147202491760254,
-0.7230690717697144,
-0.9450792670249939,
0.23306715488433838,
0.27880263328552246,
-0.9563896656036377,
-0.24817730486392975,
-0.43811172246932983,
0.40157192945480347,
0.1463507115840912,
0.11345246434211731,
-0.4185259938240051,
-0.7390781044960022,
0.15633004903793335,
0.012419849634170532,
0.5996177196502686,
0.3209609389305115,
0.05300392955541611,
-0.26248300075531006,
-0.8668147325515747,
0.37580323219299316,
0.31695613265037537,
-0.19821670651435852,
0.16098159551620483,
0.8012872934341431,
0.7175962328910828,
1.3038041591644287,
-0.38640305399894714,
0.30832624435424805,
0.5449175834655762,
-1.023544430732727,
-0.13319692015647888,
0.16157902777194977,
-1.0161045789718628,
-0.00339326448738575,
0.45365792512893677,
-0.5882818102836609,
-0.040820829570293427,
0.574593186378479,
0.2784160375595093,
0.461741179227829,
0.6320292353630066,
0.30301591753959656,
0.5509896874427795,
-0.9738249778747559,
0.27501749992370605,
0.7216145396232605,
-0.10215608775615692,
0.610748827457428,
1.3618078231811523,
0.6848052740097046,
-0.7073345184326172,
0.6714199781417847,
-0.8380247354507446,
-0.36715996265411377,
-0.3538673520088196,
0.4173750877380371,
-0.2755226492881775,
0.3419498801231384,
0.28193145990371704,
-0.26988130807876587,
-0.3998073935508728,
0.3741410970687866,
0.44548124074935913,
0.08391367644071579,
-0.3416675925254822,
-0.3236585855484009,
0.596183180809021,
-0.49860647320747375,
0.8671296834945679,
-0.6162309050559998,
0.7434445023536682,
0.9385638236999512,
-0.30727964639663696,
0.2813679575920105,
-0.001287069171667099,
0.7681442499160767,
-0.7705065608024597,
-0.11041353642940521,
-0.38368040323257446,
0.27041998505592346,
0.013028130866587162,
-0.5958356261253357,
0.13550907373428345,
-0.22160986065864563,
0.3803136348724365,
0.43362945318222046,
0.24198894202709198,
-1.6764638423919678,
-0.8714829683303833,
-0.41624167561531067,
-1.3132444620132446,
-0.08644255250692368,
0.31028255820274353,
0.6163215041160583,
0.506354033946991,
0.6415337324142456,
0.2863546311855316,
-0.5435430407524109,
-0.38225454092025757,
0.5774604678153992,
0.18453240394592285,
0.3300286531448364,
-0.7830286622047424,
-0.9054063558578491,
-0.9150808453559875,
-0.16199098527431488,
-0.12548422813415527,
0.5798733234405518,
-0.7632673978805542,
0.61582350730896,
0.635408878326416,
-0.051117703318595886,
-0.9372132420539856,
0.6514620184898376,
0.29518282413482666,
-0.7011156678199768,
0.15091198682785034,
-0.7883082628250122,
0.21430668234825134,
0.06548146903514862,
-0.13262838125228882,
-0.40888476371765137,
-0.44051188230514526,
0.30856457352638245,
-0.170315682888031,
-0.051996245980262756,
-0.39990389347076416,
-0.25632384419441223,
-0.571951687335968,
0.0021394239738583565,
0.5138800144195557,
0.441098153591156,
0.33397552371025085,
0.7201781272888184,
-0.22581002116203308,
-0.8533180952072144,
0.5640084743499756,
1.2183880805969238,
-0.6092067956924438,
0.48319560289382935,
-0.6074446439743042,
-0.18317127227783203,
-0.0029739122837781906,
-0.5053345561027527,
0.920888364315033,
0.43116599321365356,
-0.3251827359199524,
0.39067786931991577,
-0.28437721729278564,
-0.09827598184347153,
0.10195912420749664,
-0.31224769353866577,
0.370260089635849,
0.1645195037126541,
-0.08106481283903122,
0.08133231848478317,
0.045868534594774246,
0.5221023559570312,
-1.026904582977295,
0.30410856008529663,
-0.9632061719894409,
0.216389000415802,
-0.4634099006652832,
0.12699757516384125,
0.5297403335571289,
0.39815157651901245,
0.6155765652656555,
0.02667916566133499,
-1.306077003479004,
-1.0500080585479736,
-0.32959145307540894,
-0.9386420249938965,
0.3289209008216858,
0.7585904002189636,
0.5305492877960205,
-0.013974097557365894,
1.5128520727157593,
-0.1600153148174286,
0.06724312156438828,
-0.9999295473098755,
0.14174650609493256,
0.30292612314224243,
-0.7290570735931396,
0.531812310218811,
0.3737615644931793,
-0.6228800415992737,
-0.004299955442547798,
0.32975709438323975,
0.29796820878982544,
0.2635143995285034,
0.189493790268898,
0.9015482664108276,
0.0813884288072586,
-0.31812167167663574,
0.12234952300786972,
0.48666390776634216,
-0.3913803994655609,
0.016487043350934982,
0.3714143931865692,
0.010449616238474846,
-0.24097247421741486,
0.07573646306991577,
0.5094465613365173,
0.8209831118583679,
-1.3093364238739014,
0.5310317277908325,
-0.09509111940860748,
-0.2728787958621979,
0.0039121899753808975,
0.5257614850997925,
0.18538841605186462,
0.06319382786750793,
-0.3012409210205078,
-0.06065328046679497,
0.07982824742794037,
-0.42626431584358215,
0.38383227586746216,
-1.9711087942123413,
-0.6693220138549805,
-0.05208165943622589,
-0.008168082684278488,
0.3744969367980957,
0.6942418813705444,
-0.6862212419509888,
-0.12370948493480682,
0.42868179082870483,
0.05514143407344818,
0.9545977115631104,
-0.3303096294403076,
0.01888555847108364,
-0.07575105130672455,
0.5812976360321045,
0.2402486354112625,
0.8338980674743652,
0.6816580295562744,
-0.5837754011154175,
-0.4918546974658966,
-0.8632841110229492,
-0.8638968467712402,
-0.18379589915275574,
0.3222062885761261,
-0.15816006064414978,
-0.0896373763680458,
0.16717760264873505,
-0.5810328125953674,
-0.40405064821243286,
-0.9375383257865906,
-1.2426791191101074,
0.5527909994125366,
-0.36481285095214844,
-1.304202914237976,
0.795899510383606,
0.6516426205635071,
0.3573206663131714,
1.080444097518921,
-0.09764330834150314,
0.15299378335475922,
0.07490485161542892,
0.5942273139953613,
0.18342237174510956,
-0.7272075414657593,
-0.2202872484922409,
-0.3055080771446228,
-0.8797599673271179,
-0.4259697198867798,
0.853327751159668,
-1.2061264514923096,
-0.9213054180145264,
-0.2765313982963562,
-0.803169846534729,
0.0948604941368103,
0.3940940499305725,
-0.13157455623149872,
-0.4077833890914917,
0.22973622381687164,
-1.092140555381775,
0.10131842643022537,
0.18478849530220032,
0.26949092745780945,
-0.756902277469635,
0.6055007576942444,
-0.646979033946991,
-0.3804166316986084,
1.3131293058395386,
0.8608462810516357,
-0.5527130961418152,
-0.441567599773407,
0.425567626953125,
0.11762748658657074,
-0.4163343906402588,
-0.5413605570793152,
-0.2731606960296631,
0.530072808265686,
-0.4081486761569977,
0.05460401996970177,
-0.6416839361190796,
0.03200850635766983,
0.8703534603118896,
-0.03733979910612106,
-0.5077874660491943,
0.3642028868198395,
0.5806031227111816,
-0.22159619629383087,
0.2957770824432373,
0.7826065421104431,
0.9233257174491882,
1.0673046112060547,
-1.0186512470245361,
-0.21482393145561218,
-0.18396495282649994,
-0.15188762545585632,
-0.4547479748725891,
-1.1479276418685913,
-0.36154407262802124,
0.7109652161598206,
0.946957528591156,
0.5206483602523804,
0.0897507593035698,
-0.36382684111595154,
-0.06186463683843613,
-1.0826928615570068,
-0.4209364354610443,
0.32174232602119446,
0.48382851481437683,
0.4637012481689453,
-0.34182465076446533,
0.021823886781930923,
0.25780877470970154,
-0.48491722345352173,
-0.3219250440597534,
-0.22738082706928253,
0.49769583344459534,
-0.43156763911247253,
-1.4093397855758667,
0.24083155393600464,
1.1075828075408936,
-0.264648973941803,
-0.7302243113517761,
0.5348421335220337,
0.2587631344795227,
-0.4097994565963745,
0.48379820585250854,
0.3151696026325226,
-0.5312953591346741,
0.5306696891784668,
0.4451959431171417,
0.6683413982391357,
0.2958637773990631,
0.5603052377700806,
-0.3078480362892151,
0.000803852453827858,
-0.3793177604675293,
-0.596113920211792,
0.6814361214637756,
-0.26029548048973083,
-0.13339152932167053,
-0.9219716787338257,
1.0268900394439697,
0.04675929993391037,
-0.3772626519203186,
0.8014583587646484,
-0.6266653537750244,
0.24453836679458618,
0.23404325544834137,
-0.1875598430633545,
-0.0622793585062027,
-0.3780171871185303,
0.2834424078464508,
-0.553137481212616,
-0.40642425417900085,
0.49066027998924255,
0.08707193285226822,
-0.6763196587562561,
0.9409210085868835,
0.1711110770702362,
-0.4983727037906647,
0.009300408884882927,
-1.0314602851867676,
-1.6227589845657349,
0.20188365876674652,
0.03698442503809929,
0.5674996376037598,
-0.22145229578018188,
-0.264564573764801,
0.6600146889686584,
-0.5532828569412231,
0.5548598766326904,
0.648387610912323,
-0.4829920828342438,
1.3555185794830322,
0.042739056050777435,
-0.45089447498321533,
0.4372137188911438,
-0.18705308437347412,
0.2781258523464203,
-0.24164485931396484,
-1.1085491180419922,
-0.336838036775589,
-0.2517150044441223,
-0.32867613434791565,
0.15390202403068542,
0.29848507046699524,
-0.9090023636817932,
-0.509311854839325,
-0.04390876740217209,
0.5121958255767822,
-0.11487026512622833,
-0.9604100584983826,
-0.29522374272346497,
0.672893226146698,
0.17655916512012482,
-1.4062466621398926,
0.033113785088062286,
0.39379194378852844,
-0.4680287837982178,
-0.25077661871910095,
-0.25777363777160645,
-0.5940391421318054,
-0.3704025447368622,
-0.6386966705322266,
1.0463145971298218,
-0.7890297174453735,
-0.2100421041250229,
-0.20194385945796967,
-0.5146339535713196,
0.0006067841313779354,
-0.5863702893257141,
0.0889686793088913,
-0.17453575134277344,
-0.10267788171768188,
0.7029935121536255,
0.06646279990673065,
-0.06885943561792374,
0.26528775691986084,
0.2713391184806824,
-0.7502002120018005,
0.29985690116882324,
0.45745229721069336,
0.44683751463890076,
-0.16892102360725403,
0.0012938668951392174,
-0.20642554759979248,
-0.14731234312057495,
0.7276754975318909,
-0.4562539756298065,
0.6844787001609802,
0.019154740497469902,
-0.4496281147003174,
0.4896529018878937,
-0.4812791645526886,
-0.33982521295547485,
0.2557876706123352,
-1.3051927089691162,
-0.15356703102588654,
0.5238229632377625,
1.2240726947784424,
-0.621435284614563,
0.5029934644699097,
-0.013113560155034065,
-0.024119678884744644,
0.4267701208591461,
0.6781553626060486,
-1.0230786800384521,
0.011599126271903515,
0.3625263273715973,
0.271093487739563,
0.3773556649684906,
-0.8868224620819092,
-0.49603110551834106,
-0.018965784460306168,
0.15172739326953888,
0.11457622051239014,
0.21987608075141907,
-0.380463182926178,
0.428448349237442,
0.8759849071502686,
-0.3344438076019287,
-0.4102994203567505,
1.2325150966644287,
0.42282840609550476,
-0.040292493999004364,
-0.5328874588012695,
-0.6941096782684326,
-0.09616872668266296,
-0.7377784252166748,
-1.1545790433883667,
0.16292370855808258,
-1.0458093881607056,
-0.25686466693878174,
-0.08426022529602051,
-0.1221558153629303,
-0.2574075162410736,
0.2601165175437927,
0.35455089807510376,
0.31569328904151917,
1.1504908800125122,
-0.4594869911670685,
-0.3849337697029114,
1.1908817291259766,
0.024004122242331505,
1.5367754697799683,
-0.6168902516365051,
0.3910682797431946,
-0.2699500322341919,
-0.3309768736362457,
-0.31477075815200806,
-0.1707165390253067,
0.17457592487335205,
0.36014077067375183,
-0.1588834822177887,
-0.2820878028869629,
-1.727069616317749,
-0.5008404850959778,
0.7805858254432678,
-0.37880122661590576,
-0.22938160598278046,
0.25499874353408813,
0.30185049772262573,
-0.2572253346443176,
-0.47536584734916687,
0.13110050559043884,
-0.14951154589653015,
0.8797429800033569,
-0.9870070219039917,
0.30589568614959717,
1.0021636486053467,
0.2773292064666748,
-0.23994874954223633,
0.3874908983707428,
0.009388521313667297,
-0.2596011161804199,
-1.2430156469345093,
0.005131732672452927,
-0.9065942168235779,
-0.06853965669870377,
0.32473239302635193,
-0.08107507228851318,
0.4908120632171631,
1.0036087036132812,
1.2016863822937012,
-0.26369568705558777,
0.3370955288410187,
-0.05781872570514679,
0.36334365606307983,
-0.9032002091407776,
-0.979640781879425,
0.20479092001914978,
-0.722830057144165,
0.07353021204471588,
-0.6513323783874512,
0.5624176263809204,
0.07426755130290985,
-0.03658591955900192,
-0.6420037746429443,
-0.2606750726699829,
0.7217763066291809,
0.45704787969589233,
-0.2574964165687561,
1.101402759552002,
-0.05614202469587326,
-1.2587018013000488,
0.7002130746841431,
-0.27482467889785767,
0.1468212753534317,
-0.5966308116912842,
0.9410902261734009,
0.9472098350524902,
-1.0649138689041138,
0.0281379334628582,
-0.007659338414669037,
0.6721192598342896,
-0.7083368301391602,
-0.015796449035406113,
-0.060357797890901566,
-0.5364506244659424,
-0.5411791801452637,
0.2641487717628479,
-0.0890064537525177,
-0.19030897319316864,
-0.7686373591423035,
-0.9049156904220581,
-0.5564627051353455,
0.13744385540485382,
0.5357028841972351,
0.4023391604423523,
0.2450541853904724,
-0.14770862460136414,
0.11554886400699615,
0.38668715953826904,
0.1659427285194397,
0.004211048595607281,
-0.08475930243730545,
-0.8172023892402649,
-0.5459386110305786,
-0.19756650924682617,
0.3878820836544037,
0.1293541043996811,
0.002734668552875519,
0.4839746356010437,
-0.23799428343772888,
1.022579550743103,
-0.5517461895942688,
0.3814513087272644,
0.37279006838798523,
0.37729787826538086,
0.12205901741981506,
0.3220865726470947,
-0.2105286419391632,
-0.4723435342311859,
-0.05315797030925751,
-0.4286579191684723,
0.6327776908874512,
-0.46284428238868713,
-0.028379881754517555,
-0.7366536259651184,
0.1770811527967453,
0.29831525683403015,
0.5050999522209167,
-0.5119695663452148
] |
|
1rd2z5 | Why did these spiders do this? [Picture in text] | So I have a nature preserve near my house that I visit pretty regularly for a walk and then one day I happened upon [this](_URL_0_)? I even poked them slightly with a twig expecting them to scatter but all they did was huddle closer together very sluggishly. It was still 90+ degrees out so I'm not sure if this was just an orgy or what? Anyone know the answer?
I'm not sure if this is where I'm supposed to post this so if there is a better place please let me know and I'll promptly remove this. Thanks!
Edit: I'm silly and didn't realize I could link the picture better. | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"cdm5t2m",
"cdm7450",
"cdm746b",
"cdm7h7l"
],
"text": [
"Just so you know, those aren't actually spiders, they're [Opiliones](_URL_1_), also known as Daddy Longlegs or Harvestmen. [This](_URL_0_) video clears up both what they are, and any confusion the name causes (since there are other animals also known as Daddy Longlegs).\n\nOther than that, I can't help you sorry, I'm don't know much about biology.",
"Many species of harvestmen easily tolerate members of their own species, with aggregations of many individuals often found at protected sites near water. These aggregations may number 200 animals in the Laniatores, but more than 70,000 in certain Eupnoi. This behavior is likely a strategy against climatic odds, but also against predators, combining the effect of scent secretions, and reducing the probability of any particular individual of being eaten. - Wikipedia\n\n[Here's a video of a large mass of Opiliones in a tree.](_URL_2_)",
"No one knows exactly why Daddy Longlegs cluster together. It's a fall time behavior, though. Here are two hypotheses from Harvestmen: The Biology of Opiliones.\n\nIt could be for moisture--they need a moist place to hibernate to keep from drying out, and the congregating is just a side effect of having few suitable nooks & crannies.\n\nAlternatively, it could be for defense. Daddy Longlegs/Harvestmen all produce defensive chemicals against predation. Gathering together may increase the impact of their defense.",
"Biologist here, yes those are Opiliones (well done /u/deadlywoodlouse). May I ask in what country/state this pic was taken? \nIf it weren't for the high temperature, I'd assume they prepare for winter rest. Otherwise, I am clueless."
],
"score": [
27,
21,
13,
8
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://i.imgur.com/OUxzZfk"
]
} | {
"url": [
"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0JK2dR8ei5E",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opiliones",
"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OWASwBWyUXI"
]
} | Why did these spiders do this? [Picture in text]
So I have a nature preserve near my house that I visit pretty regularly for a walk and then one day I happened upon [this](_URL_0_)? I even poked them slightly with a twig expecting them to scatter but all they did was huddle closer together very sluggishly. It was still 90+ degrees out so I'm not sure if this was just an orgy or what? Anyone know the answer? I'm not sure if this is where I'm supposed to post this so if there is a better place please let me know and I'll promptly remove this. Thanks! Edit: I'm silly and didn't realize I could link the picture better. | [
-0.3880908191204071,
-0.2948431074619293,
0.9039905071258545,
-0.3792726397514343,
-0.7581542730331421,
-0.26724231243133545,
0.01475667953491211,
0.00544280931353569,
0.6454302668571472,
0.4120752215385437,
1.133047342300415,
0.24120068550109863,
-0.717889666557312,
1.253600001335144,
-0.01972377859055996,
-0.1565002202987671,
0.7113632559776306,
-0.025111857801675797,
-0.23582224547863007,
0.20922675728797913,
-0.2858913242816925,
0.45863425731658936,
-0.10760136693716049,
1.2052302360534668,
-0.12765981256961823,
-0.3851671516895294,
0.16685441136360168,
0.07846308499574661,
0.8433263301849365,
0.6708976030349731,
0.5047301650047302,
-0.10198205709457397,
-0.6754643321037292,
-0.10427331924438477,
0.16820630431175232,
-0.13312332332134247,
0.6670182943344116,
-0.35384467244148254,
0.32619625329971313,
-0.3016485273838043,
-0.24710151553153992,
-0.8723452687263489,
-0.004675078205764294,
0.4565984010696411,
0.010974820703268051,
-0.7415130138397217,
0.35208219289779663,
0.09820637106895447,
-0.5567662119865417,
0.12069150805473328,
0.2973673939704895,
0.562298059463501,
0.22486573457717896,
-0.018214158713817596,
0.4412679374217987,
-0.5281558036804199,
0.2734728753566742,
0.40065422654151917,
0.9842231869697571,
-0.03691742569208145,
0.4612261950969696,
-0.15188728272914886,
-0.3384058475494385,
-0.6291489005088806,
-0.48430103063583374,
-0.3483903110027313,
-0.7253919839859009,
1.3852660655975342,
0.29793021082878113,
-0.022729797288775444,
-0.25651267170906067,
-0.2435883730649948,
-0.35760459303855896,
0.45673391222953796,
-0.2426217794418335,
-0.7132830023765564,
0.5952804088592529,
-0.7529190182685852,
-0.053702741861343384,
-0.36329057812690735,
-0.00554959662258625,
0.971302330493927,
0.44736990332603455,
0.31331121921539307,
0.299283891916275,
0.7031844258308411,
0.7042139768600464,
-0.2784426212310791,
0.3942556381225586,
0.5333133339881897,
-0.7859481573104858,
-0.016852926462888718,
0.23844130337238312,
-0.698910653591156,
0.567402720451355,
0.14161637425422668,
0.42438697814941406,
-0.6646817326545715,
0.11018896847963333,
0.3345426917076111,
-0.8005717992782593,
0.7648820281028748,
0.24084904789924622,
0.719656229019165,
0.171501025557518,
0.24288006126880646,
-0.4101681709289551,
-0.34224721789360046,
-0.14222726225852966,
0.19847548007965088,
0.19035694003105164,
1.1521168947219849,
0.019275996834039688,
-0.5985594987869263,
0.03885456919670105,
-1.095407485961914,
0.36457914113998413,
-0.53388911485672,
0.6615784168243408,
0.500581681728363,
0.1754557341337204,
-0.3591316342353821,
1.2910054922103882,
-0.38440340757369995,
-0.18285538256168365,
-0.15452635288238525,
-0.3509218990802765,
0.549066960811615,
-0.0346863716840744,
-0.20380115509033203,
-0.08270865678787231,
0.5989968776702881,
0.06541338562965393,
-0.470345139503479,
0.2544599175453186,
-0.5651199817657471,
-1.4101712703704834,
0.00902706291526556,
-0.43398064374923706,
0.03520293906331062,
-1.1046373844146729,
-0.07441207766532898,
0.8853376507759094,
-0.40011703968048096,
-0.06662076711654663,
-0.9702578186988831,
-1.0779454708099365,
-0.9275647401809692,
-0.2699816823005676,
-0.3873650133609772,
-0.6029190421104431,
-0.41181525588035583,
0.038421764969825745,
-0.729358434677124,
0.9734870195388794,
0.8719972968101501,
0.7900233864784241,
-1.0426950454711914,
1.0069996118545532,
-0.09790416061878204,
-0.30448657274246216,
0.3276797831058502,
-0.045278020203113556,
0.33591175079345703,
0.3741503655910492,
-0.4056461751461029,
0.0018741786479949951,
-0.5243483781814575,
-0.18271929025650024,
0.22801044583320618,
-0.6712249517440796,
0.7110008001327515,
0.3359314799308777,
0.23041623830795288,
0.8861672282218933,
-0.07126469910144806,
0.8130112290382385,
-0.15960825979709625,
-0.3493908643722534,
0.11555981636047363,
0.10341222584247589,
-0.18178141117095947,
-0.3055835962295532,
0.5499987602233887,
-0.7890088558197021,
0.046967513859272,
0.5001663565635681,
1.1149569749832153,
0.29303446412086487,
0.09188476204872131,
0.547478199005127,
0.631790816783905,
-1.162011981010437,
0.12712576985359192,
0.7055392861366272,
0.10334497690200806,
-0.3720967769622803,
0.8753800392150879,
0.3277769684791565,
-0.14807522296905518,
-0.1290372908115387,
-0.5469793081283569,
-0.31561601161956787,
-0.4931795299053192,
0.07022395730018616,
-0.2538228929042816,
0.3077124059200287,
-0.3431493043899536,
-0.0007066819816827774,
0.09525908529758453,
0.07222127169370651,
0.8174872398376465,
0.31090590357780457,
-0.32256433367729187,
0.04885944724082947,
0.48561012744903564,
-0.5393956899642944,
-0.028323207050561905,
-0.5057704448699951,
0.5425866842269897,
0.7759073972702026,
-0.16332384943962097,
-0.30300140380859375,
-0.0449712872505188,
1.2326734066009521,
-0.5560552477836609,
-0.3754650354385376,
0.24557657539844513,
0.44417351484298706,
-0.5012992024421692,
-0.16254541277885437,
0.11892053484916687,
-0.28932175040245056,
0.106441929936409,
0.7116627097129822,
-0.2675771117210388,
-1.2050535678863525,
-0.833762526512146,
0.2809266746044159,
-1.4011274576187134,
-0.5875222682952881,
0.4537743031978607,
0.6139748692512512,
0.3783477544784546,
0.29216334223747253,
0.6726191639900208,
-0.8232957124710083,
-0.7655907869338989,
-0.31783613562583923,
-0.1435832381248474,
0.43298450112342834,
-0.1100555956363678,
-0.82921302318573,
-1.0368189811706543,
0.3268207013607025,
-0.5223917365074158,
0.7564576268196106,
-0.7945712804794312,
0.13233233988285065,
0.9014737010002136,
0.6335972547531128,
-0.5212303996086121,
1.2000185251235962,
-0.30802029371261597,
-0.7528814077377319,
-0.05760160833597183,
-0.8312820792198181,
-0.5972148180007935,
0.017214667052030563,
0.21857710182666779,
-0.12677763402462006,
-1.1679048538208008,
0.7784672975540161,
0.3810358941555023,
-0.1569550484418869,
-0.6233882904052734,
0.5386539101600647,
-0.1145411804318428,
0.9504400491714478,
0.21396128833293915,
-0.2817670404911041,
0.4975842833518982,
0.4539286494255066,
-0.6695691347122192,
-0.4038418233394623,
0.01881525106728077,
0.30766239762306213,
-0.6155437231063843,
0.15954765677452087,
-1.1430587768554688,
0.5969713926315308,
0.4398166239261627,
0.007265906780958176,
1.27933931350708,
0.17174862325191498,
-0.8310304880142212,
-0.13051915168762207,
0.20580706000328064,
-0.03077947348356247,
-0.17373467981815338,
-0.9553022980690002,
-0.3564017415046692,
0.40077346563339233,
-0.15091794729232788,
-0.1984688937664032,
-0.28930532932281494,
1.1455376148223877,
-0.9319634437561035,
0.4748538136482239,
-0.5054045915603638,
0.6323937773704529,
-0.37601542472839355,
-0.7359327673912048,
1.10320246219635,
0.9501010775566101,
0.3757198452949524,
0.24059918522834778,
-0.46134427189826965,
-0.587580144405365,
-0.730303943157196,
-0.1621743142604828,
-0.10541988164186478,
0.11037243902683258,
0.7421017289161682,
0.6632373332977295,
1.2193777561187744,
0.03008255362510681,
0.4422537088394165,
-1.254164218902588,
0.37457939982414246,
0.8139735460281372,
-0.4351387023925781,
0.5458138585090637,
0.17405864596366882,
-0.3760887086391449,
-0.3087388277053833,
0.6264795660972595,
0.7021932601928711,
0.5173827409744263,
0.5455750226974487,
0.8219603896141052,
-0.31712573766708374,
-0.3759472072124481,
0.11301490664482117,
0.00248904712498188,
0.1686992049217224,
-0.39329099655151367,
0.12831899523735046,
0.3073327839374542,
0.046808384358882904,
-0.2802543640136719,
0.15277519822120667,
0.7284778952598572,
-1.077235221862793,
-0.3334518074989319,
0.003100857138633728,
-0.5479255318641663,
0.19183436036109924,
0.9172109961509705,
-0.3326972723007202,
-0.035784512758255005,
0.35249727964401245,
0.48174649477005005,
-0.22164158523082733,
0.15790551900863647,
-0.00197012722492218,
-0.765734076499939,
-0.353814959526062,
-0.5099176168441772,
-0.19584770500659943,
0.15971797704696655,
0.29932910203933716,
-0.1949993222951889,
0.3948226571083069,
-0.365425169467926,
-0.23988212645053864,
0.7668970227241516,
-0.3056674897670746,
-0.4801710844039917,
-0.3786002993583679,
-0.35677245259284973,
-0.32622137665748596,
0.29907822608947754,
-0.07648441195487976,
-0.20629164576530457,
-1.2990317344665527,
-0.4665753245353699,
0.03517898544669151,
-0.2869584560394287,
0.43971434235572815,
0.12533298134803772,
-0.07408765703439713,
-0.4205254912376404,
-0.6748403310775757,
-0.31672239303588867,
-0.623138427734375,
-1.16859769821167,
0.5325314402580261,
-0.32627004384994507,
-1.11480712890625,
-0.8086671233177185,
0.2178838551044464,
0.36844420433044434,
1.251764178276062,
0.173164501786232,
0.45563527941703796,
0.03715408593416214,
0.5161442756652832,
0.6212128400802612,
-0.46292033791542053,
0.219089075922966,
-0.3658604621887207,
0.045683540403842926,
-0.43547141551971436,
0.00956704467535019,
-0.8820316791534424,
-0.4245931804180145,
-0.3545764684677124,
-1.6472058296203613,
-0.030753612518310547,
0.25521743297576904,
-0.1896177977323532,
-0.14567093551158905,
0.2658487558364868,
-0.1737770289182663,
-0.7300752997398376,
-0.3773610293865204,
-0.3374817371368408,
-0.9298827648162842,
0.24506059288978577,
-0.35608842968940735,
-0.541894793510437,
0.7607481479644775,
0.5477224588394165,
-0.4456422030925751,
0.04751229286193848,
0.3955558240413666,
0.1623668372631073,
-0.05177905037999153,
-0.16303832828998566,
-0.7645543217658997,
0.29919636249542236,
0.20740965008735657,
0.602058470249176,
-0.3206005394458771,
-0.7195150852203369,
0.5064399242401123,
-0.25932928919792175,
-1.25035560131073,
0.5184088349342346,
-0.38626497983932495,
-0.2560116648674011,
-0.1233137920498848,
0.3523784875869751,
1.0887771844863892,
0.18397511541843414,
-0.4715970754623413,
0.16218163073062897,
-1.1782766580581665,
-0.16014115512371063,
0.037151142954826355,
-0.8393617868423462,
-0.034229572862386703,
0.4312393069267273,
0.662634015083313,
0.32856038212776184,
0.30339086055755615,
-0.09747292101383209,
0.17346547544002533,
-1.6403648853302002,
-0.2274003028869629,
0.7069635987281799,
0.6547166109085083,
-0.02659817412495613,
-0.5174525380134583,
0.2530161142349243,
1.382033109664917,
0.044185563921928406,
-0.29893094301223755,
-1.1055608987808228,
0.31182369589805603,
-0.36343902349472046,
-0.4626868665218353,
-0.24673746526241302,
0.510351836681366,
0.3382425904273987,
-1.3080276250839233,
0.7541905641555786,
-0.8873028755187988,
-0.7067162990570068,
-0.17544198036193848,
0.4859253764152527,
-0.2973598837852478,
0.7646492123603821,
0.7379019856452942,
0.1935836225748062,
-0.1762705147266388,
1.0239185094833374,
0.07206492125988007,
0.041235558688640594,
-0.08944202959537506,
-0.2136107236146927,
0.3530624806880951,
-0.5250328779220581,
0.29659706354141235,
-0.6890699863433838,
0.12657204270362854,
-0.4989621639251709,
0.6370758414268494,
1.046419382095337,
-0.9912722110748291,
-0.5205731987953186,
-0.38299494981765747,
-0.8359887599945068,
-0.22687238454818726,
-0.31851959228515625,
-0.3788173794746399,
0.4980873167514801,
0.16307729482650757,
0.9047722220420837,
-0.900410532951355,
-0.5353286266326904,
0.6146162152290344,
0.039372965693473816,
0.10510338097810745,
-0.005249347537755966,
-0.9250229597091675,
-1.2230184078216553,
-0.13882218301296234,
0.35325515270233154,
0.3734157979488373,
-0.5927153825759888,
-0.4893546998500824,
0.5552453398704529,
0.5088070631027222,
1.0481423139572144,
0.4292907416820526,
-0.3888683319091797,
0.26044854521751404,
0.2528073489665985,
-0.21740739047527313,
0.0035363463684916496,
0.01217181608080864,
0.04480956122279167,
0.0133841373026371,
-0.28426477313041687,
-0.46270349621772766,
0.5504661202430725,
-0.5618412494659424,
0.41299691796302795,
0.37450116872787476,
-0.07305541634559631,
1.1822881698608398,
-0.003490399569272995,
-0.13170944154262543,
-0.24183619022369385,
0.21832023561000824,
-0.8540268540382385,
0.22171473503112793,
0.46831780672073364,
-0.31363481283187866,
0.1888619363307953,
0.2483694851398468,
-0.42508649826049805,
0.19620518386363983,
-0.5290793776512146,
-0.5699883103370667,
0.04638271778821945,
-0.16266365349292755,
0.28291234374046326,
-0.926485538482666,
0.2780153751373291,
-0.445321261882782,
-0.5061213970184326,
-0.10618316382169724,
-0.29152238368988037,
-0.8161827921867371,
0.006730216089636087,
0.11352267861366272,
0.020311444997787476,
0.40877074003219604,
-0.2345556914806366,
0.28448212146759033,
0.6273987889289856,
-0.9758431315422058,
-0.2925330400466919,
0.05796437710523605,
0.29126185178756714,
0.28337857127189636,
-0.40153661370277405,
-0.4658467471599579,
-0.5431241989135742,
0.2409970760345459,
-0.19428592920303345,
0.7735399007797241,
-0.16855600476264954,
0.13849258422851562,
0.6985009908676147,
-0.41273754835128784,
-0.5642949938774109,
0.010252278298139572,
-0.7995449900627136,
0.1062653437256813,
0.15351516008377075,
1.2983883619308472,
-0.8129316568374634,
0.5998943448066711,
-0.62543123960495,
-0.2671568989753723,
0.733813464641571,
0.8662816286087036,
0.4024991989135742,
-0.4942266345024109,
-0.3826124370098114,
-0.36352840065956116,
-0.006660185754299164,
0.15238310396671295,
-0.9067811965942383,
-0.3945768475532532,
0.20842663943767548,
0.22543174028396606,
0.7149801254272461,
-1.215006947517395,
0.38961413502693176,
0.627663254737854,
0.24611052870750427,
-0.3041953146457672,
0.8693475723266602,
0.1687188744544983,
-0.35183823108673096,
-0.49436163902282715,
0.08672894537448883,
-0.6702113747596741,
-0.3498784303665161,
-1.3813366889953613,
0.868176281452179,
-0.6637678146362305,
-0.27781879901885986,
0.07363174110651016,
-0.3723596930503845,
-1.1140258312225342,
-0.3901478052139282,
0.40219560265541077,
0.551469624042511,
0.930801510810852,
0.008081724867224693,
-0.7769063711166382,
0.6445162296295166,
-0.22171786427497864,
0.7843260169029236,
-0.7511606216430664,
0.9208629131317139,
-0.6908688545227051,
0.16959407925605774,
0.46923336386680603,
-0.12625882029533386,
0.3528915345668793,
0.3732509911060333,
-0.3813336491584778,
-0.0497259721159935,
-1.2014087438583374,
0.08068656921386719,
0.7418156266212463,
0.2677975296974182,
0.8376627564430237,
0.21854744851589203,
0.20125259459018707,
-0.06862705200910568,
-0.17301540076732635,
-0.3255423903465271,
0.09984059631824493,
0.9267021417617798,
-1.4124196767807007,
0.6818040609359741,
0.23921740055084229,
0.625430166721344,
-0.632644534111023,
0.004261266440153122,
0.07672922313213348,
0.17789635062217712,
-0.9236077666282654,
0.5586029887199402,
-0.65663081407547,
0.1254868507385254,
-0.22863909602165222,
-0.4445095658302307,
-0.43276071548461914,
1.0453389883041382,
1.5159292221069336,
-0.9007006883621216,
0.6222504377365112,
-0.33674389123916626,
0.03510437533259392,
-0.17674927413463593,
-0.5266146063804626,
-0.4779720902442932,
-0.6025349497795105,
-0.28096938133239746,
-0.6270967721939087,
0.8966305255889893,
-0.1112513467669487,
-0.03333130478858948,
0.11059439182281494,
0.05923563987016678,
-0.2159540057182312,
0.76874178647995,
0.4571968615055084,
0.9112553000450134,
0.1865827441215515,
-0.6917439699172974,
0.6156324744224548,
-0.294556587934494,
-0.16669781506061554,
-0.46599942445755005,
0.005669552832841873,
-0.6229411959648132,
-0.698241651058197,
0.37081602215766907,
-0.7564113140106201,
0.747769832611084,
-0.22110678255558014,
-0.2049124836921692,
-0.34063974022865295,
0.014344379305839539,
-0.5455116033554077,
0.36718782782554626,
-0.7080209851264954,
0.36510545015335083,
-0.30638086795806885,
-0.821789026260376,
-0.627414345741272,
0.04482746869325638,
0.3616182208061218,
0.4636576175689697,
-0.12602397799491882,
-0.4465670585632324,
-1.0148645639419556,
0.43583470582962036,
-0.3684348165988922,
0.690459132194519,
-0.42872413992881775,
-0.07979053258895874,
-0.6909549832344055,
-0.8226717710494995,
0.42437854409217834,
0.5614002346992493,
0.6619727611541748,
0.47543156147003174,
-0.17787759006023407,
0.8183924555778503,
-0.6490811705589294,
0.5264739990234375,
0.6387554407119751,
0.10409486293792725,
0.17438644170761108,
-0.6559994220733643,
-0.21024495363235474,
-1.0946331024169922,
-0.020944826304912567,
-0.8490872979164124,
-0.27820926904678345,
-0.13937483727931976,
0.3116787075996399,
0.028786033391952515,
0.31248193979263306,
0.12425855547189713,
-0.35544687509536743,
-0.010122190229594707
] |
|
56xax4 | Why do we have opioid receptors, nicotonic receptors, cannabinoid receptors, etc? These phrasings imply that our brains are almost meant to accept these molecules. How right or wrong is that, or do we even know? | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"d8nbv0m",
"d8nfg0j",
"d8noimq",
"d8nctil",
"d8o67er"
],
"text": [
"The body produces chemicals that act on these receptors to transmit a signal or perform some function. For example, the nicotinic AcetylCholine Receptor that you mention. A nerve may be carrying a signal. At the end of the nerve the signal causes the release of AcetylCholine into the synapse. The Acetylcholine binds to the nicotinic receptor on another nerve and the signal continues on in the second nerve or some other action occurs.\n\nIn nature there are many chemicals and many have structural similarities. Some will act upon a receptor in the body. That does not imply that the receptor was meant to accept that chemical. It is just chance because of the great similarities between chemicals in nature that a receptor that is triggered by a chemical produced in the body is also triggered by a chemical produced in a plant.",
"In case the other answers weren't clear: nicotine, cannabinoid, opioid, etc receptors were named by the ligand used to discover them a long time ago. When Henry Dale, Otto Loewi, Paul Erlich and older pharmacologists were doing their research, the idea of a receptor was just a theory. The idea of neurotransmitters was also just as theoretical. However, drugs like nicotine and opioids already were in existence, and some very clever scientists were able to determine that nicotine, for instance, bound to a protein in the body. Future research determined that this was the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (it wasn't until Carlos Chagas Filho that the nAChR was isolated). Hence, the receptors were named by the ligand used to discover their existence.",
"OK, now ask yourself a question. If the brain evolved to use those receptors, do you think the natural plant sources of these molecules evolved to cause brain changes in animals, or animals evolved so that their brains would be changed by the chemicals in plants? \n \nThe short answer is that it is far more likely the plant evolution occurred to match the brain evolution, because the life cycle time is much shorter. If a plant becomes naturally rewarding to animals, and its seeds are consumed, it is going to get its seeds spread more easily. Conversely, a poison, like nicotine, would discourage predation.",
"All of these receptors interact with and bind with endogenous compounds. They are named for these other compounds because they interact with those as well, and because endogenous compounds were hard to isolate they were described with those names.",
"It's a naming quirk. We didn't have the chance to study the molecular biology of the brain until recently. The chemicals that hijack these pathways were already named, and well known, so the receptors ended up being named for them, instead of just coming up with brand new names."
],
"score": [
45,
12,
6,
6,
2
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | Why do we have opioid receptors, nicotonic receptors, cannabinoid receptors, etc? These phrasings imply that our brains are almost meant to accept these molecules. How right or wrong is that, or do we even know?
| [
-0.34296146035194397,
-0.30335533618927,
0.9536542296409607,
0.30646178126335144,
-0.5670220851898193,
-0.535400390625,
0.5473322868347168,
-1.0125956535339355,
0.913442075252533,
0.09939344227313995,
0.9008376002311707,
0.32405221462249756,
-1.2862720489501953,
0.4918970763683319,
-0.22516798973083496,
-0.8148466348648071,
0.6326791048049927,
0.35188043117523193,
-0.4103286564350128,
-0.18779335916042328,
0.3510308861732483,
0.7430800795555115,
0.29533588886260986,
0.940999448299408,
0.3558564782142639,
-0.08442644774913788,
1.1712340116500854,
-0.23286519944667816,
0.6833128333091736,
0.045722126960754395,
0.3150394558906555,
0.5213508605957031,
-1.4526996612548828,
0.19328144192695618,
0.2589125335216522,
-0.1874999850988388,
0.47035881876945496,
-0.46113112568855286,
0.7710301280021667,
-1.0473875999450684,
0.03297979384660721,
-0.6297474503517151,
0.07352744787931442,
1.1303192377090454,
-0.7376060485839844,
0.26844796538352966,
-0.15052665770053864,
0.39518073201179504,
-0.6159429550170898,
-0.7887934446334839,
-0.0694216638803482,
-0.13173846900463104,
0.6319490075111389,
0.2922350764274597,
1.0201001167297363,
-0.04598770663142204,
0.5412641763687134,
-0.7209377288818359,
1.0282213687896729,
-0.20061515271663666,
0.6896580457687378,
0.31627899408340454,
-0.5600448250770569,
-1.3087023496627808,
0.27639174461364746,
-0.20233702659606934,
0.054900187999010086,
0.2547479569911957,
-0.47241514921188354,
-0.3008723556995392,
0.8870242238044739,
-0.3517608344554901,
-0.8255137801170349,
-1.1725876331329346,
-0.545554518699646,
0.0721864327788353,
0.17878247797489166,
-0.2272447645664215,
-0.3990127146244049,
-0.6327506303787231,
-0.42704570293426514,
-0.6142798066139221,
-0.48648154735565186,
0.5209229588508606,
-0.27419108152389526,
0.20366127789020538,
0.14433375000953674,
-0.164116770029068,
-0.8676073551177979,
0.6631382703781128,
-0.4869431257247925,
-0.755259096622467,
-0.27112501859664917,
0.24553607404232025,
0.20295660197734833,
-0.4689813256263733,
0.5269609689712524,
-1.13506019115448,
-0.6168814897537231,
0.35662001371383667,
0.582057774066925,
0.21949928998947144,
1.1052683591842651,
0.1525573879480362,
-0.0702664703130722,
-0.9908161759376526,
0.7146238088607788,
-0.2868005633354187,
0.13169333338737488,
0.2703157663345337,
-0.4088223874568939,
0.442523330450058,
0.6994597911834717,
0.335919052362442,
-0.1874002069234848,
-1.2217212915420532,
0.10348693281412125,
0.5030734539031982,
-0.023766402155160904,
0.21605883538722992,
0.2981972396373749,
0.29187458753585815,
0.37796199321746826,
-0.08982452750205994,
0.319078654050827,
0.5483964681625366,
-0.2708476781845093,
0.47967955470085144,
0.9743495583534241,
-0.5992389917373657,
-0.18655577301979065,
0.8061406016349792,
0.28262802958488464,
-0.4952818751335144,
-0.30970367789268494,
0.9426863193511963,
-0.3158552050590515,
0.39792412519454956,
-0.3480394184589386,
0.12922526895999908,
0.017139557749032974,
0.06524790078401566,
0.43287262320518494,
-0.68532395362854,
0.127908855676651,
0.004035887774080038,
-1.3530024290084839,
-0.04464003071188927,
0.19666586816310883,
-0.24350407719612122,
-0.5069503784179688,
-0.42052289843559265,
0.51661217212677,
-0.47970739006996155,
0.9324619770050049,
-0.09294255077838898,
-0.05790194123983383,
-1.1502103805541992,
0.3597760498523712,
-0.2801675796508789,
-0.5338173508644104,
-0.8407244086265564,
0.7573779821395874,
0.007903537712991238,
-0.25944793224334717,
-0.18588827550411224,
-0.9346178770065308,
0.19074927270412445,
-0.7853552103042603,
0.23047447204589844,
0.19201919436454773,
-0.10782670974731445,
1.1404999494552612,
0.31628572940826416,
0.6758641600608826,
-0.6838409900665283,
-0.4700321555137634,
0.45033490657806396,
-0.3093932271003723,
0.11094748973846436,
0.19990219175815582,
-0.2866572141647339,
-0.07740303128957748,
0.23546253144741058,
0.059259019792079926,
0.3254554867744446,
-0.15493711829185486,
0.5278126001358032,
0.7035192847251892,
0.47507208585739136,
0.8158134818077087,
-0.07379961758852005,
-1.5329077243804932,
0.04008036479353905,
0.8739649057388306,
0.13132387399673462,
0.14838065207004547,
-0.11999760568141937,
0.767789900302887,
-0.19697493314743042,
0.16755487024784088,
-1.3670445680618286,
-0.11809682101011276,
-0.09265319257974625,
-0.5719830393791199,
-0.19603337347507477,
-0.031499702483415604,
-0.38670819997787476,
-0.08269938081502914,
0.10363174229860306,
-0.37577757239341736,
0.6647783517837524,
-0.6051909923553467,
-0.788562536239624,
0.15167014300823212,
0.17134474217891693,
0.07938117533922195,
0.447950154542923,
-0.4241540729999542,
0.3809204697608948,
0.2425975501537323,
-0.48298564553260803,
0.3052665591239929,
0.4322013556957245,
0.35428693890571594,
0.487682044506073,
-0.29064521193504333,
0.23319438099861145,
0.15853770077228546,
-0.34430137276649475,
0.1974966675043106,
-0.4580138027667999,
-0.1296863704919815,
0.4316209554672241,
0.3979944884777069,
-0.8046032786369324,
-0.8899598717689514,
-0.9545225501060486,
0.3345501720905304,
-1.1422548294067383,
-0.9192562699317932,
0.5250760912895203,
-0.04601452872157097,
-0.2405364215373993,
0.38411399722099304,
-0.41170021891593933,
-0.7267274260520935,
-0.8652079701423645,
0.025169869884848595,
-0.27695152163505554,
-0.2593228220939636,
-1.3079825639724731,
-0.7672265768051147,
-0.9345093369483948,
1.274702787399292,
-1.1422520875930786,
-0.08848865330219269,
-0.26574018597602844,
0.11542126536369324,
-0.5642258524894714,
0.0002512507780920714,
-0.006212028209120035,
0.5867653489112854,
0.1538965404033661,
-1.2277934551239014,
-0.8018065094947815,
-0.8030663132667542,
0.6170123219490051,
0.6127158999443054,
0.5998925566673279,
-0.09100691974163055,
0.11311064660549164,
0.0011887996224686503,
0.17861618101596832,
0.5949996113777161,
-1.259340524673462,
-0.20699167251586914,
0.05835886299610138,
0.4167075455188751,
0.33440300822257996,
0.8772782683372498,
0.36815178394317627,
0.3280550539493561,
-0.2970612347126007,
-0.22207657992839813,
-0.14550253748893738,
0.09441013634204865,
-0.7490891814231873,
1.0113892555236816,
-1.2458784580230713,
0.5702002048492432,
0.3041130304336548,
-1.1082475185394287,
0.8111873865127563,
1.1785941123962402,
-0.23268848657608032,
0.3468622863292694,
1.4559069871902466,
-1.0092966556549072,
0.5214518308639526,
0.12619344890117645,
0.5827329158782959,
-0.2238057404756546,
0.9339047074317932,
-0.16675564646720886,
0.7258856892585754,
0.3299168050289154,
-0.8018009662628174,
0.3510739505290985,
-0.3181252181529999,
-0.29844507575035095,
0.6001654863357544,
-0.266589879989624,
0.6588906645774841,
-0.08689159899950027,
0.2024516761302948,
0.16347472369670868,
0.3222624361515045,
-0.791092574596405,
-0.8273359537124634,
-0.4457102119922638,
0.6547219157218933,
0.05229916796088219,
-1.1841282844543457,
-0.6643551588058472,
0.48150965571403503,
-0.10730773955583572,
0.6781507730484009,
-0.4309835433959961,
0.08237360417842865,
1.1442631483078003,
-0.3199215233325958,
-0.3053606152534485,
0.2395031452178955,
0.052501652389764786,
-0.45945170521736145,
-0.07507140189409256,
0.4072638154029846,
-0.17774711549282074,
0.07979952543973923,
0.6775054931640625,
0.532656729221344,
0.10513154417276382,
0.38362598419189453,
-0.2031395584344864,
-0.022312354296445847,
-0.510347843170166,
-0.07264001667499542,
0.2906651496887207,
0.38619905710220337,
-0.2999119758605957,
0.19906315207481384,
0.9366151094436646,
-0.7951606512069702,
0.7354936599731445,
1.067168116569519,
-1.0332576036453247,
0.09886649996042252,
0.15096956491470337,
0.3945385813713074,
-0.17919251322746277,
0.1966318041086197,
0.4186210632324219,
-0.3012211322784424,
0.11663893610239029,
-0.4295322299003601,
-0.33855772018432617,
-0.40373119711875916,
0.7292165160179138,
0.4098533093929291,
0.14485391974449158,
-0.03136938437819481,
-0.05512666702270508,
0.0818386822938919,
-0.0865049734711647,
-0.17582713067531586,
1.2740274667739868,
0.5854648947715759,
-0.2773869037628174,
0.5295544266700745,
-0.1961241066455841,
0.28412988781929016,
-0.29774209856987,
0.509920597076416,
-0.1741323471069336,
-0.28385263681411743,
0.5396326184272766,
-0.22360467910766602,
0.014452997595071793,
0.7313910722732544,
-0.21976710855960846,
0.5259662866592407,
0.17082716524600983,
-1.003357172012329,
-0.5331042408943176,
0.18507681787014008,
-1.065981388092041,
1.0275706052780151,
-0.21100232005119324,
-0.28453174233436584,
0.1400391012430191,
0.7019066214561462,
-0.5168094038963318,
1.0723929405212402,
0.23079253733158112,
-0.07051317393779755,
0.5985647439956665,
-0.20219065248966217,
0.9279659986495972,
-0.8827095627784729,
0.1007213145494461,
-0.8838971257209778,
-0.36525508761405945,
-0.10677863657474518,
-0.30607786774635315,
-0.29635265469551086,
-0.43899694085121155,
-1.3316141366958618,
-0.4585285782814026,
-1.0598801374435425,
0.2647404372692108,
-0.19859947264194489,
0.4110632538795471,
0.16614246368408203,
-0.6088823080062866,
-0.123562291264534,
0.4186290204524994,
-0.25577080249786377,
-0.458970844745636,
1.2708373069763184,
-0.9940112233161926,
-1.0127911567687988,
-0.564385175704956,
0.4788084626197815,
-0.7590053081512451,
0.14808286726474762,
0.010115552693605423,
0.6891733407974243,
0.9267517328262329,
-0.49228721857070923,
-0.8063608407974243,
0.449612021446228,
0.0006727370200678706,
0.39489254355430603,
-0.21600431203842163,
0.04080357775092125,
0.3059389293193817,
0.4906104505062103,
-0.4127204716205597,
-0.44004008173942566,
0.21888695657253265,
-0.7618478536605835,
-0.5525141954421997,
-0.4032835364341736,
0.5250568985939026,
-0.032641272991895676,
-1.0779058933258057,
0.7538642287254333,
-0.8736974000930786,
-0.3371160626411438,
-0.18574725091457367,
-0.4882979989051819,
-0.2333998829126358,
0.22405797243118286,
0.887240469455719,
0.5719786286354065,
0.1371210217475891,
-0.655584990978241,
0.07669539749622345,
-0.6922181248664856,
-0.12566135823726654,
-0.20651835203170776,
0.4053491950035095,
0.4751080870628357,
-0.9109225869178772,
-1.3680402040481567,
-0.12280169129371643,
-0.23971571028232574,
0.052623920142650604,
-1.4202561378479004,
-0.21198409795761108,
-0.7624224424362183,
-0.09995175153017044,
0.10229035466909409,
0.9248195886611938,
-0.20544463396072388,
-0.8061434030532837,
-0.1422826647758484,
-0.5524899959564209,
-0.4240057170391083,
-0.5095223784446716,
-0.5192623138427734,
0.01708318665623665,
0.7778422832489014,
0.752518355846405,
0.3444225490093231,
0.11644141376018524,
-0.006766956765204668,
-0.481994092464447,
0.19748522341251373,
0.010680950246751308,
-0.9303280711174011,
-0.11788725107908249,
0.1737583726644516,
0.32903796434402466,
-0.2591798007488251,
-0.5327978730201721,
0.023662475869059563,
1.0660622119903564,
0.5883848667144775,
-0.3073084056377411,
0.10779145359992981,
0.2645138204097748,
-0.21460352838039398,
-0.02436998300254345,
0.9224545359611511,
-0.48425179719924927,
0.2101818174123764,
-0.22279930114746094,
0.7390275597572327,
-1.0010077953338623,
0.10911744087934494,
0.48832783102989197,
-0.12894907593727112,
0.526291012763977,
0.21417418122291565,
-1.1693823337554932,
-0.15190324187278748,
0.04522743076086044,
-0.17041228711605072,
0.3187991976737976,
-0.45542481541633606,
-0.2919427752494812,
-0.38744428753852844,
-0.5588896870613098,
0.6410213112831116,
-0.22527335584163666,
-0.6427838802337646,
0.6604776978492737,
0.06394925713539124,
-0.04941711574792862,
0.3926025629043579,
0.05422203242778778,
-0.2216787338256836,
0.04102305322885513,
0.3891807794570923,
-0.24968615174293518,
-0.7994290590286255,
-0.9264495372772217,
0.3789515197277069,
-0.2380937784910202,
0.25355321168899536,
0.29970216751098633,
0.8489739894866943,
-0.11203357577323914,
0.2905234396457672,
-0.16203151643276215,
-1.3709735870361328,
0.08317423611879349,
0.30263230204582214,
-0.8100636601448059,
0.18171635270118713,
0.14965571463108063,
-0.34005311131477356,
0.2807300090789795,
-0.8323273062705994,
-1.0991581678390503,
0.33769744634628296,
-0.44123029708862305,
0.42473456263542175,
-0.7498629093170166,
0.2168300896883011,
0.3277839124202728,
-0.25401660799980164,
-0.36449748277664185,
-0.20460642874240875,
-0.22676809132099152,
-0.1879015862941742,
-0.11737550050020218,
-0.049820706248283386,
0.3393669128417969,
0.22025299072265625,
0.3959004282951355,
0.6332389116287231,
0.7197672724723816,
-0.2169429361820221,
0.7684136629104614,
-0.7582575082778931,
0.2177787870168686,
0.5858895778656006,
-0.8492680788040161,
-0.6799988150596619,
-0.289347380399704,
-0.6195907592773438,
0.32338282465934753,
-0.33203214406967163,
0.5043827295303345,
-0.38195130228996277,
0.4841451346874237,
-0.6009018421173096,
-0.0348985455930233,
-0.07507617026567459,
-0.2569728493690491,
0.5249187350273132,
-0.10402382165193558,
-0.47182953357696533,
0.7332628965377808,
0.20167239010334015,
-0.35996538400650024,
0.3896653950214386,
0.47557079792022705,
0.7844405770301819,
0.7605546712875366,
0.6969774961471558,
0.03349890187382698,
0.18289883434772491,
-0.9591451287269592,
-0.16481910645961761,
0.08844754099845886,
-0.49178507924079895,
1.029868483543396,
-0.13742303848266602,
-1.3075146675109863,
-0.19722388684749603,
1.4341089725494385,
-0.3104627728462219,
0.5733097791671753,
0.8514086008071899,
0.43047571182250977,
-0.3979429602622986,
0.24464693665504456,
-0.19622820615768433,
1.277256727218628,
-0.032286137342453,
-0.4080144464969635,
0.014633018523454666,
-0.1113816574215889,
0.2521169185638428,
0.2001199573278427,
-0.22347275912761688,
0.09194334596395493,
-0.014420676976442337,
-0.01804313249886036,
0.3611500561237335,
0.2872830331325531,
0.10547571629285812,
-0.7224864363670349,
0.47524401545524597,
-0.27864086627960205,
0.8781610727310181,
-0.8668318390846252,
0.10115323960781097,
0.5208277702331543,
0.4944791793823242,
0.5396972894668579,
0.1298127919435501,
0.5176705121994019,
-0.8236343860626221,
0.6744678020477295,
0.6171881556510925,
-0.8116630911827087,
0.3430218994617462,
-0.3352240324020386,
0.09951885044574738,
1.1808407306671143,
-0.09091957658529282,
-0.29357054829597473,
0.43130844831466675,
0.0487978458404541,
-0.7896554470062256,
0.21127477288246155,
0.10415379703044891,
0.039012450724840164,
0.10625472664833069,
0.6336241960525513,
0.24496716260910034,
0.09655670821666718,
-0.35897859930992126,
-0.5796641111373901,
0.9731095433235168,
-0.5883567333221436,
0.21699371933937073,
-0.7415856719017029,
-0.04526937007904053,
-0.06464852392673492,
-0.5117460489273071,
-0.5041041970252991,
0.3001714050769806,
0.6012992262840271,
-0.22238203883171082,
-0.3291759788990021,
-0.4313073456287384,
0.261626273393631,
0.024878354743123055,
-0.8111811876296997,
0.40047934651374817,
-0.5782545804977417,
-0.28614017367362976,
-0.9624509215354919,
0.36711767315864563,
-0.3198268711566925,
-0.4978328049182892,
-0.35329756140708923,
-0.7734070420265198,
0.32757675647735596,
0.5525383353233337,
-0.5617592930793762,
0.23600126802921295,
-0.629879355430603,
0.027000946924090385,
0.7943164110183716,
-0.39266666769981384,
-0.32484719157218933,
-0.46157699823379517,
-0.6282140016555786,
0.7242345213890076,
0.009354396723210812,
-0.13444405794143677,
0.017637910321354866,
0.12725847959518433,
-0.6466826796531677,
0.08073599636554718,
-0.019000422209501266,
-0.14425118267536163,
-0.08067714422941208,
0.8718551993370056,
-0.19860275089740753,
0.03405052050948143,
-0.033184297382831573,
0.04386855661869049,
-0.48481327295303345,
-0.4712761640548706,
-0.38981932401657104,
0.19070321321487427,
0.8949823975563049,
0.280979186296463,
-0.9055137038230896,
0.9796212911605835,
-0.04208321124315262,
0.6605199575424194,
-0.5379499793052673,
-0.8192612528800964,
-0.5807298421859741,
-0.17785285413265228,
0.23901844024658203,
0.251438170671463,
-0.6223371028900146,
0.41260018944740295,
-0.11827821284532547,
0.4626486599445343,
1.4031927585601807,
0.4303610026836395,
0.07195078581571579,
-0.43338873982429504,
-0.14104405045509338,
0.14337977766990662,
-0.20164865255355835,
-0.415647029876709,
-0.8289740681648254,
-0.3072344958782196,
-0.7362585663795471,
-0.13619615137577057,
-0.4757442772388458,
0.6931257247924805,
0.4588521718978882,
-0.49029242992401123,
-0.4778293967247009,
-0.06671163439750671
] |
||
timpd | Are there any symbiotic diseases? | If there aren't, why?!
Wouldn't a disease which would improve its host also be ensured to spread its genes?
Edit: Smart men answered my question! | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"c4mxec5",
"c4mxedg",
"c4mxr4z"
],
"text": [
"They're not really diseases if they're beneficial, now, are they? \n\nYour gut is filled with helpful enterobacteria, and a substantial portion of your genome is viral in origin; we only consider these things diseases when they're harmful. \n\nMitochondria, which are vital to the survival of all aerobic cells (like yours), are also believed to have originated with the symbiotic engulfment of one microbe by another.",
"Disease as a term means:\n\n* An abnormal condition that adversley affects an organism.\n\nBy definition, it's a bad thing.\n\nIf you're referring to whether or not a bacteria can be symbiotic, there are quite literally *thousands* of examples. The flora/fauna of the GI tract are the first example that come to mind.",
"Sickle Cell comes to mind. Carriers of the disease are about 90% less likely to die from a malaria infection than non-carriers, which is pretty beneficial in malarial regions."
],
"score": [
16,
8,
3
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | Are there any symbiotic diseases?
If there aren't, why?! Wouldn't a disease which would improve its host also be ensured to spread its genes? Edit: Smart men answered my question! | [
0.15812267363071442,
-0.2345067262649536,
0.39140310883522034,
-0.3160758912563324,
-0.19786611199378967,
-0.7392056584358215,
0.432211697101593,
-0.8539862632751465,
1.2920887470245361,
-0.3814072012901306,
0.3748547434806824,
0.5100129842758179,
-1.3996890783309937,
0.7462784051895142,
-0.09537936002016068,
-0.3162732720375061,
-0.3316252827644348,
0.1256842464208603,
-0.9414870142936707,
0.13196003437042236,
-0.19768333435058594,
0.04920327290892601,
-0.3642619550228119,
1.2344132661819458,
-0.2386724054813385,
-0.05280308797955513,
1.3087186813354492,
0.3846237361431122,
0.6167434453964233,
0.5020083785057068,
0.6110618710517883,
0.5351607203483582,
-0.33755621314048767,
-0.5418399572372437,
-0.22897440195083618,
-0.49002718925476074,
0.5286996364593506,
0.3283499777317047,
0.6061850190162659,
-0.491983026266098,
-0.24860693514347076,
-0.36660036444664,
0.09717363119125366,
1.7472186088562012,
-0.6266165375709534,
-0.33445996046066284,
-0.6990757584571838,
0.28411778807640076,
-0.10294211655855179,
-0.10795082151889801,
0.44218897819519043,
-0.9246665239334106,
-0.16593287885189056,
0.34867140650749207,
0.6705501079559326,
0.3303612768650055,
0.44255003333091736,
-0.1801498681306839,
0.599224865436554,
0.025840356945991516,
0.42742112278938293,
-0.12981662154197693,
0.26696521043777466,
-0.46015259623527527,
0.5794298648834229,
-0.0832005962729454,
-0.724891722202301,
0.03708699718117714,
-0.8684790134429932,
-0.5240498185157776,
0.4919462502002716,
-0.13776317238807678,
-0.706128716468811,
-0.3063318729400635,
0.46443432569503784,
-0.8825854659080505,
-0.3882002532482147,
0.016909023746848106,
-0.4818536639213562,
-0.9264723062515259,
-0.585871160030365,
-0.23549477756023407,
-1.1983639001846313,
0.32310521602630615,
-0.015540195629000664,
0.5997425317764282,
0.22840236127376556,
-0.2357989251613617,
-0.1403733789920807,
0.6533030867576599,
-0.2022809386253357,
-0.3690626621246338,
0.3036774694919586,
0.007592659909278154,
0.7325755953788757,
0.45335960388183594,
-0.12173596769571304,
-0.5633561015129089,
-0.3071976602077484,
0.37841489911079407,
0.7315536737442017,
0.3602893650531769,
0.562568724155426,
0.14489926397800446,
-0.6663302183151245,
-0.307699590921402,
0.7126555442810059,
0.05568563565611839,
0.20395830273628235,
0.23677635192871094,
0.3330809473991394,
0.7615290284156799,
0.11900652945041656,
-0.3243437111377716,
-0.20777830481529236,
-0.5953969955444336,
-0.5114965438842773,
-0.10467635095119476,
-0.0753975510597229,
0.31334710121154785,
-0.05769524350762367,
0.5685737729072571,
1.0984209775924683,
0.3001195788383484,
-0.07127465307712555,
0.09295717626810074,
-0.43992987275123596,
0.48818621039390564,
0.5670213103294373,
-0.647357702255249,
0.14303430914878845,
0.34377333521842957,
0.45777660608291626,
-0.38675734400749207,
-0.05526333302259445,
0.6003865599632263,
-0.4333972930908203,
0.49974167346954346,
-0.6836850643157959,
-0.03943527862429619,
-0.41252803802490234,
0.26568540930747986,
1.4517652988433838,
-0.25668564438819885,
0.12639686465263367,
0.016717081889510155,
-0.6688254475593567,
-0.899044394493103,
0.7816110849380493,
-0.2992246448993683,
-0.426056832075119,
-0.29173552989959717,
0.3680540919303894,
-0.6200253367424011,
0.000738081696908921,
0.5821467041969299,
0.573238730430603,
-0.8827791810035706,
-0.022094205021858215,
-0.07527675479650497,
-0.6145436763763428,
-0.6822981834411621,
0.2952512204647064,
0.045553721487522125,
0.48286616802215576,
-0.4186854958534241,
-0.05058901384472847,
-0.19737555086612701,
-0.8257124423980713,
0.36588647961616516,
-0.8169624209403992,
0.079389788210392,
1.0304560661315918,
0.08357121795415878,
1.5106297731399536,
-0.2949080765247345,
-0.3904047906398773,
-0.5189963579177856,
-0.1531648486852646,
0.2670842409133911,
-0.022281626239418983,
-0.5679117441177368,
0.5401241183280945,
0.28694725036621094,
-0.7834245562553406,
-0.16026192903518677,
-0.6173295378684998,
-0.09470170736312866,
0.21040019392967224,
0.7386464476585388,
0.07968802750110626,
-0.554696261882782,
-1.4758038520812988,
-0.04409603402018547,
0.6879257559776306,
0.20809321105480194,
0.39576655626296997,
0.5603942275047302,
0.5034486651420593,
-0.46037155389785767,
-0.1314353197813034,
-0.6060568690299988,
-0.5627119541168213,
-0.5408948659896851,
-0.2558284401893616,
0.20771341025829315,
-0.0028029109816998243,
-0.4177195131778717,
-0.1881728321313858,
-0.466198205947876,
0.32115763425827026,
1.1051585674285889,
-0.350470632314682,
-0.6778305172920227,
-0.03282083198428154,
0.24210113286972046,
0.11104509234428406,
0.10298032313585281,
-1.060660719871521,
0.24653027951717377,
0.7741093635559082,
-0.7068869471549988,
-0.2613064646720886,
0.57253098487854,
0.9002924561500549,
0.4832119345664978,
0.32997462153434753,
0.25503775477409363,
-0.2244926542043686,
-0.0006577761378139257,
-0.2461843639612198,
-0.20553450286388397,
0.629753053188324,
0.3700280785560608,
-0.07122009992599487,
-0.1750425398349762,
-1.963815450668335,
-0.8538444638252258,
0.21133680641651154,
-1.1465024948120117,
-0.5078622698783875,
0.7858150601387024,
-0.10769425332546234,
-0.11748065054416656,
0.5038354992866516,
0.11773467063903809,
-0.4898402690887451,
-0.3227229118347168,
0.32086116075515747,
-0.33043965697288513,
-0.4140082597732544,
-1.0844577550888062,
-0.5115989446640015,
-0.7476454973220825,
0.7306057214736938,
-0.4772018790245056,
0.22718732059001923,
-0.08724988251924515,
-0.18946081399917603,
-0.037285350263118744,
-0.015171232633292675,
-0.7608897089958191,
0.637837827205658,
-0.1212049350142479,
-0.29478970170021057,
-0.7075618505477905,
-1.4760602712631226,
-0.3358745872974396,
-0.027830662205815315,
-0.044650763273239136,
-0.12332524359226227,
0.17315515875816345,
-0.005013325717300177,
-0.04386705905199051,
0.3751366138458252,
-0.843110203742981,
0.03367060795426369,
-0.5012769103050232,
0.5822305083274841,
0.7406803369522095,
0.6014720797538757,
0.49216461181640625,
-0.8090181946754456,
0.2809491455554962,
-0.6992019414901733,
0.005545947700738907,
0.07651405036449432,
-0.9475942850112915,
0.60227370262146,
-0.7411292791366577,
0.19774796068668365,
-0.06160037964582443,
-0.8157970309257507,
1.0958735942840576,
0.6188914179801941,
-0.2539363205432892,
0.10238390415906906,
-0.25338757038116455,
-0.17533619701862335,
0.04489010199904442,
0.01937420479953289,
-0.1150524839758873,
0.5727731585502625,
0.21259871125221252,
-0.30330362915992737,
0.41411930322647095,
0.9859300851821899,
-0.7578319311141968,
0.138114333152771,
0.23451098799705505,
0.3438834249973297,
-0.3716099262237549,
0.1503821462392807,
0.8000715374946594,
0.11710336804389954,
-0.388279527425766,
0.4029830992221832,
-0.3616979718208313,
-0.9809050559997559,
-0.6236066222190857,
-0.36992284655570984,
0.19559642672538757,
-0.2892876863479614,
-0.20674344897270203,
0.038767170161008835,
0.9428098797798157,
0.07626745849847794,
0.4229130148887634,
-1.071719765663147,
0.2521172761917114,
0.9614024758338928,
-0.7022374272346497,
-0.3176846504211426,
0.21669265627861023,
-0.03263054043054581,
-0.06550001353025436,
0.24642616510391235,
0.5813447833061218,
0.6185829639434814,
0.3366267681121826,
0.8177057504653931,
0.5427101850509644,
-0.0727715790271759,
0.3867993652820587,
0.31698405742645264,
0.3562844395637512,
-0.2407994270324707,
0.6543334722518921,
0.2703186273574829,
0.7146968245506287,
-0.37328922748565674,
0.2072877436876297,
0.808768093585968,
-0.9384871125221252,
0.4204941689968109,
0.6215248107910156,
-0.582562267780304,
-0.33756014704704285,
1.0031063556671143,
0.2571966052055359,
0.1771358996629715,
0.8978462815284729,
0.26290810108184814,
0.00764310359954834,
-0.5198337435722351,
0.09050216525793076,
-0.8125067949295044,
-0.3573121130466461,
-0.202837735414505,
0.7830737829208374,
0.02860468439757824,
0.3883765637874603,
0.9355695843696594,
0.0019376692362129688,
0.6027901768684387,
-0.6334859132766724,
0.933375895023346,
0.1418168693780899,
-1.1018723249435425,
0.5535072684288025,
-0.08907262235879898,
0.19402489066123962,
-0.019437944516539574,
0.3909924030303955,
-0.6911026239395142,
-0.431889146566391,
-0.37471380829811096,
-0.38308843970298767,
0.04592761769890785,
0.06433744728565216,
-0.23340480029582977,
-0.2137874960899353,
0.19107064604759216,
-0.5186984539031982,
-0.43695902824401855,
-0.4100659489631653,
-0.8868700265884399,
0.9164881706237793,
-0.410799115896225,
-0.758998692035675,
0.32110175490379333,
0.6670136451721191,
-0.11039508134126663,
0.7188987731933594,
0.06569860130548477,
-0.13996173441410065,
0.01608451083302498,
0.08989229053258896,
0.7404906153678894,
-0.620644748210907,
-0.03443310037255287,
-1.0900590419769287,
-0.2035077065229416,
-0.3272872269153595,
0.3250231146812439,
-0.15735670924186707,
-0.07541930675506592,
-0.8302892446517944,
-0.5309015512466431,
0.03338736295700073,
0.18073664605617523,
-0.019526708871126175,
-0.44350677728652954,
0.43189430236816406,
-0.5355890393257141,
-0.2619630992412567,
0.4846504032611847,
0.10948117077350616,
-0.41779667139053345,
0.45395171642303467,
-0.5527651906013489,
-1.2907745838165283,
0.2715069055557251,
0.23451319336891174,
-0.4268329441547394,
-0.43466290831565857,
0.4551074802875519,
0.37672707438468933,
0.4743342995643616,
-0.46516934037208557,
-0.9130066633224487,
0.7211875915527344,
-0.005637594033032656,
0.4716090261936188,
0.017709720879793167,
0.0022220092359930277,
0.3561174273490906,
0.7797952890396118,
-1.3213684558868408,
-0.26138609647750854,
0.4124128222465515,
-0.7229900360107422,
-0.37479323148727417,
0.2891661524772644,
0.8562910556793213,
0.604541540145874,
-0.7213616371154785,
0.09994780272245407,
-0.8894490003585815,
0.4974204897880554,
-0.280756413936615,
-0.743568480014801,
-0.18700693547725677,
1.0432510375976562,
0.8809913396835327,
0.3393036723136902,
0.5375524759292603,
-0.23988798260688782,
0.47822123765945435,
-0.7575536966323853,
0.0038516626227647066,
0.10753574222326279,
0.32096216082572937,
0.4643559157848358,
-0.7292025089263916,
-1.2904095649719238,
0.003253076458349824,
-0.18098074197769165,
-0.557822048664093,
-0.8315683603286743,
0.011905706487596035,
-0.4689064919948578,
0.29189419746398926,
0.4069616198539734,
0.6502750515937805,
-0.5189674496650696,
-1.0970531702041626,
-0.10354556143283844,
-0.4088873565196991,
-0.6660361886024475,
-0.5906205177307129,
-0.16898126900196075,
0.6044565439224243,
-0.20554864406585693,
0.45903006196022034,
0.04906686022877693,
0.3020057678222656,
0.3533528447151184,
-0.3162842094898224,
0.06909098476171494,
0.19085295498371124,
-0.6093521118164062,
0.1839413046836853,
-0.03012746013700962,
-0.2648334801197052,
-0.29391205310821533,
0.5177222490310669,
-0.15058770775794983,
0.09652301669120789,
0.47177621722221375,
0.15497876703739166,
-0.06040344387292862,
0.38328972458839417,
-0.6998403072357178,
0.03370140865445137,
0.49352070689201355,
-0.4595502018928528,
0.7443658709526062,
-0.6868429183959961,
0.3915172219276428,
-0.2900059223175049,
0.047679632902145386,
0.6880386471748352,
-0.11892781406641006,
0.20876073837280273,
0.4195338487625122,
-1.0852627754211426,
-0.5385122895240784,
0.6504985094070435,
-0.1331685483455658,
0.40488532185554504,
-0.28479695320129395,
-0.2705932855606079,
-0.002773056970909238,
-0.5313428044319153,
0.4568352997303009,
0.1541956067085266,
-0.6749874353408813,
1.0881187915802002,
-0.2544005513191223,
-0.2102394998073578,
0.1672535091638565,
0.27602145075798035,
-0.12617625296115875,
-0.37266242504119873,
0.17437244951725006,
-0.35658377408981323,
-1.311951994895935,
-0.6716917157173157,
0.3431565463542938,
-0.22274066507816315,
0.2962917685508728,
0.9193547368049622,
0.8674136400222778,
0.2720352113246918,
0.6249264478683472,
0.3465464115142822,
-1.1093624830245972,
0.08558827638626099,
0.4661286473274231,
-1.1215684413909912,
0.44230470061302185,
0.280340313911438,
-0.6378956437110901,
0.2392490804195404,
-0.4644424617290497,
-0.5837780237197876,
0.10831703990697861,
-0.8120601773262024,
1.1059690713882446,
-0.9422467947006226,
0.2156865894794464,
-0.16137093305587769,
-1.0526992082595825,
0.04012212157249451,
-0.9044040441513062,
-0.051226656883955,
0.2312602996826172,
-0.38802701234817505,
-0.41062378883361816,
0.054251741617918015,
0.24829965829849243,
0.9576693177223206,
0.43432965874671936,
0.7547011375427246,
0.30245456099510193,
-0.15822984278202057,
-0.2662295401096344,
-0.2613387405872345,
0.24482223391532898,
-0.5737994313240051,
-0.6304731965065002,
-0.6321830153465271,
-0.5743529200553894,
0.5944932103157043,
0.027590405195951462,
0.7778502702713013,
0.2694285809993744,
0.08799091726541519,
-0.40634971857070923,
0.404695063829422,
-1.0864951610565186,
0.9012510776519775,
1.257696270942688,
0.6887649297714233,
-0.2685256898403168,
0.4505458176136017,
-0.22563377022743225,
-0.17745959758758545,
0.5522926449775696,
0.8367292881011963,
0.6723642945289612,
0.4109773337841034,
0.5475517511367798,
0.09442289173603058,
0.30153509974479675,
-1.3041421175003052,
-0.37581032514572144,
0.3129115402698517,
-0.33348312973976135,
0.2897270619869232,
0.0058870380744338036,
-1.116091012954712,
0.07123545557260513,
0.6980316042900085,
0.12131942808628082,
-0.6662555932998657,
0.44843366742134094,
0.5102328658103943,
-0.408682644367218,
-0.13957667350769043,
-0.5471794009208679,
0.29822054505348206,
-0.485509991645813,
-0.1543731540441513,
-0.5415776968002319,
-1.0756691694259644,
0.6774718761444092,
-0.5224295854568481,
-0.31146714091300964,
-0.5319638252258301,
0.024987375363707542,
0.060951586812734604,
0.8281621336936951,
0.06450888514518738,
0.4692540466785431,
0.06952381134033203,
0.8395408391952515,
-0.7479186654090881,
1.0992755889892578,
-0.36514797806739807,
-0.015828080475330353,
0.16830092668533325,
-0.41500645875930786,
0.6534459590911865,
0.7990486025810242,
0.8744493722915649,
0.017184928059577942,
0.07856272161006927,
0.10888136178255081,
-1.5972408056259155,
-0.048713792115449905,
-0.2522095739841461,
-0.6467273831367493,
0.8096923232078552,
-0.1775294840335846,
0.274382621049881,
0.20854997634887695,
0.4281875491142273,
-0.23601055145263672,
0.5924285650253296,
0.009838038124144077,
-0.4268246591091156,
0.21778461337089539,
1.1804478168487549,
-0.030778110027313232,
-0.664752185344696,
-0.3651166260242462,
-0.39110299944877625,
0.16968213021755219,
-0.3988091051578522,
0.5519992709159851,
-0.19734735786914825,
-0.3196900188922882,
-0.4591984152793884,
-0.3160690367221832,
0.050296057015657425,
0.8253654837608337,
0.3628450334072113,
-0.7849709987640381,
-0.42370328307151794,
-1.001548171043396,
-0.2124965488910675,
-0.43148961663246155,
-1.335025429725647,
0.285910427570343,
-0.33070147037506104,
0.008420063182711601,
-1.1418883800506592,
0.17846360802650452,
-0.11905066668987274,
-0.1703861802816391,
-0.5662954449653625,
-0.4257970154285431,
0.703487753868103,
-0.4215095639228821,
0.2691348195075989,
0.20338253676891327,
-0.29910656809806824,
-0.366925448179245,
1.0825812816619873,
-0.5299872756004333,
0.09542413055896759,
-0.48743700981140137,
-0.054098907858133316,
0.5990678668022156,
0.4587758481502533,
-0.6524341702461243,
0.29377642273902893,
0.4608885645866394,
-0.8035374283790588,
0.11347539722919464,
0.09621026366949081,
-0.04599134251475334,
-0.4384150803089142,
0.24940013885498047,
0.037301789969205856,
-0.3061459958553314,
0.45317673683166504,
-0.6780679821968079,
-0.18083690106868744,
-0.5682499408721924,
-0.1103241890668869,
0.5709967613220215,
0.57331782579422,
0.377591997385025,
-0.6591861844062805,
1.3798167705535889,
0.025400009006261826,
0.2337864190340042,
-0.512235701084137,
-0.3418794870376587,
-0.9792098999023438,
-1.6243548393249512,
0.4709455966949463,
0.03986533731222153,
-0.7371482253074646,
0.4273222088813782,
-0.23939360678195953,
0.2750265896320343,
0.8359001874923706,
0.542202889919281,
0.06456398963928223,
-0.01170235127210617,
0.23705382645130157,
0.3791280686855316,
-0.07374704629182816,
-0.8009682297706604,
-0.5808716416358948,
-0.43077486753463745,
0.48675623536109924,
0.7854644060134888,
0.10619384050369263,
0.3496721386909485,
-0.47666600346565247,
-0.3229903280735016,
-0.20221391320228577,
-0.5535710453987122
] |
|
2o1niw | Can human or non-human cultural behaviour be coded into genes? | J.T. Bonner in "The Evolution of Culture in Animals" defines culture as "the transfer of information by behavioral means, most particularly by the process of teaching and learning. It is used in a sense that contrasts with the transmission of genetic information passed by the direct inheritance of genes from one generation to the next."
What I am wondering is that if there is any behavioral trait in humans or non-human animals, which falls under this definition as "culture", but has been passed on from generation to generation under such a long time that it has transformed from a mere cultural behavior into one which is genetically coded?
For example, could the migrational pattern of birds have at some point started off as a behavioral pattern where one individual/group of individuals randomly migrated and this information was "culturally" (in Bonner's sense) passed on to the next generation until it eventually became genetically coded? | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"cmj3rjo",
"cmmjsxx",
"cmiz2wm"
],
"text": [
"Cultural behavior, strictly speaking is not genetic. However, if it provides an evolutionary advantage, then genes that favor this culture will become more prevalent. I don't see that it couldn't turn those cultural behaviors into instinctual behaviors, but I don't know of an example of that.\n\nFor instance, Capuchins in Brazil teach eachother to open nuts with tools. Genetically they adapt to be better at tool use, better able to learn from eachother. It's possible that an instinctive genetic instinctual desire to smash round things together would develop could develop in at least some of the population. It's vague enough to be reasonable, it would help with their adaptation to the tool use, and definitely wouldn't hinder their survival and reproduction.\n\nNow say some event took place and many or all of the adults died off or were somehow unable to teach. The monkeys that bashed things together instinctually would be the first ones to get back into being able to eat and those genes would dominate the next generation. If an event like this happened periodically at the right time, I could imagine that the process of peeling, drying, breaking the nuts could be encoded genetically. But culture transfers so much easier that I think it's unlikely unless you were to set up a giant experiment to set out specifically to do that. Otherwise the population would work just fine teaching eachother and would benefit more from being better able to learn than instinctually know the entire process.\n\nIn humans, we see some genetic deviations because of culture. Consider something like lactose tolerance. Animals generally become lactose intolerant after they wean. They don't need to survive on milk, and there might be some energy savings from not producing those enzymes, and it might help to ensure they wean so that the mother can have more babies. But we have agriculture in western Europe for some thousands of years and milk is all of a sudden a good way to turn inedible material into sugars fats and vitamins. People who can make use of this energy are more fecund, and genes that stave off lactose intolerance spread around the population, making lactose intolerance the exception rather than the rule in that population. This is an environmental change (diet) brought about by a cultural change (agriculture and the keeping of livestock for milk)\n\nIn the end though, culture can affect genetics. But I don't think that the default is for genetics to emulate culture, more to adapt the organism to support an advantageous culture.",
"Execellent question. I downvoted everyone because I don't think anyone tried to answer your question. OP is not asking about the definition of culture, nor the genetic basis of human behavior. Instead I think she/he is asking a much more awesome question of could the line between the two be blurred over time. Starting cultural, but then causing a genetic shift.\n\nUnfortunately, I don't think anyone in the world has an answer.\n\nFor humans, we've seen lot of cultural transmissions, but figuring out how they might impact genes has three big challenges: 1) Almost by definition, it involves a research project that spans many, many generations 2) that project wouldn't exactly be PC 3) there are very real and very tricky problems of [causation](_URL_0_). Correlation is not causation, and there are strong and reasonable ethical concerns about, lets say, intentionally mutating human genes and releasing those mutants into the public.\n\nIn animal species that pass information culturally, all of the problems are smaller and manageable but I've never heard of a really good effort that would answer your question. If someone knows of one I'd love to know!",
"Human Universals is a popular book which studies the universality of human behaviours, based on Donald Brown's research. Certain behaviours (e.g. smiling) were found to have a universal meaning (there were 67 'universals' in total).; though you can probably find an exception to the universals if you look hard enough (we could consider this pathological behaviour). It seems reasonable that at least some of these behaviours (e.g. smiling) can be attributed to genes. Here's a list of the 'universals': _URL_1_."
],
"score": [
7,
3,
3
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causality",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Universals"
]
} | Can human or non-human cultural behaviour be coded into genes?
J.T. Bonner in "The Evolution of Culture in Animals" defines culture as "the transfer of information by behavioral means, most particularly by the process of teaching and learning. It is used in a sense that contrasts with the transmission of genetic information passed by the direct inheritance of genes from one generation to the next." What I am wondering is that if there is any behavioral trait in humans or non-human animals, which falls under this definition as "culture", but has been passed on from generation to generation under such a long time that it has transformed from a mere cultural behavior into one which is genetically coded? For example, could the migrational pattern of birds have at some point started off as a behavioral pattern where one individual/group of individuals randomly migrated and this information was "culturally" (in Bonner's sense) passed on to the next generation until it eventually became genetically coded? | [
0.2515152394771576,
-0.24275517463684082,
0.5255858898162842,
-0.8229353427886963,
0.23992833495140076,
0.11837086826562881,
0.8008888363838196,
-0.42562365531921387,
0.5806424021720886,
-0.3265199065208435,
1.0466645956039429,
0.4275665581226349,
-0.48367875814437866,
0.7216321229934692,
-0.4181181490421295,
-0.10928291082382202,
0.2299720197916031,
-0.04958391934633255,
-0.5697312951087952,
-0.39490506052970886,
-0.14283287525177002,
0.23422099649906158,
-0.16600103676319122,
0.7837784886360168,
0.1365986466407776,
-0.4287722408771515,
0.6191980838775635,
0.6940487623214722,
0.580880343914032,
-0.17490845918655396,
0.5801935195922852,
0.2823322117328644,
-0.9166793823242188,
0.21260114014148712,
-0.2986498475074768,
-0.3013528287410736,
0.6005197763442993,
-0.9288527965545654,
0.21849879622459412,
-0.5851412415504456,
0.17804113030433655,
-0.4828369915485382,
-0.32794395089149475,
0.32592445611953735,
-0.65064936876297,
0.11543093621730804,
-0.20631709694862366,
0.5094110369682312,
-1.0758745670318604,
-0.30154722929000854,
-1.0175116062164307,
-0.6352041363716125,
0.5406143665313721,
0.507607102394104,
0.1455714851617813,
0.23178167641162872,
-0.058087848126888275,
-0.42235609889030457,
0.7186989784240723,
-0.4523983597755432,
0.37172558903694153,
0.7239401936531067,
-0.08615948259830475,
-1.1025735139846802,
0.40231263637542725,
-0.4629068374633789,
0.40235376358032227,
0.21907201409339905,
-0.6666716933250427,
-1.0411015748977661,
-0.4935992360115051,
-0.36779484152793884,
-0.7258307933807373,
-0.6293960213661194,
-0.8120645880699158,
0.1062868982553482,
0.5773069858551025,
-0.12047993391752243,
0.2075948864221573,
-0.4799773097038269,
-0.6659022569656372,
0.10350704938173294,
-0.5894636511802673,
0.4389471113681793,
-0.08213083446025848,
-0.18508478999137878,
0.17935770750045776,
-0.559109628200531,
-0.6290352940559387,
0.5283774733543396,
-0.39870938658714294,
-0.9819499254226685,
0.062297191470861435,
0.06308883428573608,
-0.1993585228919983,
-0.20030008256435394,
0.787509560585022,
-0.5575428009033203,
0.19442620873451233,
0.8629512190818787,
0.1922912448644638,
-0.31972622871398926,
0.7499838471412659,
0.6040847301483154,
-0.028023801743984222,
-0.32159778475761414,
0.6622831225395203,
0.013284124433994293,
-0.25188350677490234,
-0.10909268260002136,
-0.5040398240089417,
-0.29278162121772766,
0.20896612107753754,
0.5225049257278442,
-0.331318736076355,
-0.9921647310256958,
-0.05175964906811714,
-0.5120822191238403,
-0.5018011927604675,
0.8485333323478699,
-0.4542786478996277,
0.38636279106140137,
0.2966829538345337,
-0.06027963012456894,
0.03790462389588356,
0.19084537029266357,
-0.3692361116409302,
0.7646594643592834,
-0.3243042230606079,
-1.5741493701934814,
0.644923210144043,
-0.24816003441810608,
0.8413892388343811,
-0.059532783925533295,
-0.2702552378177643,
0.6071309447288513,
0.2608475685119629,
0.21081890165805817,
-1.0244513750076294,
0.823175847530365,
0.16604380309581757,
0.2685128450393677,
1.2186022996902466,
-0.9268902540206909,
0.28336101770401,
-0.9401627779006958,
-1.3288297653198242,
0.413239061832428,
0.05158773064613342,
0.007720891386270523,
-0.6192011833190918,
-0.3576849699020386,
1.0145747661590576,
-0.9238465428352356,
0.22648555040359497,
-0.30917122960090637,
-0.5181384086608887,
-1.0006115436553955,
-0.34332871437072754,
0.17530758678913116,
-0.7786226868629456,
-0.9028211832046509,
0.8332367539405823,
0.655129611492157,
0.3103128671646118,
-0.3938087224960327,
-0.7505832314491272,
0.045832276344299316,
-0.9218714237213135,
-0.10266369581222534,
-0.07458997517824173,
0.05907171219587326,
0.9947145581245422,
-0.15770140290260315,
0.367139995098114,
-0.19420142471790314,
-1.0012798309326172,
-0.7052115797996521,
-0.3398910164833069,
0.6307468414306641,
0.08381107449531555,
-0.1636287420988083,
0.14759378135204315,
0.3917880058288574,
-0.7004620432853699,
0.06902629882097244,
-0.6317992210388184,
-0.646216869354248,
-0.12071619927883148,
-0.018720505759119987,
0.1837015002965927,
0.035887300968170166,
-1.2185468673706055,
-0.12364684045314789,
0.28762543201446533,
0.022957369685173035,
0.07562870532274246,
0.2497144192457199,
0.14223612844944,
-0.6019144058227539,
0.14458459615707397,
-1.2002555131912231,
0.26295721530914307,
0.07371789216995239,
0.13525067269802094,
-0.1060507744550705,
0.14763778448104858,
-0.5408071875572205,
0.5482504367828369,
0.14828136563301086,
-0.1273394376039505,
1.4873865842819214,
-0.6209955215454102,
-0.13315996527671814,
-0.16615691781044006,
0.9897894263267517,
0.12343421578407288,
0.13220806419849396,
0.2972598075866699,
-0.46101707220077515,
0.41194868087768555,
-0.3549906611442566,
-0.48711133003234863,
-0.11095863580703735,
0.22393620014190674,
0.16742096841335297,
0.41441455483436584,
-0.06576560437679291,
0.20342794060707092,
0.13575194776058197,
0.0970344990491867,
0.10942202806472778,
0.22006137669086456,
0.5206062197685242,
-0.050857819616794586,
-0.9967840909957886,
-1.2520761489868164,
-0.41916289925575256,
-0.44490963220596313,
-1.0600355863571167,
0.27056872844696045,
0.7211105823516846,
-0.021289680153131485,
-0.05480807274580002,
0.8992894887924194,
0.06549984961748123,
-0.41339489817619324,
0.19925890862941742,
-1.0637216567993164,
-0.6887432932853699,
0.28046905994415283,
-1.234692096710205,
0.23362521827220917,
-0.07388219982385635,
0.12732666730880737,
-0.7684885263442993,
0.4026976525783539,
-0.4331609308719635,
0.3499871492385864,
-0.21959123015403748,
0.4288662075996399,
-0.0007407441735267639,
0.3897503912448883,
-0.425481379032135,
-0.9618186950683594,
-0.8678700923919678,
-0.9203037619590759,
0.10136912763118744,
0.21805952489376068,
0.016581326723098755,
0.37784212827682495,
-0.11669429391622543,
-0.03228195756673813,
0.6284294128417969,
-0.7625374794006348,
-1.123103141784668,
0.2584187686443329,
-0.6870737075805664,
0.804227352142334,
0.6808054447174072,
-0.4259122610092163,
0.29612427949905396,
-0.20812880992889404,
-0.6039726734161377,
0.028009600937366486,
-0.23490242660045624,
0.4328675866127014,
-1.0316251516342163,
0.7659894824028015,
-0.9892961382865906,
1.237396478652954,
0.4630451500415802,
-0.3948183059692383,
0.8001083135604858,
0.5811734199523926,
0.10699595510959625,
0.23015981912612915,
0.644781768321991,
-0.2747207283973694,
0.514700710773468,
0.04828019067645073,
-0.46281471848487854,
0.5325674414634705,
0.9583345055580139,
-0.27939048409461975,
0.43306711316108704,
0.59742671251297,
-1.0219863653182983,
0.33199870586395264,
0.0374189056456089,
0.003674570471048355,
0.05549874156713486,
0.10190476477146149,
0.7512446641921997,
-0.0012572556734085083,
-0.061777956783771515,
0.14746753871440887,
-0.4132857918739319,
-1.0068845748901367,
-1.1995118856430054,
-0.3241391181945801,
0.7992794513702393,
0.22755542397499084,
-0.048279013484716415,
-0.08756013959646225,
0.9577897191047668,
-0.503980815410614,
0.7616786360740662,
-1.053288459777832,
-0.045883096754550934,
0.8447694778442383,
-0.08203976601362228,
-0.08623471856117249,
0.10134326666593552,
-0.33145448565483093,
-0.3054622709751129,
-0.08968715369701385,
0.6260980367660522,
0.24042832851409912,
-0.20071442425251007,
0.14488238096237183,
0.8187387585639954,
0.2571025490760803,
1.1942756175994873,
0.1340116560459137,
-0.03943655639886856,
-0.35519668459892273,
0.3814336657524109,
0.5657858848571777,
-0.13684290647506714,
-0.11275903135538101,
0.03798571228981018,
-0.02843077853322029,
-0.6445038914680481,
0.11943302303552628,
0.482619047164917,
-1.0525692701339722,
-0.30339908599853516,
0.39482149481773376,
0.993111789226532,
0.2798539698123932,
0.4829955995082855,
0.3441546857357025,
-0.2301933765411377,
1.024216651916504,
-0.8673023581504822,
-0.4264366030693054,
-0.2014184296131134,
-0.11963429301977158,
0.39286017417907715,
0.31940093636512756,
-0.10318885743618011,
-0.08645813912153244,
-0.2626315653324127,
-0.5726435780525208,
-0.32627588510513306,
0.8571617603302002,
0.5190519690513611,
-0.34584754705429077,
-0.2832243740558624,
0.14841662347316742,
0.49092262983322144,
0.1124919131398201,
-0.2556823194026947,
-0.36797046661376953,
-0.4346074163913727,
0.04324721544981003,
0.19331225752830505,
0.07639183849096298,
0.25099846720695496,
-0.3696238696575165,
-0.08037891983985901,
0.4093919098377228,
-1.7681851387023926,
-0.5757811665534973,
-0.32137274742126465,
-1.1432076692581177,
0.47649502754211426,
0.5244791507720947,
-0.1339908242225647,
-1.0278100967407227,
0.4199675917625427,
0.12987416982650757,
0.0000655241310596466,
0.47137129306793213,
-0.20194491744041443,
0.6574286222457886,
0.30409982800483704,
1.3051533699035645,
-0.950293779373169,
-0.01547220814973116,
-0.7246550917625427,
0.013169704005122185,
-0.3229280710220337,
-0.4271610677242279,
-0.3872479498386383,
0.19266073405742645,
-0.6379266977310181,
-0.5030794143676758,
0.06534400582313538,
0.5024654269218445,
-0.24906976521015167,
-0.3991882801055908,
0.8753423094749451,
-0.09366488456726074,
-0.11504951119422913,
0.253998339176178,
-0.5181498527526855,
0.17105627059936523,
1.2821094989776611,
-0.6275132894515991,
-0.7314012050628662,
-0.38050660490989685,
0.1748236119747162,
-0.19241692125797272,
-0.11210788786411285,
-0.8527842164039612,
-0.1212063580751419,
-0.5546258091926575,
-1.2267398834228516,
-1.4459847211837769,
0.345625638961792,
-0.6215670108795166,
1.1514520645141602,
1.0053781270980835,
-0.24359130859375,
-0.07602272927761078,
-0.10827113687992096,
-0.27354422211647034,
0.017105810344219208,
0.39664703607559204,
-0.84359210729599,
-0.4955790638923645,
0.4148027300834656,
0.5225803256034851,
0.1919841170310974,
-0.9088533520698547,
0.9044046401977539,
-0.22286561131477356,
0.26099854707717896,
-0.668523907661438,
0.5666148662567139,
-0.19979041814804077,
0.2303922325372696,
0.02200528420507908,
0.28615865111351013,
0.022826168686151505,
0.12271799147129059,
0.057403165847063065,
-0.3000585734844208,
-0.6173710823059082,
-0.5560715198516846,
-0.024755477905273438,
0.6010664701461792,
0.003063943237066269,
-0.4925665855407715,
1.3090991973876953,
-0.7892641425132751,
-0.10618973523378372,
-1.0239249467849731,
-0.17423716187477112,
-0.7039023637771606,
-0.22543677687644958,
-0.047035448253154755,
0.3295634686946869,
-0.7138981223106384,
-0.9502411484718323,
0.12846927344799042,
0.13647447526454926,
0.42718836665153503,
-0.08591485768556595,
0.40928661823272705,
0.15754669904708862,
0.9250187277793884,
0.5993743538856506,
0.8229297399520874,
-0.3488432765007019,
1.125829815864563,
-0.2715374827384949,
0.5861499905586243,
0.22828464210033417,
0.10350760817527771,
-0.27999231219291687,
-0.3869217038154602,
-0.26049792766571045,
-0.2783128023147583,
-0.16639304161071777,
-0.2539994716644287,
0.5716218948364258,
0.29900026321411133,
-0.04598664864897728,
-0.7951706051826477,
0.5642273426055908,
-0.43251293897628784,
-0.12975966930389404,
-0.1617184728384018,
-0.19981630146503448,
-0.20011067390441895,
0.0441727414727211,
0.10402505844831467,
-0.36090439558029175,
0.04614267498254776,
0.9751578569412231,
0.3624158501625061,
0.47856763005256653,
0.6463319659233093,
-0.43107104301452637,
0.14932149648666382,
0.4108421802520752,
-0.01525973156094551,
0.15724655985832214,
-0.4627775251865387,
-0.9913737177848816,
0.3352065980434418,
-0.578009307384491,
0.3336711525917053,
0.40035203099250793,
-0.4164455831050873,
1.087970495223999,
-0.13620837032794952,
-0.035370126366615295,
-0.027379637584090233,
0.08535968512296677,
0.12720617651939392,
-0.6291695237159729,
0.3680289685726166,
0.3286086618900299,
-0.03046184778213501,
0.00473399180918932,
0.09163697063922882,
-0.342480331659317,
-0.11585342139005661,
-0.21500897407531738,
0.41570696234703064,
-0.8146041631698608,
0.8510318994522095,
-0.8856802582740784,
-0.5350014567375183,
0.037613920867443085,
0.34721505641937256,
-0.3677871525287628,
-0.21547117829322815,
-0.05921338126063347,
-0.2164822667837143,
-0.04572739452123642,
-0.6083984375,
0.07534489780664444,
-0.021031014621257782,
-0.31392911076545715,
0.4500991404056549,
-0.3496930003166199,
-0.22011709213256836,
0.2672426402568817,
0.13004526495933533,
0.1156349629163742,
-0.21331749856472015,
-0.23051238059997559,
0.19345033168792725,
-0.07486657053232193,
-0.22037619352340698,
0.2544465661048889,
0.1078411340713501,
0.16632439196109772,
0.5401566624641418,
0.9415744543075562,
0.41772985458374023,
0.16203606128692627,
-0.5461441278457642,
0.335397869348526,
0.03087589330971241,
-0.4288473129272461,
-0.36681288480758667,
-0.16456963121891022,
-0.21589389443397522,
-0.004806231707334518,
0.2742358148097992,
0.8007321357727051,
-0.38800549507141113,
-0.4675813913345337,
-0.8738843202590942,
0.38102227449417114,
-0.010781630873680115,
0.221588596701622,
0.8375524282455444,
0.3981833755970001,
-0.006736636161804199,
1.1694090366363525,
-0.1416759341955185,
-0.31422144174575806,
0.6605674028396606,
0.21019324660301208,
0.41598671674728394,
0.325496643781662,
-0.16513124108314514,
0.844617486000061,
0.12997601926326752,
-0.1416836529970169,
0.03293581306934357,
0.24837768077850342,
0.20657646656036377,
0.8492662906646729,
-0.1372135579586029,
-0.3998623788356781,
0.0686580091714859,
1.2025271654129028,
0.20237915217876434,
0.11311984062194824,
0.44862687587738037,
0.22505983710289001,
0.0758177787065506,
0.38217130303382874,
-0.161201611161232,
0.9239189028739929,
0.22900688648223877,
-0.565406322479248,
-1.0673826932907104,
-0.6016091704368591,
0.22997061908245087,
-0.355842262506485,
-0.3247361183166504,
0.33028846979141235,
0.6322994828224182,
0.617729127407074,
0.40207043290138245,
-0.09249574691057205,
0.7047751545906067,
-0.4003039002418518,
0.6809216737747192,
-0.235152930021286,
1.2762261629104614,
-0.34008681774139404,
0.5084112882614136,
-0.004450365900993347,
-0.15119321644306183,
0.4223456084728241,
0.34265998005867004,
0.5258071422576904,
0.318838506937027,
0.17790871858596802,
0.6360102891921997,
-0.8448621034622192,
0.04420104995369911,
-0.103987917304039,
-0.4649418592453003,
0.7662671208381653,
0.4246470034122467,
-0.13227538764476776,
0.6840987205505371,
0.04999743029475212,
-1.151240348815918,
0.6229917407035828,
-0.49939239025115967,
0.4947097599506378,
-0.159919872879982,
0.33023256063461304,
-0.5611488819122314,
0.5104883313179016,
0.16793309152126312,
-0.47002601623535156,
0.5162764191627502,
0.2509661912918091,
0.11995550990104675,
-0.3481104373931885,
0.1301463395357132,
-0.30206215381622314,
-0.6095664501190186,
-0.9972695708274841,
0.3686865568161011,
0.3827786445617676,
-0.831811785697937,
-0.5652772784233093,
-0.4954763948917389,
-0.05956030637025833,
-0.15984120965003967,
-0.6870824098587036,
0.8664445281028748,
-1.4249783754348755,
0.16200292110443115,
-0.8661172389984131,
0.14929921925067902,
0.41918134689331055,
-0.6949754953384399,
-0.7197906970977783,
-0.6366448998451233,
-0.012370391748845577,
0.11618310958147049,
0.525608479976654,
0.8544142842292786,
-0.15806494653224945,
-0.7899057269096375,
-0.05850817635655403,
-0.94864422082901,
-0.45914459228515625,
0.15139955282211304,
-0.8537504076957703,
0.8379015922546387,
-0.00939498096704483,
0.13986855745315552,
0.08982619643211365,
-0.08699190616607666,
-1.1363401412963867,
-0.5677855014801025,
0.21750472486019135,
-0.02298615127801895,
-0.6998765468597412,
0.31408196687698364,
-0.5556289553642273,
-0.45313143730163574,
0.5270167589187622,
0.06020670384168625,
-0.18703874945640564,
-0.19929544627666473,
-0.5173213481903076,
0.4680134654045105,
0.6965318322181702,
0.8050064444541931,
-0.0593678280711174,
0.19263654947280884,
-0.5097747445106506,
0.576657235622406,
-0.006160097196698189,
0.048398569226264954,
-0.24923725426197052,
-0.3985879421234131,
0.12467919290065765,
-0.2557758390903473,
-0.37851640582084656,
0.3881641626358032,
0.012538062408566475,
0.29428648948669434,
1.5502700805664062,
0.42903757095336914,
-0.03764376789331436,
-0.18365132808685303,
0.038726646453142166,
0.42984503507614136,
-0.5771852731704712,
-1.0456786155700684,
-0.5112738013267517,
0.20410457253456116,
0.0413607656955719,
0.042333364486694336,
-0.1749425232410431,
-0.4009521007537842,
0.05789951607584953,
-0.4099390208721161,
-0.09843608736991882,
0.20850354433059692
] |
|
j7qk4 | Would it be possible to communicate using gravity somehow? | Seemingly, gravitational information can travel at faster than light speeds. Would it possible to encode information in this phenomenon? Perhaps it could be used for interstellar communications at faster than light speeds?
Even if it required planet-sized bodies to implement, would it be possible, on paper? | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"c29tuzd",
"c29utqd",
"c29u3bj",
"c29u3rn",
"c29u65z"
],
"text": [
"Yes but very impractical. And no, gravity does not travel faster than light. Nothing does.",
"FTL no. However you can easily communicate using gravity. Try dropping a hammer on somebody's head next time you have a chance. The person will definitely receive the message.",
"Can someone explain to me why this is so hard for people to understand? Why is it that people continue to insist on putting the words \"faster\" and \"than\" and \"light\" together, in that order, despite the fact that the resulting phrase is pure gibberish with no meaning whatsoever?",
"> Seemingly, gravitational information can travel at faster than light speeds.\n\nIt's not the first time I have seen this mentioned, and now I am curious. Would you please share where you found that bit of (mis)information?",
"No, nothing in our universe will ever transfer information FTL. Ever. Never. Ever."
],
"score": [
12,
9,
8,
6,
6
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | Would it be possible to communicate using gravity somehow?
Seemingly, gravitational information can travel at faster than light speeds. Would it possible to encode information in this phenomenon? Perhaps it could be used for interstellar communications at faster than light speeds? Even if it required planet-sized bodies to implement, would it be possible, on paper? | [
-0.5294178128242493,
0.1011488139629364,
0.778293788433075,
0.3896676003932953,
-0.7448621392250061,
-0.8232944011688232,
-0.508583128452301,
-1.0051053762435913,
-0.053027600049972534,
-0.3541305363178253,
1.1153398752212524,
0.5700392723083496,
-1.1310666799545288,
-0.1331290751695633,
0.4431249499320984,
-0.8745999336242676,
0.5300565361976624,
0.9290575981140137,
-1.1548540592193604,
-0.19504256546497345,
0.489000141620636,
0.2579443156719208,
-0.14196176826953888,
1.3536618947982788,
-0.4112488627433777,
-0.03171942010521889,
0.5426591634750366,
0.005537313874810934,
0.8262920379638672,
-0.06870162487030029,
-0.3174664080142975,
0.5824356079101562,
-0.4936303496360779,
0.6489991545677185,
0.43440207839012146,
0.08853814750909805,
0.7086454033851624,
-0.5968242287635803,
0.8882455229759216,
-1.2413432598114014,
0.5375022888183594,
-0.046156592667102814,
0.7475680112838745,
0.28711190819740295,
-0.8908040523529053,
-0.7718837857246399,
-0.052235860377550125,
0.2650160491466522,
-0.9095104336738586,
-1.0789467096328735,
0.4512811303138733,
0.4519515037536621,
0.24420829117298126,
0.0008668640512041748,
0.5962352752685547,
0.0910479947924614,
0.031108438968658447,
0.5703655481338501,
1.7864946126937866,
-0.5417537689208984,
0.09214738011360168,
-0.26515913009643555,
-0.10700835287570953,
-0.3184208571910858,
-0.10314634442329407,
-0.05263727158308029,
-0.13017278909683228,
0.030165789648890495,
-0.15719711780548096,
-0.7378533482551575,
1.4027764797210693,
-0.39718765020370483,
-0.6740279793739319,
-0.6665956377983093,
-0.3761287331581116,
-1.1849790811538696,
0.06048688292503357,
0.471285343170166,
-0.2835039794445038,
-0.6641839742660522,
-0.2678895890712738,
-0.46529266238212585,
-0.2292577475309372,
1.0363713502883911,
-0.018417011946439743,
0.7273671627044678,
-0.1879303902387619,
-0.22081898152828217,
-0.7276697158813477,
0.6405379176139832,
-0.0964726135134697,
-0.09842661023139954,
0.05043020844459534,
0.7752725481987,
0.9264569878578186,
-0.16257348656654358,
0.3806415796279907,
-0.43206310272216797,
-0.35051244497299194,
0.5715588927268982,
-0.2811642289161682,
-0.3029327690601349,
0.48638859391212463,
0.8072635531425476,
-0.06469457596540451,
-0.2509814202785492,
0.3666515052318573,
-0.4556651711463928,
0.035669825971126556,
-0.17652253806591034,
-0.6007044315338135,
0.8130077123641968,
-0.22940947115421295,
-0.40166544914245605,
0.306988388299942,
-1.4398796558380127,
0.018336119130253792,
0.10176482051610947,
0.10361211746931076,
-0.04871310293674469,
0.4538905918598175,
-0.21450018882751465,
1.3785651922225952,
1.7612560987472534,
0.17017750442028046,
0.5586297512054443,
0.15565982460975647,
0.46367451548576355,
0.5471306443214417,
-0.03448209911584854,
-0.024960938841104507,
0.8038197755813599,
0.4096982181072235,
-0.3767729103565216,
0.48548099398612976,
0.6138573288917542,
-0.8083681464195251,
0.6484563946723938,
-0.7993702292442322,
-0.19333812594413757,
-0.015504377894103527,
0.15395063161849976,
0.9285447597503662,
-0.7360956072807312,
0.3270675539970398,
-0.6315593719482422,
-0.20105449855327606,
-1.5243364572525024,
-0.3439359664916992,
-0.6967634558677673,
-0.9450360536575317,
-0.0746273547410965,
0.44341331720352173,
-0.3204113245010376,
0.24614687263965607,
-0.40089118480682373,
1.006753921508789,
0.048411495983600616,
-0.23411598801612854,
0.2967855632305145,
-1.6523830890655518,
-0.1794661581516266,
0.38225486874580383,
-1.4428244829177856,
-0.5800116062164307,
0.31474006175994873,
-0.3895776569843292,
0.1332298368215561,
-0.6500909924507141,
0.15214641392230988,
-0.5402790904045105,
-0.22214654088020325,
1.1330084800720215,
0.8406259417533875,
0.4736177623271942,
-0.7107897996902466,
-0.059520915150642395,
0.8755170702934265,
-0.3623562157154083,
0.4956749677658081,
-0.3272739052772522,
-0.7663385272026062,
0.21553762257099152,
0.5512818694114685,
-1.0998427867889404,
-0.09312287718057632,
-0.10283748060464859,
0.25684431195259094,
0.5778951644897461,
-0.2518159747123718,
0.0608421266078949,
-0.31453531980514526,
-1.7059829235076904,
0.0716974139213562,
0.6688079237937927,
0.5858429670333862,
0.12668144702911377,
0.17676761746406555,
0.7793401479721069,
-0.06784073263406754,
-0.05709506571292877,
-0.48110154271125793,
0.2236044853925705,
-0.23746620118618011,
-0.10841844975948334,
0.27759531140327454,
0.28212371468544006,
-0.3325044810771942,
0.004185492638498545,
-0.42931732535362244,
0.5925025939941406,
1.0956398248672485,
-0.37728944420814514,
-0.9705203771591187,
-0.40173622965812683,
0.5130539536476135,
-0.12845462560653687,
1.4238706827163696,
-0.1486145257949829,
0.8605373501777649,
1.3656895160675049,
-0.27623361349105835,
0.38022828102111816,
-0.46631449460983276,
0.4807654023170471,
-0.6213672757148743,
0.4845621883869171,
0.4704098403453827,
0.08108512312173843,
0.6362957954406738,
-0.19158437848091125,
-0.1331690549850464,
-0.2573128342628479,
0.0996486023068428,
-0.5556590557098389,
-0.05771880969405174,
-0.8221377730369568,
-0.8863505125045776,
0.5634328126907349,
-0.7163130044937134,
-0.9502366781234741,
0.17498916387557983,
0.11791855096817017,
0.4845082461833954,
-0.11453980952501297,
0.41906487941741943,
-1.2883613109588623,
-0.8859332799911499,
0.310057669878006,
-0.38948193192481995,
0.36033374071121216,
-1.2457243204116821,
-0.6668933033943176,
-0.7138188481330872,
1.5910087823867798,
-0.9916782379150391,
-0.44693633913993835,
-0.7674159407615662,
0.03039834089577198,
0.7057784199714661,
0.1879730224609375,
-1.0434386730194092,
0.08700958639383316,
-0.6798051595687866,
-0.7189992070198059,
-0.46664875745773315,
-0.6062760949134827,
-0.08169517666101456,
0.23038983345031738,
-0.1299976408481598,
-0.8094736337661743,
0.15657201409339905,
-0.11034953594207764,
0.32261672616004944,
1.0308624505996704,
0.03377459570765495,
-0.12194003164768219,
-0.22207899391651154,
0.38848409056663513,
-0.012775246053934097,
1.3629966974258423,
0.8982449173927307,
-0.5091175436973572,
0.49828359484672546,
0.4088301956653595,
0.6756614446640015,
0.4212796986103058,
-1.0690956115722656,
0.07741808891296387,
-0.6174189448356628,
-0.20097126066684723,
0.21277908980846405,
-0.5600157380104065,
0.8807623386383057,
0.271248996257782,
0.14734528958797455,
0.23323233425617218,
-0.3108035624027252,
-0.7893118858337402,
-0.46125927567481995,
-0.10805106163024902,
0.32093581557273865,
0.1753820776939392,
0.1193896159529686,
-0.9492294788360596,
0.22710464894771576,
-0.1542026549577713,
-0.7926778197288513,
0.09010421484708786,
0.015033867210149765,
-0.1616164743900299,
-0.04243043437600136,
-0.724316418170929,
0.829670250415802,
-0.5241110920906067,
-0.06083264574408531,
0.6596822738647461,
-0.298109233379364,
-1.4033516645431519,
-0.33337196707725525,
-1.6668927669525146,
0.5776688456535339,
0.27138057351112366,
0.029395967721939087,
-0.3153432607650757,
1.1034084558486938,
-0.48089560866355896,
-0.21268589794635773,
-0.45815402269363403,
0.08782143890857697,
0.5603394508361816,
-0.8517339825630188,
-0.07225402444601059,
0.1375790536403656,
0.1721510887145996,
-0.7239395976066589,
-0.12425193190574646,
0.8429564237594604,
-0.06292936205863953,
-0.6194130182266235,
1.1455191373825073,
-0.0628560408949852,
0.1498836874961853,
0.2766566872596741,
0.3797203004360199,
-1.190470814704895,
-0.4644681513309479,
-0.3799038827419281,
0.4740363359451294,
-0.12264597415924072,
-0.1849108785390854,
-0.09519743919372559,
1.1181796789169312,
-1.4070674180984497,
0.749323844909668,
1.1731165647506714,
0.08259949833154678,
0.4689086079597473,
0.26172345876693726,
0.0022300041746348143,
0.1836719512939453,
0.04044690355658531,
-0.5242345333099365,
0.4031400978565216,
-0.2326248288154602,
0.26872286200523376,
-0.7824642062187195,
-0.42924851179122925,
-0.07457689940929413,
0.1319584846496582,
0.14515899121761322,
0.0725158303976059,
0.019893432036042213,
0.2224593609571457,
0.27419519424438477,
0.1539667248725891,
1.3805248737335205,
-0.887410581111908,
-0.19795697927474976,
0.38465675711631775,
-0.0015793296042829752,
-0.05321738123893738,
-0.06338271498680115,
0.5777732729911804,
-0.8051760792732239,
-0.41318410634994507,
0.36172744631767273,
0.07152523845434189,
-0.1716831475496292,
-0.3830844759941101,
0.18101735413074493,
-0.3105412721633911,
-0.14108121395111084,
-1.0407893657684326,
-0.4460885226726532,
0.06999137252569199,
-0.6328583359718323,
0.2941116690635681,
0.13909827172756195,
-1.0974591970443726,
0.32027608156204224,
0.7353442311286926,
0.09112482517957687,
0.6712955236434937,
-0.0281948484480381,
-0.330875962972641,
-0.6716159582138062,
0.036640431731939316,
0.19561585783958435,
-0.7522895932197571,
-0.10604262351989746,
-0.8956372141838074,
-0.5739836692810059,
0.35931605100631714,
0.23539882898330688,
-1.486687183380127,
-0.7063876986503601,
-0.9153826236724854,
-0.18350203335285187,
-0.4028586149215698,
0.7533383965492249,
-1.1235039234161377,
0.27173349261283875,
0.2794067859649658,
0.050992369651794434,
-0.07275861501693726,
-0.16822072863578796,
0.4125937223434448,
-0.48902904987335205,
0.703361451625824,
-0.8284859657287598,
-1.2818256616592407,
-0.7058431506156921,
0.7433831691741943,
-0.2850053906440735,
-0.5736057162284851,
-0.20415249466896057,
-0.1185072585940361,
0.5117390751838684,
-0.7428743839263916,
-0.5205656290054321,
1.0653945207595825,
0.1518581360578537,
0.8635127544403076,
0.4161991775035858,
0.19856804609298706,
0.9439737200737,
0.12592360377311707,
-1.4511030912399292,
0.3669333755970001,
0.7677779197692871,
-0.8507356643676758,
-0.33368346095085144,
-0.4215964078903198,
0.4597017168998718,
1.0943280458450317,
-1.1980676651000977,
0.5457398891448975,
-0.24383406341075897,
-0.0806061178445816,
-0.1350235939025879,
-1.1224631071090698,
-0.1424942910671234,
0.37766027450561523,
0.9600281715393066,
0.5168483853340149,
0.2104329615831375,
-0.15929032862186432,
0.2336563766002655,
-0.035557396709918976,
-1.0552257299423218,
0.3699910640716553,
0.7140541672706604,
0.5191941261291504,
-0.5392748713493347,
-0.4393148422241211,
0.17078010737895966,
-0.3910619616508484,
-0.26401564478874207,
-0.799431562423706,
-0.6531851291656494,
-0.5629359483718872,
0.23484879732131958,
0.6658216714859009,
0.5292965173721313,
-0.6859355568885803,
-0.03278151899576187,
-0.036548733711242676,
-0.07453367114067078,
-0.30250126123428345,
0.012710243463516235,
-0.5972480773925781,
0.26477017998695374,
-0.258650004863739,
0.788115918636322,
-0.3529694676399231,
0.4596456289291382,
-0.23454077541828156,
-0.36057060956954956,
0.08629779517650604,
-0.07727126032114029,
-0.5852874517440796,
-0.13030481338500977,
-0.1368686854839325,
-0.12558135390281677,
-0.16490499675273895,
0.19089820981025696,
0.7923115491867065,
-0.47999119758605957,
0.2530061602592468,
-0.48024705052375793,
0.3824078440666199,
0.5918585658073425,
0.17102612555027008,
0.0178969819098711,
-0.28032737970352173,
0.8090488910675049,
0.7116663455963135,
-0.7843464016914368,
0.37729716300964355,
0.26810118556022644,
0.49463480710983276,
1.2611823081970215,
0.7434234023094177,
-0.33055469393730164,
0.22416602075099945,
-0.5826780796051025,
0.10446848720312119,
0.6300837397575378,
-0.017494458705186844,
0.4517366290092468,
0.4224739968776703,
-0.39705613255500793,
0.256560355424881,
-0.4460062086582184,
0.23467768728733063,
1.3396886587142944,
-0.6355224251747131,
0.5205298662185669,
0.02054465189576149,
0.05858844146132469,
0.14978240430355072,
0.23631402850151062,
0.3990292251110077,
0.3209829330444336,
-0.16186481714248657,
-0.7637993693351746,
-0.04307413101196289,
-0.7205562591552734,
0.5959023833274841,
-0.3937111794948578,
0.45289376378059387,
-0.5845251083374023,
1.8609336614608765,
0.7233274579048157,
0.8709694147109985,
-0.027787132188677788,
-1.3692880868911743,
0.16685427725315094,
0.6572364568710327,
-1.095059871673584,
0.2649797797203064,
-0.26251187920570374,
-1.499426245689392,
0.1899905651807785,
0.0016141559462994337,
-0.11246584355831146,
0.16256150603294373,
-0.42084091901779175,
0.20909710228443146,
-0.4713800847530365,
0.42650163173675537,
-0.1679536998271942,
-0.10869024693965912,
-0.49943259358406067,
-0.6249518990516663,
1.1887165307998657,
0.6623070240020752,
0.7891830205917358,
-0.44927284121513367,
-0.08122184872627258,
-0.3925943374633789,
0.07307754456996918,
0.487192302942276,
-0.4605461359024048,
0.23199208080768585,
0.08712239563465118,
-0.49970853328704834,
-0.499961793422699,
0.7331780791282654,
-0.08434002101421356,
-0.1452600508928299,
0.017971083521842957,
0.2777661979198456,
0.16003121435642242,
-0.4863547682762146,
-0.13876935839653015,
0.8545107245445251,
-0.5619344115257263,
-0.6819961071014404,
-0.13683290779590607,
-1.0870147943496704,
0.13990770280361176,
0.2699710428714752,
0.8698641657829285,
-0.10630417615175247,
0.05490892007946968,
-0.7891373038291931,
0.0752255991101265,
0.4802055358886719,
0.5404766201972961,
-0.7355976104736328,
0.3642418384552002,
-0.5391806960105896,
0.2643187940120697,
0.22483864426612854,
-0.757884681224823,
-0.2703370153903961,
0.30508020520210266,
0.31671595573425293,
-0.18225733935832977,
-0.6482623815536499,
-0.7203129529953003,
-0.6941616535186768,
1.1607848405838013,
-0.39311483502388,
0.11749117076396942,
1.2378685474395752,
0.2288573682308197,
0.16367769241333008,
-0.7549836039543152,
-0.7393550276756287,
0.37562891840934753,
-0.48777759075164795,
-0.6592814326286316,
-0.11690005660057068,
-0.8695858120918274,
-0.35673922300338745,
-0.15800434350967407,
-0.6707104444503784,
0.02152061276137829,
-0.7273598313331604,
-0.3127967417240143,
0.036432113498449326,
0.2670076787471771,
-0.2910781502723694,
-0.07774774730205536,
1.3243805170059204,
-0.5247759222984314,
0.7833424210548401,
0.006870778277516365,
0.047735054045915604,
-0.32704734802246094,
-0.20290832221508026,
0.18445181846618652,
-0.1636410653591156,
0.148912712931633,
-0.4676816165447235,
-0.2551978528499603,
0.5425412654876709,
-1.5033255815505981,
-0.7191425561904907,
-0.048244573175907135,
-0.7776750922203064,
0.5039815902709961,
-0.5932599902153015,
0.3572096824645996,
0.0763247162103653,
0.3514755666255951,
0.8241543173789978,
0.7548915147781372,
-0.33209654688835144,
-0.37807178497314453,
-0.004969475790858269,
1.0055842399597168,
0.9539413452148438,
-0.5385680794715881,
0.3378793001174927,
-0.500819206237793,
0.24058865010738373,
0.011139031499624252,
0.2066856324672699,
-0.0479837991297245,
0.5278468728065491,
0.2762095034122467,
-0.40284064412117004,
0.16794367134571075,
0.6161007285118103,
0.6399673223495483,
-1.183112621307373,
0.10437905788421631,
-0.7389156222343445,
0.5062381625175476,
-0.026767803356051445,
-0.2642189860343933,
1.257302165031433,
0.03318661451339722,
-0.18477699160575867,
-0.49764594435691833,
0.36197808384895325,
0.02216634899377823,
-0.2589254379272461,
-1.1039800643920898,
-0.9281162023544312,
0.7281605005264282,
-0.09827856719493866,
0.19578294456005096,
0.8030380606651306,
0.22993069887161255,
0.7512479424476624,
0.8946002721786499,
-0.0567472018301487,
-0.3796437084674835,
-0.29685717821121216,
0.1672481745481491,
0.5516183972358704,
0.08675095438957214,
0.05781502649188042,
-0.42458027601242065,
-0.2782696485519409,
-0.10232296586036682,
-0.15179799497127533,
-0.04221976920962334,
-0.7797847986221313,
-0.6485067009925842,
0.517143189907074,
-0.22054211795330048,
-0.4490205645561218,
-1.023073434829712,
-0.04596170410513878,
-0.3551633059978485,
-0.23807406425476074,
0.7854408621788025,
0.8326582312583923,
0.3086988925933838,
-0.9501967430114746,
-0.2411033809185028,
0.8035058975219727,
-0.09648223966360092,
0.46747997403144836,
-0.6791216135025024,
0.02349754050374031,
-0.5543543100357056,
0.033383917063474655,
0.4312942922115326,
-0.3725001811981201,
-0.488322377204895,
-0.2122707962989807,
0.17181997001171112,
0.8600514531135559,
0.9109600186347961,
-0.0938321053981781,
0.3998681902885437,
0.23971661925315857,
-0.1005111113190651,
0.3203282356262207,
0.05588170886039734,
-0.2064402997493744,
-0.6251497268676758,
-0.25811508297920227,
0.6502152681350708,
0.5246027708053589,
0.224266916513443,
0.8736476302146912,
-0.25247883796691895,
-0.3260002136230469,
-0.05945871025323868,
-1.0705212354660034
] |
|
9lawix | I have recently heard that astronomers have found an "exomoon". I am quite scientifically illiterate so what exactly is an exomoon and how could it affect us on Earth? | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"e758sts",
"e75gphm",
"e75j93t",
"e75qomv",
"e76wyad",
"e7799v2",
"e75nna7",
"e75pivc",
"e763sb2",
"e76wf1g",
"e75qmdf"
],
"text": [
"A planet in a solar system other than our own is called an exoplanet. Similarly, an exomoon is a moon in another solar system (and orbiting an exoplanet).\n\nThese things are so far away that they don't affect Earth at all. But the reason that the discovery is interesting is that exoplanets are already difficult to detect, but exomoons are even harder to find, so finding one (or even a \"candidate\") is quite an achievement.",
"In addition to what /u/Rannasha said, this finding is particularly surprising because the (potential) moon around the distant gas giant was so large - by the available evidence, it itself is a gas giant! It's as if the planet Neptune was found to be in orbit around Jupiter. We didn't know that situation could even happen, and it's not clear how such a system could even be made! Collisions between proto-planets during the formation process may play a role, but we don't have enough information yet to say anything with certainty. In short, though, this expands our knowledge of how planet formation can work.",
"Just to flag up one aspect of your post - astronomers have **not** definitively found any exomoon (a moon orbiting another planet). Not yet anyway. What was found was that, while observing a known exoplanet (a planet which orbits a distant star) transit it's star (passed in front of it as we see it, blocking some of the light), the \"transit\" was followed by a tiny and possibly-not-even-real second dip which is consistent with the idea that there is another smaller object in the vicinity of the planet we knew about - a moon.\n\nInterestingly, the reason these astronomers were searching for a moon around this planet (Kepler-1625b) with Hubble was because, in three transits seen by the Kepler space telescope, it initially seemed like there might have been more of these moon \"dips\" happening around the time of the planet's transit... But in this paper the astronomers reanalysed this with better data, and those little dips had all but dissappeared - they were just random noise in the telescope and probably not caused by any exomoon. And, in my opinion as an exoplanet astronomer, that is *by far* a more likely estimation for the signal seen here.\n\nBut the media has a habit of spinning \"there's a slight chance this thing we saw could be X, but probably not\" into \"ASTRONOMERS HAVE FOUND X\". \\**Sigh\\**",
"> how could it affect us on Earth?\n\nThe moon itself can't directly affect us because it's so far away.\n\nResearch like this is not done because any direct effects are expected.\n\n**Scientists** choose to pursue this kind of work for a variety of reasons, such as:\n\n* A desire out of curiosity to understand how the Earth and life on it came to be here. By studying other solar systems we hope to learn more about the history of our own. Is Earth unusual?\n\n* A desire out of curiosity to understand if life is common in the universe. Are we alone? By seeing how common nice planets are we can reduce some uncertainty. Turns out nice planets may be pretty common.\n\n* A desire to do something hard that nobody has ever done before.\n\n**Governments** choose to fund projects like these for different and more practical reasons:\n\n* Undirected scientific research can lead to unexpected useful discoveries.\n\n* New technology has to be developed to do these projects which may also be useful for more practical purposes.\n\n* The projects fund loads of science grad students, many of whom will do on to apply their scientific training to more practical careers.\n\n* The results inspire children to go into STEM fields and will end up solving important problems here when they grow up.\n\n* The projects employ lots of people which is both practically and politically useful.\n\nSo the moon itself has no direct impact, but the project has lots of them.",
"An exomoon is a moon that is orbiting an exoplanet. An exoplanet is a planet orbiting a star that is not our sun. That is to say a planet of a different \"solar system\". \n\nOther stars are very far away, it is very difficult for us even to detect the existence of planets or moons that orbit other stars. \n\nThe greatest way that exoplanets and exomoons may affect us on Earth is that they could make our horoscopes incredibly complex.",
"It's just a moon that's not orbiting a planet in our solar system. Honestly, what we discovered is far less important than the fact we discovered it.\n\n & #x200B;\n\nIn and of itself it means nothing. It's probably a supremely boring moon. But finding it means we're improving the technologies required to find less bright things in space, which is important if we want to find worlds outside our solar system... though, honestly they're all so far away it's pretty irrelevant. But still interesting.",
"What insight does it provide in the formation of solar systems? \n\nAnd, as an aside, what causes gas giants to form vs a rocky planet? What’s st the core do a gas giant- would its considerable mass cause it to be something solid? Is the reason that gas giants aren’t big snowballs (ie, frozen condensed gas) that they have residual heat from their formation (assuming they’re sufficiently distant from their sun)? Eg why is Neptune gaseous?",
"An exomoon is really just a moon outside of our solar system, just like an exoplanet is a planet outside of our solar system. It doesn't directly influence us here on Earth, but it is significant in that this is the first time (that I know of) we've ever observed an exomoon, and it also may change how we view how moons are formed since it was gaseous, whereas all the moons in our system are rocky and thought to have been formed by dust that flew up after other large bodies knocked into the planets in our system. Keep in mind that these readings are not 100% sure and a couple days later we may get another report saying that it was a false reading or misinterpretation of data. :D",
"An exoplanet is a planet that revolves around a star other than our sun (ie. in a different star system)\n\nAn “exomoon” (although I haven’t heard that term yet) would be a moon that orbits an exoplanet. In other words, a moon that is orbiting a planet in a far away planetary system (not our home system)",
"> I am quite scientifically illiterate so what exactly is an exomoon\n\nA moon, generally, is any astronomical object that orbits a larger 'parent' object where the 'parent' is *not* a star or stellar remnant.\n\nAn exomoon is any moon outside our own star system.\n\n > and how could it affect us on Earth?\n\nIf you mean in a direct physical sense...well, it can't, not in any significant way.\n\nThe particular object that was found is actually very large, about 17 times the mass of the Earth, orbiting a similarly large parent object possibly 3000 times the mass of the Earth (10 times the mass of Jupiter). This is *way* larger than any moon in our own star system. The most massive moon in our star system is less than 3% the mass of the Earth, so this new one is about 700 times larger.\n\nHowever, it's very far away. It's about 4000 light years away. That's far enough that even the star that both these objects orbit around can't be seen with your eyes in the night sky. Neither object poses any kind of threat to us; they'll probably never come anywhere near us, and if they did, it would take millions of years.\n\nKnowing that it exists is interesting for scientists, though. It gives us more information on what kinds of planetary systems can form and remain stable. It all goes into the big barrel of known scientific data that tells us about what kind of world we live in and what we can expect from it. And in the distant future, someone might fly in a spaceship to this object and build a colony there.",
"Your question was already answered but as to how it affects us; it does not in a direct way at all but it might offer insights into how our solar system was formed and if we are to find life outside of earth it broadens the possible places we might be able to look for it. \n\nMoons are also candidates for extraterrestrial life so to be able to detect moons in other solar systems is important."
],
"score": [
6519,
274,
129,
42,
8,
7,
7,
4,
4,
3,
2
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | I have recently heard that astronomers have found an "exomoon". I am quite scientifically illiterate so what exactly is an exomoon and how could it affect us on Earth?
| [
-0.33474037051200867,
-0.19832134246826172,
-0.1648407131433487,
-0.6837104558944702,
-0.6873579621315002,
-0.262604296207428,
-0.29071879386901855,
0.1925317943096161,
0.7346582412719727,
0.9347986578941345,
0.7599478363990784,
0.35602128505706787,
-0.4139314889907837,
0.814447283744812,
-0.2890205681324005,
-0.2990131676197052,
0.566498875617981,
-0.03242279589176178,
-0.8235962986946106,
-0.22377942502498627,
-0.24505002796649933,
0.5582517385482788,
0.0687914490699768,
1.905260682106018,
-1.0553569793701172,
0.6625319719314575,
0.390821635723114,
-0.5188239216804504,
0.022183872759342194,
0.26303839683532715,
0.5305983424186707,
0.07746194303035736,
0.029676800593733788,
0.13906726241111755,
0.08633710443973541,
-0.06672155857086182,
0.7635403871536255,
-0.36072611808776855,
0.8232399225234985,
-0.5498183369636536,
-0.6204556226730347,
-0.4041166305541992,
0.3869122862815857,
0.7319434881210327,
-0.7709513902664185,
-0.6316313743591309,
0.0017620694125071168,
0.46062129735946655,
-1.5185871124267578,
-0.5509203672409058,
0.002241672482341528,
-0.3903787136077881,
1.1507169008255005,
0.6505314111709595,
0.10274353623390198,
-0.8073399662971497,
-0.09006504714488983,
-0.2866052985191345,
-0.403442919254303,
0.6081598997116089,
0.5270468592643738,
-0.012441734783351421,
-0.8913542628288269,
-0.7044264674186707,
-0.0922698974609375,
-0.12792079150676727,
-0.03914351016283035,
1.3822358846664429,
-0.3200727105140686,
-0.7686030268669128,
0.08496329933404922,
-0.2417941838502884,
-0.9285011291503906,
-0.1693495512008667,
0.40664219856262207,
-0.30639147758483887,
0.6365590691566467,
-0.5288045406341553,
-0.05346923694014549,
-0.2741779088973999,
0.38635534048080444,
0.3389506936073303,
-0.48362383246421814,
0.07387901842594147,
-0.3724552094936371,
0.19384825229644775,
0.37855085730552673,
-0.8402689099311829,
0.033515460789203644,
1.0955984592437744,
-0.11979164183139801,
-0.48543810844421387,
0.6677159667015076,
-0.09380607306957245,
-0.24182605743408203,
-1.3029241561889648,
0.9972213506698608,
-0.4931098520755768,
-0.229827880859375,
0.3765551447868347,
-0.109664186835289,
-0.03514370322227478,
0.438854843378067,
0.8175333738327026,
0.5256301164627075,
-0.627783477306366,
0.23124182224273682,
-0.6147112250328064,
0.14804324507713318,
0.07323292642831802,
0.1822800189256668,
0.6379599571228027,
0.3644377887248993,
-0.6786664128303528,
-0.5003926157951355,
-2.299184799194336,
-0.27619805932044983,
-0.5102835893630981,
1.6749032735824585,
0.6418862342834473,
0.14229045808315277,
-0.3402749001979828,
0.3504966199398041,
0.21520860493183136,
-0.23680950701236725,
0.14839401841163635,
-0.04524480178952217,
0.859860897064209,
-0.10061536729335785,
-0.34346985816955566,
0.48774656653404236,
1.1874847412109375,
-0.32657623291015625,
0.007125082425773144,
0.31775417923927307,
-0.1492488533258438,
-0.3855397403240204,
0.1654120832681656,
-0.31115496158599854,
-0.6244858503341675,
-0.46154752373695374,
0.13820531964302063,
0.18388625979423523,
-0.5728192925453186,
-0.09406767785549164,
-0.37900155782699585,
-1.4379603862762451,
-0.21414023637771606,
0.9107787013053894,
-0.6624599695205688,
-1.0302059650421143,
-0.6045810580253601,
-0.13610796630382538,
-1.2989544868469238,
0.16381733119487762,
-0.1274539679288864,
1.0334936380386353,
-0.38330093026161194,
-0.7287001013755798,
0.4168849587440491,
0.5509958863258362,
-0.6650973558425903,
0.05377515032887459,
0.5613187551498413,
0.2307252585887909,
-0.3645997643470764,
-0.10090021789073944,
-0.6372799277305603,
-0.3059512972831726,
0.2235516756772995,
-0.4438795745372772,
-0.7863461375236511,
0.9797971844673157,
0.08827684819698334,
1.0708367824554443,
0.6190857887268066,
0.34248024225234985,
0.47459906339645386,
-0.18278343975543976,
-0.12148698419332504,
-0.8826344609260559,
-0.3006100058555603,
-0.036710452288389206,
0.8896269202232361,
-0.4553229808807373,
-0.1669548600912094,
0.3196195960044861,
-0.8857397437095642,
1.0631133317947388,
0.6151551008224487,
-0.6993991136550903,
-0.7558581233024597,
-0.19987812638282776,
0.2823685109615326,
0.7714026570320129,
-0.11992426216602325,
-0.25920990109443665,
0.28196847438812256,
0.8749299645423889,
-0.05993283540010452,
0.03118129074573517,
-1.372835636138916,
0.032843414694070816,
-0.21717071533203125,
0.8359307050704956,
-0.6618983745574951,
0.7271729111671448,
-0.15570615231990814,
0.8677430748939514,
0.1516227424144745,
0.42692264914512634,
0.07889024168252945,
-0.1968938708305359,
-0.4648345410823822,
0.12001150101423264,
0.13868236541748047,
-0.18314823508262634,
-0.2676100432872772,
-0.4480708837509155,
-0.12548412382602692,
0.5700345635414124,
-0.13794592022895813,
-0.1072448119521141,
0.030916068702936172,
0.5065732002258301,
-0.622645914554596,
0.17095105350017548,
-0.32309409976005554,
0.7168461084365845,
-0.08489390462636948,
0.35570812225341797,
0.22198785841464996,
-0.6237853169441223,
0.19936427474021912,
-0.035615094006061554,
-0.6699007153511047,
-1.0330840349197388,
-0.38499799370765686,
0.5317686200141907,
-0.4004720151424408,
-0.1713426262140274,
0.26257508993148804,
0.330813467502594,
0.43966203927993774,
0.11711512506008148,
0.07849039137363434,
-0.09041396528482437,
-0.9864939451217651,
0.30360785126686096,
1.102173089981079,
-1.0156995058059692,
-0.8200701475143433,
-0.577242910861969,
-0.6937757134437561,
0.08384988456964493,
-0.6074647307395935,
0.37231647968292236,
0.5870652198791504,
0.19872501492500305,
-0.025191262364387512,
-0.6276520490646362,
-0.6396086812019348,
0.7950838208198547,
-0.4417261481285095,
-0.057111937552690506,
0.14583562314510345,
-0.1423613429069519,
-0.07029857486486435,
0.13537009060382843,
0.5140953660011292,
0.2638019919395447,
-0.7489256262779236,
0.4168076813220978,
0.3272038400173187,
0.088795505464077,
-0.28505346179008484,
-0.11770826578140259,
-0.3919425308704376,
0.5617963075637817,
0.5145850777626038,
0.763129472732544,
0.26448044180870056,
-0.24721644818782806,
-1.3317298889160156,
0.33802419900894165,
0.5470960140228271,
1.2621145248413086,
-0.11665739119052887,
-0.4477366805076599,
-0.08842266350984573,
0.1333657056093216,
1.11467707157135,
-0.5038897395133972,
1.0486204624176025,
0.3663350045681,
-0.0721474438905716,
0.29600101709365845,
-0.5892874598503113,
0.5506391525268555,
0.12757807970046997,
0.04321708902716637,
0.3149588704109192,
0.0410749688744545,
0.360984742641449,
-0.12335209548473358,
-0.09251687675714493,
0.610293447971344,
-0.8075084686279297,
0.6439474821090698,
-0.15272019803524017,
0.6185318827629089,
-0.5153881907463074,
0.2879684865474701,
1.1036131381988525,
0.6724975109100342,
0.8531041741371155,
0.48626473546028137,
-0.37465327978134155,
-0.6870551705360413,
-0.5618290901184082,
0.777999997138977,
-0.17395170032978058,
0.0008053382043726742,
0.5698167085647583,
0.4097403883934021,
0.6144306063652039,
-0.9197675585746765,
1.2243586778640747,
-0.38163477182388306,
-0.021403806284070015,
0.7147234678268433,
-0.5076113939285278,
0.5726075172424316,
-0.25081610679626465,
-0.1267315298318863,
0.45972999930381775,
0.39483341574668884,
0.5119468569755554,
-0.2961973547935486,
0.32043561339378357,
0.5405125617980957,
0.17215260863304138,
0.1705390214920044,
-0.21199703216552734,
0.05417385697364807,
0.47594496607780457,
-0.7173590064048767,
-0.1018059253692627,
0.8509923815727234,
-0.4353655278682709,
-0.22487011551856995,
0.15887923538684845,
0.8283297419548035,
-0.6972325444221497,
0.19211868941783905,
0.3051561713218689,
-0.04954228922724724,
0.5831206440925598,
1.1257165670394897,
0.7410178184509277,
-0.16526959836483002,
0.0071666850708425045,
0.40104395151138306,
-0.38569605350494385,
0.12833300232887268,
0.8779079914093018,
-1.2385579347610474,
-0.7382949590682983,
0.05462639033794403,
0.4239731729030609,
0.4980241656303406,
0.1923619508743286,
-0.4479702413082123,
0.734214186668396,
0.17496715486049652,
0.027787014842033386,
0.4329754114151001,
-0.11453071981668472,
-1.1810137033462524,
-0.283204585313797,
-0.2507624626159668,
-0.39807581901550293,
-0.5846678614616394,
0.26018157601356506,
-0.8578460216522217,
-0.33246272802352905,
-1.0277928113937378,
-0.5876351594924927,
0.1871214658021927,
0.34432822465896606,
0.2394934892654419,
-1.0356245040893555,
0.14841493964195251,
-0.7094630002975464,
-1.215417504310608,
-0.2271277755498886,
-0.22129718959331512,
1.0114490985870361,
0.4049457311630249,
-0.4392370581626892,
0.25580066442489624,
1.084572434425354,
-0.020507238805294037,
0.15857622027397156,
0.6348374485969543,
-0.16516780853271484,
0.8500558733940125,
1.5620527267456055,
0.4666513204574585,
-0.7671387195587158,
-0.0176278967410326,
-0.6652216911315918,
-0.8796976208686829,
-0.11797972023487091,
0.41163668036460876,
-0.4245959222316742,
-0.730008065700531,
-0.638813316822052,
-1.0575674772262573,
0.013188080862164497,
0.4793241024017334,
0.6428166627883911,
-0.28428590297698975,
0.44867587089538574,
0.4912305474281311,
0.00779455341398716,
-0.6905699968338013,
-0.24229930341243744,
-0.36285200715065,
-0.3208557963371277,
-1.9303754568099976,
-0.8218556642532349,
-0.08999763429164886,
0.4488724172115326,
-0.846446692943573,
0.6532430052757263,
0.9932873249053955,
-0.5705132484436035,
-1.0242223739624023,
-0.18150533735752106,
-0.6160473227500916,
0.36687415838241577,
0.526957094669342,
0.4249267578125,
-1.037068247795105,
0.5127397179603577,
1.0105340480804443,
-0.10546842962503433,
-0.25958436727523804,
0.3037092685699463,
0.8745765686035156,
-0.3795318305492401,
-0.2421758770942688,
0.46482527256011963,
0.2214668095111847,
0.2601219415664673,
-0.5843921899795532,
-0.31969332695007324,
-0.2875770330429077,
0.08465142548084259,
-0.3814089596271515,
-0.516363263130188,
-0.791686475276947,
0.8786688446998596,
-0.17551426589488983,
-0.11159350723028183,
0.5711265206336975,
-0.7280492186546326,
0.4544793963432312,
-0.5973072052001953,
-1.085420846939087,
0.1300319880247116,
0.513092041015625,
0.6379078030586243,
-0.40155261754989624,
-0.38608318567276,
0.4351290166378021,
-0.6408544182777405,
-1.0577645301818848,
-0.6610960364341736,
0.10901271551847458,
0.0508369505405426,
-0.20325760543346405,
-0.21878142654895782,
0.38161608576774597,
-0.3259362578392029,
-0.10966700315475464,
0.5574284195899963,
-0.2446049451828003,
0.2596411108970642,
0.09221599996089935,
0.053704921156167984,
-0.06385070085525513,
0.2891767919063568,
0.6476901173591614,
0.044124800711870193,
-0.7608982920646667,
0.790563702583313,
-0.16623684763908386,
0.21975281834602356,
-0.1317734718322754,
0.39478230476379395,
0.0009975092252716422,
0.0647735670208931,
-0.07739602774381638,
-0.4355432391166687,
-0.036413177847862244,
1.600330114364624,
0.241464301943779,
0.7764086127281189,
-0.13183557987213135,
-0.5412424802780151,
-0.021674778312444687,
-0.7319044470787048,
-0.18628013134002686,
0.17447879910469055,
0.269010066986084,
-0.046738121658563614,
0.056459199637174606,
0.6288979649543762,
-0.9159306883811951,
-0.42509037256240845,
0.17465870082378387,
-0.4468705654144287,
0.700330913066864,
0.08438743650913239,
-1.0682637691497803,
-0.7030021548271179,
-0.19326916337013245,
1.1034908294677734,
0.36865222454071045,
0.8024476170539856,
-0.01032751053571701,
1.30795419216156,
0.16026584804058075,
0.9803036451339722,
-0.24888329207897186,
-1.0691282749176025,
0.7733023762702942,
0.9397704601287842,
-0.40497276186943054,
-0.3533809185028076,
1.4657145738601685,
0.04697388410568237,
0.3491162061691284,
-0.3048228621482849,
0.22169476747512817,
0.03964189067482948,
0.1445918083190918,
0.5675721168518066,
0.16682429611682892,
-0.07189720869064331,
0.8199431896209717,
0.0765901505947113,
1.0325086116790771,
-0.750359833240509,
-0.42984095215797424,
-0.43736720085144043,
0.3237510919570923,
0.1471397429704666,
-1.0166032314300537,
-0.5380186438560486,
-0.05945223942399025,
-1.0175364017486572,
0.5075781941413879,
-0.3459928035736084,
-0.5984618663787842,
-0.009582088328897953,
-0.41675281524658203,
0.3626866638660431,
-0.06538347154855728,
-0.03184441104531288,
-1.1097180843353271,
-0.21512266993522644,
-0.05806642398238182,
-0.15834058821201324,
-0.7902137041091919,
-0.24006783962249756,
1.3243924379348755,
-0.014143483713269234,
0.029600191861391068,
0.6611567139625549,
-0.6570203900337219,
-0.0018989159725606441,
0.2825887203216553,
0.3238691985607147,
0.35675179958343506,
-0.15143944323062897,
-0.41760143637657166,
0.2714047431945801,
-0.6761325001716614,
-0.42162394523620605,
0.6108102798461914,
0.1545669287443161,
0.7625071406364441,
-1.0802720785140991,
0.3852348327636719,
0.29859861731529236,
-0.03207084909081459,
-0.45442119240760803,
0.9781379699707031,
-0.6835259199142456,
0.655437171459198,
0.6009226441383362,
0.35914096236228943,
-0.04621884599328041,
0.42419418692588806,
-1.0444104671478271,
-0.22834548354148865,
0.46351560950279236,
0.37366047501564026,
0.03915625065565109,
0.10688978433609009,
-0.3994457721710205,
-0.36971306800842285,
0.8836949467658997,
0.3778805434703827,
-0.7889796495437622,
-0.39253363013267517,
0.2832586169242859,
-0.28084075450897217,
-0.6279309391975403,
-1.2069051265716553,
-0.7731555700302124,
0.7143086791038513,
0.3877510726451874,
-0.6747811436653137,
0.47037386894226074,
0.02796139009296894,
-0.3105819821357727,
-0.36012834310531616,
-0.45097631216049194,
-0.6720247864723206,
0.14552980661392212,
-1.3117564916610718,
1.0238004922866821,
-1.0138452053070068,
-0.4759952127933502,
-0.12172941863536835,
-0.6072382926940918,
-0.30747467279434204,
-0.022246554493904114,
-0.8298322558403015,
-0.02984914369881153,
0.4708769619464874,
-0.9493427276611328,
0.3047736585140228,
0.08542931824922562,
-0.3068069815635681,
1.7551449537277222,
-0.4129492938518524,
-0.18369457125663757,
0.14730580151081085,
0.25311481952667236,
-0.1908397674560547,
1.0439661741256714,
-0.4434581995010376,
-0.781063437461853,
0.3490738272666931,
-0.14560791850090027,
-0.5694506168365479,
-0.7483277320861816,
0.01473381370306015,
-0.4113315939903259,
0.5970091819763184,
-0.18877585232257843,
0.30473390221595764,
-0.3174539804458618,
-1.069400668144226,
-0.5799635052680969,
-0.2844051718711853,
0.2978162169456482,
-0.6249906420707703,
-0.3449576497077942,
0.5652494430541992,
0.8032975196838379,
-0.17637597024440765,
0.0725892037153244,
0.5684176683425903,
-0.4838239252567291,
-0.22608044743537903,
0.6410068869590759,
-0.21795009076595306,
0.7174925804138184,
0.7845009565353394,
0.2517290711402893,
0.323137104511261,
0.43864762783050537,
-0.10013668984174728,
-0.3556383550167084,
0.6144199371337891,
0.016633156687021255,
-0.31665951013565063,
-0.5986005663871765,
-0.20101942121982574,
-0.12355873733758926,
-0.4020148813724518,
-0.5511791706085205,
-0.9166611433029175,
0.15465430915355682,
-1.0523170232772827,
-0.8346013426780701,
-0.48315900564193726,
-1.524821162223816,
-0.4518636167049408,
-0.412474125623703,
-0.07101604342460632,
0.4833811819553375,
-0.09590952843427658,
-0.724714457988739,
0.6802539825439453,
0.17697575688362122,
-0.24493902921676636,
0.1730075627565384,
0.6035361886024475,
0.41576340794563293,
-1.407828688621521,
0.09076528996229172,
-0.35469749569892883,
-0.14634741842746735,
0.1895301192998886,
-0.07238736748695374,
0.04746803641319275,
-0.5623347163200378,
-0.8707764148712158,
0.6294882893562317,
-0.6677141785621643,
0.9215595722198486,
-0.8538994789123535,
-0.5134330987930298,
-0.5684317350387573,
-0.13870103657245636,
-0.25712284445762634,
0.5902869701385498,
0.4678270220756531,
0.32789209485054016,
0.11895724385976791,
0.4711252748966217,
-0.3004414141178131,
-0.026689019054174423,
-1.0790818929672241,
-0.46969351172447205,
-0.25284311175346375,
-1.2842179536819458,
0.6812005043029785,
0.7193167805671692,
-0.317815899848938,
-0.1997603178024292,
-0.9646127820014954,
0.6752974987030029,
-0.335615873336792,
0.34513911604881287,
0.4515749514102936,
-0.06688100844621658,
-0.2915615439414978,
0.08026476204395294,
0.13397572934627533,
-0.25175338983535767,
-0.5608112812042236,
1.058851718902588,
0.026427676901221275,
-0.039556391537189484,
-0.018510445952415466,
-0.5051054954528809,
-0.04812940955162048,
-0.5602504014968872,
0.7755438685417175,
-0.607205331325531
] |
||
jqrmx | Would this concept in today's xkcd actually work? | _URL_0_
Would setting up two cameras in this fashion and viewing them as shown actually have a neat effect?
edit: most karma a post of mine has ever gotten... and it's a self post... *cries* | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"c2ed46p",
"c2ehsvp",
"c2eej0h",
"c2edg1g",
"c2eey62",
"c2egco0",
"c2ef3gf",
"c2ej1g1",
"c2eeavw",
"c2ei1ro",
"c2ejvzg"
],
"text": [
"Yes, I think it would, and I think it's a great idea. \n\nYour room looks 3D to you because the distance between your eyes is comparable to the size of the objects you are looking at. Clouds are much, much bigger than the difference between your eyes, so you don't get a substantial 3D effect. If the distance between your eyes were much greater (like what was set up in this comic), you should be able to see the 3D effect in clouds and other geologic-scale objects. \n\nAs a fun note, this is also how astronomers can observe Space in a 3D manner, except they use two opposite points in the Earth's orbit to provide the two 'eyes'. It's called [parallax](_URL_0_)\n\n\n\nEDIT: Dear all, after speaking with a friend of mine, we have decided to carry out this experiment. Please stay-tuned, we hope to do this in the next week.",
"Yes, it works. I wrote up some Processing code last year and tried it with two webcams. I placed them two eye-distances apart on the top of my laptop (being careful to aim them exactly in the same direction), and merged the images into a red-blue pair for stereoscopic viewing. I walked around with the laptop over my head. The resulting video was jerky, but really made me feel like I was a 7-foot giant. I am sure a wider eye separation and higher viewpoint would exaggerate the effect.",
"If you want to simulate this you could do it with a single camera. Take one picture of something that is not moving. Then move the camera a little to either side and take a shot. Stitch the 2 pictures side by side using your graphics package (you'll need to do it in specific orientation for it to work right). You can then view them as 3D using the [cross-eyed method](_URL_3_). If you move the camera about eye distance between the shots, you'll be simulating something like what you actually see ([Example 1](_URL_3_)). If you move the camera further than that ([Example 2](_URL_3_), where I took a large step to the left) it accentuates the 3D scene, although it hurts my brain a little. Better to do with things that are far away I'd say. \n\nEdit: If you have trouble viewing the pictures, scale them down or lean back from your screen a bit.",
"There are [these](_URL_4_), for a moderate effect of the same idea. Never used them myself, but I've had my eye on them for a while.",
"I study medical imaging and have done this in a really unorthodox situation. It worked amazingly well, but the geometry was not what my brain expected. It gave us all headaches after a few minutes.",
"Next question, how should i go about setting up such a viewing device?",
"Also, why is the image from the right webcam on the left and vice-versa in the comic? Is there a reason for it, or is it a mistake?",
"how about two tiny cameras and set them very close together in a forest so you can see all the little bugs crawling around",
"Is there a reason the left camera gets placed on the right eye and vice versa?",
"It is an interesting question, and my best guess is \"Maybe\" :) Our brain fuses together the images from our two eyes, and uses the differences between the two signals to estimate distance (googlable jargon terms: \"Binocular disparity\" and \"stereopsis.\") The relevant question here is whether the same neural mechanisms that fuse the images from our eyes could be \"tricked\" into fusing images that are from much farther apart than our eyes ever could be. \n\nOur brains are very plastic, there doesn't seem to be much that is hard-wired in our visual system. That is to say, there is nothing in our brain that assumes that our eyes are always the same distance apart, despite the fact that they have been at (more or less) the same distance for our whole lives. \n\nI would bet that you could adapt a person's visual system to process binocular information based on a different interocular (distance between eyes) distance, though I can't cite any research on that topic. The real question is how large of a distance the brain could adapt to. It is possible that you could adapt someone to, say, 1.5-2x their normal interocular distance, but not to anything more than that. I wouldn't be shocked if that were the case. In the end, I have no real answer, you'd just have to do the relevant experiment to know for sure :)\n\n\n*Credentials: PhD student in cognitive science with a focus on vision*",
"How do we convince NASA to do this from Earth with Voyager 2?"
],
"score": [
215,
62,
23,
9,
8,
8,
7,
3,
3,
2,
2
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://xkcd.com/941/"
]
} | {
"url": [
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stellar_parallax",
"http://www.3dphoto.net/forum/index.php?topic=10.0",
"http://i.imgur.com/scsWQ.jpg",
"http://i.imgur.com/irLfe.jpg",
"http://www.grand-illusions.com/acatalog/Hyperscope.html"
]
} | Would this concept in today's xkcd actually work?
_URL_0_ Would setting up two cameras in this fashion and viewing them as shown actually have a neat effect? edit: most karma a post of mine has ever gotten... and it's a self post... *cries* | [
0.277265727519989,
-0.7645018696784973,
0.8627991676330566,
-0.03301483020186424,
-0.750417947769165,
-0.32078468799591064,
-0.4027353823184967,
-0.46450895071029663,
1.1144921779632568,
-0.5239415168762207,
0.4814467430114746,
0.43647709488868713,
0.022895196452736855,
0.48720312118530273,
0.17467845976352692,
-0.761256992816925,
0.5945138335227966,
0.026610616594552994,
-0.5981486439704895,
-0.38111451268196106,
0.34507274627685547,
0.4669780731201172,
-0.04816259443759918,
1.5175155401229858,
-0.9316045641899109,
0.019633876159787178,
0.7217903733253479,
0.04514175280928612,
0.9642961621284485,
0.7372084856033325,
0.4217701554298401,
-0.549368679523468,
-0.6849226355552673,
0.22376137971878052,
0.0892302617430687,
-0.1567094624042511,
0.46239253878593445,
0.22890053689479828,
0.9110413789749146,
-0.9757390022277832,
0.0022890407126396894,
-0.37958088517189026,
0.5484576225280762,
0.7129479646682739,
-0.6911218166351318,
-0.44974008202552795,
0.21447722613811493,
0.09275872260332108,
-0.4727167785167694,
0.3063795864582062,
0.13894188404083252,
-0.08163021504878998,
0.15148775279521942,
-0.15778692066669464,
0.20465229451656342,
-0.5360796451568604,
0.7295767664909363,
-0.08329326659440994,
0.632203996181488,
0.34184229373931885,
0.24338622391223907,
-0.22380973398685455,
0.05906296148896217,
-0.6706055998802185,
-0.04829741641879082,
-0.3937120735645294,
-0.5362823605537415,
0.4825478196144104,
-0.5231379270553589,
-0.47012221813201904,
0.5692353248596191,
-0.22280040383338928,
-0.5505906939506531,
-0.48530977964401245,
-0.14975938200950623,
-0.8490963578224182,
0.24155719578266144,
-0.15676350891590118,
-0.15128955245018005,
-0.7484961748123169,
-0.5049463510513306,
0.3678312301635742,
-0.07693331688642502,
0.165750190615654,
-0.29515135288238525,
0.6463704705238342,
0.3783077001571655,
-0.4510742723941803,
-0.07192451506853104,
1.56977379322052,
-0.2993496358394623,
-0.46439895033836365,
0.3243393003940582,
-0.021809985861182213,
0.2130809724330902,
-0.36210668087005615,
-0.28108951449394226,
-0.6859837174415588,
0.24056275188922882,
-0.2051687240600586,
-0.3849698007106781,
0.27223488688468933,
-0.26995575428009033,
0.9812923669815063,
0.25571179389953613,
-0.746381402015686,
-0.23893903195858002,
-1.097989797592163,
-0.2254064828157425,
0.1451253443956375,
0.19423553347587585,
0.8900615572929382,
0.4095378518104553,
0.2263488918542862,
-0.7750518918037415,
-1.0795834064483643,
-0.05218052491545677,
-0.9195044040679932,
0.342827707529068,
0.08755478262901306,
0.010613822378218174,
0.27396121621131897,
1.0697271823883057,
0.1647183746099472,
0.20149639248847961,
0.17191413044929504,
-0.4200684130191803,
0.6853699088096619,
-0.14029258489608765,
0.14561401307582855,
-0.27686607837677,
0.6547408103942871,
0.5795276761054993,
-0.23548011481761932,
0.9618256688117981,
-0.9274923801422119,
-0.8684673309326172,
-0.32080477476119995,
-1.1007990837097168,
-0.12817491590976715,
-0.29991719126701355,
0.1388239562511444,
0.3433883488178253,
-0.64493727684021,
0.5941824913024902,
-0.23832404613494873,
-1.0598565340042114,
-0.6239623427391052,
-0.045365769416093826,
-0.21072892844676971,
-1.1068511009216309,
-0.180901899933815,
-0.1102558895945549,
-0.7443428635597229,
0.9445767402648926,
-0.09737193584442139,
0.43070343136787415,
-0.6147921681404114,
0.6906369924545288,
-0.2724769115447998,
-0.45279356837272644,
0.0793800950050354,
0.1000734195113182,
-0.10510729253292084,
-0.21035023033618927,
-0.5283800959587097,
-0.19006147980690002,
-0.5099069476127625,
-0.5784965753555298,
-0.12695395946502686,
0.07294312864542007,
-0.09666714817285538,
0.27013933658599854,
0.4254932701587677,
0.6038528680801392,
-0.23767197132110596,
0.9460226893424988,
-0.405720978975296,
0.2406833916902542,
0.6885123252868652,
0.5970626473426819,
-0.507016658782959,
0.14575256407260895,
0.08851411193609238,
-0.36398768424987793,
0.273782342672348,
0.5611130595207214,
0.7627295851707458,
-0.0712222009897232,
0.8177447319030762,
0.3890562057495117,
-0.1348734050989151,
-1.257205605506897,
0.21878695487976074,
0.6890700459480286,
-0.029706936329603195,
0.08085139095783234,
0.48575979471206665,
0.3743593096733093,
-0.2778197228908539,
0.19614331424236298,
-0.7238675951957703,
-0.30221548676490784,
-0.2582967281341553,
-0.3227247893810272,
-0.173858642578125,
0.8333472013473511,
0.49911192059516907,
-0.23155005276203156,
-0.2671512961387634,
0.212797150015831,
0.20694026350975037,
-0.1148977279663086,
-0.5143241286277771,
-0.36619246006011963,
0.6329647302627563,
-0.6835352182388306,
-0.21813705563545227,
-0.03552129492163658,
0.14701420068740845,
0.13583308458328247,
-0.32300111651420593,
1.0676454305648804,
0.4294062852859497,
0.8515015840530396,
-0.1609412282705307,
-0.19579164683818817,
-0.17152483761310577,
0.007148768752813339,
-0.502296507358551,
0.0011743375798687339,
0.386650413274765,
0.29909610748291016,
0.465345174074173,
0.021190376952290535,
0.05760422348976135,
-1.2105339765548706,
-1.0657225847244263,
0.30829110741615295,
-0.5759067535400391,
-0.09004732221364975,
0.3591117858886719,
0.7865973711013794,
0.32725176215171814,
0.5401304960250854,
1.0633776187896729,
-0.226745143532753,
-0.49250349402427673,
0.7393448352813721,
-0.09043999761343002,
0.10478678345680237,
-0.9313863515853882,
-0.5114407539367676,
-0.5036884546279907,
0.2754714787006378,
-1.0547245740890503,
0.3274904489517212,
-0.6922464966773987,
0.11259967088699341,
0.3318406939506531,
0.6707229614257812,
-0.07546722143888474,
1.105652093887329,
-0.46953141689300537,
-1.1015233993530273,
-0.02859230898320675,
-1.2307982444763184,
0.16976815462112427,
0.05811970308423042,
0.4410053491592407,
-0.720734179019928,
-0.7837389707565308,
0.6688060760498047,
-0.100130595266819,
0.030939148738980293,
-0.507365882396698,
-0.2356470376253128,
0.23737941682338715,
0.9412540793418884,
-0.03027242422103882,
0.7279866933822632,
0.24113717675209045,
0.5953999757766724,
-0.8504865169525146,
0.487253338098526,
-0.15117418766021729,
0.28299716114997864,
-0.39717546105384827,
0.2211402803659439,
-1.4873729944229126,
0.24206343293190002,
0.41059795022010803,
0.34499189257621765,
0.9870047569274902,
0.8004856109619141,
-0.7202500104904175,
0.08989037573337555,
0.877694845199585,
-0.9306046366691589,
0.3868193030357361,
-0.06053990125656128,
0.2142004370689392,
0.738206684589386,
0.034907057881355286,
-0.12080816179513931,
-0.24096110463142395,
0.8346426486968994,
-1.1775591373443604,
-0.40644004940986633,
-0.6351719498634338,
0.38498154282569885,
-0.4622068405151367,
0.7040196657180786,
0.6296902894973755,
0.12187273055315018,
0.7535207867622375,
0.08634388446807861,
0.21615058183670044,
-1.1006039381027222,
-0.7474820613861084,
0.10267781466245651,
-0.04155955836176872,
0.6584986448287964,
0.17872126400470734,
-0.4069376587867737,
1.2012906074523926,
-0.1723497211933136,
0.7351199984550476,
-0.3605496287345886,
0.003051551291719079,
0.9033574461936951,
-0.16340342164039612,
0.30066636204719543,
-0.0532107837498188,
-0.20790186524391174,
-0.01666799932718277,
0.794762909412384,
1.0858808755874634,
0.2556847929954529,
0.9084089398384094,
0.6608574986457825,
0.7374705672264099,
-0.23838244378566742,
0.02801673673093319,
-0.3207527995109558,
-0.4523451030254364,
-0.498333603143692,
-0.16179591417312622,
1.046507477760315,
0.26451045274734497,
-0.4328877627849579,
0.7048614621162415,
0.6257166266441345,
-0.8544711470603943,
-0.23030444979667664,
0.010801981203258038,
-0.5873196721076965,
-0.27999624609947205,
0.2861377000808716,
-0.23190151154994965,
-0.2961762547492981,
0.5994167327880859,
0.19097456336021423,
-0.44845908880233765,
-0.4960901141166687,
0.6034782528877258,
-1.121405005455017,
0.2748216986656189,
-0.15149497985839844,
-0.09386114776134491,
0.07964647561311722,
0.41663819551467896,
0.10898531973361969,
0.5553537607192993,
0.2630661427974701,
-0.35533928871154785,
0.5826019048690796,
0.6326459050178528,
-0.6561823487281799,
0.018698278814554214,
-0.29021063446998596,
-0.31878945231437683,
-0.058449625968933105,
0.6021245718002319,
-0.412393182516098,
-0.6544469594955444,
-0.36316046118736267,
-0.3168025612831116,
0.30706432461738586,
0.19665512442588806,
-0.03261305019259453,
0.029589461162686348,
0.22826813161373138,
-0.3633171617984772,
-0.3021621108055115,
0.09337259829044342,
-0.856715202331543,
-0.022231461480259895,
-1.0002158880233765,
-0.6651104092597961,
0.08143483102321625,
0.6996093988418579,
0.13878488540649414,
1.254903793334961,
0.11133430153131485,
-0.3413402736186981,
0.2771672010421753,
-0.19420646131038666,
0.5406635999679565,
-0.3178863525390625,
-0.04234099015593529,
-0.877876877784729,
0.06434212625026703,
0.3327827751636505,
0.2355274111032486,
-0.5924429297447205,
-0.35935017466545105,
-0.48710086941719055,
-1.0071344375610352,
0.4154178500175476,
0.8524386882781982,
-0.3271896243095398,
-0.35021212697029114,
0.1764298677444458,
-0.7534822821617126,
-0.6730069518089294,
0.3902691900730133,
0.0647151842713356,
-0.6498586535453796,
0.4085441827774048,
-0.9041330218315125,
-1.1448204517364502,
0.3415667414665222,
0.4365064799785614,
-0.48247960209846497,
-0.18637797236442566,
0.029555579647421837,
0.43280574679374695,
-0.24814027547836304,
0.0722571313381195,
-0.688768208026886,
0.4910335838794708,
-0.3161374628543854,
0.4117394983768463,
-0.34801316261291504,
0.09417396783828735,
0.3475617468357086,
0.07860914617776871,
-0.5697696805000305,
0.051005903631448746,
0.5910389423370361,
-0.18023681640625,
-0.07167036831378937,
0.8505516648292542,
0.8428815603256226,
-0.24611063301563263,
-1.0097838640213013,
0.03288160264492035,
-0.9986935257911682,
-0.34796151518821716,
-0.8640510439872742,
-0.6335880160331726,
-0.3822687566280365,
0.29262274503707886,
0.10929562896490097,
0.6594775915145874,
0.12045285105705261,
-0.028853416442871094,
0.6845915913581848,
-1.2067795991897583,
-0.4098610281944275,
0.3449685871601105,
0.6602286696434021,
-0.3637778162956238,
-0.4695536494255066,
-0.055973220616579056,
0.32836225628852844,
-0.3979557752609253,
0.12048465013504028,
-1.9294984340667725,
0.46258237957954407,
-0.7308802008628845,
-0.6368507742881775,
0.048630040138959885,
0.6984328031539917,
0.777491569519043,
-0.7494025230407715,
0.04951851814985275,
-0.6216973662376404,
-0.34035617113113403,
-0.2623739242553711,
0.32295551896095276,
-0.0015951045788824558,
0.4831636846065521,
0.2916073203086853,
0.32826751470565796,
-1.0187656879425049,
0.8964682221412659,
0.11283072084188461,
0.26708588004112244,
-0.153372123837471,
-0.447231650352478,
0.12559933960437775,
-0.9146239161491394,
0.46756139397621155,
-1.0044705867767334,
0.24142634868621826,
0.218955859541893,
1.2132734060287476,
0.9173899292945862,
-0.5071268081665039,
0.28196191787719727,
0.8712911605834961,
-0.5631999373435974,
0.0067579904571175575,
-0.04692037031054497,
-0.3538854122161865,
0.21467475593090057,
0.08728983253240585,
0.47696438431739807,
-0.6562933325767517,
-0.4683535099029541,
0.36534813046455383,
-0.16715192794799805,
0.20534120500087738,
0.2687908411026001,
-1.355207920074463,
-1.0701229572296143,
-0.15040813386440277,
0.5682612657546997,
-0.2311018705368042,
-0.5629211068153381,
0.05415257811546326,
0.6429654955863953,
-0.414234459400177,
1.2884081602096558,
-0.2516986131668091,
-0.9702004790306091,
0.9928708672523499,
0.2622092664241791,
0.2218669205904007,
-0.407318651676178,
0.33641138672828674,
-0.09025358408689499,
-0.006554724648594856,
-0.4548143446445465,
-0.7584073543548584,
-0.3952270746231079,
-1.1518374681472778,
0.6355851292610168,
0.5466453433036804,
0.8804475665092468,
-0.7412590980529785,
0.29444512724876404,
0.0921158418059349,
0.047026216983795166,
0.19342662394046783,
-0.32794827222824097,
-0.17064549028873444,
0.2334456741809845,
-0.8990595936775208,
0.30378222465515137,
0.3803926408290863,
-0.5558833479881287,
0.10150163620710373,
-0.41387900710105896,
-0.6895652413368225,
0.3364567458629608,
-0.3797932267189026,
0.4944538176059723,
-0.563836395740509,
-0.08380495756864548,
-0.22365625202655792,
-0.4602357745170593,
-0.18264839053153992,
0.03223324567079544,
-0.27066245675086975,
-0.28512895107269287,
0.07698847353458405,
0.5709000825881958,
-0.1919124722480774,
0.1264301836490631,
0.8826372027397156,
0.10792131721973419,
-1.412975788116455,
0.5333486795425415,
-0.409378319978714,
0.2656174898147583,
0.08253947645425797,
0.10135277360677719,
-0.6975595355033875,
-0.5193495154380798,
0.28863734006881714,
-0.5555307865142822,
0.6464810371398926,
-0.605985164642334,
0.3542191982269287,
1.1238642930984497,
-0.4029395580291748,
-0.20119929313659668,
0.7411538362503052,
-0.6840100884437561,
0.2514938414096832,
0.07592254877090454,
0.9292817711830139,
-0.4737566113471985,
0.6043434739112854,
-0.12443245202302933,
0.08724994957447052,
0.9671128392219543,
1.207458257675171,
0.2333432137966156,
-0.3301681876182556,
0.15481875836849213,
-0.2792399227619171,
-0.6156838536262512,
-0.8278102874755859,
-0.500807523727417,
-0.12076342105865479,
0.20669053494930267,
-0.1963113248348236,
-0.1542789787054062,
-0.9992967247962952,
-0.2583315074443817,
0.8950351476669312,
0.08809388428926468,
-0.45885375142097473,
0.7414592504501343,
0.5065235495567322,
-0.2157992273569107,
-0.5290635228157043,
-0.42667874693870544,
0.7249658107757568,
-0.8904500007629395,
-0.9719666242599487,
0.30751076340675354,
-0.50344318151474,
0.2439092993736267,
0.23288866877555847,
-0.33634305000305176,
-0.49863728880882263,
-0.30187276005744934,
0.4847773015499115,
0.36417046189308167,
0.6618815660476685,
-0.006648097652941942,
-1.2860187292099,
0.6103935241699219,
-0.4455364942550659,
1.0019429922103882,
-0.41090065240859985,
0.6494837403297424,
-0.44788259267807007,
0.35878488421440125,
0.33422839641571045,
0.45012301206588745,
0.8479025363922119,
0.1932096928358078,
-0.403346985578537,
-0.6016114354133606,
-0.5419336557388306,
0.581874430179596,
-0.23395420610904694,
-0.36098456382751465,
0.6855940222740173,
0.2090485841035843,
-0.3123413622379303,
-0.48219776153564453,
-0.12758861482143402,
-0.16684088110923767,
-0.23182706534862518,
0.5351675748825073,
-1.0948530435562134,
-0.22561194002628326,
0.9506959319114685,
0.685228168964386,
-0.1949964463710785,
-0.12652409076690674,
-0.5021520256996155,
0.5757417678833008,
-0.011805377900600433,
0.7644678950309753,
-0.9540902972221375,
-0.00082652602577582,
-0.15384098887443542,
-0.20450131595134735,
-0.3983666002750397,
0.9179284572601318,
1.167229175567627,
-0.557404637336731,
0.4586859941482544,
-0.5833585858345032,
0.36782264709472656,
0.06307432055473328,
-0.15398681163787842,
-0.032154399901628494,
0.6604042053222656,
-0.5675632953643799,
-0.749793529510498,
0.14626531302928925,
-0.8935667276382446,
-0.5664275884628296,
-0.0642206072807312,
-0.7960695028305054,
-0.4266496002674103,
0.4091241657733917,
-0.006829383317381144,
1.234743356704712,
0.22588804364204407,
-1.4436438083648682,
0.48067012429237366,
-0.3728591203689575,
-0.4762856960296631,
-0.5719950795173645,
0.13047850131988525,
-0.10833834856748581,
0.3029158115386963,
-0.22825318574905396,
0.835683286190033,
0.4547349214553833,
-0.3686267137527466,
-0.3032666742801666,
-0.13622041046619415,
0.4161926805973053,
-0.5094143152236938,
0.44030487537384033,
-0.5758883953094482,
0.3130991458892822,
-0.033864643424749374,
-0.3448616862297058,
-0.8431735038757324,
0.007658321410417557,
0.5027350187301636,
1.301224708557129,
0.09220834076404572,
-0.13295800983905792,
-0.07113680988550186,
0.7481442093849182,
0.4580599069595337,
0.4677601754665375,
-0.35962140560150146,
-0.19586756825447083,
-0.6343478560447693,
-1.3594911098480225,
-0.3417602777481079,
0.25802507996559143,
-1.1506409645080566,
0.17034341394901276,
-0.37148022651672363,
0.6556108593940735,
0.04398885741829872,
0.5891308188438416,
0.3776765763759613,
-0.3438117802143097,
-0.425772488117218,
-0.7720189690589905,
-0.2651306986808777,
-1.1148114204406738,
-0.4992083013057709,
-0.10513664036989212,
0.014390025287866592,
0.4938685894012451,
-0.015206504613161087,
0.3089165985584259,
0.32848045229911804,
0.25218847393989563,
0.2447902411222458,
-0.5259642601013184
] |
|
8qs69q | What is the meaning of "dx" in integration? Why do we need to write it every time you want to integrate a function? | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"e0lmtg8",
"e0ln2yw",
"e0lrljp",
"e0lqxat",
"e0nss92"
],
"text": [
"You can interpret an integral as an area that is calculated by summing up slices bounded by the curve. The curve has a height at any given x value, but if you add together heights you just get a bigger height, not an area. You have to multiply the height by the width of the slice you're summing, between one x-value and the next, to get an area. That width, delta-x, effectively breaks the curves into different segments, and as delta-x gets smaller and smaller the area-summation gets more accurate, until it becomes infinitessimal, and then it's called dx. So basically dx is a tiny little width that you multiply by the height of the curve to calculate an area.\n\n[Here's an example of calculating the area under a curve by summing thinner and thinner slices](_URL_0_)",
"Functions can involve more than one variable. The dx tells you which variable you are integrating with respect to.\n\nIn simple functions the integration with respect to x may seem obvious, and in some cases it is omitted. But in [multivariable functions](_URL_4_) it is very important to keep careful track of which variable the function is being integrated with respect to. Keeping track of the [differential](_URL_4_) is also important for some of the fancier calculus tricks like [trig substitution](_URL_4_) and other crazy [change of coordinates](_URL_4_) proofs.",
"You can write it without dx and it's regularly done in mathematics.\n\n∫ f ... or ∫ f dμ where μ is a measure (not the variable f depends on).\n\n\n(some examples on here _URL_7_ )\n\nIf it isn't clear what you mean you indicate with respect to what variable you are integrating.\n\nThat said you can integrate so called n-forms and there's a way to calculate the derivative \"d\" of an n-form \"f\": df. For a 0-form (function) F of one variable, dF = f(x) dx where f(x) = F'(x) and you have given some meaning to the dx (it's a linear form or 1-form _URL_6_ , ie a map that maps a vector into the real numbers _URL_5_ , in multiple dimensions dx is the map that maps the basis vector in x direction to 1 and the others to zero.). You can then interpret ∫ g dx as integrating the one form g dx",
"To simplify more: delta-x means \"change in x\". Dx stands for an extremely small change in the x axis. If you have a function that looks like this: z=12x+2y you can only integrate with respect to one of the three variables. Z, x, or y. So you have dx, dy, or dz. \n\nThe non-integrated variable should be treated like a regular constant.",
"meaning: dx is a very small (infinitesimal) change in x. One defenition of an integral is you calculate the surface under the function f(x) by dividing the domain into small intervals with length delta x = x_i-x_(i-1) an summing over f(x)* delta x. When you make the intervals realy, really, really,.... small delta x - > dx and the sum becomes an integral.\n\na couple of reasons why you should write it every time:\n\n1. a function could depend on more then one variable - > make it clear over which variable you should integrate \nexample. f(x,y) = 2x+6y, ∫f dx = x^2 + 6yx while ∫fdy = 2xy + 3y^2\nalso a function can have parameters which are represented by a letter and could be confused with a variable\n\n2. change in variable: when you want to change your variable (for exemple from x to u=x^2) in your integration (is sometimes easier to calculate) you should rememter to change dx acording to du = d(u)/dx dx (in example du = 2 x dx so ∫2x^3 dx = ∫2x^3/2x du =∫u du)\n\n3. you can have multiple integrations over the same function with every integration different start and end. Placing the dx,dy,... after the wright integral, or in a particular order makes sure you use the wright limits for every integration.\nexample integration over a sphere ∫^R _0 dr ∫^pi _0 dphi ∫^2pi _0 dtheta f r^2 sin(phi)"
],
"score": [
47,
29,
7,
5,
2
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riemann_sum#/media/File:Riemann_sum_convergence.png",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multivariable_calculus",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaussian_integral#By_polar_coordinates",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential_(infinitesimal)",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trigonometric_substitution",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_form",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One-form",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebesgue_integration"
]
} | What is the meaning of "dx" in integration? Why do we need to write it every time you want to integrate a function?
| [
-0.49641644954681396,
0.25951477885246277,
0.10666903108358383,
-0.3469376266002655,
-0.25059962272644043,
-0.3533051908016205,
0.41007280349731445,
-0.19030430912971497,
1.9128423929214478,
-0.4319768249988556,
0.09638653695583344,
0.9539838433265686,
-1.0580062866210938,
-0.5688799619674683,
0.21415694057941437,
-0.21565453708171844,
0.07920126616954803,
0.1899690330028534,
-0.40455445647239685,
-0.694407045841217,
0.4891526401042938,
0.5881478190422058,
-0.08356472849845886,
1.4358479976654053,
0.18893693387508392,
0.15660110116004944,
0.4576169550418854,
-0.0474984273314476,
-0.18524786829948425,
0.08124852925539017,
-0.028582751750946045,
-0.05548340082168579,
-0.7378528714179993,
-0.083790622651577,
0.5771176815032959,
-0.8664937615394592,
1.2690503597259521,
-0.1531456559896469,
0.3577953577041626,
-0.7301477789878845,
-0.41789060831069946,
-0.6183132529258728,
0.13686223328113556,
-0.6042778491973877,
-0.18840722739696503,
-0.053987134248018265,
-0.18146303296089172,
0.025884201750159264,
-1.266467571258545,
-0.2351015955209732,
-0.0868062898516655,
0.1710275113582611,
0.5023596882820129,
0.1618444174528122,
-0.11396928131580353,
-0.3824215531349182,
0.7932609915733337,
-0.66630619764328,
0.7030953764915466,
0.31817418336868286,
1.1181910037994385,
0.48547324538230896,
-0.8184188604354858,
-0.46396809816360474,
0.3423312306404114,
0.05324571952223778,
0.22795574367046356,
0.03472386673092842,
0.2623288929462433,
-1.235522747039795,
-0.5888643860816956,
-0.3719016909599304,
-1.062714695930481,
-0.572758674621582,
-0.7217003107070923,
0.1569139063358307,
-0.43258246779441833,
0.382529079914093,
0.13717636466026306,
-0.45421305298805237,
-0.3875176012516022,
0.7105255126953125,
-0.014036853797733784,
0.03858272358775139,
0.1100291758775711,
-0.42219898104667664,
0.16809771955013275,
0.023950835689902306,
0.2278076559305191,
0.9711635112762451,
-0.29904893040657043,
-0.9812628626823425,
-0.13714191317558289,
-0.18038895726203918,
-0.07517970353364944,
-0.8018596768379211,
-0.6550712585449219,
0.1799108386039734,
-0.09619688987731934,
0.9521379470825195,
-0.23758119344711304,
-0.4625091850757599,
0.29653236269950867,
0.2769688367843628,
0.29838719964027405,
0.2150958925485611,
0.40432778000831604,
0.5619943141937256,
0.20856410264968872,
0.41703638434410095,
-0.34021326899528503,
-0.30511346459388733,
0.15609267354011536,
0.003411141922697425,
-0.04048098623752594,
-0.6021445989608765,
-0.5431746244430542,
-0.2551182806491852,
0.4855906069278717,
-0.04413153976202011,
-0.7382162809371948,
0.5828326940536499,
0.6659230589866638,
0.7220540642738342,
0.5950272679328918,
0.30955997109413147,
0.05649655684828758,
0.8117479085922241,
-0.6015538573265076,
-2.207589864730835,
0.18093687295913696,
0.46670082211494446,
0.44403916597366333,
-0.8782193660736084,
-0.02759108506143093,
0.2060050517320633,
0.031057579442858696,
-0.1604350358247757,
-0.030154358595609665,
-0.30200842022895813,
0.9155145287513733,
0.286568820476532,
0.8481815457344055,
-0.279408723115921,
0.07203488051891327,
-0.020095642656087875,
-1.0726380348205566,
-1.1651160717010498,
0.12056607753038406,
-0.6566485166549683,
-0.46814945340156555,
-0.6862714290618896,
-0.36385777592658997,
-0.5951665639877319,
0.8146199584007263,
-0.2066003829240799,
-0.3856891095638275,
-1.0294209718704224,
-0.08136586844921112,
0.3183337450027466,
-0.5459817051887512,
0.15412507951259613,
0.24389155209064484,
1.1426316499710083,
-0.05893708020448685,
0.29947227239608765,
0.06562649458646774,
-0.4055250585079193,
-0.28899797797203064,
0.04592825472354889,
-0.17609214782714844,
0.3592425286769867,
0.7649589776992798,
1.1127357482910156,
0.426923930644989,
0.012569095939397812,
0.05897938460111618,
0.18150848150253296,
-0.8074074387550354,
0.14769373834133148,
0.2462189942598343,
0.1347932517528534,
-0.16090291738510132,
0.49161624908447266,
0.08129486441612244,
-0.1138700321316719,
-0.018002284690737724,
-0.193338543176651,
0.5458576083183289,
0.4037016034126282,
-0.10697004944086075,
-0.38691583275794983,
-1.0802359580993652,
-0.0012086669448763132,
0.15299147367477417,
-0.2661467492580414,
-0.1562442183494568,
-0.06971843540668488,
-0.22681570053100586,
-0.37126585841178894,
0.35276755690574646,
-0.20269721746444702,
0.5586764216423035,
-0.6140872240066528,
-0.007828808389604092,
-0.44801241159439087,
0.008059287443757057,
-0.4279792010784149,
0.15763302147388458,
-0.43912273645401,
-0.2597028613090515,
0.49147355556488037,
-0.14266204833984375,
-0.35877853631973267,
0.13651043176651,
0.4290454089641571,
0.20379282534122467,
0.4715003967285156,
1.070941686630249,
-0.14487743377685547,
1.2643412351608276,
-0.08257411420345306,
0.515921413898468,
0.14287962019443512,
0.8810163736343384,
-0.002766851568594575,
0.5281403660774231,
0.08279196918010712,
0.6187413334846497,
-0.3744651973247528,
-0.07181690633296967,
0.3987511396408081,
-0.3463239073753357,
0.602886974811554,
0.4635785222053528,
0.027361340820789337,
-1.556471347808838,
-0.23630765080451965,
-0.8751887679100037,
-1.7061406373977661,
-0.031880393624305725,
0.06572122126817703,
0.2206634134054184,
-0.05332917347550392,
0.7249694466590881,
0.6606222987174988,
-0.9416590929031372,
-0.6715911626815796,
0.20148862898349762,
0.09098523110151291,
0.3115397095680237,
-1.0167783498764038,
-0.9052730798721313,
-1.1839637756347656,
-0.10047105699777603,
-0.19210052490234375,
-0.6338860392570496,
0.2568115293979645,
0.3787723481655121,
-0.0860774964094162,
-0.17024043202400208,
-0.13479487597942352,
1.430121898651123,
-0.1657896190881729,
-0.7050960063934326,
-0.7836716175079346,
-0.7795668244361877,
0.8951109647750854,
0.14106875658035278,
0.04549753665924072,
-0.5630368590354919,
-0.06677159667015076,
0.2373848259449005,
0.3087727725505829,
-0.18248552083969116,
-0.32898810505867004,
-0.46913376450538635,
-0.7251490354537964,
-0.1057877317070961,
0.9579096436500549,
-0.837075412273407,
-0.27911731600761414,
0.15844258666038513,
0.02589026279747486,
1.0531353950500488,
0.6216236352920532,
0.5093078017234802,
-0.3235481381416321,
-0.3373870253562927,
-0.7814139127731323,
0.46009930968284607,
0.5446470975875854,
-1.5987802743911743,
1.097043514251709,
1.0468162298202515,
-0.6903636455535889,
0.2712212800979614,
0.14264503121376038,
-0.7450355291366577,
-0.2743547856807709,
0.30340078473091125,
-0.11313995718955994,
0.053465764969587326,
1.0943965911865234,
-0.2417690008878708,
0.4150089919567108,
0.1699458807706833,
-0.189346045255661,
0.6306102871894836,
-1.1126843690872192,
0.41765689849853516,
0.18878790736198425,
-0.24856121838092804,
0.8523232340812683,
0.025800151750445366,
-0.03467615321278572,
0.2431296408176422,
-0.7160010933876038,
-1.3747632503509521,
-0.5680361390113831,
-0.09746146202087402,
0.5294411778450012,
0.10268636047840118,
-0.1055852547287941,
-0.1228180080652237,
1.4695873260498047,
-0.1246647834777832,
0.2239379584789276,
-1.272579312324524,
-0.08667486160993576,
0.9248842597007751,
-0.06866145133972168,
-0.3706108331680298,
-1.037488579750061,
-0.36141470074653625,
-0.07064257562160492,
-0.34509512782096863,
0.7206990718841553,
-0.11465361714363098,
0.3519124686717987,
1.496460199356079,
0.3967753052711487,
-0.35466378927230835,
0.9545139074325562,
-0.16275405883789062,
0.04297772794961929,
0.06416939198970795,
0.27717500925064087,
0.4787585437297821,
0.37930914759635925,
-0.14612609148025513,
-0.2500191330909729,
-0.053116802126169205,
-0.5003820657730103,
0.5891690850257874,
-0.7034234404563904,
-0.59604811668396,
0.42320308089256287,
0.5808793306350708,
0.5982984304428101,
-0.24840493500232697,
0.18924124538898468,
0.44924384355545044,
-0.08878941088914871,
0.1004757210612297,
0.09303662925958633,
-0.4559608995914459,
-0.17605488002300262,
0.5400893092155457,
-0.5660985708236694,
-0.33410772681236267,
0.05641824007034302,
-0.17362838983535767,
-0.7325456142425537,
0.24629472196102142,
-0.1689816117286682,
-0.11930465698242188,
0.7382362484931946,
-0.38729965686798096,
0.12065298110246658,
-0.17207075655460358,
-0.3505275845527649,
-0.0701233372092247,
-0.21351946890354156,
-0.21610504388809204,
-0.3566569685935974,
0.799336850643158,
0.06482492387294769,
0.14479027688503265,
0.2989937961101532,
-0.4480401873588562,
-0.19013188779354095,
0.421242356300354,
-1.2303054332733154,
0.04978902265429497,
-0.26726189255714417,
-1.2887779474258423,
1.009628176689148,
-0.8181988000869751,
0.2947576344013214,
0.35363927483558655,
-0.5736684799194336,
-0.07327684760093689,
0.3581937253475189,
0.8100098967552185,
-0.6575734615325928,
-0.017043812200427055,
0.09877918660640717,
0.4546172022819519,
-0.4466560482978821,
0.16943104565143585,
-0.861847460269928,
-0.3116067945957184,
0.008580859750509262,
-0.7763450145721436,
-0.07978906482458115,
-0.4890976846218109,
-0.4128970503807068,
-1.638958215713501,
0.8012002110481262,
0.06789224594831467,
-0.11086339503526688,
-1.1104868650436401,
0.26500362157821655,
-0.4001687467098236,
0.14482949674129486,
0.5942553877830505,
0.07729175686836243,
-0.6003473997116089,
0.46224167943000793,
-1.2651238441467285,
-1.8787132501602173,
-0.030327916145324707,
0.1924469769001007,
0.1222507506608963,
-0.006742024328559637,
0.03108382225036621,
0.17918497323989868,
-0.17571666836738586,
-0.7041934728622437,
-0.9406582117080688,
0.6643722653388977,
-1.02005136013031,
-0.15556438267230988,
0.3963102698326111,
0.40040022134780884,
-0.13283243775367737,
0.19328254461288452,
-0.5890806317329407,
0.2214781492948532,
-0.3389807641506195,
-0.2397162914276123,
-0.07167056947946548,
0.8806011080741882,
-0.2084086686372757,
0.18240217864513397,
-1.141476035118103,
1.1343417167663574,
0.009550436399877071,
0.042627736926078796,
-0.16564588248729706,
-0.2427009791135788,
-1.5525068044662476,
0.9664729237556458,
0.5060375928878784,
-0.3093052804470062,
0.6451648473739624,
-0.42257174849510193,
-0.05648817867040634,
-0.3411160111427307,
0.1156182736158371,
-0.030325349420309067,
0.46480756998062134,
0.5905762314796448,
-0.8914517164230347,
-1.0299078226089478,
0.5032654404640198,
-0.6278578639030457,
-0.48612746596336365,
-0.2626960873603821,
-0.17752934992313385,
-0.44715937972068787,
-1.0200462341308594,
0.25349316000938416,
1.0269616842269897,
-0.7082959413528442,
-0.11436393857002258,
0.11948507279157639,
0.47193118929862976,
0.15775172412395477,
-0.4883754849433899,
1.0474762916564941,
-0.3339511454105377,
0.33742645382881165,
0.7204622626304626,
0.8316613435745239,
-0.5243169069290161,
0.3559347987174988,
0.23996004462242126,
0.7558590173721313,
0.4563470184803009,
-1.0768483877182007,
-0.4164075255393982,
0.42097207903862,
0.651967465877533,
0.40014883875846863,
0.36206141114234924,
0.5692415833473206,
0.7677126526832581,
0.6762037873268127,
-0.4598422944545746,
0.015232626348733902,
0.16166506707668304,
0.27304962277412415,
0.14394830167293549,
-0.15404251217842102,
0.3004322350025177,
-0.7834793329238892,
0.16537608206272125,
0.21928714215755463,
-0.717767059803009,
-0.08531204611063004,
0.4027504026889801,
0.585745096206665,
0.48279234766960144,
-0.3256591260433197,
-0.07678664475679398,
-0.7836942672729492,
0.23274818062782288,
0.7875295281410217,
0.3517538607120514,
-0.24852785468101501,
-0.8776131868362427,
-0.31394055485725403,
-0.2828389108181,
0.23351027071475983,
0.5694409608840942,
0.0015371181070804596,
1.2310470342636108,
0.3844599425792694,
-0.26984265446662903,
-0.6566618084907532,
-0.4775175154209137,
-0.0380401574075222,
0.06484008580446243,
-1.3655169010162354,
-0.3789370357990265,
-0.6631576418876648,
-0.9418238401412964,
0.6522299647331238,
-0.014711487106978893,
0.298639178276062,
0.051796022802591324,
0.31737077236175537,
-0.25926896929740906,
-0.1995750069618225,
-0.10433973371982574,
-0.5880324840545654,
-0.22933079302310944,
0.27677708864212036,
-0.33758190274238586,
0.1984841376543045,
-0.6268376708030701,
-0.02369239367544651,
-0.10547541081905365,
-1.2419984340667725,
-0.47543904185295105,
-0.022271566092967987,
-0.48105236887931824,
0.45480111241340637,
-0.41879016160964966,
-0.5983204245567322,
0.4152544140815735,
0.49801528453826904,
0.6316096782684326,
-0.28786781430244446,
-0.8404605984687805,
-0.2916514277458191,
-0.2744567096233368,
0.18185068666934967,
-0.5185583233833313,
0.1614759862422943,
0.7165664434432983,
-0.14680923521518707,
0.9680765271186829,
-0.6833598017692566,
0.8572922945022583,
-0.299290269613266,
0.10498091578483582,
0.11506090313196182,
-0.5084644556045532,
-0.4356561005115509,
-0.19914554059505463,
-0.37745434045791626,
-0.18582096695899963,
-0.23631542921066284,
0.5686314105987549,
0.6605961322784424,
-0.6728134751319885,
0.05089651793241501,
0.5561443567276001,
-0.07735219597816467,
0.42809364199638367,
1.6065423488616943,
0.7035357356071472,
-0.3897099196910858,
0.5071787238121033,
-0.5003006458282471,
-0.36777400970458984,
1.17716383934021,
0.36411967873573303,
0.6033021211624146,
-0.13627977669239044,
0.5183812379837036,
0.2680477797985077,
0.04139676317572594,
-0.6719329953193665,
0.15615326166152954,
0.8994253873825073,
0.5462414026260376,
0.8397597074508667,
-0.1695006787776947,
-0.337520569562912,
-0.5372820496559143,
1.2210228443145752,
0.4420461058616638,
-0.5687893033027649,
0.43171584606170654,
-0.2715012729167938,
-0.5343157649040222,
-0.2906762659549713,
-0.6137580871582031,
-0.147923082113266,
0.29440194368362427,
-0.41647833585739136,
-0.0059422096237540245,
-0.1867379993200302,
0.1916729062795639,
0.7452757954597473,
-0.23755928874015808,
-0.26955559849739075,
0.24406187236309052,
-0.3654576539993286,
0.09021115303039551,
-0.061538033187389374,
-0.3858373761177063,
-0.7729707956314087,
0.04249918833374977,
0.7122620344161987,
1.8798482418060303,
0.04013197496533394,
0.6172962188720703,
0.43907198309898376,
0.00862292479723692,
-0.7097570896148682,
-0.013929303735494614,
-0.0671815350651741,
1.109838843345642,
0.6222774386405945,
1.0051453113555908,
-1.476685881614685,
0.7723645567893982,
1.0890982151031494,
-0.2650579810142517,
0.4492473602294922,
0.14117035269737244,
0.46276843547821045,
0.009142943657934666,
-1.0744671821594238,
-0.6260139346122742,
0.8945634365081787,
0.06772099435329437,
-0.49303755164146423,
0.4509180188179016,
0.25466620922088623,
-0.10615597665309906,
0.5143846273422241,
-0.19317051768302917,
0.09938637167215347,
0.8545039892196655,
-0.27808624505996704,
1.0733717679977417,
-0.4417715072631836,
-0.868351936340332,
-0.34705525636672974,
-0.31214722990989685,
0.13053014874458313,
0.10469493269920349,
0.4057680666446686,
-0.24876768887043,
-0.09747575223445892,
-0.9990978837013245,
-0.13310830295085907,
0.10205408930778503,
-0.35916659235954285,
-0.7339507937431335,
-0.5602516531944275,
0.3158681094646454,
-0.6979119181632996,
1.4185982942581177,
-0.7284744381904602,
-0.6438531875610352,
-0.40433844923973083,
-0.9355054497718811,
-0.6342306733131409,
0.618855357170105,
0.07292628288269043,
1.3015416860580444,
0.4739316403865814,
-1.7258442640304565,
0.5674199461936951,
-1.1594594717025757,
0.2668251395225525,
0.10830163955688477,
-0.48041999340057373,
0.3507896363735199,
-0.3062451183795929,
-0.6354513764381409,
0.025856971740722656,
-0.0985095426440239,
-0.5542647242546082,
-0.4520241320133209,
-0.3712489902973175,
-0.7073003649711609,
-0.10121598839759827,
0.6775543093681335,
-0.08292123675346375,
-0.09696744382381439,
-0.4885772466659546,
0.251518189907074,
-0.41107991337776184,
-0.020026642829179764,
-0.1393800526857376,
0.6314827799797058,
0.49354827404022217,
0.3496994972229004,
0.17027832567691803,
0.13338693976402283,
0.3298335671424866,
0.1067570149898529,
0.23803773522377014,
-0.03927655890583992,
-0.47989729046821594,
-0.14106924831867218,
0.719953179359436,
-0.04023824632167816,
-0.43530216813087463,
-0.04512659087777138,
-0.42453548312187195,
1.3340123891830444,
0.1791013777256012,
0.23687848448753357,
-0.07243993878364563,
-0.13701194524765015,
0.14610251784324646,
-0.3432144522666931,
-0.4337307810783386,
-0.3154611587524414,
-0.37143710255622864,
-0.905656099319458,
0.7770319581031799,
-0.6451990604400635,
-0.03834642469882965,
0.3798326849937439,
0.1703043282032013,
-0.1892618089914322,
-0.5840362906455994,
-0.45461615920066833
] |
||
1ln2ln | AskScience Theme Day: Portrayals of Science in Popular Media | For this week's [Theme Day](_URL_0_), we're opening the floor to a more casual topic - how science is portrayed in popular media (tv shows, movies, video games, etc). Perception of science often drives policy, so it would be both fun and useful to know just how accurately science and scientists are portrayed. In this thread, we invite you to ask whatever questions you may have, or just talk about an example of either good or bad science that you have seen.
Some sample questions to get things started:
- What was accurate and/or inaccurate about the portrayal of schizophrenia in A Beautiful Mind?
- What are the actual steps scientists would take to create a vaccine for a new virus as in Contagion?
- How would the makeshift oxygen recycling apparatus in Apollo 13 work?
- What does the process of synthesizing a new element really entail (and why can't Tony Stark actually do it all in one day)?
- Would cloning extinct animals really require addition of modern DNA (as seen in Jurassic Park), and if so how would that affect the cloned animals? | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"cc0uu5w",
"cc0vngw",
"cc13ijc",
"cc0y4fr",
"cc0vnv4",
"cc0y3vw",
"cc0wvrg",
"cc0zqdr",
"cc0vwwp",
"cc131s3",
"cc0vics",
"cc0u6yc",
"cc1bhqj",
"cc1fa0g"
],
"text": [
"##On bone replacement with metal (a la Wolverine):\n\nYour bones are important for many things besides just support. They help regulate calcium balance in the body, and provide a storage site for much of your calcium. They are also important for their marrow - bone marrow is where blood components are made (white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets). If your bones didn't have room for bone marrow and room for blood vessels to transport nutrients in and bring new cells out, you wouldn't last very long. So no, it's not very reasonable to imagine someone with their skeleton replaced by metal.\n\nWith that said, we do use metals (often titanium for its weight, strength, corrosion resistance, and ability of native bone to bond well with it) to augment/replace skeletal components - eg hip replacements. This also brings up another functional barrier to an entirely metal endoskeleton - the articulating joints. The cartilage at the ends of our bones help to provide a smooth articulating surface to make joints work. However, if you were to replace everything with metal, you'd have to think of some ways to work around the lack of cartilage. With hip replacements, we often use some combination of metal, ceramic, and polymer, but each one presents unique problems with wear, debris, granulation, or fracturing.\n\nTL;DR: no, your bones are important for many reasons, and current technology doesn't really allow us to perfectly replace the most basic of those functions.\n\n##On CPR in medical dramas etc:\nThis one actually bothers me a bit because many patients have only seen/heard of CPR in the context of television, and have drastically inaccurate thoughts on what it entails and what outcomes are afterwards. Most of the time, the physical act is completely wrong, in no small part because doing it properly on an actor would result in assault charges from the broken ribs they'd suffer. CPR is a violent process and it is not trivial to do this to someone, particularly if they are chronically ill and already frail. The other main issue is that success rates are vastly overestimated. This is actually something that [has been studied](_URL_2_) and [published](_URL_1_) in major journals (incidentally, probably my favorite methods section: \"We viewed all the episodes of the television programs ER and Chicago Hope during the 1994–1995 viewing season and 50 consecutive episodes of Rescue 911 broadcast over a three-month period in 1995\"). They found a ~75% immediate success rate and 67% long-term survival post-CPR. Realistic estimates for long-term survival range from 2-30%, depending on setting/patient demographics etc. Nor are adverse long-term effects of CPR shown - it appears that patients go into cardiac arrest, get resuscitated, and are out playing rugby in no time at all, which is patently untrue as [most patients do not do well enough to ever leave the hospital](_URL_0_). These portrayals of CPR lead to patients and families making bad medical decisions based on poor understandings of what the likely result will be if a patient arrests.",
"I think these [Drawings of Scientists](_URL_3_) sums it up quite nicely.",
"My favorite, and somewhat sobering, portrayal of science comes from the Simpsons in Bart's Comet episode. Basically Bart finds a comet coming to destroy them and they are all scared to death. Then the comet shows up it burns down to a little rock and bounces up to Bart's feet. \n\nThen the quintessential moment happens, Moe says \"Let's go burn down the observatory so this will never happen again.\"\n\nI feel that this is how the media looks at science. An earthquake happens so we should destroy all the seismographs.\n\nThat is basically how I think science is portrayed by the media.",
"The Day After Tomorrow depicts catastrophic climate change due to a disruption in the North Atlantic Current, only on a ridiculously short timescale.\n\nIs it conceivable that a scenario, like five consecutive years of extreme calving events in Greenland, could throw enough fresh water into the ocean do disrupt the current and cause noticable changes in climate within a single lifetime?\n\nOr, what is the shortest timeframe that unchecked climate change may produce a climate significantly different than today?",
"Are there any films more inaccurate than Armageddon? NASA shows the film [during manager training](_URL_4_), and has counted at least 168 impossibilities in it.",
"I've been dying to ask about the realistic scenarios of comets as extinction level events. If the film [Deep Impact](_URL_5_) were to contain the most concrete, hard science - what would the reality be? More specific questions regarding this broad one are:\n\n- What type of comet would most likely catch us by surprise? Short period, long period, lost comets?\n- How would our global communications, such as satellites and radio waves, be affected by a comet approaching?\n- What exactly would it look like to the observer? What about an observer away from the planet?",
"Is there a better way to express pH in the \"media\"? I'm thinking of pH of the oceans\n > WP: Between 1751 and 1994 surface ocean pH is estimated to have decreased from approximately 8.25 to 8.14,[4] representing an increase of almost 30% in H+ ion concentration in the world's oceans.\n\nMost people would think that a change of 0.11 is not that great.",
"In the video game \"Remember Me\" the protagonist has the ability to \"hack\" people's memories and dramatically change the way a person remembers events. In the case of the video game it is because memories are stored on digital media, but it got me wondering... can we now, or will we soon be able to change someone's memory on demand?",
"How likely are some of the faster than light technologies in media (like Star Trek's Warp drive or Halo's Slipspace drive, etc.) to become a reality in the future?",
"Can we have a discussion on Animorphs? Since the actual morphing aspect of the books is incredibly unlikely (it definitely isn't feasible to turn one animal into another at all, right?), I'd like someone more knowledgeable on math/physics to comment on Z-Space. \n\nFor those who never read the series: As I remember it, Z-space is a part of the universe's space-time where there is effectively no dimensions, and thus in that zone, everything within the universe exists on a single point. This allowed them to travel to distant parts of the universe by going into Z-space, and thus not having to travel any distance to get elsewhere. \n\nMy question is, what mathematics/physics prevents this from being reality, or what absurd adaptations to modern physics would be required for this to work?\n\nThanks!",
"Is it possible to create a miniature fusion reactor like Tony Stark's that would be cost effective? What are the challenges of doing this?",
"How accurate are the scientific processes depicted in the Half Life series?",
"Why did you ask about the CO2 scrubbers in Apollo 13? They really did make those. \n\n_URL_6_\n\n\nSee upper right picture.",
"What would really happen if you injected Adrenalin straight into the heart of someone passed out from a heroin overdose?"
],
"score": [
34,
32,
10,
8,
8,
7,
5,
5,
5,
4,
3,
3,
2,
2
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/search?q=%22askscience+theme+day%22&restrict_sr=on&sort=relevance&t=all"
]
} | {
"url": [
"http://archinte.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=485389",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19699021",
"http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM199606133342406#t=article",
"http://ed.fnal.gov/projects/scientists/",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armageddon_%281998_film%29#Scientific_accuracy",
"http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0120647/",
"http://www.nasa.gov/multimedia/imagegallery/image_feature_305.html"
]
} | AskScience Theme Day: Portrayals of Science in Popular Media
For this week's [Theme Day](_URL_0_), we're opening the floor to a more casual topic - how science is portrayed in popular media (tv shows, movies, video games, etc). Perception of science often drives policy, so it would be both fun and useful to know just how accurately science and scientists are portrayed. In this thread, we invite you to ask whatever questions you may have, or just talk about an example of either good or bad science that you have seen. Some sample questions to get things started: - What was accurate and/or inaccurate about the portrayal of schizophrenia in A Beautiful Mind? - What are the actual steps scientists would take to create a vaccine for a new virus as in Contagion? - How would the makeshift oxygen recycling apparatus in Apollo 13 work? - What does the process of synthesizing a new element really entail (and why can't Tony Stark actually do it all in one day)? - Would cloning extinct animals really require addition of modern DNA (as seen in Jurassic Park), and if so how would that affect the cloned animals? | [
-0.2437475323677063,
-0.20911246538162231,
1.2641265392303467,
-0.5375086665153503,
-0.7402856945991516,
-0.8421146869659424,
-0.18968266248703003,
-0.7643303871154785,
1.1044588088989258,
0.0767720639705658,
0.6803553700447083,
0.26421669125556946,
-0.5928031802177429,
1.2494385242462158,
-0.08438175916671753,
-0.6159507036209106,
0.20480623841285706,
0.07028578966856003,
-0.5147285461425781,
0.08723034709692001,
0.45908454060554504,
0.2759349048137665,
-0.16316531598567963,
0.6305331587791443,
-0.3781853914260864,
-0.30432647466659546,
-0.11156867444515228,
0.29725825786590576,
0.378611296415329,
1.099584937095642,
-0.27696332335472107,
0.16904835402965546,
-0.8274028301239014,
0.585469663143158,
-0.2422720193862915,
0.16080671548843384,
0.8981035947799683,
-0.09619423002004623,
0.6170905232429504,
-0.1836318075656891,
0.22997912764549255,
-0.987287163734436,
0.3367905020713806,
0.22013722360134125,
-0.5304346084594727,
-0.656414270401001,
0.22304439544677734,
0.539296567440033,
-1.1670759916305542,
0.3664279878139496,
-0.19289657473564148,
-0.3854891061782837,
-0.052432555705308914,
-0.08808373659849167,
-0.017686903476715088,
-0.029611710458993912,
0.32871919870376587,
-0.09416119754314423,
0.6948057413101196,
-0.07700847089290619,
-0.028943544253706932,
0.01192866824567318,
-0.18375419080257416,
-0.3919268548488617,
0.5363093614578247,
-0.22835569083690643,
-0.7723693251609802,
0.1473207175731659,
-0.8182278871536255,
-0.3111245334148407,
-0.43316900730133057,
-0.07722823321819305,
-0.5719526410102844,
-0.67350172996521,
0.4151972532272339,
-0.924822986125946,
0.7309524416923523,
-0.24551497399806976,
-0.23932461440563202,
-0.42219340801239014,
-0.27414995431900024,
-0.030552659183740616,
0.3965120017528534,
1.2876359224319458,
0.08539723604917526,
0.39130011200904846,
0.7269211411476135,
-0.24418190121650696,
-0.16051721572875977,
0.5278241634368896,
-0.48839494585990906,
-0.15912365913391113,
0.5545399785041809,
0.15122760832309723,
0.3054623305797577,
0.19858834147453308,
0.28621307015419006,
-1.1139867305755615,
0.1570657193660736,
0.583622395992279,
-0.30188611149787903,
0.33474376797676086,
0.3097313344478607,
0.888762354850769,
-0.09177723526954651,
0.1558419167995453,
0.1311565637588501,
-1.4045623540878296,
-0.5630187392234802,
0.3094434142112732,
0.2618284821510315,
1.0821609497070312,
0.03912147134542465,
0.5421445369720459,
-0.1872071921825409,
-1.0659544467926025,
-0.16373497247695923,
0.1250767707824707,
0.7702778577804565,
0.5885780453681946,
-0.21274635195732117,
-0.33652254939079285,
0.5691109299659729,
0.330433189868927,
-0.06995116174221039,
0.446388840675354,
-0.2852324843406677,
0.5914078950881958,
-0.2883054316043854,
-0.610337495803833,
-0.24705183506011963,
-0.08708909898996353,
0.22637727856636047,
-0.22383613884449005,
0.34092891216278076,
-1.115800380706787,
-0.9642493724822998,
-0.27242839336395264,
-0.7937037944793701,
0.228358656167984,
-0.7643923759460449,
-0.3502345681190491,
1.1014134883880615,
-0.7827655076980591,
0.06710147857666016,
-0.5017880201339722,
-0.8745464086532593,
-1.009826898574829,
-0.40227827429771423,
-0.26506349444389343,
-0.5094165802001953,
-0.1833113431930542,
0.15170657634735107,
-1.0943424701690674,
0.5350724458694458,
0.36485403776168823,
0.1513216197490692,
-0.0276370570063591,
0.43989843130111694,
-0.18348899483680725,
-0.49548307061195374,
-0.11180429905653,
0.11529001593589783,
0.03944239392876625,
0.33645057678222656,
-0.5138643383979797,
-0.20921918749809265,
-0.6927050352096558,
0.1547037959098816,
0.29868021607398987,
0.17697353661060333,
-0.011744960211217403,
0.7113437652587891,
0.46269986033439636,
1.377350091934204,
-0.10939304530620575,
0.38665637373924255,
0.025888605043292046,
-0.2989405393600464,
-0.017956893891096115,
0.595395565032959,
-0.3432254493236542,
-0.04848930612206459,
0.7332106232643127,
-0.9433789849281311,
-0.32633084058761597,
0.1965487152338028,
-0.46225300431251526,
-0.14776813983917236,
0.48164135217666626,
0.05396265536546707,
0.6119065284729004,
-1.4282113313674927,
0.19525526463985443,
1.051410436630249,
-0.1463736593723297,
0.409428209066391,
1.5297675132751465,
0.2945113778114319,
-0.6490752100944519,
-0.2882291376590729,
-0.5411699414253235,
-0.5524272322654724,
-0.32559525966644287,
-0.028870083391666412,
-0.092753566801548,
0.35391589999198914,
-0.36060452461242676,
-0.25395265221595764,
-0.42101067304611206,
-0.34786882996559143,
1.3192112445831299,
0.10947629064321518,
-0.2973468005657196,
-0.20906905829906464,
0.9009003639221191,
-0.9786657094955444,
0.5097278952598572,
-0.6414405703544617,
0.2491064965724945,
0.2177099883556366,
-0.34418249130249023,
0.3912186026573181,
0.15331344306468964,
1.0303207635879517,
-0.5403041839599609,
-0.45216047763824463,
0.15275461971759796,
0.07637199759483337,
0.11126038432121277,
-0.5863819122314453,
-0.004330271854996681,
0.08918175846338272,
0.12259949743747711,
0.24325887858867645,
-0.3217518925666809,
-1.2155686616897583,
-0.6309340000152588,
0.45992788672447205,
-1.18488609790802,
-0.45363691449165344,
0.42733362317085266,
0.48187968134880066,
0.42217376828193665,
0.32898396253585815,
0.5629708766937256,
-0.43923836946487427,
-0.6014310121536255,
0.344542533159256,
-0.4174206852912903,
-0.08817189931869507,
-0.6804250478744507,
-0.6101672649383545,
-0.658502459526062,
0.46860647201538086,
-0.7319868803024292,
0.6519087553024292,
-1.211384892463684,
-0.11325927823781967,
0.5804550051689148,
0.4298580586910248,
-0.7176486849784851,
0.43674272298812866,
0.292891263961792,
-0.8172705173492432,
0.4160996377468109,
-0.7954948544502258,
-0.786622166633606,
0.19755595922470093,
0.10167545825242996,
-0.49299222230911255,
-0.5647892951965332,
0.42135730385780334,
0.20349925756454468,
0.4054815173149109,
-0.5189077854156494,
-0.31269901990890503,
0.008314056321978569,
0.6837759017944336,
0.4957458972930908,
0.2813725769519806,
0.5111150741577148,
0.4264861047267914,
-0.7178446650505066,
-0.9287797212600708,
-0.20034606754779816,
0.6696478724479675,
-0.0947459414601326,
0.5625530481338501,
-1.1051706075668335,
0.1801488697528839,
-0.13068708777427673,
-0.3890305459499359,
1.2315024137496948,
0.3569646179676056,
-0.4100281000137329,
0.6330569386482239,
0.30790460109710693,
-0.3623887002468109,
-0.017304260283708572,
-0.6413297057151794,
0.9337949752807617,
0.7892674803733826,
-0.07772883027791977,
-0.05686819925904274,
-0.331712543964386,
0.9376147389411926,
-0.9113056659698486,
0.3903021514415741,
-0.618363618850708,
0.5255895853042603,
-0.8590845465660095,
0.29757654666900635,
1.0832655429840088,
0.3095887005329132,
0.3702394962310791,
0.27643588185310364,
-0.9489144086837769,
-0.5248756408691406,
-0.352851003408432,
-0.9587070941925049,
0.2721858024597168,
0.3824101984500885,
0.6891307234764099,
0.7895380258560181,
1.5012340545654297,
-0.25174370408058167,
0.46614646911621094,
-0.7952162623405457,
0.0642334446310997,
0.2859978675842285,
-0.4106219708919525,
0.9486147165298462,
0.22527766227722168,
-0.4627838432788849,
0.04009130597114563,
0.0032092705368995667,
0.746051013469696,
0.3513396382331848,
0.23476921021938324,
0.8883138298988342,
0.12844796478748322,
-0.16202595829963684,
0.26235294342041016,
0.21218325197696686,
-0.6156362891197205,
-0.43765246868133545,
0.5373437404632568,
0.03780160844326019,
0.08111501485109329,
0.1271834671497345,
0.34051889181137085,
0.7755842208862305,
-1.6740564107894897,
-0.02706240862607956,
0.21895623207092285,
-0.13714025914669037,
0.1519632488489151,
0.8675614595413208,
-0.20805877447128296,
0.38149356842041016,
0.09421280026435852,
0.06923650205135345,
-0.04084455966949463,
0.394945353269577,
-0.07755143940448761,
-1.9617512226104736,
-0.33755990862846375,
-0.22199617326259613,
0.8036367297172546,
-0.03731207922101021,
0.21257853507995605,
0.001757466234266758,
-0.13368088006973267,
-0.20747308433055878,
0.13916592299938202,
1.0771026611328125,
0.027478450909256935,
-0.039211951196193695,
0.2903258800506592,
0.5234671235084534,
0.5249944925308228,
0.5031149387359619,
0.3834061324596405,
-0.7244768738746643,
-1.271633505821228,
-1.3238937854766846,
-0.07328537106513977,
-0.06820020079612732,
0.1502639204263687,
-0.36699730157852173,
0.16105917096138,
0.10606271773576736,
-0.298179030418396,
-0.06581104546785355,
-0.7967374920845032,
-0.7267453670501709,
0.379043310880661,
-0.08452484756708145,
-1.2325446605682373,
0.5791937708854675,
0.7880517840385437,
0.14632874727249146,
1.1933420896530151,
0.03699905425310135,
0.16107302904129028,
0.528283417224884,
0.06838995218276978,
1.1523160934448242,
-0.683563768863678,
-0.2877524197101593,
-0.6042622327804565,
-0.4577980637550354,
-0.441249817609787,
0.8543158173561096,
-0.9108394980430603,
-1.097473382949829,
-0.8922173976898193,
-1.1071165800094604,
0.5476743578910828,
0.21665342152118683,
-0.15223683416843414,
0.06563451141119003,
0.11772122979164124,
-0.7698364853858948,
-0.2556731104850769,
0.6810294389724731,
0.20295141637325287,
-0.5485583543777466,
0.9217754006385803,
0.16130617260932922,
-0.01912231370806694,
1.2125755548477173,
0.6541643142700195,
-1.1666468381881714,
0.0075461603701114655,
-0.028293952345848083,
0.07023276388645172,
-0.23116883635520935,
-0.7836999893188477,
-0.34631121158599854,
0.2458762526512146,
-0.4011262059211731,
0.0608803927898407,
0.046539150178432465,
-0.3997088670730591,
0.17771494388580322,
-0.17734763026237488,
-0.13978725671768188,
0.2645277678966522,
0.3369458317756653,
-0.3044687509536743,
0.16391022503376007,
0.21674634516239166,
0.5559162497520447,
0.8190307021141052,
-0.5096672773361206,
0.15808917582035065,
-0.3869587779045105,
-0.2213391363620758,
-0.3950921595096588,
-0.66884446144104,
0.12649525701999664,
0.4910236597061157,
0.5717353820800781,
0.2226257473230362,
-0.011637948453426361,
0.15056826174259186,
0.16933193802833557,
-1.195185661315918,
-0.5918261408805847,
0.35668906569480896,
0.4615136384963989,
-0.05801055580377579,
-1.3073077201843262,
-0.24889521300792694,
0.5325243473052979,
-0.19476215541362762,
0.02115757390856743,
-0.8399738073348999,
0.5351302623748779,
-0.6896889805793762,
-0.7125039100646973,
0.014931166544556618,
0.6387490034103394,
-0.21421733498573303,
-0.9946509003639221,
0.06299693882465363,
-0.3467558026313782,
-0.69329434633255,
0.03176809102296829,
0.28036049008369446,
-0.02114185504615307,
0.5532609820365906,
0.28696852922439575,
-0.09823350608348846,
0.2790009081363678,
0.7647392153739929,
-0.2871960401535034,
-0.14081305265426636,
-0.3482663333415985,
-0.12414765357971191,
0.43419405817985535,
-0.10120675712823868,
-0.5414363741874695,
-0.6228195428848267,
0.9929911494255066,
-0.2060057818889618,
-0.25823140144348145,
1.168423056602478,
-0.814335286617279,
0.4241403043270111,
0.6533024907112122,
-0.8826204538345337,
0.09335322678089142,
-0.008792361244559288,
-0.16414037346839905,
0.45720338821411133,
-0.0006583700887858868,
0.8264514207839966,
-0.15086308121681213,
-0.663588285446167,
0.7893221378326416,
0.13721565902233124,
0.09543370455503464,
0.3690424859523773,
-0.9913548231124878,
-1.6002719402313232,
-0.34696120023727417,
-0.25587552785873413,
0.5594378709793091,
-0.9098274111747742,
-0.5468820929527283,
0.11238155514001846,
-0.23437440395355225,
1.3693692684173584,
0.6179134249687195,
-1.031550407409668,
1.3108980655670166,
0.318459689617157,
0.044034652411937714,
0.04169034957885742,
-0.11067952960729599,
0.10402598977088928,
-0.1953534483909607,
-0.10912028700113297,
0.1351355016231537,
0.11106934398412704,
-0.27596980333328247,
0.22752316296100616,
-0.30870020389556885,
-0.64760822057724,
-0.3416275680065155,
-0.0037377476692199707,
-0.10111168771982193,
1.0094554424285889,
-0.4876205325126648,
-0.9672995209693909,
0.5078381299972534,
0.45463132858276367,
-1.1583740711212158,
0.27734366059303284,
0.18233636021614075,
-0.9880998134613037,
0.33752012252807617,
-0.13884994387626648,
-0.5084698796272278,
0.09851796180009842,
-0.515035092830658,
0.5353085398674011,
-1.118536114692688,
0.6438193321228027,
-0.2771185040473938,
-0.6839032173156738,
0.23521938920021057,
-0.11246789991855621,
-0.8013582825660706,
0.036854200065135956,
0.02477402798831463,
0.6571662425994873,
0.05053588002920151,
-0.11029758304357529,
0.2880939543247223,
0.4860627055168152,
-0.38819652795791626,
0.18320998549461365,
-0.2788846790790558,
0.22625663876533508,
-0.02406848594546318,
-0.051560383290052414,
-0.5371255278587341,
-0.42435288429260254,
0.1818324476480484,
-0.6292083859443665,
0.5087884068489075,
0.1610640585422516,
-0.09315356612205505,
0.09465005993843079,
0.24211852252483368,
-0.3230510950088501,
0.13704635202884674,
-1.2471774816513062,
0.2794944941997528,
0.19542202353477478,
1.3166108131408691,
-0.4956046938896179,
0.5221314430236816,
-0.41304031014442444,
-0.10158666968345642,
0.1797230839729309,
1.0103256702423096,
-0.8720034956932068,
0.01260574534535408,
0.489829421043396,
0.14882785081863403,
0.09148828685283661,
-1.128084421157837,
-0.9296895861625671,
-0.16618497669696808,
0.154557466506958,
-0.03305790200829506,
0.17849944531917572,
-0.898861289024353,
0.8969918489456177,
0.9231665730476379,
-0.3202762305736542,
-0.46977663040161133,
1.0171356201171875,
0.4128491282463074,
-0.5047298669815063,
-0.27790096402168274,
-0.5724257230758667,
0.45057907700538635,
-0.997343897819519,
-1.0117512941360474,
-0.5519245266914368,
-0.946125328540802,
0.0163150392472744,
-0.3712841868400574,
-0.17029890418052673,
-1.0260982513427734,
-0.03824407979846001,
0.7583019137382507,
0.2825251519680023,
1.000618815422058,
0.146809920668602,
-0.49364373087882996,
0.7508671879768372,
0.12181857973337173,
1.3200571537017822,
-0.3427271246910095,
0.8728967308998108,
-0.36867010593414307,
-0.174493208527565,
0.25252702832221985,
0.3535311818122864,
0.2404896318912506,
-0.350749671459198,
-0.3590121269226074,
-0.23596015572547913,
-0.9292380213737488,
-0.3691965639591217,
0.6289249062538147,
-0.18457111716270447,
-0.15557290613651276,
0.4033174216747284,
0.22901597619056702,
-0.45607301592826843,
0.07348595559597015,
-0.9003669023513794,
-0.5064727663993835,
0.15474404394626617,
-1.0226829051971436,
0.3804362714290619,
0.8826431632041931,
-0.30421513319015503,
-0.43628087639808655,
-0.0941920205950737,
-0.41700807213783264,
-0.16046100854873657,
-1.0307400226593018,
-0.14305564761161804,
-0.751522421836853,
0.1646149903535843,
0.05730497092008591,
-0.22187182307243347,
-0.07381574809551239,
1.128243088722229,
1.4857226610183716,
-0.35169827938079834,
0.07968974113464355,
-0.3055369555950165,
0.4290831983089447,
-0.5953502058982849,
-0.9162915945053101,
0.2152043879032135,
-1.1057465076446533,
-0.6532454490661621,
-0.1303558647632599,
0.6178531646728516,
0.3832775056362152,
-0.2078244835138321,
-0.3697658181190491,
-0.028002940118312836,
0.17664417624473572,
0.701691746711731,
0.11387205868959427,
0.9861687421798706,
-0.5778467655181885,
-0.8229328393936157,
0.7910229563713074,
-0.5688267946243286,
-0.25934675335884094,
-0.2388782799243927,
1.036560297012329,
0.6074002981185913,
-0.15723322331905365,
0.6723543405532837,
-0.08600849658250809,
0.28392115235328674,
-0.38815543055534363,
-0.04491744562983513,
-0.5091211795806885,
0.2933184802532196,
-0.3562963008880615,
0.1534399390220642,
-0.1277063935995102,
-0.33270978927612305,
-0.4240058362483978,
-0.22373855113983154,
-0.508419394493103,
-0.14939767122268677,
0.3513914942741394,
0.922491192817688,
0.05462653562426567,
0.5057825446128845,
-0.17448675632476807,
0.3786599934101105,
-0.2443293333053589,
0.4651454985141754,
-0.351321280002594,
-0.395210325717926,
-0.2648029327392578,
-0.7304197549819946,
0.4783983826637268,
0.2687525153160095,
-0.7040982246398926,
0.7512779235839844,
-0.021263811737298965,
0.6253255009651184,
0.028328221291303635,
0.5525704622268677,
0.15933048725128174,
0.2936342656612396,
0.11711388826370239,
0.7898422479629517,
-0.2248457968235016,
-0.8271704912185669,
-0.31976318359375,
-0.6230179667472839,
-0.14691145718097687,
0.17537400126457214,
0.16504542529582977,
0.064252570271492,
0.5138298273086548,
0.5625100135803223,
0.34414371848106384,
-0.016991212964057922
] |
|
ixd27 | If water is a cycle, why is it such a big deal to conserve water? | Like "save water for the fish" and stuff like that. | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"c27e0kk",
"c27e04j",
"c27f0m8",
"c27e23l",
"c27e093",
"c27etzh",
"c27gc2c"
],
"text": [
"You may not be aware of this, but the water table is many areas of the world is depleting faster than it is regenerating, causing farmers to have to dig deeper and more expensive wells, which in turn taxes the power grid. The water depletion is largely due to the farming of non-native crops, and the rather water intensive smaller farms that India, Indonesia, etc tend to have.",
"There's a hell of a lot of salt water in the world, but sources of fresh water can be difficult to come by.",
"The water cycle, as a whole, operates very slowly. We humans need fresh water to live, and this is only a tiny part of the cycle. If we consume at a great rate, the water cycle cannot replenish the supplies of fresh water that we require. This can result in shortages, which may be severe.\n\nI've never heard anyone say \"save water for the fish\". It's a pretty ridiculous statement, in and of itself.",
"Around 97% of the water found on earth is salt water, and of the 3% left, 2% of it is frozen, leaving only around 1% of water usable for humans. It is very expensive and time consuming to desalinate or thaw out the frozen waters, so it's important to conserve what resources we have right now. The biggest example I can give is whats going on right now in Texas. The Edwards Aquifer is super stressed right now because 2-5 million people rely on it every single day and the entire state is going through a MASSIVE drought. The aquifer is entirely rain dependent, so with no water coming in and a ton going out, eventually the aquifer will run dry. Keep in mind, the water is not just used for drinking. Ag, Ranching, Recreation, Lawn upkeep, these are just a few of the things that the water is used for. It really eats at me when I see someone watering a lawn or washing a car in the middle of the day or seeing tons of runoff water from a business. What would you rather have, a green lawn or drinking water?",
"As was stated earlier, there is a difference between water and potable water. It takes energy to produce water that we can drink. Also, there are regional and seasonal variations in amount of water available. \n\nOn a side note, why do questions seem to come in groups?",
"Something like half of all electrical power is used to pump water. That said you are right that we'll never use up all the water, but the price will go up as we run through easily accessible water.",
"Not really an answer, but you might want to check out the documentary [Blue Gold: World Water Wars](_URL_0_)."
],
"score": [
23,
12,
8,
4,
3,
3,
2
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://www.bluegold-worldwaterwars.com/"
]
} | If water is a cycle, why is it such a big deal to conserve water?
Like "save water for the fish" and stuff like that. | [
0.1605617254972458,
0.2001233696937561,
0.47512221336364746,
0.1245313435792923,
-0.22946979105472565,
-0.6217821836471558,
0.5287447571754456,
-0.8941875100135803,
0.37708595395088196,
-0.10872016847133636,
0.689987063407898,
0.4491170048713684,
-1.28517484664917,
-0.08186300098896027,
-0.12616726756095886,
0.47872069478034973,
0.3999135494232178,
0.21204838156700134,
-0.7131953239440918,
-0.6587004661560059,
-0.5722119808197021,
-0.04721829295158386,
-0.3277219533920288,
-0.0006099864840507507,
0.20598551630973816,
0.6694363951683044,
0.39296144247055054,
0.7064342498779297,
0.5087161064147949,
0.6450400352478027,
0.23623204231262207,
0.8573201894760132,
-0.5618507862091064,
0.21059072017669678,
0.5329054594039917,
-1.0356206893920898,
0.952880859375,
-0.09314970672130585,
0.508480429649353,
-0.7692725658416748,
-0.006841331720352173,
-1.249972939491272,
-0.28856176137924194,
0.4508751332759857,
0.4264082908630371,
-0.6719783544540405,
0.004119619727134705,
-0.06407759338617325,
-0.4915276765823364,
-0.0992259681224823,
-0.4773673415184021,
0.04333743080496788,
-0.06447023153305054,
0.4648878574371338,
-0.2688171863555908,
0.11792044341564178,
0.005775604397058487,
0.1199212521314621,
0.7509398460388184,
-0.2317245453596115,
0.4862963557243347,
0.33847954869270325,
-1.1784286499023438,
-0.15301379561424255,
-0.052120134234428406,
-0.06689264625310898,
-0.28367549180984497,
0.6885270476341248,
0.3917422294616699,
-1.286226511001587,
0.06342066824436188,
-0.5175806879997253,
-1.1979026794433594,
-0.2325526922941208,
-0.7648684978485107,
-0.29562050104141235,
0.1573522537946701,
-0.11473473906517029,
-0.0265192873775959,
-0.9276446104049683,
0.37807101011276245,
0.7325025796890259,
-0.7236955165863037,
1.3460750579833984,
-0.14579887688159943,
-0.04149101302027702,
-0.4306803047657013,
-0.442261278629303,
0.22888444364070892,
0.6621322631835938,
0.1248321533203125,
-0.586444616317749,
0.47423237562179565,
0.0023468472063541412,
0.01166389137506485,
-0.47847115993499756,
-0.20487895607948303,
-0.09580853581428528,
-0.09056668728590012,
0.33075249195098877,
0.2146606296300888,
-0.8642948865890503,
0.7044914960861206,
0.8891617059707642,
-0.7899311184883118,
-0.20362260937690735,
0.8316506743431091,
0.6467974781990051,
0.43826010823249817,
0.4468890428543091,
-0.06748546659946442,
-0.3201024830341339,
0.6300516128540039,
-0.16417697072029114,
0.9123507738113403,
-0.5059576034545898,
-0.3162168264389038,
-0.13442134857177734,
-0.2765794098377228,
0.7919535636901855,
-0.10293440520763397,
-0.4880707859992981,
0.9219685792922974,
0.17514589428901672,
-0.04054250940680504,
-0.47137731313705444,
-0.32178956270217896,
-0.18832048773765564,
-0.872427225112915,
-1.3772931098937988,
0.2222842574119568,
0.4519743025302887,
0.16605013608932495,
-1.3930168151855469,
-0.4328552484512329,
0.44227561354637146,
-0.10419035702943802,
-0.06186327338218689,
-0.7162114381790161,
0.2950563430786133,
0.2427241951227188,
0.8797616958618164,
1.2086560726165771,
-0.22156678140163422,
-0.574844241142273,
0.00488496758043766,
-0.2276100218296051,
-0.5628331303596497,
0.13363593816757202,
-0.3497251868247986,
0.29397329688072205,
-0.25126954913139343,
0.6642191410064697,
-0.4167647063732147,
0.336947500705719,
-0.014675550162792206,
0.510493278503418,
-0.3062218427658081,
-0.29329371452331543,
0.3809352517127991,
0.4418307840824127,
-0.6942223310470581,
-0.028448887169361115,
0.16992995142936707,
0.5769690871238708,
-1.1292717456817627,
-0.9238313436508179,
0.5316431522369385,
-0.408688485622406,
0.33061128854751587,
0.05779717490077019,
-0.014148697257041931,
0.651882529258728,
0.01325843296945095,
1.181131362915039,
0.004562018439173698,
-0.180869460105896,
0.06697438657283783,
-0.42698174715042114,
0.47215282917022705,
0.38516849279403687,
0.3501952290534973,
0.7801909446716309,
0.43303126096725464,
-0.9310016632080078,
0.1746608316898346,
-0.30929145216941833,
-0.032667048275470734,
0.5751093626022339,
0.36900949478149414,
0.10208582878112793,
-0.35383182764053345,
-0.9854620099067688,
-0.13962770998477936,
0.20454862713813782,
0.11233698576688766,
0.32954472303390503,
0.45671701431274414,
-0.4115394353866577,
-1.23557448387146,
-0.8721045851707458,
0.03270125389099121,
0.3792683780193329,
-0.4131447672843933,
-1.011116862297058,
0.40682071447372437,
0.06337565928697586,
-1.28805673122406,
-0.29086023569107056,
-0.2204362452030182,
-1.3421225547790527,
1.5630580186843872,
-0.4128596782684326,
-0.6351877450942993,
-0.2498098909854889,
0.39820536971092224,
-0.4650174379348755,
-0.13426445424556732,
0.772006630897522,
0.5396125912666321,
0.1947496235370636,
-0.7061441540718079,
-0.8820456266403198,
0.12237946689128876,
0.7381137013435364,
-1.037608027458191,
0.4715483784675598,
-0.0542248897254467,
-0.45344555377960205,
0.0053372252732515335,
0.013169575482606888,
0.47881218791007996,
0.03449288383126259,
-0.2346111238002777,
-0.013859767466783524,
0.05585748329758644,
-0.663730263710022,
-0.2653611898422241,
0.5287826061248779,
-1.2161537408828735,
-0.7837486267089844,
0.5425214767456055,
0.4977485239505768,
-0.2958486080169678,
0.7509207725524902,
0.4134449362754822,
-0.572662353515625,
-0.6590179800987244,
-0.8963563442230225,
-1.0471360683441162,
-0.1308222860097885,
-0.4092978835105896,
-0.45231664180755615,
-0.7152632474899292,
0.5606867074966431,
-0.5082355737686157,
-0.2858375310897827,
-0.7256338596343994,
-0.03171572461724281,
-0.13642168045043945,
0.38070768117904663,
-0.1013464480638504,
0.3804209232330322,
-0.6389032602310181,
-0.698835551738739,
-0.29087576270103455,
-1.160186767578125,
-0.24994665384292603,
-0.03687268868088722,
-0.05927169322967529,
-0.7726046442985535,
0.18889102339744568,
0.17575274407863617,
0.8472409248352051,
0.021367546170949936,
-0.6253087520599365,
0.37624722719192505,
0.06316114962100983,
0.5290789604187012,
0.7281912565231323,
0.49329864978790283,
0.6250148415565491,
-0.31884485483169556,
-0.19781047105789185,
-0.5221296548843384,
-0.20143932104110718,
0.33253392577171326,
0.5083618760108948,
0.19875825941562653,
-0.9301217794418335,
0.76170814037323,
-0.2913095951080322,
-0.6922416687011719,
0.7136118412017822,
0.6156035661697388,
1.0303597450256348,
-0.14974066615104675,
0.1604134440422058,
-0.576378345489502,
0.24674659967422485,
0.5620720386505127,
-1.1403930187225342,
1.1097214221954346,
0.51408851146698,
-0.5669281482696533,
0.4005705416202545,
1.1389544010162354,
-0.4430709481239319,
0.05647517740726471,
-0.05194850265979767,
0.9479963779449463,
0.4794921278953552,
-0.4313197433948517,
1.2486538887023926,
0.0013195276260375977,
0.3770354986190796,
-0.19749008119106293,
0.2335805594921112,
-0.567121684551239,
1.0984222888946533,
-0.5148707628250122,
0.783115029335022,
-0.2739809453487396,
0.1454663723707199,
1.0469824075698853,
2.0539824962615967,
0.006304502487182617,
1.1871528625488281,
-0.8426734209060669,
-0.3594234585762024,
0.8069233298301697,
-0.1580512970685959,
-0.42222297191619873,
0.5866701006889343,
0.3993944525718689,
0.140422984957695,
-0.9951001405715942,
0.659089982509613,
-0.26773929595947266,
-0.31253403425216675,
1.8808536529541016,
-0.29486772418022156,
-0.38984376192092896,
0.02842334285378456,
-0.35431599617004395,
-0.5064743757247925,
-0.9902896881103516,
0.2969559133052826,
-0.5051580667495728,
-0.1995646357536316,
0.8795154094696045,
-0.18626759946346283,
-0.12561094760894775,
-0.7005525231361389,
0.9158639907836914,
0.23710405826568604,
-0.6051287651062012,
0.1555328071117401,
0.7917622327804565,
0.2976955771446228,
0.17084936797618866,
-0.2710109353065491,
-0.3050805330276489,
-0.38221001625061035,
0.03136593475937843,
-0.31861239671707153,
0.47130823135375977,
-1.0384389162063599,
0.031443264335393906,
0.24819684028625488,
0.1356353759765625,
0.21292327344417572,
-0.028568487614393234,
-0.24199502170085907,
-0.1598718762397766,
-0.6088175773620605,
0.5789198875427246,
0.2805858552455902,
-0.7848800420761108,
0.5536093711853027,
-0.7599341869354248,
0.16143786907196045,
0.5011533498764038,
-0.47841084003448486,
0.14614515006542206,
-0.11050935089588165,
-0.10063526034355164,
0.1438542604446411,
-0.4439000189304352,
-0.05854906514286995,
-0.11672724783420563,
-0.13647286593914032,
-0.06637600064277649,
-0.9317830801010132,
-0.3575873374938965,
-0.7376518249511719,
-0.9479120969772339,
1.1411371231079102,
0.5732517242431641,
-0.057035449892282486,
-0.6797564029693604,
0.7218095064163208,
-0.09001990407705307,
0.021159952506422997,
0.5625392198562622,
-0.5749691128730774,
0.1281149685382843,
-0.14869485795497894,
1.218904733657837,
0.05474299564957619,
0.44674065709114075,
-0.9865769147872925,
-0.8874279260635376,
0.318184494972229,
-0.03942634165287018,
-0.013742048293352127,
-0.2281256467103958,
-0.7812224626541138,
-0.7137737274169922,
-0.09835734963417053,
0.34774714708328247,
0.08456425368785858,
-0.39543479681015015,
0.4863063395023346,
-0.47130170464515686,
-0.09996630996465683,
1.014831304550171,
-0.14150097966194153,
-0.17342543601989746,
1.7156864404678345,
0.16697251796722412,
-1.668642520904541,
-0.28272995352745056,
0.08777487277984619,
-1.0726327896118164,
-0.37523728609085083,
-0.6282534599304199,
-0.05770900845527649,
1.1143230199813843,
-0.5189602971076965,
-0.7764806151390076,
-0.12032810598611832,
-0.7653779983520508,
-0.2842050790786743,
0.9999597072601318,
-0.07055803388357162,
-0.14619895815849304,
0.6755912899971008,
-0.9526605606079102,
0.45033425092697144,
-0.38995543122291565,
-0.7889742851257324,
-0.42469334602355957,
-0.11571787297725677,
0.0776771679520607,
0.45651814341545105,
-0.34838417172431946,
1.5638190507888794,
-0.45363283157348633,
-0.27593451738357544,
-0.4007456600666046,
-0.4754900336265564,
-0.097325399518013,
0.40196382999420166,
0.780381441116333,
-0.18799889087677002,
0.5995815992355347,
0.25336897373199463,
0.00024141371250152588,
-0.3250645399093628,
-0.4562208354473114,
-0.6022374033927917,
0.3854191303253174,
1.170785665512085,
-1.4262125492095947,
-1.6456024646759033,
0.14418941736221313,
-0.25295019149780273,
-0.17289042472839355,
0.06610206514596939,
-0.3433089256286621,
-0.715687096118927,
0.3007519841194153,
0.10923633724451065,
0.5260840654373169,
-1.006745457649231,
-0.5291199088096619,
-0.37702804803848267,
0.16370320320129395,
0.17692577838897705,
-0.24962005019187927,
-0.13849708437919617,
0.3503805100917816,
-0.4600905179977417,
0.2846450209617615,
0.12291905283927917,
-0.284650981426239,
0.8402183055877686,
0.3003760576248169,
0.08352819085121155,
0.49522480368614197,
0.15333817899227142,
-0.10773856937885284,
0.23471425473690033,
0.5256036520004272,
0.40187960863113403,
-0.1096150279045105,
-0.7195061445236206,
0.23412193357944489,
0.3788337707519531,
0.030278395861387253,
-0.0024793334305286407,
-0.7437789440155029,
-0.2864616811275482,
0.3905820846557617,
0.3623587191104889,
0.23860400915145874,
0.2644156217575073,
-0.7508305311203003,
0.8350554704666138,
-0.7367151975631714,
0.25437694787979126,
0.3741968274116516,
-0.351859450340271,
0.6285915374755859,
-0.048611629754304886,
-0.8682126998901367,
-0.682612419128418,
0.04167618975043297,
-0.3489200174808502,
0.005750006064772606,
-0.7265883088111877,
-0.7655124068260193,
-0.19743433594703674,
-0.3859759271144867,
0.9324443340301514,
0.4128265082836151,
-0.2545039653778076,
-0.058041006326675415,
0.1713813692331314,
-0.5993474721908569,
-0.5883331298828125,
0.015811994671821594,
1.0910365581512451,
0.6805167198181152,
-0.34125277400016785,
-0.22319594025611877,
0.1667974591255188,
-0.6873594522476196,
0.565717339515686,
-0.27330708503723145,
-0.7906426787376404,
1.076869010925293,
1.1237354278564453,
-0.4288954734802246,
1.0677196979522705,
0.6794208884239197,
-1.9419937133789062,
0.23707404732704163,
-0.06496533751487732,
-0.03809603303670883,
-0.01543671265244484,
-0.18163259327411652,
-1.029038906097412,
0.363010436296463,
-0.6444754600524902,
0.12525592744350433,
0.1645515263080597,
0.08077999204397202,
0.45186862349510193,
-1.2772551774978638,
0.01879981905221939,
0.8988581895828247,
-0.30261075496673584,
-0.1548028141260147,
-0.4154049754142761,
-0.064076729118824,
0.1357749104499817,
-0.06749222427606583,
-0.12384925037622452,
0.6792514324188232,
0.3181007206439972,
0.869016170501709,
0.2063206136226654,
0.8306348919868469,
-0.76617431640625,
0.012794666923582554,
-0.9460645318031311,
-0.12731358408927917,
0.7085396647453308,
-1.082610845565796,
-0.18191830813884735,
-0.6673848628997803,
-0.055937882512807846,
-0.33208537101745605,
1.2011058330535889,
0.6360008716583252,
0.5731273889541626,
-0.8837406635284424,
-0.7620528936386108,
-0.1535872220993042,
-0.1140022799372673,
0.7148172855377197,
1.3627007007598877,
0.362954705953598,
-0.2972269356250763,
0.21894416213035583,
-1.085559368133545,
-0.509726881980896,
0.12732359766960144,
0.6720796823501587,
0.3162183165550232,
0.34388217329978943,
-0.3776618540287018,
-0.38874953985214233,
-0.6756932735443115,
0.27606281638145447,
-0.1948276311159134,
0.9446393251419067,
0.48905831575393677,
0.8706694841384888,
0.31143131852149963,
-0.6290700435638428,
-0.14377112686634064,
0.8998574018478394,
0.5705097317695618,
0.23641309142112732,
0.3460572063922882,
0.18469688296318054,
-0.261827290058136,
-0.08384083956480026,
-0.4000757336616516,
-0.39514628052711487,
-0.029888562858104706,
0.07148117572069168,
-1.0987746715545654,
0.4118879437446594,
1.0391753911972046,
-0.5842841863632202,
-0.8853042721748352,
-0.15500307083129883,
-0.45051565766334534,
-1.2237271070480347,
-0.08454965054988861,
0.0023608654737472534,
0.9218807220458984,
-0.5030612945556641,
0.3177222013473511,
0.4099888801574707,
0.4283095598220825,
0.07958845794200897,
-0.12045884877443314,
0.4193868637084961,
0.18437910079956055,
0.019909515976905823,
-0.5085412263870239,
0.35484880208969116,
0.6785918474197388,
0.22407792508602142,
0.9058511257171631,
-0.9588686227798462,
-0.07517628371715546,
0.8417061567306519,
-0.057141274213790894,
0.7695832252502441,
-0.38646262884140015,
1.552170991897583,
0.3804900646209717,
-0.6790443062782288,
-0.8287805914878845,
0.46140795946121216,
-0.8789458274841309,
0.22040632367134094,
-0.24271443486213684,
-0.11248692125082016,
-1.2802674770355225,
-0.04844728857278824,
0.15948700904846191,
-0.4788636863231659,
0.44071775674819946,
-0.12286635488271713,
0.39585354924201965,
-0.04635588079690933,
-0.06593262404203415,
-0.16620753705501556,
-0.294040709733963,
-0.6832097768783569,
1.3552415370941162,
0.5609438419342041,
-0.7670763731002808,
-0.39152589440345764,
-1.3425426483154297,
-0.8423749208450317,
0.739350438117981,
-0.7855734825134277,
0.05787504091858864,
-1.0877389907836914,
-0.869361400604248,
-0.2831936478614807,
0.788752555847168,
-0.5496858954429626,
-0.14979690313339233,
-0.6615241765975952,
0.12652578949928284,
0.014980558305978775,
1.4762558937072754,
0.3984985947608948,
0.30273982882499695,
-0.0519762746989727,
-0.6178576946258545,
0.8705817461013794,
-0.5128748416900635,
0.42440280318260193,
-0.20680487155914307,
-0.13279195129871368,
0.05793928727507591,
0.41119033098220825,
-0.6395293474197388,
0.7755476832389832,
-0.07527796179056168,
-0.15269829332828522,
-0.4438272714614868,
-0.11183284968137741,
0.9650027751922607,
0.21847110986709595,
0.15969744324684143,
-0.45723944902420044,
-0.18018001317977905,
-0.06902827322483063,
0.14799967408180237,
-0.9290155172348022,
-0.3552962839603424,
-0.6818040609359741,
-0.04040047526359558,
0.026150817051529884,
0.9665080308914185,
-0.6530256271362305,
1.1086422204971313,
-0.9375448226928711,
0.7881847620010376,
-0.08537934720516205,
-0.26930803060531616,
-0.3422181010246277,
-0.37211307883262634,
0.352495014667511,
-0.35337889194488525,
-0.1321660280227661,
0.1472695916891098,
-0.09540490806102753,
0.2711085081100464,
1.1043413877487183,
0.9771957993507385,
0.41909855604171753,
-0.15341728925704956,
0.002017490565776825,
0.05951840430498123,
-0.0696345865726471,
0.16190128028392792,
-0.1791801005601883,
-1.4674937725067139,
0.7555492520332336,
-0.3802860379219055,
-0.02527751959860325,
0.37673094868659973,
0.1842556893825531,
0.011379648000001907,
-0.891424298286438,
-0.3042658567428589
] |
|
rwbif | There is no /r/askengineering so I hope this can be asked here. What exactly does it mean for something to be "waterproof to 15 feet?" Does it suddenly break at 15.1 feet? | I was wrong there is [/r/askengineers](/r/askengineers) for those interested | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"c496j29",
"c496e9c",
"c49890a",
"c496d4t",
"c49a5el"
],
"text": [
"The tests completed by manufacture are conducted with static pressure on a new watch, unless you get a specialized watch like a diver's watch.\n\nIf you want the real details, here's the actual international standard for watches and water resistance: [ISO 2281](_URL_2_)\n\nHere are the full details for diving watches: [ISO 6425](_URL_0_)\n\nAnd to summarize both of these, there's a decent Wikipedia that lists the main bullet points of each of these sets of standards: [Water Resistant Standard, and Divers' Watch Standard](_URL_1_)",
"Engineering is all about safety factors. The meaning of the phrase \"waterproof to 15 feet\" will depend on the regulatory body of the state that the object is sold in as well as the goals of the marketing department of the company. That being said the product is designed to withstand at least a pressure head of 15ft. This is likely done somewhat along the lines of over-engineering during the design phase to withstand a head of 20ft and making sure that at least 1 in 100 don't fail at 15ft during the testing phase as well as during random sampling over the course of production.",
"Basically what this means is that they did a bunch of tests with 15 ft of water pressure, and the object only failed some small, predetermined percentage of time. It would not suddenly break at 15.1 feet. It just means that the device was *engineered* to be used at 15 feet or less, and it can't be *guaranteed* to work correctly any deeper than that. It may well work much deeper than that, though.\n\nIt's kind of like overclocking a computer processor. A processor's clock speed is the speed at which it has been specified not to fail. Often, you can run the processor faster, but this is untested and the device *may* not perform properly.",
"Usually statistics like that are made with some margin of error, depending on how safe the product needs to be. In general, margin of safety is around 200%, so the pressure could be twice as high as the pressure at 15 feet before the average product would leak (or break, depending on what product this is). \n\nBut if it's important that this not break in your system, don't go more than a small amount deeper than the rated waterproofing.",
"Short answer: No, it won't suddenly break at 15.1 feet.\n\nLong answer: In engineering, there are several concepts you need to know to answer this question. \n\n* Margin of Safety = % extra force the product was designed to withstand\n* Safety Factor = How many times the force the product was designed to withstand\n* Order of magnitude = 10^x times the force the product was designed to withstand.\n\nSo, a margin of safety of 200% is the same as a SF of 3 and an order of magnitude of 0.3\n\nNow, when an engineer rates your watch for 15 feet with a SF of 2, that means it was really designed for 45 feet, thus we guarantee it at 15 feet. I don't know what the set SF for watches are, but IIRC for bridges, it's 10-15, cars 2-4, planes 1.10-1.15 (aka a MoS 10-15%), and helicopters actually have a _negative_ MoS of 10-15% because otherwise it would be too heavy to fly. Incidentally, this is also why bridges last 50-100 years while cars only last 5-10 (better makes have higher safety factors). Also why planes don't last too long either. There was one set of planes that had an SF of 2 or something like that still in operation today after being produced in the 70s - heavy as hell, but not NEARLY as much maintenance cost as modern jetliners.\n\nNow, this gets even more complicated when you have to taken into account the variability in material strengths. Here, we use a concept called *Six Sigma*. Six sigma means that when we test the strength of say, a batch of steel, we take a bunch of samples, test how strong they are in a variety of ways (tension, strain, compression, etc.) then calculate the average and standard deviation. When we go to design our product, the number we use as the force the material is able to withstand = Average - 6*SD. There is an entire class on this subject alone.\n\nMy favorite engineering professor had this to say on the first day of freshman year: \"Cheap, high quality, fast. Pick 2.\"\n\n**tl;dr Engineers put in a ton of wiggle room to make sure things don't break.**"
],
"score": [
60,
35,
7,
7,
2
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=12774",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_Resistant_mark#ISO_2281_water-resistant_watches_standard",
"http://www.iso.org/iso/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=7100"
]
} | There is no /r/askengineering so I hope this can be asked here. What exactly does it mean for something to be "waterproof to 15 feet?" Does it suddenly break at 15.1 feet?
I was wrong there is [/r/askengineers](/r/askengineers) for those interested | [
0.2883740961551666,
-0.13207554817199707,
0.5519547462463379,
0.4582957625389099,
-0.6830663084983826,
-0.41409823298454285,
-0.0061272382736206055,
-0.7948408126831055,
0.3324252665042877,
0.600158154964447,
0.16321903467178345,
0.1401737779378891,
-0.641065776348114,
0.4614792466163635,
0.13192029297351837,
-0.20759055018424988,
0.23088981211185455,
0.1884148120880127,
-0.29005366563796997,
-0.17440630495548248,
-0.6934917569160461,
0.106968954205513,
0.823259174823761,
0.456782728433609,
-0.5131914615631104,
0.45004329085350037,
0.5324910879135132,
-0.1757683902978897,
0.5678606033325195,
0.5056378245353699,
0.8401670455932617,
0.31588926911354065,
-0.363381952047348,
-0.7678537964820862,
0.30833137035369873,
-0.48550745844841003,
0.566789448261261,
-0.11627800762653351,
1.22800612449646,
-1.1556113958358765,
-0.3690195083618164,
-1.013791799545288,
-0.3580983281135559,
0.8714258074760437,
0.24822863936424255,
-0.1992293894290924,
-0.41461557149887085,
-0.468658447265625,
-0.7248630523681641,
0.5822544097900391,
-0.2893267869949341,
-0.3236822187900543,
0.5544503927230835,
0.06475072354078293,
0.44030389189720154,
-0.2835562229156494,
0.37487679719924927,
0.049855418503284454,
0.6761459112167358,
0.13906855881214142,
0.45171356201171875,
0.3516383171081543,
-1.2448862791061401,
-0.6785951852798462,
0.13612715899944305,
-0.44601011276245117,
-0.6286202669143677,
0.8890283703804016,
-0.7138476967811584,
-0.627524733543396,
0.4763488173484802,
0.005130209494382143,
-0.5198312997817993,
0.0315406396985054,
0.31468427181243896,
-0.8820801973342896,
0.3385777473449707,
-0.07083767652511597,
-0.2357594519853592,
-0.11343357712030411,
0.5260311961174011,
0.03791056200861931,
-0.08948107063770294,
-0.02891063131392002,
-0.054127287119627,
0.26686573028564453,
0.9904560446739197,
-0.3936786651611328,
0.7691943645477295,
1.1442791223526,
-0.5439918637275696,
-0.05358659103512764,
0.2344101518392563,
-0.4204026162624359,
0.36472851037979126,
-0.34332534670829773,
-0.07460477948188782,
-0.5681440234184265,
-0.1707051545381546,
0.19816423952579498,
0.07772195339202881,
-0.06369789689779282,
0.3302267789840698,
1.0423840284347534,
0.31331077218055725,
-0.9443314075469971,
0.610298752784729,
0.21172913908958435,
-0.07379589974880219,
0.29735884070396423,
-0.34093713760375977,
0.4820316433906555,
0.5984418392181396,
-1.2168865203857422,
0.22029432654380798,
-1.4373815059661865,
-0.061967913061380386,
0.02647855505347252,
0.5717788338661194,
0.39682552218437195,
-0.18711821734905243,
-0.03619156405329704,
0.8310553431510925,
-0.8717935085296631,
-0.311284601688385,
0.5099754929542542,
-0.334562212228775,
0.6963561773300171,
-0.05185804143548012,
-0.546876847743988,
-0.33349713683128357,
0.3804648220539093,
0.23062479496002197,
-0.5615962743759155,
0.12081792205572128,
-0.14982590079307556,
-0.8265374898910522,
-0.20498260855674744,
-0.13222064077854156,
-0.28679272532463074,
-0.8084784746170044,
0.3567289710044861,
0.9631005525588989,
0.2592712342739105,
0.14594335854053497,
-0.21837015450000763,
-0.9943501353263855,
-0.3798679709434509,
0.6256143450737,
-0.8569345474243164,
-0.3214760720729828,
-0.3447815179824829,
0.5251470804214478,
-0.57966548204422,
0.5964605212211609,
-0.05426143854856491,
0.7054237127304077,
-0.4650842845439911,
0.05878609046339989,
0.23126225173473358,
0.21035397052764893,
-0.7400871515274048,
-0.4611143171787262,
0.492226779460907,
0.869873046875,
-0.2734445333480835,
-0.31654271483421326,
-0.7779935598373413,
-0.5749947428703308,
-0.10374538600444794,
0.1504691243171692,
-0.7615484595298767,
0.7648937106132507,
0.3659006655216217,
1.4341546297073364,
-0.6438291072845459,
-0.5716637969017029,
-0.027146166190505028,
-0.5283095836639404,
0.21017099916934967,
-0.23148564994335175,
0.03825318068265915,
0.34882017970085144,
0.9284572005271912,
-0.4486013948917389,
0.17271755635738373,
0.630927324295044,
0.2519337236881256,
0.12994937598705292,
0.3136645257472992,
0.5906720757484436,
-0.058233607560396194,
-0.7465013265609741,
0.09430938214063644,
0.41871657967567444,
0.32986366748809814,
0.21958979964256287,
-0.5091745257377625,
0.0527510829269886,
0.6200616955757141,
0.04584885761141777,
-0.45724210143089294,
0.15201199054718018,
0.3451969027519226,
-0.40250885486602783,
-0.16268184781074524,
0.503005862236023,
-0.21191351115703583,
0.1860349327325821,
0.04773886874318123,
-0.5548953413963318,
0.28394946455955505,
-0.2725243866443634,
-0.7761579751968384,
-0.01010807417333126,
-0.1523200124502182,
-0.3539864718914032,
-0.5066827535629272,
-0.33781635761260986,
0.04290343448519707,
0.6262880563735962,
-0.36901068687438965,
-0.5363063216209412,
0.5586008429527283,
1.058422327041626,
-0.8182319402694702,
-0.43980640172958374,
-0.001274606678634882,
-0.11199304461479187,
-0.2120383381843567,
-0.19262556731700897,
0.07658835500478745,
0.230290025472641,
-0.49594467878341675,
0.18994665145874023,
-0.21734149754047394,
-0.5806127190589905,
-0.4093499481678009,
0.2199411392211914,
-1.2479677200317383,
-0.7113997936248779,
0.6010050773620605,
0.46536239981651306,
0.5195902585983276,
0.23660744726657867,
0.6443855166435242,
0.21313674747943878,
-0.5928129553794861,
-0.07943801581859589,
0.17717671394348145,
-0.7110525369644165,
-0.08029666543006897,
-0.33599597215652466,
-1.2163939476013184,
0.3875063955783844,
-0.7139655351638794,
0.032434165477752686,
-0.6150899529457092,
0.09386685490608215,
0.17574788630008698,
0.11234962940216064,
-0.264258474111557,
1.0856302976608276,
-0.0020076262298971415,
-1.2808775901794434,
-0.4760381281375885,
-0.7630782127380371,
-0.08324702084064484,
-0.46462637186050415,
0.8145779967308044,
-0.14695343375205994,
-0.41867512464523315,
0.024350740015506744,
0.4035208523273468,
0.2997070550918579,
-0.6431897878646851,
0.42064934968948364,
0.010497371666133404,
0.4676443636417389,
0.6076515913009644,
0.4344705045223236,
0.20330224931240082,
0.09141698479652405,
0.21661193668842316,
-0.3861251473426819,
0.5671457052230835,
0.6755095720291138,
-0.4613480567932129,
-0.43768784403800964,
-0.7351148128509521,
0.6496664881706238,
0.04485519975423813,
-0.42961710691452026,
1.1811329126358032,
0.4309423863887787,
-0.072331503033638,
-0.4540351629257202,
-0.494422048330307,
-0.24367032945156097,
0.08398766815662384,
-0.061629682779312134,
-0.09747599065303802,
0.32029393315315247,
-0.1890534609556198,
-0.36199554800987244,
0.35414570569992065,
1.0227280855178833,
-0.6429755687713623,
0.11167701333761215,
-0.8296603560447693,
0.475041925907135,
-0.07284922152757645,
-0.4752551317214966,
0.7392924427986145,
-0.0997847467660904,
-0.32199719548225403,
0.45024001598358154,
0.30601102113723755,
-0.6446152925491333,
0.2917137145996094,
-0.6636272072792053,
-0.2412276715040207,
0.7087012529373169,
-0.057658638805150986,
-0.3209545314311981,
0.8650984764099121,
-0.20249436795711517,
0.7749204635620117,
-1.027252197265625,
-0.1273425668478012,
1.4022265672683716,
-0.30057671666145325,
0.43653735518455505,
0.4230181574821472,
0.04125700518488884,
0.5487222075462341,
0.005355541128665209,
0.6057879328727722,
-0.638047993183136,
0.5220785737037659,
1.3058040142059326,
0.2676578760147095,
-0.05388868972659111,
0.35402020812034607,
-0.3265478014945984,
0.1420406699180603,
-1.0619369745254517,
0.21427509188652039,
-0.7562757730484009,
-0.7006312012672424,
0.4840368330478668,
0.1215401440858841,
-0.11540047079324722,
-0.5287864208221436,
0.5421802401542664,
0.4588974714279175,
-0.45399561524391174,
0.11385580152273178,
0.7483595609664917,
-0.08124233782291412,
0.08903294056653976,
0.4560910761356354,
0.17380806803703308,
-0.07831276953220367,
0.05845271050930023,
0.10198052227497101,
-0.5014888644218445,
-1.0279029607772827,
0.2015729546546936,
-0.03497866913676262,
-0.2857443690299988,
0.6360189318656921,
-0.07089871913194656,
-0.35466164350509644,
0.11341486871242523,
-0.12396876513957977,
0.39788830280303955,
0.4437331259250641,
-1.237308144569397,
0.645948588848114,
-0.04522692784667015,
-0.4112795293331146,
-0.33168652653694153,
0.02661404013633728,
-0.4343477785587311,
-0.4311789870262146,
-0.4848276674747467,
-0.08914653956890106,
-0.4553185999393463,
0.7690614461898804,
0.3378768563270569,
0.37791571021080017,
0.01715223118662834,
-0.6654012799263,
-0.831290602684021,
-0.4848966896533966,
-0.6598964333534241,
1.4909032583236694,
0.3112286925315857,
0.010176903568208218,
0.4085218012332916,
-0.09059137850999832,
0.010313567705452442,
0.795258104801178,
0.7845378518104553,
-0.20431041717529297,
0.2676146328449249,
0.380320280790329,
-0.3841979205608368,
-0.09368426352739334,
0.07142958790063858,
-0.7606010437011719,
-1.3340346813201904,
0.0761580839753151,
-0.6033430099487305,
0.17349517345428467,
-0.912022054195404,
-0.6734125018119812,
-1.1676101684570312,
-0.16899921000003815,
-0.052699435502290726,
0.5331976413726807,
-0.6668920516967773,
0.860826313495636,
-0.6195684671401978,
0.2356211394071579,
0.22360430657863617,
-0.5191720724105835,
-0.23762544989585876,
0.6971365809440613,
-0.35962384939193726,
-1.0350829362869263,
0.4523392617702484,
0.07917232066392899,
-1.1988872289657593,
-0.18068893253803253,
0.4195798933506012,
0.30603182315826416,
0.2750392258167267,
0.8009500503540039,
-0.7108628749847412,
0.4504198729991913,
-0.4554159343242645,
0.2272215634584427,
-0.16512195765972137,
0.22372564673423767,
0.7994654178619385,
0.2467586100101471,
-0.5993760824203491,
0.10298390686511993,
0.6989936232566833,
-0.8002641797065735,
-0.029762595891952515,
0.37386947870254517,
0.911845862865448,
-0.06406889855861664,
-0.19622349739074707,
0.3967847228050232,
-0.41465023159980774,
-0.11952129751443863,
-0.0572982095181942,
-0.5744584202766418,
-0.2826898992061615,
0.6933121085166931,
0.5431901812553406,
0.29514437913894653,
0.3058004379272461,
0.09707540273666382,
-0.21374686062335968,
-1.1210277080535889,
-0.436974436044693,
-0.8711786866188049,
1.5935226678848267,
0.7358390092849731,
-1.212539792060852,
-0.657386064529419,
0.10457505285739899,
-0.6365495920181274,
0.03274565190076828,
-1.0418239831924438,
0.05200853943824768,
-0.41056227684020996,
-0.18333010375499725,
0.11438380181789398,
0.7546626329421997,
-0.07890669256448746,
-0.7465295791625977,
0.10980095714330673,
-0.5420876741409302,
-0.47082895040512085,
0.8410531878471375,
0.24628770351409912,
0.6218972206115723,
-0.4690285623073578,
0.010439415462315083,
0.6969015002250671,
-0.7633851766586304,
0.6332316398620605,
-0.10493485629558563,
-0.49779194593429565,
0.44752028584480286,
-0.52017742395401,
0.7951160073280334,
0.12225624173879623,
0.30727002024650574,
0.3871230185031891,
0.039737094193696976,
0.46630483865737915,
0.4612979292869568,
0.48482999205589294,
-0.2821058928966522,
-0.5128915905952454,
-0.22683313488960266,
-0.15551495552062988,
0.3236384689807892,
0.2639029324054718,
-0.3940194249153137,
0.0028832925017923117,
-0.8698668479919434,
0.6276061534881592,
-0.6762396693229675,
-0.2515700161457062,
0.42971184849739075,
-0.5684366226196289,
0.38010793924331665,
0.5316022038459778,
-1.4045897722244263,
-0.6353839635848999,
0.23772288858890533,
-0.3321402370929718,
-0.31223827600479126,
-0.3500595986843109,
-0.3565203547477722,
0.4183948338031769,
0.09997176378965378,
0.9596232771873474,
0.4030066132545471,
-0.44869089126586914,
0.6158834099769592,
0.07587004452943802,
-0.27591225504875183,
0.06364158540964127,
1.3656150102615356,
0.45974576473236084,
0.05464150384068489,
-0.4325955808162689,
-0.04817725345492363,
0.19542144238948822,
-0.8759218454360962,
0.28876280784606934,
0.054365094751119614,
0.24461396038532257,
0.7821715474128723,
0.3980632722377777,
0.2428310513496399,
-0.129678875207901,
0.6978418231010437,
-0.7546214461326599,
0.11396524310112,
0.37256860733032227,
-0.6278247237205505,
0.13026167452335358,
0.0011634697439149022,
-0.732136607170105,
-0.5439761281013489,
-0.3385653495788574,
-0.8256294131278992,
0.12439462542533875,
-0.20481161773204803,
0.2359190732240677,
-0.2890402674674988,
-0.0790981650352478,
-0.6007417440414429,
-0.5218597650527954,
-0.8545011281967163,
-0.0829094871878624,
-0.615913987159729,
-0.010297744534909725,
-0.054017916321754456,
0.1302393078804016,
-0.1813531070947647,
0.39054521918296814,
-0.10979536175727844,
-0.322602778673172,
-0.41013574600219727,
-0.14288686215877533,
0.12894748151302338,
-0.6322852969169617,
-0.26011762022972107,
0.5752297639846802,
-0.8798189163208008,
-0.4053556025028229,
0.7487152814865112,
-0.01803566701710224,
0.7022775411605835,
0.525914192199707,
0.4096318483352661,
0.9432226419448853,
-0.3249048590660095,
-0.11811501532793045,
0.16104693710803986,
-0.21377481520175934,
0.41895151138305664,
0.5747248530387878,
0.8351728320121765,
-0.01596892438828945,
0.7070444822311401,
-1.3145496845245361,
-0.36963948607444763,
-0.016279425472021103,
0.48584258556365967,
-0.026822632178664207,
0.17087675631046295,
0.12694601714611053,
-0.8040754795074463,
-0.5163279175758362,
0.09745661169290543,
-0.8182840347290039,
0.07071143388748169,
-0.2178558111190796,
0.41759082674980164,
0.2187100499868393,
-0.865465521812439,
0.1715628206729889,
0.4199681878089905,
0.5055943727493286,
-0.7565430402755737,
0.1513509452342987,
0.004056493751704693,
-0.16521382331848145,
-0.003191448515281081,
-0.7768923044204712,
-0.0530422180891037,
-0.21325558423995972,
-0.3919696807861328,
-0.45689573884010315,
-0.45759299397468567,
1.2175313234329224,
0.22791226208209991,
-0.6649481654167175,
-0.25636571645736694,
-0.05725843086838722,
-0.6134121417999268,
0.22708535194396973,
0.6015875935554504,
-0.017117833718657494,
-0.2577158212661743,
-0.2510422170162201,
-0.460274875164032,
0.14653591811656952,
-0.6431033611297607,
0.08449003845453262,
0.24350526928901672,
0.6959660053253174,
0.34194937348365784,
0.5890002846717834,
0.39153313636779785,
0.6963780522346497,
-0.27162015438079834,
-0.3193104863166809,
-1.3944982290267944,
0.58863365650177,
-0.2373676300048828,
0.10844864696264267,
0.21845389902591705,
0.07585170120000839,
0.43355777859687805,
0.21096257865428925,
-1.0385032892227173,
-0.33272355794906616,
-0.3685585856437683,
0.08882658183574677,
-0.5775741338729858,
-0.033853281289339066,
0.6090682744979858,
0.447393000125885,
-0.14444798231124878,
0.028108278289437294,
0.07756726443767548,
0.3969014286994934,
0.0742880180478096,
0.7113349437713623,
-0.2256949096918106,
0.3704356551170349,
0.0531436987221241,
-0.34540683031082153,
-0.18016226589679718,
0.8594851493835449,
0.05752553045749664,
-0.9427801370620728,
-0.30090606212615967,
-0.28566598892211914,
-0.6968578100204468,
0.5072981119155884,
-0.26000604033470154,
-0.024118570610880852,
0.025416474789381027,
0.28649666905403137,
-0.9832920432090759,
0.8413009643554688,
-0.6672863364219666,
0.07349925488233566,
-0.8160379528999329,
-0.31501075625419617,
0.010318701155483723,
0.4275150001049042,
0.07414767891168594,
0.45720362663269043,
-0.26124125719070435,
-1.045106053352356,
1.0063709020614624,
-0.32662808895111084,
-0.06403700262308121,
0.1356910765171051,
0.5276245474815369,
-0.09966415166854858,
-0.25299832224845886,
-0.28970253467559814,
0.5110018253326416,
0.881515622138977,
-0.5532492995262146,
-0.23849692940711975,
-0.4519423544406891,
0.054758425801992416,
-0.35423150658607483,
0.3508654236793518,
-0.2105759233236313,
-0.43420425057411194,
-0.20607316493988037,
-0.9065609574317932,
-0.9681591391563416,
-0.01434525940567255,
0.5055489540100098,
-0.21657492220401764,
0.8148374557495117,
-0.055145107209682465,
-0.6087002158164978,
0.6773319244384766,
-0.16442297399044037,
0.5261064767837524,
-0.3705340623855591,
-0.2091040462255478,
-0.5729416608810425,
-0.8654897809028625,
0.42532485723495483,
0.48679739236831665,
-0.2759280204772949,
0.1901862919330597,
-0.3715372085571289,
0.9671198725700378,
0.09165996313095093,
1.1917634010314941,
0.19195005297660828,
-0.1485254466533661,
0.5619242191314697,
-0.2201114147901535,
-0.04902712255716324,
-0.19589649140834808,
-0.7154904007911682,
-0.9762247204780579,
0.5504797697067261,
-0.2880910038948059,
0.09963524341583252,
0.11684184521436691,
-0.010519859381020069,
-0.09710206091403961,
-0.2340732216835022,
0.09530919045209885
] |
|
1gwsyp | What causes the electric field that emanates from all animals? | * As follow up questions:
* How do some animals like sharks and electric eels sense it?
* What would a strong external field do to it? | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"caontvn",
"caom0nf",
"caopyky",
"caolsmd",
"caontnp",
"caoqh9j"
],
"text": [
"This is my current area of research: not necessarily what causes the electric fields--but what endogenous electric fields can do to change an individual cell's behavior. I am fascinated by this field, so I'm giving a primer below, for those interested:\n\nI'll start by saying /u/squidbait is absolutely right about the origin of the fields. Separation of charge across a dielectric (e.g., a cell membrane, or a layer of epithelial cells) creates voltage differences, establishing fields. These voltage differences have far-reaching implications in both cellular behavior and communication.\n\nThe study of bioelectricity began with Luigi Galvani, who discovered that one frog's leg, connected via conducting metals to another, could illicit a twitch response in the other frog's leg. He called his discovery \"animal electricity\" and determined that frog's legs could both detect and produce an electrical signal. From this discovery, the field electrophysiology was born.\n\nThe field would eventually split: one branch being concerned with the study of action potentials and the electrical behavior of individual cells. This is what is now considered traditional electrophysiology. Numerous methods, pioneered by Alan Hodgkin and Bernard Katz, now allow us to quantify these electrical behaviors. Erwin Neher and Bert Sakmann's development of the [patch-clamp technique](_URL_0_) increased our resolution of electrophysiological behaviors.\n\nA \"fringe\" branch also emerged within electrophysiology: these investigators were concerned with larger scale electric fields. Work done in the early 1900s demonstrated that developing animals possess endogenous electric fields and interruption of these fields resulted in abnormal development. This work continues to be built upon. In the 1970s, Richard Borgens and his colleagues discovered that those animals capable of limb regeneration (e.g., the newt) had endogenous electric fields at the site of amputation. We now know this to be the \"trans-epithelial potential\" caused by interruption of the epithelium, which normally separates charge across itself. Interruption of the dielectric creates an interface for current to pass through--a conductance--and alters the voltage across the epithelial layer, creating an electric field.\n\nFrom these experiments, Dr. Borgens found that adult frogs--which normally do not regenerate and do not have the same magnitude of electric field as newts--were able to regenerate amputated limbs if an exogenous electric field was applied. The hypothesis was formed that electric fields could be the \"trigger\" for regeneration in other non-regenerative animals, including humans.\n\nNow more than 4 decades later, this fringe branch of electrophysiology continues to be viewed skeptically. Many, but not all, of the investigators in the field have often made bold claims about the power of bioelectricity that are reminiscent of the sensationalist advertisements from the 19th century. However, there is irrefutable evidence that the application of exogenous electric fields affects cellular behavior. \n\nI agree with the skeptics. Currently, there is no evidence in mammalian models to suggest we'll be treating amputations with applied electric fields. Groups have shown, however, that you can affect mitosis in cancer cells using applied electric fields. You can also promote epithelial regeneration after injury with an exogenous field. Astrocytes (a type of supportive glial cell) have been shown to align in an electric field in a way that promotes neurite outgrowth.\n\nFor an almost excruciatingly thorough review on the subject of electric fields and cellular behavior, check out Christine E. Pullar's 2011 book: \nThe Physiology of Bioelectricity in Development, Tissue Regeneration and Cancer",
"The electric fields in various critters are caused by the same chemistry used in batteries more or less. Essentially an electrochemical gradient is setup across some form of dielectric. Ions on one side gaining a negative charge, on the other a positive charge. This can come about in an organism either via diffusion across a dielectric membrane or via active transport.\n\nOnce we have the ions in place we can get a current by changing the permeability of the membrane or opening channels in the membrane to allow the potential difference to resolve.\n\n_URL_2_\n_URL_2_",
"Sharks have sensors on their head called Ampullae of Lorenzini,\n\n_URL_3_\n\nI've read papers that propose these sensors are used for at least two purposes.\n\n1) They allow them to navigate the oceans as they can sense the induced voltage as them move through the water. I believe they detect the induced voltage as they move through the earths magnetic field due to Faraday's law of induction.\n\n2) Sensing prey. As others have explained the cells in animals and humans set up potential differences across many cell membranes. The largest source of fields are from skeletal and cardiac muscle.",
"Our nerves and muscles operate via electrical impulses (among other things). These can be measured, controlled, and created like many other electrical signals.",
"The movement of electrical current inside your body induces a magnetic field. The variations in that current cause variations in the magnetic field, and a changing magnetic field is accompanied by an electric field.\n\nI am no biologist, but I doubt that animals can sense your electric field. The field is very weak. The electro-magnetic (EM) fields from the sun, stars, earth, and artificial lights will drown out your field outside the body. (Like trying to talk at a concert)\n\nA strong EM field near your body will impede the movement of current in your body, and hence dampen your field. A strong enough field will result in loss of muscle control among other things.",
"Something I've wondered is this: are some humans more sensitive to fluctuations in the electrical fields of others? Could this be a scientific explanation for some so-called psychic abilities, like emotional empaths/broadcasters?"
],
"score": [
136,
112,
6,
6,
2,
2
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patch_clamp",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Membrane_potential",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioelectromagnetics",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampullae_of_Lorenzini"
]
} | What causes the electric field that emanates from all animals?
* As follow up questions: * How do some animals like sharks and electric eels sense it? * What would a strong external field do to it? | [
-0.23993314802646637,
-0.5384341478347778,
0.9782211184501648,
0.45625925064086914,
-0.7522128820419312,
-0.8709403276443481,
0.31215769052505493,
-0.36800071597099304,
0.7077757120132446,
0.0649179145693779,
1.1396055221557617,
0.37297970056533813,
-1.5063532590866089,
0.24260401725769043,
-0.1345694363117218,
-0.644136369228363,
0.5429307818412781,
0.4812506437301636,
-0.12139873206615448,
0.16557838022708893,
-1.0055080652236938,
0.33771687746047974,
-0.4297733008861542,
1.2863736152648926,
-0.005958779715001583,
-0.19407512247562408,
1.1983987092971802,
0.8148061037063599,
1.2020299434661865,
-0.16772854328155518,
0.4309144616127014,
0.40023794770240784,
-1.2388806343078613,
0.80231112241745,
-0.3272360861301422,
-0.41604486107826233,
0.916048526763916,
-0.661899983882904,
0.07730592042207718,
-0.28248876333236694,
-0.013507156632840633,
-0.7799712419509888,
0.6752474308013916,
0.7526839375495911,
-0.8434363603591919,
-0.7470395565032959,
0.5557659268379211,
0.012657864950597286,
-1.2328382730484009,
0.26059505343437195,
-0.17216648161411285,
0.2840137183666229,
-0.38965272903442383,
0.21087385714054108,
0.5726046562194824,
-0.44139641523361206,
0.150968998670578,
-0.3651791512966156,
0.26429957151412964,
-0.23446892201900482,
0.38326454162597656,
0.2095344364643097,
0.15577636659145355,
-0.36179715394973755,
0.42453381419181824,
0.06067400053143501,
0.14301246404647827,
1.1036405563354492,
0.20387060940265656,
-0.21371544897556305,
0.47011706233024597,
0.08456236124038696,
-0.9391040205955505,
-0.6342008709907532,
-1.006837010383606,
-0.15831875801086426,
0.012626874260604382,
-0.3223021328449249,
0.30646511912345886,
-0.4229104816913605,
0.5668033957481384,
0.4213673770427704,
-0.14927667379379272,
0.17839647829532623,
0.21256671845912933,
-0.20766934752464294,
0.19682247936725616,
-0.3421618640422821,
-0.21863660216331482,
1.077453851699829,
-0.4296344220638275,
0.15562985837459564,
0.13102324306964874,
0.6752959489822388,
0.5531014204025269,
-0.17446140944957733,
0.16420021653175354,
-0.8438363671302795,
-0.3977227210998535,
-0.20885704457759857,
-0.09761281311511993,
-0.7854419946670532,
0.27814173698425293,
0.4671335816383362,
-0.2193273901939392,
-0.13514184951782227,
0.03227977454662323,
-0.5118840336799622,
-0.12330938875675201,
0.6493584513664246,
-0.7087621092796326,
0.14552830159664154,
0.06077805534005165,
-0.789592981338501,
-0.8257780075073242,
-1.346395492553711,
0.24728058278560638,
0.26020917296409607,
-0.2876744866371155,
0.11498316377401352,
-0.04631146416068077,
-0.07656179368495941,
1.044828176498413,
1.2882485389709473,
-0.198270782828331,
-0.12357543408870697,
-0.3715590536594391,
0.9537592530250549,
-0.3130706250667572,
-0.24511869251728058,
-0.33121007680892944,
0.48821762204170227,
0.33479273319244385,
-0.34315380454063416,
0.37350761890411377,
0.46846991777420044,
-0.6895419359207153,
0.3127361834049225,
-0.8008813858032227,
0.34389275312423706,
-0.17869774997234344,
0.10179442167282104,
0.65700364112854,
-0.48117825388908386,
-0.1874515563249588,
-1.8837240934371948,
-0.6807554960250854,
-0.33106133341789246,
0.344208300113678,
0.07808133959770203,
-0.9430076479911804,
-0.05424961447715759,
0.5261682868003845,
-0.421129435300827,
0.9787065982818604,
0.5047010779380798,
0.6008377075195312,
-0.8798066973686218,
0.49966949224472046,
0.22430837154388428,
0.35941246151924133,
-0.418556809425354,
-0.04275710880756378,
-0.228128120303154,
0.3238886296749115,
-0.5720457434654236,
-0.6387022137641907,
0.25124600529670715,
-0.8875477313995361,
0.3167024254798889,
-0.15728595852851868,
0.2887127995491028,
0.5956559181213379,
0.5148277878761292,
1.2415130138397217,
-0.29017966985702515,
-0.5526502132415771,
0.0040871393866837025,
0.01718897558748722,
0.24002039432525635,
-0.439989298582077,
-0.030610857531428337,
0.11892914026975632,
0.7029572129249573,
-0.43028342723846436,
0.2801400423049927,
-0.4872604012489319,
0.7364807724952698,
1.0942628383636475,
-0.27626845240592957,
0.5470483899116516,
-0.4280320405960083,
-1.0037215948104858,
0.002240806119516492,
0.8904147744178772,
-0.36301329731941223,
-0.33194103837013245,
0.0038505038246512413,
0.4379118084907532,
-0.27959057688713074,
0.04858580231666565,
-1.107292890548706,
-0.2613806426525116,
-0.11153911799192429,
-0.7942052483558655,
-0.14639918506145477,
0.48700204491615295,
-0.5507712960243225,
0.1019509956240654,
0.13994988799095154,
-0.8784486651420593,
0.9265431761741638,
-0.07116376608610153,
-1.092522144317627,
0.07683204859495163,
0.46084052324295044,
-0.6937748193740845,
0.004307900555431843,
-0.20583847165107727,
-0.021122178062796593,
1.5032470226287842,
0.007185975555330515,
-0.41847899556159973,
-0.7152665853500366,
0.7806787490844727,
0.04925813525915146,
0.37703078985214233,
0.011054606176912785,
-0.15763449668884277,
0.13215842843055725,
-0.03524293005466461,
0.42434820532798767,
0.18158626556396484,
-0.0946553573012352,
0.25162750482559204,
-1.1259046792984009,
-0.5326910614967346,
-0.8012074828147888,
0.5180239081382751,
-0.9493213891983032,
-0.4519609212875366,
1.1731611490249634,
0.47838443517684937,
0.5487823486328125,
0.5483093857765198,
-0.26781103014945984,
-0.8457137942314148,
-0.5386231541633606,
-0.08089148998260498,
-0.4868601858615875,
0.6862258911132812,
-1.142378807067871,
-0.3330216407775879,
-0.9672821760177612,
1.3498765230178833,
-1.0638914108276367,
0.24962295591831207,
-0.9012898802757263,
-0.03996532782912254,
0.42580446600914,
0.287283718585968,
-0.9732344150543213,
0.397186815738678,
-0.9632749557495117,
-0.872780442237854,
-0.27077212929725647,
-0.7175437211990356,
-0.23716095089912415,
0.14348705112934113,
0.5371453762054443,
0.17089225351810455,
0.5176507234573364,
0.3564711809158325,
-0.08306767046451569,
0.4559757709503174,
0.10270528495311737,
1.005521535873413,
0.3835260570049286,
1.355772614479065,
0.4408901631832123,
0.6348575353622437,
0.6794935464859009,
-0.14204391837120056,
-0.7907078862190247,
0.16009582579135895,
-0.8345702290534973,
0.42836740612983704,
-0.305458664894104,
0.5477303862571716,
-1.0994045734405518,
0.8463494777679443,
0.027395052835345268,
-0.38604536652565,
0.7342185378074646,
-0.09901324659585953,
-0.06701183319091797,
0.6706628799438477,
0.7713977098464966,
-0.12468771636486053,
-0.37201470136642456,
-0.35160717368125916,
-0.6701086163520813,
0.6244373917579651,
0.06839064508676529,
-0.07635750621557236,
-0.15665176510810852,
0.9557257890701294,
-0.49899181723594666,
0.5265305638313293,
-0.057240575551986694,
0.4802759885787964,
-0.027694137766957283,
0.11631898581981659,
1.0519354343414307,
0.41507861018180847,
0.14565332233905792,
0.5826641321182251,
-0.06791350990533829,
-1.7615325450897217,
-0.6689583659172058,
0.18116798996925354,
0.32268571853637695,
0.3054608702659607,
-0.40539389848709106,
-0.07542981207370758,
0.8890559673309326,
-0.004740258678793907,
0.9129378199577332,
-0.9352898597717285,
0.1588083803653717,
0.5310718417167664,
-0.4990038573741913,
0.6171579957008362,
0.29299959540367126,
-0.33681485056877136,
-0.43080028891563416,
0.30895721912384033,
0.37717798352241516,
-0.8647310733795166,
-0.45452481508255005,
0.1574767380952835,
0.012536962516605854,
0.32875144481658936,
0.1354665607213974,
0.4029054045677185,
-0.547459602355957,
-0.7738587856292725,
-0.7010447978973389,
0.39061999320983887,
0.1725972294807434,
0.14961671829223633,
-0.09396878629922867,
0.6547318696975708,
-1.2239683866500854,
0.6807321310043335,
0.5473359823226929,
-0.8199400305747986,
0.353864848613739,
0.22661298513412476,
0.4215899109840393,
0.7504324913024902,
0.28318819403648376,
-0.21032202243804932,
-0.15225441753864288,
0.23327048122882843,
-0.07168485969305038,
-0.2748766839504242,
0.07376013696193695,
-0.2540509104728699,
-0.600767970085144,
0.4178808331489563,
0.26592904329299927,
-0.10531648248434067,
0.5902172327041626,
-0.02138396166265011,
-0.6151949763298035,
1.2064920663833618,
0.014244990423321724,
-0.33636075258255005,
0.05124203488230705,
-0.5725287795066833,
-0.0029278285801410675,
-0.6765396595001221,
0.1383085548877716,
-0.24880832433700562,
-0.9848193526268005,
0.26832425594329834,
0.0657602995634079,
-0.8642351627349854,
0.2612246572971344,
-1.0488746166229248,
0.5335635542869568,
-0.165968656539917,
-1.3836208581924438,
-0.11147789657115936,
-0.8929057717323303,
-0.5973978638648987,
0.4768804907798767,
0.6170744299888611,
-0.35047024488449097,
-0.2610936164855957,
0.045058365911245346,
0.1341003030538559,
1.08297860622406,
-0.0775497630238533,
0.2859441339969635,
0.15043747425079346,
-0.30361753702163696,
0.32000499963760376,
-0.15057893097400665,
0.5357834100723267,
-0.6989176869392395,
-0.40661489963531494,
-0.6642564535140991,
0.7622763514518738,
-0.2746334969997406,
-0.8172416090965271,
-0.49703115224838257,
-0.7892123460769653,
-1.5318281650543213,
0.10026751458644867,
-0.8595728278160095,
0.636319637298584,
0.22172382473945618,
-0.07581572234630585,
0.008619255386292934,
0.21150898933410645,
0.4371092617511749,
0.22910834848880768,
1.1649852991104126,
-0.5604068636894226,
-1.057790994644165,
-0.4286341369152069,
0.24119870364665985,
-0.8377975225448608,
-0.15989379584789276,
0.37744781374931335,
-0.36652153730392456,
1.0204564332962036,
0.04463905841112137,
-0.8640285134315491,
0.6789454817771912,
0.7725743651390076,
1.002573013305664,
0.8135385513305664,
-0.2746761739253998,
0.1264892816543579,
-0.20461688935756683,
-0.6739674210548401,
0.750173032283783,
0.6160715818405151,
-0.8392435908317566,
-0.7124264240264893,
-0.6868221759796143,
0.9059933423995972,
0.5657933354377747,
-0.9400588870048523,
0.5548573136329651,
-0.673276960849762,
-0.10183285921812057,
0.0816977247595787,
-0.6590110659599304,
-0.3921078145503998,
0.05716025084257126,
0.5681372880935669,
0.30896374583244324,
0.34986770153045654,
0.007538849022239447,
0.1171998456120491,
-0.20473599433898926,
-0.5950390100479126,
-0.07744628190994263,
0.7659494876861572,
0.3671129047870636,
-0.9055424332618713,
-0.42707666754722595,
0.155655175447464,
0.03888591006398201,
-0.8169832825660706,
-0.8768613934516907,
0.052437007427215576,
-0.5791736841201782,
0.48770415782928467,
-0.27474749088287354,
0.20950402319431305,
0.1553388088941574,
-1.5098998546600342,
-0.13794222474098206,
-0.1873576045036316,
-0.43542182445526123,
0.14781585335731506,
-0.35005301237106323,
0.18415841460227966,
0.6560656428337097,
0.6285825967788696,
0.22053562104701996,
0.632053554058075,
0.6801958084106445,
-0.2754110097885132,
0.6734629273414612,
0.07705333083868027,
0.004955813754349947,
-0.8064286112785339,
0.38513273000717163,
0.0785142183303833,
-0.6947206854820251,
-0.07483839988708496,
-0.01938476599752903,
-0.15370777249336243,
0.5747989416122437,
-1.021289348602295,
-0.25701555609703064,
-0.22715462744235992,
-0.39499717950820923,
0.12012825161218643,
-0.21200858056545258,
0.2903008460998535,
0.5668507218360901,
0.17926420271396637,
0.6708424687385559,
-1.0592873096466064,
0.19190546870231628,
0.4771917462348938,
0.1931198537349701,
0.5215469598770142,
-0.6165218949317932,
-0.5494441390037537,
-0.4239625334739685,
-0.5634298920631409,
-0.7340497374534607,
0.6937797665596008,
-0.6968348026275635,
-1.1102248430252075,
-1.059909701347351,
-0.5114307999610901,
0.6857600212097168,
0.47161152958869934,
-0.5021329522132874,
-0.010149490088224411,
0.14184242486953735,
0.1573549509048462,
-0.2992459237575531,
0.04365282133221626,
0.6011450290679932,
-0.2586871385574341,
-0.6177794933319092,
-0.6065770387649536,
0.09606584906578064,
-0.3604837954044342,
0.8280729651451111,
-0.16288074851036072,
0.43149805068969727,
0.6069108247756958,
0.9500393271446228,
0.4718838632106781,
1.387807011604309,
0.058888308703899384,
-1.2696049213409424,
0.4993788003921509,
0.6826972961425781,
-1.381739854812622,
0.29262077808380127,
-0.2063574194908142,
-0.8425443768501282,
0.6742503046989441,
-0.23850731551647186,
-0.6450669169425964,
-0.05800259858369827,
-0.8098477721214294,
0.6716312170028687,
-1.1045382022857666,
-0.02775190956890583,
0.2199929803609848,
-0.6079980731010437,
-0.703018307685852,
-0.40406790375709534,
-0.1724521368741989,
0.30658748745918274,
0.5301203727722168,
0.06321243941783905,
0.5632113814353943,
0.07241008430719376,
0.3447210192680359,
1.2389318943023682,
-0.42518725991249084,
-0.010375048965215683,
0.0853940099477768,
0.37429219484329224,
0.15319454669952393,
0.35977381467819214,
-0.30359792709350586,
-0.9039075374603271,
-0.13987818360328674,
0.6165186762809753,
0.18419982492923737,
-0.36574244499206543,
0.22601038217544556,
0.014984581619501114,
0.34098437428474426,
-1.1591507196426392,
-0.04457732290029526,
-0.7278147339820862,
0.3192196190357208,
0.32503989338874817,
0.7164087891578674,
0.09091676026582718,
0.17534257471561432,
-0.5006207823753357,
-0.4665907025337219,
1.1280072927474976,
0.44471269845962524,
0.3829110860824585,
0.9098964929580688,
0.11721128970384598,
0.10984563082456589,
-0.6653378009796143,
0.00827180128544569,
-0.1955094188451767,
-0.12691742181777954,
0.006904849782586098,
-0.3687739074230194,
0.3846273720264435,
-1.0492593050003052,
-0.4168217182159424,
1.17173433303833,
-0.5796636939048767,
0.1815607249736786,
0.40058791637420654,
0.30072832107543945,
-0.8753820657730103,
-0.5892198085784912,
0.20039844512939453,
-0.4712391197681427,
-0.5024564862251282,
-0.4550846219062805,
-0.20725932717323303,
-0.4938484728336334,
0.2640934884548187,
-0.23162305355072021,
-0.5802696943283081,
-0.49346211552619934,
-0.1127396672964096,
-0.8539314270019531,
-0.07222627103328705,
0.08345305174589157,
0.5192013382911682,
-0.6807048320770264,
1.1925337314605713,
0.28414371609687805,
1.226064920425415,
-0.5868721008300781,
0.10137083381414413,
-0.5831932425498962,
0.1650591641664505,
1.2979484796524048,
-0.2685464918613434,
0.2915309965610504,
-0.7328723669052124,
-0.035475924611091614,
-0.044105835258960724,
-0.30838218331336975,
-0.7010906934738159,
-0.09796405583620071,
-0.18330487608909607,
0.4753614664077759,
0.22965198755264282,
0.8888025283813477,
0.15708138048648834,
-0.679585874080658,
-0.18978911638259888,
0.8069866895675659,
-0.6482656598091125,
-0.5815766453742981,
0.5156943202018738,
0.46653828024864197,
1.0969481468200684,
-0.6095539331436157,
-0.5471300482749939,
-0.6836773157119751,
0.39488038420677185,
-0.47938254475593567,
0.0946764424443245,
-0.48567694425582886,
0.26113754510879517,
-0.08502449095249176,
-0.4219245910644531,
-0.44287458062171936,
1.2459112405776978,
0.202322319149971,
-0.9712984561920166,
-0.010128294117748737,
-0.3610623776912689,
0.7889783978462219,
0.3101625144481659,
-0.527495265007019,
1.0796518325805664,
-0.37303245067596436,
-0.44201305508613586,
-1.0264201164245605,
0.43522733449935913,
0.7122915387153625,
0.12932807207107544,
-0.07920052856206894,
-0.708827018737793,
0.14552052319049835,
0.179512619972229,
0.44816380739212036,
-0.2127651423215866,
0.11597272753715515,
-0.1594068706035614,
0.5567869544029236,
0.30461397767066956,
-0.21508246660232544,
0.1610470414161682,
-0.49774643778800964,
0.2535462975502014,
-0.5104901790618896,
0.5811028480529785,
0.31822633743286133,
0.2236841768026352,
-0.31266576051712036,
-0.13829603791236877,
0.019980719313025475,
0.05539020523428917,
-0.21964576840400696,
0.33353838324546814,
-0.24283699691295624,
0.34832900762557983,
0.23754285275936127,
-0.6361846327781677,
-0.6691477298736572,
-0.38812369108200073,
0.09554534405469894,
0.7484763264656067,
0.544004499912262,
-0.29956573247909546,
-1.2561392784118652,
1.3798643350601196,
-0.3104366660118103,
0.5499697327613831,
-0.3705522418022156,
-0.5314993262290955,
-0.7992919683456421,
0.11853042244911194,
1.0566306114196777,
0.26399293541908264,
0.03308567777276039,
-0.011490185745060444,
0.1764189451932907,
0.6399005055427551,
0.6437268257141113,
0.47934603691101074,
0.18797190487384796,
-0.45691239833831787,
-0.059810999780893326,
-0.03637668862938881,
-0.35376009345054626,
-1.2264600992202759,
-0.41702914237976074,
-0.46253928542137146,
-0.6611471176147461,
-0.591629147529602,
-0.5903318524360657,
0.4258728325366974,
0.06868969649076462,
-0.19083857536315918,
-0.38850605487823486,
0.08985911309719086
] |
|
ms2y1 | What exactly is the Weak Nuclear Force? | What does it act on? I have tried to get an explanation for nearly a decade, but all I've been able to glean is that it's responsible for beta decay. | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"c33flei",
"c33ezm6",
"c33esbk"
],
"text": [
"First remember that a force is a *change in momentum*. The most familiar force to you might be electrostatics. Like charges exert electrostatic forces to repel each other. Opposite charges exert forces that attract. What they're doing is changing the other's momentum so that they move away from or toward each other. (Neglecting magnetic effects for the moment).\n\nNow the mathematics of what happens is very complicated, but Feynman discovered a very useful cheat. It turns out that you can take a bunch of the mathematical terms and treat them *as if* they were exchanging particles between them. For electromagnetic forces, they act *as if* the charged particles exchange photons. So what this means is that an electron \"emits\" a virtual photon that carries some momentum away. The electron changes its momentum to balance with the momentum of the photon. The photon is absorbed by the next electron and that electron changes its momentum to conserve the momentum from the photon. That's electromagnetic forces.\n\nWell it turns out that one particle can change into another kind of particle along some very specific rules that account to the \"weak\" interactions. So a muon, for instance, turns into a muon neutrino and emits a W^- boson. But just like the photon above, the W^- boson carries away some momentum. Thus it's a *force* because the muon/muon neutrino changes momentum in the process. The W^- boson decays into an electron and an electron anti-neutrino as well. The mass of all these products (individually) will be less than the muon's initial mass, so the process is *allowed* to happen and increases entropy along the way, so it does happen.\n\n[Here's a little more detail on the acausality of the process](_URL_1_).\n\nAnd [the sciencefaq on fundamental particles](_URL_0_)",
"I find it misleading to call it a force. The word \"interaction\" is much better. To me, \"Force\" gives me the impression that you can draw little vectors on particles or something, which is definitely not possible with the weak force. It doesn't attract or repel things. It just interacts.\n\nFor the rest, see Elektrophorus's explanation.",
"The weak force is one of the fundamental forces. Of the forces, it is a relatively short-ranged force that is transferred through subatomic particles called bosons. When the boson interacts with another subatomic particle, the weak force causes several different outcomes, such as annihilation.\n\nThe part that causes beta decay is when the energy from the weak force causes a quark, a subatomic particle that makes up neutrons and protons, to change flavors. When this happens, a neutron is changed to a proton and an electron and an electron antineutrino are emitted. The emission of the electron is beta(-) decay. Beta(+) decay is when a proton is changed to a neutron and a positron and an electron neutrino are emitted."
],
"score": [
12,
12,
11
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://www.reddit.com/r/sciencefaqs/comments/g3py4/what_are_the_fundamental_particles_what_are_their/",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/iallj/15_questions_evolutionists_cant_answer/c229j74"
]
} | What exactly is the Weak Nuclear Force?
What does it act on? I have tried to get an explanation for nearly a decade, but all I've been able to glean is that it's responsible for beta decay. | [
0.0534805953502655,
-0.8455225825309753,
0.5131120681762695,
-0.020197827368974686,
-0.6848997473716736,
-0.39868322014808655,
0.18467791378498077,
-0.5693441033363342,
1.123512625694275,
0.8767625689506531,
1.1977243423461914,
0.2894575595855713,
0.13002057373523712,
1.2299132347106934,
0.05468406900763512,
-0.3962256908416748,
-0.20774734020233154,
0.4949314594268799,
0.07372203469276428,
-0.45800653100013733,
-0.8032216429710388,
0.35891199111938477,
0.0006404668092727661,
0.32367661595344543,
-0.35368260741233826,
0.2512589395046234,
-0.10866733640432358,
-0.47457215189933777,
0.47226473689079285,
0.5309358239173889,
0.18480686843395233,
0.3438519537448883,
-0.6662338376045227,
0.19312410056591034,
0.5652161836624146,
-0.03347444906830788,
0.6114735007286072,
0.23686517775058746,
1.0742689371109009,
-1.5655075311660767,
0.2599785625934601,
-0.762296199798584,
0.06141483783721924,
0.0786004588007927,
-0.3547590672969818,
-0.4213676452636719,
0.4226295053958893,
0.4795103073120117,
-0.7534646391868591,
-0.7395579218864441,
0.08518203347921371,
0.12781922519207,
1.0790849924087524,
0.26494988799095154,
0.20670218765735626,
-0.45906782150268555,
1.1169582605361938,
-0.1413331776857376,
0.576396644115448,
0.7840664982795715,
0.676133930683136,
-0.04818262159824371,
-0.8356911540031433,
-0.8924772143363953,
0.7812860012054443,
-0.13512486219406128,
-0.09326960891485214,
0.8165760040283203,
-1.2849189043045044,
0.12794530391693115,
0.02590627409517765,
0.3597588837146759,
0.17649517953395844,
-0.40099218487739563,
0.5828604102134705,
-0.09502258896827698,
0.724500834941864,
0.40954825282096863,
-0.1738959103822708,
-0.26793229579925537,
-0.010075260885059834,
0.7916409373283386,
-0.4446732699871063,
-0.31807276606559753,
-0.18606559932231903,
0.16453956067562103,
0.3761129379272461,
-0.6795043349266052,
-0.5750707983970642,
1.2765557765960693,
-0.8892719149589539,
-0.1276644468307495,
0.2528599500656128,
-0.5592414736747742,
0.31287482380867004,
-0.39991140365600586,
1.017798662185669,
0.12770269811153412,
0.8093710541725159,
0.5420909523963928,
-0.8306062817573547,
-0.3427480161190033,
0.515727162361145,
0.8682836890220642,
-0.17776638269424438,
-1.144192099571228,
-0.006277225911617279,
-0.08256182074546814,
-0.1841650754213333,
0.38175344467163086,
0.06435186415910721,
0.38950982689857483,
-0.5747684836387634,
-0.4776335656642914,
-0.6938932538032532,
-1.7805986404418945,
-0.07715065777301788,
-0.3300418555736542,
1.0093849897384644,
0.5845286250114441,
-0.007755646947771311,
0.09433563798666,
0.67499178647995,
-0.09345334768295288,
0.24400202929973602,
-0.01920936442911625,
0.04863791540265083,
0.4401766359806061,
-0.05649871751666069,
-0.3317985534667969,
0.4969218075275421,
0.46543875336647034,
0.3627889156341553,
0.03355630114674568,
0.11533419042825699,
-0.41659656167030334,
-0.4751456677913666,
0.15046189725399017,
-0.7000689506530762,
-0.14563582837581635,
-0.5118488669395447,
0.4048137664794922,
0.7279648184776306,
-0.48996177315711975,
-0.1674211025238037,
-0.7443686127662659,
-0.6846503615379333,
0.31079185009002686,
-0.05841320753097534,
-0.2176007777452469,
-1.0291308164596558,
-0.3998183310031891,
0.4815189838409424,
-0.6241912245750427,
0.02143028937280178,
-0.990912914276123,
0.3781447112560272,
-0.791435956954956,
0.11933126300573349,
-0.2576158940792084,
-0.48851147294044495,
-0.4898432791233063,
-0.09256517142057419,
0.5305458307266235,
0.5975434184074402,
-0.4425135552883148,
-0.5175853371620178,
-0.46060946583747864,
-0.9317743182182312,
-0.12083537131547928,
-0.35814735293388367,
-0.08918187767267227,
1.377271056175232,
0.46067678928375244,
0.6285423636436462,
-0.25527843832969666,
0.18458634614944458,
0.37050583958625793,
-0.8590956330299377,
0.1150979995727539,
-1.229925513267517,
-1.1029634475708008,
0.3196598291397095,
0.6629833579063416,
-0.4289597272872925,
0.01738031953573227,
0.5790464282035828,
0.3493896424770355,
0.13335859775543213,
0.489583283662796,
0.1591404229402542,
-0.683009922504425,
-0.4839543104171753,
-0.23269927501678467,
0.4837835729122162,
0.3659098446369171,
0.07597892731428146,
0.12591412663459778,
0.14817272126674652,
-0.8441417813301086,
0.8125030398368835,
-1.7211828231811523,
0.5468406677246094,
-0.169760599732399,
0.1698356717824936,
-0.5923632383346558,
0.9015307426452637,
0.12072008848190308,
0.4759558141231537,
0.23375754058361053,
0.42814913392066956,
1.0696340799331665,
-0.4248330295085907,
-0.1876954287290573,
-0.6099998354911804,
0.25746574997901917,
0.1693630814552307,
0.12477799504995346,
0.6770709156990051,
0.1939210146665573,
0.21391482651233673,
-0.5029016137123108,
0.012204433791339397,
0.12140199542045593,
0.040353622287511826,
-0.16658295691013336,
-0.1398564726114273,
-0.03207002952694893,
0.20309655368328094,
0.6493513584136963,
-0.11112677305936813,
-0.11279302835464478,
0.017233118414878845,
0.5039412975311279,
0.18293388187885284,
-0.32391244173049927,
-1.7117257118225098,
-0.38802608847618103,
-0.2669256031513214,
0.014343333430588245,
0.10080849379301071,
0.41196778416633606,
0.0975891724228859,
0.6360828280448914,
1.0336425304412842,
1.0823949575424194,
-0.009664960205554962,
-0.31559300422668457,
-1.1802754402160645,
0.7419171333312988,
-0.9231357574462891,
-0.831896960735321,
-0.4583037197589874,
-1.1559120416641235,
0.2563048303127289,
-0.6767098903656006,
0.2763526141643524,
0.08874840289354324,
0.46700921654701233,
0.12889783084392548,
-0.24484677612781525,
-1.1117088794708252,
0.7365570068359375,
0.13120989501476288,
-0.6850516200065613,
0.6765848994255066,
-0.42552876472473145,
0.7324325442314148,
0.6223092675209045,
0.4932384490966797,
0.20561432838439941,
-0.42287135124206543,
-0.011988870799541473,
0.47817644476890564,
-0.9862561225891113,
-0.5261057615280151,
0.3751879632472992,
-0.39286327362060547,
0.05591660737991333,
0.2007695883512497,
0.4670531749725342,
0.6727702617645264,
-0.3698003590106964,
-1.1001429557800293,
0.0691186711192131,
0.51146000623703,
1.507424235343933,
-0.7458118796348572,
-0.5044031739234924,
-0.3926699161529541,
-0.031434565782547,
0.15502850711345673,
-0.6180270314216614,
1.0092753171920776,
-0.059685271233320236,
0.19926416873931885,
0.09731677174568176,
-0.35483336448669434,
0.25129494071006775,
0.27644580602645874,
0.03483885899186134,
-0.8890385031700134,
0.15577994287014008,
0.5749096274375916,
-0.4304297864437103,
0.20853829383850098,
0.48678478598594666,
-0.712954044342041,
0.9559406638145447,
-0.5105679631233215,
0.68796706199646,
-0.9569445252418518,
0.5184776186943054,
0.7760856747627258,
-0.19063453376293182,
0.7295455932617188,
0.3239133059978485,
-0.9071559906005859,
-1.24704110622406,
-0.5388692617416382,
0.2168559581041336,
0.19895170629024506,
0.43690726161003113,
-0.011484895832836628,
-0.8050940036773682,
0.7996488213539124,
-0.7231901288032532,
0.3738437592983246,
-0.037965111434459686,
0.2958093583583832,
1.1361929178237915,
-0.7435343265533447,
0.16062916815280914,
1.2914797067642212,
-0.38530075550079346,
-0.40698227286338806,
0.2549408972263336,
0.3691665232181549,
-0.3797246515750885,
-0.05848981812596321,
0.8373296856880188,
0.7557954788208008,
-0.2981635630130768,
0.49927031993865967,
-0.46009597182273865,
0.8314194679260254,
-0.44383201003074646,
-0.17896877229213715,
0.13479162752628326,
-0.5452917218208313,
-0.12745141983032227,
0.6213774681091309,
0.45078715682029724,
-0.7584322094917297,
0.3610811233520508,
1.0416823625564575,
-1.088322639465332,
0.2334694117307663,
0.35892796516418457,
0.21776211261749268,
-0.15896786749362946,
0.15275897085666656,
0.8187515139579773,
0.1253822296857834,
-0.05640672147274017,
-0.12620091438293457,
-0.8177406191825867,
-0.5612475275993347,
0.0820833146572113,
0.24313218891620636,
0.46690645813941956,
0.6566734910011292,
-0.5028453469276428,
-0.5670334696769714,
1.141444444656372,
-0.5856180787086487,
0.384796142578125,
0.5104208588600159,
-0.6727967262268066,
-0.5513504147529602,
-0.06184372678399086,
0.3023741543292999,
-0.07572001963853836,
0.3568612039089203,
-0.6406266093254089,
-0.3726155459880829,
-0.4964866638183594,
-0.4920116364955902,
-0.45075225830078125,
-0.07256855815649033,
0.30304932594299316,
-0.25244200229644775,
0.04088307172060013,
-0.602005660533905,
-1.3014602661132812,
-0.5704174041748047,
-0.6068015098571777,
0.05849837884306908,
0.047351691871881485,
-0.5247111916542053,
0.3689756393432617,
0.8025379180908203,
-0.23921556770801544,
0.7233503460884094,
0.49985453486442566,
-0.20875102281570435,
0.20882277190685272,
0.8589219450950623,
0.45495104789733887,
-0.8006697297096252,
0.33687639236450195,
-0.7777879238128662,
-0.7290031909942627,
0.19268465042114258,
0.44200918078422546,
-0.8928548693656921,
-0.7150666117668152,
0.08500391244888306,
-1.159153938293457,
-0.5609213709831238,
1.2195473909378052,
0.08143296092748642,
-0.13988716900348663,
0.25158894062042236,
-0.07126664370298386,
-0.3030811846256256,
-0.02687324583530426,
-0.8647818565368652,
-0.15652917325496674,
0.33223000168800354,
-0.8924894332885742,
-0.595820426940918,
1.45022714138031,
0.35618242621421814,
-0.5555589199066162,
0.42462387681007385,
0.23517604172229767,
-0.09262283891439438,
-0.5218457579612732,
0.03667205944657326,
-0.7887004017829895,
0.8943856358528137,
0.40498366951942444,
0.09817791730165482,
-1.0572582483291626,
-0.5911206603050232,
0.7314572334289551,
-0.03354306519031525,
-0.5725162625312805,
-0.09941355139017105,
0.1393064260482788,
-0.4974372088909149,
-0.3565453588962555,
1.465826392173767,
1.1722040176391602,
0.21589632332324982,
-0.6415702104568481,
0.44720301032066345,
-0.4117640554904938,
0.39698734879493713,
-1.0845760107040405,
-0.7785500884056091,
-0.19953541457653046,
1.1695367097854614,
0.8255972266197205,
0.5999586582183838,
-0.12843027710914612,
-0.3399161100387573,
-0.2761008143424988,
-0.5647264122962952,
-0.46945157647132874,
-0.046138763427734375,
0.3341057300567627,
0.09816976636648178,
0.3272324502468109,
-0.32638728618621826,
0.6630887389183044,
-0.09464927762746811,
-0.23926645517349243,
-1.0543608665466309,
0.9887354969978333,
-0.632439374923706,
-0.8912079930305481,
0.3726682960987091,
0.3614334762096405,
-0.7535095810890198,
-0.4358278214931488,
0.39485159516334534,
-0.2529439628124237,
0.18699850142002106,
-0.1513802409172058,
0.3152306079864502,
0.25184255838394165,
0.3101087808609009,
0.6767153739929199,
0.8277624249458313,
-0.1575855314731598,
1.180956482887268,
0.22767072916030884,
-0.29793497920036316,
-0.08106791228055954,
-0.26665744185447693,
-0.3605814278125763,
-1.0863972902297974,
0.038812413811683655,
-0.3867044746875763,
0.3994671404361725,
0.6729603409767151,
0.13760757446289062,
0.45741772651672363,
-0.07828175276517868,
-0.5025780200958252,
0.28120890259742737,
-0.16794021427631378,
0.5268940925598145,
-0.13939371705055237,
0.38109830021858215,
-0.6734587550163269,
-0.8001372218132019,
0.20042307674884796,
-0.7999991774559021,
-0.5680086016654968,
1.338429570198059,
-0.11096048355102539,
0.14411954581737518,
-0.06787488609552383,
-1.1583595275878906,
-1.064382553100586,
0.1940809041261673,
0.20916195213794708,
0.2508532702922821,
0.5554640293121338,
-0.3615853786468506,
0.768118143081665,
-0.5604733824729919,
0.5284095406532288,
0.8132111430168152,
-0.5034274458885193,
0.3218212127685547,
-0.19819378852844238,
-0.3510635793209076,
-0.4907352030277252,
1.2446495294570923,
0.0014536725357174873,
-0.42326536774635315,
-0.545359194278717,
-0.08547800779342651,
0.061695754528045654,
-0.2522840201854706,
0.646742045879364,
0.04824923351407051,
-0.3849644958972931,
0.2183973789215088,
-0.42362526059150696,
1.2245516777038574,
1.0059839487075806,
-0.31262943148612976,
-0.39389753341674805,
-0.29885464906692505,
0.16224198043346405,
-1.3466243743896484,
-0.30084753036499023,
0.9655337929725647,
-0.6327152252197266,
-0.06957530230283737,
-0.8013126254081726,
-0.8049468398094177,
-0.3903888761997223,
-0.15688014030456543,
0.6140933036804199,
-0.05035892128944397,
-0.543718695640564,
-0.7814645171165466,
-0.6054162383079529,
0.2868861258029938,
0.2689072787761688,
-0.03601667657494545,
0.41530323028564453,
0.3566131591796875,
-0.047940850257873535,
0.4423086941242218,
0.4654933214187622,
-0.48224112391471863,
0.7263637185096741,
-0.25860071182250977,
0.6909497380256653,
-0.2697964906692505,
0.08316823840141296,
-0.14123089611530304,
0.45317932963371277,
-0.2864595353603363,
-0.7436140179634094,
0.29070258140563965,
0.007498905062675476,
0.4122590124607086,
-0.41028299927711487,
0.5236837863922119,
0.5020971894264221,
-1.0464978218078613,
-0.9332699179649353,
0.4985443353652954,
-0.40047144889831543,
0.12736737728118896,
-0.5480673909187317,
0.09182847291231155,
-0.17983132600784302,
0.47114863991737366,
-0.7121151089668274,
-0.08774005621671677,
-0.3956906795501709,
0.2516604959964752,
-0.5400498509407043,
0.19252638518810272,
-0.2610207796096802,
-0.012437318451702595,
0.4145279824733734,
-0.3326898515224457,
0.40393102169036865,
0.2775517702102661,
0.3677144944667816,
0.2594566345214844,
-0.2377757579088211,
-1.218239188194275,
0.1677841991186142,
0.17784734070301056,
0.5201296210289001,
0.2816205322742462,
1.5658658742904663,
0.6598154902458191,
0.2591838240623474,
-0.21956999599933624,
-0.0053096660412848,
-1.1873890161514282,
0.13332317769527435,
-0.7052811980247498,
-0.16842462122440338,
-0.861030638217926,
-0.26771280169487,
-0.49945974349975586,
-1.0448622703552246,
-0.24679948389530182,
-0.10940007120370865,
-0.883061408996582,
0.5187440514564514,
0.36061862111091614,
0.1656981259584427,
-0.4632502496242523,
0.09168043732643127,
-0.028028232976794243,
0.5650373101234436,
-0.4574975073337555,
0.6313043236732483,
0.1508895456790924,
0.07524930685758591,
0.4886723756790161,
0.11390920728445053,
-0.21328683197498322,
-0.05762766674160957,
-0.15612313151359558,
0.49330973625183105,
-1.4922982454299927,
-0.4616675078868866,
0.16369450092315674,
-0.5493360757827759,
0.036853592842817307,
0.2984139621257782,
0.10061085969209671,
0.05919843912124634,
-0.23583711683750153,
0.14573371410369873,
-0.06438713520765305,
0.7112573981285095,
-0.8115996718406677,
0.06059713289141655,
0.16739659011363983,
-0.03218948468565941,
-0.3953169882297516,
0.3342216908931732,
0.3134472370147705,
-0.5850633382797241,
-0.3904746472835541,
0.03699757531285286,
-0.7668055891990662,
0.5220957398414612,
-0.2714015245437622,
-0.42798590660095215,
-0.38818004727363586,
0.9219844937324524,
0.2965545356273651,
-0.026466229930520058,
-0.22469870746135712,
-0.44758176803588867,
-0.08502630144357681,
-0.5729698538780212,
-0.07169794291257858,
0.058772604912519455,
0.08265121281147003,
-0.8379158973693848,
-1.1127387285232544,
-0.10517037659883499,
-1.3359276056289673,
-0.2664344310760498,
-0.6255220174789429,
-1.0870776176452637,
0.40278908610343933,
-0.2519075870513916,
0.14360125362873077,
0.547787070274353,
-0.04973214864730835,
-1.4427026510238647,
0.43603503704071045,
-0.0035464961547404528,
-0.8204367160797119,
0.30529865622520447,
-0.16122294962406158,
1.0004764795303345,
-0.7067334055900574,
-0.4453701972961426,
0.13829946517944336,
0.7742384076118469,
-0.4983557164669037,
-0.6316728591918945,
-0.5998782515525818,
-0.6702194213867188,
-0.8831345438957214,
0.9312856793403625,
-0.1979648619890213,
0.4489905834197998,
-0.5593337416648865,
0.08851798623800278,
-0.7785236239433289,
0.3367033302783966,
-0.11624869704246521,
0.16748560965061188,
0.5140642523765564,
0.5096240043640137,
0.36661896109580994,
0.20953567326068878,
0.08665210008621216,
-0.4211481809616089,
-0.4320787489414215,
0.36289045214653015,
-0.358935683965683,
-1.1399602890014648,
0.8033421635627747,
-0.4019986689090729,
-0.21978791058063507,
-0.11326926946640015,
-0.3382168710231781,
1.3376487493515015,
0.525554895401001,
0.20530521869659424,
0.3501448929309845,
-0.4164201021194458,
0.25378164649009705,
-0.9963666796684265,
0.5967370867729187,
-0.41871675848960876,
-0.18776006996631622,
0.6343224048614502,
0.5360260009765625,
0.3130286931991577,
0.342530220746994,
-0.19928157329559326,
-0.11331585794687271,
-0.24185127019882202,
0.07275348901748657,
-0.8930032253265381
] |
|
4s0abi | What kind of damage could someone expect if hit by a single atom of titanium at 99%c? | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"d55jqy7",
"d55q3iy",
"d55lvuf",
"d55qc1j",
"d55r9po",
"d563k1x",
"d55w175",
"d55yw78",
"d568av2",
"d56b378",
"d567fk8"
],
"text": [
"A single atom? It would pass through you, although its [electrons would be stripped from its nucleus](_URL_2_) and you'd be hit by both the atomic nuclei and its electrons. As for the effects? You'd probably be fine if it were a single atom. The only time I know that something like this occurred was in 1978 when [Anatoli Bugorski](_URL_0_) accidentally stuck his head in the path of a particle accelerator beam with protons going very near the speed of light. He survived, [although the consequences weren't pretty](_URL_1_).",
"Oh boy! So this question directly relates to what I do for work. NASA has a radiation biophysics group and we study the effects for radiation on people in space. One of the things that astronauts get exposed to are called galactic cosmic rays (GCRs). Typically for people on earth, this radiation is filtered out by the atmosphere, but on the ISS, people on board are exposed. Unlike gamma rays which is electromagnetic radiation, GCRs contain particle radiation- protons, helium nuclei, and HZE or high atomic number nuclei- like Titanium. Although these HZE aren't traveling at 99%c, they can be at 40-60%c. At these energies, the electrons are stripped off and its just the nucleus. From a single nuclei, you wouldn't see any effects on the organism level. Most likely one nuclei might pass through the person and not hit very much anyway- but at higher doses you do see effects. We are currently writing up the manuscript for this so I don't think I can show the photos of the cell nuclei, but we flew cells on the ISS and after 2 weeks had them fixed and stained them for DNA damage markers. Compared to ground controls that were receiving similar doses of electromagnetic radiation, but no particles, we actually see physical tracks of DNA damage in the space flow cells. It is presumed that these tracks are signatures of these HZE particles. Basically they hit your DNA and induce dsDNA breaks. There are lots of secondary effects in the cellular responses that I won't go into- gene expression changes, etc. etc. but they might be related to the microgravity environment and the whole picture gets a bit more complicated. \n\nTLDR, nuclei traveling very fast are like little cannonballs that cause DNA double strand breaks all along the track where they deposit energy as they crash through your cells.",
"It would fly right through you, and cause changes to any molecules it hit. It's very likely your body would never notice this, even if it hit something really important in a cell, it would just kill that cell, millions of which are dying constantly anyway. The only way it could actually hurt you would be if you got really unlucky and it hit a cell in just the right state in just the right part of the DNA to cause the cell to become cancerous. Even then the cell would probably already have to have several other previously built up errors as well.\n\nThis phenomenon is why radiation causes genetic damage, but of course that's many, many particles. EM radiation can behave similarly though of course your DNA is being damaged by high energy photons instead of atoms.",
"This happens to astronauts. They are above the atmosphere and get hit with cosmic ray radiation, which is mostly various atomic nuclei. Supposedly they can close their eyes and see lights as the rays pass through. It's basically just a dose of radiation.",
"99%c isn't really that much. that's well within the range of cosmic particles. You could heap on a lot more before things get interesting.\n\nIf we use a presumably more common proton instead of titanium nuclei we get this: _URL_3_\n\nso the energy at 10^-10 J is not really anything to worry about. \n\nif you add a liberal amount of 9s more to get something like 0.999999999999999999999999999999999999999c then you're approaching(or exceeding) the energy level of nuclear weapons so that's when interesting things may happen. Unfortunately wolframalpha stops calculating its energy in joule well before it's even in the single Joule range so I can't really give an accurate number at that value. And I assume there's really no process that could give it that much energy. The most energetic cosmic particle ever measured had the energy of a baseball at decent speed: _URL_4_ \n\nBut the energy of an impact with such a fancy particle is not going to turn into heat and cause a nuclear explosion, it will fragment into a lot of other exotic new particles who will carry away most of that energy to some distant targets and secondary, tertiary and so on collisions otherside a human sized target. If you want to blow someone apart a bulk collection of fast but not exceedingly so particles is probably the optimal choice.",
"Kind of off topic but a really good read- author of XKCD explains what would happen if you made a periodic table of cube shaped bricks where each brick was made of the corresponding element. \n\n_URL_5_\n\n*\"... There’s no material safety data sheet for astatine. If there were, it would just be the word “NO” scrawled over and over in charred blood...\"*",
"I took a tour of TRIUMF (TRI-University Meson Factory) once and I asked about the huge concrete blocks piled over most of the apparatus.\n\nThey said it prevented/confined \"departures\" of the beam from causing damage/injury elsewhere.\n\nI asked what that looked like and he showed my a pockmark in one block 1/2\" across.",
"It's basically the same affect as solar and cosmic radiation. It might knock out a piece of code in your DNA which might not get repaired which would then cause a mutation, which may or may not be of much consequence. Radiation is one of the driving forces of evolution they say.",
"The mean path length of a relativistic ion in a ceramic crystal is on the order of 10^-5 to 10^-6 meters (based on experiments performed at RHIC I saw the results of). These were gold ions (I think), so much heavier but they have d-orbitals (which is where most of the damage is going to come from in the long term - the relative charge of the protons in the nucleus). \n\nIt wouldn't do any damage that you would be able to feel or notice, as the thickness of your epidermis is 10^-3 meters. Even if it travelled 10x further in human tissue as it does in a ceramic, it would still have to go another 5x longer. Interestingly, as it slows down its interaction cross section increases so the damage it does gets worse the farther it travels through a material. \n\nBut still, it won't go far enough to do any damage. At very high speeds there is not enough time for electrons to 'feel' the very much of the effects of the massive charge plowing through. As the atom tunnels through more stuff, it slows down (through EM interactions - it starts emitting photons or interacting with electrons that emit photons) and as it slows down the damage gets worse as electrons and protons are severely perturbed by the Ti nucleus. \n\nYou may be overestimating how much energy a titanium atom travelling at 0.99c has - it's only ~ 100 GeV.",
"I'm surprised nobody has mentioned the Oh-My-God particle, first observed in 1991 and was mostly likely a proton with an energy of 3e11 eV, roughly equivalent to the kinetic energy of a baseball traveling at 94 mph, and traveling at ~99.99999999999999999999951% the speed of light. \n\nSeveral more have been observed since, so it's definitely a real thing, but they don't know where it came from. \n\nOn the extremely unlikely (impossible) chance one of them actually collided with you, i'm not totally sure what would happen... I'm guessing if it managed to actually collide with one of your molecules, you'd get a bunch of slightly lower energy particles that would then exit your body or collide with other molecules and produce a few more particles, but most of the energy would simply exit your body. \n\n_URL_6_",
"This is basically what happens constantly from cosmic rays hitting you. Cosmic rays are atomic nuclei of various heavy elements such as iron (close to titanium) that are heavily ionized AND traveling at 99% of c. Basically you feel nothing at all. The cells that are hit by it may or may not be killed - in some ways cell death is better with radiation - no cancer risk. It can be just damage which may or may not be repaired correctly. Usually it will be many cells - the track (of effects/damage) can be mm's long."
],
"score": [
3489,
252,
134,
27,
13,
10,
6,
6,
3,
3,
3
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatoli_Bugorski",
"http://survivor-story.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/anatoli-bugorski.jpg",
"http://www.astro.spbu.ru/staff/afk/AtDatCentre/AtDatCat/Chapter3.pdf",
"http://www.wolframalpha.com/input/?i=kinetic+energy+of+proton+at+.99c",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oh-My-God_particle",
"http://www.mrpiper.net/StudentFiles/8W1/Revision/15_11_11%20-%20Periodic%20Table%20(XKCD%20What%20If).pdf",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oh-My-God_particle"
]
} | What kind of damage could someone expect if hit by a single atom of titanium at 99%c?
| [
0.38311144709587097,
-0.7940335869789124,
0.2364511489868164,
0.012141739949584007,
-0.3936929702758789,
-0.6328228712081909,
0.19588765501976013,
-1.08125638961792,
1.0551635026931763,
0.2875615954399109,
0.504543125629425,
0.25006240606307983,
-1.1758644580841064,
0.427927702665329,
0.4136407971382141,
-0.4055733382701874,
-0.03202638402581215,
0.7603301405906677,
-0.6548518538475037,
-0.1168304979801178,
-0.43478500843048096,
0.17843686044216156,
0.14590828120708466,
0.9858829379081726,
-0.9064887762069702,
0.2687453329563141,
1.4105108976364136,
-0.45036861300468445,
0.19327284395694733,
0.3686431050300598,
-0.11833442002534866,
-0.3084298074245453,
-1.1183419227600098,
0.6359819173812866,
0.2984834611415863,
0.10863599181175232,
0.7539964914321899,
-0.4932634234428406,
0.7661237120628357,
-1.2699912786483765,
0.4495788514614105,
-0.28767824172973633,
0.6742505431175232,
0.5564901828765869,
-1.1688263416290283,
-0.29825103282928467,
-0.30112388730049133,
-0.31642624735832214,
-0.4103621542453766,
-0.5793738961219788,
0.7670438289642334,
0.40479251742362976,
0.40118473768234253,
0.11864688247442245,
0.2211419939994812,
-0.07170230895280838,
0.037920378148555756,
-0.245518296957016,
-0.3963274657726288,
0.3314352035522461,
0.3247256278991699,
0.21623095870018005,
-0.9221395254135132,
-0.756303071975708,
1.1630494594573975,
0.2452324479818344,
-0.6245480179786682,
0.1728133261203766,
-1.4088975191116333,
0.287627249956131,
0.7519353628158569,
-0.09992461651563644,
-0.4975951015949249,
-0.7020896673202515,
-0.4199012517929077,
0.024682072922587395,
-0.05637066438794136,
-0.1782984882593155,
-0.1912800371646881,
-0.09291081130504608,
-0.0558934323489666,
0.6103919744491577,
-0.09205175191164017,
0.29288265109062195,
0.14132381975650787,
0.02321680262684822,
0.0396781824529171,
-0.381476491689682,
0.31488606333732605,
1.9101402759552002,
-0.46744439005851746,
-0.19496311247348785,
0.9556215405464172,
0.18435068428516388,
0.5325708389282227,
-0.945046603679657,
0.9487142562866211,
-0.5256872177124023,
-0.3817058801651001,
-0.35649850964546204,
-0.5782968401908875,
-0.3427126705646515,
-0.11684129387140274,
0.7137434482574463,
-0.21848544478416443,
-0.7257312536239624,
-0.07529203593730927,
0.1782819777727127,
0.5528629422187805,
0.29205721616744995,
0.03861133009195328,
-0.013347867876291275,
0.0006940182065591216,
-0.09181609004735947,
0.3468470871448517,
-1.6365058422088623,
0.5093957781791687,
0.7614305019378662,
0.14384041726589203,
-0.5415380001068115,
0.5793166756629944,
-0.6362464427947998,
0.7842307686805725,
1.4632267951965332,
0.20732353627681732,
0.800667941570282,
-0.008613071404397488,
0.9099544286727905,
1.246027946472168,
-0.37295687198638916,
-0.68380206823349,
0.696808397769928,
0.7215963006019592,
-0.30514416098594666,
0.649768590927124,
-0.018717873841524124,
-0.6373258233070374,
-0.3582060635089874,
-0.5903980731964111,
0.6092037558555603,
0.890752375125885,
-0.03796856105327606,
0.31197530031204224,
-0.06589151173830032,
0.671458899974823,
-0.5061326622962952,
0.06067788973450661,
-0.2744082510471344,
0.43206673860549927,
-0.15537838637828827,
0.14723706245422363,
0.18472547829151154,
-0.006764942780137062,
-0.378377228975296,
0.5264615416526794,
-0.2660099267959595,
1.392040729522705,
-0.7044006586074829,
0.6183546185493469,
-0.14491380751132965,
-0.39155665040016174,
0.2035212516784668,
0.15619468688964844,
-0.7324128746986389,
-0.16378915309906006,
-0.6890501379966736,
-0.5131503939628601,
0.12917420268058777,
-0.4750218689441681,
-0.31484782695770264,
-0.6508870124816895,
-0.6498199105262756,
0.835141122341156,
0.7732656598091125,
0.5625610947608948,
-0.344804972410202,
0.5415258407592773,
0.5454044938087463,
0.15136490762233734,
-0.2798600196838379,
-0.06912124156951904,
-0.5543975234031677,
0.7841036319732666,
0.8458872437477112,
-0.37425336241722107,
-0.2128261923789978,
0.1978674829006195,
0.3009219169616699,
0.6558076739311218,
0.8903831243515015,
-0.3606240153312683,
0.023808620870113373,
-0.9957983493804932,
-0.24122047424316406,
1.1662189960479736,
-0.3103056252002716,
-0.24461382627487183,
-0.8855170607566833,
0.2053346037864685,
0.04595186933875084,
-0.5214947462081909,
-1.1259928941726685,
0.5749650597572327,
-1.2086464166641235,
-0.5940180420875549,
-0.06955032050609589,
0.4042580723762512,
-0.24105530977249146,
1.0976401567459106,
0.30559051036834717,
0.6111215353012085,
1.154110312461853,
0.4767758548259735,
0.025783739984035492,
-0.4375133812427521,
-0.7774915099143982,
0.6180402040481567,
0.27081120014190674,
0.29811355471611023,
0.32372525334358215,
0.09991342574357986,
-0.6292523741722107,
0.6989927291870117,
-0.3887236714363098,
-0.03482084721326828,
-0.8662796020507812,
-0.32360032200813293,
-0.09564947336912155,
-0.07424921542406082,
-0.08415254950523376,
0.14929257333278656,
0.053678110241889954,
-0.12201206386089325,
0.13022637367248535,
-0.08895456045866013,
-0.5932901501655579,
-1.1122543811798096,
-0.4024151861667633,
0.5014840364456177,
-0.2401076704263687,
-0.462812215089798,
-0.004534482955932617,
0.060759685933589935,
0.9462224841117859,
0.23521475493907928,
1.5128655433654785,
-0.1861516535282135,
-0.6722053289413452,
-0.24183176457881927,
0.46879634261131287,
0.08002478629350662,
-1.5284125804901123,
-1.838090419769287,
-1.0041950941085815,
0.1533156782388687,
-1.1170121431350708,
-0.23970714211463928,
-0.2334761619567871,
-0.4196644127368927,
-0.026770364493131638,
-0.4771350622177124,
-1.2521005868911743,
0.651197075843811,
-0.5769253373146057,
-0.9140956997871399,
-0.5876454710960388,
-0.9972438812255859,
0.4502454102039337,
-0.12007221579551697,
-0.32668954133987427,
-1.601423740386963,
0.28094449639320374,
0.19975270330905914,
0.6260659694671631,
0.1844799667596817,
-0.02773389220237732,
-0.6940620541572571,
-0.42817842960357666,
-0.31041479110717773,
0.16502594947814941,
0.8658127188682556,
0.8283804059028625,
-0.32268470525741577,
-0.5988220572471619,
-0.29157647490501404,
0.30833756923675537,
0.5922271013259888,
-1.8618382215499878,
-0.48016157746315,
-1.0792959928512573,
-0.34490469098091125,
0.11190629750490189,
-0.8147819638252258,
0.28644058108329773,
0.34786558151245117,
-0.6444234848022461,
-0.2624039351940155,
-0.35884177684783936,
-0.6609687209129333,
-0.14853398501873016,
-0.12979792058467865,
-0.027028417214751244,
0.06051689013838768,
0.3625261187553406,
-0.6714435815811157,
-0.2034367173910141,
0.24073563516139984,
-0.9277126789093018,
0.7458648681640625,
-0.6980100274085999,
1.4469882249832153,
-0.4338134527206421,
0.3515990972518921,
1.0397781133651733,
-0.08275295794010162,
0.570789098739624,
0.40650656819343567,
0.464910626411438,
-1.2255085706710815,
0.4521316587924957,
0.05898735672235489,
0.385689377784729,
0.710604727268219,
-0.7544227838516235,
-0.8010170459747314,
0.9786280989646912,
-0.8482038378715515,
1.0340139865875244,
-0.0979442149400711,
-0.6157188415527344,
0.7133297324180603,
0.09575533121824265,
0.5963207483291626,
0.14795388281345367,
0.5210750102996826,
0.33581286668777466,
-0.0728941410779953,
0.08918550610542297,
-0.36347344517707825,
-0.25846004486083984,
1.6072368621826172,
0.5590840578079224,
0.022614745423197746,
0.16398340463638306,
0.21014247834682465,
-0.17449380457401276,
-0.3170197606086731,
-0.41579440236091614,
0.8346858620643616,
0.36598289012908936,
-0.17449131608009338,
0.025095822289586067,
0.512308657169342,
-0.6278703808784485,
0.9615926146507263,
-0.07927416265010834,
-0.5391424298286438,
-0.38408583402633667,
0.09315807372331619,
-0.45227375626564026,
-0.024927286431193352,
-0.08909431099891663,
0.3161642253398895,
0.1719386726617813,
-1.0827515125274658,
0.7883255481719971,
-0.8142982721328735,
-0.4458840489387512,
0.3395116627216339,
-0.06776485592126846,
-0.369214802980423,
0.5190492868423462,
0.3677191734313965,
0.3825101852416992,
1.0794627666473389,
-0.15690861642360687,
0.17422039806842804,
0.042795732617378235,
-1.8682671785354614,
0.42425402998924255,
-0.1889500468969345,
0.12000250816345215,
-1.0946892499923706,
1.0061662197113037,
-0.2873479127883911,
-0.19171267747879028,
-0.2612273395061493,
0.06012706458568573,
-0.5616977214813232,
-0.18143533170223236,
0.13775312900543213,
0.2826104760169983,
0.38743674755096436,
0.015810571610927582,
0.1895882934331894,
0.12506559491157532,
0.3150116205215454,
0.6641652584075928,
-0.06840823590755463,
0.1323183923959732,
0.35227474570274353,
0.15026885271072388,
-0.7572811245918274,
1.007704257965088,
0.35285234451293945,
-1.0635355710983276,
-0.15936650335788727,
-0.6599562764167786,
0.0523981899023056,
-0.5966857075691223,
0.8202821612358093,
-1.4784244298934937,
-1.3509522676467896,
0.466637521982193,
0.6342033743858337,
-0.9779981374740601,
-1.182519793510437,
-0.3792222738265991,
-0.6210408806800842,
-0.10022678971290588,
0.6637030839920044,
-1.1654574871063232,
0.5549802780151367,
0.051201675087213516,
-1.4804447889328003,
-0.47926148772239685,
0.730884313583374,
-0.3956771194934845,
-0.479220986366272,
-0.22278600931167603,
-1.2525392770767212,
-1.660006046295166,
0.5228374004364014,
0.3139753043651581,
0.6834030151367188,
0.05678067356348038,
0.08930397778749466,
0.11832349747419357,
0.7503206729888916,
0.022175222635269165,
-0.0026989877223968506,
0.6586728692054749,
0.7058538198471069,
0.7109212875366211,
-0.6506618857383728,
-0.32066360116004944,
-0.19991165399551392,
-0.006001618690788746,
-0.7478273510932922,
-0.41083747148513794,
0.1111711785197258,
-0.3017738461494446,
0.09344568103551865,
1.0193192958831787,
0.5015230178833008,
0.5527541637420654,
-0.6136114001274109,
0.2771586775779724,
-0.08095056563615799,
0.3733578622341156,
0.03490928187966347,
-0.2404669225215912,
-0.408571720123291,
0.7916086316108704,
0.36288002133369446,
0.493928998708725,
0.17731857299804688,
-0.6788268685340881,
0.38954976201057434,
-0.5223641991615295,
-0.026992084458470345,
0.049014464020729065,
0.7626268267631531,
-0.9514621496200562,
-0.2020866721868515,
-1.2355726957321167,
-0.8212867379188538,
0.5174911022186279,
-0.1315104067325592,
-0.6339678168296814,
0.12894868850708008,
-0.7959591150283813,
-0.012664110399782658,
0.1336127370595932,
0.19918879866600037,
-1.3037062883377075,
0.7443912029266357,
0.11344697326421738,
-0.42655858397483826,
-0.0969497486948967,
0.4875291585922241,
-0.669535219669342,
0.10842246562242508,
0.25970637798309326,
-0.05013934150338173,
0.6095739006996155,
-0.04591317102313042,
-0.05054390802979469,
0.3378802537918091,
-0.4860541522502899,
-0.324065238237381,
-0.18523888289928436,
-0.8714643716812134,
-0.26405516266822815,
0.8212969303131104,
-0.20072151720523834,
-0.3355311155319214,
1.681026577949524,
0.049488652497529984,
0.6525430679321289,
-0.6727631688117981,
-0.1419067531824112,
0.06975812464952469,
-0.19509181380271912,
0.3622743487358093,
0.10622403770685196,
-0.3497697412967682,
0.21566542983055115,
-0.4464893043041229,
0.33118322491645813,
-0.6980187892913818,
-0.556257963180542,
0.6516017913818359,
-0.6183715462684631,
-0.2561682164669037,
0.2549034059047699,
-0.16106118261814117,
-1.1610007286071777,
-0.13595110177993774,
0.20467200875282288,
0.7710548639297485,
-0.020098073408007622,
-0.029100270941853523,
-0.529080867767334,
-0.18234878778457642,
0.49381545186042786,
0.0016669563483446836,
-0.47565487027168274,
1.0609323978424072,
0.18936920166015625,
-0.5805797576904297,
-0.48564770817756653,
1.4786490201950073,
-0.08444387465715408,
0.13364943861961365,
-0.9601901769638062,
-0.9861474633216858,
-0.49389031529426575,
-0.7546239495277405,
0.419301301240921,
0.47754061222076416,
0.9227213263511658,
0.6582878232002258,
-0.08384725451469421,
0.9866135120391846,
0.6878910660743713,
0.7574029564857483,
-0.07166247069835663,
-0.18868565559387207,
0.07293883711099625,
-1.0614604949951172,
-0.9432355761528015,
0.2280472368001938,
-1.7008471488952637,
0.17318862676620483,
-0.3001336455345154,
-0.6309809684753418,
0.22390097379684448,
-1.2345064878463745,
0.19516970217227936,
0.3581966161727905,
-0.008538564667105675,
-0.027273504063487053,
-0.1299121230840683,
-0.7008381485939026,
-0.36203593015670776,
0.7431796789169312,
-0.16144075989723206,
0.34835872054100037,
0.5005879402160645,
0.6813495755195618,
-0.4177088439464569,
0.1457577645778656,
0.04129377380013466,
-0.3799818158149719,
-0.023457521572709084,
0.006923936773091555,
-0.06803767383098602,
-0.02252787910401821,
0.8961601853370667,
-0.21567250788211823,
-0.3305428624153137,
0.3293722867965698,
-0.06077719107270241,
0.181298166513443,
-0.3037676513195038,
-0.3653798997402191,
1.2193633317947388,
0.07959676533937454,
-0.03483602777123451,
0.5662065744400024,
-0.9301567077636719,
0.3624185025691986,
0.9418311715126038,
-0.4459291398525238,
0.033989034593105316,
0.36637356877326965,
0.06413928419351578,
-0.5308889150619507,
0.8744266033172607,
0.27714622020721436,
0.2837270200252533,
-0.014962316490709782,
0.1109827533364296,
-0.01719179004430771,
-0.028982939198613167,
-0.32281675934791565,
0.4042849540710449,
0.08032865822315216,
0.5472144484519958,
-0.3486831486225128,
-0.40489599108695984,
-0.9319854378700256,
-0.0822414681315422,
0.5159002542495728,
-0.5472015738487244,
-0.00249324063770473,
1.470293402671814,
-0.2274615317583084,
-0.32960599660873413,
-0.3621419072151184,
0.30211570858955383,
-0.06719992309808731,
-0.533241331577301,
-0.667025625705719,
0.11813152581453323,
-0.19571642577648163,
-0.1287628710269928,
0.1054142639040947,
-0.4897814691066742,
0.37983447313308716,
-0.11893105506896973,
-0.7274667620658875,
-0.48239943385124207,
0.14428503811359406,
0.22835077345371246,
-0.45218273997306824,
0.846326470375061,
-0.09486393630504608,
0.9187727570533752,
-0.5111689567565918,
-0.05107411369681358,
0.7028449773788452,
0.045563362538814545,
0.6461854577064514,
-0.48227405548095703,
0.4567174017429352,
-0.08393701910972595,
0.6303083896636963,
0.6426775455474854,
-0.8089744448661804,
-0.9124797582626343,
0.22583551704883575,
-0.40902531147003174,
-0.12996025383472443,
0.142978236079216,
0.21989811956882477,
-0.05478990077972412,
-1.1343754529953003,
0.5024309754371643,
0.8146544098854065,
-0.291945219039917,
-0.90789794921875,
-0.6054294109344482,
0.333202064037323,
0.5205031037330627,
-1.327598214149475,
-0.1978573203086853,
-0.22019833326339722,
-0.07787404209375381,
-0.5190926194190979,
0.6517390608787537,
-0.6230058670043945,
-0.5299291014671326,
0.662465512752533,
0.018159044906497,
0.35338056087493896,
1.3255969285964966,
-0.12032738327980042,
-0.33105260133743286,
-0.18349657952785492,
-0.23351959884166718,
0.620003342628479,
0.6157816052436829,
-0.07586366683244705,
0.5737766623497009,
0.3623713552951813,
-0.2941124737262726,
-0.017322303727269173,
0.159438356757164,
-0.2550957202911377,
-0.1915946900844574,
-0.4234858453273773,
-1.7434451580047607,
0.2887008786201477,
-1.0608967542648315,
0.020147226750850677,
0.03288721665740013,
-0.1207403689622879,
-0.24376049637794495,
0.6948376297950745,
0.0766671672463417,
-0.6979367136955261,
0.10504515469074249,
-0.1296481341123581,
1.1332640647888184,
-0.747052013874054,
-0.5899180769920349,
0.15393701195716858,
0.7738838791847229,
0.14512448012828827,
0.24140621721744537,
-0.5910413265228271,
-1.4055854082107544,
-0.6471831202507019,
0.7500060796737671,
0.3236263692378998,
-0.169218972325325,
-0.07207263261079788,
-0.4324720501899719,
-0.06260158121585846,
-0.1877932995557785,
0.42621880769729614,
0.31429460644721985,
0.06157103553414345,
0.35493454337120056,
-0.5783097743988037,
1.4097380638122559,
0.3082386255264282,
0.1666293740272522,
-0.6576306819915771,
0.2188398838043213,
-0.665032148361206,
-0.29612797498703003,
1.1437369585037231,
0.18657702207565308,
-0.417676717042923,
0.01005611289292574,
-0.3284848928451538,
0.4409777522087097,
0.4041459858417511,
0.5141443610191345,
0.15684613585472107,
0.15566180646419525,
-0.04488179460167885,
-0.4532168507575989,
0.2607852816581726,
-0.062160804867744446,
-0.15354852378368378,
0.14946642518043518,
0.5995171666145325,
0.057611461728811264,
-0.26542872190475464,
0.31239861249923706,
-0.23477940261363983,
-0.5773594975471497,
0.39531075954437256,
-0.6029940843582153
] |
||
1kfewd | Has there ever been an equivalent of the Manhattan Project or 60's Space Program, in the realm of medical technology? | Has the realm of medicine ever had a huge project, with ample funding, directed at a very specific goal, that was then achieved in within several years? I arrived at this question after wondering how long it would take us to cure cancer or AIDS if such programs had, say, 10 times or 100 times their current funding. | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"cbodx91",
"cboh9sk",
"cboh41v",
"cbojjbh",
"cboh7le",
"cbolr6y"
],
"text": [
"The eradication of smallpox is one such achievement, involving the level of international cooperation that is absent in the other two examples.\n\nFor something more current, the 1000-dollar genome is a goal that's tackled mostly by private companies. We're getting very close to achieving that goal.",
"First thing that comes to mind is the [Human Genome project](_URL_0_), which cost about $3 billion. The latest could be the [brain-mapping project](_URL_1_) that was announced earlier this year, though it's only getting $100 million for now.",
"> how long it would take us to cure cancer or AIDS\n\nAIDS is well along the way to becoming more of a mostly-treatable chronic condition, rather than the death sentence it used to be. When/if an effective vaccine is developed, I would expect that various public-health agencies will be *all over* aggressively vaccinating people in places where AIDS is endemic, like Africa. AIDS is similar to Smallpox, in that it doesn't have a (known) animal reservoir, so immunization could actually eradicate the disease. The long incubation time will be a problem for eradication, though.\n\nCancer on the other hand... There's never going to be \"a cure\" for all cancers. Every case of cancer is unique, because everybody's genome is different. One of the latest trends is using genome sequencing to more-speciically target particular cancers, but that's not really \"a\" cure for cancer.",
"The 1918 flu pandemic caused an intense research focus on treating and preventing pneumonia and the flu. As with the Manhattan Project, the state of war meant that resources could be focused on one goal in a way that is impossible during peace time.\n \n[The Great Influenza](_URL_2_) is an excellent popular book that describes the details of the medical research response to the pandemic.",
"I'm not sure of the numbers, but there was a national \"[War on Cancer](_URL_3_)\" starting with the \"[1971 National Cancer Act](_URL_4_)\".\n\nOf course, we still have cancer, but I believe the big increase in funding and focus did produce some of the better treatments we have today.",
"I would like to say the development of antibiotics, more specifically the development of the sulfa family could qualify as one."
],
"score": [
39,
34,
6,
6,
2,
2
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://www.genome.gov/11006943",
"http://www.whitehouse.gov/infographics/brain-initiative",
"http://www.amazon.com/The-Great-Influenza-Deadliest-ebook/dp/B000OCXFWE/ref=dp_kinw_strp_1",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_on_Cancer",
"http://www.nih.gov/news/pr/mar97/nci-26c.htm"
]
} | Has there ever been an equivalent of the Manhattan Project or 60's Space Program, in the realm of medical technology?
Has the realm of medicine ever had a huge project, with ample funding, directed at a very specific goal, that was then achieved in within several years? I arrived at this question after wondering how long it would take us to cure cancer or AIDS if such programs had, say, 10 times or 100 times their current funding. | [
0.246794193983078,
-0.8393828868865967,
1.0821020603179932,
-0.6526625156402588,
-0.5015865564346313,
-0.7355037927627563,
-0.33151257038116455,
-0.939521312713623,
0.8138953447341919,
-0.6205369234085083,
1.3333425521850586,
0.2022651880979538,
-0.44157540798187256,
0.8919360041618347,
0.3503515124320984,
-0.7535527944564819,
-0.7702661752700806,
0.3513103127479553,
-0.43702882528305054,
-0.05814424902200699,
-0.06909945607185364,
0.47912687063217163,
-0.13142530620098114,
0.7590957283973694,
-0.2266090363264084,
-0.5292404890060425,
-0.20013898611068726,
-0.12483996897935867,
0.7599055767059326,
1.070828914642334,
-0.045636534690856934,
0.14905701577663422,
-0.8773176670074463,
0.2513590455055237,
0.5831199288368225,
0.2410861849784851,
0.6432825326919556,
0.08070822060108185,
0.5134820342063904,
-1.7588167190551758,
-0.5429009795188904,
-1.0224515199661255,
0.4302949905395508,
0.766648530960083,
-0.6408337354660034,
-0.585422158241272,
0.1051219180226326,
0.16916301846504211,
-0.14605574309825897,
-0.3610396385192871,
-0.0968163013458252,
-0.5778415203094482,
-0.08194071799516678,
0.07615742087364197,
0.2885890603065491,
-0.04041039198637009,
0.8350566625595093,
-0.27845069766044617,
1.297062635421753,
-0.4932916760444641,
0.2589271068572998,
-0.2077576071023941,
0.04132533073425293,
-0.6791895031929016,
0.8205669522285461,
-0.7136566042900085,
-0.4862963557243347,
-0.0006171425338834524,
-1.4447321891784668,
-0.384549081325531,
0.170670285820961,
-0.08706807345151901,
-0.055832892656326294,
-1.0893760919570923,
-0.29076629877090454,
-0.8461101651191711,
0.32759979367256165,
-0.04784359782934189,
-0.4085582196712494,
-0.8134363293647766,
-0.14092348515987396,
0.8745453953742981,
-0.40279078483581543,
1.1763685941696167,
-0.2734086513519287,
0.7859286665916443,
0.3634898364543915,
-0.4464174211025238,
-0.06354565173387527,
0.7529494762420654,
-0.594514012336731,
-0.5259712338447571,
0.20537176728248596,
0.11379989981651306,
0.3411542475223541,
-0.13359875977039337,
0.20619960129261017,
-0.8038362860679626,
-0.1824231594800949,
0.3072764277458191,
-0.4141969680786133,
0.2949862480163574,
0.6309052109718323,
0.8299298882484436,
0.15216843783855438,
-0.704388439655304,
0.3761973977088928,
-0.06034402549266815,
0.2806590497493744,
-0.06386212259531021,
1.0441596508026123,
0.909784734249115,
0.07821114361286163,
-0.10256749391555786,
0.012012395076453686,
-1.1934505701065063,
0.2819383144378662,
0.05854461342096329,
0.27739953994750977,
0.3755902349948883,
0.17854087054729462,
-0.4038635790348053,
0.7401755452156067,
0.4275175631046295,
0.044827863574028015,
0.15750838816165924,
0.07870163768529892,
0.5288342833518982,
-0.5639805793762207,
-0.3664640784263611,
-0.6868376731872559,
-0.16929465532302856,
0.323496550321579,
0.1074213832616806,
0.5121787786483765,
-0.08362352848052979,
-1.312881350517273,
0.24000537395477295,
-0.9016944766044617,
0.06771570444107056,
-0.782086193561554,
-0.4610365033149719,
0.943773627281189,
-0.6131300330162048,
0.4389762580394745,
-0.04850791394710541,
-0.5195218324661255,
-1.158833384513855,
-0.07510983198881149,
-0.46139127016067505,
-0.18270285427570343,
-0.33932965993881226,
0.5721122026443481,
-0.788392961025238,
0.8170085549354553,
-0.23137953877449036,
0.6308274865150452,
-0.7695594429969788,
0.9250589609146118,
-0.22387665510177612,
-0.3245459794998169,
0.18945059180259705,
0.8306328654289246,
0.1946900188922882,
-0.5873662233352661,
-0.4276215732097626,
0.0035770228132605553,
-0.3363531827926636,
-0.7528596520423889,
0.23367825150489807,
-0.12543439865112305,
0.10307317972183228,
0.6662988066673279,
0.4244519770145416,
0.30270981788635254,
-0.16570429503917694,
1.0264482498168945,
0.8963491320610046,
0.10252820700407028,
0.5390976071357727,
-0.5938966870307922,
-0.29765892028808594,
0.07822106778621674,
0.27833670377731323,
-0.5869606137275696,
-0.3395105302333832,
0.9951171875,
0.8515705466270447,
0.20142441987991333,
0.16489177942276,
0.3512299954891205,
-0.5408663153648376,
-1.4091498851776123,
0.3199307322502136,
0.5251716375350952,
0.2832016050815582,
0.22541707754135132,
0.2698582112789154,
0.14817145466804504,
-0.30382683873176575,
-0.3218044936656952,
-0.4369580149650574,
0.461357444524765,
-0.5356099009513855,
-0.20015360414981842,
-0.3504745662212372,
0.8246623277664185,
-0.8883141279220581,
-0.048882074654102325,
-0.5319066643714905,
-0.06491357833147049,
1.2124316692352295,
-0.03651917353272438,
-0.9859952926635742,
0.049585700035095215,
0.3920527398586273,
-0.23178817331790924,
0.29591140151023865,
-0.41861581802368164,
0.11623050272464752,
0.7728506326675415,
-0.3065544366836548,
0.1751396209001541,
-0.16970860958099365,
0.9348921179771423,
-0.5130104422569275,
-0.3201758563518524,
-0.1799740046262741,
-0.09679363667964935,
-0.3058229386806488,
-0.2069161981344223,
0.16096079349517822,
-0.3718862533569336,
0.27748388051986694,
-0.03901536762714386,
-0.1901738941669464,
-1.65149986743927,
-0.7683072090148926,
0.5448391437530518,
-0.4271771311759949,
-0.17103955149650574,
0.09639004617929459,
0.42822709679603577,
0.5739622712135315,
0.9378254413604736,
0.10094911605119705,
-0.09667214006185532,
-1.4112539291381836,
0.04065300151705742,
0.07567210495471954,
-0.46301528811454773,
-1.3532938957214355,
-0.6429763436317444,
-0.7148330211639404,
0.527934730052948,
-0.7100449204444885,
0.5848721265792847,
-0.7593705654144287,
0.4728752672672272,
-0.05422217398881912,
0.24499283730983734,
-0.38293546438217163,
0.6215645670890808,
-0.1660091131925583,
-0.19458992779254913,
0.03861098363995552,
-1.2813336849212646,
0.08673368394374847,
-0.28815758228302,
-0.23169413208961487,
-0.8400715589523315,
-0.3943989872932434,
-0.12243781238794327,
-0.025365334004163742,
0.7659249901771545,
-0.06055294722318649,
-0.08896546810865402,
-0.8177108764648438,
-0.03564786911010742,
0.4019802510738373,
1.4116672277450562,
0.5508022308349609,
-0.7073900699615479,
-0.7100364565849304,
0.2877703905105591,
-0.1194501519203186,
0.47473546862602234,
-0.4885715842247009,
0.6605978608131409,
-1.4696831703186035,
-0.20592214167118073,
-0.38582444190979004,
-0.7932083010673523,
0.9373083710670471,
0.7698841094970703,
-0.5919721126556396,
0.6830344796180725,
0.5701887607574463,
-1.0898003578186035,
0.8059820532798767,
-0.3678561747074127,
-0.001963215647265315,
0.4435540437698364,
0.670807957649231,
-0.37548261880874634,
-0.4638915956020355,
0.8528599143028259,
-0.8785687685012817,
0.7857214212417603,
-0.760430634021759,
0.7261090874671936,
-1.181294560432434,
-0.07357408851385117,
0.8602179288864136,
-0.5097498297691345,
0.4973592162132263,
0.9373343586921692,
-1.0612428188323975,
-0.9724494218826294,
-0.256728857755661,
-0.5203222036361694,
0.42534738779067993,
0.25965192914009094,
0.1950863152742386,
-0.2007756233215332,
1.7613716125488281,
-0.05989867076277733,
0.19208914041519165,
-0.2373388260602951,
-0.48478296399116516,
0.19922049343585968,
-0.6345092058181763,
0.4280550181865692,
0.2543811500072479,
-0.14657697081565857,
-0.7335394620895386,
0.33543819189071655,
0.5355804562568665,
0.5168361663818359,
0.30708420276641846,
1.8519514799118042,
0.4085909128189087,
-0.1871775984764099,
0.3476884961128235,
0.3691265285015106,
0.08118137717247009,
-0.23940373957157135,
0.08681938052177429,
0.8547954559326172,
-0.17432929575443268,
-0.19673986732959747,
-0.1805323362350464,
1.36995530128479,
-1.3254265785217285,
0.20539411902427673,
0.3365061283111572,
-0.43405699729919434,
-0.20712889730930328,
0.9190354347229004,
0.7326540946960449,
0.40319618582725525,
0.01525033824145794,
-0.07278501242399216,
0.09275946021080017,
-0.1505889743566513,
-0.20773223042488098,
-0.8879674673080444,
-0.17858882248401642,
0.31155574321746826,
0.7147754430770874,
0.029600128531455994,
0.36078768968582153,
0.22922846674919128,
0.2348933219909668,
0.4433033764362335,
-0.1497029960155487,
0.1866794377565384,
-0.3657139837741852,
-0.744516134262085,
0.03163861110806465,
-0.1998145580291748,
-0.21054618060588837,
-0.47584617137908936,
0.8569574952125549,
-0.34825897216796875,
-0.05368178337812424,
-0.7591630816459656,
-0.1412007212638855,
-0.41660621762275696,
-0.06718002259731293,
-0.16624954342842102,
-0.5110871195793152,
-0.005354397930204868,
-0.7349486351013184,
0.09974255412817001,
-0.137406587600708,
-0.7905094623565674,
1.0015580654144287,
-0.5852503776550293,
-0.8000670075416565,
0.06354887038469315,
0.1403675228357315,
0.31574082374572754,
0.8816261887550354,
0.25841593742370605,
-0.012907049618661404,
-0.42429158091545105,
0.21033410727977753,
-0.2701013684272766,
-0.34253302216529846,
-0.15439005196094513,
-1.2279115915298462,
-0.8258256316184998,
0.1785227358341217,
0.5392757654190063,
-1.1157584190368652,
-0.4935157001018524,
-0.6486552953720093,
-0.8847920894622803,
0.23996424674987793,
1.173040747642517,
-0.534298837184906,
-0.49534329771995544,
0.600782573223114,
-1.4651427268981934,
-0.07151805609464645,
0.7542709708213806,
-0.09430769085884094,
-0.7818701863288879,
0.24032385647296906,
-0.7145560383796692,
-0.7956041693687439,
2.525049924850464,
0.9305294156074524,
-0.01333614531904459,
0.10730920732021332,
-0.6288899183273315,
0.3214346766471863,
-0.38346874713897705,
-0.455157995223999,
-0.34884724020957947,
0.6523305177688599,
-0.22824271023273468,
0.759760320186615,
0.17636455595493317,
-0.5035460591316223,
0.6705600023269653,
0.6581816077232361,
-0.8691309690475464,
0.7010250687599182,
-0.033573880791664124,
-0.7558726072311401,
-0.04576379060745239,
0.7965658903121948,
1.1612657308578491,
0.3360130786895752,
-0.33926117420196533,
0.8991348743438721,
-0.9181153774261475,
-0.010997343808412552,
-0.5714834332466125,
-0.8365688323974609,
0.12564429640769958,
0.3058334290981293,
0.47361427545547485,
0.09537335485219955,
-0.5558516383171082,
0.04562599956989288,
0.13815709948539734,
-0.860409677028656,
-0.5767735242843628,
0.10992975533008575,
0.3814987242221832,
-0.3816443979740143,
0.370221346616745,
-0.6804159879684448,
0.5471874475479126,
0.03755339980125427,
-0.07358485460281372,
-0.3773193061351776,
0.37188082933425903,
-0.5373010039329529,
-0.6556995511054993,
0.33439141511917114,
0.27103954553604126,
-0.2752765119075775,
-0.03426428511738777,
0.48840612173080444,
-0.10493019968271255,
-0.4194801151752472,
-0.07746916264295578,
-0.21605733036994934,
0.17888805270195007,
0.19261813163757324,
0.05844876542687416,
0.7647597193717957,
-0.23553994297981262,
0.6410773396492004,
-0.1684347689151764,
0.1464206427335739,
-0.14937499165534973,
-0.24134422838687897,
0.05217748135328293,
-0.6119436621665955,
-0.12566374242305756,
-0.744688093662262,
0.8779459595680237,
0.5828655958175659,
-0.2671988308429718,
0.8519240021705627,
0.3682500422000885,
0.3659628927707672,
0.2618478238582611,
-0.4705471098423004,
-0.34993213415145874,
0.6681903600692749,
-0.011538660153746605,
0.22955158352851868,
-0.6760673522949219,
0.5481855273246765,
-0.5006173253059387,
-0.41898590326309204,
0.6928683519363403,
0.27435094118118286,
-0.012826699763536453,
0.44315454363822937,
-1.509925127029419,
-1.095570683479309,
0.684543251991272,
-0.3928668797016144,
0.8013031482696533,
-0.1431567221879959,
-0.8554521203041077,
-0.25680166482925415,
-0.7360253930091858,
0.8461194038391113,
0.42078736424446106,
-1.2956162691116333,
0.2880547344684601,
-0.1809636801481247,
-0.3631258010864258,
-0.08439503610134125,
0.3494914472103119,
-0.09635701775550842,
0.36290794610977173,
-0.47269365191459656,
-0.8510522246360779,
0.6883946061134338,
-0.9392579197883606,
0.512535572052002,
-0.08281290531158447,
-0.0719086080789566,
0.24882395565509796,
1.0478917360305786,
-0.04552517458796501,
0.6556472778320312,
0.4282984435558319,
-0.4875768721103668,
0.010152964852750301,
0.44004544615745544,
-0.96598881483078,
0.4459889233112335,
0.9706266522407532,
-1.1789934635162354,
-0.0440271832048893,
-0.44594255089759827,
-0.7553065419197083,
0.16809065639972687,
-0.674058198928833,
0.5391223430633545,
-1.5415902137756348,
-0.4110594093799591,
0.08935356140136719,
-0.03504804149270058,
-0.03616292029619217,
-0.16501392424106598,
0.5153321623802185,
-0.00619106087833643,
0.23841503262519836,
0.2710399329662323,
0.03401517495512962,
0.1802719682455063,
0.27366510033607483,
1.2411887645721436,
-0.17388220131397247,
-0.25094926357269287,
-0.09582488983869553,
0.21517501771450043,
-0.19667570292949677,
0.6959720849990845,
-0.9909675717353821,
-0.7164780497550964,
-0.5166822075843811,
-0.24861681461334229,
1.0891319513320923,
0.2431112378835678,
1.0533860921859741,
0.5654532313346863,
-0.6165776252746582,
-0.5126506090164185,
-0.004184093791991472,
-0.5762071013450623,
0.3175552487373352,
0.3974865972995758,
0.9140670895576477,
-0.5749643445014954,
0.8017897009849548,
-0.7182513475418091,
-0.6552683711051941,
0.4351281523704529,
0.38393673300743103,
0.20274591445922852,
0.6282510161399841,
-0.22584976255893707,
0.4476998746395111,
-0.3252805173397064,
-1.2029533386230469,
-0.4521994888782501,
-0.022541124373674393,
-0.08091557025909424,
0.08554095774888992,
0.007981275208294392,
-1.4235211610794067,
0.6904922723770142,
0.878562867641449,
-0.542805552482605,
-0.2055562436580658,
0.9187500476837158,
0.4384709596633911,
-0.10101106762886047,
-0.20456841588020325,
-0.09170965105295181,
0.12267249077558517,
-1.4949218034744263,
-0.2967377305030823,
-0.5366210341453552,
-0.7650377154350281,
0.1694583296775818,
-0.2679446339607239,
-0.14931757748126984,
-0.9154340028762817,
-0.2761801481246948,
-0.303057998418808,
0.5341020822525024,
0.583161473274231,
0.1787542998790741,
-0.23484475910663605,
0.5885804891586304,
0.18706008791923523,
1.1272337436676025,
-0.45365995168685913,
0.4254744350910187,
0.06087318807840347,
-0.08817995339632034,
0.18285168707370758,
0.13099656999111176,
0.11156141757965088,
0.41250813007354736,
-0.28751522302627563,
0.14396636188030243,
-1.338207483291626,
-0.6901168823242188,
1.2102882862091064,
0.05895505100488663,
0.25311246514320374,
0.27684715390205383,
0.4171934723854065,
0.0643271654844284,
-0.010279799811542034,
-0.06522201746702194,
0.09715300053358078,
-0.03125954419374466,
-0.43891605734825134,
-0.11372636258602142,
0.12005623430013657,
0.2143072634935379,
-1.0543935298919678,
-0.14601172506809235,
-0.30597344040870667,
-0.06055121868848801,
-0.5422775745391846,
-0.6543270349502563,
-0.7422044277191162,
0.1237502470612526,
-0.5198459029197693,
-0.6450516581535339,
-0.4503728747367859,
0.9574904441833496,
1.5169416666030884,
-1.161004900932312,
1.023848056793213,
-0.26359257102012634,
-0.10169132798910141,
-0.14127248525619507,
-0.5902819633483887,
0.23644918203353882,
0.1598883718252182,
-0.5077662467956543,
-0.17708991467952728,
-0.17180860042572021,
-0.07227462530136108,
-0.26237937808036804,
-0.13887731730937958,
-0.5281404852867126,
0.464600533246994,
0.13274559378623962,
0.554825484752655,
0.5842626094818115,
0.5859140157699585,
-1.1986523866653442,
0.41155511140823364,
-0.7653576135635376,
-0.45091068744659424,
-0.2530651390552521,
0.4350757896900177,
0.09249404072761536,
0.33044731616973877,
0.02146475575864315,
-0.24087299406528473,
0.6608107089996338,
0.40204164385795593,
-0.32177266478538513,
-0.501110315322876,
0.6126598119735718,
-0.685088038444519,
0.6907202005386353,
0.42137905955314636,
0.2216036468744278,
-0.38772809505462646,
0.28654447197914124,
-1.178839921951294,
-0.3154684901237488,
0.036967530846595764,
0.7604934573173523,
0.48506835103034973,
0.12474772334098816,
-0.34924206137657166,
0.23960091173648834,
-0.29944536089897156,
0.8129388093948364,
-0.5145676732063293,
-0.1315355896949768,
-0.33299195766448975,
-0.7884812355041504,
0.7981913685798645,
0.017066439613699913,
-0.16681115329265594,
0.5567156076431274,
-0.17069660127162933,
0.7001043558120728,
0.42586788535118103,
0.36353230476379395,
0.3901628851890564,
-0.0817451924085617,
0.27143770456314087,
-0.48279428482055664,
0.6051691770553589,
-0.5845851898193359,
-0.5844012498855591,
-0.4114272892475128,
1.1567715406417847,
0.09927746653556824,
0.03380299732089043,
0.8100714087486267,
-0.3232518136501312,
-0.1741885095834732,
0.04530353844165802,
-0.9378483295440674
] |
|
15diva | My brother just ran straight from the sauna to the snow outside. Other crazy finns like to swim in the freezing water during the winter. What does research say about the effects on the body when this is done repeatedly? | There's a lot of anecdotal evidence flying around on the health benefits of bathing in the snow and swimming in the ice right after going to the sauna, but what about actual science? | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"c7lj4uq",
"c7lk3q7",
"c7ln1ci",
"c7lnwsm",
"c7lqzz7"
],
"text": [
"A limited study carried out on nine men provided this \"Cold exposures (D) increased the TPR. Cold did not increase the cardiac oxygen demand but increased the stroke work. The alternation of heat and cold (A) or cool (B) presented the most intensive strain on the heart.\" \n\n\nBasically, alternating heat and cold increases the blood pressure in the center of the body as the blood vessels on the periphery constrict, additionally, it increases the \"stroke work\" of the heart. Your central blood pressure shoots up and your heart has to work harder. \nBUT\n\nfrom a companion study \"The tendency toward enhanced ACTH and cortisol secretion and sympathetic activity shown by increased catecholamine secretion suggest that the winter swimming practice may raise the pain threshold and develop a potential for improved cold tolerance, possibly by nonshivering thermogenesis.\" \n\nThe practice of alternating sauna with cold also makes you more tolerant to both cold and pain, tuning your endocrine system to adapt to these rapid changes. The author's speculation about \"nonshivering thermogenesis\" means that your body may be able to heat itself more efficiently in the face of sudden cold. \n\nOne other study had this to say: \n\n\"Sudden cooling, for example diving in cold water, causes a severe transitory volume load and pressure load to the heart and increases the possibility of cardiac arrhythmias. The risk of cardiovascular complications in correctly practiced sauna bathing is very small and it is confined to subjects predisposed to the risk because of manifest or latent cardiovascular abnormalities\"\n\nhowever, I couldn't get access to the full article and have no idea how those experiments were carried out. I wouldn't use it as a source myself until I read the paper. \n\nSources: \nArctic Med Res. 1989 Apr;48(2):64-74.\nSauna, shower, and ice water immersion. Physiological responses to brief exposures to heat, cool, and cold. Part II. Circulation.\nKauppinen K.\n\nArctic Med Res. 1989 Jul;48(3):131-9.\nSome endocrine responses to sauna, shower and ice water immersion.\nKauppinen K, Pajari-Backas M, Volin P, Vakkuri O.\n\n\nAnn Clin Res. 1988;20(4):249-56.\nSauna bather's circulation.\nVuori I\nUKK-Institute for Health Promotion Research, Tampere, Finland.\nAnnals of Clinical Research [1988, 20(4):249-256]",
"Everyone please remember that this is not a place for \"me too\" comments. Remember to keep things sourced and on topic, anything else will be deleted. Happy holidays!",
"I just want to point out how difficult it might be to have a lot of hard science on this topic. It doesn't seem clear to me what the purpose for this kind of research is. People that engage in this kind of activity are willful participants and there's no one really stopping them. To take an extreme, it's like how there's no research on the effects of skydiving on the human body. Once you have a purpose and get research grants for this research, there's the next problem of finding consenting individuals for your study.\n\nI would refer you to research on hypothermia. That's probably the most dangerous thing to expect from this activity. Depending on the temperature of the water, it could take as little as 15 mins for unconsciousness from hypothermia. [Source](_URL_0_). So on the bright side, at least these people are only going into frigid waters briefly, and not waiting for hypothermia to set in.\n\nFrom my own personal experience, sauna-ing followed by plunging into the freezing waters, repeated, can be a great activity in Northern Ontario after a fair amount of alcohol has been consumed. My friends and I have been doing it for years around Christmas time, and we're doing it again this Friday! [Here's me, back in 2010.](_URL_1_)",
"Disclaimer: Not an expert here, but expert googler.\n\nCame across this [_URL_2_](_URL_2_).\n\nIt seems to have been a study, where people exercised in a warm environment, and then were put in a cold environment, and their immune systems were boosted a bit.\n\nAbstract: \n > This study examined the immunological responses to cold exposure together with the effects of pretreatment with either passive heating or exercise (with and without a thermal clamp). On four separate occasions, seven healthy men [mean age 24.0 ± 1.9 (SE) yr, peak oxygen consumption = 45.7 ± 2.0 ml ⋅ kg−1 ⋅ min−1] sat for 2 h in a climatic chamber maintained at 5°C. Before exposure, subjects participated in one of four pretreatment conditions. For the thermoneutral control condition, subjects remained seated for 1 h in a water bath at 35°C. In another pretreatment, subjects were passively heated in a warm (38°C) water bath for 1 h. In two other pretreatments, subjects exercised for 1 h at 55% peak oxygen consumption (once immersed in 18°C water and once in 35°C water). Core temperature rose by 1°C during passive heating and during exercise in 35°C water and remained stable during exercise in 18°C water (thermal clamping). Subsequent cold exposure induced a leukocytosis and granulocytosis, an increase in natural killer cell count and activity, and a rise in circulating levels of interleukin-6. Pretreatment with exercise in 18°C water augmented the leukocyte, granulocyte, and monocyte response. These results indicate that acute cold exposure has immunostimulating effects and that, with thermal clamping, pretreatment with physical exercise can enhance this response. Increases in levels of circulating norepinephrine may account for the changes observed during cold exposure and their modification by changes in initial status.\n\n\nCould someone tell me how significant this effect is? It seems to be what op might have been looking for. \n\nAlso, I was always under the impression that people seemed to get sick more in the winter months because they went from warm inside to cold outside environments and this compromised our immune systems, but this study seems to say the opposite. What is the real reason we get sick more in the winter?",
"I would like to ask a related question. We (cooks) are taught not to use really hot water on our hands after portioning something ice cold (like raw chicken), because it could burst the blood vessels or do some kind of damage. We are taught when washing our hands after a very cold prep item to start off cold/warm and then bring it to hot so it isn't a shock on our hands. Is there any scientific backing to doing this?"
],
"score": [
471,
118,
11,
5,
4
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://www.usps.org/national/ensign/uspscompass/compassarchive/compassv1n1/hypothermia.htm",
"http://i.imgur.com/4dVHN.jpg",
"http://jap.physiology.org/content/87/2/699.full"
]
} | My brother just ran straight from the sauna to the snow outside. Other crazy finns like to swim in the freezing water during the winter. What does research say about the effects on the body when this is done repeatedly?
There's a lot of anecdotal evidence flying around on the health benefits of bathing in the snow and swimming in the ice right after going to the sauna, but what about actual science? | [
-0.13395832479000092,
-0.3501412570476532,
0.35671913623809814,
-0.5624960064888,
-0.1319294422864914,
-0.7571728229522705,
-0.06781918555498123,
-0.32970601320266724,
0.9193054437637329,
0.6118603348731995,
0.5648255944252014,
0.14286202192306519,
-0.26953616738319397,
0.7827004790306091,
-0.312290757894516,
-1.8080158233642578,
0.6024966835975647,
0.34614089131355286,
0.18804234266281128,
0.22442208230495453,
-0.14011655747890472,
0.221318781375885,
-0.20455293357372284,
0.7527256608009338,
-0.4706827402114868,
-0.18822379410266876,
0.13886429369449615,
-0.20719653367996216,
0.4091833829879761,
0.618809163570404,
0.1350344568490982,
-0.09711911529302597,
-1.0955630540847778,
0.3876765966415405,
0.10830278694629669,
0.4081347584724426,
0.9606416821479797,
-0.05012386664748192,
0.3117195963859558,
-0.2923853099346161,
0.07132919132709503,
-0.8250530362129211,
-0.23911142349243164,
1.0716973543167114,
-0.25776049494743347,
-0.6779749393463135,
0.6315319538116455,
0.30360910296440125,
-0.7157266139984131,
0.30761197209358215,
-0.26591381430625916,
-0.1985282450914383,
-0.6292421817779541,
-0.3667426109313965,
0.8872352838516235,
0.04552179574966431,
0.09746051579713821,
-0.2038533091545105,
0.4606996774673462,
-0.08759815245866776,
0.5906393527984619,
-0.3320273756980896,
-0.08740094304084778,
-0.31561511754989624,
0.36368319392204285,
-0.115691177546978,
-0.6828141808509827,
1.407352328300476,
0.14070674777030945,
-0.3549483120441437,
-0.8619142770767212,
0.19908224046230316,
-0.6231998801231384,
0.025861162692308426,
-0.31036239862442017,
-0.8085088133811951,
0.7729638814926147,
-0.7993826270103455,
-0.302200049161911,
-0.36822178959846497,
0.7868672013282776,
0.7092223763465881,
0.20388799905776978,
1.589460849761963,
0.2832458019256592,
0.8789406418800354,
1.0667747259140015,
-0.8014212250709534,
0.21044574677944183,
0.5264451503753662,
-0.6032558083534241,
-0.3482302129268646,
0.8569521307945251,
-0.28997546434402466,
0.3311070203781128,
0.3264758884906769,
-0.3327546715736389,
-0.7855396866798401,
-0.017608094960451126,
-0.7128868699073792,
-0.6953920125961304,
0.31094464659690857,
-0.17277677357196808,
1.3456565141677856,
0.4702201783657074,
0.1464727520942688,
-0.435677707195282,
0.10256839543581009,
-0.15406766533851624,
-0.2357323318719864,
0.35321760177612305,
1.1021287441253662,
0.6471286416053772,
0.4860163629055023,
0.07264836877584457,
-1.097238302230835,
-0.29471689462661743,
0.13757753372192383,
0.4107567071914673,
0.3085160255432129,
-0.20385664701461792,
-0.5612765550613403,
0.993900716304779,
-0.09539847820997238,
-0.18446817994117737,
0.12232650071382523,
0.04738219082355499,
0.08339400589466095,
-1.0049933195114136,
-0.6011500954627991,
-0.4796563386917114,
-0.005895620211958885,
0.15260490775108337,
0.3203176259994507,
0.8426846861839294,
-0.15876005589962006,
-1.1463149785995483,
-0.15026336908340454,
-0.8816016912460327,
0.012548553757369518,
-0.9867441058158875,
-0.6498510241508484,
0.38600465655326843,
-0.5718250274658203,
-0.42761334776878357,
-0.718866229057312,
-0.3351636528968811,
-0.08578509837388992,
0.4091283082962036,
0.10540314018726349,
-0.24712809920310974,
-0.1763911098241806,
0.30067551136016846,
-0.5076286792755127,
1.2562423944473267,
0.8175303936004639,
0.9959459900856018,
0.6290556788444519,
0.2667522132396698,
-0.8341426849365234,
0.7022524476051331,
0.2851472496986389,
-0.5909191966056824,
0.49427223205566406,
0.9042065143585205,
-0.6531434655189514,
0.31692978739738464,
-1.063118577003479,
-0.7904385924339294,
0.004711495246738195,
0.3128648102283478,
-0.2521120011806488,
0.9235784411430359,
0.0458134301006794,
1.662428379058838,
0.10292232781648636,
0.35791635513305664,
0.46743956208229065,
0.37055903673171997,
-0.0014330297708511353,
-0.3364602327346802,
0.14654050767421722,
-0.06849512457847595,
0.3293968141078949,
-0.8032119274139404,
-0.3206669092178345,
0.3443652391433716,
0.6480588316917419,
-0.08563268929719925,
0.7217065691947937,
1.1994575262069702,
0.3440045118331909,
-1.076013207435608,
0.2501899003982544,
0.6476882100105286,
-0.19298739731311798,
-0.40337610244750977,
0.6054635643959045,
0.19387894868850708,
0.6862221360206604,
-0.10826874524354935,
-0.9391894936561584,
-0.7766146063804626,
-0.3553547263145447,
-0.2562249004840851,
-0.11877311021089554,
0.6321685910224915,
0.10158109664916992,
0.22567839920520782,
-0.25216245651245117,
-0.8240980505943298,
0.6470131278038025,
0.5529657006263733,
-1.3799018859863281,
-0.5670494437217712,
0.08557813614606857,
-1.8359427452087402,
0.004985456820577383,
-0.30464088916778564,
0.4178452491760254,
0.156747967004776,
-0.23282690346240997,
-0.5984635949134827,
-0.116329625248909,
0.7820196151733398,
-0.7423964142799377,
-0.734165370464325,
-0.5816617012023926,
0.2741364538669586,
-0.42976805567741394,
0.13053490221500397,
-0.005629007238894701,
0.16724956035614014,
0.33648279309272766,
0.3132341504096985,
-1.0828784704208374,
-0.8711183667182922,
-0.38197067379951477,
0.5240352153778076,
-0.5721774697303772,
-0.27211105823516846,
0.9444360733032227,
1.05007803440094,
1.0017091035842896,
-0.3333171010017395,
0.11768334358930588,
-0.09438543766736984,
-0.15849396586418152,
-0.27562281489372253,
0.023269228637218475,
-0.10633310675621033,
-0.759360134601593,
-0.7307738661766052,
-0.7686758041381836,
1.0274373292922974,
-0.6575918197631836,
1.0969460010528564,
-1.2492154836654663,
-0.21665316820144653,
0.9596011638641357,
0.29201260209083557,
0.05046581104397774,
0.5534024834632874,
-0.9404005408287048,
-0.6424662470817566,
0.3523246645927429,
-1.1884119510650635,
-0.7004612684249878,
-0.30317625403404236,
0.06336977332830429,
0.04659108817577362,
-0.8466634750366211,
0.3223515450954437,
0.4742528200149536,
0.12420351058244705,
-0.4523087441921234,
0.9315549731254578,
0.8771051168441772,
0.6789245009422302,
0.2642521560192108,
0.19303768873214722,
1.024884819984436,
-0.08230382204055786,
-0.7759371399879456,
-0.5889448523521423,
-0.7491388320922852,
0.198957160115242,
0.23551878333091736,
0.1335495114326477,
-0.8837171196937561,
0.8851149082183838,
-0.1420622318983078,
-0.2502530813217163,
0.5817445516586304,
-0.2340259701013565,
-0.10225153714418411,
0.907814621925354,
-0.00839700922369957,
0.3049694001674652,
-0.0027348236180841923,
-0.9886654019355774,
-0.35190361738204956,
0.4410993456840515,
0.17598609626293182,
0.2760246992111206,
-0.5790967345237732,
0.7775728106498718,
-0.5145377516746521,
0.2617621421813965,
-0.19193129241466522,
0.33840492367744446,
-1.4908379316329956,
0.30332818627357483,
0.4249105155467987,
0.34449756145477295,
0.40909597277641296,
0.024679850786924362,
-0.12633217871189117,
-1.5189661979675293,
-0.5743871927261353,
0.29902490973472595,
0.27081847190856934,
0.2679172456264496,
0.046940144151449203,
1.0266485214233398,
1.2680243253707886,
-0.1018429696559906,
0.5255807042121887,
-0.4984622001647949,
0.37010547518730164,
0.28633472323417664,
-0.38273945450782776,
0.3976477384567261,
0.6943354606628418,
-0.030920596793293953,
0.041436586529016495,
0.24443775415420532,
0.7993759512901306,
-0.7301000356674194,
0.3919145464897156,
0.6929325461387634,
0.04276243969798088,
-0.24521996080875397,
-0.12462162971496582,
-0.04334808886051178,
0.743308424949646,
-0.492700457572937,
0.02228590101003647,
1.1197365522384644,
-0.257903128862381,
-0.029668373987078667,
0.017327191308140755,
1.040632963180542,
-0.9417564868927002,
-0.638142466545105,
0.027566902339458466,
-0.29377642273902893,
-0.10680053383111954,
1.40276038646698,
-0.28201600909233093,
0.3048830032348633,
0.3961450755596161,
-0.28477728366851807,
0.22019228339195251,
-0.15536147356033325,
-0.34795981645584106,
-0.5603547692298889,
-0.4319612383842468,
-0.27131906151771545,
-0.017595835030078888,
0.22993993759155273,
-0.05472889170050621,
0.18502774834632874,
0.19545893371105194,
-0.31742703914642334,
-0.2407495379447937,
0.4503318965435028,
0.15927951037883759,
-0.9140089154243469,
-0.16474133729934692,
0.10624618828296661,
-0.27673575282096863,
-1.0320470333099365,
0.2599409222602844,
0.12527893483638763,
-1.1435737609863281,
-0.9684116244316101,
0.09158884733915329,
-0.9628166556358337,
0.24066346883773804,
-0.2783229351043701,
0.24082952737808228,
0.20501017570495605,
-0.393026739358902,
0.1408209651708603,
-0.9006752371788025,
-0.5674605965614319,
0.12302344292402267,
0.6487401723861694,
-0.4517921507358551,
-0.27497580647468567,
0.4213973879814148,
0.5410837531089783,
1.4911240339279175,
-0.2804935872554779,
0.02378784492611885,
0.24400395154953003,
-0.062427278608083725,
0.41447365283966064,
-0.7433776259422302,
0.09547042101621628,
-0.3695436418056488,
-0.03445907682180405,
-0.7496178150177002,
0.6741297245025635,
-0.737408459186554,
-1.1487298011779785,
-0.2535516023635864,
-1.4544845819473267,
0.3883080780506134,
0.4568237066268921,
0.09246721118688583,
-0.06733927130699158,
0.19339221715927124,
-0.42537975311279297,
-0.0788087323307991,
0.3907008469104767,
0.8518151640892029,
-0.8002297878265381,
1.2232723236083984,
0.592373788356781,
-0.8924751281738281,
0.9542688131332397,
0.24501141905784607,
-0.8210874795913696,
-0.013220112770795822,
0.8264240026473999,
0.10198581963777542,
0.0060135070234537125,
-0.34488120675086975,
-0.3260997533798218,
0.266400545835495,
0.5053446292877197,
0.8954232931137085,
-0.3279164731502533,
-0.8283441066741943,
-0.3099026381969452,
-0.47390004992485046,
-0.6343985199928284,
1.1154053211212158,
0.7689530849456787,
-0.5699859261512756,
-0.0640893504023552,
-0.20119009912014008,
0.9442129135131836,
0.6971303820610046,
0.11600946635007858,
0.33652564883232117,
-0.6279801726341248,
-0.41726237535476685,
0.08508282899856567,
-0.1996113806962967,
0.19118915498256683,
0.3968334197998047,
0.5218282341957092,
0.23279839754104614,
-0.1937815546989441,
-0.3656174838542938,
0.15749961137771606,
-1.4320255517959595,
-0.7844138741493225,
0.5634949207305908,
0.6357149481773376,
0.2945389449596405,
-0.9218263030052185,
-0.3539080023765564,
0.9127199649810791,
0.8120859265327454,
-0.3095943033695221,
-1.264264702796936,
0.3162304759025574,
-1.0768228769302368,
-0.4249352514743805,
-0.3278006911277771,
0.06877592206001282,
0.3778873383998871,
-0.8658370971679688,
0.9737703204154968,
-0.8714651465415955,
-0.12595640122890472,
0.4043952226638794,
-0.27201882004737854,
0.1742122769355774,
1.059309720993042,
-0.1459706425666809,
0.12774957716464996,
-0.5799824595451355,
0.9345645904541016,
-0.17107659578323364,
0.09509920328855515,
-0.04040021076798439,
-0.4904453456401825,
0.33216264843940735,
-0.4015662968158722,
-0.09360280632972717,
0.2898728549480438,
0.4523428976535797,
0.26257383823394775,
0.6148614883422852,
1.014077067375183,
-0.8001748919487,
-0.04619530215859413,
0.0179099440574646,
-1.3879516124725342,
-0.31064870953559875,
0.2749549150466919,
-0.37730929255485535,
0.8244821429252625,
0.06442317366600037,
0.6382805705070496,
-0.6732329726219177,
-1.2359862327575684,
0.8429021239280701,
-0.3998587727546692,
0.22822633385658264,
0.341407835483551,
-1.293544888496399,
-0.9010803699493408,
-0.18201136589050293,
0.038235343992710114,
0.16297127306461334,
-0.5803746581077576,
-0.37893521785736084,
-0.3493236005306244,
0.3495703637599945,
1.2531589269638062,
0.08878181129693985,
-0.6903830766677856,
0.31107407808303833,
-0.029388075694441795,
0.021694792434573174,
0.08965582400560379,
0.8893072605133057,
0.129353329539299,
0.6184341311454773,
-0.12102561444044113,
-0.45979925990104675,
0.47237202525138855,
-0.056547220796346664,
0.7912552356719971,
0.4642068147659302,
0.3739955723285675,
-0.20583488047122955,
0.08125939220190048,
0.3008818030357361,
1.350595474243164,
0.3923659324645996,
-0.688795804977417,
-0.35248854756355286,
0.8107981085777283,
-0.7283227443695068,
0.6601118445396423,
0.31312695145606995,
-0.7415069341659546,
0.2516099214553833,
-0.8513990044593811,
-0.15822774171829224,
-0.026932580396533012,
-0.23714707791805267,
0.19367581605911255,
-0.4523979425430298,
0.13711518049240112,
-0.3988715410232544,
-0.5516791343688965,
-0.5409143567085266,
-0.3205675780773163,
-1.1567749977111816,
-0.459647536277771,
-0.08919623494148254,
0.2389606088399887,
-0.1161971166729927,
0.02076479233801365,
-0.32432544231414795,
1.200120449066162,
-0.685976505279541,
-0.3632309138774872,
-0.3752456605434418,
0.5504886507987976,
-0.8202614188194275,
0.05730002000927925,
-0.6607978343963623,
-0.5364529490470886,
-0.22553640604019165,
0.5051284432411194,
1.1430679559707642,
0.20205384492874146,
0.2504935562610626,
-0.0503980778157711,
0.35369735956192017,
0.004126198589801788,
-0.3991992175579071,
-0.8517975211143494,
0.3640892207622528,
-0.0035759860184043646,
1.0916409492492676,
0.5808696746826172,
0.7416038513183594,
-0.237214133143425,
-0.246795192360878,
-0.05054901912808418,
0.08183688670396805,
-0.25832775235176086,
-0.34761807322502136,
-0.31990936398506165,
0.12735843658447266,
-1.6298998594284058,
0.40546715259552,
-1.0205168724060059,
-0.5179337859153748,
-1.2631884813308716,
-0.28476059436798096,
0.21388335525989532,
-1.0795646905899048,
0.5184797644615173,
0.7340936064720154,
-0.1276559680700302,
-0.5450945496559143,
0.6948609948158264,
0.862086296081543,
-0.6375331878662109,
-0.18177951872348785,
-0.40141552686691284,
0.6951659321784973,
-0.2914122939109802,
-0.7184304594993591,
0.2614421844482422,
-0.7362388372421265,
-0.26378828287124634,
-0.02163822576403618,
-0.3754223585128784,
-0.8200244307518005,
-0.34648630023002625,
-0.7819726467132568,
0.16079777479171753,
1.009094476699829,
0.03228450194001198,
-1.0776803493499756,
0.15690550208091736,
0.5451896786689758,
1.0279062986373901,
-1.4509029388427734,
0.33845826983451843,
-0.38222265243530273,
0.4646455645561218,
0.8021031022071838,
0.17367003858089447,
0.013675457797944546,
-0.02216358296573162,
-0.5742594003677368,
-0.7704376578330994,
0.015252942219376564,
-0.30487826466560364,
0.6873914003372192,
-0.06807167083024979,
0.2619442641735077,
0.28390875458717346,
-0.14572499692440033,
-1.0901073217391968,
-0.8190957903862,
-0.5281028151512146,
0.14075231552124023,
-0.2224266678094864,
-0.4862442910671234,
0.5055484175682068,
0.8621507287025452,
0.10209159553050995,
-0.736184298992157,
-0.06567107141017914,
-0.5367672443389893,
0.022315742447972298,
-0.43208205699920654,
0.3394111394882202,
-0.4192776381969452,
0.18482421338558197,
-0.09030340611934662,
-0.1719025820493698,
-0.25318771600723267,
0.5512378811836243,
1.184120535850525,
-0.47249871492385864,
0.21574434638023376,
-0.03593280166387558,
-0.08743734657764435,
-0.35764047503471375,
-0.21862711012363434,
-0.25776389241218567,
-0.5289259552955627,
-0.4168938398361206,
-0.27451372146606445,
-0.027557093650102615,
0.25289806723594666,
0.14396977424621582,
0.08924515545368195,
-0.9776302576065063,
-0.33047211170196533,
0.4468921422958374,
0.42853882908821106,
0.7816470861434937,
0.3171249330043793,
-1.4433887004852295,
0.4966129958629608,
0.6996670365333557,
-0.21302606165409088,
-0.3956862688064575,
0.10416612029075623,
0.07523072510957718,
-0.7300237417221069,
0.8931238055229187,
-0.4106596112251282,
1.2448632717132568,
0.021074987947940826,
-0.3019745647907257,
-0.6905980706214905,
0.06950370222330093,
-0.4061205983161926,
-0.26124992966651917,
-0.5800023674964905,
-0.32310524582862854,
-0.2539898753166199,
-0.38714903593063354,
-0.7021159529685974,
-0.2825774848461151,
0.5093340277671814,
0.8725643157958984,
0.07673149555921555,
-0.00021825054136570543,
-0.9007604122161865,
0.41122835874557495,
-0.817691445350647,
-0.7012501955032349,
-0.01689489372074604,
0.48429229855537415,
-0.10488594323396683,
-0.4854646921157837,
0.6329423189163208,
0.6784340143203735,
-0.17256660759449005,
0.31681662797927856,
0.08398277312517166,
0.42264899611473083,
-0.1560007482767105,
1.2450666427612305,
0.5108949542045593,
0.09456460177898407,
-0.14447049796581268,
-0.12739941477775574,
-0.41141173243522644,
-1.2192599773406982,
-0.3180951774120331,
-0.39309385418891907,
-0.014201635494828224,
0.18860788643360138,
-0.21324677765369415,
-0.18688605725765228,
0.22143560647964478,
-0.26247018575668335,
-0.24421796202659607,
0.5851227641105652
] |
|
pn89z | How many senses do we have, I have heard there is more than the five children get taught | I know there is more because if I spin in a chair and try to stand up one of my senses is screwed up but it ain't one of the main five.
EDIT: Dammit bad grammar in the title, pls don't be too cruel | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"c3qpv4o",
"c3qpmhv",
"c3qrigg",
"c3qsyw4"
],
"text": [
"Humans have more than five senses. Although definitions vary, the actual number ranges from 9 to more than 20. In addition to sight, smell, taste, touch, and hearing, which were the senses identified by Aristotle, humans can sense balance and acceleration (equilibrioception), pain (nociception), body and limb position (proprioception or kinesthetic sense), and relative temperature (thermoception). Other senses sometimes identified are the sense of time, itching, pressure, hunger, thirst, fullness of the stomach, need to urinate, need to defecate, and blood carbon dioxide levels. - Wikipedia",
"You're right in that the five senses children are taught don't cover everything. You also have the ability to recognize differences in temperature, feel pain, keep balance, tell where your body parts are in relation to each other, etc. There are others as well that are more automatic.",
"Another sense is the \"proprioception\" which has nothing to do with \"touch\" because it is only made by information from muscles and tendons. With the propriception, the brain can build internal representations of the body (relative position of each segment with each other).\nI don't know the word \"equilibrioception\" but I think it can be replaced by \"graviception\". The brain has to know the direction of the gravity vector. This information can comes from the visual system, but also by the vestibular system (otoliths). Some studies have shown that there is graviceptors within big arteries and in the trunk (I don't remember where exactly).",
"Not directly related, but just about everything children are taught about science is either untrue or greatly simplified and rarely the full picture (by which I mean our full understanding of the subject). Apart from the \"five senses\" concept, some other things that are untrue or greatly simplified for children are:\n\n* That there are four basic flavours and specific areas of the tongue that detect them. In fact, there are five flavours and taste buds for them are all fairly evenly distributed over the whole tongue.\n\n* That the primary colours are red, yellow and blue. This is true only for opaque pigments, and actually they are cyan, magenta and yellow; for lights, the primaries are red, green and blue.\n\n* That the Coriolis force makes water spiral a particular way down drains. Its effect is only noticeable in large systems like cyclones; it has a minuscule effect on water in basins and toilets, but the principal decider of the rotation is the way the water comes in and the cumulative effect of any eddies in the water.\n\nEDIT: fixed typo"
],
"score": [
47,
5,
3,
2
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | How many senses do we have, I have heard there is more than the five children get taught
I know there is more because if I spin in a chair and try to stand up one of my senses is screwed up but it ain't one of the main five. EDIT: Dammit bad grammar in the title, pls don't be too cruel | [
-0.4308640956878662,
-0.6554409861564636,
1.13410484790802,
0.1899864226579666,
-0.8966405391693115,
-0.13450783491134644,
-0.23211288452148438,
-0.7803897261619568,
-0.3371298313140869,
0.5655568242073059,
1.0266650915145874,
-0.19622443616390228,
-0.03407251089811325,
0.7741832733154297,
-0.07409709692001343,
-0.4606764316558838,
1.1635106801986694,
-0.15368515253067017,
-0.6350861191749573,
-0.232990100979805,
0.2036825716495514,
0.10788813978433609,
0.3238217532634735,
1.5355271100997925,
-0.06409143656492233,
0.017900709062814713,
0.013909196481108665,
0.23115234076976776,
0.8084576725959778,
0.3179304599761963,
0.4998490810394287,
0.26704052090644836,
-0.3873346745967865,
0.3054085969924927,
0.22834226489067078,
-0.05100209265947342,
0.7434907555580139,
0.10563758760690689,
0.8664617538452148,
-1.372683048248291,
-0.15658730268478394,
-0.6198809146881104,
0.09761503338813782,
0.9526761174201965,
0.47200170159339905,
-0.06739838421344757,
-0.1616605818271637,
0.6949112415313721,
-0.11867042630910873,
0.2314813733100891,
-0.3678832948207855,
0.14192254841327667,
-0.1737770140171051,
0.24415332078933716,
0.47426050901412964,
-0.48105940222740173,
0.34900709986686707,
-0.14185911417007446,
1.065584659576416,
-0.3582251965999603,
0.2584157884120941,
-0.025882424786686897,
-0.5547407865524292,
-0.8692818284034729,
0.20193970203399658,
-0.8162915110588074,
-0.801336944103241,
0.9537292122840881,
-0.8764519095420837,
0.14883114397525787,
0.4909864068031311,
-0.131705179810524,
0.3284066319465637,
-0.7388410568237305,
0.3566187620162964,
-0.6234844326972961,
0.7485730648040771,
-0.3641321361064911,
0.30567577481269836,
-0.6958857774734497,
-0.23006582260131836,
0.1882113367319107,
0.2840557098388672,
0.5294849872589111,
0.08203978091478348,
0.6735584139823914,
0.5012743473052979,
-0.1978289783000946,
-0.05345998331904411,
0.5057942867279053,
-0.39056023955345154,
0.18464840948581696,
0.2584683299064636,
-0.2733011245727539,
0.037479184567928314,
0.16814175248146057,
0.9229064583778381,
-1.2097294330596924,
-0.1777595579624176,
0.23543483018875122,
-0.06800787895917892,
0.6138937473297119,
0.7972189784049988,
1.260162591934204,
0.009151802398264408,
-0.780621349811554,
0.34174492955207825,
0.023804590106010437,
-0.4195958077907562,
0.1900365650653839,
-0.06722758710384369,
0.7782489061355591,
0.1573522537946701,
-0.2818409204483032,
-0.1270611584186554,
-1.013953685760498,
0.3558283746242523,
0.1082974374294281,
0.5542991757392883,
0.03827318549156189,
-0.28555822372436523,
-0.38657262921333313,
1.1384127140045166,
-0.2853509187698364,
-0.43801167607307434,
0.7248829007148743,
-0.5542731285095215,
0.5217329859733582,
0.3336986303329468,
0.003000654513016343,
0.2160540521144867,
0.3153797686100006,
0.9664326310157776,
-0.1454753279685974,
-0.09752260893583298,
-0.056397680193185806,
-1.1589146852493286,
0.35967886447906494,
-0.4801581799983978,
0.18228115141391754,
-1.2343569993972778,
0.03857429698109627,
0.5756658911705017,
-0.5748124122619629,
-0.03337955102324486,
-0.7366095185279846,
-1.4632623195648193,
0.03726963698863983,
0.2787211835384369,
-0.09054366499185562,
-0.885184109210968,
0.4287475347518921,
0.49017661809921265,
-0.7066788077354431,
0.4573412239551544,
-0.15971364080905914,
0.5577621459960938,
-0.673183262348175,
0.24864345788955688,
-0.05662321671843529,
-0.7364704012870789,
-0.4949723482131958,
0.04040650650858879,
-0.19404484331607819,
0.2881249785423279,
-0.5442191362380981,
-0.215665802359581,
-0.4646587073802948,
-0.37409740686416626,
0.6399880647659302,
-0.43445050716400146,
0.026397116482257843,
1.1692904233932495,
0.14042282104492188,
0.848803699016571,
-0.6334761381149292,
0.145843967795372,
-0.09677577018737793,
-0.23923946917057037,
0.004409097600728273,
0.7451748847961426,
0.1709100604057312,
-0.018961112946271896,
-0.006542705465108156,
-1.001770257949829,
0.2828633487224579,
0.5364044308662415,
0.8306794762611389,
0.0768406093120575,
0.10939878225326538,
0.7857123613357544,
0.1179327741265297,
-1.3485976457595825,
0.6166405081748962,
0.5103600025177002,
0.3573112487792969,
-0.06413594633340836,
1.1531587839126587,
0.4402473568916321,
-0.01333475299179554,
0.02547694556415081,
-0.6882320046424866,
0.03434672951698303,
0.3855310082435608,
-0.12025812268257141,
-0.0645412802696228,
0.6942101716995239,
0.2247292697429657,
0.05919644609093666,
-0.27063101530075073,
0.6841508150100708,
0.5775398015975952,
-0.36122098565101624,
-0.4783135950565338,
-0.18972092866897583,
0.6178269982337952,
-0.052361711859703064,
0.37853994965553284,
-0.43812403082847595,
0.21689796447753906,
0.33041003346443176,
-0.2719283401966095,
-0.07390613108873367,
-0.021611036732792854,
0.2617371678352356,
-0.23319976031780243,
-0.29004785418510437,
0.2916180193424225,
0.08922510594129562,
-0.3652949929237366,
-0.3349873721599579,
-0.2514059543609619,
-0.08658312261104584,
0.11224833875894547,
0.7741854786872864,
-0.6873481273651123,
-1.1163852214813232,
-1.4385371208190918,
0.6541682481765747,
-0.35570070147514343,
-0.4970014989376068,
0.6293700933456421,
0.3812710642814636,
0.6256338953971863,
0.9176986813545227,
0.2562371492385864,
-0.3237428367137909,
-0.5962727665901184,
0.41778361797332764,
-0.2948060631752014,
-0.12149573117494583,
-0.618012547492981,
-0.6664179563522339,
-0.8110970854759216,
0.7526735067367554,
-1.1589584350585938,
0.5225213766098022,
-0.843671977519989,
-0.018740516155958176,
-0.20592297613620758,
0.08163494616746902,
-0.049260418862104416,
0.028819920495152473,
-0.7926490306854248,
-0.47197777032852173,
-0.07386389374732971,
-1.0229287147521973,
-0.6498943567276001,
0.16888658702373505,
0.22825902700424194,
-0.4070262610912323,
-0.6993144154548645,
0.11180459707975388,
0.17755958437919617,
-0.14131663739681244,
-0.6627224087715149,
-0.26166823506355286,
-0.1759503036737442,
0.30471500754356384,
-0.32098227739334106,
0.4917113482952118,
0.4318429231643677,
-0.3269408643245697,
-0.38045763969421387,
-0.4130309522151947,
0.09789778292179108,
0.47431328892707825,
-0.9091747999191284,
0.19913311302661896,
-1.1807386875152588,
0.6813158988952637,
-0.3378680646419525,
-0.1581883579492569,
1.1235692501068115,
0.22953112423419952,
-0.8935204148292542,
0.6474126577377319,
0.6235014796257019,
-0.06810569018125534,
0.2650175392627716,
-0.23460181057453156,
0.558308482170105,
0.4738367795944214,
0.6575943827629089,
-0.469327837228775,
-0.544003963470459,
0.6025294065475464,
-1.2695050239562988,
-0.09233380109071732,
-0.27361980080604553,
0.00908877607434988,
-0.3692610561847687,
0.2503136396408081,
0.15568901598453522,
-0.46389612555503845,
0.4875694215297699,
0.35222896933555603,
-0.16099700331687927,
-1.0509963035583496,
-0.5061558485031128,
-0.1972229778766632,
0.21426047384738922,
0.4978536367416382,
0.28590789437294006,
-1.0119150876998901,
1.2484419345855713,
-0.7139526009559631,
0.6537213921546936,
-0.1639757752418518,
0.06457031518220901,
0.7978223562240601,
-0.6985365748405457,
0.47407782077789307,
0.42401739954948425,
0.0021172671113163233,
-0.7065447568893433,
0.16860078275203705,
0.13509468734264374,
-0.51323401927948,
0.30258098244667053,
0.7743657827377319,
0.3387890160083771,
-0.46712127327919006,
0.15594647824764252,
0.18549393117427826,
0.3679142892360687,
-0.9882909655570984,
0.4594983160495758,
0.22754929959774017,
-0.6561325192451477,
-0.01754477247595787,
0.5330024361610413,
1.0956958532333374,
-0.9022630453109741,
-0.3598661422729492,
0.32833826541900635,
-0.503680944442749,
-0.2517450749874115,
0.7832863330841064,
-0.29576632380485535,
-0.11223959922790527,
1.063391923904419,
0.18945322930812836,
-0.15049579739570618,
0.047778528183698654,
-0.08170998096466064,
-1.202180027961731,
-0.560387909412384,
-0.18424910306930542,
0.5374085307121277,
-0.17278657853603363,
0.29575926065444946,
0.06030941754579544,
-0.18147145211696625,
0.5197346210479736,
-0.10425512492656708,
0.5954873561859131,
0.19957518577575684,
-0.9589925408363342,
0.30715349316596985,
0.6424880623817444,
0.2660057544708252,
0.1092233806848526,
0.015545218251645565,
-0.45531004667282104,
-0.4502089023590088,
-1.0091451406478882,
-0.24029985070228577,
-0.16349221765995026,
0.051520731300115585,
-0.1648978441953659,
0.00470480602234602,
-0.38032057881355286,
-0.8756568431854248,
-0.594572901725769,
0.08104778826236725,
-0.5676258206367493,
1.1703648567199707,
0.12056836485862732,
-0.8103012442588806,
-0.023459484800696373,
0.7332494854927063,
0.30939778685569763,
1.4878630638122559,
-0.036560557782649994,
0.5923658013343811,
0.3471184968948364,
0.8185573220252991,
0.5393322706222534,
-0.6564669609069824,
-0.16045551002025604,
-0.7299477458000183,
-0.12208298593759537,
-0.07946618646383286,
-0.5214205980300903,
-0.33704519271850586,
-0.2649075388908386,
-0.7647830247879028,
-0.6953776478767395,
-0.5448583364486694,
0.24111390113830566,
-0.4238652288913727,
-0.1561926156282425,
0.6068344116210938,
-0.6534013748168945,
-0.27270472049713135,
0.18299585580825806,
-0.24869252741336823,
-0.37814268469810486,
0.7271317839622498,
-0.5769044756889343,
-0.6424868702888489,
0.5400935411453247,
0.3888418972492218,
-0.8535873293876648,
0.013810902833938599,
0.4268030822277069,
0.4071652889251709,
-0.06572940945625305,
-0.5738953948020935,
-0.6811527609825134,
0.5558315515518188,
-0.2207658290863037,
0.35554227232933044,
-0.2761441469192505,
-0.5410727858543396,
0.9405216574668884,
-0.11551244556903839,
-0.37875011563301086,
0.435922771692276,
0.3243688941001892,
-0.6887738704681396,
0.06623917818069458,
-0.25920531153678894,
0.8765137791633606,
0.42357200384140015,
-0.305072158575058,
0.1591719537973404,
-0.4938671588897705,
-0.4565148949623108,
-0.03661727532744408,
-0.3495829701423645,
0.03320405259728432,
0.5181684494018555,
0.03168107569217682,
1.3632426261901855,
-0.13635697960853577,
0.12191592156887054,
0.2481365203857422,
-1.5788459777832031,
-0.4228624105453491,
-0.21533799171447754,
0.687426745891571,
0.2638274133205414,
-0.7599312663078308,
-0.1954897940158844,
0.6037048697471619,
-0.04702036827802658,
0.43819761276245117,
-1.4215279817581177,
-0.2089826762676239,
-0.7114459276199341,
0.16862864792346954,
0.36447402834892273,
0.6617543697357178,
0.5724080204963684,
-0.8610839247703552,
0.5968757271766663,
-0.9361891150474548,
-0.4995318353176117,
0.05024025961756706,
0.27917516231536865,
-0.332930326461792,
0.6895153522491455,
0.029192877933382988,
0.508262038230896,
-0.020580429583787918,
0.6771677136421204,
-0.41342777013778687,
-0.21348047256469727,
0.08046254515647888,
0.06439200788736343,
0.07099420577287674,
-0.8885758519172668,
0.40614503622055054,
-0.5017450451850891,
0.18745623528957367,
-0.1588861495256424,
0.3171912729740143,
0.7161682844161987,
-0.40129929780960083,
-0.32945749163627625,
0.7475584745407104,
-0.432489275932312,
0.03125607967376709,
-0.20218515396118164,
0.37868639826774597,
0.31470373272895813,
0.4005861282348633,
1.0124086141586304,
-0.1478019505739212,
-0.40512746572494507,
0.6744853854179382,
-0.4284560978412628,
-0.1563083678483963,
0.7137384414672852,
-1.620689868927002,
-0.7914395332336426,
-0.008336717262864113,
-0.45591893792152405,
0.3799176812171936,
-0.42045146226882935,
-0.4132195711135864,
0.5546137094497681,
-0.6136099696159363,
0.8760376572608948,
0.6248645782470703,
-0.8231214284896851,
0.6219524145126343,
-0.4669143855571747,
0.5142947435379028,
0.7584881782531738,
0.9366177320480347,
-0.07241077721118927,
0.018658723682165146,
0.45743414759635925,
-0.1014057844877243,
0.4480842649936676,
-0.9219733476638794,
0.23737920820713043,
0.12771306931972504,
0.4582425355911255,
0.1953611671924591,
-0.10389485210180283,
-0.3564492464065552,
-0.34695419669151306,
0.8530312180519104,
-0.25557100772857666,
-0.11235000938177109,
0.40270572900772095,
-0.5411249399185181,
0.052495431154966354,
0.5440908074378967,
-0.8275389075279236,
0.13057611882686615,
-0.6936695575714111,
-0.5611649751663208,
0.27314168214797974,
-0.49108386039733887,
0.08241245150566101,
-0.560170590877533,
0.6047346591949463,
-0.43497389554977417,
-0.9994538426399231,
-0.3367733359336853,
-0.04300370439887047,
-0.18589448928833008,
-0.09200809895992279,
0.288066029548645,
-0.18647857010364532,
-0.02052491158246994,
-0.2747913599014282,
0.5392714142799377,
0.34248074889183044,
-0.8953313827514648,
-0.2278188169002533,
0.2171717882156372,
0.22710593044757843,
0.0688147246837616,
0.13378797471523285,
-0.9591922760009766,
-0.03276272863149643,
-0.012975219637155533,
-0.1418650597333908,
0.7263651490211487,
0.07937150448560715,
0.4765640199184418,
0.8333061337471008,
0.3675994277000427,
-0.2564197778701782,
-0.06660400331020355,
-0.7910524606704712,
-0.02131636068224907,
-0.7933753728866577,
0.8377588987350464,
-0.3911820352077484,
0.7640559673309326,
-0.9135608673095703,
-0.30668315291404724,
1.1216943264007568,
0.5547233819961548,
0.04598049446940422,
0.2812032103538513,
-0.6334958076477051,
0.005055544897913933,
0.16835415363311768,
-0.2397812157869339,
-0.7744424939155579,
-0.26296454668045044,
-0.7488670349121094,
0.6068846583366394,
0.22576627135276794,
-0.9403473138809204,
0.04998929798603058,
0.9547320008277893,
-0.12732556462287903,
-0.39053449034690857,
0.34383586049079895,
0.6853842735290527,
-0.36362382769584656,
0.027273911982774734,
-0.5049144625663757,
0.6487988233566284,
-0.4315933287143707,
-1.2018444538116455,
-0.2177535742521286,
-0.8845226168632507,
0.13348563015460968,
-0.255421906709671,
-0.4491783082485199,
-0.7497672438621521,
-0.4391532242298126,
0.5467802882194519,
0.7651398777961731,
0.5371535420417786,
0.13008370995521545,
-0.17388512194156647,
0.8415387868881226,
-0.5518814921379089,
1.191767692565918,
-0.36593660712242126,
0.26962873339653015,
-0.8179357051849365,
0.005033950321376324,
0.5066920518875122,
-0.10103826224803925,
-0.15324269235134125,
-0.11497372388839722,
-0.20347096025943756,
-0.437261700630188,
-0.4739213287830353,
-0.1003214493393898,
-0.5279775857925415,
-0.1639244556427002,
0.34730204939842224,
-0.11994339525699615,
-0.11123983561992645,
0.25666460394859314,
-0.7594767808914185,
0.48754653334617615,
-0.8062403202056885,
0.33425769209861755,
-1.0470885038375854,
0.6520912051200867,
1.0000861883163452,
0.41429403424263,
-0.3523653745651245,
-0.3838208317756653,
-0.28128254413604736,
-0.3541943430900574,
-0.08383265882730484,
0.09810920059680939,
-0.645876944065094,
-0.14987096190452576,
-0.3166162073612213,
-0.40239834785461426,
-1.0206587314605713,
1.4509165287017822,
0.705310583114624,
-0.8691701889038086,
0.2561028301715851,
-0.1773965060710907,
0.10042200982570648,
-0.0022230457980185747,
0.0700831413269043,
0.4268116354942322,
-0.10374101996421814,
-0.4050358831882477,
-0.9605814218521118,
-0.013711060397326946,
0.03269997984170914,
-0.10467420518398285,
-0.5861232876777649,
-0.3858422040939331,
0.16394728422164917,
0.45311811566352844,
0.3923960328102112,
-0.055819347500801086,
-0.1126750037074089,
-0.6541512608528137,
0.7887044548988342,
-0.40283098816871643,
-1.0038466453552246,
0.062174197286367416,
0.2814232409000397,
-0.05078990012407303,
-0.6164270043373108,
-0.28332316875457764,
-0.9033282399177551,
0.9090206027030945,
-0.5487305521965027,
-0.5524724125862122,
-0.41097620129585266,
0.201687753200531,
-0.13688074052333832,
0.3074105978012085,
-0.297879159450531,
-0.08504259586334229,
0.04818488657474518,
0.2116413414478302,
-0.8647412061691284,
-0.18867480754852295,
0.48556655645370483,
1.1509954929351807,
0.13648562133312225,
-0.06332039833068848,
-0.7479089498519897,
0.6530974507331848,
-0.4110540747642517,
0.31828755140304565,
-0.3493565022945404,
-0.06914220750331879,
-0.11065109819173813,
-0.6427695751190186,
0.11380206048488617,
0.25752270221710205,
0.10527242720127106,
0.5075839161872864,
-0.2800271511077881,
0.7345019578933716,
0.10730549693107605,
0.6277395486831665,
0.42982158064842224,
0.176773339509964,
-0.48482397198677063,
-0.6716095805168152,
0.4130120277404785,
-1.0326194763183594,
-0.7169773578643799,
-0.004504246637225151,
-0.590728223323822,
0.2879014313220978,
0.23063118755817413,
-0.07785048335790634,
-0.04553111642599106,
-0.04512559249997139,
0.18186146020889282,
-0.1725090593099594
] |
|
1opolp | What is the fastest the average human heart could safely beat without failing? | If this limit was exceeded, would the heart explode or just stop? How about an athletes heart? Any well documented extreme cases of this happening? | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"ccuhutw",
"ccudtky",
"ccuhxad",
"ccuk0yc",
"ccui3gl",
"ccujnjk",
"ccutx9d",
"ccuv5tk",
"ccuq8uq"
],
"text": [
"The absolute refractory period of cardiac muscle is [between 250 and 300 ms](_URL_0_). That means cardiac contractions are physiologically limited to 200-240 beats per minute. There are other physiological factors that can cause problems well before this limit however. These are primarily issues related to blood flow (both to the heart muscle itself and to the systemic circuit), but since you seemed to want the fastest rate, figure 240 bpm as an absolute upper limit.",
"Hi folks! Just a reminder that personal anecdotes, speculation, and medical advice are not appropriate for /r/AskScience. (see sidebar) And we especially love answers that cite peer-reviewed research. Thank you!",
"It's been 5 hours without a proper response so I've looked up some reference material. This doesn't answer your question directly but perhaps it will offer some insight.\n\n* You have to first determine what a persons maximum heart rate, this was 220 - age however the method used to determine this formula wasn't reliable and it's more an average then a personal indicator. [Source](_URL_3_)\n* Study performed on the optimum upper heart rate limit using pacemaker patients, you could disregard this due to the people used for the study but the material is worth looking at considering the article I mentioned. [Abstract](_URL_3_), [Paper](_URL_3_)",
"I will try my best to answer the questions. The thing is, being evidence based and still understandable for redditors is one hell of a challenge...\n\nTypically a normal sinusrythm will have a maximum of 210-age (rule of thumb). This can be reached during all kinds of stress (excercise, 'disease' (i.e. all kinds of conditions, ranging from fever to sepsis), or medically induced.\nHowever, there are many tachyarrythmias, that can cause very quick electrical conduction through the heart. The concept of normal electrical conduction is as follows: the sinus node is where the electricity originates, from there it follows a strict pattern over the atria causing the atria to contract, all electrical circuits then bundle in the AV-node where the electrical signal is delayed, from there it passes through the His-bundle in the ventricles eventually leading to the contraction of the ventricles. This results in the blood being pumped from the atria to the ventricles and out (to the lungs or in the aorta and onwards).\nA maximum heartrate is limited by two electrical principles: electrical conductivity of the fibers from the sinus node and onward ,as well as the electrical conductivity of the muscle fibers. But also the mechanical contraction of the heart limits the maximum heart rate.\nThe electrical conductivity is limited by the timespan the individual cells in both the electrical 'wiring' and the muscles are receptible to electricity (and be activated to conduct or contract). The electrical fibers are quicker than the actual muscle fibers. The period in which they're not receptible is called the refractible period (technically, the cell needs to exchange ions to 'reload', which is slower than the cells releasing ions when conducting/contracting). Muscle cells (that do the contracting) will typically need more time to reload, so it is possible that electrical activity gets to the muscle and not lead to a contraction.\n\nThe mechanical limits are that to pump out the blood, the heart will need to be able to contract (lower the volume of the ventricles), and that too is pure physics. You can only do that at about 200 bpm tops. The smaller the heart, the more quickly the mechanical action can be, but even the smallest of animals have a limited heartrate (I don't remember the exact limit, though...). If the mechanical action quickens, the effectivity of the contraction gets less and less, because the muscles need to relax to fill the heart (atria and ventricles) again before the next heartbeat. And the really high heartrates usually mean that the heart pumps out hardly anything per heartbeat. But because it is a very high rate, it amounts to quite a lot over time (like one minute). This is measured in cardiac output.\n\nIn tachyarrythmias the electrical conduction is not normal. Either an accessory pathway between atria and ventricles exist, bypassing the AV-node, leading to a loop in electrical activity (either between the atria and the ventricles or in the atria or ventricles alone).\n\nThe heart doesn't blow up (or at least, not to the best of my knowledge), because once the heartrate increases, at a certain point the cardiac output (in volume/minute) will decrease (after increasing at first). At a certain point (which starts at 200 bpm) the blood pumped out by the heart is close to nothing. This leads to lower perfusion in the coronary arteries (and the rest of the body), which cuts off the blood supply to the heart itself. Since muscles need energy and oxygen to function, the heart stops when its blood supply is cut off.\n\nTachycardias can exist for a longer period of time, and compensation, the heart will dilate, meaning that the ventricles (usually the left ventricle in particular) will dilate as well. The volume will increase. Meaning (pure physics) that the percentage of the volume will lead to higher cardiac output.\nA normal healthy heart will pump out about 60% of its volume per beat. A dilated heart (in extreme situations) will pump out about 10%.\n\nThe fastest a heart could beat safely is dependent on a lot of factors. One of them is age, younger individuals get higher heartrates (210-age as a rule of thumb says it all), because the electrical conduction in their heart is not yet damaged or compromised (age will do that). Another thing is size, the smaller the (healthy) heart, the faster it goes (children have higher heartrates than adults, newborns have a normal heartrate of 120-160 bpm, whereas adults are in between 60-80 bpm).\n\nSidenote: if the electrical signal is fast, it doesn't mean the ventricles are filled up just yet. So seeing a heartbeat on an ECG (= electrical activity, really sensitive), does not mean you will feel the pulse in an artery. Simply because there's not enough volume to cause a pulsewave at a certain distance, or a pulse wave that is is enough to actually be sensed by your sensory nervous system in your fingers. The closer to the heart you feel for pulsations, the higher the chance of actually detecting the pulse. (listening with a stethoscope will always tell you if there actually is mechanical activity, after that the carotid or femoral arteries will tell you if it causes sufficient cardiac output to have adequate organ perfusion (i.e. brain, you kind of need that one for every other bodily function).\n\nSources (If a professional, you should check UpToDate for the basics and then search PubMed, but those aren't available freely online. Since what you ask is basic textbook knowledge: check out Wikipedia (yes, I said it), and search UpToDate if you have access (or get access).\nSinus rythm (including visual): _URL_7_\nHeartfailure: _URL_6_\nTachycardia (AVNRT is a nice example to illustrate what happens): _URL_5_\nI know Wikipedia is not commonly accepted as a source, but here goes: _URL_4_ (I'm not going to do the math if they've done it already)\nIf you want to know more about electrical activity in the heart I recommend ECGpedia (see links at sinus rythm and AVNRT). If you still can't get enough I recommend getting into Medicine and buy Wellens et al (The ECG in Emergency Decision Making), he covers basically any electrophysiology subject there is in Cardiology.\n\nI must say, I found it really hard to explain this as correctly as possible. Being scientifically accurate is another thing. What you asked is not something I could simply answer by citing one article here or there, it's more textbook knowledge for medical students or someone in training to be a cardiologist. In healthcare U2D and ECGpedia (and even wikipedia at times) are used by all kinds of professionals to refresh or gain knowledge on a certain subject. Or to get a starting point from where to do searches in PubMed or Embase.",
"Some exercise physiology! Exercise intensity and heart rate have been studied for a long time and is one of the most natural ways for heart rate to increase in the average person. For the most part this research is performed on young healthy individuals that do not exhibit any disease. So, a good starting point would be to look at the research by Bengt Saltin (who is the \"grandfather\" of exercise physiology). Some of his first research comparing maximal heart rates to maximal exercise ranged from 179-200 bpm [(Astrand and Saltin, 1961)](_URL_9_). Additional studies found individuals can reach a heart rate of up to 207 bpm [(Astrand et al., 1964)](_URL_8_). \n\nI hope that answers part of your questions and gets you thinking a little bit more. Further research has been performed on Athletes, but I do not have the time to go searching for it at the moment. Cheers!",
"I may be able to offer something of a better answer. It won't specifically answer you question, but it will go a ways to giving you the necessary information to build your own answer. I'm a Medical student here in England, and have done 4 years training already.\n\n**THE BASICS** \n\n\nThe human heart contains 2 atria, and 2 ventricles. The ventricles are the main important ones as they control rate, rhythm and volume of blood being pumped. They are important as if they stop pumping the blood stops flowing. \n\nThe contraction starts in a special part of the atria called the SINO-ATRIAL NODE (SAN) and pass through the atria, across the muscle to the ATRIO-VENTRICULAR NODE (AVN). At the AVN there is a slight delay and the signal passes down into the Bundle of His and to the bottom of the heart, and back up to force the ventricles to contract in an organized manner, pushing blood out the top of the heart, into the main vessels. \n\nThe cells of the heart are cardiac muscle cells, they're similar to skeletal muscles (e.g. biceps), but differ slightly in their make up, arrangement and chemistry. The signal in these is \"set off\" when the AVN tells them to contract and through 'gap junctions' the signal is passed along the chain of cells. \n\nWhen we get down to the chemical level these cells are turning on and off by moving ions in and out of the cells. Therefore it takes a little while for ions to move back into the cell before it can contract again, this is called the REFRACTORY PERIOD, somebody else has mentioned that here too. This is important but, hearts don't usually contract immediately after this period is up, they wait for the signal from the AVN in order to cause them to contract in an organised way, bottom, to top. \n\nSo if the signal is coming in quickly, the heart muscle has to at least wait out this portion of refractory period. \nWe call the period of time in which the heart is contracting SYSTOLE, and when it isn't (it's relaxed) is called DISATOLE.\n\n\n**BLOOD SUPPLY**\n\n\nThe blood supply of the heart is via the coronary arteries. These are the first divisions of the AORTA, the main vessel leaving the heart. They come from behind the valve folds. When the heart contracts, blood is forced out, it hits the pressure in the aorta, and a wave is eventually pushed back down the aorta, this fills the folds of the valve, and within those folds is the opening to the coronary arteries. Therefore the coronary arteries only fill during DIASTOLE. The faster the heart is beating, the shorter the relative periods of diastole last for and the decreased amount of time there is to fill the heart vessels, and provide oxygen to the muscle. \n\nThe coronary arteries are vital, and if they are not being filled the muscle begins to tire very quickly, due to lack of oxygen and glucose being supplied. When the muscle tires it doesn't pump as fast, or hard. It also causes chest pain. \nUsually in a heart attack (MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION, or ANGINA ATTACK) the coronary arteries become filled with a blood clot and this stops the blood getting to the heart muscle, and the pain occurs. If this isn't resolved, by re-perfusion happening then the heart muscle dies, and this can cause lots of heart muscle problems.\n\nIf the heart is contracting too fast then it doesn't get as much blood supply and it will get damage, depending on the state of your blood vessels you heart can contract faster. If there is narrowing due to atherosclerosis, this limit is lowered.\n\n\n**FIBRILLATION and ABNORMAL BEATING**\n\nWhen the heart is contracting as normal it is okay. But when damage occurs i.e. infection, chronic high blood pressure, ischaemia (heart attack) the muscle can become damaged and this can lead to abnormal unmediated contraction of the muscle. This is sometimes just extreme TACHYCARDIA (very fast, dangerous heart beating-palpitations) and is sometimes FIBRILLATION. Fibrillation means all the cells, or groups of them, are contracting without being told to, and are just doing it over and over, instead of a synchronized beating there is just wobbling/wavering/shaking of the muscle and this is bad. It occurs in the Atria, atrial fibrillation, and is not as severe, it causes the blood to not move (stasis) and it can cause tachycardia in the ventricles (SVT- supraventricular tachycardia) we treat this very quickly/soon! \n\nIt can also occur in the ventricles, VF, if this happens the patient quickly loses perfusion to the heart, brain, lungs, kidneys, EVERYTHING, and if they are not treated quickly they will die. This is what you see on television when people are treated with shocks, thumps and adrenaline (epinephrine).\n\nIn AF there is something like 300bpm, and in some cells as fast as 500bpm.\nVF is severe and patient often dies within minutes if no help arrives.\nVentricular tachycardia can reach as high as 200bpm (SVT), but the patient needs intervention to stop heart muscle damage\n\n**CONCLUSION** \n\nI've missed a lot out, but i hope that helps to answer your questions. please ask anything else and I'll do my best to answer it.",
"I have a moderately common genetic disorder called cardio vascular syncope (vaso vagal syndrome) and a few years ago I passed out, was taken to the hospital and they tried at least 10 different machines on me because they thought they were broken. The machines stopped going up because they maxed out, however I was awake and felt fine. They called in doctors from all over the country to take my vitals. The rate was somewhere in the 400's. They wouldnt let me move because they thought my heart would burst. I'm sure that took a few years off my life.. It was kind of terrifying because nobody knew what was happening or what to do",
"I've seen a young guy maintain a perfusing rhythm at a heart rate of 220 (monomorphic v tach) for minutes, but that's pretty rare. usually the first thing to go is their level of conciousness when they develop malignant ventricular rhythms.\n\non the other side, we internally pace hearts to 300bpm for the express purpose of \"freezing\" them (ie depolarization block) during deployment of transcatheter aortic valves. granted, these are usually much older folks.",
"While not related to the maximum, an additional piece of info - heart rate can be affected by more than just exertion. [Wolff Parkinson White syndrom](_URL_10_) for example can cause heart rate to simply double due to an extra electric pathway in the heart. I can only imagine what this would do to someone whose heart was already in the upper hundreds from exertion!"
],
"score": [
811,
190,
36,
15,
8,
5,
2,
2,
2
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2299083",
"http://www.nytimes.com/2001/04/24/health/maximum-heart-rate-theory-is-challenged.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12175667",
"http://eurheartj.oxfordjournals.org/content/23/16/1301.full.pdf",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiac_output",
"http://en.ecgpedia.org/wiki/AVNRT",
"http://www.uptodate.com/contents/heart-failure-beyond-the-basics?detectedLanguage=en&source=search_result&search=cardiac+output&selectedTitle=1~4&provider=noProvider",
"http://en.ecgpedia.org/wiki/Sinus_Node_Rhythms_and_Arrhythmias",
"http://jap.physiology.org/content/19/2/268.short",
"http://jap.physiology.org/content/16/6/977.short",
"http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/wolff-parkinson-white-syndrome/DS00923"
]
} | What is the fastest the average human heart could safely beat without failing?
If this limit was exceeded, would the heart explode or just stop? How about an athletes heart? Any well documented extreme cases of this happening? | [
0.425094872713089,
-0.5635702610015869,
0.8619396686553955,
0.11019036173820496,
-0.27033334970474243,
-0.2921113669872284,
-0.15778349339962006,
-1.3932855129241943,
1.2136871814727783,
-0.12200714647769928,
0.8272400498390198,
0.6464487910270691,
-0.47163158655166626,
-0.47095099091529846,
0.5289915204048157,
-1.1434262990951538,
0.6860072612762451,
0.1674511879682541,
-0.6773126125335693,
-0.3433035612106323,
-0.15748947858810425,
0.12190113961696625,
0.31666356325149536,
1.124051570892334,
-0.7251651287078857,
-0.04911619797348976,
0.40831154584884644,
-0.4855971932411194,
0.5120413303375244,
0.4513051211833954,
0.4337675869464874,
0.46855035424232483,
-0.9981601238250732,
0.05090191587805748,
-0.08352524042129517,
-0.22668913006782532,
0.5475479960441589,
-0.10994640737771988,
0.9194442629814148,
-1.6863675117492676,
-0.15947963297367096,
-0.046714019030332565,
0.7386721968650818,
0.7896596193313599,
-0.496315598487854,
-0.5521815419197083,
-0.2073601335287094,
-0.45647889375686646,
-0.22746850550174713,
-0.17084342241287231,
-0.007610458880662918,
0.6760179996490479,
0.05998815596103668,
0.11020833998918533,
0.4878802001476288,
0.19116142392158508,
0.17273873090744019,
0.3878266215324402,
0.7088327407836914,
-0.6335450410842896,
0.7525582909584045,
-0.45342567563056946,
-0.24770842492580414,
-0.33446645736694336,
0.06678435206413269,
-0.0903552994132042,
-0.4494331479072571,
-0.10323172807693481,
0.14764618873596191,
-0.3207225501537323,
0.7619618773460388,
-0.22187256813049316,
-0.16226305067539215,
-0.33690473437309265,
-0.028958378359675407,
-0.8285598158836365,
-0.0970858559012413,
-0.7268847823143005,
-0.45828700065612793,
-0.9206022620201111,
-0.32130780816078186,
0.5696732997894287,
-0.6439899802207947,
0.37266668677330017,
-0.37235379219055176,
0.48070526123046875,
0.26729753613471985,
-0.49025958776474,
-0.2511948049068451,
1.0824713706970215,
-0.24115367233753204,
0.1282953917980194,
0.38055649399757385,
0.00687780138105154,
0.5319412350654602,
-0.3365248739719391,
0.0316167026758194,
-0.8532593846321106,
-0.2915102541446686,
-0.6850899457931519,
-0.4928661286830902,
0.1808062046766281,
-0.767166793346405,
0.05433836951851845,
-0.10920747369527817,
-0.21903619170188904,
-0.457309752702713,
0.20498651266098022,
0.6874399185180664,
-0.11388441920280457,
-0.6533361673355103,
0.6368926763534546,
0.14513131976127625,
-0.8009930849075317,
0.3339385688304901,
-1.1559661626815796,
0.8407867550849915,
0.35562849044799805,
-0.24094459414482117,
-0.3869304656982422,
0.7272428870201111,
-0.8552796840667725,
1.5161871910095215,
0.5819783806800842,
0.05638221278786659,
-0.16508089005947113,
-0.15689627826213837,
0.22919224202632904,
0.33813729882240295,
-0.18624113500118256,
-0.8475145101547241,
0.8434658646583557,
0.5118123888969421,
-0.31637951731681824,
0.1566096693277359,
0.8279101252555847,
-0.864659309387207,
0.27228182554244995,
-0.6705414056777954,
0.8398541808128357,
0.16026601195335388,
-0.08559674024581909,
0.5982056260108948,
-0.1524585485458374,
-0.17020295560359955,
0.590262770652771,
-0.6748960018157959,
-0.5130802392959595,
0.4852260947227478,
-0.5519134998321533,
-0.023848311975598335,
-0.6651703119277954,
0.4930563271045685,
0.2954675555229187,
0.5291769504547119,
-0.09577023983001709,
1.1689653396606445,
-0.47536501288414,
0.18576455116271973,
-0.08098822832107544,
-0.40234121680259705,
-0.17516708374023438,
0.39050182700157166,
-1.009462833404541,
-0.39111730456352234,
-0.14508812129497528,
0.10856354981660843,
0.2674500048160553,
-1.1306633949279785,
-0.13428661227226257,
-0.6805086135864258,
-0.35138702392578125,
0.5190305113792419,
0.6601927280426025,
0.3826318383216858,
-0.18620173633098602,
-0.0052595981396734715,
-0.1430426687002182,
0.13216203451156616,
0.5081914067268372,
0.08901754766702652,
-0.16487851738929749,
0.03491221368312836,
0.41513150930404663,
-1.0036273002624512,
-0.02231258526444435,
0.7127267718315125,
0.1449427753686905,
0.3734022378921509,
0.08449109643697739,
0.20264869928359985,
-0.4252360165119171,
-1.274782657623291,
-0.22445034980773926,
0.8144875168800354,
0.30367201566696167,
-0.11581239849328995,
-0.27231258153915405,
0.3744184672832489,
-0.03518476337194443,
-0.18936361372470856,
-0.986552357673645,
-0.31145885586738586,
-0.5709201097488403,
-0.8874117732048035,
0.42839378118515015,
0.3227083384990692,
-0.6573498249053955,
0.8281633257865906,
-0.2867065370082855,
0.47474589943885803,
0.7503477931022644,
0.11798524111509323,
-0.31332793831825256,
-0.3786470592021942,
-0.5074144005775452,
0.11537303775548935,
0.7488935589790344,
-0.34791070222854614,
0.4746042788028717,
0.4345645606517792,
-0.13453616201877594,
0.46649351716041565,
-0.00332616176456213,
0.6730630993843079,
-0.5345929861068726,
-0.12796688079833984,
0.237465962767601,
-0.5596628189086914,
-0.2707764208316803,
-0.09804708510637283,
-0.4165428876876831,
0.16390565037727356,
-0.019596990197896957,
-0.15730991959571838,
-0.11430222541093826,
-1.387905240058899,
-0.6431877017021179,
0.618710994720459,
-0.9955839514732361,
-0.5194449424743652,
-0.01115257479250431,
0.4890419840812683,
1.035990595817566,
-0.09799611568450928,
1.1400872468948364,
-0.6658289432525635,
-0.8179798722267151,
0.21937717497348785,
-0.777098536491394,
-0.3523411154747009,
-1.135846495628357,
-0.6391125321388245,
-0.7180263996124268,
1.3443548679351807,
-1.4986474514007568,
-0.24637508392333984,
-0.4132757782936096,
-0.2544909715652466,
0.053385768085718155,
0.5004354119300842,
-1.0320541858673096,
0.9123459458351135,
-0.8005650639533997,
-0.43568724393844604,
-0.5792115926742554,
-1.1226263046264648,
-0.7812508344650269,
0.1835610717535019,
-0.1066022738814354,
-1.2433903217315674,
0.15577326714992523,
0.0023200353607535362,
0.2513852119445801,
1.16812002658844,
-0.3195432424545288,
-0.1340891569852829,
-0.6577056646347046,
0.9888463616371155,
-0.0467199869453907,
1.2616326808929443,
0.9318932294845581,
-0.36831316351890564,
-0.2389124482870102,
-0.15390191972255707,
0.7030404210090637,
0.41262394189834595,
-0.3893246650695801,
-0.7663953900337219,
-0.5404358506202698,
-0.5661665201187134,
-0.3008991479873657,
-0.8389701843261719,
0.3741263151168823,
0.552885115146637,
0.3967987596988678,
0.028480710461735725,
0.05506278574466705,
-1.4720804691314697,
-0.44065234065055847,
-0.11034967750310898,
0.1807723343372345,
0.9954227209091187,
0.0101380730047822,
-0.5127909779548645,
-0.23604273796081543,
0.6267175674438477,
-0.777824342250824,
0.6669251918792725,
-0.3228483200073242,
0.9731906652450562,
-0.9078184962272644,
-0.8052542805671692,
0.8950767517089844,
0.026205556467175484,
-0.3185447156429291,
0.011581757105886936,
0.7062644362449646,
-0.669246256351471,
0.18752038478851318,
-0.1882581114768982,
0.2893301844596863,
0.4272671937942505,
-0.700629711151123,
-0.4100905656814575,
0.8571220636367798,
-0.3978194296360016,
0.7923979163169861,
-0.4296950399875641,
-0.29838278889656067,
0.594095766544342,
-0.3613744080066681,
-0.14064915478229523,
0.37337204813957214,
0.5831358432769775,
-0.20165783166885376,
0.16064617037773132,
0.440529465675354,
0.16905240714550018,
-0.2974645793437958,
2.1305994987487793,
0.57049959897995,
0.30127614736557007,
0.0416126474738121,
-0.002635832643136382,
-0.760113537311554,
-0.5783151984214783,
-0.48440349102020264,
0.9244688153266907,
-0.2131851762533188,
-0.39580291509628296,
0.20761007070541382,
0.3367566466331482,
-0.40904536843299866,
0.7503358721733093,
1.1271274089813232,
-0.5802091360092163,
-0.3751673698425293,
0.5521289110183716,
-0.4478466808795929,
0.48746246099472046,
-0.02472659759223461,
-0.17676065862178802,
0.15902355313301086,
0.013675658032298088,
0.3058260679244995,
0.13551339507102966,
-0.1300486922264099,
-0.3528745770454407,
-0.053022049367427826,
-0.26496994495391846,
0.6845341324806213,
0.4750128388404846,
-0.20273268222808838,
0.7212874293327332,
-0.3917866051197052,
0.8346315026283264,
0.02184372767806053,
-0.8821559548377991,
0.5896881818771362,
-1.1791739463806152,
-0.025771768763661385,
-0.6529969573020935,
0.6214670538902283,
0.37510955333709717,
-1.2989699840545654,
-0.46705740690231323,
-0.04813707247376442,
-0.35184246301651,
0.4379751980304718,
0.2256305068731308,
0.032526895403862,
0.34945788979530334,
-0.3012368083000183,
0.19692625105381012,
0.4332626760005951,
-0.857269287109375,
0.315214604139328,
-0.0769173800945282,
0.12100320309400558,
-0.627942681312561,
0.1058497428894043,
-0.45784997940063477,
1.37677001953125,
0.4575783908367157,
-0.7873587012290955,
-0.8899664282798767,
-0.6449940800666809,
0.12052726745605469,
0.07967089861631393,
0.5567353367805481,
-1.523193359375,
-1.0084571838378906,
1.107121229171753,
0.046613819897174835,
-0.8770973086357117,
-0.6663401126861572,
-1.418440341949463,
-0.732208251953125,
0.4018293023109436,
0.7876008749008179,
-1.0775030851364136,
0.06124410033226013,
-0.10406064242124557,
-0.08251289278268814,
-0.3701402544975281,
0.8965978622436523,
-0.3046899139881134,
-0.6149986386299133,
0.47515732049942017,
-1.147095799446106,
-1.5437849760055542,
0.43894124031066895,
0.9870041012763977,
0.08300325274467468,
-0.4369203746318817,
-0.5733579397201538,
-0.3922475576400757,
0.5969186425209045,
-0.5658376216888428,
-0.7305819988250732,
1.3048642873764038,
0.8677536249160767,
0.4486892819404602,
0.39800992608070374,
-0.2756589949131012,
0.4717414081096649,
0.2800314128398895,
-1.3173977136611938,
-0.028199339285492897,
0.28425779938697815,
-0.1320517361164093,
0.35140261054039,
0.28628009557724,
0.3707065284252167,
0.1762109100818634,
-0.6531708836555481,
0.775040864944458,
-0.22358247637748718,
0.01711605116724968,
-0.2148822844028473,
-0.3832646608352661,
-0.5447703003883362,
1.0376880168914795,
0.5767985582351685,
0.14087463915348053,
0.05356711894273758,
-0.10634231567382812,
0.6644508838653564,
-1.2058696746826172,
-0.46677717566490173,
-0.012648895382881165,
0.8897370100021362,
-0.15926212072372437,
-0.8969601392745972,
-1.0241941213607788,
0.10380049794912338,
0.31458204984664917,
-0.04264941066503525,
-0.7102532982826233,
0.03972591459751129,
-0.4106673300266266,
-0.08042003214359283,
0.1533646583557129,
0.49496376514434814,
-0.5132293701171875,
-0.24173125624656677,
-0.03555015102028847,
-0.9351999759674072,
-0.30153611302375793,
0.061939556151628494,
0.1132545918226242,
0.901597261428833,
-0.09921646118164062,
0.6960175037384033,
0.28383705019950867,
-0.39430415630340576,
0.1566607654094696,
0.3212648630142212,
-0.36415404081344604,
0.16994918882846832,
-0.8385358452796936,
-0.0667998418211937,
-0.13000695407390594,
-0.11275191605091095,
-0.3032294511795044,
0.18346740305423737,
1.1696826219558716,
0.29706069827079773,
0.2725910544395447,
0.19169636070728302,
0.25060200691223145,
0.5681355595588684,
-0.10060152411460876,
0.01568535342812538,
-0.3216370940208435,
-0.02571270987391472,
1.3729333877563477,
-0.7240747213363647,
0.17643427848815918,
0.1472209393978119,
-0.15521591901779175,
0.8947641849517822,
0.015335798263549805,
-0.1528201848268509,
0.017468418926000595,
-0.6884793043136597,
-0.5595694780349731,
0.34907886385917664,
0.49001461267471313,
0.38997548818588257,
-0.23451241850852966,
-0.44627052545547485,
-0.6733359694480896,
0.20534832775592804,
0.634024441242218,
0.8941301703453064,
0.04906149581074715,
-0.1863643378019333,
0.042149338871240616,
0.2272205352783203,
-0.043623872101306915,
0.016339467838406563,
-0.16819141805171967,
0.5742185115814209,
-0.5140277743339539,
-0.8813753128051758,
0.17744180560112,
-1.2980695962905884,
0.8893073797225952,
-0.014700774103403091,
0.46400731801986694,
0.37940657138824463,
0.8226127028465271,
0.10245554149150848,
0.9210732579231262,
1.5413622856140137,
-0.9518296122550964,
-0.16328802704811096,
1.028382658958435,
-1.1031968593597412,
0.3106636703014374,
0.5300498008728027,
-1.564763069152832,
0.4505500793457031,
0.3153511583805084,
-0.5614925622940063,
0.4605705142021179,
-0.39599499106407166,
0.0297772828489542,
-0.5198318362236023,
0.4689605236053467,
0.1707879900932312,
-0.021317902952432632,
-0.9390124082565308,
-0.25738412141799927,
0.6532721519470215,
0.2766898274421692,
0.2617339491844177,
0.27045100927352905,
0.09081895649433136,
-0.25033822655677795,
0.7122740149497986,
-0.05120766907930374,
-0.6105964779853821,
0.29465362429618835,
-0.6197079420089722,
-0.08792441338300705,
-0.08703894913196564,
0.7097734808921814,
-0.9135804772377014,
-0.32632720470428467,
-0.07440254092216492,
-0.18550655245780945,
0.7868584394454956,
0.18069975078105927,
0.46361199021339417,
1.1613457202911377,
-0.934165894985199,
-0.7243716716766357,
0.7067635655403137,
-0.8045825362205505,
1.4389700889587402,
0.5069754123687744,
0.4370249807834625,
0.2763644754886627,
0.13472726941108704,
-0.5112173557281494,
-0.3271102011203766,
1.1511988639831543,
0.9634011387825012,
0.40610411763191223,
0.35353490710258484,
-0.6000198125839233,
-0.4490857422351837,
-1.096640706062317,
-0.43783822655677795,
-0.2042168229818344,
-0.036512840539216995,
0.7987196445465088,
-0.06749896705150604,
-0.30077430605888367,
-1.3035775423049927,
-0.36634624004364014,
0.3540371358394623,
0.35325267910957336,
-0.4267481565475464,
1.2457199096679688,
-0.010072867386043072,
-0.5280172824859619,
-0.2646794021129608,
-0.2811741530895233,
-0.4466403126716614,
0.04023570939898491,
0.6019178032875061,
0.042346514761447906,
-0.02941637858748436,
0.6331847906112671,
0.438752144575119,
-0.7044268250465393,
-0.11584994941949844,
-0.5735113024711609,
-0.5389482378959656,
-0.2107095867395401,
0.33578845858573914,
-0.11933070421218872,
-0.24788646399974823,
0.5836617946624756,
0.40235280990600586,
0.39727652072906494,
-0.15039899945259094,
0.47765791416168213,
-0.6117931604385376,
-0.5327379703521729,
0.42164409160614014,
0.5945514440536499,
0.1723335236310959,
0.795563280582428,
0.2253979593515396,
0.04385366663336754,
-1.2056411504745483,
-0.217399001121521,
-0.13895048201084137,
-0.5614544153213501,
0.015391303226351738,
-0.32907503843307495,
1.4602701663970947,
0.28435423970222473,
-0.43665310740470886,
0.5833364129066467,
0.19684045016765594,
-0.06450316309928894,
-0.3053138256072998,
0.3330634534358978,
0.864719033241272,
0.9287224411964417,
-0.3348633050918579,
0.3276805579662323,
-0.5277281999588013,
-0.06577685475349426,
-0.1800881028175354,
0.3640808165073395,
-0.5229654908180237,
-0.5219975113868713,
-0.14145635068416595,
-0.5727051496505737,
0.3352050483226776,
1.235892415046692,
0.3815273642539978,
-1.2136088609695435,
-0.28971976041793823,
-0.6915668845176697,
0.48597797751426697,
0.25856098532676697,
-0.34872880578041077,
-0.1906009316444397,
0.7511357665061951,
-0.7177003622055054,
-0.2559049427509308,
0.16787922382354736,
0.018608098849654198,
-0.35993263125419617,
0.23774178326129913,
-0.5324051976203918,
0.01593874767422676,
-0.658805251121521,
0.5369583964347839,
0.41919317841529846,
-0.43132543563842773,
-0.17491017282009125,
0.49313485622406006,
-0.5636428594589233,
-0.853956937789917,
-0.17996709048748016,
0.28765541315078735,
0.14907798171043396,
0.3022472858428955,
-0.020242081955075264,
-0.3123341202735901,
0.27651694416999817,
0.5868316888809204,
-0.2629557251930237,
-0.37054821848869324,
0.09163643419742584,
-0.565832257270813,
0.5024652481079102,
-0.22656401991844177,
-0.030395450070500374,
-0.2467786818742752,
-0.6098855137825012,
-0.6630421280860901,
-0.24302567541599274,
-0.10485976189374924,
0.4106602668762207,
0.29122015833854675,
-0.27031609416007996,
-0.8753278851509094,
1.0336827039718628,
-0.6462588310241699,
-0.3020521104335785,
-0.48807093501091003,
0.3622264564037323,
-0.9697762131690979,
-1.4361484050750732,
0.7703083753585815,
-0.012021859176456928,
-0.7924652099609375,
0.3196989595890045,
-0.09212548285722733,
1.0697952508926392,
0.5802035927772522,
0.904418408870697,
0.2776486277580261,
-0.40206557512283325,
-0.15319587290287018,
-0.6221088171005249,
0.2254912257194519,
-0.6207197308540344,
-0.03360902890563011,
-0.5577483773231506,
1.5951826572418213,
0.0062154317274689674,
0.1724628508090973,
0.7784363627433777,
-0.5354592800140381,
-0.6580943465232849,
-0.47813746333122253,
-1.2501859664916992
] |
|
1xwe9w | FAQ Friday: What is fire? Why do some things burn and others melt? And other burning questions! | This week on **FAQ Friday** we're here to answer your questions about fire!
Have you ever wondered:
- What exactly fire is?
- If all fires need oxygen?
- Why water puts out fire?
Read about these and more in our [Chemistry FAQ](_URL_0_) or leave a comment.
_____
**What do you want to know about fire? Ask your question below!**
Please remember that [our guidelines still apply](_URL_1_). Thank you!
*Past FAQ Friday posts can be found [here](_URL_2_)*. | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"cffi7gj",
"cfffhq4",
"cff9gln",
"cff7haq",
"cffc20u",
"cff8e8l",
"cffj6i7"
],
"text": [
"I'm not sure how to phrase this, but since flame is a specific reaction unique to what's being combusted, why does it spread?\n\nAnother way of asking this is, is all fire essentially the same thing? Or is it all similar enough that touching one flame source to something completely different but still flammable makes sense?\n\nMy basic understanding is that fire is a visible combustion reaction, and the energy it produces is enough to excite flammable things to their own version of the combustion reaction.\n\nThis question may be obvious, but fire is one of those things that's easy to accept in the general sense but the specifics seem much more complex.\n\nThanks!",
"When I burn say methane or ethane in oxygen, how many different intermediates are made in the flame on the way to CO2? I know the radical chemistry is pretty complicated/fast but not sure about the latest research.",
"Why does fire look different in a zero-gravity environment?",
"Maybe not the best place for this, but what are some of the unsolved fundamental problems in chemistry?",
"If there is no oxygen in space then how do things burn like a comet or stars or even man made rockets?",
"Am I correct that the colors of typical flames we see are due to the incandescence of soot? Does anything else affect flame color? I've heard that blue flames are caused by the ionization of CO2, for example.",
"So, what exactly is fire?\n\nHow does it spread, and why, and why does everything turn into fire. \n\nI feel like if I was a stoneage man, I'd assume fire was trapped in everything and somehow being released! I know that's not true, but I still don't understand any better!"
],
"score": [
7,
7,
7,
6,
5,
3,
2
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/wiki/chemistry",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/wiki/index#wiki_answering_askscience",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/search?q=flair%3A%27meta%27&restrict_sr=on&sort=new&t=all"
]
} | {
"url": []
} | FAQ Friday: What is fire? Why do some things burn and others melt? And other burning questions!
This week on **FAQ Friday** we're here to answer your questions about fire! Have you ever wondered: - What exactly fire is? - If all fires need oxygen? - Why water puts out fire? Read about these and more in our [Chemistry FAQ](_URL_0_) or leave a comment. _____ **What do you want to know about fire? Ask your question below!** Please remember that [our guidelines still apply](_URL_1_). Thank you! *Past FAQ Friday posts can be found [here](_URL_2_)*. | [
0.7096285820007324,
-0.19954943656921387,
0.5682587623596191,
-0.18633446097373962,
-0.2692464590072632,
-0.8512105345726013,
0.09119241684675217,
-0.011166788637638092,
1.2433254718780518,
0.46257567405700684,
0.6511408686637878,
0.13435973227024078,
-1.1194932460784912,
0.5105492472648621,
0.38918089866638184,
-0.16796734929084778,
-0.24018551409244537,
0.1619216501712799,
-0.3855099081993103,
0.29897212982177734,
-0.06566169857978821,
0.1748214066028595,
-0.08864954859018326,
1.1746495962142944,
-0.4633784592151642,
0.09659484028816223,
0.11194492876529694,
0.18098962306976318,
0.330914705991745,
0.863856852054596,
0.16488157212734222,
0.39488130807876587,
-0.9538283348083496,
0.08979178220033646,
0.038806017488241196,
-0.2554705739021301,
0.3150613605976105,
-0.5039944052696228,
0.5533537864685059,
-0.5305122137069702,
0.058906055986881256,
-0.7555688619613647,
0.6131903529167175,
0.32457953691482544,
-0.2522181570529938,
0.08613304048776627,
0.01460928376764059,
-0.002375073730945587,
-0.8124492764472961,
0.3861056864261627,
0.24889236688613892,
0.15058591961860657,
-0.026293030008673668,
-0.08161047101020813,
-0.448918879032135,
-0.41659408807754517,
0.6571466326713562,
0.1788691282272339,
0.47035884857177734,
-0.15673471987247467,
-0.3085690140724182,
0.030481845140457153,
-0.28456300497055054,
-0.4596848487854004,
0.33962029218673706,
-0.807633638381958,
-0.6549487113952637,
0.6286292672157288,
-1.061034917831421,
0.13017475605010986,
-0.48134645819664,
0.06768959760665894,
-0.6255865097045898,
-0.6243661046028137,
0.24811230599880219,
-0.7544646859169006,
-0.004603005945682526,
-0.4915175139904022,
0.1058618500828743,
-0.0926935002207756,
0.03643207624554634,
0.7049143314361572,
-0.27355483174324036,
0.7603693604469299,
-0.013272915966808796,
0.28278207778930664,
0.6192572116851807,
-0.17858019471168518,
0.613142192363739,
0.20037934184074402,
-0.6536082029342651,
0.4488307535648346,
0.2330135703086853,
-0.06027527153491974,
0.3453364372253418,
0.810734748840332,
0.48476746678352356,
-0.8687794804573059,
0.2626457214355469,
-0.04062744975090027,
-0.3307722806930542,
0.41163262724876404,
0.9243704080581665,
1.2502633333206177,
-0.5844595432281494,
-0.11362496018409729,
-0.023933380842208862,
0.0943887010216713,
0.45341169834136963,
0.8458276987075806,
0.34748968482017517,
0.694524347782135,
-0.6426398754119873,
-0.29125121235847473,
0.5940396785736084,
-1.3106670379638672,
-0.4769740104675293,
0.5167380571365356,
0.1192934513092041,
0.3121654689311981,
-0.8961198925971985,
-0.2779599130153656,
1.3431954383850098,
0.3850115239620209,
0.06909597665071487,
0.1456226408481598,
-0.6123162508010864,
0.7099785804748535,
-0.26412898302078247,
-1.0642896890640259,
0.07141523063182831,
1.0525264739990234,
-0.09449934214353561,
-0.6247859597206116,
-0.04662300646305084,
-0.14882083237171173,
-0.8692114353179932,
0.657054603099823,
-0.8587823510169983,
0.1346973478794098,
-1.2683205604553223,
-0.02784014865756035,
1.520993709564209,
-0.29162880778312683,
0.05044275522232056,
-0.8653730750083923,
-1.1992172002792358,
-0.7087397575378418,
0.31955164670944214,
-0.49389028549194336,
0.6252811551094055,
0.02576153725385666,
-0.012300990521907806,
-0.655430018901825,
0.26556462049484253,
0.23645910620689392,
0.0375535674393177,
-0.6091752052307129,
0.626911997795105,
-0.5478583574295044,
-0.3053881525993347,
-0.39792802929878235,
0.29348522424697876,
0.9124460220336914,
0.9423031210899353,
-0.3352203965187073,
-0.12091304361820221,
0.051751796156167984,
-0.1471099853515625,
0.37224671244621277,
-0.3436306416988373,
0.18576282262802124,
0.8893215656280518,
0.053163401782512665,
1.2515957355499268,
-0.03948765620589256,
0.29348164796829224,
0.4602791666984558,
-0.5904021263122559,
-0.06151466444134712,
-0.32139742374420166,
-0.5204896330833435,
0.26178258657455444,
0.6384138464927673,
-0.6989345550537109,
0.003712269477546215,
0.47656551003456116,
0.7431107759475708,
-0.13680189847946167,
0.4588652551174164,
0.06173039972782135,
0.26427000761032104,
-0.4970550537109375,
-0.06571933627128601,
0.4933830201625824,
-0.15635992586612701,
0.3807324171066284,
0.39863118529319763,
-0.12187716364860535,
-0.5011155009269714,
0.04187997430562973,
-0.6800999045372009,
-0.2658274471759796,
-0.6851658821105957,
-0.07505866140127182,
-0.26219868659973145,
0.4193900525569916,
-0.18944522738456726,
-0.3858377933502197,
-0.3009437024593353,
0.39296695590019226,
0.9002193808555603,
0.13096973299980164,
-0.06214899197220802,
-0.017465289682149887,
-0.22644299268722534,
0.2500663697719574,
0.23582245409488678,
0.2951003909111023,
0.21233659982681274,
0.19542603194713593,
-0.31685730814933777,
0.15633665025234222,
-0.42323392629623413,
0.9997381567955017,
-0.4390913248062134,
0.2116975337266922,
0.2496485859155655,
0.6989505887031555,
-0.03376493975520134,
0.30001306533813477,
0.6583525538444519,
-0.42987319827079773,
-0.5266599059104919,
0.35765981674194336,
-0.3046231269836426,
-1.2500197887420654,
-0.8487979173660278,
0.04687810316681862,
-1.536887288093567,
-0.5303552150726318,
0.5675449371337891,
0.43234124779701233,
0.4113762378692627,
1.0372896194458008,
0.3422929346561432,
-0.34229394793510437,
-0.5247306823730469,
0.21058180928230286,
0.11933916807174683,
0.20318730175495148,
-0.40376681089401245,
-0.584356427192688,
-1.49309241771698,
0.2926962077617645,
-0.7372660040855408,
0.11558543145656586,
-0.519673764705658,
0.19252774119377136,
0.7182238101959229,
0.4109545350074768,
-1.608367919921875,
0.7913910746574402,
0.1471494883298874,
-0.4553004801273346,
-0.3272332549095154,
-1.0825079679489136,
0.08917894214391708,
-0.5829212665557861,
-0.6642937064170837,
-0.8986285328865051,
-1.119322419166565,
0.5168126821517944,
0.18995532393455505,
0.10976831614971161,
-0.3621331453323364,
-0.09734717011451721,
-0.954992413520813,
0.014513414353132248,
0.298954576253891,
-0.3038986325263977,
0.48504161834716797,
0.29761654138565063,
-0.23235785961151123,
-0.8725127577781677,
-0.06558088958263397,
1.0410823822021484,
-0.7156579494476318,
0.3506549000740051,
-0.9663094878196716,
0.19215650856494904,
-0.2779666483402252,
-0.2655501067638397,
1.0779333114624023,
0.7454148530960083,
0.20112824440002441,
0.032177478075027466,
-0.3257971704006195,
-0.9363465905189514,
0.29117292165756226,
-0.2801365852355957,
0.07462059706449509,
0.039774246513843536,
-0.0114830881357193,
-0.36448314785957336,
0.09355011582374573,
0.7644522786140442,
-0.3301539421081543,
0.767060399055481,
-0.8780539035797119,
0.06240660324692726,
-0.9786252975463867,
-0.3632045388221741,
0.5456264019012451,
0.9080047011375427,
0.5615014433860779,
0.35571014881134033,
-0.28407734632492065,
-0.7171615958213806,
-0.19108471274375916,
-0.11784861981868744,
0.09287890791893005,
0.11207987368106842,
0.4321780800819397,
0.3573357164859772,
1.1038963794708252,
-0.7582236528396606,
0.4321848154067993,
-1.2816470861434937,
0.17364396154880524,
0.48033663630485535,
-0.6764687299728394,
0.2829524576663971,
0.30129754543304443,
0.05859848111867905,
0.5920051336288452,
0.351369172334671,
0.5920884013175964,
0.37897855043411255,
-0.12245102971792221,
1.3578622341156006,
0.05904790759086609,
-0.7760632038116455,
0.20260463654994965,
-0.22165796160697937,
-0.029718872159719467,
-0.11537912487983704,
0.17055155336856842,
-0.684594988822937,
0.08585813641548157,
-0.10659543424844742,
0.08523592352867126,
0.8528163433074951,
-1.1025876998901367,
0.05075709894299507,
-0.376229465007782,
-0.710511326789856,
-0.08906394243240356,
0.8472768068313599,
-0.024188939481973648,
0.0021008234471082687,
-0.1501736044883728,
0.2696642279624939,
-0.12193486094474792,
-0.07143287360668182,
-0.146170973777771,
-0.965593159198761,
-1.0820558071136475,
-0.33784234523773193,
0.46264687180519104,
-0.009122280403971672,
0.9325689673423767,
0.028359372168779373,
0.5410246253013611,
-0.0003402065485715866,
-0.19262747466564178,
0.1365416795015335,
-0.6262153387069702,
-0.3904673755168915,
0.41865843534469604,
0.1970820277929306,
0.4486297369003296,
0.45571693778038025,
-0.1524045616388321,
-0.41864213347435,
-0.8681629300117493,
-0.600402295589447,
0.26238813996315,
-0.86250239610672,
-0.12410843372344971,
-0.7417490482330322,
0.714805006980896,
0.5577802658081055,
-0.32077711820602417,
0.04158460721373558,
-0.7955428957939148,
-0.678063154220581,
0.10712026059627533,
0.5216102600097656,
-0.9019486308097839,
-0.15008674561977386,
0.3816448152065277,
0.37138059735298157,
1.147930383682251,
0.3019687831401825,
0.006518966518342495,
-0.10594052821397781,
0.28244370222091675,
0.17934325337409973,
-0.662656843662262,
0.18035520613193512,
-0.2194375842809677,
0.02370685338973999,
-0.3601263761520386,
0.3005586564540863,
-0.9749698638916016,
-0.17566481232643127,
-0.29633551836013794,
-1.4110429286956787,
0.23670437932014465,
0.3488181531429291,
0.0009017586708068848,
-0.4366893172264099,
-0.10771764069795609,
-0.7647227048873901,
0.007814740762114525,
0.8060171008110046,
-0.23689456284046173,
-0.6199190616607666,
0.625777006149292,
-0.36443907022476196,
-0.9210665225982666,
1.133919358253479,
0.9650720357894897,
-0.4117564857006073,
-0.038375698029994965,
0.4073494076728821,
0.17575402557849884,
0.050020404160022736,
-0.5919374823570251,
-0.27884259819984436,
0.8877378702163696,
0.21640299260616302,
0.8979824185371399,
0.4981943964958191,
-0.26991143822669983,
-0.0021248534321784973,
0.2333793193101883,
-0.7123156785964966,
0.12655726075172424,
0.5552808046340942,
-0.6699620485305786,
0.2078569084405899,
0.7615941762924194,
1.074006199836731,
0.6920580863952637,
-0.9405710697174072,
0.48211878538131714,
-0.11936130374670029,
-0.10973890125751495,
-0.5085450410842896,
-1.4864143133163452,
-0.22976943850517273,
0.7434291243553162,
1.090868592262268,
0.4537774324417114,
0.3916972279548645,
-0.11092443764209747,
0.576302170753479,
-0.7580999135971069,
-0.09477764368057251,
0.06027772277593613,
0.6503540277481079,
0.10445227473974228,
0.06593438237905502,
-0.20819024741649628,
0.5718246102333069,
-0.4721994698047638,
-0.724388837814331,
-0.34782302379608154,
0.23925572633743286,
-0.26166290044784546,
-0.7750428915023804,
0.3346862196922302,
0.8369806408882141,
-0.07980560511350632,
-1.1949108839035034,
0.44368332624435425,
-0.419476717710495,
-0.46944865584373474,
0.234899640083313,
0.4399910569190979,
0.5522814393043518,
0.2917971611022949,
0.6366558074951172,
0.8655604124069214,
0.175175741314888,
0.6682049036026001,
0.9413667321205139,
0.061412788927555084,
-0.49448105692863464,
0.10482660681009293,
0.5646406412124634,
-0.655751645565033,
0.0518927127122879,
-0.670142412185669,
0.8296230435371399,
-0.12994349002838135,
-0.47566598653793335,
0.6259548664093018,
-0.9732844233512878,
-0.14233550429344177,
-0.7829025983810425,
-0.6098517179489136,
-0.2486509382724762,
0.05331624299287796,
-0.9335007667541504,
0.19449417293071747,
-0.08998135477304459,
0.3793313801288605,
-0.3142243027687073,
-0.9066824316978455,
0.6320528984069824,
-0.8411558270454407,
0.3846290111541748,
-0.26920562982559204,
-0.7434177398681641,
-1.5814107656478882,
-0.4329778850078583,
-0.49220365285873413,
0.4135674834251404,
-0.014584863558411598,
0.7600824236869812,
0.039348211139440536,
-0.31879347562789917,
0.7591871023178101,
0.15806157886981964,
-0.09887811541557312,
0.6171667575836182,
-0.02772361785173416,
-0.5142638683319092,
0.2808314561843872,
-0.08751556277275085,
0.28911617398262024,
-0.47149136662483215,
-0.938430666923523,
-0.5624967813491821,
0.4286041557788849,
0.09253605455160141,
-0.4232470393180847,
-0.26279416680336,
-0.926093339920044,
0.7957664132118225,
-0.2796768248081207,
-0.03978389501571655,
0.920106053352356,
-0.42643672227859497,
-1.1837631464004517,
0.7207462787628174,
0.5683518052101135,
-1.3338342905044556,
0.3724682033061981,
0.5893790125846863,
-0.719609260559082,
0.49981623888015747,
-0.02455269917845726,
-0.5144633054733276,
-0.11656763404607773,
-0.054183993488550186,
1.1120637655258179,
-0.7200841903686523,
-0.296419620513916,
0.5011591911315918,
-0.6824331879615784,
-0.7506565451622009,
-0.4102998375892639,
-0.3230198621749878,
0.10717268288135529,
0.12128795683383942,
0.906387448310852,
0.16697201132774353,
0.19146360456943512,
0.44962140917778015,
0.5622622966766357,
-0.1263887733221054,
0.31498315930366516,
0.1878441423177719,
0.39982733130455017,
-0.28798988461494446,
-0.3168652355670929,
-1.0600841045379639,
-0.7608718276023865,
0.7301962971687317,
-0.2164665311574936,
0.8169903755187988,
0.3464997410774231,
0.03828349709510803,
0.37015771865844727,
-0.31427305936813354,
-0.528360903263092,
-0.486160010099411,
-1.3140912055969238,
0.6839540004730225,
0.9615108370780945,
0.7506431341171265,
-0.7694108486175537,
0.2197313755750656,
-0.1314193159341812,
-0.6103599071502686,
0.2584596872329712,
0.7965936064720154,
0.07907941937446594,
0.2645912170410156,
0.5759170055389404,
0.05523708835244179,
0.28293800354003906,
-0.2802048921585083,
-0.16442328691482544,
-0.1467212736606598,
0.09378600120544434,
0.6244498491287231,
0.5141997933387756,
-0.8611326813697815,
0.688236653804779,
1.0020301342010498,
0.2600525915622711,
-0.7362133264541626,
1.1405503749847412,
0.17484436929225922,
0.1805611401796341,
-0.06787514686584473,
-0.015349293127655983,
-0.4440014064311981,
-0.6273708343505859,
-0.7759044766426086,
0.36272677779197693,
-0.8155416250228882,
-0.22276489436626434,
-0.4268665909767151,
0.3697667121887207,
-0.3038405776023865,
0.028992436826229095,
-0.31421300768852234,
0.6404067277908325,
0.9689505696296692,
-0.05820952355861664,
-1.044130802154541,
0.442288875579834,
-0.01745975762605667,
0.9580070972442627,
-0.8287543654441833,
0.30576401948928833,
-0.9616996049880981,
0.17091518640518188,
-0.06822283565998077,
0.1177908256649971,
0.4928952753543854,
0.6886806488037109,
-0.1765262931585312,
-0.1436285823583603,
-1.178085207939148,
-0.7624621987342834,
0.8969358205795288,
-0.37222176790237427,
0.09120556712150574,
0.4878338575363159,
0.6106444001197815,
0.2861139476299286,
-0.1893039345741272,
-0.273894727230072,
0.5391054153442383,
0.4097955524921417,
-0.8606653213500977,
0.37863221764564514,
0.3240906596183777,
0.1764531284570694,
-0.560631275177002,
0.29636967182159424,
-0.287709504365921,
-0.48740753531455994,
-1.063530683517456,
-0.11910618096590042,
-0.7698984146118164,
-0.5256081819534302,
-0.2888907790184021,
0.05356648936867714,
0.520092248916626,
1.3454704284667969,
0.4491429924964905,
-0.5672088265419006,
-0.5659920573234558,
-0.5560401678085327,
-0.02271338552236557,
-0.25273579359054565,
-0.7597521543502808,
0.12953872978687286,
-0.9676752090454102,
-0.5670778751373291,
-0.25429201126098633,
0.06534357368946075,
0.07015961408615112,
-0.011807293631136417,
-0.2283407300710678,
-0.7861072421073914,
0.7408410310745239,
0.40741199254989624,
0.220539391040802,
0.606316089630127,
0.09570740163326263,
-2.0894417762756348,
0.5822638273239136,
-0.7556920051574707,
-0.051880501210689545,
-0.35669779777526855,
0.15459895133972168,
0.7891057133674622,
-0.1597156673669815,
0.04761824011802673,
-0.1544356495141983,
0.37751710414886475,
-0.25329017639160156,
-0.2773130536079407,
-0.7125978469848633,
-0.11163278669118881,
-0.7127809524536133,
0.16264107823371887,
0.23463508486747742,
0.06539510935544968,
-0.15457861125469208,
-0.7720423340797424,
-0.4234018921852112,
-0.2776634395122528,
0.554694652557373,
0.2219303399324417,
-0.024049315601587296,
-0.0396803580224514,
-0.41316699981689453,
0.21564964950084686,
0.2670362591743469,
0.32983165979385376,
-0.6979198455810547,
-0.47429630160331726,
-0.39824366569519043,
-0.8314042687416077,
0.6488528251647949,
0.38285312056541443,
0.07033107429742813,
0.695029616355896,
-0.37513265013694763,
0.5621907711029053,
-0.048509251326322556,
0.3594990372657776,
0.5911340117454529,
0.03683050349354744,
-0.18374687433242798,
0.2629797160625458,
-0.47532352805137634,
-0.3918265402317047,
-0.3075476586818695,
-0.9655028581619263,
0.13065217435359955,
-0.5168361067771912,
-0.23273393511772156,
-0.5608195066452026,
-0.22341611981391907,
-0.444708913564682,
0.19084468483924866,
-0.4499141573905945
] |
|
1impha | Are there currently any 'hints' of new physics being worked on? | With the recent re-affirmation of the standard model with the B_s meson decay rate, I was wondering if there are any discrepancies in data/ongoing research that have yet to reach a desirable sigma level for announcement? I know the physics community rarely says anything before 3-4 sigma...
I know gravity and dark matter arent covered by the SM just yet but I'm looking for stuff like the Higgs excess that was floated about for a bit (and I think now shown to be error).
Is everything somewhat on hold til the LHC is back? | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"cb5ywbs",
"cb5yrhs",
"cb64flk",
"cb6462t",
"cb64vj7",
"cb63vnn",
"cb64t3w",
"cb6628o"
],
"text": [
"The ~~mass~~ radius of a proton is measured to be different depending on whether electrons or muons are bound to it, and nobody has really figured out why.",
"* Neutrino mass and oscillation is definitely new physics (more than a hint).\n\n* Dark matter and dark energy.\n\n* High-Tc superconductivity (still not understood, I think).",
"The [anomalous magnetic moment of the muon](_URL_1_) currently has a 3.6 sigma discrepancy between theory and experiment. If you heard about the huge experiment that just moved from Brookhaven National Lab to Fermilab, this is what it is measuring! [Fermilab's site on this experiment](_URL_2_) is pretty informative also. \n\n[This experiment](_URL_0_) found a 4.2 sigma signal for spatial variation of the fine structure constant a few years ago. I'm not knowledgeable about any follow-up efforts.",
"To you, and for many people, \"new physics\" means \"new particle physics\" either because that is your area of interest or because you have some preconception about the definition of \"physics.\"\n\nSociologically, for example, old-school particle physics is a relatively small area of modern physics, especially compared to condensed matter. By \"old-school,\" I mean physics coming from the accelerators, because there is plenty of particle physics in both astrophysics/cosmology and condensed matter. \n\nAs an example, I can cite the prediction and recent experimental reports of Majorana states at the boundary of topological insulators and superconductors. That is a fundamentally new phenomenon (Majorana fermions have never been observed before), originally predicted by a particle physicist (Majorana) and seen in a new type of matter (topologically-protected states). \n\n_URL_3_",
"Although of course far from complete, this might be useful: _URL_4_",
"Non-Scienctician here: Anyone working on WHAT gravity is and not just what it DOES?",
"I read the title and immediately thought of the documentary, \"The Quantum Activist\". I was hoping for, \"[this new thing] is physics, but only because we need to classify the theory/concept/etc. in some domain of knowledge\"; but got, \"here's some physics that is quite certainly physics, but you've never heard of it.\"\n\nRegardless, thank you",
"I'm not very far into hard physics yet (still an undergrad), but [this guy](_URL_5_) gave a lecture at the college I attend about [his paper on a practical Alcubierre drive](_URL_6_).\n\nThere's not really any new *physics* here, but his paper represents a new *approach* that may render an older physics theory immediately useful."
],
"score": [
250,
104,
37,
17,
10,
7,
4,
3
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://prl.aps.org/abstract/PRL/v107/i19/e191101",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anomalous_magnetic_dipole_moment#Anomalous_magnetic_moment_of_the_muon",
"http://muon-g-2.fnal.gov/1-muon-g-2-collaboration-to-solve-mystery.shtml",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majorana_fermion",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unsolved_problems_in_physics",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Sonny_White_(NASA_Scientist)",
"http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20110015936_2011016932.pdf"
]
} | Are there currently any 'hints' of new physics being worked on?
With the recent re-affirmation of the standard model with the B_s meson decay rate, I was wondering if there are any discrepancies in data/ongoing research that have yet to reach a desirable sigma level for announcement? I know the physics community rarely says anything before 3-4 sigma... I know gravity and dark matter arent covered by the SM just yet but I'm looking for stuff like the Higgs excess that was floated about for a bit (and I think now shown to be error). Is everything somewhat on hold til the LHC is back? | [
0.06801019608974457,
-0.48160848021507263,
1.054269790649414,
-0.30900049209594727,
-1.0382153987884521,
-0.7210918068885803,
-0.0908176451921463,
-0.7886838316917419,
0.8935309648513794,
0.4157622158527374,
0.7975794672966003,
-0.04085296019911766,
-0.288547545671463,
0.7716410160064697,
0.3364885747432709,
-0.6231397390365601,
0.0013734400272369385,
0.015422601252794266,
-0.16215988993644714,
-0.4686434864997864,
-0.052200935781002045,
0.2312498837709427,
0.08828848600387573,
0.7072033286094666,
-0.8460716009140015,
0.2657369375228882,
-0.08460987359285355,
-0.3242487907409668,
0.5520824790000916,
0.4209325909614563,
-0.18596847355365753,
0.7292987704277039,
-0.3948320746421814,
0.22210967540740967,
0.13039124011993408,
0.40469875931739807,
1.0726500749588013,
0.5028518438339233,
0.7191541790962219,
-0.686546266078949,
0.07896952331066132,
-1.1074057817459106,
0.21676860749721527,
0.4025534689426422,
-0.5767483115196228,
-0.918281614780426,
0.44146955013275146,
0.13685446977615356,
-0.8128017783164978,
-0.5499309301376343,
-0.12221674621105194,
0.05296042934060097,
0.5946683883666992,
0.4422712028026581,
-0.005388358607888222,
-0.6306926608085632,
0.682213306427002,
-0.3218471109867096,
0.9043148756027222,
0.30171477794647217,
0.5341118574142456,
-0.2436494380235672,
-0.5133367776870728,
-0.6719878911972046,
0.5233937501907349,
-0.1821320801973343,
-0.45867490768432617,
0.3163243532180786,
-1.177219271659851,
-0.38311102986335754,
0.23801498115062714,
0.08568624407052994,
-0.0711948424577713,
-0.6865262985229492,
0.7596139907836914,
-0.3656085431575775,
0.8375725746154785,
0.36269959807395935,
-0.26573967933654785,
0.3444957435131073,
0.24986450374126434,
-0.12801006436347961,
-0.19675973057746887,
0.04676385968923569,
-0.059866104274988174,
0.9887144565582275,
0.7520964741706848,
-0.336598664522171,
-0.13054044544696808,
1.4075568914413452,
-0.7225069403648376,
0.5315622687339783,
0.3934434652328491,
-0.11579106748104095,
0.07434330880641937,
-0.10760350525379181,
0.5041691660881042,
-0.8090608716011047,
0.17712053656578064,
0.7330652475357056,
-0.8747174739837646,
0.6131113171577454,
0.35124948620796204,
0.8403192758560181,
0.023607686161994934,
-0.40840891003608704,
0.2119528353214264,
-0.3477286398410797,
-0.5081637501716614,
0.36719968914985657,
0.4633793830871582,
1.4157851934432983,
-0.5528901219367981,
-0.5833321809768677,
-0.37187427282333374,
-1.46730375289917,
0.19083203375339508,
-0.06409775465726852,
0.9257652163505554,
0.6153860688209534,
0.6297380328178406,
0.20664599537849426,
0.7720757126808167,
0.9068557024002075,
0.2804449200630188,
0.7895553708076477,
-0.046933434903621674,
0.9483124017715454,
0.2668241262435913,
-0.16078248620033264,
0.09507926553487778,
0.9448814392089844,
0.16779622435569763,
-0.2899463474750519,
0.5146186947822571,
-0.054053112864494324,
-0.789111852645874,
0.21389101445674896,
-0.779928982257843,
-0.08563913404941559,
-0.4909589886665344,
0.017561905086040497,
1.6357455253601074,
-0.5737714171409607,
-0.3591700792312622,
-0.895064115524292,
-0.968680739402771,
-0.5021790266036987,
-0.5037992000579834,
-0.07428911328315735,
-1.3220802545547485,
0.37059521675109863,
0.09006347507238388,
-0.6019532680511475,
0.6690515279769897,
-0.30937615036964417,
0.3320692777633667,
-0.3439854085445404,
0.4634407162666321,
0.4281856417655945,
-0.7480177283287048,
-0.25321704149246216,
0.1956952065229416,
0.11560821533203125,
0.5841427445411682,
-0.047204673290252686,
-0.31850242614746094,
-0.8991168737411499,
-0.2224358320236206,
0.009270591661334038,
-0.1693076193332672,
-0.2551686465740204,
0.9771965146064758,
0.016408052295446396,
0.8685943484306335,
-0.44526851177215576,
0.03621465340256691,
0.5796695947647095,
-0.7766605615615845,
0.3127134144306183,
-0.035017866641283035,
-0.7294396758079529,
0.36769619584083557,
0.2357940673828125,
-0.5924385190010071,
0.02283336967229843,
0.1968233287334442,
0.4333306550979614,
0.09398693591356277,
0.6232478022575378,
-0.036670949310064316,
-0.07126500457525253,
-1.4773657321929932,
-0.019011307507753372,
0.8597798943519592,
0.18273404240608215,
0.38130050897598267,
0.7285558581352234,
0.3991052508354187,
-0.723217248916626,
0.5938304662704468,
-1.4197299480438232,
-0.04904196038842201,
-0.1831362247467041,
0.16332349181175232,
-0.31328871846199036,
1.100044846534729,
-0.09051428735256195,
0.27414247393608093,
-0.39630457758903503,
0.6300426721572876,
0.9908057451248169,
-0.16480587422847748,
-0.27930814027786255,
-0.41072574257850647,
0.4184521436691284,
-0.3061251938343048,
0.04986819252371788,
0.1936805546283722,
0.20816446840763092,
1.087935209274292,
-0.5149261951446533,
-0.06939326971769333,
0.006493489723652601,
1.107369303703308,
-0.5136386752128601,
-0.28071922063827515,
-0.05083625018596649,
-0.017066484317183495,
-0.040647003799676895,
-0.031554535031318665,
-0.7209680080413818,
-0.18716272711753845,
0.6814573407173157,
-0.35423025488853455,
-0.5028231143951416,
-1.441923975944519,
-0.7610621452331543,
0.3390037417411804,
-0.7877952456474304,
0.03668864816427231,
0.5811178684234619,
0.21014010906219482,
0.7796159386634827,
0.5425779223442078,
0.2675410807132721,
0.10527805984020233,
-0.6680126190185547,
-0.4327865242958069,
0.5212363004684448,
0.02987581491470337,
-0.5821523070335388,
-0.7527045607566833,
-1.234971284866333,
0.7344250082969666,
-0.7405558228492737,
0.4730793833732605,
-0.5123555660247803,
0.3243106007575989,
0.9524657726287842,
0.026247911155223846,
-0.6482104659080505,
0.6632665991783142,
0.4156925082206726,
-1.1325808763504028,
0.5579739212989807,
-0.4162285327911377,
0.2837214171886444,
0.3594161570072174,
0.10337190330028534,
-0.103579580783844,
-0.5767335891723633,
-0.1272587776184082,
0.018909797072410583,
-0.005549371242523193,
-0.18241922557353973,
0.11958371102809906,
-0.6036056280136108,
0.08289182186126709,
0.5509376525878906,
0.4959515333175659,
0.4154156446456909,
-0.5524396300315857,
-1.3861124515533447,
-0.5246281623840332,
0.4795275330543518,
0.8942385911941528,
-0.7155909538269043,
0.35157540440559387,
-0.9263865947723389,
0.1375223696231842,
-0.09049224853515625,
-0.6855221390724182,
1.107346534729004,
0.20917324721813202,
-0.22611866891384125,
0.2046148031949997,
-0.22834347188472748,
0.22710543870925903,
-0.05977770686149597,
-0.3415416479110718,
0.2999064028263092,
0.7508693933486938,
0.03375495970249176,
-0.4462123513221741,
0.02200034074485302,
0.8372632265090942,
-0.6162192225456238,
0.06970877945423126,
-0.45527610182762146,
0.6738522052764893,
-0.6940775513648987,
-0.2842080593109131,
1.120719313621521,
-0.0984090119600296,
0.353030800819397,
0.8549142479896545,
-0.8493965864181519,
-0.9872756004333496,
-0.4060603380203247,
-0.8454548120498657,
0.3404335081577301,
0.5246713161468506,
0.02937469817698002,
-0.2569373548030853,
1.3414533138275146,
-0.2845330536365509,
0.1352730095386505,
-0.6869184374809265,
0.5699954628944397,
0.720382571220398,
-0.887406051158905,
0.4067627191543579,
0.25842204689979553,
-0.7477061152458191,
-0.2809557020664215,
0.2714492678642273,
0.453866183757782,
-0.6328012347221375,
0.10259190201759338,
0.8510117530822754,
0.3989630937576294,
-0.47578948736190796,
0.6101202368736267,
0.0012197159230709076,
0.47023335099220276,
-0.40003374218940735,
0.3491918742656708,
0.24649624526500702,
0.0604470819234848,
-0.20148640871047974,
0.7329441905021667,
0.7635347247123718,
-0.9330432415008545,
0.06423655897378922,
0.8252222537994385,
-0.8759280443191528,
0.45077529549598694,
0.139039546251297,
0.3011072278022766,
0.28300756216049194,
-0.48385846614837646,
0.4992518126964569,
0.19143372774124146,
-0.6282264590263367,
0.2909201681613922,
-1.4837048053741455,
-0.4798452854156494,
-0.1360151767730713,
0.010371988639235497,
0.14662551879882812,
0.7248186469078064,
-0.30234798789024353,
-0.5733457803726196,
0.3158096969127655,
-0.19603075087070465,
0.925078272819519,
-0.22464999556541443,
-0.33559784293174744,
0.034481123089790344,
0.3068670332431793,
0.4028966426849365,
0.3119896352291107,
0.28122401237487793,
-0.5799529552459717,
-0.9096080660820007,
-0.4994586706161499,
-0.33127516508102417,
-0.42722949385643005,
-0.2500136196613312,
0.5511792302131653,
-0.40495285391807556,
-0.06837065517902374,
-0.245225727558136,
-0.9109262228012085,
-0.9182424545288086,
-0.681488037109375,
0.5510279536247253,
-0.3609425127506256,
-0.5858233571052551,
0.744561493396759,
0.6235300302505493,
0.1830894947052002,
1.4141454696655273,
0.26042842864990234,
0.7249398231506348,
0.23036910593509674,
0.9465078115463257,
0.5160932540893555,
-0.8251461386680603,
-0.26172715425491333,
-0.7400065660476685,
-1.0226092338562012,
-0.4702770411968231,
0.4611179232597351,
-0.6673343777656555,
-0.9082890748977661,
-0.6009478569030762,
-0.9641164541244507,
-0.439564049243927,
0.7326720952987671,
-0.3772464394569397,
0.4965771436691284,
0.516983687877655,
-0.15714900195598602,
-0.7017430067062378,
-0.1859758198261261,
-0.032100990414619446,
-0.667258620262146,
-0.024671614170074463,
-0.5748428106307983,
-0.7140498757362366,
1.1086652278900146,
0.39004895091056824,
-0.8486857414245605,
0.22054454684257507,
0.2863345742225647,
-0.07770515978336334,
-0.3145122230052948,
-0.39301976561546326,
-0.7632842063903809,
0.36884862184524536,
-0.2937565743923187,
0.23497016727924347,
-0.7656425833702087,
-0.13993172347545624,
0.47456637024879456,
-0.15845702588558197,
-0.5088140964508057,
0.22159655392169952,
0.297780841588974,
-0.3743588626384735,
-0.13885176181793213,
0.7142896056175232,
1.162097454071045,
1.0145540237426758,
-0.9188971519470215,
-0.1263764500617981,
0.3149178922176361,
0.07216550409793854,
-0.3110291361808777,
-0.3860325813293457,
-0.5718867182731628,
1.0178931951522827,
0.5814520120620728,
0.6849070191383362,
-0.4387357831001282,
0.12505069375038147,
-0.11296405643224716,
-0.5407875776290894,
-1.0592336654663086,
-0.011382188647985458,
1.015661597251892,
0.5378971099853516,
-0.4573861360549927,
-0.2924595773220062,
0.9389585256576538,
-0.577354907989502,
-0.1426556259393692,
-1.1846036911010742,
0.40117278695106506,
-0.8258001208305359,
-1.0300503969192505,
0.6579007506370544,
0.4176498055458069,
-0.5613994002342224,
-0.5787091255187988,
0.3490597605705261,
-0.16742567718029022,
-0.5247251391410828,
0.11608318984508514,
0.38287487626075745,
-0.33591777086257935,
0.4656900465488434,
0.9139571785926819,
0.5235104560852051,
-0.2277543693780899,
0.8308196067810059,
0.21034950017929077,
0.09857804328203201,
0.22185085713863373,
-0.08904914557933807,
0.09529675543308258,
-0.4744087755680084,
-0.2559935450553894,
-0.10198090970516205,
0.44321292638778687,
0.35643982887268066,
0.4735535979270935,
0.6247528195381165,
-0.2392248511314392,
-0.4176505506038666,
0.7942286729812622,
-0.5075809955596924,
0.11573232710361481,
-0.670052170753479,
0.17270299792289734,
-0.4588378965854645,
-0.7863200306892395,
0.6079204082489014,
-0.2617318034172058,
-0.39441534876823425,
1.0658684968948364,
-0.21053250133991241,
-0.2015920877456665,
0.13067279756069183,
-1.3496193885803223,
-1.221692442893982,
0.2306508868932724,
0.1922471672296524,
0.6250591278076172,
-0.2542616128921509,
-0.265429824590683,
0.03531188517808914,
-0.5332788228988647,
0.5478802919387817,
0.499722957611084,
-0.8151848316192627,
0.4495013654232025,
-0.41331231594085693,
-0.5883444547653198,
-0.2493848353624344,
0.29202595353126526,
0.09899451583623886,
-0.18815959990024567,
-0.22272436320781708,
-0.19283626973628998,
0.13972926139831543,
-0.4145585894584656,
0.48513489961624146,
-0.1200379878282547,
-0.46392592787742615,
-0.4075161814689636,
0.0028632991015911102,
0.764957845211029,
0.18751855194568634,
-0.5572100877761841,
-0.43472492694854736,
0.17371416091918945,
0.25403863191604614,
-1.1319489479064941,
-0.4370402693748474,
0.3133215010166168,
-0.65455162525177,
-0.04417020082473755,
-0.7701945900917053,
-0.6829559803009033,
-0.02422412298619747,
-0.05928804352879524,
0.08726322650909424,
-0.48197832703590393,
-0.19242781400680542,
-0.7265771627426147,
-0.6385830640792847,
-0.08188872784376144,
-0.4516609311103821,
-0.41201698780059814,
0.016706688329577446,
-0.06932345032691956,
0.12380290031433105,
-0.11699935793876648,
0.1331176608800888,
-0.3632179796695709,
0.6344307661056519,
-0.5657195448875427,
-0.17105096578598022,
-0.770571231842041,
-0.013103000819683075,
-0.020809439942240715,
-0.11374617367982864,
-0.2506467401981354,
-0.42317909002304077,
0.12041420489549637,
-0.24790920317173004,
0.7678291201591492,
-0.5884840488433838,
0.07010224461555481,
0.43428075313568115,
0.05695480480790138,
-0.34750086069107056,
0.1597004532814026,
-0.8596106767654419,
0.06277585029602051,
-0.2759169340133667,
0.9339090585708618,
0.24724897742271423,
0.40068259835243225,
-0.15741416811943054,
-0.00009069405496120453,
0.08135779201984406,
0.5151338577270508,
-0.2688305079936981,
0.9681468605995178,
0.09777054190635681,
-0.1738831251859665,
0.7872973680496216,
-0.12082648277282715,
-0.10530144721269608,
-0.14940212666988373,
0.3415897488594055,
-0.1565857082605362,
-0.2848834693431854,
-1.281327724456787,
0.43568503856658936,
0.5329586863517761,
-0.6252119541168213,
0.15392737090587616,
1.3521637916564941,
1.0480412244796753,
0.11355740576982498,
-0.15283896028995514,
-0.05003839731216431,
-0.6374383568763733,
-0.573718249797821,
-0.655746579170227,
-0.03813071548938751,
-1.0115970373153687,
-0.13328304886817932,
-0.05508870631456375,
-0.5644898414611816,
-0.489945650100708,
-0.15525847673416138,
-0.04842565953731537,
0.7649855017662048,
0.7957435846328735,
-0.5188793540000916,
-0.06134200841188431,
0.6382889747619629,
-0.46529436111450195,
1.1986782550811768,
-0.36898085474967957,
1.0334941148757935,
0.14536528289318085,
-0.2084592878818512,
0.663281261920929,
0.08669611066579819,
-0.37939441204071045,
-0.5948495864868164,
-0.09751053899526596,
0.1570417433977127,
-1.0812747478485107,
-0.7956559658050537,
0.19827453792095184,
-0.4034445285797119,
0.32969987392425537,
0.5139555335044861,
0.07266286015510559,
-0.2570416033267975,
-0.5838487148284912,
-0.24937182664871216,
0.09016549587249756,
0.2161344289779663,
-0.8264670372009277,
0.03823244571685791,
0.921680212020874,
0.6019088625907898,
-0.4891880452632904,
-0.6404137015342712,
-0.370707243680954,
0.3948216736316681,
-0.9950417876243591,
0.2192821055650711,
-1.3078277111053467,
0.5242928266525269,
0.20085003972053528,
-0.1921783983707428,
-0.0579204261302948,
0.6562659740447998,
1.2914822101593018,
-0.331265926361084,
0.24042373895645142,
-0.6070313453674316,
0.21054023504257202,
-0.8062984347343445,
-0.4104011356830597,
0.8008221387863159,
-0.7763309478759766,
-0.8188979029655457,
-1.1735364198684692,
0.08191271871328354,
-0.2873857021331787,
-0.23009422421455383,
-0.6853011846542358,
-0.4671865999698639,
-0.03811979293823242,
0.0655507892370224,
0.047985948622226715,
0.9900444746017456,
-0.011292781680822372,
-0.912781834602356,
0.9981541037559509,
-0.06285906583070755,
-0.41643771529197693,
-0.3463168442249298,
0.18593069911003113,
0.9729735851287842,
-1.2935363054275513,
0.30395010113716125,
-0.18101216852664948,
0.44619837403297424,
-0.6535657048225403,
0.00008576642721891403,
-0.17459885776042938,
-0.7312217950820923,
-0.8551047444343567,
0.7440756559371948,
0.24769827723503113,
-0.009923518635332584,
-0.7717253565788269,
-0.5350446105003357,
-0.23226763308048248,
0.2146952748298645,
0.2627100944519043,
0.13615016639232635,
0.2923452854156494,
0.42163360118865967,
-0.04374562203884125,
0.4344180226325989,
0.31159573793411255,
-0.013325170613825321,
-0.7610297203063965,
0.09943430870771408,
-0.4382029175758362,
-0.6121006011962891,
0.7476816773414612,
-0.18686549365520477,
-0.30925899744033813,
0.03425470367074013,
-0.2772991955280304,
1.136451244354248,
0.39051151275634766,
0.6279339790344238,
0.3439474105834961,
0.49976301193237305,
0.1633445769548416,
-0.22440078854560852,
-0.05905650183558464,
-0.5063869953155518,
-0.4760605990886688,
0.19973555207252502,
-0.03544718399643898,
0.24049025774002075,
0.333332896232605,
0.12776683270931244,
0.14857788383960724,
0.14979460835456848,
0.12314830720424652,
-0.8729897141456604
] |
|
q710e | AskScience Panel of Scientists V | **Calling all scientists!**
The previous thread expired! If you are already on the panel - no worries - you'll stay! This thread is for **new** panelist recruitment!
**Please make a comment to this thread to join our panel of scientists. (click the reply button) **
The panel is an informal group of Redditors who are professional scientists (or plan on becoming one, with at least a **graduate-level familiarity** with the field of their choice).
You may want to join the panel if you:
* Are a research scientist, or are studying for at least an MSc. or equivalent degree in the sciences.
* Are able to write about your field at a layman's level as well as at a level comfortable to your colleagues and peers (depending on who's asking the question)
You're still reading? Excellent! Please reply to this thread with the following:
* Choose **one** general field from the side-bar. If you have multiple specialties, you still have to choose one.
* State your specific field (neuropathology, quantum chemistry, etc.)
* List your particular research interests (carbon nanotube dielectric properties, myelin sheath degradation in Parkinsons patients, etc.)
* Link us to one or two comments you've made in /r/AskScience, which *you* feel are indicative of your scholarship. If you haven't commented yet, then please wait to apply.
We're not going to do background checks - we're just asking for Reddit's best behavior here. The information you provide will be used to compile a list of our panel members and what subject areas they'll be "responsible" for.
The reason I'm asking for comments to this post is that I'll get a little orange envelope from each of you, which will help me keep track of the whole thing. These official threads are also here for book-keeping: the other moderators and I can check what your claimed credentials are, and can take action if it becomes clear you're bullshitting us.
**Bonus points!** Here's a good chance to discover people that share your interests! And if you're interested in something, you probably have questions about it, so you can get started with that in /r/AskScience. Membership in the panel will also give you access to the panel subreddit, where the scientists can discuss among themselves, voice concerns to the moderators, and where the moderators can talk specifically to the panel as a whole. | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"c3vap9x",
"c3v96xt",
"c3w6thl",
"c3v8u0r",
"c3v9txx",
"c3v9apr",
"c3vad6r",
"c3v8zr5",
"c3v973i",
"c3va7fw",
"c3vahh4",
"c3v9brs",
"c3vc0ge",
"c3v9wv3",
"c3vacky",
"c3verss",
"c3vbqn7",
"c3vbe56",
"c3v9rnh",
"c3vedpu",
"c3vb1oh",
"c3venvn",
"c3v9nyb",
"c41800k",
"c40qu2r",
"c3x7ppp",
"c41iqbv",
"c3vecvd",
"c40tk41",
"c3vf5is",
"c3ve67i",
"c4oroxu",
"c3vjtp8",
"c4pa1tm",
"c3vwxfb",
"c3vm4n5",
"c3vpk8f",
"c4c8cm8",
"c3ver4o",
"c4bvgmx",
"c4h9h5i",
"c3vadu3",
"c463lqv",
"c444hy0",
"c3vc69e",
"c3vfc58",
"c4p2lq7",
"c4fl00q",
"c4b1j3l",
"c4caenq",
"c4bqjuh",
"c3vjehr",
"c43xats",
"c3ve15t",
"c42lx63",
"c3vftkh",
"c3vduy9",
"c3voisy",
"c4bsppo",
"c3vfajg",
"c3vbdlj",
"c3vb6ik"
],
"text": [
"* General Field: Medicine (others Biology and Computing)\n* Specific Field: Bioinformatics and Human Genetics\n* Research Interests: understanding genetic causes of human diseases, aging and aging related disease\n* Recent Post: _URL_0_\n\nI'm a professor and PI, I direct bioinformatics at the Buck Institute for Research on Aging (_URL_1_). \n\nedit: updated general field to be only one",
"Theoretical Cosmology, Dark Energy, Perturbation Theory\n\n[1](_URL_5_)\n\n[2](_URL_4_)\n\n[3](_URL_4_)\n\n[4](_URL_5_)",
"Hello,\n\nI am writing not to ask that I be given a panel; rather to have mine taken away.\n\nI joined askscience when it was still very small, so even though I am only in the final year of my undergrad, I felt that I could contribute to the sub-reddit.\n\nSince the popularity of askscience has ballooned however, I find myself woefully under-educated and under-specialised compared to the other panelists.\n\nI don't want laymen to take my word as law, particularly if there is a chance that I am wrong.\n\nThis is why I humbly request my panel be taken off.",
"If we posted in the previous thread but didn't receive the flair, should we post again? My info is below. Thanks for doing this.\n\nGeneral Field: **Neuroscience** (Medicine)\n\nSpecific Field: Vision, Ophthalmology\n\nResearch Interests: Computational Modeling, Imaging, Structure-Function Relationships\n\nI'm a BA in Biology working on an MD, PhD. I am a first-year student, but have done research in Neuroscience full-time for two years after graduating, and also part-time for several years as an undergrad.\n\n**Edit:** Sorry, I realized the rules changed a second after I posted. Updated post above and provided links below.\n\n**Previous AskScience answers:**\n\n* [How does salt (NaCl) accentuate flavors in foods?](_URL_8_) ([My answer.](_URL_7_))\n\n* [Circadian rhythms are affected by light. How does the wavelength of light play a role?](_URL_6_) ([My answer.](_URL_6_c3ne51a))",
"General Field: Biochemical **Engineering**\n\nSpecific Field: Protein Purification / Systems Biology\n\nI currently work in pharmaceuticals, developing processes for the purification of various protein therapeutics (currently monoclonal antibodies), over-seeing the scale up of processes from lab scale to full scale manufacturing.\n\nI have an MS in biomedical engineering, with a focus in systems biology, tissue engineering, and biotechnology. My university research focused around the biology of endothelial cells, and how tissue engineering techniques can be used to manipulate them for a variety of purposes, including vascularization of engineered tissues and improving upon vascular stent design.\n\n1) _URL_11_\n\n2) _URL_10_",
"I am currently in a Master's Program in Aeronautics.\n\n**General Field**: Engineering\n\n**Specific Field**: Fluid Mechanics\n\n**Particular Research Interest**: Combustion, Hydrodynamic Stability\n\nComments explaining: \n\n[Dispersion in sound waves](_URL_13_)\n\n[Mushroom clouds](_URL_14_)\n\n[Effects of high-g acceleration while immersed in water](_URL_12_)\n\n[Flow Control](_URL_15_)",
"I am a PhD candidate in experimental particle **physics**. I specifically do research as part of the ATLAS collaboration at CERN. Here are some comments I have made in /r/askscience: [1](_URL_18_), [2](_URL_16_), [3](_URL_17_).",
"General Field: Biology\n\nSpecific Field: Cell Biology\n\nResearch Interests: Endocytosis, Actin Regulation\n\nHave a BS, nearing completion of my Ph.D.\n\n[1](_URL_20_), [2](_URL_27_), [3](_URL_22_), [4](_URL_26_), [5](_URL_19_), [6](_URL_23_), [7](_URL_25_), [8](_URL_28_), [9](_URL_24_), [10](_URL_21_ (9 m = 9.84 yd))",
"General field: chemistry\n\nSpecific field: physical chemistry\n\nResearch interests: heterogeneous catalysis\n\nLinks to posts: [1](_URL_30_) \n[2](_URL_29_)\n[3](_URL_31_)",
"General Field: Astronomy\n\nSpecific Field: Planetary Science\n\nResearch Interests: Giant Planet Atmospheres\n\nI earned my Ph.D. in astronomy last year, and I'm currently working as an astronomy postdoc. I run global-scale simulations of climate on giant planets. I'm a big fan of science writing, particularly prose that conveys important astronomical concepts at a layman level. Here are some answers to AskScience questions I've fielded:\n\n[How an increasingly more distant Moon will affect Earth's tides](_URL_35_), and [follow-up derivation of tidal equations.](_URL_33_)\n\n[The nature and generation of Karman vortex streets.](_URL_34_)\n\n[Sources of visible light in the universe other than stars.](_URL_32_)",
"General Field: Astronomy\n\nSpecific Field: Stellar Astrophysics\n\nResearch Interest: Spectroscopy, Cataclysmic Variables\n\n* BS Astronomy, Minors in Math & Physics\n* MS Astronomy\n* (very soon, currently ABD) Ph.D. Astronomy\n\n[Here's a recent link, there's a bunch more in that thread](_URL_37_)\n\n[Here's one from this morning](_URL_36_)\n\nNinja Edit: Fixed formatting\n\nObvious Edit: Changed wording a bit",
"General Field: Earth Sciences\n\nSpecific Field: Physical Oceanography (PhD)\n\nResearch Interests: Ocean Circulation, Ocean's role in climate.\n\nLinks: [1](_URL_39_), [2](_URL_39_), [3](_URL_38_).",
"I already have a tag, but it is no longer super-accurate. My field of study is not the general \"learning sciences\" but now is \"mathematics education.\"\n\nI have an MS in mathematics education, and am currently working toward a PhD.\n\nI wish to have my tag read \"Mathematics Education Research\" if possible, to distinguish me from a mathematics educator.\n\nThanks!",
"Woo-hoo!\nI am a phd candidate in geophysics.\nMy general field is Earth Sciences, although (ironically) my specific field is Martian geodynamics.\n\nSee comments [here](_URL_41_) and [here](_URL_40_)",
"Hello, I am a 2nd year PhD student studying mechanical engineering. I have ~30 credit hours (at the graduate level) on various fluid mechanics and combustion related classes.\n\nGeneral Field: Engineering \nSpecific Field: Fluid Mechanics/Combustion \nResearch Interests: Fluid Mechanics, Aerodynamics, and Combustion\n\nAskscience replies: \n[Dimples on a golf ball](_URL_44_) \n[Prandtl-Glauert Singularities](_URL_42_) \n[Freezing Water Breaking Containers](_URL_43_)",
"**General Field:** Earth Sciences\n\n**Specific Field:** Geomorphology\n\n**Research Interests:** Geologic Hazards, Tectonic & Fluvial Interactions, Erosional and Depositional systems\n\nBackground: Masters student in the Earth Sciences. Background in geomorphology, sedimentology, GIS, geologic hazards, and environmental science (I was a 6.5 year senior - switched around a bit).\n\nSample Posts: \n\n[1](_URL_46_) \n\n[2](_URL_47_)\n\n[3](_URL_45_)",
"General Field: Medicine\n\nSpecific Field: Cancer Genetics (M.S. in Genetic Counseling)\n\nResearch Interests: Patient preferences of management for cancer risks associated with hereditary cancer susceptibility (BRCA1/2, Lynch, FAP, Cowden, Li-Fraumeni, etc). \n\n[AskScience Comment] (_URL_49_)\n\n[Post in r/cancer] (_URL_48_)",
"studing for an MS\n\nEngineering\n\nAerospace Engineering\n\nfluid dynamics, heat transfer, combustion\n\n[not askscience but good explanation nonetheless](_URL_50_)",
"General Field: Astronomy/Cosmology\n\nSpecific Field: Observations of Starbursts and HII Regions\n\nInterests: I love to study the interaction of massive stars and the interstellar medium (ISM) via dust properties, radiation field measurements, and general morphological consequences of big stars flooding the ISM with radiation! I'm also interested in theoretical star formation but do not actively research this area.\n\nI'm a third year PhD student in astronomy.\n\nPosts directly related to my field: [determining ages of stars](_URL_51_), [nebulae shapes](_URL_53_).\n\nGeneral astronomy posts: [sky color](_URL_55_), [dark matter](_URL_54_), [dark energy](_URL_52_).",
"General Field: Analytical Chemistry and Food Science\nSpecific Field: Flavor and Aroma Chemistry, Nutritional Chemistry\nResearch Interests: Understanding the chemistry of foods and natural products, how food processing alters chemical pathways and thus flavor and nutritional properties. \n\nI have an BS in Chemistry with concentration in Biochemistry, a MSc in Food Science (Food Chemistry and Toxicology) and I'm currently finishing my PhD in Food Science with a concentration in Flavor Chemistry.",
"General Field: Medicine\n\nSpecific field: Physiology, Orthopaedics, Women's Health\n\nResearch Interest: Uterine Leiomyoma, MRI assisted ortho procedures\n\nB.S in psychology. Currently a second year med student. Doing clinical research for our orthopaedic surgery and ob/gyn department.\n\n[1] (_URL_56_),\n[2] (_URL_58_),\n[not in AskScience but relevant] (_URL_57_)",
"* General Field: Chemistry\n* Specific Field: Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry\n* Research Interests: Crystalline Oxygen Sensors, Manufactured Functionalized Adsorbents, Fluidized Bed Reactor Design and Prototyping\n* Recent Posts: [1](_URL_60_) [2](_URL_59_)\n\nI am a Ph.D. research chemist working for a high tech start-up company.",
"General Field: Biology\n\nSpecific Field: Human Physiology\n\nParticular Research Interest: Disease Prevention, Public Health\n\n[1](_URL_62_)\n[2](_URL_63_)\n[3](_URL_61_)",
"* General Field: Physics\n* Specific Field: High energy particle physics\n* Research Interests: Observe reactions of highly energy accelerated particles to determine radii and density of a nucleus that allows us to discover exotic phenomena such as nuclear halo and skin. Also looking at Knockout and transfer reactions to study nucleon arrangements from which we have discovered new magic numbers and a new view of nucleon arrangement inside nuclei.",
"General Field: Medicine\n\nSpecific Field: Biological Physics and Human Biology\n\nResearch Interests: The biological mechanisms of bone formation and degradaion, especially in low gravity.\n\nRecent Posts: [1](_URL_65_) [2](_URL_66_) [3](_URL_64_) [4](_URL_67_)\n\nI have a BS in biophysics, have done the bone research for 2 years, and now I'm working on my MD.",
"Biology/Immunology/Autoimmunity/Celiac disease/cell signaling\n\n_URL_69_\n\nThat's an answer I posted here. I've got some experience in endocrinology as well-did a few lectures and TAed a class for 2+ years. Haven't seen a ton of immunology-related questions that haven't been adequately answered but I'm always happy to contribute!\n\nEDIT: Another recent answer: _URL_68_",
"General field: biology\nSpecific field: Paleoanthropology, functional morphology\nResearch interests: My dissertation involves reconstructing the evolution of knucklewalking in chimps and gorillas, and whether or not humans share a knucklewalking ancestor with them. \nRecent post: _URL_70_\n\n(I'm a PhD candidate currently)",
"Sort of new to /r/AskScience, but I would like to help\n\n-General field: Cosmology\n\n-Particular research: Baryogenesis, dark matter, physics beyond the standard model, Non-equilibrium dynamics \n\n-My PhD was focused on Baryogenesis\n\nSome comments [1](_URL_72_) [2](_URL_71_)",
"* General Field: Earth Sciences\n* Specific Field: Geology\n* Research Interests: Tight liquids reservoir characterization\n* Recent Posts: _URL_73_ & _URL_74_",
"GF: Earth Sciences\nSF: Invertebrate Paleontology\nRI: Morphometrics, disparity, and evolutionary patterns through deep time.\n\n\n\n_URL_75_",
"* **General Field:** Computer Science.\n\n* **Specific Field:** [White Hat Hacker](_URL_83_).\n\n* **Research Interests:** I specialize in material science and social engineering as they apply to layer 1 intrusion; covering optics, electrical mediums, and shaping wireless fields.\n\n* **Most Recent Post**\n\n_URL_87_\n\nI have been published in many periodicals, but my major published work is in the field of [personal economics as it applies to Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs and game theory](_URL_86_).\n\nI am perhaps more of a generalist than AskScience is used to, and I only possess an AS in EE, attained some 15 years ago. But I hope that my contributions thus far will prove that I'm serious about the advancement of science through an entertaining medium like Reddit.\n\nThank you!\n\nEdit 1 - Wow. Downvoted. Kind of blown away by this. I know an AS isn't exactly worldbeating, but I thought I had proven my expertise with quality scientific answers such as these top comments from the last month:\n\n[1](_URL_84_) / [2] (_URL_85_) / [3] (_URL_79_) / [4] (_URL_77_) / [5] (_URL_78_) / [6] (_URL_81_) / [7] (_URL_76_) / [8] (_URL_88_) / [9] (_URL_80_) / [10] (_URL_82_)\n\nI know people worked hard on their masters and PhD's. But I worked my ass off for 15 years becoming an expert in material science and computer science, as I hope these answers show. It should count.\n\nEdit 2: Woot, most controversial! I guess that's... something. :)",
"Hello, I'm a grad student, expected to receive my PhD in Astrophysics in < 6 months (hopefully!).\n\nGeneral field: Astronomy\n\nSpecific field: Cosmology\n\nResearch interests: Dark Matter, Dark Energy, General Relativity, Formation of Large Scale Structure, Gravitational Lensing, Baryonic Acoustic Oscillations (this will probably change with time)\n\nSample answers: [White Holes](_URL_89_), [Looking at the Milky Way](_URL_91_), [Cosmology vs. Creationism](_URL_90_)\n\nEDIT: I changed my mind about my general field and changed it from Astronomy to Physics, because I do work with General Relativity and a bit with Quantum Field Theory and I don't stare at the sky a whole lot.\n\nEDIT2: Changed my mind back. It's a difficult choice. Neither is quite right, but in most universities, Cosmology is classified as Astronomy. Sorry about this.",
"I was hoping you could add me to those lists. I have degrees in Medicine, Biology, and Economics. So could we go with...\n\nGeneral field: Medicine\n\nSpecific field: Economics\n\nResearch interest: clever statistics\n\nI know those are two divergent subjects, but that's the way my life has gone :)\n\nHere are a couple of comments that I made in the discipline: [one](_URL_92_), [two](_URL_93_). I never can tell which will seize the imagination and earn 1000+ karma, and which will fade into obscurity with just a simple \"thanks.\"",
"General Field: Chemistry\n\nSpecific Field: Biophysical Chemistry\n\nResearch Interests: My interests are primarily split between understanding the molecular mechanisms of (bacterial) transmembrane signaling, the application of physical and spectroscopic methods - in particular NMR - to probe the structure & function of macromolecular complexes, and NMR methods development. \n\nHave a Ph.D., presently a postdoctoral researcher at the moment. Some recent contributions here: [1](_URL_94_), [2](_URL_98_), [3](_URL_95_), [4](_URL_97_), [5](_URL_96_).\n\nLet me know if there's anything else needed for this application.",
"* PhD: complex systems and brain sciences (it's like behavioral neuroscience using humans) \n* Current position: postdoc at Johns Hopkins Medical Inst. otolaryngology dept.\n* General Field: psychology \n* specific field: music perception & cognition\n* Research interests: fractal structure of music performance, neural correlates of the perception and aesthetics of fractal structure in music using fMRI, motor coordination with auditory stimuli (entrainment), Pitch perception and sound quality in Cochlear Implant patients. \n* Recent post: _URL_99_",
"* General field: Biology\n* Specific field: Genetics\n* Research interests: mitochondria/mitochondrial genetics, RNA editing\n* Recent comments: [domesticating foxes](_URL_102_), [Allergens](_URL_100_), [Tigers vs. domestic cats](_URL_101_)\n\nI'm finishing my PhD (5^th year) in Genetics and Development studying the regulation and assembly of the second subunit of cytochrome *c* oxidase using the baker's yeast *S. cerevisiae*. I previously worked on identifying sites of RNA editing in *Arabidopsis* mitochondria and genetically mapping a factor required for this editing.",
"General Field: Psychology\n\nSpecific Field: Quantitative Research Methodology\n\nResearch Interests: chronic and infectious disease epidemiology, applied statistics, psychometrics, program evaluation\n\nRecent Posts: There aren't many \"help me with research methodology\" threads lately, so I try to contribute from a methodological perspective where appropriate. An example is here: _URL_103_\n\n\nI work as a senior research scientist/director in epidemiology and as an adjunct lecturer in biostatistics/research methodology. My doctorate is in Measurement, Statistics, & Evaluation",
"General Field: Physics\n\nSpecific Field: Optics and Lasers\n\nEducation: Finishing up my masters degree in physics with concentration in optics. I have a BS physics with minors in Math and Astronomy.\n\nResearch Interests: Currently working on research associated with LIGO (Laser Interferometer Gravity-Wave Observatory). Also interested in and knowledgeable about Interferometry, Fabry-Perot cavities, Electro-optics, (laser) spectroscopy, fiber optics, optical applications for astronomy, Fourier optics and image processing. \n\nRecent Posts: [Post1](_URL_105_) [Post 2](_URL_104_)",
"General Field: Microbiology (PhD)\nSpecific Field: Virology/translational control\nResearch Interests: (back in the day) understanding gene regulation at the translational level \nRecent Post: This is my first, ever!\n\nI started a biotech company a few years ago (also have MBA), so I am well versed in taking research from the bench to product development. I traded in my bench science hat and now make beer for a living.",
"General field: Psychology\n\nSpecific field: Experimental and Quantitative Psychology\n\nInterests: Pain perception, methods design and analysis, evolutionary psychology\n\nLinks: [One,](_URL_107_) [Two](_URL_106_) and [Three](_URL_108_)\n\nEDIT: I have my masters degree in general experimental psychology (specialization is statistics and research design) and am a research associate at a University. I plan to go back for my Ph.D. in quantitative psychology in 2013 when my contract ends.",
"* General field : Physics\n* Specific field: Subatomic, Nuclear and Accelerator physics. \n* Interests: Energy generation and virtually anything involving electromagnetism ( plasmas, EV cars, accelerators etc.. )\n\nRecent posts in askscience: \n_URL_110_\n\n_URL_109_\n\nI'm doing a masters in Nuclear physics, some courses are engineering-ish (Reactor Physics, Accelerator Technology) , others are more theoretical (Photo-nuclear interactions, Particle physics ).",
"I posted in the last thread, but I'll post again here:\n\nGeneral field: Biology\nSpecific Field: cell biology, genetics, molecular biology, biochemistry\nResearch interests: mitochondrial dynamics, membrane trafficking, cholesterol metabolism, lysosomal biogenesis\n\nI have my PhD in biochemistry and molecular biology, BS in genetics, and I am currently a postdoc in the world of big pharma.\n\nThanks!!!!",
"* General field: Medicine\n* Specific field: Anesthesiology\n* Research interest: Human physiology\n* A couple of links:\n * Almost every reply in [this thread](_URL_112_) about aspiration.\n * [This comment](_URL_113_) about human body temperature.\n * [This comment](_URL_114_) about what human insides smell like.\n * [This comment](_URL_115_) about wound healing.\n * [This comment](_URL_111_) about cyanosis.",
"I was assigned a tag on the fly about a month ago but it keeps disappearing. \n\nIt said: Med Student MS3\n\nGeneral field: Medicine \nSpecific field: Medical Student \nResearch interest: Quality Improvement \n \n[Why is it so hard to move your fingers independently?](_URL_117_) [718 pts] \n[How do lungs heal after quitting smoking?](_URL_116_) [408 pts]",
"I have a Master's in social work and I'm licensed to practice clinically in my state. My areas of research have included program evaluation, philosophy of science, and religion and spirituality as it relates to social welfare and social work practice. \n\n[Here's my last comment.](_URL_118_) [And another.](_URL_119_)",
"_URL_122_. Geography (Carbon (CH*_4_*,CO*_2_*, Dissolved organic carbon) Biogeochemistry)\n\n Earth Science ( & Biology mashup)\n Wetland Restoration\n Quantifying ecological restoration with chemistry\n Spatial statistics\n \nNot so on topic answers but I have a few ok comments so far:\n[Here] (_URL_120_)\n, [And also here](_URL_121_)",
"General Field: Medicine\n\nSpecific Field: Audiology\n\nResearch Interests: Rehabilitative Audiology, increasing successful rehab outcomes, Indigenous Service provision and preventative Audiology - decreasing prevalence of otitis media and effects of childhood fluctuating hearing loss.\n\nRecent comments can be found here: _URL_123_",
"My general field is Psychology. I'm a doctoral student and I have a Masters in Psychology.\n\nMy specific field is Counseling Psychology.\n\nMy particular research interests are LGBT issues.\n\n[link 1](_URL_124_)\n\n[link 2]\n(_URL_126_)\n\n[link 3](_URL_125_)",
"* General Field: Chemistry\n* Specific Field: Physical Chemistry|Ion Chemistry\n* Research Interests: Computational and experimental studies of gas phase supramolecular/ion interactions.\n\n* [Recent Post 1](_URL_127_)\n* [Recent Post 2](_URL_128_)\n\nI am a current graduate student.",
"General Field:Biology\n\nSpecific Field: Evolutionary Biology, Parasitology\n\nResearch interests: Parasite/host co-evolution, human evolution\n\nRecent Posts: \n[1](_URL_131_)\n[2](_URL_129_)\n[3](_URL_130_)\n\nI have a BS in biology, and a BA in anthropology. Working on getting a PhD!",
"* General Field: Medicine \n* Specific Field: Endocrinology and Physiology\n* Research Interests: Autoimmune disorders \n* Recent Post: [link1](_URL_132_), [link2](_URL_133_)\n\nI am a 3rd year Med Student (M.D.) with a B.S. in Biology",
"* General Field: Psychology\n* Specific Fields: Emotion and Decision Making\n* Research interests: Psychophysiology, Affective Neuroscience, Risk perception\n\n* I have a PhD, am a professor/PI\n\n* Links: [1](_URL_134_), [2](_URL_136_), [3] (_URL_135_)",
"General: Medicine (M.D 2009)\nSpecific field: Pathology (PGY-I this summer!) Interest in Bone and Soft Tissue Pathology. \nResearch experience: Postoctoral research in cell physiology/energy metabolism. \n\n[Example 1](_URL_137_)\n[Example 2](_URL_138_)\n[Example 3](_URL_139_)",
"* General field: Chemistry\n* Specific field: Glass science\n* Research interests (working on PhD in materials science): Glass as biomaterial, borate glass, glass structure\n* Comments: [1](_URL_140_) [2](_URL_141_) [3](_URL_142_)",
"Could I have my tags changed?\n\nTo: Community Ecology | Evolutionary Ecology | Restoration Ecology\n\nor if that's too long, just: Community Ecology | Evolutionary Ecology\n\nThanks!",
"General Field: Psychology (working on PhD)\nSpecific area: cognitive science, perception\nResearch: 3D vision, computational models of shape perception, perceptual organization\n\nLinks:\n[1](_URL_143_)\n[2](_URL_144_)\n\nEDIT: small change",
"General Field: Physics\n\nSpecific Field: Low Temperature Physics (High B/T) \n\nMore comments in /r/physics.\n\nComments in /r/askscience:\n\n_URL_146_\n\n_URL_145_\n\nEdit: Format",
"General Field: Biology\n\nSpecific Field: Neuroethology\n\nResearch Interests: Neurobiology of exercise and fatigue\n\nRecent Posts: [On Central Fatigue](_URL_148_), [On Caffeine](_URL_147_)",
"* General Field: Medicine\n* Specific Field: Radiology\n* Research Interests: PET, Neuroimaging\n* Recent Posts: [link1](_URL_151_), [link2](_URL_150_), [link3](_URL_149_)",
"B.S. In Nutrition and Food Science\n\n General Field: Biology\n Specific Field: Food Science\n Research Interests: Molecular Gastronomy\n\n[Post](_URL_152_)",
"I'll be starting my PhD in physics (Quantum Optics) next year. Should I wait until then?",
"Bachelors in Neuroscience\nMaster's in Medical Sciences\nThesis research in protein analysis methodology\n[comment](_URL_153_)"
],
"score": [
32,
22,
16,
10,
10,
10,
9,
8,
8,
7,
7,
7,
6,
6,
5,
5,
5,
5,
4,
4,
4,
4,
4,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/q618t/confusion_about_what_is_considered_a_gene/c3vap3g",
"http://buckinstitute.org/",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/q0so0/is_the_universe_rotating/c3ts6i2",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/q0ogr/are_we_on_the_edge_of_the_universe_and_if_so_why/c3tr0pl",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/of8pf/when_a_photon_leaves_a_star_what_are_the_odds/c3grf5t",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/of8pf/when_a_photon_leaves_a_star_what_are_the_odds/c3grjo0",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/p8jok/circadian_rhythms_are_affected_by_light_how_does/",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/pdfpq/how_does_salt_nacl_accentuate_flavors_in_foods/c3om06t",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/pdfpq/how_does_salt_nacl_accentuate_flavors_in_foods/",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/p8jok/circadian_rhythms_are_affected_by_light_how_does/c3ne51a",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/oawgs/if_telomere_length_is_a_primary_factor_in_aging/c3fs3xb",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/pl7lc/is_the_sugar_in_fruits_healthier_than_the_sugar/c3qa756",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/lwtuj/what_would_happen_to_the_body/c2w9xw1",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/q0l6n/speeds_of_sound/c3tqkm6",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/m281j/why_does_a_nuclear_explosion_take_the_shape_of_a/c2xhce7",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/mqk6m/could_the_principles_behind_the_dyson_bladeless/c3326oq",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/oia30/particle_physicists_of_reddit_how_does_one_detect/c3hiadq",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/oqv3r/preons_holons_and_spinons_oh_my_is_it_possible/c3jc8ai",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/oqta6/eli5_cern_and_the_large_hadron_collider/c3jbvy8",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/n8rgk/germline_genetic_engineering/c3769ts",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/psoxb/ubiquitin_antibody_recommendation/c3rxlc9",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/l26go/are_there_nonmicroscopic_methods_to_determine/c2p7r9m",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/pjqt4/what_causes_a_molecule_to_release_from_the/c3pwrpj",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/mb752/why_do_genes_mutate/c2zjai7",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/lh4or/does_tagging_a_protein_with_gfp_alter_its/c2sn6ze",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/m6zrt/eli5_dna_replication/c2ym0dx",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/p80b9/eli5_cells_organelles_and_their_functions_first/c3najqd",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/nclqr/how_do_enzymes_work/c3812al",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/m2xbg/eli5_oncogenes/c2xo6w4",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/q5y7r/dear_askscience_how_many_calories_am_i_burning/c3uzpjv",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/q278k/can_someone_please_explain_schrodingers_equation/c3u4qx4",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/q5qpb/why_do_subatomic_particles_have_spin_and_what/c3v6dr5",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/px0ex/are_stars_the_only_source_of_visible_light_in_the/c3t1b31",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/pzf8t/the_moon_is_spiraling_away_from_earth_at_an/c3tj9xo",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/q5ryi/precisely_what_causes_the_alternation_of_vortex/c3uyjg5",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/pzf8t/the_moon_is_spiraling_away_from_earth_at_an/c3th117",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/q6uvp/what_is_the_probability_of_hitting_another/c3v7fa6",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/q2h29/why_do_we_see_the_milky_way_as_having_a_black/c3u7ydb",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/p4rt2/ive_seen_la_nina_and_the_artic_oscillation_given/c3miaeg",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/q49lz/if_new_york_city_and_madrid_are_at_about_the_same/c3umv8j",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/science/comments/gv6x4/atmospheres_worth_of_dry_ice_found_at_mars_south/c1qjhwc",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/ps7kw/how_do_we_measure_mountains_on_mars_without_a/c3rwbyu",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/pgqqb/fluid_mechanics_and_aerospace_engineering_do/c3pbpc7",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/oy9bb/when_water_freezes_it_can_break_the_glass_its_in/c3l0cep",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/orutd/how_do_the_dimples_in_golf_balls_make_them_more/c3jkaun",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/qa94v/how_come_heavy_elements_like_gold_can_be_found_in/c3w0ovm",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/q5mle/what_effect_would_melt_water_from_the_poles_have/c3va71a",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/q7lgc/what_caused_these_odd_perfectly_parallel_lines_on/c3vdmth",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/cancer/comments/ozwhf/does_cancer_run_in_your_family/",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/pofnc/what_is_meant_when_they_say_a_disease_or_some/c3rowh6",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/funny/comments/ozazt/how_planes_fly/c3lbzfp",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/pztg4/how_do_scientists_determine_the_age_of_a_star/c3tjxwl",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/q44tz/what_is_causing_our_galaxies_to_continue_to/c3ulf70",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/piuc6/what_causes_some_nebulae_to_form_such_distinct/c3ppswv",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/q56jh/if_planets_orbit_a_star_and_galaxies_orbit_a/c3utp4v",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/pnfrf/could_the_sky_change_colour/c3qsbmj",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/q56r9/if_you_replaced_a_lung_with_an_oxygen_tank_would/c3utnat",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/AskReddit/comments/oil3f/i_live_in_chronic_pain_which_has_been_undiagnosed/c3hmikr",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/prebm/would_a_zero_gravity_environment_change_the/c3rr411",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/pudt9/how_can_scientists_truly_claim_that_distant_stars/c3sc10a?context=3",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/psa09/why_is_all_black_really_purple/c3rtyqn?context=3",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/q2aiy/are_there_any_legitimate_ways_i_can_boost_my/c3u7r2q",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/q5wto/do_we_know_much_about_the_limits_of_human/c3v89dn",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/q2aiy/are_there_any_legitimate_ways_i_can_boost_my/c3ulong",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/qi38e/are_women_who_put_eyeliner_on_the_waterline_of/c3xsy1m",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/qv4ax/why_do_some_plants_produce_caffeine/c40pps4",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/qv4ax/why_do_some_plants_produce_caffeine/c40q48r",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/qi38e/are_women_who_put_eyeliner_on_the_waterline_of/c3xuz9g",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/qickt/what_are_the_effects_of_hormonal_birth_control_on/c3y0dig?context=3",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/p35uz/are_all_babies_female_before_the_third_month_of/c3m66go?context=3",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/oyff2/could_one_of_the_first_ever_homo_sapiens_learn/c3l28sj",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/o16rg/question_about_the_big_bang_and_dark_matterenergy/c3dm224",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/o4t1n/conservation_of_energy_question/c3edgoe",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/geology/comments/qgp1k/hey_rgeology_i_could_use_some_help_especially/c3xhd0a",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/qaqna/unconformities_in_rocks/c3wfe0p",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/p28u2/why_is_it_so_rare_to_find_a_fossil_of_a_recent/c3m2lmp",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/oapzk/catnip_is_a_type_of_mint_is_it_edible_for_humans/",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/o3xyx/how_are_satellites_cooled_considering_that_there/",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/o78au/how_much_of_an_effect_do_jupiters_moons_have_on/",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/o2li1/i_just_ran_six_miles_in_54_minutes_when_did_i/",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/p1sm1/the_only_blind_person_in_the_world_known_to_use/",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/obko7/fairly_sure_this_isnt_the_right_subreddit_but_i/",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/p0b6p/is_organic_food_better_for_you_than_nonorganic/",
"https://my.utest.com/platform/profile/billricardi",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/nnvag/why_do_animals_chase_their_tails/",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/o0yxr/is_there_any_chance_of_getting_an_electric_shock/",
"http://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/B0047GMI4Y/",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/q4rsn/question_about_japans_elevator_to_space/c3ur0yp?context=3",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/oce8q/when_taking_an_item_out_from_the_fridge_for_a/",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/tppha/if_the_event_horizon_of_the_black_hole_gets/c4orhoc",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/pqbue/i_need_asksciences_help_to_respond_to_a/c3rgbkd",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/s4pks/when_you_see_the_milky_way_from_earth_in_what/c4b3o4s",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/ps7rt/why_do_people_pee_whilst_pooping/c3rt2nu?context=3",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/ps765/how_come_standing_up_quickly_sometimes_gives_me_a/c3rt4jp?context=3",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/tpgxj/how_do_bug_sprayspowders_kill_insects_just_by/c4om6tk",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/r93i6/has_foldinghome_really_accomplished_anything/c440ed2",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/tnotu/what_exactly_goes_on_behind_the_scenes_of_an_mri/c4o6a5z",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/thjzi/by_what_mechanism_does_an_mri_cause_heating_in/c4mpvm1",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/r93i6/has_foldinghome_really_accomplished_anything/c4406gm",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/q9sdb/why_do_cochlear_implants_not_produce_normal/c3vw9o2",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/pvxus/im_allergic_to_cats_am_i_also_allergic_to_tigers/c3sq7rn",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/pvxus/im_allergic_to_cats_am_i_also_allergic_to_tigers/c3sq7hd",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/p7ozm/how_would_i_go_about_domesticating_a_fox/c3n7hqy",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/q81rv/what_are_the_physical_consequences_of_skipping/c3vpekc",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/rzbhq/how_does_information_in_a_fiber_optic_cable/c4a7bjc",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/s9l1k/how_do_we_know_some_black_holes_rotate/c4c7hv0",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/s7s5k/many_of_us_would_have_anecdotes_of_pets/c4bv8qw",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/s862u/when_a_song_gets_stuck_in_your_head_what_part_of/c4bvv79",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/s12vo/evolution_question/c4aaopv",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/sto1o/can_metals_become_radioactive_by_exposure_to/c4h180l?context=3",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/sttav/how_much_cobalt60_has_been_produced_by_nuclear/c4h13qj",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/qa40o/if_deoxygenated_blood_is_red_why_do_we_still_go/c3yhy75",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/rgtqi/when_food_or_water_goes_down_the_wrong_pipe_is_it/",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/qc7wy/can_changes_in_internal_body_temperature_affect/c3yhezy",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/AskReddit/comments/r7e7o/surgeons_of_reddit_what_do_humans_smell_like/c43igty",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/qbim4/if_i_cut_myself_just_once_will_that_same_cut_heal/c3yhtoy",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/pnu7h/how_do_the_lungs_heal_after_a_smoker_quits/",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/qzxgf/why_is_the_ring_finger_so_weak_relative_to_the/",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/q0u22/what_is_is_the_difference_between_psychotherapy/c3tx4b0",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/ooprx/can_our_psychology_affect_our_physiology_for/c3iug9d",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/phcuz/in_theory_would_it_be_genetically_possible_for/c3pen3y",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/plants/comments/pya32/i_planted_some_irish_moss_seeds_in_2_peat_pots/c3tev0t",
"M.Sc",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/tqedu/would_being_exposed_to_a_sound_that_is_out_of_our/",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/ssoy0/why_are_online_iq_tests_generally_considered/",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/snbey/how_is_an_imagination_shaped/",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/snqi3/how_would_you_treat_someone_with_a_phobia_of/",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/rzs6t/s_orbital_has_no_node/c49y6ad",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/rh3pj/can_ir_spectroscopy_be_used_on_metal_alloys/c45unep",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/ryupe/do_animals_participate_in_incestuous_mating/c49qm2f",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/s18o6/why_do_so_many_mosquito_bites_hurt_wouldnt/c4aaiwx",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/s85rx/blood_type_o_is_the_most_universal_donor_and/c4bvdvn",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/s6s45/why_do_i_still_have_to_pee_when_my_body_is/",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/s4jug/how_does_pigmentation_protect_against_sunlight/",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/pxsa9/do_any_animals_other_than_humans_cry/c3t4weq",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/pxsa9/do_any_animals_other_than_humans_cry/c3t8znr",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/pxsa9/do_any_animals_other_than_humans_cry/c3t79xj",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/r58ex/what_does_asbestos_actually_do_to_your_lungs/c430wqe",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/qljbq/regarding_skin_cancer_can_it_appear_on_parts_of/c3yn366",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/r97ep/how_does_hiv_become_aids/c43xznq",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/p5qtd/is_there_any_other_material_that_gets_its_color/c3mqocb",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/pbp0l/from_a_health_perspective_is_glass_fiber_less/",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/psktf/my_boyfriend_a_materials_engineering_student/c3s1468",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/pz3b0/what_exactly_are_our_eyes_doing_when_we_see_the/c3tggzt",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/ptpkt/is_there_any_organism_that_cant_perceive_three/c3saue0",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/q79hp/how_can_it_be_that_radioactive_decat_is_truly/c3vdtu9?context=3",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/q7e58/do_objects_cast_shadows_in_the_rest_of_the/c3vdq5d?context=3",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/q8p19/is_caffeine_tolerance_mainly_caused_by_the/c3vn1c5",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/q8upg/how_does_your_state_of_mind_affect_the_quality_of/c3vofwz",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/pkaf2/during_a_severe_asthma_attack_why_cant_the/c3q2tny",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/s5brl/how_long_does_it_take_for_asphyxia_related_death/c4b9xod",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/s7000/how_does_it_come_that_the_brain_cannot_save_much/c4bo57x",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/lqolz/is_eating_salad_and_the_like_really_that_healthy/",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/oeogw/why_hasnt_the_brain_evolved_to_be_able_to/c3gr3c4"
]
} | AskScience Panel of Scientists V
**Calling all scientists!** The previous thread expired! If you are already on the panel - no worries - you'll stay! This thread is for **new** panelist recruitment! **Please make a comment to this thread to join our panel of scientists. (click the reply button) ** The panel is an informal group of Redditors who are professional scientists (or plan on becoming one, with at least a **graduate-level familiarity** with the field of their choice). You may want to join the panel if you: * Are a research scientist, or are studying for at least an MSc. or equivalent degree in the sciences. * Are able to write about your field at a layman's level as well as at a level comfortable to your colleagues and peers (depending on who's asking the question) You're still reading? Excellent! Please reply to this thread with the following: * Choose **one** general field from the side-bar. If you have multiple specialties, you still have to choose one. * State your specific field (neuropathology, quantum chemistry, etc.) * List your particular research interests (carbon nanotube dielectric properties, myelin sheath degradation in Parkinsons patients, etc.) * Link us to one or two comments you've made in /r/AskScience, which *you* feel are indicative of your scholarship. If you haven't commented yet, then please wait to apply. We're not going to do background checks - we're just asking for Reddit's best behavior here. The information you provide will be used to compile a list of our panel members and what subject areas they'll be "responsible" for. The reason I'm asking for comments to this post is that I'll get a little orange envelope from each of you, which will help me keep track of the whole thing. These official threads are also here for book-keeping: the other moderators and I can check what your claimed credentials are, and can take action if it becomes clear you're bullshitting us. **Bonus points!** Here's a good chance to discover people that share your interests! And if you're interested in something, you probably have questions about it, so you can get started with that in /r/AskScience. Membership in the panel will also give you access to the panel subreddit, where the scientists can discuss among themselves, voice concerns to the moderators, and where the moderators can talk specifically to the panel as a whole. | [
0.16236357390880585,
-0.5264493823051453,
1.294579267501831,
-0.2564076781272888,
-0.7058145999908447,
-1.0262937545776367,
-0.2252572625875473,
-0.4956285357475281,
0.3654886484146118,
-0.3894790709018707,
-0.5131002068519592,
0.1451026052236557,
-0.20267409086227417,
1.3099969625473022,
0.08659471571445465,
0.0419093482196331,
-0.838667094707489,
-0.1559428721666336,
0.10437314212322235,
-0.019820181652903557,
0.2493441253900528,
0.00018348917365074158,
0.33967211842536926,
0.833573579788208,
-0.4468267858028412,
-0.17071181535720825,
-0.38849136233329773,
-0.12438314408063889,
0.3880143463611603,
0.42951545119285583,
-0.19333739578723907,
0.09572970122098923,
-0.18880631029605865,
0.44746747612953186,
0.03214139863848686,
0.22514230012893677,
1.350177526473999,
0.2247386872768402,
-0.12367840111255646,
-0.6016319990158081,
0.11137834936380386,
-0.38494694232940674,
0.6091791987419128,
1.5078710317611694,
-0.3288206458091736,
-0.6540492177009583,
-0.22985076904296875,
0.003122683148831129,
-0.812008261680603,
-0.09418900310993195,
-0.005945251323282719,
-0.6882071495056152,
0.4787868559360504,
-0.3122326135635376,
-0.4178668260574341,
-0.5945042967796326,
0.4303285479545593,
-1.0220327377319336,
-0.2389582097530365,
-0.2302824854850769,
0.011974534019827843,
0.05281979218125343,
-0.8575210571289062,
-0.5461531281471252,
0.4113367795944214,
-0.19099296629428864,
-0.4389876127243042,
0.44429004192352295,
-1.5524792671203613,
-0.5737263560295105,
0.037866976112127304,
-0.07333394140005112,
-0.3389734625816345,
-0.8499476909637451,
0.32344889640808105,
-0.2858978807926178,
0.42030107975006104,
0.15386182069778442,
-0.12703831493854523,
-0.4788246750831604,
0.10718242079019547,
0.514612078666687,
-0.20676523447036743,
0.2333788275718689,
-0.1408918797969818,
-0.02070377580821514,
0.7791592478752136,
-0.23721128702163696,
0.044641897082328796,
1.1352925300598145,
-0.5834783315658569,
-0.27865809202194214,
0.1186462789773941,
-0.6143705248832703,
0.11638221144676208,
-0.4494484066963196,
0.3104386627674103,
-0.44711482524871826,
-0.1940038949251175,
0.23852002620697021,
0.21095964312553406,
0.23995307087898254,
0.09050273895263672,
0.21032890677452087,
-0.2807047963142395,
-0.44492241740226746,
0.2506635785102844,
-0.6826596260070801,
-0.24111035466194153,
0.4276275932788849,
1.0964581966400146,
1.070390224456787,
0.015806183218955994,
-0.4141765832901001,
-0.29741886258125305,
-1.146409034729004,
0.08660092204809189,
-0.10091319680213928,
0.5024160146713257,
0.28671008348464966,
0.09728024899959564,
-0.14369770884513855,
0.35631465911865234,
0.5446650385856628,
-0.0016286950558423996,
0.2703636884689331,
-0.6922029256820679,
0.6395946145057678,
-0.4431590139865875,
-0.3550598621368408,
-0.5838062167167664,
0.03213472664356232,
0.11660368740558624,
0.3744274079799652,
0.6692703366279602,
-1.188511610031128,
-0.7093738913536072,
-0.4116361141204834,
-0.8129438757896423,
0.6140637397766113,
-0.5148297548294067,
-0.1700742095708847,
1.0208373069763184,
-0.021712150424718857,
0.6456164121627808,
-0.539677619934082,
-1.2232866287231445,
-1.0849723815917969,
0.06673069298267365,
-0.2837296724319458,
-1.0372363328933716,
-0.2595643997192383,
0.4675081968307495,
-1.0223389863967896,
0.6137195825576782,
0.34933340549468994,
0.2645168900489807,
-0.4761286973953247,
0.44703084230422974,
0.08385838568210602,
-0.3996822237968445,
-0.1392463743686676,
-0.07503974437713623,
1.268347978591919,
0.6006355285644531,
-0.5126810669898987,
-0.011011360213160515,
-1.071412205696106,
-0.1956906020641327,
0.616456925868988,
-0.13901598751544952,
0.016184929758310318,
1.0244544744491577,
0.6309183239936829,
0.7522577047348022,
-0.0013569016009569168,
0.26142579317092896,
0.1759771853685379,
-0.7446082234382629,
0.03429897129535675,
0.5813929438591003,
0.3895440697669983,
-0.34971967339515686,
0.4424474239349365,
-0.17674042284488678,
-0.4711000919342041,
0.1693054586648941,
-0.5939781069755554,
0.11163052171468735,
0.30645251274108887,
0.11399559676647186,
0.45053932070732117,
-0.571137011051178,
0.30623552203178406,
1.144553780555725,
0.07859279215335846,
0.534918487071991,
1.1935311555862427,
-0.011552132666110992,
-0.2712644338607788,
0.6659368872642517,
-0.5802242755889893,
0.38875579833984375,
0.06543058156967163,
0.2600971460342407,
-0.1558472216129303,
0.1895541548728943,
-0.015668785199522972,
0.09984920918941498,
0.21011163294315338,
-0.7646310925483704,
1.4762128591537476,
0.30167675018310547,
-0.42448750138282776,
0.145232155919075,
0.1626739501953125,
-0.13468748331069946,
-0.31432124972343445,
-0.2529122531414032,
-0.44177114963531494,
0.7880944013595581,
-0.28426098823547363,
0.8237674832344055,
0.45717495679855347,
1.2313334941864014,
-0.25069284439086914,
-0.693668007850647,
-0.05046827346086502,
0.3308641314506531,
-0.04979688674211502,
-0.05851217731833458,
0.29140618443489075,
0.3142368197441101,
0.3336830735206604,
0.41116002202033997,
0.014370480552315712,
-0.9505451917648315,
-1.711281418800354,
0.26493388414382935,
-0.8831387758255005,
0.4725632965564728,
-0.016847122460603714,
0.5386458039283752,
0.4185062646865845,
0.2810184359550476,
1.0229520797729492,
0.6058267951011658,
-0.769417405128479,
0.31083378195762634,
0.18263910710811615,
0.48325207829475403,
-0.5149887800216675,
-0.6563464999198914,
-1.105639100074768,
-0.009883569553494453,
-0.3587287664413452,
1.0545852184295654,
-0.7391311526298523,
0.37920597195625305,
-0.21339216828346252,
0.43933233618736267,
-0.9929274916648865,
0.5691843628883362,
0.3204084038734436,
-0.9432308673858643,
-0.39344581961631775,
-0.4679410457611084,
-0.9087806940078735,
-0.027949806302785873,
0.16199754178524017,
-1.011457085609436,
0.09834965318441391,
0.09738572686910629,
-0.019378013908863068,
-0.1616232991218567,
-0.06666908413171768,
-0.33362701535224915,
-0.6140183806419373,
0.3961716890335083,
1.307992935180664,
0.5044326782226562,
-0.32855740189552307,
0.6852564215660095,
-0.5431811809539795,
-0.2330361157655716,
-0.05569197237491608,
0.6762827634811401,
-0.03977404907345772,
0.7991585731506348,
-0.9647128582000732,
0.6187919974327087,
0.01644902117550373,
-0.22493796050548553,
1.0975992679595947,
0.7428427934646606,
-0.8457661867141724,
0.5630500912666321,
0.13768528401851654,
-0.18936952948570251,
0.6126359701156616,
-0.15263938903808594,
0.3237217664718628,
0.6366201639175415,
-0.010249767452478409,
-0.08587485551834106,
0.09771411120891571,
1.0576092004776,
-1.0787113904953003,
0.7243092656135559,
-0.4647466838359833,
0.9862969517707825,
-0.2568078935146332,
0.6042691469192505,
0.6820365786552429,
0.5146290063858032,
-0.09466415643692017,
0.12074539065361023,
-0.22662511467933655,
-0.46237343549728394,
-0.09955013543367386,
0.026061110198497772,
0.08865292370319366,
0.7154262661933899,
0.7420084476470947,
0.8280033469200134,
1.61807382106781,
-0.17734864354133606,
0.21195101737976074,
-0.53859543800354,
-0.33066490292549133,
0.6902997493743896,
0.015999387949705124,
0.6371471285820007,
0.38918519020080566,
-0.005365533754229546,
0.32633283734321594,
0.19516660273075104,
0.8848599195480347,
0.03021007589995861,
1.026065707206726,
-0.25385338068008423,
0.5615363717079163,
0.3202492594718933,
0.2760070562362671,
0.5888853073120117,
-0.1691059023141861,
-0.8989660739898682,
0.16724881529808044,
-0.07316266745328903,
0.38744020462036133,
-0.26080724596977234,
0.04121273383498192,
0.5625831484794617,
-0.7320452332496643,
-0.32858091592788696,
-0.348486065864563,
-0.5154078006744385,
0.40165767073631287,
0.41370198130607605,
0.005939077585935593,
0.7186353802680969,
0.3506464660167694,
0.24525272846221924,
-0.01587306335568428,
-0.14305929839611053,
0.5500891208648682,
-1.7297303676605225,
-0.25279054045677185,
0.019330445677042007,
0.7351844310760498,
-0.5276502370834351,
0.3176366090774536,
0.11042243987321854,
-0.3496215045452118,
0.15038925409317017,
-0.07480878382921219,
0.2678864598274231,
0.12551520764827728,
-1.2842317819595337,
0.5534731149673462,
0.5121983289718628,
0.558752715587616,
0.7917416095733643,
0.26348575949668884,
-0.4446676969528198,
0.03659140691161156,
-1.1138813495635986,
0.20941880345344543,
0.29629093408584595,
0.8358817100524902,
-0.060346685349941254,
0.08438454568386078,
-0.25458845496177673,
-0.7094584107398987,
0.28508371114730835,
-0.39918723702430725,
-0.6774395108222961,
0.5747454762458801,
-0.508112370967865,
-1.1486902236938477,
0.35980212688446045,
-0.07172885537147522,
0.4593515694141388,
0.823928952217102,
0.0888073742389679,
-0.4470720887184143,
0.1718602180480957,
0.1855849325656891,
0.07963140308856964,
-0.43014082312583923,
-0.1536380648612976,
-0.5040805339813232,
-0.8669996857643127,
-0.007676508277654648,
0.11417979001998901,
-0.17511877417564392,
-0.9426429271697998,
-0.11269483715295792,
-1.2018765211105347,
-0.37698784470558167,
-0.2959471344947815,
0.710517406463623,
-0.667595624923706,
0.12348070740699768,
-0.6428730487823486,
0.12155608087778091,
0.776228666305542,
-0.9034762382507324,
-0.261454701423645,
0.8482073545455933,
-0.2640017867088318,
0.12252206355333328,
1.300302267074585,
0.32781827449798584,
-0.8729503154754639,
0.3450484275817871,
-0.061238303780555725,
0.36498892307281494,
-0.2636778950691223,
-0.14256832003593445,
-0.4335721433162689,
0.2851680517196655,
0.09501145035028458,
0.4919292628765106,
-0.9589566588401794,
-0.5312361717224121,
0.6449286937713623,
0.04542498290538788,
0.04449097067117691,
0.4367917478084564,
0.019634705036878586,
-0.460326611995697,
0.2214190810918808,
1.1575522422790527,
0.8661072254180908,
-0.0030474141240119934,
0.10983390361070633,
0.26682940125465393,
-0.29928746819496155,
0.23743915557861328,
-0.8488017320632935,
-1.283503770828247,
0.1948321908712387,
0.11527923494577408,
0.06527602672576904,
1.1222522258758545,
0.3771284818649292,
0.11220616102218628,
-0.0800408124923706,
-1.0379939079284668,
-0.2272729128599167,
0.4162696897983551,
0.3776215612888336,
-0.06986460834741592,
-0.5130173563957214,
-0.5143747925758362,
0.7977588176727295,
-0.49779966473579407,
-0.9886661171913147,
-0.6888047456741333,
0.6905314326286316,
-0.9414922595024109,
-0.6184806823730469,
0.6957436800003052,
0.8952970504760742,
0.9133450984954834,
-0.7234376072883606,
0.47244924306869507,
0.11589935421943665,
-0.9693470597267151,
-0.10343678295612335,
-0.015149927698075771,
-0.19641859829425812,
0.6899023056030273,
0.7644439935684204,
0.5576446652412415,
0.5766626596450806,
1.2773351669311523,
-0.1358187198638916,
-0.171630859375,
-0.01047920435667038,
-0.5416107773780823,
0.13681921362876892,
0.23085007071495056,
0.7493491768836975,
-0.7407536506652832,
0.4589294195175171,
-0.31515589356422424,
0.22085362672805786,
0.6433413624763489,
-0.5784908533096313,
-0.5387977361679077,
0.588563859462738,
-0.6443839073181152,
-0.13958248496055603,
-0.1597857028245926,
0.013736868277192116,
-0.7513553500175476,
0.2863740026950836,
0.8166753649711609,
-0.579686164855957,
-0.9337639808654785,
0.7376070618629456,
-0.3720177710056305,
0.1805962771177292,
0.24912983179092407,
-1.0245389938354492,
-1.4145704507827759,
-0.2708253562450409,
0.07152611762285233,
0.2611124813556671,
-0.39964044094085693,
-1.0224103927612305,
0.17136383056640625,
-0.8874766230583191,
0.8229459524154663,
0.20188505947589874,
-1.4521945714950562,
0.9873905181884766,
0.06421356648206711,
-0.36326053738594055,
-0.135653555393219,
0.6246329545974731,
-0.071566641330719,
-0.6758120656013489,
-0.12332212179899216,
0.24568921327590942,
-0.10340900719165802,
-0.7294163107872009,
0.6571580171585083,
0.20291976630687714,
-0.4285513758659363,
-0.236914724111557,
-1.1247249841690063,
-0.12774036824703217,
0.43748998641967773,
0.2330135852098465,
-0.48713502287864685,
0.4987451434135437,
0.7275285720825195,
-1.693993091583252,
0.029372334480285645,
-0.5491201281547546,
-0.9327056407928467,
-0.6231953501701355,
-0.28311023116111755,
-0.30480918288230896,
-0.1985476166009903,
-1.1390823125839233,
0.6090483665466309,
-0.6618512868881226,
-0.145516037940979,
-0.42415666580200195,
-0.7622063159942627,
0.10754994302988052,
-0.12851771712303162,
-1.7988828420639038,
-0.6055936217308044,
0.053793057799339294,
0.6595465540885925,
-0.10519566386938095,
0.054329514503479004,
0.18349196016788483,
0.18131625652313232,
0.18478789925575256,
-0.017258470878005028,
-0.19940456748008728,
0.16211934387683868,
-0.0011077234521508217,
0.20883895456790924,
-1.0892627239227295,
-1.2027842998504639,
0.4025895893573761,
-0.7770981788635254,
0.2849472165107727,
-0.5272035002708435,
0.13733622431755066,
0.5647884011268616,
0.28608399629592896,
-0.010784798301756382,
0.6188270449638367,
-1.1837289333343506,
0.6405922174453735,
0.14816507697105408,
1.0652735233306885,
-0.5242190361022949,
0.3811580538749695,
-0.13775759935379028,
-0.3759117126464844,
1.0960431098937988,
0.6866020560264587,
-0.2748330235481262,
0.3947136402130127,
0.8244041204452515,
-0.017868945375084877,
0.15162599086761475,
-0.7662847638130188,
-0.8789915442466736,
-0.3929239809513092,
0.07775811851024628,
-0.1984589844942093,
0.39136120676994324,
-0.8779935240745544,
0.22871242463588715,
-0.24572399258613586,
-0.41853010654449463,
-0.4607328176498413,
-0.3959175944328308,
0.4623010754585266,
0.1091804951429367,
0.16016055643558502,
-0.2194911539554596,
-0.0179968923330307,
-0.7840070724487305,
-0.646199643611908,
-0.014811312779784203,
-1.1416003704071045,
0.08462090790271759,
-0.13912126421928406,
0.2797098159790039,
-0.32854515314102173,
0.060508549213409424,
0.16060258448123932,
-0.08729597181081772,
1.1279531717300415,
0.2515479326248169,
-0.05762489140033722,
0.11914912611246109,
-0.8283612728118896,
0.9875924587249756,
-0.27805596590042114,
0.5028801560401917,
0.5172763466835022,
0.22060038149356842,
-0.4604031443595886,
0.7440231442451477,
0.1970355212688446,
-0.15963970124721527,
-0.322933554649353,
-0.6082108616828918,
-1.4951878786087036,
-0.007741882465779781,
-0.035328157246112823,
0.1597774773836136,
-0.03636092692613602,
0.6614404916763306,
0.8039229512214661,
-0.0031253835186362267,
0.1533956378698349,
-0.6792950630187988,
-0.4071013927459717,
0.6000781655311584,
-1.7122185230255127,
-0.20893308520317078,
0.4641261100769043,
-0.401371031999588,
-0.47261884808540344,
0.3622693419456482,
-0.017400741577148438,
0.6226009130477905,
-0.7928147912025452,
-0.04094097018241882,
-1.3152440786361694,
0.14436562359333038,
-0.5427034497261047,
-0.13580280542373657,
-0.9221817851066589,
1.078895092010498,
0.48647505044937134,
-0.28132081031799316,
0.036824364215135574,
0.13865013420581818,
0.29443517327308655,
0.14641298353672028,
-0.7330790758132935,
-0.05333254113793373,
0.47339650988578796,
-0.5838975310325623,
-0.5062803030014038,
0.32470613718032837,
0.028627626597881317,
0.15238913893699646,
-0.13816598057746887,
-0.4674632251262665,
0.11366148293018341,
0.20478565990924835,
0.28328391909599304,
0.7755480408668518,
-0.0814884826540947,
-1.7454842329025269,
0.827196478843689,
-0.5203778743743896,
-0.021082159131765366,
-0.6692038774490356,
0.49626320600509644,
0.049176521599292755,
0.19477635622024536,
0.27837252616882324,
0.4391349256038666,
0.5881993770599365,
-1.111093521118164,
0.1099906712770462,
-0.5576952695846558,
-0.09374835342168808,
-0.011649832129478455,
0.22789651155471802,
-0.3453809320926666,
-0.03459952026605606,
-0.22607946395874023,
-0.6349124908447266,
-0.7538411617279053,
-0.4435243606567383,
0.7992643117904663,
0.3812197744846344,
0.38154351711273193,
-0.013232197612524033,
-0.33322152495384216,
0.3083392381668091,
0.2068909853696823,
0.18228138983249664,
-0.539995014667511,
-0.4970075786113739,
-0.6731299757957458,
-1.300382137298584,
0.31315064430236816,
0.08888612687587738,
-1.0182347297668457,
0.413606733083725,
-0.3055638074874878,
0.40621429681777954,
0.6245375871658325,
0.5467544198036194,
0.15021292865276337,
0.2294367551803589,
0.5674365162849426,
0.20506468415260315,
-0.6332705616950989,
-0.6839898824691772,
-0.1538502424955368,
-0.5135366916656494,
-0.13213232159614563,
-0.4163869023323059,
-0.16377396881580353,
-0.20744462311267853,
-0.17601236701011658,
0.048486240208148956,
0.3254486918449402,
-0.042960718274116516
] |
|
lvxdc | Are veterinarians trained to "give up" more readily than normal doctors/surgeons? | Say there was a procedure to save an animal, but it was a lot of work; would they still be taught how to do it?
**EDIT**. Let me put it another way: how comprehensively are vets trained, compared to regular doctors?
| askscience | {
"a_id": [
"c2w0npb",
"c2w0fr5",
"c2w1a9c",
"c2w1igb"
],
"text": [
"Veterinarians are in the service of helping animals. \n\nShould a procedure prove incredibly difficult, we do not simply give up. Difficulty doesn't mean we should never try to help the animal, no matter how impossibly hard the procedure is. \n\nShould the owner desire the procedure to happen, and the resources and technology exist for it to happen, we will undertake it. Most vets are trained to do an incredibly wild range of surgical procedures. Should something be too far out of our scope, we will call on specialists. \n\nHuman doctors are also not trained to do everything. A clinician does not know how to do multiple heart bypass surgery, and a cardiologist probably is not licensed to administer anesthesia during surgical procedures.",
"They will not give up based on difficulty; however the owners usually decide to give up based on cost much sooner than you would with a human.",
"No, vets aren't trained to 'give up'. However, they do have to consider the financial burden on the owner of whatever procedure that they want to do and often times euthanasia is the only sensible treatment. But if you really want to replace your dogs cataracs with a new lens, you can find a vet who'll do it (and has done it several times before). This won't be cheap, though. \n\nSo it depends on the procedure. Specialization is taking off in the vet world so it'd probably be referred to a specialist if it was a very difficult procedure. \n\n > Let me put it another way: how comprehensively are vets trained, compared to regular doctors?\n\nDunno, never been to med school. Remember that doctors only have to know one species where as veterinarians have to know several species. They know a lot about each one, but probably not to the depth as a MD knows about their one. \n\nDon't really know what else to say unless you have specific questions.",
"Veterinary medicine and human medicine are becoming more similar than different. The main difference is that a veterinarian can become licensed to practice after 4 years of vet school, whereas an M.D after graduating from medical school must go on to complete a residency whereby they specialize in something. \n\n\nA newly graduated veterinarian will not be able to complete complex surgeries, but has been trained to complete run of the mill ones such as spaying, neutering, taking off masses, amputating limbs, removing eyes, etc. They will have a variable amount of experience at performing these surgeries. They will enter general practice - this is the majority of the vets you will encounter. They will not be able to do other specialist type things, but neither will an M.D at that same level. For example, they can a simple case of vomiting. Just like your GP can deal with your cold or flu. But if the case is complex, say your vomiting/diarrhea goes on for three months and doesn't respond to therapy, then you will be referred to a specialist who can do endoscopy.\n\nIf they want to be trained to do specialist type procedures, they will have to go on to do a residency program - in veterinary medicine these will typically be three or four years, and they exist in cardiology, internal medicine, radiology, dermatology, etc etc. There they will learn how to do advanced procedures - just like in human medicine. \n\n\nOur specialists still do a broader variety of things than the equivalent specialist in human medicine. For example, human surgeons typically specialize in doing one type of surgery or surgery on one body system, whereas veterinary surgeons still have to be competent at a variety of difficult surgeries. \n\n\nFor things like kidney transplants, the vast majority of vets will not be trained to do them and will not spend time learning a procedure that they will likely never see performed in their lifetime unless they have a special interest. There is a very small supply of clients who want kidney transplants done, and so the market is very small. Only a few places in the country have teams that can do them. \n\nHope this answers your questions."
],
"score": [
15,
10,
7,
4
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | Are veterinarians trained to "give up" more readily than normal doctors/surgeons?
Say there was a procedure to save an animal, but it was a lot of work; would they still be taught how to do it? **EDIT**. Let me put it another way: how comprehensively are vets trained, compared to regular doctors? | [
-0.09881351888179779,
-0.542001485824585,
0.5447053909301758,
0.176573246717453,
-0.40760302543640137,
-0.40409916639328003,
-0.3384546935558319,
-1.899199366569519,
0.9702180624008179,
-0.0727090984582901,
0.9132599830627441,
0.5003075003623962,
0.0018571405671536922,
0.3338349759578705,
0.09190605580806732,
-0.42439839243888855,
0.07584002614021301,
-0.1158318743109703,
-0.5549296140670776,
-0.3648728132247925,
-0.15046004951000214,
0.1439703106880188,
0.3074832260608673,
1.0591645240783691,
0.034775521606206894,
0.18723276257514954,
-0.12290029227733612,
-0.4950188398361206,
0.48939868807792664,
0.7173455953598022,
0.4048565924167633,
-0.2933758795261383,
-0.2820548415184021,
0.40063220262527466,
0.016421398147940636,
0.25358396768569946,
0.9781843423843384,
-0.07532422244548798,
0.6915808320045471,
-1.2608728408813477,
-0.33450403809547424,
-0.05886406451463699,
-0.014450469985604286,
1.325101375579834,
-0.8995324373245239,
-0.5799505710601807,
-0.12440068274736404,
-0.2791011929512024,
-0.4557315707206726,
-0.5890035629272461,
0.14119543135166168,
-0.4746229350566864,
0.26721087098121643,
0.1770121157169342,
0.2380039095878601,
-0.19734790921211243,
0.39168062806129456,
-0.07548663765192032,
-0.1628481149673462,
-0.32676833868026733,
-0.01791153848171234,
0.46894821524620056,
-0.7927587628364563,
-0.505886435508728,
-0.4603492021560669,
-0.6323297619819641,
-0.48368412256240845,
1.1049128770828247,
-0.5608005523681641,
-0.9456771612167358,
0.10112543404102325,
-0.43754643201828003,
-0.5569430589675903,
-0.500741720199585,
0.023615747690200806,
-0.23116469383239746,
0.021669108420610428,
-0.18170486390590668,
-0.43318068981170654,
-0.7628956437110901,
-0.32426518201828003,
1.182778000831604,
-0.533345639705658,
-0.6435961723327637,
-0.02841651812195778,
0.7666759490966797,
0.7348912358283997,
-0.07750655710697174,
0.1238803118467331,
0.7116863131523132,
-0.6368229985237122,
-0.586736798286438,
0.3492898643016815,
-0.8682289123535156,
0.13248826563358307,
0.004812437109649181,
0.837981641292572,
-0.21217024326324463,
-0.17956936359405518,
-0.31209805607795715,
0.3112819194793701,
-0.0711020901799202,
0.4917842745780945,
0.666217565536499,
0.30394718050956726,
-0.3587212562561035,
0.25300511717796326,
0.17696140706539154,
0.37824222445487976,
0.28567996621131897,
-0.17395465075969696,
0.3533245921134949,
0.4004831314086914,
-0.6641526818275452,
-0.521323561668396,
-1.5394259691238403,
0.20021046698093414,
-0.03398346155881882,
-0.05705709010362625,
0.2724801003932953,
0.879429817199707,
-0.7405895590782166,
0.9597589373588562,
0.19666025042533875,
-0.3524704873561859,
0.06385884433984756,
-0.7108360528945923,
0.27112630009651184,
-0.8462921380996704,
0.3179361820220947,
-0.2004464566707611,
0.3940034508705139,
0.11457379162311554,
-0.36284172534942627,
0.13188676536083221,
-0.04073455557227135,
-0.615036129951477,
0.0230910312384367,
-0.6542882919311523,
0.16194100677967072,
-0.33951669931411743,
0.08052362501621246,
1.3274861574172974,
-0.05701884627342224,
0.006566666066646576,
-0.8788706064224243,
-1.2009308338165283,
0.03387198969721794,
0.3822336196899414,
-0.45974200963974,
-1.0007648468017578,
-0.6540067195892334,
0.854231059551239,
-1.0243268013000488,
0.9353054165840149,
0.03727729618549347,
1.6841591596603394,
-0.8424108624458313,
-0.10778357833623886,
-0.4502970576286316,
-1.209182620048523,
-0.45187610387802124,
0.03756784647703171,
0.24968761205673218,
0.40212884545326233,
-1.0830461978912354,
0.10407697409391403,
-0.291268527507782,
-1.1357430219650269,
0.11546961963176727,
-1.0345532894134521,
0.23927758634090424,
0.6717595458030701,
0.2148013561964035,
0.4000369906425476,
0.027734681963920593,
-0.19652993977069855,
0.1481277495622635,
0.0804230123758316,
0.6132704019546509,
0.282227098941803,
0.3630211353302002,
-0.13834097981452942,
-0.06500787287950516,
-0.45591193437576294,
-0.5555139183998108,
0.7772150039672852,
-0.1388983577489853,
0.055695921182632446,
0.14801621437072754,
0.07586611062288284,
0.2647272050380707,
-0.5373789072036743,
0.219485804438591,
0.8868546485900879,
0.35175764560699463,
-0.1272871196269989,
0.2652263045310974,
-0.7280811667442322,
-0.49739235639572144,
-0.4931407570838928,
-0.43158769607543945,
0.543677806854248,
0.04312284663319588,
0.31767556071281433,
-0.23834460973739624,
0.5674597024917603,
-0.2961413264274597,
0.22199034690856934,
0.032539986073970795,
-0.05428682267665863,
0.8436389565467834,
-0.39861947298049927,
-0.2114885151386261,
-0.5740609169006348,
0.29438626766204834,
-0.018290692940354347,
-0.428731769323349,
0.31411126255989075,
-0.13408894836902618,
0.9703421592712402,
-0.19763579964637756,
-0.2090315967798233,
-0.21487800776958466,
1.7837860584259033,
-0.654809296131134,
-0.004384525585919619,
-0.6576091051101685,
-0.3364647924900055,
-0.2233828753232956,
0.023513121530413628,
0.01498234923928976,
0.2156764566898346,
0.7325718998908997,
-0.046700701117515564,
-0.8458108305931091,
-1.252587914466858,
-1.3868414163589478,
0.6356460452079773,
-0.841725766658783,
-0.6985439658164978,
-0.16255055367946625,
0.692536473274231,
0.8724778890609741,
0.25789937376976013,
0.9568785429000854,
0.24717150628566742,
0.18286998569965363,
-0.26589545607566833,
-0.05784280225634575,
-0.9425573348999023,
-0.6969024538993835,
-0.36625927686691284,
0.02287801168859005,
0.38586950302124023,
-0.8342311978340149,
0.23150429129600525,
-0.427322655916214,
0.2592344582080841,
-0.26996955275535583,
0.8046337962150574,
-0.009360476396977901,
0.5225090980529785,
-0.7045966386795044,
-0.6852308511734009,
-0.5160892009735107,
-1.7732383012771606,
-1.0400974750518799,
0.09121058136224747,
0.36498236656188965,
-0.7943345308303833,
-0.20498593151569366,
0.33693185448646545,
0.3620383143424988,
-0.46003469824790955,
-0.5157324075698853,
0.26201945543289185,
-0.23996126651763916,
1.0996280908584595,
0.7867133617401123,
0.5930324196815491,
0.1385323405265808,
0.3406452536582947,
0.030184904113411903,
0.49128156900405884,
0.2600198984146118,
1.0088142156600952,
-1.3222919702529907,
0.121312215924263,
-1.0263166427612305,
0.7053492665290833,
0.7280846238136292,
0.24982218444347382,
0.9770449995994568,
0.8882539868354797,
-0.965635359287262,
0.6385014653205872,
0.1517709642648697,
0.6909623146057129,
0.3421602249145508,
0.1266927570104599,
-0.057423222810029984,
0.8302192091941833,
0.782559871673584,
-0.21575626730918884,
-0.3740069270133972,
0.9605558514595032,
-0.9397927522659302,
0.011988362297415733,
-0.4410448372364044,
0.6190344095230103,
-0.6688321232795715,
0.36676788330078125,
0.3987771272659302,
0.1314065009355545,
-1.2105201482772827,
-0.8769399523735046,
0.12007234245538712,
-0.5480579137802124,
-0.06985262781381607,
-0.11926543712615967,
0.6541115045547485,
0.3744644820690155,
0.4793592393398285,
1.3084666728973389,
1.769447684288025,
-0.23229238390922546,
1.027131199836731,
0.18563047051429749,
-0.7389885187149048,
0.8351244926452637,
0.037518132477998734,
0.05451922118663788,
0.5291264653205872,
0.25774335861206055,
-0.0005767603288404644,
0.14486555755138397,
1.2567241191864014,
0.2785784900188446,
0.9736903309822083,
1.2048976421356201,
0.42874249815940857,
0.5213743448257446,
0.34145984053611755,
0.8776256442070007,
-0.03798292577266693,
-1.0270427465438843,
0.2918337285518646,
0.5499997138977051,
0.14110875129699707,
0.16013388335704803,
0.5094550848007202,
0.7101625204086304,
-0.9260156154632568,
0.06522230058908463,
0.4327116906642914,
-0.42610597610473633,
0.3135141134262085,
1.162243127822876,
0.4824990928173065,
0.6201257109642029,
0.49389147758483887,
-0.28312376141548157,
-0.2533652186393738,
-0.11880581080913544,
0.2380925714969635,
-0.6731687188148499,
-0.7164170742034912,
-0.35598841309547424,
0.2109002023935318,
-0.4150964915752411,
0.4280598759651184,
-0.23270349204540253,
-0.06744017452001572,
0.6056923270225525,
-0.11227009445428848,
0.5162475109100342,
0.4370661675930023,
-1.7018179893493652,
-0.3456379473209381,
-0.04045102745294571,
0.1602058708667755,
0.9469708800315857,
0.05534563958644867,
-0.34237346053123474,
-0.3809424042701721,
-0.3729909062385559,
0.081224225461483,
-0.3640434741973877,
-0.18525710701942444,
0.711555004119873,
-0.9349397420883179,
-0.15476413071155548,
-1.0617179870605469,
-0.3191487789154053,
0.14427508413791656,
-1.146531343460083,
0.7438087463378906,
-0.014663824811577797,
-0.6443836092948914,
-0.4812377691268921,
-0.16728931665420532,
0.31052374839782715,
1.4145660400390625,
0.43339109420776367,
-0.6345306634902954,
-0.28530946373939514,
-0.12217408418655396,
0.5291717052459717,
0.19161680340766907,
-0.0021846150048077106,
-1.0498974323272705,
-0.17278419435024261,
0.2619677484035492,
0.3117060363292694,
-0.08166350424289703,
-0.3402036726474762,
-0.960303008556366,
-1.3361479043960571,
0.6232701539993286,
0.5999205708503723,
0.25392580032348633,
-0.5410032272338867,
0.7343937158584595,
-0.6788151860237122,
-0.3684907555580139,
0.33470427989959717,
-0.8601531982421875,
-0.2254229635000229,
0.6442744135856628,
-0.7154771089553833,
-0.35475364327430725,
0.5594978928565979,
0.4779132604598999,
-0.3116978108882904,
-0.2585179805755615,
-0.4092051386833191,
0.8724853992462158,
-0.0904921144247055,
-0.7434654831886292,
-0.3940613865852356,
0.5461124777793884,
-0.33107292652130127,
0.713122546672821,
0.14049741625785828,
-0.4077654778957367,
0.5604085326194763,
0.1592726707458496,
-0.8078303933143616,
0.6951730847358704,
0.08486588299274445,
-0.6343636512756348,
-0.183971107006073,
0.34980031847953796,
0.5655515193939209,
0.07931883633136749,
-0.26047658920288086,
0.48137494921684265,
-0.5917996764183044,
-0.18701259791851044,
-0.660126805305481,
-0.8183911442756653,
0.33549681305885315,
-0.030232159420847893,
0.04025194048881531,
0.2365051954984665,
0.2891386151313782,
-0.3983824551105499,
0.12901966273784637,
-0.742558479309082,
-0.6198985576629639,
0.42697495222091675,
0.4147346317768097,
0.22570423781871796,
-1.1664559841156006,
-1.045210838317871,
0.49268093705177307,
-0.319830060005188,
-0.34060317277908325,
-1.1475110054016113,
0.0459321103990078,
-0.8389838337898254,
-0.4468294084072113,
0.3180191218852997,
0.7825530171394348,
0.3534625172615051,
-1.134784460067749,
-0.0564064085483551,
-0.5147029161453247,
-0.7881098985671997,
-0.18252240121364594,
0.04460110515356064,
0.08008632808923721,
0.7224015593528748,
0.4671388566493988,
0.8526128530502319,
-0.4913930594921112,
0.4099010229110718,
-0.04539230838418007,
-0.21236656606197357,
0.28076574206352234,
-0.41187942028045654,
0.2358388900756836,
-0.23192083835601807,
0.568906307220459,
-1.0403757095336914,
0.5991743206977844,
0.2993272542953491,
0.43629124760627747,
0.39210158586502075,
-0.11093085259199142,
-0.2482006549835205,
0.18571116030216217,
-0.6894583702087402,
-0.18303470313549042,
0.1330624222755432,
0.3161987066268921,
0.49218595027923584,
0.014491564594209194,
0.8949114084243774,
-0.07891765981912613,
-0.2706691026687622,
0.582256019115448,
-0.3007933497428894,
0.02967885136604309,
0.4006933271884918,
-1.597740888595581,
-0.46456217765808105,
0.0028961687348783016,
0.20356860756874084,
-0.33445701003074646,
-0.12196719646453857,
-0.5788996815681458,
0.6930707693099976,
-0.8865013122558594,
0.655490517616272,
0.33549436926841736,
-1.279273271560669,
0.5878076553344727,
-0.42182835936546326,
-0.024652281776070595,
-0.019664853811264038,
0.8027315735816956,
0.34921789169311523,
0.02572072111070156,
0.4779839515686035,
-0.14728057384490967,
0.016582220792770386,
-1.1973379850387573,
0.5669090151786804,
0.08590996265411377,
0.4154345989227295,
0.3009454011917114,
0.16204139590263367,
-0.09302005171775818,
-0.3865898847579956,
0.8301488757133484,
-0.4922032654285431,
-0.2825993597507477,
0.7645050883293152,
-1.1517986059188843,
0.34946757555007935,
0.262019544839859,
-0.583900511264801,
-0.41821280121803284,
-0.42911458015441895,
-0.7976602911949158,
0.03896164149045944,
-0.7730488181114197,
0.13034863770008087,
-0.3346503674983978,
0.5042055249214172,
-0.16451381146907806,
-0.6041577458381653,
-0.3484339416027069,
-0.39258068799972534,
-0.5985433459281921,
-0.5710260272026062,
-0.3286904990673065,
0.10210461169481277,
-0.11736507713794708,
-0.06353273242712021,
1.2564895153045654,
0.1392841786146164,
0.4842505156993866,
-0.6592111587524414,
0.4718135595321655,
-0.023858053609728813,
0.17435428500175476,
0.3544863760471344,
-0.8790848255157471,
-0.6309576630592346,
-0.42260295152664185,
-0.8026986718177795,
0.4671826660633087,
-0.22267501056194305,
0.19641166925430298,
0.8152620792388916,
-0.3074721395969391,
0.10147342085838318,
0.49352312088012695,
-0.9628481268882751,
1.0730741024017334,
0.47996413707733154,
1.2609193325042725,
-0.2495773434638977,
0.5723788738250732,
-0.5174960494041443,
0.10640702396631241,
1.3329215049743652,
0.5493557453155518,
-0.2677381634712219,
-0.15847767889499664,
0.3615918457508087,
-0.3055468201637268,
-0.46051570773124695,
-0.20521943271160126,
-0.5056313872337341,
-0.08524439483880997,
0.5854542851448059,
0.25446829199790955,
0.41883230209350586,
-0.7458595633506775,
0.27204999327659607,
0.01928524486720562,
-0.19459937512874603,
-0.6129724979400635,
0.08378849178552628,
0.4832303822040558,
0.18759234249591827,
-0.1772834062576294,
-0.4764306843280792,
0.07901892066001892,
-0.24570193886756897,
-1.095462441444397,
-0.2627488672733307,
-0.5886404514312744,
0.04597559943795204,
-0.03398410230875015,
0.25684458017349243,
-0.19664841890335083,
-0.31103697419166565,
-0.03466392308473587,
-0.018888145685195923,
0.7852411270141602,
1.0871156454086304,
0.4197743237018585,
0.003476416692137718,
-0.4036712348461151,
0.7825578451156616,
-0.2853548526763916,
0.47883161902427673,
-0.8771366477012634,
0.055849649012088776,
-0.030445192009210587,
0.13295428454875946,
0.2579473853111267,
0.2942599654197693,
-0.5608751177787781,
-0.47736090421676636,
-0.8802214860916138,
0.17201946675777435,
0.23392663896083832,
0.033467989414930344,
0.3365468680858612,
0.2661370635032654,
0.09805866330862045,
0.3942289650440216,
-0.35589808225631714,
0.8057760000228882,
-0.1625566929578781,
-0.16397134959697723,
-0.7569902539253235,
-0.04753454774618149,
0.5218912959098816,
-0.06528346240520477,
0.000016249514374067076,
0.7359998822212219,
-0.44514742493629456,
0.49726372957229614,
-0.30823102593421936,
-0.3503013551235199,
-0.4942874014377594,
-0.030831124633550644,
-0.6640958189964294,
-0.7130701541900635,
-0.687461256980896,
1.2399497032165527,
0.12352491170167923,
-1.162918210029602,
0.6320879459381104,
-0.44027647376060486,
-0.09156675636768341,
0.9303774237632751,
-0.16552576422691345,
-0.1152665838599205,
0.4619870185852051,
-0.686333179473877,
-0.5248879194259644,
0.7177903056144714,
-0.17198866605758667,
-0.021094029769301414,
-0.3388572931289673,
-0.729046106338501,
-0.05753842741250992,
0.27690184116363525,
-0.08946821838617325,
0.8999391794204712,
-0.4269239604473114,
-0.8577377796173096,
0.5085099935531616,
-0.4895241856575012,
-0.6112239956855774,
-0.24988973140716553,
0.07812904566526413,
0.21724747121334076,
0.4144079387187958,
-0.4164915978908539,
0.5460540652275085,
0.20030836760997772,
-0.5582501292228699,
-0.40534964203834534,
-0.13300135731697083,
0.1497277468442917,
-0.38949838280677795,
0.4006834626197815,
-0.28760257363319397,
-0.045679785311222076,
0.3985292613506317,
-0.16747698187828064,
-0.5362452268600464,
-0.18057985603809357,
0.2621447443962097,
0.6739040613174438,
0.1184481829404831,
-0.38097500801086426,
-1.4447996616363525,
0.5806803107261658,
0.07156544178724289,
0.013652324676513672,
-0.4345395863056183,
-0.14664992690086365,
-0.3996862769126892,
-1.312654972076416,
0.0350465290248394,
0.14146797358989716,
-0.5152894854545593,
0.00926623959094286,
0.0024106823839247227,
0.24838122725486755,
0.3812585771083832,
0.8916355967521667,
0.4548220634460449,
-0.10130159556865692,
0.2803589403629303,
-0.16666750609874725,
-0.03586827963590622,
-0.319041907787323,
-0.6039476990699768,
-0.15549083054065704,
0.3271828889846802,
-0.04376359283924103,
-0.1882251501083374,
0.39109906554222107,
0.20210906863212585,
0.3079627454280853,
0.656364917755127,
-0.5251611471176147
] |
|
1jjwn8 | Is blood letting an effective form of reducing blood pressure? | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"cbfew9j",
"cbffnig",
"cbfghls",
"cbfgnw3"
],
"text": [
"Yes and no. In the acute sense, it's very effective in the sense that removing blood from an otherwise closed system will by definition drop the pressure. It, however, in no way tackles any underlying chronic cause of high BP.",
"Bloodletting in a hospital does happen in fact, but as far as blood pressure goes the closest reason I would have known it to be done because of hypervolemia, and typically only when the organs (kidneys) are failing to deal with the blood volume. Even then they would do many other treatments first (Lasix diuretic therapy). The only reasons you would see blood letting today are rare conditions called polycythemia and hematochromatosis.\n\nHypertension is caused by a wide variety of factors that include genetics, lifestyle choices, environment, as well as others. The best way to prevent hypertension is to be aware of any family history, healthy diet and exercise, and healthy emotional responses to outside environments.",
"Med student:\nI'm sure I remember my a & e consultant saying that it can be considered in malignant hypertension that isn't responding to anything else and there's a good chance the patient is about to stroke out. Highly unusual I suspect if at all true will check it out when I get home\n\nEdit: nope. Can't find anything to support this in my books. May yet be wrong but they do say to reduce bp in malignant htn slower than you would think so controlled exsanguination is probably not indicated",
"No, for the same reason that letting a small amount of air out of a rubber balloon doesn't significantly drop the pressure of the air remaining inside. \n\nOur blood vessels are not fixed in diameter like a garden hose; they are elastic, like a balloon."
],
"score": [
64,
15,
5,
3
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | Is blood letting an effective form of reducing blood pressure?
| [
-0.650984525680542,
-0.5865756273269653,
0.570226788520813,
0.15573224425315857,
-0.6105896234512329,
-0.9058305025100708,
0.42070385813713074,
-1.3698344230651855,
0.7843450903892517,
-0.6698991060256958,
0.2704440951347351,
0.8145317435264587,
-0.8862861394882202,
-0.5225483179092407,
0.4352869689464569,
-0.12832407653331757,
0.6372336149215698,
0.49405670166015625,
-0.7667728662490845,
-0.5489681959152222,
0.0867534950375557,
-0.43459269404411316,
0.18052080273628235,
0.5144532918930054,
-0.6275923252105713,
-0.10091666132211685,
1.3866825103759766,
-0.07132712006568909,
0.6770075559616089,
0.4030715525150299,
0.7261121273040771,
0.4945203959941864,
-0.4912629723548889,
-0.12507180869579315,
0.7851409912109375,
-0.4876921772956848,
0.6132127642631531,
0.9753648042678833,
0.9770235419273376,
-0.9683219194412231,
-0.27049270272254944,
-0.08321570605039597,
0.031034715473651886,
0.4066208004951477,
-0.5130625367164612,
-0.24249976873397827,
-0.9963778853416443,
-0.40701547265052795,
-0.7062311768531799,
-0.3512117564678192,
-0.3211597204208374,
0.1456666886806488,
1.0166828632354736,
-0.024990499019622803,
-0.26371413469314575,
0.3835314214229584,
-0.6195202469825745,
0.3788997530937195,
-0.35619911551475525,
0.010494155809283257,
0.9011703133583069,
-0.03600331395864487,
-0.8617610335350037,
-0.4793171286582947,
-0.07009218633174896,
0.13416865468025208,
-0.03836880251765251,
0.00754249794408679,
0.8971834778785706,
-0.42462867498397827,
0.8747628927230835,
-0.3734475374221802,
-0.6552979946136475,
0.17961400747299194,
-0.226776123046875,
0.08372537791728973,
0.712631344795227,
-0.10613454878330231,
0.4971889853477478,
-0.49008840322494507,
0.06114447861909866,
-0.29911524057388306,
-1.1354701519012451,
1.3174127340316772,
-0.2710752785205841,
-0.342408150434494,
-0.6038258075714111,
-0.1276848465204239,
-0.133773535490036,
0.1500638872385025,
0.2030152678489685,
-0.504625678062439,
-0.24189290404319763,
-0.3000614047050476,
0.001674772473052144,
-1.0758135318756104,
0.1641082763671875,
0.08056700229644775,
-0.907673716545105,
-0.32771146297454834,
0.9501570463180542,
-1.055574893951416,
-0.04778720438480377,
0.22559544444084167,
-0.4706932604312897,
-0.41047176718711853,
0.42513352632522583,
0.8561712503433228,
0.5181173086166382,
-0.06269174069166183,
-0.7018222808837891,
-0.41269779205322266,
0.6171603798866272,
-0.19818416237831116,
0.04802330583333969,
-0.736298680305481,
-0.28758764266967773,
0.09680207073688507,
-0.7604520320892334,
0.29194092750549316,
0.7856884598731995,
0.27424976229667664,
1.6488087177276611,
0.3205525577068329,
-0.2821696400642395,
0.4382130205631256,
0.3330443799495697,
0.05103709176182747,
-0.7297621965408325,
-1.1891354322433472,
0.6045619249343872,
0.4820712208747864,
0.5701608061790466,
-0.8733006119728088,
-0.7085304260253906,
-0.7484585642814636,
0.09586359560489655,
0.6581519246101379,
-0.371221125125885,
1.1389029026031494,
0.5318464636802673,
0.7696903944015503,
0.5288105607032776,
-0.3989238739013672,
0.27874505519866943,
0.5870718359947205,
-0.7541408538818359,
-0.13663634657859802,
-0.34532707929611206,
-0.6994163990020752,
-0.330491840839386,
-0.29384464025497437,
0.29875391721725464,
0.26532047986984253,
0.7547226548194885,
-0.22762353718280792,
0.5887743234634399,
-0.6218241453170776,
-0.0051964521408081055,
0.15168768167495728,
0.36364009976387024,
-0.08737930655479431,
-0.2933407127857208,
-0.6098436713218689,
1.1055917739868164,
-0.30967485904693604,
-0.7876124978065491,
1.1880366802215576,
-0.40053829550743103,
0.8764943480491638,
-0.04964721202850342,
0.16167807579040527,
1.4018275737762451,
-0.153327077627182,
0.4472190737724304,
-0.4469793140888214,
-0.8274192214012146,
-0.0397479347884655,
-0.6187180280685425,
0.3458350598812103,
0.6745697855949402,
0.7359588146209717,
0.5202734470367432,
0.13470852375030518,
-0.7494332790374756,
0.31566092371940613,
-0.008401086553931236,
-0.1537843644618988,
0.3870055079460144,
0.44216352701187134,
-0.026719490066170692,
0.15326295793056488,
-1.6136746406555176,
0.04973261058330536,
0.08594115078449249,
0.6982022523880005,
0.3274027705192566,
0.4671737849712372,
-0.6055800914764404,
-0.80196613073349,
-0.9311882853507996,
-0.4539130926132202,
0.5433605909347534,
0.23235562443733215,
-0.6252762079238892,
0.8268812894821167,
-0.08067646622657776,
-0.556710422039032,
0.17115575075149536,
0.8749514818191528,
-0.3392050564289093,
0.9046192765235901,
-0.5089734792709351,
0.2885444760322571,
0.010833712294697762,
0.9030097126960754,
-0.795613169670105,
-0.772188127040863,
0.3965778648853302,
0.6734643578529358,
-0.16757026314735413,
-0.4609512984752655,
0.29073426127433777,
0.8563540577888489,
0.15637698769569397,
-0.6787019968032837,
0.4178865849971771,
0.2700560688972473,
-0.2583332657814026,
-0.23440362513065338,
-0.5524559020996094,
0.48774421215057373,
-0.09962252527475357,
0.8189429640769958,
-1.1501274108886719,
0.2354249656200409,
-0.6210464239120483,
-1.0961120128631592,
0.06624894589185715,
-1.5436310768127441,
-0.35607317090034485,
0.22918258607387543,
-0.23328372836112976,
0.32446813583374023,
0.06444169580936432,
1.2984421253204346,
-0.31681138277053833,
0.08245620131492615,
0.5317061543464661,
-0.699351966381073,
0.48536574840545654,
0.2643817663192749,
-0.7861226797103882,
-0.2838975787162781,
0.980875551700592,
-0.6140350699424744,
-1.6941090822219849,
-0.08681292086839676,
-0.7689622640609741,
-0.0941091924905777,
-0.17623816430568695,
-0.020856162533164024,
0.3105751574039459,
-0.2646130919456482,
0.25441306829452515,
-1.1272772550582886,
-1.5556235313415527,
-0.743742823600769,
0.17862388491630554,
-0.10292302817106247,
-1.155828833580017,
0.9143978953361511,
-0.03040524199604988,
0.2320965975522995,
-0.633021891117096,
-0.7135054469108582,
0.1662173569202423,
0.15391215682029724,
0.03451535850763321,
-0.24697838723659515,
-0.23788826167583466,
0.42550742626190186,
0.340023010969162,
0.6188834309577942,
-0.6823035478591919,
0.04361701011657715,
0.028380820527672768,
0.4121042788028717,
0.2433745563030243,
-1.122813105583191,
-0.13740457594394684,
-0.27823197841644287,
-0.3727535009384155,
1.2788777351379395,
0.5138588547706604,
0.24922138452529907,
-0.059723254293203354,
0.6764463782310486,
-0.789173424243927,
-0.007216778118163347,
0.2630562484264374,
-0.6169964075088501,
0.7817344665527344,
-0.22766433656215668,
-0.7967958450317383,
0.7118421792984009,
0.19049018621444702,
-0.7288691997528076,
0.1624492108821869,
-0.37731653451919556,
0.026622500270605087,
0.7299495339393616,
-0.04302900657057762,
0.4269057512283325,
0.41558682918548584,
0.040081001818180084,
-1.050142526626587,
0.7155037522315979,
-0.5420438051223755,
1.5545883178710938,
-1.008560061454773,
0.7278435230255127,
-1.218430995941162,
0.08378256112337112,
0.021135935559868813,
1.4049298763275146,
-0.3146136999130249,
0.7620067000389099,
-0.21924589574337006,
0.0037158781196922064,
0.8620167374610901,
0.42765429615974426,
0.30160415172576904,
0.7426453828811646,
0.11712774634361267,
0.1645176261663437,
-1.2100087404251099,
0.3498048186302185,
-0.04601474851369858,
0.21667781472206116,
1.793469786643982,
0.27684471011161804,
-0.1797633320093155,
0.5084991455078125,
-0.09659717977046967,
-0.7127098441123962,
-0.3194853961467743,
0.5522388815879822,
0.136139377951622,
0.3202231526374817,
-0.24782440066337585,
0.7043458223342896,
-0.3811681568622589,
-0.18739883601665497,
1.0033342838287354,
0.34055444598197937,
-0.5015930533409119,
-0.3269774615764618,
-0.22863902151584625,
-0.20942603051662445,
-0.17234796285629272,
0.31900808215141296,
0.3079758286476135,
0.14951767027378082,
-0.3119296729564667,
-0.5098253488540649,
0.7980723977088928,
-0.6790128946304321,
0.27807217836380005,
1.2198591232299805,
-0.8604403734207153,
0.23498433828353882,
-0.0423181876540184,
-0.7862298488616943,
0.42861220240592957,
-1.0651915073394775,
1.2186179161071777,
0.9734655618667603,
-0.5727198719978333,
0.3172401189804077,
-0.4262465834617615,
-0.21781134605407715,
0.14034095406532288,
-0.3641984760761261,
0.40457189083099365,
-0.24061927199363708,
0.4200391173362732,
0.46501070261001587,
0.6522036790847778,
0.38941314816474915,
0.44531404972076416,
-0.4472925066947937,
-0.2736191749572754,
-0.26308315992355347,
0.32196199893951416,
-0.14399980008602142,
-0.4455057978630066,
0.6163364052772522,
-0.44492486119270325,
-0.46589696407318115,
0.04748562350869179,
-0.1712845265865326,
-0.5124721527099609,
0.22847363352775574,
0.9477542042732239,
-1.1402766704559326,
0.1530347764492035,
-0.9856669306755066,
1.1442643404006958,
-0.4619545638561249,
0.3892326056957245,
-1.1049139499664307,
-0.3000181019306183,
0.7970668077468872,
-0.5679455995559692,
-0.10318771004676819,
-0.28658396005630493,
-0.8475226759910583,
-0.04913879930973053,
-0.8527060747146606,
0.031402286142110825,
-0.1272575706243515,
0.33196642994880676,
0.4711010158061981,
-1.2122251987457275,
-0.5038705468177795,
1.184546709060669,
-1.0854824781417847,
-0.30708473920822144,
1.115661859512329,
-0.6935690641403198,
-1.4884123802185059,
-0.08569825440645218,
0.16054131090641022,
-0.5312650203704834,
-0.6009109020233154,
-1.2243590354919434,
0.2865595519542694,
0.9255913496017456,
-0.9059275388717651,
-1.0972950458526611,
0.21554413437843323,
-0.2503450810909271,
-0.3554731011390686,
0.1280728280544281,
0.03615310415625572,
0.29999610781669617,
0.7991809248924255,
-1.2500560283660889,
-0.31850072741508484,
-0.8011206388473511,
-0.03465484082698822,
-0.1870751678943634,
-0.25272801518440247,
0.05778232961893082,
0.033804137259721756,
-0.49490320682525635,
1.5543264150619507,
-0.7190560102462769,
0.05895311012864113,
-0.6813551187515259,
0.3257834315299988,
0.12153870612382889,
0.3623144328594208,
0.35025331377983093,
0.674147367477417,
0.562275230884552,
-0.602060079574585,
0.4189869463443756,
-0.46054771542549133,
-0.473312646150589,
0.4982112646102905,
0.19740337133407593,
0.5791327953338623,
-1.37576162815094,
-1.4443503618240356,
-0.11909473687410355,
-0.23421460390090942,
0.013712028041481972,
-0.5849000215530396,
-0.7293118834495544,
-0.37683165073394775,
1.0148441791534424,
-0.32267647981643677,
0.04240071401000023,
-0.14942270517349243,
0.07334022969007492,
-0.8376214504241943,
-0.7021464705467224,
-1.0300949811935425,
-1.5526503324508667,
-0.13924027979373932,
0.25503814220428467,
-0.024608861654996872,
0.14001335203647614,
0.2824518382549286,
-0.48572838306427,
-0.21347451210021973,
0.33911770582199097,
-0.020329011604189873,
-0.28792932629585266,
-0.941703736782074,
-0.018895702436566353,
-0.042815037071704865,
0.5899180769920349,
0.6102316975593567,
-0.24933123588562012,
0.2176462858915329,
1.1462281942367554,
0.29403063654899597,
-0.06628943234682083,
0.17781853675842285,
-0.042328331619501114,
0.16467683017253876,
0.6576451659202576,
-0.41810446977615356,
-0.6276789307594299,
0.6570170521736145,
0.5027732253074646,
-0.06574860215187073,
-0.6478356719017029,
0.42173144221305847,
0.44060567021369934,
-0.2083120495080948,
0.06847353279590607,
-0.05172468721866608,
-0.3430296778678894,
0.46150362491607666,
-0.28220024704933167,
0.13135455548763275,
-1.1040380001068115,
-0.4864549934864044,
-0.6384719014167786,
0.5193484425544739,
-0.6266295313835144,
0.35419362783432007,
0.5265329480171204,
0.3009187579154968,
0.4450845718383789,
0.6360209584236145,
-0.275545209646225,
0.18833096325397491,
0.547208845615387,
1.3299247026443481,
-0.08419117331504822,
0.00800858624279499,
-1.0356600284576416,
-0.2763286232948303,
-1.2058182954788208,
0.5351315140724182,
-0.3241330683231354,
-0.2751273810863495,
0.7776828408241272,
1.6500418186187744,
-0.036846183240413666,
-0.5006874799728394,
0.8668670654296875,
-0.6478917598724365,
0.2612610161304474,
-1.1052577495574951,
0.7415053248405457,
-0.1831158697605133,
-0.88916015625,
-1.1672191619873047,
0.7903854846954346,
-0.1692899912595749,
-0.28135865926742554,
0.32184121012687683,
-0.4603443741798401,
0.1333610713481903,
-0.5123042464256287,
0.7220087051391602,
0.3807882070541382,
-0.29561492800712585,
-0.23119023442268372,
-0.2984864413738251,
0.6480855345726013,
0.505100667476654,
-0.6626291871070862,
0.5131176114082336,
0.4341326057910919,
0.22369788587093353,
0.8166592121124268,
-0.5627947449684143,
0.5563989877700806,
-0.619966447353363,
-0.9398308992385864,
-0.8132684230804443,
0.07054556161165237,
0.26597005128860474,
-0.9690786600112915,
0.4826087951660156,
0.6229752898216248,
-0.6650905609130859,
-0.16459773480892181,
1.0512983798980713,
-0.31004005670547485,
0.5924393534660339,
-0.8278608322143555,
-0.5628122091293335,
0.08919358998537064,
0.04391093924641609,
0.6441606879234314,
1.3740884065628052,
-0.38910913467407227,
-0.6384931802749634,
-0.07854185998439789,
-0.47891536355018616,
-0.018768243491649628,
0.4215380549430847,
0.4967000186443329,
0.681882917881012,
0.06382741779088974,
0.28924229741096497,
-0.21431651711463928,
-0.8980758190155029,
-0.20758166909217834,
-0.18701432645320892,
0.6740156412124634,
0.5379883646965027,
0.7373295426368713,
-0.28232014179229736,
-0.7102397680282593,
-0.63383948802948,
0.685518205165863,
0.6875291466712952,
-0.35864192247390747,
0.7352203726768494,
0.15810152888298035,
-0.0065409461967647076,
0.12108266353607178,
-0.8974089026451111,
-0.3724544942378998,
0.36126694083213806,
-0.09668716043233871,
-0.7361732125282288,
0.3781202435493469,
1.0474847555160522,
0.30159056186676025,
0.31332725286483765,
0.5247384905815125,
-0.041794583201408386,
-0.6753262877464294,
-0.20625661313533783,
-0.11391540616750717,
0.7251870036125183,
-0.5674909949302673,
0.20834693312644958,
-0.47113439440727234,
0.8388807773590088,
0.2718406021595001,
-0.004880719352513552,
-0.059188105165958405,
-0.4360390305519104,
0.5868644714355469,
-0.44481924176216125,
0.43654665350914,
0.17040981352329254,
0.3841862380504608,
0.6374514698982239,
-0.9046291708946228,
0.011195569299161434,
0.2654421627521515,
-0.20310184359550476,
1.0869603157043457,
-0.9892717003822327,
0.7543309926986694,
0.34490031003952026,
-0.4545454680919647,
-0.19131112098693848,
0.40577948093414307,
-0.37150973081588745,
-0.214377298951149,
-0.3859197199344635,
-0.2794332504272461,
-0.6805343627929688,
-0.15764115750789642,
0.13604353368282318,
-0.0033723528031259775,
0.6684393286705017,
0.27142077684402466,
1.0082262754440308,
0.2184404581785202,
-0.0700165405869484,
0.44012147188186646,
-0.2507660984992981,
0.03657344728708267,
1.0163298845291138,
0.3343507647514343,
-0.32856500148773193,
-0.42049917578697205,
-1.0060080289840698,
-0.3549059331417084,
0.7783512473106384,
-0.3127821385860443,
0.3811478614807129,
-0.6696252822875977,
-0.2515222132205963,
-0.19452394545078278,
0.6443001627922058,
0.09136975556612015,
-0.46266937255859375,
-0.2987136244773865,
-0.765544593334198,
0.07628954946994781,
0.5083363652229309,
0.5845603942871094,
0.9176022410392761,
-0.2445724755525589,
0.610289990901947,
0.5800588130950928,
-0.2633000910282135,
-0.2223726361989975,
-0.04720235615968704,
-0.8666900396347046,
0.14595775306224823,
0.28558051586151123,
-1.1695592403411865,
0.2516557276248932,
-0.08158019185066223,
0.1951959878206253,
-0.29210442304611206,
0.21232186257839203,
-0.1703820377588272,
-0.503442645072937,
0.4618339538574219,
-1.0253710746765137,
-0.5917736887931824,
0.46591678261756897,
0.18618066608905792,
-0.651117742061615,
-0.23975017666816711,
-0.6382519602775574,
-0.28353220224380493,
-0.6700051426887512,
-0.061969537287950516,
-0.5647816061973572,
1.2139779329299927,
-0.8273983597755432,
-0.03075612522661686,
-0.548509955406189,
0.5398709774017334,
-0.11969922482967377,
0.14069317281246185,
0.2780038118362427,
0.06686374545097351,
-1.1471439599990845,
-0.03219493851065636,
-0.10281653702259064,
-0.3054365813732147,
0.9664372801780701,
0.6649979948997498,
-0.09836310893297195,
-0.7860960364341736,
-0.5841573476791382,
-0.49447518587112427,
0.07175661623477936,
0.2542648911476135,
0.268961638212204,
-0.8853293657302856,
0.22609089314937592,
0.10000210255384445,
0.37454330921173096,
0.19894608855247498,
-0.13189628720283508,
-0.38173359632492065,
-0.670512318611145,
0.3904741406440735
] |
||
1doguj | If you were trapped on an island with only sea water how would you hydrate yourself? | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"c9sa7wq",
"c9sa871",
"c9sahjt",
"c9sbbeh",
"c9sc3px",
"c9sa3td",
"c9sczpw"
],
"text": [
"Well, you could of course take the water, evatorate it, collect the distilled water, remix it with a bit of seawater and drink it.\n\nEDIT: I just read that you could probable drink the destilled water withour remixing it with seawater, provided you eat enough, so the water gets mixed with minerals again, so your cells don't have to much osmotic pressure on them.\n\nOtherwise, you can dig a hole in the ground, place a pot on the ground in the middle, cover it with a tarp and place a rock in the center.\n\nWater will condense on the tarp and run towards the stone in the middle and drop down.\n\nYou can also use some cloth to collect the dew from grass by whipping it over it and wring it out.\n\nThere are many ways, dependent on the area you are in and the material you have, also the season and the duration you are planning to survive on that water.",
"Fish blood/eyes are apparently a good source of water if you're trapped at sea.",
"I would make a solar still, dig a hole in fairly moist earth and find something to cover it. (tarps, broad leaves, plastic bag etc.) and put rocks at the corners and center to make an indentation. Put something capable of collecting water at the bottom. The water evaporates up, condenses and drips down into the bucket.",
"Carve a pot/bowl out of a rock, place it in the hot sand and fill it with seawater then place some palm fronds on top and angle them to collect the condensation and drip into another vessel. Have a few of these babies running and you should be set.",
"Coconuts. At least if you're some place tropical.",
"Condensation from leaves would work of there are plenty of big slick leaves around",
"Depending on the food, you can get sufficient water from the food itself.\n\nYou can drink distilled water safely. You'll get sufficient electrolytes from sufficient food, especially animal-based food."
],
"score": [
66,
43,
23,
17,
12,
11,
2
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | If you were trapped on an island with only sea water how would you hydrate yourself?
| [
-0.5912116169929504,
-0.35523733496665955,
-0.05037375167012215,
0.07417313754558563,
-0.6477340459823608,
-1.271618127822876,
0.491546630859375,
-0.8678786158561707,
-0.1159665584564209,
1.4873496294021606,
0.32530760765075684,
0.37039634585380554,
-0.7845377326011658,
0.39566484093666077,
-0.2526491582393646,
0.2877700924873352,
0.2608744204044342,
0.0718257799744606,
0.007674413733184338,
-0.3012600839138031,
-1.4949195384979248,
0.20706550776958466,
-0.2430107593536377,
-0.049727968871593475,
-0.8939478993415833,
0.8728690147399902,
0.4016076624393463,
0.08973272889852524,
0.8789733052253723,
0.18872329592704773,
0.5050404667854309,
0.6106005907058716,
-0.4244672656059265,
-0.6625251770019531,
0.7590547800064087,
-0.5949375033378601,
1.1467390060424805,
0.22133812308311462,
0.21109338104724884,
-0.8270789384841919,
0.26352477073669434,
-0.5617637038230896,
0.2988932132720947,
1.0656366348266602,
-0.08299898356199265,
0.29555603861808777,
0.5061704516410828,
-0.023185184225440025,
-0.8480451703071594,
-0.12220662832260132,
-0.04064873233437538,
0.06934571266174316,
1.206604242324829,
0.028143862262368202,
0.4329823851585388,
-0.24461157619953156,
-0.4554157853126526,
0.05059744045138359,
0.05632071569561958,
1.1650607585906982,
1.1067192554473877,
0.9250566363334656,
-0.8760541677474976,
-0.41424018144607544,
-0.6742914915084839,
0.46248525381088257,
0.3232080340385437,
1.6533561944961548,
0.45081108808517456,
-0.5412876009941101,
0.14763924479484558,
-0.19651003181934357,
-1.0921626091003418,
-0.33150139451026917,
-0.8017805218696594,
-1.0280858278274536,
0.47512704133987427,
-0.31855568289756775,
-0.3006461560726166,
-0.08774609863758087,
0.349260151386261,
0.3606845736503601,
-0.23596923053264618,
0.15608137845993042,
-0.1063147559762001,
-0.7021727561950684,
0.21028301119804382,
-0.39021962881088257,
-0.7374657392501831,
1.451732873916626,
-0.2687874436378479,
-0.185845285654068,
0.6067018508911133,
-0.2611095607280731,
-0.05897707864642143,
-0.9729709625244141,
-0.13577821850776672,
1.009455919265747,
-0.35361677408218384,
0.510353147983551,
-0.07623453438282013,
-0.6279886364936829,
0.011517103761434555,
0.8768777847290039,
-0.19182823598384857,
-0.10769178718328476,
-0.27364155650138855,
0.1687811315059662,
0.20793893933296204,
0.08707217872142792,
-0.6590126752853394,
-0.32734471559524536,
0.25725191831588745,
-0.4712723195552826,
-0.41153353452682495,
-1.1292479038238525,
-0.9265270233154297,
-0.21178865432739258,
-0.18034589290618896,
0.07828351855278015,
0.7090779542922974,
-0.18000562489032745,
0.8135812878608704,
-0.3946934938430786,
0.15464428067207336,
-0.39575839042663574,
0.32453030347824097,
-0.25031623244285583,
-0.15851442515850067,
-0.4862542152404785,
0.2872338593006134,
0.7311066389083862,
0.28186899423599243,
-0.5736778974533081,
-0.3472026288509369,
0.04116157814860344,
-0.36962881684303284,
0.430824339389801,
-0.527974009513855,
-0.4016222059726715,
0.25241875648498535,
0.5218132734298706,
-0.17402641475200653,
1.0314409732818604,
-0.3985002040863037,
-0.13790097832679749,
-0.09456360340118408,
0.37642979621887207,
0.5599673390388489,
-0.3981695771217346,
-0.46909207105636597,
-0.672232449054718,
0.20430698990821838,
-0.44899702072143555,
0.5672563314437866,
-0.028117727488279343,
1.124611258506775,
-0.408397376537323,
-0.26446741819381714,
0.050652772188186646,
0.626171886920929,
-0.4137127995491028,
-0.9532138109207153,
0.02253388985991478,
0.13286900520324707,
-1.050132155418396,
-0.113791324198246,
-0.05205106735229492,
-0.19107265770435333,
0.541608989238739,
-0.1250738650560379,
-0.15467050671577454,
0.9353744387626648,
0.2843475937843323,
0.16940388083457947,
-0.26804620027542114,
-0.5354493856430054,
0.04214561730623245,
-0.49547165632247925,
0.46367186307907104,
0.08496477454900742,
0.47209030389785767,
0.7498774528503418,
0.5150153636932373,
-0.45121878385543823,
0.2823754549026489,
-0.21183495223522186,
-0.26732954382896423,
0.9223515391349792,
0.7796841263771057,
-0.24346895515918732,
-0.8897045254707336,
0.1096092015504837,
0.2447570115327835,
0.5868531465530396,
0.11854938417673111,
-0.32339733839035034,
0.07827112823724747,
-0.6554753184318542,
-0.5748492479324341,
-0.10695265233516693,
-0.24512775242328644,
0.4622836709022522,
0.02120439149439335,
-0.680439829826355,
-0.020603802055120468,
-0.096529521048069,
-0.7462512254714966,
1.244494915008545,
-0.05714265629649162,
-1.2215343713760376,
0.5979757905006409,
-0.8014929890632629,
-0.7998597025871277,
0.264600932598114,
-0.45395907759666443,
-0.17094990611076355,
-0.22764961421489716,
0.30356287956237793,
0.13876238465309143,
0.5831453800201416,
-0.3298600912094116,
-0.10291606187820435,
0.9232316017150879,
0.044720377773046494,
-0.5100823640823364,
0.261796772480011,
-0.17327415943145752,
-0.29273325204849243,
-0.2528674602508545,
-0.3755747377872467,
1.0228168964385986,
-0.21638460457324982,
-0.32728034257888794,
-0.4200548231601715,
0.06608425080776215,
-0.23362036049365997,
-0.3005034029483795,
0.3702375292778015,
-0.6927759051322937,
-0.14991237223148346,
-0.054073184728622437,
0.008303506299853325,
0.5818459391593933,
0.3313853144645691,
0.17191916704177856,
-0.19156014919281006,
0.006136574782431126,
-0.7438197135925293,
-0.25025421380996704,
0.4594789445400238,
-0.6035805940628052,
-0.18954047560691833,
-0.3895101547241211,
0.5584011077880859,
-0.5911766290664673,
-0.8942384719848633,
-0.4564594328403473,
-0.3813943564891815,
0.07610388845205307,
-0.301482617855072,
-0.7134627103805542,
0.346961110830307,
-0.36792078614234924,
0.27089962363243103,
-0.5922756195068359,
-0.42336535453796387,
-0.601493239402771,
-0.12135392427444458,
0.7068074941635132,
0.24238605797290802,
0.15703515708446503,
0.37439507246017456,
0.5309264063835144,
-0.5909424424171448,
0.15404844284057617,
0.9571622610092163,
-0.10410566627979279,
0.19282454252243042,
0.5057826042175293,
1.0196261405944824,
0.10980502516031265,
0.06288230419158936,
-0.14807459712028503,
-0.4139522910118103,
-0.08541856706142426,
0.8654621839523315,
-0.14273633062839508,
0.05938609316945076,
-0.4600955843925476,
0.9668682217597961,
0.1171051636338234,
-0.9055670499801636,
0.7583891749382019,
-0.5017112493515015,
1.1460144519805908,
0.4985475540161133,
-0.5438066720962524,
-0.6297937631607056,
-0.11848815530538559,
0.21496684849262238,
-1.9872198104858398,
0.04284488409757614,
0.8599136471748352,
-0.5143214464187622,
-0.5808452367782593,
-0.044515110552310944,
-0.25327736139297485,
-0.39531922340393066,
-0.17754049599170685,
0.7477229237556458,
1.0300037860870361,
-0.6375559568405151,
0.9467999339103699,
0.24630530178546906,
0.5080195665359497,
0.002848443342372775,
0.768487811088562,
-0.7522156834602356,
0.5570055246353149,
0.15613754093647003,
0.708720326423645,
-0.1134287565946579,
0.31232327222824097,
0.8369450569152832,
0.5893882513046265,
-0.5485779047012329,
0.8840579986572266,
-0.8743974566459656,
0.17280521988868713,
1.0779411792755127,
0.06234817951917648,
0.3134613037109375,
1.2569795846939087,
0.11186546087265015,
1.1054425239562988,
-0.21976694464683533,
0.40356889367103577,
-1.7259231805801392,
-0.145217627286911,
0.24709224700927734,
0.3299991190433502,
0.47108182311058044,
-0.30904287099838257,
0.057944703847169876,
0.9921404123306274,
-1.2368955612182617,
-0.6152392625808716,
-1.2633908987045288,
-0.49607452750205994,
-0.3682732880115509,
0.3117014765739441,
0.013219336047768593,
-0.1558539867401123,
0.31138381361961365,
0.47391653060913086,
-0.41213950514793396,
0.5573499202728271,
1.2284992933273315,
0.22918660938739777,
-0.3104695677757263,
0.7126091122627258,
0.15900692343711853,
-0.22416603565216064,
-0.2285047024488449,
0.4401780962944031,
-0.14777043461799622,
-1.2919498682022095,
0.10239885747432709,
-0.5009011030197144,
0.21933451294898987,
0.28833168745040894,
0.49880141019821167,
-0.03228310868144035,
-0.5417072176933289,
0.0454859659075737,
0.15182015299797058,
0.3497481942176819,
-1.3848426342010498,
0.029330283403396606,
0.11987396329641342,
-0.24849840998649597,
-0.10083742439746857,
-0.14863348007202148,
-0.6464999914169312,
0.46528586745262146,
0.3190646767616272,
0.3822788596153259,
-0.25610363483428955,
0.8877794146537781,
-0.3156086504459381,
0.6762544512748718,
-0.6647547483444214,
-1.1034499406814575,
-0.5930579900741577,
-0.7154320478439331,
-0.45862942934036255,
0.547073483467102,
0.7351118326187134,
-0.0031479797326028347,
0.678938627243042,
-0.4879792630672455,
-0.48399582505226135,
0.6683837175369263,
0.7457233667373657,
-0.5705419182777405,
0.2122654914855957,
-0.4777889847755432,
-0.10216151177883148,
-0.46900996565818787,
1.033799171447754,
-0.6504604816436768,
-0.0922638326883316,
0.40233081579208374,
-0.0920807272195816,
-0.04559547081589699,
-0.8656417727470398,
-0.8805155754089355,
-0.7851883172988892,
-0.18170836567878723,
-0.5558494329452515,
-0.09206820279359818,
-0.6749474406242371,
0.6652398109436035,
-0.2415769398212433,
-0.06446398049592972,
0.1896274983882904,
-0.6568992137908936,
0.016954800114035606,
0.9284363985061646,
-0.04917707294225693,
-1.6807563304901123,
-1.101525068283081,
-0.023424558341503143,
-0.1562589406967163,
-0.5366423726081848,
0.29421672224998474,
0.004462564829736948,
0.5844489932060242,
0.9793774485588074,
-0.505474865436554,
0.2984141707420349,
0.2340979278087616,
-0.4028642773628235,
0.06086045503616333,
-0.4966256022453308,
0.12671507894992828,
0.17770662903785706,
-0.624118447303772,
0.373616486787796,
-0.09667644649744034,
-0.6075461506843567,
-1.1640137434005737,
-0.8031545877456665,
0.3010629117488861,
-0.21941766142845154,
0.10908982902765274,
0.9298593401908875,
-0.37676310539245605,
-0.2141173779964447,
-0.17462046444416046,
-0.26100707054138184,
-0.5209787487983704,
1.0866714715957642,
0.19603005051612854,
0.47502151131629944,
0.1670278161764145,
-1.0541725158691406,
0.12442450225353241,
-0.08085082471370697,
-0.41669797897338867,
-0.4871865212917328,
1.001092553138733,
0.815155029296875,
-0.5992467999458313,
-0.43535590171813965,
-0.09666898101568222,
-0.055211521685123444,
-0.1900537759065628,
-0.14345504343509674,
-0.175721675157547,
0.4954221844673157,
0.1471341997385025,
-0.6052669882774353,
0.27104705572128296,
-0.15122099220752716,
-0.39584317803382874,
-0.6123141050338745,
0.13950040936470032,
-0.21627482771873474,
0.0542769730091095,
-0.8019682168960571,
1.1680762767791748,
-0.7717055082321167,
0.8172113299369812,
0.33383652567863464,
-0.1844484657049179,
0.46871504187583923,
0.6434247493743896,
-0.04254982993006706,
0.4514370560646057,
-0.33911168575286865,
-0.7323445081710815,
0.24854660034179688,
0.5735810995101929,
0.8537869453430176,
-0.323105126619339,
0.13136032223701477,
0.019366588443517685,
-0.0018500119913369417,
-0.1648997962474823,
-0.26408103108406067,
-1.0090872049331665,
-0.22407475113868713,
0.5243817567825317,
0.8723717927932739,
-0.3357251286506653,
0.5790613889694214,
-1.104841709136963,
0.09215423464775085,
-2.252903461456299,
0.09750177711248398,
0.40163320302963257,
-0.5555100440979004,
0.27770859003067017,
-0.7247145771980286,
-0.46041736006736755,
-0.8554067611694336,
-0.2710273861885071,
-0.7216278910636902,
-0.06961555778980255,
0.13581371307373047,
-0.5491192936897278,
-0.0250161774456501,
0.022190842777490616,
0.9841548800468445,
-0.6536210775375366,
-0.3232380449771881,
0.2256373167037964,
0.6766357421875,
-0.0861462876200676,
0.11738745868206024,
0.6584523320198059,
0.3814515471458435,
0.7022587656974792,
-0.7474509477615356,
-1.345165491104126,
0.8018289804458618,
0.34840160608291626,
1.207775592803955,
0.18388867378234863,
-0.2326677143573761,
1.5992841720581055,
0.8024374842643738,
0.6974015831947327,
0.7012103199958801,
0.8241852521896362,
-1.467685341835022,
0.3828466534614563,
0.31192123889923096,
-1.2428629398345947,
0.32465702295303345,
-0.7087375521659851,
-0.8724382519721985,
0.04157166928052902,
-0.7450710535049438,
-0.5083092451095581,
-0.2991570830345154,
-0.24356651306152344,
0.9678629636764526,
-1.1679887771606445,
-0.0034995004534721375,
0.6633922457695007,
-0.08653824776411057,
-0.4581994116306305,
-0.4144352972507477,
0.009119614027440548,
-0.31231385469436646,
-0.586669921875,
-0.3527901768684387,
0.5175032019615173,
1.123533844947815,
0.3578200936317444,
0.040723059326410294,
0.5277704000473022,
-0.5567102432250977,
0.5219217538833618,
-0.5376834869384766,
-0.1990283727645874,
0.7682076692581177,
-0.6503218412399292,
-0.9882914423942566,
-0.32623687386512756,
0.3502567410469055,
-0.2580334544181824,
0.3994252383708954,
0.10928155481815338,
0.6105552315711975,
0.3884221613407135,
-0.9652224779129028,
0.24814219772815704,
0.32066112756729126,
-0.08290454000234604,
1.306404709815979,
-0.25128111243247986,
-0.1207682266831398,
0.5477927923202515,
-1.0915428400039673,
-0.8697761297225952,
-0.1544281542301178,
0.35913676023483276,
0.5134108066558838,
-0.03371709957718849,
0.0504642054438591,
-0.6397032737731934,
-0.7841991186141968,
1.00250244140625,
-0.6064661741256714,
0.3371342718601227,
0.3739434778690338,
0.06855712831020355,
0.2755580246448517,
-1.2874714136123657,
-0.011446830816566944,
1.1564801931381226,
0.6530562043190002,
-0.32322344183921814,
0.2513118386268616,
-0.0880996510386467,
-0.3567412793636322,
-0.052646148949861526,
-0.22670483589172363,
-0.762637734413147,
0.04541069269180298,
-0.9411220550537109,
-0.3352401554584503,
0.5317369699478149,
0.5232377648353577,
0.298186719417572,
-0.2645966410636902,
0.29615092277526855,
-0.6221405267715454,
-1.913821816444397,
-0.4360068440437317,
-0.33059296011924744,
0.6924229860305786,
-0.4014414846897125,
0.2343263179063797,
-0.579475998878479,
0.08299881964921951,
-0.1517043262720108,
-0.3586418628692627,
0.7473947405815125,
1.1290018558502197,
-0.022679826244711876,
-0.3944702744483948,
0.44440269470214844,
0.2225450724363327,
0.5040112137794495,
0.597114086151123,
-0.8584020733833313,
0.14135746657848358,
0.25400108098983765,
-0.23135869204998016,
1.2877527475357056,
-0.20858970284461975,
0.8465076684951782,
0.40654510259628296,
-0.3582654595375061,
0.1881689876317978,
0.5268195867538452,
0.006212258245795965,
-0.2598158121109009,
0.10746139287948608,
-0.7958180904388428,
-0.562061607837677,
0.20738831162452698,
0.6174122095108032,
0.5977852940559387,
-0.32393163442611694,
0.2257574498653412,
0.13681194186210632,
-0.12409714609384537,
1.4118939638137817,
-0.8844611048698425,
-0.08817315101623535,
-0.7346075773239136,
0.905265212059021,
0.8556708097457886,
-0.13908281922340393,
-0.5328937768936157,
-1.5254887342453003,
-0.2629282474517822,
1.1268318891525269,
-0.6113517880439758,
-0.1522071361541748,
-0.4441649317741394,
0.03308054804801941,
-0.305070161819458,
0.5576722025871277,
-0.6389080882072449,
-0.5322180986404419,
-0.5049406290054321,
0.8444964289665222,
-0.37773552536964417,
0.7785070538520813,
0.8030709028244019,
-0.20186276733875275,
0.11992974579334259,
-0.6979597210884094,
0.3698278069496155,
0.6557958126068115,
0.10983391851186752,
0.5297064781188965,
-0.634998619556427,
-0.4730773866176605,
-0.6237335205078125,
0.2443746030330658,
0.5546013116836548,
0.5593972206115723,
-0.547069251537323,
-0.26138320565223694,
-0.03939124569296837,
0.8451845049858093,
-0.5569736361503601,
0.11521545797586441,
-0.2473413646221161,
0.4158051013946533,
-0.6215599775314331,
0.3454565405845642,
-0.6347883343696594,
-0.14491316676139832,
-0.7494249939918518,
-0.2538612484931946,
0.7081953883171082,
0.019354263320565224,
-0.9466308355331421,
0.9750636219978333,
-0.05079951137304306,
0.03646314516663551,
-0.6021081209182739,
-0.32400622963905334,
-0.6563936471939087,
0.4637424051761627,
0.5122056007385254,
0.1391649842262268,
-1.040496587753296,
0.011108922772109509,
-0.22423939406871796,
0.21727201342582703,
0.27103501558303833,
1.4605989456176758,
0.39881405234336853,
-0.4639979898929596,
-0.5289705991744995,
-0.0966949462890625,
-0.5229172706604004,
-0.43355196714401245,
0.21245622634887695,
-0.7588270902633667,
0.7429554462432861,
-0.14391393959522247,
-0.3642871379852295,
0.10730680078268051,
-0.22236815094947815,
-0.37384361028671265,
0.5616376399993896,
0.08398152142763138
] |
||
31j5r9 | How does running effect gene expression? What does that mean? | I have heard that when people run on a consistent basis, that it have a positive effect on gene expression. What does this mean? If someone who did not run before began to run consistently, what changes would one witness in that person in terms of gene expression? | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"cq23cn8",
"cq2nevk",
"cq3g6q1"
],
"text": [
"Im on mobile, so this will be quick with a source. But, stresses on the body causes differential gene expression to create proteins designed to help the areas that are stressed. Since we are not as physically charged as our prehistoric ancestors we don't have the same amount of gene expression in certain areas. It's theorized that physical activity helps \"normalize\" our levels of gene expression based on our prehistoric ancestors in which our genome was built.\n\n_URL_0_",
"Just about any activity you do a lot has some effect on gene expression. \n\nEver notice how you get tired and/or are physically bad at some things, but the more you do them, the better you get? That's gene expression. Even tolerance to alcohol or drugs is gene expression, ultimately. Some things get up regulated, other things get down regulated on the cellular level.\n\nWhen it comes to running, I have heard for example that AMPK-activated protein kinase gets up-regulated, which is involved in cell metabolism, specifically fatty acid oxidation. It's a good thing to have this upregulated if you are doing endurance exercise -- as the more efficient a fat burner you are, the less you rely on a limited supply of glucose and the more access you have to fats during exercise. Athletes (and ketogenic dieters!) typically are much better fat burners than your average untrained sedentary human, and this is a gene expression-related thing.",
"Gene expression simply refers to the types and amounts of transcripts(RNAs) produced by genes in a genome. \n\nThere are many ways and multiple levels at which gene expression can be controlled. Many of these level have a kind time frame associated with them. For example, DNA binding proteins can turn expression on and off quite quickly, whereas, chromatin remodeling (DNA is wound around chromatin) could have long term effects on the expression of a gene. Or even more long term such as DNA methlyation that chemically alters the DNA in a region (I have heard of studies showing that these patterns can be passed to offspring)\n\nYou need to consider the types of transcripts that are produced. There are four main types of genes in eukaryotes: protein coding, pseudogenes, long non-coding RNAs (lncRNA), and short non-coding RNAs. There are numerous subtypes of each of these here is a good link explaining them if you are interested _URL_3_\n\nBelieve it or not the majority of human genes are not protein coding but lncRNAs. Although, this is a bit misleading as protein coding genes are generally expressed at much higher concentrations. Furthermore, protein coding genes are much more ubiquitously expressed than lncRNAs. In fact many lncRNAs seem to be tissue specific citation: _URL_3_ . Explaining lncRNAs function in a general way is a bit difficult but many are known to be involved in regulation of gene expression. \n\nSo what effect would running have on gene expression? First this would be highly dependent on the tissue and time you measured (circadian rhythms also seem to have a wide reaching effect on gene expression _URL_3_). (From here is just speculation) However, generally speaking, in the short term you would see lots of proteins for repair or growth being made such as myosin (muscles) and or hemoglobin (for carrying oxygen in blood). You might also see some lncRNAs getting produced that control the strength of the response your body has to the exercise. Then over the long term your genes might get modified to have less of a response to exercise in order to conserve energy. Your blood carrying higher hemoglobin concentrations would carry more oxygen requiring your average heart rate to become slower. Which could cause all kinds of regulator changes in your heart. Lower pulse causes changes in your arteries... You can see how complicate this gets and saying something has a positive effect on gene expression is kind of impossible. Although running would certainly have a positive effect on most people's health."
],
"score": [
18,
5,
3
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2290514/",
"http://vega.sanger.ac.uk/info/about/gene_and_transcript_types.html",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22955988",
"http://www.pnas.org/content/111/45/16219.short"
]
} | How does running effect gene expression? What does that mean?
I have heard that when people run on a consistent basis, that it have a positive effect on gene expression. What does this mean? If someone who did not run before began to run consistently, what changes would one witness in that person in terms of gene expression? | [
0.4560099244117737,
-0.27452510595321655,
0.14567896723747253,
0.06986229866743088,
0.025427227839827538,
-0.015885086730122566,
0.4052068889141083,
-0.6155120134353638,
0.7178125381469727,
-0.5093072652816772,
1.157231092453003,
0.8163768649101257,
-0.4858691692352295,
-0.05664448067545891,
-0.40780630707740784,
-0.5305408239364624,
0.5148835182189941,
0.42856767773628235,
-0.37592118978500366,
-0.13043467700481415,
-0.05573182925581932,
-0.050805866718292236,
-0.1621095836162567,
1.4763556718826294,
-0.18778975307941437,
-0.35380062460899353,
1.2984120845794678,
0.7087144255638123,
0.13166318833827972,
0.1419348269701004,
0.5455004572868347,
-0.2111668586730957,
-0.6035516262054443,
0.6570200324058533,
-0.5542978048324585,
0.2478998899459839,
0.6558740139007568,
-0.4964796006679535,
-0.3374845087528229,
-1.0555623769760132,
0.05072034150362015,
-0.6857854723930359,
-0.1298932284116745,
0.9251060485839844,
-1.076597809791565,
0.061159491539001465,
-1.0446938276290894,
0.44790875911712646,
-0.7279655933380127,
-0.23468418419361115,
-0.09921614825725555,
-0.17915470898151398,
-0.12005027383565903,
0.040325891226530075,
0.4954030513763428,
0.8023003339767456,
0.2390013188123703,
0.20764286816120148,
0.11336429417133331,
-0.7229697108268738,
0.5364801287651062,
-0.7299385666847229,
0.5803138017654419,
0.2827524244785309,
0.6331225037574768,
-0.3965650498867035,
0.03541432321071625,
-0.14996883273124695,
0.14174096286296844,
-0.5770515203475952,
0.7104547619819641,
-0.10052923113107681,
-0.4428764283657074,
-0.6221809387207031,
-0.7035616040229797,
-0.20453567802906036,
-0.23015016317367554,
-0.20102401077747345,
0.044822629541158676,
-0.711444079875946,
-0.3528572618961334,
-0.041467804461717606,
-1.3169922828674316,
0.4254748821258545,
0.052763279527425766,
-0.059220291674137115,
0.08759408444166183,
-1.036985993385315,
-0.27193334698677063,
1.047620415687561,
-0.47442349791526794,
-0.6888055205345154,
0.17289642989635468,
0.910463809967041,
0.20637665688991547,
-0.4313705265522003,
-0.053965192288160324,
-1.0794005393981934,
0.017775215208530426,
-0.21998919546604156,
0.5838877558708191,
-0.34978505969047546,
0.2609001398086548,
0.5227485299110413,
-0.7052969932556152,
0.12143290042877197,
0.4947434663772583,
-0.5592737197875977,
0.28591388463974,
0.08711390942335129,
-0.5758683085441589,
0.44033774733543396,
0.3202816843986511,
0.2883681356906891,
-0.4585743546485901,
-0.8806482553482056,
0.020978055894374847,
-0.3547459542751312,
-0.38957348465919495,
0.5401091575622559,
0.5164313912391663,
0.1887977570295334,
0.8330841064453125,
0.5829488039016724,
-0.546468198299408,
0.7417352795600891,
0.016211040318012238,
0.42122364044189453,
0.022352078929543495,
-0.6187792420387268,
0.14737558364868164,
0.21363121271133423,
0.6723581552505493,
-0.4934970736503601,
0.36964693665504456,
-0.2815544009208679,
0.1778479367494583,
-0.060557153075933456,
-0.7125277519226074,
0.8084413409233093,
0.4797061085700989,
0.4852386713027954,
1.3477085828781128,
-1.1589257717132568,
0.6521289944648743,
-0.4363909661769867,
-0.5468151569366455,
-0.2261357605457306,
0.32994160056114197,
-0.17767123878002167,
-0.5336717963218689,
-0.661218523979187,
0.6267238259315491,
-1.0489240884780884,
0.0464097261428833,
-0.5256609320640564,
0.020514214411377907,
-0.1665063500404358,
-0.3607192635536194,
0.3517359793186188,
-0.5667434930801392,
0.03769344463944435,
0.8020097613334656,
-0.38798221945762634,
0.6964718699455261,
0.03685260936617851,
-0.39083796739578247,
0.13029463589191437,
-1.1900690793991089,
0.012905179522931576,
-0.4432870149612427,
-0.13107503950595856,
0.5725725293159485,
0.5291909575462341,
0.5103997588157654,
-0.5760946273803711,
-0.849825382232666,
-0.9024069905281067,
-0.21584957838058472,
0.25653818249702454,
0.7403271794319153,
-0.2525504529476166,
0.24798154830932617,
0.5373804569244385,
-0.8088186979293823,
0.23774676024913788,
-0.12406831979751587,
-0.6217086911201477,
0.28918907046318054,
-0.39518389105796814,
0.8598829507827759,
-0.7325458526611328,
-1.6920596361160278,
-0.7911840677261353,
0.8086617588996887,
0.13008828461170197,
0.07484237849712372,
0.20265892148017883,
0.22847174108028412,
-0.7946171164512634,
-0.10954868048429489,
-1.126749038696289,
-0.05758918449282646,
-0.49592146277427673,
-0.2578960359096527,
0.05526103079319,
0.2050456404685974,
-0.8856423497200012,
0.40214380621910095,
-0.2556605339050293,
-0.5891135334968567,
0.8630459904670715,
-0.4490460157394409,
0.10623239725828171,
-0.26926302909851074,
0.6844583749771118,
-0.5876266956329346,
0.7522579431533813,
0.07143401354551315,
-0.07514806091785431,
0.7414130568504333,
-0.2198752909898758,
-0.5618559122085571,
-0.15883946418762207,
0.8751924633979797,
0.2050490826368332,
0.1840396225452423,
-0.5609867572784424,
-0.27687084674835205,
-0.024096552282571793,
0.40874022245407104,
-0.002958172233775258,
0.48841020464897156,
-0.013863909058272839,
-0.350339412689209,
-0.9800294041633606,
-1.152919054031372,
-0.2910161018371582,
0.07624603807926178,
-1.2525489330291748,
-0.44949525594711304,
0.3411865532398224,
0.15150444209575653,
0.21333672106266022,
-0.16312932968139648,
0.2650851309299469,
-0.44102948904037476,
-0.011670583859086037,
0.4788992702960968,
-1.1836689710617065,
-0.5763583779335022,
-1.1147633790969849,
-0.5119469165802002,
-0.7237074971199036,
1.1211190223693848,
-1.0024404525756836,
0.06621173024177551,
-0.386328786611557,
-0.2744615375995636,
0.6799498200416565,
0.4527466893196106,
0.021432306617498398,
0.5022090673446655,
-0.4279536306858063,
-0.38916537165641785,
-0.9941356182098389,
-1.1990281343460083,
-0.3771810531616211,
0.619612991809845,
0.4960549771785736,
-0.22609537839889526,
-0.07067843526601791,
0.4346484839916229,
-0.15241006016731262,
-0.02647184394299984,
-1.124770164489746,
0.06929434090852737,
0.06261235475540161,
0.8300991058349609,
0.3350936472415924,
-0.07580792903900146,
0.4842253625392914,
-0.5715031027793884,
-0.47170937061309814,
0.2862292528152466,
0.08877559006214142,
0.12682636082172394,
-0.7312791347503662,
0.8725678324699402,
-0.37996089458465576,
0.2237960696220398,
0.3018200695514679,
-0.6125013828277588,
0.3458705246448517,
1.1062965393066406,
0.12297647446393967,
0.47175371646881104,
-0.12070480734109879,
0.03235798701643944,
0.5175463557243347,
0.38222765922546387,
0.22563987970352173,
0.624053418636322,
-0.2138182818889618,
-0.1763126403093338,
0.4102367162704468,
0.6045442819595337,
-1.0621163845062256,
-0.057075873017311096,
-0.17407235503196716,
0.6740013360977173,
-0.9369412660598755,
-0.22361771762371063,
1.0470483303070068,
0.18908831477165222,
-0.015813931822776794,
0.19125322997570038,
-0.09499689191579819,
-1.1813831329345703,
-1.0248476266860962,
-0.5823571681976318,
0.8495853543281555,
-0.050781846046447754,
-0.7165327668190002,
0.24047231674194336,
0.8107572197914124,
-0.3063009977340698,
0.49968889355659485,
-1.0774277448654175,
0.06803236901760101,
0.7450020909309387,
0.03372393548488617,
-0.40945905447006226,
0.12303097546100616,
0.19598138332366943,
-0.498669296503067,
-0.17565903067588806,
0.6848211288452148,
0.14601615071296692,
0.019505413249135017,
0.7015872001647949,
0.5976779460906982,
0.8808565139770508,
0.2823237478733063,
-0.2852473855018616,
-0.6683969497680664,
-0.4473381042480469,
-0.3571477234363556,
1.6302111148834229,
-0.09668182581663132,
-0.07081512361764908,
0.010176695883274078,
-0.17093929648399353,
-0.745286226272583,
0.24623705446720123,
1.0189783573150635,
-0.90505450963974,
-0.5459607839584351,
0.4297645688056946,
0.16438637673854828,
0.6795476078987122,
0.34525731205940247,
-0.39780113101005554,
-0.24900317192077637,
0.9436661601066589,
-0.8200054168701172,
-0.08796756714582443,
0.22625425457954407,
-0.2969828248023987,
0.6340903639793396,
0.641822338104248,
0.44849810004234314,
0.2956540882587433,
0.0322694405913353,
-0.14167213439941406,
-0.7291269898414612,
0.6808958053588867,
0.9904054999351501,
-0.7108651399612427,
0.6844860911369324,
-0.6675682663917542,
0.1353510171175003,
-0.3155864179134369,
-0.24446365237236023,
0.3199103772640228,
-0.86869877576828,
-0.06405621021986008,
-0.162445530295372,
-0.35783064365386963,
-0.22948840260505676,
0.22633296251296997,
-0.23964178562164307,
1.0089747905731201,
-1.2937225103378296,
-0.14139685034751892,
-0.12860603630542755,
-0.9448009133338928,
1.0394501686096191,
0.13346180319786072,
-0.6563193202018738,
-0.12471108138561249,
0.9065999984741211,
0.4587115943431854,
1.02544367313385,
0.16294008493423462,
-0.8926775455474854,
0.38907307386398315,
-0.6034494638442993,
1.329134464263916,
0.17983880639076233,
0.37885549664497375,
-1.0946797132492065,
-0.06632895022630692,
0.27465108036994934,
-0.06607188284397125,
-0.9411833882331848,
-0.28645777702331543,
-1.0356357097625732,
-0.4280257523059845,
-0.13278622925281525,
0.6450568437576294,
-0.24229758977890015,
-0.10448014736175537,
0.5436975359916687,
-0.0165034718811512,
-0.3522768020629883,
0.2939118444919586,
0.6057857871055603,
0.3539779484272003,
0.12922710180282593,
-1.0253701210021973,
-1.2494375705718994,
-1.1151299476623535,
0.29131338000297546,
-0.35677358508110046,
-0.6299168467521667,
-0.3262699544429779,
-0.4050704836845398,
0.17959485948085785,
-1.6742101907730103,
-1.6788512468338013,
0.4756861627101898,
0.45352405309677124,
0.47502708435058594,
0.4690758287906647,
-0.19766737520694733,
0.1418302059173584,
0.37917134165763855,
-0.6425711512565613,
-0.11252740770578384,
0.7551066875457764,
-0.10424666851758957,
0.3647483289241791,
0.4045451581478119,
0.16516797244548798,
0.3517177999019623,
-1.0383658409118652,
0.6324901580810547,
-0.5001354217529297,
-0.04453444108366966,
0.3373229503631592,
-0.10853371024131775,
-0.5268569588661194,
0.7401050329208374,
0.9900556206703186,
-0.2326240837574005,
0.2304200977087021,
0.2475702315568924,
0.6174882054328918,
-0.7007721066474915,
-0.46967172622680664,
0.009761526249349117,
0.34882858395576477,
0.7764118313789368,
-0.6964194178581238,
-0.4899286925792694,
0.9949457049369812,
-0.059348318725824356,
0.18741001188755035,
-1.1987234354019165,
0.07507530599832535,
-1.0777709484100342,
0.049984414130449295,
-0.15967893600463867,
0.6024492383003235,
-0.15190324187278748,
-0.8524690270423889,
-0.23684480786323547,
-0.7571621537208557,
-0.1380527764558792,
-0.5612079501152039,
-0.00710390554741025,
0.6596031188964844,
1.3577858209609985,
0.3541450500488281,
0.17419731616973877,
-0.6437711715698242,
0.552058219909668,
0.10352012515068054,
0.38799405097961426,
0.14400382339954376,
-0.6087034344673157,
-0.3428615629673004,
-0.3247050642967224,
-0.7810829281806946,
-0.394202321767807,
0.5365285277366638,
0.3283114433288574,
0.17820942401885986,
0.34522145986557007,
-0.17640002071857452,
0.12402220070362091,
1.0738003253936768,
-0.26793989539146423,
0.16832713782787323,
0.48729875683784485,
-0.466314435005188,
0.7425845265388489,
-0.21691308915615082,
0.43637776374816895,
0.2776104509830475,
0.3164036273956299,
1.4805828332901,
0.42784151434898376,
0.37557896971702576,
-0.04281013458967209,
-0.9280654788017273,
-0.09236305952072144,
0.26589250564575195,
0.36521708965301514,
0.7186844944953918,
-0.771100640296936,
-0.965513288974762,
-0.6439429521560669,
0.1939682513475418,
0.9919902682304382,
0.22921165823936462,
-0.40099188685417175,
1.0644035339355469,
0.31553277373313904,
0.306870698928833,
-0.2491358071565628,
0.24348025023937225,
-0.08975383639335632,
-0.44750481843948364,
0.08059605211019516,
0.10052742809057236,
-0.8003478050231934,
-0.9009804725646973,
0.6900880932807922,
-0.3726244866847992,
0.49770548939704895,
0.15793590247631073,
0.5175913572311401,
-0.567672848701477,
0.8930847644805908,
0.22453591227531433,
-0.7474926114082336,
-0.2630370259284973,
1.137471318244934,
-0.46300530433654785,
0.48790204524993896,
-0.25664636492729187,
-0.4096863567829132,
0.2764448821544647,
-0.11014162749052048,
0.08903741091489792,
0.08184358477592468,
-0.3641790747642517,
0.4504190981388092,
-0.3452322781085968,
0.07252278923988342,
-0.48331788182258606,
-0.349780797958374,
-0.5719673037528992,
-0.3878145217895508,
-0.03987237066030502,
-0.04656239226460457,
-0.18911461532115936,
0.33773478865623474,
0.08427107334136963,
0.2972707748413086,
1.4414478540420532,
-0.22862608730793,
0.9003333449363708,
0.4608045518398285,
-0.7133892774581909,
-0.5522748827934265,
0.3489306569099426,
0.18923085927963257,
-0.23348502814769745,
0.174738347530365,
-0.3777303099632263,
-0.7620276808738708,
0.2680359184741974,
0.7488635778427124,
1.2167139053344727,
0.24484384059906006,
-0.6379362344741821,
-0.755854606628418,
0.2572726607322693,
-0.8031393885612488,
0.747711718082428,
0.5981795191764832,
1.0573711395263672,
0.6503345966339111,
0.1757887750864029,
-0.4173213541507721,
0.09799498319625854,
0.8334605693817139,
0.7135686874389648,
-0.009612277150154114,
-0.12022501230239868,
0.39975249767303467,
0.6069484353065491,
-0.8637386560440063,
-0.5514044761657715,
0.11343412101268768,
0.4231165945529938,
0.32522234320640564,
0.22953982651233673,
-0.15664559602737427,
-1.2892746925354004,
-0.7597008347511292,
0.7014568448066711,
0.36951470375061035,
0.2594386041164398,
0.6767466068267822,
0.49024370312690735,
-0.3089820444583893,
-0.17055650055408478,
-0.451238751411438,
0.0913226380944252,
0.15493793785572052,
0.22430092096328735,
-0.76649010181427,
-0.7167437672615051,
0.6789945960044861,
-0.0899171531200409,
-0.3180100917816162,
0.4984245300292969,
-0.46862122416496277,
-0.10668661445379257,
-0.03170838952064514,
-0.18987026810646057,
0.6550077199935913,
0.028844071552157402,
0.3860861361026764,
-0.5036582946777344,
1.0372824668884277,
0.15651728212833405,
0.7447668313980103,
-0.5060347318649292,
-0.23643948137760162,
-0.000511630903929472,
0.2874217629432678,
0.3495864272117615,
-0.049525633454322815,
0.28331518173217773,
0.44457289576530457,
-0.5927414894104004,
0.10316333174705505,
-0.390148401260376,
-1.3626301288604736,
0.5946124196052551,
0.1478489488363266,
0.8299578428268433,
0.1874072104692459,
-0.848191499710083,
-0.3053033649921417,
0.2520746886730194,
-0.057786956429481506,
0.10825344920158386,
-0.13181431591510773,
1.530929446220398,
0.2354251593351364,
0.23709090054035187,
-0.0557006411254406,
-0.9601070284843445,
0.517051637172699,
0.4594753086566925,
0.3597734868526459,
-0.20069724321365356,
-0.5475631356239319,
-0.3073790967464447,
-0.8784467577934265,
-0.284268319606781,
0.3974088132381439,
0.06837201118469238,
-0.6642365455627441,
-0.6325975060462952,
-0.565528929233551,
-0.10930656641721725,
-0.16930758953094482,
-0.7461646199226379,
0.6574525833129883,
-0.36399850249290466,
-0.13945432007312775,
-0.279577374458313,
0.16858045756816864,
0.128705695271492,
-0.686561644077301,
-0.5335245728492737,
-0.6549801826477051,
-0.03942173719406128,
-0.15086592733860016,
0.9181351065635681,
0.8175758123397827,
-0.3384383022785187,
-0.037214960902929306,
0.7674184441566467,
-0.42159590125083923,
-0.791925311088562,
-0.2110452800989151,
-0.5842629075050354,
0.34704679250717163,
0.08287809044122696,
-0.25216150283813477,
-0.22286272048950195,
-0.20975454151630402,
-0.4988959729671478,
-0.3229934573173523,
0.06047537922859192,
-0.45158809423446655,
-0.043338458985090256,
0.793171226978302,
-0.26789116859436035,
-0.1669478863477707,
0.6755627989768982,
-0.5104079246520996,
-0.38185566663742065,
-0.5464989542961121,
-0.263530433177948,
0.7098047733306885,
-0.07298232614994049,
0.18600647151470184,
-0.8073788285255432,
0.6170291900634766,
-0.9282070994377136,
0.20762315392494202,
-0.0530339740216732,
-0.47103241086006165,
-0.40425798296928406,
-1.7762469053268433,
0.7520468831062317,
-0.1786542683839798,
-0.7917444705963135,
-0.057571202516555786,
-0.256417453289032,
0.22037912905216217,
1.8826618194580078,
0.016966113820672035,
0.1897326558828354,
-0.4299268126487732,
0.01817525364458561,
-0.2738656997680664,
-0.1132153794169426,
-0.622905969619751,
-1.1629122495651245,
-0.11125780642032623,
0.5174263715744019,
0.8544238209724426,
0.02029229700565338,
0.07275491207838058,
-0.2550908029079437,
-0.1927947998046875,
-0.5893009305000305,
-0.3024057447910309
] |
|
20r3sq | What is happening at the atomic level when I cut something? | This is something I have always been curious about: What is happening the atomic/particle level when I do something like cut a piece of paper with scissors or slice a big piece of meat in half with a butcher's knife? How do the atoms comprising the edge of cutting implement interact with the atoms of a substance such that it is separated?
As a kid I used to wonder if the armos were being cut apart when you do this, though I now understand the distances between individual atoms are remarkably vast. Still very curious what atomic (or even sub-atomic?!) processes are linked to the physical action of cutting, chopping or otherwise sundering a previously whole object. | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"cg605fh",
"cg604ol",
"cg6gw4s",
"cg63kos",
"cg6bpfm"
],
"text": [
"Not much at the atomic or even molecular level chemically speaking. Physically a knife edge is pretty huge and even though it seems to cut, it's just smashing things out of the way. The sharper the knife, the thinner the edge, the less it has to smash to either side of the blade to make the 'cut'. \nEdit:to answer the question that got deleted..\n\nYou would have to build the tool out of subatomic particles and break the standard quantum model in order to get them to stick around to be useful. Based on our current understanding, 'cutting' atoms is a thought experiment.",
"Nothing. You are separating molecules of whatever substance you're cutting, but their individual atoms remain intact.\n\nSeparating the atoms themselves would be an act of nuclear fission, and would release an enormous amount of energy (and kill you).",
"You need to think about scale. Your average knife is a giant club compared to a molecule.\n\nIgnoring obsidian scalpels (which get down to 3nm thick) your average sharp knife is a few micrometers thick at its sharpest and blunt knives are about 100 times thicker. This is hundreds to millions of times bigger than even a large molecule diameter. Common molecules diameters vary from about 200 picometres across up to a about 10 nanometers). Of course, molecule lengths can easily get into the micrometers but you're still unlikely to cut one with a knife because they're strong – not individually strong but any material you're going to handle will contain millions of them.\n\nFortunately, most materials are not solid molecular bonds. They're just globs of fairly short, tangled fibres where the fibres are loosely bonded if at all. Bonds between atoms in a molecule are tens to thousands of times stronger than the typical intermolecular bonds and many materials are sparse enough that fibres aren't even bonded by anything as strong as an intermolecular bond.\n\nPaper is made from cellulose fibres – and big air gaps between the fibres. Cellulose can form long fibres but in paper it's refined enough that the fibres pretty short. When you cut fibres, you're usually just disentangling the very short fibres enough that the paper pries apart along air gaps.\n\nMuscle tissue is mostly made from myofibres (muscle cells). The fibres aren't closely bonded to each other because they're swimming in water, lipids and other proteins. Very similar to paper: when you cut it, you're just prying apart the myofibres (and other similar materials) which are only barely bonded (if at all). Muscle is tougher than paper because it doesn't have so many gaping holes but not a lot tougher. Tendons are much more dense than muscle – longer fibres and more of them – certainly no air gaps, much more effective intermolecular bonds due to density so it's way harder to cut.\n\nIn either case may you break some long molecules when cutting but there are hundreds of thousands of them between the top and bottom of a sheet of paper and many millions in a tendon – for the most part you're just disentangling the fibres or prying apart intermolecular bonds between fibres.\n\nWith metals it gets a little more interesting. On a nanoscale, metals form little crystals (an ordered lattice structure of atoms). When you cut typical metals, you're causing fracture lines along the crystal boundaries. You will probably break a few bonds inside the crystals themselves (since metallic bonds are weaker than ionic or covalent molecules and fairly fungible) but cutting will always take the easiest path and that's where there are the fewest bonds. Its a bit like breaking a brick wall along the mortar without affecting the bricks themselves.\n\nIt is possible to manufacture metals in single crystals (no boundaries). These are stronger against cutting than typical metal because you have to dislocate the bonds in the metal itself. Although single crystal metal may actually be weaker in squashing, bending and drawing actions because crystals boundaries are actually hard against these actions whereas metallic bonds are relatively plastic and deformable. There are also actions like strain hardening that align the crystal boundaries in regular polycrystalline metals making cutting much more difficult in some directions but much easier in others.\n\nNow, moving on to materials where the material is molecularly bonded (not just intermolecularly bonded) in three dimensions... ceramics, crystals, glasses... none of these are easy to cut. You're more likely to get a fracture or dislocation than any kind of easy shear or separation.\n\nEver tried cutting glass? Super, super hard. Why? No fibres. Few crystal boundaries. The defects in the material are pretty small. It's mostly just amorphous SiO2. Try cutting and you will eventually break a few bonds until the inherent defects (micro cracks) will open up a major structural defect and the whole thing will shatter rather than actually cut (shatter mechanics are super complicated and I won't explain them here).\n\nEver tried cutting a perfect diamond? Even super harder. About the only thing you can do is try to work out what direction the crystal is aligned and dislocate the crystal along its planes. Good luck with that.",
"FYI: this question gets asked frequently. I'd check out some of these threads for other good discussion: _URL_0_",
"It's possible to cut single atomic planes from crystals. For example, one can cut copper metal at a certain angle to expose individual atoms in a particular crystallographic arrangement. Crystals in different arrangements (Miller indices) often have unusual physical and chemical properties."
],
"score": [
29,
10,
5,
5,
2
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/search?q=atomic+cut&restrict_sr=on"
]
} | What is happening at the atomic level when I cut something?
This is something I have always been curious about: What is happening the atomic/particle level when I do something like cut a piece of paper with scissors or slice a big piece of meat in half with a butcher's knife? How do the atoms comprising the edge of cutting implement interact with the atoms of a substance such that it is separated? As a kid I used to wonder if the armos were being cut apart when you do this, though I now understand the distances between individual atoms are remarkably vast. Still very curious what atomic (or even sub-atomic?!) processes are linked to the physical action of cutting, chopping or otherwise sundering a previously whole object. | [
0.03099963627755642,
-0.6088481545448303,
0.3016446828842163,
0.053211480379104614,
-0.557786226272583,
0.10931801795959473,
-0.3120574951171875,
-0.7680559158325195,
0.6663243770599365,
-0.2928740084171295,
1.1717488765716553,
-0.06376972794532776,
-0.13097454607486725,
0.656485378742218,
0.02291426807641983,
-0.00454203225672245,
1.0615047216415405,
-0.05177798494696617,
-0.36551418900489807,
0.10456977784633636,
-0.4121554493904114,
0.12893830239772797,
-0.2518499493598938,
1.6379238367080688,
-0.6523528695106506,
0.2839646637439728,
0.7427550554275513,
0.24217332899570465,
0.873825192451477,
0.10651316493749619,
0.6468909382820129,
-0.4928232431411743,
-0.48224127292633057,
0.2893447279930115,
0.24775855243206024,
0.052706312388181686,
0.9590612649917603,
-0.5392552614212036,
0.2511155307292938,
-0.803654134273529,
0.06881098449230194,
0.13614648580551147,
0.7059261202812195,
-0.07913680374622345,
-0.4206016957759857,
-0.8685122132301331,
0.2129800021648407,
0.23354488611221313,
-1.2604522705078125,
-0.11405505239963531,
-0.01671351119875908,
0.31023216247558594,
0.20278775691986084,
0.11662692576646805,
0.4805581867694855,
-0.370118647813797,
0.1635521948337555,
0.2082177996635437,
0.2251615822315216,
-0.4732006788253784,
0.24804407358169556,
0.22387447953224182,
-0.5134616494178772,
-0.6315706968307495,
0.4194994568824768,
0.12649500370025635,
-0.2287103682756424,
0.5985511541366577,
-0.05226804316043854,
0.14901603758335114,
0.6443822383880615,
-0.46987035870552063,
-0.7777390480041504,
-0.5190814733505249,
-0.32211247086524963,
-0.5800897479057312,
0.4256364107131958,
-0.3886486887931824,
-0.22948643565177917,
-0.42142075300216675,
-0.4530867040157318,
0.4708205759525299,
-0.2214524745941162,
-0.25282561779022217,
0.021282488480210304,
0.42263615131378174,
-0.2696801424026489,
-0.32805144786834717,
0.2053096890449524,
1.219085931777954,
-0.7006955742835999,
-0.3580589294433594,
0.488125741481781,
0.20630905032157898,
0.27371400594711304,
-0.5912574529647827,
0.8309306502342224,
-0.48440423607826233,
0.12465765327215195,
0.44228121638298035,
-0.6660923361778259,
0.19178420305252075,
0.8502289652824402,
0.853289008140564,
0.5489744544029236,
-0.23465020954608917,
0.2941940128803253,
-0.2770243287086487,
0.16408522427082062,
0.1123257577419281,
-0.26293501257896423,
0.30741021037101746,
0.3266015946865082,
-0.7498149871826172,
-0.49905097484588623,
-1.8813830614089966,
0.4602275788784027,
0.1574939787387848,
0.49320507049560547,
-0.09124595671892166,
0.2942527234554291,
-0.5853006839752197,
1.0567119121551514,
1.3657556772232056,
-0.19893386960029602,
-0.05168299004435539,
-0.1869146227836609,
0.5071593523025513,
-0.14043927192687988,
-0.3709779679775238,
0.19969728589057922,
0.821743905544281,
0.06297194957733154,
-0.49966055154800415,
0.5833228230476379,
-0.2244354486465454,
-1.2305445671081543,
-0.03465021401643753,
-1.0169481039047241,
0.15331673622131348,
-0.6004269123077393,
0.07548558712005615,
1.2523369789123535,
-0.5832083821296692,
0.08793811500072479,
-1.3842012882232666,
-0.3163145184516907,
-0.11277631670236588,
0.23796695470809937,
-0.22245724499225616,
-0.2596839368343353,
-0.5163370370864868,
-0.30626171827316284,
-0.688356876373291,
0.9294322729110718,
-0.183313250541687,
0.8466094732284546,
-0.9549294710159302,
0.3262009918689728,
-0.03854838013648987,
-0.4223412871360779,
-0.3174477517604828,
0.5026617050170898,
-0.5340086221694946,
-0.07498714327812195,
-0.24806933104991913,
-0.08897058665752411,
-0.23867449164390564,
-0.5034975409507751,
0.16630101203918457,
-0.4565415680408478,
0.07649652659893036,
0.839688777923584,
0.38039955496788025,
0.19466041028499603,
0.19207534193992615,
-0.06550552695989609,
-0.1397089660167694,
-0.17546901106834412,
0.42063117027282715,
-0.2600637376308441,
-0.9334056973457336,
-0.05962388589978218,
0.7958838939666748,
-0.6459537148475647,
0.0831751599907875,
0.5928453803062439,
0.521636962890625,
-0.22336137294769287,
-0.0902075469493866,
-0.45874276757240295,
-0.5930996537208557,
-0.8998285531997681,
-0.13916432857513428,
0.4968891739845276,
0.17290359735488892,
-0.7367748618125916,
0.5214461088180542,
0.35190218687057495,
-0.11987350136041641,
-0.35014912486076355,
-1.0219123363494873,
-0.10568676888942719,
-0.5564368367195129,
0.12397263944149017,
-0.25511667132377625,
0.8072810173034668,
-0.12934495508670807,
0.3402458727359772,
0.07093168795108795,
0.6219051480293274,
0.6077349185943604,
-0.014303326606750488,
0.025491442531347275,
-0.39042967557907104,
0.5508877038955688,
0.2761363089084625,
0.04039539769291878,
0.22373421490192413,
-0.03881180286407471,
0.44222885370254517,
-0.1839987337589264,
-0.13473476469516754,
-0.9158137440681458,
0.7715398073196411,
-0.7067977786064148,
-0.4242532253265381,
-0.08794210106134415,
0.19240447878837585,
0.17656975984573364,
0.3396126329898834,
-0.1659986823797226,
-0.20815914869308472,
0.11172986030578613,
0.37432268261909485,
-1.3542523384094238,
-1.2320079803466797,
-0.9788559079170227,
0.6504215002059937,
-0.6990675926208496,
-0.2098727524280548,
0.5247989296913147,
0.37263256311416626,
0.5562216639518738,
0.5772700309753418,
1.0851662158966064,
-0.5021815299987793,
-0.29129931330680847,
0.03949408605694771,
0.4885466694831848,
-0.1694331169128418,
-0.4986146092414856,
-0.826071560382843,
-0.6052484512329102,
0.1833910346031189,
-1.386025309562683,
0.7291412949562073,
-0.6712362766265869,
-0.3658774197101593,
0.08948160707950592,
-0.048459555953741074,
-0.4667584300041199,
0.9299516677856445,
-1.0472966432571411,
-0.7417391538619995,
-0.17778170108795166,
-1.1105999946594238,
-0.3430291414260864,
1.0093128681182861,
0.3527349531650543,
-0.5163912177085876,
-0.22811326384544373,
0.14773379266262054,
0.34421855211257935,
-0.26078295707702637,
-0.5089536309242249,
-0.03929950296878815,
-0.3299999237060547,
1.1839537620544434,
0.08467598259449005,
0.3335915803909302,
0.8484390377998352,
-0.33781999349594116,
-1.3067529201507568,
0.2691309452056885,
0.14511679112911224,
1.0604571104049683,
-1.2092616558074951,
-0.3488021492958069,
-0.8210783004760742,
0.6383430361747742,
0.5477347373962402,
-0.693360447883606,
0.7308738231658936,
0.8143443465232849,
-1.4174805879592896,
-0.05949213355779648,
0.06105801463127136,
0.7046403288841248,
-0.6773858666419983,
0.13791388273239136,
0.2054194062948227,
0.5097423195838928,
0.22201821208000183,
-0.13234540820121765,
-0.11077503859996796,
0.7684988975524902,
-1.0736931562423706,
0.4191543459892273,
-0.5214352607727051,
0.46451640129089355,
-0.19451899826526642,
-0.13616511225700378,
1.075019121170044,
-0.04933549463748932,
0.022155586630105972,
0.2911650240421295,
-0.5864639282226562,
-1.5274102687835693,
-1.1972405910491943,
0.9833724498748779,
0.09713511914014816,
0.5970180630683899,
0.08010704815387726,
-0.4862971305847168,
0.6360562443733215,
-0.5674416422843933,
0.8124163150787354,
-0.14735724031925201,
-0.9097211956977844,
0.9783505201339722,
-0.3085692524909973,
0.2435646951198578,
0.29527631402015686,
-0.04379120096564293,
-0.35484689474105835,
0.19357353448867798,
0.07676523923873901,
-0.27230191230773926,
0.2643108665943146,
0.7924390435218811,
-0.017890658229589462,
-0.48091205954551697,
0.07808434218168259,
0.42850562930107117,
0.24156640470027924,
-0.5243667364120483,
0.005699146073311567,
0.8196555376052856,
-0.3201757073402405,
-0.04501948133111,
-0.369355171918869,
0.28265076875686646,
-0.6736997365951538,
0.06960203498601913,
0.6569783687591553,
-0.2765964865684509,
0.1734003722667694,
0.7891696095466614,
0.12618713080883026,
0.6304467916488647,
0.30162104964256287,
0.40295350551605225,
0.03155037760734558,
0.34583866596221924,
0.17712104320526123,
-1.177594542503357,
-0.5259964466094971,
-0.14156107604503632,
-0.07678832113742828,
0.2647167146205902,
0.07476629316806793,
-0.11557487398386002,
0.9422129988670349,
0.6354734897613525,
-0.29816725850105286,
0.8610444664955139,
0.28957056999206543,
-0.8292991518974304,
-0.2849734127521515,
0.19191236793994904,
0.36727410554885864,
-0.4448184669017792,
0.6675107479095459,
-0.7106497883796692,
-0.8213735818862915,
-0.13684320449829102,
-0.10059249401092529,
-0.2139509618282318,
-0.4124012291431427,
0.2776838541030884,
-0.2550942301750183,
-0.10932542383670807,
-0.9724158644676208,
-0.5022637248039246,
-0.13005030155181885,
-0.8042263388633728,
0.6747919321060181,
-0.0579739511013031,
-1.1271501779556274,
-0.09222562611103058,
0.3684680759906769,
-0.30290597677230835,
1.1793959140777588,
-0.0744672417640686,
0.10041014850139618,
0.2033909261226654,
0.6012523174285889,
1.0703225135803223,
-0.38647741079330444,
0.43646660447120667,
-0.7304493188858032,
0.00012150034308433533,
0.3506914973258972,
0.5093048810958862,
-0.7958428263664246,
-0.6395782828330994,
-0.9573183059692383,
-1.3957587480545044,
-0.1912507861852646,
0.9673227667808533,
-0.5381599068641663,
0.13164553046226501,
0.40722283720970154,
-0.10042065382003784,
-0.7331570386886597,
0.19685539603233337,
-0.4055559039115906,
-0.3541852831840515,
0.2662137448787689,
-0.8365745544433594,
-0.8310693502426147,
0.10136047005653381,
0.41156232357025146,
-0.2991184592247009,
0.18541565537452698,
0.7576807141304016,
0.5260652303695679,
0.2752959132194519,
0.18833018839359283,
-0.7653803825378418,
0.7064259052276611,
0.530165433883667,
1.331778645515442,
-0.3042747378349304,
-0.430977463722229,
-0.19211098551750183,
-0.17099271714687347,
-0.5706825256347656,
0.5883588790893555,
0.8847600221633911,
-0.7571557760238647,
0.12535640597343445,
0.10678644478321075,
0.7104230523109436,
0.7769230008125305,
-1.0941067934036255,
0.5802053809165955,
-0.9045200347900391,
0.471886545419693,
0.10620484501123428,
-0.03903308883309364,
-0.2786599099636078,
0.623969316482544,
-0.060349203646183014,
0.4403684735298157,
0.010572226718068123,
0.07751186937093735,
0.910171627998352,
-0.8267492651939392,
0.007326539605855942,
0.17958325147628784,
0.11756667494773865,
0.07423737645149231,
-0.7267054319381714,
-0.5682726502418518,
0.6905404925346375,
-0.08909629285335541,
-0.42096444964408875,
-1.1098805665969849,
0.40580588579177856,
-0.3620091378688812,
0.18182030320167542,
-0.010430480353534222,
0.3121303915977478,
-0.4722919166088104,
-0.6639845967292786,
0.3941341042518616,
-0.753045380115509,
-0.4666370153427124,
0.4239232838153839,
0.19560915231704712,
-0.5258766412734985,
0.1018526703119278,
0.2315773069858551,
0.5967507362365723,
-0.4513096213340759,
0.09598023444414139,
0.11679762601852417,
-0.0031513895373791456,
-0.12776528298854828,
-0.06912972778081894,
-0.2434854358434677,
-0.11489717662334442,
0.29820916056632996,
-1.1438846588134766,
0.07115110754966736,
0.11518349498510361,
0.7634011507034302,
0.6315765380859375,
-0.7219011783599854,
-1.2592847347259521,
0.2751111090183258,
-0.1521490216255188,
-0.5029378533363342,
-0.043729230761528015,
0.11874586343765259,
0.0582386776804924,
-0.2100483775138855,
0.4482199549674988,
-0.1848430335521698,
-0.22965101897716522,
0.9110526442527771,
-0.4370165765285492,
0.22216585278511047,
0.5232758522033691,
-0.5571348071098328,
-0.7444260120391846,
-0.14312174916267395,
0.18442298471927643,
1.2596194744110107,
-0.20650939643383026,
-0.5961673855781555,
1.0196361541748047,
-0.12503628432750702,
1.0979701280593872,
0.9594680070877075,
-0.31339946389198303,
0.20060543715953827,
0.10067009180784225,
0.26330313086509705,
0.3123609125614166,
0.8178094625473022,
0.13289102911949158,
-0.3261360228061676,
-0.4494324326515198,
-0.20372718572616577,
0.1454678475856781,
-0.1342785507440567,
0.06366747617721558,
0.41759178042411804,
0.6822624802589417,
0.5644349455833435,
0.5232933759689331,
0.8143965005874634,
0.0027848612517118454,
0.7012020349502563,
-0.4660751521587372,
-0.4127868115901947,
0.22671285271644592,
-0.7303735613822937,
-0.45980924367904663,
0.39862093329429626,
-0.22241458296775818,
0.011632897891104221,
-0.4746112823486328,
-0.41870662569999695,
-0.05774758383631706,
-0.956800103187561,
-0.45125123858451843,
-0.46088868379592896,
0.050404973328113556,
0.046855345368385315,
-0.17463713884353638,
-0.12080637365579605,
-0.310371994972229,
-0.3939128816127777,
-0.21271361410617828,
0.9278700351715088,
0.38353049755096436,
0.4490099549293518,
-0.0989239364862442,
0.5187873244285583,
0.19071799516677856,
-0.7362939715385437,
-0.4844391942024231,
0.14995475113391876,
0.11503279209136963,
-0.08322454988956451,
0.2777010500431061,
-0.45891380310058594,
-0.6106788516044617,
0.0023614130914211273,
0.011549046263098717,
0.5663591623306274,
-0.6086938977241516,
0.09349292516708374,
1.039362907409668,
-0.17490537464618683,
-0.6345767974853516,
0.2795432507991791,
-1.3459131717681885,
0.3217747211456299,
-0.35625651478767395,
0.5535690188407898,
-0.06899678707122803,
0.3966028690338135,
-0.7360137701034546,
-0.4848047196865082,
0.9318011999130249,
0.6508270502090454,
-0.046123702079057693,
0.1214645504951477,
-0.021296776831150055,
-0.06808812916278839,
0.3425001800060272,
-0.3397444188594818,
0.15569213032722473,
-0.12765923142433167,
-0.12657572329044342,
-0.11415855586528778,
-0.3221283555030823,
-1.054166316986084,
-0.2331048995256424,
0.7933910489082336,
-0.05988400802016258,
0.07870689034461975,
1.0882501602172852,
0.1278112232685089,
-0.508690357208252,
-0.44600075483322144,
0.37194934487342834,
-0.847547709941864,
-0.37582361698150635,
-1.372377872467041,
-0.261268675327301,
-0.7629229426383972,
0.038598667830228806,
-0.909161388874054,
-0.41078540682792664,
-0.5520801544189453,
-0.12022456526756287,
-0.0994463562965393,
0.21779271960258484,
-0.05833612382411957,
0.23080289363861084,
-0.08275680243968964,
0.9133085012435913,
0.10879095643758774,
1.3929762840270996,
-0.7685493230819702,
0.8233373165130615,
0.08607558161020279,
-0.2854955196380615,
0.8618022203445435,
-0.09889455884695053,
0.7125519514083862,
-0.17852693796157837,
-0.18355382978916168,
-0.09575556218624115,
-0.13505226373672485,
-0.0020992178469896317,
0.0038061290979385376,
-0.31261420249938965,
0.11912917345762253,
0.03945454955101013,
0.031506702303886414,
0.4399126172065735,
-0.5584237575531006,
0.29738467931747437,
-0.034441858530044556,
-0.14108335971832275,
-0.7047646045684814,
0.051171258091926575,
-0.07612926512956619,
0.846429169178009,
-0.5732972621917725,
-0.44027474522590637,
-0.4791620373725891,
0.20499494671821594,
-0.051498837769031525,
0.5584896206855774,
-0.9722119569778442,
-0.19820284843444824,
0.27658647298812866,
-0.17914164066314697,
0.015806173905730247,
1.561228632926941,
0.13951361179351807,
-0.7626349925994873,
0.21520879864692688,
-0.4113510251045227,
0.3897765874862671,
0.2654845714569092,
0.20258156955242157,
0.2309696078300476,
0.2924933135509491,
-0.879486083984375,
-0.4717457890510559,
0.1783609241247177,
-0.7272107005119324,
-0.3831145167350769,
-0.11278462409973145,
-1.5621429681777954,
-0.9905564188957214,
-0.28188619017601013,
0.7565262317657471,
0.3893543481826782,
0.12025971710681915,
-0.30309411883354187,
0.9454118013381958,
-0.09361815452575684,
-0.9073179960250854,
-0.17487674951553345,
-0.0779852569103241,
0.07703953981399536,
-1.0291463136672974,
0.187490776181221,
0.4227098822593689,
0.7075976729393005,
0.07922971993684769,
-0.4463244676589966,
-0.532737135887146,
-0.6459515690803528,
-0.9504467248916626,
0.5757644176483154,
-0.13587631285190582,
0.2508891820907593,
0.5762397646903992,
-0.5988292098045349,
-0.3556073307991028,
-0.26093560457229614,
-0.17620885372161865,
0.2343558520078659,
0.5515879392623901,
0.2537420988082886,
-0.7846112251281738,
0.9854472875595093,
-0.26431527733802795,
0.4603934586048126,
-0.14485156536102295,
-0.0005794670432806015,
-0.3496975600719452,
-0.8857539892196655,
0.7774212956428528,
0.1148555725812912,
-0.061984315514564514,
0.07219065725803375,
0.04866337031126022,
0.9443364143371582,
-0.07477355748414993,
0.2999900281429291,
0.6402963399887085,
-0.07100778818130493,
-0.07151447981595993,
-0.3770953416824341,
-0.1672925502061844,
-1.0327110290527344,
0.10829047858715057,
0.6647818684577942,
0.0804983451962471,
-0.15787696838378906,
-0.008107803761959076,
-0.038192156702280045,
-0.3169843852519989,
0.06089296191930771,
0.14572688937187195,
-0.7473946213722229
] |
|
s0cwl | Does my friend running water on his roof really cool the house down? | I live in Thailand as a volunteer English teacher currently and my friend insists that it's cooler if he has these little sprinklers creating artificial rain on his roof. He says it's something to do with it creating a gap of air or something but it sounds to me like really bad science as I really don't feel any cooler in the house when this rain is running... So my question is whether there's actually any truth behind what he says or whether it's just bad science/the cultural norm around here ( a lot of households do it and everyone i have been in has still be really hot! ) | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"c4a36yc",
"c4a2rls",
"c4a404k",
"c4a4cw5",
"c4a9n4p"
],
"text": [
"Yes, this can work. The air gap thing sounds like BS though.\n\nWhen his roof is damp/wet, some of that water will evaporate into the air. In doing so, it will take some heat with it. Every bit of solar energy 'used' to evaporate the water is a bit of solar energy that isn't heating the house.\n\nFor a simple experiment, put room temp water in a spray bottle and mist yourself with it. Now blow air over where the mist landed, and your skin will feel cool- cooler than when you blow on dry skin. That's the evaporation effect at work.\n\nHOW WELL this will work depends on a number of factors. Your friend will experience a greater cooling effect on windy, low humidity days (which promote the most evaporation) and the least effect on calm, humid days (when evaporation will happen much more slowly).",
"Found [this](_URL_0_):\n\n > Comparison of temperatures (see Fig. 3a and 3b) indicates that average temperatures in the test cell is 32-33°C which is lower than average temperatures in the controlled cell by 1.0-3.2°C, and lower than the ambient air temperature as much as 6°C at 16.00\n\nand also\n\n > Due to my work i do know a lot about this ( chem plant ) . Cooling has basically nearly nothing to do with the temp of the water . Sure , cold water will be better , because it has to heat all the way up before evaporting . However , hot water also can bring 90% orso of the complete cooling effect . Let's say you want to turn water into steam . You put a pot with water on the fire and see how long it takes to boil , do the same with hot water . Yu will see that there is a timediff . Now comes stage 2 , it is boiling . See how long it takes to evap all the water . You will see it takes a lot longer then bring the water to boiling point . This has to do with calories needed , or kJ if you want it like that . Evap is the cooling ( as exchange in energy ) so it will work even if the water is hot by itself . Even water of 99c will do the job , if you spray a very fine droplet on the roof . the finer the drops , the more the effect .",
"The solar heat gain in hot climates on a dark colored roof is over 200 BTUs per hour per sq. ft. This will yield a temperature rise of more than 60 F. above ambient, or 3.2 BTUs per degree F.. It takes about 8000 BTUs to evaporate 1 gallon of water. Evaporating 1 gallon per hour will eliminate the solar heat gain and cool 40 sq. ft. of rooftop to ambient temperature. A more efficient method would be to shade the roof and prevent the 200+ BTUs per hour per sq. ft. from reaching the rooftop. Then the water evaporation could actually cool the rooftop below ambient temperature.",
"You may be interested in a related ask science thread about non-electric refrigeration in the desert through evaporation.\n\nThe \"Fridge\": _URL_2_\n\n_URL_2_",
"Check out _URL_3_. They have gathered a lot of info. about reducing the heat load from the roof."
],
"score": [
11,
4,
3,
2,
2
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://www.coolthaihouse.com/forum/viewtopic.php?f=40&t=2059",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yakhchal",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/q4tfu/challenge_can_ice_be_made_by_man_without_use_of/",
"www.roofshade.com"
]
} | Does my friend running water on his roof really cool the house down?
I live in Thailand as a volunteer English teacher currently and my friend insists that it's cooler if he has these little sprinklers creating artificial rain on his roof. He says it's something to do with it creating a gap of air or something but it sounds to me like really bad science as I really don't feel any cooler in the house when this rain is running... So my question is whether there's actually any truth behind what he says or whether it's just bad science/the cultural norm around here ( a lot of households do it and everyone i have been in has still be really hot! ) | [
-0.3093793988227844,
-0.24159133434295654,
0.14577901363372803,
-0.1946972906589508,
-0.6421648859977722,
-0.2966533899307251,
-0.1584562063217163,
-0.5642086863517761,
0.948506236076355,
0.8974785804748535,
0.616487443447113,
0.5393859148025513,
-0.6358346343040466,
1.0776169300079346,
-0.6482856869697571,
-0.7561010122299194,
0.9672717452049255,
-0.10476798564195633,
0.16035309433937073,
0.2240026891231537,
-0.26686015725135803,
0.4950326681137085,
0.03167156130075455,
0.694551944732666,
-0.9977974891662598,
-0.20663990080356598,
0.4466637969017029,
-0.5029032230377197,
0.4650755524635315,
0.5131415724754333,
0.639514148235321,
0.23423035442829132,
-0.7509411573410034,
-0.7641885876655579,
0.021531835198402405,
-0.17074063420295715,
0.670610785484314,
0.11851143836975098,
0.42514389753341675,
-0.46076467633247375,
-0.19983474910259247,
-1.0571908950805664,
0.1258345991373062,
0.9645798206329346,
0.14250169694423676,
-0.7662891745567322,
0.35493358969688416,
-0.1685715615749359,
-0.5740421414375305,
0.2705821096897125,
-0.2847728133201599,
-0.2057061344385147,
0.038524530827999115,
0.03588416799902916,
0.31000816822052,
-0.1053839847445488,
-0.6807429790496826,
-0.38546064496040344,
0.490602970123291,
0.26729539036750793,
0.29312899708747864,
-0.25396591424942017,
-1.3046784400939941,
-0.38175714015960693,
0.21748796105384827,
-0.5423241257667542,
-1.264210820198059,
0.8450552225112915,
0.03968161344528198,
-0.0771598219871521,
-0.33075961470603943,
0.13739526271820068,
-0.27302372455596924,
0.008718589320778847,
-0.22426898777484894,
-1.0636367797851562,
0.2543541491031647,
-0.7913287878036499,
-0.20024171471595764,
-0.4467574954032898,
0.07680158317089081,
0.5286763906478882,
0.3598218858242035,
0.28590357303619385,
0.06505429744720459,
1.0096955299377441,
1.0666313171386719,
-0.8388327956199646,
0.13140173256397247,
-0.16030851006507874,
-0.5561670660972595,
-0.13319870829582214,
0.7310062646865845,
-0.3770298659801483,
0.6784493923187256,
0.21328765153884888,
0.6220759153366089,
-0.5528647303581238,
0.14298829436302185,
-0.19142799079418182,
-0.42464837431907654,
0.8978625535964966,
0.18666556477546692,
1.0716522932052612,
0.254013329744339,
-0.2225836217403412,
-0.02011820301413536,
0.24902865290641785,
-0.23572644591331482,
0.2209082990884781,
0.5388368368148804,
1.3978859186172485,
0.4900592863559723,
-0.6978692412376404,
0.37882789969444275,
-1.0705504417419434,
0.13316024839878082,
0.05943610891699791,
0.6780964136123657,
0.5927371978759766,
0.21658414602279663,
-0.4888792037963867,
1.0394920110702515,
-0.7150512933731079,
-0.6468660831451416,
0.09556007385253906,
-0.8797494769096375,
0.23171639442443848,
0.05125568062067032,
-0.03717970848083496,
-0.3245179355144501,
0.547351062297821,
0.6799677014350891,
-0.09655839949846268,
0.29338935017585754,
-0.22019141912460327,
-1.1525102853775024,
0.1295672059059143,
-0.3037514388561249,
0.23641037940979004,
-1.089532494544983,
-0.22271539270877838,
0.5773442983627319,
-0.1844630241394043,
-0.45809364318847656,
-0.8254669308662415,
-1.0887233018875122,
-0.26734158396720886,
0.35678941011428833,
-0.5489287376403809,
-0.021584725007414818,
-0.12633536756038666,
0.2590519189834595,
-0.42782464623451233,
0.7865130305290222,
0.800542950630188,
0.924735963344574,
-0.25978317856788635,
0.21024610102176666,
-0.6268259286880493,
0.25563502311706543,
-0.08034554123878479,
-0.317144513130188,
0.6659795045852661,
0.8750574588775635,
-0.5700311660766602,
0.30404847860336304,
-0.48550665378570557,
-0.14291241765022278,
0.4564148783683777,
-0.37433546781539917,
-0.3357408344745636,
1.0648375749588013,
0.30013033747673035,
1.4282811880111694,
0.0291338749229908,
0.7959617972373962,
0.43313276767730713,
0.03490561246871948,
0.2923605144023895,
0.4472748339176178,
0.609643280506134,
-0.06212108954787254,
1.0351500511169434,
-0.5844525694847107,
0.02126340940594673,
0.3371010720729828,
0.31191563606262207,
0.18401198089122772,
0.6776762008666992,
0.42390257120132446,
0.09931688010692596,
-1.2897948026657104,
0.14213275909423828,
0.07490302622318268,
-0.0196242518723011,
-0.17698493599891663,
0.7075121402740479,
0.15913280844688416,
0.12953804433345795,
0.06287918239831924,
-0.8434605598449707,
-0.4451151490211487,
-0.09821008890867233,
-0.3996839225292206,
-0.3213212192058563,
0.5552435517311096,
0.17000333964824677,
0.4441785216331482,
-0.25474464893341064,
-0.2702583372592926,
0.884706974029541,
0.38269662857055664,
-0.3044125437736511,
-0.19094295799732208,
-0.38251519203186035,
-0.8359043002128601,
-0.3538433015346527,
-0.87299644947052,
0.428514301776886,
-0.10250765085220337,
-0.40408486127853394,
-0.2346869260072708,
1.048581838607788,
0.5963375568389893,
-1.0518327951431274,
-0.8038091659545898,
0.055149056017398834,
0.40925198793411255,
-0.40614622831344604,
-0.2015710324048996,
-0.07395725697278976,
-0.36713987588882446,
-0.12367472797632217,
0.43548089265823364,
-0.562268078327179,
-0.39695116877555847,
-0.6586266160011292,
1.0476678609848022,
-0.622037947177887,
-0.5257526636123657,
0.8905841112136841,
0.8888212442398071,
0.7325384020805359,
-0.20553453266620636,
0.45431211590766907,
-0.2228715419769287,
-0.8888616561889648,
-0.31475967168807983,
-0.3575054407119751,
-0.2608892023563385,
-0.4089008569717407,
-0.43680816888809204,
-0.6976263523101807,
-0.09794370085000992,
-0.40525877475738525,
0.49782562255859375,
-0.6767994165420532,
-0.435758113861084,
0.5067089200019836,
0.19103369116783142,
-0.0522320382297039,
0.7958498001098633,
-0.7803794145584106,
-0.3708736002445221,
0.25467047095298767,
-1.2270293235778809,
-0.45088306069374084,
-0.8790355920791626,
0.12789368629455566,
-0.2888253331184387,
-0.9443162083625793,
0.22491112351417542,
-0.02053346112370491,
0.1285046637058258,
-0.8727259039878845,
0.39357835054397583,
-0.22994044423103333,
0.6072900891304016,
0.11630171537399292,
0.3900795578956604,
1.21834135055542,
0.1704220324754715,
-0.727603554725647,
-0.8542245030403137,
-0.3080204725265503,
0.5469532012939453,
-0.11485408246517181,
0.0022059381008148193,
-0.7249899506568909,
0.5099077820777893,
-0.568271279335022,
-0.5380052328109741,
0.7190079689025879,
0.07322091609239578,
-0.45858535170555115,
0.16858002543449402,
-0.5975620150566101,
0.02022278495132923,
-0.16792844235897064,
-0.5804821848869324,
-0.43172651529312134,
0.4111427664756775,
0.40757328271865845,
-0.18991056084632874,
-0.5593539476394653,
0.5330933332443237,
-0.9522957801818848,
0.804768979549408,
-0.164191335439682,
1.0987462997436523,
-1.0025062561035156,
0.1510370522737503,
0.4944665729999542,
0.4196763038635254,
0.46825093030929565,
-0.07919476181268692,
0.28787657618522644,
-0.518090546131134,
-0.09136268496513367,
-0.02950143814086914,
-0.012407135218381882,
0.38823649287223816,
0.436997652053833,
0.5152516961097717,
0.8443716764450073,
-0.22284400463104248,
0.821300208568573,
-0.5038565397262573,
0.2449897974729538,
0.15806449949741364,
-0.3100876212120056,
0.9129315614700317,
0.13437354564666748,
0.0007781982421875,
0.2615812420845032,
0.07594109326601028,
0.494164377450943,
-0.022584758698940277,
0.7056994438171387,
0.7849677801132202,
-0.02914968691766262,
-0.28391021490097046,
-0.14565366506576538,
-0.3600129783153534,
0.4101620018482208,
-0.7618448734283447,
0.3150758147239685,
0.21996596455574036,
-0.28417375683784485,
0.42017367482185364,
0.2452738732099533,
0.31622114777565,
-0.47950923442840576,
-0.8644052147865295,
-0.4898485839366913,
-0.43399426341056824,
-0.10491986572742462,
1.576730728149414,
-0.163642019033432,
-0.25160571932792664,
0.05738695710897446,
0.23204022645950317,
0.10226514935493469,
0.02108176425099373,
-0.562418520450592,
-1.226059079170227,
-0.8577820062637329,
-0.43761661648750305,
0.10396791994571686,
-0.1112532988190651,
0.25001534819602966,
0.2844437062740326,
0.39274510741233826,
0.16337040066719055,
0.1671711504459381,
0.38036471605300903,
0.14833879470825195,
-0.9769172668457031,
-0.385076642036438,
0.24857501685619354,
0.01942818984389305,
0.2769007384777069,
-0.0075224293395876884,
0.15136805176734924,
-0.7990868091583252,
-0.9302494525909424,
-0.20584315061569214,
0.08089113235473633,
0.25638800859451294,
0.06882159411907196,
-0.18449749052524567,
-0.21786031126976013,
-0.22541531920433044,
-0.421502947807312,
-0.994777262210846,
-0.5438646078109741,
1.1663552522659302,
0.1297939568758011,
-0.1037922352552414,
-0.16821084916591644,
0.5780340433120728,
0.27785900235176086,
1.5062785148620605,
0.3596625328063965,
-0.0036207339726388454,
0.42147764563560486,
-0.008151032030582428,
0.6670722961425781,
-0.1952507495880127,
0.19541838765144348,
-0.4413467347621918,
-0.24474090337753296,
-0.19554933905601501,
0.2620466947555542,
-0.5697547793388367,
-0.5628944039344788,
-0.6923206448554993,
-1.365403413772583,
0.12844230234622955,
0.4559856355190277,
-0.5210793614387512,
-0.03606473281979561,
0.5046800374984741,
-0.6456339359283447,
-0.1582067459821701,
0.3422780930995941,
-0.08670037984848022,
-0.9337514042854309,
0.4309661388397217,
-0.43027135729789734,
-0.7810488939285278,
1.14845609664917,
0.6367067694664001,
-0.6897841691970825,
-0.06570813059806824,
0.04708045348525047,
-0.0010276418179273605,
0.022197522222995758,
-0.5901123881340027,
-0.4885496497154236,
-0.027623455971479416,
-0.1051752120256424,
0.5155336260795593,
-0.21264109015464783,
-1.2312374114990234,
-0.004795633256435394,
-0.008502732962369919,
-0.8865470290184021,
0.40634918212890625,
-0.11301087588071823,
-0.6224738955497742,
0.14541390538215637,
-0.43337029218673706,
0.4696846902370453,
-0.1808217465877533,
0.5860984325408936,
-0.5777391195297241,
-0.13589206337928772,
-0.1366928517818451,
-0.23713533580303192,
-0.7544965147972107,
-0.04399674013257027,
0.8565964102745056,
-0.005037510767579079,
0.5231122970581055,
0.2201119363307953,
0.2882874310016632,
0.025174245238304138,
-1.822269082069397,
-0.6111487150192261,
0.04491471126675606,
0.7575588822364807,
0.4034550189971924,
-0.27696526050567627,
-0.5279916524887085,
0.44509583711624146,
0.5636471509933472,
0.10601957142353058,
-0.6387144327163696,
0.3799782395362854,
-0.8365145325660706,
-0.5067449808120728,
-0.11800770461559296,
0.5848128199577332,
0.47017279267311096,
-0.5338919162750244,
0.4983076751232147,
-1.2944140434265137,
-0.8010199666023254,
0.05594845116138458,
-0.13790978491306305,
-0.014125538989901543,
0.42628398537635803,
0.21689754724502563,
-0.12839725613594055,
-0.7538727521896362,
0.72567218542099,
0.548431932926178,
-0.19061388075351715,
-0.011248617433011532,
-0.14626747369766235,
0.19114373624324799,
-0.10306549072265625,
0.2358774095773697,
0.3252071440219879,
0.14424604177474976,
-0.012135706841945648,
0.5018649697303772,
1.2510454654693604,
-0.9618172645568848,
-0.13794127106666565,
-0.6410481929779053,
-1.7579700946807861,
-0.29252707958221436,
0.4849591553211212,
-0.365650475025177,
0.7794159650802612,
0.6055788993835449,
0.6853692531585693,
-1.1081788539886475,
-0.8902207612991333,
0.3828413784503937,
-0.8031086921691895,
0.2296319156885147,
0.3865372836589813,
-1.1805671453475952,
-1.2238330841064453,
-0.3647657334804535,
-0.16301922500133514,
0.43751731514930725,
-0.3654908835887909,
-0.2705123722553253,
-0.0041601285338401794,
0.17763832211494446,
1.0546854734420776,
0.041723065078258514,
-1.094383716583252,
0.33316490054130554,
0.16080401837825775,
0.15771539509296417,
0.6110516786575317,
0.16647915542125702,
-0.2587718963623047,
0.19397832453250885,
0.005676575005054474,
-0.6867486834526062,
0.8444272875785828,
-0.6031650304794312,
0.04597897082567215,
0.578605055809021,
0.15140289068222046,
0.5171598792076111,
-0.4989464282989502,
-0.43944793939590454,
0.010659778490662575,
0.394193172454834,
-0.5181483626365662,
0.1297580599784851,
0.3295444846153259,
-0.8725246787071228,
0.37969863414764404,
0.5905977487564087,
-1.6661144495010376,
0.09837152063846588,
-0.8168983459472656,
-0.515565812587738,
0.5290886163711548,
-0.35923802852630615,
0.08703838288784027,
-0.9331570267677307,
0.45789235830307007,
-0.38816750049591064,
-0.6988714337348938,
-0.26906171441078186,
0.1522112786769867,
-1.512162685394287,
-0.6034872531890869,
-0.027489442378282547,
-0.0792892798781395,
0.06584319472312927,
-0.05808424949645996,
0.19528424739837646,
0.3230488896369934,
-0.3989061713218689,
-0.5797500610351562,
0.21104620397090912,
0.08752645552158356,
0.15031208097934723,
0.2708252966403961,
-1.148645281791687,
-0.33947116136550903,
0.06213458999991417,
-0.4774516224861145,
1.582484483718872,
0.1747491955757141,
0.1816389262676239,
0.21337078511714935,
0.46526190638542175,
0.005959991365671158,
-0.08143281936645508,
-0.6745155453681946,
0.444827139377594,
0.3700946867465973,
0.7723959684371948,
-0.2085803747177124,
0.6534382104873657,
-1.033017635345459,
-0.04427129030227661,
-0.4004935324192047,
0.8986833691596985,
0.49506062269210815,
-0.505027711391449,
0.020792242139577866,
-0.4806540012359619,
-0.4530808627605438,
-0.3744937777519226,
-1.178614854812622,
-0.8852391242980957,
0.09952720254659653,
0.9880912899971008,
0.6494985818862915,
-1.1060473918914795,
1.0951850414276123,
0.48962509632110596,
0.27137452363967896,
-0.40016642212867737,
1.1464763879776,
0.7466129660606384,
-1.009423851966858,
-0.11152900755405426,
-0.9066844582557678,
0.03645947948098183,
-0.6589975357055664,
-0.9517230987548828,
-0.013392182067036629,
-0.6556270122528076,
0.2449924200773239,
0.11750297248363495,
-0.21823328733444214,
-0.6507377624511719,
-0.3084498643875122,
-0.0689464658498764,
-0.007335510104894638,
1.14604651927948,
0.2940886914730072,
-0.4552820026874542,
0.46403446793556213,
-0.02528654783964157,
0.7519950866699219,
-0.33490461111068726,
0.5978893041610718,
0.6583623290061951,
0.8812147378921509,
0.286968469619751,
0.3547714352607727,
0.1952037513256073,
0.15068833529949188,
-0.32729417085647583,
-0.6576058864593506,
-0.12768225371837616,
-0.6375862956047058,
0.5866061449050903,
-0.0491144061088562,
0.40106201171875,
0.3714698553085327,
1.171353816986084,
-0.5082809329032898,
-0.798721432685852,
-0.6283591985702515,
-0.369445264339447,
0.5664438605308533,
-1.2795125246047974,
-0.05052366852760315,
0.7677059769630432,
-0.10807599127292633,
-0.6077969074249268,
0.47527846693992615,
-0.18719688057899475,
-0.5073248147964478,
-0.5506218075752258,
0.5895906686782837,
-0.0200491975992918,
0.06679011136293411,
0.24158844351768494,
-0.46641236543655396,
-0.46184042096138,
1.049675464630127,
1.4392213821411133,
-0.3750363290309906,
0.17006352543830872,
-0.36053118109703064,
-0.26933732628822327,
-0.19434791803359985,
-0.6642487645149231,
-0.2560475170612335,
-0.7376425266265869,
-0.7318884134292603,
-0.17404165863990784,
0.020868953317403793,
-0.47382864356040955,
-0.0199863500893116,
0.08640477061271667,
0.02730380743741989,
-0.18363632261753082,
0.429129034280777,
0.4885537624359131,
-0.016328239813447,
0.08987034112215042,
-0.9117746949195862,
1.1388705968856812,
-0.23728682100772858,
-0.43090876936912537,
-0.2651573419570923,
0.5690307021141052,
-0.07336415350437164,
-0.2606208920478821,
0.3971920907497406,
-0.23883235454559326,
1.4223397970199585,
0.19906124472618103,
-0.01831175945699215,
-0.6321254372596741,
0.7546207308769226,
-0.5090944766998291,
-0.08479833602905273,
-0.2989564538002014,
0.1949494481086731,
-0.17700909078121185,
-0.2602405548095703,
-0.3266987204551697,
-0.11168868094682693,
0.5040806531906128,
0.8769332766532898,
0.6687194108963013,
0.2972027063369751,
-1.0443658828735352,
0.2597895860671997,
-0.08077298849821091,
0.4105371832847595,
-0.4593483805656433,
0.3153863251209259,
-0.14242485165596008,
-0.9525937438011169,
0.17087715864181519,
0.7489681839942932,
0.18876582384109497,
0.8865048289299011,
0.08237774670124054,
0.31637880206108093,
-0.3091737926006317,
1.4563466310501099,
0.5186298489570618,
0.5866000652313232,
0.16339696943759918,
-0.10116894543170929,
-0.1443081498146057,
-1.3216748237609863,
-0.40063291788101196,
-0.936429500579834,
-0.5118756890296936,
-0.013992136344313622,
0.12682397663593292,
0.015496306121349335,
0.3725701868534088,
0.454955518245697,
0.2089218646287918,
0.770727276802063
] |
|
1rqlf4 | What are the unique detriments to a Guaranteed Minimum Income? | Disincentive to work seems to happen with welfare anyway. Redistribution of wealth is inherent in any progressive tax.
Even if these concerns were unique to GMI, it seems the value of eliminating minimum wage (to combat the deflation effect on labor by globalization) and streamlining the welfare bureaucracy (eliminating redundant social programs) would make the venture worthwhile. But it's rarely even considered. I have a hard time believing it's due to simple distaste, so I'd like to know the economic reasons it's not considered an option (particularly in the US).
To give a simple example of what I think of when I think of GMI: Every citizen is guaranteed $15,000/yr. For every dollar they earn in a year, GMI pays out 50 cents less, until their income reaches $30,000/yr and they no longer receive benefits.
I hope I was clear. I look forward to the answers. | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"cdpzagf",
"cdq0p07",
"cdpzp65",
"cdq1q9t"
],
"text": [
"Marginal Revolution has a take on this question from just days ago:\n\n_URL_0_\n\nBasically, while basic income could simplify and reap large savings for the entire welfare system, we actually have a complex system of benefits because there are a complex set of issues that pique our sympathy, where we want government to help a little extra: the disabled, the elderly, people who need medical care in emergencies, the EITC to help encourage work and give people a boost when they're getting back on their feet.\n\nI like the idea of a basic income, but he raises some good practical questions about how much of the welfare system you'd want to replace with it, and how you'd hold the line to keep it from just heading towards cost overruns.",
"Redistribution of wealth is not a detriment of a progressive tax system. It's actually one of the most important parts of one. People only think it is detrimental if they have only had basic (or no) economic theory. In basic economic theory, money is value and power neutral. This makes all of the math with very neat and tidy, but simplifies the problems of the world away at the same time. The result is a theoretical idea that money cannot and does not buy political power. This is demonstrably false. A progressive, usually highly, taxation system is inherently necessary to make sure no 'economic agents (for instance people or corporations)' can buy political power and stack the deck in their own favor.\n\nSource: I have a master's degree in economics.",
"Your question is valid. And points are fair. I believe that you may already realize the answer to your question though, although you say you find it hard to believe. The source of welfare programs, with our view being limited to the United States, is rooted in politics. Note that this is different from being rooted in economic policy or governmental structure.\n\nWelfare programs and generally social support structures in the US gained popularity in the 1930's during the Great Depression, as a part of President Franklin Roosevelt's \"New Deal\" programs and were subsequently expanded during another period of economic and social crisis in the US, with President Lyndon Johnson's \"Great Society\" programs.\n\nDuring both of these times in American history, a Minimum Wage (being a similar but different concept from GMI) was implemented (for the first time in 1938) or subsequently re-ratified (1961,66). However, in each of these instances the US minimum wage was considered a protection against unfair work practices. Not a means of strict social subsidy. So, it is important to keep in mind that the idea of GMI has never had serious legs in the US.\n\nOn the other hand, other programs (collectively referred to as \"Welfare\", inclusive of housing, food, and medical supplement or subsidy programs) are closer to a GMI, in terms of what can be seen in the American system. As with Minimum Wage, it is important to know why these programs came about. And while the programs are too varied and the rational too diverse to be completely covered here, the basic principle is to \"provide a social safety net\". And the structures are created in such a way as to \"provide for the needy\" but not to \"give to the poor\".\n\nThe answer, for America, is just what you cannot believe. Providing an outright hand-out, without jumping through hoops in legislation or otherwise proving \"need\" would fly to harshly in the face of American society. We need anything that is bestowed upon a citizen to be \"earned\" for our system to work.\n\nFor other examples you can look towards our tax codes. Hundreds of pages of laws, rules and exceptions that have all been \"socially engineered\" to encourage us (Americans) to act in specific ways. If we had direct knowledge of how much we will pay in taxes every year, or how much income or subsidy each citizen needs or actually receives each year, would we have a more efficient and transparent government that would be less wasteful? Absolutely.\n\nBut then, why would we need so many politicians, and accountants and lawyers, and Internal Revenue Service employees? We wouldn't. And that would cause to large of a social and societal shift. So, instead, we continue to play in the crazy, ass-backwards system that we started creating 80-100 years ago. Which is designed to slow economic mobility and decrease transparency. Because that is how we keep the most people happy, by not really allowing anyone (of the general public) to be able to understand how the system works.\n\nSource: Econ Major from a top 25 US university.",
"Most likely, we will see GMI based structures implemented in the EU within the next 20 years with more countries adopting it after the first guinea pig country does it. It appears to be the only solution to our upcoming social problems; capitalism wasnt designed for a global economy where finding the most efficient forms of production means shifting capital away from your country.\n\nWith labor participation rates dropping in the US and world wide, increasing partial unemployment, and automation, I have yet to see a valid conservative approach that begins to tackle any of these problems. At least in the US, the conservative mentality of \"no handouts\" and reducing social problems has to face the fact that we have an extremely armed populace."
],
"score": [
22,
11,
8,
5
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://marginalrevolution.com/marginalrevolution/2013/11/what-are-some-of-the-biggest-problems-with-a-guaranteed-annual-income.html"
]
} | What are the unique detriments to a Guaranteed Minimum Income?
Disincentive to work seems to happen with welfare anyway. Redistribution of wealth is inherent in any progressive tax. Even if these concerns were unique to GMI, it seems the value of eliminating minimum wage (to combat the deflation effect on labor by globalization) and streamlining the welfare bureaucracy (eliminating redundant social programs) would make the venture worthwhile. But it's rarely even considered. I have a hard time believing it's due to simple distaste, so I'd like to know the economic reasons it's not considered an option (particularly in the US). To give a simple example of what I think of when I think of GMI: Every citizen is guaranteed $15,000/yr. For every dollar they earn in a year, GMI pays out 50 cents less, until their income reaches $30,000/yr and they no longer receive benefits. I hope I was clear. I look forward to the answers. | [
-0.5995317697525024,
-0.18790528178215027,
-0.045823246240615845,
-0.7109325528144836,
-0.48584991693496704,
0.021257679909467697,
-0.358526349067688,
-1.011193871498108,
-0.13833273947238922,
0.38479888439178467,
0.6486750841140747,
0.37646639347076416,
-1.1001073122024536,
0.05439680814743042,
-0.17979630827903748,
-0.7680376768112183,
0.6589829325675964,
0.040446195751428604,
-1.0058993101119995,
-0.7434123754501343,
-0.3590049743652344,
0.3828350305557251,
0.3730170726776123,
1.148940920829773,
-0.8206353187561035,
0.19640478491783142,
0.5576745867729187,
-0.5531302690505981,
0.20971640944480896,
0.3652735948562622,
0.34621769189834595,
0.40324437618255615,
-0.17743030190467834,
-0.34933769702911377,
0.39417317509651184,
-0.2885894477367401,
0.27149391174316406,
0.034558478742837906,
0.42583808302879333,
-0.8774389028549194,
-0.11928993463516235,
-0.8590851426124573,
-0.2767351567745209,
1.2890650033950806,
0.19020256400108337,
0.04902493208646774,
-0.09245524555444717,
0.13660897314548492,
-0.6313846111297607,
-0.10754012316465378,
0.2529014050960541,
-0.19371339678764343,
0.7171840071678162,
-0.006322055589407682,
0.5329528450965881,
-0.20924097299575806,
-0.835709810256958,
0.4157945215702057,
0.5198222994804382,
-0.10406479984521866,
0.524672269821167,
0.5932530760765076,
-1.0574043989181519,
-1.3392300605773926,
0.05393210053443909,
0.057178713381290436,
-0.9431101083755493,
0.9511653184890747,
-0.4229500889778137,
-1.314857840538025,
0.025415653362870216,
-0.5684658288955688,
-0.08233970403671265,
0.5202957987785339,
0.1347295045852661,
-1.3085371255874634,
-0.12162913382053375,
-0.13333456218242645,
-0.8440897464752197,
0.05790325254201889,
-0.18012969195842743,
0.09765828400850296,
0.3521564304828644,
0.36221471428871155,
0.36963099241256714,
0.3626270294189453,
0.7860351204872131,
-0.2183774709701538,
0.06032176315784454,
0.22758308053016663,
-0.13722845911979675,
-0.8425236344337463,
0.4490002989768982,
-0.41469839215278625,
-0.34782910346984863,
-1.1650187969207764,
0.5754374265670776,
-0.7787249088287354,
-0.29056137800216675,
0.4677627682685852,
0.6583796739578247,
0.1785140186548233,
0.6301313638687134,
0.787077784538269,
0.6866005063056946,
-0.37637484073638916,
0.841683566570282,
0.08754929900169373,
-0.4084509015083313,
-0.2637106478214264,
-0.02678425796329975,
-0.21366959810256958,
0.4824438989162445,
-1.0207970142364502,
-0.19659262895584106,
-1.6646171808242798,
-0.24715694785118103,
0.09370660781860352,
1.000086784362793,
0.6834434866905212,
0.7919039726257324,
-0.6664391756057739,
0.5898793339729309,
-0.4823371171951294,
-0.26821744441986084,
0.07357683777809143,
-0.20297172665596008,
-0.001671958714723587,
-0.05947084352374077,
-0.24661213159561157,
-0.13333196938037872,
-0.13810358941555023,
0.21515116095542908,
-0.1952914148569107,
-0.3080395758152008,
-0.6731259822845459,
-0.14629855751991272,
0.14648166298866272,
-0.49649855494499207,
-0.3438189923763275,
-0.774262547492981,
0.02659582532942295,
1.0335044860839844,
-0.19572332501411438,
-0.3656516373157501,
-0.7484455108642578,
-0.5595572590827942,
-0.10659767687320709,
0.3969810903072357,
-0.4527927041053772,
-0.255478173494339,
-0.36279335618019104,
0.6719290018081665,
-0.9011280536651611,
-0.30383554100990295,
-0.47837507724761963,
1.3272887468338013,
-0.13525542616844177,
-0.9415155649185181,
-0.2598678171634674,
-0.6034447550773621,
-0.472875714302063,
-0.5802741050720215,
-0.5296831727027893,
1.0224361419677734,
-1.0640820264816284,
0.4295195937156677,
-0.4147897958755493,
-0.15405340492725372,
0.07117348909378052,
-0.20756880939006805,
-0.5017357468605042,
1.2072268724441528,
0.4450010657310486,
0.5609610676765442,
-0.13990207016468048,
-0.39940744638442993,
0.09575100988149643,
0.10544981807470322,
0.31133463978767395,
-0.005091089755296707,
-0.6169090270996094,
0.45516571402549744,
0.8804131150245667,
-0.6986851692199707,
-0.3128122091293335,
0.3245105743408203,
-0.7634371519088745,
0.5295411348342896,
0.29959309101104736,
-0.13804477453231812,
-0.0635170042514801,
-1.1930992603302002,
0.3645915687084198,
0.6187593340873718,
-0.22568567097187042,
-0.3837949335575104,
0.23400647938251495,
0.2876187860965729,
-0.5134857892990112,
-1.7306112051010132,
-1.5921504497528076,
-0.5730295777320862,
0.09690635651350021,
-0.06707543134689331,
0.20036742091178894,
0.1694420576095581,
-0.07868621498346329,
0.3273553252220154,
0.021569807082414627,
-0.0012299520894885063,
0.5870497822761536,
-0.14877770841121674,
-0.4666999578475952,
-0.30982327461242676,
0.47897204756736755,
-0.36895453929901123,
-0.3843466639518738,
-0.44178473949432373,
0.8776174783706665,
0.5468554496765137,
-0.26680368185043335,
-0.4469038248062134,
0.48673540353775024,
1.3011627197265625,
-1.012941598892212,
-0.2571841776371002,
-0.6212193965911865,
0.07666558027267456,
0.8044877052307129,
0.04978722706437111,
-0.361503928899765,
0.04926656186580658,
0.15762701630592346,
0.03959077596664429,
-0.7474292516708374,
-0.8717529773712158,
-0.49282535910606384,
0.4168801009654999,
-0.7368463277816772,
-0.35075458884239197,
0.26945817470550537,
0.36516809463500977,
0.11903084069490433,
-0.18055182695388794,
0.7419232130050659,
-0.17774687707424164,
-0.40403538942337036,
0.17488782107830048,
0.817926287651062,
-1.8946577310562134,
-0.4296027421951294,
0.029270896688103676,
-0.1554936170578003,
0.16117557883262634,
-0.22959095239639282,
-0.24506743252277374,
0.02069871500134468,
-0.4899655282497406,
-0.1330907940864563,
0.0957467257976532,
-0.04353112727403641,
0.439079225063324,
-0.04131022095680237,
-0.36147403717041016,
0.25881266593933105,
-0.8851763606071472,
-0.15235312283039093,
0.15888670086860657,
0.43443039059638977,
0.3654555678367615,
-0.42882269620895386,
-0.40712761878967285,
0.9686821699142456,
-0.6480369567871094,
-0.7130192518234253,
0.41193118691444397,
-0.1378469616174698,
0.5685865879058838,
0.3771916329860687,
0.2912113070487976,
0.9322998523712158,
-0.33439022302627563,
0.040322285145521164,
-0.1741502583026886,
0.17209762334823608,
1.258980631828308,
-0.5542483329772949,
0.39167723059654236,
-0.5462725758552551,
0.09442057460546494,
0.5856481194496155,
-0.5851738452911377,
1.0783131122589111,
0.8352701663970947,
-0.265633761882782,
0.40256962180137634,
-0.4107972979545593,
0.5115933418273926,
0.025005845353007317,
-0.2343854457139969,
-0.24306268990039825,
0.38700956106185913,
0.14861904084682465,
-0.043434564024209976,
0.02945803478360176,
0.2320910394191742,
-0.9828035831451416,
0.2535886764526367,
0.20179516077041626,
0.6094425916671753,
-0.5202162265777588,
0.4131103456020355,
0.709895133972168,
-0.1504564881324768,
-0.08256079256534576,
0.056596722453832626,
-1.2608362436294556,
-0.7496169209480286,
-0.45022836327552795,
0.1453859806060791,
0.48563605546951294,
-0.12004201859235764,
0.45170581340789795,
0.49854859709739685,
1.1017730236053467,
-0.4030654728412628,
0.28450271487236023,
-0.8342928290367126,
-0.37502700090408325,
0.650180459022522,
-0.26401105523109436,
0.1852605640888214,
0.3694154620170593,
-0.13045614957809448,
0.31842857599258423,
-0.6097519397735596,
0.37715649604797363,
0.017372265458106995,
-0.24522683024406433,
1.3945215940475464,
-0.17080509662628174,
-0.3578419089317322,
0.12505897879600525,
-0.4650716781616211,
0.26733294129371643,
-1.3481682538986206,
0.8111822605133057,
-0.12440288066864014,
0.36367499828338623,
0.1306716948747635,
0.7842313051223755,
0.9532975554466248,
-1.0710155963897705,
0.03246419504284859,
0.6717889904975891,
-0.21466347575187683,
-0.42680445313453674,
1.190740704536438,
0.525156557559967,
-0.2490648329257965,
0.156948059797287,
0.7924178838729858,
0.31534966826438904,
1.013587236404419,
-0.17073728144168854,
-0.9867544174194336,
-0.4599943459033966,
-0.14021271467208862,
0.8889130353927612,
0.5059906840324402,
0.5237917900085449,
-0.3199943006038666,
0.05729322135448456,
0.4634782075881958,
-0.017622146755456924,
0.7634618878364563,
0.6905742883682251,
-0.5451308488845825,
0.051249098032712936,
0.24031506478786469,
-0.07893729209899902,
0.25449520349502563,
0.1723354011774063,
-0.7934226989746094,
-0.5065901875495911,
-0.6476255655288696,
-0.5881669521331787,
0.1980927586555481,
0.08759965002536774,
0.5185543298721313,
-0.25711438059806824,
-0.2331005483865738,
-0.2281702160835266,
-0.7508095502853394,
-0.6406420469284058,
-0.4834209680557251,
0.717750608921051,
-0.20455162227153778,
-0.277598112821579,
0.5020978450775146,
1.0581363439559937,
-0.12953461706638336,
0.6850100755691528,
0.5668719410896301,
-0.6660063862800598,
-0.08188247680664062,
0.5184933543205261,
1.6100398302078247,
-0.7167423367500305,
-0.07462974637746811,
-0.302339106798172,
-0.19926655292510986,
0.47378331422805786,
1.0679636001586914,
-0.04058267921209335,
-1.2824413776397705,
-1.2736022472381592,
-0.502024233341217,
0.08953548222780228,
1.0550856590270996,
0.09340162575244904,
0.6500489711761475,
0.7561812996864319,
-0.9870882630348206,
-0.3405028283596039,
0.15830807387828827,
-0.5185815095901489,
-0.3925648033618927,
0.22121109068393707,
-0.806564450263977,
-1.0334880352020264,
-0.03748723864555359,
0.5065297484397888,
-0.8287912011146545,
-0.6651594042778015,
-0.3957986831665039,
-0.07011694461107254,
0.4628640115261078,
0.3920322060585022,
-0.7159915566444397,
0.39628124237060547,
-0.7627999782562256,
0.06548765301704407,
-0.007020401768386364,
0.017398975789546967,
0.695303738117218,
-0.07684056460857391,
-0.37440696358680725,
0.15614566206932068,
-0.1208057552576065,
-0.5758715271949768,
-0.04096578434109688,
-0.09834333509206772,
0.21971851587295532,
0.6126401424407959,
-0.0971495509147644,
-0.2967478334903717,
-0.08378501981496811,
0.02923719957470894,
-0.39972418546676636,
-0.2707512378692627,
-0.3357264995574951,
0.391453355550766,
0.27620217204093933,
0.33997130393981934,
0.5345821380615234,
-0.5003642439842224,
0.2745782732963562,
-0.9787443280220032,
-0.845281183719635,
-0.11384502053260803,
0.04921775311231613,
0.9356889724731445,
-1.0334583520889282,
-1.6599726676940918,
-0.42479121685028076,
-0.14914846420288086,
-0.1688646376132965,
-0.5005136132240295,
0.34549087285995483,
-0.6998835802078247,
0.3211192488670349,
-0.43677961826324463,
0.3284950852394104,
-1.6366068124771118,
-0.6254402995109558,
0.08675533533096313,
-0.7074798941612244,
-0.14849942922592163,
0.04221833497285843,
-0.0801834911108017,
-0.26113802194595337,
0.3652787506580353,
0.07179506123065948,
0.5506975054740906,
-0.629305362701416,
0.5711113214492798,
-0.08164635300636292,
-0.08619984984397888,
0.5037781596183777,
0.15741705894470215,
-0.3065294623374939,
0.46799391508102417,
0.23976078629493713,
0.1488703340291977,
0.4326452612876892,
0.12257899343967438,
0.45140933990478516,
0.8518897891044617,
0.22955045104026794,
-0.19030529260635376,
0.18158522248268127,
-0.6558064222335815,
0.1682257503271103,
0.9788159728050232,
-0.2664094567298889,
0.9070582985877991,
-0.8715800046920776,
0.3041437566280365,
-0.3837169408798218,
-0.164304718375206,
0.6615729331970215,
-0.1691233068704605,
0.3569629192352295,
0.41530394554138184,
-1.2539024353027344,
-0.3363721966743469,
0.29701945185661316,
0.5335214138031006,
0.4612967371940613,
-0.08978793025016785,
-0.24010424315929413,
0.9818578362464905,
-0.15062029659748077,
0.9127213358879089,
0.7764953970909119,
-0.40921103954315186,
0.6220927834510803,
-0.24669159948825836,
-0.15576712787151337,
-0.07829033583402634,
0.6856181025505066,
0.09576284885406494,
0.606994092464447,
0.6699134111404419,
0.07265964150428772,
-0.652232825756073,
-0.44541293382644653,
0.3403567671775818,
0.23470476269721985,
-0.1614338904619217,
0.4679608941078186,
0.4630416929721832,
0.19097226858139038,
-0.5295518636703491,
0.30972233414649963,
-0.3945253789424896,
-0.20236556231975555,
-0.042998380959033966,
-0.559351921081543,
0.045752592384815216,
0.19391529262065887,
-0.9507362246513367,
0.7581931948661804,
-0.8267578482627869,
-0.4484935700893402,
0.13608701527118683,
-0.6425931453704834,
0.5046873688697815,
-0.6675859689712524,
0.4411203861236572,
-0.6365262269973755,
-0.8020318746566772,
0.06174585968255997,
-0.507571816444397,
-0.32027769088745117,
-0.27356526255607605,
0.5816988945007324,
0.25480666756629944,
-0.9014307856559753,
0.24286840856075287,
-0.40164244174957275,
-0.3137662708759308,
1.300390601158142,
-0.15625116229057312,
-0.06315407902002335,
-0.393374502658844,
-0.4989737868309021,
-0.15014994144439697,
-0.32593557238578796,
-0.19482699036598206,
0.08345919847488403,
-0.879610538482666,
1.095402479171753,
0.16627094149589539,
-0.16780784726142883,
0.3227510154247284,
-0.044896431267261505,
-0.2877558767795563,
0.38048189878463745,
-0.6557356715202332,
0.7557078003883362,
1.1670238971710205,
0.43415144085884094,
-0.26622456312179565,
0.45966070890426636,
-0.644660234451294,
0.22550947964191437,
0.24959537386894226,
0.15930426120758057,
0.1692526787519455,
-0.22074298560619354,
0.07327714562416077,
-0.21927335858345032,
0.4718925654888153,
-0.4782913029193878,
-0.5072159171104431,
0.2509082555770874,
0.07847391068935394,
0.7081121802330017,
0.2384910136461258,
-0.7546944618225098,
0.3825867474079132,
0.6854372024536133,
0.7605721950531006,
-0.2444477379322052,
0.6641147136688232,
0.11628387123346329,
-0.7773743867874146,
0.2531004250049591,
-0.389394611120224,
0.8986878991127014,
-0.5114334225654602,
-1.0387773513793945,
-0.23427656292915344,
-0.3894883990287781,
0.3059958815574646,
0.00015333108603954315,
-0.5603397488594055,
-0.31147170066833496,
-0.1908775269985199,
-0.09019654989242554,
0.8584300875663757,
0.8354132175445557,
-0.6306864023208618,
0.08484464883804321,
0.5461128950119019,
-0.23993229866027832,
1.073479175567627,
-0.3238978385925293,
0.4303467869758606,
0.15539422631263733,
-0.049270711839199066,
0.1374153345823288,
0.758529543876648,
-0.12826721370220184,
0.31780365109443665,
-0.0688251256942749,
0.1835576593875885,
-0.7163693308830261,
-0.7521446347236633,
0.33704817295074463,
0.13458630442619324,
0.9728252291679382,
0.2911475896835327,
0.32991015911102295,
0.30285438895225525,
-0.1681932508945465,
0.1760214865207672,
-0.37539148330688477,
-0.10022679716348648,
-0.5895867943763733,
-0.41852831840515137,
0.5775736570358276,
-0.4241708219051361,
-0.39974740147590637,
0.5346398949623108,
0.0618535652756691,
0.006998585537075996,
-0.27623146772384644,
0.30060920119285583,
0.36120790243148804,
0.13898709416389465,
0.2238306999206543,
0.1506299078464508,
-0.22995689511299133,
1.2597839832305908,
0.19430141150951385,
-0.22072149813175201,
0.08367231488227844,
-0.2760274410247803,
-0.30334216356277466,
-0.21698111295700073,
-0.6523795127868652,
-0.11557496339082718,
-0.7850438356399536,
0.18924865126609802,
-0.9689769744873047,
1.129075527191162,
-0.8417295217514038,
-0.13438355922698975,
-0.24927273392677307,
-0.7892542481422424,
-0.4160606265068054,
0.004369118716567755,
0.27254483103752136,
0.0797218531370163,
-1.117938756942749,
0.45447662472724915,
0.5859236717224121,
-0.017808042466640472,
0.107667937874794,
-0.5033654570579529,
0.11371353268623352,
0.561439037322998,
-0.8662436008453369,
-0.3573318421840668,
-0.007540799677371979,
0.21120001375675201,
-0.0920184999704361,
-0.22177109122276306,
-0.08194302767515182,
0.22554534673690796,
-0.5454320907592773,
0.39799898862838745,
-0.8496238589286804,
-0.15025825798511505,
0.1850275844335556,
0.1587112843990326,
-0.33947134017944336,
-0.7707008719444275,
-0.15299183130264282,
0.19723495841026306,
-0.0401628278195858,
0.39768630266189575,
-0.5537039041519165,
1.1544049978256226,
-0.6381841897964478,
-0.13265356421470642,
-0.04415363818407059,
0.431467205286026,
0.14475733041763306,
-1.1066086292266846,
0.4098142385482788,
0.3561972677707672,
-0.010244563221931458,
0.25960490107536316,
0.10469558089971542,
0.2892685532569885,
-0.1675807684659958,
0.7236275672912598,
0.12358050793409348,
0.19469979405403137,
0.17055778205394745,
0.37951865792274475,
0.12221819162368774,
-0.2451200783252716,
-0.5445238351821899,
0.18088167905807495,
0.21354083716869354,
0.15702471137046814,
0.40406692028045654,
0.16370445489883423,
0.014255080372095108,
0.40964534878730774,
-0.22066552937030792,
-0.09783817827701569
] |
|
14humo | As scientists, are you ever worried about what you might discover? | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"c7d6wr0",
"c7d6wtt",
"c7d6w1g",
"c7d6nnt",
"c7d6vav",
"c7d6u0o"
],
"text": [
"As a scientist, I have no idea what you're asking.\n\n\nMost scientists aren't, in fact, astrobiologists.\n\n\nAre you asking more generally \"Are scientists worried that their discoveries might end up harming people?\"\n\n\nThe answer would depend on the scientist. My field doesn't really have any kind of potential to harm people, but I'm sure no scientist wants to be responsible for the next asbestos or thalidomide tragedy.\n\n\nSpooked by these terrible events in the past, most scientists exhibit due diligence to ensure they don't cause negative outcomes. I'm sure NASA has considered the possibility of finding extraterrestrial life, especially microbial life, and they will have protocols in place. Maybe there's a NASA scientist on /r/askscience who will be able to tell us what those protocols are.\n\n\nNASA has always taken a very cautious approach to extraterrestrial life. In 2003 the Galileo space probe was originally going to be crashed onto a Jovian moon. On its descent it was to search for gaseous traces of life. NASA was concerned that this could cause contamination of the moon with terrestrial (Earth) microbes. So instead the probe was crashed into Jupiter. The rovers currently on Mars were sterilised prior to launch to prevent microbes from surviving the trip.",
"Working in a lab which has been accused of trying to play god and which many a nutter thinks has the potential to kill all life on Earth... no. \n\nWithout getting into specifics which would compromise my identity, The protocols are entirely unnecessary for us but for our counterparts working with synthetic biology in bacterial systems, those organisms cannot survive outside of the lab for many a reason. The chance of them suddenly mutating to do so is no greater than a new super bug evolving directly from the common flu with no help from us.\n\nYou can relax =D",
"Imagine a case where a scientist analyzing demographic-type data found a irrefutable correlation of a trait (say, intelligence) with race (or gender, or some other sensitive topic). Do you keep it a secret, or do you publish knowing that you'll immediately be compared to Hitler?",
"This is a wonderful question. I hope to hear some thoughts on this.",
"As a scientist, the chance of discovering ANYTHING unique and new is a needle in a haystack. I long for the day I make a discovery no one else has, unfortunately science is mostly just running stats on things. These stats are used to confirm or deny already established hypothesis (as making up a unique and worth of study one is again a incredibly hard and rare task).\n\nPeople think science is about memorization and brains. But really to succeed you need a mixture of Charisma and Imagination. The former to convince suckers, erm I mean write grants into providing you funds to afford ramen and your shanty, the latter is so you can dream up something worthy of study.\n\nEdit: Let me clarify I am an Oceanographer, so my field is very competitive for the few jobs.",
"I'm not a scientist, but some things that you have to realize are that life from a different planet would most likely have a hard time surviving on our planet. So unless it was bacteria or some other very resistant life form, you would have to recreate the conditions on the home planet for it to not just die after a while.\n\nAlso there is a high risk of that life being toxic to us. Alien viruses could spread like wildfire on our planet, since our immune systems aren't used to it.\n\nBut this is a just conjecture, since we don't know what alien life would look like if found it."
],
"score": [
3,
3,
3,
3,
2,
2
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | As scientists, are you ever worried about what you might discover?
| [
-0.42959272861480713,
0.24840770661830902,
0.924869954586029,
0.007988253608345985,
-0.7712057828903198,
-0.9597419500350952,
0.5067881345748901,
-0.2527870237827301,
0.6582455039024353,
-0.27115747332572937,
0.17993508279323578,
-0.14500495791435242,
-0.8162615299224854,
0.4660378098487854,
0.598761260509491,
0.015027300454676151,
-0.5315402746200562,
-0.18674726784229279,
-0.8417683243751526,
-0.3869567811489105,
0.33497411012649536,
-0.30617350339889526,
0.030767198652029037,
-0.39752280712127686,
-0.269128680229187,
0.04184392839670181,
0.13768704235553741,
0.059945426881313324,
-0.21393686532974243,
0.4968424439430237,
-0.4161997139453888,
1.274405837059021,
-0.46637099981307983,
0.9545350670814514,
0.43467050790786743,
0.104233019053936,
0.9165116548538208,
0.4286334216594696,
0.5909038782119751,
-0.4000151455402374,
0.24378618597984314,
-0.5014020800590515,
-0.1546512246131897,
1.3742560148239136,
-1.1491700410842896,
-1.1693902015686035,
0.018283087760210037,
0.08303329348564148,
-1.2867459058761597,
-0.3335048258304596,
-0.42495429515838623,
-0.16058866679668427,
0.9457229971885681,
-0.3652161657810211,
-0.7735152840614319,
-0.47853678464889526,
0.08383265137672424,
-0.5374498963356018,
0.5884830355644226,
0.12924590706825256,
0.5002215504646301,
0.16366149485111237,
-0.8382930159568787,
-0.3900212049484253,
0.942931592464447,
0.6810992360115051,
0.15002593398094177,
-0.10434675216674805,
-0.24980773031711578,
-0.9438421726226807,
0.7122499346733093,
-0.5343624353408813,
-1.3232954740524292,
-0.7393327951431274,
0.6582353115081787,
0.11129085719585419,
0.6885448098182678,
0.10007237643003464,
0.4386616349220276,
0.4406561255455017,
0.35623666644096375,
-0.3268263041973114,
-0.629831850528717,
0.2381443828344345,
-0.44944384694099426,
0.07199998944997787,
0.047730933874845505,
0.08494546264410019,
-0.24036245048046112,
1.0801658630371094,
-0.004086869303137064,
-0.16492599248886108,
0.3412463963031769,
-0.6017616391181946,
-0.06167953088879585,
0.044923510402441025,
0.4730786085128784,
-0.4316504895687103,
0.12740996479988098,
1.2967630624771118,
0.13326020538806915,
-0.22226715087890625,
-0.15663544833660126,
0.04250209406018257,
-0.3709219694137573,
0.4774361252784729,
0.5585882663726807,
-0.19910959899425507,
-0.055062390863895416,
0.432465136051178,
0.38484206795692444,
0.3199707269668579,
-0.38201138377189636,
-0.12920472025871277,
0.24185262620449066,
-0.9467856884002686,
0.11882235109806061,
-0.26240721344947815,
0.4876638352870941,
0.34532660245895386,
-0.7668690085411072,
-0.04651500657200813,
0.17925530672073364,
1.8689076900482178,
-0.07187137752771378,
0.7150580883026123,
-0.3238568902015686,
0.14348295331001282,
0.6641167402267456,
-1.5691019296646118,
-0.22589024901390076,
1.020352840423584,
0.47178661823272705,
-0.8241883516311646,
0.49580082297325134,
0.36766210198402405,
0.04964787885546684,
-0.09991561621427536,
-0.4757940173149109,
0.5706899762153625,
0.7026097178459167,
0.698595404624939,
0.8015674352645874,
-0.34740546345710754,
0.4874681830406189,
-0.3985596001148224,
-1.1299887895584106,
-0.5066962838172913,
0.4552079439163208,
-0.46248915791511536,
-0.7386272549629211,
-0.4433855414390564,
0.11442656815052032,
-0.6847345232963562,
0.010707500390708447,
0.22668451070785522,
0.0970078632235527,
-1.4014321565628052,
-0.17993934452533722,
0.6581130623817444,
-0.22489839792251587,
-0.6231215596199036,
-0.27170976996421814,
0.4821072816848755,
0.2684674561023712,
-0.3334210216999054,
-0.5214358568191528,
-0.2559906244277954,
0.4609178900718689,
0.6708234548568726,
-0.33705615997314453,
0.2085183560848236,
1.2431873083114624,
0.6547378301620483,
0.5119621753692627,
-0.00908526312559843,
-1.0471714735031128,
0.37635338306427,
-0.3570174276828766,
0.4223281443119049,
-0.38232868909835815,
-0.16219393908977509,
-0.31913110613822937,
0.24789085984230042,
-0.8094454407691956,
-0.04089511185884476,
-0.5534355044364929,
-1.3058065176010132,
-0.11824487894773483,
0.5235770344734192,
-0.22002287209033966,
0.06703377515077591,
-0.7120423913002014,
0.04221442714333534,
0.9660014510154724,
-0.10085256397724152,
1.2909990549087524,
0.08059921115636826,
-0.3723478615283966,
-1.0698617696762085,
0.8116478323936462,
-0.533748984336853,
0.22107863426208496,
-0.14453986287117004,
-0.5708759427070618,
0.18822550773620605,
0.590886116027832,
-1.2728782892227173,
0.6012309193611145,
0.07631397992372513,
0.5834326148033142,
1.1082836389541626,
-0.15016481280326843,
-0.293580561876297,
0.034414175897836685,
0.3999062478542328,
0.2530513107776642,
-0.3269197344779968,
-0.14923934638500214,
-0.6108739972114563,
0.35299429297447205,
-0.554777979850769,
0.7506744861602783,
-0.1512085348367691,
1.3249906301498413,
-0.19208656251430511,
0.7231290936470032,
0.9045600891113281,
0.16000469028949738,
-0.38420310616493225,
-0.2516387104988098,
-0.012097958475351334,
0.6815714240074158,
0.23591306805610657,
-0.6659150719642639,
-0.3186717629432678,
-1.0166150331497192,
-0.8481341600418091,
1.1643584966659546,
-0.5935689210891724,
-0.18831543624401093,
0.39867478609085083,
0.017503272742033005,
0.8622503876686096,
1.1016396284103394,
0.7281987071037292,
0.6397653222084045,
-0.06933247298002243,
-1.0248898267745972,
0.5249584317207336,
-0.26736316084861755,
-0.2555569112300873,
-1.3048877716064453,
-0.7926895022392273,
0.21453307569026947,
-0.3137805163860321,
0.003959867171943188,
-0.07196221500635147,
0.12904474139213562,
-0.03511142358183861,
-0.6824881434440613,
-1.118316650390625,
1.0371849536895752,
0.6145374774932861,
-1.0024718046188354,
-0.6352102160453796,
-0.24590429663658142,
-0.6947603225708008,
0.18982598185539246,
-0.07144487649202347,
-0.8920040726661682,
0.6628178954124451,
-0.3854546844959259,
0.6755144596099854,
0.06933209300041199,
-0.006879580207169056,
0.01292334496974945,
-0.12071751058101654,
0.11916468292474747,
0.9024733304977417,
0.6031057834625244,
-0.8853467702865601,
0.1865372508764267,
-1.0846633911132812,
-1.034058928489685,
0.3355911076068878,
0.6264992952346802,
0.34333065152168274,
-0.362700492143631,
-1.2329102754592896,
0.05703321471810341,
0.5207177400588989,
-0.7392610311508179,
1.378034234046936,
-0.1593824028968811,
-0.5221377611160278,
-0.39609429240226746,
-0.22748395800590515,
0.38186079263687134,
-0.1509861797094345,
0.10248449444770813,
-0.5016493201255798,
0.7379541397094727,
0.006433708593249321,
-0.6123052835464478,
0.5767564177513123,
0.6160963773727417,
-0.8586427569389343,
0.13630583882331848,
-0.4141339361667633,
1.0427628755569458,
0.4816299080848694,
-0.13526156544685364,
1.208654761314392,
0.96110600233078,
0.12211869657039642,
-0.2317764014005661,
-0.9217870235443115,
-0.6611919403076172,
0.1731680929660797,
-0.41149696707725525,
0.6748183965682983,
-0.04123134911060333,
0.035831086337566376,
0.8297680020332336,
1.4427647590637207,
-0.2611740231513977,
0.008000542409718037,
-1.4038125276565552,
0.6729758977890015,
0.71134352684021,
-0.4283455014228821,
0.31411632895469666,
1.5828288793563843,
0.11506274342536926,
-0.39490070939064026,
-0.6881880164146423,
0.2891978919506073,
-0.19081531465053558,
-1.0977184772491455,
0.40169021487236023,
-0.18287166953086853,
-0.24770689010620117,
-0.17128439247608185,
0.6421095728874207,
-0.039694178849458694,
-0.36707866191864014,
1.0324198007583618,
-0.5212758183479309,
0.26191651821136475,
-0.4527627229690552,
0.2212081402540207,
0.010730917565524578,
-0.7913249731063843,
0.5893415212631226,
0.4782906174659729,
-0.7638028860092163,
-0.07357430458068848,
0.10758832097053528,
0.14903411269187927,
0.48744434118270874,
-0.3318924307823181,
-0.08121106028556824,
-0.11344067752361298,
0.3027121424674988,
0.7573726177215576,
-0.9495803117752075,
-0.5230464339256287,
0.7270334362983704,
-0.12599918246269226,
-0.05666216090321541,
-0.192738339304924,
0.5115841627120972,
-0.8736032843589783,
0.39352118968963623,
-0.4056380093097687,
0.9757416844367981,
-0.3408275842666626,
-1.379262089729309,
0.8356128334999084,
0.9997008442878723,
0.4116213917732239,
-0.13739897310733795,
0.2332208752632141,
-0.7812412977218628,
0.020985634997487068,
-0.5295159220695496,
0.1310991495847702,
-0.5410236120223999,
0.9650732278823853,
-0.33458277583122253,
0.40795764327049255,
-0.8112232089042664,
-0.975767195224762,
-0.07924529910087585,
-0.25193899869918823,
-0.4208514094352722,
0.8490393161773682,
0.22111688554286957,
-0.7936696410179138,
1.0761988162994385,
0.5818631052970886,
-0.43872565031051636,
0.0980120375752449,
0.6896933913230896,
0.38841745257377625,
-0.1555791050195694,
0.48300349712371826,
0.38822776079177856,
-1.0876432657241821,
0.1553242802619934,
-1.0765471458435059,
-1.5201010704040527,
-0.826577365398407,
0.4027317464351654,
0.22300702333450317,
-1.1782681941986084,
-0.8147889971733093,
-0.8185626268386841,
0.09563641250133514,
-0.11027021706104279,
0.7280816435813904,
-0.5126914978027344,
0.23545986413955688,
0.7273770570755005,
-0.2623661160469055,
0.362692266702652,
-0.6211414337158203,
-0.3644208312034607,
1.0839766263961792,
0.09230855852365494,
-0.8733993768692017,
-0.5745909810066223,
0.17091716825962067,
-0.7269131541252136,
-0.23134051263332367,
1.1260602474212646,
-0.5151405334472656,
-0.4821884036064148,
0.624799907207489,
-0.6864534020423889,
-0.414160817861557,
-0.15649527311325073,
0.3114475905895233,
-0.3765691816806793,
-0.5176986455917358,
0.20727692544460297,
0.4146428406238556,
-0.21883559226989746,
-0.019632909446954727,
0.9358892440795898,
-0.2430143505334854,
-0.4480891823768616,
-0.35085245966911316,
-0.12790760397911072,
0.827619194984436,
-0.02787289209663868,
0.9200616478919983,
0.45669305324554443,
0.6090824007987976,
0.045370571315288544,
-0.29883235692977905,
0.39081016182899475,
0.8591442704200745,
0.4942561388015747,
-0.142037495970726,
0.1622145026922226,
0.1738710105419159,
-0.16101522743701935,
0.028362561017274857,
-0.24214161932468414,
0.4151727855205536,
0.5299368500709534,
-0.06509391218423843,
-0.7953494191169739,
-1.0549277067184448,
-0.3166884481906891,
-0.737829864025116,
-0.944031298160553,
-0.6332153677940369,
0.32316917181015015,
-0.43105176091194153,
-0.32804176211357117,
0.20275472104549408,
0.41889190673828125,
-0.33656853437423706,
-0.38978779315948486,
0.6483272314071655,
0.5648127198219299,
-0.48827967047691345,
0.11338865011930466,
0.12221333384513855,
-0.5138164758682251,
-0.09542832523584366,
0.7214921712875366,
0.22000248730182648,
1.4039843082427979,
1.0140970945358276,
-0.5630605220794678,
-0.5080840587615967,
0.28002873063087463,
0.07454398274421692,
-0.11264397203922272,
0.8087246417999268,
0.3857661783695221,
-0.36912214756011963,
-0.5085174441337585,
0.43035122752189636,
-0.9272083640098572,
0.10318078100681305,
0.3659460246562958,
-0.5866661071777344,
0.5762720108032227,
-0.11688419431447983,
-0.22546125948429108,
0.18245929479599,
0.12800174951553345,
0.08262930065393448,
-0.45515814423561096,
0.9651840329170227,
-0.5460970401763916,
0.14320065081119537,
1.2825523614883423,
-0.4822136461734772,
0.9259976744651794,
-0.24899719655513763,
-0.5346548557281494,
-0.6728658080101013,
-0.11806825548410416,
0.2694060206413269,
0.3797712028026581,
-0.37952545285224915,
-0.8005479574203491,
-0.5509117841720581,
-0.5515128970146179,
0.6013697385787964,
0.3160906434059143,
-0.028636494651436806,
1.406794786453247,
0.5339857339859009,
-0.052822962403297424,
-0.8190033435821533,
0.9153673648834229,
0.5683832168579102,
0.32002338767051697,
0.6060333251953125,
0.44938036799430847,
-0.41034385561943054,
-0.2593332827091217,
0.5141662955284119,
-0.48318225145339966,
-0.39339226484298706,
0.3562242388725281,
0.18031954765319824,
0.6950175762176514,
0.13545818626880646,
0.1602330058813095,
-1.590982437133789,
0.7248965501785278,
0.13873706758022308,
-1.5081939697265625,
-0.7764145135879517,
-0.5971453785896301,
-0.539986789226532,
-0.31952959299087524,
-0.1361699253320694,
-0.13809505105018616,
0.18909852206707,
-0.7572847604751587,
0.8876190185546875,
-0.25024378299713135,
0.06721581518650055,
-0.15595602989196777,
-0.5093377828598022,
0.3833507299423218,
-0.29955580830574036,
-0.7340465784072876,
-0.38693636655807495,
-0.43112990260124207,
0.8356049060821533,
0.6460038423538208,
0.24632367491722107,
-0.10637959837913513,
1.1575932502746582,
0.169582799077034,
0.16154378652572632,
-0.7319468259811401,
-0.7014020681381226,
0.2222266048192978,
0.6728308200836182,
-0.7903547883033752,
-0.9243221282958984,
-0.3721015155315399,
0.1969953179359436,
-0.48484644293785095,
-0.33088943362236023,
0.06166565418243408,
0.21267423033714294,
-0.1998247355222702,
-0.17061278223991394,
0.585397481918335,
-1.578619122505188,
0.8352432250976562,
0.5556848645210266,
0.682392954826355,
0.026863498613238335,
0.03857802972197533,
-0.06584513932466507,
-0.7990064024925232,
0.6879412531852722,
0.43681684136390686,
-0.2556019425392151,
1.036180853843689,
0.11327589303255081,
0.023127686232328415,
0.37688449025154114,
-0.542337954044342,
-0.5136331915855408,
-0.09312791377305984,
0.626875102519989,
-0.1100786104798317,
-0.0039030651096254587,
-0.6221218705177307,
-0.8620684146881104,
0.5269611477851868,
-0.8054031133651733,
-0.15452900528907776,
0.1425975114107132,
-0.21593251824378967,
0.24842801690101624,
0.4060755670070648,
0.3124677538871765,
-0.629690408706665,
-0.560679018497467,
0.1297840029001236,
-0.2928833067417145,
-0.42728960514068604,
-0.34218624234199524,
0.11468132585287094,
-0.6743541359901428,
-0.3516417145729065,
0.28471431136131287,
-0.5425916314125061,
0.21649669110774994,
0.2828369140625,
0.15609972178936005,
0.28172293305397034,
0.5779470205307007,
-0.9169719815254211,
1.0344749689102173,
-0.2969951629638672,
0.02296459674835205,
0.11937494575977325,
-0.5025445818901062,
0.4595581591129303,
0.6963397264480591,
0.0416245311498642,
0.2143729031085968,
0.7407565712928772,
0.7421608567237854,
-2.1266608238220215,
-0.06307776272296906,
0.12493808567523956,
-0.40547603368759155,
-0.11999733000993729,
0.36767250299453735,
0.39241647720336914,
-0.015847619622945786,
-0.2222396433353424,
-0.823245644569397,
0.987062394618988,
-0.26437681913375854,
-0.31374722719192505,
-0.5423296689987183,
-0.06440574675798416,
0.08672062307596207,
0.16628433763980865,
0.027157485485076904,
-0.39795488119125366,
0.22005222737789154,
-0.8257551789283752,
0.4485462009906769,
-0.9226270318031311,
0.36934995651245117,
-0.25322237610816956,
0.05013366416096687,
0.057371996343135834,
0.7280207276344299,
-0.33643999695777893,
0.05801866948604584,
-0.5675027370452881,
-0.5875833034515381,
-0.16949598491191864,
0.1519498974084854,
-0.45254379510879517,
0.3194016218185425,
-0.3803567886352539,
-0.7750867605209351,
-1.0296202898025513,
-0.08531199395656586,
0.27992087602615356,
-0.4262661337852478,
-0.5640423893928528,
0.4025213122367859,
-0.2468419075012207,
0.08251619338989258,
0.18777786195278168,
0.7689387798309326,
-0.5933887362480164,
-1.1620184183120728,
0.798141360282898,
0.28702062368392944,
0.3395586907863617,
-0.11768824607133865,
-0.20518943667411804,
1.3541771173477173,
-0.31591787934303284,
-0.19060999155044556,
0.21940544247627258,
-0.006316667888313532,
-0.7228110432624817,
0.14286424219608307,
-0.3392834961414337,
-1.8355244398117065,
-0.45128488540649414,
0.9308358430862427,
0.317300945520401,
-0.4405140280723572,
-0.9373188018798828,
-0.725777804851532,
-0.3467416763305664,
-0.22540803253650665,
0.03201042488217354,
-0.1541728377342224,
0.7853782176971436,
0.49613597989082336,
0.35041919350624084,
0.10314823687076569,
0.6875499486923218,
-0.29362958669662476,
-0.2073834389448166,
-0.7516434788703918,
-0.9130423665046692,
-1.549257516860962,
0.7158829569816589,
-0.30406826734542847,
-0.8439244031906128,
-0.5208877921104431,
-0.14534373581409454,
0.4262326657772064,
1.1797984838485718,
0.6065953969955444,
0.3580401539802551,
-0.1815692037343979,
-0.1003938689827919,
0.47914114594459534,
-0.8051432371139526,
-0.05863063782453537,
-0.3756254315376282,
0.11181733012199402,
0.7262208461761475,
-0.63028484582901,
-0.2883555293083191,
-0.09486567974090576,
0.38856640458106995,
-0.5800743103027344,
0.41184309124946594,
-0.6265575289726257
] |
||
7va50l | How does a person on the ground (Whilst touching a live electric wire) complete the circuit with the grounded neutral wire? Shouldn't the earth act as an insulator and not allow the electrons to flow from you to the neutral wire? | Thanks in advance. | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"dtqoise",
"dtqoko4",
"dtqplt0",
"dtqoi7n"
],
"text": [
"Soil, especially moist soil, doesn't insulate as well as a manufactured plastic, rubber, or ceramic insulator. Electrons can flow from you into the ground and then spread out to bring the voltage at the you/ground interface within a few volts of average \"ground\". Meanwhile, electrons in the ground near the circuit's ground connection are drawn into the circuit to keep the conductors at ground potential as well.",
"The earth acts as a huge capacitance. If you think of an capacitor, there's a relation between the voltage V across the component and the amount of charge Q that has accumulated of the form\n\nV = Q/c,\n\nwhere c is a constant that measures the (linear) relationship between the two. The bigger c, the smaller the voltage for a given amount of charge on the capacitor.\n\nIf you let 1A of current flow for 1s into a capacitor, there's exactly 1C of charge on the capacitor. On a regular capacitor this would result in an huge electrical field between the plates, which relates to a gigantic voltage. That's because there are lots of electrons on the small plate. If you would put 1C of charge onto a planet, the resulting field is extremely tiny, as the planet is so huge.\n\nFor a spherical capacitor, the capacitance goes like\n\nc = 4 * pi * epsilon * R,\n\nwith R beeing the radius of the capacitor. Simply put, the charge distributes across the entire planet, which makes it virtually non-existant.\n\nTherefore, for our purposes we can basically assume that the earth voltage is always 0. Even if we could accumulate significant amounts of charge onto the earth, it would neutralize with the charged solar wind coming from the sun.\n\nWhat this means is, that if you touch a live wire, the entire voltage of the wire will fall off across your body: The electric potential at your hand is, say, 400V, whereas at your feet, or some meters below the surface of the earth it is 0V.\n\nThis difference in potential will cause an electric current. The current depends of the resistance R of all involved parts, including your body, your shoes, the type of floor you're standing on, the water in the ground below you, and so on.\n\nAnd if you are standing barefooted in a puddle, this resitance will be extremely low, meaning a high current will flow. If you are wearing insulated shoes, you might be lucky enough that the current doesn't fry you.\n\nNotice that the electrical resistance of the earth is very, very small when the current runs through the entire volume of the earth. This works like putting lots of resistors in parallel: The current entering the earth spreads more and more the deeper it goes, as it will try to reach every point on the earths surface evenly. That's why you only need to consider the earths resitance a couple of meters into the ground at most.",
"The Earth acts as a conductor with the resistance highly dependent on the soil makeup. For instance, soil with higher metal contents will have less resistance to current flow. Ground moisture content will also affect Earth resistance, the more moist the soil the less resistance.\nThe transformer on the pole is the source of electricity, and electricity alsways wants to return to the source. In the case of a 240v single phase residential service the secondary coil on the transformer is \"center tapped\". This means there is two hot wires attached to the ends of the coil, and one in the center. The center tap is connected to the neutral wire as well as a grounding electrode pounded into the ground.\nSo essentially, if you touch a hot wire while standing on the ground, the current doesn't flow on the neutral wire, the electricity would flow through you, through the Earth to the grounding electrode of the transformer(back to the source) .",
"The circuit is going to ground through your body, not through the remaining wiring after the point of contact. Earths only work on appliances that have non-circuit metal parts. That means that if the insulated wires wear down and there is a path from the live to the the metal casing then the earth will complete a circuit to ground and blow/trip the fuse/RCD without a human in the loop. If you touch the live directly you make no contact with the earth wire at all and the current discharges directly through you to ground. This continues until the fuse blows or RCD trips. Fuses take quite a long time to blow, more than enough to kill you. RCDs trip when the total current entering the system differs from the return path and they operate very very quickly. \n \nIf you have an old style fuse box, pay the money to get an RCD box fitted. \n \nSome more free info: you may notice that not all appliances have earth. If there are no metal parts on a casing then there is nothing that needs to be earthed. These appliances are known as \"double insulated\". \n \nFurther edit: some countries don't require earths."
],
"score": [
10,
6,
6,
2
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | How does a person on the ground (Whilst touching a live electric wire) complete the circuit with the grounded neutral wire? Shouldn't the earth act as an insulator and not allow the electrons to flow from you to the neutral wire?
Thanks in advance. | [
0.2969589829444885,
-0.27460330724716187,
0.32881471514701843,
0.24660001695156097,
-0.367165207862854,
-0.9754509329795837,
0.05618996545672417,
-0.4475826919078827,
1.3994044065475464,
0.020873723551630974,
0.7662844061851501,
0.3324950635433197,
-1.2761176824569702,
-0.311587929725647,
0.017518095672130585,
-0.10221920162439346,
0.3691127896308899,
0.052364055067300797,
0.01699979230761528,
-0.07793187350034714,
-1.1213175058364868,
0.6467730402946472,
0.0645495131611824,
1.147059440612793,
-0.6787576079368591,
0.28458648920059204,
1.2154978513717651,
0.40865084528923035,
0.7276183366775513,
0.12676256895065308,
0.03383539244532585,
-0.006027663126587868,
-0.9688210487365723,
0.21321889758110046,
0.5786163806915283,
0.2615545988082886,
0.7820481657981873,
-0.29560527205467224,
0.6497110724449158,
-0.21124066412448883,
0.17816393077373505,
-0.015612531453371048,
0.9906724095344543,
0.5222046971321106,
-1.193663239479065,
-0.8020496368408203,
0.8196492791175842,
-0.06400914490222931,
-0.6222408413887024,
0.11974948644638062,
0.26951906085014343,
0.1788974553346634,
0.24500490725040436,
0.8824953436851501,
0.6952570676803589,
0.01858855038881302,
-0.07514303922653198,
-0.3193643391132355,
0.0739506334066391,
0.4393039047718048,
-0.16594761610031128,
0.23495107889175415,
-0.2709156274795532,
-0.07021880894899368,
0.45962563157081604,
-0.4197126030921936,
-0.3871145248413086,
-0.025110043585300446,
0.36545702815055847,
-0.15686865150928497,
-0.29325613379478455,
-0.3262915313243866,
-1.2382417917251587,
-0.6618154048919678,
-0.03104133903980255,
-0.7071906328201294,
0.4684447646141052,
0.04407225176692009,
-0.2880140244960785,
-0.5394170880317688,
-0.12621867656707764,
-0.038569703698158264,
-0.5259818434715271,
0.19776201248168945,
-0.052464112639427185,
0.011835296638309956,
0.2845596671104431,
-0.2165670245885849,
-0.5066573619842529,
1.1812278032302856,
-0.12093115597963333,
-0.24319837987422943,
-0.05683061107993126,
0.3455396294593811,
0.5142698287963867,
0.14829623699188232,
0.5885602235794067,
-0.7384746670722961,
-0.36542531847953796,
-0.11500153690576553,
-0.14056932926177979,
-0.0046679177321493626,
-0.12769250571727753,
0.32373660802841187,
-0.00860979687422514,
-0.6534367203712463,
0.4645671844482422,
-0.4891272783279419,
0.3449157178401947,
0.4255828857421875,
0.18587253987789154,
0.5623912215232849,
0.28659510612487793,
-1.0659936666488647,
-0.30236494541168213,
-0.8846737742424011,
-0.08304623514413834,
0.5707417130470276,
0.7280944585800171,
0.42358705401420593,
0.4546951651573181,
0.2902348041534424,
0.7330805659294128,
1.5752633810043335,
-0.14170902967453003,
0.03802669420838356,
-0.6823152899742126,
0.9235365986824036,
0.17345167696475983,
-0.23109425604343414,
-0.1933373361825943,
1.1998361349105835,
-0.26118066906929016,
-0.49533599615097046,
0.37703537940979004,
-0.19173942506313324,
-0.48496443033218384,
0.46675848960876465,
-0.6515494585037231,
1.2339670658111572,
-0.4835817515850067,
-0.2868708372116089,
1.2692888975143433,
0.19375619292259216,
0.24097459018230438,
-1.1528105735778809,
-0.6454856395721436,
-0.1698637306690216,
0.42951181530952454,
-0.4661550521850586,
-0.7227668166160583,
0.0061217909678816795,
0.05221676081418991,
-0.22593136131763458,
0.5918206572532654,
0.9474795460700989,
0.5707582235336304,
-0.24096958339214325,
0.25095275044441223,
0.20645344257354736,
-0.32532012462615967,
-0.47997573018074036,
0.3327798545360565,
0.23221296072006226,
0.585677444934845,
-0.07869118452072144,
0.24570678174495697,
0.2408389002084732,
0.020190760493278503,
0.28790801763534546,
-0.3771250247955322,
0.31422996520996094,
0.892867922782898,
0.04798707738518715,
0.17027483880519867,
0.25639545917510986,
0.2745410203933716,
0.11673995852470398,
-0.8692554235458374,
0.16707798838615417,
0.019610695540905,
-0.48909181356430054,
0.39265626668930054,
0.6429938077926636,
-0.616645336151123,
-0.1498461812734604,
0.11042049527168274,
0.4922221899032593,
0.241538867354393,
0.18124867975711823,
-0.1986517310142517,
-0.09209050983190536,
-1.179288387298584,
-0.330450177192688,
0.5301938652992249,
-0.3080863356590271,
-0.3582358658313751,
0.21011532843112946,
-0.13303974270820618,
-0.6690443754196167,
0.1811782866716385,
-1.1533123254776,
-0.03797359764575958,
-0.8127108812332153,
-0.43312373757362366,
-0.03609706088900566,
0.5961260795593262,
-0.05838477611541748,
0.26592734456062317,
-0.2725178301334381,
0.1908179521560669,
0.37596848607063293,
0.4609687328338623,
0.5370684862136841,
-0.04733316972851753,
0.4708109200000763,
0.028670035302639008,
0.1925046294927597,
-0.1591324508190155,
0.6909860968589783,
0.2739478051662445,
0.42832887172698975,
0.34916627407073975,
0.4073721468448639,
0.7239506244659424,
0.07430924475193024,
-0.6803500056266785,
-0.43573394417762756,
-0.18157145380973816,
0.6119747161865234,
-0.433998703956604,
0.3311397135257721,
0.2982040345668793,
0.21913526952266693,
-0.5586923956871033,
-0.7066691517829895,
-0.8413032293319702,
-1.1578993797302246,
0.5597844123840332,
-1.0109608173370361,
-0.9584131836891174,
1.0143600702285767,
-0.08333150297403336,
0.5645751357078552,
0.03147377446293831,
0.8802727460861206,
-0.5019177794456482,
-0.6887643337249756,
0.5876827239990234,
0.06907305866479874,
0.48261916637420654,
-0.877277672290802,
-0.0954897329211235,
-0.8209228515625,
0.5615626573562622,
-1.1732949018478394,
-1.1673693656921387,
-0.5357829928398132,
-0.5678964257240295,
0.10373066365718842,
0.3437204658985138,
-1.3023594617843628,
0.7044851779937744,
-0.4813092052936554,
-0.5716170072555542,
-0.34939590096473694,
-1.2665125131607056,
-0.13086673617362976,
-0.00195235013961792,
-0.0014050911413505673,
-0.9758862257003784,
-0.0835014283657074,
-0.0817570835351944,
0.16603034734725952,
0.8878212571144104,
0.06854135543107986,
0.08342775702476501,
-0.16783897578716278,
0.7773601412773132,
0.5377118587493896,
0.18278834223747253,
1.2339125871658325,
-0.4071520268917084,
-0.5379421710968018,
-0.21841537952423096,
0.23052085936069489,
0.8124352693557739,
-0.4948941767215729,
-0.19800542294979095,
-0.726269543170929,
0.3710615634918213,
0.2165890783071518,
0.27150917053222656,
0.9376206994056702,
0.5040337443351746,
-0.03037150390446186,
0.7258341312408447,
-0.45230892300605774,
-0.4333369731903076,
-0.756693959236145,
0.32488152384757996,
-0.7238681316375732,
0.7733787894248962,
-0.04985896870493889,
-0.11651032418012619,
0.2990136444568634,
1.008246898651123,
-1.2849881649017334,
0.08454500883817673,
-0.010261471383273602,
1.03449547290802,
0.17484864592552185,
-0.04595837742090225,
0.6828217506408691,
0.26890501379966736,
0.20709064602851868,
-0.016228465363383293,
0.4444601237773895,
-0.10018783062696457,
-0.16233186423778534,
-0.3980254828929901,
-0.020625906065106392,
0.47353190183639526,
0.4446256458759308,
0.16113267838954926,
1.0483180284500122,
-0.7217565178871155,
0.669470489025116,
-0.8838601112365723,
0.015133175998926163,
-0.03065336123108864,
-0.7532691359519958,
0.618190348148346,
0.36167076230049133,
-0.11097507178783417,
0.3415752649307251,
0.30446892976760864,
0.302175372838974,
0.2081163078546524,
-0.5165732502937317,
1.0784738063812256,
-0.1463421881198883,
-0.15072943270206451,
0.27235671877861023,
-0.04326825961470604,
-0.42328402400016785,
-0.22061102092266083,
0.0032819972839206457,
-0.33418309688568115,
0.7489070892333984,
0.19845513999462128,
0.3793829083442688,
0.14519836008548737,
-0.7893868684768677,
0.29833927750587463,
0.08220724016427994,
0.33613741397857666,
0.5042396783828735,
0.4167545735836029,
0.7840927839279175,
0.8425712585449219,
0.1965385526418686,
0.08950309455394745,
0.24664023518562317,
-0.8031562566757202,
0.9183017015457153,
-0.658233642578125,
-0.33735328912734985,
-0.7875798344612122,
-0.2651571035385132,
-0.13085339963436127,
0.39695852994918823,
-0.09156400710344315,
0.24811984598636627,
0.27225664258003235,
-0.3081335425376892,
0.8981403112411499,
-0.09350524842739105,
-0.19010429084300995,
0.4117715656757355,
-0.5924211144447327,
-0.08511384576559067,
0.07004997879266739,
-0.27299290895462036,
-0.45607447624206543,
-1.3051493167877197,
0.15583154559135437,
0.3575308322906494,
-0.5300600528717041,
-0.25908470153808594,
-0.5486982464790344,
0.3242388963699341,
-0.26097747683525085,
-0.1589999496936798,
-0.2592586278915405,
-0.678009569644928,
-0.6784271597862244,
0.4103514850139618,
0.6444243788719177,
-0.260159969329834,
0.1403706818819046,
-0.20929881930351257,
-0.455447793006897,
1.704710841178894,
-0.06963091343641281,
-0.17724241316318512,
-0.03154148533940315,
0.23551540076732635,
0.6995363831520081,
0.8974894881248474,
0.08449199795722961,
-0.3666277527809143,
-1.2259942293167114,
-0.1378331184387207,
0.19320176541805267,
-0.7121496796607971,
-0.5762251019477844,
-0.8197068572044373,
-1.2543197870254517,
-0.39091476798057556,
0.7317078709602356,
-0.7984551191329956,
0.11449626833200455,
-0.14145073294639587,
-0.9067677855491638,
-0.44400498270988464,
0.6614300608634949,
-0.7043261528015137,
-0.5710536241531372,
0.08314190804958344,
-0.13407793641090393,
-1.2634148597717285,
0.533184826374054,
0.33112165331840515,
-0.8448970317840576,
-0.1696009486913681,
0.38328397274017334,
-0.11518917232751846,
0.6637134552001953,
0.5232254266738892,
-1.214329719543457,
1.0614145994186401,
-0.2366252839565277,
-0.4411662817001343,
-0.03133532777428627,
-0.09882877767086029,
-0.490451842546463,
0.2524828016757965,
-0.8834998607635498,
-0.38263893127441406,
0.5611057281494141,
-0.2661615312099457,
-0.5397940278053284,
-0.15080112218856812,
0.5326252579689026,
-0.04134004935622215,
-0.8181796073913574,
0.570091724395752,
0.05214673653244972,
0.15478335320949554,
-0.9421047568321228,
-0.9606413245201111,
-0.7035117149353027,
0.6267665028572083,
0.8255095481872559,
0.2621823251247406,
0.33038362860679626,
-0.5131248831748962,
0.40451914072036743,
-0.09349966049194336,
-0.5646306872367859,
0.3534403443336487,
0.3003877103328705,
-0.167924702167511,
-0.7298114895820618,
-1.492430329322815,
0.44284164905548096,
-0.4272554814815521,
-0.30698662996292114,
-1.0331047773361206,
0.23592031002044678,
-0.7697635293006897,
0.2760024666786194,
0.5482938885688782,
0.4515856206417084,
-0.2774166762828827,
-0.6224256157875061,
-0.5772969126701355,
-0.9471679925918579,
-0.656425952911377,
-0.1189906895160675,
-0.46485480666160583,
0.27035167813301086,
-0.38420766592025757,
0.8381717205047607,
0.6344860196113586,
-0.5790209770202637,
0.24248838424682617,
0.5729414820671082,
0.5546899437904358,
-0.22922639548778534,
-0.4640974700450897,
-0.3090423047542572,
0.42817339301109314,
0.41147300601005554,
-0.5685650110244751,
-0.40024057030677795,
0.11015037447214127,
0.5648325681686401,
0.527129054069519,
-1.491132140159607,
-0.2903440594673157,
0.22930490970611572,
-0.8320767283439636,
-0.15089838206768036,
0.07035601884126663,
-0.014751764014363289,
0.1962069272994995,
-0.22907918691635132,
0.2162967324256897,
-0.1953529268503189,
-0.7389392852783203,
-0.13116401433944702,
-0.1975502222776413,
0.5409371852874756,
0.4581683576107025,
-0.539519190788269,
-0.5319437384605408,
-0.38336434960365295,
-0.29343047738075256,
-0.16275270283222198,
0.2325473576784134,
-0.5245004296302795,
-0.4137475788593292,
-0.05024280026555061,
0.788184642791748,
-0.1473270207643509,
-0.4141722023487091,
-0.2249005287885666,
0.10915780812501907,
-0.2554764151573181,
-0.44830194115638733,
-0.09888268262147903,
0.5399370789527893,
-0.11124984174966812,
-0.806046187877655,
-1.4493454694747925,
0.45855286717414856,
-0.5966539978981018,
-0.008949851617217064,
-0.14656004309654236,
0.24336928129196167,
0.012643937952816486,
0.5218825340270996,
0.08128143846988678,
0.17582255601882935,
0.2818467319011688,
-0.6352210640907288,
0.7940620183944702,
0.07513725012540817,
-1.9947624206542969,
0.3539954423904419,
-0.15547360479831696,
-1.535422444343567,
0.8355480432510376,
0.49380365014076233,
-0.7428074479103088,
-0.1984424591064453,
-0.739429235458374,
0.08013876527547836,
-0.3535769283771515,
0.10524535924196243,
-0.05032985284924507,
-0.15442247688770294,
-0.18536867201328278,
-0.26981374621391296,
-0.5138925909996033,
0.1565345823764801,
0.07218926399946213,
0.20692339539527893,
0.7464308738708496,
0.30755820870399475,
-0.1824733167886734,
-0.3419025242328644,
-0.22504499554634094,
-0.147093266248703,
-0.7300220727920532,
-0.2425398975610733,
0.5674716830253601,
0.16320952773094177,
0.010690159164369106,
-0.5313571095466614,
0.5553052425384521,
-0.16404180228710175,
0.30426716804504395,
-0.4718600809574127,
-0.4044962525367737,
0.3939390182495117,
0.28082966804504395,
-0.9058563113212585,
0.3427545428276062,
-1.644867181777954,
0.8825299143791199,
0.48693451285362244,
0.9587718844413757,
-0.3392404317855835,
0.21030527353286743,
-0.7715578675270081,
-0.2660026252269745,
1.0525249242782593,
1.078835129737854,
0.26680541038513184,
-0.18748486042022705,
0.6045728325843811,
0.23052819073200226,
0.2252856343984604,
-0.6444330811500549,
-0.2908208668231964,
0.18975764513015747,
1.0764920711517334,
-0.6727246046066284,
0.2793370187282562,
-1.207737684249878,
-0.15438345074653625,
0.37670227885246277,
-0.3099912106990814,
-0.25013116002082825,
1.4393348693847656,
0.29792678356170654,
-0.47514060139656067,
-0.11797761917114258,
-0.18571242690086365,
-0.5024436116218567,
-0.3278057873249054,
-0.35749268531799316,
-0.8485341668128967,
-0.4807814359664917,
0.5743979811668396,
0.38098928332328796,
0.23062652349472046,
-0.11624383926391602,
-0.36592385172843933,
0.42065098881721497,
-0.15991652011871338,
0.5247693657875061,
0.5166943669319153,
-0.13944114744663239,
0.8040057420730591,
-0.7015327215194702,
0.4394422471523285,
-0.19978244602680206,
0.7020840644836426,
-0.34351617097854614,
0.3029571771621704,
0.9996920824050903,
-0.2824849486351013,
0.738853931427002,
0.17062976956367493,
0.051755838096141815,
-0.22061310708522797,
-0.9858855605125427,
-0.6776205897331238,
0.642750084400177,
0.0381229892373085,
0.5825555920600891,
0.20058205723762512,
1.3110429048538208,
0.114509217441082,
-0.25393179059028625,
-0.36329352855682373,
-0.036354903131723404,
0.11274944990873337,
-0.8884944915771484,
0.27748987078666687,
-0.3767203688621521,
-0.12425051629543304,
-0.3748129606246948,
0.24431337416172028,
-0.3758333921432495,
0.4581739008426666,
-0.7243984937667847,
0.6302341818809509,
-0.8011277318000793,
-0.16044627130031586,
0.4376886487007141,
-0.38513392210006714,
0.1431252360343933,
1.3220369815826416,
0.3491830825805664,
-0.5783185362815857,
-0.3293119966983795,
-0.5335304141044617,
0.004069515038281679,
-0.06972932070493698,
0.1277560591697693,
0.6221597194671631,
-0.6650905013084412,
-0.7801510095596313,
-0.5434140563011169,
0.37357082962989807,
0.1344691514968872,
-0.18667851388454437,
-0.28065335750579834,
-0.13409587740898132,
0.15245674550533295,
-0.18859346210956573,
0.11789444833993912,
0.9591700434684753,
0.4482257068157196,
0.1460210233926773,
1.3379493951797485,
-0.393149197101593,
-0.38641610741615295,
0.27382391691207886,
-0.41469308733940125,
-0.16197210550308228,
-0.5421413779258728,
0.05675637349486351,
1.0119799375534058,
0.38549378514289856,
0.14578646421432495,
-0.23553569614887238,
-0.20102228224277496,
0.12203105539083481,
-0.7794513702392578,
0.01774328015744686,
-0.9479715824127197,
0.19604842364788055,
-0.17708756029605865,
-0.5657058358192444,
-0.2037641704082489,
-0.2746233344078064,
0.5114161968231201,
0.3604380190372467,
0.8443496823310852,
-0.15230457484722137,
-0.6330227851867676,
0.780761182308197,
0.5222101807594299,
-0.06768877804279327,
-0.39741644263267517,
-0.598503828048706,
-0.48985427618026733,
0.0901159793138504,
0.4864228665828705,
0.0451296828687191,
-1.0305255651474,
-0.40600287914276123,
-0.24220174551010132,
0.5950748920440674,
0.23209846019744873,
-0.006723964586853981,
0.46581557393074036,
-0.01063908264040947,
-0.19979697465896606,
-0.3906796872615814,
-0.20292404294013977,
-0.5611304044723511,
-0.2671012580394745,
0.014486979693174362,
-0.235885888338089,
-0.03815677389502525,
0.12971176207065582,
-0.0769907534122467,
-0.020843422040343285,
0.8818718791007996,
-0.007213737815618515,
-0.9990442991256714
] |
|
29jgrc | Have there been any examples of animals/pants evolving in a reaction to human evolution? | I am wondering if there are animals or plants that have had to evolve something other than behavior in reaction to humans evolving (ie our moving of food native from one area and growing it in another, or newly discovered species closely related to another that has a more "human dependent" part to it, and I don't mean domestication of pets). Is it just we are moving "fast" so creatures that dont multiply every hour (bacteria basically) that they dont have a chance to viably adapt genetically? | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"cilpcyk",
"cilr61x",
"cim4tkn",
"cimehdf"
],
"text": [
"There are bacteria which have developed digestive enzymes only effective in consuming nylon, a substance that did not exist prior to 1935. \n\nThe [peppered moth](_URL_0_) has evolved a darker coloration during the industrial revolution, possibly in response to its preferred habitat dying off and soot coloration becoming more prevalent.",
"Many examples, depending on what you mean by \"evolving\". \n\nFor example, \"*Culex pipiens* f. *molestus*\", the London Underground mosquito, is a mosquito that lives in the underground (subway) system of London and other cities. \n\nThe Underground came into existence in 1863, so *molestus* is not older than that. \n\nIt's apparently a separate species, or at least well on its way to becoming one. \n\nWhen *molestus* and *pipiens* were artificially cross-bred, \n\n > the eggs were infertile, suggesting reproductive isolation.\n\n_URL_1_",
"I'm not sure this is exactly what you mean but human public lice and head lice were the same species that became separated by lack of hair on the rest of the body. Interestingly, parts of the world where people rarely undress or bathe still have human body lice that just live in their clothes.",
"Yes, definitely. Bacteria are the best example due to their rapid rate of reproduction, but you can start to see it another organisms, too. Elephants are being born with generally smaller tusks, and many species of fish are becoming smaller in size due to overfishing of larger varieties."
],
"score": [
11,
4,
4,
3
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peppered_moth_evolution",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground_mosquito"
]
} | Have there been any examples of animals/pants evolving in a reaction to human evolution?
I am wondering if there are animals or plants that have had to evolve something other than behavior in reaction to humans evolving (ie our moving of food native from one area and growing it in another, or newly discovered species closely related to another that has a more "human dependent" part to it, and I don't mean domestication of pets). Is it just we are moving "fast" so creatures that dont multiply every hour (bacteria basically) that they dont have a chance to viably adapt genetically? | [
0.01290795486420393,
-0.3738180100917816,
0.6629164814949036,
-0.36614760756492615,
-0.5093100070953369,
-0.19219966232776642,
-0.1477709263563156,
-1.0491584539413452,
0.5361638069152832,
0.23350197076797485,
1.590027928352356,
0.3843170702457428,
-1.2009131908416748,
0.7263811230659485,
0.15423668920993805,
-0.388982892036438,
0.7354327440261841,
0.4456460475921631,
-0.9557480216026306,
0.07772928476333618,
-0.027219612151384354,
0.3631303310394287,
0.1658703088760376,
1.368287205696106,
-0.32039985060691833,
-0.03127411752939224,
0.2778249979019165,
-0.04979461804032326,
0.820402979850769,
-0.18071897327899933,
0.3128548264503479,
0.7184643149375916,
-0.5420249700546265,
-0.44455042481422424,
-0.03705556318163872,
-0.3956531286239624,
0.6800954341888428,
-0.6726157069206238,
0.9333967566490173,
-1.2663425207138062,
-0.2887286841869354,
-0.5920097231864929,
-0.16464275121688843,
1.0528992414474487,
-0.5080270767211914,
-0.2410145252943039,
-0.0026289119850844145,
0.32829463481903076,
-0.8852658271789551,
-0.09069468080997467,
0.18635329604148865,
-0.6241666078567505,
0.5107129812240601,
0.780582845211029,
0.5165562629699707,
-0.3844143748283386,
0.6022844314575195,
-0.1499662697315216,
0.3703990578651428,
-0.29482313990592957,
0.8068660497665405,
0.45130446553230286,
-0.8096278309822083,
-0.7213877439498901,
0.0020859013311564922,
-0.1002313643693924,
-0.09120021015405655,
1.0208125114440918,
-0.2569900453090668,
-0.22918352484703064,
0.5138230919837952,
-0.05616828054189682,
-0.5362486839294434,
0.40252166986465454,
-0.6287155747413635,
-0.32472914457321167,
0.449404776096344,
-0.4509682357311249,
-0.32140132784843445,
-0.706462025642395,
0.2212090790271759,
0.5799038410186768,
-0.3627842664718628,
0.4550996422767639,
-0.016263900324702263,
0.648036539554596,
0.2835743725299835,
-0.5213292837142944,
-0.14980646967887878,
0.809486448764801,
-0.4609224200248718,
0.04723963886499405,
0.5684932470321655,
0.23816755414009094,
0.8084626197814941,
0.11349120736122131,
0.5025109648704529,
-0.7642298340797424,
-0.16339632868766785,
0.003257466247305274,
0.16196057200431824,
0.1536751240491867,
0.369097501039505,
0.5139530301094055,
-0.0987442135810852,
-0.39431267976760864,
0.3582214117050171,
0.8108302354812622,
0.28170153498649597,
0.22820055484771729,
-0.7787236571311951,
0.30176007747650146,
0.37640106678009033,
-0.9843374490737915,
0.04354077950119972,
-1.6182801723480225,
0.04507354274392128,
-0.13543875515460968,
0.2557699978351593,
0.09007454663515091,
0.12951257824897766,
-0.20817314088344574,
0.8902279138565063,
0.5525491237640381,
-0.6922638416290283,
0.18513239920139313,
-0.2016746550798416,
0.2556079030036926,
-0.01087045855820179,
-0.6300414800643921,
0.2976432144641876,
0.9885443449020386,
0.24425382912158966,
-0.7165072560310364,
-0.2858745753765106,
0.6077495217323303,
-0.49191567301750183,
0.5833184123039246,
-0.1950332373380661,
-0.5296190977096558,
-0.18201875686645508,
-0.07961276173591614,
0.9394334554672241,
-0.7128612995147705,
-0.597881555557251,
-1.7441153526306152,
-1.094030499458313,
-0.6779267191886902,
0.4392733871936798,
-0.38161709904670715,
-0.6011044979095459,
-0.3639652729034424,
0.6366332173347473,
-0.9737980961799622,
0.29946860671043396,
-0.2881903350353241,
0.9137366414070129,
-0.7726965546607971,
-0.2635573148727417,
0.16825512051582336,
-0.4121827781200409,
-0.5778926014900208,
0.30349987745285034,
-0.7657092213630676,
0.3049936890602112,
-0.4507368206977844,
-0.5726574659347534,
-0.022112708538770676,
-0.48653069138526917,
-0.013308406807482243,
-1.0529447793960571,
0.0380394347012043,
1.1451269388198853,
0.6273260712623596,
0.9929677248001099,
-0.5113310813903809,
-0.393606573343277,
0.057325661182403564,
-0.2433190792798996,
0.6148883700370789,
-0.16056379675865173,
-0.47796180844306946,
0.17135737836360931,
0.47900518774986267,
-1.0340821743011475,
-0.1331426352262497,
0.21962454915046692,
-0.2230614870786667,
0.4826205372810364,
-0.16029095649719238,
0.4661840796470642,
-0.13377295434474945,
-1.7356102466583252,
-0.1174146980047226,
0.8843462467193604,
-0.03788551688194275,
0.19152741134166718,
0.02830863744020462,
0.420265257358551,
-0.14944255352020264,
0.07904687523841858,
-1.0200221538543701,
0.39383822679519653,
-0.29781246185302734,
0.48498833179473877,
-0.16465836763381958,
0.2933388948440552,
-0.6996630430221558,
0.7051520943641663,
0.04836888983845711,
0.3426733911037445,
1.052075982093811,
-0.21922101080417633,
-0.735966682434082,
0.04614156112074852,
0.18413624167442322,
0.04429885745048523,
0.013511676341295242,
-0.35560089349746704,
-0.10682054609060287,
1.1496293544769287,
-0.17521904408931732,
-0.9904894232749939,
-0.2532632648944855,
0.9941756129264832,
-0.1330786794424057,
0.49482017755508423,
0.04698586091399193,
-0.06716729700565338,
-0.3285859227180481,
0.1084672138094902,
-0.3501403033733368,
0.26334431767463684,
-0.16670142114162445,
0.13265421986579895,
-0.7775958180427551,
-0.8500920534133911,
-0.7376656532287598,
0.13516822457313538,
-1.1776469945907593,
-0.3701631724834442,
0.565655529499054,
0.46234628558158875,
0.3923816978931427,
0.0038171883206814528,
-0.5919720530509949,
-0.38469815254211426,
-0.22690899670124054,
-0.3791073262691498,
-0.09342650324106216,
-0.020329978317022324,
-1.1658626794815063,
-0.03739229962229729,
-1.2283457517623901,
1.19987154006958,
-1.431006908416748,
0.4596569836139679,
-0.33224841952323914,
0.454905241727829,
0.015042259357869625,
0.2547163963317871,
-0.761871337890625,
0.6509060263633728,
-0.8482228517532349,
-0.926342248916626,
-0.6146612167358398,
-0.7464998960494995,
-0.607732892036438,
-0.1116376519203186,
0.30811452865600586,
0.5505366921424866,
-0.0712822675704956,
0.2937927544116974,
0.5938965082168579,
0.04331018030643463,
-0.5676473379135132,
0.6393547654151917,
-0.2722890377044678,
0.9011937379837036,
0.6554938554763794,
0.982611894607544,
0.35161280632019043,
-0.434468150138855,
0.12536808848381042,
-0.6761669516563416,
0.3013218343257904,
0.7437775135040283,
-1.0115071535110474,
0.6215861439704895,
-0.6961492300033569,
0.8283244967460632,
0.17888833582401276,
-1.3510119915008545,
0.9179530143737793,
-0.2969663441181183,
-0.06162061169743538,
-0.1447855681180954,
-0.4278564155101776,
0.36205723881721497,
-0.05919209122657776,
-0.5321215987205505,
0.03491254523396492,
0.6364150643348694,
0.31305405497550964,
-0.7179979085922241,
-0.6240277290344238,
0.3050570785999298,
-0.768197238445282,
0.06198880076408386,
-0.468948632478714,
0.26829293370246887,
-0.4055982530117035,
-0.4580272436141968,
1.0694934129714966,
-0.4551771879196167,
-0.23804785311222076,
0.3125637173652649,
-0.2848946750164032,
-1.2763776779174805,
-0.3893517851829529,
-0.42396825551986694,
0.2649804651737213,
-0.21399545669555664,
-0.10252182185649872,
0.2749995291233063,
0.9294900298118591,
-0.4729686975479126,
0.5707778930664062,
-0.8612166047096252,
0.0661715567111969,
1.0108603239059448,
-0.7697882056236267,
0.3734695613384247,
-0.2631871998310089,
-0.5562058091163635,
-0.20160125195980072,
0.3535073399543762,
0.5245118141174316,
-0.20574931800365448,
0.21808551251888275,
0.8402350544929504,
0.5565916299819946,
0.10182803869247437,
0.37377509474754333,
0.45656275749206543,
-0.0027421799022704363,
-1.0170608758926392,
0.2394658327102661,
0.1790464073419571,
-0.20741890370845795,
0.1755773425102234,
-0.1627221703529358,
1.0324633121490479,
-0.7912012934684753,
0.40523791313171387,
0.994990348815918,
-0.7137086987495422,
-0.026516737416386604,
0.8435692191123962,
0.3244183361530304,
0.576738178730011,
0.38881194591522217,
0.0952678769826889,
-0.201784148812294,
0.7177753448486328,
0.06649824231863022,
-0.24392709136009216,
-0.6972106099128723,
-0.5321875810623169,
0.23537416756153107,
0.28656652569770813,
0.6108593344688416,
-0.12045864015817642,
0.35403531789779663,
0.13132664561271667,
-0.33895012736320496,
1.0318862199783325,
-0.17778855562210083,
-1.242127776145935,
0.22150622308254242,
0.009990999475121498,
-0.15251529216766357,
-0.21360889077186584,
0.29046499729156494,
-0.4547613561153412,
-0.6489814519882202,
-0.38354572653770447,
-0.08380140364170074,
-0.45359018445014954,
0.27976077795028687,
0.314635694026947,
-0.5980162620544434,
-0.20368164777755737,
-1.4756413698196411,
-0.6524386405944824,
-0.019330041483044624,
-0.76111900806427,
0.9041194915771484,
0.7031141519546509,
-0.2972293198108673,
0.14434844255447388,
-0.07317166775465012,
0.3009502589702606,
0.9369117021560669,
0.30024152994155884,
0.3181701600551605,
0.24015764892101288,
0.17178884148597717,
0.05439861863851547,
-0.564008355140686,
-0.07576017826795578,
-0.6194080710411072,
-0.34127557277679443,
-0.04686838760972023,
0.21888485550880432,
-0.45586779713630676,
-0.5119414329528809,
-1.288486361503601,
-0.7453147768974304,
-0.44678908586502075,
0.551848828792572,
-0.42612791061401367,
0.02639671415090561,
0.6534250378608704,
0.17239169776439667,
-0.11838819086551666,
-0.05971449986100197,
0.2825393080711365,
-0.4727943241596222,
0.22923195362091064,
-0.8449336886405945,
-0.9931197166442871,
0.30077075958251953,
0.7136757969856262,
-0.9762363433837891,
0.010690324939787388,
0.1718619465827942,
-0.005583126097917557,
-0.2576475739479065,
-0.4006240665912628,
-1.1849935054779053,
0.8139744997024536,
-0.15106536448001862,
0.7523441910743713,
0.9739468097686768,
-0.1256106048822403,
1.0795596837997437,
-0.03156620264053345,
-0.7464006543159485,
0.22608226537704468,
0.5684906840324402,
-0.6767076253890991,
-0.4338398575782776,
0.3248607814311981,
0.9063997864723206,
0.5743345022201538,
-0.876930296421051,
0.31325286626815796,
-0.3289274573326111,
-0.21084903180599213,
0.09051576256752014,
-0.7017360329627991,
-0.37022414803504944,
0.7492338418960571,
0.44170263409614563,
0.4658607244491577,
-0.24035552144050598,
-0.41353052854537964,
0.09999135136604309,
-0.7992545962333679,
-0.6878830194473267,
-0.13837246596813202,
0.7045539021492004,
1.2739251852035522,
-0.3681733310222626,
-0.3207336366176605,
0.5125845670700073,
-0.37822839617729187,
-0.3353075683116913,
-0.9888341426849365,
-0.5477405786514282,
-0.5493369698524475,
0.09892935305833817,
-0.29484906792640686,
0.9935141205787659,
-0.10236663371324539,
-1.1907798051834106,
0.2759164571762085,
-0.38690775632858276,
-0.06963936984539032,
0.4858497381210327,
-0.20055411756038666,
0.3847599923610687,
-0.29190802574157715,
0.8680217862129211,
0.5528179407119751,
0.27064064145088196,
0.626526415348053,
-0.11946162581443787,
0.20992614328861237,
0.1569475382566452,
-0.28386110067367554,
0.5953958630561829,
-0.48484355211257935,
0.154359370470047,
0.17766007781028748,
0.4658612906932831,
0.21028481423854828,
0.23978005349636078,
0.6745985746383667,
-0.45954716205596924,
-0.4801306128501892,
-0.05913064628839493,
-0.2626807391643524,
-0.3478136658668518,
-0.050183337181806564,
0.14065466821193695,
0.6363783478736877,
-0.4655109643936157,
0.876834511756897,
-0.1719023734331131,
0.2020823359489441,
0.9428739547729492,
0.21603929996490479,
0.08516565710306168,
0.2560034990310669,
-1.0337166786193848,
-0.5554220676422119,
0.20387183129787445,
0.28477296233177185,
0.5269185900688171,
0.0265909843146801,
-0.24322031438350677,
0.5174539089202881,
-0.27379193902015686,
0.7361369132995605,
0.7352876663208008,
-0.9570186138153076,
0.5594106316566467,
-0.049010660499334335,
-0.18961314857006073,
0.19275817275047302,
0.5242276191711426,
0.15545958280563354,
0.3275410830974579,
-0.1262475550174713,
0.26768025755882263,
0.35149285197257996,
-0.10380695760250092,
0.8139089345932007,
-0.19221429526805878,
0.04512259364128113,
0.598101019859314,
1.1758745908737183,
-0.12809322774410248,
0.17856737971305847,
0.4089466333389282,
-0.6692075729370117,
0.13630244135856628,
0.45282235741615295,
-1.376431941986084,
-0.28605419397354126,
-0.08717302978038788,
-1.184372067451477,
-0.09048019349575043,
-0.15169279277324677,
-0.4403221011161804,
0.0039867497980594635,
-0.5703953504562378,
0.031900692731142044,
-0.9688006639480591,
-0.03755262494087219,
-0.7821320295333862,
-0.31832924485206604,
-0.4560502767562866,
-0.4345877766609192,
0.22081218659877777,
0.4218982756137848,
0.3440265357494354,
0.06510091572999954,
-0.27256205677986145,
-0.2129540741443634,
0.9439488649368286,
0.7256847023963928,
0.007966320030391216,
0.0280471108853817,
0.3602294623851776,
-0.17068225145339966,
0.0864277109503746,
0.20459531247615814,
-0.06904631108045578,
-0.14565631747245789,
-0.08891893923282623,
-0.16430987417697906,
0.3589549958705902,
-0.46140339970588684,
0.279062956571579,
0.5283875465393066,
-0.09702156484127045,
-0.7935357093811035,
0.2699488401412964,
-0.8147294521331787,
0.7009137868881226,
0.7185587882995605,
1.2957097291946411,
0.5591462254524231,
0.6338438391685486,
-0.7388637065887451,
-0.6229843497276306,
0.7164425849914551,
0.5735153555870056,
0.014098795130848885,
0.33251360058784485,
-0.6219111084938049,
-0.18944381177425385,
0.8706716895103455,
0.465282142162323,
-0.46848127245903015,
0.31565308570861816,
0.052115246653556824,
0.49249595403671265,
0.05744672566652298,
-0.9324668645858765,
-0.14891891181468964,
0.8014034032821655,
0.026779044419527054,
-0.10753634572029114,
0.35804569721221924,
0.8114026784896851,
-0.08093342185020447,
-0.3902580440044403,
-0.4501645267009735,
0.3179073631763458,
-0.47056835889816284,
-0.80521559715271,
0.20616310834884644,
-1.034816026687622,
0.35142576694488525,
-0.24295802414417267,
-0.7171557545661926,
-0.3783573508262634,
-0.1228145956993103,
0.11304401606321335,
0.3413449823856354,
-0.018167460337281227,
-0.13065721094608307,
0.4944254159927368,
1.037611722946167,
-0.08210339397192001,
1.2742068767547607,
-0.5519965887069702,
0.009191534481942654,
-0.06397747248411179,
-0.3184807598590851,
0.8129345178604126,
-0.6171796321868896,
0.48297977447509766,
0.05556781217455864,
-0.21806341409683228,
-0.04173409938812256,
-1.0006953477859497,
0.1045229360461235,
-0.21465463936328888,
-0.5093917846679688,
0.7437881827354431,
0.07695217430591583,
0.5963216423988342,
0.5311469435691833,
-0.3230896592140198,
0.5172672867774963,
0.40032368898391724,
-0.7422513961791992,
0.015658678486943245,
0.11144343763589859,
0.6830345988273621,
0.5747841000556946,
-0.38269034028053284,
-0.3014605641365051,
-0.4822733700275421,
0.12998263537883759,
-0.19101737439632416,
-0.3075408935546875,
-0.21572473645210266,
-0.02976076491177082,
0.0009535102872177958,
-0.04572175443172455,
-0.8159600496292114,
0.8732134103775024,
0.2902142405509949,
-1.1681736707687378,
0.05215814709663391,
-0.6462522745132446,
0.27055713534355164,
0.2839354872703552,
-0.7606401443481445,
0.93729567527771,
-0.21278339624404907,
-0.25492122769355774,
-0.8326517939567566,
0.15953516960144043,
-0.3351380527019501,
-0.5685617923736572,
-1.0457106828689575,
-0.7586904168128967,
0.27525338530540466,
-0.14299888908863068,
0.37148749828338623,
0.5327239632606506,
-0.10246448963880539,
-0.3249117136001587,
0.5380449295043945,
0.30586010217666626,
-0.5734175443649292,
-0.14301836490631104,
-0.5288919806480408,
0.5995050668716431,
-0.09546441584825516,
-0.08779872208833694,
-0.36213287711143494,
-0.09813107550144196,
-0.577110230922699,
-0.08312860876321793,
0.1645573079586029,
0.0832136794924736,
-0.9848901629447937,
0.4475691318511963,
-0.8640931844711304,
-0.5382569432258606,
-0.401052862405777,
-0.5066404342651367,
-0.17025631666183472,
-0.7562026977539062,
-0.24747662246227264,
0.5855001211166382,
0.6601700782775879,
0.07903198152780533,
-0.7384297847747803,
1.1499136686325073,
-0.7910568118095398,
0.6742866039276123,
-0.5920863747596741,
-0.5148738026618958,
-0.5266153812408447,
-0.736176073551178,
0.36338093876838684,
0.18126443028450012,
0.12718643248081207,
0.35603585839271545,
-0.09301704913377762,
0.4800994396209717,
0.8347234129905701,
0.8184843063354492,
0.26694008708000183,
0.3596034049987793,
-0.13356277346611023,
0.4176183342933655,
0.11463999003171921,
-0.7588271498680115,
-0.4770888686180115,
0.10681955516338348,
0.07436027377843857,
-0.1089804396033287,
-0.17817732691764832,
0.07958195358514786,
-0.37796130776405334,
-0.7606622576713562,
-0.09447043389081955,
-0.4212019443511963
] |
|
2xtr3t | Is Time created only for the simple measure of daytime or does it have tangible roots in physics ? | I heard that some time ago by a fellow watchmaker and his argumentation seems to make some sense. This question has really bugged me since a long time.
He said that time really wasn't an important factor in physics (which I think is not ture) and made me doubt his argumentation. Does anyone have an answer to that ?
I also know that the second is now determined by the ceasium-133 frequency of 9,192,631,770 Hz. But is the frequency relevant to something else then just being a frequency ? (that sounds weird)
Also, to further the question : Excluding speed (distance travelled over time) could we erase time out of equations in physics ?
| askscience | {
"a_id": [
"cp3d3kb",
"cp3fai6",
"cp3egd5",
"cp3tcax",
"cp3t2iy"
],
"text": [
"Half of the Physics is about time, whole Kinetics, a lot of Thermodynamics, etc. \nTime is just one of the variables, like temperature, distance, charge, etc. \nDiffusion for example is related to time, and we would see no processes if there was no diffusion.",
"So here's how I see it.\n\nPhysics studies events happening in nature. By specifying the (space and time) coordinates of the event (with respect to some reference frame), you uniquely determine it as a point in the universe.\n\nSince physics doesn't depend on your choice of reference frame, you can specify the same event by giving transformed coordinates in a transformed reference frame (e.g. a frame that is moving or rotated or shifted in space or time w.r.t. the first).\n\nIn our universe, we see 4 (macroscopic) dimensions. One of these dimensions behaves differently from the other three under these transformations. So you have one dimension of one type, called time, and three of the other type, called space.\n\nThat all makes sense in terms of microscopic physics. I don't know how I can extend that picture to include thermodynamics. In one dimension, you have two topologically distinct orientations, you cannot smoothly rotate around. You could probably use that somehow in the argument...",
"To answer your question about cesium, yes it's arbitrary. Cesium atoms oscillate at a very precise rate and are relatively easy for us to measure. We chose 9,192,631,770 oscillations as one \"second\" so that it would match closely with the historical definition of a second, which is of course based on the earths movement. \n\nBut atomic clocks wouldn't work if cesium atoms didn't take a very specific amount of *time* to transition between superfine ground states.",
"Time is really unusual, but absolutely not just a human construct. Physics deals with time in different ways too. Many comments in here point out to General Relativity dealing with it as just a funky kind of space. But there's also the way that Thermodynamics deals with it: time is the increase of entropy (\"disorder\", but don't assume that any disorder is entropy). If you could magically stop the increase of entropy, then you would freeze time as well. This generally means no material motion all the way down to the atomic scale.",
"General Relativity tells us that time is inseparable from other 3 space dimensions. It's just as real as up/down, left/right, forward/back.\n\nThe absolute value of time isn't important - experiments done today and tomorrow will produce the same results. Maybe that's what your buddy meant by 'time isn't important'. Laws of physics also don't seem to care about the direction of time (with some caveats), so direction of time isn't important"
],
"score": [
10,
5,
5,
2,
2
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | Is Time created only for the simple measure of daytime or does it have tangible roots in physics ?
I heard that some time ago by a fellow watchmaker and his argumentation seems to make some sense. This question has really bugged me since a long time. He said that time really wasn't an important factor in physics (which I think is not ture) and made me doubt his argumentation. Does anyone have an answer to that ? I also know that the second is now determined by the ceasium-133 frequency of 9,192,631,770 Hz. But is the frequency relevant to something else then just being a frequency ? (that sounds weird) Also, to further the question : Excluding speed (distance travelled over time) could we erase time out of equations in physics ? | [
-0.03425212204456329,
-0.7775134444236755,
0.5961040258407593,
-0.24995841085910797,
-0.5541607737541199,
-0.6603052020072937,
-0.0820450633764267,
-0.7995630502700806,
0.7942318916320801,
0.39321815967559814,
1.0617907047271729,
0.43693414330482483,
-0.23005244135856628,
0.6174376606941223,
-0.2272440493106842,
-0.45760634541511536,
1.179471492767334,
-0.21609526872634888,
-0.43838053941726685,
-0.6934450268745422,
-0.14146475493907928,
0.28468266129493713,
0.27654436230659485,
0.9600381851196289,
-0.754045307636261,
0.33592545986175537,
-0.2726602256298065,
-0.35678830742836,
0.4697650671005249,
0.609272837638855,
0.32138288021087646,
0.10032707452774048,
-0.5673270225524902,
-0.18605056405067444,
0.3133421540260315,
0.03579584136605263,
0.7644774317741394,
0.2582385241985321,
0.6233130693435669,
-1.0869731903076172,
0.22146140038967133,
-0.3212064504623413,
0.11897076666355133,
0.4265696108341217,
-0.3688044250011444,
-0.6891053915023804,
0.48506876826286316,
0.3119049370288849,
-0.5393255352973938,
-0.1835094690322876,
-0.2350902557373047,
0.41665008664131165,
0.8117245435714722,
0.39219173789024353,
0.17177265882492065,
-0.11732295900583267,
-0.05965113639831543,
-0.08232341706752777,
0.6528545618057251,
0.6938703656196594,
0.6635633707046509,
-0.2632557451725006,
-0.9753133654594421,
-0.6506001949310303,
0.1912163645029068,
0.06290066987276077,
-0.5563612580299377,
0.3255947232246399,
-0.7082170248031616,
-0.3309289216995239,
-0.21621467173099518,
-0.3997773230075836,
-0.7529350519180298,
-0.6724623441696167,
0.46308159828186035,
-0.22528359293937683,
0.8846883177757263,
0.16861726343631744,
-0.7394154071807861,
-0.10400915145874023,
-0.4409007430076599,
-0.18664489686489105,
-0.3495118021965027,
-0.2848982512950897,
-0.3799847662448883,
0.5314983129501343,
0.4451256990432739,
-0.6742554903030396,
-0.3339924216270447,
1.2476259469985962,
-0.6504714488983154,
-0.2588743567466736,
0.5593941807746887,
-0.13055455684661865,
0.1275898814201355,
-0.29651206731796265,
0.7789446115493774,
-0.5999183654785156,
0.3898671269416809,
0.4666783809661865,
-0.43807798624038696,
0.6118217706680298,
0.5302960872650146,
1.0490916967391968,
0.3614967465400696,
-0.46065983176231384,
0.4734978973865509,
-0.11757339537143707,
-0.1475074291229248,
0.2919882833957672,
-0.18338003754615784,
0.9642250537872314,
0.21418151259422302,
-0.576684832572937,
-0.31637561321258545,
-1.6899914741516113,
0.1277458667755127,
-0.34222275018692017,
1.4474729299545288,
0.6912640333175659,
0.7425966858863831,
-0.5595301389694214,
0.4674825072288513,
0.6763486862182617,
-0.014430874958634377,
0.3295714259147644,
-0.4785423278808594,
0.8582305908203125,
0.14570924639701843,
-0.3407543897628784,
0.1259167641401291,
0.7124292850494385,
0.36074891686439514,
-0.4966285824775696,
0.027970846742391586,
-0.04367547482252121,
-0.9528824090957642,
-0.1242639571428299,
-0.5467851758003235,
0.5537990927696228,
-0.8524810671806335,
0.068136066198349,
1.1452215909957886,
-0.46873658895492554,
-0.3731592297554016,
-0.5829759240150452,
-0.825917661190033,
0.5304355025291443,
0.702176570892334,
-0.42740675806999207,
-0.8954645395278931,
-0.34030866622924805,
0.40793031454086304,
-0.3084334135055542,
0.0614476203918457,
-0.49572113156318665,
0.5986424684524536,
-0.3936423063278198,
-0.4828576147556305,
0.35084909200668335,
-0.7243157029151917,
-0.5799894332885742,
0.020329535007476807,
0.6904416084289551,
0.5789192914962769,
0.17741169035434723,
-0.2400674670934677,
-0.1947300285100937,
-0.048865921795368195,
0.08654621243476868,
-0.17301875352859497,
-0.518328845500946,
0.7728136777877808,
-0.23450849950313568,
0.059629131108522415,
-0.36990225315093994,
-0.012176331132650375,
0.6957797408103943,
-0.35172614455223083,
0.11282466351985931,
-0.5114666223526001,
-0.36449944972991943,
-0.07630220055580139,
0.509562611579895,
-0.7080307006835938,
0.26892006397247314,
-0.03991227224469185,
-0.16227054595947266,
0.30617207288742065,
0.3499591052532196,
0.42793142795562744,
-0.35809996724128723,
-1.583837628364563,
-0.1715196818113327,
0.38837704062461853,
-0.19476012885570526,
0.22828447818756104,
1.1742428541183472,
0.49174484610557556,
-0.39627644419670105,
0.09052693098783493,
-1.8902133703231812,
-0.424354612827301,
0.1932714581489563,
-0.12288198620080948,
-0.03477788344025612,
0.44064587354660034,
0.08951067924499512,
0.4722714126110077,
-0.11878961324691772,
0.7238728404045105,
0.5936687588691711,
-0.0415058508515358,
0.3042597770690918,
-0.3241170644760132,
0.42708930373191833,
0.5129152536392212,
0.19095806777477264,
0.027410218492150307,
0.23737630248069763,
0.0024851858615875244,
-0.5589084029197693,
-0.07830136269330978,
0.8550859093666077,
1.018729329109192,
-0.028728896751999855,
-0.6995190978050232,
0.026074998080730438,
-0.20238833129405975,
0.05910719186067581,
-0.1435658484697342,
-0.512656033039093,
-0.16226992011070251,
0.410710871219635,
-0.2161867618560791,
-0.8307183384895325,
-1.1181641817092896,
-0.6456416249275208,
0.20362518727779388,
-0.6370038390159607,
-0.3415534496307373,
0.23925870656967163,
0.483609139919281,
0.8523591160774231,
0.6371092796325684,
0.6099933981895447,
-0.45411908626556396,
-1.0568066835403442,
-0.6573923826217651,
0.1740565448999405,
-1.012120008468628,
-0.6021934151649475,
-0.2811356782913208,
-0.7735257148742676,
0.5675220489501953,
-0.9739831686019897,
0.0020550494082272053,
-0.12737970054149628,
-0.016286443918943405,
0.3030162751674652,
0.350750595331192,
-0.48130127787590027,
0.766677975654602,
0.036103665828704834,
-1.0843079090118408,
0.3952410817146301,
-0.22742263972759247,
0.20849169790744781,
0.2008913904428482,
0.4086143672466278,
-0.35124608874320984,
-0.34390732645988464,
-0.12239503860473633,
0.5705928802490234,
-0.2159326821565628,
-0.6079458594322205,
-0.4141354560852051,
-0.6061693429946899,
0.8465495109558105,
0.4581575393676758,
0.7248262166976929,
0.6247993111610413,
-0.4794522523880005,
-0.8960527181625366,
-0.09981698542833328,
0.19018641114234924,
0.6722891330718994,
-0.662848949432373,
0.0731322318315506,
-0.4578583240509033,
0.2554247975349426,
0.017657944932579994,
-0.483795166015625,
0.9162532091140747,
0.4359641969203949,
0.017644979059696198,
-0.0145444730296731,
-0.7232127785682678,
0.015148814767599106,
-0.29297661781311035,
-0.233413428068161,
-0.5665727853775024,
0.7611889839172363,
0.29335638880729675,
-0.5467494130134583,
0.09290308505296707,
0.8171318173408508,
-0.9633418917655945,
0.6737273335456848,
-0.037356797605752945,
0.7192354798316956,
-0.3051351308822632,
-0.3222294747829437,
1.3596444129943848,
-0.08197231590747833,
0.3580550253391266,
0.7072911858558655,
-0.8709546327590942,
-0.5179536938667297,
-0.4005476236343384,
-0.1648116409778595,
0.34203851222991943,
0.5367492437362671,
-0.2930501103401184,
-0.22296929359436035,
1.2494570016860962,
-0.4693586826324463,
0.3265387713909149,
-0.7604383826255798,
0.011358660645782948,
0.5164059996604919,
-0.5634737610816956,
0.37067294120788574,
0.9769646525382996,
-0.5699207186698914,
-0.45009592175483704,
-0.01351051777601242,
0.29760611057281494,
-0.0904884859919548,
0.0783923864364624,
1.4421744346618652,
0.30150654911994934,
-0.47952139377593994,
0.4493215084075928,
-0.3708958625793457,
0.5458540320396423,
-0.7995135188102722,
0.2687220275402069,
0.22053058445453644,
-0.00705433776602149,
-0.053146928548812866,
0.7987837791442871,
0.5869587659835815,
-0.6410405039787292,
-0.1911579817533493,
1.1287442445755005,
-0.7239150404930115,
-0.07591157406568527,
0.2858823239803314,
0.002772074192762375,
-0.022378673776984215,
0.267303466796875,
0.4012976884841919,
0.2562715411186218,
0.19802653789520264,
-0.4964718222618103,
-0.7285212278366089,
-0.31399407982826233,
-0.21269093453884125,
0.2707718014717102,
0.11559122055768967,
0.33731722831726074,
-0.5039661526679993,
-0.11216498911380768,
0.5862915515899658,
-0.25020545721054077,
1.2109367847442627,
0.2938029170036316,
-0.4094482958316803,
0.1900281012058258,
0.34947317838668823,
0.39394858479499817,
0.2873813211917877,
0.25235700607299805,
-0.5608224868774414,
-1.1544710397720337,
-0.8626206517219543,
-0.455240935087204,
-0.028553558513522148,
0.048270829021930695,
0.2107810527086258,
0.012898210436105728,
0.12241430580615997,
-0.18331018090248108,
-0.7010247111320496,
-0.626417338848114,
-0.5799813270568848,
0.603817880153656,
0.31931325793266296,
-0.38130348920822144,
0.4002223610877991,
0.946780264377594,
-0.05138354003429413,
1.4527416229248047,
0.14787042140960693,
0.0038859620690345764,
0.4787324368953705,
0.7835381031036377,
0.7130612134933472,
-0.3664417564868927,
-0.08604805916547775,
-0.8914481401443481,
-0.6913600564002991,
-0.2833975553512573,
0.15951402485370636,
-1.0296329259872437,
-1.0784685611724854,
-0.5848354697227478,
-0.7872511148452759,
-0.4922824501991272,
0.5210939049720764,
-0.1938246488571167,
-0.19567862153053284,
0.154023677110672,
0.3040606677532196,
-0.9387154579162598,
-0.26551735401153564,
-0.5232118964195251,
-0.535024106502533,
-0.16835060715675354,
-0.9195545315742493,
-0.9949247241020203,
0.2793647050857544,
0.4681776165962219,
-1.31087327003479,
0.1270585060119629,
0.2037574201822281,
-0.15575575828552246,
-0.3049297034740448,
-0.5537927746772766,
-1.044365406036377,
0.8460136651992798,
-0.23799225687980652,
-0.16031087934970856,
-0.3974587619304657,
-0.7287496328353882,
0.8439809679985046,
0.3750433027744293,
-0.7047372460365295,
-0.22118636965751648,
0.40031754970550537,
-0.5057727694511414,
0.13771656155586243,
0.48023948073387146,
0.8572869896888733,
0.48891791701316833,
-0.6837085485458374,
0.11066393554210663,
0.3708927035331726,
-0.010695667937397957,
-0.1349048763513565,
0.08294174820184708,
-0.34873291850090027,
1.0466041564941406,
0.5082302093505859,
0.5079953074455261,
-0.21932345628738403,
0.07832664251327515,
0.05135931447148323,
-0.951574444770813,
-1.114033579826355,
-0.12244521081447601,
1.0888893604278564,
0.2636566460132599,
-1.155099868774414,
-0.644801139831543,
1.1855733394622803,
-0.4164307713508606,
-0.20556072890758514,
-1.445582389831543,
0.16447235643863678,
-0.7603087425231934,
-0.8105593323707581,
-0.057921603322029114,
0.5456286072731018,
-0.6729861497879028,
-0.8169346451759338,
0.07666623592376709,
-0.27257609367370605,
-0.05239735543727875,
-0.5758320689201355,
0.40879008173942566,
0.2134523093700409,
0.6965346932411194,
0.7017555236816406,
0.012245167046785355,
-0.16837722063064575,
0.9898855686187744,
0.4611712396144867,
-0.0080511923879385,
-0.04783844202756882,
0.06865600496530533,
0.15852656960487366,
-0.2665085196495056,
-0.2764762043952942,
-0.5491738319396973,
0.23807506263256073,
0.3050483763217926,
0.4892098605632782,
1.0931055545806885,
-0.1263493150472641,
-0.35743072628974915,
0.5769763588905334,
-0.3555435836315155,
0.025246512144804,
-0.08433075249195099,
0.5001930594444275,
-0.2883155643939972,
-0.6096004247665405,
0.7363029718399048,
0.0022734515368938446,
-0.3529847264289856,
0.988805890083313,
0.4198453426361084,
0.18457762897014618,
0.4207567274570465,
-1.539007306098938,
-1.2943816184997559,
0.0140112629160285,
0.06287644803524017,
0.3672912120819092,
-0.4345315396785736,
-0.5797706246376038,
0.44354453682899475,
0.3263913691043854,
1.187774419784546,
0.4622070789337158,
-0.8186767101287842,
0.4774685204029083,
-0.046244021505117416,
0.06632383167743683,
0.3243978023529053,
0.6870564818382263,
0.04647967964410782,
0.07848641276359558,
0.23508134484291077,
0.37511926889419556,
0.17673653364181519,
-0.5487734079360962,
0.309576153755188,
-0.22754503786563873,
-0.2799731492996216,
0.27063480019569397,
-0.3653249442577362,
0.5878065228462219,
-0.28291815519332886,
-0.2399507313966751,
-0.27298808097839355,
-0.10017378628253937,
0.21162796020507812,
-0.7698336839675903,
-0.8020893931388855,
0.8857450485229492,
-1.0711894035339355,
0.11428095400333405,
-0.03301684930920601,
-1.0647032260894775,
-0.0458068922162056,
-0.06054969131946564,
0.01938914880156517,
-0.6028438210487366,
0.22030428051948547,
-0.45648932456970215,
-0.5898367762565613,
-0.31689751148223877,
0.4903559982776642,
-0.5561316609382629,
0.049225155264139175,
0.5610185861587524,
-0.7562165856361389,
0.1395466923713684,
0.15323743224143982,
-0.023829564452171326,
-0.08493597060441971,
-0.0058096228167414665,
0.06434480845928192,
-0.6644527912139893,
-0.4500052332878113,
0.29248395562171936,
0.2561083137989044,
-0.2311084121465683,
-0.5737857222557068,
0.24536055326461792,
-0.4121994376182556,
0.6958123445510864,
-0.9433709383010864,
-0.04964873567223549,
0.08623647689819336,
-0.1076909750699997,
-1.0754553079605103,
0.586802065372467,
-0.828423261642456,
0.33456841111183167,
-0.6304242014884949,
0.5217422246932983,
-0.12810152769088745,
0.5139461159706116,
-0.3396405577659607,
-0.061799973249435425,
0.029303576797246933,
0.7190454006195068,
0.13534331321716309,
-0.08335864543914795,
0.07342510670423508,
-0.2650722563266754,
0.3611111342906952,
-0.32695943117141724,
-0.23881720006465912,
0.21487164497375488,
0.4271427094936371,
0.9304653406143188,
-0.15161381661891937,
-0.8942119479179382,
-0.07014459371566772,
0.39563071727752686,
-0.08774642646312714,
0.19677123427391052,
1.6591796875,
0.9330599308013916,
-0.013248972594738007,
-0.04805407300591469,
-0.698978841304779,
-0.20113453269004822,
-0.16993539035320282,
-0.46353843808174133,
-0.039435312151908875,
-1.0582674741744995,
0.2221565842628479,
0.24099044501781464,
-0.7481575012207031,
0.1920812577009201,
0.1315898597240448,
0.022763706743717194,
0.6901847124099731,
0.88761967420578,
-0.44860023260116577,
-0.09008411318063736,
0.5639259815216064,
0.11179493367671967,
1.3857148885726929,
-0.27689415216445923,
0.5104993581771851,
0.4642230272293091,
0.10086485743522644,
0.3923474848270416,
0.5458688139915466,
-0.13136181235313416,
-0.1145365834236145,
-0.16442224383354187,
-0.00953061506152153,
-0.9581333994865417,
-1.0231552124023438,
-0.3545680046081543,
-0.15239062905311584,
0.2734239399433136,
0.1125616729259491,
0.38686537742614746,
0.08285114169120789,
-0.7377455234527588,
-0.8608845472335815,
-0.13805687427520752,
0.07039357721805573,
-0.7163146734237671,
0.4211118817329407,
0.5513343811035156,
0.019582895562052727,
-0.006952347233891487,
-0.1697424054145813,
-0.3704027235507965,
-0.0580899640917778,
-0.24414128065109253,
0.5160182118415833,
-0.6832841634750366,
0.4462273418903351,
0.07490615546703339,
-0.20828260481357574,
-0.10335101932287216,
0.852988600730896,
1.0132508277893066,
-0.69548499584198,
0.15186023712158203,
-0.6429170966148376,
-0.33604952692985535,
-0.8641344904899597,
-0.6355276703834534,
0.533072292804718,
-1.1191755533218384,
-0.49458739161491394,
-1.4303886890411377,
-0.09277436882257462,
-0.30970513820648193,
-0.6854962706565857,
-0.4537867307662964,
-0.2596414387226105,
-0.0905459001660347,
-0.20502273738384247,
0.0731729120016098,
0.8373552560806274,
-0.22896042466163635,
-0.7639337182044983,
0.8223463296890259,
-0.5787745714187622,
-0.5588681101799011,
-0.63116055727005,
0.16356533765792847,
1.0767600536346436,
-0.9239204525947571,
0.040041349828243256,
-0.6252424716949463,
0.7287763357162476,
-0.5978463888168335,
-0.5292540788650513,
-0.35884416103363037,
0.1740279495716095,
-0.486005038022995,
0.30572807788848877,
-0.729577362537384,
0.24328628182411194,
-0.3183225989341736,
-0.3768582046031952,
-0.17786584794521332,
-0.022118881344795227,
0.7111987471580505,
-0.2026720643043518,
0.6252313852310181,
0.44912171363830566,
0.17839020490646362,
0.1833799034357071,
0.05852273106575012,
-0.3067193925380707,
-0.4013228416442871,
0.4045695662498474,
-0.017894629389047623,
-1.3404772281646729,
0.9491590261459351,
-0.050544388592243195,
-0.35119935870170593,
-0.007114533334970474,
0.050437819212675095,
1.4682533740997314,
0.345254123210907,
0.6578877568244934,
0.4560703933238983,
0.26011085510253906,
-0.10801944136619568,
-0.8007194995880127,
0.5255005359649658,
-0.8353055119514465,
0.0910647064447403,
0.386221706867218,
0.10285001993179321,
0.06823669373989105,
0.5932372212409973,
0.4010004699230194,
0.017420247197151184,
0.13265696167945862,
-0.045262761414051056,
-0.9738754034042358
] |
|
3jk0b5 | Is there a name for the imprecision of a signal? | In signal processing or in theory of communication, is there a name for the random deviation from a target signal that a system must be built to tolerate and the pressure it puts on how "tightly" different signals can be packed into a physical continuum?
For examples if a system is built such that a signal is interpreted as A for value 1, one should expect imprecisions in the engineering of the emitting and receiving devices, noise, and effects of the medium on the signal to make the signal deviate from 1, let's say within 1±0.1. This puts a pressure on how many signals I can pack in my continuum, since if I give message B the value 1.1 and it has the same margin of uncertainty (1.1±0.1), then any signal detected between 1 and 1.1 can be either A or B. Putting message B at value 1.2 on the other hand would make sure that there is no overlap and every message is unambiguous. Or I could put message B at a value of 1.9 if I was ready to tolerate a small error rate. Although it has a cost in potential miscommunications, I can now pack 10% more signals into my continuum by spacing them by 0.9 instead of 1, so that could potentially outweigh the cost. Then it becomes a complex optimization problem between the value of more signals, the cost of the error rate, and the redundancy in the message.
I'm interested in that optimization question, but I have no idea of the keywords to look for. Are there special terms for or related to the ideas I have in mind (tolerance of imprecision in a signal, errors due to overlap in the signal distributions, efficient packing of signals in a continuum, and the optimization problem of such packing) and are there specific fields studying it? | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"cuqmimd",
"cuqo417",
"cur9f3u"
],
"text": [
"You're looking for \"hysteresis\". When decoding analog and digital signals, you need to establish a window that discretely defines your precision level. If you have a rising edge, it must rise by a certain amount per a certain unit time before you interpret it as a different value. The opposite holds for falling edges. You can think of hysteresis as the \"snappiness\" of a received signal. If you have a large hysteresis, even a large change will not affect your final interpreted value. With a small hysteresis, you are more sensitive to changes. This has to be accounted for with how precise your measurement tools are and the level of interference your signal will see in its final resting place. You can filter out frequencies you are not interested in, which can affect the speed at which you can respond to a particular event. These are all trade-offs of DSP, ADCs, etc.",
"One term to look at is [noise margin](_URL_0_).\n\nThe usual way to look at this is, assume that all of the systematic effects (meaning effects that vary from connection to connection, or vary with timescales much slower than the baud rate of the system, such as component value variation, power supply variation, performance changes due to temperature changes, ...) will at least sometimes all achieve their worst-case values. Even when they do, we need to allow some margin between the logic levels to allow for noise. \n\nIt's basically up to the circuit designer to ensure that even with worst-case behavior from all of the systematic effects, there will still be an adequate noise margin. \n\nThen, the field of communications engineering is all about how we can encode a signal to ensure that even with random noise added in the channel, it's still possible to transmit a message error-free.",
"I think you are talking about the [channel capacity](_URL_1_). The optimum capacity for a specific channel was worked out by Claude Shannon and depends upon the bandwidth of the channel and the signal/noise ratio."
],
"score": [
3,
3,
3
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noise_margin",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_capacity"
]
} | Is there a name for the imprecision of a signal?
In signal processing or in theory of communication, is there a name for the random deviation from a target signal that a system must be built to tolerate and the pressure it puts on how "tightly" different signals can be packed into a physical continuum? For examples if a system is built such that a signal is interpreted as A for value 1, one should expect imprecisions in the engineering of the emitting and receiving devices, noise, and effects of the medium on the signal to make the signal deviate from 1, let's say within 1±0.1. This puts a pressure on how many signals I can pack in my continuum, since if I give message B the value 1.1 and it has the same margin of uncertainty (1.1±0.1), then any signal detected between 1 and 1.1 can be either A or B. Putting message B at value 1.2 on the other hand would make sure that there is no overlap and every message is unambiguous. Or I could put message B at a value of 1.9 if I was ready to tolerate a small error rate. Although it has a cost in potential miscommunications, I can now pack 10% more signals into my continuum by spacing them by 0.9 instead of 1, so that could potentially outweigh the cost. Then it becomes a complex optimization problem between the value of more signals, the cost of the error rate, and the redundancy in the message. I'm interested in that optimization question, but I have no idea of the keywords to look for. Are there special terms for or related to the ideas I have in mind (tolerance of imprecision in a signal, errors due to overlap in the signal distributions, efficient packing of signals in a continuum, and the optimization problem of such packing) and are there specific fields studying it? | [
-0.5675638318061829,
-0.19036604464054108,
0.13972708582878113,
-0.15617600083351135,
-0.2751302123069763,
-0.4855356812477112,
0.3639688193798065,
-0.42299216985702515,
0.4554060995578766,
-0.29694220423698425,
0.472637802362442,
0.4298546314239502,
-1.161693811416626,
-0.5888508558273315,
-0.1932046264410019,
0.046526484191417694,
0.3311619162559509,
-0.1625097692012787,
-0.4116378724575043,
-0.2478567659854889,
0.42102062702178955,
-0.05026199668645859,
-0.10325396060943604,
1.4985733032226562,
-0.3822411596775055,
-0.09471766650676727,
1.3931701183319092,
0.1456003040075302,
0.5648897886276245,
0.3322675824165344,
0.7166855335235596,
-0.18543259799480438,
-0.35346537828445435,
0.027536515146493912,
0.34824344515800476,
0.3689727485179901,
0.8679680824279785,
-0.41357746720314026,
0.5577117800712585,
-0.45011231303215027,
0.2555999755859375,
-0.3737359344959259,
0.22781501710414886,
-0.20150282979011536,
-1.5208797454833984,
-0.11924292892217636,
-0.42434564232826233,
-0.06940242648124695,
-0.8373246192932129,
-1.0079039335250854,
-0.5034596920013428,
0.25265151262283325,
0.6865984797477722,
0.3940759599208832,
0.047961536794900894,
-0.04341161623597145,
0.09614825248718262,
-0.05351102352142334,
0.4750819206237793,
0.5918722748756409,
0.6178595423698425,
-0.21653684973716736,
-0.7430369257926941,
-0.7655113339424133,
0.6944500803947449,
0.053517770022153854,
0.23247024416923523,
0.630596399307251,
-0.4761981666088104,
-0.9700266122817993,
0.017422083765268326,
-0.3567349314689636,
-1.0334049463272095,
-1.111521601676941,
-0.10945345461368561,
-0.4123077690601349,
0.2238597571849823,
0.4292519688606262,
-0.13099215924739838,
-0.05125405639410019,
-0.521213173866272,
-0.8094974160194397,
-0.3458796739578247,
0.1504165083169937,
0.669073224067688,
-0.0515112467110157,
0.40475931763648987,
-0.25591957569122314,
-0.5979377031326294,
1.2225191593170166,
-0.28346216678619385,
-0.8756536245346069,
0.2460905760526657,
0.09557059407234192,
0.18375369906425476,
-0.8074280023574829,
0.5485916137695312,
-0.028273627161979675,
-0.24676766991615295,
0.8061925768852234,
-0.37319105863571167,
0.09174525737762451,
0.6409690380096436,
0.5701223611831665,
0.7326931357383728,
-0.8877491354942322,
1.440446376800537,
0.32048431038856506,
-0.2937474846839905,
0.04832090064883232,
-0.5087686777114868,
0.20010632276535034,
0.37480708956718445,
-0.5335461497306824,
-0.2445877343416214,
-0.598331868648529,
-0.11230894178152084,
0.26448318362236023,
0.11761216819286346,
0.3195158839225769,
0.11949325352907181,
1.0561548471450806,
0.17774729430675507,
0.6854554414749146,
0.5382386445999146,
0.7719184756278992,
0.3556666672229767,
0.8837598562240601,
-0.1587086319923401,
-0.6110610365867615,
0.08178658038377762,
0.7045270800590515,
0.010666510090231895,
-0.6848658919334412,
-0.017874903976917267,
0.8047440648078918,
-0.4522148668766022,
0.5209998488426208,
-0.9724620580673218,
-0.11735083162784576,
0.32762446999549866,
0.22035571932792664,
1.433698058128357,
-1.0474668741226196,
0.2733016610145569,
-0.724612832069397,
-0.7642292380332947,
-0.4370938539505005,
0.17668034136295319,
-0.48083263635635376,
-1.2297354936599731,
0.15319111943244934,
-0.04177994281053543,
-1.0089930295944214,
0.43630754947662354,
-0.5605548620223999,
0.22460082173347473,
-0.5611403584480286,
-0.5311411023139954,
0.8953074812889099,
-0.8725108504295349,
-0.2953077554702759,
0.6287450790405273,
-0.10616990923881531,
0.17999280989170074,
-0.009198671206831932,
-0.4723941385746002,
0.25411683320999146,
-0.3121861219406128,
0.28050488233566284,
0.40276283025741577,
0.10912793129682541,
1.2449969053268433,
0.6377032995223999,
0.10468097776174545,
-0.49377185106277466,
-0.6003828644752502,
-0.05837075412273407,
-1.157736897468567,
0.03227845951914787,
-0.19313591718673706,
-0.27337053418159485,
0.5006216764450073,
0.7656892538070679,
-0.4295431077480316,
0.14313355088233948,
-0.004563279449939728,
-0.3882734477519989,
0.4303281605243683,
-0.2525240182876587,
0.045485466718673706,
-0.05229317396879196,
-1.764866590499878,
0.4413214325904846,
-0.2279956340789795,
0.39181098341941833,
-0.000806208117865026,
0.21805404126644135,
0.4083707332611084,
-0.2971416711807251,
0.33909478783607483,
-0.8111046552658081,
-0.251094251871109,
0.0405571311712265,
0.29736027121543884,
-0.3091076910495758,
0.456230491399765,
-0.13270390033721924,
0.16659748554229736,
-0.14568158984184265,
-0.03214987367391586,
0.45562082529067993,
-0.32415756583213806,
0.03974097967147827,
-0.354727566242218,
0.6601494550704956,
0.49027714133262634,
0.21349860727787018,
0.9336267709732056,
0.10537982732057571,
0.9388706684112549,
0.15582208335399628,
-0.34384071826934814,
0.7946404814720154,
0.754036545753479,
0.007535381242632866,
0.16436585783958435,
-0.05151810497045517,
0.8462589979171753,
0.2822638750076294,
-0.05933505669236183,
-0.13111385703086853,
-0.3918910026550293,
0.3867790997028351,
-0.30351629853248596,
-0.2971446216106415,
-0.733011782169342,
-0.28341972827911377,
-0.4161812365055084,
-1.3850476741790771,
-0.7670154571533203,
0.7887234091758728,
0.3186213970184326,
0.6486340165138245,
0.46424567699432373,
0.502476692199707,
-1.1831207275390625,
-0.3394406735897064,
0.41374701261520386,
0.08082541823387146,
-0.10862521827220917,
-0.7970229387283325,
-0.02480807527899742,
-1.207634687423706,
0.7418179512023926,
-0.9002306461334229,
-1.0227880477905273,
-0.01180034875869751,
-0.2953159809112549,
0.029644714668393135,
0.26865968108177185,
0.10715340077877045,
0.8222467303276062,
-0.2984779477119446,
-0.9550432562828064,
-0.9125933647155762,
-0.5878660678863525,
0.4780135452747345,
0.3102373480796814,
0.1636480689048767,
-0.6125181317329407,
0.1676490157842636,
0.3071466088294983,
0.1616699993610382,
-0.3270571231842041,
-0.9646340012550354,
0.190100759267807,
-0.15193410217761993,
-0.08084963262081146,
0.4635365903377533,
-0.6255704164505005,
0.33594879508018494,
-0.5649475455284119,
-0.1051287055015564,
0.30659741163253784,
-0.03123464062809944,
0.13921663165092468,
-0.8221008777618408,
0.1512332260608673,
-0.6068214774131775,
0.4262983500957489,
0.6212043166160583,
-0.6492387056350708,
0.8531652688980103,
0.932418704032898,
-0.4730662703514099,
0.08415661007165909,
0.03168359398841858,
0.09496816247701645,
-0.0861324816942215,
-0.11970973014831543,
-0.4877943992614746,
0.5821511745452881,
0.5824253559112549,
-0.5537998676300049,
0.9209981560707092,
0.42480170726776123,
-1.0107357501983643,
0.2888823449611664,
-0.0475638322532177,
0.14323574304580688,
0.3258347809314728,
-0.28785669803619385,
0.3916068375110626,
-0.3515307903289795,
0.253691703081131,
0.2254193127155304,
0.12835711240768433,
-0.7074584364891052,
-0.6147609949111938,
-0.6013345718383789,
1.0466452836990356,
0.12434747070074081,
-0.451059490442276,
-0.7612395882606506,
1.2202409505844116,
-0.20704171061515808,
0.5168415307998657,
-1.3129035234451294,
-0.2672388255596161,
0.8256498575210571,
-0.7689858078956604,
-0.18788112699985504,
0.49084901809692383,
-0.06835465133190155,
0.09423381090164185,
-0.5969687700271606,
0.2562941312789917,
-0.32508033514022827,
-0.42168810963630676,
1.147900104522705,
0.5825905203819275,
-0.2604355216026306,
0.857101559638977,
0.3197091221809387,
-0.060999609529972076,
-0.6642512679100037,
-0.18595121800899506,
0.6486718654632568,
0.21376781165599823,
0.07433710992336273,
0.4824345111846924,
0.16099324822425842,
-0.5791275501251221,
1.0274364948272705,
0.5208391547203064,
-0.3054334819316864,
0.07063193619251251,
-0.09102724492549896,
0.9743229746818542,
-0.2286701798439026,
0.250436007976532,
0.9822819232940674,
0.3050723373889923,
0.5566425323486328,
-0.5439628958702087,
-0.7407618165016174,
-0.3175063729286194,
0.3526586890220642,
0.3401581048965454,
0.06307199597358704,
0.4741968512535095,
-0.5102795958518982,
-0.1433781236410141,
-0.42150789499282837,
-0.3598330318927765,
0.8204560279846191,
0.4414801299571991,
-0.7913268804550171,
-0.5778194069862366,
0.45911455154418945,
0.2557564377784729,
-0.22867082059383392,
-0.836368203163147,
-0.339669406414032,
-0.5418939590454102,
0.6918936371803284,
-0.5371979475021362,
-0.5327292084693909,
-0.33906090259552,
0.2726442813873291,
0.050289202481508255,
-0.05897027626633644,
-0.6178803443908691,
-0.7788136005401611,
0.02222263440489769,
-0.9309127330780029,
0.5804599523544312,
-0.05627315491437912,
0.14126847684383392,
0.6779258847236633,
0.23913459479808807,
0.0824364647269249,
0.5034542083740234,
0.9989588260650635,
-0.07482966780662537,
-0.06702039390802383,
0.04530288279056549,
0.3119390606880188,
-0.6662023663520813,
0.05222465842962265,
-0.4847300052642822,
-0.29558897018432617,
0.18345043063163757,
-0.2573278248310089,
-0.7541159391403198,
-0.006053023040294647,
-0.9890789985656738,
-0.053672611713409424,
-0.12267273664474487,
0.5414113402366638,
-0.5494479537010193,
-0.300743043422699,
0.42328548431396484,
-0.7204528450965881,
0.06161574274301529,
0.2230924367904663,
-0.7258003950119019,
-0.1429079920053482,
0.15129683911800385,
-1.0741636753082275,
-1.182381272315979,
-0.17082001268863678,
0.21183227002620697,
-0.6724964380264282,
-0.1968972235918045,
-0.6216380000114441,
-0.3297842741012573,
0.1516156941652298,
-0.4547986388206482,
-1.2659138441085815,
0.43337246775627136,
-0.33684366941452026,
0.7552676796913147,
-0.0386539064347744,
0.669538676738739,
0.0733681321144104,
0.3688104450702667,
-0.7834877371788025,
-0.5954570770263672,
0.4088751971721649,
-0.8057345747947693,
-0.4679209291934967,
0.1667872965335846,
0.383861780166626,
0.5064025521278381,
-1.1464335918426514,
-0.07820627093315125,
-0.3303564488887787,
0.3455270528793335,
-0.19169381260871887,
-0.20780587196350098,
-0.6880189776420593,
1.0997086763381958,
0.2319929301738739,
0.27592605352401733,
0.21928922832012177,
-0.554582953453064,
-0.027857836335897446,
0.3053402006626129,
-0.7470043897628784,
-0.2811787724494934,
0.6730435490608215,
0.8539384603500366,
-0.7584784030914307,
-0.7884863018989563,
-0.3857434093952179,
-1.178127646446228,
-0.4654296040534973,
-1.0972316265106201,
-0.44946691393852234,
-0.7870614528656006,
-0.07022716850042343,
0.2797563672065735,
0.39070841670036316,
-1.6373944282531738,
-0.29600122570991516,
-0.39028483629226685,
0.13367658853530884,
0.08346596360206604,
-0.640813946723938,
0.22766301035881042,
-0.27517253160476685,
0.1282288283109665,
0.23393915593624115,
0.5534374713897705,
-1.5060570240020752,
-0.10559262335300446,
0.12053519487380981,
0.019565725699067116,
0.6303027272224426,
-0.2169923186302185,
0.16538791358470917,
0.00474630668759346,
0.18276362121105194,
-0.40340864658355713,
-0.2895887792110443,
0.5394946932792664,
1.021976113319397,
0.446632444858551,
-0.44609981775283813,
-0.3151737451553345,
-0.03342901170253754,
0.16032838821411133,
0.0442470945417881,
-0.5528645515441895,
-0.32913464307785034,
0.422827810049057,
-0.6728515625,
-0.10037397593259811,
-0.7319303750991821,
0.3238954246044159,
0.5361977219581604,
-0.07906030863523483,
0.47233083844184875,
-0.02111179381608963,
-0.7449094653129578,
0.3967052400112152,
-0.06904975324869156,
-0.3963061571121216,
0.4836384057998657,
0.2774357199668884,
-0.806955873966217,
0.8245411515235901,
-0.1726713478565216,
0.35206112265586853,
0.6600988507270813,
-0.2661052644252777,
0.6922092437744141,
-0.3254244923591614,
-0.6640226244926453,
0.24041005969047546,
0.3040081560611725,
0.2934965491294861,
-0.7765341401100159,
-0.6276222467422485,
-0.6379555463790894,
-0.007287617772817612,
-0.2258032113313675,
0.3864646553993225,
-0.33565443754196167,
0.30268800258636475,
-0.9885757565498352,
1.3491771221160889,
0.09968014806509018,
-0.09894245117902756,
-1.0999137163162231,
-0.7104386687278748,
-0.2502317726612091,
0.49741268157958984,
-0.4507312476634979,
0.3190059959888458,
-0.2243192046880722,
-0.32135361433029175,
0.5300309062004089,
-1.35166597366333,
-0.4885398745536804,
-0.21105653047561646,
-1.0077142715454102,
0.021791163831949234,
0.25978198647499084,
-0.09354038536548615,
0.21124352514743805,
0.5030906796455383,
-0.1343943029642105,
-0.5352916121482849,
-0.050102598965168,
-0.18891362845897675,
0.15659375488758087,
0.11923298239707947,
0.2719934284687042,
0.3751913905143738,
-0.3882870674133301,
-0.17273713648319244,
0.8007633686065674,
-0.2880569398403168,
0.10509631037712097,
-1.033567190170288,
0.24520987272262573,
-0.02184075489640236,
-0.09308382123708725,
-0.5625573396682739,
0.03622008487582207,
-0.035851120948791504,
0.3073671758174896,
-0.8016954064369202,
0.09210477769374847,
0.4691256284713745,
-0.47688668966293335,
-0.30301669239997864,
0.24958086013793945,
-0.10268649458885193,
0.2058565765619278,
0.7752407789230347,
0.14971238374710083,
-0.021337086334824562,
0.22703814506530762,
-0.703637421131134,
-0.29931047558784485,
0.6957765221595764,
-0.21421575546264648,
0.5316855311393738,
0.6454662680625916,
0.623192310333252,
0.2538786232471466,
0.7042858600616455,
-0.685965895652771,
-0.44088536500930786,
0.782031774520874,
0.6310796737670898,
0.2521795332431793,
-0.4565030038356781,
-0.15185680985450745,
-0.2586488723754883,
0.8572321534156799,
-0.2803695499897003,
0.33502843976020813,
1.096040964126587,
0.2100241482257843,
-0.2135809063911438,
0.17271220684051514,
-0.2558750510215759,
0.5776702761650085,
0.7774458527565002,
-0.8226152658462524,
-0.42788007855415344,
-0.554907500743866,
0.4045640230178833,
-0.35274118185043335,
-0.22315573692321777,
0.44496119022369385,
0.24491433799266815,
-0.24940672516822815,
0.32099664211273193,
0.10545209795236588,
-0.4196777641773224,
-0.5221784114837646,
0.37491777539253235,
0.07078496366739273,
1.9125186204910278,
-0.20495565235614777,
0.7332566976547241,
0.25899866223335266,
-0.030782315880060196,
0.6763140559196472,
-0.16243135929107666,
0.22849193215370178,
0.462268590927124,
0.5618211030960083,
0.5316314697265625,
-0.730900228023529,
-0.38222938776016235,
1.008407473564148,
-0.3410704433917999,
0.5654112696647644,
0.1879538595676422,
-0.09545692801475525,
0.4264383614063263,
0.01914104074239731,
-0.9054335355758667,
0.8961085081100464,
-0.513966977596283,
-0.2846338152885437,
-0.29402101039886475,
0.5115053653717041,
0.3467678427696228,
0.061556003987789154,
0.036368388682603836,
-0.14606156945228577,
0.42395636439323425,
0.08357596397399902,
0.6201990246772766,
-0.20460852980613708,
0.3246271312236786,
-0.21218383312225342,
-0.2637646794319153,
-0.015179220587015152,
0.17223219573497772,
-0.017267078161239624,
-0.5511453747749329,
0.5072236657142639,
-0.6726742386817932,
-0.4325410723686218,
-0.34712937474250793,
-0.5058515071868896,
0.33926188945770264,
-1.434713363647461,
0.5390602946281433,
-0.7767471075057983,
1.260279893875122,
-0.35473254323005676,
-0.61548912525177,
-0.8748870491981506,
-1.304092526435852,
0.5521467328071594,
0.11711294949054718,
0.044483732432127,
0.9448516368865967,
-0.6522380113601685,
0.03268712759017944,
0.7398414611816406,
0.10046379268169403,
-0.10513164103031158,
0.3610799312591553,
-0.2405092418193817,
1.184520959854126,
-0.17210280895233154,
-0.7757546305656433,
0.6468582153320312,
0.49506431818008423,
0.043598756194114685,
-0.46806859970092773,
-0.12038958072662354,
-0.7764099836349487,
-0.7799838781356812,
0.20867280662059784,
-0.6046426296234131,
-0.4259607195854187,
0.050739504396915436,
-0.2745760679244995,
-0.055923134088516235,
-0.4202311336994171,
-0.005593851208686829,
0.5217394828796387,
0.8199808597564697,
0.46456432342529297,
-0.06773889809846878,
0.41864535212516785,
0.4610432982444763,
-0.011150285601615906,
-0.204938143491745,
0.24052181839942932,
0.0777054876089096,
0.019434865564107895,
0.11536721885204315,
0.020822957158088684,
-0.6290337443351746,
-0.13546425104141235,
-0.07633026689291,
0.9176231622695923,
0.9788753986358643,
0.3218840956687927,
0.20535308122634888,
-0.18357905745506287,
-0.45497703552246094,
-0.17433154582977295,
-0.04167543351650238,
-0.268266499042511,
-0.3149338662624359,
0.20015168190002441,
0.5043947696685791,
0.406588077545166,
-0.26475846767425537,
0.22099162638187408,
0.05259955674409866,
-0.30095767974853516,
-0.311885267496109,
-0.49501702189445496
] |
|
1f0khl | Do we really need to 'catch up' on sleep, or will a simple 8 sleep cover it? | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"ca5mmew",
"ca5n4gr",
"ca5nj00"
],
"text": [
"It's called sleep debt, and no, simply sleeping for eight hours the next day won't immediately \"reset\" your body. Your body accumulates fatigue when it misses out on rest, and it can take a couple weeks of regular sleeping before the effects of sleep deprivation are mitigated.\n\nAs for why this happens: the concept of sleep debt is pretty well agreed upon even if the mechanisms of it are not well understood.",
"Also, to expand on this: if you constantly sleep only about 5 hours a night for long stretches of time, does your body adjust to this, or is there still a sleep debt that needs to be filled with more sleeping for a stretch of time?",
"I know that when you experience periods of sleep deprivation, when you are no longer deprived you experience REM rebound, where you both fall into REM sleep quicker, and experience more of it, so the body does need to 'catch up' in that sense.\n\nThat said, I don't know enough about the subject yet to comment on whether or not a single night without sleep would be enough to trigger that kind of reaction or have additional impact on sleep needs or other stages of sleep.\nSource: Psychology student."
],
"score": [
20,
13,
3
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | Do we really need to 'catch up' on sleep, or will a simple 8 sleep cover it?
| [
-0.14474165439605713,
-0.7161780595779419,
1.6574435234069824,
-0.5341511368751526,
-0.28475233912467957,
-0.32729193568229675,
-0.024671800434589386,
-0.6304746866226196,
0.4301551878452301,
-0.152475044131279,
0.4093959629535675,
0.5732693672180176,
-1.0179998874664307,
0.03343760967254639,
1.1697994470596313,
-0.697450578212738,
1.0309921503067017,
-0.3163227140903473,
-0.7183394432067871,
0.1878807693719864,
0.19016945362091064,
0.2815289795398712,
-0.34461671113967896,
0.7370325922966003,
-0.7869836688041687,
0.16810348629951477,
0.5922977328300476,
-0.09532666951417923,
0.6771302223205566,
0.6467514634132385,
-0.0002533974766265601,
1.0326032638549805,
-0.5046940445899963,
-0.09846629947423935,
1.006510853767395,
-0.5265825986862183,
0.7739018797874451,
0.3336835503578186,
0.22401686012744904,
-0.9775272607803345,
0.4280354380607605,
-0.686905562877655,
-0.002408904954791069,
-0.1822645366191864,
-0.5494815707206726,
-0.9795474410057068,
0.37053433060646057,
-0.39657139778137207,
-0.47545263171195984,
-0.6402007341384888,
-0.17417621612548828,
0.9877819418907166,
1.0677398443222046,
-0.10692424327135086,
0.05853657051920891,
-0.04875870421528816,
-0.23176123201847076,
0.8950595259666443,
0.8547725081443787,
0.7163615226745605,
0.7559441924095154,
-0.5595847368240356,
-0.6021866202354431,
-0.3067208528518677,
-0.8302510976791382,
0.5348643660545349,
-0.3124248683452606,
0.2299390435218811,
0.2311931550502777,
-0.22258912026882172,
0.22755394876003265,
-0.4845597743988037,
-0.7742314338684082,
-0.41893887519836426,
0.15861472487449646,
-0.09109386056661606,
0.5971230864524841,
-0.5276559591293335,
0.4097508192062378,
-0.5953158736228943,
-1.1446547508239746,
0.1869342178106308,
-0.6394506096839905,
0.04956313222646713,
-0.38413065671920776,
0.31647366285324097,
-0.40767884254455566,
0.028294382616877556,
-0.2531368136405945,
0.5751055479049683,
-0.6446890830993652,
-0.15891942381858826,
0.2003214806318283,
-0.42371800541877747,
0.30052632093429565,
-1.3519577980041504,
0.05245380476117134,
0.3953191936016083,
-0.3349190950393677,
0.4663374423980713,
0.17315815389156342,
0.015117037110030651,
0.4394100308418274,
0.32835862040519714,
0.3291800618171692,
-0.22020825743675232,
-0.6461734175682068,
0.8940372467041016,
0.06518696993589401,
-0.3050306439399719,
-0.6163285374641418,
-0.3631457984447479,
0.14430661499500275,
-0.38145264983177185,
-0.2186034470796585,
-1.6868098974227905,
-0.84828120470047,
0.08294566720724106,
0.14304332435131073,
-0.17845097184181213,
0.23889128863811493,
-0.6263229846954346,
1.000194787979126,
1.5154770612716675,
-0.15623483061790466,
-0.23120154440402985,
-0.5365374088287354,
0.06955330073833466,
-0.9364305734634399,
-0.3153195083141327,
-0.39180341362953186,
0.15815985202789307,
0.034849174320697784,
-0.7190598249435425,
-0.04212716221809387,
0.39757880568504333,
-0.5216168165206909,
1.0670974254608154,
-0.21758349239826202,
-0.39185935258865356,
0.03311462327837944,
0.04033335670828819,
0.6379134654998779,
-0.350614458322525,
-0.043354619294404984,
0.03024507686495781,
-1.9246771335601807,
-0.46813157200813293,
-0.386986643075943,
-0.5516406893730164,
-1.151045322418213,
-0.6363283395767212,
0.128313347697258,
-0.13075067102909088,
0.24080944061279297,
-0.25029510259628296,
1.146292805671692,
-0.011296483688056469,
0.18241935968399048,
-0.1895928829908371,
-0.7843116521835327,
0.7314546704292297,
-0.27462267875671387,
-0.12560027837753296,
0.4888836443424225,
-0.12529881298542023,
-0.17721334099769592,
-0.18016310036182404,
0.22702841460704803,
-0.20746082067489624,
-0.25896361470222473,
0.48549091815948486,
0.668003261089325,
-0.026048144325613976,
0.3401806354522705,
-0.25352993607521057,
-0.251967191696167,
0.8823288679122925,
-0.6775292158126831,
0.5128571391105652,
-0.5566450357437134,
-0.14020037651062012,
-0.206259623169899,
-0.41138598322868347,
-0.5021124482154846,
-0.12711255252361298,
-0.0026055159978568554,
0.6221942901611328,
0.5853034257888794,
-0.10073943436145782,
0.5184432864189148,
-0.2806760370731354,
-1.3730747699737549,
0.07357896119356155,
0.03970232605934143,
0.20457367599010468,
-0.3763757050037384,
0.6839120984077454,
-0.5529378652572632,
-0.6872721314430237,
0.5587747693061829,
-0.7019920349121094,
0.4670105278491974,
-0.00019627032452262938,
-0.43848717212677,
0.31419837474823,
-0.041751060634851456,
-0.8962296843528748,
-0.10371212661266327,
0.3642768859863281,
0.30442145466804504,
0.48022589087486267,
-0.033861227333545685,
0.050831131637096405,
0.7411093711853027,
1.2976303100585938,
-0.014162236824631691,
0.22527995705604553,
0.3801034390926361,
0.5920740962028503,
0.3950020372867584,
-0.876944363117218,
-0.33897286653518677,
0.8578980565071106,
0.4760451912879944,
0.15557396411895752,
0.5558066368103027,
0.025804148986935616,
-0.4316614270210266,
-0.45781823992729187,
-0.5674736499786377,
0.3603130280971527,
-1.040817379951477,
1.4330719709396362,
-1.2997021675109863,
-0.22106626629829407,
-0.8164109587669373,
-0.45612356066703796,
0.2588331997394562,
-1.6142574548721313,
-0.5619102120399475,
0.4550883173942566,
0.17733964323997498,
0.7124415040016174,
0.5542576313018799,
0.29901885986328125,
-1.0337237119674683,
-1.2618012428283691,
-2.04191517829895,
0.02079489640891552,
-0.1816883534193039,
-0.5595238208770752,
-0.3467431664466858,
-0.18393906950950623,
-0.6473084092140198,
-0.16291072964668274,
-1.2114087343215942,
0.4875883460044861,
-0.9548943638801575,
-0.2754945456981659,
0.9717241525650024,
-0.3674105405807495,
0.8090197443962097,
-0.17393341660499573,
0.562691867351532,
-0.5441808700561523,
-1.2280179262161255,
-0.3175552487373352,
0.46906644105911255,
-0.5687596797943115,
-0.15932625532150269,
-0.4626675546169281,
0.2573024332523346,
0.07731602340936661,
-0.9242883920669556,
0.15328818559646606,
1.3248050212860107,
-0.3334026634693146,
-0.28817057609558105,
0.2487749457359314,
-0.34050506353378296,
0.02715519443154335,
0.606601357460022,
0.4317440092563629,
0.10873439162969589,
0.27464666962623596,
0.4651457667350769,
0.7912059426307678,
-0.17686794698238373,
-1.4549652338027954,
-0.24507109820842743,
-0.03196825832128525,
0.2831417918205261,
0.7086517214775085,
0.6055377721786499,
0.6488390564918518,
0.33651724457740784,
0.17401714622974396,
-0.26942843198776245,
-0.8810992240905762,
-0.3500961661338806,
-1.2248896360397339,
1.0068529844284058,
1.3163093328475952,
-0.6925830841064453,
0.6255031824111938,
0.2471899390220642,
-0.7753045558929443,
0.6536625027656555,
-0.5934233665466309,
-0.8747230172157288,
-0.16327202320098877,
-1.2429755926132202,
0.765296459197998,
0.039035774767398834,
0.26654356718063354,
-1.2426913976669312,
-0.51035076379776,
0.04993263632059097,
-0.5371726751327515,
-0.0470941960811615,
0.661358654499054,
-0.4058430790901184,
0.9334630370140076,
0.17557235062122345,
1.5015838146209717,
0.840971827507019,
0.3948313593864441,
-1.0987259149551392,
1.1764342784881592,
0.4558904767036438,
-0.1804402768611908,
-0.14138011634349823,
1.7817387580871582,
-0.2372473180294037,
0.04440327733755112,
-0.45268872380256653,
-0.334632009267807,
0.44122931361198425,
0.03922309726476669,
1.7371673583984375,
-0.20912647247314453,
-0.31982478499412537,
0.4109465181827545,
0.6800488233566284,
0.5414026379585266,
-0.1781313568353653,
0.9111307263374329,
0.08135229349136353,
-0.2519012987613678,
-0.007530452683568001,
0.40642663836479187,
0.0005324158701114357,
-0.47222042083740234,
1.0076984167099,
0.02063487097620964,
-0.3268756568431854,
0.1297166794538498,
0.4077262878417969,
0.21960221230983734,
-0.31097203493118286,
0.22794798016548157,
0.21162621676921844,
0.3504178524017334,
-0.24620023369789124,
0.4258561432361603,
0.31210288405418396,
-0.46443337202072144,
-0.3777846097946167,
0.18890872597694397,
0.38065847754478455,
-0.08917543292045593,
-0.43281662464141846,
0.4671919345855713,
0.28848403692245483,
0.4875016510486603,
1.185418963432312,
0.16588784754276276,
-0.6980313658714294,
-0.7403033971786499,
0.8046538233757019,
-0.22478099167346954,
0.5891058444976807,
-0.19942986965179443,
-0.6137708425521851,
-1.0051032304763794,
0.19572651386260986,
-0.3255462646484375,
0.08079293370246887,
0.16141998767852783,
-0.3943040370941162,
-0.6994410753250122,
-0.8381055593490601,
-1.0542572736740112,
0.22959576547145844,
0.09789054095745087,
-1.1037299633026123,
0.1306007355451584,
-0.6579198837280273,
-0.2364487200975418,
-0.08485645800828934,
-0.4562366008758545,
0.1380273848772049,
0.5553354024887085,
-0.18618907034397125,
-0.18133872747421265,
0.4988912045955658,
0.1253940612077713,
-0.47066646814346313,
-0.6804481744766235,
0.05219602584838867,
-0.7852290868759155,
-0.5561752915382385,
0.3145141303539276,
0.28959921002388,
-1.530648946762085,
-0.3496287763118744,
-1.063999056816101,
-0.9313204288482666,
-0.5147368907928467,
-0.27993306517601013,
-0.7044566869735718,
-0.06689634174108505,
-0.18367385864257812,
-0.7277742624282837,
-0.35245436429977417,
-0.8068335056304932,
-1.1882338523864746,
-0.35021454095840454,
0.7395806312561035,
-0.603664755821228,
-1.0584129095077515,
-0.6413818001747131,
0.9133819341659546,
0.11606108397245407,
-0.8031550645828247,
-0.9744868278503418,
-0.3748197853565216,
0.27797171473503113,
-0.4634283185005188,
-0.43079182505607605,
0.7089197039604187,
-0.7067638039588928,
0.4183826446533203,
0.4631856083869934,
-0.029892820864915848,
0.7236510515213013,
0.718784511089325,
-1.11942458152771,
-0.24071423709392548,
-0.28665104508399963,
0.5563925504684448,
-0.46818920969963074,
-0.302360862493515,
1.3898816108703613,
0.634956419467926,
-1.6184645891189575,
1.2013750076293945,
-0.457874596118927,
0.05034106224775314,
-0.0009527232614345849,
0.563626229763031,
-0.65628981590271,
1.1489907503128052,
0.2247370034456253,
-0.04629817232489586,
0.7016699314117432,
-0.9966791272163391,
0.29496684670448303,
-0.386953741312027,
-0.9415625929832458,
0.7806549072265625,
0.6717138886451721,
0.5116867423057556,
-1.2406045198440552,
-0.9545110464096069,
0.5510129332542419,
-0.3705853223800659,
-0.44362467527389526,
-0.3935796618461609,
-0.3877311050891876,
-0.2049371898174286,
-0.5551654696464539,
-0.0953388512134552,
0.8005234003067017,
0.12647712230682373,
-0.5890665054321289,
0.5151175856590271,
-0.0800221711397171,
0.046148139983415604,
-1.1527986526489258,
0.4970654249191284,
-0.24998648464679718,
1.0570666790008545,
0.33287036418914795,
0.21463324129581451,
-0.47806790471076965,
0.27763184905052185,
0.10180078446865082,
0.4947313964366913,
0.3528220057487488,
-0.09249808639287949,
0.22804869711399078,
-0.6200981140136719,
0.2096293866634369,
-1.255302906036377,
0.1105768233537674,
0.014428935945034027,
0.8877425789833069,
-0.21027009189128876,
-0.5003965497016907,
0.7890657186508179,
-0.2084343582391739,
0.33768200874328613,
0.5144343376159668,
-0.6534274816513062,
0.5573129653930664,
0.4339025020599365,
-0.06731820851564407,
0.4860755205154419,
-0.6737257838249207,
0.48635026812553406,
1.2087534666061401,
0.7500671744346619,
-0.4700893759727478,
0.22676678001880646,
-0.47540074586868286,
-0.3353956639766693,
-0.3537518084049225,
-0.027746308594942093,
-0.6687649488449097,
-0.25532370805740356,
-1.0778919458389282,
1.397252082824707,
-0.570300281047821,
0.6165618896484375,
0.8604459166526794,
0.7308301329612732,
0.7750170230865479,
0.26884323358535767,
-0.7818639874458313,
0.5948731899261475,
0.34298989176750183,
0.7219225764274597,
0.06021053344011307,
-0.8702470660209656,
0.17543968558311462,
0.0858146995306015,
0.05425442382693291,
1.0861616134643555,
0.022659985348582268,
-0.1646880805492401,
0.36818093061447144,
1.1789723634719849,
0.9360470175743103,
-1.4856499433517456,
0.12160944193601608,
-0.6030891537666321,
0.552829921245575,
-0.37615692615509033,
-0.8278675675392151,
-0.31192532181739807,
0.057724326848983765,
-0.41426411271095276,
0.5372109413146973,
-0.6088080406188965,
-0.18697606027126312,
-0.2793758511543274,
-0.4619024097919464,
0.4969896972179413,
-1.18255615234375,
0.09989645332098007,
0.5898309946060181,
0.09361157566308975,
-0.6401053071022034,
0.49091771245002747,
0.8019040822982788,
-0.2388100028038025,
-0.7893181443214417,
0.042633965611457825,
0.4367496371269226,
0.8871561288833618,
0.8574351668357849,
0.22625574469566345,
-0.25577184557914734,
-0.6593353748321533,
0.5220749974250793,
0.04465344548225403,
0.1142364963889122,
0.1306116133928299,
-0.3608217239379883,
0.4438647925853729,
-0.03094426728785038,
-0.1706308275461197,
-0.03503775969147682,
0.0027162120677530766,
-0.45483946800231934,
0.5129302740097046,
-0.3967907428741455,
-0.266679584980011,
0.14434105157852173,
-0.20585808157920837,
0.4193377196788788,
1.0291969776153564,
0.37135863304138184,
-0.08393516391515732,
0.09688723832368851,
-0.6464174389839172,
-0.2500860393047333,
0.7745344638824463,
-0.2777973711490631,
0.7806974649429321,
-0.0892244204878807,
0.06034006178379059,
-0.9238366484642029,
-0.36722928285598755,
0.29881224036216736,
-0.02499890886247158,
0.4210715889930725,
0.7944697737693787,
-0.12742926180362701,
-0.2059791386127472,
-0.5957124829292297,
0.0645478293299675,
1.1297123432159424,
-0.13012665510177612,
0.06291210651397705,
0.186605766415596,
0.6036633849143982,
-0.05099879205226898,
-0.6334530711174011,
0.13452142477035522,
-0.5432186126708984,
-0.05414573475718498,
-1.4054288864135742,
0.7081892490386963,
0.2876427173614502,
0.46393752098083496,
-0.010240830481052399,
-0.2918085753917694,
0.42375221848487854,
-0.20672881603240967,
-0.8617278933525085,
0.5021440386772156,
0.6060976982116699,
-0.07642216980457306,
-0.2248471975326538,
0.9331594705581665,
0.3886367976665497,
1.6268353462219238,
-0.3027159869670868,
-0.18368859589099884,
-0.32354024052619934,
-0.4400741755962372,
-0.10131363570690155,
0.13211031258106232,
0.567603588104248,
0.14679205417633057,
-0.48133158683776855,
1.1657016277313232,
-0.6914066672325134,
-0.8256171941757202,
0.5450992584228516,
0.4551684260368347,
0.8151450753211975,
-0.23570643365383148,
0.3410917818546295,
0.08866672962903976,
0.4776931405067444,
0.1286209225654602,
0.7810139060020447,
-0.65907883644104,
-0.5015372633934021,
-0.13353458046913147,
0.24975940585136414,
0.7702376246452332,
-0.45928001403808594,
0.8060913681983948,
0.3062799274921417,
0.612957239151001,
0.11878558993339539,
0.8556075096130371,
-0.9104450345039368,
0.7931999564170837,
-1.0682802200317383,
-0.19551652669906616,
0.18968428671360016,
0.741895854473114,
1.367415189743042,
-0.9417125582695007,
0.4146164655685425,
-0.8119214773178101,
-0.07188687473535538,
0.13248486816883087,
-0.3840387463569641,
0.3089921474456787,
-0.4149089753627777,
0.08738552778959274,
-0.5107340812683105,
0.7351821660995483,
-0.8204249739646912,
-0.7952063083648682,
-0.16405178606510162,
0.23802170157432556,
0.5276370644569397,
0.23759935796260834,
-0.02088465355336666,
0.7492720484733582,
-0.22497867047786713,
-0.6642856001853943,
0.42485710978507996,
-0.23053625226020813,
0.43280312418937683,
-0.15875698626041412,
-0.5790320038795471,
0.3933672606945038,
-0.7298581600189209,
-0.7016752362251282,
0.30509117245674133,
0.14302018284797668,
-0.3902726471424103,
-0.3154449462890625,
0.033657148480415344,
-0.6410113573074341,
-0.45798107981681824,
0.2669474482536316,
-0.7259489893913269,
0.5239936113357544,
-0.42606717348098755,
-0.549463152885437,
-0.5437588691711426,
-0.04439074546098709,
-0.047918010503053665,
0.053393617272377014,
0.5136559009552002,
-0.02548239566385746,
-0.017174173146486282,
0.35242652893066406,
0.28518858551979065,
-1.4053122997283936,
-0.2735608220100403,
-0.015929341316223145,
0.34581154584884644,
-0.615761935710907,
0.31318798661231995,
0.45150670409202576,
-0.21442319452762604,
-0.16485510766506195,
0.3684326708316803,
0.3304215371608734,
0.8491171002388,
0.6099956631660461,
0.1630474030971527,
-0.980537474155426,
-0.566372275352478,
-0.09491430968046188,
-0.678607702255249,
0.2792167663574219,
-0.04276782646775246,
-0.42826104164123535,
0.3564986288547516,
-0.5959880948066711,
0.6812866926193237,
0.48264312744140625,
-0.20831315219402313,
-0.11189710348844528,
0.2384670078754425,
-0.6226435899734497
] |
||
9vf8tb | Bio-Savart law states: A moving point charge creates magnetic field. What is the motion of the charge relative to? | Is it relative to the observer, earth's surface or something else? | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"e9boqco",
"e9d4e4w",
"e9bswdn"
],
"text": [
"Some arbitrary frame of reference. In any frame where a charged particle is moving, it produces a magnetic field.",
"Lots of good answers here, but maybe I can help with an overview: you're concerned that the Biot-Savart law doesn't seem to satisfy the principle of relativity, that the equation says that a force should exist in one reference frame but not in another.\n\nYou're in good company. Einstein was worried about exactly this when he came up with his theory of special relativity. His solution to the puzzle is that magnetism is just one part of the electromagnetic force. Observers moving at different speeds will calculate different magnetic forces from Biot-Savart, but they will also calculate different electric forces, and those two differences counteract each other. Einstein showed they will agree\\* about the *total* EM force, and the motion of the charge.\n\n\\* nitpicky footnote about what \"agree\" means.",
"In the context of intro physics questions, 99 times out of 100 the motion is relative to the Earth or some other large presumably stationary frame of reference. The \"relative to what\" is supposed to be obvious.\n\nIn the context of E & M, when you go into the realm of reference frames, you have to go into special relativity. You have to work with four-dimensional spacetime, and you have to combine the electric and magnetic fields together into a single four-dimensional object called the field-strength tensor.\n\nIn any frame of reference, the field-strength tensor has 6 independent components, three of which are the electric field and three of which are the magnetic field. The exact values of these components will change depending on your velocity. This is similar to the case for vectors: the arrow stays the same, but depending on the axes you use, its components change.\n\nYou can express the field-strength tensor in any frame of reference you want. If you start in a frame of reference where the magnetic field is nonzero, then move to a co-moving frame of reference where the magnetic field is zero, then the magnetic components get mixed into the electric components."
],
"score": [
16,
4,
3
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | Bio-Savart law states: A moving point charge creates magnetic field. What is the motion of the charge relative to?
Is it relative to the observer, earth's surface or something else? | [
-0.7528893351554871,
-0.2009444683790207,
0.9821515679359436,
0.11358276009559631,
-0.37876588106155396,
-1.4362742900848389,
0.5257686376571655,
0.023111751303076744,
0.43058905005455017,
-0.1630595326423645,
1.0947390794754028,
0.7871814966201782,
-1.016318678855896,
0.013337584212422371,
-0.07127895951271057,
0.142335906624794,
0.6354582905769348,
0.40250837802886963,
-0.5495244860649109,
-0.5737900733947754,
0.10892602056264877,
-0.13052377104759216,
0.13465464115142822,
1.0655521154403687,
-0.09706158936023712,
0.1720486432313919,
1.3683770895004272,
0.7091423869132996,
0.5285304188728333,
0.13087572157382965,
0.13357922434806824,
0.19526521861553192,
-0.7590500116348267,
1.280392050743103,
0.48355329036712646,
-0.011835106648504734,
0.6321796178817749,
-0.766126275062561,
0.33645516633987427,
-0.2428501844406128,
0.7096481323242188,
-0.2848221957683563,
0.2779597043991089,
-0.22505882382392883,
-1.242406964302063,
-0.13089531660079956,
-0.048534851521253586,
-0.29735392332077026,
-1.6363747119903564,
-0.6823729276657104,
-0.2848014533519745,
0.6366714835166931,
0.3954923748970032,
-0.07910178601741791,
-0.31016919016838074,
0.3573857843875885,
-0.3353029489517212,
-0.662377655506134,
0.25203320384025574,
0.3756526708602905,
0.052851587533950806,
0.7915307283401489,
0.29452115297317505,
-0.01689082756638527,
0.9541412591934204,
-0.25744906067848206,
0.6751818060874939,
0.22727839648723602,
0.3209587037563324,
-0.8967379331588745,
-0.05521329119801521,
-0.4111444354057312,
-1.226625680923462,
-0.8976811170578003,
-0.365739107131958,
-0.12113424390554428,
0.11796971410512924,
-0.1522955596446991,
1.3496425151824951,
0.004761275835335255,
-0.2132980227470398,
-0.7020229697227478,
-0.9423696398735046,
0.25324511528015137,
-0.1500546783208847,
-0.8245089650154114,
-0.4149704873561859,
-0.052365440875291824,
-0.5516773462295532,
0.9843868017196655,
0.6193280816078186,
-0.2853255867958069,
-0.14157849550247192,
0.8719667792320251,
0.06500469148159027,
-0.2224317342042923,
0.4103696048259735,
-1.0170239210128784,
-0.45684534311294556,
0.29848361015319824,
-0.6883851885795593,
-0.8771494030952454,
0.13814093172550201,
1.0372366905212402,
0.2938718795776367,
-0.7227334380149841,
0.5129375457763672,
-0.6535268425941467,
0.3858320713043213,
0.4018090069293976,
-0.11543635278940201,
-0.12800194323062897,
-0.21302059292793274,
-0.8508829474449158,
-0.634709358215332,
-1.1930454969406128,
0.29514050483703613,
0.3842310309410095,
0.18705999851226807,
0.6832411885261536,
-0.008066554553806782,
0.5568259358406067,
0.26988598704338074,
1.7950365543365479,
0.46700868010520935,
0.11605764925479889,
0.2951868176460266,
1.0981695652008057,
-0.8082218170166016,
-0.3510027527809143,
0.232748344540596,
0.9292264580726624,
0.24850896000862122,
-0.5014660954475403,
0.47630664706230164,
0.2325412929058075,
0.4105986952781677,
0.4581698477268219,
-0.4997835159301758,
0.9857335686683655,
0.16155043244361877,
0.7668246030807495,
0.574738621711731,
-1.0529310703277588,
0.42911192774772644,
-2.1894421577453613,
-0.83062744140625,
-0.6095589399337769,
0.03869718685746193,
-0.022061441093683243,
-0.8149212598800659,
0.29902857542037964,
0.01825471967458725,
-0.45288553833961487,
0.12130161374807358,
0.14368732273578644,
0.5592760443687439,
-0.44449788331985474,
0.07441307604312897,
0.7949181795120239,
-0.7294238209724426,
-0.3185366988182068,
0.9559372663497925,
-0.032557614147663116,
0.08999248594045639,
-0.3292502164840698,
-0.8731909394264221,
0.902625560760498,
-0.10341698676347733,
0.5718759894371033,
-0.21017420291900635,
-0.29880860447883606,
0.925801694393158,
-0.07736865431070328,
-0.360186904668808,
0.46915727853775024,
-0.19080643355846405,
0.17392408847808838,
-0.3718773126602173,
0.22311973571777344,
-0.7399359941482544,
-0.49101993441581726,
0.6854119300842285,
0.7925974726676941,
-0.4557863771915436,
0.6308126449584961,
-0.6998842358589172,
-0.6030762195587158,
0.7109416723251343,
-0.19926407933235168,
-0.2723175287246704,
-0.2329886257648468,
-0.9275351762771606,
0.2467377483844757,
0.6180703043937683,
-0.1343141496181488,
0.3729037344455719,
0.0012158198514953256,
-0.11295034736394882,
-0.7609755992889404,
-0.5498470664024353,
-0.8937070965766907,
0.4947664141654968,
-0.27391982078552246,
-0.6750157475471497,
0.10453338921070099,
0.9074627161026001,
-0.3246288299560547,
0.1483483761548996,
-0.0071799615398049355,
0.07959862053394318,
0.2710074484348297,
0.013816050253808498,
-0.17835816740989685,
-0.2978352904319763,
1.3815336227416992,
-0.42102599143981934,
0.1508323699235916,
1.1573137044906616,
0.3588496744632721,
0.5896292924880981,
0.3310127854347229,
-0.05522363632917404,
-0.8097350001335144,
0.434006005525589,
0.038553643971681595,
0.6152943968772888,
0.18251077830791473,
0.15782220661640167,
0.6293783783912659,
-0.5251372456550598,
0.6650869846343994,
-0.1818445920944214,
-0.18848302960395813,
-0.8426520228385925,
-0.529281497001648,
-0.16372817754745483,
-0.587570309638977,
0.10648978501558304,
-0.8578831553459167,
-0.468062162399292,
1.0607389211654663,
-0.5532819628715515,
0.6986493468284607,
-0.11615964025259018,
-0.03904973715543747,
-0.7886139750480652,
-0.7732186913490295,
0.7587318420410156,
-0.2825529873371124,
0.8023414611816406,
-0.6531991362571716,
-0.22001275420188904,
-0.2219848930835724,
1.0509389638900757,
-1.0355554819107056,
-0.7544360756874084,
-0.3884572982788086,
0.4152410924434662,
0.640379786491394,
-0.18692441284656525,
-0.8506908416748047,
0.20496338605880737,
-0.5197224617004395,
-1.487459421157837,
-0.34248650074005127,
-0.818851113319397,
0.9975213408470154,
0.2419031411409378,
0.5144898891448975,
-0.8503860235214233,
0.657111406326294,
0.18278183043003082,
0.36433860659599304,
0.4144098162651062,
0.15127985179424286,
0.6414352655410767,
0.033472247421741486,
0.38110265135765076,
0.36550939083099365,
-0.2921029329299927,
0.25203871726989746,
-0.047098707407712936,
-1.074841856956482,
0.8240047693252563,
0.3439507782459259,
0.030613481998443604,
-0.6939281821250916,
0.40135765075683594,
-0.2376050055027008,
0.11321278661489487,
0.34580379724502563,
-0.7557080388069153,
0.6954184174537659,
0.058514147996902466,
0.028345391154289246,
0.5190960764884949,
-0.160077303647995,
-0.29494768381118774,
-0.21660259366035461,
0.1289316862821579,
-1.1732600927352905,
0.8780617713928223,
-0.1218520998954773,
-0.3565398156642914,
0.3597002625465393,
0.5626161694526672,
-0.8093782067298889,
0.23074454069137573,
-0.2806474566459656,
0.39775386452674866,
0.2657858431339264,
-0.08701135218143463,
0.9657346606254578,
0.10494925081729889,
1.0799212455749512,
-0.026978135108947754,
0.33015137910842896,
-0.9463533759117126,
-0.6921105980873108,
-0.7192638516426086,
0.22381284832954407,
0.6249043345451355,
0.07903677225112915,
-0.012761766090989113,
1.2072685956954956,
-0.44307950139045715,
0.8009564280509949,
-0.4926517605781555,
-0.26947644352912903,
0.8208560943603516,
-1.203890085220337,
0.3576093912124634,
0.2566472589969635,
-0.23196099698543549,
-0.48120027780532837,
-0.508870005607605,
0.39444881677627563,
-0.2702130973339081,
-0.7480394840240479,
0.786101222038269,
-0.279380738735199,
-0.2315731942653656,
0.3860708773136139,
-0.2276853621006012,
-0.8171270489692688,
0.24262943863868713,
-0.2867376208305359,
-0.020902367308735847,
0.5418553352355957,
0.3408815562725067,
0.19302164018154144,
0.9031151533126831,
-1.1207700967788696,
0.9681766033172607,
0.3157588839530945,
-0.20910680294036865,
0.012417035177350044,
0.09343429654836655,
0.46140697598457336,
0.9094657897949219,
-0.4470634460449219,
-0.5388680696487427,
-0.16203419864177704,
-0.20092599093914032,
0.26829439401626587,
-0.7979992628097534,
-0.27279770374298096,
0.6622235178947449,
-0.4679006040096283,
0.08995331823825836,
0.49368375539779663,
-0.04193027317523956,
-0.002219597576186061,
-0.41185224056243896,
-0.35484758019447327,
1.1372181177139282,
-0.15361595153808594,
-0.022643115371465683,
0.027946528047323227,
-0.0676799789071083,
0.08800914883613586,
-1.2461979389190674,
-0.14157821238040924,
-0.5955748558044434,
-0.9285808801651001,
0.34307730197906494,
0.15998223423957825,
-0.6007785797119141,
-0.14074012637138367,
-0.3158436715602875,
0.8290349841117859,
-0.10965683311223984,
-1.2280305624008179,
-0.06776753813028336,
-0.944610059261322,
-0.540694534778595,
0.8545389771461487,
0.4201054275035858,
-0.15598630905151367,
0.7825965881347656,
0.10667003691196442,
-0.38762593269348145,
0.3023696541786194,
-0.2406623661518097,
-0.3112291395664215,
0.07677013427019119,
-0.07246728986501694,
1.038034200668335,
0.1980980485677719,
0.24455247819423676,
-0.28955337405204773,
-0.36233121156692505,
-0.8403131365776062,
0.2977190911769867,
-0.6975590586662292,
-0.9838910698890686,
-0.0058906590566039085,
-0.1313791126012802,
-0.3921372890472412,
0.08946262300014496,
-0.20005181431770325,
0.2942024767398834,
-0.3522467315196991,
-0.37051448225975037,
-0.3830287456512451,
0.5297051072120667,
-0.30965515971183777,
0.3519163727760315,
0.6148836016654968,
-0.5833630561828613,
-1.2605479955673218,
-1.211078405380249,
-0.11223480850458145,
-0.6586869359016418,
0.2606056332588196,
0.11241978406906128,
-0.501711368560791,
0.46543964743614197,
-0.08065744489431381,
-0.9141613245010376,
-0.7943451404571533,
-0.5899080634117126,
0.4255434274673462,
0.926709771156311,
1.034188985824585,
-0.8785561919212341,
0.2035602331161499,
-0.334464967250824,
-0.3140355348587036,
0.5940828919410706,
-0.6468347311019897,
-0.7583888173103333,
-0.1021331176161766,
0.3745478093624115,
1.0372203588485718,
-1.4012802839279175,
0.15164197981357574,
0.03408125415444374,
0.4423978328704834,
-0.13622702658176422,
-0.4065719246864319,
-0.40546002984046936,
0.2625506520271301,
0.6406809687614441,
0.0012101616011932492,
0.5328431725502014,
-0.3780018389225006,
0.018997881561517715,
0.5968659520149231,
-0.7277337312698364,
-0.0889081135392189,
0.08858700096607208,
0.46849095821380615,
-0.3751826584339142,
-1.1562420129776,
-0.2598675787448883,
-0.7655199766159058,
-0.8440836071968079,
-1.2609232664108276,
-0.6768196821212769,
-0.9093399047851562,
0.08313848078250885,
0.5025619864463806,
0.304273784160614,
-1.2897337675094604,
0.14295506477355957,
-0.3036143183708191,
0.7553466558456421,
-0.23615066707134247,
0.26856255531311035,
0.023111138492822647,
-0.08199986070394516,
-0.16737043857574463,
0.24161513149738312,
0.12227227538824081,
0.22907665371894836,
0.020738545805215836,
0.28184789419174194,
0.6132597327232361,
-0.07909977436065674,
0.07354921102523804,
-0.3667885363101959,
0.8812193274497986,
0.029865968972444534,
0.16062943637371063,
-0.47871214151382446,
0.9212815165519714,
-0.3775206208229065,
0.5199584364891052,
-1.260845422744751,
0.4514583945274353,
0.13230584561824799,
-0.20241597294807434,
0.16810469329357147,
-0.14131608605384827,
0.5096326470375061,
-0.4195227324962616,
-0.4370060861110687,
0.3396283984184265,
-0.21609151363372803,
0.4663033187389374,
0.21840862929821014,
0.3838110566139221,
0.2548755705356598,
-0.15495792031288147,
0.16954024136066437,
0.2868135869503021,
-0.5882256031036377,
0.14824643731117249,
0.8415684700012207,
-0.05554661899805069,
-0.5402345061302185,
-1.1197127103805542,
-0.35943323373794556,
0.36189180612564087,
-0.3142869770526886,
-0.11735161393880844,
0.4966368079185486,
0.5349876880645752,
-0.1295502483844757,
-0.43463605642318726,
-0.05954095348715782,
1.1552728414535522,
-0.3807009160518646,
-0.6926917433738708,
-0.6662314534187317,
0.015095355920493603,
-0.026459114626049995,
0.2961746156215668,
-0.5905049443244934,
0.717012345790863,
-0.15468832850456238,
1.3946726322174072,
0.10029168426990509,
0.7670468091964722,
-0.7686915397644043,
-0.7936263084411621,
0.5316929817199707,
0.25773540139198303,
-1.3513295650482178,
-0.1380745768547058,
-0.49312618374824524,
-0.7407413721084595,
0.5010012984275818,
0.2575317919254303,
-0.14895765483379364,
-0.20947833359241486,
-0.593421220779419,
0.6382771730422974,
0.05056650936603546,
-0.19909025728702545,
-0.8057677745819092,
-0.10719936341047287,
-0.3567153811454773,
-0.5491596460342407,
0.16212613880634308,
0.5018981099128723,
0.38495245575904846,
0.6857085227966309,
0.8791937232017517,
0.33823561668395996,
-0.5011808276176453,
0.13335642218589783,
-0.056004710495471954,
-0.14120829105377197,
-0.0755084678530693,
-0.6939880847930908,
0.12816719710826874,
0.8886843323707581,
-0.026629913598299026,
-0.2615007162094116,
0.8279604911804199,
0.4641529321670532,
-0.5693376064300537,
-0.055718109011650085,
-0.1974310576915741,
-0.21683992445468903,
0.14934703707695007,
-0.5411602854728699,
0.2864047586917877,
-0.8778691291809082,
-0.26129016280174255,
0.3710997998714447,
-0.1944943368434906,
-0.12935955822467804,
0.02559584751725197,
-0.9184824824333191,
-0.12666486203670502,
1.246717929840088,
0.2667809724807739,
-0.2896425426006317,
0.4265100955963135,
0.1886228770017624,
0.7191340327262878,
0.4998604357242584,
0.08594480901956558,
0.43095651268959045,
-0.13382452726364136,
1.0290101766586304,
-0.6148133873939514,
-0.6558130383491516,
-0.14714863896369934,
-0.6121631860733032,
1.1268360614776611,
-0.4179747998714447,
0.18342524766921997,
1.2335245609283447,
-0.486741304397583,
0.05592980235815048,
-0.17937032878398895,
-0.003261202946305275,
0.16956105828285217,
-0.7394634485244751,
-0.4021300673484802,
-0.632246732711792,
-1.2279388904571533,
-0.23574386537075043,
0.14274922013282776,
-0.1272270828485489,
-0.09822943061590195,
0.3874422311782837,
0.10408087074756622,
-0.05266885459423065,
-0.3710471987724304,
0.3120950758457184,
-0.4276973307132721,
0.9447857737541199,
-1.141345739364624,
1.2122737169265747,
0.008407899178564548,
0.7952224016189575,
-0.3558424413204193,
-1.1447930335998535,
0.7370227575302124,
-0.22530251741409302,
0.24202126264572144,
-0.614859402179718,
0.4033024311065674,
0.6672141551971436,
-0.8931604027748108,
-1.0520501136779785,
0.5840827822685242,
-0.37552952766418457,
0.868330717086792,
0.36155346035957336,
0.04849189892411232,
-0.09050661325454712,
-1.0350521802902222,
-0.4440225064754486,
0.9850955009460449,
-0.38878968358039856,
0.358830064535141,
-0.07211481034755707,
0.4557763636112213,
0.33154618740081787,
-0.2216956466436386,
0.0823155865073204,
-0.7265052795410156,
0.2308519035577774,
-0.2045549899339676,
0.8302173614501953,
-0.19177107512950897,
-0.024632062762975693,
0.7327662706375122,
-0.14710743725299835,
0.10511420667171478,
0.779877245426178,
0.07175163924694061,
-0.4030107259750366,
-0.18542727828025818,
-0.7689759135246277,
0.5077082514762878,
-0.20161832869052887,
-0.1410370171070099,
0.7577738761901855,
-1.1758719682693481,
-0.39403706789016724,
-0.45153889060020447,
0.24931880831718445,
0.5222700834274292,
-0.35454192757606506,
-0.7509751319885254,
-0.7036311626434326,
-0.10164769738912582,
0.39519697427749634,
0.0761771872639656,
0.4355749785900116,
-0.24744446575641632,
0.047173045575618744,
0.6009795665740967,
1.0187402963638306,
-0.07756929099559784,
0.31761351227760315,
-0.21270501613616943,
1.3276227712631226,
-0.8689572215080261,
-0.38204124569892883,
0.33280080556869507,
-0.318277508020401,
0.02705249935388565,
0.27720168232917786,
0.3907617926597595,
-0.8566539287567139,
-0.5128247141838074,
0.4281269311904907,
-0.9354497194290161,
-0.20134322345256805,
-0.42877668142318726,
0.21106256544589996,
0.09419958293437958,
0.05975450947880745,
0.31129467487335205,
0.7567728757858276,
0.5041152238845825,
0.39967378973960876,
0.05355377867817879,
0.36770930886268616,
0.008198979310691357,
0.41537386178970337,
-0.35450035333633423,
-0.15391305088996887,
0.015119951218366623,
0.7716080546379089,
0.2443922758102417,
-0.47223082184791565,
-0.7818790674209595,
-0.7391941547393799,
0.013722005300223827,
0.7797641754150391,
0.5952771306037903,
-0.13365837931632996,
-0.004211150575429201,
-0.2058483064174652,
-0.5738381743431091,
0.47559505701065063,
-0.18107855319976807,
-0.7016616463661194,
-0.0724189430475235,
-0.308331161737442,
-0.8034700751304626,
-0.5923094749450684,
-0.2724039554595947,
-0.5684216618537903,
-0.1899981051683426,
-0.1845773458480835,
-0.3943850100040436,
-0.3917219638824463
] |
|
11pco6 | Is base 10 the right system to use? | First off, I'm not much of a mathlete. By the time I got to 4th year (undergrad) differential calculus my brain had decided that was about all it could take and left the building.
But a few nights ago I was reading a comic ([*Echo*](_URL_0_)) which has a scientist use a base of PHI ([Golden ratio base](_URL_1_)). The idea had never occurred to me that an irrational number could even be a base. However, it apparently can be. Fair enough.
But one of the concepts the comic was trying to portray was that with this base numbering system shit starts to fall into place. I.E. It married the quantum and 'normal' systems so there wasn't any discrepancies, stuff like that.
My understanding is that a base numbering system is just a representation of a concept. Not a concept itself (i.e. "A rose by any other name would still smell as sweet" sort of thing), so I didn't really buy into the idea that simply changing the base number system would make *any* difference in mathematical results. However, like I said... I've never won any medals for math.
So, **does changing the base number system significantly alter any higher level math out there?** | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"c6ops6s",
"c6oqs9p",
"c6oq6og"
],
"text": [
"We routinely alter the number base to make certain types of math easier. For instance, Boolean is Base-2 (logic math), Hexadecimal is Base-16 (computer addresses), Radian Math Base-Pi (circular math), Duodecimal is Base-12 (time and lots of British Units), Babylonians used Base-60. \n\nSo to answer your question, yes we routinely use different number bases to simplify math, but they are very difficult to implement on a very large scale (i.e. it's very hard to change the way a whole society counts).",
"> Is base 10 the right system to use? \n\nThere's no *the* right base. \n\nJust convenient bases for particular things.\n\nAside from how you write numbers and a little convenience with things like fractions, changing bases changes almost nothing of any importance.\n\n (Write it as 'base ten', to save the 'every base is base 10' bit)",
"> does changing the base number system significantly alter any higher level math out there?\n\nAbsolutely not. Whatever your system, it just changes what you write, not what you mean. It is akin to asking if writing it in French changes the story of a book."
],
"score": [
9,
8,
8
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echo_\\(comic_book\\)",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_ratio_base"
]
} | {
"url": []
} | Is base 10 the right system to use?
First off, I'm not much of a mathlete. By the time I got to 4th year (undergrad) differential calculus my brain had decided that was about all it could take and left the building. But a few nights ago I was reading a comic ([*Echo*](_URL_0_)) which has a scientist use a base of PHI ([Golden ratio base](_URL_1_)). The idea had never occurred to me that an irrational number could even be a base. However, it apparently can be. Fair enough. But one of the concepts the comic was trying to portray was that with this base numbering system shit starts to fall into place. I.E. It married the quantum and 'normal' systems so there wasn't any discrepancies, stuff like that. My understanding is that a base numbering system is just a representation of a concept. Not a concept itself (i.e. "A rose by any other name would still smell as sweet" sort of thing), so I didn't really buy into the idea that simply changing the base number system would make *any* difference in mathematical results. However, like I said... I've never won any medals for math. So, **does changing the base number system significantly alter any higher level math out there?** | [
-0.3800130784511566,
-0.801063060760498,
0.5892014503479004,
-0.10784236341714859,
-0.6025483012199402,
-0.19787181913852692,
-0.2616210877895355,
-0.7223250865936279,
1.1258862018585205,
0.8779115676879883,
0.6981635093688965,
0.606704831123352,
-0.0381154902279377,
0.9773983955383301,
0.10478781163692474,
-0.651266872882843,
0.2860569357872009,
0.14883100986480713,
0.21785350143909454,
-0.330181747674942,
-0.16345614194869995,
0.4908197820186615,
-0.012836226262152195,
1.0804423093795776,
-0.867097020149231,
-0.10502795875072479,
-0.3514266014099121,
-0.5224506258964539,
0.6734429597854614,
0.6172545552253723,
0.3258633017539978,
0.5413244366645813,
-0.327485054731369,
-0.16294457018375397,
0.35824811458587646,
-0.2361333668231964,
0.6971104145050049,
0.13537061214447021,
1.2050566673278809,
-1.1976889371871948,
-0.08105641603469849,
-0.6557446718215942,
0.30612802505493164,
0.09926498681306839,
-0.1541936993598938,
-0.4995132386684418,
0.08139991760253906,
0.10508822649717331,
-0.407490611076355,
0.40244436264038086,
0.029815977439284325,
0.10126892477273941,
0.2870854437351227,
-0.14378932118415833,
0.01500533614307642,
-0.4281464219093323,
0.914551854133606,
-0.7121320962905884,
1.022233009338379,
0.1070442795753479,
0.6649712920188904,
0.4126232862472534,
-0.7441146969795227,
-0.8206674456596375,
-0.14127525687217712,
-0.34184566140174866,
-0.9164282083511353,
0.5184012651443481,
-1.5456582307815552,
-0.049813129007816315,
-0.5343895554542542,
0.04669428616762161,
0.12860007584095,
-0.19793163239955902,
0.2696579396724701,
-0.8085657954216003,
0.5965612530708313,
-0.0293869785964489,
-0.6546272039413452,
0.07622992247343063,
0.20239558815956116,
0.7688682079315186,
0.2662547826766968,
0.42386072874069214,
0.023783812299370766,
0.420899897813797,
0.8268128037452698,
-0.5902485847473145,
-0.1194036453962326,
0.5425174832344055,
-0.8469969034194946,
0.285173237323761,
0.49649578332901,
-0.5488100647926331,
-0.008331570774316788,
-0.3641291558742523,
-0.010655086487531662,
-0.8521790504455566,
0.15485087037086487,
0.11942485719919205,
-0.9912860989570618,
0.5592557191848755,
0.004834709223359823,
0.6333434581756592,
0.13469725847244263,
-0.9907028675079346,
-0.2055806666612625,
-0.2954212725162506,
-0.6583658456802368,
0.006860237568616867,
0.49902960658073425,
1.3582426309585571,
0.17090600728988647,
-0.2672269642353058,
-0.5712142586708069,
-1.4565062522888184,
-0.152584969997406,
-0.14060869812965393,
1.0494625568389893,
0.6201229095458984,
-0.5129716992378235,
-0.2747141718864441,
0.5638648867607117,
0.273451030254364,
0.2726426422595978,
-0.24925917387008667,
-0.41010385751724243,
0.1935785710811615,
0.29312482476234436,
0.06856105476617813,
0.24887289106845856,
0.3916351795196533,
0.4027334451675415,
0.004107549786567688,
-0.05216506868600845,
0.004798807203769684,
-1.1780081987380981,
0.29684457182884216,
-0.4646618068218231,
-0.5390661954879761,
-0.8506673574447632,
-0.4378446638584137,
0.42841166257858276,
-0.4329776465892792,
-0.11492154747247696,
-0.23470905423164368,
-0.40940800309181213,
0.10858174413442612,
-0.11751063168048859,
-0.4565073549747467,
-0.39303016662597656,
-0.25356248021125793,
-0.005887825973331928,
-0.6012281775474548,
0.9059832692146301,
0.013446684926748276,
0.42083990573883057,
-0.2760521471500397,
0.7566864490509033,
-0.11360543966293335,
-0.6464319229125977,
-0.1644212156534195,
-0.7134175896644592,
0.877488911151886,
0.44624942541122437,
-0.13612979650497437,
-0.1681199073791504,
-0.665706217288971,
0.25720787048339844,
0.21282997727394104,
-0.28283238410949707,
-0.718649685382843,
0.859565258026123,
0.7075048685073853,
1.053892731666565,
-0.2628724277019501,
1.120821237564087,
0.4189996123313904,
-0.3186136484146118,
-0.11046381294727325,
0.1363067924976349,
-0.28558897972106934,
0.12255829572677612,
0.5994706153869629,
-1.0923937559127808,
-0.13190464675426483,
0.8764021992683411,
0.5055230259895325,
0.016413286328315735,
0.9172422885894775,
0.1673887073993683,
-0.20033065974712372,
-1.6699323654174805,
0.3091913163661957,
1.0020307302474976,
0.11510708183050156,
-0.18080337345600128,
0.44412869215011597,
0.013207215815782547,
-0.22567152976989746,
-0.030395381152629852,
-1.4098773002624512,
0.26455387473106384,
-0.12953411042690277,
-0.08061400800943375,
-0.4676216244697571,
0.8373858332633972,
0.28888627886772156,
0.5911930799484253,
-0.04399547725915909,
0.686059832572937,
0.6445799469947815,
-0.042913660407066345,
-0.4758620262145996,
-0.20431599020957947,
0.01417684555053711,
-0.35344892740249634,
-0.11459694057703018,
-0.24410684406757355,
0.23932640254497528,
0.1246328353881836,
0.12940187752246857,
0.6727138757705688,
0.5237877368927002,
0.640268862247467,
-0.11086264252662659,
0.043076012283563614,
0.17729291319847107,
-0.04171127825975418,
-0.3292718529701233,
-0.21710312366485596,
-0.174889475107193,
-0.33217862248420715,
0.1974334865808487,
0.33823341131210327,
-0.605818510055542,
-1.2571617364883423,
-0.7736532092094421,
0.26202157139778137,
-0.525677502155304,
0.23510977625846863,
0.05853131040930748,
0.45055121183395386,
0.5581085085868835,
0.09766112267971039,
0.5902383923530579,
0.08167949318885803,
-0.6454203128814697,
-0.4543117582798004,
0.285067617893219,
-0.3950064778327942,
-0.700764000415802,
-0.5049950480461121,
-0.7257696986198425,
0.4804220199584961,
-0.7177412509918213,
0.5448798537254333,
-0.3610187768936157,
0.5476801991462708,
0.0847068578004837,
-0.2172136902809143,
-1.0790854692459106,
1.0303295850753784,
0.0007067881524562836,
-0.6410765647888184,
1.0677648782730103,
-0.65678471326828,
0.0829910933971405,
-0.25152280926704407,
0.3092145621776581,
0.2594881057739258,
-0.9807533025741577,
-0.227263942360878,
0.3017386496067047,
-0.2398909479379654,
-0.3209731876850128,
0.10933227837085724,
-0.45637786388397217,
-0.15831169486045837,
0.24980776011943817,
0.27472251653671265,
0.1375439465045929,
-0.359543114900589,
-1.1520822048187256,
-0.6274861097335815,
0.5140109062194824,
0.8340852856636047,
-0.9382727146148682,
-0.2283821552991867,
-0.7624783515930176,
0.11058157682418823,
-0.03514579311013222,
-0.5822138786315918,
1.1475028991699219,
0.20548491179943085,
0.2616698443889618,
0.5728331804275513,
0.04896266385912895,
0.09618344157934189,
0.6275280714035034,
-0.3308732509613037,
0.10994380712509155,
0.842198371887207,
0.2508879601955414,
-0.1677108108997345,
-0.25390127301216125,
0.7448933720588684,
-0.36873936653137207,
0.4571678042411804,
-0.6539134383201599,
0.4696981608867645,
-0.7312729358673096,
-0.1243618056178093,
0.7111859321594238,
-0.15947933495044708,
0.854171097278595,
0.5335738658905029,
-0.4994630813598633,
-0.8633778095245361,
-0.5777729749679565,
-0.43384215235710144,
-0.05072217434644699,
0.6928368210792542,
0.4614237844944,
-0.3804955780506134,
0.5862469673156738,
-0.6673988103866577,
0.9042705297470093,
-0.4542388916015625,
0.43423259258270264,
0.4418010711669922,
-0.48048269748687744,
0.7762727737426758,
0.16619965434074402,
-0.33332186937332153,
0.4175281226634979,
0.7629943490028381,
0.3030751347541809,
-0.20305834710597992,
0.4369652271270752,
0.9464666843414307,
0.550141453742981,
-0.0031351363286376,
0.30531376600265503,
-0.3458510637283325,
0.5287721753120422,
-0.500786542892456,
0.7720031142234802,
-0.277509868144989,
-0.4635569453239441,
-0.44784966111183167,
0.4334772527217865,
1.0662527084350586,
-0.8980314135551453,
-0.3200625777244568,
0.11994394659996033,
-0.4866880774497986,
0.04319491609930992,
0.9809778332710266,
0.13317979872226715,
-0.5350966453552246,
0.3131949305534363,
0.9936961531639099,
-0.11126021295785904,
-0.25011807680130005,
-0.08697572350502014,
-1.3500113487243652,
-0.07345766574144363,
-0.057450126856565475,
0.1495296210050583,
0.18666884303092957,
0.5691404938697815,
-0.1374857872724533,
0.1834261268377304,
0.8247320652008057,
0.1681070178747177,
0.3950612545013428,
0.25680333375930786,
-0.3699195384979248,
0.019090205430984497,
0.2885938882827759,
0.1253882497549057,
-0.3691980242729187,
0.6303914785385132,
-0.6860404014587402,
-0.5388951301574707,
-1.0217311382293701,
-0.1761055588722229,
0.1518460065126419,
0.4408316910266876,
-0.16416499018669128,
-0.02442137524485588,
0.08726450800895691,
-0.22091521322727203,
-0.5966567993164062,
-0.4714696705341339,
-0.738765299320221,
0.4622219204902649,
-0.5890570282936096,
-0.32608363032341003,
0.2674809694290161,
0.5961329936981201,
-0.0883021205663681,
0.9080464839935303,
0.2671372890472412,
-0.10008938610553741,
-0.059621430933475494,
1.2253339290618896,
-0.42615097761154175,
-0.45590338110923767,
-0.5624858736991882,
-0.30581992864608765,
-0.5356178283691406,
-0.2063726782798767,
0.3778298497200012,
-1.3205047845840454,
-1.0677735805511475,
-0.2976575493812561,
-1.4100720882415771,
-0.09997216612100601,
0.7160236835479736,
-0.029995642602443695,
-0.31594493985176086,
0.5655388236045837,
-0.583014726638794,
-0.3390296399593353,
-0.3687105178833008,
0.12182357907295227,
-0.8614513278007507,
0.20387132465839386,
-0.2912549674510956,
-1.2818435430526733,
1.7246153354644775,
0.712450385093689,
-0.7405776381492615,
0.48725032806396484,
0.8508155941963196,
0.05883939564228058,
-0.7849746346473694,
0.025018654763698578,
-0.5115830302238464,
0.9572551846504211,
-0.6619594097137451,
-0.18069811165332794,
-0.6146681308746338,
-0.596318781375885,
0.9043999314308167,
-0.16784323751926422,
-0.6323720216751099,
-0.5161280632019043,
-0.22123435139656067,
-0.6025130152702332,
0.022279664874076843,
0.8301048278808594,
1.3960750102996826,
0.13796263933181763,
-0.06982462853193283,
-0.007641591131687164,
-0.0074916984885931015,
-0.22633862495422363,
-0.3842373490333557,
0.308712899684906,
-0.5714391469955444,
0.7853610515594482,
0.27265840768814087,
0.5127573013305664,
-0.27747705578804016,
0.35802188515663147,
0.27682358026504517,
-1.3947068452835083,
-0.6070104837417603,
-0.29814809560775757,
0.9555178284645081,
-0.005435435101389885,
-0.09731007367372513,
-0.4917463958263397,
0.9280086159706116,
-0.4511665105819702,
0.34095221757888794,
-1.1618850231170654,
0.28236132860183716,
-0.5610715746879578,
-1.206011414527893,
0.07544627785682678,
0.8797619938850403,
0.02431327849626541,
-0.48149222135543823,
0.5392974615097046,
-0.21062122285366058,
-0.3474563658237457,
0.27465394139289856,
0.2274908870458603,
0.538006067276001,
0.32970505952835083,
0.5982390642166138,
0.20420673489570618,
-0.6071620583534241,
1.2937226295471191,
0.14038917422294617,
-0.1606687605381012,
0.049522172659635544,
-0.2161555290222168,
0.16150277853012085,
-0.43528568744659424,
0.01584050804376602,
0.06140977144241333,
0.6275352835655212,
-0.0806707814335823,
0.6286537051200867,
1.1971861124038696,
-0.4381031095981598,
-0.3124798834323883,
0.16790980100631714,
-0.6159839034080505,
0.14785602688789368,
-0.012268545106053352,
0.013051265850663185,
-0.20766368508338928,
0.04536611959338188,
0.4864290654659271,
-0.4928680658340454,
-0.832191526889801,
0.6876227855682373,
0.28805482387542725,
-0.13681329786777496,
0.44873300194740295,
-1.4582014083862305,
-1.7318994998931885,
0.3544561564922333,
0.2501244843006134,
-0.07209297269582748,
-0.2150370180606842,
-0.05566059425473213,
0.06586357206106186,
-0.7319348454475403,
0.7089847326278687,
-0.07144130021333694,
-0.934368908405304,
0.6088365912437439,
-0.1677943766117096,
-0.08171694725751877,
0.5379408597946167,
0.3829515278339386,
-0.027069468051195145,
0.3906190097332001,
-0.43508902192115784,
-0.4518987238407135,
0.1946077197790146,
0.006802770774811506,
0.7602552175521851,
0.3466014564037323,
-0.35591453313827515,
0.11921223998069763,
-0.42537829279899597,
0.24174989759922028,
-0.2510390281677246,
-0.3790295720100403,
0.1829865574836731,
0.18099617958068848,
0.18753443658351898,
-1.0669376850128174,
-0.05103281885385513,
0.6562974452972412,
-1.3630101680755615,
-0.35682326555252075,
-0.17553040385246277,
-0.8575334548950195,
0.3558410406112671,
-0.36072883009910583,
0.341107040643692,
-1.339885950088501,
-0.2674676775932312,
-0.6577562689781189,
-0.5597890019416809,
0.23902292549610138,
-0.042250826954841614,
-0.623174250125885,
-0.4092863202095032,
0.06378267705440521,
-0.4250585436820984,
-0.2959924042224884,
0.2890414297580719,
0.13958698511123657,
-0.10438717901706696,
-0.8841568827629089,
0.2158793807029724,
0.10553678870201111,
0.1288212537765503,
0.3531326353549957,
0.3949253559112549,
-0.11071372777223587,
-0.8687098622322083,
0.25301042199134827,
-0.7736894488334656,
1.0875310897827148,
-0.14765340089797974,
0.3339833915233612,
0.3255169987678528,
0.1670788675546646,
-0.11696435511112213,
0.659809410572052,
-0.7487496733665466,
0.2971329987049103,
-0.33063429594039917,
0.5673239827156067,
-0.04945087432861328,
0.5282912254333496,
-0.2023392617702484,
-0.3795633614063263,
0.6554509997367859,
0.7980476021766663,
-0.28104278445243835,
0.1264054924249649,
0.5749942064285278,
-0.12126215547323227,
0.7522681355476379,
-0.22222986817359924,
-0.6287937760353088,
-0.6662579774856567,
0.09646466374397278,
-0.171218141913414,
-0.047527991235256195,
-1.0172396898269653,
0.8413694500923157,
0.4225560426712036,
0.23579749464988708,
-0.4240048825740814,
1.3511942625045776,
0.623972475528717,
-0.32612505555152893,
-0.14711982011795044,
-0.8174401521682739,
0.0171416737139225,
-1.1165218353271484,
-0.9197355508804321,
0.4971364140510559,
-0.36763066053390503,
0.1659797728061676,
0.4185091257095337,
-0.37221431732177734,
-0.6922276020050049,
-0.2533380687236786,
0.6733551621437073,
0.7375023365020752,
0.8616803884506226,
-0.38164371252059937,
-0.34067630767822266,
0.5348815321922302,
0.16186130046844482,
0.8557494878768921,
-0.642953634262085,
0.845224916934967,
-0.35815733671188354,
0.3791981339454651,
0.18482160568237305,
0.4502364695072174,
-0.316967636346817,
-0.01622273214161396,
-0.5792249441146851,
-0.2612142860889435,
-0.7384700775146484,
-0.74507075548172,
0.35793793201446533,
0.007860193029046059,
0.17283959686756134,
0.3880014717578888,
-0.1895540952682495,
-0.46535587310791016,
-0.469257116317749,
-0.4486809968948364,
-0.17080537974834442,
0.5390451550483704,
-1.1066505908966064,
0.619769275188446,
0.8113374710083008,
0.18052546679973602,
-0.42052680253982544,
0.1455833464860916,
-0.07811374962329865,
-0.12530025839805603,
-0.4103546738624573,
0.28411176800727844,
-0.9519307017326355,
0.2783830761909485,
0.21727918088436127,
-0.46683260798454285,
-0.18197527527809143,
0.9121425151824951,
0.8799076080322266,
-0.5636862516403198,
0.2758074104785919,
-0.18607191741466522,
0.19742579758167267,
-0.8124275803565979,
-0.5415343046188354,
0.13553017377853394,
0.31318050622940063,
-1.131469488143921,
-0.9975812435150146,
-0.06743030250072479,
-0.43911099433898926,
-0.3276270627975464,
-0.2095879316329956,
-0.08828311413526535,
-0.2422264814376831,
0.13497430086135864,
0.389204740524292,
0.2853597402572632,
0.06929890811443329,
-1.7233725786209106,
0.2560414969921112,
-0.5508670210838318,
-0.7933571338653564,
0.09871332347393036,
0.5404341220855713,
0.4773159623146057,
-1.0940275192260742,
-0.05866944417357445,
-0.6782442927360535,
0.6884610056877136,
-0.40311044454574585,
-0.30459579825401306,
-0.46640944480895996,
0.2904256582260132,
-0.6479010581970215,
0.4802810251712799,
-0.3430611491203308,
-0.01114379521459341,
-0.5620429515838623,
-0.09897831827402115,
-0.7522562146186829,
-0.09141559898853302,
0.3908800184726715,
0.7384235858917236,
0.49680599570274353,
0.5426314473152161,
-0.05933501571416855,
0.21045240759849548,
0.10950279235839844,
0.01330411434173584,
-0.9031574726104736,
-0.07888621091842651,
-0.3003275990486145,
-0.6125782132148743,
0.7509074807167053,
0.6580822467803955,
-0.037984881550073624,
0.767181396484375,
-0.5398941040039062,
0.9573043584823608,
-0.22907276451587677,
0.7504416108131409,
0.2642368972301483,
0.21294495463371277,
0.11969716846942902,
-0.3836062550544739,
-0.15175528824329376,
-0.8273669481277466,
-0.7004086375236511,
-0.04511234536767006,
-0.0693608820438385,
0.2942560315132141,
0.45021966099739075,
-0.019798310473561287,
-0.030571069568395615,
-0.06564541161060333,
0.2458897829055786,
-0.6765101552009583
] |
|
3t9fa6 | How and Why does the regularization of divergent series work when it comes to Casimir Effect/Physics? | Hey. Background on what I know when it comes to this topic: I'm a math boy (if you up during real mathematician hours, smash that like) and at first, series/summation inspired me to learn more math, but lately I just want to learn/comprehend more math so I can apply it to summation (LOL) and in the past I've played with alternating geometric series and used that to assign those special values (Regularizing negative integer values of Dirichlet's Eta function), but just recently i figured out why and how Ramanujan summation works and i was able to directly regularize the divergent series associated with negative integer values of the Zeta function. I am just a clueless bum when it comes to physics, my first course ever was this semester (It was newtonian stuff; no calculus) and I had to drop it because I had a hard time getting a grip on the material. Can someone explain to me how and why does the regularization of divergent series work when it comes to Casimir Effect/Physics? I'm confident with what I know when it comes to the math behind this. I've read an introductory paper about this effect, but it was mainly mathematical and just barely any physics (There was a reference to a vaccum inside a prism and something about the total energy not being equal to zero, but that was like the second page and there was barely any physics after that).
| askscience | {
"a_id": [
"cx4a3p9",
"cx4i09h",
"cx5h1hl"
],
"text": [
"I've written about ζ-reg in the Casimir effect [here]( _URL_0_), there are also a few links you could find more useful.",
"One thing that often isn't appreciated is that the \"vacuum fluctuation\" derivation of the Casimir force is actually just a convenient approximation, appropriate in the limit that the fine-structure constant of the walls is infinite. The full derivation involves considering retarded (speed-of-light delayed) van der Waals (dipole-dipole) interactions between the walls. See here: _URL_1_\n\nI realize that this does not answer your question, but you might find his background text (which is well presented) to be helpful.",
"The statement \"1+2+3+4+...=-1/12\" should be thought of as the following proposiiton: \"If 1+2+3+4+... could be assigned a number in a meaningful way, then this number has to be -1/12\". We'll let \"meaningful\" be vague, but the only thing that we require is that typical summation manipulations work. In fact, in many of the \"proofs\" of 1+2+3+...=-1/12, they start out by saying \"Assume that 1+2+3+... has some value S\" and then they proceed to show that S needs to be -1/12. No one every proves that it has a value, but if it were to have a value, it would have to be -1/12. \n\nIn other words, if we have proved \"If a+b+c+... can be assigned a number in a meaningful way, then that number must be S\" and we encounter the sum a+b+c+... in a context that requires a number to be assigned to it in a meaningful way, then we can forget everything about convergence and assign S to it. Convergence guarantees that we can assign a number to it, but we can assign a number to it without convergence too.\n\nIt should be noted that there are infinitely many ways that we can look at a sum and it can converge in some and diverge in others. The real numbers aren't special. For instance 1+2+4+8+16+...=-1 converges in the [2-adic Norm](_URL_2_) but not the real one. Which one is correct? Neither, because no convergence scheme is special.\n\nThis brings me to physics. In Quantum Field Thoery, when something has a chance of happening, it will. All possible interaction happen simultaneously, and contribute some amount to an interaction. So when trying to figure out an interaction in Quantum Field Theory, you need to sum over an infinite number of possibilities that are all contributing to the interaction. In this context, we are encountering sums that we are already assuming can have a finite number assigned to them. We can check whether or not these sums converge, but that would not be of any help because even if they diverged in the reals there could be some other convergence scheme where they do converge, plus we are already assuming that it does have a finite value, so testing convergence is wasting time.\n\nFor example, there are interactions that require a finite value for 1+2+3+4+.... I don't need to check whether or not it has a finite value, because I'm assuming that it *does*. Luckily, I have a theorem that tells me that the only meaningful number to assign to is -1/12. So, in this context, I must have 1+2+3+4+...=-1/12. Physics says this sum needs a finite value, and we have a theorem that says there's only one meaningful number that we can assign. Our hands are tied, no need to worry about convergence because we, a priori, are assuming this sum is finite and under this assumption the sum has to be -1/12.\n\n(Note that we can't compute these sums in typical ways, because computations assume that we are assigning a value via convergence. But this is limiting, so we have to figure out other ways to determine these numbers.)"
],
"score": [
12,
6,
5
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://rantonels.github.io/capq/q/QED1.html",
"http://arxiv.org/pdf/hep-th/0503158.pdf",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P-adic_order#p-adic_Norm"
]
} | How and Why does the regularization of divergent series work when it comes to Casimir Effect/Physics?
Hey. Background on what I know when it comes to this topic: I'm a math boy (if you up during real mathematician hours, smash that like) and at first, series/summation inspired me to learn more math, but lately I just want to learn/comprehend more math so I can apply it to summation (LOL) and in the past I've played with alternating geometric series and used that to assign those special values (Regularizing negative integer values of Dirichlet's Eta function), but just recently i figured out why and how Ramanujan summation works and i was able to directly regularize the divergent series associated with negative integer values of the Zeta function. I am just a clueless bum when it comes to physics, my first course ever was this semester (It was newtonian stuff; no calculus) and I had to drop it because I had a hard time getting a grip on the material. Can someone explain to me how and why does the regularization of divergent series work when it comes to Casimir Effect/Physics? I'm confident with what I know when it comes to the math behind this. I've read an introductory paper about this effect, but it was mainly mathematical and just barely any physics (There was a reference to a vaccum inside a prism and something about the total energy not being equal to zero, but that was like the second page and there was barely any physics after that). | [
-0.6790229678153992,
-0.5726208090782166,
0.6944264769554138,
-0.38345256447792053,
-0.5143284797668457,
-0.26565948128700256,
0.13162724673748016,
-0.382599800825119,
1.3413125276565552,
-0.2709950804710388,
0.7193436026573181,
0.336762011051178,
-0.4879116117954254,
0.429772287607193,
0.18313470482826233,
-0.5780804753303528,
0.6199815273284912,
-0.16894905269145966,
-0.25448963046073914,
-0.10682643949985504,
0.5877822041511536,
0.2164301574230194,
0.16802655160427094,
1.793720006942749,
-0.34551435708999634,
-0.1003987193107605,
-0.10030987858772278,
0.24448992311954498,
0.26152369379997253,
0.6360151171684265,
-0.19723427295684814,
0.023619428277015686,
-0.23311251401901245,
0.7261613607406616,
0.03831164538860321,
0.09781826287508011,
1.1962774991989136,
-0.3769581913948059,
0.2876948118209839,
-0.3046674132347107,
-0.015290141105651855,
-0.6911411881446838,
-0.014738969504833221,
0.300098717212677,
-0.25979727506637573,
-0.8834649324417114,
-0.0635579377412796,
0.14656247198581696,
-0.7859841585159302,
-0.2434384673833847,
-0.5097072720527649,
0.3187207281589508,
0.24481506645679474,
-0.07641182839870453,
0.48918986320495605,
-0.06702302396297455,
0.7241057753562927,
-0.3533864915370941,
1.0081886053085327,
-0.1643904447555542,
0.5366322994232178,
0.22462528944015503,
-0.742824912071228,
-0.3876154124736786,
0.4206699728965759,
-0.15754440426826477,
-0.8512521982192993,
0.10790632665157318,
-1.0852994918823242,
-0.5987579822540283,
-0.3369106650352478,
-0.17052678763866425,
-0.32902976870536804,
-0.7674015760421753,
-0.13260602951049805,
-0.5963828563690186,
0.8309605121612549,
0.06097068637609482,
-0.20637688040733337,
0.02075297199189663,
-0.798934817314148,
0.494956910610199,
0.4127558171749115,
0.2050687074661255,
-0.09828255325555801,
0.5971433520317078,
0.5798794031143188,
-0.28882062435150146,
-0.10822483897209167,
0.36157694458961487,
-0.8132642507553101,
-0.4431222379207611,
0.21889284253120422,
0.03312275558710098,
0.14680761098861694,
-0.11014950275421143,
0.5866885185241699,
-0.5638626217842102,
0.3261890709400177,
0.7087022066116333,
-0.23701460659503937,
0.479784220457077,
0.5428080558776855,
1.0900983810424805,
0.3775961697101593,
-0.28282630443573,
0.30189257860183716,
-0.24998125433921814,
-0.4167938232421875,
-0.014262974262237549,
0.2162649780511856,
1.193082332611084,
0.31093502044677734,
-0.24653896689414978,
-0.34209761023521423,
-0.9726588726043701,
0.18902477622032166,
0.40761882066726685,
1.067971110343933,
0.272490918636322,
0.045010991394519806,
-0.5222435593605042,
1.1238445043563843,
1.2763149738311768,
-0.03050621971487999,
0.9416435956954956,
-0.37728506326675415,
0.19965803623199463,
0.10059865564107895,
-0.5011094212532043,
0.1440185010433197,
0.577887773513794,
0.4000590443611145,
-0.17592370510101318,
0.4744744300842285,
-0.2576037347316742,
-1.3104751110076904,
-0.24521619081497192,
-0.6071284413337708,
0.5677249431610107,
-0.3694511651992798,
-0.22349146008491516,
1.2098971605300903,
-0.829693078994751,
-0.20443396270275116,
-0.6668550372123718,
-1.0970251560211182,
0.05907697230577469,
0.21733029186725616,
-0.08288136124610901,
-1.0345754623413086,
-0.4483065605163574,
-0.19567441940307617,
-0.4320826828479767,
1.092409610748291,
-0.26411575078964233,
0.22351308166980743,
-0.08505881577730179,
0.42096787691116333,
-0.17424654960632324,
-1.178665041923523,
-0.19660499691963196,
0.34526926279067993,
0.5670812129974365,
0.42256924510002136,
-0.00996805913746357,
0.03231823444366455,
-0.7472192049026489,
-0.20084238052368164,
0.3492824137210846,
-0.25102394819259644,
0.005142605397850275,
0.776300311088562,
0.7928223013877869,
0.3172107934951782,
-0.040041230618953705,
0.4246104061603546,
0.0648476704955101,
-0.3678063154220581,
-0.14614181220531464,
0.1102081909775734,
-0.10777672380208969,
0.3625831604003906,
0.7907217741012573,
-0.452738881111145,
-0.10907880961894989,
0.4725342392921448,
0.2768131494522095,
0.2430231273174286,
0.24395853281021118,
0.21179962158203125,
-0.26994356513023376,
-1.9647657871246338,
0.05212860181927681,
0.4308672845363617,
0.18170695006847382,
-0.4805854260921478,
0.39687466621398926,
0.54771888256073,
-0.3665272891521454,
0.12268303334712982,
-1.2938501834869385,
-0.24336273968219757,
-0.2796669900417328,
-0.14364013075828552,
-0.16577108204364777,
0.4044959545135498,
0.1958831399679184,
0.36711612343788147,
-0.43830421566963196,
0.16759352385997772,
0.5629101395606995,
0.04165160655975342,
-0.1476518213748932,
-0.025129172950983047,
0.7967807054519653,
-0.5753787159919739,
0.1269005388021469,
-0.04075295850634575,
0.4921388328075409,
0.3807946741580963,
-0.27791011333465576,
0.23233367502689362,
0.1964917778968811,
1.1453464031219482,
-0.22351716458797455,
-0.3288038969039917,
-0.19211933016777039,
0.36730679869651794,
-0.07809159904718399,
-0.4767257273197174,
-0.5311667323112488,
0.014734677970409393,
0.6860437989234924,
-0.046506963670253754,
-0.5045830011367798,
-1.4386898279190063,
-1.1246377229690552,
-0.12084242701530457,
-0.7067506313323975,
-0.2688511610031128,
0.3238910734653473,
0.5790647268295288,
0.5179500579833984,
0.4464429020881653,
0.6984577178955078,
-0.37361088395118713,
-0.6669455766677856,
0.28607070446014404,
-0.2161777913570404,
-0.20771703124046326,
-0.40536588430404663,
-0.7724343538284302,
-0.7433205842971802,
0.6552703380584717,
-0.7668545246124268,
0.34531694650650024,
-0.7935729622840881,
0.14865872263908386,
0.4741770029067993,
-0.13550403714179993,
-0.24277427792549133,
0.6092920899391174,
0.005287266336381435,
-0.7786871194839478,
0.150477796792984,
-1.1361891031265259,
0.15298938751220703,
0.6061771512031555,
-0.013240414671599865,
-0.31640493869781494,
-0.6158661246299744,
-0.15949703752994537,
-0.03472650796175003,
0.2229134440422058,
-0.6032028794288635,
-0.6910979151725769,
-0.7046584486961365,
0.3290606737136841,
0.23391936719417572,
0.044799335300922394,
0.7989224195480347,
-0.23882964253425598,
-0.6162089109420776,
-0.36964499950408936,
0.5227206349372864,
0.4629846215248108,
-0.9285245537757874,
0.22603407502174377,
-0.7081228494644165,
0.2544371783733368,
-0.13849245011806488,
-0.9416911005973816,
1.0382976531982422,
0.450978547334671,
-0.990055501461029,
0.454390287399292,
-0.3129415512084961,
0.20101810991764069,
0.14526863396167755,
-0.07522769272327423,
0.7184455990791321,
0.8855048418045044,
0.3706434667110443,
-0.013612109236419201,
0.299917072057724,
0.7907508015632629,
-0.725303590297699,
0.8209415674209595,
-0.4521000385284424,
0.06350331008434296,
-0.48613131046295166,
-0.33374232053756714,
1.1643943786621094,
-0.07095658779144287,
0.08685480058193207,
0.49089914560317993,
-0.9565516114234924,
-1.0392776727676392,
-0.9927313923835754,
-0.3639281988143921,
0.5361880660057068,
0.3811465799808502,
0.38871708512306213,
0.47338125109672546,
1.514007329940796,
0.043101582676172256,
-0.040533989667892456,
-0.6087883710861206,
0.2698687016963959,
0.43142232298851013,
-0.5378834009170532,
0.21956583857536316,
0.040409039705991745,
-0.6474382877349854,
-0.770248532295227,
0.2812463641166687,
0.5200798511505127,
-0.3365623354911804,
0.16201947629451752,
0.7757556438446045,
0.1592520922422409,
-0.1073303148150444,
0.6845306754112244,
0.1325070708990097,
0.5021873712539673,
0.0022138431668281555,
0.8927080035209656,
0.6313825845718384,
-0.2457340657711029,
-0.2579532563686371,
0.4732869267463684,
0.7007257342338562,
-1.0766174793243408,
-0.6177201271057129,
0.27928411960601807,
-0.348349392414093,
0.23425856232643127,
0.5014602541923523,
0.10133986175060272,
0.021185554563999176,
0.21129685640335083,
0.4330800771713257,
0.17453981935977936,
0.03989893198013306,
-0.5550397038459778,
-1.3865305185317993,
-0.08597519993782043,
0.039304085075855255,
0.41647130250930786,
-0.08446935564279556,
0.007311291992664337,
-0.0716870054602623,
-0.15421698987483978,
0.40883010625839233,
-0.5383257865905762,
1.037308931350708,
0.3343401253223419,
0.012875568121671677,
-0.14806720614433289,
0.2591705322265625,
0.19010595977306366,
-0.07529588043689728,
0.8473345041275024,
-0.35058271884918213,
-0.6560075879096985,
-0.5223711729049683,
-0.46901607513427734,
-0.06853024661540985,
-0.03798457235097885,
0.07301172614097595,
-0.47497105598449707,
0.30423450469970703,
-0.31720462441444397,
-0.9341683983802795,
-0.6241118311882019,
-0.8033294081687927,
1.174742579460144,
-0.6030662059783936,
-0.6261772513389587,
0.408916711807251,
0.47406476736068726,
0.3010932207107544,
1.448124885559082,
-0.09585491567850113,
0.3587147295475006,
0.17509984970092773,
0.8163223266601562,
0.7135529518127441,
-0.5609081983566284,
-0.13323767483234406,
-0.6512113213539124,
0.1255369484424591,
-0.2374230921268463,
0.2258215844631195,
-0.7473106980323792,
-1.0256423950195312,
-0.21097725629806519,
-1.6194740533828735,
-0.14687663316726685,
0.6746845841407776,
-0.51190185546875,
-0.5274977087974548,
0.6909753084182739,
-0.28979766368865967,
-0.5178516507148743,
0.1394374966621399,
0.14426854252815247,
-0.9346779584884644,
0.13437820971012115,
-0.4274222254753113,
-1.0453993082046509,
1.1939780712127686,
0.5769664645195007,
-0.8173993825912476,
0.5049037337303162,
0.9963049292564392,
0.4706513583660126,
-0.3496830463409424,
-0.6272016763687134,
-0.5479872822761536,
0.5913805365562439,
-0.7875977754592896,
0.04115774482488632,
-0.6792001724243164,
-0.573824942111969,
0.5696417689323425,
0.3530692756175995,
-0.7893390655517578,
-0.14779961109161377,
-0.01757867820560932,
-0.596591055393219,
0.5980795621871948,
0.2689289450645447,
0.6957728266716003,
0.8313936591148376,
-0.556047260761261,
0.1657343953847885,
-0.1539750099182129,
-0.6731600761413574,
0.21159231662750244,
0.363864928483963,
-0.2753824293613434,
1.3135961294174194,
0.2903686761856079,
0.6173856258392334,
-0.22682540118694305,
0.32985958456993103,
0.41916555166244507,
-1.183002233505249,
-0.5487924814224243,
0.3878529369831085,
0.5792891979217529,
0.026374908164143562,
-0.7623562216758728,
-0.5222544074058533,
1.566469669342041,
-0.131215438246727,
0.43293169140815735,
-1.8790273666381836,
0.2724671959877014,
-1.073681354522705,
-1.2088265419006348,
0.3348957598209381,
0.3872217535972595,
-0.20409995317459106,
-0.8131486773490906,
0.16898241639137268,
-0.5472471117973328,
-0.8192261457443237,
-0.5305343866348267,
0.49152839183807373,
-0.317431777715683,
1.3279623985290527,
0.24266494810581207,
0.00980459712445736,
-0.38017013669013977,
0.7439463138580322,
0.0423782654106617,
-0.06995038688182831,
0.13809868693351746,
-0.7205013632774353,
0.16480252146720886,
-0.584543764591217,
0.19047701358795166,
-0.3765155076980591,
0.2829439342021942,
0.3374372124671936,
0.4256249666213989,
1.1214478015899658,
-0.37916475534439087,
-0.5337350368499756,
0.9265623092651367,
-0.32975074648857117,
-0.23084674775600433,
-0.3474961519241333,
0.04915234073996544,
-0.5302846431732178,
0.553114116191864,
0.6188245415687561,
0.1018705666065216,
-0.7530304193496704,
0.7549336552619934,
0.07887409627437592,
0.32329219579696655,
0.3696005344390869,
-1.08320152759552,
-1.1774368286132812,
0.13811734318733215,
0.46103572845458984,
0.6708964109420776,
-0.779467761516571,
-0.4119335114955902,
0.12055839598178864,
-0.3930709958076477,
0.6638717651367188,
0.7964909076690674,
-0.4905661642551422,
0.7739801406860352,
-0.030850406736135483,
-0.022826191037893295,
0.34100404381752014,
0.006687577813863754,
-0.25063419342041016,
0.12919484078884125,
-0.23211181163787842,
-0.15613041818141937,
-0.14717361330986023,
-0.7832176685333252,
-0.0005419719964265823,
0.35917675495147705,
0.11290508508682251,
0.31430646777153015,
-0.4454917311668396,
0.05035442113876343,
-0.6955730319023132,
-0.07994364202022552,
0.1572568416595459,
-0.25417184829711914,
0.19176837801933289,
-0.8197925090789795,
-0.12238986045122147,
0.12249153107404709,
-0.2163296788930893,
-0.24697627127170563,
-0.8335117697715759,
-0.5137823224067688,
0.1608385145664215,
-0.5541589856147766,
-0.2125503122806549,
-0.11385784298181534,
0.20127084851264954,
-0.5770578384399414,
-0.7566925883293152,
0.16320012509822845,
-0.08594579994678497,
-0.6538156867027283,
-0.33574000000953674,
0.12994040548801422,
0.09856566786766052,
-0.017411205917596817,
-0.24180766940116882,
0.3896796405315399,
0.03584490343928337,
0.11106652021408081,
-0.4828845262527466,
-0.13265058398246765,
-0.15087507665157318,
0.18844076991081238,
0.32586669921875,
-0.09477213770151138,
-0.25721418857574463,
0.2369007170200348,
-0.5518594980239868,
0.8007920980453491,
-0.3360159695148468,
0.2243046760559082,
0.3443247079849243,
-0.14253684878349304,
-0.49719133973121643,
-0.019370006397366524,
-1.1469782590866089,
0.5875105261802673,
-0.04460460692644119,
1.3958923816680908,
-0.19628876447677612,
0.33209913969039917,
-0.47557365894317627,
-0.06880410015583038,
1.4586621522903442,
0.8701433539390564,
0.13179634511470795,
-0.44495129585266113,
0.8041414022445679,
0.4871404767036438,
0.2195964753627777,
-1.0064592361450195,
-0.5322301983833313,
-0.15640172362327576,
0.1319284588098526,
-0.10596227645874023,
-0.1986428201198578,
-0.7050527930259705,
0.36202913522720337,
0.9731788635253906,
-0.6027418375015259,
-0.03601672872900963,
0.8454307317733765,
0.3772272765636444,
-0.29740312695503235,
0.04401632025837898,
-0.7588939070701599,
-0.07670047134160995,
-0.7731000185012817,
-1.1591068506240845,
0.182900071144104,
-0.7307978868484497,
0.18170854449272156,
0.09761707484722137,
-0.24586614966392517,
-0.8681784868240356,
-0.018886718899011612,
0.4959053695201874,
0.7718107104301453,
0.8720172047615051,
-0.13118278980255127,
-0.3616163432598114,
0.6564344763755798,
0.07581765204668045,
1.4139418601989746,
-0.6370779275894165,
0.7613418698310852,
-0.17889045178890228,
-0.3095671832561493,
0.22563473880290985,
-0.1643802523612976,
-0.3339649438858032,
-0.1692976951599121,
-0.3131431043148041,
-0.1181669682264328,
-1.1799651384353638,
-0.7039220333099365,
0.3436136543750763,
-0.18877506256103516,
0.008716754615306854,
-0.08132179081439972,
0.16248789429664612,
-0.5803980231285095,
-0.9306843280792236,
-0.8104747533798218,
-0.07905076444149017,
0.6863722801208496,
-1.2461671829223633,
0.7774944305419922,
1.1600967645645142,
0.24573083221912384,
-0.6418699026107788,
-0.3453076183795929,
-0.51201993227005,
0.6520130634307861,
-0.2748871445655823,
0.876861572265625,
-0.8565441966056824,
-0.42375409603118896,
0.08442755043506622,
-0.6983028650283813,
0.15308216214179993,
0.32364940643310547,
1.098653793334961,
-0.8123348355293274,
0.33964380621910095,
-0.21440540254116058,
-0.1831722855567932,
-1.0119434595108032,
-0.32541146874427795,
0.18495191633701324,
-0.6967675089836121,
-0.3201809823513031,
-0.680992066860199,
0.2408525049686432,
0.15368284285068512,
-0.4276987910270691,
-0.2867799401283264,
-0.7956559062004089,
-0.592243492603302,
0.7793535590171814,
0.3582168519496918,
1.1258922815322876,
0.5380878448486328,
-1.148681402206421,
0.7212797403335571,
-0.8376363515853882,
-0.4732515811920166,
-0.7092850804328918,
0.40553969144821167,
0.3973972201347351,
-0.974500834941864,
-0.1193353682756424,
-0.9015442728996277,
0.8365882635116577,
-0.5807819366455078,
-0.6923565864562988,
-0.290756493806839,
-0.6022346019744873,
-0.8214665651321411,
0.5472690463066101,
-0.4579511880874634,
-0.14967501163482666,
-0.08405250310897827,
-0.5695858597755432,
-0.5629847645759583,
-0.14544695615768433,
0.22193428874015808,
0.47495466470718384,
-0.04931876063346863,
0.21112945675849915,
-0.35991784930229187,
0.3613215386867523,
-0.06698504090309143,
0.5248221158981323,
-0.14509044587612152,
0.5307130217552185,
-0.1418568640947342,
-1.1528918743133545,
0.6327447295188904,
0.32923170924186707,
-0.5533108711242676,
0.2444702684879303,
0.013335738331079483,
1.3300409317016602,
-0.10553955286741257,
1.1330060958862305,
0.42829635739326477,
0.29169195890426636,
-0.18312935531139374,
-0.1534784436225891,
0.09441231191158295,
-1.212925910949707,
0.0813046470284462,
0.19908000528812408,
-0.05781986936926842,
0.3155950903892517,
0.34981444478034973,
0.06484726071357727,
-0.08219204097986221,
0.09066277742385864,
-0.060385219752788544,
0.0966947078704834
] |
|
194y1f | Why do we use the Hardy Weinberg equilibrium if it never in fact occurs in nature? | If mating is never random, mutations always occur, immigration and emigration is common and natural selection is always occurring why is Hardy Weinberg so important? | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"c8ku1tq",
"c8l0srw",
"c8kvq1b",
"c8kxmga",
"c8l19sx"
],
"text": [
"It provides a baseline to compare actual populations to. You can use this for a few things. One, if you know the actual genotype frequency of a population, you can test to see how much it deviates from the Hardy-Weinberg baseline. More commonly, a population is observed and (if AA and Aa genotypes are separate phenotypes) numbers of each genotype is recorded. Then, going by a null hypothesis that the population is in hardy-weinberg proportions, you use statistical analysis to see if it is. Obviously, this is somewhat flawed in that the population will not be in perfect hardy-weinberg proportions, but often times it is close enough that the statistical analysis regards the deviations as not statistically significant. Of course, in some cases, it will show that it was NOT in hardy-weinberg proportions, in which case re-counts would be taken again to confirm this. \n\nThe applications of seeing if the environment is close to hardy-weinberg proportions is a whole other story.",
"Hardy-Weinberg is often taught in the form of \"memorize these assumptions; all of them are necessary for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium\", but very rarely do intro level classes discuss the **robustness** of those assumptions, i.e. how badly you can violate them, and still have HW be useful.\n\nIt turns out HW is quite robust. The primary reason for this is that in most cases, it only take one generation of random mating to return a population to HW equilibrium (exceptions include cases where allele frequencies are different among the sexes, where it takes 2 generations). Selection may act to push you away from HW equilibrium, but random mating will push you back to to HW almost immediately. The same is true for migration, and mutation can essentially be ignored with regard to HW, as it is such a weak force that it operates on time scales far longer than the ones one which HW equilibrium is relevant.\n\nSo I've claimed that one generation of random mating is all you need to get back to HW, and thus violation of most other assumptions (selection, migration, mutation) doesn't wind up mattering all that much, but I haven't yet assuaged your concern that mating is never random. For this, I present [data](_URL_0_). That link goes to my lab's website, where my advisor put up a post demonstrating HW equilibrium in real human populations. Plotted are data from the first 10,000 [SNPs](_URL_4_) (variable sites; specifically \"single nucleotide polymorphisms\") on chromosome 1 in the [HapMap](_URL_1_). For each SNP we plot the frequency of the A allele on the X-axis, and genotype frequency on the Y-axis, with the frequency of aa in blue, Aa in green, and AA in red.\n\nThere's are three dashed lines, representing the HW expectation, as well as three solid lines, representing the actual average genotype frequencies. It might be hard to see the dashed line because the solid line lies pretty much directly on top of it. That is to say that, on average, these two populations (the CEU and the Yorubans) are pretty much in HW equilibrium. This occurs because, while mating isn't *truly* random (and we know it's not, because sexual selection is a thing), it *is* mostly random with respect to genotype at *most* loci in the genome.\n\nSo it turns out that we use HW because it does in fact occur in nature, and because most populations are in HW most of the time. We can even use this fact to help us detect population structure or stratification. For example, [this post](_URL_3_) shows the same data as the previous one, but this time we've lumped the europeans and the africans together, pretending they're a single population. What you can hopefully see is that the solid line, indicating the average actual genotype frequencies, no longer lies over the dashed line from the HW prediction. This is because this \"population\" is definitely not randomly mating. There is structure within the \"Europe+Africa\" population, because Europeans tend to mate with Europeans, while Africans tend to mate with Africans. This leads to a departure from HW expectations, with there being, on average, too few heterozygotes relative to HW.\n\nThere is an entire class of algorithms in statistical genetics that exploit observations such as this in order to attempt to classify individuals into populations. Say you have a sample of individuals from what you believe to be many different populations, but you don't know for sure what the populations are, and which individuals belong to which ones. Well, we feel pretty good about our HW assumptions, especially when we have a large amount of data from different places in the genome, so it ought to be the case that if we knew how to classify individuals into the proper populations, then each population would be in HW, right? So if we had an algorithm that worked out the proper partitioning of individuals into different populations such that all of our inferred populations were in HW (or as close as you can get), then we might feel that we've learned something useful about what populations those individuals are from. \n\nStatistical programs like [structure](_URL_2_) and various follow-ups do exactly that, and are used routinely in population and ecological genetics in order to understand population structure in real populations, and much of the reason it works is because Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium really does occur in nature.",
"The [known reasons for deviation from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium](_URL_5_) make it useful [to identify or rule out factors that are influencing a population](_URL_7_) to keep it out of equilibrium. It can also be useful to identify [subpopulations that are influenced by a particular allele](_URL_6_).",
"When I took Evolution, my professor basically said it is mainly used as the null hypothesis (originally). By that meaning, you have a predictable model to observe genotype frequencies of a population. If the factors you mentioned did not occur, then Hardy Weinberg equilibrium numbers should be expected in the population being studied. If they don't match up, then something is going on. \n\nSo it is one way to test whether or not some form of Evolution is occurring (not sure if this wording misinterprets evolution). \n\nNow, there may be other uses of it that I am not privy to, but this is one of the ones mentioned in my class. [Here is a source as well, you may be interested in reading](_URL_8_)",
"You've really asked two different questions - (1) why we use hardy weinberg equilibrium when it often doesn't hold (2) why is hardy weinberg important. \n\n(2) has an interesting historical answer. In the early days of the Mendelian model, there was arguments that claimed dominant alleles would become more frequent in a population and recessive alleles would vanish. The Hardy-Weinberg principle shows this to be incorrect given certain assumptions.\n\n(1) makes a valid point, but despite violations of HWE, most neutral sites within a single human population do not show significant deviation from HWE expectations. Deviations from HWE can therefore be used in sequencing to detect sequencing errors."
],
"score": [
27,
17,
8,
2,
2
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://gcbias.org/2011/10/13/population-genetics-course-resources-hardy-weinberg-eq/",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hapmap",
"http://www.genetics.org/content/155/2/945.full",
"http://gcbias.org/2011/11/05/population-genetics-course-resources-f-statistics/",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-nucleotide_polymorphism",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardy–Weinberg_principle#Deviations_from_Hardy.E2.80.93Weinberg_equilibrium",
"http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/content/163/4/300.full",
"http://www.nature.com/scitable/knowledge/library/natural-selection-genetic-drift-and-gene-flow-15186648",
"http://anthro.palomar.edu/synthetic/synth_2.htm"
]
} | Why do we use the Hardy Weinberg equilibrium if it never in fact occurs in nature?
If mating is never random, mutations always occur, immigration and emigration is common and natural selection is always occurring why is Hardy Weinberg so important? | [
-0.2980673015117645,
-0.29223477840423584,
0.4236113131046295,
-0.0127800228074193,
-0.14128005504608154,
-0.3441794514656067,
-0.2370511144399643,
-0.8541529774665833,
0.680707573890686,
-0.4332458972930908,
0.9122624397277832,
0.5385206341743469,
-0.9037394523620605,
0.4958402216434479,
0.22579325735569,
-0.49281853437423706,
-0.06916792690753937,
0.16949941217899323,
-0.24748758971691132,
-0.3700990080833435,
-0.8135281205177307,
0.7443817257881165,
0.23808898031711578,
0.946901261806488,
-0.43926697969436646,
-0.7747685313224792,
0.525702714920044,
-0.2008717805147171,
0.6561446785926819,
0.4821791350841522,
0.2828846275806427,
0.7314507365226746,
-0.7236056923866272,
0.3988803029060364,
0.11281786859035492,
-0.5580297708511353,
0.5717551708221436,
0.4561595916748047,
0.44872552156448364,
-0.3884603977203369,
-0.08293968439102173,
-0.44419988989830017,
0.46390852332115173,
0.5470616817474365,
-0.10966441035270691,
-0.20276419818401337,
-0.702396810054779,
-0.0978500097990036,
-0.49126145243644714,
-0.2591552436351776,
-0.274868369102478,
-0.2956470251083374,
0.2840209901332855,
0.06767550110816956,
0.8478122353553772,
-0.050092313438653946,
-0.036279529333114624,
0.1916283369064331,
1.5522949695587158,
-0.08635164052248001,
0.3519332706928253,
0.06205250322818756,
-0.13837236166000366,
-1.0219690799713135,
0.28253233432769775,
-0.24014398455619812,
-0.4319433867931366,
0.4400661885738373,
-0.062469206750392914,
-1.1751381158828735,
0.4617100954055786,
0.27434226870536804,
0.4517107307910919,
0.34334197640419006,
0.3553929328918457,
-0.34565824270248413,
-1.034856915473938,
-0.219987690448761,
-0.22007691860198975,
-0.8326759338378906,
0.15097251534461975,
-0.30088096857070923,
-0.598055362701416,
-0.4428112208843231,
0.10400804877281189,
-0.032642677426338196,
1.0838894844055176,
0.034934889525175095,
-0.3479677438735962,
0.9277774095535278,
-0.30517563223838806,
-0.37558096647262573,
0.33966064453125,
-0.4692189693450928,
-0.17326152324676514,
-0.6166335344314575,
0.45967042446136475,
-1.2118362188339233,
0.4948076605796814,
0.2911074757575989,
-0.21158814430236816,
0.5593326091766357,
-0.13996322453022003,
0.02365334890782833,
-0.7985581159591675,
-0.25752538442611694,
0.4289740025997162,
0.06794477999210358,
0.12430041283369064,
0.40558192133903503,
-0.2896534204483032,
1.1150254011154175,
-0.103390634059906,
-0.8536115884780884,
-0.8837552666664124,
-1.0750467777252197,
0.33631664514541626,
0.3655882179737091,
1.1878678798675537,
0.7070121765136719,
0.45854654908180237,
-0.18670310080051422,
0.6588084101676941,
-0.06669992208480835,
-0.12056583911180496,
-0.22130069136619568,
-0.2365545779466629,
0.7721878290176392,
0.13054856657981873,
-0.4762049615383148,
-0.2096657007932663,
0.42290282249450684,
0.12867167592048645,
-0.36240333318710327,
0.4453005790710449,
0.3092041313648224,
-0.4193320870399475,
-0.04682062193751335,
-0.4954288899898529,
0.06503918021917343,
-0.636321485042572,
0.11551876366138458,
1.157821536064148,
-0.45012256503105164,
-0.27050504088401794,
-0.18248240649700165,
-1.0420055389404297,
-1.0500431060791016,
0.3482711911201477,
-0.9607758522033691,
-0.5096572637557983,
-0.3712165653705597,
0.4352768361568451,
-0.9244534969329834,
-0.3434007465839386,
-0.2072160243988037,
0.578563928604126,
0.2286926507949829,
-0.17704029381275177,
-0.04639254882931709,
-0.6947057247161865,
-0.46335309743881226,
0.37779107689857483,
-0.0779736265540123,
0.44392481446266174,
-0.5586138963699341,
0.3083997666835785,
-0.1895708292722702,
-0.7546320557594299,
0.15490153431892395,
-0.5075312852859497,
0.24589844048023224,
1.1381319761276245,
0.27310991287231445,
0.7358611822128296,
-0.14196345210075378,
-0.9927271008491516,
0.4864141643047333,
-0.07920437306165695,
-0.19278496503829956,
-0.028217552229762077,
-0.06904806941747665,
0.18109358847141266,
0.5671093463897705,
-0.3453904390335083,
-0.5150496959686279,
-0.13992047309875488,
-0.24701359868049622,
0.5303605198860168,
0.2286892533302307,
0.2900172472000122,
-0.5907687544822693,
-1.029779076576233,
-0.021778332069516182,
0.19077573716640472,
0.14096535742282867,
0.1738004833459854,
0.8782721757888794,
0.31031128764152527,
-0.16847501695156097,
0.250546932220459,
-0.8274686932563782,
-0.7112643122673035,
-0.15160609781742096,
-0.18220634758472443,
0.12692803144454956,
0.7059521675109863,
-0.17478254437446594,
0.24399492144584656,
-0.36853790283203125,
-0.08664127439260483,
1.0068950653076172,
-0.36590299010276794,
-0.48235344886779785,
-0.41391852498054504,
-0.1366501897573471,
-0.7817630171775818,
-0.1608932465314865,
0.03462682291865349,
0.1373886913061142,
1.2021061182022095,
0.03154183179140091,
0.11667977273464203,
-0.046351540833711624,
1.3117082118988037,
-1.0498511791229248,
-0.043542325496673584,
-0.4510873556137085,
-0.024327555671334267,
0.696428656578064,
0.5310800671577454,
-0.4220292568206787,
0.23625384271144867,
0.039566099643707275,
0.6717895865440369,
-0.12620040774345398,
-1.124721884727478,
-0.28728100657463074,
-0.09069061279296875,
-0.9360396862030029,
-0.4684445559978485,
0.19001133739948273,
0.417315810918808,
0.5317497849464417,
-0.048791609704494476,
1.027328372001648,
-1.0598305463790894,
-0.5497006177902222,
-0.15179520845413208,
-0.3468469977378845,
-0.8098598122596741,
-1.026310920715332,
-0.011978557333350182,
-0.24465662240982056,
0.4178619682788849,
-1.1295521259307861,
0.1826288104057312,
-0.08591245859861374,
0.12457011640071869,
0.44773444533348083,
0.34162595868110657,
-1.0260581970214844,
1.0021969079971313,
-0.8745783567428589,
-0.7701272964477539,
-0.8113493919372559,
-0.7003570795059204,
0.07077740877866745,
-0.02622280642390251,
0.5859204530715942,
-0.44181400537490845,
-0.5692748427391052,
0.1809699386358261,
0.14427459239959717,
-0.0881381705403328,
0.10212291777133942,
-0.2228620946407318,
-0.27426743507385254,
0.7516924142837524,
0.8786232471466064,
0.5392487049102783,
0.9013946652412415,
-0.7309567332267761,
-0.5031381845474243,
0.1453535407781601,
0.22262141108512878,
0.692047655582428,
-0.5240002274513245,
0.1835133135318756,
-0.03462306410074234,
-0.1892252117395401,
0.42403870820999146,
-0.5600454211235046,
1.144146203994751,
0.7746676802635193,
0.15142720937728882,
0.8652976751327515,
-0.45195379853248596,
-0.7104306221008301,
-0.1508636176586151,
-0.21347299218177795,
-0.08198922872543335,
0.3467795252799988,
0.27780580520629883,
0.4338882565498352,
0.20272350311279297,
1.005752682685852,
-0.7112723588943481,
0.4983890950679779,
-0.573245644569397,
0.5044130682945251,
-0.35415399074554443,
-0.5535435080528259,
1.096824049949646,
0.46349605917930603,
0.17662514746189117,
0.4700963795185089,
-0.7218524217605591,
-0.8099724650382996,
-0.8212817311286926,
-0.1983063966035843,
0.26968660950660706,
0.35754621028900146,
-0.1609218567609787,
0.4455282688140869,
1.3297104835510254,
-0.6319580674171448,
0.4515807628631592,
-1.6635349988937378,
-0.31538116931915283,
0.5910353660583496,
-1.0837244987487793,
-0.29137325286865234,
-0.5792327523231506,
-0.35875269770622253,
-0.19208253920078278,
0.1067567840218544,
0.8880451917648315,
0.09925778955221176,
-0.6740957498550415,
1.728104829788208,
0.5991741418838501,
-0.3950336277484894,
0.7059051990509033,
-0.1849672794342041,
-0.20376041531562805,
-0.866786777973175,
-0.04119620844721794,
0.24024322628974915,
-0.16212809085845947,
-0.16763316094875336,
0.39352408051490784,
0.45311611890792847,
-0.9724304676055908,
0.7906994819641113,
1.5893067121505737,
-0.8643264174461365,
-0.003836400108411908,
0.963928759098053,
0.3715471923351288,
0.446900337934494,
-0.47124460339546204,
-0.15548235177993774,
0.251613587141037,
0.858269453048706,
-0.1781390905380249,
-0.4443994164466858,
-0.39583757519721985,
-0.16999077796936035,
-0.18174675107002258,
0.4259284734725952,
0.9148821830749512,
-0.4282293915748596,
-0.029952097684144974,
-0.016945606097579002,
0.01959553360939026,
0.4912184774875641,
0.1547185778617859,
0.05857328325510025,
0.37155160307884216,
-0.4183446168899536,
0.0076865809969604015,
-0.5208059549331665,
0.28606298565864563,
0.09490671008825302,
-1.5743768215179443,
-0.3054337501525879,
-0.6128952503204346,
0.002824886469170451,
0.32527393102645874,
-0.12867487967014313,
0.7660683393478394,
0.558099091053009,
-0.9818559885025024,
0.14668384194374084,
-0.6308600902557373,
-1.1723161935806274,
0.20661117136478424,
-0.1149468719959259,
-0.26956847310066223,
-0.06864699721336365,
0.8452146649360657,
0.26809343695640564,
1.1005656719207764,
0.35949575901031494,
-0.07647982239723206,
-0.42746973037719727,
0.5548118948936462,
1.2839819192886353,
-0.4670151174068451,
0.0188401248306036,
-0.6633726358413696,
-0.6558442115783691,
0.11757383495569229,
0.13413271307945251,
-0.06515858322381973,
-0.7077824473381042,
-1.60822594165802,
-0.5345571637153625,
0.4210241734981537,
0.9949124455451965,
-0.34706392884254456,
0.3799019753932953,
0.13197973370552063,
-0.04062117263674736,
0.31669023633003235,
0.16077055037021637,
0.11458241194486618,
-0.31381767988204956,
0.512355387210846,
-0.9888226985931396,
-0.9773238301277161,
-0.08105184882879257,
0.5899928212165833,
-0.3073064386844635,
-0.24161477386951447,
-0.5590797066688538,
-0.13667671382427216,
0.012540435418486595,
0.11976618319749832,
-0.7845441102981567,
1.2768350839614868,
-0.4307437539100647,
1.0943351984024048,
0.6997113227844238,
0.5428386330604553,
0.4652978479862213,
-0.15346693992614746,
-0.48018988966941833,
0.5248539447784424,
0.40047264099121094,
-0.6130324602127075,
0.006143003236502409,
-0.031061837449669838,
0.46638810634613037,
0.029334545135498047,
-0.8061102032661438,
0.3987295627593994,
0.13574792444705963,
0.5675092935562134,
0.27400293946266174,
-0.7287822365760803,
-0.8733791708946228,
0.3691983222961426,
0.5813183784484863,
0.4567360281944275,
0.7602675557136536,
-0.2599729895591736,
0.13752305507659912,
-0.9125040769577026,
-0.8173056840896606,
-0.37421947717666626,
0.4433631896972656,
0.7356411814689636,
-0.9009615182876587,
-0.9598426818847656,
-0.4333183467388153,
-0.26717397570610046,
-0.5350001454353333,
-0.3389603793621063,
0.41605693101882935,
-0.5740147233009338,
0.019596723839640617,
0.3451806306838989,
0.31234315037727356,
-1.174483060836792,
-0.8090164661407471,
0.06839825958013535,
-0.5280088186264038,
-0.07801101356744766,
-0.0876161977648735,
0.6167816519737244,
-0.1120767891407013,
-0.17354083061218262,
0.9269969463348389,
0.18976271152496338,
-0.1735767126083374,
0.6226269006729126,
0.19839929044246674,
0.13838283717632294,
0.2633851170539856,
-0.33632126450538635,
0.038216326385736465,
-0.023591313511133194,
-0.5068770051002502,
-0.19035537540912628,
0.19003227353096008,
0.4179244637489319,
0.4606751501560211,
0.9923962950706482,
-0.06098954379558563,
-0.007215870078653097,
0.49821457266807556,
0.05969042330980301,
-0.09419534355401993,
0.09649165719747543,
-0.323451429605484,
0.13669399917125702,
-0.8417945504188538,
0.25461140275001526,
-0.32025864720344543,
-0.1277909129858017,
0.8753616213798523,
0.08396273106336594,
0.2531310021877289,
0.08048956096172333,
-1.072721004486084,
-0.28913015127182007,
0.7473877668380737,
0.37070825695991516,
0.7819498777389526,
-0.6081910133361816,
-0.7747967839241028,
0.02294859103858471,
-0.40502920746803284,
0.47499826550483704,
0.8037269711494446,
-0.23222388327121735,
0.5489237904548645,
-0.7218796014785767,
-0.28771674633026123,
-0.7868695259094238,
-0.49295976758003235,
-0.09024862200021744,
-0.3498583436012268,
-0.09605785459280014,
-0.12199787050485611,
-0.829719603061676,
-1.14034104347229,
0.26153719425201416,
-0.3616628348827362,
-0.06796122342348099,
-0.07729042321443558,
0.6204056739807129,
0.16453908383846283,
0.5199721455574036,
-0.46618732810020447,
-0.8137763738632202,
-0.28072285652160645,
0.988379716873169,
-1.0564616918563843,
0.28033310174942017,
0.05452357977628708,
-0.25524553656578064,
0.6846486330032349,
0.19045086205005646,
-0.1703416109085083,
-0.20830035209655762,
0.23559856414794922,
0.6222384572029114,
-1.3901432752609253,
-0.004540476482361555,
-0.4457031488418579,
-0.516014039516449,
-0.5397688150405884,
-0.847562313079834,
-0.41642051935195923,
0.10099612176418304,
0.39770498871803284,
-0.1595945507287979,
-0.3629910349845886,
-0.05664178356528282,
0.016453200951218605,
0.21493589878082275,
0.7869799137115479,
0.9001418948173523,
-0.49228549003601074,
0.138599693775177,
-0.37922754883766174,
-0.4681940972805023,
-0.8703468441963196,
-0.8360633254051208,
-0.28874972462654114,
-0.2212119847536087,
0.8742042183876038,
0.04768884554505348,
0.6034085154533386,
0.5977537631988525,
-0.30605044960975647,
-0.34107959270477295,
0.7928436398506165,
-1.014150857925415,
0.8654576539993286,
0.03982565924525261,
0.09145631641149521,
0.2737295925617218,
0.6412990689277649,
-0.5997778177261353,
-0.44810473918914795,
0.515182375907898,
0.334911048412323,
0.07725457102060318,
0.8347474932670593,
0.6665868759155273,
-0.24401555955410004,
0.3360181152820587,
-0.2688610851764679,
-0.03821701183915138,
0.9504141807556152,
0.23056291043758392,
0.653449296951294,
0.18616555631160736,
-0.7773130536079407,
0.2784986197948456,
1.1232261657714844,
0.8067667484283447,
-0.3864328861236572,
1.2432689666748047,
0.27630236744880676,
-0.8350895643234253,
0.15036216378211975,
-0.9366920590400696,
-0.5240020155906677,
-0.20393644273281097,
0.07438946515321732,
0.0733334869146347,
-1.023985743522644,
0.2610749304294586,
0.6138827800750732,
-1.329177737236023,
-0.5364196300506592,
-0.7641381025314331,
-0.07314466685056686,
0.8369957208633423,
0.6637232899665833,
0.1698344498872757,
-0.2500256896018982,
0.5250487923622131,
0.06843072175979614,
1.0527284145355225,
-0.3393077850341797,
0.4391345977783203,
-0.21544261276721954,
-0.22857660055160522,
0.2062605619430542,
1.3864833116531372,
0.16292652487754822,
-0.002796044573187828,
-0.011811431497335434,
0.06364910304546356,
-1.439821481704712,
-0.9175567626953125,
-0.11881323158740997,
-0.3143879771232605,
0.21241030097007751,
0.11347205191850662,
0.30524182319641113,
0.4279555380344391,
-0.6301203966140747,
-0.3789336681365967,
0.0711444765329361,
0.6575405597686768,
-0.09349651634693146,
0.050236303359270096,
1.145325779914856,
-0.17241552472114563,
0.28804516792297363,
0.8233329653739929,
-0.5652761459350586,
0.06345248967409134,
-0.7545226216316223,
0.07279753684997559,
-0.08551101386547089,
-0.24675777554512024,
-0.11200667172670364,
-0.6714090704917908,
-0.16924898326396942,
0.9348475337028503,
0.6606786251068115,
-0.5567670464515686,
0.09493368864059448,
-0.5373948812484741,
0.2573777437210083,
-0.6118403673171997,
-0.7363101243972778,
-0.2363191694021225,
-0.35011571645736694,
-0.08061115443706512,
-0.8436393141746521,
0.6208603978157043,
-0.07077804207801819,
-0.34347525238990784,
0.24795208871364594,
-0.2677798569202423,
0.3029266893863678,
-0.6207327842712402,
0.48028063774108887,
0.08732211589813232,
-0.6109601855278015,
-0.0624086894094944,
0.9531418681144714,
-0.6961438059806824,
-0.008928091265261173,
-0.6431469917297363,
-0.2042485475540161,
0.7257136702537537,
-0.5728786587715149,
0.013719451613724232,
-0.2433602660894394,
0.47989997267723083,
-0.350140780210495,
-0.42877131700515747,
-0.3323931396007538,
-0.07987387478351593,
-0.17793330550193787,
0.1771257370710373,
-0.380008339881897,
0.39503300189971924,
-0.13206219673156738,
-0.14308026432991028,
-0.6503615975379944,
-0.47666820883750916,
0.3317590057849884,
0.21593058109283447,
-0.004020356573164463,
0.18673692643642426,
-0.5927609205245972,
1.1801681518554688,
-0.9518616199493408,
0.42460301518440247,
-0.5376852750778198,
-0.1923540234565735,
-0.7815871238708496,
-1.29430091381073,
0.36957234144210815,
0.08061671257019043,
-0.1440114974975586,
0.1897537112236023,
-0.5563679337501526,
1.2027418613433838,
0.7331578135490417,
0.5632637739181519,
0.392317533493042,
-0.4362752437591553,
-0.37493032217025757,
0.0051156701520085335,
0.7406458854675293,
-0.642470121383667,
-0.4601149260997772,
-0.9284714460372925,
1.0516369342803955,
-0.21018986403942108,
0.17633792757987976,
-0.06518949568271637,
0.06560410559177399,
-0.05481676012277603,
-0.4602886140346527,
-0.8641857504844666
] |
|
mloel | Why are there no in-between species of man and monkey right now? | My mom's new husband brought this up (he likes to bring up awkward conversation topics like religion and politics, I try to avoid talking to him about them like the plague).
As I'm not an expert on evolution, I gave a few brief explanations of why but I felt like I didn't know as much as I would like to and my argument was more speculation than I would have liked. I see this question posed quite often and I want to have a solid answer if this question comes up again in conversation (which they will every time I visit).
So, to put it bluntly, why aren't there monkey-men running around right now?
| askscience | {
"a_id": [
"c31y7x7",
"c31y3nd",
"c31yc4m",
"c31xh6h",
"c31z5zh",
"c31xzc3"
],
"text": [
"The analogy I like to use to show how this question contains a false premise is the following. *Why are there no intermediates between you and your sister or brother?* You share a common ancestor (your parents) and you each diverged in your own specific direction from them. There is no reason we should expect to see any intermediates.",
"The idea that humans evolved from monkeys is false, and is often used as a straw man argument to attack evolution. All life derives from a common ancestor; in general the older that common ancestor is, the greater the evolutionary divergence between the species under consideration is. Chimps are the nearest species to humans in that we shared a common ancestor between 4 and 16 million years ago (depending on how you estimate TMRCA). Monkeys are more distantly related than chimps, and so the common ancestor of humans and monkeys would be older than this, probably closer to 25-30 million years ago.\n\nCompare this to all humans, who all descend from a common ancestor only a matter of thousands of years ago (by current best estimates).\n\nThe reason there are no monkey men running around is because they all died out tens of millions of years ago. Some left behind descendants who were more monkey-like, others more human-chimp-gorilla-like. Of those the human-chimp-gorrilla-like ancestors started dying out millions of years later, leaving behind some chimp-like, some gorilla-like and some human-like descendents. The Human-like descendents went on to become the various species of Neanderthal, and eventually modern humans. Similarly, at the same time there were equivalent pre-chimp, pre-gorilla and pre-monkey species, the survivors of which became the modern species.",
"I am not an evolutionary biologist, but I am a molecular geneticist. As a biologist, evolution is *the* underlying principle in all of biology. I'm not the best with words, but I'll do my best to explain this. I see your question being interpreted in two ways. 1. the actual question. 2. the spirit of the question.\n\n1. Monkeys and humans, are of course, related. We share a more recent common ancestor with the great apes though; chimps, bonobos, gorillas, etc. So, based on the ignorant (I'm not trying to be derogatory here) wording of your stepfather's question, there are in fact \"monkey men\" walking around right now. In other words, chimps and bonobos are \"transitional species\" between monkeys and humans, and they represent the forms of life that evolved from the monkeys, but gave rise to the humans.\n\n2. Now, I'm guessing that your stepfather actually meant to ask you why there isn't something more like human-like between apes and humans. The simple answer to that is there certainly have been many transitional species between humans and apes. Wikipedia currently lists 14 [Homo](_URL_0_) species including humans which are a part of the homininae family (this includes humans and the apes). (Technically, there are at least a few species that exist between Homo and the rest of the homindae, but I'm ignoring them for simplicity) One important fact to remember is that nearly all species of life, that have ever lived, are now extinct. In the list of extinct species are those 13 species that sit between humans and apes on that branch of the tree-of-life. Another important fact is that while we have skeletons from these different species of Homo, they each represent snap-shots of the evolution of humans. \n\nThis explanation is not great, but I've done the best I can to simplify it. I'm sure someone with more knowledge on human evolution would give a better explanation that is more correct. Until then...",
"Maybe there were, and our ancestors killed the competition. This is one of the theories of what happened to Neanderthal.",
"I often explain this in the following ways.\n\nHumans are cousins to, not descendants of, modern monkeys. You are a descendant of your grandfather, and your father is the intermediate. You are not a descendant of your cousins, so there would be no intermediate.\n\nHumans and other modern apes are all evolving in parallel, as different branches of the same tree, the trunk being our common ancestor.",
"An Orangutan is a pretty damned close example of what you're looking for."
],
"score": [
28,
19,
4,
3,
2,
2
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo"
]
} | Why are there no in-between species of man and monkey right now?
My mom's new husband brought this up (he likes to bring up awkward conversation topics like religion and politics, I try to avoid talking to him about them like the plague). As I'm not an expert on evolution, I gave a few brief explanations of why but I felt like I didn't know as much as I would like to and my argument was more speculation than I would have liked. I see this question posed quite often and I want to have a solid answer if this question comes up again in conversation (which they will every time I visit). So, to put it bluntly, why aren't there monkey-men running around right now? | [
-0.13442258536815643,
-0.2635323107242584,
0.552802562713623,
-0.1520034521818161,
-0.8482707738876343,
-0.10236242413520813,
-0.20005875825881958,
-0.7659599781036377,
0.8296847343444824,
0.49712151288986206,
0.707207441329956,
0.5158423185348511,
-0.02121588960289955,
1.0657025575637817,
-0.10145155340433121,
-0.4365155100822449,
0.6151716113090515,
-0.06185278296470642,
-0.21314114332199097,
-0.14737103879451752,
-0.3638060986995697,
0.1934877336025238,
-0.0821179524064064,
0.9344297051429749,
-0.22461199760437012,
-0.38108816742897034,
-0.20004326105117798,
-0.8301941156387329,
0.7261434197425842,
0.41367095708847046,
0.6203733086585999,
0.31648892164230347,
-0.7513428926467896,
-0.332404762506485,
0.21287064254283905,
-0.2176097333431244,
1.1463449001312256,
0.0553523451089859,
0.5402400493621826,
-0.4541155993938446,
-0.3639470636844635,
-0.5967859029769897,
0.012657398357987404,
1.0246583223342896,
0.49074587225914,
-0.39589330554008484,
0.6516680121421814,
0.12688188254833221,
-0.9718257784843445,
0.22031500935554504,
-0.16479703783988953,
0.22350645065307617,
0.3336362838745117,
0.5164042711257935,
0.16901031136512756,
-0.0868549570441246,
0.28526920080184937,
-0.6209926605224609,
0.9659105539321899,
-0.3757811188697815,
0.5622104406356812,
-0.20343485474586487,
-0.3924177885055542,
-1.0321884155273438,
-0.11744633316993713,
-0.8432314395904541,
-0.8692523241043091,
0.46820783615112305,
-0.3658389449119568,
0.1268487125635147,
-0.07481645792722702,
0.007057180628180504,
-0.09244611859321594,
0.11248084902763367,
0.8115304708480835,
-0.6362982988357544,
0.5884928107261658,
-0.6603681445121765,
-0.8645879626274109,
-0.27560970187187195,
-0.2858356833457947,
0.27397727966308594,
-0.05441153049468994,
0.07561599463224411,
0.2977258563041687,
0.5472210645675659,
0.7511647343635559,
-0.4904898405075073,
0.14136654138565063,
0.5134485960006714,
-0.5388237237930298,
0.157864049077034,
0.6312591433525085,
-0.4256179928779602,
0.05648243427276611,
0.38094040751457214,
0.6998166441917419,
-1.022712230682373,
0.3030436038970947,
0.3398818373680115,
-0.43074262142181396,
0.9978472590446472,
0.29991415143013,
0.989809513092041,
0.23661184310913086,
-0.14405463635921478,
-0.1715138703584671,
-0.3992360532283783,
-0.35645636916160583,
0.23227493464946747,
0.6425297856330872,
1.4494245052337646,
0.46027329564094543,
-0.4840695559978485,
-0.6157569885253906,
-1.3331612348556519,
0.27949973940849304,
-0.41664525866508484,
0.410586953163147,
0.3104378581047058,
-0.1703670173883438,
-0.522610604763031,
0.8159135580062866,
-0.05327576771378517,
-0.4195820093154907,
0.11174830794334412,
-0.7905174493789673,
0.9697335958480835,
-0.3679954409599304,
-0.048813432455062866,
-0.19261685013771057,
0.16508574783802032,
0.4667423367500305,
-0.018706046044826508,
-0.044292885810136795,
-0.4771970510482788,
-1.0063291788101196,
0.09821832180023193,
0.08734096586704254,
-0.1422298103570938,
-1.2790201902389526,
-0.29874008893966675,
1.3168216943740845,
0.15786544978618622,
-0.4914607107639313,
-0.9307168126106262,
-0.8643684387207031,
-0.24733680486679077,
0.38613468408584595,
-0.6244910359382629,
-0.8491066098213196,
-0.22508004307746887,
0.7159202098846436,
-0.3240601420402527,
0.6158127784729004,
0.2521381676197052,
1.3641018867492676,
-0.2579626142978668,
0.03551384061574936,
-0.43020927906036377,
-0.6527554988861084,
-0.24027234315872192,
-0.4387555420398712,
0.3503454327583313,
0.5804399251937866,
-0.29810968041419983,
0.1778060495853424,
-0.9306830167770386,
-0.19301486015319824,
0.6598239541053772,
-0.2605688273906708,
-0.2718290686607361,
0.9243115782737732,
-0.4252094030380249,
1.360453724861145,
-0.027832238003611565,
0.3718586564064026,
0.48578470945358276,
0.08027864992618561,
0.27993112802505493,
0.19011390209197998,
0.25669026374816895,
-0.2751707434654236,
0.3751843571662903,
-0.45959147810935974,
-0.24342121183872223,
0.009084946475923061,
-0.47755342721939087,
0.3826766908168793,
0.39377135038375854,
0.5849217772483826,
0.26617640256881714,
-1.475560188293457,
0.28114554286003113,
0.38774293661117554,
-0.1787920892238617,
0.3086206018924713,
0.8563264608383179,
0.05377762019634247,
-0.06432148814201355,
-0.4946950674057007,
-0.6280840039253235,
-0.24184681475162506,
-0.0011835414916276932,
0.1954181045293808,
-0.07404167950153351,
0.33238446712493896,
0.2704988718032837,
0.38670796155929565,
-0.11889371275901794,
0.6467175483703613,
1.2795454263687134,
0.06693191826343536,
-0.5731253623962402,
0.1283719688653946,
-0.29254794120788574,
0.25447511672973633,
0.048167672008275986,
-0.2360132336616516,
-0.05233705788850784,
0.31078702211380005,
-0.2804787755012512,
-0.18574298918247223,
0.6294535994529724,
1.2081730365753174,
-0.03502694517374039,
-0.7473189234733582,
-0.05569712817668915,
-0.14366905391216278,
-0.21340671181678772,
0.2474295049905777,
-0.29268649220466614,
-0.1719241887331009,
-0.35254085063934326,
0.309856116771698,
-0.29656511545181274,
-1.374321460723877,
-1.3353180885314941,
0.7623372673988342,
-0.6295533180236816,
-0.1794552505016327,
0.7000848650932312,
0.19218623638153076,
0.9560620188713074,
0.30605679750442505,
-0.038691695779561996,
0.2045532912015915,
-1.3614425659179688,
-0.4211416244506836,
0.4176217317581177,
-0.9780294895172119,
-0.4304801821708679,
-0.1913042515516281,
-0.6819121241569519,
0.4321342706680298,
-0.4940500855445862,
0.796042799949646,
-0.23533685505390167,
0.1737990528345108,
-0.0956704318523407,
0.197613924741745,
-0.5863102674484253,
0.5720889568328857,
-0.28988003730773926,
-1.0243489742279053,
0.14697015285491943,
-0.39772576093673706,
-0.6582281589508057,
-0.21857064962387085,
0.17182020843029022,
-0.026089169085025787,
-0.6829079389572144,
0.10409229248762131,
0.34542953968048096,
0.06219254434108734,
-0.661069929599762,
-0.33566492795944214,
-0.7344587445259094,
0.6777701377868652,
0.12156601250171661,
0.4152916967868805,
0.25880396366119385,
0.08815711736679077,
-0.8235630393028259,
-0.27527758479118347,
0.23055671155452728,
1.0371243953704834,
-0.7392077445983887,
0.04017779603600502,
-0.886649489402771,
0.3834964632987976,
-0.5067014098167419,
-0.36956918239593506,
0.891362726688385,
0.5748491883277893,
-0.10516978055238724,
0.6694179773330688,
0.09746824949979782,
-0.26112377643585205,
-0.1572437584400177,
-0.43938833475112915,
0.1821189522743225,
0.2985345423221588,
0.6781171560287476,
-0.20781050622463226,
-0.07647889107465744,
0.6098952889442444,
-0.4379187524318695,
0.3627268075942993,
-0.3602091372013092,
0.17733187973499298,
-1.1715168952941895,
-0.2046447992324829,
1.043336033821106,
0.3716229498386383,
-0.5396161675453186,
0.14765560626983643,
-0.35228797793388367,
-0.691398024559021,
-0.28048625588417053,
-0.08655903488397598,
-0.11739516258239746,
0.6278383135795593,
0.4356156885623932,
0.3030981123447418,
0.7883145213127136,
-0.2520539164543152,
0.7375948429107666,
-0.24908162653446198,
-0.10339577496051788,
0.3667592406272888,
-0.8042968511581421,
0.5030344724655151,
0.24643829464912415,
-0.2430565506219864,
0.03792332857847214,
0.05564236268401146,
0.3377232253551483,
0.15205419063568115,
0.9278806447982788,
1.0287984609603882,
0.05816732347011566,
-0.4827567934989929,
0.2756666839122772,
0.09918577969074249,
0.20598101615905762,
-0.7802634835243225,
0.7013469934463501,
-0.019713234156370163,
0.15811163187026978,
0.15960201621055603,
0.5030378103256226,
0.6683997511863708,
-0.47306492924690247,
-0.7177101969718933,
0.47033417224884033,
-0.5883541107177734,
-0.1613178551197052,
1.368811011314392,
-0.16364772617816925,
-0.3642128109931946,
0.27607595920562744,
0.7095513343811035,
-0.14267060160636902,
0.41773730516433716,
-0.5589132308959961,
-1.3472115993499756,
-0.6351072192192078,
-0.34242597222328186,
-0.0017089303582906723,
-0.2554570436477661,
0.38430505990982056,
-0.09823685884475708,
-0.11933945119380951,
0.855889081954956,
0.05773112177848816,
1.0247403383255005,
-0.3790121376514435,
-0.6291158199310303,
-0.0780930370092392,
0.7762352824211121,
0.26308995485305786,
0.456563264131546,
0.278836727142334,
0.014761190861463547,
-1.4680407047271729,
-0.9352247714996338,
-0.5104233622550964,
-0.2279079109430313,
0.2988986074924469,
-0.2460659295320511,
-0.02416566014289856,
-0.4636085331439972,
-0.27514347434043884,
-0.3775838315486908,
-0.9470784664154053,
-1.097565770149231,
0.6074631214141846,
-0.01382669061422348,
-0.634635329246521,
0.10995849967002869,
1.0454455614089966,
0.14821697771549225,
1.8215746879577637,
0.12000150978565216,
0.009696882218122482,
0.5090741515159607,
0.7480436563491821,
0.7883267998695374,
-0.8061099052429199,
-0.28570759296417236,
-0.5582079887390137,
-0.9213666915893555,
-0.6676247715950012,
-0.022069528698921204,
-0.347724050283432,
-1.0528194904327393,
-0.3997783064842224,
-1.3712185621261597,
0.09774631261825562,
0.3703201115131378,
0.0003236308693885803,
-0.1679285168647766,
0.274262934923172,
-0.4446110725402832,
-0.476249098777771,
-0.22783319652080536,
-0.6411880850791931,
-0.5964522361755371,
0.31603050231933594,
-0.8557270169258118,
0.019499024376273155,
0.6950398683547974,
0.5579257607460022,
-1.1200282573699951,
0.2841930091381073,
-0.27849045395851135,
0.14776138961315155,
-0.3420781195163727,
-0.7515361309051514,
-0.31370896100997925,
0.5391543507575989,
0.004413142800331116,
0.37095338106155396,
0.07762297987937927,
-1.0319761037826538,
0.9268411993980408,
0.015071435831487179,
-0.5532459020614624,
0.3064393401145935,
-0.21226884424686432,
-0.4438561499118805,
-0.09469065070152283,
0.21164673566818237,
1.0487024784088135,
0.04016084223985672,
-0.026656020432710648,
0.15948271751403809,
-0.333202600479126,
-0.1179346814751625,
0.13916943967342377,
-0.29507333040237427,
-0.13109976053237915,
0.4239507019519806,
0.41571545600891113,
0.7716525793075562,
-0.010808411985635757,
-0.27019810676574707,
0.18631534278392792,
-1.4176740646362305,
-0.4177413880825043,
-0.25754278898239136,
0.981967568397522,
0.4488990604877472,
-0.5999538898468018,
-0.5372728705406189,
1.1147674322128296,
0.24256516993045807,
-0.27564355731010437,
-1.0551396608352661,
0.08569952845573425,
-0.8768266439437866,
-0.8226065635681152,
-0.3313729465007782,
0.5578574538230896,
0.3190976083278656,
-0.48474863171577454,
0.730229377746582,
-0.8958719968795776,
-0.2302548885345459,
-0.08106609433889389,
0.936038076877594,
0.1316153109073639,
0.2832588255405426,
0.49951326847076416,
0.49017971754074097,
0.050041232258081436,
1.2216432094573975,
0.13871653378009796,
-0.3836655020713806,
0.10551898926496506,
0.07235676795244217,
0.6491839289665222,
-0.27777165174484253,
-0.15538953244686127,
-0.44828617572784424,
0.28768107295036316,
-0.38330456614494324,
0.24124310910701752,
0.6940068602561951,
-0.17028789222240448,
0.17776557803153992,
0.0943339616060257,
-0.7937310934066772,
0.12281385064125061,
-0.14302510023117065,
0.3353291451931,
-0.21645817160606384,
0.4438401460647583,
0.957604169845581,
-0.041325055062770844,
-0.7351016998291016,
0.8351732492446899,
0.4125770926475525,
0.005124132614582777,
0.5500837564468384,
-1.076290249824524,
-1.690685510635376,
-0.2647394835948944,
-0.18339234590530396,
0.3205054998397827,
-0.31458744406700134,
0.10590621829032898,
1.2060147523880005,
0.21130090951919556,
0.7598651647567749,
0.4576219320297241,
-0.9126793146133423,
0.7927054166793823,
-0.21986444294452667,
0.26594239473342896,
0.7041563391685486,
0.494668573141098,
-0.07788853347301483,
-0.10517466068267822,
0.012972231954336166,
0.40375009179115295,
-0.3836038112640381,
-0.6017401218414307,
0.23590782284736633,
-0.034872282296419144,
-0.30029791593551636,
0.28030192852020264,
-0.7237536311149597,
0.029592297971248627,
-0.459052175283432,
0.44695302844047546,
-0.2588256597518921,
-0.006344806402921677,
0.22574365139007568,
-1.045962929725647,
0.11235415935516357,
0.2189699411392212,
-0.5809586644172668,
-0.24768465757369995,
-0.19377829134464264,
-1.0170314311981201,
0.040071040391922,
-0.4807514548301697,
-0.12383667379617691,
-0.8767729997634888,
0.3972942531108856,
-0.7916532754898071,
-1.273754358291626,
-0.15831148624420166,
0.34786128997802734,
-1.7489943504333496,
-0.02963917702436447,
0.28518956899642944,
-0.2131691426038742,
-0.05409298092126846,
-0.12258133292198181,
-0.25166550278663635,
0.2631725072860718,
-0.01858186349272728,
-0.25741955637931824,
0.20172512531280518,
0.5148627161979675,
0.05952191725373268,
0.0637659877538681,
-0.9957545399665833,
-0.9226738810539246,
0.14902986586093903,
-0.40085482597351074,
0.931878387928009,
-0.13400323688983917,
0.0811687782406807,
0.41560500860214233,
0.5418440103530884,
-0.2970886826515198,
0.22524797916412354,
-0.5941516757011414,
0.548880934715271,
-0.4312874972820282,
0.9277050495147705,
-0.6636489033699036,
0.6655793786048889,
-0.5375006794929504,
-0.5048893690109253,
0.713912844657898,
0.1376703977584839,
-0.24375680088996887,
0.42730021476745605,
-0.12107014656066895,
-0.5772817134857178,
0.18980801105499268,
-0.10303889214992523,
-0.8788429498672485,
-0.6018798351287842,
-0.26820483803749084,
0.7350279092788696,
0.3857896327972412,
-0.7719101309776306,
1.1731549501419067,
0.6730649471282959,
0.0921064168214798,
-0.41669636964797974,
0.7598650455474854,
1.0135657787322998,
-0.5789397954940796,
-0.03493955731391907,
-0.9229452013969421,
0.6386503577232361,
-0.63050776720047,
-0.8904187679290771,
0.3323000371456146,
-1.2906601428985596,
0.10797009617090225,
-0.12158732116222382,
-0.09735865145921707,
-0.8444615006446838,
-0.06791061162948608,
0.4027118682861328,
1.0009733438491821,
1.02198326587677,
-0.6545870304107666,
-0.1332363784313202,
0.6320047378540039,
-0.3274661600589752,
1.2057100534439087,
-0.8507372140884399,
1.1830766201019287,
-0.16381129622459412,
0.19528986513614655,
0.2927943766117096,
0.5482981204986572,
0.034101154655218124,
0.0778164342045784,
-0.40013206005096436,
-0.2059691995382309,
-0.7088414430618286,
-0.5261602997779846,
-0.20298874378204346,
-0.11891617625951767,
0.21143068373203278,
0.5635045170783997,
0.3597305417060852,
0.03580890968441963,
-0.2603166401386261,
-0.6814966797828674,
-0.10011257231235504,
0.2946375906467438,
-0.9498100876808167,
0.3301433324813843,
0.9195142388343811,
0.1251659095287323,
-0.4110230803489685,
0.10578648746013641,
-0.1284898817539215,
0.26679787039756775,
-0.6580455899238586,
0.22795961797237396,
-0.7130255699157715,
-0.07171128690242767,
-0.5809174180030823,
-0.5018631219863892,
-0.4326075315475464,
1.1857826709747314,
0.94524085521698,
-1.007703185081482,
0.26855626702308655,
-0.36897146701812744,
-0.16480109095573425,
-0.0418701246380806,
-0.4561746418476105,
-0.020739397034049034,
-0.3284035921096802,
-1.0021095275878906,
-0.9624390006065369,
-0.2123575657606125,
-0.005706286057829857,
-0.08591834455728531,
-0.42214417457580566,
-0.21778643131256104,
0.034776169806718826,
0.7013362646102905,
0.3184319734573364,
0.5758402943611145,
-0.1055823564529419,
-0.8875496983528137,
0.524283230304718,
-0.44682246446609497,
-0.5678179860115051,
-0.48839399218559265,
0.5908181667327881,
0.3682633936405182,
-0.5975214838981628,
0.1853901892900467,
-0.7774801850318909,
0.8111851215362549,
-1.018012523651123,
-0.18311534821987152,
-0.45433366298675537,
0.34243032336235046,
-0.5172219276428223,
0.17417968809604645,
-0.03202982619404793,
0.14404794573783875,
-0.09128056466579437,
-0.5307888984680176,
-0.264782190322876,
-0.1350824534893036,
0.5386921167373657,
0.30082234740257263,
0.43538257479667664,
0.2760017514228821,
-0.5708905458450317,
0.31590673327445984,
0.1730000227689743,
-0.14840060472488403,
-0.3661925196647644,
0.27413198351860046,
-0.3437172770500183,
-1.8950783014297485,
0.4647814929485321,
0.2697523236274719,
0.31573182344436646,
1.0238765478134155,
-0.14628136157989502,
0.8283951282501221,
0.2833227813243866,
0.7267850637435913,
0.19560623168945312,
-0.03481359779834747,
0.4751700460910797,
-0.33183589577674866,
0.09204190224409103,
-1.3285328149795532,
-0.34848037362098694,
0.06413969397544861,
-0.422336220741272,
0.031322598457336426,
0.4207562208175659,
-0.34548330307006836,
-0.04947390407323837,
0.4102233052253723,
0.13152006268501282,
-0.03391651809215546
] |
|
403160 | Can laws of physics in the Universe change over time? | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"cyrae4s",
"cyrezee",
"cyrpa2f",
"cyrbhz3"
],
"text": [
"This is actually somewhat unclear, but the answer seems to be no. \n\nI recently read a chapter in The Constants of Nature by John Barrow that discusses evidence for this. In astronomy, we see events that are taking place near the beginning of time. Those events, like galaxy and star formation, seem to follow all the same rules as we see today. We see the same spectral emission lines from familiar atoms, for instance. Closer to home, we can look at radioactive elements and ancient naturally occurring fission reactors in Earth's crust to see how nuclear activity took place millions to billions of years ago, and it puts very tight limits on how much the laws of physics could have changed in that time. Subtle changes in physical constants are still not ruled out entirely, and such changes might be useful to explain some observations, but so far it seems like physics has been a constant at least since the very early universe.",
"The answer can be different based on how you look at it. AT the start of the universe there was no matter to make reactions or gravity. Later energy condensed into matter. The four fundamental laws we know today were non-existent back then, but later these forces came into play when reactions started taking place and the universe was much cooler.",
"We assume that they don't, because otherwise, we'd have no way to relate the past behavior of the universe to its current behavior. Or more accurately, we assume that the laws of physics are \"outside\" of time in a sense. But like in /u/ebvalaim's [comment](_URL_0_), the same laws can definitely produce different behaviors at different times, depending on the conditions of the universe at each time.",
"Well, but what does it mean that the laws of physics change? Even if the equations or physical constants do change somehow, they probably wouldn't do so randomly, but according to some other, more fundamental law, which would be constant. So, I'd say the answer is no."
],
"score": [
48,
6,
3,
3
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/403160/can_laws_of_physics_in_the_universe_change_over/cyrbhz3"
]
} | Can laws of physics in the Universe change over time?
| [
0.013386812061071396,
-0.17271788418293,
1.0011852979660034,
-0.8823717832565308,
0.04309886321425438,
-0.5800678133964539,
0.3986172080039978,
-0.20307263731956482,
0.33693721890449524,
-0.6550642251968384,
1.1680964231491089,
0.08273445814847946,
-1.0944911241531372,
0.22263607382774353,
0.5040576457977295,
-0.3018614947795868,
-0.5659612417221069,
0.18973782658576965,
-0.6584752798080444,
-0.5514110922813416,
0.011253898032009602,
0.2729300856590271,
-0.5648123621940613,
0.4752950370311737,
-0.4762093126773834,
0.03810151293873787,
0.4288730323314667,
0.09879044443368912,
0.5207763314247131,
0.15695379674434662,
-0.18959420919418335,
0.4707511365413666,
-0.6324425935745239,
0.8836247324943542,
0.4849826991558075,
0.23156578838825226,
1.065104603767395,
0.10162132233381271,
0.39855992794036865,
0.11114940047264099,
0.2851603031158447,
-0.7693228125572205,
0.4250750243663788,
0.12193186581134796,
-1.0905840396881104,
-1.0499615669250488,
0.4251851439476013,
-0.4127834141254425,
-1.066935420036316,
-1.0249996185302734,
-0.43081194162368774,
-0.17710202932357788,
1.0304415225982666,
0.4509744346141815,
-0.30127882957458496,
0.28686895966529846,
0.28622275590896606,
-0.18207383155822754,
0.3671233355998993,
-0.07205291837453842,
0.2792224586009979,
0.1762913167476654,
-0.5846608877182007,
-0.3636353611946106,
0.7657694220542908,
0.396844744682312,
0.9769192934036255,
-0.31579911708831787,
0.038358934223651886,
-0.6317562460899353,
-0.000013876419870939571,
-0.33766892552375793,
-1.1996546983718872,
-1.4694385528564453,
-0.1323288381099701,
-0.1407395601272583,
0.8762089014053345,
0.6534884572029114,
0.3125724494457245,
-0.5942190885543823,
-0.522249162197113,
0.07497095316648483,
-0.12565883994102478,
0.3351994752883911,
-0.26989516615867615,
-0.31891852617263794,
-0.30665725469589233,
-0.4947083294391632,
-1.2392958402633667,
1.1933071613311768,
0.5195638537406921,
0.005109392572194338,
-0.17645154893398285,
0.6310352683067322,
0.24787940084934235,
-0.9438709020614624,
0.971257209777832,
-0.5976900458335876,
0.17487218976020813,
0.8166298270225525,
-0.3386165201663971,
-0.583852231502533,
0.4076676368713379,
0.32844483852386475,
-0.04911213368177414,
-0.27372604608535767,
0.5954467058181763,
-0.9117793440818787,
0.297963410615921,
0.05888984352350235,
-0.07699406892061234,
0.40831226110458374,
-0.06843400746583939,
-0.19937589764595032,
-0.15751701593399048,
-1.1835081577301025,
0.11741896718740463,
-0.021925536915659904,
1.1722124814987183,
0.8705437183380127,
-0.3298812210559845,
0.1155671551823616,
0.6472952961921692,
2.177539348602295,
-0.11206729710102081,
0.4846619963645935,
0.03850697726011276,
0.7386456727981567,
0.10244262963533401,
-1.436227560043335,
0.5680274963378906,
1.3765511512756348,
0.27107641100883484,
-0.7700981497764587,
0.6815462708473206,
0.9010992646217346,
-0.18407489359378815,
0.5788018703460693,
-1.1012113094329834,
0.8087570667266846,
0.4440562427043915,
0.5549341440200806,
1.1169129610061646,
-0.8590665459632874,
-0.2523857653141022,
-0.12793117761611938,
-0.9899402856826782,
-0.2664715647697449,
-0.3846890330314636,
-0.3734011948108673,
-1.5674368143081665,
-0.08709777891635895,
-0.1639406532049179,
-0.293087363243103,
0.46587276458740234,
-0.2758224308490753,
-0.16085535287857056,
0.019616547971963882,
-0.22249890863895416,
0.9264865517616272,
-0.28151270747184753,
-0.3533686399459839,
0.22785118222236633,
0.11439801752567291,
0.28216928243637085,
0.5192933678627014,
-0.46747273206710815,
0.42742112278938293,
-0.644771933555603,
0.38732486963272095,
-0.11695056408643723,
-0.017127592116594315,
1.0957815647125244,
-0.07452624291181564,
-0.15165795385837555,
-0.014666963368654251,
-0.5743071436882019,
0.5102332830429077,
-0.6676740646362305,
0.3938894271850586,
-0.4638790488243103,
-0.7242441773414612,
0.25754469633102417,
0.29515939950942993,
-0.33130407333374023,
0.24279674887657166,
-0.7687684297561646,
-0.5389429330825806,
0.8611128926277161,
0.11129546165466309,
-0.00873772893100977,
-0.272542268037796,
-1.0509154796600342,
0.12983869016170502,
0.37692177295684814,
0.07722268998622894,
-0.14439928531646729,
0.8497394323348999,
0.4926253855228424,
-0.9796459674835205,
0.9193798303604126,
-1.155383586883545,
0.5662698745727539,
-0.5567009449005127,
0.1451345533132553,
-0.08963049203157425,
0.2501797676086426,
-1.0118672847747803,
0.016654981300234795,
0.17071795463562012,
0.6240828037261963,
0.7673049569129944,
-0.5062506198883057,
-0.29204434156417847,
-0.41792237758636475,
0.8394724130630493,
0.1139574944972992,
0.052378032356500626,
0.1369641125202179,
0.1316642314195633,
0.8069289326667786,
-0.32283180952072144,
0.31757524609565735,
-0.3587486445903778,
0.7875452041625977,
-0.30321386456489563,
0.9889910221099854,
1.0203971862792969,
0.4563332200050354,
-0.3000381588935852,
0.02155379392206669,
0.08164329826831818,
-0.1793624609708786,
0.7003327012062073,
-0.772547721862793,
-0.26680079102516174,
-1.1379351615905762,
-0.4047422409057617,
-0.41341450810432434,
-1.146753191947937,
0.011262889951467514,
0.01377965696156025,
0.07440623641014099,
1.1331192255020142,
0.40466201305389404,
-0.02605031058192253,
-0.9453554153442383,
-0.35709869861602783,
-0.7136827111244202,
-0.08698058873414993,
0.11392170935869217,
-1.036032795906067,
-0.3815191686153412,
-0.791559100151062,
0.8385193347930908,
-0.8120367527008057,
-0.6341089606285095,
0.32788360118865967,
0.32938092947006226,
0.24907054007053375,
0.015407303348183632,
-0.5575199127197266,
0.38740503787994385,
0.3079685866832733,
-0.8344777226448059,
-1.0127605199813843,
-0.6460816264152527,
1.036588191986084,
0.3572591543197632,
0.07551094889640808,
-0.9958170652389526,
0.22631190717220306,
0.3248344957828522,
0.37643173336982727,
0.7608953714370728,
0.08171121776103973,
0.22067739069461823,
-0.2891198396682739,
0.3020355701446533,
0.8211126923561096,
0.3810514807701111,
0.3367212116718292,
-0.06734036654233932,
-0.7819563746452332,
0.3837786018848419,
0.48345693945884705,
0.026635119691491127,
0.03369975462555885,
0.007279952056705952,
-0.7320591807365417,
-0.24126356840133667,
-0.3132944405078888,
-1.0858523845672607,
0.24319703876972198,
0.4458986818790436,
-0.09543116390705109,
-0.17673689126968384,
-0.0007073409506119788,
-0.21613946557044983,
0.3462274372577667,
0.2731402814388275,
-0.39379018545150757,
0.5066831111907959,
0.577543318271637,
-0.7434905171394348,
0.7144230604171753,
0.33917003870010376,
-0.30506280064582825,
0.9784826040267944,
-0.11813005059957504,
-0.09805583208799362,
0.20761550962924957,
-0.43471860885620117,
1.6717215776443481,
0.5710180997848511,
0.6782324910163879,
-0.17977666854858398,
-0.21352022886276245,
-1.210118055343628,
-0.16458529233932495,
-0.6950362324714661,
0.9922026991844177,
-0.11552342027425766,
-0.10179554671049118,
0.49658864736557007,
1.0522983074188232,
-1.040581464767456,
0.17430835962295532,
-0.2810100018978119,
0.40823858976364136,
0.4391540288925171,
-0.39173415303230286,
-0.5029318332672119,
0.38121843338012695,
-0.1937880516052246,
-0.7016521692276001,
-0.08107063174247742,
0.20623542368412018,
-0.3310108482837677,
-0.6856392621994019,
0.8892630338668823,
-0.3155933916568756,
-0.4743264615535736,
0.793927788734436,
0.05983208119869232,
-0.01856853999197483,
0.6118497252464294,
-0.012907235883176327,
0.04174461588263512,
-0.302886426448822,
0.06743084639310837,
0.234684020280838,
0.7234095931053162,
-1.0992915630340576,
0.9798243045806885,
1.276647686958313,
-0.8762242197990417,
0.7929489612579346,
-0.31097283959388733,
0.8741570711135864,
1.2028347253799438,
-0.4688701033592224,
-0.00281143537722528,
-0.013529292307794094,
-0.021602828055620193,
0.31247562170028687,
-0.37317928671836853,
-0.5962972044944763,
0.47518646717071533,
-0.07871920615434647,
0.5865873098373413,
-0.021057330071926117,
-0.3977762758731842,
-0.5987712144851685,
-0.7145048975944519,
-0.1960820108652115,
1.4854686260223389,
-0.22028757631778717,
-0.6432885527610779,
0.3649079203605652,
0.3156628906726837,
0.4239342510700226,
-0.4603438675403595,
0.2367849051952362,
-0.6506844162940979,
-0.5002790093421936,
0.2976013123989105,
-0.0348886214196682,
0.1592845618724823,
-0.05773814395070076,
-0.5143880248069763,
-0.44257819652557373,
0.153190478682518,
-0.7100343704223633,
-0.4531877636909485,
-0.6681932210922241,
-1.167431116104126,
0.5339634418487549,
-0.1852802187204361,
-0.41266995668411255,
0.7407098412513733,
0.4063207805156708,
-0.43548741936683655,
-0.13954941928386688,
-0.3462151288986206,
0.22580522298812866,
-0.20021900534629822,
0.455973356962204,
0.5377622842788696,
-1.2019343376159668,
0.13160213828086853,
-0.9241592884063721,
-0.7443953156471252,
-0.23342426121234894,
0.2289448380470276,
-0.5515774488449097,
-1.1523215770721436,
-0.35473331809043884,
-0.20714086294174194,
-0.17451390624046326,
0.8012534379959106,
-0.4567001461982727,
-0.7358913421630859,
0.07051976025104523,
0.288892924785614,
-0.029885318130254745,
-0.13046827912330627,
0.2681736350059509,
-0.17692314088344574,
0.9756854176521301,
-1.4715163707733154,
-1.4490649700164795,
-1.2307006120681763,
0.05976467579603195,
-0.31658828258514404,
-0.2566656470298767,
0.15080085396766663,
-0.542972207069397,
-0.6546286940574646,
-0.883639931678772,
-0.3389292061328888,
0.0804833173751831,
-0.5604029893875122,
0.16016902029514313,
0.13049852848052979,
0.01197496522217989,
-0.0009035528055392206,
0.34930774569511414,
-0.7667796015739441,
0.045519743114709854,
0.5807918906211853,
-0.4743020236492157,
-0.5084836483001709,
0.15836462378501892,
0.40496399998664856,
1.197939157485962,
-1.6367714405059814,
1.0958516597747803,
0.359650194644928,
0.14701691269874573,
-0.14961883425712585,
-0.11102855950593948,
-0.7134484052658081,
0.9146667718887329,
0.4475083649158478,
0.20164693892002106,
0.5033107995986938,
-0.676611065864563,
-0.02260228991508484,
0.225236177444458,
-1.0694317817687988,
0.14134481549263,
0.3351486921310425,
0.46971607208251953,
-0.1290159523487091,
-0.15652590990066528,
0.6062946915626526,
-1.0914616584777832,
-0.9632452726364136,
-0.5591596961021423,
-0.3767569661140442,
-0.26221826672554016,
-0.45781904458999634,
0.11469488590955734,
0.7448188066482544,
-1.3326109647750854,
0.09631499648094177,
-0.15135455131530762,
1.0282946825027466,
-0.2882162928581238,
-0.2672593593597412,
-0.05995505675673485,
-0.2571805715560913,
-0.17350885272026062,
0.534740686416626,
0.21391408145427704,
0.5861511826515198,
-0.429751455783844,
0.41339144110679626,
0.750731885433197,
-0.3326725363731384,
-0.4451136291027069,
-0.04593031853437424,
0.16951115429401398,
-0.42403537034988403,
-0.23176908493041992,
-0.0735597163438797,
0.5594886541366577,
0.41662806272506714,
0.3216101825237274,
-0.12806859612464905,
0.29298266768455505,
1.1727373600006104,
-0.4519968330860138,
-0.34994256496429443,
-0.4245297312736511,
0.6382792592048645,
-0.34464171528816223,
-0.5456652045249939,
0.6458457708358765,
-0.21986767649650574,
-0.13915754854679108,
0.5699819922447205,
-0.03822542726993561,
0.9947525262832642,
0.1165875643491745,
-0.3958941102027893,
0.2169555127620697,
-0.37038758397102356,
0.09131257981061935,
0.6654828190803528,
0.26972782611846924,
-0.8864768147468567,
-0.09968709945678711,
-0.9488446712493896,
0.37591612339019775,
0.48059991002082825,
-0.36376306414604187,
0.3695855140686035,
0.15746691823005676,
-0.6985054016113281,
-0.057777147740125656,
-0.22584669291973114,
0.3316694498062134,
-0.42232900857925415,
-0.3380865454673767,
-0.374599426984787,
0.25606516003608704,
-0.5880483388900757,
0.26332947611808777,
-0.49032464623451233,
-0.03221062943339348,
-0.4583338499069214,
0.9782278537750244,
0.8614597320556641,
0.7704974412918091,
-1.181495189666748,
-1.1843502521514893,
0.3429409861564636,
0.07450688630342484,
-0.9456051588058472,
-0.29719042778015137,
-0.22635284066200256,
-0.7026672959327698,
0.07912302017211914,
-0.4559098482131958,
-0.24594202637672424,
-0.2921333611011505,
-0.1914476752281189,
0.19622424244880676,
-0.21337635815143585,
-0.7032167911529541,
-0.2662457227706909,
0.25061681866645813,
0.3315340280532837,
-0.49888259172439575,
1.0512465238571167,
0.4447886645793915,
0.5136343836784363,
0.1226993128657341,
0.7316002249717712,
-0.18749073147773743,
-0.21495263278484344,
0.7553436756134033,
-0.14087297022342682,
0.10278720408678055,
0.019665148109197617,
-1.0203490257263184,
-0.15483570098876953,
0.6706921458244324,
-0.41920197010040283,
-0.26755478978157043,
0.9160417914390564,
-0.3079671561717987,
-0.04052715748548508,
-0.22851285338401794,
-0.32966920733451843,
-0.1683707982301712,
-0.6056623458862305,
-0.9102118611335754,
0.9842557311058044,
-0.4267687499523163,
0.621063768863678,
0.9767510294914246,
-0.03922230750322342,
-0.30131182074546814,
-0.15317700803279877,
-0.025298569351434708,
-0.21723397076129913,
0.31689590215682983,
0.2511563003063202,
0.5685411095619202,
0.44531992077827454,
0.02060014009475708,
0.4691653251647949,
0.967717170715332,
-0.8938248157501221,
0.3472262918949127,
0.4869275391101837,
0.92085862159729,
-0.004817142151296139,
-1.0334744453430176,
-0.1643448770046234,
-0.7601706385612488,
1.4479975700378418,
-0.8927907943725586,
0.42204615473747253,
1.3412233591079712,
0.09231303632259369,
0.09509274363517761,
0.21321946382522583,
-0.3431892395019531,
0.2263101488351822,
-0.17358055710792542,
-0.5798406600952148,
0.17593751847743988,
-0.5691893696784973,
-0.5688880681991577,
0.11361051350831985,
-0.686172604560852,
0.2541728913784027,
0.21233342587947845,
-0.8518413305282593,
-0.482782781124115,
0.010738755576312542,
0.5185078978538513,
-0.14064541459083557,
0.4171397387981415,
-0.33231714367866516,
1.6146528720855713,
-0.42086535692214966,
0.4260921776294708,
0.28873565793037415,
-0.7615746259689331,
0.23518618941307068,
0.2566554844379425,
0.11797380447387695,
-0.23338182270526886,
0.0974973812699318,
0.668003499507904,
-1.0196033716201782,
-0.994327187538147,
0.7988106608390808,
-0.6930193305015564,
0.9336081743240356,
-0.2812528908252716,
0.4624669849872589,
0.09089019894599915,
-0.16826631128787994,
-1.0323511362075806,
1.260488510131836,
-0.907014012336731,
0.6015099287033081,
-0.1548343449831009,
0.10579877346754074,
0.5855641961097717,
-0.16113439202308655,
-0.5833799839019775,
-0.8535223007202148,
0.45757749676704407,
-0.24376067519187927,
0.7629386186599731,
-0.9705018997192383,
0.5247998237609863,
0.14131934940814972,
-0.18485113978385925,
0.552931547164917,
0.17879047989845276,
0.97870934009552,
-0.8460241556167603,
0.12484627217054367,
-1.091713309288025,
0.8074713349342346,
-0.43935754895210266,
-0.9886563420295715,
0.8457497954368591,
-1.2250779867172241,
-0.44860413670539856,
-0.7110548615455627,
0.0544104129076004,
-0.35807082056999207,
-0.7807193398475647,
-0.741332471370697,
-1.3302435874938965,
0.3485734164714813,
0.22090651094913483,
0.03591860085725784,
1.1791926622390747,
0.35170015692710876,
-0.8842496275901794,
0.8486866354942322,
-0.43239185214042664,
0.2771042585372925,
-0.07463595271110535,
-0.23844487965106964,
0.7944349646568298,
-0.4891076683998108,
0.055737633258104324,
-0.6557282209396362,
-0.26340311765670776,
-0.15658608078956604,
0.05158878117799759,
-0.2822571396827698,
-1.4578627347946167,
-0.7986167669296265,
0.25570088624954224,
-0.058845408260822296,
0.19099876284599304,
-0.4415103793144226,
-0.38980162143707275,
0.5192915201187134,
0.10548872500658035,
0.06149240955710411,
0.10049547255039215,
0.17757466435432434,
0.15483751893043518,
0.4181504547595978,
0.4905007481575012,
-0.10564564913511276,
-0.010011081583797932,
-0.5173890590667725,
0.0941111147403717,
-0.165776327252388,
-0.4700840711593628,
0.6939047574996948,
-0.11656909435987473,
-0.9005772471427917,
-0.5285993814468384,
-0.37091222405433655,
0.9009706974029541,
1.4203814268112183,
0.32113173604011536,
0.24486011266708374,
-0.296859472990036,
-0.4612388610839844,
0.43512704968452454,
-0.3257066607475281,
-0.2205575406551361,
-0.018570903688669205,
0.09532828629016876,
0.2079310119152069,
-0.8364264369010925,
-0.028511056676506996,
-0.4269912838935852,
0.1315041333436966,
0.1382600963115692,
-0.016117658466100693,
-0.7857574820518494
] |
||
57cze9 | If something with a very low statistical probability happens to me, why is it statistically less likely to happen a second time? | Google tells me that "Your odds of being struck by lightning this year are 1 in 960,000". If I get struck by lightning, and I'm not in a profession or position that makes being struck by lightning more statistically probable than anyone else, why does the probability of me getting struck again lower? | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"d8r55pw",
"d8r5jjy",
"d8rl3ml",
"d8rxq21",
"d8rv8w9",
"d8r5per"
],
"text": [
"It's not, after you get struck you have a 1 in 960,000 chance to get struck by lightning. However, if you have not been struck by lightning then you have a 1 in (960,000)^(2) chance to be struck by lightening twice.",
"Depends on whether or not instances of it count as \"statistically independent\". If you get a rare cancer, you have a **much** higher chance of it recurring than the general population, because you *already* have the right genes.\n\nIn the case of lightning - Sure, you don't work as a lineman; but do you have some other unknown habits that make you drastically more likely to get struck? Golfing? Hiking in open areas, particularly at high altitude? And if you get hit in/around your house, that pretty much *is* a predisposition in itself, since the conditions that lead to certain houses getting struck by lightning tend not to change over *decades*.\n\nNow, the people that win the lottery four times in a row - *That's* a complete fluke. But the vast majority of repeated \"rare\" events have far more to do with having the right preconditions, than \"luck\".",
"If events are statistically independent, the actual probability doesn't change. For example, if your child is a boy, chances that your 2nd child will be a boy is still 50%. If your 2nd child is a boy, chances that your 3rd child will be a boy is still 50%.\n\nThis is opposed to the chance that *all 3 children will be boys* before any is born. That would be 0.5^3 *100%",
"The answer to your title is \"it isn't\".\n\n\nAs far as the body of your comment goes, it's a bit confusing how you go from the odds given by Google and the idea that the probability of getting struck again gets lower.\n\n\nIt sounds to me like you're thinking like \"if the odds of being struck by lightning in a year is 1 in 960000, then if I get struck by lightning the odds must go down because '1 in 960000' were the odds I'd get struck once in a year, and I've already gotten struck this year\".\n\n\nIf that is the way you're interpreting the statement, you must look at what we mean by \"odds of being struck in a year\". To be fair, Google itself is misleading when it says \"odds of being struck *this year*\". It's pretty clear that the odds of anything happening *this year* depends totally on where you are in the year; for example if you haven't been struck by lightning all year and you're preparing for New Year's on the 31st of December 2016, your odds of being struck by lightning *in 2016* are much lower than they would have been if you'd been calculating this in January, and had a whole 365 days that you might get struck by lightning in !\n\n\nIn fact I'm guessing Google's numbers correspond to \"your odds of being struck by lightning *in a year*\", i.e. *in a given 365.25-day period*. So if you got struck by lightning yesterday, your odds of being struck by lightning between today and October 14th 2017 are 1 in 960000. Your odds of being struck by lightning this year are 1 in 960000, prorated to how much of the year is left (so divided by 5, approximately). And those numbers are exactly the same for someone who didn't get struck by lightning yesterday. (assuming of course \"getting struck by lightning\" are statistically independent events).",
"your wording is off. \n\nit isn't less likely to happen a second time. \n\nit is unlikely to happen twice. \n\nthat's a difference. \n\nthe same unlikely thing happening twice is very unlikely. this not the same as the conditional probability of it happening twice *under the condition that it has already happened once*. a coin this is 50 50 every time. getting 10 heads is very unlikely. but if you already got 9 heads (which was unlikely at the beginning), getting the 10th is a 50% chance.",
"In order to be struck twice, you must be struck once. The people who are struck once are a strict subset of the people who are struck twice. As such, it's impossible for it to be more likely to be struck once than struck twice.\n\nI think you're confusing the probability of being struck twice with the probability of being struck twice *given that you are struck once*. You are correct in thinking that that's higher than the probability of being struck once."
],
"score": [
55,
11,
7,
2,
2,
2
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | If something with a very low statistical probability happens to me, why is it statistically less likely to happen a second time?
Google tells me that "Your odds of being struck by lightning this year are 1 in 960,000". If I get struck by lightning, and I'm not in a profession or position that makes being struck by lightning more statistically probable than anyone else, why does the probability of me getting struck again lower? | [
0.19041988253593445,
-0.5195941925048828,
0.7046096324920654,
-0.28618377447128296,
-0.39514777064323425,
-0.11096757650375366,
-0.2723342478275299,
-0.8613136410713196,
0.5751647353172302,
0.6537587642669678,
0.8478438854217529,
0.1602063924074173,
-1.2200052738189697,
0.7768181562423706,
0.6381298303604126,
-0.3807258903980255,
0.5562408566474915,
0.25324422121047974,
-0.49037787318229675,
-0.287335067987442,
-0.595790445804596,
-0.1027267798781395,
-0.04761706292629242,
0.9753553867340088,
-0.6320459842681885,
0.36067527532577515,
0.6059768795967102,
-0.39887988567352295,
0.2576829195022583,
0.19714124500751495,
0.2910013198852539,
0.7271611094474792,
-0.726311981678009,
0.05291624367237091,
0.4454389214515686,
-0.4173959195613861,
-0.16323864459991455,
-0.004306142218410969,
1.2531405687332153,
-1.1520506143569946,
0.23476842045783997,
-1.1405940055847168,
0.18691881000995636,
0.8366422653198242,
-0.2600170969963074,
-0.3650531470775604,
0.24070490896701813,
0.042395807802677155,
0.6343324184417725,
0.222442626953125,
0.01617513597011566,
0.08825373649597168,
0.39687615633010864,
0.7464272379875183,
0.5479691624641418,
-0.10845647752285004,
1.2927669286727905,
-0.009138497523963451,
0.3089127242565155,
0.7027868628501892,
0.3125857412815094,
0.07554178684949875,
-0.6698718070983887,
-0.9172672033309937,
-0.3079092502593994,
-0.25649914145469666,
-0.8053335547447205,
0.7571693658828735,
-1.3501888513565063,
0.04221160337328911,
0.469229131937027,
-0.27733027935028076,
-0.19807521998882294,
0.4292263686656952,
0.25666671991348267,
-0.5737287402153015,
0.11169307678937912,
0.08855574578046799,
-0.21905052661895752,
-0.707507312297821,
0.10232119262218475,
1.1405411958694458,
0.24155591428279877,
0.11849983036518097,
0.0614207461476326,
0.9787054657936096,
0.5178908705711365,
-0.42929914593696594,
-0.11867283284664154,
0.7901055216789246,
-0.7249954342842102,
-0.10459699481725693,
0.3080458641052246,
0.032400600612163544,
0.7764081954956055,
-0.10011868178844452,
0.26158300042152405,
-0.46790170669555664,
0.2521822154521942,
0.39938992261886597,
0.23850178718566895,
0.5152506828308105,
0.0412917286157608,
0.8916997313499451,
0.35787591338157654,
-1.1749029159545898,
0.23508870601654053,
-0.2001713365316391,
-0.3533281683921814,
0.19642753899097443,
-0.28668126463890076,
0.7945494651794434,
0.09864716231822968,
-0.7237539887428284,
-0.18449942767620087,
-1.502034306526184,
0.16810263693332672,
-0.1737155318260193,
0.8429303765296936,
0.02100607566535473,
0.4979285001754761,
-0.8361412882804871,
1.608898639678955,
-0.3171153962612152,
-0.20426705479621887,
0.5285970568656921,
-0.6118000149726868,
0.4615064263343811,
0.2727094292640686,
0.21171101927757263,
0.07226333767175674,
0.28895092010498047,
0.2189587950706482,
-0.425514817237854,
0.134485125541687,
-0.8949013352394104,
-1.340838074684143,
-0.0850692018866539,
-0.019773874431848526,
0.25154298543930054,
-0.768159031867981,
0.016085894778370857,
0.5014938712120056,
-0.42340508103370667,
-0.6627911925315857,
-0.8577713370323181,
-0.7513792514801025,
-0.18804246187210083,
0.5701420903205872,
-0.5083168148994446,
-0.5746798515319824,
0.23381578922271729,
0.3329596221446991,
-0.7511497139930725,
-0.14803603291511536,
-0.6649084091186523,
1.2803075313568115,
-0.3295700252056122,
0.7993841767311096,
0.17825312912464142,
-0.4725284278392792,
-0.5898756980895996,
-0.40150758624076843,
-0.2802584767341614,
0.7750440239906311,
-0.46559977531433105,
0.34833893179893494,
-0.30649468302726746,
-0.15631689131259918,
0.4949652850627899,
-0.36573222279548645,
-0.5343470573425293,
1.0024189949035645,
0.1678515523672104,
1.4566595554351807,
-0.6143718361854553,
0.11173764616250992,
0.0661475658416748,
-0.2016410380601883,
0.26527929306030273,
-0.16196005046367645,
-0.8993128538131714,
0.7183219194412231,
0.5001763701438904,
-0.7023783326148987,
-0.14440816640853882,
0.3788480758666992,
0.26323577761650085,
0.5603308081626892,
0.20107218623161316,
0.08987373113632202,
-0.1598675549030304,
-0.8732174038887024,
0.23244796693325043,
0.18192316591739655,
-0.37172019481658936,
0.13504727184772491,
0.340185284614563,
0.3749248683452606,
-0.25769761204719543,
-0.5980799198150635,
-1.4042716026306152,
-0.23451893031597137,
-0.47444915771484375,
-0.4112031161785126,
-0.15526515245437622,
0.6752341389656067,
-0.15001676976680756,
0.2289663404226303,
-0.2251415252685547,
1.1107758283615112,
0.4532451033592224,
-0.08541037142276764,
-0.0002520411799196154,
-0.5556649565696716,
-0.3619198501110077,
-0.12769804894924164,
-0.06780349463224411,
-0.2999197542667389,
0.8377293944358826,
0.12524811923503876,
-0.5818556547164917,
-0.05671985447406769,
0.8375685811042786,
0.8558642864227295,
-0.2671039402484894,
-0.1757393330335617,
-0.2984919846057892,
0.04710102081298828,
0.03433256223797798,
-0.2610255777835846,
-0.10575226694345474,
0.4717157781124115,
0.09506270289421082,
0.39513757824897766,
-0.3453029990196228,
-1.5131134986877441,
-1.1665221452713013,
0.42097392678260803,
-0.25295761227607727,
-0.33740928769111633,
0.28138425946235657,
0.5998630523681641,
1.0872807502746582,
0.9437010288238525,
0.5990921258926392,
-0.23037084937095642,
-0.9916119575500488,
-0.17149995267391205,
-0.07048803567886353,
-0.8725994825363159,
-0.4014720618724823,
-0.7983909249305725,
-0.9938649535179138,
0.3029972016811371,
-1.2944425344467163,
0.5885119438171387,
-0.10426989942789078,
0.3180568218231201,
0.0322018601000309,
-0.1369708925485611,
-1.0662171840667725,
0.4386953115463257,
-0.19245564937591553,
-0.5735957622528076,
0.3022858500480652,
-1.0284451246261597,
0.3513587713241577,
-0.15318834781646729,
0.03541676700115204,
-0.5271424651145935,
-0.8632348775863647,
0.28079748153686523,
0.5361104607582092,
-0.38930246233940125,
-0.8005098700523376,
-0.06486740708351135,
-0.19495165348052979,
0.07271043211221695,
-0.1588224619626999,
1.3934978246688843,
0.698719322681427,
-0.08323148638010025,
-0.23457492887973785,
-0.2979215085506439,
0.2693265676498413,
0.981768786907196,
-1.0552222728729248,
0.15149100124835968,
-0.4991883933544159,
0.12555450201034546,
0.2631557583808899,
-0.40040257573127747,
1.286308765411377,
0.2654890716075897,
0.11587800830602646,
0.0012268400751054287,
-0.37983208894729614,
-0.2852524220943451,
-0.40003761649131775,
-0.39684438705444336,
-0.5300454497337341,
0.673711895942688,
0.06929480284452438,
-0.6176702380180359,
-0.07752399891614914,
0.7088631391525269,
-0.8074953556060791,
0.569115936756134,
-0.8391450047492981,
0.7825707793235779,
-0.9495881199836731,
-0.018860774114727974,
0.39555785059928894,
0.09105226397514343,
0.5288407206535339,
0.26779821515083313,
-0.41498857736587524,
-0.8256487250328064,
0.08798184245824814,
-0.26549822092056274,
0.24936212599277496,
-0.11852478981018066,
0.3675806224346161,
-0.308794766664505,
1.239085078239441,
-0.40568122267723083,
0.8294590711593628,
-0.3418563902378082,
0.21387021243572235,
0.20244428515434265,
-0.30012479424476624,
0.10090242326259613,
0.3107568025588989,
0.01677868328988552,
-0.05273572728037834,
0.32131457328796387,
0.05652032420039177,
0.16362784802913666,
0.1113644614815712,
1.467111587524414,
0.6255589723587036,
-0.4122554361820221,
0.3382638692855835,
-0.12896302342414856,
0.33381614089012146,
-0.33737608790397644,
0.36696937680244446,
0.412444531917572,
-0.047139473259449005,
-0.2538016736507416,
0.8959255218505859,
1.4032275676727295,
-0.8625706434249878,
0.20343130826950073,
0.6321517825126648,
-0.5031341910362244,
-0.6940025091171265,
0.9085520505905151,
-0.08660908788442612,
-0.6584075093269348,
0.3699929714202881,
0.1904420107603073,
-0.11473779380321503,
-0.6200693249702454,
0.3091462254524231,
-1.1780707836151123,
-0.6186714768409729,
-0.3433692753314972,
1.0259026288986206,
-0.470943421125412,
0.8698790669441223,
-0.16961492598056793,
-0.15893436968326569,
0.7490755915641785,
-0.3740822970867157,
0.9440327882766724,
-0.26994943618774414,
-0.7855818271636963,
0.16565057635307312,
-0.18850378692150116,
-0.05649691820144653,
-0.35093358159065247,
-0.025158539414405823,
-0.12469395250082016,
-0.741011381149292,
-0.8435657024383545,
-0.7808284759521484,
0.20721998810768127,
0.12955918908119202,
0.20030510425567627,
0.09861604124307632,
-0.30895859003067017,
-0.05823173746466637,
-1.009293794631958,
0.03828434273600578,
-0.5690761804580688,
0.19327972829341888,
0.06459976732730865,
-0.5418930649757385,
0.11416347324848175,
0.40810081362724304,
-0.17752687633037567,
2.148308038711548,
0.8378817439079285,
0.0022006509825587273,
-0.28630027174949646,
0.571461021900177,
-0.1621401160955429,
-0.06194600462913513,
-0.03394787013530731,
-1.0476523637771606,
-0.7601159811019897,
0.4002467095851898,
0.7789750695228577,
-0.5348195433616638,
-1.0344403982162476,
-1.0100250244140625,
-0.4509587585926056,
0.12148644030094147,
1.6101442575454712,
-1.1243029832839966,
-0.11119870096445084,
0.3756650984287262,
-0.8968007564544678,
-0.19097961485385895,
0.17498648166656494,
-0.6901117563247681,
-0.6573165059089661,
-0.09150811284780502,
-1.0312371253967285,
-1.2428202629089355,
1.4089131355285645,
0.4824867248535156,
-0.8170503973960876,
-0.16259469091892242,
0.4328237771987915,
-0.3066672086715698,
0.1222519725561142,
0.5038012266159058,
-0.638012707233429,
0.7575767636299133,
-0.3094588816165924,
-0.2664763629436493,
-0.30922433733940125,
-0.30719640851020813,
0.9455346465110779,
0.061282120645046234,
-1.1363087892532349,
-0.037719450891017914,
0.21117545664310455,
-0.6711984872817993,
0.2419285625219345,
0.6742140650749207,
0.808579683303833,
-0.09025651961565018,
-0.5765883326530457,
-0.4378235638141632,
-0.5647508502006531,
-0.1407565027475357,
-0.3747651278972626,
-0.2857821583747864,
0.09033209085464478,
1.2455544471740723,
0.43781590461730957,
1.0088087320327759,
-0.6346215605735779,
0.14476029574871063,
0.2626069486141205,
-1.069407343864441,
-0.5362374782562256,
-0.6527689099311829,
0.7652849555015564,
-0.004382642917335033,
-0.6148870587348938,
-0.4713795483112335,
0.15100063383579254,
0.05925513431429863,
0.26979297399520874,
-1.1325945854187012,
-0.14162777364253998,
-0.2474699318408966,
-0.4456437826156616,
0.05910685658454895,
0.15207214653491974,
-0.3713003396987915,
-0.7419835925102234,
-0.15110929310321808,
-0.9312822818756104,
0.08311037719249725,
-0.45991238951683044,
-0.16517379879951477,
0.10485051572322845,
0.5761122703552246,
0.7811498045921326,
0.4063112139701843,
-1.0789737701416016,
0.41029688715934753,
0.42121124267578125,
-0.5678410530090332,
0.045165762305259705,
-0.4390980303287506,
0.3736034333705902,
-1.1776096820831299,
0.4640040099620819,
-1.0332196950912476,
0.846946656703949,
0.20834681391716003,
-0.047097448259592056,
1.0584970712661743,
-0.36702799797058105,
-0.262913316488266,
0.18458594381809235,
-1.0034537315368652,
0.3689573407173157,
0.9588986039161682,
-0.09671042859554291,
0.5895487070083618,
-0.9938886761665344,
-0.1384177953004837,
0.004222911316901445,
-0.41666704416275024,
0.6436833739280701,
-0.04199863225221634,
0.24627624452114105,
-0.09848669171333313,
-1.5600723028182983,
-1.2031174898147583,
0.4734734296798706,
-0.49321427941322327,
0.3738246560096741,
0.022804293781518936,
-0.09551563113927841,
1.0457983016967773,
-0.34324395656585693,
1.0238151550292969,
0.2781379520893097,
-0.23289386928081512,
0.29166075587272644,
-0.2302279770374298,
-0.17883098125457764,
-0.02918572723865509,
0.39053839445114136,
-0.04072080925107002,
-0.1275559514760971,
-0.25296786427497864,
-0.8718491196632385,
0.0501636303961277,
-0.25894445180892944,
0.5342558026313782,
0.330005407333374,
-0.24273906648159027,
0.27845773100852966,
-0.2016310840845108,
0.013445264659821987,
-0.14579704403877258,
0.09206549823284149,
0.41539981961250305,
-0.3791855275630951,
0.17930586636066437,
-0.2227860987186432,
0.09355371445417404,
0.7800374031066895,
-1.0589112043380737,
0.0023245890624821186,
-0.6162420511245728,
-1.0089130401611328,
0.03304162994027138,
-0.37544360756874084,
0.3603028655052185,
-0.4906306862831116,
0.15650774538516998,
-0.7973383665084839,
-0.7503688931465149,
-0.049926795065402985,
-0.5558544397354126,
1.3824670314788818,
-0.0506649874150753,
-0.01392456702888012,
0.3226933181285858,
0.022598790004849434,
0.34405046701431274,
-0.07006467133760452,
-0.29388687014579773,
-0.4855070114135742,
0.5598999857902527,
-0.5735084414482117,
-0.40061458945274353,
-0.16520340740680695,
0.170922189950943,
-0.20580855011940002,
-0.25280526280403137,
-0.37250858545303345,
-0.1754681020975113,
1.2999241352081299,
-0.003347554709762335,
-0.03788203373551369,
0.5802044868469238,
-0.26246392726898193,
0.012165448628365993,
0.23084966838359833,
-0.28432562947273254,
1.1385208368301392,
0.7133661508560181,
0.7989100217819214,
-0.29897233843803406,
0.2857205867767334,
-0.688507080078125,
0.3520206809043884,
0.7340877652168274,
0.5768800377845764,
0.09514099359512329,
-0.4146313965320587,
-0.1488891839981079,
-0.3853899836540222,
0.11988605558872223,
-0.2514846920967102,
-0.36936360597610474,
0.4009191393852234,
0.15117478370666504,
0.4331725835800171,
0.32498279213905334,
-0.9450402855873108,
0.2799099087715149,
0.09507086873054504,
0.9923343062400818,
-0.47049352526664734,
1.398024082183838,
0.29643112421035767,
-0.02822035923600197,
-0.015579147264361382,
-0.7741990685462952,
-0.18648436665534973,
-0.22608953714370728,
-0.5555136203765869,
0.7215065360069275,
-0.7030648589134216,
0.46557289361953735,
0.19460204243659973,
0.03007601574063301,
-0.3879764974117279,
0.17109838128089905,
-0.4993772506713867,
0.9386138916015625,
0.6220749020576477,
-0.7478463053703308,
0.059293851256370544,
0.5633620619773865,
0.35634052753448486,
0.9034271240234375,
-0.23273338377475739,
0.4483495056629181,
-0.14834120869636536,
-0.1368708610534668,
0.4188469350337982,
-0.12429989874362946,
0.11498226225376129,
0.8815070390701294,
-0.34608158469200134,
-0.6696833968162537,
-1.0427876710891724,
-0.9446021318435669,
-0.09542295336723328,
-0.24480442702770233,
0.16160927712917328,
0.41845932602882385,
-0.10776365548372269,
-0.08724219352006912,
-0.7016023993492126,
0.549776554107666,
-0.05945910885930061,
0.8820268511772156,
-1.1772280931472778,
-0.21999061107635498,
0.8792665004730225,
0.10593268275260925,
-1.0108762979507446,
-0.16467484831809998,
0.22712719440460205,
-0.16463689506053925,
-0.8340018391609192,
-0.10668615996837616,
-0.2326597273349762,
0.06516710668802261,
0.25547459721565247,
-0.18934166431427002,
-0.04078865051269531,
0.9248795509338379,
-0.032411474734544754,
-0.5192397832870483,
0.031773705035448074,
-0.6299065947532654,
-0.23141862452030182,
-0.5641406774520874,
-0.33019310235977173,
0.8576579689979553,
0.09902314841747284,
-0.45826441049575806,
-0.42038023471832275,
-0.1272910237312317,
-0.27631303668022156,
-0.17342284321784973,
-0.7726530432701111,
-0.16462112963199615,
0.8823015689849854,
-0.2557380199432373,
-0.01811731979250908,
0.37106356024742126,
0.07155448943376541,
-1.006716251373291,
0.5605623722076416,
-0.05111880972981453,
-0.996720016002655,
0.23022589087486267,
0.250762403011322,
0.39297574758529663,
-0.6940733790397644,
-0.7833201885223389,
-0.28633397817611694,
0.4686221480369568,
0.16113096475601196,
-0.4166928827762604,
-0.21417978405952454,
-0.3509649336338043,
-0.9060782790184021,
0.6449028849601746,
-0.5990479588508606,
-0.15669189393520355,
-0.290854275226593,
-0.4853009283542633,
-0.6123221516609192,
-0.2837284803390503,
0.5729852318763733,
0.42563554644584656,
-0.32148200273513794,
0.15252622961997986,
-0.23281127214431763,
0.9677035808563232,
-0.5298632979393005,
0.2401408553123474,
-0.031608641147613525,
0.2754432260990143,
0.02314874902367592,
-1.4967881441116333,
0.8444386720657349,
0.45727404952049255,
-0.1323932558298111,
0.0235572699457407,
-0.35236483812332153,
0.7918798327445984,
-0.3025529980659485,
0.7953746914863586,
0.35931137204170227,
0.5137743353843689,
-0.2724916636943817,
-0.5639052987098694,
0.5505057573318481,
-0.44361329078674316,
-0.3745376169681549,
0.43804931640625,
0.6327311992645264,
0.8188843727111816,
0.6867594122886658,
-0.010637708008289337,
-0.14407822489738464,
-0.2102937400341034,
-0.01804700307548046,
-0.607691764831543
] |
|
8nlzk5 | Why are there so many research stations on the Antartica and what are we actually researching? | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"dzwpkj6",
"dzxkbbp",
"dzxm2t4"
],
"text": [
"You can get a lot of [climate history from ice cores](_URL_1_), and the dynamics of ice sheets are important for estimating future sea level rise in response to warming.\n\nThe waters around Antarctica have unique biology.\n\nThere is [uniquely non-turbulent clear air for astronomical purposes](_URL_0_).\n\nYou can [detect neutrinos with huge blocks of ice](_URL_2_).\n\nAlso helps that it's a big chunk of land which is currently outside of national boundaries, and part of the goal is to stake a claim to part of it if that should ever change.",
"It's the continent least contaminated by human activity and much of it is frozen so there's unique opportunities to discover aspects of planetary,climate, and biological history. Think of how useful Pompeii was for historians since it was like a city frozen in time",
"Antarctica is important in the field of meteoritics.\n\n\nMeteorites fall all over the planet in roughly similar rates, but the flow of ice in some regions of Antarctica acts to concentrate meteorites and push them to the surface.\n\n\nThis is also helped by the fact that the (mostly dark) meteorites often stand out against the white snow.\n\n\nThere are multiple trips each year where planetary scientists will go and 'farm' the meteorites from these areas.\n\nANSMET is one organisation involved in their collection\n\n_URL_3_\n_URL_4_"
],
"score": [
94,
13,
4
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"https://www.nature.com/articles/nature02929",
"http://cdiac.ess-dive.lbl.gov/trends/co2/ice_core_co2.html",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IceCube_Neutrino_Observatory",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ANSMET",
"https://curator.jsc.nasa.gov/antmet/"
]
} | Why are there so many research stations on the Antartica and what are we actually researching?
| [
0.47264549136161804,
-0.5213770270347595,
1.0605292320251465,
0.17072905600070953,
-0.7816740870475769,
-0.7111071944236755,
-0.26011717319488525,
-0.05881733074784279,
0.06762927770614624,
-0.24184972047805786,
0.5994980931282043,
0.1032610833644867,
-0.06612937152385712,
0.6688347458839417,
-0.12350060790777206,
-0.007005474995821714,
-0.5044710636138916,
-0.39854922890663147,
-0.6125509142875671,
-0.6324044466018677,
1.3531438112258911,
-0.1600928008556366,
0.08997823297977448,
0.7267192602157593,
-0.07167977094650269,
-0.3209328353404999,
-0.145205557346344,
0.0935409739613533,
0.3912383019924164,
0.4407324194908142,
-0.20589551329612732,
0.5767056345939636,
-0.4194003641605377,
0.7048667669296265,
-0.17430336773395538,
-0.3454693555831909,
1.0630676746368408,
0.05696753039956093,
0.10597465187311172,
-0.9185568690299988,
-0.2101546972990036,
-0.8311069011688232,
-0.38449200987815857,
0.8318548798561096,
-0.8359269499778748,
-0.44346940517425537,
0.2505660653114319,
0.8232588768005371,
-1.1019030809402466,
-0.18121880292892456,
-0.4842376112937927,
0.48122110962867737,
0.9312885999679565,
0.381521999835968,
-0.2505498230457306,
-0.4341966509819031,
0.03612741827964783,
-0.19331637024879456,
0.746631920337677,
-1.2883780002593994,
0.2974838614463806,
0.26083019375801086,
-0.9618436098098755,
-1.047181487083435,
0.7234920859336853,
-0.0557280033826828,
0.6257535815238953,
0.4324079751968384,
0.15297071635723114,
-1.5228034257888794,
0.2676343321800232,
-0.7871482372283936,
-1.1190221309661865,
-0.3120827078819275,
0.041209153831005096,
-0.38466447591781616,
0.12715281546115875,
0.3281813859939575,
0.48432713747024536,
-0.05619131773710251,
-0.27408289909362793,
0.24108488857746124,
-0.9772994518280029,
0.6809581518173218,
0.14238198101520538,
-0.23972100019454956,
-0.2806285321712494,
-0.05928495526313782,
-0.13312813639640808,
0.5566474199295044,
0.006590749602764845,
-0.5258981585502625,
0.02718919888138771,
-0.2554709017276764,
0.009762687608599663,
-0.14650174975395203,
0.8875219225883484,
-0.79615318775177,
-0.4585462212562561,
1.2070006132125854,
-0.48596468567848206,
-0.3398713171482086,
1.0525941848754883,
0.465839147567749,
-0.0740925520658493,
0.3459165692329407,
0.4670092761516571,
-0.15106599032878876,
-0.20930451154708862,
0.2510892152786255,
-0.243764266371727,
-0.236332967877388,
-0.673913836479187,
0.11777620017528534,
-0.21423427760601044,
-0.7063900828361511,
0.25551432371139526,
-0.627639651298523,
0.08071386814117432,
0.3864801526069641,
-0.23629708588123322,
0.7972795367240906,
0.6692605018615723,
1.252511739730835,
0.013756808824837208,
-0.055154044181108475,
-0.1667931228876114,
0.2904130518436432,
-0.6329948306083679,
-0.6071721315383911,
0.1618688553571701,
0.3246200978755951,
0.3815518319606781,
-0.9300797581672668,
-0.06523708254098892,
0.34386831521987915,
-0.26098981499671936,
0.4187905788421631,
0.05089273303747177,
0.4193333089351654,
0.08524416387081146,
0.5858469605445862,
1.1275869607925415,
-0.35035574436187744,
0.1269552856683731,
-0.7501344084739685,
-0.8287636637687683,
-1.4437593221664429,
0.4483717978000641,
-0.2786460220813751,
-0.2546280026435852,
-0.4896429181098938,
0.030125673860311508,
-1.0855916738510132,
0.5490778088569641,
0.35922855138778687,
0.33988383412361145,
-1.4083833694458008,
0.10406376421451569,
0.4554626941680908,
-0.7252526879310608,
-0.8055298328399658,
0.5243614912033081,
0.6077457070350647,
-0.2529844641685486,
-0.18274834752082825,
-0.45727962255477905,
-0.45649442076683044,
0.2993316054344177,
0.6722499132156372,
-0.7735089063644409,
0.8920031785964966,
1.3338619470596313,
0.24237221479415894,
0.3971099257469177,
0.07234739512205124,
0.3292042315006256,
0.1638549268245697,
-0.4751535952091217,
0.7730981707572937,
-0.046803683042526245,
-0.33585402369499207,
-0.6624120473861694,
0.3671209216117859,
-0.2486990988254547,
0.01904364302754402,
0.17304617166519165,
0.23210066556930542,
0.493893027305603,
0.41325899958610535,
0.5542158484458923,
-0.08678078651428223,
-0.7690697908401489,
0.1474674940109253,
0.8653309941291809,
0.3032447397708893,
0.617041289806366,
0.17895352840423584,
0.16294445097446442,
-0.8104091882705688,
0.4557547867298126,
0.20342744886875153,
0.5516349077224731,
-0.2887158989906311,
-0.1074724793434143,
-0.06477214395999908,
0.04338550940155983,
-0.8945565223693848,
0.46165281534194946,
-0.10947619378566742,
-0.2796388566493988,
0.531736433506012,
-0.8202900886535645,
-0.9568806886672974,
-0.370512455701828,
0.9480018615722656,
-0.058999378234148026,
0.7180817127227783,
0.1902351677417755,
-0.11356449127197266,
1.8452409505844116,
-0.16513894498348236,
0.2633378505706787,
-0.6715915203094482,
-0.06826256960630417,
0.2090093493461609,
0.028913313522934914,
0.6048741340637207,
0.1309153437614441,
-0.3530128598213196,
0.35403603315353394,
0.34394797682762146,
0.332327663898468,
0.10233400017023087,
-0.39710554480552673,
-0.5024451613426208,
-1.308382272720337,
-0.39620909094810486,
0.07741125673055649,
-0.2798895537853241,
-0.24844801425933838,
1.2177931070327759,
0.2729913294315338,
0.033078525215387344,
1.272708535194397,
-0.0013617845252156258,
-0.22378627955913544,
-0.7081035375595093,
-0.3165954053401947,
-0.0805249810218811,
0.1985747218132019,
-0.5702552795410156,
-1.2952611446380615,
-1.5853049755096436,
0.13707926869392395,
-0.5515731573104858,
1.1525484323501587,
-0.12053999304771423,
0.8884560465812683,
0.15554645657539368,
-0.06843134015798569,
-0.8419367671012878,
0.3059958815574646,
0.08548152446746826,
-0.19230638444423676,
-0.5107876062393188,
-0.5828827619552612,
-0.2636491656303406,
0.4357716143131256,
0.22278642654418945,
-0.688115119934082,
0.2071724236011505,
0.41613370180130005,
0.5420483946800232,
-0.12144531309604645,
-0.2974366545677185,
0.09343131631612778,
-1.030580997467041,
0.3639553487300873,
0.7399410009384155,
0.15478071570396423,
-0.9607647657394409,
-0.06188521906733513,
-1.3783655166625977,
-0.8357974290847778,
0.35554832220077515,
0.12724430859088898,
-0.38445326685905457,
0.12633879482746124,
-1.1772176027297974,
0.595582127571106,
0.5663954615592957,
-0.7666885852813721,
1.2864010334014893,
0.6873143315315247,
-0.8425041437149048,
0.21375708281993866,
0.6076570153236389,
-0.6186827421188354,
-0.00806884840130806,
-0.3782372772693634,
0.08355973660945892,
0.12398186326026917,
0.8367425799369812,
-0.31677642464637756,
-0.34507811069488525,
0.575009822845459,
-0.6231161952018738,
-0.08926242589950562,
-0.19040927290916443,
0.27415260672569275,
0.6307684183120728,
-0.2579410672187805,
1.0170142650604248,
0.5340296626091003,
0.38114678859710693,
0.318011611700058,
-0.9940817952156067,
-0.19670546054840088,
-0.2396637201309204,
-1.1080883741378784,
0.79994136095047,
0.29346662759780884,
0.5423036813735962,
-0.1369042843580246,
1.502870798110962,
0.14007681608200073,
0.12012817710638046,
-1.4033008813858032,
0.08602508157491684,
1.1869584321975708,
-0.06592375040054321,
0.39452067017555237,
0.7932326197624207,
-0.3630731701850891,
-0.8980357646942139,
-0.6146002411842346,
0.7750841975212097,
1.0790252685546875,
-1.0873602628707886,
0.20911385118961334,
0.5273458361625671,
-0.016973381862044334,
-0.08245071768760681,
0.6500136256217957,
-0.35128292441368103,
-0.3615409731864929,
0.8790428638458252,
0.1789308786392212,
0.0046921116299927235,
-0.22175507247447968,
0.27403250336647034,
0.9065608978271484,
-0.9949373602867126,
0.19493091106414795,
0.1809924840927124,
-0.6235737800598145,
-0.10227333754301071,
0.2456851303577423,
0.8716869354248047,
0.4968741834163666,
0.28720536828041077,
-0.1309758871793747,
-0.27791792154312134,
-0.24299772083759308,
0.1953393816947937,
0.004274521488696337,
-0.4933781027793884,
0.6273446083068848,
-0.46018174290657043,
0.05439505726099014,
-0.30540260672569275,
-0.09671846032142639,
-0.5341088771820068,
0.047112684696912766,
-0.6956431865692139,
0.5963305234909058,
-0.3148079216480255,
-0.8140073418617249,
0.25275442004203796,
0.2739405930042267,
0.553020179271698,
0.082394540309906,
-0.02439119666814804,
0.13906976580619812,
0.29708731174468994,
-0.2582748830318451,
0.1720183789730072,
-1.0856096744537354,
0.4329434037208557,
-0.1913163959980011,
0.013146922923624516,
-0.39424023032188416,
-1.490125060081482,
-0.7286036014556885,
-0.33191394805908203,
-1.163503885269165,
1.2739717960357666,
0.28886425495147705,
-1.0583891868591309,
-0.4574591815471649,
0.6426564455032349,
-0.03528662025928497,
0.15235298871994019,
0.554373025894165,
0.4522399306297302,
0.3973791003227234,
0.4092474579811096,
1.1665314435958862,
-0.8430449962615967,
-0.1660124659538269,
-0.9370075464248657,
-0.6368364691734314,
-0.29650646448135376,
-0.01735333539545536,
0.10551077127456665,
-0.610223650932312,
-0.6084739565849304,
-0.9892099499702454,
-0.1509179025888443,
0.15794940292835236,
0.3812183141708374,
-0.37509435415267944,
0.4782310724258423,
0.5535316467285156,
-0.01939583010971546,
0.5338731408119202,
0.00009359064279124141,
-0.4285895824432373,
1.0004143714904785,
-0.22303541004657745,
-0.8207489252090454,
-0.6242209672927856,
0.525249719619751,
-0.45061641931533813,
0.12700285017490387,
0.13192565739154816,
-0.07289279997348785,
-0.7704293131828308,
-0.4893912672996521,
-0.6165937185287476,
0.4797912836074829,
0.23378077149391174,
0.9062403440475464,
-0.5804252624511719,
0.5682843327522278,
0.4674808084964752,
0.5488423109054565,
0.48376670479774475,
0.6227736473083496,
0.1925932765007019,
-0.13896313309669495,
0.012764028273522854,
-0.2600109279155731,
-0.331064373254776,
0.7265238761901855,
-0.4240548312664032,
0.7144054174423218,
-0.904829740524292,
-0.06097770854830742,
-0.22287794947624207,
-0.8610628843307495,
0.20375502109527588,
-0.017029013484716415,
0.7204328179359436,
0.40094542503356934,
0.274498850107193,
0.2514251470565796,
0.057234425097703934,
-0.3257882595062256,
-0.19756567478179932,
0.4241306781768799,
0.36760133504867554,
0.2855730652809143,
-0.33603695034980774,
0.08367413282394409,
-0.11178872734308243,
-0.42066073417663574,
-0.8772745728492737,
-0.20368692278862,
0.32226964831352234,
-0.572668731212616,
-0.3579602837562561,
0.5307596921920776,
0.4907742440700531,
0.08028741925954819,
-1.0406534671783447,
0.7487088441848755,
-0.09491891413927078,
0.0019625197164714336,
-0.3460395038127899,
0.04972478747367859,
-0.5319373607635498,
0.6959633231163025,
0.5440070629119873,
0.8373641967773438,
1.206255555152893,
0.8714690208435059,
-0.4440401494503021,
0.038183048367500305,
0.13184301555156708,
-0.3389929533004761,
-0.9436480402946472,
0.16777168214321136,
0.5467075109481812,
-0.9149217009544373,
-0.13792723417282104,
-0.019216813147068024,
-0.3839563727378845,
-0.15843817591667175,
-0.07854568213224411,
0.18654747307300568,
0.2219063937664032,
-0.2592901885509491,
0.072031170129776,
-0.028223559260368347,
0.25763267278671265,
0.07809160649776459,
-0.7770447731018066,
1.1421233415603638,
-0.5978501439094543,
0.5082141160964966,
1.158840298652649,
0.5962338447570801,
0.31789302825927734,
0.3711735010147095,
-0.47746071219444275,
-0.2069874107837677,
-0.1346326321363449,
-0.08972048759460449,
0.40806689858436584,
-0.4262814223766327,
-0.603695273399353,
0.5814148783683777,
-0.14983926713466644,
-0.1353466808795929,
0.21167504787445068,
-0.7769511938095093,
0.5959325432777405,
0.2036265879869461,
-0.1548096090555191,
-0.5923452973365784,
0.33074015378952026,
0.4146065413951874,
0.29877445101737976,
0.2766384482383728,
0.0973748043179512,
0.7830888628959656,
-0.9963297247886658,
0.494366317987442,
-0.6857048869132996,
-0.392855703830719,
0.936818540096283,
1.047639012336731,
0.16323652863502502,
-0.72650146484375,
0.3872784972190857,
-2.279844284057617,
0.292385995388031,
0.7222388982772827,
-0.8390955328941345,
-0.12261199951171875,
-0.07394599169492722,
0.4301187992095947,
0.251390278339386,
-0.1348874419927597,
-0.27212193608283997,
-0.21631596982479095,
-0.4029393494129181,
0.20577123761177063,
0.06037881225347519,
-0.14478345215320587,
-0.17854568362236023,
-0.35710030794143677,
-0.0962882936000824,
0.1809123158454895,
-0.28020429611206055,
-0.2737302780151367,
0.49874937534332275,
0.4036851227283478,
0.6813767552375793,
-0.09210406988859177,
0.8219812512397766,
0.8369126319885254,
-0.462902694940567,
0.10145711898803711,
0.5804226398468018,
-1.020639181137085,
-0.2339695543050766,
0.6924471259117126,
-0.23040449619293213,
-1.293729305267334,
-0.4134882092475891,
0.3437991738319397,
-0.7137098908424377,
-0.20370833575725555,
0.9875351190567017,
0.9321561455726624,
-0.45546239614486694,
-0.4736047089099884,
0.18352550268173218,
-0.8135749101638794,
0.18443544209003448,
0.4902108609676361,
0.9385676383972168,
-0.5423716306686401,
0.3214471936225891,
-0.20829422771930695,
-0.5637122392654419,
0.8728007078170776,
0.10115265846252441,
-0.5748459696769714,
1.1270387172698975,
-0.09973941743373871,
0.18317067623138428,
0.8567543029785156,
-0.30002132058143616,
-1.1374788284301758,
0.23383435606956482,
0.0432245209813118,
0.22942443192005157,
0.0711544007062912,
-1.1242116689682007,
-0.5225642919540405,
0.6461023688316345,
-0.24213722348213196,
-0.08196008205413818,
-0.6675809025764465,
-0.007037236355245113,
0.4444282650947571,
-0.31494590640068054,
-0.07058445364236832,
0.0318562313914299,
-0.2606852948665619,
-0.289985716342926,
-0.17920570075511932,
-0.8371150493621826,
-0.23132002353668213,
-0.3978225290775299,
-0.9842252135276794,
-0.8169770240783691,
0.28153038024902344,
-0.04115501046180725,
-0.215449720621109,
0.2519747316837311,
-0.18339666724205017,
0.2977311313152313,
0.7660669684410095,
-0.570465087890625,
1.0836818218231201,
-0.2847520411014557,
0.12191125005483627,
-0.7058391571044922,
0.055276915431022644,
-0.19648544490337372,
-1.0239994525909424,
0.17619457840919495,
0.4774056077003479,
0.35876089334487915,
0.8194764256477356,
-2.0060253143310547,
0.6675177216529846,
0.002270237309858203,
-0.7191383838653564,
0.6363223195075989,
-0.21152015030384064,
0.8258524537086487,
0.43281036615371704,
-0.1321084201335907,
-0.12381807714700699,
1.045573115348816,
0.004831376019865274,
-0.012341393157839775,
0.5813303589820862,
0.5536651015281677,
0.4780890643596649,
-0.2507826089859009,
-0.23617956042289734,
-0.18140503764152527,
0.15950194001197815,
-0.05132482200860977,
0.3477023243904114,
-0.5612404346466064,
0.025630902498960495,
-0.6426728367805481,
-0.24195149540901184,
-0.8574730753898621,
0.5386981964111328,
-0.1449631303548813,
-0.6553689241409302,
0.1272749900817871,
-0.23602263629436493,
-0.1746675670146942,
-0.3450644314289093,
-0.3518586754798889,
-0.3919834494590759,
-0.7837822437286377,
-0.06104951724410057,
-1.1995128393173218,
0.1584191471338272,
-0.14990833401679993,
-0.19386908411979675,
-0.7978449463844299,
-0.568924069404602,
-0.3297888934612274,
0.569176971912384,
0.05291801318526268,
0.2344319075345993,
-0.06089707091450691,
-1.7133080959320068,
0.596368670463562,
-1.1893084049224854,
0.13699519634246826,
-0.10000008344650269,
0.04652179405093193,
0.12093222886323929,
0.10999304801225662,
0.4048102796077728,
-0.4038342833518982,
0.0007656415109522641,
-0.5783790349960327,
-0.5844539403915405,
-0.3858768045902252,
-0.9086081981658936,
0.1510208696126938,
0.794662356376648,
0.9049744606018066,
0.17462636530399323,
-0.020408794283866882,
-0.2023615539073944,
-0.7030377984046936,
0.09431680291891098,
-0.20215971767902374,
0.4258022904396057,
0.28436514735221863,
0.08804674446582794,
-0.15480419993400574,
0.09139623492956161,
0.007657075300812721,
0.25463929772377014,
-0.4612368643283844,
-0.6330621838569641,
-1.0683549642562866,
-0.13997554779052734,
0.3898334503173828,
-0.27673617005348206,
-0.3912762999534607,
-0.11731132864952087,
-0.1560124009847641,
0.7968548536300659,
0.24248798191547394,
0.09057091921567917,
0.6853153109550476,
-0.1602514386177063,
-0.610693097114563,
-0.17467501759529114,
-0.11041975021362305,
0.023938428610563278,
-0.6564745306968689,
-0.04237598925828934,
0.4585757553577423,
-0.49513939023017883,
-0.4821135997772217,
0.5905512571334839,
0.22933660447597504,
-0.4385809302330017,
0.1811652034521103,
-0.5910323858261108
] |
||
4ahmkw | What did the Wow! Signal actually contain? | I'm having trouble understanding this, and what I've read hasn't been very enlightening. If we actually intercepted some sort of signal, what was that signal? Was it a message? How can we call something a signal without having idea of what the signal was?
Secondly, what are the actual opinions of the Wow! Signal? Popular culture aside, is the signal actually considered to be nonhuman, or is it regarded by the scientific community to most likely be man made? Thanks! | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"d10g4en",
"d10k4pj",
"d10kakz",
"d10l19b",
"d10q5vk",
"d10ljbc"
],
"text": [
"The Wow! signal didn't actually contain any information. It was simply a narrow-band radio source that varied in intensity over roughly 72 seconds. There are a few reasons why it's of interest:\n\n1. The frequency of the signal occurred almost exactly at what's known as the hydrogen line, which is the resonant frequency of hydrogen. Most SETI researchers agree that this is exactly the frequency an extraterrestrial intelligence might use to transmit information because of it's mathematical importance and because it is able to travel well across space without getting blocked by gas and dust clouds\n\n2. Its peak intensity was roughly 30x greater than the normal background noise.\n\n3. It could not be attributed to any terrestrial source.\n\nOn the other hand, there are number of reasons why it's not a smoking gun or definitive proof:\n\n1. Despite exhaustive search with better telescopes, the signal could not be found again.\n\n2. It came from a region of space with few stars, which brings into question whether or not it could be from an alien civilization.\n\nIn short, there are more questions than answers. While it seems unlikely to have come from earth, that possibility can't be ruled out, nor can the possibility that it may have home from an as-yet unknown astronomical phenomenon. There's simply not enough data to draw a conclusion with any certainty.",
"I'm a radio astronomer who specializes in transient signals, which is a fancy way of saying I've spent a bit of time looking into what we'd do if something like the Wow! signal happens again (among other things). So while you got a good summary of details of the signal, here are my own professional opinions on it, though I should note other astronomers may tell you otherwise.\n\nFirst, the biggest thing we should note about the Wow! signal is scientifically it's really fun to think about, but in science it is impossible to say much about the signal or what it was unless we see it or a similar signal again. This happens a decent more with natural sources than you'd think- for example, I am on a recent paper with a collaborator where we found a transient radio signal where that signal was \"on\" for 4 minutes of an 11 minute data stretch, then disappeared and wasn't seen again. No idea what it was, but we are fairly confident it was real over some random issue with the data or similar (as that was by far most of the analysis that we went into), but until you see it again or something similar from another part of the sky there's not much you can say for sure beyond \"we saw this strange thing.\"\n\nI should also note that in my experience in this field, by far the most common thing you find are not real astronomical signals but radio frequency interference (RFI) from manmade sources. Some of this stuff can be super subtle- I was for example detecting one second radio flashes in a recent data set that looked transient, but if you looked at the frequency information more carefully it turns out it was really narrow in frequency (astronomical sources tend to be broadband, ie over many frequencies). Turns out when meteors hit the upper atmosphere they briefly leave behind an ionized trail of material, and the audio carrier signal for TV stations in France was bouncing off those trails, and my radio telescope was picking them up. Holy hell- RFI is annoying!!!\n\nSo with that, I find it much more likely than not that this was a strange bit of RFI, but it's impossible to say so without seeing the signal again (yea, I keep saying that, but it's true). I read an analysis once that basically while it can be difficult to explain a constant 72 second source in the sky as RFI (which I agree with), a satellite in polar orbit would send out a signal similar to the Wow! signal, for example. No way to say it wasn't that, or some other RFI, or actually something from deep space. Finally, I should note that it was not an RFI source local to the radio telescope itself, ie within a few miles- we can tell because it had two feed horns (ie detectors) and only one saw the signal, but manmade local RFI would have appeared in both.\n\nTL;DR- in this astronomer's opinion, the Wow! signal is fun to think about, but until we get more information it's impossible to know for sure what it was",
"One possibility that came out recently is [this](_URL_0_), which was first published in New Scientist (I think). The gist is that one astronomer believes the signal may have come from a comet tail, which had dissipated by the time the receivers returned to the part of the sky where the signal was first detected. Comet tails include hydrogen gas. Others think this is unlikely because the comet signal should have been discovered earlier, but we'll get a chance to test the theory in 2017 when the most likely comets pass nearby, and we can point some radio telescopes at them to see if we find a similar signal as in 1977.",
"You have already gotten some great answers so just to add to your information the Stuff You Should Know podcast did an episode about the wow signal. They go off on tangents a lot which I find annoying but if you can get through that it is a really good podcast (always top ten on iTunes):\n\n_URL_1_",
"Wikipedia has a [good picture](_URL_2_) that shows exactly what was detected. It was just a spike in the radio wave intensity.",
"I have always liked this pod cast. His info is well thought out and researched. Here's a link to his wow signal podcast.\n\n_URL_3_"
],
"score": [
1742,
198,
45,
9,
6,
2
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn28747-famous-wow-signal-might-have-been-from-comets-not-aliens/",
"http://www.stuffyoushouldknow.com/podcasts/how-the-wow-signal-works/",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wow!_signal#/media/File:Wow_signal_profile.svg",
"https://skeptoid.com/mobile/4342"
]
} | What did the Wow! Signal actually contain?
I'm having trouble understanding this, and what I've read hasn't been very enlightening. If we actually intercepted some sort of signal, what was that signal? Was it a message? How can we call something a signal without having idea of what the signal was? Secondly, what are the actual opinions of the Wow! Signal? Popular culture aside, is the signal actually considered to be nonhuman, or is it regarded by the scientific community to most likely be man made? Thanks! | [
-0.12029004842042923,
-0.5406099557876587,
0.36658963561058044,
0.48855820298194885,
-0.9103050231933594,
-0.3141883909702301,
0.5468791127204895,
-0.6423513889312744,
0.42985692620277405,
1.067021131515503,
0.352525532245636,
0.15618301928043365,
-0.4117649793624878,
0.3255966901779175,
-0.43077749013900757,
-0.15262779593467712,
0.9112880229949951,
0.14827308058738708,
-1.1268244981765747,
-0.49517735838890076,
-0.15262630581855774,
-0.1915314793586731,
-0.12748467922210693,
0.6993531584739685,
-0.1521865427494049,
0.13606509566307068,
0.506340742111206,
-0.46664077043533325,
0.7679926156997681,
0.06927971541881561,
0.7544631958007812,
0.6371614933013916,
-0.7873833775520325,
-0.5040960907936096,
-0.17223457992076874,
-0.04460279271006584,
0.6864868402481079,
-0.1810026615858078,
1.0616706609725952,
-0.7008575201034546,
0.5441182255744934,
-0.36425912380218506,
0.11251736432313919,
0.7158656716346741,
-0.6080452799797058,
-0.3385063707828522,
0.45966655015945435,
0.8279947638511658,
-1.3499213457107544,
0.06068999692797661,
-0.050629500299692154,
0.019239403307437897,
0.21764978766441345,
0.39661386609077454,
0.1354438066482544,
-0.23022492229938507,
0.06445489078760147,
-0.5170395374298096,
0.9506131410598755,
0.5257615447044373,
0.694273829460144,
-0.22084054350852966,
-0.7047200202941895,
-1.3566055297851562,
0.005582605022937059,
0.038224685937166214,
-0.5208621025085449,
0.3513375222682953,
-0.21008101105690002,
-0.4438019096851349,
1.0700395107269287,
-0.3512899875640869,
-0.6877442002296448,
-0.397957444190979,
0.6122055649757385,
-0.9163171648979187,
0.8363711833953857,
0.8452182412147522,
-0.5251420140266418,
-0.24127396941184998,
-0.3611498177051544,
-0.44403785467147827,
-0.6013423800468445,
0.263034462928772,
-0.38506457209587097,
0.3105566203594208,
-0.042972493916749954,
-0.14909282326698303,
-0.31978195905685425,
0.9810394644737244,
-0.1392219364643097,
0.049194980412721634,
0.3007280230522156,
0.20698517560958862,
-0.10680203139781952,
-0.0849737823009491,
0.2138863056898117,
-0.5082105398178101,
0.005039683543145657,
0.22857412695884705,
-0.3204194903373718,
0.4710635244846344,
1.1767735481262207,
0.8973913192749023,
0.26075395941734314,
-0.32752007246017456,
1.028536081314087,
-0.13002173602581024,
-0.2665637731552124,
0.5050365328788757,
-0.34624454379081726,
0.6949235796928406,
0.1297130286693573,
0.05363303795456886,
-0.15162427723407745,
-1.0744280815124512,
0.4942384958267212,
-1.0085922479629517,
0.6205631494522095,
0.6174827814102173,
-0.3768123686313629,
0.4859221577644348,
0.4331873655319214,
0.08609883487224579,
0.3176918029785156,
0.5307376384735107,
-0.15651381015777588,
0.5140990614891052,
0.04998122155666351,
-0.36759257316589355,
0.3988685607910156,
0.2406027764081955,
0.4501773715019226,
-0.35295426845550537,
-0.2522028684616089,
0.6922181248664856,
-0.3794800043106079,
0.27350422739982605,
-0.36563950777053833,
0.13178138434886932,
-0.6393738985061646,
0.2893964946269989,
0.7374210953712463,
-0.02168300934135914,
0.4925278127193451,
-0.10746313631534576,
-0.9822784066200256,
0.2832848131656647,
0.33425256609916687,
-0.48573100566864014,
-0.7752561569213867,
-0.2501225173473358,
0.5679178833961487,
-0.54688560962677,
0.2918330430984497,
-0.20798581838607788,
0.7000554203987122,
-0.5952334403991699,
-0.22109930217266083,
0.43406614661216736,
-0.28858011960983276,
-0.8978049159049988,
-0.10397038608789444,
-0.1255773901939392,
0.3933008015155792,
-0.3764887750148773,
-0.45178642868995667,
0.08799925446510315,
-0.31663617491722107,
0.41783663630485535,
-0.19040906429290771,
-0.4592875838279724,
1.4342743158340454,
0.2687479257583618,
0.5980117917060852,
-0.4000089466571808,
-0.7403264045715332,
-0.015753207728266716,
-0.1364205777645111,
0.18382969498634338,
-0.42170313000679016,
-0.45558586716651917,
0.3091759979724884,
0.4083734154701233,
-0.8820070624351501,
0.6489943861961365,
-0.7076977491378784,
-0.5197051763534546,
0.3041328489780426,
0.19822777807712555,
0.31730732321739197,
-0.12948742508888245,
-0.8013025522232056,
-0.08834759145975113,
0.6298643946647644,
0.2620278000831604,
0.8361626267433167,
0.09713752567768097,
0.5455448627471924,
-0.0423896424472332,
0.06554213911294937,
-1.1634615659713745,
-0.3791307210922241,
0.3509437143802643,
-0.12029872089624405,
0.07895996421575546,
0.4261912405490875,
0.18234911561012268,
0.5171697735786438,
-0.3497683107852936,
0.8056895136833191,
0.9437087178230286,
-0.784339427947998,
-0.6612917184829712,
-0.49779051542282104,
0.3801664710044861,
0.21444594860076904,
0.1621675044298172,
-0.059736430644989014,
-0.13294249773025513,
0.3407699167728424,
-0.6571894288063049,
0.047332365065813065,
0.7265621423721313,
0.3454105854034424,
0.3292471468448639,
-0.024650217965245247,
0.33303412795066833,
-0.30013078451156616,
-0.028612881898880005,
-0.40477254986763,
-0.4959201216697693,
0.15727686882019043,
0.06495057046413422,
-0.513950526714325,
-1.162166953086853,
-0.833620548248291,
-0.9202319383621216,
0.6219514608383179,
-0.7318458557128906,
-0.5380442142486572,
1.0770400762557983,
0.17548465728759766,
0.6519767642021179,
0.31775930523872375,
0.38140830397605896,
-0.022905949503183365,
-0.81305330991745,
-0.19788604974746704,
0.23676452040672302,
-0.7365671396255493,
-0.7856961488723755,
-0.8050346970558167,
-1.0984439849853516,
1.2508552074432373,
-0.9159114956855774,
0.2787539064884186,
0.2368021011352539,
0.19192981719970703,
-0.19853033125400543,
0.13213884830474854,
-0.46042224764823914,
0.6576216220855713,
0.2609940767288208,
-1.1888253688812256,
-0.2689177393913269,
-0.19123972952365875,
0.0708075761795044,
0.20495831966400146,
0.746291995048523,
-0.06145268306136131,
0.15806880593299866,
0.008309179916977882,
0.5934098362922668,
-0.12628048658370972,
-0.5781323909759521,
-0.17033296823501587,
-0.6892658472061157,
0.5116994380950928,
0.16821855306625366,
-0.018173987045884132,
0.19040504097938538,
-0.8153924942016602,
-1.1526285409927368,
-0.32817551493644714,
-0.1439516693353653,
0.3708343505859375,
-0.4860188663005829,
-0.09608018398284912,
-1.0268735885620117,
0.17063607275485992,
0.3100659251213074,
-0.34909138083457947,
0.9406335353851318,
-0.07294124364852905,
0.10009001940488815,
0.25999411940574646,
0.15311545133590698,
-0.04259221628308296,
-0.028920821845531464,
-0.00704724807292223,
-0.4442504644393921,
0.212820366024971,
0.5737057328224182,
-0.7184756994247437,
0.4870741367340088,
0.537700891494751,
-1.1808385848999023,
-0.17076711356639862,
0.32683974504470825,
0.5960149765014648,
0.09588102996349335,
-0.17387886345386505,
0.837103545665741,
-0.09952200204133987,
0.11633001267910004,
0.8094372749328613,
-0.18269115686416626,
-0.7452841401100159,
-0.578142523765564,
-0.5835302472114563,
0.5787741541862488,
0.8913546204566956,
-0.1271750032901764,
-0.748748242855072,
0.7006063461303711,
-0.5846235752105713,
0.32285287976264954,
-0.7831372022628784,
0.151852086186409,
1.0666106939315796,
-0.5589812397956848,
0.11961104720830917,
1.1262861490249634,
-0.1250990480184555,
-0.344795286655426,
-0.14868643879890442,
0.8102145195007324,
-0.15088734030723572,
-0.15855145454406738,
0.6408685445785522,
0.7436233758926392,
-0.5508686900138855,
-0.0015989897074177861,
-0.5172553062438965,
-0.05867794528603554,
-1.3837404251098633,
0.5636591911315918,
0.13245293498039246,
0.28928130865097046,
-0.33008113503456116,
0.3515591323375702,
0.7039675712585449,
-0.5600259304046631,
0.09414442628622055,
0.8191356062889099,
-0.6256049871444702,
-0.7367745041847229,
0.4784594476222992,
0.18534104526042938,
0.12959039211273193,
0.5070564150810242,
0.5747056007385254,
0.18571215867996216,
0.4650883376598358,
0.00418081833049655,
-1.068503737449646,
-0.49119165539741516,
-0.1030813530087471,
0.406175822019577,
0.19035762548446655,
0.583218514919281,
-0.0914069339632988,
-0.17968907952308655,
0.702649712562561,
-0.010716522112488747,
1.374018907546997,
0.22265677154064178,
-0.8965768814086914,
0.13502177596092224,
0.25964683294296265,
0.34228071570396423,
-0.10632052272558212,
-0.6204352378845215,
-0.7505561709403992,
-0.5377828478813171,
-0.32972434163093567,
0.08004698902368546,
-0.5669591426849365,
0.06905373930931091,
-0.33093544840812683,
0.30930566787719727,
-0.08379390090703964,
-0.5363932251930237,
-0.7167156934738159,
-0.492858350276947,
-0.8049629330635071,
0.26334959268569946,
0.6195064187049866,
-0.21178267896175385,
-0.10257790982723236,
1.0489906072616577,
-0.08689076453447342,
1.1420172452926636,
0.9173356890678406,
-0.025097597390413284,
0.6616727709770203,
1.0856192111968994,
0.912977397441864,
-1.0753329992294312,
-0.08444193750619888,
-1.1768593788146973,
-0.8350374698638916,
-0.2636662721633911,
-0.04530603438615799,
-0.7791620492935181,
-0.5567410588264465,
-0.8861793279647827,
-0.27343809604644775,
-0.6540876626968384,
0.18890802562236786,
0.14618687331676483,
-0.0024865081068128347,
0.6023893356323242,
0.4432753920555115,
-0.5087564587593079,
-0.0026395737659186125,
-0.5134321451187134,
0.14816009998321533,
0.6255236864089966,
-0.33974188566207886,
-0.8929142951965332,
-0.9589055180549622,
0.4109902083873749,
-1.5826712846755981,
0.05498582497239113,
0.7970700860023499,
-0.045524150133132935,
0.036590106785297394,
-0.15497589111328125,
-0.9625964760780334,
0.7671766877174377,
-0.3714641034603119,
0.6289682388305664,
0.2465289980173111,
-0.5157778859138489,
0.5582881569862366,
0.43986234068870544,
-0.28961339592933655,
-0.757493793964386,
0.18963825702667236,
-0.47263118624687195,
-0.5153740048408508,
-0.22245238721370697,
0.6885145306587219,
0.4822874367237091,
-0.7673701643943787,
0.6727073788642883,
-0.08328285813331604,
0.0970456674695015,
-0.08445414155721664,
-0.10935849696397781,
-0.02076638862490654,
0.4552055597305298,
0.800102174282074,
0.6475550532341003,
-0.07931786775588989,
0.0522608608007431,
0.13946643471717834,
-0.4454338550567627,
-0.6253585815429688,
-0.48018068075180054,
0.9716660976409912,
0.4677671492099762,
-0.5860106348991394,
-0.5478188991546631,
0.1526053100824356,
-0.5644990801811218,
-0.09050791710615158,
-0.8790768980979919,
0.23865368962287903,
-0.5639870762825012,
0.0006945962086319923,
0.3632355034351349,
0.5447982549667358,
-0.08631576597690582,
-0.9740896821022034,
-0.11545474827289581,
-0.41567492485046387,
0.23866994678974152,
-0.48466235399246216,
0.22641921043395996,
0.5484391450881958,
-0.30058151483535767,
1.0114821195602417,
0.15913887321949005,
-0.2308264821767807,
1.0041794776916504,
-0.22328822314739227,
-0.15899230539798737,
0.06769277900457382,
0.05134258419275284,
-0.33626416325569153,
0.10189808160066605,
-0.44319948554039,
-0.5005307793617249,
-0.39811110496520996,
0.41203582286834717,
0.45904541015625,
0.6520047783851624,
0.05467929318547249,
-0.26735225319862366,
0.3973937928676605,
-0.7006255984306335,
0.21044671535491943,
-0.359772264957428,
0.0651969388127327,
-0.04297909513115883,
-1.230893850326538,
0.6397948265075684,
-0.13140372931957245,
0.07510832697153091,
1.0369844436645508,
0.12991882860660553,
-0.06748906522989273,
0.3808249533176422,
-1.1202776432037354,
-0.6570636630058289,
0.1665818691253662,
-0.10763754695653915,
0.3525005578994751,
-0.05531841889023781,
-0.6237545609474182,
0.4431396424770355,
-0.19072440266609192,
0.6541875600814819,
0.3379690647125244,
-0.4548753499984741,
0.6074863076210022,
-0.2388804703950882,
0.5139107704162598,
0.1050054058432579,
0.5569664239883423,
0.33893415331840515,
0.012650890275835991,
0.5514230728149414,
0.663199782371521,
-0.19520999491214752,
-0.42056959867477417,
0.6108892560005188,
-0.4313191771507263,
-0.3025400936603546,
-0.15855953097343445,
0.42247363924980164,
1.0035361051559448,
0.1905238777399063,
-0.38746747374534607,
-1.3040335178375244,
0.39163970947265625,
0.2167639583349228,
-0.544420063495636,
0.2532934844493866,
0.26475435495376587,
-1.1478163003921509,
0.09238746017217636,
-0.2745317220687866,
-1.0244649648666382,
-0.013025052845478058,
0.17236903309822083,
-0.0020062432158738375,
-0.38602882623672485,
0.6747190952301025,
-0.4391566514968872,
-0.7865285277366638,
-0.32542356848716736,
0.25699663162231445,
-0.7831958532333374,
0.4095848798751831,
0.20040163397789001,
-0.5134122967720032,
-0.16487349569797516,
0.4295452833175659,
-0.26649826765060425,
0.3488692343235016,
0.4255123436450958,
0.3053358197212219,
-0.23729155957698822,
-0.6984692215919495,
0.09884441643953323,
-0.20735237002372742,
-0.3244358003139496,
-0.7434113025665283,
-0.6966858506202698,
-0.22395403683185577,
0.3783150911331177,
-0.43429404497146606,
-0.18651913106441498,
0.15631720423698425,
0.20197945833206177,
-0.6716379523277283,
0.1333736926317215,
-0.6791459321975708,
0.38374295830726624,
-0.5640134215354919,
0.12800739705562592,
0.42622727155685425,
0.6872599124908447,
-0.9219633340835571,
-0.05282583460211754,
-0.7742307782173157,
0.6353241205215454,
-0.19416369497776031,
0.5926056504249573,
-0.15892477333545685,
-0.40198472142219543,
-0.14636340737342834,
-0.40855926275253296,
-0.5721626877784729,
0.2725762724876404,
0.45129087567329407,
0.579177975654602,
-0.37929949164390564,
-0.8313712477684021,
-0.24565818905830383,
0.6483207941055298,
-0.028895985335111618,
0.16536350548267365,
1.1739897727966309,
0.8833343386650085,
-0.30651500821113586,
-0.2274509221315384,
-0.40739500522613525,
0.40021124482154846,
-0.15395000576972961,
-0.5145660042762756,
-0.5946775078773499,
-0.7429363131523132,
0.07753094285726547,
0.26010262966156006,
-1.1905608177185059,
0.05477696284651756,
0.22994086146354675,
0.035658128559589386,
0.3798496723175049,
0.29085591435432434,
-0.6196079850196838,
-0.5538440942764282,
0.5344930291175842,
-0.6049832701683044,
1.4477134943008423,
-0.32092002034187317,
0.6679272055625916,
0.08628901094198227,
0.3011856973171234,
0.5012533664703369,
0.3598233461380005,
0.07195404171943665,
-0.44436636567115784,
0.14482493698596954,
0.4243166744709015,
-1.4411578178405762,
0.2664150893688202,
-0.6114795804023743,
-0.7054868936538696,
0.6006406545639038,
-0.07393980771303177,
-0.2568833529949188,
0.24510014057159424,
0.0225636325776577,
-0.6120734214782715,
0.5487360954284668,
0.27981385588645935,
0.12239673733711243,
0.19316846132278442,
0.6731231212615967,
0.07537805289030075,
0.32910454273223877,
-0.07680836319923401,
-0.05275190621614456,
0.14666497707366943,
-0.11941501498222351,
0.6157702803611755,
-0.5486909747123718,
0.41114404797554016,
0.0690884068608284,
0.0226683858782053,
-0.3846321702003479,
0.739246129989624,
0.1624191403388977,
-0.6929367184638977,
0.20663359761238098,
-0.7509143352508545,
-0.4099752604961395,
0.053416263312101364,
-0.6018498539924622,
0.9433220028877258,
-0.8892019391059875,
-0.47248977422714233,
-1.6428301334381104,
0.022805454209446907,
-0.11147929728031158,
-0.12655365467071533,
-0.9260806441307068,
-0.01916203647851944,
0.029870441183447838,
-0.07904286682605743,
-0.014740328304469585,
0.07367932051420212,
-0.23826342821121216,
-0.05569615587592125,
0.9837878942489624,
-0.294732928276062,
-1.0815598964691162,
0.16822846233844757,
0.07803622633218765,
1.1867774724960327,
-0.4914926290512085,
-0.09138406068086624,
-0.04040144756436348,
0.20744532346725464,
-0.9695608615875244,
-0.4476124346256256,
-0.38902485370635986,
-0.7494909167289734,
-0.6230522990226746,
0.25941798090934753,
-0.07059308141469955,
-0.3760733902454376,
-0.7466147541999817,
-0.16479787230491638,
-0.8221244215965271,
-0.4776957929134369,
0.2983364760875702,
0.34997841715812683,
0.9435309767723083,
0.21391089260578156,
-0.18250809609889984,
0.4612983167171478,
0.5055445432662964,
-0.3095058500766754,
-0.2751682698726654,
-0.3845648467540741,
-0.22355397045612335,
-1.7842302322387695,
0.9801391363143921,
-0.2747245728969574,
-0.16890008747577667,
0.05783781409263611,
-0.07763659954071045,
0.3155978322029114,
0.9174657464027405,
0.5898692011833191,
0.20231369137763977,
-0.1944698989391327,
-0.2018461376428604,
-0.18407969176769257,
-0.33302077651023865,
-0.3648284077644348,
-1.4403347969055176,
0.14356280863285065,
0.4876372814178467,
0.629105806350708,
0.17802318930625916,
0.8540771007537842,
0.06524842232465744,
0.12224709242582321,
0.14696858823299408,
-0.18505261838436127
] |
|
2crycl | Is it possible to predict the global structure of a fractal only from observing a part of it? | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"cjij83g",
"cjiiiaj",
"cjilrnu"
],
"text": [
"The answer to your question is sometimes. There are a number of ways to generate fractals. Assuming you could deduce the set of rules used to generate the fractal you may or may not be able to predict the full structure. In the case where the rules are deterministic as long as you have access to enough information you will be able to deduce the full structure. If the rules are stochastic you will only be able to generate possible structures as the rules rely on probabilities and not deterministic outcomes.",
"Fractal refers to a lot of different things with wildly different structures and mathematics.\n\nTo a human, you could easily predict all parts of the Sierpinski Triangle just by eye-balling it:\n\n_URL_0_\n\nIt is self-similar and every bit will look the same.\n\nBut that's probably not what you meant. You're probably referring to a Mandelbrot Set and related fractals:\n\n_URL_1_\n\nMy problem with your question is I that I either don't know what you mean by \"predict\" or I don't think \"predict\" applies here.\n\nWhile the different shapes may seem surprising to a human eye when you zoom in, there's not much for a computer to predict: you can calculate points in any region of the fractal without knowledge of other points. If you know the equation, then there's no \"prediction\". All parts of the fractal are known.\n\nBut a computer will not be able to tell you the exact parameters used for the fractal if you only give the computer a set of points (a rendered image) without very clumsy image recognition (likely worse than a human). Computers don't go from image to knowledge very well (if at all).",
"Consider two functions f(x,y) and g(x,y) that return a 1 or a 0 if (x,y) is in the fractal, much like the definition of the Mandelbrot set. Say f(0,y) = g(0,y), but f(x,y) != g(x,y) for x != 0 (that is functionwise, not pointwise).\n\nThen taking a function h(x,y) = f(x,y) if x > = 0 else g(x,y), h(x,y) should describe a fractal. Studying the region x > 0 of x will tell you nothing about the region x < 0.\n\nBy requiring only a single line of compatibility between them, you can stitch any number of fractals together by translation and scaling, so in general, I don't think there would be a decent method of extrapolating fractals. But there may be methods that do work on some."
],
"score": [
34,
16,
3
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierpinski_triangle",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandelbrot_set"
]
} | Is it possible to predict the global structure of a fractal only from observing a part of it?
| [
-0.5314761400222778,
-0.3076941967010498,
0.7577398419380188,
0.3475854694843292,
0.1032453179359436,
-0.6828542947769165,
0.3746562600135803,
-0.024696899577975273,
0.30731797218322754,
0.01847229152917862,
0.8856921792030334,
0.3098216950893402,
-0.8658850193023682,
-0.12789520621299744,
0.19349198043346405,
-0.595197856426239,
0.5368323922157288,
0.4993111491203308,
-1.0280439853668213,
-1.1087170839309692,
0.20792919397354126,
-0.16351830959320068,
0.08098920434713364,
0.3946509063243866,
-0.25375333428382874,
0.05398831143975258,
0.5191423296928406,
0.16900889575481415,
0.9358585476875305,
0.26217517256736755,
0.4144342541694641,
0.30675792694091797,
-0.27208203077316284,
0.056100595742464066,
0.03148247301578522,
-0.33981379866600037,
1.0780670642852783,
-0.4285714626312256,
0.8958010673522949,
-0.9720681309700012,
0.39579543471336365,
-0.44203680753707886,
0.07706723362207413,
0.7956642508506775,
-0.05978258326649666,
0.12458539754152298,
0.15943452715873718,
0.6955211758613586,
-1.080949068069458,
-0.6933508515357971,
0.1760372519493103,
-0.6539278626441956,
1.7486296892166138,
-0.46596774458885193,
-0.10123325139284134,
-0.737003743648529,
-0.011784064583480358,
0.07253751903772354,
0.5418911576271057,
0.7833315134048462,
0.6219996213912964,
0.6765079498291016,
-0.07391661405563354,
-0.9496753811836243,
0.043218549340963364,
0.09263113141059875,
0.7337417602539062,
0.18990448117256165,
0.2500520944595337,
-1.3319827318191528,
0.2149197906255722,
-0.37214788794517517,
-1.6168508529663086,
-0.24332869052886963,
-0.15985755622386932,
-0.2806805670261383,
0.20043964684009552,
0.3328976035118103,
0.6400231122970581,
0.22745157778263092,
0.14919179677963257,
-0.45153892040252686,
-0.36813536286354065,
-0.7074716091156006,
-0.3066987693309784,
-0.8571730852127075,
0.08426696062088013,
-0.7280771136283875,
0.048285339027643204,
2.1771602630615234,
-0.27127888798713684,
-0.48021093010902405,
-0.1584964543581009,
-0.3650553226470947,
0.03442841023206711,
-1.2957220077514648,
0.07876969128847122,
-0.1583038717508316,
-0.5304431319236755,
0.4747331738471985,
-0.16698729991912842,
-0.6586180925369263,
0.1881037950515747,
0.3951931893825531,
0.3640313744544983,
0.13882474601268768,
0.4251609444618225,
-0.045456413179636,
0.7404759526252747,
0.27189311385154724,
-0.6410075426101685,
-0.7353837490081787,
0.16876569390296936,
-0.17825554311275482,
0.6509678363800049,
-1.2543232440948486,
-0.5393190979957581,
-0.5953547358512878,
1.167011022567749,
-0.18323226273059845,
-0.3572371006011963,
0.9089088439941406,
0.7271861433982849,
-0.11171956360340118,
0.43068447709083557,
0.2960701286792755,
0.19063721597194672,
0.9109105467796326,
0.568823516368866,
-0.8874266147613525,
0.1873973309993744,
1.1463572978973389,
0.14416873455047607,
-0.8905693292617798,
-0.36149948835372925,
0.3748013377189636,
0.33198681473731995,
0.13560132682323456,
-0.1413770616054535,
0.08600388467311859,
1.2042105197906494,
0.41174107789993286,
1.0248314142227173,
0.2947082817554474,
0.7383806705474854,
0.17745400965213776,
-0.08626216650009155,
-0.7316797375679016,
0.13061285018920898,
-0.4886108338832855,
-0.6010065674781799,
-0.008663799613714218,
0.46876317262649536,
-0.890495240688324,
0.2921401858329773,
-0.6814193725585938,
0.3608469069004059,
-0.6923345327377319,
-0.9941719770431519,
0.2849788963794708,
-1.1799436807632446,
-0.5944017171859741,
0.5822444558143616,
0.21258945763111115,
-0.022376811131834984,
-0.2934424579143524,
-0.10576524585485458,
0.05356855317950249,
-0.48100993037223816,
0.24938790500164032,
0.2787657082080841,
-0.7682743072509766,
0.688673198223114,
0.4525299072265625,
1.131698489189148,
-0.3664341866970062,
-1.485996127128601,
-0.051644258201122284,
-0.31992408633232117,
-0.4574017822742462,
-0.8534970283508301,
-0.3937362730503082,
0.4898598790168762,
0.564683735370636,
0.026884349063038826,
0.40288078784942627,
-0.7399724721908569,
-0.7204587459564209,
0.2262478768825531,
0.6234815716743469,
-0.39602336287498474,
-0.2358953207731247,
0.251981645822525,
0.36965876817703247,
-0.00883047841489315,
-0.15929877758026123,
0.37360554933547974,
-0.4327367842197418,
0.434479296207428,
-0.41275256872177124,
0.21624824404716492,
-1.2376652956008911,
-0.16164427995681763,
-0.13283959031105042,
0.17347241938114166,
-0.033172789961099625,
0.10220231115818024,
-0.6078140139579773,
-0.06978729367256165,
0.7266395688056946,
0.5984923839569092,
0.34047356247901917,
-0.8690749406814575,
-0.83371502161026,
0.2484394609928131,
0.5234155058860779,
-0.027014726772904396,
0.33899712562561035,
0.36841219663619995,
0.31449535489082336,
0.8479234576225281,
-0.10022269934415817,
0.09381969273090363,
-0.030391700565814972,
-0.10342258214950562,
-0.5644778609275818,
0.2937503457069397,
0.9804238080978394,
0.4651695787906647,
0.05896222963929176,
-0.2524201273918152,
-0.06604162603616714,
-0.16549986600875854,
-0.0182556863874197,
0.06403305381536484,
-0.4749801456928253,
-0.01384369470179081,
0.5479869842529297,
-0.14254610240459442,
-0.9538657069206238,
-0.09352277964353561,
0.3610886335372925,
-0.6301547884941101,
0.6586275100708008,
0.005906890146434307,
0.5592085123062134,
-0.30037906765937805,
0.2853319048881531,
-0.6306847929954529,
0.7731887698173523,
-0.08921261131763458,
-1.1186803579330444,
-0.20258796215057373,
-0.2988307774066925,
0.12026958912611008,
-1.0318686962127686,
-0.8702773451805115,
0.4264339804649353,
0.6358070969581604,
0.5296026468276978,
0.10082705318927765,
-0.6311067342758179,
0.3926311135292053,
0.6709230542182922,
-1.440463662147522,
-1.1474138498306274,
-0.3601914346218109,
0.5642358064651489,
-0.010711112059652805,
0.4344367980957031,
0.3541277050971985,
0.14255021512508392,
-0.09631092846393585,
1.04476797580719,
-0.35746708512306213,
-0.135590061545372,
-0.059540484100580215,
0.4810238778591156,
-0.016924167051911354,
0.5846362709999084,
0.5649555325508118,
-0.04440450668334961,
-0.12473222613334656,
-0.3883124589920044,
0.4444412589073181,
0.5540714859962463,
0.49051433801651,
-1.1881277561187744,
-0.02686452865600586,
-0.37094250321388245,
0.3028568625450134,
1.5141428709030151,
-0.29460445046424866,
1.0118153095245361,
-0.4006449282169342,
0.014156440272927284,
-0.4514269530773163,
-0.5778346657752991,
-0.6742480993270874,
-0.30903512239456177,
0.32640108466148376,
-0.7834031581878662,
0.11576376855373383,
-0.5561641454696655,
-1.0469924211502075,
0.6557425260543823,
0.19254949688911438,
-0.18290452659130096,
-0.44760870933532715,
0.32134413719177246,
0.49063292145729065,
0.2924458086490631,
-0.4841456115245819,
1.0997741222381592,
-0.1724892109632492,
0.33054134249687195,
0.2321859896183014,
0.028787527233362198,
-0.7734403014183044,
-0.17591334879398346,
-0.935070276260376,
0.03147697448730469,
0.12431933730840683,
-0.5641437768936157,
-0.44871318340301514,
0.5024136900901794,
-0.08380164206027985,
0.7900562882423401,
-1.137293815612793,
-0.22844240069389343,
1.1027967929840088,
-0.3332855999469757,
-0.43673068284988403,
0.6116107106208801,
-0.21504482626914978,
0.5348322987556458,
0.2937332093715668,
0.9043729305267334,
-0.7824264764785767,
-0.9365582466125488,
0.3509494662284851,
0.852949321269989,
-0.36516231298446655,
0.012584717012941837,
-0.46159520745277405,
0.43045127391815186,
-0.8243794441223145,
0.145101398229599,
0.21262525022029877,
-0.08537758141756058,
-0.20105122029781342,
0.7508849501609802,
0.4999500811100006,
-0.10195641219615936,
0.832897961139679,
0.5728901624679565,
-0.7385338544845581,
0.4932301938533783,
0.2673320770263672,
0.048810359090566635,
-0.08075065165758133,
0.30010902881622314,
-0.05961138382554054,
-0.09897497296333313,
0.42761674523353577,
0.10709134489297867,
-0.5953102111816406,
-0.6072724461555481,
0.67499178647995,
-0.5579279661178589,
0.5057677626609802,
0.5119367837905884,
-0.02057863399386406,
-0.15983055531978607,
-0.30565306544303894,
-0.5983864068984985,
0.2634400427341461,
0.333294540643692,
-0.015233651734888554,
-0.10175641626119614,
-0.3189980387687683,
-0.8120598196983337,
0.22137731313705444,
-0.06998683512210846,
-0.30876868963241577,
-0.2470526099205017,
0.6379356384277344,
0.2839050590991974,
0.5145766139030457,
0.4940095841884613,
0.19370493292808533,
0.12977933883666992,
-0.002037981292232871,
-0.6760903000831604,
-0.7505461573600769,
0.32142430543899536,
-1.2184754610061646,
0.5709823369979858,
0.24862703680992126,
-0.026614058762788773,
0.6212688684463501,
0.2540728747844696,
-0.3044230341911316,
-0.13209180533885956,
1.134523630142212,
-0.36036673188209534,
0.4145030081272125,
0.6290602684020996,
0.2839430272579193,
-0.46067580580711365,
0.12718895077705383,
-0.49588850140571594,
-0.8559261560440063,
-0.11875005066394806,
-0.019552990794181824,
-0.13774053752422333,
-0.1449125111103058,
-0.4261586666107178,
-0.11493591964244843,
-0.2490277886390686,
0.5474410057067871,
0.39810818433761597,
-0.8761298060417175,
0.5465909838676453,
0.40018007159233093,
0.21395722031593323,
0.18006281554698944,
-0.5814411044120789,
0.34745559096336365,
0.4487561285495758,
-0.4259125590324402,
-2.037886381149292,
-1.804573893547058,
0.4850960075855255,
-0.7171183228492737,
-0.5020536184310913,
0.279185026884079,
-0.40131014585494995,
-0.7082322835922241,
0.19198599457740784,
-0.946864664554596,
0.4515452980995178,
-0.3758455812931061,
0.0738530382514,
-0.08874352276325226,
0.6854197382926941,
0.8861785531044006,
0.6325302124023438,
-0.3626226484775543,
-0.41596752405166626,
0.4099222719669342,
-0.8592880964279175,
-0.3692570626735687,
0.4580196738243103,
-0.07675885409116745,
0.3120071291923523,
-1.1880642175674438,
0.6878904700279236,
-0.5510567426681519,
0.018196962773799896,
-0.24505211412906647,
-0.41331225633621216,
-1.0152846574783325,
0.8599849939346313,
0.12885728478431702,
-0.22780609130859375,
0.4265754520893097,
-0.6659125089645386,
-0.5911269187927246,
0.4113900065422058,
-0.35682907700538635,
-0.7964257001876831,
0.8726041316986084,
0.8711625933647156,
-0.7477012276649475,
-0.3395176827907562,
-0.5419064164161682,
-0.9841992855072021,
-0.19790500402450562,
-0.515782356262207,
-0.4720398485660553,
0.1435859352350235,
-0.8280273079872131,
0.7187153100967407,
0.48224085569381714,
-1.5474522113800049,
0.019679341465234756,
0.3320983350276947,
0.6025618314743042,
-0.054103996604681015,
-0.1401974856853485,
-0.2670750021934509,
0.5349689722061157,
0.003620447125285864,
0.915895402431488,
0.3710731565952301,
0.28753501176834106,
0.3387587070465088,
0.3970557451248169,
0.0556987039744854,
0.5199794769287109,
-0.26095709204673767,
-0.09127581864595413,
0.15880927443504333,
0.19673898816108704,
0.1969374418258667,
-0.4041200578212738,
1.382027506828308,
-0.6660251617431641,
-0.14645691215991974,
-0.20722046494483948,
-0.10856342315673828,
0.49078577756881714,
-0.024567827582359314,
0.7716165781021118,
0.15499532222747803,
-0.700568675994873,
-0.4762614667415619,
-0.9580035209655762,
0.3530081510543823,
-0.6997238397598267,
0.1565437763929367,
0.44886261224746704,
-0.017127307131886482,
1.1355820894241333,
-0.036833345890045166,
-0.3592142164707184,
-0.01689744181931019,
0.15533305704593658,
0.51729816198349,
0.3679317831993103,
0.42825019359588623,
-0.3352043628692627,
0.21295487880706787,
0.36525776982307434,
0.7266642451286316,
0.32502099871635437,
-0.28178417682647705,
0.5115830898284912,
0.8332163691520691,
-0.26513251662254333,
-0.256265252828598,
0.32141995429992676,
0.47814303636550903,
0.2857442796230316,
-0.8017699122428894,
0.04027993604540825,
0.11585526913404465,
-0.025661515071988106,
0.43454861640930176,
-0.8276634216308594,
0.2403590828180313,
-0.38116416335105896,
0.46230414509773254,
0.20156821608543396,
-0.33221274614334106,
-0.9722601771354675,
-1.8850764036178589,
0.3075506091117859,
-0.3830934166908264,
-1.041353702545166,
0.007456592749804258,
-0.49269580841064453,
-0.546317994594574,
0.17125993967056274,
-0.37905311584472656,
-0.39881080389022827,
0.13595721125602722,
0.19909191131591797,
0.583962082862854,
0.5591380000114441,
-0.25718167424201965,
-0.08329571038484573,
0.5782957673072815,
-0.9470636248588562,
-0.06387036293745041,
0.008409235626459122,
0.384538471698761,
0.5621170997619629,
-0.3533068001270294,
0.43788203597068787,
0.07882824540138245,
-0.5788955688476562,
-0.5915506482124329,
0.711071789264679,
1.0284757614135742,
-0.34831780195236206,
-1.307794451713562,
0.006504657678306103,
0.3898220956325531,
0.13166576623916626,
-1.009831428527832,
0.2386532425880432,
-0.24029238522052765,
-0.24495957791805267,
-0.1743115931749344,
-0.31060516834259033,
-0.16737337410449982,
-0.5774299502372742,
-0.5127565264701843,
0.6144697666168213,
-0.462493360042572,
-0.2965869605541229,
0.8111281394958496,
-0.12856079638004303,
-0.6347817182540894,
0.4934179186820984,
-0.25777170062065125,
-0.2030980885028839,
0.013913223519921303,
-0.17253614962100983,
0.5030096173286438,
0.031893860548734665,
0.4171745777130127,
-0.10289393365383148,
0.2600574195384979,
0.2672171890735626,
-0.07759014517068863,
0.40495991706848145,
0.34143418073654175,
0.23483611643314362,
-0.42100897431373596,
-0.854600727558136,
-0.6342232823371887,
0.8841349482536316,
0.4717630445957184,
-0.04340304806828499,
0.7713360786437988,
-0.830173134803772,
0.38281920552253723,
-0.04506128653883934,
-0.03662259131669998,
0.07452353090047836,
0.5534201264381409,
-0.8358457684516907,
-0.6921527981758118,
0.05393730476498604,
0.2022470384836197,
0.31027546525001526,
-0.9825343489646912,
0.24786323308944702,
0.5189077854156494,
-0.37116768956184387,
0.4415319561958313,
0.289093941450119,
-0.9869821667671204,
-0.27165767550468445,
-0.3340142071247101,
-0.6590063571929932,
0.23126129806041718,
-0.7041888236999512,
0.16036532819271088,
-0.545367956161499,
-0.1939477026462555,
-0.0580185241997242,
0.9250860810279846,
0.6538410186767578,
0.5589540600776672,
0.5002346634864807,
0.944420337677002,
-1.1049370765686035,
0.5456398129463196,
0.2610492706298828,
-0.75905442237854,
1.36652672290802,
-0.00922465045005083,
-0.5972582697868347,
0.3944762647151947,
-0.5310395359992981,
-0.6706959009170532,
1.0484130382537842,
-0.21104992926120758,
0.6163820028305054,
-0.27664914727211,
0.10330374538898468,
0.49661728739738464,
0.16896921396255493,
0.5961254239082336,
0.14558455348014832,
0.23862075805664062,
0.25479450821876526,
0.7123165130615234,
0.34694647789001465,
0.10079573839902878,
-0.4987417161464691,
-0.01569957472383976,
0.485816091299057,
0.0017321472987532616,
-0.04980923980474472,
-0.5112147927284241,
-0.6876540184020996,
-0.37446191906929016,
-0.7268127799034119,
0.37772053480148315,
-0.6127036809921265,
0.03203674033284187,
-0.5508295297622681,
0.35322853922843933,
-0.9660495519638062,
0.2960149049758911,
-1.1324840784072876,
-0.38918614387512207,
-0.3389734625816345,
-0.6311651468276978,
-0.7393024563789368,
0.1812029331922531,
0.07286100089550018,
0.73322993516922,
-0.3827997148036957,
-0.9667567610740662,
0.24864615499973297,
-0.14835621416568756,
0.2299192249774933,
0.05195286124944687,
-0.17619812488555908,
1.2885171175003052,
-0.746606171131134,
0.10858623683452606,
0.37985533475875854,
-0.31485581398010254,
-1.0469388961791992,
-0.36819911003112793,
-0.0904843881726265,
-1.2321197986602783,
-1.0511893033981323,
0.7806020975112915,
0.14699307084083557,
-0.4012695848941803,
-0.5359553694725037,
-0.10389877110719681,
-0.2627165913581848,
-0.018713338300585747,
0.12542572617530823,
-0.05635492876172066,
0.7442447543144226,
0.9592525362968445,
0.3750705420970917,
0.5751507878303528,
0.20740285515785217,
0.0241206306964159,
-0.44038623571395874,
-0.24634601175785065,
-0.7984499931335449,
0.2326493263244629,
0.4907829463481903,
-0.04516484588384628,
-0.8793590664863586,
-0.26478123664855957,
-0.19346380233764648,
0.42090243101119995,
0.2097657173871994,
0.13644029200077057,
-0.3843453526496887,
-0.19817516207695007,
-0.6264925599098206,
0.3020746111869812,
-0.656069815158844,
0.4666101336479187,
-0.4356500804424286,
0.1444978266954422,
1.1186870336532593,
-0.6233886480331421,
-0.291426420211792,
0.4974091649055481,
-0.024868030101060867,
-0.9491482377052307,
0.11094570904970169,
-0.2098715603351593
] |
||
1dsfb0 | Latest cracked photoplasty contest. I'm sure many of these phenomenon are easily explained, can you help? | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"c9telsg",
"c9teyf5",
"c9tev3c",
"c9tf0vf"
],
"text": [
"> Gravity, still a greater mystery than evolution.\n\nAre there objective measures of mysteriousness that I'm not aware of? What would the units be?",
"Plenty of these phenomenon have been explained or have plausible theories for their explanation. Why is this here?",
"The rock mystery i thought was attributed to freezing sheets of ice that forms overnight, then as the winds blow the sheets move but the rocks get dragged along. I think i heard it on a skeptoid episode some time ago.",
"For some reason the typo in the jellyfish one makes me very skeptical of all of these."
],
"score": [
10,
9,
4,
4
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | Latest cracked photoplasty contest. I'm sure many of these phenomenon are easily explained, can you help?
| [
-0.28574907779693604,
-0.6675020456314087,
0.7709940671920776,
0.19575177133083344,
-0.45798203349113464,
-0.5449429750442505,
-0.6519301533699036,
-0.16053518652915955,
0.8860133290290833,
-0.26248469948768616,
0.9866777658462524,
0.3760477304458618,
0.8215002417564392,
0.32080379128456116,
0.42439502477645874,
-0.6338242292404175,
0.45031097531318665,
-0.029322177171707153,
-0.7187951803207397,
-0.2698251008987427,
0.6196150183677673,
-0.4068727493286133,
-0.5041362047195435,
0.8263641595840454,
-1.0003135204315186,
-0.606744647026062,
0.1358063966035843,
0.05247526988387108,
0.3831312358379364,
0.39873555302619934,
0.3643537759780884,
0.5681401491165161,
-0.8204386830329895,
0.5059885382652283,
-0.3215475082397461,
0.1560092270374298,
0.8215986490249634,
-0.44472092390060425,
-0.14387691020965576,
-0.7297191619873047,
0.28793865442276,
-0.20618081092834473,
0.5247789025306702,
0.3735218048095703,
-0.8938201665878296,
-0.43372848629951477,
-0.36557960510253906,
0.15654589235782623,
-1.4644792079925537,
-0.3095369338989258,
-0.04281279817223549,
0.5622002482414246,
0.35635948181152344,
-0.2196883261203766,
-0.3297346532344818,
-0.5481530427932739,
0.05839697644114494,
0.07190955430269241,
0.669926106929779,
-0.27066177129745483,
-0.4643349349498749,
-0.5811473727226257,
0.31754371523857117,
-0.28581178188323975,
0.6260161995887756,
0.29849082231521606,
-0.019836485385894775,
0.5798421502113342,
-0.27472859621047974,
-0.43365156650543213,
0.46221792697906494,
-0.03254035487771034,
-0.1304076761007309,
-1.1819400787353516,
0.5115668773651123,
-0.6520087718963623,
0.6826111674308777,
-0.3075314164161682,
0.38577863574028015,
-0.2822731137275696,
-0.6580794453620911,
0.2924425005912781,
-0.40874800086021423,
0.1969912201166153,
-0.3741000294685364,
0.022303255274891853,
0.30408498644828796,
-0.07288946211338043,
-0.04536685720086098,
0.9203278422355652,
-0.15991640090942383,
0.23894740641117096,
0.2044225037097931,
0.2549438178539276,
0.3130890429019928,
-0.4159807860851288,
-0.14817339181900024,
-1.045204758644104,
0.4052360951900482,
0.25774261355400085,
-0.42913690209388733,
0.5748441219329834,
0.6215829253196716,
0.3994376063346863,
-0.3598491847515106,
0.6854667663574219,
0.2785808742046356,
-1.1904268264770508,
-0.1542513221502304,
-0.1653425544500351,
0.4927813410758972,
0.5680217146873474,
-0.16483409702777863,
-0.24795174598693848,
-0.8996334075927734,
-0.6848064661026001,
0.5689395070075989,
-0.42521363496780396,
0.0068863192573189735,
-0.04922688007354736,
-0.1460830420255661,
0.33622708916664124,
1.3919835090637207,
0.6122416853904724,
0.06902977079153061,
0.21733562648296356,
-0.32429882884025574,
0.5538657903671265,
0.3005833327770233,
-0.13758687674999237,
-0.33774301409721375,
0.8738837838172913,
0.2834337055683136,
-0.21402907371520996,
1.0617482662200928,
-0.4924946427345276,
-0.5364450216293335,
0.26223835349082947,
-0.32509034872055054,
-0.19817796349525452,
-0.3982962965965271,
0.2542557716369629,
0.471727579832077,
-0.38949841260910034,
0.6587310433387756,
-0.09075543284416199,
-1.0684211254119873,
-1.1111514568328857,
-0.5637136101722717,
-0.3576774001121521,
-0.6774297952651978,
-0.14727088809013367,
-0.20832106471061707,
-0.6644980311393738,
0.6720931529998779,
-0.06004219874739647,
-0.2243841290473938,
-0.27270904183387756,
0.23345310986042023,
0.1319134384393692,
-0.9854376316070557,
-0.06874839216470718,
0.8265345692634583,
-0.2856377363204956,
-0.11594922840595245,
-0.2546018958091736,
0.014822583645582199,
-0.21660763025283813,
-0.3876554071903229,
0.3078416585922241,
0.10850418359041214,
0.33823591470718384,
0.6317247748374939,
-0.008761429227888584,
0.8625909090042114,
0.5197446346282959,
0.022694019600749016,
-0.6599721908569336,
-0.3488280177116394,
0.03048064187169075,
0.7382431030273438,
-0.7305872440338135,
0.22641822695732117,
-0.22832448780536652,
-0.4937579929828644,
-0.08417700976133347,
0.6698564291000366,
0.10874056816101074,
-0.20411014556884766,
0.6674633026123047,
0.3044047951698303,
1.0488718748092651,
-0.7106530070304871,
0.2914876639842987,
0.4717384874820709,
0.8389965891838074,
0.1294708102941513,
0.8513094186782837,
0.10675947368144989,
-0.6683678030967712,
0.5133872032165527,
-0.5676303505897522,
-0.6583964824676514,
-0.36002618074417114,
-0.06243268772959709,
-0.36044660210609436,
0.6690417528152466,
-0.002607908332720399,
-0.18280372023582458,
-0.18372590839862823,
-0.37578725814819336,
0.7990370392799377,
-0.13541759550571442,
-0.5512005686759949,
-0.4792425334453583,
1.4588621854782104,
-0.7694491147994995,
0.505492091178894,
0.7081533670425415,
0.060604698956012726,
0.28142645955085754,
-0.38290706276893616,
1.0269449949264526,
-0.4807910621166229,
0.20653027296066284,
-0.1592494696378708,
-0.130301833152771,
-0.03684514760971069,
0.12011989951133728,
-0.10753483325242996,
0.11166376620531082,
0.33459708094596863,
0.15398645401000977,
0.36183738708496094,
0.16148553788661957,
-0.18354114890098572,
-0.8046916723251343,
-0.8792696595191956,
1.1998200416564941,
-0.9410820603370667,
-0.17660750448703766,
-0.07990261167287827,
0.1842610090970993,
0.058400847017765045,
0.6156410574913025,
1.4018034934997559,
-0.39329198002815247,
0.12950581312179565,
0.3247413635253906,
-0.15246330201625824,
-0.28866758942604065,
-0.5243231654167175,
-0.8431217670440674,
-0.8825513124465942,
0.7646211385726929,
-1.1725728511810303,
0.09185094386339188,
-1.2935802936553955,
0.07895147055387497,
0.8125165104866028,
0.29291874170303345,
-0.7061814069747925,
0.6851764917373657,
0.01906399242579937,
-0.6529528498649597,
-0.8096960783004761,
-0.812982439994812,
-0.4198230504989624,
0.6713191270828247,
-0.11043141782283783,
-1.493563175201416,
-0.374767929315567,
1.0240486860275269,
-0.2615092992782593,
0.6424251198768616,
0.4727368652820587,
-0.2649367153644562,
0.1027623787522316,
0.46682628989219666,
0.04097110405564308,
0.30819085240364075,
0.22022482752799988,
0.42245927453041077,
-0.7439299821853638,
-0.031135810539126396,
-0.10459049791097641,
0.14908257126808167,
-0.6304357051849365,
0.24591639637947083,
-1.5522104501724243,
-0.3744834065437317,
0.89017254114151,
0.24540875852108002,
1.3410929441452026,
0.7107073068618774,
-0.07934660464525223,
0.7964295148849487,
0.7626582384109497,
-1.1851203441619873,
-0.07515524327754974,
0.18191641569137573,
0.916728675365448,
0.12450725585222244,
-0.1663753241300583,
-0.2183074951171875,
0.4092962145805359,
0.47084271907806396,
-1.195093035697937,
-0.5732495784759521,
-1.0121880769729614,
0.2630855441093445,
-0.2388899028301239,
-0.9010162353515625,
0.6495844125747681,
0.43159279227256775,
0.3949170708656311,
0.03723135218024254,
0.618036687374115,
-0.5078360438346863,
-0.9146244525909424,
0.23065343499183655,
0.07294721901416779,
0.550650417804718,
0.32269352674484253,
-0.03479290381073952,
0.9166055917739868,
-0.3132672905921936,
0.5523133873939514,
-0.35351207852363586,
-0.1883743405342102,
0.635151743888855,
-0.8015129566192627,
-0.36915186047554016,
0.5170679688453674,
0.19712914526462555,
0.11311069130897522,
-0.1395900994539261,
1.0720137357711792,
-0.04428837075829506,
0.09993131458759308,
0.89700847864151,
0.3167029917240143,
0.06209191307425499,
0.1934555321931839,
0.3744681775569916,
-0.9295744299888611,
-0.8030099272727966,
-0.6842985153198242,
-0.025075696408748627,
-0.03955988585948944,
0.484222412109375,
0.24847939610481262,
0.12838152050971985,
-0.6541117429733276,
0.18777230381965637,
-0.15804341435432434,
-0.10443732142448425,
-0.31784090399742126,
0.5627701282501221,
-0.34292492270469666,
0.15697860717773438,
0.8670621514320374,
-0.10244513303041458,
-0.14476674795150757,
-0.12235523760318756,
0.29727059602737427,
-1.7663060426712036,
-0.24769513309001923,
0.167282372713089,
0.04757322371006012,
0.13141196966171265,
0.35022082924842834,
0.7655874490737915,
0.7813504934310913,
0.6869542002677917,
-0.13645243644714355,
0.597214937210083,
-0.0844370573759079,
-0.22840507328510284,
0.24956180155277252,
0.166910320520401,
0.05712271109223366,
0.13303562998771667,
-0.019336916506290436,
-0.11018819361925125,
-1.2223609685897827,
-0.46642547845840454,
-0.7192670106887817,
-0.07689853757619858,
-0.38946834206581116,
-0.4230404198169708,
0.09029988944530487,
0.04123827442526817,
-0.311195433139801,
0.4987114369869232,
0.08095784485340118,
-0.796238362789154,
-0.05601939931511879,
0.15282513201236725,
-1.2102032899856567,
-0.15411342680454254,
1.0048539638519287,
0.5129052400588989,
1.0826917886734009,
0.4344143867492676,
0.48273804783821106,
0.4266694188117981,
-0.09323392808437347,
1.1189210414886475,
-0.5432390570640564,
-0.18592911958694458,
-0.7451443076133728,
-0.16955643892288208,
0.4402605891227722,
-0.16010329127311707,
-1.1959812641143799,
0.10843158513307571,
-0.09436038881540298,
-0.96608966588974,
-0.08400629460811615,
0.060284633189439774,
0.6651705503463745,
-0.023490365594625473,
0.033777881413698196,
0.001402123598381877,
-0.4473992586135864,
0.6667271852493286,
0.2636737823486328,
-0.2399856150150299,
1.3544813394546509,
-0.4406813979148865,
-0.3642845153808594,
-0.11768293380737305,
0.8574256300926208,
-0.5898504853248596,
0.12796223163604736,
0.33923977613449097,
-0.2714235782623291,
-0.9206851720809937,
-1.0232712030410767,
-0.4223572015762329,
0.6510903835296631,
0.5237857699394226,
0.9599289298057556,
-0.4890357553958893,
-0.13548347353935242,
0.5186160802841187,
0.05033695697784424,
-0.4123659133911133,
-0.0784182921051979,
0.7514973878860474,
-0.026192260906100273,
0.4758075475692749,
0.6104989647865295,
0.29684633016586304,
0.31360259652137756,
-1.1766297817230225,
0.9964655637741089,
-1.008482813835144,
0.38213208317756653,
-0.40693971514701843,
-1.0378973484039307,
-0.4073878526687622,
0.06140512973070145,
0.31056198477745056,
0.3097187876701355,
0.9804847240447998,
0.20778442919254303,
0.9035478234291077,
0.25394731760025024,
-0.32702815532684326,
0.02454487606883049,
0.41603538393974304,
-0.39104264974594116,
-0.368833988904953,
-0.09165602177381516,
0.33583906292915344,
-0.3406209647655487,
-0.6334143280982971,
-0.7379601001739502,
0.29727810621261597,
-1.0975042581558228,
-0.4296068549156189,
-0.19284160435199738,
1.0308276414871216,
0.1158277615904808,
-0.770330011844635,
-0.013529201969504356,
-0.7296682596206665,
-0.5864536762237549,
-0.35432466864585876,
0.9080855846405029,
0.307659387588501,
-0.05875376611948013,
0.18077737092971802,
0.110039122402668,
-0.5616244077682495,
1.5594713687896729,
-0.007948129437863827,
-0.0027776132337749004,
-0.5425604581832886,
-0.42111051082611084,
-0.5813549757003784,
-0.3154310882091522,
0.34886977076530457,
-1.1573491096496582,
0.06966793537139893,
-0.20214174687862396,
0.45745036005973816,
0.5941463708877563,
-0.20392510294914246,
0.32492148876190186,
0.6062088012695312,
0.22628289461135864,
-0.12930284440517426,
-0.7412906885147095,
-0.2600170373916626,
0.43444639444351196,
0.936151385307312,
0.17931589484214783,
-0.8842638731002808,
-0.6626154184341431,
1.6079615354537964,
0.0024587123189121485,
0.18043926358222961,
0.0456024669110775,
-1.0477497577667236,
-0.7846767902374268,
0.13390003144741058,
0.5793927907943726,
-0.23872540891170502,
-0.25141817331314087,
-0.3755324184894562,
-0.2732115089893341,
-0.026824716478586197,
1.0743582248687744,
0.49782654643058777,
-0.14514003694057465,
1.0281131267547607,
0.22778987884521484,
0.13712066411972046,
-0.20168684422969818,
-0.6730377674102783,
0.16487890481948853,
-0.7885438203811646,
-0.14588084816932678,
0.18235553801059723,
0.14444328844547272,
-0.4991875886917114,
0.41588783264160156,
-0.2538469731807709,
0.3297700881958008,
-0.9868300557136536,
-0.030784089118242264,
0.6226237416267395,
0.3331538438796997,
-0.40619543194770813,
-0.6679728627204895,
0.18394407629966736,
1.0469963550567627,
-0.9803006052970886,
0.9221805334091187,
0.26576682925224304,
0.2713357210159302,
0.4013451337814331,
-0.5583946704864502,
-0.5376052856445312,
-0.044735781848430634,
-0.2911151051521301,
0.23320597410202026,
-0.023524772375822067,
0.16986343264579773,
-0.03281620889902115,
-0.7581637501716614,
-0.2372046262025833,
-0.07829423248767853,
-0.6501011252403259,
-0.2706966996192932,
-0.39014726877212524,
0.4391711354255676,
0.6870231628417969,
-0.08622951060533524,
-0.23467208445072174,
-0.3036120533943176,
-0.5983844995498657,
0.6353127360343933,
-0.4529877305030823,
0.1394481658935547,
-0.013615216128528118,
-0.045521609485149384,
-0.685359001159668,
-0.07618105411529541,
-0.15962082147598267,
-0.4124097228050232,
0.21677254140377045,
-0.6127978563308716,
0.4205457270145416,
0.967177152633667,
-0.5340610146522522,
-0.3672868609428406,
-0.031076282262802124,
-1.1814227104187012,
0.6366156339645386,
-0.7101832628250122,
1.2913360595703125,
-0.41185978055000305,
0.1772591918706894,
-0.33547189831733704,
-0.006087020039558411,
1.4484431743621826,
0.7582074403762817,
-0.8623368740081787,
0.7481034398078918,
1.0725127458572388,
0.5066727995872498,
-0.6234360933303833,
-1.2758674621582031,
-0.5258157253265381,
0.1194940134882927,
0.6292082071304321,
-0.7276773452758789,
-0.42292287945747375,
-0.40701183676719666,
-0.3223591148853302,
0.8764251470565796,
-0.891082763671875,
-0.6678451895713806,
1.0099787712097168,
0.40349096059799194,
-0.3764258921146393,
-0.22792984545230865,
-0.8937521576881409,
-0.33201825618743896,
0.1282247006893158,
-0.9404833316802979,
0.1699099838733673,
-0.7315619587898254,
-0.21092811226844788,
0.013429531827569008,
-0.3073027431964874,
-0.4062129557132721,
-0.6005151271820068,
0.14818166196346283,
-0.5133545398712158,
0.9979442358016968,
0.08589908480644226,
-1.0913333892822266,
0.6814559102058411,
-0.4981023073196411,
1.1664049625396729,
-0.5052242279052734,
0.8642937541007996,
-0.9804061055183411,
-0.15049304068088531,
0.22224116325378418,
0.2154242843389511,
0.7220944762229919,
-0.07434257864952087,
0.17468668520450592,
-0.4907281994819641,
-0.7878002524375916,
-0.12465979158878326,
0.05203888192772865,
-0.5857428312301636,
-0.28389376401901245,
-0.11543640494346619,
-0.05403570458292961,
-0.0454421192407608,
0.15360267460346222,
0.4890584349632263,
0.2659607231616974,
0.5124258399009705,
-1.4024827480316162,
-0.47084692120552063,
1.0329158306121826,
0.7547769546508789,
0.11263823509216309,
0.1674727499485016,
-0.15249086916446686,
0.013071952387690544,
-0.6316340565681458,
0.6873610615730286,
-1.229268193244934,
0.28774502873420715,
-0.21076807379722595,
-0.17119669914245605,
0.19683991372585297,
1.8700147867202759,
0.09679648280143738,
-0.6234849691390991,
0.3704245984554291,
0.11462149024009705,
0.4710409343242645,
-0.5043280124664307,
-0.42989981174468994,
0.27357950806617737,
0.14127185940742493,
-1.335699200630188,
-0.8026595711708069,
-0.08038823306560516,
0.4788065552711487,
-0.03193574398756027,
-0.623023271560669,
-0.9761901497840881,
-0.2554962933063507,
0.5522305369377136,
0.27428385615348816,
0.8701916337013245,
-0.26621249318122864,
-1.6334669589996338,
1.0623242855072021,
-0.42669904232025146,
-0.3128078579902649,
-0.43935778737068176,
-0.16144579648971558,
0.7623586058616638,
-0.030745459720492363,
-0.37287741899490356,
0.6731342673301697,
0.28931406140327454,
-0.19749093055725098,
-0.5829098224639893,
-0.37089571356773376,
-0.14832600951194763,
0.07901004701852798,
0.2696787714958191,
-0.003772442229092121,
-0.3462192416191101,
-0.09672920405864716,
-0.4064030945301056,
-0.9482619762420654,
-0.3215125799179077,
0.3430480659008026,
1.187048077583313,
-0.2731868624687195,
-0.01792038418352604,
-0.1942465603351593,
0.2330591082572937,
0.608161211013794,
-0.07286626100540161,
-0.42277857661247253,
0.02952570654451847,
-0.4516410231590271,
-1.2676150798797607,
0.11391910910606384,
0.18893788754940033,
-0.7234019041061401,
0.10696438699960709,
-0.3924809694290161,
0.4884536862373352,
0.9337231516838074,
0.14369791746139526,
0.41296640038490295,
-0.5406190156936646,
-0.8835270404815674,
0.13068968057632446,
-0.1331932544708252,
-0.8065691590309143,
-0.7702878713607788,
-0.4762240946292877,
0.7114576101303101,
0.3995886445045471,
-0.5413035750389099,
-0.0905286967754364,
-0.04301385208964348,
0.4281480014324188,
0.3806013762950897,
-0.8803068399429321
] |
||
3c1ko0 | Why do some materials like iron, gold and other bend, while other like coal or rocks break? | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"csrglut",
"csrj5oy",
"csrmyei",
"csrncf4",
"csrho6e",
"csru1pc",
"csrsdfx",
"csryfmf"
],
"text": [
"It all depends on what kind of bond and structures the atoms form. when talking about metals and rocks, crystal structures become very important. The crystal structure of a compound it decides by its composition and its preparation. Some crystal structures are very rigid and won't bend easily, other materials are actually a lot of tiny crystals that can move rather easily making the material bendy. \nThis is a very complicated topic and it is hard to not go into too much detail here. The short answer is that it depends on the way the atoms are arranged in the material.",
"The answer lies in the difference in bonding between metals (iron and gold) and ceramics (coal and rocks).\n\n\"In ceramics, however, dislocations are not common (though they are not nonexistent), and they are difficult to move to a new position. The reasons for this lie in the nature of the bonds holding the crystal structure together. In ionically bonded ceramics some planes—such as the so-called (111) plane shown slicing diagonally through the rock salt structure in Figure 3, top—contain only one kind of ion and are therefore unbalanced in their distribution of charges. Attempting to insert such a half plane into a ceramic would not favour a stable bond unless a half plane of the oppositely charged ion was also inserted. Even in the case of planes that were charge-balanced—for instance, the (100) plane created by a vertical slice down the middle of the rock salt crystal structure, as shown in Figure 3, bottom—slip induced along the middle would bring identically charged ions into proximity. The identical charges would repel each other, and dislocation motion would be impeded. Instead, the material would tend to fracture in the manner commonly associated with brittleness.\"\n\n_URL_0_",
"There's one major phenomenon behind this difference: dislocations. Dislocations are a type of defect in a crystal. If you imagine a crystal as a lattice, a large array of evenly stacked atoms, a dislocation is a missing half plane of atoms. When you look at dislocations under an electron microscope, they look like spaghetti, lots of little lines.\n\nWhen you apply a force to a crystal, it takes a lot of force to break the bonds between atoms, but not a lot of force to slide the bonds around a dislocation, letting it move. Moving dislocations let you change the shape of the material. Dislocations can glide along, but they can also tangle and even multiply (Check out a Frank-Read source on youtube!).\n\nDislocations exist in large quantity in almost all crystalline materials, but it some materials they just can't move very easily, and when they do move they build up fast. Dislocations not being able to move means that it becomes easier for the material to change shape by cracking instead of moving dislocations. Brittle materials are ones that crack before they ever bend very much.\n\nCoal breaks because it has strong, directional bonds that mean that sliding a dislocation takes a lot of energy, so it's easier to crack. Rocks have complicated crystal structures, meaning you can't just slide one atom in a plane to move a dislocation, you have to slide a group of atoms before you get to a new stable point. Gold has a close-packed crystal structure with very little directional bonding, meaning it's really easy for the dislocations to slide. Iron has a different type of crystal structure called body-centered cubic, which has a little more directional bonding, meaning it's less ductile in general.\n\nThere's a lot of other things we can do to tweak the ability of dislocations to move in a material. Making it harder to move dislocations means the material becomes stronger, it takes more force to bend, but ti can also make the material more brittle, meaning it won't bend as far before it breaks. Adding impurities to the crystal is one way to do this. The mismatch in size of the wrong type of atom adds energy to the lattice that dislocations have to overcome. This is why carbon and iron together (steel) is so strong. There's tons of other things to do as well, it's a really cool field. In aluminum we cause lots of tiny crystals to form made of copper or magnesium and they slow down dislocations. Aluminum without these crystals, called precipitates, is very very ductile(bends a long way before breaking) and soft (doesn't take a lot of force). Have you ever bent aluminum wire in your hands? Aircraft grade aluminum has a lot of precipitates, and it'll crack much sooner, which is why airplanes are always being tested for cracks.\n\nThe field that deals with bending things without breaking is called plasticity, and it's pretty neat! Fracture and fatigue are two fields of study that involve how things break (which isn't as simple as I made it sound). I study both, trying to get metal to be strong and ductile and last longer by looking at these phenomena.",
"By 'bending' you are probably thinking about [plastic deformation](_URL_4_), which occurs in all pure metals when the applied stress is great enough to break some fraction of interatomic bonds and create [dislocations](_URL_4_) (a certain class of crystal defect) in the crystals. The metal doesn't fracture because the energy goes into creating the crystal deformation which at the macroscopic level is seen as an irreversible plastic deformation. Metals that can undergo repeated plastic deformations without fracture are referred to as 'ductile'. Those materials will eventually fracture in a manner referred to as ['ductile fracture'](_URL_4_).\n\nThe other main fracture mechanism is called [brittle fracture](_URL_4_). In this case there is no real plastic deformation and the material goes from being elastically deformed directly to fracture. These materials can not form dislocations to relieve the stress and cracks form instead, either through the crystalline grains or between them. \n\nIn practice it is much more complicated, with other more subtle fracture mechanisms at play. In some cases a metal can also behave like a brittle oxide material, and undergo brittle fracture, particularly if there are impurities, participates, or excessive grain growth, which act to either inhibit dislocations or promote crack growth.",
"It is a property of metals. Malleability (ability to be bent/hammered thin), Ductility (ability to be drawn into a wire), and Conductivity (ability to transmit heat/electricity) are all properties that come from the valence electrons being easily stripped/shared among the atoms.",
"The short answer is that in metals, the atoms have formed what is called a metallic bond between each other, where some of the outermost electrons of each individual atom get to move around inside the crystal mesh quite freely as [this](_URL_6_) picture demonstrates. The classical implications of this are, that in such an arrangement, the atoms can move in relation to each other, because there will always be some electrons around them, so teh structure deosn't break because of the coulomb (electric) forces. Remember positive attracts negative.\n\nIn [salts](_URL_7_) (or ionic compounds) the bond is formed by one of the atoms donating an electron to another atom. The atoms therefore become oppositely charged, and start attracting each other. If and when this happens in bulk a crystalline structure like [this](_URL_5_) froms. As you can see, if you hit this structure with a hammer some of the positive and negative charges are going to align with each other, and like charges repel, so the thing breaks apart.\n\nThat's it, really.",
"Hi, I'm a materials scientist. This is a very good question but the answer is very complicated. Let's approach this from the bottom up. \n\nWhat happens to the atoms of a material when they bend? Well, obviously they move around. But HOW? If you imagine a simple cubic lattice of balls held together by sticks, it doesn't suggest a lot. However, if I try to shift one layer over by the length of one atom, you can imagine all the sticks snapping from one set of balls to the next and then I get my lattice again, just with the balls shifted. \n\nThis is a short analogy to atoms and bonds. Let's unpack this a little more, because it gets interesting. \n\nLet's suppose I stick an extra row of balls halfway in my cube, so that I have 11 rows on the bottom and 10 rows on top. Somewhere I have some sticks that have to stretch around that extra row. (This is called a dislocation.) Now when I try to do that same shift I did above, instead having to break the whole crystal, I can take those already-stretched sticks and just snap them over, and, in effect, \"unzip\" the lattice rather than tear it all at once. Wow, that was a lot easier! \n\nDislocations, or imperfections in the crystal lattice, occur in all materials. Life just isn't perfect that way. As you bend a metal, you shift the dislocations around, and the more of them you have the easier it is to bend - to a point. The problem is that most dislocations are lines. When two dislocations cross they put a kink in each other, which reduces their mobility. This is why you see metals become stiff and brittle as you repeatedly bend them. \n\nBut, you rightly ask, why do other materials just break? Well, up above I assumed that any stick is content to attach to any ball. If you move to an ionic solid (let's use salt - NaCl - as an example) it's not so simple. The structure is an alternating selection of sodium and chlorine. And (positively) ionic sodium won't bond itself instead of (negatively) ionic chloride. So when I try to do my shift I get an unstable structure instead. The structure resists (stiffness) then shatters (brittleness) rather than bend.",
"Geologist.\n\nIt comes down to the atoms themselves and their electrons. And from there, the crystal structure is important as well, whereas there are many brittle minerals that contain metal atoms but are nowhere near malleable. Hematite is one example, as too is Pyrite."
],
"score": [
313,
213,
125,
9,
8,
6,
3,
3
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://www.britannica.com/topic/composition-and-properties-103137",
"https://www.nde-ed.org/EducationResources/CommunityCollege/Materials/Structure/deformation.htm",
"http://www.sv.vt.edu/classes/MSE2094_NoteBook/97ClassProj/exper/bailey/www/bailey.html",
"http://www.sv.vt.edu/classes/MSE2094_NoteBook/97ClassProj/exper/ballard/www/ballard.html",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dislocation",
"http://www.bbc.co.uk/staticarchive/79adeab969839ce1f6e868e80d6cccf378fd0820.gif",
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/85/Metallic_bonding.svg",
"http://eweb.furman.edu/~wworthen/bio111/2ionic.gif"
]
} | Why do some materials like iron, gold and other bend, while other like coal or rocks break?
| [
0.423326313495636,
-0.2626756727695465,
0.5254973769187927,
-0.25421908497810364,
-0.07673268020153046,
-0.7437711358070374,
0.5560802221298218,
-0.8128262162208557,
-0.14362384378910065,
-0.25638505816459656,
0.38148221373558044,
0.34646502137184143,
-1.1619694232940674,
-0.35444411635398865,
0.5832424759864807,
-0.10779464989900589,
0.446450412273407,
-0.17119185626506805,
-0.6232432723045349,
-0.705286979675293,
-0.3196618854999542,
0.34064415097236633,
-0.1551218181848526,
0.31315475702285767,
-0.6094276905059814,
0.6614598035812378,
0.8975980281829834,
-0.34197261929512024,
0.5280908942222595,
-0.7118866443634033,
-0.3100055158138275,
1.0062931776046753,
-0.42155399918556213,
0.5897082686424255,
0.6364227533340454,
-0.105434849858284,
0.7671177387237549,
-0.8422136306762695,
0.3317522704601288,
-1.0932265520095825,
1.20925772190094,
-0.3953397870063782,
0.8241124749183655,
0.666134774684906,
-0.7598541378974915,
-0.5489827990531921,
-0.004631416406482458,
0.1270778924226761,
-1.1082602739334106,
-1.0644054412841797,
-0.2617255449295044,
1.2867213487625122,
1.003928780555725,
-0.3115640878677368,
0.32565414905548096,
-0.5549907684326172,
-0.06985010951757431,
-0.2875329256057739,
0.6553533673286438,
-0.11324407905340195,
0.36354362964630127,
0.40748727321624756,
-1.2026458978652954,
-0.3486690819263458,
0.3112286329269409,
0.6882705092430115,
0.09432069957256317,
-0.29714787006378174,
-0.3939128816127777,
-0.26235461235046387,
1.2252253293991089,
-0.5202998518943787,
-0.8022168874740601,
-0.3847694396972656,
-0.01160167995840311,
0.17620426416397095,
0.39607056975364685,
-0.6089513301849365,
-0.14575213193893433,
-0.08003460615873337,
-0.4923897981643677,
0.017581474035978317,
-0.5566663146018982,
0.2937922477722168,
-0.4134632349014282,
0.01668938621878624,
-0.3151489496231079,
0.4398222863674164,
0.19662374258041382,
1.021351933479309,
-0.054949674755334854,
0.11248578876256943,
0.4793051481246948,
0.32005441188812256,
0.5337271094322205,
-0.49287375807762146,
1.551409125328064,
-0.15313969552516937,
0.0030070326756685972,
-0.04691113159060478,
0.036236848682165146,
-0.7166957259178162,
-0.15929676592350006,
0.27760639786720276,
-0.05683710426092148,
-0.33549174666404724,
0.18343763053417206,
0.3018208146095276,
0.04175649955868721,
-0.1587618589401245,
-0.5251719951629639,
-0.2021123766899109,
-0.24339500069618225,
-1.2128545045852661,
0.4948909878730774,
-1.9633654356002808,
0.8529390096664429,
0.7450835704803467,
-0.0769767239689827,
-0.2986368238925934,
0.14972427487373352,
0.4014090299606323,
1.1618599891662598,
2.4049017429351807,
0.35669806599617004,
0.20396503806114197,
-0.9497066140174866,
0.20093666017055511,
0.7690717577934265,
-0.023466316983103752,
-0.7386701703071594,
1.4986426830291748,
0.3533409833908081,
-0.4858096241950989,
0.0213887058198452,
-0.5193521976470947,
-0.27853474020957947,
0.863176703453064,
-0.4792732894420624,
-0.0825725793838501,
0.6254909038543701,
0.8157939910888672,
0.7752012610435486,
-0.47176411747932434,
-0.5844020247459412,
-1.375710368156433,
-0.7180182933807373,
-0.19176436960697174,
-0.1545393019914627,
-0.08488140255212784,
-0.6010852456092834,
-0.11069993674755096,
0.21806883811950684,
0.1998218595981598,
0.34324148297309875,
-0.6772975921630859,
0.3439556062221527,
-0.14272473752498627,
0.30503785610198975,
0.26488426327705383,
-1.1339424848556519,
-0.05736179277300835,
0.18685239553451538,
-1.2362587451934814,
0.614051878452301,
-0.17336541414260864,
-0.513847291469574,
0.28031980991363525,
-0.7970920205116272,
-0.17075346410274506,
-0.11975368857383728,
0.0816962793469429,
1.2099601030349731,
0.18622471392154694,
0.8658225536346436,
0.16219773888587952,
-0.8878663778305054,
0.6712247729301453,
-0.6417630910873413,
0.33975890278816223,
-0.18532878160476685,
-1.0927746295928955,
0.47790899872779846,
1.1800143718719482,
-0.4919856786727905,
-0.1799532026052475,
-0.5130993127822876,
0.5502189993858337,
0.4329863488674164,
-0.40286484360694885,
0.10572978854179382,
0.014240370132029057,
-1.5790821313858032,
0.05238473042845726,
0.6338616013526917,
-0.0016108364798128605,
0.09894698113203049,
-0.6203424334526062,
-0.29865118861198425,
-0.7685167193412781,
0.2782743275165558,
-1.3690637350082397,
0.3515578508377075,
-0.029820458963513374,
-0.4557458758354187,
0.47236213088035583,
0.5639820694923401,
-0.44546544551849365,
0.7050804495811462,
-0.22956933081150055,
0.11686421185731888,
1.1540619134902954,
-0.305448055267334,
-0.3818070590496063,
-0.38069647550582886,
0.6016748547554016,
1.0206928253173828,
0.09516029059886932,
0.19905973970890045,
0.5322031378746033,
0.8962618112564087,
-1.1829133033752441,
0.17956016957759857,
-0.2765095829963684,
-0.004988139495253563,
-0.5728201270103455,
0.13616977632045746,
-0.16114112734794617,
-0.06403446197509766,
0.6504576206207275,
0.11235702782869339,
-0.1748216301202774,
0.13552962243556976,
0.09305369853973389,
-0.5541916489601135,
-0.3090944290161133,
-0.5463112592697144,
-1.0843565464019775,
-0.04040181636810303,
-0.5568176507949829,
0.3593173027038574,
0.7295970916748047,
0.13775451481342316,
0.7912276983261108,
0.732787549495697,
0.9069294333457947,
-0.9816911816596985,
-0.5552552342414856,
-1.1485530138015747,
0.1315685361623764,
0.6852849721908569,
-1.1888829469680786,
-0.6271610260009766,
-1.174555778503418,
0.763557493686676,
-1.1704453229904175,
-0.7221724987030029,
0.20679178833961487,
-0.3665210008621216,
-0.1190592348575592,
-0.128855362534523,
-1.940938949584961,
0.09451205283403397,
-0.7559713125228882,
-0.7920210361480713,
-0.5201658010482788,
-0.8916213512420654,
0.30403101444244385,
0.7352756857872009,
-0.5022169351577759,
-0.3130732476711273,
0.7006191611289978,
0.29065024852752686,
0.6908353567123413,
0.16802574694156647,
0.13211682438850403,
0.3804062604904175,
-0.6858147382736206,
-0.12819167971611023,
0.20667912065982819,
0.9570230841636658,
0.6430701613426208,
0.56399005651474,
0.15523935854434967,
-0.0858326256275177,
0.5784315466880798,
0.9036235809326172,
-0.908543050289154,
0.27628347277641296,
-0.7562304139137268,
0.3056083023548126,
0.3496471643447876,
-0.5448533892631531,
0.7115177512168884,
0.3600451350212097,
0.34813061356544495,
-0.11329429596662521,
-0.2355709969997406,
0.17932239174842834,
-0.19029837846755981,
-0.3836476504802704,
-0.08444435149431229,
0.2787933349609375,
0.4434719979763031,
-0.31787946820259094,
0.22561055421829224,
-0.33222225308418274,
-0.8607482314109802,
0.15083128213882446,
-0.12295302748680115,
-0.09483186900615692,
-0.3040170669555664,
-0.24822111427783966,
1.1006804704666138,
-0.4735541045665741,
0.44995614886283875,
-0.16436627507209778,
0.6617438197135925,
-0.27658793330192566,
0.37039366364479065,
0.21688470244407654,
0.556107759475708,
-0.35903024673461914,
0.4979704022407532,
-0.44433489441871643,
1.164559006690979,
-0.23020969331264496,
0.18814173340797424,
-0.3791157901287079,
0.05658227577805519,
0.7750120759010315,
-0.5286589860916138,
-0.14053986966609955,
0.6054611802101135,
0.41501715779304504,
0.23406648635864258,
-0.20698119699954987,
0.5415818691253662,
0.21877817809581757,
-1.2178272008895874,
0.6452039480209351,
0.25849297642707825,
-0.6327039003372192,
0.2974771559238434,
0.08685892075300217,
-1.0634312629699707,
-0.6052765846252441,
0.43128669261932373,
-0.44473761320114136,
0.018265675753355026,
0.2034119963645935,
0.8657633066177368,
0.060020945966243744,
-0.4492560625076294,
1.1926746368408203,
0.7260555624961853,
-0.7032985091209412,
0.0423898883163929,
0.07971925288438797,
0.6840758919715881,
0.5271043181419373,
-0.4484004080295563,
0.39521902799606323,
0.6274335384368896,
-0.9793379306793213,
0.05162219703197479,
-1.087164282798767,
-0.38342905044555664,
0.46269628405570984,
0.3439677953720093,
0.8699409365653992,
0.27479249238967896,
-0.08924638479948044,
-0.4366514980792999,
0.3190779983997345,
0.5855913162231445,
0.9636792540550232,
-0.507977306842804,
-0.5541795492172241,
0.5449610948562622,
0.5871320962905884,
0.7631940245628357,
-0.3788391351699829,
0.537377119064331,
-0.07757968455553055,
0.2619137465953827,
0.17935501039028168,
-0.6354370713233948,
-0.4766192138195038,
0.5987140536308289,
0.1719946414232254,
0.029421670362353325,
0.08251214027404785,
0.15220926702022552,
-0.44725313782691956,
-0.4049554169178009,
-0.47044670581817627,
0.3508622944355011,
0.41966140270233154,
-0.07276416569948196,
-0.6267063617706299,
0.026051735505461693,
-0.47627344727516174,
0.724156379699707,
-0.09679900854825974,
-0.7033425569534302,
-0.4325425326824188,
-0.5165843367576599,
0.4484981298446655,
-1.0722171068191528,
0.5918932557106018,
-0.7605611681938171,
-0.48361217975616455,
0.2615077793598175,
0.7730319499969482,
-1.0659644603729248,
-0.9946060180664062,
-0.41519224643707275,
-0.00186314363963902,
-0.4134073257446289,
0.7212194800376892,
-0.9093220233917236,
0.5260247588157654,
-0.27662327885627747,
-0.4658129811286926,
-0.5133472084999084,
0.42819327116012573,
-0.3594434857368469,
-0.3064054548740387,
1.1760283708572388,
-0.5540218353271484,
-1.2436738014221191,
-0.7499057650566101,
0.1891157031059265,
0.22991393506526947,
-0.569216787815094,
-0.7881183624267578,
0.07022107392549515,
0.8119396567344666,
-0.5002073645591736,
-0.8744321465492249,
0.29938602447509766,
-0.5110597014427185,
1.1759063005447388,
-0.052752818912267685,
0.1773877739906311,
-0.12073895335197449,
-0.47697731852531433,
-0.8159732818603516,
-1.2848340272903442,
0.11247667670249939,
-0.07212743908166885,
-0.05490630492568016,
-0.4111781418323517,
-0.0019447695231065154,
1.4403929710388184,
-1.018200397491455,
0.5394421219825745,
-0.003984823357313871,
0.025295155122876167,
-0.309785395860672,
-0.6090801358222961,
-0.43610212206840515,
0.96236652135849,
0.432721346616745,
0.5484287142753601,
-0.09207649528980255,
-0.9943963885307312,
0.5729044675827026,
-0.006309769582003355,
-0.33690503239631653,
0.29877546429634094,
-0.16436873376369476,
-0.43648651242256165,
-0.7386324405670166,
-0.6411234140396118,
-0.28444913029670715,
-0.12743067741394043,
-0.7820526361465454,
-0.6799764037132263,
-0.21200279891490936,
-0.4405268728733063,
0.44417130947113037,
0.8468617796897888,
0.4619448482990265,
-1.6666686534881592,
0.25152310729026794,
-0.25921547412872314,
0.06473258137702942,
-0.0863594338297844,
0.2003854364156723,
-0.1493757665157318,
-0.28279730677604675,
0.715945839881897,
0.4748254120349884,
0.542968213558197,
-0.653282880783081,
0.08748404681682587,
0.723319411277771,
-0.2786393463611603,
-0.2842949628829956,
-0.43575936555862427,
-0.29854539036750793,
-0.49082934856414795,
0.8181114196777344,
-0.679866373538971,
-0.6263050436973572,
0.6992817521095276,
-0.18757881224155426,
-0.4723038375377655,
-0.8125744462013245,
-0.5447235107421875,
0.008044589310884476,
0.08069347590208054,
0.621563196182251,
-0.4849156439304352,
0.44412076473236084,
0.7538489699363708,
-0.05442346632480621,
0.12643206119537354,
-0.6834024786949158,
0.16508989036083221,
1.3744860887527466,
-0.42458102107048035,
0.12735433876514435,
0.27481499314308167,
-0.24959002435207367,
-0.005049898289144039,
0.36410847306251526,
0.21451982855796814,
-0.0701809749007225,
0.7767680883407593,
-0.28038445115089417,
0.06058129295706749,
-0.9394531846046448,
0.2009536176919937,
0.921133279800415,
0.298441618680954,
0.7788605093955994,
0.3068024814128876,
-0.21246208250522614,
0.31999775767326355,
0.2851496636867523,
0.5435713529586792,
-0.20325890183448792,
-0.2554668188095093,
-0.7838277816772461,
-0.23403924703598022,
0.014018663205206394,
0.08616407215595245,
0.05203951895236969,
0.12571817636489868,
-0.30130183696746826,
0.9341299533843994,
0.5291858911514282,
0.4399142563343048,
-0.29187077283859253,
-0.054391227662563324,
0.5913564562797546,
0.014101049862802029,
-0.7356290221214294,
-0.7960889935493469,
-0.3365265727043152,
-0.6432064175605774,
0.16462334990501404,
-0.06813042610883713,
-0.3636631965637207,
-0.31254035234451294,
-1.6632312536239624,
-0.1625857800245285,
0.526844322681427,
-0.1637788861989975,
0.01576733961701393,
0.2310301810503006,
-0.5163694620132446,
-0.2284620851278305,
1.0079150199890137,
0.41475486755371094,
-0.09760559350252151,
0.8085426092147827,
0.8898473978042603,
0.16092778742313385,
-0.39375951886177063,
0.1241026446223259,
-0.3503877818584442,
-0.7969757318496704,
-0.06586038321256638,
-0.20125652849674225,
-0.277259886264801,
0.48221704363822937,
0.0497409850358963,
-0.2883954346179962,
0.21177655458450317,
0.24629797041416168,
-0.02267337217926979,
-1.0668658018112183,
-0.197604238986969,
0.3266788423061371,
0.2849206328392029,
-0.7847591638565063,
0.2966609299182892,
-1.1922786235809326,
0.13505302369594574,
0.6325716376304626,
-0.8106371164321899,
0.4970632493495941,
-0.21327424049377441,
0.14361052215099335,
-0.9388070702552795,
0.74569171667099,
0.37761184573173523,
-0.03402070701122284,
0.056022461503744125,
-0.12858353555202484,
-0.6349149942398071,
0.2883681058883667,
0.37666863203048706,
0.5491483807563782,
-0.019051816314458847,
0.8259885907173157,
-0.5125150084495544,
-0.34095242619514465,
-0.48676803708076477,
-1.01466703414917,
1.245263695716858,
-0.29050353169441223,
0.43040731549263,
0.8152661919593811,
0.3625418543815613,
0.4732128083705902,
-0.04297306761145592,
-0.26724138855934143,
0.4875735342502594,
-0.11157557368278503,
-0.09022422879934311,
0.641014814376831,
-0.8382497429847717,
-0.15027523040771484,
-0.3272128403186798,
-0.5527288913726807,
0.43776071071624756,
-0.36322319507598877,
-0.31902265548706055,
-0.32945144176483154,
-0.09371010959148407,
0.5142995119094849,
-0.19633154571056366,
1.1316660642623901,
-0.3223937153816223,
0.4140625,
-0.050198934972286224,
-0.3942307233810425,
-0.09118135273456573,
-0.81586092710495,
0.7869522571563721,
-0.8397656083106995,
0.8085384368896484,
-0.44548937678337097,
0.002257946180179715,
0.6908261775970459,
-0.9277364611625671,
-0.8216936588287354,
-0.17318619787693024,
-0.746289074420929,
0.23074930906295776,
0.03159824386239052,
0.816095769405365,
0.8290191888809204,
-0.11087710410356522,
0.7047281861305237,
0.19436272978782654,
-0.7761449813842773,
-0.34759756922721863,
-0.6386460661888123,
0.7657808661460876,
0.8310840129852295,
-0.6875184178352356,
0.4311121106147766,
0.07890289276838303,
0.3375435769557953,
-0.610385000705719,
0.5034525394439697,
-0.6569554805755615,
-0.7515670657157898,
0.3344184458255768,
-0.08158235996961594,
0.13324463367462158,
1.4122992753982544,
0.037416718900203705,
-0.3436431288719177,
-0.548832893371582,
-1.1210417747497559,
0.6984252333641052,
-0.16480469703674316,
-0.2335008680820465,
1.517350673675537,
-0.5177098512649536,
-0.06202520430088043,
-0.4049791097640991,
-0.2788519859313965,
-0.36808574199676514,
-0.3135480582714081,
-0.9713125228881836,
-1.9489467144012451,
0.10969729721546173,
0.5498901009559631,
-0.20602379739284515,
0.8845530152320862,
-0.2802025079727173,
-0.21555905044078827,
1.0025477409362793,
0.2226237803697586,
-0.29985734820365906,
-0.21917062997817993,
-0.6480979919433594,
1.2765589952468872,
-0.6235467791557312,
0.1707807034254074,
1.700131893157959,
0.2679586410522461,
-0.21812768280506134,
0.39074012637138367,
0.0236609298735857,
-0.9852842688560486,
-1.1184337139129639,
0.5797399282455444,
-0.849483072757721,
-0.050220225006341934,
-0.1934322714805603,
0.2369738519191742,
-0.06908734142780304,
-0.8854350447654724,
-0.07595281302928925,
0.44976580142974854,
0.5341777801513672,
-0.3478294312953949,
0.16889065504074097,
1.6261066198349,
-0.09726608544588089,
-0.5806844234466553,
-0.27975866198539734,
0.6305687427520752,
-0.9757626056671143,
0.4461784064769745,
0.7331768274307251,
-0.35471785068511963,
-0.4947624206542969,
-0.21848039329051971,
0.14519625902175903,
-0.016256552189588547,
1.0174241065979004,
0.23822073638439178,
-0.2670533061027527,
0.4863663613796234,
-0.7298325896263123,
0.3818250000476837,
-0.14814993739128113,
-0.6030195355415344,
0.6292045712471008,
0.26229792833328247,
-0.3959895074367523,
0.7285091876983643,
0.11132030189037323,
-0.0051108761690557,
-0.4570547044277191,
-0.37130823731422424,
-0.16661511361598969,
-1.6838611364364624
] |
||
1z92xf | Do fish get the bends when they're fished? | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"cfrnr0g",
"cfrpm0b",
"cfrq7ci",
"cfs2muv",
"cfrqmui",
"cfrzr3f",
"cfrxd08",
"cfrx7le",
"cfs4xaf"
],
"text": [
"No, but they do get a serious case of the deadsies.\n\nIf you are fishing shallow water fish it isn't a problem since the nitrogen bubbles in their blood don't expand by any significant amount. If you are deep water fishing then they can get the bends, but the pressure change is more likely to explode their eyeballs and air bladders first, so the bends will be the least of their problems.",
"\"The bends\" specifically refers to the symptoms caused by nitrogen bubbles coming out of solution in your blood. In that sense, fish don't get the bends, because they don't breathe nitrogen, so they wouldn't have significant amounts of it dissolved in their bloodstream. However, other gases like CO2 can come out of solution in their blood, which can cause barotrauma. Also, their swim bladders can expand and rupture and their eyes can bulge out.\n\nNow, there are sea animals like turtles and sea lions and whales that do breathe air and so would have nitrogen dissolved in their blood. I imagine that these animals have specific adaptations to mitigate symptoms of the bends. Maybe someone else here knows more about this than I do.\n\nEdit: Apparently \"the bends\" mainly happens when you breathe nitrogen at high pressures. Air-breathing ocean animals only inhale nitrogen when it's at atmospheric pressures (because they don't carry scuba tanks), so they would be less likely to get the bends.",
"The concentration of dissolved gasses in seawater is predominately controlled by equilibration with the atmosphere. For N2, which is fairly inert, this means the concentration stays about the same with depth. This is certainly not the case with O2, which is consumed by respiration.\n\nWhen a diver breaths using SUBA, their blood is equilibrating with gas at the pressure they are experiencing. This means when they surface the blood is supersaturated with gas, particularly N2. If decompression is too rapid, the gas comes out of solution as bubbles, hence the bends. This will not happen with fish blood, since there is no supersaturation.\n\nThat said, as others have stated, a swim bladder in some fish is a pocket of gas which may expand uncontrollably as a fish is brought to the surface. This is different than the effect on gasses dissolved in the blood.",
"I fish for Arrowtooth Flounder off the coast of British Columbia. We often bring up Pacific Perch (Snapper or Rockfish) and when they come up their eyes are bulged out and bloodshot and their stomachs are often sticking out of their mouths. They come from a depth of about eight-hundred feet or around one-hundred-thirty fathoms. It's actually kind of sad, even for a seasoned fisherman, especially when you bring one up that's over a hundred years old.",
"I would like to add a general comment to make it clear that when people refer to compressed air with human divers they are not referring to the compressed air tanks at high pressure but rather the compression of air in the lungs.\nThe blood absorbs more gases when deep under water than would be possible at lower pressures so when you release the pressure it comes out of solution. Potentially fish could therefore get a version of the bends based on the difference in gas solubility between the deep water and more shallow water, however I would imagine deep water in most places would be below the saturation point in any particular gas because there is no air interface at those depths/pressures.\nI don't know enough about the physiology of fish to speculate on whether their blood will reach equilibrium with the surrounding water and how slowly they would need to come up to avoid the bends if there was a source of gas at their normal depth. (note that it wouldn't necessarily need to be nitrogen for the same phenomenon)",
"Fish gills absorb oxygen from the water. Fish would not get the bends like a human because there is no nitrogen absorbed. Fish get what is similar to a pulmonary embolism in a human, when fish get yanked up from depth. Expanding air spaces cause tissue damage because it cannot escape. Just like if a human holding their breath after taking a full breath of air from a air source underwater. It is the difference between decompression illness and a pressure related injury.",
"The bends is similar to opening a bottle of soda. You have a gas (Nitrogen) dissolved in your blood, like CO2 in the soda. When you surface too quickly it is like when you unscrew the bottle cap fast and the CO2 bubbles out of the soda because it is no longer under high pressure. Now imagine this gas, Nitrogen, coming out of solution into your body, and the problems it would cause.",
"Something I know a little bit about! Some fish have an air bladder (aka swim bladder) inside of them that helps control their height in the water column (more air = higher, less air = lower). Now, if they get pulled out of relatively shallow water, no harm done. However, if a fish is taken out of deep water very quickly, the difference in pressure causes the air in the swim bladder expands and it often pushes their also expanded stomachs out of their mouths, their eyes bulge, and they cannot swim back down to where they were, making them super easy targets for predators, if they don't just die from the trauma. The bends would not kill them before that did, if they can even get the bends.",
"as an amateur fisherman I cant tell you the scientific process, but many fish cannot be thrown back due to organ damage they receive when fished up. Rock fish, for example go blind and their eyes often pop. I assume they suffer other damage because catching them at only 300m deep brings them up very sick like. \n\nSome fish tolerate it fine, like halibut which you can just throw back healthy after bringing them up from 300m"
],
"score": [
829,
469,
114,
7,
6,
3,
3,
2,
2
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | Do fish get the bends when they're fished?
| [
-0.44592568278312683,
-0.014429857954382896,
0.42119935154914856,
0.10220153629779816,
-0.25482240319252014,
-0.38509395718574524,
0.2265397161245346,
-0.17168185114860535,
0.8170045614242554,
0.09778281301259995,
0.845021665096283,
0.061408400535583496,
-0.33444783091545105,
0.043188922107219696,
-0.16047829389572144,
0.5835031867027283,
0.27171796560287476,
0.2436971813440323,
0.19036443531513214,
-0.6787166595458984,
-0.7096282243728638,
-0.666120171546936,
-0.5514585375785828,
-0.09349176287651062,
-0.20478922128677368,
0.9526410698890686,
0.9789707660675049,
0.40231913328170776,
0.42181265354156494,
-0.0742005705833435,
0.46614184975624084,
0.9916358590126038,
0.096308633685112,
0.26592543721199036,
0.2431437224149704,
-0.9507362842559814,
1.638427495956421,
0.20478279888629913,
0.44373127818107605,
-0.2818833887577057,
0.20533210039138794,
-1.3759232759475708,
0.5084967017173767,
0.11559823900461197,
0.09708598256111145,
-0.4324885904788971,
-0.20634447038173676,
0.19406519830226898,
-1.1119678020477295,
0.2795383334159851,
-0.05886977165937424,
-0.14152492582798004,
0.26924461126327515,
-0.250153511762619,
-0.13782045245170593,
-0.0844060629606247,
0.6212542653083801,
-0.23350933194160461,
0.14692267775535583,
0.38770002126693726,
0.48746246099472046,
0.5988243818283081,
-0.7776347398757935,
0.0014572200598195195,
-0.16155315935611725,
0.7585799694061279,
0.23733165860176086,
2.0614311695098877,
0.3894954025745392,
-0.21712467074394226,
0.48376643657684326,
-0.27547046542167664,
-0.9064325094223022,
-0.3996419906616211,
-0.3679136633872986,
-0.56330406665802,
0.09498827159404755,
0.8276067972183228,
0.24670900404453278,
-1.0350306034088135,
0.5855860114097595,
0.10953528434038162,
-0.23434431850910187,
0.5095468759536743,
0.02529265731573105,
-0.17844551801681519,
-0.5195038914680481,
-0.4318963587284088,
0.26237285137176514,
1.1469595432281494,
-0.12760043144226074,
-0.6253125667572021,
0.7033539414405823,
0.3881269693374634,
-0.09317009150981903,
-0.6216144561767578,
-0.5761710405349731,
0.22118517756462097,
0.23716901242733002,
0.66203773021698,
-0.04586561769247055,
-0.9655560851097107,
0.8302100896835327,
0.719244122505188,
-0.3881600499153137,
-0.4455726742744446,
0.7287902235984802,
-0.4661600887775421,
-0.06559472531080246,
0.05914657562971115,
-0.5483413934707642,
0.6160691976547241,
0.7243823409080505,
0.2907361388206482,
-0.08508824557065964,
-0.543857216835022,
-0.3011016547679901,
-0.6346226334571838,
-0.23324915766716003,
0.07722707837820053,
0.03436312451958656,
-0.04222196713089943,
1.712441086769104,
0.16218344867229462,
0.16277743875980377,
-0.19911088049411774,
0.0935838371515274,
0.4642651379108429,
-1.2094721794128418,
-1.4522507190704346,
0.46186697483062744,
0.20443914830684662,
0.2004827857017517,
-0.6622971296310425,
0.3077782392501831,
-0.6151363849639893,
-0.21469846367835999,
-0.9781244993209839,
-0.7211717963218689,
0.34488818049430847,
0.28479278087615967,
1.2194490432739258,
0.16111668944358826,
-0.1935836672782898,
-0.10453535616397858,
-0.21494944393634796,
0.19460269808769226,
-0.06948526948690414,
-0.15880736708641052,
-0.07709198445081711,
-0.4887616038322449,
0.28234121203422546,
-0.21332931518554688,
-0.8632688522338867,
0.8609368801116943,
-0.4140729606151581,
0.16524025797843933,
-0.4640013575553894,
0.7070436477661133,
0.5073740482330322,
0.9741147756576538,
0.08492682874202728,
-0.9658985733985901,
0.34980762004852295,
0.7718751430511475,
-0.8417643904685974,
-0.6188439726829529,
-0.18108895421028137,
-0.9371418356895447,
1.0221699476242065,
0.5503575205802917,
0.5348718762397766,
0.929405152797699,
0.1586475968360901,
1.442704439163208,
-0.27339622378349304,
-0.8514394164085388,
-0.3735780715942383,
0.12527963519096375,
0.37145116925239563,
-0.05111180990934372,
0.1599399298429489,
0.5485554337501526,
0.7205153703689575,
-0.7848172783851624,
0.269170343875885,
-0.3604342043399811,
0.37087494134902954,
0.3889598548412323,
0.40216800570487976,
0.35179534554481506,
-0.4875204265117645,
-1.3791089057922363,
-0.12189062684774399,
-0.32291609048843384,
0.054113976657390594,
0.22271926701068878,
0.7919759154319763,
-0.38629668951034546,
-1.4149340391159058,
-0.5611166954040527,
-0.7285662293434143,
0.598217785358429,
-0.36045292019844055,
-0.8987715840339661,
0.27776139974594116,
0.20812179148197174,
-0.5536841750144958,
-0.1416798233985901,
0.2500787377357483,
-0.9493858814239502,
0.6026853919029236,
-0.9274434447288513,
-1.293202519416809,
-0.27925026416778564,
0.984492838382721,
-0.6285645365715027,
-0.3013652563095093,
0.44634124636650085,
0.06455331295728683,
0.4224863648414612,
-0.3695787191390991,
-0.0006534514250233769,
0.13675642013549805,
0.5949774980545044,
-0.7308487296104431,
0.6482034921646118,
-0.135882169008255,
-0.3816034495830536,
-0.24879714846611023,
-0.3167217969894409,
0.886971116065979,
0.3491348624229431,
0.17566530406475067,
-0.09202171117067337,
-0.061482395976781845,
-0.9936818480491638,
-0.22329895198345184,
0.4454273581504822,
-0.48448050022125244,
0.2477332055568695,
0.5383509397506714,
0.14366847276687622,
0.40855520963668823,
0.7066190242767334,
0.5268609523773193,
-0.12351430207490921,
0.04753267019987106,
-0.5416738390922546,
-0.5860592126846313,
1.0665762424468994,
0.08442887663841248,
-0.40508905053138733,
-0.665278434753418,
0.9813083410263062,
-1.1515421867370605,
-0.17396153509616852,
-0.8968344926834106,
0.3238179087638855,
-0.014833640307188034,
-0.6401830911636353,
-0.6584892868995667,
1.095853567123413,
-0.2885916531085968,
-0.6298182010650635,
-0.10896985977888107,
-0.6431693434715271,
0.24572786688804626,
0.3887386918067932,
0.5920846462249756,
-0.8349537253379822,
0.9749515056610107,
0.29820698499679565,
0.9178831577301025,
-0.8521056771278381,
-0.39265352487564087,
0.33332517743110657,
0.4634585976600647,
0.3946637511253357,
0.4283590018749237,
0.5142420530319214,
-0.15369799733161926,
-0.10873926430940628,
-0.4835663437843323,
-0.02852771431207657,
-0.835102379322052,
0.4478912651538849,
0.1248326450586319,
0.07319320738315582,
-0.8645991683006287,
0.6524819731712341,
0.488660991191864,
-0.7624954581260681,
1.4340500831604004,
0.6047123670578003,
0.3420248031616211,
-0.3149334490299225,
0.46075886487960815,
0.744653582572937,
-0.3497045338153839,
0.6406895518302917,
-0.864588737487793,
0.6279299855232239,
0.02798609621822834,
-0.7296145558357239,
0.45996078848838806,
0.9710740447044373,
-0.7522624135017395,
-0.8458227515220642,
-0.6540741324424744,
0.028964828699827194,
1.2947046756744385,
0.6537484526634216,
0.9447360634803772,
0.5757494568824768,
0.31193822622299194,
0.09205295145511627,
0.44527488946914673,
-1.3032740354537964,
0.41587913036346436,
-0.38196051120758057,
0.4700160324573517,
-0.7215306758880615,
0.47293540835380554,
-0.05580579489469528,
1.1729481220245361,
-0.18049666285514832,
1.0692157745361328,
-0.5157099962234497,
-0.31702426075935364,
0.9129034280776978,
0.03832196444272995,
0.040940966457128525,
0.5846549868583679,
-0.48036858439445496,
0.5098186731338501,
-1.042419195175171,
0.8186410069465637,
-1.054827332496643,
0.7250566482543945,
0.22855336964130402,
-0.16642126441001892,
-0.38827425241470337,
-0.1407475769519806,
0.3624345660209656,
-0.6291567087173462,
-0.12893567979335785,
0.08043967932462692,
-0.8049430847167969,
0.04539352282881737,
-0.407015860080719,
-0.06593313813209534,
0.026594307273626328,
-0.37965187430381775,
0.8816690444946289,
0.16844837367534637,
-0.6834456324577332,
0.008929912932217121,
0.44148653745651245,
0.1561359018087387,
-0.13242308795452118,
0.73044753074646,
-0.059174757450819016,
-0.08949191868305206,
-0.8171067833900452,
0.1549491137266159,
0.44709187746047974,
-0.7070084810256958,
0.1685364544391632,
-0.36843204498291016,
-0.11592734605073929,
0.12803253531455994,
0.015623016282916069,
-0.5255372524261475,
-0.17378351092338562,
-0.18000534176826477,
0.868705153465271,
0.2429768145084381,
-0.5944006443023682,
0.2925609350204468,
0.2274218201637268,
0.08332281559705734,
0.6885563731193542,
-0.698846697807312,
-0.027065983042120934,
-0.10497666150331497,
0.051390234380960464,
0.3809776306152344,
0.2010890394449234,
0.4980222284793854,
-0.49916785955429077,
-0.25989747047424316,
-0.10251165926456451,
-1.4222108125686646,
-0.48906728625297546,
-1.180273413658142,
-0.6291521787643433,
0.7825678586959839,
0.9303807616233826,
-1.1092976331710815,
-0.1545754224061966,
-0.46602562069892883,
-0.5960903167724609,
0.37394994497299194,
0.823460578918457,
-0.48882776498794556,
0.1430627405643463,
0.13618449866771698,
0.4967294931411743,
-0.20142224431037903,
0.42780575156211853,
-1.0155802965164185,
-0.2131648063659668,
-0.2014165222644806,
-0.7793938517570496,
0.6795486807823181,
-0.5836822986602783,
-0.12328163534402847,
-0.7292039394378662,
-0.6652275919914246,
-0.17788799107074738,
0.6625415086746216,
-0.5962451696395874,
0.3455830216407776,
-0.6203693747520447,
-0.558998703956604,
0.3568299114704132,
0.01712898164987564,
-0.23065724968910217,
1.2544687986373901,
0.8454490303993225,
-1.5317890644073486,
-0.09356828033924103,
-0.6513809561729431,
-0.8732532858848572,
0.21592888236045837,
0.10325220972299576,
0.2518039047718048,
0.6512466669082642,
0.8030917644500732,
-0.6612472534179688,
-0.8205384016036987,
-0.4723816215991974,
0.17439554631710052,
0.2210908979177475,
-0.20805399119853973,
0.24967432022094727,
-0.1769256442785263,
-1.06975519657135,
1.0367172956466675,
0.3892504572868347,
-0.08881847560405731,
-0.16572269797325134,
0.06880183517932892,
0.6691762208938599,
-0.04592721909284592,
-0.46975037455558777,
1.4118647575378418,
-0.5752010941505432,
0.3440226912498474,
-0.06813817471265793,
-0.03609578311443329,
-0.0779045969247818,
0.42079025506973267,
0.93196702003479,
0.42507824301719666,
0.3241213262081146,
-0.23680149018764496,
0.05942203849554062,
0.36653944849967957,
0.1133284643292427,
-0.5449579358100891,
0.33236825466156006,
0.264207661151886,
-0.7671661972999573,
-0.6004171371459961,
0.4784996807575226,
-0.3829978406429291,
-0.2441336065530777,
-0.7485644221305847,
-0.06941301375627518,
0.030693508684635162,
0.10445818305015564,
-0.42340052127838135,
0.12679347395896912,
-0.1322890669107437,
-0.5791444182395935,
-0.7931483387947083,
-0.25241324305534363,
0.10713795572519302,
0.21792718768119812,
0.1358419507741928,
0.06816966831684113,
-0.598610520362854,
0.07044829428195953,
-0.21811063587665558,
-0.72390216588974,
0.5427026152610779,
-0.4122595489025116,
0.04380146414041519,
0.6045299768447876,
-0.1087648943066597,
0.1503010392189026,
0.44698572158813477,
0.8758182525634766,
0.40845534205436707,
-0.6883418560028076,
-1.041113018989563,
0.37345948815345764,
-0.0128175625577569,
-0.7463940382003784,
-0.8806810975074768,
0.25290367007255554,
0.028944281861186028,
0.48097819089889526,
-0.41351139545440674,
0.22205397486686707,
-0.4166768193244934,
-0.7307036519050598,
-0.12093337625265121,
-0.9771953225135803,
0.5703890919685364,
0.7068637609481812,
-0.9111901521682739,
0.547105073928833,
-0.21841351687908173,
-0.03377359360456467,
-0.060773707926273346,
0.40724050998687744,
-0.03281951695680618,
-0.08901911228895187,
-0.5266454219818115,
-1.7411290407180786,
0.5499586462974548,
-0.9380999207496643,
0.5067563652992249,
0.7060947418212891,
0.28334861993789673,
0.3462066352367401,
0.8283817768096924,
0.20997364819049835,
-0.30832818150520325,
0.3285832107067108,
0.9592077732086182,
-1.0269207954406738,
-0.763434648513794,
-0.9507003426551819,
-0.4276183545589447,
-0.19365523755550385,
0.6651815176010132,
-0.025095494464039803,
0.3758910596370697,
0.6833125352859497,
0.4996407628059387,
0.4197518229484558,
1.4215883016586304,
-0.12896491587162018,
-0.3971594572067261,
0.029010538011789322,
-0.425603449344635,
0.14182919263839722,
-0.5577034950256348,
-0.6223961114883423,
0.25428879261016846,
0.07010015100240707,
-1.0801937580108643,
-0.15423139929771423,
0.1785416454076767,
-0.5771332383155823,
0.6544737219810486,
-0.3497917354106903,
0.3625856935977936,
0.3463037312030792,
-0.45923906564712524,
-0.013691053725779057,
-0.25127431750297546,
-0.09781008213758469,
0.5560753345489502,
-1.5274792909622192,
-0.37020355463027954,
0.6296930313110352,
0.9664866924285889,
0.6654370427131653,
0.26715967059135437,
-0.08671043813228607,
-0.10201714932918549,
-0.23170353472232819,
-0.6630319952964783,
-0.3972777724266052,
0.8047403693199158,
-0.479586660861969,
-0.5406827926635742,
-0.8786996603012085,
-0.020032651722431183,
-0.6734768152236938,
1.2309309244155884,
0.07560434937477112,
0.7083691954612732,
-0.4460861086845398,
-0.5281178951263428,
-0.2879345715045929,
0.3488753139972687,
0.20823541283607483,
0.8561195731163025,
0.45584219694137573,
-0.3194049596786499,
0.2555156648159027,
-0.7766456604003906,
-0.24081240594387054,
0.1575509011745453,
0.20945337414741516,
0.061358626931905746,
0.2975131869316101,
0.2962549328804016,
-0.5218572020530701,
-0.84437096118927,
0.9294108748435974,
0.035940274596214294,
0.31058818101882935,
0.2417793869972229,
0.011283244006335735,
0.529456615447998,
-0.5865828394889832,
-0.33492186665534973,
0.9563881158828735,
0.43664824962615967,
-0.3329356908798218,
0.7269487380981445,
-0.23823282122612,
0.007345631718635559,
-0.1306588500738144,
-0.4113384485244751,
-0.6405466794967651,
0.2487199455499649,
-0.703781008720398,
-0.9187641739845276,
0.1832956224679947,
0.5877426862716675,
-0.3683662414550781,
-0.23318356275558472,
0.045483388006687164,
-0.3771866261959076,
-1.6188372373580933,
-0.29435738921165466,
-0.5183558464050293,
0.7537816166877747,
-0.4285168945789337,
0.20798462629318237,
0.08577526360750198,
0.5395980477333069,
0.2770402133464813,
0.13082396984100342,
0.21989981830120087,
0.09764781594276428,
0.302380234003067,
-0.6273899674415588,
0.29650238156318665,
0.05861014127731323,
-0.4326283633708954,
0.1581304967403412,
-0.9118757843971252,
0.3925214111804962,
0.38039955496788025,
-0.17739050090312958,
0.2535448372364044,
0.047537267208099365,
0.3799128532409668,
0.11034580320119858,
-0.25871631503105164,
-1.277504801750183,
0.38813140988349915,
-0.6817581653594971,
-0.40686801075935364,
0.04087429493665695,
-0.4589298963546753,
-0.8378578424453735,
-0.1932605355978012,
-0.5879092812538147,
0.20644158124923706,
0.9169114828109741,
-0.1536741703748703,
0.8180088400840759,
-0.8657646775245667,
0.7331996560096741,
0.24531657993793488,
0.06350623816251755,
-0.29560860991477966,
0.6826935410499573,
0.5252761840820312,
-0.02414659596979618,
-0.7381324172019958,
-0.9226664304733276,
-0.6405722498893738,
0.4030948877334595,
-0.3171807527542114,
0.6844891905784607,
-0.27393800020217896,
-0.775157630443573,
-0.732784628868103,
0.40280213952064514,
0.029576636850833893,
-0.3928567171096802,
-0.7295811176300049,
-0.08745229244232178,
-0.8890175223350525,
1.4111406803131104,
0.16568630933761597,
0.7402976155281067,
0.3372320830821991,
-0.9543145298957825,
1.235304355621338,
1.1832152605056763,
0.10529626160860062,
-0.03507493436336517,
-0.7308512330055237,
-0.27199527621269226,
-0.46412038803100586,
-0.03317996859550476,
1.2343313694000244,
-0.19884096086025238,
-0.3065008521080017,
-0.18028773367404938,
-0.3993940055370331,
0.38110828399658203,
-0.23693035542964935,
0.21591831743717194,
-0.3056773543357849,
-0.5709460973739624,
-0.26675814390182495,
-0.3039862811565399,
-1.5135568380355835,
0.05627497658133507,
-0.840076744556427,
-0.5334991812705994,
-0.16658268868923187,
0.276897132396698,
-0.4723215401172638,
1.0786160230636597,
-0.936058759689331,
0.8753535151481628,
0.1458999216556549,
-0.4228522479534149,
-0.2613845467567444,
-0.3761303126811981,
0.3727838099002838,
-0.20270568132400513,
-0.035153668373823166,
-0.22875942289829254,
-0.6393070220947266,
0.09522140771150589,
0.954139769077301,
1.0063502788543701,
0.3076181709766388,
-0.26496249437332153,
-0.25741398334503174,
-0.3137545585632324,
-1.0071625709533691,
-0.12186117470264435,
-0.01775459386408329,
-1.6868970394134521,
-0.052038632333278656,
-0.0031330997589975595,
-0.29269057512283325,
-0.030352424830198288,
0.468138188123703,
-0.1367400735616684,
-0.4638921916484833,
0.12655086815357208
] |
||
4tffrn | What is the design advantage of a hex socket? | I worked doing oil changes on Mazdas and always wondered why they would design the drain plug with a hex socket since it can be more prone to stripping. What advantages would this particular bolt have compared to others? | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"d5gwpgn",
"d5gyr9x",
"d5h19vz"
],
"text": [
"Hex sockets are less prone to stripping than either phillips or flat heads. If you are regularly stripping hex sockets, that means either you are using the wrong tool (metric vs imperial) or that your tool has poor tolerances so it's too small for the hex socket.",
"I assume it has an internal hex as opposed to the usual external hex head. The working edge of an internal hex socket bolt is protected from road hazards, but I'm not sure how important that is unless one does a lot of off-roading. Also, the head can be made lower profile since the tool can go up into the threaded portion of the bolt. \n\nDon't use an impact wrench or air ratchet, and make sure you have a tight fit before turning. Most importantly, don't over-torque when tightening. I started doing my own oil changes because of stripped drain bolts caused by mechanics who don't bother to torque bolts properly. That's probably why they get stripped.",
"The hex head is a compromise between slipping and range of motion. The more sides you have, the more prone you are to slipping/stripping. An external square head won't slip as easily as an external hex head, but it also limits the range of motion since there are only four possible positions for you to get a wrench on it, which can make a big difference in tight spaces (though less so since the advent of socket wrenches). So a hex head bolt is a compromise, giving you good resistance to slippage while still providing multiple angles to approach the bolt from."
],
"score": [
9,
8,
3
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | What is the design advantage of a hex socket?
I worked doing oil changes on Mazdas and always wondered why they would design the drain plug with a hex socket since it can be more prone to stripping. What advantages would this particular bolt have compared to others? | [
0.14395952224731445,
-0.243337944149971,
0.37363067269325256,
-0.4921163022518158,
-0.678206741809845,
-0.36017894744873047,
0.2564680576324463,
-0.8543384671211243,
1.694365382194519,
-0.165970578789711,
0.6396363377571106,
0.7004229426383972,
-0.5874384641647339,
0.48586899042129517,
-0.17101599276065826,
-0.08070661127567291,
0.3009088337421417,
0.09519080072641373,
-0.23986686766147614,
-0.07680118083953857,
0.05087127909064293,
0.6036257147789001,
-0.2494187206029892,
1.5319125652313232,
-0.5672048926353455,
0.6465921401977539,
0.562132716178894,
-0.07712321728467941,
0.6307106018066406,
0.2534276843070984,
-0.2749912440776825,
0.06858120113611221,
-0.38121652603149414,
-0.4623129367828369,
0.479857861995697,
-0.27366378903388977,
1.2206319570541382,
-0.6367421746253967,
0.7303749918937683,
-0.7446017861366272,
-0.22791729867458344,
-0.6211996078491211,
0.45603451132774353,
1.193285584449768,
0.04269396886229515,
-0.16298294067382812,
0.05866510421037674,
0.1401549130678177,
-0.43128761649131775,
0.06554653495550156,
0.20747368037700653,
0.052556876093149185,
-0.00814791303128004,
0.36731085181236267,
0.6654044389724731,
-0.05854814127087593,
0.6326087117195129,
-0.8412741422653198,
0.8177553415298462,
0.48999911546707153,
0.24010659754276276,
-0.41592827439308167,
-0.4436657130718231,
-0.49583062529563904,
0.2773689925670624,
-0.205762580037117,
-0.5973964333534241,
0.4745810627937317,
-0.7024529576301575,
0.23590992391109467,
-0.05781513825058937,
-0.27102261781692505,
-0.7533222436904907,
-0.4808323383331299,
-0.18204982578754425,
-0.4742380678653717,
0.029227809980511665,
0.1282767802476883,
-0.4130983054637909,
-0.4052610695362091,
-0.32135316729545593,
0.519299328327179,
-0.46859362721443176,
0.08088935911655426,
0.700667679309845,
0.7951110005378723,
0.5506576299667358,
0.09764210134744644,
0.11581414192914963,
0.4092541038990021,
-0.4001697897911072,
-0.05148937925696373,
0.7353673577308655,
0.29292771220207214,
0.39723023772239685,
-0.35137972235679626,
0.7990620732307434,
-0.30424049496650696,
-0.278986394405365,
-0.3026072084903717,
0.09969772398471832,
0.709627628326416,
0.07043160498142242,
0.9904319047927856,
0.45112109184265137,
-0.6666701436042786,
0.4078449606895447,
0.11825458705425262,
-0.05629325658082962,
0.1715651899576187,
0.20110473036766052,
1.2867754697799683,
0.8145691156387329,
0.16450901329517365,
-0.6227372288703918,
-1.501588225364685,
0.4627550542354584,
-0.27048906683921814,
0.482117235660553,
0.12408799678087234,
-0.443755567073822,
0.1343088150024414,
1.3674774169921875,
1.1977723836898804,
-0.004502279218286276,
0.21740077435970306,
-0.49014773964881897,
0.33762624859809875,
0.47454068064689636,
-0.43930214643478394,
0.11625677347183228,
0.7086473107337952,
0.7634451985359192,
-0.43200668692588806,
0.0978250503540039,
-0.2932113707065582,
-1.1281832456588745,
0.6019521951675415,
-0.713089644908905,
-0.05549798533320427,
-0.6313990354537964,
-0.06275307387113571,
0.9877389669418335,
-0.65483158826828,
-0.4298064112663269,
-1.1261826753616333,
-1.4780120849609375,
-0.47227123379707336,
0.14660723507404327,
-0.6243451833724976,
-0.5773897171020508,
-0.45466652512550354,
0.19347289204597473,
-0.8880706429481506,
1.1043800115585327,
0.5101912617683411,
0.39087051153182983,
-0.6105087399482727,
0.8989859223365784,
-0.19789469242095947,
-1.119917631149292,
-0.49618953466415405,
-0.2076462358236313,
0.30274227261543274,
0.4145658016204834,
-0.5591405630111694,
0.11838172376155853,
-0.024863015860319138,
0.2637769281864166,
0.11785966902971268,
-0.6815400123596191,
0.12107576429843903,
1.1699553728103638,
-0.01206621527671814,
0.7797525525093079,
-0.07214052230119705,
0.13496547937393188,
0.384416788816452,
-0.09744591265916824,
0.5428672432899475,
0.03564955294132233,
-0.19631586968898773,
-0.06837394088506699,
1.0218846797943115,
-0.5415431261062622,
-0.30587276816368103,
0.013612134382128716,
0.31766411662101746,
0.37806209921836853,
0.2985716164112091,
-0.39301159977912903,
-0.6156514883041382,
-1.822468638420105,
0.7166468501091003,
-0.12439436465501785,
-0.00009352900087833405,
-0.22777272760868073,
-0.418599933385849,
-0.0998147502541542,
-0.2264353334903717,
-0.18810857832431793,
-0.6527597308158875,
0.1268990933895111,
-0.3375477194786072,
-0.1497955471277237,
-0.21953214704990387,
0.4837128221988678,
-0.13770437240600586,
0.027922939509153366,
-0.17929507791996002,
-0.7464764714241028,
1.0263609886169434,
-0.018786940723657608,
-0.4368433356285095,
-0.27661365270614624,
0.4411659836769104,
0.16050492227077484,
-0.09144926816225052,
0.2780512273311615,
0.320352703332901,
0.7126456499099731,
0.14309380948543549,
0.19252367317676544,
0.5717988610267639,
1.1573377847671509,
-0.6364066004753113,
-0.21754838526248932,
-0.17745235562324524,
0.20842914283275604,
0.1719583123922348,
0.0720604658126831,
-0.15704956650733948,
0.11871888488531113,
-0.548058271408081,
-0.16634991765022278,
-0.7884694337844849,
-0.8134669065475464,
-1.1490147113800049,
0.02322981134057045,
-1.0302928686141968,
-0.42205381393432617,
0.6100744605064392,
0.8665544390678406,
1.0494792461395264,
0.5650855302810669,
0.5723738670349121,
-0.4642844796180725,
-0.8556451797485352,
-0.26273638010025024,
0.36965879797935486,
0.1031186431646347,
-0.73368901014328,
-0.568835437297821,
-0.30369558930397034,
0.18722762167453766,
-1.1480023860931396,
-0.39803940057754517,
0.012291667982935905,
-0.6621829271316528,
0.49856430292129517,
-0.21678833663463593,
-0.482381135225296,
0.5914894342422485,
-0.5860224962234497,
-0.6650371551513672,
0.34773287177085876,
-1.2460819482803345,
0.18657030165195465,
0.22847676277160645,
-0.056987933814525604,
-0.6016678214073181,
-0.26608702540397644,
0.29256442189216614,
-0.11940129101276398,
0.23454727232456207,
-0.35603097081184387,
0.03337705880403519,
-0.8226233124732971,
0.5075055360794067,
0.19973371922969818,
0.4627823829650879,
1.0461184978485107,
-0.32157689332962036,
-0.2909960448741913,
-0.24315552413463593,
0.21940718591213226,
0.39506474137306213,
-0.9834454655647278,
0.06060169264674187,
-1.5484966039657593,
0.7121309041976929,
-0.10003865510225296,
-0.5208597183227539,
1.3266092538833618,
0.9023162126541138,
-0.8911923766136169,
0.14060385525226593,
0.028078576549887657,
0.04148014262318611,
-0.12045865505933762,
-0.36830419301986694,
0.08727558702230453,
0.26395076513290405,
0.17768658697605133,
-0.16255681216716766,
0.400147020816803,
0.6071444153785706,
-0.9624279141426086,
0.14961065351963043,
-0.08828791230916977,
0.0954837054014206,
-0.35543718934059143,
0.4488493800163269,
0.839411199092865,
0.07236671447753906,
-0.19238293170928955,
0.1438639611005783,
-0.30042654275894165,
-0.5080920457839966,
-0.07767417281866074,
0.4743904769420624,
0.7934303879737854,
-0.4030984938144684,
0.36419254541397095,
0.6254754662513733,
1.7501513957977295,
0.10371812433004379,
0.036834798753261566,
-0.7166754603385925,
0.2797037661075592,
0.2459833323955536,
-0.5810052156448364,
0.28659453988075256,
-0.14779900014400482,
-0.25473135709762573,
-0.08141272515058517,
0.16698338091373444,
0.6840811371803284,
0.08458553999662399,
-0.09869693219661713,
0.8947928547859192,
0.3737693727016449,
-0.22740937769412994,
0.52383953332901,
-0.02513432875275612,
-0.515691339969635,
0.06422135978937149,
0.8295131921768188,
-0.22417978942394257,
0.7897656559944153,
0.6121810078620911,
0.39372745156288147,
0.22340713441371918,
-0.5940676927566528,
-0.1640998274087906,
0.3268757462501526,
-0.480336457490921,
-0.11676899343729019,
0.91801518201828,
0.35233786702156067,
-0.34851592779159546,
0.2221825122833252,
0.7545448541641235,
-0.023886624723672867,
-0.3520638048648834,
-0.25718626379966736,
-0.8538777232170105,
-0.4408726096153259,
0.0020560522098094225,
0.017346452921628952,
0.29707416892051697,
0.1270635426044464,
-0.0743211880326271,
0.11328411847352982,
0.47838786244392395,
-0.3836691081523895,
1.0490285158157349,
-0.14054682850837708,
-1.0720447301864624,
0.031010964885354042,
-0.2203165739774704,
0.02036617323756218,
-0.3224942088127136,
0.3416414260864258,
-0.5063844919204712,
-0.508368194103241,
-0.22515617311000824,
-0.25639891624450684,
-0.33170652389526367,
0.31172433495521545,
-0.2794785797595978,
0.3507547378540039,
-0.2858329117298126,
-0.09650690108537674,
-0.4788591265678406,
-0.8380741477012634,
-0.6896358728408813,
0.7324467301368713,
-0.7090267539024353,
-0.08848042041063309,
0.0841597318649292,
-0.259946346282959,
-0.38509058952331543,
1.6679407358169556,
0.07025910913944244,
-0.17064128816127777,
-0.09097069501876831,
-0.5088070631027222,
0.8176673054695129,
-0.8994644284248352,
0.04615815728902817,
-0.7810770273208618,
0.03334436193108559,
0.16972395777702332,
0.37285369634628296,
-0.26072898507118225,
-0.4295285642147064,
-0.5879144668579102,
-1.01027512550354,
0.15680094063282013,
0.4299902617931366,
-0.4898342490196228,
0.015184685587882996,
0.868005633354187,
-1.0339287519454956,
-0.5515384078025818,
0.5586806535720825,
-0.09773840755224228,
-0.6940612196922302,
0.207299143075943,
-1.2619991302490234,
-1.3702507019042969,
0.8376283645629883,
0.304466187953949,
-0.3457046449184418,
-0.06433527171611786,
0.09890619665384293,
0.6365882754325867,
0.6679303050041199,
-0.3505968153476715,
-0.6530097126960754,
0.4358036518096924,
-0.7893880605697632,
0.44656333327293396,
-0.06800471246242523,
-0.7951849699020386,
-0.2648753523826599,
0.3710852563381195,
-1.4003041982650757,
-0.022647809237241745,
0.1413804143667221,
-0.23410210013389587,
0.09078856557607651,
0.12183981388807297,
0.7128617167472839,
0.4249590039253235,
-0.7676159143447876,
0.22857773303985596,
-0.6302950978279114,
-0.35233834385871887,
-0.43880048394203186,
-0.3219277262687683,
-0.055129025131464005,
0.42061689496040344,
0.4637073874473572,
0.7853509783744812,
0.11190640926361084,
-0.29815933108329773,
-0.012782265432178974,
-0.9410979151725769,
-0.5686302185058594,
0.3154465854167938,
0.5001614689826965,
-0.26423025131225586,
-0.895290732383728,
-1.369613766670227,
0.607491135597229,
0.0853704959154129,
-0.4933360517024994,
-1.1434438228607178,
-0.1589946299791336,
-0.7678573727607727,
0.04877717047929764,
0.3421218991279602,
0.7986729741096497,
-0.5765147805213928,
-0.6801190972328186,
-0.6160939931869507,
-0.9777987599372864,
-0.24953827261924744,
0.03999974951148033,
0.005299828015267849,
-0.4016703963279724,
-0.329535573720932,
0.19909170269966125,
0.0317421592772007,
-0.9443841576576233,
0.010378852486610413,
0.1806507408618927,
-0.008969015441834927,
-0.1501069962978363,
-0.6425437331199646,
-0.23213599622249603,
-0.19565780460834503,
0.7827371954917908,
-0.06819101423025131,
-0.024080250412225723,
0.41901329159736633,
0.5917930603027344,
0.48098984360694885,
-0.9930617213249207,
-0.3358537256717682,
-0.6535887718200684,
-1.0695165395736694,
-0.058905404061079025,
0.208001971244812,
-0.6340985298156738,
0.4997945725917816,
0.38492926955223083,
0.43750762939453125,
-0.6707228422164917,
-0.32327014207839966,
1.0575060844421387,
-0.5633194446563721,
0.2586055099964142,
0.005519385449588299,
-0.692168653011322,
-0.9865022301673889,
0.3812723159790039,
-0.12744632363319397,
-0.007908865809440613,
-0.2761244773864746,
0.46759846806526184,
0.14217780530452728,
-0.5656174421310425,
0.7603510022163391,
0.4652814567089081,
-0.5754213333129883,
1.0422626733779907,
-0.11520319432020187,
-0.13248977065086365,
-0.2941993176937103,
0.3804508149623871,
-0.06194785609841347,
-0.1704571545124054,
-0.18657492101192474,
-0.8248958587646484,
-0.3054509162902832,
-0.7988978624343872,
0.2942628264427185,
0.49233898520469666,
0.4964425563812256,
0.057913023978471756,
0.2402108609676361,
-0.5498209595680237,
0.14350365102291107,
-0.42171546816825867,
0.024001387879252434,
-0.09435231983661652,
-0.3647710382938385,
-1.0089985132217407,
-0.39964228868484497,
-0.15260784327983856,
-0.7317647337913513,
-0.12010835111141205,
-0.6024091839790344,
-0.9530915021896362,
0.13905839622020721,
-1.0857442617416382,
0.38267868757247925,
0.04410113766789436,
0.08529597520828247,
-0.08859404176473618,
-0.4360281527042389,
0.10540754348039627,
-0.4733106195926666,
-0.5170007348060608,
-0.3183439075946808,
-1.0451198816299438,
0.40636178851127625,
0.2915801405906677,
0.7846546769142151,
0.8482508659362793,
0.3399541974067688,
0.3114039897918701,
-1.1301981210708618,
0.5712487101554871,
-0.599333643913269,
0.024254586547613144,
0.591201901435852,
-0.734376072883606,
-0.09628025442361832,
-0.05470633506774902,
-0.27332183718681335,
0.5010162591934204,
-1.023916482925415,
0.16009314358234406,
0.3431709110736847,
-0.012553940527141094,
0.18741761147975922,
0.42597338557243347,
-0.2757796049118042,
0.7542165517807007,
0.5526207685470581,
0.8361330032348633,
-0.2841004729270935,
0.3916241228580475,
-0.2818942666053772,
-0.06601804494857788,
1.170538306236267,
0.8495320081710815,
1.130458116531372,
0.21130810678005219,
0.2701573073863983,
-0.6616321206092834,
1.0247266292572021,
-0.7160530686378479,
-0.2974231243133545,
0.16530200839042664,
0.9633321166038513,
-0.12862959504127502,
0.46785852313041687,
-1.1341370344161987,
0.10696671158075333,
1.4053783416748047,
-0.01342102698981762,
-0.13728925585746765,
0.9652326703071594,
0.8151816129684448,
-0.22245962917804718,
0.18448354303836823,
-0.7201509475708008,
0.8957566618919373,
-0.7095907330513,
-0.9623095393180847,
0.5766851305961609,
-0.2742404341697693,
0.048280440270900726,
-0.45724722743034363,
0.2249784618616104,
-0.7164865732192993,
-0.35135167837142944,
-0.547398567199707,
0.9103145599365234,
0.5158191919326782,
0.21429657936096191,
-1.0066297054290771,
0.4397144317626953,
0.5099669098854065,
0.9060959219932556,
-0.46038612723350525,
0.8105739951133728,
0.3341522216796875,
0.09545592218637466,
0.49593082070350647,
-0.24036584794521332,
1.1240228414535522,
-0.24998418986797333,
-0.5027055740356445,
-0.30971789360046387,
-0.6809924244880676,
-0.2433507889509201,
1.0276578664779663,
-0.031572964042425156,
0.7212315201759338,
0.42006492614746094,
-0.22037437558174133,
0.07539612799882889,
-0.38518860936164856,
-0.6677752137184143,
-0.011570743285119534,
-0.17599307000637054,
-0.9280070066452026,
-0.1353531777858734,
0.6412957906723022,
0.09414059668779373,
-0.17237785458564758,
-0.12125349044799805,
-0.023224767297506332,
0.9625359177589417,
-0.7620878219604492,
0.24502460658550262,
-0.763546884059906,
-0.7306007742881775,
0.2181449681520462,
-0.42280927300453186,
-0.4124043881893158,
0.6490331292152405,
0.7351549863815308,
-0.10139980167150497,
0.12045591324567795,
-0.9236869215965271,
0.4809143543243408,
0.40186139941215515,
-0.24689891934394836,
0.5536011457443237,
-0.10210732370615005,
-0.7949037551879883,
-0.6970252990722656,
0.7467407584190369,
-0.7326983213424683,
-0.4050509035587311,
-0.7595348358154297,
-0.2968226969242096,
-0.1773345023393631,
-0.03231124207377434,
-0.017027318477630615,
1.1823164224624634,
0.11352191865444183,
-0.37456122040748596,
1.2166646718978882,
-0.040173690766096115,
-0.6230911612510681,
-0.18871620297431946,
-0.23356924951076508,
0.4562176764011383,
-0.41089385747909546,
-0.19247961044311523,
0.27971914410591125,
0.9924762845039368,
-0.5652199387550354,
-0.21687202155590057,
-0.680493175983429,
-0.8535881042480469,
-0.6032373309135437,
0.2635183334350586,
-0.2307714968919754,
0.02535298839211464,
-0.45844489336013794,
0.08434092253446579,
-0.44748756289482117,
-0.5342882871627808,
0.2918768525123596,
0.6045398116111755,
0.624498188495636,
0.3484582304954529,
-0.5537376999855042,
1.1394052505493164,
0.37784937024116516,
-0.07556293904781342,
-0.08060716092586517,
0.24985483288764954,
-0.4461992084980011,
-0.49015840888023376,
0.5039950609207153,
0.3816671073436737,
0.011038090102374554,
0.05889236554503441,
-0.05441225320100784,
0.27383869886398315,
0.5889022946357727,
0.638282299041748,
-0.17439162731170654,
0.5152261257171631,
-0.19135043025016785,
-0.3109860420227051,
-0.1100204586982727,
-0.5119883418083191,
-0.4366401731967926,
-0.5406441688537598,
-0.5124964118003845,
-0.14966948330402374,
0.028119508177042007,
-0.5229234099388123,
0.6319270133972168,
0.5238360166549683,
0.18677067756652832,
-0.5550762414932251
] |
|
14fsdl | If you were in a pitch black room, would there be any way to tell that you haven't gone blind instead? | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"c7crta0",
"c7coxmx",
"c7cqw7l",
"c7cpmej"
],
"text": [
"Close your eyes and push on them. See stars/colors? Your optic nerve still works if so",
"There is a phenomenon known as phosphenes which refers generally to non-optical stimulation of the eye. This can include electrical or mechanical stimulation. Importantly, these can occur in people with certain types of blindness. I can't think of any easy way to determine whether your eyes can see or not without optical stimulation of some kind, but there could conceivably be biochemical techniques for assessing the health of light sensing cells in the eye without light. One would need some resources and preparation to do this though.",
"Static electricity test with your clothes? Sparks from metallic objects. Assuming you have the proper tools.",
"It's also very rare to be totally blind most people registered blind have some degree of vision or have at the very least retain a perception of light. A minority will have total darkness but this is rare."
],
"score": [
15,
10,
7,
6
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | If you were in a pitch black room, would there be any way to tell that you haven't gone blind instead?
| [
0.17135648429393768,
-0.5879778861999512,
0.5250596404075623,
-0.3926059901714325,
0.11247211694717407,
0.02496328204870224,
0.7956520318984985,
-0.6754710674285889,
0.22386491298675537,
0.24488840997219086,
0.3331671953201294,
0.24497808516025543,
-0.8002834320068359,
0.10241658240556717,
0.6366593837738037,
-0.22380688786506653,
0.7071586847305298,
-0.6408178806304932,
-1.0985684394836426,
-0.31654107570648193,
-0.31185221672058105,
-0.46899935603141785,
0.19179782271385193,
1.0766419172286987,
-0.9031105041503906,
0.6651581525802612,
1.5370386838912964,
0.3333717882633209,
0.8460469245910645,
0.359519898891449,
0.8221226334571838,
0.30227357149124146,
-0.32017016410827637,
-0.07098972797393799,
1.2152831554412842,
-0.09793233126401901,
0.2710692882537842,
0.42372626066207886,
0.8213968873023987,
-1.1398968696594238,
0.4364060163497925,
-0.6493157148361206,
0.28585296869277954,
0.8201113939285278,
-0.8345688581466675,
0.22744104266166687,
-0.2846065163612366,
-0.09168196469545364,
-0.6052126884460449,
-0.938180148601532,
0.2670938968658447,
0.613361656665802,
1.4602339267730713,
0.5242295861244202,
0.006102072075009346,
-0.12903931736946106,
0.019204378128051758,
0.7837631106376648,
0.27065330743789673,
1.355676293373108,
1.1312878131866455,
0.33768409490585327,
-0.7778645753860474,
-0.3541823923587799,
-0.5036448240280151,
0.5873944759368896,
-0.11040443927049637,
0.7040405869483948,
0.2647363245487213,
0.21455548703670502,
0.7193558812141418,
-0.23245185613632202,
-0.8803634643554688,
-0.2128686010837555,
-0.5649898052215576,
-0.538874089717865,
0.6409098505973816,
0.06298460811376572,
0.5826417803764343,
-0.2738005816936493,
0.5494614839553833,
-0.2595013678073883,
-0.3873613774776459,
-0.706957995891571,
-0.08755812793970108,
0.11080929636955261,
-0.43803295493125916,
0.037362903356552124,
-0.7433702945709229,
0.975231409072876,
-0.1732599139213562,
-0.020933087915182114,
0.26261264085769653,
0.29638105630874634,
-0.44739145040512085,
-0.6522778868675232,
0.49964651465415955,
-0.2901846170425415,
-0.028867099434137344,
0.838698148727417,
0.6504219174385071,
-0.5870179533958435,
0.6843810081481934,
0.7570008039474487,
-0.16596165299415588,
-0.08093177527189255,
-0.4986362159252167,
0.26135900616645813,
-0.17078132927417755,
0.4232061803340912,
-0.694145917892456,
0.207737535238266,
0.17434169352054596,
-0.12923036515712738,
-0.17722052335739136,
-1.4782652854919434,
-0.8098239302635193,
0.623683512210846,
0.920943558216095,
0.5014398097991943,
0.7518611550331116,
-0.5031957030296326,
0.9978752732276917,
1.0637177228927612,
-0.11451014876365662,
0.5613241791725159,
0.5496601462364197,
0.3000836670398712,
-0.0031789110507816076,
-0.8584463596343994,
-0.007532104384154081,
1.0824790000915527,
0.5136035084724426,
-0.4869222342967987,
-0.296782910823822,
0.3426954448223114,
-0.4710417091846466,
0.7479702830314636,
-0.7165279984474182,
-0.1293012648820877,
-0.3472839891910553,
0.4527329206466675,
-0.24673941731452942,
-0.5087188482284546,
-0.22045281529426575,
-0.6847495436668396,
-0.7918477654457092,
0.3114137351512909,
0.5149617195129395,
-0.10346394777297974,
-1.062781810760498,
-0.1247691959142685,
0.3501100242137909,
-0.49871551990509033,
-0.7585494518280029,
-0.5634488463401794,
0.7835802435874939,
-1.0422890186309814,
-0.14840446412563324,
0.10355918854475021,
0.023437367752194405,
0.3240099549293518,
-0.17455871403217316,
0.21274510025978088,
-0.0679798424243927,
0.1301257163286209,
-0.4607376158237457,
-0.1450950801372528,
-0.04119693487882614,
0.4306991398334503,
0.10105777531862259,
0.004269909113645554,
0.4656318426132202,
-0.2570401132106781,
0.05311298370361328,
-0.558148205280304,
-0.5666466355323792,
0.12359250336885452,
-0.54061359167099,
0.5256348848342896,
-0.12453962117433548,
-0.5566539764404297,
0.5166523456573486,
0.10985921323299408,
-0.8366129994392395,
0.21289397776126862,
0.024460433050990105,
-0.07035109400749207,
0.458061158657074,
0.13503187894821167,
0.22725282609462738,
-0.3672662079334259,
-1.3092550039291382,
-0.008036385290324688,
0.6983437538146973,
-0.18332339823246002,
-0.1849658042192459,
0.6676669120788574,
-0.21688979864120483,
-0.4962308704853058,
0.935333788394928,
-0.05264320969581604,
0.12648963928222656,
0.5633571743965149,
-0.6440962553024292,
0.40918251872062683,
0.38396480679512024,
-0.16513879597187042,
0.4732150435447693,
0.16495421528816223,
0.7935690879821777,
0.20641814172267914,
-0.5192437767982483,
-0.2916947603225708,
0.5750789642333984,
0.4437240660190582,
0.6889196038246155,
0.17954321205615997,
-0.12323417514562607,
0.3171599805355072,
0.46371063590049744,
-1.1008939743041992,
-0.39095285534858704,
0.3298257291316986,
0.5955910682678223,
-0.029795300215482712,
0.2830294966697693,
0.08191519230604172,
0.07488580793142319,
-0.6097679734230042,
-0.17265965044498444,
0.26841819286346436,
-0.5410245060920715,
0.44821465015411377,
-0.09492091089487076,
-0.044620588421821594,
-1.0472116470336914,
-0.8694992065429688,
0.6243123412132263,
-1.4105911254882812,
-0.40874403715133667,
0.27437126636505127,
-0.15118977427482605,
1.0675073862075806,
0.8794010877609253,
0.0347675159573555,
-0.9011642932891846,
-0.6022033095359802,
-0.47823432087898254,
0.3207014799118042,
-0.6678158044815063,
-0.446855366230011,
-0.888196587562561,
-0.5662272572517395,
0.6795830130577087,
-0.6672141551971436,
-0.5955880284309387,
-0.12750425934791565,
-0.7563328742980957,
-0.5795998573303223,
-0.1769772469997406,
-0.05958699434995651,
1.344599723815918,
-0.6688040494918823,
-0.18342387676239014,
-0.8082444667816162,
-1.0635565519332886,
0.3347124457359314,
0.4778370261192322,
-0.0016491854330524802,
-0.3189389407634735,
0.30569663643836975,
0.3100171685218811,
0.5399687886238098,
-0.7713799476623535,
-0.05959293246269226,
1.2540571689605713,
0.44769057631492615,
0.02597779408097267,
0.42364203929901123,
0.3191584050655365,
0.38547539710998535,
-0.45701852440834045,
0.25626257061958313,
-0.1621023267507553,
0.8488520979881287,
0.7016545534133911,
-0.14396004378795624,
-0.40898367762565613,
-0.814684271812439,
0.3569398820400238,
0.5796908736228943,
-0.773552656173706,
0.8252072930335999,
-0.06167066842317581,
-0.05817372351884842,
-0.2610320746898651,
-0.37775829434394836,
-0.47848761081695557,
-0.2926502823829651,
-0.37869322299957275,
-1.2346123456954956,
0.5052351951599121,
0.7368509769439697,
-0.8252546787261963,
0.08311104774475098,
0.5165363550186157,
-0.8740344047546387,
0.3483935594558716,
0.14965392649173737,
0.015193932689726353,
0.5540987849235535,
-0.7277033925056458,
0.4394693374633789,
0.0641862004995346,
0.7431626319885254,
-0.033780936151742935,
-0.09166713804006577,
-0.6665061712265015,
-0.0920334979891777,
0.3348211944103241,
0.5387390851974487,
-0.3329220116138458,
0.10377012938261032,
-0.7048659920692444,
0.5467990636825562,
-0.9275641441345215,
0.5653330087661743,
-1.6249661445617676,
0.4296059012413025,
0.42580124735832214,
0.5319601893424988,
0.07471159100532532,
1.1139174699783325,
-0.2277258187532425,
-0.3910023272037506,
-0.6756664514541626,
-0.7407656311988831,
-1.3344528675079346,
-0.23503722250461578,
1.267320990562439,
0.2530284821987152,
-0.46686646342277527,
0.25208476185798645,
-0.41660046577453613,
0.9410712718963623,
-1.4661093950271606,
0.4579421281814575,
0.4261585772037506,
-0.03877505660057068,
-0.6387143731117249,
0.4745804965496063,
-0.14913451671600342,
-0.8433143496513367,
1.0156794786453247,
0.5444867610931396,
-0.2112683206796646,
-0.6754356026649475,
0.034683968871831894,
0.07265613973140717,
0.192440003156662,
0.8768149018287659,
0.36124882102012634,
-0.23361089825630188,
-0.8188812732696533,
0.09852133691310883,
0.13042505085468292,
-0.026532402262091637,
-0.17922917008399963,
-0.07027192413806915,
0.5147577524185181,
0.02284735068678856,
-0.3953392505645752,
-0.6367499828338623,
-0.1080685555934906,
-0.23185525834560394,
1.3071075677871704,
0.3531457483768463,
-1.151124358177185,
-0.3167194724082947,
0.7976658940315247,
-0.15576058626174927,
-0.5164321064949036,
0.42202624678611755,
-0.27050670981407166,
-0.9098738431930542,
-0.15805797278881073,
-0.30008333921432495,
-0.011202684603631496,
0.4177374243736267,
0.20018617808818817,
0.5181196928024292,
-0.655491292476654,
-0.9425464272499084,
-0.8238943815231323,
-0.09395553171634674,
-0.9683258533477783,
0.4202808737754822,
-0.06658419221639633,
-0.5825347304344177,
0.14399535953998566,
0.8350094556808472,
-0.4145309329032898,
0.5514757633209229,
0.025290753692388535,
-0.1650005578994751,
0.0021252278238534927,
0.5555312633514404,
-0.3850652575492859,
-1.455243706703186,
-0.15586097538471222,
-0.6208157539367676,
0.07116437703371048,
0.295850545167923,
0.7147476673126221,
-0.8748916387557983,
-1.0052083730697632,
-0.8756725192070007,
-1.0520950555801392,
0.20324227213859558,
-0.3762354254722595,
-0.368992418050766,
-0.014571874402463436,
-0.29120561480522156,
0.1782303750514984,
-0.17492873966693878,
-0.3162141740322113,
-0.4762394428253174,
-0.06303827464580536,
0.43364137411117554,
-1.0076589584350586,
-1.091660499572754,
-1.2442578077316284,
-0.11890469491481781,
-0.6928854584693909,
-1.2788645029067993,
0.5065610408782959,
-0.2613719403743744,
0.4798201024532318,
0.6258012056350708,
-0.5487474799156189,
0.16444937884807587,
-0.030554424971342087,
-0.24400894343852997,
0.21648377180099487,
-0.09731019288301468,
0.28554975986480713,
0.3198421001434326,
-1.2199325561523438,
-0.06372195482254028,
-0.05154401808977127,
0.16546745598316193,
-0.617389440536499,
-0.3809364140033722,
0.533000111579895,
0.20792528986930847,
-0.8812615871429443,
0.18138530850410461,
-0.29090815782546997,
0.3420494794845581,
0.12736254930496216,
0.09661862254142761,
-0.5559226870536804,
0.9389315247535706,
0.4942019283771515,
0.5961397886276245,
0.7009850144386292,
-0.9350160956382751,
0.5305683612823486,
-0.20157146453857422,
-0.5430441498756409,
0.2085227370262146,
1.714565396308899,
0.9632077813148499,
-1.165485143661499,
-0.28471335768699646,
-0.09301827847957611,
-0.2940933406352997,
0.013942420482635498,
-0.34419217705726624,
0.02493426948785782,
0.25883933901786804,
0.029418932273983955,
0.059653282165527344,
-0.014084738679230213,
-0.10644236207008362,
-1.0256237983703613,
-0.28458893299102783,
-0.35091909766197205,
0.08750037848949432,
-0.44065576791763306,
-0.3944723904132843,
0.15605314075946808,
1.0001035928726196,
0.6275222897529602,
-0.14133256673812866,
-0.03570232540369034,
-0.16355331242084503,
0.4256650507450104,
-0.42422378063201904,
-0.01058131642639637,
-0.2446785718202591,
-0.24954728782176971,
-0.8102676272392273,
-0.3832288086414337,
-0.26289620995521545,
-0.3559076189994812,
0.839264988899231,
0.6075488924980164,
0.33734264969825745,
0.08839701116085052,
-0.20145846903324127,
0.6861916780471802,
-0.15906007587909698,
0.44262903928756714,
0.35990020632743835,
-0.2853007912635803,
0.8884985446929932,
-0.9285972118377686,
0.4839543104171753,
-1.2333824634552002,
0.3422304689884186,
0.6575047969818115,
-0.13149859011173248,
0.06497376412153244,
-0.2781747877597809,
-0.8564193248748779,
-0.18428164720535278,
0.5921115279197693,
-0.13300229609012604,
-0.11111804097890854,
0.3579561114311218,
-0.6084802150726318,
0.880737841129303,
-0.5757582187652588,
1.134778380393982,
0.4070659279823303,
0.504611074924469,
0.7347174882888794,
0.7460728883743286,
-0.4431276321411133,
-0.1442524641752243,
0.6398449540138245,
0.3767396807670593,
-0.08594834059476852,
0.06302829831838608,
-0.45261552929878235,
0.06200946867465973,
-0.04672962799668312,
0.48205122351646423,
-0.09471160173416138,
0.10562518984079361,
0.6101123690605164,
1.3010345697402954,
1.0823923349380493,
-0.6469835638999939,
0.2367946356534958,
-0.9923531413078308,
0.07706357538700104,
-0.5588293671607971,
-0.5418261885643005,
-0.9620432257652283,
0.18943031132221222,
-0.37527012825012207,
1.1777833700180054,
-0.4840005934238434,
-1.1232531070709229,
0.019143322482705116,
-0.8530711531639099,
0.5935816168785095,
-0.16960953176021576,
0.6714890003204346,
-0.5822453498840332,
0.11673598736524582,
-0.24064341187477112,
-0.20129233598709106,
1.109891414642334,
0.16356433928012848,
0.618405282497406,
0.19011619687080383,
0.8450074195861816,
1.1266474723815918,
0.1810600459575653,
0.6976380944252014,
0.049401212483644485,
-0.5099713802337646,
-0.292324960231781,
-0.17208470404148102,
0.03632786497473717,
0.24464114010334015,
-0.5317680835723877,
-0.43875566124916077,
0.23967264592647552,
0.2974359691143036,
-0.0902063325047493,
-0.06972510367631912,
-0.24838998913764954,
0.1570763885974884,
0.4094904661178589,
-1.0165627002716064,
0.4425444006919861,
0.22809551656246185,
0.4067797362804413,
1.0675162076950073,
-0.3130616843700409,
-0.20217053592205048,
0.8083533048629761,
-1.2343580722808838,
-0.864599347114563,
0.9946125149726868,
0.4211535155773163,
0.8457346558570862,
0.2081993967294693,
-0.2650538682937622,
-0.2497391402721405,
0.2558245062828064,
0.27966049313545227,
-0.07912572473287582,
0.44025760889053345,
0.5324080586433411,
0.014786601066589355,
-0.5938320159912109,
-0.7667291164398193,
-0.8944220542907715,
0.7671507596969604,
-0.191707044839859,
-0.07959393411874771,
-0.04896240681409836,
0.3017265796661377,
-0.07210914045572281,
-0.5093121528625488,
0.2859674096107483,
-0.7442857027053833,
0.10947784036397934,
-1.5312790870666504,
0.8897508978843689,
0.2703084349632263,
-0.025753451511263847,
0.5814046263694763,
-0.10236501693725586,
0.4913773834705353,
-0.09510224312543869,
-1.2319673299789429,
1.2956697940826416,
0.22948281466960907,
-0.8243492841720581,
-0.31488385796546936,
1.1354161500930786,
0.12193563580513,
1.082065463066101,
0.08276139199733734,
-0.12611836194992065,
-0.23349711298942566,
0.5390676259994507,
0.47869399189949036,
-0.17352312803268433,
0.03787324205040932,
-0.37315160036087036,
0.213636577129364,
0.5172160863876343,
-1.1591699123382568,
-0.30215516686439514,
0.21724721789360046,
-0.24150323867797852,
0.8417831659317017,
-0.41130632162094116,
-0.3208124339580536,
0.2118576169013977,
-0.36156824231147766,
-0.013491912744939327,
0.9509091377258301,
-0.22030961513519287,
-0.7436007857322693,
-0.3946753144264221,
-0.1795291155576706,
1.05936861038208,
-0.38608670234680176,
-0.4822193682193756,
0.4991101026535034,
-0.10418663173913956,
0.5907562971115112,
0.4332636296749115,
-0.269275426864624,
0.9806584715843201,
-0.5281110405921936,
-0.07057345658540726,
0.30676573514938354,
0.3321114182472229,
0.7340896725654602,
0.007745940703898668,
-0.048734016716480255,
-0.917438805103302,
-0.5940170884132385,
-0.40131497383117676,
-0.39941760897636414,
0.14924049377441406,
-0.07880952954292297,
-0.025645701214671135,
-1.2728118896484375,
0.2584992051124573,
-0.2607864737510681,
-0.7592081427574158,
-0.9753523468971252,
-0.5289953947067261,
0.522217869758606,
0.14651790261268616,
0.23502394556999207,
0.3563708961009979,
-0.6668121218681335,
-0.009234849363565445,
0.5765730738639832,
0.12865938246250153,
-0.2802898585796356,
0.24754203855991364,
-1.1293928623199463,
0.5639290809631348,
-1.7204004526138306,
-0.9590737223625183,
-0.1254304200410843,
0.29760855436325073,
-0.2787330150604248,
-0.17328760027885437,
0.3536495268344879,
-0.8328723907470703,
-0.7461708784103394,
0.2950657606124878,
-0.2921188771724701,
-0.21457049250602722,
-0.6778616905212402,
-0.353193461894989,
-1.0569415092468262,
-0.47461220622062683,
-0.423540323972702,
-0.8611294031143188,
0.20433646440505981,
-0.14102961122989655,
-0.13388679921627045,
1.3423863649368286,
0.5091311931610107,
-0.6272333860397339,
-0.13818275928497314,
-0.3779240846633911,
-0.6880223155021667,
-0.5665512084960938,
1.1905382871627808,
-0.20513559877872467,
-0.2566484212875366,
-0.7524513006210327,
0.12335214018821716,
0.537903368473053,
0.6344356536865234,
0.521211564540863,
0.2238859087228775,
-0.5994306206703186,
-0.10609787702560425,
-0.8598193526268005,
-0.7722308039665222,
-0.010189546272158623,
-0.15871797502040863,
0.0052174595184624195,
0.5146042704582214,
0.28461959958076477,
0.05528683215379715,
-0.049989886581897736,
-0.5377969145774841,
-0.7141501307487488,
0.5319740176200867,
-0.7157626748085022
] |
||
16g3r1 | When flying in a "V", are there any geese who are jerks and don't ever take the lead position? | I would assume that the best flocks would have the most even spread of energy across the "V", but a single goose would have more energy if they were never the lead position. Thoughts? | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"c7vwm3x",
"c7w0ro4",
"c7vve1v"
],
"text": [
"I am harkening back to my undergrad ornithology and ecology classes here, but I can explain this to a degree.\n\nWhat we'd learned was that birds in migration formation do not choose to lead, or choose leaders. They take off, and fall into a V pattern because of wind resistance - essentially \"riding the wake\" of the bird in front. The lead bird does not have a wake to ride, and expends more energy \"plowing\" the air. In all likelihood the lead bird at take off on a given day is a stronger bird either because they had a better season, or because they did less leading the day before. Or both. They lead because they're the stronger flier and are out in front at take-off.\n\nEventually, this bird tires, and drops back to ride the wake of another bird, leaving the lead position open. At that point, 2 birds are plowing, and one falls into the other's wake. If you watch birds in migration, you'll see the process sooner or later - it doesn't take long for the change to happen.\n\nOver the course of a day of flying, the arms of the V constantly ratchet up toward the lead position in this way.\n\nTo answer your question, it's possible that a bird might not lead the flock in a migration, but the odds are low. If every other bird has led for a time every day of the migration, there's going to come a day where the slacker is just stronger at take-off and winds up being the lead bird, at least for a time.",
"As a side note, in case you guys are feeling bad for the lead goose, know this interesting fact:\n\nWhile the lead goose does spend more energy than the geese in its wake, it is still expending less energy than if it was flying by itself. This is because in subsonic flight the effects of lift vortices propagate backwards AND forwards through the air. The geese behind the lead goose are still generating lift for the lead goose.",
"Aren't you assuming that every goose starts of with 'x' amount of energy and can lead the pack for 'y' minutes? Why would a yearling be as powerful as a goose in its prime? Even if every goose lead, why would you assume they could lead the same amount of time?"
],
"score": [
352,
14,
3
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | When flying in a "V", are there any geese who are jerks and don't ever take the lead position?
I would assume that the best flocks would have the most even spread of energy across the "V", but a single goose would have more energy if they were never the lead position. Thoughts? | [
0.009355271235108376,
-0.6133179664611816,
0.5428145527839661,
0.03386247530579567,
-0.913216769695282,
-0.24316374957561493,
-0.11446835845708847,
-1.0862476825714111,
0.4085797965526581,
0.170674130320549,
0.629063069820404,
-0.2070542722940445,
-0.8165267705917358,
0.35284122824668884,
-0.11597214639186859,
-0.9109992980957031,
0.9686105251312256,
0.48263823986053467,
-0.1783767193555832,
-0.43141093850135803,
-0.2626356780529022,
0.21422679722309113,
-0.4449544847011566,
0.7076258659362793,
-0.419540137052536,
-0.4966239929199219,
0.4275905191898346,
-0.6780562400817871,
0.1378675252199173,
0.5330482721328735,
0.3125744163990021,
0.6169214248657227,
0.17882005870342255,
0.11265742778778076,
-0.19933617115020752,
-0.1634189784526825,
0.9436292052268982,
-0.3307315409183502,
0.7565589547157288,
-1.6287349462509155,
-0.8535362482070923,
-1.1591449975967407,
1.0069440603256226,
1.0489203929901123,
0.2221391350030899,
-0.7730129957199097,
-0.04410506412386894,
0.6620495319366455,
-0.21790948510169983,
-0.11953449249267578,
0.09049008041620255,
0.16282831132411957,
-0.15473733842372894,
-0.243328258395195,
0.5341529846191406,
-0.5042028427124023,
1.1168506145477295,
-0.0949796661734581,
1.228222131729126,
-0.5460227727890015,
0.6948235630989075,
0.0023971237242221832,
0.7637330889701843,
0.12715645134449005,
-0.04095566272735596,
-0.5445588827133179,
-0.6831941604614258,
1.1961902379989624,
-0.702863335609436,
-0.0502890981733799,
0.6692107915878296,
-0.5105732679367065,
0.208990678191185,
-0.19805088639259338,
0.28095147013664246,
-0.4229152202606201,
-0.054620470851659775,
-0.05501173436641693,
0.2813933491706848,
-1.041417121887207,
0.981011688709259,
0.6578280925750732,
-0.44003212451934814,
0.3020475208759308,
-0.607180118560791,
0.5352704524993896,
0.7686304450035095,
-0.8409512639045715,
0.5842639207839966,
0.8577748537063599,
-0.556053102016449,
-0.4128819704055786,
0.43488478660583496,
-0.13294655084609985,
-0.0015799140091985464,
0.34134384989738464,
-0.2529154419898987,
-0.9192907810211182,
0.05642727389931679,
0.3070295751094818,
-0.5714741945266724,
0.7058139443397522,
0.6642559170722961,
0.5271077156066895,
-0.16067588329315186,
-0.7568418979644775,
-0.311158686876297,
-0.3871227502822876,
0.06668132543563843,
0.3583988845348358,
-0.47490012645721436,
0.7718100547790527,
0.3038865923881531,
-0.06202000007033348,
-0.23816423118114471,
-1.097110629081726,
0.06410740315914154,
-0.526888370513916,
1.0466747283935547,
0.21628886461257935,
-0.016620289534330368,
-0.6816369295120239,
1.0103425979614258,
0.18174506723880768,
-0.08471354097127914,
-0.0064318012446165085,
0.11156242340803146,
0.506134569644928,
-1.0553395748138428,
0.011499396525323391,
0.4923628568649292,
0.0631062239408493,
0.0855226218700409,
-0.19291938841342926,
0.6287341117858887,
0.7755328416824341,
-1.0591509342193604,
-0.13750550150871277,
-0.18860916793346405,
-0.29472100734710693,
-0.8087562322616577,
-0.4677230715751648,
0.7537765502929688,
-0.9905934929847717,
-0.3302985727787018,
-0.5489457249641418,
-0.6480194330215454,
-0.7662339210510254,
0.2551763951778412,
-0.3130206763744354,
-0.6011394262313843,
-0.3768478333950043,
0.3673418462276459,
-0.828373372554779,
0.3956286907196045,
-0.30105966329574585,
1.833417534828186,
-0.552899956703186,
0.6420979499816895,
0.2622351050376892,
0.18944509327411652,
-0.21007733047008514,
0.13573411107063293,
0.029821936041116714,
-0.03925151005387306,
0.028281360864639282,
-0.17942467331886292,
-0.7018060088157654,
-1.1794558763504028,
0.44071781635284424,
-0.42421916127204895,
0.13310123980045319,
1.1922017335891724,
0.19177474081516266,
1.471134901046753,
-0.20070238411426544,
0.025538042187690735,
-0.08998161554336548,
0.5335018038749695,
0.3744964897632599,
-0.8327034115791321,
-0.3583235442638397,
-0.2897341251373291,
0.09869462251663208,
-0.6793399453163147,
0.35603049397468567,
0.03786413371562958,
0.23806019127368927,
0.344625860452652,
-0.10912154614925385,
0.18759717047214508,
-0.7648885250091553,
-1.276124358177185,
0.1982523500919342,
0.08543702960014343,
0.48249906301498413,
-0.188672736287117,
1.152905821800232,
0.4988321363925934,
0.08600588142871857,
0.02804628759622574,
-0.8311275243759155,
0.34405240416526794,
0.3118455410003662,
0.05591193959116936,
0.40604931116104126,
0.508685827255249,
0.08093710243701935,
0.20930390059947968,
-0.3446444272994995,
0.6823411583900452,
0.7911508679389954,
0.05365309491753578,
-0.2811295688152313,
-0.4351658225059509,
-0.7089311480522156,
-0.852898120880127,
0.05401791259646416,
-0.009066333994269371,
-0.5470206141471863,
0.9292426705360413,
0.1739363819360733,
-0.9779945611953735,
-0.49155616760253906,
1.0817124843597412,
-0.20195449888706207,
0.09360089898109436,
-0.328418493270874,
-0.07329367846250534,
-0.6159291863441467,
-0.04156086593866348,
0.3090173006057739,
-0.24759279191493988,
-0.1466732621192932,
0.40654298663139343,
-0.3924354314804077,
-1.1101218461990356,
-0.3786613643169403,
0.6808335781097412,
-0.4683058559894562,
-0.4220804274082184,
0.23936977982521057,
0.24873988330364227,
0.7269176840782166,
-0.01951342634856701,
0.25907614827156067,
-0.4126824140548706,
-1.151542067527771,
0.3854488730430603,
0.27355265617370605,
-0.11623125523328781,
-0.45545047521591187,
-0.9741620421409607,
-0.9787209630012512,
1.0307505130767822,
-0.38302743434906006,
0.4969636797904968,
-0.4797316789627075,
0.15847130119800568,
0.3383762836456299,
0.47090744972229004,
-0.586934506893158,
0.4589989185333252,
-0.34547650814056396,
-0.6382867693901062,
0.19867445528507233,
-1.1142160892486572,
-0.4800748825073242,
-0.1676095575094223,
0.359196275472641,
0.1747334599494934,
-0.7614245414733887,
0.22836259007453918,
0.1083068996667862,
-0.7276782393455505,
-0.22164659202098846,
0.4585613012313843,
-0.45253556966781616,
0.60645592212677,
0.24912242591381073,
0.9834168553352356,
0.6703280210494995,
-0.43087905645370483,
-0.47270074486732483,
0.06064353883266449,
0.873687744140625,
1.2035120725631714,
-0.3209744691848755,
0.3123663067817688,
-1.1378384828567505,
0.9183171391487122,
0.2164090871810913,
0.013572760857641697,
0.9571755528450012,
-0.10829053074121475,
-0.08994969725608826,
0.9419474005699158,
0.06732668727636337,
-0.1798003613948822,
0.567254364490509,
-0.26641467213630676,
-0.2855181097984314,
1.053969144821167,
-0.30540335178375244,
-0.1608554571866989,
-0.3134347200393677,
0.9637280702590942,
-0.4402628540992737,
-0.11139147728681564,
-0.38693511486053467,
0.9363187551498413,
-1.3482928276062012,
-0.6560232043266296,
0.8007507920265198,
-0.18922396004199982,
-0.06193118169903755,
1.001387596130371,
-0.24481745064258575,
-0.9122094511985779,
-1.0746746063232422,
-0.4001004099845886,
-0.017978856340050697,
0.286179780960083,
0.6629326343536377,
0.47396430373191833,
0.9592451453208923,
-0.39563512802124023,
0.33368730545043945,
-0.6924386620521545,
0.6885137557983398,
0.31081175804138184,
-0.6452613472938538,
0.06209694594144821,
-0.20611928403377533,
0.12141785770654678,
-0.33462703227996826,
0.29862844944000244,
0.05539192631840706,
-0.6483196020126343,
0.4608488082885742,
1.3848291635513306,
0.6696990728378296,
-0.07685206830501556,
-0.14495538175106049,
0.17979121208190918,
0.14473874866962433,
-0.6634209752082825,
0.46421703696250916,
1.0875910520553589,
0.09099696576595306,
0.04221958667039871,
0.1737675964832306,
0.5615161061286926,
-0.6333842277526855,
-0.20761752128601074,
0.6696153283119202,
-0.390595942735672,
-0.26708099246025085,
1.538985252380371,
-0.5283670425415039,
0.36861929297447205,
0.11235646903514862,
-0.4039440155029297,
0.19271433353424072,
-0.3657558560371399,
-0.08141940832138062,
-1.084708333015442,
-0.45665058493614197,
-0.11443561315536499,
0.30904456973075867,
0.2734505534172058,
0.8745294213294983,
-0.14825335144996643,
0.3161661624908447,
0.1660311222076416,
-0.11724168807268143,
0.9879933595657349,
-0.5678709745407104,
-0.17124536633491516,
-0.33792856335639954,
-0.6992027759552002,
-0.5839040875434875,
0.1436159759759903,
-0.42814499139785767,
-0.35246309638023376,
-0.4574801027774811,
-0.22914740443229675,
-0.2766651511192322,
0.4605197012424469,
0.2793358564376831,
-0.13989365100860596,
-0.23133185505867004,
0.14426226913928986,
-0.9177886843681335,
-0.47489243745803833,
-0.07112304121255875,
-0.4828166961669922,
0.8983733057975769,
0.5446401834487915,
-0.38034287095069885,
-0.32896754145622253,
0.35981136560440063,
0.5076056718826294,
0.7723879814147949,
0.6412867307662964,
0.030503049492836,
-0.07849039137363434,
1.6547555923461914,
0.45933765172958374,
0.34452781081199646,
-0.4621455669403076,
-0.9521384239196777,
-1.4691306352615356,
0.21820896863937378,
0.40548843145370483,
-0.6910754442214966,
-0.5835840106010437,
-0.44056984782218933,
-0.6803489327430725,
-0.1332557499408722,
0.7667317390441895,
-0.5694032311439514,
-0.11797507852315903,
-0.026949442923069,
-0.46988463401794434,
-0.4395139217376709,
-0.7529461979866028,
0.22049042582511902,
-0.15549036860466003,
-0.3362647593021393,
-0.7893134951591492,
-0.5573983192443848,
0.6045868396759033,
0.6384501457214355,
-0.6320413947105408,
-0.07893306016921997,
0.4521600604057312,
-0.10046609491109848,
0.45046350359916687,
-0.8739970326423645,
-0.40412211418151855,
0.19229939579963684,
0.3594261407852173,
1.5848290920257568,
0.9849741458892822,
-0.12663614749908447,
0.8825099468231201,
0.022192761301994324,
-0.9920345544815063,
1.3685884475708008,
0.42038923501968384,
-0.8932009935379028,
0.08752280473709106,
0.5274592638015747,
1.111653447151184,
0.37749987840652466,
-0.04216712713241577,
-0.14287158846855164,
0.03112773597240448,
0.05757187306880951,
0.03776739910244942,
-0.5817384123802185,
-0.49084123969078064,
0.44275861978530884,
0.7023954391479492,
0.3519631624221802,
0.0069955866783857346,
-0.3554593324661255,
-0.11583753675222397,
-1.0261621475219727,
-1.1288022994995117,
-0.775331974029541,
0.9142226576805115,
0.7329812049865723,
-0.8136380910873413,
-0.657768726348877,
0.2088956981897354,
-0.1550830602645874,
0.1606547236442566,
-0.29055964946746826,
-0.130166158080101,
0.14151957631111145,
0.024507222697138786,
0.36568140983581543,
0.5818595886230469,
-0.1620395928621292,
-0.37997326254844666,
0.5005761981010437,
-0.7145548462867737,
0.18017931282520294,
-0.33155179023742676,
0.3481479585170746,
-0.17704816162586212,
0.10647837817668915,
0.6516431570053101,
0.005540462210774422,
-0.5256856679916382,
0.7246183156967163,
0.1788267344236374,
-0.10696698725223541,
0.6286102533340454,
0.8205506205558777,
0.03866199776530266,
-0.4889413118362427,
-0.30036354064941406,
-0.2854252755641937,
0.051932960748672485,
0.26323771476745605,
0.5452585220336914,
0.620513916015625,
-0.21978561580181122,
-0.28225550055503845,
-0.07383253425359726,
-0.33515962958335876,
0.21201832592487335,
0.14509885013103485,
0.32183316349983215,
0.6746769547462463,
-0.7962547540664673,
0.3001170754432678,
-0.28640851378440857,
0.06437748670578003,
1.155544638633728,
0.3422907590866089,
-0.1944337785243988,
-0.011164749041199684,
-0.755530834197998,
-0.9166028499603271,
0.2857729494571686,
-0.28267234563827515,
0.6056448817253113,
-0.16732048988342285,
-0.9691883325576782,
0.2109498679637909,
-1.0434772968292236,
0.39433687925338745,
0.835909366607666,
-0.8496742248535156,
0.35357365012168884,
-0.1474466174840927,
-0.13671135902404785,
-0.32945963740348816,
0.5918397903442383,
-0.10003035515546799,
-0.049337077885866165,
-0.2776855528354645,
-0.08104809373617172,
-0.445056676864624,
-0.4147811830043793,
0.5259480476379395,
-0.012652220204472542,
-0.6180047988891602,
0.22315552830696106,
0.19245021045207977,
0.5687943696975708,
0.8098939061164856,
0.5453253984451294,
-0.7290456295013428,
-0.26930922269821167,
0.7261757254600525,
-0.13708838820457458,
0.28899291157722473,
0.2681785821914673,
-0.766493558883667,
0.05007074400782585,
-0.14064037799835205,
-0.7040343284606934,
0.019580181688070297,
-0.6589006781578064,
0.552792489528656,
-1.3360298871994019,
0.6171824336051941,
-0.33551153540611267,
-0.45713648200035095,
-0.5760393738746643,
-0.814599335193634,
-0.3175242841243744,
-0.31272631883621216,
0.5049285292625427,
-0.16303777694702148,
-0.5553589463233948,
0.09176754951477051,
0.9911251068115234,
0.6191737651824951,
-0.22341476380825043,
0.12964341044425964,
-0.15118642151355743,
0.3462488651275635,
-0.228663831949234,
0.00735453050583601,
-0.19345219433307648,
-0.3185519278049469,
-1.282105803489685,
0.11593839526176453,
0.8667470812797546,
0.20245461165905,
0.10762491077184677,
0.943612277507782,
0.004538536071777344,
0.2936600148677826,
-0.6015017032623291,
-0.6357041597366333,
0.8325446844100952,
0.13478820025920868,
0.30978479981422424,
-0.3221827745437622,
1.0272669792175293,
-1.9376187324523926,
-0.9114556908607483,
-0.20191487669944763,
-0.4748300611972809,
0.19806542992591858,
1.0499061346054077,
-1.3324379920959473,
0.012568197213113308,
-0.2104421854019165,
0.2561725676059723,
-0.27278533577919006,
0.14420071244239807,
-0.7747882604598999,
-0.656607449054718,
-0.20818018913269043,
-1.2912262678146362,
0.07353801280260086,
0.6834845542907715,
0.7130579948425293,
-0.3994296193122864,
0.6260690093040466,
0.35590991377830505,
-0.27255621552467346,
-0.25934910774230957,
-0.5944327712059021,
-0.4131924510002136,
-0.6472779512405396,
-0.9657291173934937,
-0.12935225665569305,
-0.9962115287780762,
-0.563144326210022,
0.4668824374675751,
-0.290934294462204,
-0.7206035256385803,
-0.5830222964286804,
0.07902973145246506,
0.38229286670684814,
0.4346628189086914,
-0.022388366982340813,
0.028639379888772964,
0.876619279384613,
0.42866039276123047,
1.3404552936553955,
-0.06875670701265335,
0.21671053767204285,
-0.7577311396598816,
-0.340537965297699,
0.3465397357940674,
0.2514157295227051,
-0.41012102365493774,
0.002164758276194334,
-0.3907431662082672,
-0.26781269907951355,
-0.34778067469596863,
-0.00532073900103569,
-0.037345416843891144,
0.05946427956223488,
0.6243683099746704,
0.06710918247699738,
0.49868044257164,
-0.2242516279220581,
-0.6621188521385193,
0.06287962943315506,
0.042818889021873474,
-0.10542859882116318,
-0.2297113686800003,
0.15209858119487762,
0.7718063592910767,
0.6580234169960022,
-0.1773950457572937,
-0.19325882196426392,
-0.36020907759666443,
0.41423487663269043,
-0.6493774652481079,
0.11387190967798233,
-0.8425726294517517,
0.8981725573539734,
-0.1865866780281067,
-0.028867432847619057,
-0.49050217866897583,
0.9202465415000916,
0.39454522728919983,
-1.173043966293335,
0.7058985233306885,
0.4605957865715027,
-0.10835345089435577,
0.24513298273086548,
-0.42051079869270325,
-0.19663436710834503,
0.6606599688529968,
-0.07842712849378586,
-1.1091067790985107,
0.47646796703338623,
-0.2319488525390625,
0.17649401724338531,
-0.3376650810241699,
-0.32122695446014404,
-0.24777129292488098,
-0.02254042960703373,
0.5901798605918884,
0.6336582899093628,
-0.34443140029907227,
-0.09524017572402954,
0.6951602697372437,
-0.439108282327652,
-0.48309874534606934,
-0.610309362411499,
0.24609136581420898,
0.2716098129749298,
-1.0830479860305786,
-0.0591142512857914,
-1.3661730289459229,
0.10071205347776413,
-0.5671002864837646,
-0.4358409643173218,
-0.3777937889099121,
-0.3606817126274109,
-0.2777758240699768,
0.7411577105522156,
0.3049767315387726,
0.10727091133594513,
-1.0850328207015991,
-0.37920573353767395,
-0.6945090293884277,
-0.33587878942489624,
-0.09525937587022781,
0.9218930602073669,
-0.13907918334007263,
0.1949559599161148,
-0.7601616382598877,
1.0223627090454102,
-0.5749706625938416,
0.3501530885696411,
-0.04895363003015518,
0.14300274848937988,
-0.21894550323486328,
-1.2346428632736206,
0.891586184501648,
-0.0012500417651608586,
0.45335203409194946,
-0.03735380992293358,
-0.381918728351593,
0.7714343667030334,
0.14802484214305878,
0.6151785850524902,
0.6900636553764343,
-0.23683840036392212,
0.6277698278427124,
-0.3337494730949402,
0.2661038935184479,
-0.35017064213752747,
-1.2226324081420898,
-0.2824151813983917,
0.44783711433410645,
-0.24070437252521515,
-0.024344688281416893,
0.17584338784217834,
-0.7079147100448608,
-0.3525297939777374,
0.12546811997890472,
-0.3641716539859772
] |
|
12quy8 | What are the results so far of dumping 100 tonnes of iron off the coast of Canada? | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"c6xg98d",
"c6xm4hk",
"c6xnc51",
"c6xj29s",
"c6xn1w4"
],
"text": [
"So far it has caused plankton bloom of 4,000 square miles. \n\n_URL_0_",
"From what I've learned, algae blooms are generally a BAD thing - the Gulf of Mexico deals with the Red Tide every year from nitrates in the runoff from the various rivers feeding it. \n\n_URL_1_\n\nSo, could someone explain how this worth disrupting an entire ecosystem?",
"My question is, if this does help sequester carbon dioxide, but bad for sea life, couldn't we dump this iron sulfate in the middle of the ocean, where there is relatively little life in comparison to the coastal areas? Or is this such a large bloom that there is no way to contain it?",
"Could someone explain to me the effects of this on an ecosystem and biodiversity vs. an Oil spill?",
"I've always found this one interesting in the discussion of what ocean fertilization might do: _URL_2_ referencing [_URL_3_](_URL_3_) I'm not a biologist, but would love to hear one comment on it."
],
"score": [
84,
10,
6,
3,
2
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://www.popsci.com/science/article/2012-10/rogue-geoengineer-dumps-100-tons-iron-canadas-west-coast",
"http://www.tpwd.state.tx.us/landwater/water/environconcerns/hab/",
"http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn18807-whale-poop-is-vital-to-oceans-carbon-cycle.html",
"http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-2979.2010.00356.x"
]
} | What are the results so far of dumping 100 tonnes of iron off the coast of Canada?
| [
-0.12950029969215393,
-0.5325535535812378,
0.29716020822525024,
0.10696641355752945,
0.5770590901374817,
-0.4169858992099762,
-0.4673480987548828,
0.005619132425636053,
0.9044942855834961,
-0.02409091219305992,
0.9143660664558411,
0.1251126527786255,
-0.6715127229690552,
0.40732502937316895,
0.4408130645751953,
0.18113858997821808,
-1.119544506072998,
0.4521803855895996,
-0.02905929647386074,
-0.15881499648094177,
-0.41931360960006714,
0.28075355291366577,
0.11452138423919678,
0.33409762382507324,
-0.08239433914422989,
0.19125381112098694,
0.8096038699150085,
0.14203178882598877,
-0.15215644240379333,
0.2661281228065491,
0.28823813796043396,
0.3674696385860443,
-0.26662883162498474,
0.642386794090271,
0.9650564193725586,
0.6825016736984253,
0.5435106754302979,
-0.195557102560997,
0.01255825161933899,
-1.0643529891967773,
0.28803539276123047,
-0.3056879937648773,
0.18660375475883484,
0.22688516974449158,
-0.1229759007692337,
-0.7053127288818359,
0.5938477516174316,
-0.5376186370849609,
-0.21108141541481018,
0.05480528995394707,
0.6143097281455994,
0.27768123149871826,
-0.49372535943984985,
-0.4489671289920807,
-0.13339006900787354,
-0.5056395530700684,
0.35522863268852234,
-0.7114115953445435,
0.30575433373451233,
0.15257389843463898,
0.566294252872467,
0.24941954016685486,
-0.6148647665977478,
-0.6059600710868835,
1.4439911842346191,
-0.25472182035446167,
-0.5916879773139954,
1.3178671598434448,
-1.215301275253296,
0.28808078169822693,
0.40561872720718384,
-0.27194076776504517,
-0.2302633821964264,
-0.6403719782829285,
0.1710573136806488,
0.15990948677062988,
-0.4207848608493805,
-0.38498011231422424,
-0.33552324771881104,
-0.6930979490280151,
0.8071948289871216,
0.9046443700790405,
-0.5927690267562866,
1.047401785850525,
0.2603633999824524,
0.033028826117515564,
1.1380524635314941,
-0.08481139689683914,
0.16161185503005981,
0.8646701574325562,
-0.37503132224082947,
-0.8631423711776733,
1.0169280767440796,
-0.5519304275512695,
-0.00397156085819006,
-0.598131537437439,
0.12441696226596832,
-0.5865117907524109,
0.06501909345388412,
-0.7164093852043152,
-1.0163612365722656,
-0.029929161071777344,
0.5353423357009888,
1.3866621255874634,
0.49632611870765686,
-0.8934856653213501,
-0.22618107497692108,
0.40555864572525024,
0.4922513961791992,
0.17888924479484558,
0.6636790037155151,
0.2401110678911209,
-0.30170172452926636,
0.07934506982564926,
0.22851407527923584,
-1.3054531812667847,
0.5093777179718018,
0.14020207524299622,
-0.287017285823822,
-0.4285489022731781,
0.48631972074508667,
0.11163260042667389,
1.0558881759643555,
0.6083361506462097,
0.045576151460409164,
-0.39747101068496704,
-0.2950696349143982,
0.5658658146858215,
-0.46440988779067993,
0.4084497392177582,
-0.28156429529190063,
-0.15269073843955994,
0.28401076793670654,
0.3253675103187561,
0.518876314163208,
-0.11479334533214569,
-0.06455378234386444,
-0.20227745175361633,
-1.072133183479309,
-0.031234443187713623,
-1.0013309717178345,
-0.35750389099121094,
0.6432051062583923,
-0.22217710316181183,
-0.11164550483226776,
-0.689174234867096,
0.4967171251773834,
0.16160890460014343,
-0.32548874616622925,
-0.09943349659442902,
0.35824647545814514,
-0.2527083456516266,
0.03819267079234123,
-1.9678186178207397,
0.6292155385017395,
0.11921171844005585,
0.983528733253479,
0.3104366660118103,
1.0504976511001587,
-0.6721028089523315,
-0.19223912060260773,
-0.302636057138443,
-0.5931366086006165,
-0.33465319871902466,
0.6171075105667114,
-0.9017497301101685,
0.10867387056350708,
-0.6325621604919434,
-0.44435596466064453,
0.27352777123451233,
-0.0668257623910904,
-0.009710142388939857,
1.5889827013015747,
0.14378726482391357,
0.8985590934753418,
0.11151053756475449,
0.5703040361404419,
0.5130754709243774,
0.1422596275806427,
-0.3059888482093811,
-0.8295580744743347,
-0.15555964410305023,
0.5783564448356628,
1.0757578611373901,
-0.1332441121339798,
-0.23163428902626038,
0.8090052604675293,
0.4809267520904541,
0.0015250652795657516,
0.4916110932826996,
1.3290889263153076,
-0.32814741134643555,
-0.020355969667434692,
-0.2588716447353363,
0.3263489603996277,
0.2704671025276184,
0.041958682239055634,
0.07127663493156433,
-0.6425193548202515,
0.3945579528808594,
-0.6889167428016663,
-0.7337436079978943,
0.5753483772277832,
-0.9066025614738464,
-0.6778030395507812,
-0.3492805063724518,
0.8095420598983765,
0.05766018480062485,
1.0567559003829956,
-0.0022572637535631657,
-0.8723509907722473,
1.0532217025756836,
-0.07039356231689453,
-0.0259014330804348,
-0.2682120203971863,
0.10885053873062134,
-0.14187364280223846,
-0.38910621404647827,
-0.04832611232995987,
-0.7234411239624023,
-0.13178198039531708,
-0.6733850240707397,
0.02895492874085903,
-0.4094967842102051,
-0.3974061608314514,
-1.1690874099731445,
-0.5641105771064758,
-0.4065091013908386,
0.7272495627403259,
0.15863539278507233,
0.646049976348877,
0.6884598135948181,
-0.3082490563392639,
-0.11652331054210663,
0.17450889945030212,
-0.5597070455551147,
-0.37620311975479126,
-0.3202339708805084,
0.9424557685852051,
0.6454440951347351,
0.4555889964103699,
-0.01739269495010376,
0.5137622356414795,
1.296155571937561,
0.6154377460479736,
0.36047589778900146,
0.28117313981056213,
-0.2768039405345917,
-0.2795735001564026,
0.6119390726089478,
0.23552541434764862,
-0.6947211027145386,
-1.3477160930633545,
-1.0445345640182495,
-0.1717371642589569,
-0.791014552116394,
0.4537936747074127,
-0.09961290657520294,
0.20410235226154327,
0.2595231831073761,
-0.35570067167282104,
-1.2520830631256104,
0.36078566312789917,
-0.7378629446029663,
-0.2969004213809967,
-0.08469279110431671,
-1.0937150716781616,
0.5721629858016968,
-0.3708976209163666,
-0.1725202351808548,
-1.1659836769104004,
-0.13318772614002228,
0.051783423870801926,
0.964313805103302,
-0.6447829008102417,
-0.019629547372460365,
0.28738999366760254,
-0.03314795717597008,
-0.8844078183174133,
0.1113060712814331,
0.44476813077926636,
0.6213801503181458,
-0.24392978847026825,
-0.6690343022346497,
0.03293604031205177,
-0.13060148060321808,
0.7426872253417969,
-0.699622392654419,
0.29113176465034485,
-0.5939196348190308,
-0.28920602798461914,
0.018365252763032913,
-0.7127789855003357,
0.5618839859962463,
0.3109959065914154,
-0.07490836083889008,
0.8829523324966431,
-0.6187974214553833,
0.24650231003761292,
0.3842697739601135,
-0.45688596367836,
-0.996868908405304,
-0.0010668754111975431,
0.5699290037155151,
0.1062387228012085,
-0.27471375465393066,
0.244416281580925,
-0.9380254745483398,
0.8202614784240723,
-0.3684471547603607,
0.8749319911003113,
-1.1991767883300781,
0.5512436628341675,
0.7613625526428223,
0.18193304538726807,
1.119147777557373,
-0.03905605524778366,
0.0624580979347229,
-1.2513874769210815,
-0.741369903087616,
0.7330271601676941,
0.29903173446655273,
0.9086817502975464,
0.2808592617511749,
-0.5033831596374512,
1.2696336507797241,
-0.6906039118766785,
0.7254844903945923,
0.38614320755004883,
-1.282289981842041,
0.5184823870658875,
-0.5788410902023315,
0.6805429458618164,
1.124733805656433,
0.09948495775461197,
1.0300991535186768,
0.44711142778396606,
0.652079701423645,
-0.27615031599998474,
-0.10213015228509903,
0.7966936230659485,
0.6758812069892883,
-0.364218533039093,
-0.18913239240646362,
-0.025344043970108032,
0.8648607134819031,
-0.03533152863383293,
-0.5604338645935059,
0.48455482721328735,
0.03197396919131279,
-0.002698506461456418,
-0.14364230632781982,
0.8030849695205688,
0.17778988182544708,
-0.0669456273317337,
-0.5854938626289368,
-0.22814345359802246,
-0.19740502536296844,
0.7408846020698547,
-0.48214688897132874,
-0.1784205138683319,
-0.045682795345783234,
0.3761642277240753,
-0.08828124403953552,
-0.5290204286575317,
0.4517270028591156,
-0.9817450642585754,
-0.7814094424247742,
0.24341663718223572,
0.1941690593957901,
0.006166073493659496,
0.46140632033348083,
0.4284646511077881,
0.5142279863357544,
0.9081479907035828,
0.4438568949699402,
-0.6197615265846252,
-0.5593409538269043,
-1.6396684646606445,
-0.48705917596817017,
-0.05328776314854622,
0.37835773825645447,
-1.725436806678772,
0.31028082966804504,
-0.16327039897441864,
0.142897367477417,
-1.0726288557052612,
0.11696119606494904,
-0.7599252462387085,
0.41453418135643005,
-0.5173496007919312,
0.3079485297203064,
-0.2716127038002014,
-0.8238576650619507,
0.14726576209068298,
-0.3025379776954651,
0.06090116500854492,
0.4538060128688812,
0.16690273582935333,
-0.6174617409706116,
-0.26542210578918457,
-0.5508911609649658,
0.5932167172431946,
-0.022716734558343887,
0.366273432970047,
-0.7764288187026978,
-0.14382919669151306,
0.025758951902389526,
-0.10620023310184479,
-0.5374835729598999,
0.8995750546455383,
-1.0951428413391113,
-1.2296062707901,
0.9244260787963867,
0.9145740270614624,
-0.6851717233657837,
-1.3851197957992554,
0.06002671271562576,
-0.7295379042625427,
-0.12284137308597565,
1.0112392902374268,
-0.5248777270317078,
-0.11618290096521378,
-0.04669322818517685,
-1.1690696477890015,
0.0060005756095051765,
1.1278250217437744,
-0.41374778747558594,
-0.3818363547325134,
0.5186652541160583,
-0.8847492337226868,
-1.0383368730545044,
1.584318995475769,
-0.24506115913391113,
0.6024888157844543,
0.6809163093566895,
-0.5573304891586304,
-0.07904088497161865,
0.39391762018203735,
-0.6072496175765991,
0.15389344096183777,
0.5700627565383911,
0.7898626327514648,
1.1119389533996582,
-0.619131863117218,
-0.3158004879951477,
-0.42335301637649536,
-0.7453147768974304,
-0.5740748643875122,
0.34247779846191406,
0.8050442934036255,
-0.35330337285995483,
-0.24455630779266357,
0.8773540258407593,
1.0155564546585083,
0.22313377261161804,
0.1106906309723854,
0.33528828620910645,
-0.0808357447385788,
-0.1306634396314621,
0.08827217668294907,
-0.8933244943618774,
0.03773857653141022,
0.6314085721969604,
0.39348363876342773,
0.6233863830566406,
0.08955651521682739,
-0.3004073202610016,
0.20443272590637207,
-0.17793144285678864,
-0.3330818712711334,
-0.6144179105758667,
0.19416697323322296,
-0.6963744759559631,
0.43953457474708557,
0.03437482565641403,
-0.3554232716560364,
0.4581541121006012,
-0.5442813634872437,
-0.8511163592338562,
0.18909956514835358,
-0.7616572976112366,
-0.0011270478134974837,
0.4449074864387512,
0.2596369683742523,
-0.43018588423728943,
0.7380781173706055,
0.6280677318572998,
-0.6730857491493225,
0.09963643550872803,
1.1846091747283936,
-0.6070526838302612,
0.42586737871170044,
0.2499786913394928,
0.13208656013011932,
0.5976048707962036,
-0.408270925283432,
0.8370952606201172,
-0.1710006296634674,
0.12059096992015839,
-0.255237340927124,
0.38590899109840393,
-1.0671665668487549,
-0.45080146193504333,
1.0672153234481812,
-0.2748483717441559,
-0.12423989921808243,
0.6948761343955994,
-0.45616739988327026,
0.6612140536308289,
-0.5120771527290344,
0.4380263388156891,
-0.8011314272880554,
-0.7420563697814941,
0.22057390213012695,
0.5235077142715454,
-0.3130604326725006,
0.9299526214599609,
-0.892338752746582,
0.01752607710659504,
-0.6846219897270203,
-0.6845487952232361,
0.22912731766700745,
-0.5961631536483765,
-0.08413676917552948,
0.6232414245605469,
-0.7598410844802856,
-1.2999820709228516,
0.15335938334465027,
-0.4100566804409027,
0.537753164768219,
0.5518679022789001,
-0.2975841164588928,
-0.08629334717988968,
-0.6161701083183289,
0.5062490105628967,
-0.5642634630203247,
-0.8079990148544312,
0.39069485664367676,
-0.0942506417632103,
-0.5613126754760742,
-0.2921779453754425,
1.56973135471344,
-0.15404202044010162,
-0.022201862186193466,
-0.9776639938354492,
-1.2199772596359253,
0.32334059476852417,
0.7008357048034668,
0.6310003399848938,
0.5985144376754761,
0.08481868356466293,
0.8323997259140015,
0.1255437582731247,
0.901314914226532,
1.6758406162261963,
0.11313652992248535,
-0.13649241626262665,
-0.08421797305345535,
0.3339075446128845,
-1.3246408700942993,
-0.16761408746242523,
1.1233851909637451,
-1.2323801517486572,
-0.08412514626979828,
-0.3728683888912201,
-0.3456937372684479,
-0.06873345375061035,
-0.9998182058334351,
0.9054669141769409,
0.19798335433006287,
-0.8545452356338501,
-1.2763986587524414,
-0.6368237733840942,
-0.7933121919631958,
0.23400922119617462,
0.040379561483860016,
-0.2693643569946289,
0.06041429564356804,
0.19971059262752533,
0.3390832841396332,
0.32549065351486206,
-0.6210693717002869,
0.15323874354362488,
-0.39905256032943726,
0.22549276053905487,
0.5129600763320923,
0.4111732840538025,
-1.0784744024276733,
0.6946455836296082,
-0.13064166903495789,
-0.8798513412475586,
0.15357676148414612,
0.014079841785132885,
0.5674697756767273,
-0.6253030896186829,
0.5985631346702576,
0.9514187574386597,
0.1936599463224411,
0.42113032937049866,
0.22736167907714844,
-0.7116827964782715,
-0.0006712086615152657,
0.7354070544242859,
-0.40968409180641174,
0.24793148040771484,
0.8888036012649536,
-0.799931526184082,
-0.9611344337463379,
1.0953832864761353,
-0.5809377431869507,
-0.2899591326713562,
0.2595823109149933,
0.07428737729787827,
0.0006576642626896501,
-0.4175688624382019,
0.003445357084274292,
-0.0979384109377861,
-0.0661318227648735,
0.1394115686416626,
-0.7697193026542664,
0.06286577880382538,
-0.560131311416626,
0.06926339864730835,
0.27277785539627075,
0.23103585839271545,
-0.8113036155700684,
0.9212372899055481,
-0.1803283840417862,
-0.19566026329994202,
0.1909760981798172,
0.8679143786430359,
-0.035907480865716934,
-0.483133465051651,
-0.473942369222641,
-0.271236389875412,
-0.8512513041496277,
-0.22865775227546692,
-0.33700838685035706,
-0.23540163040161133,
-0.5059854388237,
-0.7016872763633728,
-1.2712043523788452,
-0.14394332468509674,
0.40619730949401855,
0.558858335018158,
0.33883136510849,
0.06613174080848694,
0.3568733334541321,
0.30177032947540283,
-1.0964511632919312,
0.17257678508758545,
0.41050148010253906,
-0.182763010263443,
-0.033710457384586334,
-0.04130379110574722,
-0.14007337391376495,
0.2362353354692459,
-0.5393721461296082,
-0.6305680274963379,
-0.8060547709465027,
-1.1625927686691284,
0.6001461744308472,
-0.06655646115541458,
0.19986306130886078,
0.11935386806726456,
-0.49565035104751587,
0.0206927303224802,
-1.099023461341858,
0.7832715511322021,
0.17082378268241882,
0.05037733167409897,
-0.5717312097549438,
-0.3340437412261963,
-0.08069340884685516,
-0.35590770840644836,
-1.094560146331787,
0.5777130126953125,
-0.4073003828525543,
-0.9006010293960571,
-0.28801316022872925,
-0.019065434113144875,
-0.8690091967582703,
0.5521154403686523,
-0.3983481824398041,
0.12090768665075302,
-0.32273024320602417,
1.7600046396255493,
-0.08090518414974213,
-0.12103743851184845,
-0.1964864879846573,
-0.07685188204050064,
0.23898513615131378,
0.3192349076271057,
0.010831018909811974,
0.012639482505619526,
0.4115918278694153,
-0.6342923045158386,
-0.3727635443210602,
-0.48784518241882324,
-0.2672228217124939,
0.23460400104522705,
0.027474259957671165,
-1.8116283416748047,
0.4451584815979004,
-0.11834363639354706,
0.09393268078565598,
-0.12732985615730286,
0.5994665026664734,
-1.7002277374267578,
0.5543072819709778,
0.7827664613723755,
-0.2989569306373596,
0.1249028816819191,
0.15295644104480743,
0.30317527055740356,
-0.8136695027351379,
-0.47215738892555237,
0.252291738986969,
0.6610485315322876,
-0.11794701963663101,
-0.38949424028396606,
-0.2932193875312805,
-0.22176536917686462,
-0.7834233045578003,
0.39156168699264526,
-0.014067297801375389,
0.4801018238067627,
-0.05012127012014389,
-0.13279969990253448,
-0.6423289179801941,
0.17954978346824646,
0.3332432210445404,
0.4186495840549469,
0.4824973940849304,
0.18109194934368134,
-0.3962118625640869,
0.6148194670677185,
-0.8810238838195801,
-0.7999119758605957,
-0.6239309906959534,
0.671611487865448,
0.02800343930721283,
-0.5948218107223511,
0.69352126121521,
0.4593655467033386,
-0.0373004749417305,
0.1366078406572342,
-0.7014521360397339,
-0.05437195301055908,
0.6015405654907227,
0.5478183627128601,
0.1614680141210556,
-0.39653411507606506,
-0.33107954263687134,
-0.5805880427360535,
0.39814651012420654,
0.0550156831741333,
-0.477853387594223,
-0.07988523691892624,
0.02298511192202568,
0.3537473678588867,
-0.1819014847278595,
-0.3119168281555176,
-0.107760950922966,
-0.8785063028335571,
0.09903087466955185,
-0.22431130707263947
] |
||
5a6fhs | Light Speed — Can we trust the measurements? | [deleted] | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"d9egw1v",
"d9eher5",
"d9f7opy"
],
"text": [
"To be fair... we had an estimate off by less than 1% in 1726 by observing stars. No \"electromagnetic waves\" involved there.\n\nNow, the speed of light is the measuring stick by which a meter is defined. So the speed is accurate by definition. The question might become if our meter stick is the right length... based on numerous digital and analogy methods of testing, we are pretty confident.",
"The speed of light is defined as 299,792,458 m/s. The second is defined as \"the duration of 9 192 631 770 periods of the radiation corresponding to the transition between the two hyperfine levels of the ground state of the cesium 133 atom\". So a cesium atomic clock is based on something other than the speed of light. \n\nAny improvement in measurement is actually measuring the meter more accurately.",
"> I presume we use atomic clocks to time the speed of light\n\nThese days we do, sure -- but we didn't always have atomic clocks. We were measuring the speed of light in multiple ways long before atomic clocks were ever a thing. The first atomic clock came in 1949. But we were measuring the speed of light as far back as the 1600s.\n\nA good place to start reading about this is the [Measurement section of the Wiki article](_URL_0_) on the speed of light, and the history section of that article as well.\n\n > how can we be certain that this is an accurate method of measurement if they themselves are make use of these \"electromagnetic waves\" to time periods of time.\n\nThe speed of light can also be calculated based on other physical constants -- in particular, the electric permittivity and magnetic permeability. The speed of light in any medium is related to these two quantities, so they only need to be measured and do a straightforward calculation. If you want to know the speed of light in vacuum you can measure these two things in the vacuum and then do the calculation.\n\nYou can also measure the frequency of a light wave, and then measure its wavelength -- the two multiplied together also yields the speed of light.\n\nFurthermore there are ways to measure the speed of light based on astronomical sources. There are a bunch of different astronomical ways.\n\nAnd you can also use interferometry, such as in the famous [Michelson-Morley experiment](_URL_1_) that first showed evidence that the speed of light was constant in all directions and that there was no luminiferous aether through which light travelled.\n\nThere are quite a lot of different ways to both measure and calculate the speed of light, and the interesting thing to note is that *all* of these different ways yield the same answer -- even though we originally expected many of them to give different answers. Despite our intuition that the speed should be different, test after test told us we were wrong and that the speed of light is constant. Accordingly, we had to modify our theories to match this aspect of nature.\n\nAnd now, we have accurate atomic clocks, GPS positioning satellites, and a host of other technologies that *would not work* if the speed of light wasn't the constant value that it is. The fact that these technologies *do actually work* is pretty telling.\n\nSo yeah, we can be quite confident about it.\n\n > Doesn't that falls into a circular reasoning thing? Making use of something that travels at the speed of light to measure the speed of light?\n\nIt might, if we were *only* relying on atomic clocks to measure the speed of light. But as explained above, we don't rely on only atomic clocks.\n\nTo measure time very precisely, we would need something that is as constant as possible. Ideally, we want to use something that is a physical constant -- something that the laws of physics themselves necessitate to be constant. The length of a meter stick is not a physical constant, nor is the duration of a given clock's pendulum period. However, all of the other measurements, experiments, and calculations that we've done which *don't* involve atomic clocks tell us that the speed of light is a true physical constant. Given that, it makes perfect sense to use something that moves at a truly constant speed to measure time accurately."
],
"score": [
14,
6,
5
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_of_light#Measurement",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelson%E2%80%93Morley_experiment"
]
} | Light Speed — Can we trust the measurements?
[deleted] | [
-0.9964120984077454,
0.10820352286100388,
1.1292182207107544,
0.2254750281572342,
-0.20935273170471191,
-0.3262348771095276,
0.09340747445821762,
0.026963353157043457,
-0.06530886888504028,
0.2002493292093277,
0.030416851863265038,
1.090982437133789,
-0.48080942034721375,
-0.7113960981369019,
0.4320871829986572,
-0.12202630937099457,
-0.010174860246479511,
-0.12957938015460968,
-0.749031126499176,
-0.32644084095954895,
0.7130540013313293,
-0.09052417427301407,
-0.21367955207824707,
0.478267639875412,
-0.3945787847042084,
0.8145270943641663,
0.8703023195266724,
-0.0851374939084053,
-0.21513544023036957,
0.09926736354827881,
0.5555620789527893,
1.0007528066635132,
-0.15135277807712555,
0.3935801386833191,
0.8526249527931213,
-0.10338066518306732,
0.37486594915390015,
0.09919968992471695,
0.9042115807533264,
-0.4135315418243408,
0.5075232982635498,
0.08351242542266846,
-0.39673376083374023,
-0.29807043075561523,
-0.3323947787284851,
0.2874234616756439,
-0.8459586501121521,
-0.33420708775520325,
-1.6965991258621216,
-0.9027687907218933,
0.1837850660085678,
0.8298227190971375,
1.8144094944000244,
-0.4820736050605774,
-0.5634369254112244,
-0.5262751579284668,
0.047041989862918854,
0.3310767710208893,
0.7591131925582886,
0.2992648482322693,
0.4474814236164093,
-0.6759061813354492,
-0.9469744563102722,
-0.01777932234108448,
-0.7250062227249146,
0.027786212041974068,
0.7373501658439636,
0.8612683415412903,
0.2781193256378174,
-0.6674241423606873,
1.4676988124847412,
-0.5173627138137817,
-0.871041476726532,
-0.2852182984352112,
0.6517099738121033,
-0.36654314398765564,
0.2632710635662079,
0.5235657691955566,
0.35539510846138,
-0.6771732568740845,
-0.051574476063251495,
-0.7518233060836792,
-0.331696480512619,
0.24167361855506897,
-0.5977527499198914,
-1.0441030263900757,
0.36463189125061035,
-0.5391510725021362,
-1.1061458587646484,
1.1409024000167847,
-0.08615279942750931,
-0.7965802550315857,
0.07705559581518173,
0.09412550926208496,
0.1109638437628746,
-0.8029821515083313,
-0.08541754633188248,
-0.3782796263694763,
0.009390068240463734,
0.9273849129676819,
0.23474375903606415,
-0.14101265370845795,
0.1564614474773407,
0.35078880190849304,
-0.1895282119512558,
-0.17280706763267517,
0.5998491644859314,
0.20228014886379242,
-0.21164655685424805,
0.050028521567583084,
-0.5571557879447937,
-0.43832796812057495,
-0.07434596866369247,
0.4782361388206482,
-0.25175702571868896,
-1.3255800008773804,
-0.22721745073795319,
-0.5302637815475464,
0.3931652903556824,
0.5794930458068848,
0.3720952570438385,
0.50298011302948,
0.6769706010818481,
0.601534903049469,
0.6115928292274475,
0.049249399453401566,
0.6280304789543152,
0.32148048281669617,
0.6072275042533875,
-0.3146837055683136,
0.5073595643043518,
0.8678722977638245,
0.06392256170511246,
-0.825747549533844,
-0.3073897063732147,
0.17725667357444763,
1.0485236644744873,
0.22505329549312592,
0.1650761514902115,
-0.15707501769065857,
0.8433082699775696,
1.0123646259307861,
0.4807532727718353,
-0.5779251456260681,
0.5490702390670776,
0.26376375555992126,
-1.0858759880065918,
0.18148131668567657,
-0.2519557774066925,
-0.5894250869750977,
-1.2850078344345093,
0.08797384798526764,
-0.25315219163894653,
-0.3632441461086273,
0.06868786364793777,
-0.07715688645839691,
0.12031185626983643,
-0.2560199797153473,
-0.25545671582221985,
1.3735204935073853,
-0.5418702363967896,
-0.44651296734809875,
0.10873647034168243,
-0.3699741065502167,
-0.0031930680852383375,
0.5855171084403992,
-0.6730641722679138,
0.23275454342365265,
-1.0184072256088257,
0.06508888304233551,
0.47349056601524353,
-0.20398227870464325,
0.8616184592247009,
0.07231128215789795,
-0.144896999001503,
0.2834438979625702,
-0.7426077127456665,
-0.04865659028291702,
-1.132698893547058,
0.37751564383506775,
-0.04047380015254021,
-0.8124447464942932,
0.25252965092658997,
0.007873705588281155,
-0.3160662353038788,
0.4270384907722473,
0.0571511909365654,
-0.5173611044883728,
0.6275549530982971,
0.4208260476589203,
0.28622227907180786,
0.16308322548866272,
-0.81760174036026,
0.013935970142483711,
0.09176826477050781,
0.24787907302379608,
0.6604366302490234,
-0.44370928406715393,
0.34087228775024414,
-0.7145972847938538,
0.09813293069601059,
0.07550937682390213,
0.6205535531044006,
0.48463788628578186,
0.4302571713924408,
0.12171589583158493,
0.3678329586982727,
-0.07260602712631226,
0.15043485164642334,
0.014322538860142231,
0.326297789812088,
-0.29805612564086914,
-0.7451753616333008,
-0.03125026077032089,
-0.010353775694966316,
1.0133799314498901,
0.4145593047142029,
-0.2161061316728592,
0.9005860686302185,
-0.10545971244573593,
0.22914259135723114,
-0.5491888523101807,
0.23349334299564362,
0.07048223167657852,
0.41117724776268005,
0.5376365780830383,
0.8561787009239197,
1.0088461637496948,
-0.305957555770874,
-0.3361589014530182,
-0.45009368658065796,
0.5426934361457825,
-0.6480106115341187,
0.7631694078445435,
-0.8486785292625427,
-0.3266865611076355,
-0.25429365038871765,
-0.48536843061447144,
0.3252860903739929,
-1.255199670791626,
-0.8448424935340881,
0.1976087987422943,
0.2637753188610077,
0.1041993573307991,
0.3799072206020355,
0.27503350377082825,
-0.42484980821609497,
-0.3543850779533386,
-0.5437591671943665,
-0.39840784668922424,
-0.08294127136468887,
-0.20389583706855774,
-0.6477909088134766,
-0.9107273817062378,
1.0826282501220703,
-0.3783819377422333,
-0.9214109182357788,
0.24503900110721588,
0.13600918650627136,
0.02614239975810051,
0.06434191763401031,
-0.5347816348075867,
0.796168863773346,
0.07408271729946136,
-0.3985931873321533,
-1.0435659885406494,
-0.0702500194311142,
0.43888792395591736,
0.5701385140419006,
-0.19709055125713348,
-0.187911257147789,
0.7917839288711548,
0.5985776782035828,
0.9110848307609558,
-0.06600409001111984,
0.1803436577320099,
1.159597396850586,
0.13836714625358582,
-0.019968600943684578,
0.7244734764099121,
-0.45831063389778137,
-0.3895814120769501,
-0.2153494656085968,
0.18073582649230957,
-0.16997754573822021,
0.2843512296676636,
0.07743113487958908,
-0.13417267799377441,
-0.4586813449859619,
-0.7005071640014648,
0.39074429869651794,
1.102156162261963,
-0.8548604846000671,
0.8559125065803528,
0.14588098227977753,
0.06816796958446503,
0.09993387013673782,
-0.042725350707769394,
-0.5321176648139954,
0.5124329924583435,
-0.24528539180755615,
-0.44249287247657776,
0.3283965587615967,
0.3366791903972626,
-1.017515778541565,
0.6627746820449829,
-0.47618427872657776,
-0.6471579670906067,
-1.0801881551742554,
-0.2977597117424011,
-0.2090153694152832,
0.9004539847373962,
-0.5464887619018555,
0.7472009658813477,
0.02140885405242443,
0.3137347996234894,
0.16453202068805695,
0.7473732829093933,
-0.1030687466263771,
-0.4566766917705536,
-0.3764549791812897,
0.3822621703147888,
-0.1364767849445343,
-0.26526302099227905,
-0.32938048243522644,
0.7718639373779297,
-0.30745962262153625,
0.29843902587890625,
-0.8274031281471252,
0.18712802231311798,
0.919599175453186,
-0.1905098855495453,
-0.5594221353530884,
0.6580033898353577,
0.39135080575942993,
0.6486795544624329,
-0.6284480690956116,
0.2191021740436554,
-0.4175480306148529,
0.030184438452124596,
1.0360126495361328,
0.39970964193344116,
0.3424207866191864,
0.02026260457932949,
0.02508954517543316,
-0.41739627718925476,
-0.46211403608322144,
0.4631667137145996,
-0.07887673377990723,
0.5000258684158325,
-0.2832116484642029,
1.0069395303726196,
0.4170551896095276,
-0.36233845353126526,
0.6970754265785217,
0.39400896430015564,
-0.14064659178256989,
0.10011126846075058,
-0.14720240235328674,
0.3835318088531494,
-0.32026806473731995,
0.2941185534000397,
0.37228986620903015,
-0.2487652599811554,
-0.17780932784080505,
0.4026121497154236,
-0.45383694767951965,
-0.6199604868888855,
1.1853426694869995,
0.7460798621177673,
-0.1309180110692978,
0.33735138177871704,
-0.1312929093837738,
-0.034177593886852264,
-0.09716741740703583,
-0.1937636137008667,
0.6074894666671753,
0.3230317234992981,
-1.4449187517166138,
-0.41641542315483093,
0.3766716420650482,
-0.882725179195404,
-0.35572823882102966,
-0.027796795591711998,
-0.22463521361351013,
-0.17196211218833923,
0.49563688039779663,
-0.5397618412971497,
0.6211380958557129,
0.43792471289634705,
0.1538074016571045,
0.30545687675476074,
-0.4327270984649658,
-0.9766703844070435,
-0.6310814023017883,
-0.11884573847055435,
-0.7024850845336914,
0.7063249349594116,
0.02938889153301716,
-0.5763272643089294,
-0.261854350566864,
0.8242459297180176,
0.0036212210543453693,
-0.17710082232952118,
0.4887383282184601,
-0.579710841178894,
-0.040858395397663116,
0.38988858461380005,
0.2587396204471588,
-0.615578830242157,
-0.28884339332580566,
-0.6936949491500854,
-0.8608466982841492,
0.9016860723495483,
-0.8192883729934692,
-0.7801262140274048,
-0.593278706073761,
-0.5039040446281433,
0.03334718197584152,
-0.7604907751083374,
-0.9541330933570862,
0.4678264260292053,
-0.2615618109703064,
-0.18766237795352936,
-0.26144975423812866,
-0.6034132242202759,
0.1795283704996109,
-0.6195803880691528,
-0.11277097463607788,
0.8656908869743347,
-0.840854287147522,
-1.3201701641082764,
-1.3635672330856323,
-0.18986447155475616,
-0.6554799675941467,
0.17285661399364471,
0.4498240053653717,
-0.7962064743041992,
0.04738185182213783,
-0.7896320223808289,
-0.6937657594680786,
0.4125211238861084,
-0.15872682631015778,
-0.40043601393699646,
-0.6568312644958496,
0.7408523559570312,
0.38864588737487793,
-0.09290459007024765,
-1.0204747915267944,
-0.557850182056427,
0.05383848398923874,
-0.11618753522634506,
-0.4044485092163086,
-0.0668889582157135,
0.4070257544517517,
-0.16275787353515625,
-1.0527313947677612,
1.0079995393753052,
-0.1954413205385208,
0.03547465428709984,
-0.3976927399635315,
-0.11371635645627975,
-0.5523298382759094,
0.2783757448196411,
0.3771165907382965,
-0.29369598627090454,
0.9853006601333618,
-0.4363473951816559,
0.06813708692789078,
0.8717980980873108,
-0.945787250995636,
0.062201809138059616,
0.6816501021385193,
0.5140087604522705,
-0.30770888924598694,
-0.7380447387695312,
-0.006260846741497517,
-1.603058934211731,
-0.8422113060951233,
-0.8469071984291077,
-0.6787905693054199,
-0.35995736718177795,
0.119045689702034,
-0.4829402267932892,
0.6365689039230347,
-0.6070905923843384,
-0.16950061917304993,
-0.12295437604188919,
0.11921680718660355,
-0.08379103988409042,
-0.5353965163230896,
0.2963760793209076,
0.6825581192970276,
-0.19307532906532288,
1.2205349206924438,
0.47443681955337524,
-0.2943514883518219,
0.638343334197998,
-0.15088137984275818,
0.22315488755702972,
0.2637360095977783,
0.20880553126335144,
-0.40589454770088196,
-0.03923020139336586,
0.2404782772064209,
0.5182029604911804,
-0.22333921492099762,
0.7531351447105408,
0.6276518702507019,
0.13103890419006348,
0.0017498934175819159,
0.6594780683517456,
0.02618134394288063,
0.3583005964756012,
0.30956247448921204,
-0.5429348945617676,
0.4797096848487854,
0.2988978922367096,
-0.08529802411794662,
-0.3350597321987152,
-0.805019736289978,
0.5208385586738586,
0.9266265034675598,
0.4001111686229706,
-0.0686107650399208,
0.217844158411026,
0.020715322345495224,
-0.3780875504016876,
0.19699010252952576,
0.3532240688800812,
-0.510739803314209,
0.48007407784461975,
-1.1086194515228271,
-0.26346567273139954,
-0.3102366328239441,
0.6547523140907288,
0.1457895189523697,
0.33753490447998047,
1.0779074430465698,
0.718529224395752,
-0.28749018907546997,
0.8029626607894897,
0.46953991055488586,
0.8474331498146057,
-0.45125165581703186,
-0.515136182308197,
0.24510827660560608,
-0.5812626481056213,
-0.07497205585241318,
0.38350042700767517,
-0.6494150161743164,
-0.07779126614332199,
-0.28389567136764526,
0.8536047339439392,
0.5568804144859314,
-0.6328309774398804,
-0.345596045255661,
-0.647752583026886,
0.6343852877616882,
0.8470103144645691,
-0.15786775946617126,
-0.2430194467306137,
-0.4435226619243622,
-0.5577791333198547,
0.6995176076889038,
-0.662562906742096,
-0.603729248046875,
-0.09540306031703949,
-0.4951712489128113,
0.8502596020698547,
0.1632934957742691,
-0.4587383568286896,
-0.3554961383342743,
0.38821712136268616,
0.020919280126690865,
0.07753785699605942,
0.6415440440177917,
-0.14022864401340485,
0.5509692430496216,
0.1427612453699112,
-0.28218990564346313,
0.5120840668678284,
-0.48222166299819946,
-0.25274667143821716,
0.10565800219774246,
0.25421643257141113,
-0.13805171847343445,
-1.089103102684021,
-0.42929354310035706,
0.25647273659706116,
-0.04941236227750778,
0.09783536940813065,
0.30667978525161743,
-0.33651331067085266,
-0.48573073744773865,
-0.9640458226203918,
0.04461773484945297,
0.6076000928878784,
-0.4582063853740692,
-0.10491706430912018,
0.7990040183067322,
-0.6180686354637146,
0.4631355106830597,
0.5865638852119446,
0.03735284134745598,
-0.25439801812171936,
0.32246750593185425,
-0.9236181974411011,
0.3038410246372223,
0.1462782323360443,
-0.0017319811740890145,
-0.13542617857456207,
0.18944081664085388,
0.003668742021545768,
-0.22098420560359955,
0.7737383842468262,
-0.4303731918334961,
0.17898310720920563,
1.1845932006835938,
1.1363645792007446,
-0.17435207962989807,
-0.3391689658164978,
0.35743406414985657,
-0.5276595950126648,
0.23979057371616364,
-0.33015111088752747,
-0.3825055658817291,
0.5461223125457764,
-0.3212749660015106,
-0.15127995610237122,
0.09772517532110214,
-0.7998817563056946,
-0.28641238808631897,
0.050326328724622726,
0.04688673093914986,
0.08982694894075394,
-0.14691010117530823,
0.16532400250434875,
0.05771222710609436,
0.15509657561779022,
0.9482205510139465,
-0.21136055886745453,
0.21717630326747894,
-0.22788019478321075,
0.38333645462989807,
-0.4065442383289337,
-0.531345009803772,
-0.05464523658156395,
-0.3783034682273865,
1.2601932287216187,
0.18944890797138214,
-0.40581458806991577,
-0.2406691610813141,
-0.43620777130126953,
-0.23905982077121735,
-0.4156282842159271,
0.3348725140094757,
-0.3197868764400482,
0.43787169456481934,
0.8049033284187317,
-1.7138158082962036,
-0.21969270706176758,
0.2471313178539276,
-0.5732532739639282,
0.8882750868797302,
-0.8033614158630371,
0.097625233232975,
-0.8378056883811951,
0.4074276089668274,
-0.06658036261796951,
0.5552086234092712,
-0.2548134922981262,
0.24858343601226807,
-0.9118663668632507,
0.06153374910354614,
0.3761168420314789,
0.1949211061000824,
0.3930661380290985,
-0.3246228098869324,
0.18912538886070251,
0.12255487591028214,
0.712502658367157,
-0.37354546785354614,
1.0128989219665527,
-0.04296058416366577,
-0.18894942104816437,
0.12000636011362076,
1.1869820356369019,
0.08437220007181168,
0.294374018907547,
0.08611035346984863,
-0.7303718328475952,
0.10430315881967545,
0.1301826536655426,
-0.4105469882488251,
0.428631991147995,
-0.7841373682022095,
-0.0851627066731453,
-1.4223641157150269,
0.6316453814506531,
-0.10653817653656006,
-0.7812895178794861,
-1.1990734338760376,
-0.7468875050544739,
0.295316219329834,
0.8659834861755371,
0.027653096243739128,
1.073560357093811,
-0.5094429850578308,
-0.1021825447678566,
0.6020714640617371,
0.4393330216407776,
0.354166179895401,
0.26799505949020386,
-0.7085167169570923,
0.8853966593742371,
-0.5743806958198547,
-0.7839296460151672,
0.11175115406513214,
-1.048542857170105,
-0.4231361448764801,
-0.6303576231002808,
0.2742467224597931,
-1.1036571264266968,
-0.3052794933319092,
0.6924048662185669,
-0.4775855839252472,
-0.24477148056030273,
-1.306070327758789,
-0.05429764464497566,
-0.5283673405647278,
-0.4610038697719574,
0.25918102264404297,
0.7805487513542175,
0.1757892370223999,
-0.35297703742980957,
0.8443006277084351,
0.17415790259838104,
0.2834677994251251,
-0.759642481803894,
-0.7968500256538391,
-0.5768378376960754,
0.22975586354732513,
-0.4849790930747986,
0.06060151383280754,
-0.11907864362001419,
-0.9807265996932983,
-0.951450765132904,
-0.7707510590553284,
0.7169257402420044,
1.6938048601150513,
0.23194202780723572,
-0.04632636904716492,
-0.4950074851512909,
-0.6348533034324646,
-0.2275305688381195,
-0.3098890483379364,
0.6810060739517212,
-0.7577039003372192,
0.01914934441447258,
0.5884214639663696,
0.15130427479743958,
0.2544142007827759,
0.17617198824882507,
0.07022146135568619,
-0.4957334101200104,
-0.2017156183719635,
-1.1190441846847534
] |
|
jzlg9 | How much of the world would need to be rewritten if water shrunk when it was frozen? | My understanding is that water is the red-headed step-child in this arena. Most things shrink when frozen and expand when heated.
How would the natural world change if water followed suit?
How would the man-made world change? | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"c2gdl7a",
"c2gey2u",
"c2gecqa",
"c2gjzdv"
],
"text": [
"I'll leave topological differences to someone more qualified.\n\nFirst and foremost, fresh-water habitats would be completely different. If ice sank, fresh-water animals would freeze and die in the winter rather than survive in the murky depths. The nutrients and disolved gases that are typically overturned in the spring and fall, would instead be overturned during the winter and summer. Disrupting plant and algal growth in the spring and causing devastating blooms in the summer. Migratory paths would be disrupted because ice flows no longer exist.",
"*Everything* would change. Ice expanding in that range is caused by the structure of H and O and how they form molecules, which is caused by the structure of electrons, protons and neutrons, and how they form atoms, which is caused in turn by how quarks form nucleons. To change the mass, you must change the constituents, and these would effect how everything else happens.",
"In addition to the answers are along the lines of what you're asking, it should be noted that [there are different types of water ice](_URL_0_). Some of which contract when frozen.",
"Ice expansion/contraction is hugely responsible for erosion. Water gets into a crack and freezes, which basically acts like a hydraulic jack and breaks rock apart. If water shrank when frozen, it would simply fall out of cracks without causing any damage. Instead of mountains being full of loose rocks, they would primarily be bullet hard and solid.\n\nWithout this mechanism for erosion, rainfall and river action would be almost entirely responsible for everything. Of course, river erosion is greatly enhanced by having sediment to do the work. That sediment comes from...the mountains. If there is no erosion, there is no dirt. If there is no dirt there are no plants, and if there are no plants there are no terrestrial lifeforms."
],
"score": [
17,
7,
5,
2
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice#Phases"
]
} | How much of the world would need to be rewritten if water shrunk when it was frozen?
My understanding is that water is the red-headed step-child in this arena. Most things shrink when frozen and expand when heated. How would the natural world change if water followed suit? How would the man-made world change? | [
-0.5665633082389832,
-0.5161539316177368,
0.8581573963165283,
-0.5299502611160278,
-0.1991666555404663,
-0.37661024928092957,
-0.17087863385677338,
-0.24857750535011292,
0.5665501952171326,
0.16184572875499725,
0.9496804475784302,
0.004687180742621422,
-1.035562515258789,
0.8639140129089355,
-0.07015842944383621,
-0.6308726668357849,
0.499167799949646,
0.42296159267425537,
-0.13789324462413788,
0.5065484046936035,
0.21560782194137573,
0.03077053278684616,
-0.013922488316893578,
1.0566266775131226,
-0.5829459428787231,
0.0007541162776760757,
0.365605890750885,
-0.4800446033477783,
0.6558616757392883,
0.5600952506065369,
0.3576999306678772,
0.1652822345495224,
-0.5451469421386719,
-0.16835986077785492,
0.14783725142478943,
0.2106626331806183,
0.4931677281856537,
0.04387061297893524,
0.3790287971496582,
-0.8394864201545715,
-0.8597328066825867,
-0.9776297211647034,
-0.09327282756567001,
0.6993090510368347,
-0.19594082236289978,
-0.17672425508499146,
0.009740745648741722,
-0.033004727214574814,
-0.598603367805481,
-0.20082780718803406,
-0.23843005299568176,
0.08873871713876724,
0.3088264763355255,
-0.21934247016906738,
0.29083141684532166,
-0.21669279038906097,
0.06840095669031143,
0.660525381565094,
-0.312057763338089,
0.2830226421356201,
0.5784929990768433,
-0.1111859604716301,
-1.1594557762145996,
-0.3710586428642273,
0.7635805010795593,
0.11802072823047638,
-0.5411664247512817,
1.9270124435424805,
-0.20738275349140167,
0.025461304932832718,
0.17039994895458221,
-0.21877914667129517,
-0.29428449273109436,
-0.0013675756053999066,
-0.22799092531204224,
-0.39152613282203674,
0.7763153910636902,
-0.8868394494056702,
-0.10074281692504883,
-0.4625358581542969,
0.20353850722312927,
0.6977342963218689,
0.43456339836120605,
0.5204630494117737,
-0.2911309003829956,
0.4535956382751465,
0.4769746959209442,
-0.34086841344833374,
-0.19618470966815948,
0.309893935918808,
-1.0114567279815674,
0.19255079329013824,
0.5746612548828125,
-0.7396124601364136,
0.5205602645874023,
-0.6570532321929932,
0.4777400493621826,
-0.3263053894042969,
0.06962306797504425,
0.06578637659549713,
-0.055372703820466995,
-0.027001312002539635,
0.7816834449768066,
0.8606376647949219,
0.2955356538295746,
-0.5228654742240906,
0.1584969162940979,
0.5873057246208191,
0.46703001856803894,
0.07105184346437454,
-0.2250920981168747,
0.03918563202023506,
0.6842802166938782,
-0.4994557499885559,
-0.03769912198185921,
-1.3457167148590088,
0.05547400563955307,
0.2431003600358963,
1.0622997283935547,
0.5426487922668457,
0.8515767455101013,
-0.7993174195289612,
0.6308136582374573,
-1.1657425165176392,
-0.9648523330688477,
0.27778562903404236,
-0.1667354553937912,
0.09368292987346649,
-0.09592526406049728,
-0.7000877857208252,
0.4901893734931946,
0.4869498610496521,
0.042928874492645264,
-0.5976719260215759,
-0.18688441812992096,
0.49842479825019836,
-0.5400585532188416,
0.30206677317619324,
-0.5714279413223267,
0.06319458782672882,
-0.31689921021461487,
-0.2798960208892822,
0.9683898687362671,
-0.4138111174106598,
-0.23423747718334198,
-0.8269534707069397,
-1.1047166585922241,
-0.17902570962905884,
0.2991696894168854,
-0.2091957926750183,
-0.21629683673381805,
-0.38542309403419495,
0.36662301421165466,
-0.8298278450965881,
0.7509971261024475,
0.21485915780067444,
1.0459558963775635,
-0.577057421207428,
-0.20038282871246338,
-0.014392702840268612,
0.7884175777435303,
-0.2805795669555664,
-0.23156942427158356,
-0.6082468032836914,
1.3152532577514648,
-0.5481900572776794,
-0.0031582212541252375,
-0.6135048270225525,
-0.8031543493270874,
0.49226143956184387,
0.027946164831519127,
0.1155197024345398,
2.089214324951172,
0.5450947284698486,
1.9512534141540527,
-0.2040385901927948,
-0.2513270080089569,
0.5311212539672852,
-0.2951296865940094,
0.3111139237880707,
-0.409118115901947,
0.0005151731893420219,
0.3720569312572479,
0.7685078978538513,
-0.8674641251564026,
-0.20812195539474487,
0.7641226053237915,
0.5702919363975525,
0.7103397250175476,
-0.054129697382450104,
0.32396796345710754,
-0.16727818548679352,
-1.0514851808547974,
0.5387360453605652,
0.39346083998680115,
-0.239049032330513,
-0.22810344398021698,
0.6269597411155701,
0.08190155029296875,
0.6131094098091125,
0.15430784225463867,
-0.8592696189880371,
-0.26236477494239807,
-0.2300296276807785,
0.36338648200035095,
-0.31216615438461304,
0.03362898528575897,
-0.2407701015472412,
1.1157002449035645,
0.22397112846374512,
-0.5422395467758179,
0.5179746747016907,
0.13061857223510742,
-0.5508651733398438,
-0.44012486934661865,
-0.046513546258211136,
-0.7396783828735352,
-0.4669175148010254,
-0.354214072227478,
0.424026221036911,
0.360674113035202,
-0.10168541222810745,
-1.2670117616653442,
0.09066957980394363,
1.3180774450302124,
-0.9346457123756409,
0.09490735828876495,
-0.15170907974243164,
0.4847573935985565,
-0.8011475205421448,
0.3114810287952423,
-0.10739555954933167,
-0.0324895940721035,
0.16933424770832062,
-0.20223961770534515,
-0.8991912603378296,
-0.4119567275047302,
-0.3544224202632904,
0.6197050213813782,
-1.1484779119491577,
-0.7384287714958191,
0.5099391341209412,
0.8117907643318176,
1.0173420906066895,
-0.00882919505238533,
0.20977671444416046,
-0.608222484588623,
-0.12615060806274414,
-0.155977264046669,
0.5597104430198669,
-0.8485515713691711,
-0.6117032170295715,
-0.3250129818916321,
-1.1876531839370728,
0.6862586140632629,
-0.6651853322982788,
0.03947150334715843,
-0.33950215578079224,
-0.32376575469970703,
0.32251501083374023,
0.38957807421684265,
-0.37826433777809143,
0.2189970314502716,
-0.9782570004463196,
-1.089575171470642,
-0.41716268658638,
-1.2216086387634277,
-0.13804835081100464,
0.022855771705508232,
0.09817387908697128,
-0.03327076882123947,
-0.7244434952735901,
0.514401912689209,
0.4093962609767914,
-0.14821630716323853,
-1.1108497381210327,
1.378730058670044,
0.23088018596172333,
0.6339249610900879,
0.3607345223426819,
0.3357398509979248,
1.2156776189804077,
-0.3227510452270508,
0.12621934711933136,
-0.8536354303359985,
0.02459217794239521,
0.574822723865509,
0.19074657559394836,
0.2903379201889038,
-0.6838783621788025,
0.38427072763442993,
0.17256107926368713,
-0.4683171510696411,
0.39700645208358765,
-0.016550589352846146,
-0.4322440028190613,
0.2520594298839569,
-0.7598568797111511,
0.3929097056388855,
0.25155696272850037,
-0.5330587029457092,
-0.45950278639793396,
0.5945653915405273,
0.6179286241531372,
-0.36455032229423523,
-0.2773782014846802,
0.6597267389297485,
-0.5902345776557922,
0.31584423780441284,
-0.5016704201698303,
0.7167972922325134,
-1.0621509552001953,
0.12475194782018661,
0.7098638415336609,
0.29902663826942444,
0.6170855164527893,
-0.5617269277572632,
0.3488917350769043,
-0.5819668769836426,
-0.15056951344013214,
0.05761323496699333,
0.6964539885520935,
-0.1619093120098114,
0.08040273934602737,
0.5334067940711975,
1.4476462602615356,
-0.74090576171875,
0.9725779891014099,
-0.7758187055587769,
-0.3075803518295288,
0.7218407392501831,
-0.3243088722229004,
0.5379534363746643,
0.812916100025177,
0.13296030461788177,
0.03446705639362335,
-0.17683722078800201,
0.5484567284584045,
-0.6906622648239136,
0.05035277456045151,
1.4529926776885986,
0.27746421098709106,
-0.3521493375301361,
-0.03583385422825813,
-0.15464048087596893,
0.7155460119247437,
-0.9211187362670898,
0.3612832725048065,
0.7477923035621643,
-0.7061963081359863,
0.48605287075042725,
0.16519036889076233,
0.7837302088737488,
-0.47527602314949036,
0.4387064278125763,
0.9334487915039062,
-0.5885471105575562,
0.05252986401319504,
0.9959607720375061,
-0.07571364939212799,
0.5488739609718323,
-0.2389223873615265,
0.5216107964515686,
0.08641739189624786,
0.7026938796043396,
-0.1850745677947998,
-0.26401591300964355,
-1.4390263557434082,
-0.49847325682640076,
0.6278253197669983,
-0.14858105778694153,
0.45666587352752686,
-0.4238634407520294,
-0.29951560497283936,
-0.5109156966209412,
-0.1731824427843094,
0.21407106518745422,
0.3416135013103485,
-2.0332961082458496,
-0.42315030097961426,
0.11824869364500046,
-0.37393707036972046,
-0.9322900176048279,
-0.3664492964744568,
0.3141452670097351,
-0.9118022322654724,
-0.2137761414051056,
-0.41220200061798096,
-0.5766142010688782,
0.6856914162635803,
-0.025878503918647766,
-0.141713947057724,
-0.5460424423217773,
-0.6299365162849426,
-0.36741286516189575,
-0.21994931995868683,
-0.32458075881004333,
1.0255285501480103,
1.1927790641784668,
-0.3168995976448059,
0.3500822186470032,
0.06568638980388641,
0.4376065135002136,
0.5291922092437744,
0.41589078307151794,
0.2402593046426773,
0.04591698944568634,
0.00914253294467926,
-0.01369964238256216,
-0.64878910779953,
0.3972560465335846,
-0.9460039138793945,
-0.5368573069572449,
0.4176368713378906,
0.216632679104805,
-0.3525620698928833,
-1.0327037572860718,
-1.7217439413070679,
-0.8216311931610107,
-0.06775139272212982,
0.7238351702690125,
-0.7279025316238403,
0.07737923413515091,
0.7830777168273926,
-0.3457614779472351,
0.227527916431427,
0.1568889617919922,
-0.3726014494895935,
-0.4731731414794922,
0.8958827257156372,
-0.6619493365287781,
-0.8464247584342957,
0.6730092763900757,
0.459524542093277,
-1.046493649482727,
-0.17285948991775513,
0.4553129971027374,
-0.2150164693593979,
0.36769720911979675,
-1.0201908349990845,
-0.46599769592285156,
0.1597936451435089,
0.8660987019538879,
0.8790366053581238,
-0.14838039875030518,
-0.5402852892875671,
0.027707666158676147,
-0.002794001717120409,
-1.0459544658660889,
0.49035999178886414,
0.34190160036087036,
-0.815065860748291,
-0.2330407351255417,
-0.2711351215839386,
0.593461275100708,
0.3670126795768738,
0.3611617386341095,
0.5553659796714783,
-0.7299647331237793,
-0.009436535649001598,
-0.5527688264846802,
-0.4788399934768677,
-0.439796507358551,
0.9240660667419434,
-0.28505098819732666,
-0.12261760979890823,
0.03400887921452522,
-0.38343214988708496,
-0.03162224218249321,
-0.8412418961524963,
-1.2822157144546509,
-0.18916049599647522,
1.0404802560806274,
0.9718812108039856,
-0.9038055539131165,
-0.5742509961128235,
0.4260353446006775,
-0.007108002435415983,
-0.8094468116760254,
-0.7530816793441772,
-0.3392593264579773,
-0.8008015155792236,
0.28078964352607727,
-0.2933061420917511,
0.6658563613891602,
-0.3760620951652527,
-0.49112892150878906,
0.4563817083835602,
-1.1312789916992188,
-0.3461897075176239,
-0.3567933440208435,
0.035896267741918564,
-0.1955079436302185,
0.6160827279090881,
-0.1658405065536499,
0.5854921340942383,
-0.9556013941764832,
0.3028238117694855,
0.45903173089027405,
-0.055940937250852585,
-0.17548711597919464,
0.09620903432369232,
0.10652276128530502,
-0.8037049174308777,
0.12228858470916748,
0.21397051215171814,
0.5902687907218933,
0.5902273058891296,
1.3466238975524902,
0.731207549571991,
-0.8033819198608398,
-0.6227730512619019,
-0.6623793244361877,
-0.7947275042533875,
-0.24774758517742157,
-0.1397312581539154,
-0.6495208740234375,
1.327450156211853,
-0.33583688735961914,
0.6776916980743408,
-1.5152919292449951,
-0.4488571584224701,
0.8360974192619324,
-0.6605927348136902,
0.22388625144958496,
0.22245150804519653,
-0.902695894241333,
-0.18813686072826385,
-0.3231506943702698,
-0.10509390383958817,
-0.2341151088476181,
-0.1615307331085205,
-0.39777860045433044,
0.35910388827323914,
0.09797537326812744,
1.1160489320755005,
0.6185628771781921,
-0.6071742177009583,
0.3840256333351135,
0.08642077445983887,
-0.04742363095283508,
0.5207579731941223,
1.152950644493103,
0.35359182953834534,
0.2955072522163391,
-0.16885413229465485,
-0.37222862243652344,
1.0854051113128662,
-0.3928743004798889,
0.5053171515464783,
0.40412434935569763,
0.03172812983393669,
0.8835088610649109,
0.7529764771461487,
0.16438981890678406,
0.007181218825280666,
0.36714717745780945,
-0.6415300369262695,
-0.056148502975702286,
0.5768459439277649,
-0.7708256244659424,
-0.2224148064851761,
0.3467593193054199,
-0.6218626499176025,
0.6012040376663208,
-1.0878709554672241,
-0.23442630469799042,
0.05098770186305046,
-1.0153684616088867,
0.4165612757205963,
0.05859868973493576,
0.4749772846698761,
-0.2529844045639038,
-0.5986118912696838,
0.023334048688411713,
-0.4866529107093811,
0.15882280468940735,
-0.45630791783332825,
0.32576295733451843,
0.48394525051116943,
-0.09933839738368988,
-0.3293905258178711,
-0.2069258987903595,
0.6795692443847656,
-0.5358129143714905,
-0.6131429672241211,
0.3261806070804596,
-0.5506227016448975,
-0.21847572922706604,
0.22228340804576874,
-0.29108232259750366,
0.06173963472247124,
0.3273458182811737,
-0.2698095738887787,
0.7885751724243164,
-0.0634748712182045,
-0.1280016154050827,
0.6658695340156555,
-0.37008482217788696,
-0.19264617562294006,
-0.35430923104286194,
-0.4529287815093994,
0.45617058873176575,
0.6887796521186829,
0.3625088632106781,
0.012480217963457108,
0.0507986843585968,
-1.238087773323059,
-0.1328216791152954,
0.3380924165248871,
0.10611119866371155,
0.26791372895240784,
0.32825735211372375,
-0.1889285296201706,
-0.24866288900375366,
-0.2807149291038513,
0.40554165840148926,
-0.8141321539878845,
-0.020909884944558144,
-0.8221561908721924,
0.2910170555114746,
-0.2629050016403198,
-0.9210438132286072,
0.3340325355529785,
0.8643540143966675,
0.13096961379051208,
-0.4120161235332489,
0.7704280018806458,
0.4695526659488678,
-0.6873508095741272,
-0.45136338472366333,
-0.20373250544071198,
0.5556328296661377,
0.23023661971092224,
-1.1645820140838623,
0.32231655716896057,
-0.5614483952522278,
0.1481466293334961,
-0.13905851542949677,
-0.2996760308742523,
-0.34413760900497437,
-0.9102486968040466,
-1.0692955255508423,
-0.17964930832386017,
0.344652384519577,
0.018365655094385147,
-0.037330374121665955,
-0.06777185946702957,
0.06765197217464447,
1.7597402334213257,
-0.7636410593986511,
-0.2828700542449951,
0.3122878968715668,
0.5883500576019287,
0.6113693118095398,
-0.259124755859375,
-0.02221951074898243,
0.4800657033920288,
-0.25996795296669006,
-0.49329933524131775,
-0.6896665692329407,
-0.3171459436416626,
0.4417531192302704,
0.19408200681209564,
0.3436814844608307,
-0.022816162556409836,
0.7733660936355591,
-0.34195366501808167,
-1.096934199333191,
0.5948774814605713,
0.5247585773468018,
-0.3058258891105652,
-0.42671123147010803,
0.09737394005060196,
0.6479979753494263,
-0.21521680057048798,
-0.5644844174385071,
0.28911033272743225,
-0.7398223876953125,
-0.0181081872433424,
-0.04187854006886482,
0.2010287493467331,
-0.013054524548351765,
0.2614922523498535,
0.04910756275057793,
-0.03335511311888695,
-0.4548817276954651,
1.5282840728759766,
0.08597827702760696,
-0.6350350379943848,
-0.003314380533993244,
0.1734738051891327,
-0.4260864853858948,
0.1454329490661621,
-0.25604674220085144,
-0.1568114459514618,
-0.4249056577682495,
0.3051838278770447,
-0.4365706145763397,
0.08858688175678253,
-0.19128887355327606,
-0.24494950473308563,
-0.21100325882434845,
-0.9325503706932068,
-0.013836855068802834,
0.0518793910741806,
0.04346240684390068,
0.4289582073688507,
-0.3341352343559265,
-0.4829544126987457,
0.6348707675933838,
0.6473303437232971,
-0.38115230202674866,
0.022577300667762756,
0.21711993217468262,
0.07613496482372284,
-0.569106936454773,
0.07874123752117157,
0.11453482508659363,
0.6850703358650208,
0.15650521218776703,
-0.5348585844039917,
-0.32243606448173523,
-0.21286773681640625,
-1.1045643091201782,
0.23409263789653778,
-0.22540609538555145,
-0.2746337652206421,
0.17886514961719513,
-0.6423752307891846,
-0.4155683219432831,
-0.33314600586891174,
-0.38746708631515503,
0.4057214558124542,
0.809719979763031,
0.12960709631443024,
-0.9258664846420288,
0.8410819172859192,
-0.8881298899650574,
0.1345595419406891,
-0.4912227690219879,
0.13113363087177277,
0.04028817638754845,
-0.8123818635940552,
0.31831851601600647,
0.48473450541496277,
-0.3943893313407898,
-0.10707484185695648,
-0.011032507754862309,
0.7162320613861084,
0.1429135799407959,
1.3099409341812134,
0.5557600855827332,
-0.09743037819862366,
-0.3333527147769928,
-0.19200144708156586,
-0.09655525535345078,
-0.6681774854660034,
0.07530120760202408,
-0.3426913917064667,
0.36790984869003296,
-0.219288170337677,
-0.16495183110237122,
-0.3192512094974518,
-0.005067144054919481,
-0.693183422088623,
-0.10357559472322464,
0.9621315002441406
] |
|
15luxh | "You can be fat and healthy at the same time": myth or fact? | I see this claim everywhere, but mostly on Tumblr. I know that a health and weight can vary from person to person, but can one actually be overweight while still healthy (assuming the person doesn't have an actual medical problem that causes them to retain the weight, despite healthy eating and exercise)?
Everything I read about obesity says the contrary: that when you're overweight or obese, you're vulnerable to many different health problems, both short and long term.
Thanks, askscience! | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"c7no4dy",
"c7nrpp3",
"c7nnlc6"
],
"text": [
"It depends what you mean by overweight, if by it you mean fat, then it isn't healthy due to high levels of LDLs that circulates in your blood, this leads to its deposition on the arterial walls the first stage of atherosclerosis, now this isn't necessarily a problem, everyone over the age of 20 will have small amount of this, however if it occurs in large quantities then it can lead to blocking of the arterioles causing a stroke or cause an embolise to form.\n\nHealthy weight varies from person to person as weight isn't a good judgement of health, a tall person will weigh more than a small person. BMI is a better judgement, but the actual way to calculate it is using water immersion to show tissue density and therefore the level of fat and muscle. Calculating your weight vs height is only done because it is easier and leads to many athletes being classed as overweight or obese by this measurement, when in fact they are healthy but muscular. \n\nI think the problem with obesity, is not in itself the weight, though excess weight does cause problems, be it stress on joint or inability moving around, it is the fact that if you are overweight you most likely have a bad diet and sedentary lifestyle. Lack of exercise, even in slim people, is still a risk factor of disease and if you are overweight there is a higher probability that you don't combine exercise into your weekly routine. \n\nA more pertinent question is why you would be taking any advice from Tumblr.",
"I would suggest that being \"fat\", on the whole, is a risk factor for being unhealthy, but it is by no means a guarantee that the overweight/obese individual will experience overt symptoms related to their phsyiology. \n\nFor example:\ncertain individuals may have a metabolism that favours the safe deposition of fat into gluteofemoral (or \"hip/thigh\") fat compartments over risky deposition into abdominal (\"stomach\") or ectopic (abnormally positioned, such as within the liver or heart) fat compartments. \n\nThe glutefemoral fat depot is effectively a different type of fat organ when compared to the abdominal fat depot; this is where the waist/hip ratio as a physical indicator of biochemical health comes from. Increased hip fat deposition is significantly associated with decreased risk of metabolic disease such as diabetes and cardiovascular disease.\n\nTHe gluteofemoral fat storage tends to act as a buffer (of limited capacity), preferentially storing fat over abdominal fat depots and holding onto that fat, preventing it accumulating ectopically in organs. Thus, it's ability to protect is dependent on it not being \"overwhelmed\". \n[\nInteresting source \\(including information on fat depot preference in different ethnicities\\)](_URL_0_)",
"It's complicated, with no simple answer. \n\nObesity does correlate with health issues, but where do you draw the threshold between \"healthy\" and \"unhealthy\"? You can be of \"proper\" weight and be unhealthy, so how much has to be wrong with you before you say \"this person is not healthy\"? If being overweight is the ONLY thing wrong with someone, I wouldn't call them unhealthy. It's really quite subjective. Certainly they'd be at less risk if they lost weight, but you have to choose your definition.\n\nAside: Do be aware that weight alone doesn't determine obesity. Someone with a lot of muscle mass can weigh more than an obese person of the same height."
],
"score": [
20,
10,
6
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://doc.rero.ch/lm.php?url=1000,43,2,20110518153616-EG/dul_bcp.pdf"
]
} | "You can be fat and healthy at the same time": myth or fact?
I see this claim everywhere, but mostly on Tumblr. I know that a health and weight can vary from person to person, but can one actually be overweight while still healthy (assuming the person doesn't have an actual medical problem that causes them to retain the weight, despite healthy eating and exercise)? Everything I read about obesity says the contrary: that when you're overweight or obese, you're vulnerable to many different health problems, both short and long term. Thanks, askscience! | [
0.29660311341285706,
-0.4047463536262512,
1.2160040140151978,
-0.29000476002693176,
-0.5375184416770935,
0.033811070024967194,
-0.5706848502159119,
-1.2414979934692383,
0.17695090174674988,
0.22151322662830353,
0.9811002016067505,
0.8467043042182922,
-1.0393471717834473,
0.5981509685516357,
-0.40199950337409973,
-0.8886066675186157,
0.880826473236084,
0.7216787338256836,
-0.5117915272712708,
0.1766252964735031,
0.6074855923652649,
0.0190200824290514,
0.16423898935317993,
1.2111388444900513,
-0.2763257920742035,
-0.5062645077705383,
0.633135974407196,
0.03301609307527542,
0.786641538143158,
0.33232152462005615,
0.22442664206027985,
0.5989099144935608,
-1.0677006244659424,
0.1673196256160736,
-0.15144367516040802,
-0.47208425402641296,
0.9136985540390015,
-0.026368295773863792,
1.1633933782577515,
-1.4073845148086548,
0.1456437110900879,
-0.6854174733161926,
0.07256344705820084,
1.0168566703796387,
-0.6581436395645142,
-0.4013586938381195,
-0.17683398723602295,
0.03690091520547867,
-0.48702552914619446,
-0.2290574461221695,
-0.24370050430297852,
0.3952796161174774,
0.001395668019540608,
-0.03770503029227257,
1.010704755783081,
0.2071300595998764,
0.0922590047121048,
-0.05378386005759239,
0.8836043477058411,
-0.8247116804122925,
0.6911378502845764,
0.34713974595069885,
-0.269245445728302,
-0.4859160780906677,
0.19928479194641113,
-0.5373581647872925,
-0.40919455885887146,
-0.08481202274560928,
-0.18000490963459015,
-0.5146586894989014,
0.7368819713592529,
0.023743601515889168,
-0.4871561527252197,
-0.7308735251426697,
-0.008483799174427986,
-0.5241315364837646,
0.09858214855194092,
-0.6135152578353882,
-0.2392023801803589,
-0.8464649319648743,
-0.31204885244369507,
-0.06488274782896042,
-0.24379613995552063,
0.7660428285598755,
-0.1802769899368286,
0.48814353346824646,
0.46940240263938904,
-0.4033108055591583,
0.3552651107311249,
0.7411718368530273,
-0.24580660462379456,
0.1016312763094902,
0.6308501958847046,
-0.009309520944952965,
0.21005387604236603,
-0.18772314488887787,
0.6071606278419495,
-1.0704790353775024,
-0.16073106229305267,
0.058911554515361786,
0.5278971791267395,
0.37566834688186646,
0.7384250164031982,
0.5308359861373901,
0.24831286072731018,
-0.6182628870010376,
0.26102137565612793,
0.5503687262535095,
0.19438426196575165,
-0.4873758852481842,
-0.9678900241851807,
0.6024943590164185,
0.17011278867721558,
-0.48935866355895996,
-0.20044447481632233,
-1.4083374738693237,
0.0011615867260843515,
-0.050275158137083054,
0.10523011535406113,
0.1999150961637497,
-0.6941536664962769,
-0.40925726294517517,
1.073220133781433,
-0.11220275610685349,
0.1890760064125061,
0.5721021890640259,
-0.5458856225013733,
0.4689338207244873,
-0.32158663868904114,
0.32892030477523804,
-0.5356782674789429,
-0.21614575386047363,
-0.06694457679986954,
-0.374543696641922,
0.15372401475906372,
-0.4704115390777588,
-1.087721347808838,
0.016976958140730858,
-0.010633704252541065,
-0.5266575813293457,
-0.29145702719688416,
-0.18904121220111847,
0.45429787039756775,
-0.2664104104042053,
-0.5085909962654114,
-0.21876901388168335,
-0.8859846591949463,
-0.6030188202857971,
0.49114370346069336,
-0.2957010269165039,
-0.10695350170135498,
-0.5124102234840393,
0.5638870596885681,
-0.32472649216651917,
0.675918698310852,
-0.5065381526947021,
1.3946404457092285,
-0.36827996373176575,
0.17443127930164337,
0.10411848872900009,
-0.8691506385803223,
-0.5397741794586182,
0.5597382187843323,
-1.0032706260681152,
0.047582510858774185,
-0.6612002849578857,
-0.02392156608402729,
-0.008380735293030739,
-0.8684450387954712,
-0.06468472629785538,
-0.21665449440479279,
-0.344866544008255,
0.5556570887565613,
0.9151744842529297,
1.2000492811203003,
-0.2109105885028839,
0.14024756848812103,
0.6923653483390808,
0.2085997313261032,
0.31508344411849976,
0.09621302783489227,
0.12968924641609192,
0.4214707911014557,
0.8753519654273987,
-0.7209845781326294,
0.13557039201259613,
0.3694467544555664,
0.7114551067352295,
0.6896678805351257,
-0.4111790657043457,
0.43156275153160095,
-0.4132969081401825,
-1.0971989631652832,
0.26616260409355164,
0.4955427944660187,
-0.01138769369572401,
-0.37077024579048157,
0.5748628973960876,
0.5044398307800293,
-0.2711322605609894,
-0.7817718982696533,
-1.2649599313735962,
0.028331169858574867,
-0.49230635166168213,
-0.3049373924732208,
0.24594463407993317,
0.19192980229854584,
-0.5600190758705139,
-0.05966058745980263,
-0.28181400895118713,
0.12859240174293518,
0.6937044858932495,
-0.515449047088623,
-0.9617947936058044,
-0.2870028614997864,
-0.009452025406062603,
0.3224843442440033,
0.6203321218490601,
-0.9688577651977539,
0.4555622339248657,
0.5541732311248779,
-0.2274438738822937,
0.004714623559266329,
-0.13723847270011902,
0.7769986987113953,
-0.18246877193450928,
0.08428383618593216,
0.13111983239650726,
-0.05944446101784706,
-0.05624901503324509,
0.1107032522559166,
-0.3551696240901947,
-0.23496153950691223,
0.39048564434051514,
0.6482598781585693,
-1.1421539783477783,
-0.9641813039779663,
-0.7558050155639648,
0.44826099276542664,
-0.4762246012687683,
-0.49579188227653503,
0.6202489733695984,
0.23438839614391327,
-0.16424445807933807,
-0.23336318135261536,
-0.3902041018009186,
-0.5013168454170227,
-0.8910039663314819,
-0.43912550806999207,
-0.6262251138687134,
0.14747676253318787,
-1.4237316846847534,
-0.6065104603767395,
-0.3469798266887665,
0.8539503216743469,
-0.8193975687026978,
0.9936186671257019,
-0.24063818156719208,
-0.3036622405052185,
0.0542881079018116,
-0.052607979625463486,
-0.5412005186080933,
-0.040380362421274185,
-0.8434917330741882,
-0.20408928394317627,
0.19262836873531342,
-0.8920976519584656,
-0.4293980300426483,
-0.19862483441829681,
0.3419862389564514,
0.15849122405052185,
-0.12685689330101013,
-0.3483981490135193,
0.1580076664686203,
0.6044902801513672,
-0.6900827288627625,
0.22809502482414246,
-0.7135087847709656,
0.892156720161438,
0.14342986047267914,
1.38117253780365,
0.9812743663787842,
0.1513979583978653,
0.11179053783416748,
0.38800686597824097,
-0.07138416916131973,
0.5544096827507019,
-0.7718375325202942,
0.6739259958267212,
-0.7533273696899414,
-0.07166774570941925,
0.21559612452983856,
-0.6854152083396912,
0.47644728422164917,
0.7377866506576538,
0.44706735014915466,
0.3685193657875061,
0.8080629706382751,
-0.9058175086975098,
0.16869573295116425,
-0.18627996742725372,
0.5824021100997925,
0.5142401456832886,
0.7982627749443054,
-0.29662322998046875,
-0.004109111148864031,
0.3683444857597351,
-0.8548377156257629,
0.07434037327766418,
-0.6959803700447083,
0.4902091324329376,
-1.1686108112335205,
-0.20803701877593994,
0.35987570881843567,
-0.9136258363723755,
0.09080404043197632,
0.21811465919017792,
-0.12357882410287857,
-0.6710682511329651,
0.15824317932128906,
-0.4607134461402893,
0.1772468090057373,
0.2821425497531891,
0.3330513536930084,
-0.1952795386314392,
1.026869297027588,
0.4946267306804657,
1.1471006870269775,
-0.06836264580488205,
-0.7508103847503662,
0.5309568047523499,
-0.31929364800453186,
0.0013888207031413913,
0.1554628163576126,
0.44847017526626587,
0.054362040013074875,
0.20608851313591003,
0.5208001136779785,
0.2571999132633209,
0.023751480504870415,
1.2332086563110352,
0.3855053186416626,
0.20696021616458893,
0.06465668976306915,
-0.17013561725616455,
-0.5496414303779602,
-0.6931959390640259,
0.4456801116466522,
1.020641803741455,
0.21201325953006744,
0.04573126882314682,
0.13071037828922272,
1.308349370956421,
-0.855940043926239,
0.2925625145435333,
0.7115978002548218,
-0.7706382274627686,
-0.33563992381095886,
1.1910793781280518,
0.0804256945848465,
-0.13257154822349548,
0.36524197459220886,
-0.19996589422225952,
-0.028760556131601334,
0.1543588936328888,
0.05518028140068054,
-0.7916973829269409,
-0.890529990196228,
-0.25931787490844727,
0.1831170618534088,
0.06790772825479507,
0.39074257016181946,
-0.7040933966636658,
1.0816030502319336,
0.6903848052024841,
0.21883957087993622,
1.1096190214157104,
-0.018673021346330643,
-0.8297027349472046,
0.3457282483577728,
0.20005342364311218,
0.15736959874629974,
-0.09102538973093033,
0.5928362607955933,
-0.3447057008743286,
-0.5243220329284668,
-0.7145435810089111,
-1.0473195314407349,
-0.37393414974212646,
0.46382659673690796,
-0.12697972357273102,
-0.3455723524093628,
0.7245639562606812,
-0.8816985487937927,
-0.1734541356563568,
0.3527197241783142,
-1.1972832679748535,
0.6477459669113159,
0.23487235605716705,
-0.6780404448509216,
-0.19662953913211823,
0.4327355921268463,
0.20474128425121307,
1.4689090251922607,
0.3105766475200653,
0.21963970363140106,
0.791507363319397,
0.15643005073070526,
0.9172071814537048,
-0.6551083326339722,
0.2623712718486786,
-1.3423409461975098,
-0.5654180645942688,
0.5009870529174805,
-0.05857156217098236,
-1.2061166763305664,
-0.6077263951301575,
-1.324668288230896,
-0.3275105059146881,
-0.38964974880218506,
0.22339972853660583,
-0.9857602715492249,
0.3067817687988281,
0.49882587790489197,
-0.9252402186393738,
-0.056658629328012466,
0.20430642366409302,
-0.5768060684204102,
-0.5602623820304871,
0.43270617723464966,
-1.0240086317062378,
-1.2341712713241577,
0.39682379364967346,
0.7797213196754456,
-0.9570409655570984,
0.11559034883975983,
-0.5746785998344421,
0.28149083256721497,
0.674508810043335,
-0.41013669967651367,
-0.6359899044036865,
1.4474281072616577,
0.30297181010246277,
0.6908431649208069,
0.45041516423225403,
-0.2704726457595825,
0.5760266184806824,
0.4739095866680145,
-1.0007010698318481,
0.5554531812667847,
0.18433862924575806,
-0.7410244941711426,
0.09090332686901093,
-0.17200972139835358,
0.5238445401191711,
0.4701662063598633,
-0.7562715411186218,
0.599868893623352,
-0.8537994027137756,
0.06331866979598999,
-0.23979751765727997,
-0.3280496597290039,
-0.3003695607185364,
0.9467581510543823,
0.4198586344718933,
0.5779865980148315,
-0.23992155492305756,
-0.6966557502746582,
0.1947914958000183,
-1.065944790840149,
-0.31843143701553345,
-0.554664134979248,
0.269318163394928,
0.51671302318573,
-0.760097086429596,
-0.8608424663543701,
0.17188888788223267,
0.366566002368927,
-0.007482460234314203,
-0.8196986317634583,
0.11473271995782852,
-0.45334458351135254,
0.026102345436811447,
0.20491936802864075,
0.6266499161720276,
-0.16268400847911835,
-0.25464072823524475,
0.17509756982326508,
-0.9111502170562744,
-0.07815048098564148,
-0.0081105912104249,
-0.48799484968185425,
0.23509429395198822,
0.8181319236755371,
0.1793815791606903,
0.26831087470054626,
-0.04374115914106369,
-0.08832325786352158,
-0.07517727464437485,
0.03605945408344269,
0.20266734063625336,
-0.011891229078173637,
0.44971829652786255,
-0.2706153690814972,
-0.03187432512640953,
-0.8787902593612671,
0.4187413454055786,
0.11315829306840897,
-0.11311342567205429,
0.879767894744873,
-0.8025984168052673,
0.5668535232543945,
0.1408265084028244,
-0.5523427128791809,
-0.349113404750824,
0.2616106867790222,
0.038771189749240875,
0.994577169418335,
-0.16255135834217072,
0.4529794752597809,
0.27348223328590393,
-0.08830758929252625,
1.160340428352356,
-0.09407635778188705,
-0.5570603013038635,
0.3278254568576813,
-0.9334667921066284,
-0.8381004929542542,
0.9706072807312012,
-0.047556113451719284,
0.6100164651870728,
-0.007688466925173998,
-0.22808626294136047,
0.8996720314025879,
0.3639864921569824,
0.8583025336265564,
0.9433805346488953,
-0.8072096109390259,
0.2996021509170532,
-0.2080918252468109,
0.1328761875629425,
0.6468414068222046,
0.21616552770137787,
-0.015776189044117928,
-0.03735988214612007,
-0.07194526493549347,
-0.4685452878475189,
0.44873306155204773,
-0.9116403460502625,
0.7563039660453796,
-0.32561346888542175,
0.2704465985298157,
-0.23116980493068695,
1.0205854177474976,
0.19659298658370972,
0.14704366028308868,
0.5631702542304993,
-0.21896792948246002,
-0.23729389905929565,
0.7521557211875916,
-1.4725873470306396,
0.7259082794189453,
0.25026506185531616,
-1.1608750820159912,
0.2166852205991745,
-0.47979429364204407,
-0.5545787215232849,
-0.08349253982305527,
-0.3042338788509369,
0.3273043632507324,
-0.7707465887069702,
0.5539594292640686,
0.08922065049409866,
-1.0859051942825317,
-0.11187466979026794,
-0.3034757375717163,
0.2613195776939392,
0.10762201249599457,
0.750190258026123,
-0.31599289178848267,
-0.48093974590301514,
-0.03670303896069527,
0.33141055703163147,
0.1390930414199829,
-0.29146304726600647,
-0.18552838265895844,
0.5922666788101196,
0.5110150575637817,
-0.46776509284973145,
0.18846841156482697,
-0.5572434067726135,
0.16971831023693085,
-0.006988201290369034,
-0.24014484882354736,
0.7442771196365356,
0.011066839098930359,
0.3454381823539734,
0.5132023692131042,
-0.3700815439224243,
0.01725093275308609,
-0.024042239412665367,
-1.2357158660888672,
0.6724008917808533,
0.13660262525081635,
0.5983543992042542,
-0.5427907109260559,
0.5144398808479309,
-0.4056555926799774,
-0.43294185400009155,
0.21247504651546478,
0.2463873326778412,
0.057872772216796875,
0.45741480588912964,
-0.43085092306137085,
-0.5581686496734619,
-0.5324625372886658,
-0.9149094223976135,
-0.5491528511047363,
-0.09455365687608719,
-0.16111968457698822,
1.070859670639038,
0.1693224310874939,
-1.0084590911865234,
0.017844650894403458,
0.8139515519142151,
0.39052313566207886,
0.0378066711127758,
1.0294444561004639,
0.3916744589805603,
-0.4991314709186554,
-0.3523038625717163,
-1.041775107383728,
0.9066653847694397,
-0.865911602973938,
-0.037414971739053726,
-0.3421693444252014,
-1.2331382036209106,
0.19566284120082855,
-0.3697110116481781,
-0.1284055858850479,
-0.655127763748169,
-0.07368728518486023,
0.6835479140281677,
0.2781858742237091,
0.6186135411262512,
-0.15725599229335785,
-0.6676881909370422,
0.7080946564674377,
0.10964518785476685,
1.2644739151000977,
-0.7572731971740723,
0.32530567049980164,
-0.2753240764141083,
-0.05506701394915581,
-0.3469429612159729,
-0.376638799905777,
0.7918810844421387,
0.05146176740527153,
-0.2886946499347687,
-0.05557621642947197,
-0.5016422867774963,
-0.6768440008163452,
-0.3827104866504669,
-0.42635050415992737,
0.45323479175567627,
-0.25044259428977966,
0.26657792925834656,
0.4940965473651886,
-0.656223475933075,
0.7614071369171143,
-0.6577299237251282,
-0.18473312258720398,
-0.38799870014190674,
0.18690814077854156,
1.5582995414733887,
0.015288589522242546,
-0.48085156083106995,
0.28897416591644287,
0.01888943836092949,
0.14212816953659058,
-0.5006269812583923,
0.2908838093280792,
-0.2515789866447449,
-0.5245872735977173,
-0.40749692916870117,
-0.4543224573135376,
-0.5178092122077942,
1.307926893234253,
0.8866089582443237,
-1.0053256750106812,
0.5202601552009583,
-0.44392579793930054,
0.2628462314605713,
0.07292883098125458,
-0.24559979140758514,
0.49586206674575806,
0.04485051706433296,
0.3017588257789612,
-0.6806919574737549,
-0.2675955891609192,
-0.06234307959675789,
-0.09491266310214996,
-0.2949618399143219,
-0.7582170963287354,
-0.17796264588832855,
0.11666540801525116,
-0.22933721542358398,
-0.16167564690113068,
-0.014455822296440601,
-0.04374127835035324,
0.34517964720726013,
-0.8190178871154785,
-0.42717888951301575,
-0.24956901371479034,
0.4433419704437256,
-0.33803093433380127,
-0.3040199279785156,
-0.2270755022764206,
-0.3976520299911499,
0.43300554156303406,
0.08647416532039642,
0.056300289928913116,
-0.23616276681423187,
0.3747237026691437,
-0.78956139087677,
0.48759540915489197,
-0.903485119342804,
0.411900132894516,
-0.17715060710906982,
-0.06748808920383453,
-0.59343421459198,
-0.23363730311393738,
0.1384885162115097,
1.1790400743484497,
0.42270320653915405,
-0.22500239312648773,
-1.09959876537323,
1.1208977699279785,
-0.8804700374603271,
0.519811749458313,
-0.3562210202217102,
-0.08819516748189926,
-0.7287850975990295,
-0.41536766290664673,
0.6456350088119507,
-0.07549566775560379,
0.1253017783164978,
0.5828369855880737,
-0.07971493899822235,
0.12279648333787918,
0.3857201039791107,
0.26355278491973877,
0.26310592889785767,
0.5115277171134949,
-0.11528870463371277,
-0.1926664412021637,
0.20928166806697845,
-0.7294299602508545,
-0.638046145439148,
-0.24075952172279358,
-0.016094829887151718,
-0.7610908150672913,
-0.10467929393053055,
0.998216450214386,
-0.6807519793510437,
-0.21103070676326752,
-0.46220698952674866,
-0.8351970314979553
] |
|
8ukjp8 | Which substances or foods create metabolites that can be detected for extended periods of time? | I was recently reading about alcohol and how even after your body has completely processed and excreted the ethanol, it creates metabolites Ethyl Palmitate and Ethyl Glucuronide that can be detected in hair for up to 90 days.
I am curious as to why these metabolites hang around for so long and also which other substances and/or foods have metabolites that can also be detected for any extended period of time.
For example, if I consumed caffeine how long would you theoretically be able to test for it if you wanted to? What about broccoli, or carrots etc?
Are there any factors that cause metabolites to stick around longer, or certain groups of foods?
I hope my question was clear enough and not too broad scoped.
Thanks! | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"e1g6dun",
"e1gw3fs",
"e1gzx04"
],
"text": [
"Chemist here, with very little working knowledge of nutrition so salt my words to taste.\n\nThe metabolites you mention probably stick around for a long time because of the nature of the tissue that they end up in. The \"palmitate\" in ethyl palmitate is a saturated fatty acid. It will be very soluble in fat and will likely end up in adipose tissue, which is biochemically speaking pretty stable. Your fat changes a lot more slowly than other parts of your body since its function is backup/long-term energy storage. Anything that is very fat-soluble (hydrophobic) can end up in the same boat, and as a result can often be detected at low levels for months or even years. \n\nUpon cursory inspection, ethyl glucuronide is a little different. It's a sugar derivative and wikipedia says that it can be detected at very low levels - in other words it can be detected even after most of it has been metabolized or excreted. There is also a suggestion that it can be incorporated into non-metabolically active tissue like keratin in hair and nails. Keratin is \"dead\", so once a molecule is incorporated it will remain there until the underlying material is degraded. \n\nThese sort of address your broader question as well. Some metabolites are more likely to stick around for a long time because they end up in places that don't experience much rapid change. Another possibility is if you lack the metabolic capacity to remove a given substance, like with trans fats or lots of genetic disorders like PKU. As I said, I'm a chemist so I don't really know of any particular pattern of foodstuffs or how they would fit into this.",
"Linoleic acid.\n\n\n[Lowering dietary linoleic acid reduces bioactive oxidized linoleic acid metabolites in humans.](_URL_0_)\n\n\n\"Linoleic acid (LA) is the most abundant polyunsaturated fatty acid in human diets, a major component of human tissues, and the direct precursor to the bioactive oxidized LA metabolites (OXLAMs), 9- and 13 hydroxy-octadecadienoic acid (9- and 13-HODE) and 9- and 13-oxo-octadecadienoic acid (9- and 13-oxoODE). These four OXLAMs have been mechanistically linked to pathological conditions ranging from cardiovascular disease to chronic pain. Plasma OXLAMs, which are elevated in Alzheimer's dementia and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, have been proposed as biomarkers useful for indicating the presence and severity of both conditions.\"\n\n\n\n\"In the United States, per capita dietary LA tripled from about 2% of energy (en%) to 7 en% during the 20th century [49], which coincided with a marked increase in adipose tissue LA [50,51,52]. Because human adipose tissue LA has a half-life of 1-2 years ...\"",
"_URL_1_\n\n > Bedaquiline and M2 both have long terminal elimination half-lives (t1/2term) in plasma. After 8 weeks of bedaquiline administration (2 weeks at 400 mg once daily followed by 6 weeks at 200 mg three times a week) in patients with MDR-TB, the mean t1/2term was 164 days (range 62 – 408 days) for bedaquiline and 159 days (range 69–407 days) for M2. ***Consequently, plasma concentrations of bedaquiline and M2 were still quantifiable in almost all patients at study completion, 96 weeks after finishing treatment.*** At this time, the median concentration was 0.010 mg/L (range 0.00224 – 0.0436 mg/L) for bedaquiline and 0.00258 mg/L (range 0.00164 – 0.0116 mg/L) for M2.\n\nOutside of bone-seeking minerals/isotopes (which are in a class of their own) and normal dietary nutrients (which is technically a completely different topic), I believe that bedaquiline is probably by far the longest-detectable medication."
],
"score": [
47,
11,
6
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22959954",
"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24860154"
]
} | Which substances or foods create metabolites that can be detected for extended periods of time?
I was recently reading about alcohol and how even after your body has completely processed and excreted the ethanol, it creates metabolites Ethyl Palmitate and Ethyl Glucuronide that can be detected in hair for up to 90 days. I am curious as to why these metabolites hang around for so long and also which other substances and/or foods have metabolites that can also be detected for any extended period of time. For example, if I consumed caffeine how long would you theoretically be able to test for it if you wanted to? What about broccoli, or carrots etc? Are there any factors that cause metabolites to stick around longer, or certain groups of foods? I hope my question was clear enough and not too broad scoped. Thanks! | [
0.5806132555007935,
-0.27282723784446716,
0.9945142865180969,
-0.3319217264652252,
-0.21708600223064423,
-0.1050582155585289,
0.03328774869441986,
-1.0955297946929932,
0.7863998413085938,
-0.009176762774586678,
1.177298665046692,
0.5511187314987183,
-0.29749423265457153,
0.7399399876594543,
0.16860684752464294,
-0.17346005141735077,
0.2078138291835785,
0.5895355939865112,
-0.6052885055541992,
-0.17594049870967865,
0.7382864952087402,
0.24690258502960205,
0.2667747437953949,
1.2336012125015259,
0.19880549609661102,
-0.7474510669708252,
0.3717505633831024,
-0.015760116279125214,
0.3100208342075348,
0.21648411452770233,
-0.37068304419517517,
0.022858861833810806,
-1.3292486667633057,
-0.19061632454395294,
0.2267771065235138,
-0.5368046164512634,
0.6849735379219055,
0.28307273983955383,
0.34306830167770386,
-1.4633370637893677,
0.036641914397478104,
-0.6797035932540894,
0.5804991722106934,
0.3555602729320526,
-0.4158836901187897,
-0.06365067511796951,
0.036473605781793594,
0.13097678124904633,
-0.707379937171936,
-0.29589930176734924,
-0.2530272305011749,
-0.061786334961652756,
0.08091552555561066,
-0.0668165311217308,
0.46513503789901733,
0.1449786126613617,
0.8349381685256958,
-0.24758264422416687,
0.8970947265625,
-0.8611018657684326,
0.4544406533241272,
0.31016987562179565,
-0.588310956954956,
-0.6200942993164062,
0.7261836528778076,
-0.8229227066040039,
-0.12535378336906433,
-0.05632289499044418,
-0.800528883934021,
0.38195908069610596,
0.22330737113952637,
-0.3672153353691101,
-0.6542481780052185,
-0.9234609007835388,
-0.6576746106147766,
-0.026430770754814148,
0.4995892345905304,
-0.09479506313800812,
-0.41892677545547485,
-1.1405946016311646,
-0.05749236419796944,
0.5261868834495544,
-0.42561715841293335,
0.8537420034408569,
-0.24917687475681305,
0.21404926478862762,
-0.04243065044283867,
-0.5958448052406311,
0.25508543848991394,
0.6846292018890381,
-0.22450946271419525,
-0.5356878042221069,
0.3277825713157654,
0.8378340005874634,
0.07263059169054031,
-0.8478281497955322,
0.31904441118240356,
-0.7663198113441467,
-0.525916576385498,
0.3979846239089966,
0.34746628999710083,
-0.09145383536815643,
0.6118239760398865,
0.6834951043128967,
0.021455304697155952,
-0.08624614775180817,
0.18395674228668213,
0.32934898138046265,
0.1280369758605957,
-0.13087813556194305,
-0.47047334909439087,
0.7339409589767456,
-0.021802909672260284,
0.35200735926628113,
-0.12808015942573547,
-1.4837888479232788,
0.2587278485298157,
0.42321887612342834,
0.052942316979169846,
0.2661605179309845,
-0.30413758754730225,
-0.26433777809143066,
1.6797224283218384,
0.17092734575271606,
0.233180969953537,
0.11777446419000626,
-0.13399212062358856,
0.19240964949131012,
-0.532056450843811,
-1.5541045665740967,
0.016709022223949432,
-0.02909960225224495,
0.19166769087314606,
0.2091795951128006,
0.17045728862285614,
-0.6035382151603699,
-0.17169173061847687,
0.2963842451572418,
-0.6638649702072144,
0.17551754415035248,
-0.7393929362297058,
0.10111010819673538,
0.758105993270874,
-0.819303035736084,
-0.1066364049911499,
-0.26810163259506226,
-0.3430213928222656,
-0.22099310159683228,
-0.17489193379878998,
-0.302013099193573,
0.22783221304416656,
-0.9023780822753906,
0.024701206013560295,
-0.5603320002555847,
0.7794353365898132,
-0.2098345160484314,
0.21920815110206604,
-0.07424286007881165,
0.3666185140609741,
-0.8961890339851379,
-0.7819640636444092,
-0.2547689974308014,
0.47793087363243103,
0.6103296279907227,
0.19000665843486786,
-0.36107489466667175,
-0.5513931512832642,
0.10457784682512283,
-0.38567084074020386,
0.5094748735427856,
0.1519615650177002,
0.43479692935943604,
1.4715136289596558,
0.01707325503230095,
0.3868555426597595,
-0.48978251218795776,
0.056205231696367264,
0.7028054594993591,
-0.40354403853416443,
0.47159335017204285,
-0.19303828477859497,
0.1620846390724182,
0.13988400995731354,
0.5278705358505249,
-1.0661585330963135,
0.13263311982154846,
0.3832911252975464,
0.5100407004356384,
0.16352643072605133,
-0.1018403023481369,
0.8014721870422363,
-0.40701961517333984,
-1.8415727615356445,
-0.3619280755519867,
0.180696502327919,
0.06138311326503754,
-0.6622118353843689,
1.2087697982788086,
0.11344706267118454,
-0.5607590079307556,
0.1813848316669464,
-1.0432449579238892,
0.31962984800338745,
-0.796619176864624,
-0.3538641035556793,
-0.049503326416015625,
0.00660288892686367,
-0.5784643292427063,
0.01174326241016388,
0.2115609347820282,
0.034148458391427994,
0.7712031602859497,
-0.06350022554397583,
-0.4462873935699463,
-0.3199269473552704,
0.803897500038147,
0.09532480686903,
0.8619338870048523,
0.2651129364967346,
0.27446404099464417,
0.06018052250146866,
0.21491371095180511,
0.032254282385110855,
-0.06093984842300415,
-0.1197841465473175,
-0.6675572395324707,
-0.10779483616352081,
-0.619941771030426,
0.4021644592285156,
-0.5143719911575317,
1.1697596311569214,
0.19593563675880432,
-0.5913618206977844,
0.2268618643283844,
0.5927022099494934,
-0.5732486248016357,
-1.345595359802246,
-0.8833109736442566,
0.0006517097353935242,
-0.9103124141693115,
-0.20377904176712036,
0.1589886099100113,
0.21123629808425903,
0.02783173695206642,
0.6001113653182983,
0.1588091254234314,
-0.7684764862060547,
-0.7656742334365845,
0.0535212978720665,
-0.7276732325553894,
1.2406331300735474,
-1.1720397472381592,
-0.5409411191940308,
-0.5235372185707092,
1.012151837348938,
-1.2093162536621094,
-0.03985074162483215,
-0.5514780879020691,
0.37836137413978577,
0.10411336272954941,
0.0849715992808342,
-0.41886472702026367,
1.1405924558639526,
-0.7219465374946594,
-0.20023010671138763,
-1.1978788375854492,
-1.3219729661941528,
-0.14509513974189758,
0.6047349572181702,
-0.2262202799320221,
-1.335678219795227,
-0.36241647601127625,
-0.12827803194522858,
0.29005295038223267,
-0.14375650882720947,
-0.5816992521286011,
-0.4157536029815674,
-1.2002164125442505,
0.4362103044986725,
0.22888290882110596,
0.8579332828521729,
0.3537336587905884,
0.43810611963272095,
-0.1354619413614273,
0.015986863523721695,
-0.3924127519130707,
0.33310720324516296,
-0.4269280433654785,
0.9835259318351746,
-0.8534433841705322,
0.2688881754875183,
0.0150110749527812,
-0.6676099896430969,
0.6537715196609497,
1.187382459640503,
0.020709998905658722,
0.41674789786338806,
1.085618257522583,
-1.094669222831726,
0.270844429731369,
-0.46688637137413025,
0.34631234407424927,
-0.24813924729824066,
0.8973191976547241,
-0.12368637323379517,
-0.13707995414733887,
0.6584292650222778,
-0.7305059432983398,
0.6911875605583191,
-0.7820833325386047,
-0.5535593628883362,
-0.527704119682312,
-0.289570152759552,
0.494430273771286,
0.04049740731716156,
0.21647845208644867,
0.4402562081813812,
-0.12356124073266983,
-1.6282587051391602,
-0.44190308451652527,
-0.2947145700454712,
0.6890633702278137,
-0.14200817048549652,
0.494174599647522,
-0.16498449444770813,
0.9529814124107361,
-0.34933024644851685,
0.5620899796485901,
-0.3233042061328888,
-0.9530344605445862,
0.7399225234985352,
-0.14017155766487122,
0.28040796518325806,
-0.010976472869515419,
-0.1755131036043167,
-0.30244889855384827,
-0.09330594539642334,
0.4773150682449341,
0.7567790746688843,
-0.07613306492567062,
0.8998594880104065,
0.39681729674339294,
0.10438139736652374,
0.4968855381011963,
-0.27431026101112366,
-0.3157636523246765,
-0.07013946771621704,
0.07459908723831177,
0.30346184968948364,
-0.2615455985069275,
-0.040914878249168396,
-0.011256393045186996,
0.7520536780357361,
-0.4173244535923004,
0.38160717487335205,
-0.034798718988895416,
-0.8479621410369873,
-0.14933077991008759,
0.5372633337974548,
0.5958495736122131,
0.24590156972408295,
0.10948723554611206,
0.42050471901893616,
-0.10318746417760849,
0.2704920172691345,
-0.15403512120246887,
-0.5500600934028625,
-0.28297102451324463,
0.12388866394758224,
0.17515656352043152,
-0.1306290626525879,
0.389741986989975,
-0.5394045114517212,
0.8634727597236633,
0.12103796005249023,
0.00938919186592102,
0.7578220963478088,
-0.2095908522605896,
-0.37974607944488525,
0.2984485626220703,
0.1508738398551941,
0.9102516174316406,
0.24015451967716217,
0.30822622776031494,
0.0284663625061512,
-0.44466638565063477,
-0.1902976632118225,
0.23323778808116913,
0.2941301465034485,
0.40540045499801636,
0.1129419356584549,
0.1756618320941925,
0.4968436360359192,
-1.1785609722137451,
0.05879326909780502,
-0.47171372175216675,
-1.1841704845428467,
0.6313625574111938,
0.23471522331237793,
-0.7572563886642456,
-0.22140046954154968,
-0.43748125433921814,
-0.2487458884716034,
0.8123754858970642,
0.0013727229088544846,
-0.3245859146118164,
0.44573312997817993,
0.06646555662155151,
0.30675551295280457,
-0.6865863800048828,
0.49018165469169617,
-0.7940194606781006,
-0.3588150441646576,
0.6629436016082764,
-0.686730146408081,
-1.0405075550079346,
-0.20200280845165253,
-0.5257325172424316,
-0.9495951533317566,
-0.06333240121603012,
0.5613994598388672,
-0.42637690901756287,
-0.4197002649307251,
0.47953495383262634,
-0.7367726564407349,
-0.42317062616348267,
0.8745707869529724,
-0.5771999955177307,
-0.5341097712516785,
1.0606669187545776,
-0.9968806505203247,
-1.1354284286499023,
0.5573701858520508,
0.43643918633461,
0.3812798261642456,
0.24204246699810028,
-1.0449881553649902,
0.5729480981826782,
-0.25375375151634216,
-1.1917871236801147,
-1.0667647123336792,
1.0578856468200684,
-0.1437138319015503,
0.8004121780395508,
0.6983499526977539,
-0.6658586859703064,
0.4872080087661743,
0.7378429174423218,
-1.1557724475860596,
0.1335267573595047,
0.8872532844543457,
-0.5613581538200378,
0.2695147693157196,
1.0437555313110352,
1.1492067575454712,
0.22214235365390778,
-1.0009703636169434,
1.5041440725326538,
-0.8543123602867126,
0.2899387776851654,
-0.19452911615371704,
-0.8748826384544373,
-0.08340062201023102,
0.0021945894695818424,
0.8463984131813049,
0.7914554476737976,
-0.2591654360294342,
-0.6348817348480225,
0.482062429189682,
-0.776645302772522,
0.04247910529375076,
-0.20068690180778503,
0.06873662769794464,
0.7226244807243347,
-0.3998223841190338,
-0.3649648427963257,
1.3933814764022827,
-0.1196034774184227,
-0.6481168270111084,
-0.9710620641708374,
-0.043841179460287094,
-0.760491132736206,
-0.749585747718811,
0.523923397064209,
0.6077084541320801,
0.5159871578216553,
-0.2817327678203583,
0.3402659296989441,
-0.8123424053192139,
0.27334901690483093,
-0.33763688802719116,
-0.13215535879135132,
0.5798484683036804,
1.0342564582824707,
0.37063032388687134,
0.6951197385787964,
0.014092598110437393,
0.08842845261096954,
-0.06078225001692772,
0.29522770643234253,
-0.7654798030853271,
-0.18658685684204102,
-0.07783075422048569,
-0.6970564126968384,
0.17161287367343903,
-0.6803309321403503,
0.31476959586143494,
-0.017255209386348724,
0.9691851735115051,
0.3613029718399048,
-0.5951801538467407,
0.138034388422966,
0.2723333239555359,
-0.03909669816493988,
-0.37520831823349,
0.24524259567260742,
-0.036258768290281296,
0.015779482200741768,
0.11364468187093735,
0.5171664953231812,
-0.07966799288988113,
-0.2339562177658081,
0.9021174907684326,
0.20391958951950073,
-0.1579527109861374,
0.7833181619644165,
-0.8279359936714172,
-0.7694423198699951,
0.6122580766677856,
0.05417126417160034,
0.05498333275318146,
-0.2769148051738739,
-0.8799569606781006,
0.9871727824211121,
-0.3771460950374603,
0.8307303190231323,
0.6017227172851562,
-0.13685950636863708,
0.34047049283981323,
0.4916096329689026,
-0.0724702700972557,
0.4223356544971466,
0.26762279868125916,
0.18634755909442902,
-0.4057283401489258,
-0.6812136173248291,
-1.0300920009613037,
0.507337749004364,
-0.724983274936676,
0.41194775700569153,
-0.07900787144899368,
-0.2099740207195282,
0.22643783688545227,
0.8002731800079346,
0.08577432483434677,
0.5336984395980835,
-0.017402563244104385,
-0.26568976044654846,
0.022511305287480354,
0.6474905610084534,
-0.8482775688171387,
-0.06928730010986328,
0.4696369469165802,
-0.6637033820152283,
0.03488907963037491,
0.45748794078826904,
-0.445059210062027,
0.060537733137607574,
0.009268658235669136,
0.3951019048690796,
-1.5639748573303223,
-0.3229163587093353,
0.09956720471382141,
0.11615495383739471,
-0.8654228448867798,
0.020306728780269623,
0.7737669348716736,
0.21804656088352203,
0.4698256254196167,
0.3962128758430481,
0.6485794186592102,
0.19419607520103455,
1.0680408477783203,
0.6300481557846069,
-0.08003270626068115,
0.4891008138656616,
0.4924669861793518,
-0.3031555414199829,
-0.3553370237350464,
0.7556198239326477,
-0.8300684094429016,
-0.09996389597654343,
0.10044021159410477,
-0.4638935625553131,
0.45575249195098877,
0.6169880628585815,
-0.21417297422885895,
0.36924290657043457,
-1.2280656099319458,
-0.2971583902835846,
0.013099460862576962,
-0.398560494184494,
0.11040118336677551,
0.4438125193119049,
0.5360755324363708,
-0.777827799320221,
0.515432596206665,
-0.6071465611457825,
-0.7157235145568848,
0.8739884495735168,
0.3544178903102875,
0.013500867411494255,
-0.40656933188438416,
-0.31380048394203186,
0.833132803440094,
0.03221838176250458,
-0.3826465904712677,
-0.35363033413887024,
0.3022388219833374,
-0.20730753242969513,
0.8981204032897949,
0.14395949244499207,
-0.9041617512702942,
-0.18009483814239502,
1.2656537294387817,
0.35284802317619324,
-0.27403193712234497,
0.7705381512641907,
0.31653255224227905,
0.29975438117980957,
-0.3175663650035858,
-0.7457644939422607,
1.0178544521331787,
-0.09691360592842102,
-0.1770494431257248,
0.13739602267742157,
-0.8811821341514587,
0.07928972691297531,
-0.5654960870742798,
-0.14697054028511047,
-0.30838149785995483,
-0.09547106921672821,
-0.34446436166763306,
0.13449569046497345,
0.30869758129119873,
0.6744309067726135,
-0.7481218576431274,
0.6983848214149475,
0.28505516052246094,
1.455854892730713,
-0.4308834671974182,
0.3670710027217865,
-0.236709862947464,
-0.22735029458999634,
-0.3570541441440582,
-0.7484334707260132,
0.3432794213294983,
0.5353570580482483,
-0.05433084815740585,
0.5002952218055725,
-0.5273277759552002,
-0.636826753616333,
0.2281099259853363,
-0.24721281230449677,
0.3460463583469391,
-0.11014434695243835,
-0.05581988766789436,
0.731817364692688,
-0.4990517199039459,
-0.17314937710762024,
0.3791347146034241,
-0.1353510320186615,
-0.5304849147796631,
0.19877105951309204,
0.6652770042419434,
-0.6763368248939514,
-0.5532324314117432,
-0.1205625981092453,
-0.20039042830467224,
0.1993148773908615,
-0.28552713990211487,
0.21504922211170197,
-0.521183967590332,
-0.3011258840560913,
-0.3384222090244293,
-0.34323617815971375,
-0.33492007851600647,
1.1729196310043335,
0.5063011646270752,
-0.9268261194229126,
0.004559354856610298,
-0.6261138319969177,
-0.01528535783290863,
0.04578109085559845,
-0.4501863718032837,
0.003959503024816513,
0.07707449048757553,
-0.30063730478286743,
-0.1898171454668045,
-0.2550815939903259,
-0.23334017395973206,
-0.35354822874069214,
-0.3767915666103363,
-1.8721346855163574,
0.19116690754890442,
0.10661225020885468,
0.19268490374088287,
1.080066204071045,
0.9071832299232483,
-1.4853427410125732,
0.7192398905754089,
-0.7706030011177063,
-0.8277477622032166,
-0.4242803454399109,
0.09408070892095566,
-0.10719672590494156,
-0.005290054716169834,
-0.5434273481369019,
-0.7052635550498962,
0.2727070152759552,
-0.6018596887588501,
-0.8095850348472595,
-0.2567514479160309,
0.2834133505821228,
-0.900750994682312,
0.57344651222229,
-0.0008019991219043732,
0.0610162578523159,
0.2742140293121338,
-0.14510223269462585,
-1.0622892379760742,
-0.11969828605651855,
-0.13966473937034607,
0.4644492268562317,
0.05229248106479645,
-0.2411232888698578,
-0.3189318776130676,
0.3942086398601532,
-0.6441734433174133,
0.5896469950675964,
-0.44106969237327576,
-0.026768414303660393,
-0.09670549631118774,
0.024742286652326584,
0.7654117941856384,
-0.10868807137012482,
-0.40872615575790405,
0.7032911777496338,
-0.8378738164901733,
0.4159821569919586,
1.0499746799468994,
-0.1478988081216812,
0.21130332350730896,
-0.4114214777946472,
0.1418164074420929,
-0.49837401509284973,
-0.08894399553537369,
-0.6055420637130737,
0.028243128210306168,
-1.106187105178833,
0.5398007035255432,
-0.08293306082487106,
-0.36625587940216064,
-0.025622596964240074,
0.05308378487825394,
-0.5988160371780396,
-0.844988226890564,
-0.9134101271629333
] |
|
mrlkx | Why is there the science of fitness so uncertain? | edit: "Why is the science behind fitness so uncertain?"
We know a lot about a lot of stuff but next to space, fitness seems so under-supported by science. You know what I mean?
As far as I know, no one really knows how protein helps build muscle, we just know it does. We don't know the best time to take it.
We don't know the best time to eat or what diets work. Some say you should eat 6+ small meals a day to keep up your metabolism, but there's no solid science behind it or for it.
I think there is some science behind HIIT running, but I'd love to hear about that if anyone knows if/why it's better than a steady-paced run. Is HIIT proven to be better?
I'm active in r/fitness, r/nutrition, r/loseit, etc and don't understand why don't we know more about this stuff. I don't get that....
I'm trying to think of other examples but am drawing blanks - anyone please chime in and try to provide other examples if you can. | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"c33b5nz",
"c33b0ee",
"c33cbat",
"c33ecy4"
],
"text": [
"If you have specific questions I can help provide answers on them. A lot of the variability is simply because humans are variable therefore what works best eg optimal protein ingestion strategies will vary from person to person... But there is a huge amount of science in the exercise field...\n\nRE: protein and muscle building: Amino acids stimulate mTOR activity, and mTOR is a key regulator of muscle protein synthesis, pathways of how this increases muscle protein are well known but not exhaustive, new stuff is being discovered all the time. Leucine is particularly important in stimulating the response. Names that come to mind are Stu Philips and Mike Rennie, of McMaster Uni Canada, Luc van Loon of M3 (Muscle Metabolism Maastricht), Netherlands and Blake Rasmussen, somewhere in Texas ;) [link](_URL_2_) [link2](_URL_5_) and [link3](_URL_4_) are all some rasmussen articles but look for the others too [link4](_URL_1_) - another good 'un\n\nRE: HIIT - look up Marty Gibala, also of McMaster University (no I'm not a PR rep for them!), and particularly his students Katherin Burgomaster and Jonathan Little. They have done a lot of work on HIIT. [This](_URL_8_) is one of Little's papers using a more gym friendly approach (Burgomaster did a lot of extremely high intensity, repeated Wingate test type protocols, which aren't very fun and not appealing to average gym goer's) and [here](_URL_0_) is another comparing adaptive response to HIIT with your more traditional training.\n\nRE: Diet - I know the least about the science of this so wont say too much but there is still a lot known. Most fad diets are labelled so because they are hard to sustain rather than do not work... for example the ketogenic diet, the science behind it is sound but the practicality of sustaining a high fat diet is harder than just eating a varied but balanced diet. Which is why most people end up back at \"calories in vs calories out\"\n\nA couple of guys who are also worth looking into and have published on the effects of resistance vs endurance training and how they are regulated are John Hawley and Vernon Coffey of RMIT, Melbourne, Aus. [review1](_URL_6_) or [review2](_URL_3_)\n\nPhew ;)\n\nAlso a Rennie [paper](_URL_7_) combining endurance, resistance and diet all into one study ;)",
"Not to sound like a conspiracy theorist, but I work for an organization that studies corruption within academia, and there is no field plagued worse than health science and medicine. There is a lot of money to be made by marketing your diet or exercise regime to the masses, supported by some pseudo-theory. Of course there is always some truth to it, but hardly ever anything novel. If there is some truth to be found regarding the ideal number of meals to eat or whatnot, it will be vastly obscured by the number of bogus research articles written by people who want to make a quick buck. Also, uncertainty means profit. It won't sell many magasines to tell people that the best way to lose weight was to burn more calories than you take in.",
"The human body is insanely complex, and we can't dissect live ones to get good data. \n\nHuman behaviors and histories are also extremely complex, and there's a limit to how much and for how long you can control them as part of an experiment. \n\nFinally, 'fitness' and 'health' are very vague and ambiguous terms, which may or may not be represented by any of thousands of different definitions (lower resting pulse rate? Short-term weight loss? Less cancer over 80 years?), and those varying operational definitions may not correlate with each other. \n\nBasically, it's an extremely difficult question which is also extremely difficult to study. So progress is slow.",
"> We don't know the best time to eat or what diets work.\n\n[Not exactly true](_URL_10_). We know that *if* somebody cuts calories, they **will** lose weight. We don't know exactly why this is so hard for people to do. The fact that people systematically [underestimate their calorie intake](_URL_11_) can't help. However, it seems that peope who [diet and exercise](_URL_9_) and most successful at maintaining weightloss. \n\nRead that paragraph again, and see if anything is surprising.\n\nIt doesn't matter that much whether you eat 6 meals or 3, or whether you do HIIT or not, for the modest goal of being in decent shape and not being obese. If you're a professional athlete of any sort, then small differences matter and eating 30% protein instead of 25% might matter. But those people shouldn't be getting info from infomercials.\n\nThe popular fitness industry is a swarm of \"experts\" promising easy answers and trying to take money from the ignorant. Wanna lose weight? Eat less. Wanna get stronger? Lift heavy shit. Please send me 10 easy payments of $39.99 for that fitness plan. I'm guessing you won't unless I come up with some doohickey or un-necessarily complicated plan. Bonus points if I promise to make you fit without experiencing any hunger or sweating."
],
"score": [
13,
10,
8,
5
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1995688/?tool=pmcentrez",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21795443",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2706121/?tool=pmcentrez",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17722947",
"http://jap.physiology.org/content/88/2/386.short",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2075348/?tool=pmcentrez",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19448698",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2538832/?tool=pmcentrez",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2849965/?tool=pmcentrez",
"http://www.ajcn.org/content/82/1/222S.short",
"http://jama.ama-assn.org/content/289/14/1837.abstract",
"http://annals.ba0.biz/content/145/5/326.short"
]
} | Why is there the science of fitness so uncertain?
edit: "Why is the science behind fitness so uncertain?" We know a lot about a lot of stuff but next to space, fitness seems so under-supported by science. You know what I mean? As far as I know, no one really knows how protein helps build muscle, we just know it does. We don't know the best time to take it. We don't know the best time to eat or what diets work. Some say you should eat 6+ small meals a day to keep up your metabolism, but there's no solid science behind it or for it. I think there is some science behind HIIT running, but I'd love to hear about that if anyone knows if/why it's better than a steady-paced run. Is HIIT proven to be better? I'm active in r/fitness, r/nutrition, r/loseit, etc and don't understand why don't we know more about this stuff. I don't get that.... I'm trying to think of other examples but am drawing blanks - anyone please chime in and try to provide other examples if you can. | [
-0.2548634707927704,
-0.10475169122219086,
0.986100435256958,
0.24061736464500427,
-0.6254332661628723,
-0.34049418568611145,
-0.43908005952835083,
-0.8812402486801147,
0.9622501134872437,
0.3714366853237152,
1.1602286100387573,
0.5001793503761292,
-0.6268759369850159,
0.9468669891357422,
-0.313997745513916,
-0.49363529682159424,
1.131149411201477,
0.12145166844129562,
-0.4094800353050232,
-0.47697779536247253,
-0.47047650814056396,
0.7640348076820374,
0.1261134296655655,
1.143770694732666,
-0.42848917841911316,
0.7260578870773315,
-0.21800380945205688,
-0.1953868865966797,
0.42985281348228455,
0.5690670609474182,
-0.15427060425281525,
0.1738448292016983,
-0.5735442638397217,
-0.40258681774139404,
0.2873207926750183,
-0.1678542196750641,
0.8776612281799316,
0.07822118699550629,
1.141445517539978,
-1.1297147274017334,
-0.32537001371383667,
-0.8918044567108154,
-0.0400715209543705,
0.8806207180023193,
0.28377753496170044,
-0.5702667236328125,
0.5034942030906677,
0.19187629222869873,
-0.5616254806518555,
-0.2536895275115967,
-0.2759910225868225,
0.0251010674983263,
0.350730836391449,
0.7686772346496582,
0.44134026765823364,
-0.5961876511573792,
0.34457337856292725,
0.04797210171818733,
0.3341923654079437,
0.1036282330751419,
1.0234397649765015,
0.633624255657196,
-0.8049038648605347,
-0.8908011317253113,
0.4240001440048218,
-0.35791605710983276,
-0.41570696234703064,
0.4574488401412964,
-0.3548388183116913,
-0.5772892832756042,
0.5630226731300354,
0.158199280500412,
-0.1884024292230606,
0.09399131685495377,
-0.4802842438220978,
-0.7789689898490906,
0.6623377799987793,
-0.47382277250289917,
0.005926255136728287,
-0.6516158580780029,
0.20754319429397583,
0.30646395683288574,
-0.1968366652727127,
0.1059543788433075,
-0.14441511034965515,
0.8958204984664917,
0.5083580017089844,
-0.42586082220077515,
-0.35087600350379944,
0.9643828868865967,
-0.3623844385147095,
0.403097540140152,
0.7291651368141174,
-0.22265595197677612,
0.3323412239551544,
-0.4244351387023926,
0.47855645418167114,
-0.912513256072998,
-0.7313075065612793,
0.39333248138427734,
-0.22032774984836578,
0.22043737769126892,
0.49372974038124084,
1.2628676891326904,
0.38317129015922546,
-0.8444505929946899,
0.2041921615600586,
0.33507105708122253,
0.14072589576244354,
0.41438028216362,
-0.30208560824394226,
0.2960642874240875,
0.057519230991601944,
-0.4504401385784149,
-0.15412288904190063,
-1.9496757984161377,
-0.3193833529949188,
0.0699004977941513,
0.8678877949714661,
0.42356550693511963,
-0.24456825852394104,
-0.6507319211959839,
0.1837846040725708,
0.14104880392551422,
-0.14562085270881653,
0.5189606547355652,
-0.5200690031051636,
-0.008526825346052647,
-0.21506230533123016,
-0.0733337253332138,
0.09083855897188187,
0.8217775821685791,
-0.05121918022632599,
-0.5270963907241821,
-0.014113649725914001,
0.38818609714508057,
-0.8176342844963074,
0.27884089946746826,
-0.456590473651886,
-0.2718377411365509,
-0.37935763597488403,
-0.2783970534801483,
0.40195420384407043,
-0.06209786981344223,
-0.8804396986961365,
-0.7260293960571289,
-0.7289415001869202,
-0.12724055349826813,
0.715652346611023,
-0.06386637687683105,
-0.3123987317085266,
-0.34943169355392456,
0.4869356155395508,
-0.8746076226234436,
0.2898300290107727,
-0.2660519778728485,
0.7792142629623413,
-0.7911590337753296,
-0.5172502994537354,
-0.06442797183990479,
-0.7015327215194702,
-0.5315456986427307,
0.20020776987075806,
-0.29072487354278564,
-0.06781485676765442,
-0.9800212979316711,
0.1544884443283081,
-0.19924814999103546,
-0.06409923732280731,
0.14541484415531158,
-0.4959486126899719,
-0.6078447699546814,
0.28228500485420227,
0.5687628984451294,
0.6445695161819458,
-0.3050224781036377,
0.19153402745723724,
1.0512418746948242,
0.12270408123731613,
0.41915363073349,
-0.07789738476276398,
-0.1763329803943634,
-0.12822850048542023,
0.5979090929031372,
-0.40437179803848267,
-0.34374794363975525,
1.0878736972808838,
0.13579118251800537,
0.5521536469459534,
0.15495258569717407,
-0.18247757852077484,
-0.7859298586845398,
-0.8110039830207825,
0.15213309228420258,
0.7340361475944519,
-0.015934482216835022,
-0.03226858004927635,
0.08754293620586395,
0.39030027389526367,
-0.03943909704685211,
-0.2630157172679901,
-1.221650242805481,
0.13902591168880463,
0.204445019364357,
-0.08721625804901123,
-0.4739719033241272,
0.7242312431335449,
-0.8647540807723999,
0.6580119729042053,
-0.2989714443683624,
0.31899493932724,
0.8104773759841919,
-0.5303720831871033,
-0.7182539105415344,
-0.12864132225513458,
0.5312296748161316,
0.20175939798355103,
-0.07733739167451859,
-0.13405442237854004,
0.08665694296360016,
0.6064591407775879,
-0.6985409259796143,
-0.23990435898303986,
-0.21978576481342316,
1.040245532989502,
-0.5814560651779175,
-0.04966451972723007,
0.05503629893064499,
-0.5131757259368896,
-0.13399416208267212,
-0.160935178399086,
-0.4486594498157501,
-0.23421238362789154,
-0.23364323377609253,
0.14063888788223267,
-1.4440956115722656,
-0.8663986921310425,
-0.6598913073539734,
0.5952457785606384,
-0.7932344675064087,
-0.5864661931991577,
0.3373457193374634,
0.745793342590332,
0.3549853563308716,
0.4644771218299866,
-0.4048253297805786,
-0.1645485758781433,
-0.6137682199478149,
-0.7314889430999756,
0.3564610183238983,
-1.1462492942810059,
-0.938474714756012,
-0.5193464756011963,
-0.5878015160560608,
0.3277115821838379,
-0.4894540309906006,
0.4524351954460144,
-0.18847636878490448,
-0.16487754881381989,
-0.2566918730735779,
-0.1593271642923355,
-0.2444002330303192,
0.5327519178390503,
-0.6359030604362488,
-0.6445062160491943,
0.4191591143608093,
-0.7807571887969971,
-0.15772198140621185,
0.02286135032773018,
0.7017545700073242,
0.6857098937034607,
-0.7836958169937134,
-0.46960797905921936,
0.5400285720825195,
0.28919053077697754,
-0.3276158571243286,
0.47940871119499207,
-0.24454620480537415,
1.0715144872665405,
0.6083190441131592,
1.4689806699752808,
0.595861554145813,
-0.6111511588096619,
-0.4936106503009796,
-0.5571344494819641,
0.3400280177593231,
1.2657067775726318,
-0.8508439064025879,
0.10341732949018478,
-0.3080744743347168,
0.1323816478252411,
0.04100639373064041,
-1.640656590461731,
0.8411580324172974,
0.20750978589057922,
-0.19552741944789886,
-0.2745908498764038,
-0.7784003019332886,
0.007993118837475777,
0.1611422598361969,
-0.47769665718078613,
-0.2108607292175293,
0.7479828000068665,
0.21467095613479614,
-0.19833342730998993,
-0.5346142053604126,
0.7673541307449341,
-0.5899144411087036,
0.4514255225658417,
-0.41215816140174866,
0.913974404335022,
-0.6385626792907715,
-0.20315517485141754,
0.7751433849334717,
-0.6340633630752563,
-0.13226807117462158,
0.6388574242591858,
-1.0104347467422485,
-1.4875811338424683,
0.33833950757980347,
-0.018983475863933563,
0.6494133472442627,
0.1771540343761444,
0.056441280990839005,
-0.052045419812202454,
1.0303806066513062,
0.09162351489067078,
0.8775386810302734,
-0.635904848575592,
0.14919306337833405,
0.5328866243362427,
-0.5435601472854614,
0.25769659876823425,
0.4876224398612976,
-0.3024589419364929,
-0.06127186492085457,
0.22879581153392792,
0.2547307312488556,
-0.5657642483711243,
-0.1830988973379135,
1.2329161167144775,
0.14282652735710144,
-0.3207884430885315,
-0.3470035791397095,
-0.9615312218666077,
0.3056541681289673,
-1.1237775087356567,
0.5484262704849243,
0.6057912111282349,
-0.6891351342201233,
0.3860098421573639,
-0.09531347453594208,
1.281614899635315,
-0.9607179760932922,
0.10347289592027664,
0.8959592580795288,
-0.6907325983047485,
0.2919658124446869,
1.2286980152130127,
0.42155519127845764,
0.20804107189178467,
-0.3186888098716736,
-0.0672948881983757,
-0.2758101224899292,
0.7350325584411621,
-0.06334150582551956,
-0.6022728681564331,
-0.5216652750968933,
-0.3240647614002228,
0.05577661469578743,
0.33868223428726196,
0.2354477345943451,
-0.37933456897735596,
-0.03890860080718994,
0.43769097328186035,
-0.07470658421516418,
0.2973703444004059,
0.048445992171764374,
-1.518978238105774,
-0.19392207264900208,
-0.023934604600071907,
0.055335961282253265,
-0.6349601745605469,
0.9337625503540039,
-0.7310270667076111,
-0.3738126754760742,
-0.8118748664855957,
-0.3989047110080719,
-0.49292680621147156,
0.4099813997745514,
0.33744528889656067,
-0.5896874666213989,
0.1062796488404274,
-1.278037667274475,
-1.1845440864562988,
-0.2793824374675751,
-0.9574421644210815,
1.173754334449768,
0.03876552730798721,
-0.17263473570346832,
0.402546226978302,
0.27412983775138855,
0.30247804522514343,
1.1888675689697266,
0.4709988236427307,
0.49658164381980896,
0.11096978187561035,
0.8399692177772522,
0.5978935956954956,
-0.8292608857154846,
0.04940420389175415,
-0.5653839707374573,
-0.41920626163482666,
0.004471130669116974,
0.6834061145782471,
-0.738483726978302,
-1.3014475107192993,
-1.1394730806350708,
-0.9549319744110107,
-0.19531191885471344,
0.4807247221469879,
-0.08236725628376007,
-0.0563913956284523,
0.4360807538032532,
-0.2398417592048645,
0.12519367039203644,
-0.4253547489643097,
-0.032892897725105286,
-0.7201195955276489,
-0.3718950152397156,
-0.6835706233978271,
-1.0154286623001099,
0.3562699556350708,
0.48550015687942505,
-0.9327763319015503,
-0.018059995025396347,
0.4067733883857727,
0.575224757194519,
0.3017883598804474,
0.6309406757354736,
-0.74909907579422,
0.3406216502189636,
-0.3023047149181366,
0.4527597725391388,
0.34888893365859985,
-0.13342824578285217,
1.0838655233383179,
0.21319274604320526,
-0.23643207550048828,
0.6798863410949707,
0.17044351994991302,
-0.7088655829429626,
-0.1640751212835312,
-0.052556686103343964,
0.8302128911018372,
0.3853214979171753,
-0.6579626202583313,
0.29073482751846313,
-0.03106955997645855,
-0.47846150398254395,
-0.19522982835769653,
0.3558137118816376,
-0.3968898057937622,
0.992097795009613,
0.5494608283042908,
0.49212825298309326,
-0.1822582185268402,
-0.3387451171875,
-0.05553143844008446,
-1.257636547088623,
-0.837470531463623,
-0.3772827982902527,
0.8228231072425842,
0.45663872361183167,
-0.8185713887214661,
-1.1199595928192139,
0.1917058825492859,
0.06410383433103561,
0.25778499245643616,
-1.12839937210083,
0.4343336224555969,
-0.3329748809337616,
-0.3906470835208893,
0.4358633756637573,
0.8257680535316467,
-0.25404608249664307,
-0.8018239736557007,
0.1324099600315094,
-0.6041780114173889,
0.03663507476449013,
0.8139263391494751,
-0.409453809261322,
-0.17844095826148987,
0.38337546586990356,
0.36844614148139954,
-0.16321033239364624,
0.3084791898727417,
0.30414900183677673,
0.20523762702941895,
0.1973012387752533,
0.7263058423995972,
0.25831544399261475,
0.17635458707809448,
0.056252818554639816,
0.11289750039577484,
0.6437425017356873,
0.6863636374473572,
0.6682403683662415,
0.18056701123714447,
1.0423225164413452,
-0.1428142786026001,
-0.3917841911315918,
0.373783677816391,
-0.6949359178543091,
0.047554947435855865,
0.4773423671722412,
0.23987382650375366,
0.48128682374954224,
-1.241523027420044,
1.1909427642822266,
-0.5630725622177124,
-0.38924267888069153,
0.583753228187561,
0.07890908420085907,
-0.20892050862312317,
0.37588632106781006,
-1.1849421262741089,
-0.966242790222168,
0.3041031062602997,
0.11469794064760208,
0.5816465616226196,
-0.006766986101865768,
0.05901169776916504,
0.2693503499031067,
0.054470933973789215,
0.8849282264709473,
0.37559935450553894,
-1.1409404277801514,
0.4192764163017273,
-0.10465265810489655,
-0.25971415638923645,
-0.025967027992010117,
0.5620226263999939,
0.026193484663963318,
0.6347655057907104,
-0.26854419708251953,
0.4200398921966553,
0.3189581632614136,
-0.7478323578834534,
0.4660048484802246,
0.3373797833919525,
0.23842322826385498,
0.4643692374229431,
0.8276817202568054,
0.3973240554332733,
-0.10271631181240082,
0.6987942457199097,
-1.0729000568389893,
-0.10938532650470734,
0.10524298995733261,
-1.645749807357788,
-0.48438000679016113,
0.7059739828109741,
-1.1072428226470947,
0.24440351128578186,
-0.4169843792915344,
-1.0931670665740967,
0.2254943698644638,
0.22907495498657227,
0.15784120559692383,
-0.8740122318267822,
0.21875926852226257,
-0.5898375511169434,
-0.6271109580993652,
0.15640676021575928,
-0.46271076798439026,
-0.0940714105963707,
-0.21155208349227905,
0.4498557150363922,
-0.15863530337810516,
-0.27430078387260437,
0.16308769583702087,
0.7147732973098755,
0.775560200214386,
0.006913570687174797,
-0.26761701703071594,
0.10361725091934204,
0.3611085116863251,
-0.055482834577560425,
0.4990813136100769,
-1.2714344263076782,
-0.5725615620613098,
-0.07816126942634583,
-0.31463247537612915,
0.9636396169662476,
-0.21248313784599304,
0.4454692602157593,
0.4708218276500702,
-0.21339014172554016,
-0.7801076769828796,
0.4634689688682556,
-0.6744853258132935,
-0.050794608891010284,
-0.06368447095155716,
0.4736205041408539,
0.12295012176036835,
0.5717471837997437,
-0.9155676364898682,
-0.374075710773468,
0.0538485050201416,
0.47459468245506287,
0.023076482117176056,
0.8321877717971802,
-0.6839150190353394,
-0.42768633365631104,
0.5907466411590576,
-0.04755160212516785,
-0.7510977983474731,
-0.25132885575294495,
-0.17980191111564636,
0.7724013328552246,
-0.15169577300548553,
-1.3682509660720825,
0.05341773107647896,
1.1043044328689575,
-0.051610417664051056,
-0.012048203498125076,
0.6815083026885986,
0.901853084564209,
-0.8463507890701294,
-0.42885738611221313,
0.10955391824245453,
-0.16990718245506287,
-0.3305314779281616,
-0.6131863594055176,
0.0778399109840393,
-0.4270223379135132,
0.4236813187599182,
-0.19975079596042633,
-1.103142261505127,
-0.4457039535045624,
-0.08255364000797272,
-0.03969985619187355,
1.3060822486877441,
0.40384235978126526,
-0.31305164098739624,
0.06286740303039551,
0.5250146985054016,
0.43103694915771484,
0.7507011294364929,
-0.4811708629131317,
0.24242791533470154,
0.12736406922340393,
0.026754457503557205,
0.11540040373802185,
-0.003327632322907448,
0.015532977879047394,
-0.23600195348262787,
-0.20987357199192047,
0.05432596430182457,
-1.0795022249221802,
-0.19228589534759521,
0.029888026416301727,
-0.41578948497772217,
0.8330028057098389,
0.32750144600868225,
0.4117293357849121,
0.4478331506252289,
-1.0402809381484985,
0.8902267217636108,
-0.6193114519119263,
-0.3654177486896515,
-0.5325424075126648,
0.41519153118133545,
0.6851071119308472,
0.13397786021232605,
-0.22631993889808655,
-0.5240299105644226,
-0.5361039042472839,
-0.05021261051297188,
0.030594531446695328,
-0.33082178235054016,
-0.1942317634820938,
-0.14610876142978668,
0.5838039517402649,
0.09308101236820221,
-0.06599205732345581,
0.49309542775154114,
1.5230704545974731,
-0.7951866984367371,
0.6711974143981934,
-0.9222031831741333,
-0.20625777542591095,
0.5208144783973694,
-0.5892791748046875,
0.10323375463485718,
-0.11084967851638794,
-0.3963164687156677,
-1.3348006010055542,
0.13978081941604614,
-0.7086184024810791,
-0.49020835757255554,
-0.5767928957939148,
-0.02807048335671425,
-0.1798955202102661,
0.014687798917293549,
0.10144194215536118,
-0.15753737092018127,
-0.2533937990665436,
-0.470145583152771,
0.6031091809272766,
0.17811742424964905,
-0.6369702219963074,
-0.19794702529907227,
-0.09783599525690079,
0.16864319145679474,
-0.8428270816802979,
-0.11895814538002014,
-0.32287806272506714,
0.4064770042896271,
0.12075981497764587,
-0.3333355188369751,
-0.23172761499881744,
0.2579391896724701,
-0.6001953482627869,
0.8731347322463989,
-0.08253196626901627,
0.009862681850790977,
-0.5618482232093811,
0.04184213653206825,
-0.848785400390625,
-0.45936086773872375,
-0.05260637402534485,
0.1732630580663681,
0.979012668132782,
0.2895374298095703,
-0.6563506126403809,
1.2005537748336792,
-0.14716967940330505,
0.5358575582504272,
-0.6326812505722046,
0.03144942596554756,
-0.13678255677223206,
-0.8075763583183289,
0.4327179789543152,
0.4040118455886841,
0.002028573304414749,
0.03470233827829361,
-0.35738280415534973,
0.6302073001861572,
0.2215585559606552,
0.9064443111419678,
0.9871976971626282,
0.26647689938545227,
-0.008663282729685307,
-0.21634872257709503,
0.26728612184524536,
-0.5581265091896057,
-0.4999491572380066,
0.5174787044525146,
-0.1728101521730423,
-0.7554901242256165,
0.24156028032302856,
0.6678849458694458,
-0.3311942517757416,
-0.4298197627067566,
-0.05607675015926361,
-0.2784876227378845
] |
|
1zedz3 | Is it possible for something to output the exact same amount of energy that was inputted? | I know(or at least I've heard...) that it's impossible for a closed system to output more energy than put in and that is why perpetual motion machines can't really work. But if the same amount of energy that is inputted is also outputted would perpetual motion be somewhat possible? | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"cft3sh8",
"cft6srz",
"cft23mn"
],
"text": [
"Actually yes, with some limitations. \n\n100% efficient electrical batteries are a real commercially-available thing in the form of superconducting magnetic energy storage. A superconductor allows electrons to *flow without resistance* by forcing electrons into pairs and forbidding the quantum states where they would collide with atoms in the wire. It is possible to make an electrical current flow through a superconducting loop [forever](_URL_0_), and this can be exploited to create ultra-smooth uninterruptable power supplies. Liquid helium is expensive though.\n\nIn an idealized version of a satellite orbiting a planet (if space were a perfect vacuum etc), the satellite could orbit forever. You gave it some kinetic energy and it is stored indefinitely. This is motion that happens to be perpetual. \n\nWhen people say perpetual motion they usually mean an efficiency greater than 100%, which implies it is producing energy from nothing, which would be a bit silly according to current physics.",
"You are describing the conservation of energy. \n\nIt is as absolute as the conservation of cash in your wallet. Cash in = cash out. Cash will never appear or disappear spontaneously. \n\nWe say that all systems conserve energy, draw a box around any system, and you should be able to account for all the energy in and out, but you can never use all the energy, something is lost. The best you can get is something that keeps coasting along, this requires there are no sources of loss, so planets and things moving in outer space is pretty much it. Superconductors can do it but once you try to tap the energy with normal circuits you start having losses. Also, the system itself may often change, such as become warmer like a tea kettle, or charging a battery, this is energy storage.\n\nThink of conservation of energy in practical terms as\n\nEnergy in = Energy stored + Useful energy out + Energy loss (often heat)\n\nor some combination of that. Measure everything perfectly and it will balance 100% = 100%. If it doesn't, it means your measurement is off. Charge up something and never take energy out and eliminate all sources of waste, and you can get perpetual motion. But you're not taking energy out nor creating energy. Best case is you get a perfect energy storage system. You will never get more out than you put in.\n\nNeat trick is if you want to use something to generate heat, then energy loss as heat counts as useful energy. Thus simple electric heaters are almost 100% efficient. \n\nPerpetual moition will definitely not be achieved by con artists slapping together a bunch of coils and magnets into a tabletop spinning contraption and making Youtube videos and Kickstarter campaigns asking for $50,000 and just 6 more months to perfect it. :)",
"IANA scientist, however, I suspect that all energy systems achieve this in normal circumstances. The entropy issue is that of usable output, not total output. For example, a simple electric lamp produces both light and heat, (and some of them also produce noise) yet we really only want the light component, so the system does not produce as much light as the input energy would dictate, as some is lost as heat and noise.\n\nWhat you are looking for is a system that consumes energy with one, and only one, output, and it is that which we don't have, nor, if our understanding is correct, can ever have."
],
"score": [
5,
3,
3
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flux_pumping"
]
} | Is it possible for something to output the exact same amount of energy that was inputted?
I know(or at least I've heard...) that it's impossible for a closed system to output more energy than put in and that is why perpetual motion machines can't really work. But if the same amount of energy that is inputted is also outputted would perpetual motion be somewhat possible? | [
-0.17244325578212738,
-0.30076974630355835,
0.7998083829879761,
0.8088604807853699,
-0.3013903796672821,
-0.2709454596042633,
0.29697608947753906,
-0.8708315491676331,
0.5145699977874756,
-0.26167863607406616,
0.7325772643089294,
0.828260600566864,
-1.3455921411514282,
-0.18598411977291107,
0.14360934495925903,
-0.3269433379173279,
0.5689788460731506,
-0.01334342360496521,
-1.207382082939148,
-0.862384021282196,
-0.05092031881213188,
0.43863964080810547,
0.19030587375164032,
1.1661152839660645,
-0.4328617751598358,
0.025000279769301414,
0.5592883229255676,
-0.12883403897285461,
0.6280015110969543,
0.2636148929595947,
0.4532385766506195,
0.019144559279084206,
-0.6184566020965576,
-0.049963463097810745,
0.5084445476531982,
-0.165806382894516,
0.39360594749450684,
-0.44201377034187317,
0.9696436524391174,
-1.6018565893173218,
0.6413772702217102,
-0.198446586728096,
0.26103031635284424,
0.845585823059082,
-0.4760648012161255,
-0.4608989357948303,
0.2291780412197113,
0.084080770611763,
-0.6426033973693848,
-0.6606439352035522,
-0.4584638178348541,
0.4319790005683899,
0.7898621559143066,
0.2877742350101471,
0.7572360634803772,
-0.306384801864624,
-0.07259372621774673,
0.3469402492046356,
0.6983945369720459,
-0.04007812589406967,
0.4846157431602478,
0.3152431547641754,
-0.3939301371574402,
-0.6941788792610168,
-0.21423032879829407,
-0.31516772508621216,
0.13849784433841705,
0.24327266216278076,
-0.3619576096534729,
-1.2621053457260132,
0.8271560668945312,
-0.2817506790161133,
-0.8246974349021912,
-0.5159240365028381,
-0.3654070794582367,
-0.3263988792896271,
-0.23057760298252106,
-0.0006170595297589898,
0.8343849778175354,
-0.41515466570854187,
0.01593409664928913,
-0.33802932500839233,
-0.7496731877326965,
-0.25167158246040344,
-0.1743917614221573,
0.0034641013480722904,
0.5096060037612915,
-0.4377114176750183,
-0.41577351093292236,
1.2495245933532715,
-0.07989051938056946,
-0.022745374590158463,
-0.2839663624763489,
0.38026559352874756,
-0.681560218334198,
-0.5656050443649292,
0.5840477347373962,
-0.9244287014007568,
-0.21597640216350555,
0.5556979775428772,
0.4824066162109375,
-0.8542007207870483,
0.13689786195755005,
0.7456303238868713,
-0.47598299384117126,
-0.5669600367546082,
0.20574121177196503,
0.28725606203079224,
0.518941342830658,
0.28181368112564087,
-1.5430407524108887,
0.30904075503349304,
0.6250995397567749,
-0.9565430879592896,
0.09697306901216507,
-1.796509027481079,
-0.1593698114156723,
0.20430652797222137,
0.9818849563598633,
0.7647242546081543,
0.4504660665988922,
0.1586393564939499,
0.725934624671936,
0.8709473609924316,
0.13349060714244843,
0.2918916642665863,
-0.17014187574386597,
0.7318446636199951,
-0.5249460935592651,
-0.43462470173835754,
0.2180784046649933,
1.1455973386764526,
-0.01135872770100832,
-0.403765469789505,
0.23683828115463257,
0.6002923250198364,
-0.5687272548675537,
0.1931164264678955,
-0.6106135845184326,
0.6362833976745605,
-0.09291651099920273,
0.38281887769699097,
0.650084912776947,
0.16413818299770355,
0.03489679843187332,
-0.4760075807571411,
-0.5426814556121826,
-0.17883184552192688,
0.5769583582878113,
-0.48825886845588684,
-0.3582603335380554,
-0.3281742334365845,
0.565663754940033,
-0.230836421251297,
-0.16090713441371918,
-0.7277344465255737,
0.8524636626243591,
-0.2070089876651764,
-0.5299080610275269,
0.2869866192340851,
-1.0630465745925903,
-0.5794285535812378,
0.5387294292449951,
-0.2975192666053772,
-0.2401893585920334,
-0.3107753396034241,
-0.7631282806396484,
0.7523686289787292,
-0.548240065574646,
0.22274039685726166,
-0.11286713182926178,
-0.294136106967926,
0.8209280371665955,
0.4867609441280365,
0.2283228486776352,
-0.5147991180419922,
-0.8585273027420044,
0.17159049212932587,
0.025861507281661034,
0.2364380955696106,
0.0521298311650753,
0.24943684041500092,
0.6061097383499146,
0.675550639629364,
-1.0437097549438477,
0.2992602288722992,
0.4522206783294678,
-0.09147542715072632,
0.46313852071762085,
-0.1543615162372589,
-0.31047144532203674,
-0.807574987411499,
-1.1846660375595093,
-0.04161204770207405,
0.30200129747390747,
0.025986522436141968,
0.10206582397222519,
0.26552847027778625,
0.3037254214286804,
-0.0810200423002243,
0.3643657863140106,
-1.40799081325531,
-0.23089103400707245,
0.2768503427505493,
-0.30043020844459534,
0.09347627311944962,
0.23347948491573334,
-0.349130779504776,
0.3381383717060089,
0.1670491248369217,
0.8139249682426453,
0.1584775447845459,
-0.437532901763916,
-0.3358197510242462,
-0.1707226037979126,
0.2898547351360321,
-0.11290860176086426,
-0.3305390477180481,
0.8251087665557861,
0.6314060688018799,
1.0071886777877808,
-0.38698434829711914,
-0.047926612198352814,
0.23772075772285461,
0.15589235723018646,
-0.05483630672097206,
0.08173628896474838,
-0.10560113191604614,
-0.030665133148431778,
0.2973601222038269,
-0.07716819643974304,
-0.5920979380607605,
0.014186229556798935,
-0.14808204770088196,
-0.24812014400959015,
-0.5563477277755737,
-0.8655904531478882,
-0.6886962652206421,
-0.3722093105316162,
-1.2690702676773071,
-0.8477635383605957,
0.6516107320785522,
0.1808706372976303,
0.5742339491844177,
0.47802311182022095,
0.8355315923690796,
-0.9093243479728699,
-0.5944783091545105,
0.148373082280159,
0.023210648447275162,
-0.409821093082428,
-0.8162819147109985,
-0.8291234374046326,
-0.6060850620269775,
1.274604082107544,
-0.6548636555671692,
-0.9564311504364014,
-0.06759212911128998,
-0.008008701726794243,
0.49493375420570374,
0.11395824700593948,
-0.5853742361068726,
0.5260342359542847,
-0.8542149066925049,
-1.2077397108078003,
-0.5808020830154419,
-0.7497721910476685,
0.0454341284930706,
0.1995718628168106,
0.49728065729141235,
-0.6157034039497375,
-0.2237900048494339,
0.05233980715274811,
0.6409751772880554,
0.017587346956133842,
0.001907068188302219,
-0.3336608409881592,
-0.19993197917938232,
0.3545382618904114,
0.39051491022109985,
1.0988762378692627,
0.5721837878227234,
-0.8495529890060425,
0.20812712609767914,
0.19116517901420593,
0.540831446647644,
0.6539511680603027,
-0.7989099025726318,
-0.24104762077331543,
-0.49905624985694885,
-0.21659056842327118,
0.5177199244499207,
-0.386992871761322,
0.4725278913974762,
0.390286386013031,
0.5405845046043396,
0.21061046421527863,
-0.3858644366264343,
-0.7555662989616394,
-0.25114619731903076,
-0.08206517994403839,
-0.7736537456512451,
0.6734317541122437,
-0.23214037716388702,
-0.5364280939102173,
0.25127241015434265,
0.5408658385276794,
-0.3117758333683014,
0.4902731478214264,
0.23772519826889038,
0.6658140420913696,
-0.11920609325170517,
-0.6483509540557861,
0.7077792882919312,
-0.6174270510673523,
0.20262062549591064,
0.8890513777732849,
-0.12719497084617615,
-0.963268518447876,
0.3823629915714264,
-0.6404181718826294,
0.4265248477458954,
0.3094445765018463,
-0.5715027451515198,
-0.7903768420219421,
1.3471300601959229,
-0.06302165240049362,
0.3138396143913269,
-1.414444088935852,
-0.439935564994812,
0.8374029994010925,
-0.8611248135566711,
-0.39119401574134827,
0.6094193458557129,
-0.22347703576087952,
-0.5124056935310364,
-0.08631829917430878,
0.6692497730255127,
-0.6810939311981201,
-0.89897620677948,
1.6696107387542725,
0.4881410002708435,
-0.12033774703741074,
-0.013865930959582329,
-0.488461434841156,
0.02271873876452446,
-1.458600401878357,
0.08697166293859482,
0.5163353085517883,
-0.11811201274394989,
0.137644425034523,
0.6502811312675476,
0.5552536249160767,
-0.7767252326011658,
0.7414090037345886,
1.4327932596206665,
-0.39850422739982605,
-0.3027929961681366,
-0.06749772280454636,
0.034183405339717865,
0.5267921090126038,
-0.19250427186489105,
0.11913634091615677,
0.08815879374742508,
0.051801182329654694,
0.23161962628364563,
-0.061887361109256744,
-0.44856056571006775,
-0.33610594272613525,
-0.24483485519886017,
0.4121444821357727,
0.4406641721725464,
-0.48990708589553833,
0.14717885851860046,
0.3846263587474823,
-0.2919692099094391,
1.1400971412658691,
0.3528175354003906,
-0.3663675785064697,
0.34425088763237,
-0.9888640642166138,
-0.19754071533679962,
-0.8959483504295349,
0.4274301826953888,
-0.25406157970428467,
-0.789244532585144,
0.3249038755893707,
-0.5667678713798523,
-0.6395872831344604,
0.2149519920349121,
0.2739798128604889,
0.03132889047265053,
0.6241099834442139,
-0.7606526017189026,
-1.1563884019851685,
-0.11537376791238785,
-0.32190054655075073,
0.8040609955787659,
0.0018003126606345177,
0.10460813343524933,
0.5066695809364319,
0.41044145822525024,
-0.1021323949098587,
0.47082969546318054,
0.7859252095222473,
0.08308793604373932,
-0.711115837097168,
0.7612783312797546,
0.2147974818944931,
-0.2283313125371933,
0.2762567400932312,
-0.595662534236908,
-0.6471217274665833,
0.7093321084976196,
0.25791236758232117,
-0.6330569386482239,
-0.31485024094581604,
-0.9411694407463074,
-0.6195870041847229,
-0.2992975413799286,
0.7692617177963257,
-0.392832487821579,
0.23130479454994202,
0.16955158114433289,
0.1476774513721466,
0.04449273273348808,
0.1250394731760025,
-0.5234534740447998,
0.08068279176950455,
0.1161380186676979,
-0.7037476897239685,
-2.1288716793060303,
-1.1304080486297607,
0.6160041093826294,
-0.691362738609314,
-0.9722685217857361,
0.04297911748290062,
-0.27335724234580994,
0.011907325126230717,
0.27713480591773987,
-1.0131680965423584,
0.9569504857063293,
-0.5328561067581177,
0.3686438202857971,
0.4792806804180145,
0.15246504545211792,
0.9373621344566345,
0.37492039799690247,
-0.4533616900444031,
-0.1363147795200348,
0.5273361802101135,
-0.8529606461524963,
-0.24408207833766937,
0.07705104351043701,
0.4864153563976288,
0.35882875323295593,
-1.216614007949829,
0.6394498944282532,
-0.17220142483711243,
-0.009006050415337086,
-0.3494631052017212,
-0.12853650748729706,
-0.9817126393318176,
0.8647218346595764,
0.22483879327774048,
0.6331369280815125,
0.6389092206954956,
-0.5489344596862793,
0.28322306275367737,
-0.2646438181400299,
-1.2252615690231323,
-0.5856841802597046,
0.7401080131530762,
1.0738744735717773,
-1.128605842590332,
-0.6903064846992493,
-0.522914469242096,
-0.5403288006782532,
-0.0497671477496624,
-0.8347446918487549,
0.09116081893444061,
-0.47524014115333557,
0.25128090381622314,
0.8177236318588257,
0.28491219878196716,
-1.0641653537750244,
-0.2810085117816925,
-0.34899553656578064,
0.028673924505710602,
0.30685415863990784,
-0.1266372799873352,
-0.7041786909103394,
0.015522393397986889,
-0.11762838810682297,
0.9018128514289856,
-0.1585395634174347,
-0.12112295627593994,
-0.036283090710639954,
0.31116071343421936,
0.2980985641479492,
0.546707808971405,
-0.292412132024765,
-0.3719744384288788,
-0.2041226625442505,
0.18117164075374603,
-0.21409037709236145,
-0.07575634121894836,
0.8313519358634949,
0.4811665713787079,
0.6530765295028687,
-0.3034982681274414,
-0.10103758424520493,
0.23253409564495087,
0.5506529808044434,
0.10868380963802338,
-0.14790265262126923,
0.26536688208580017,
-0.057080045342445374,
-1.4902223348617554,
0.2941320836544037,
-0.3838835656642914,
0.6102499961853027,
0.9116786122322083,
-0.04646558687090874,
0.4850122928619385,
0.12693946063518524,
-0.8378535509109497,
0.39683932065963745,
0.5634576082229614,
0.21899685263633728,
0.19460035860538483,
0.34560975432395935,
-0.4965522289276123,
-0.015264106914401054,
-0.15346470475196838,
0.449957013130188,
0.7002394795417786,
-0.6636950969696045,
0.06325013935565948,
-0.1269412636756897,
-0.052882902324199677,
-0.5193759202957153,
0.25290220975875854,
0.16693414747714996,
0.7714983820915222,
0.0676407441496849,
-0.24193865060806274,
-0.20951715111732483,
-0.7776159048080444,
0.46671241521835327,
-0.5315365195274353,
0.6144353747367859,
0.20822186768054962,
1.331279993057251,
0.7376877069473267,
0.28573256731033325,
0.37719061970710754,
-1.2491590976715088,
-0.16682226955890656,
0.16484571993350983,
-1.0832135677337646,
0.2596840262413025,
0.06035332381725311,
-1.0765117406845093,
0.6652355790138245,
-0.147413432598114,
-0.31533026695251465,
-0.07787507772445679,
0.2907298505306244,
-0.15501809120178223,
-0.44425177574157715,
-0.4259214997291565,
0.12058188766241074,
0.3804759383201599,
-0.4055747091770172,
-0.6041499376296997,
0.6419205069541931,
0.12873846292495728,
0.8789160251617432,
-0.35000911355018616,
0.07984347641468048,
0.1130000650882721,
0.2816000282764435,
0.005911585874855518,
0.09948169440031052,
0.45898377895355225,
-0.3747870624065399,
-0.4312204122543335,
0.1699407398700714,
0.6020042300224304,
-0.751596987247467,
-0.45248138904571533,
0.046100914478302,
0.27641528844833374,
0.7531631588935852,
0.0638832375407219,
-0.0152828274294734,
0.5943853855133057,
-0.8663981556892395,
-0.6407235264778137,
0.6528379917144775,
-0.5100728273391724,
0.3014194369316101,
-0.05036516860127449,
0.06179841607809067,
-0.08434861898422241,
0.40350839495658875,
-0.9469947218894958,
-0.27986040711402893,
0.2706238329410553,
0.3836060166358948,
0.046208806335926056,
0.9153043627738953,
-0.625861644744873,
0.14974316954612732,
0.3956182599067688,
-0.00609242357313633,
0.0860385075211525,
1.0097230672836304,
0.6696912050247192,
0.23697996139526367,
-0.7511579394340515,
-0.5540421009063721,
-0.8772591352462769,
0.8970706462860107,
-0.1822153776884079,
0.2974269986152649,
0.7590891122817993,
0.5591651201248169,
-0.4440804421901703,
-0.3943357467651367,
-0.15437188744544983,
0.22990261018276215,
0.496664822101593,
-0.14118532836437225,
-0.8676777482032776,
-0.3209129869937897,
0.3030363619327545,
0.3558705151081085,
-1.6614209413528442,
0.224702388048172,
0.1366710215806961,
-0.294119268655777,
0.41725945472717285,
0.17879556119441986,
-0.10150982439517975,
-0.37708157300949097,
1.014039397239685,
0.06227623298764229,
0.5974821448326111,
-0.39556264877319336,
-0.00614989222958684,
0.02951074205338955,
-0.21309778094291687,
0.2724240720272064,
0.3781251013278961,
0.2751788794994354,
0.21410636603832245,
0.7380180954933167,
0.4980315566062927,
-1.3506587743759155,
-0.4561258554458618,
-0.43009141087532043,
-0.42773544788360596,
0.8757776618003845,
-0.1463034301996231,
0.768916666507721,
0.6319451928138733,
-1.0250699520111084,
0.5447379350662231,
0.11901341378688812,
-0.23986609280109406,
-0.024020476266741753,
0.1121116429567337,
0.34552478790283203,
-0.19996611773967743,
0.34079810976982117,
0.41127723455429077,
-0.6737769842147827,
0.03838400915265083,
0.10172361135482788,
0.4011453092098236,
0.058367908000946045,
-0.09451855719089508,
0.33123356103897095,
-0.1273203343153,
0.2838236391544342,
0.5057851672172546,
0.08114807307720184,
-0.9285502433776855,
-0.08003819733858109,
-0.4529268741607666,
0.11037939786911011,
-0.05872587487101555,
-0.2338823825120926,
-0.03898436576128006,
0.12092047184705734,
0.11351259052753448,
-0.9240960478782654,
0.8901796936988831,
-0.4536815881729126,
-0.2147611528635025,
-0.2729601263999939,
-0.8632739782333374,
0.03729777783155441,
0.21493873000144958,
-0.05080418288707733,
0.5349991917610168,
-0.40640416741371155,
0.21279078722000122,
0.41951465606689453,
-0.3479542136192322,
-1.0405290126800537,
-0.19835111498832703,
-0.2163872867822647,
1.2747766971588135,
-0.5570713877677917,
-0.8622155785560608,
0.18869523704051971,
0.14078624546527863,
-0.0756024569272995,
-0.8541513681411743,
0.04548821598291397,
-0.7731516361236572,
-0.6255811452865601,
0.6305330991744995,
-0.7502338886260986,
-0.5013819336891174,
-0.20061740279197693,
-0.13779102265834808,
-0.6102644205093384,
-0.39492619037628174,
0.20311471819877625,
0.2755028307437897,
0.7934426069259644,
-0.04721907526254654,
-0.5651946663856506,
0.7296780347824097,
0.2120896726846695,
0.2383221536874771,
-0.25751909613609314,
-0.2569374442100525,
-0.6406251192092896,
-0.3847523033618927,
0.782397449016571,
-0.3513758182525635,
-1.0620173215866089,
-0.40264493227005005,
0.12094908207654953,
1.192229986190796,
0.5983690023422241,
0.28332674503326416,
0.635577380657196,
-0.38293951749801636,
-0.1781751811504364,
-0.38867872953414917,
0.3797842562198639,
-0.4487605392932892,
-0.5986390113830566,
-0.32799407839775085,
1.0334266424179077,
-0.38917621970176697,
-0.2563324570655823,
0.6319053173065186,
-0.01470958348363638,
-0.1492708921432495,
-0.3592385947704315,
-0.5692119598388672
] |
|
4zbed7 | Can we model stochastic systems as deterministic systems? | I was reading a book blurb which advocated using stochastic analysis for climate models.
Can the climate be modeled deterministically?
Under what conditions will it still give useful results? | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"d6um008",
"d6uojqi",
"d6usfbp"
],
"text": [
"Is it possible? Theoretically, but the problem with deterministic models is that you need the initial state of the system for your model to predict properly. In the case of a climate model, the amount of information required to provide one completely deterministic and workable model of climate would require information which we really do not have access to (both currently and the initial state I just mentioned). Depending on the initial state of the system, our model could be wildly different. This is how a [chaotic system](_URL_1_) is defined. Best put by Edward Lorenz, a pioneer in the study of chaotic systems:\n\n > Chaos: When the present determines the future, but the approximate present does not approximately determine the future.\n\nStochastic Systems are similar to a deterministic system but introduce two things: an error term and usually the ability to update using present information much more smoothly and systematically (think [Bayesian](_URL_0_)). So, if we take a model with an error term and an update method, we can iterate on this much more reliably than a deterministic one. In a sense, you don't have to \"restart\" you just \"update.\" With a deterministic system, you would have to \"restart.\"\n\nBasically, a deterministic system gives reliable and useful results only in response to the amount and quality of the initial data you provide it. A stochastic system often provides the ability to learn on the fly which is more flexible and gives you \"bounds\".\n\nAn example: If you're watching The Weather Channel and it's hurricane season, you'll see a \"predicted track\" of the hurricane with the shaded area of where it *could* go getting wider as it gets farther away from its current position. That's a stochastic error term. To reliably predict a hurricane using a deterministic model, you would not have that. It would just say, \"here's where it's going.\" If the model is wrong, then it's just because your initial conditions were wrong. (I'm assuming the underlying model is actually correct mathematically.)\n\nSource: Applied Mathematics Undergraduate Degree",
"There are far too many variables involved with climate models to accurately account for them all (or a significant amount of them). Any events modeled by such a model has a probability of actually occuring that approaches zero.\n\nStochastic models allow for the use of pre-existing data on aggregate. The more data you have the more confidence that your model can provide. \n\nI work in the insurance industry, and all our models are stochastic except for a select few that actually do attempt to provide deterministic results. We have a ton of exposure data provided by our clients that allow for our models to be pretty accurate.\n\nI would assume that deterministic models only provide useful information when:\n\n1. Significant amount of variables have been identified that the model is a \"function\" of those variables.\n -The unknown variables (or unmodeled variables) do not effect the outcome of the model drastically.\n2. You can accurately measure those variables for the specific case that you are attempting to model\n\nInteresting piece of information however is that most companies that consume models such as this do not rely on a single model developer. They will contract with multi different models, and will use them to cross-validate eachother. The \"storm tracks\" that you see on TV are often a mish-mash of a bunch of models and they only report the results that are valid in all of the models used. If all models are saying something different, then the overall confidence in the model(s) is dropped.",
"Yes, it is possible. But usually modeling strategies are selected over others because either they provide better results, require less time to solve (by hand or numerically (computers)), or one type of model simply doesn't work.\n\n\nTo answer your question, stochastic models best represent random events and things, like the weather or poker or phone usage. Deterministic models are certain that something will occur given that the correct inputs have occurred, e.g., a deterministic model might track humidity and temperature, and if these reach a certain threshold, then it will tell us it is raining. A stochastic model will give us a probability of an event occurring, e.g., assuming we have the same humidity and temperature, the stochastic model will have a different outcome every time we run the model, and after running the model enough times we can determine how likely it is that it will rain outside."
],
"score": [
51,
5,
3
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayesian_statistics",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaos_theory"
]
} | Can we model stochastic systems as deterministic systems?
I was reading a book blurb which advocated using stochastic analysis for climate models. Can the climate be modeled deterministically? Under what conditions will it still give useful results? | [
-0.25406140089035034,
-0.3407004475593567,
0.448628693819046,
-0.6240168213844299,
-0.23105837404727936,
-0.43823710083961487,
-0.01706675998866558,
-0.7421222925186157,
1.2687363624572754,
0.16595670580863953,
0.8016408681869507,
0.3927273154258728,
-0.9559711813926697,
0.2940836548805237,
-0.23120640218257904,
-0.704178512096405,
-0.8081693053245544,
0.7938086986541748,
-0.681618332862854,
-0.15879079699516296,
0.36342066526412964,
0.3379949927330017,
-0.16668888926506042,
0.4418426752090454,
0.3062463104724884,
-0.49410751461982727,
1.0121159553527832,
0.08870700746774673,
0.7610307931900024,
1.0476295948028564,
-0.26733115315437317,
0.7097000479698181,
-1.3493554592132568,
-0.16338644921779633,
0.24725714325904846,
-0.2854967415332794,
0.72594153881073,
0.046520184725522995,
0.23314817249774933,
-0.19910188019275665,
0.4324745535850525,
-0.6607044339179993,
-0.03833097219467163,
1.1030604839324951,
-0.08821959048509598,
-0.1494772732257843,
-0.46639275550842285,
-0.4468756914138794,
-0.7043551802635193,
-0.8384965062141418,
-0.05214099586009979,
-1.105150818824768,
0.45127880573272705,
-0.44252830743789673,
0.05484975874423981,
-0.054664310067892075,
0.012185444124042988,
-0.31164562702178955,
0.29637065529823303,
0.1086854636669159,
0.09206094592809677,
0.5530698895454407,
-0.669707179069519,
-0.610144853591919,
0.4787342846393585,
-0.14143091440200806,
0.4247407615184784,
-0.2004309594631195,
-0.25048860907554626,
-0.5910211801528931,
-0.29751133918762207,
-0.014142551459372044,
-1.014469027519226,
-0.28844571113586426,
-0.3001099228858948,
-0.6018255949020386,
0.025867220014333725,
0.4330463707447052,
0.08421799540519714,
-0.35884323716163635,
0.27329039573669434,
-0.1843126118183136,
-0.7943887710571289,
0.29094335436820984,
0.06419204920530319,
0.08896009624004364,
0.13721099495887756,
-0.44870877265930176,
-0.4082392454147339,
0.38555023074150085,
0.23557451367378235,
-0.42928385734558105,
-0.007477885112166405,
-0.18782939016819,
0.42266273498535156,
-0.3491116762161255,
-0.3548129200935364,
-0.0746779590845108,
-0.5449918508529663,
0.4939391016960144,
-0.004594112280756235,
0.12378598004579544,
0.7980693578720093,
1.0644491910934448,
0.032387010753154755,
-0.44137534499168396,
0.3005073070526123,
-0.5239580869674683,
0.16723234951496124,
0.0049532633274793625,
0.5911981463432312,
0.7748856544494629,
-0.15549422800540924,
0.047398582100868225,
-0.0964682474732399,
-0.8395823240280151,
-0.5674251317977905,
-0.0633782148361206,
0.32544246315956116,
0.7807914614677429,
-0.4339119791984558,
-0.10177284479141235,
0.5191018581390381,
-0.22329671680927277,
-0.09446174651384354,
0.45954108238220215,
-0.44984084367752075,
0.33449941873550415,
-0.9576977491378784,
-1.399844765663147,
-0.07775994390249252,
0.15018336474895477,
-0.08059095591306686,
-0.3888009190559387,
-0.37912288308143616,
0.1569119393825531,
0.022845184430480003,
0.5802338719367981,
-0.8886701464653015,
0.08743122220039368,
0.17075589299201965,
0.26475268602371216,
1.3089327812194824,
-0.48061302304267883,
0.03289587423205376,
-0.07273226231336594,
-0.605059802532196,
0.03620067983865738,
-0.28552910685539246,
-0.5089352130889893,
0.17390555143356323,
-0.3728710412979126,
-0.13704639673233032,
-0.8256611824035645,
0.7453914284706116,
0.46714743971824646,
0.08437681198120117,
-0.13633467257022858,
0.5429979562759399,
-0.8832129240036011,
-0.869265079498291,
-0.5416533946990967,
0.04643559828400612,
1.0678926706314087,
0.7539748549461365,
-0.7492745518684387,
0.08177598565816879,
-0.3558953106403351,
-0.03609883785247803,
0.3000876009464264,
-0.272366464138031,
0.3523896038532257,
1.432483196258545,
0.0713450238108635,
1.61293363571167,
0.27295947074890137,
-0.2228596955537796,
0.5060408115386963,
-0.3198084533214569,
0.2678568363189697,
0.1732894778251648,
-0.6351305246353149,
0.3328810930252075,
0.6167879104614258,
-0.30940258502960205,
0.39052221179008484,
-0.7409436106681824,
-0.6276398301124573,
0.29118627309799194,
0.2610515356063843,
0.10821884870529175,
-0.21767467260360718,
-0.4399867057800293,
-0.20586992800235748,
0.08193937689065933,
0.044065169990062714,
0.451188862323761,
1.1389546394348145,
-0.4510878324508667,
-0.7303990721702576,
-0.28739622235298157,
-1.084484338760376,
0.41094568371772766,
-0.46782994270324707,
0.5868169069290161,
0.07168629765510559,
-0.2004447728395462,
-0.5141125321388245,
-0.7738557457923889,
0.4589312672615051,
-0.13201653957366943,
0.5865864753723145,
-0.03526316583156586,
-0.23250187933444977,
-0.4405621588230133,
-0.21038052439689636,
0.05240332707762718,
0.4495221972465515,
0.1232101321220398,
0.31797611713409424,
0.971748411655426,
-0.2346716970205307,
-0.0914015844464302,
1.0701355934143066,
0.36450639367103577,
-1.6445131301879883,
0.1059587225317955,
0.023958763107657433,
0.5759571194648743,
-0.566402018070221,
0.07535253465175629,
0.41470444202423096,
-0.26169353723526,
0.5357980132102966,
-0.3513415455818176,
-0.37901371717453003,
-0.7365301847457886,
-0.21921983361244202,
0.25405725836753845,
-1.61458420753479,
-0.5821700692176819,
1.041569709777832,
-0.44724392890930176,
1.142894983291626,
-0.15529067814350128,
0.17247207462787628,
-0.25003868341445923,
-0.024313710629940033,
-0.3748936951160431,
0.1292906552553177,
0.02635527402162552,
-0.468610018491745,
0.18436256051063538,
-0.884309709072113,
0.37825721502304077,
-0.34314003586769104,
0.25930652022361755,
0.19598212838172913,
-0.04724495857954025,
0.4634835720062256,
0.4325486421585083,
-0.37801671028137207,
0.40489625930786133,
0.18854323029518127,
-0.5685555934906006,
-0.4778742790222168,
-1.0014843940734863,
-0.45403432846069336,
-0.3243805170059204,
0.11943899840116501,
-0.508531391620636,
0.18109223246574402,
-0.05181451886892319,
0.581396222114563,
-0.6363205313682556,
-0.8780282735824585,
0.49450811743736267,
-0.4019511938095093,
-0.004675228614360094,
1.0198925733566284,
-0.4681054651737213,
0.6475443840026855,
0.08197328448295593,
-0.5474067330360413,
0.065998874604702,
-0.22764451801776886,
1.214626431465149,
-0.4911686182022095,
0.1243189126253128,
-0.15084022283554077,
0.8649576306343079,
0.4455113708972931,
0.18697784841060638,
0.6261130571365356,
0.2977491021156311,
1.1048667430877686,
0.44298237562179565,
0.4668726623058319,
-0.3038061857223511,
0.46909523010253906,
0.2720186114311218,
-1.2658851146697998,
0.638309121131897,
0.7726729512214661,
0.1741751730442047,
0.5650814175605774,
0.2886560559272766,
-0.6728514432907104,
0.5014789700508118,
-0.3762076497077942,
0.17927318811416626,
-0.3447130024433136,
-0.4657630920410156,
0.39130645990371704,
0.8946187496185303,
-0.27644234895706177,
-0.23156026005744934,
-0.31179070472717285,
-0.33686187863349915,
-0.2763611376285553,
-1.1809108257293701,
0.8884326815605164,
-0.009201634675264359,
0.6603098511695862,
0.6935054659843445,
0.8999638557434082,
-0.24581727385520935,
0.4560573101043701,
-0.8459677696228027,
-0.09889984130859375,
0.624409556388855,
-0.2309461385011673,
0.2230233997106552,
1.1125750541687012,
-0.5347720980644226,
-0.046860504895448685,
-0.23268818855285645,
0.7788633704185486,
0.6020926833152771,
-0.22314074635505676,
0.8349103331565857,
-0.020272601395845413,
0.18123522400856018,
0.6952202916145325,
0.004897346254438162,
0.27555713057518005,
-0.5118221640586853,
0.5879708528518677,
0.046504467725753784,
0.7070950865745544,
0.32135021686553955,
0.32203176617622375,
0.9039518237113953,
-0.9593969583511353,
0.7830263376235962,
-0.48493993282318115,
-0.9438352584838867,
0.3875085711479187,
0.6373471617698669,
0.26579487323760986,
-0.36327818036079407,
0.17423701286315918,
0.7713513374328613,
0.007681432645767927,
0.4035354554653168,
-0.3025645911693573,
-0.9784594178199768,
-0.8365727663040161,
-0.09600759297609329,
-0.04827749356627464,
0.3189263343811035,
-0.2173844575881958,
-0.1769179403781891,
-0.5219380855560303,
-0.6099804043769836,
-0.5419406294822693,
0.7610265016555786,
0.040132567286491394,
0.011284220963716507,
-0.1540774554014206,
0.4135121703147888,
0.06581459194421768,
0.664600133895874,
-0.6197434663772583,
0.054263271391391754,
-0.6470710039138794,
-0.10938996076583862,
0.20502392947673798,
-0.03211262449622154,
-0.08191507309675217,
-0.7535580992698669,
0.49242761731147766,
0.47457462549209595,
0.11753012984991074,
0.24975065886974335,
-0.8001502156257629,
-1.488895058631897,
0.1679699718952179,
-0.2509702146053314,
-0.3011569082736969,
0.3477139472961426,
0.30223968625068665,
-0.14389164745807648,
0.5531079769134521,
0.04563865065574646,
-0.6992281079292297,
0.12339577823877335,
0.3971441984176636,
0.8421152234077454,
-0.4991697669029236,
0.22712844610214233,
-0.937060534954071,
-0.7338320016860962,
0.024037230759859085,
0.9671679735183716,
-0.717933714389801,
0.3285224735736847,
-0.550386369228363,
-0.41191479563713074,
-0.17543716728687286,
0.5784159898757935,
-0.07258497923612595,
-0.36558911204338074,
0.5446251034736633,
-1.074925184249878,
-0.09476407617330551,
0.24810849130153656,
-0.8460308313369751,
-0.4192565083503723,
1.3135098218917847,
-1.071312427520752,
-1.2185667753219604,
-0.6990648508071899,
0.5066683292388916,
-1.0836255550384521,
-0.49375104904174805,
-0.719444751739502,
0.16697804629802704,
-0.2659377455711365,
-1.3954238891601562,
-0.7965770363807678,
0.5154050588607788,
-0.11708332598209381,
0.6053113341331482,
0.715255856513977,
0.04025877267122269,
-0.4915992021560669,
0.7149373292922974,
-0.8152608275413513,
-0.028607718646526337,
0.677972137928009,
-1.063663125038147,
-0.5857964158058167,
0.2853298485279083,
1.1247889995574951,
0.37768033146858215,
-0.08100423216819763,
0.5822245478630066,
-0.42012086510658264,
0.37169986963272095,
-0.8073921799659729,
-0.5768146514892578,
-0.11715811491012573,
0.30146995186805725,
0.9384722709655762,
0.029611483216285706,
0.5737102627754211,
0.05821433290839195,
0.2966648042201996,
-0.9117931127548218,
-0.12573811411857605,
-0.4355335533618927,
0.7181122303009033,
0.5362352728843689,
-0.6149235367774963,
-1.487562894821167,
0.03283904120326042,
0.10936412960290909,
-0.4759562611579895,
-0.8168172240257263,
-0.34436190128326416,
-0.9061300158500671,
-0.5385808944702148,
0.22030575573444366,
1.186120867729187,
-1.0265344381332397,
-0.8939462900161743,
-0.2788337171077728,
-0.807453453540802,
-0.367868036031723,
-0.9744648337364197,
-0.3422228693962097,
0.13925936818122864,
-0.1468667834997177,
0.11442717909812927,
0.06012116000056267,
-0.17035232484340668,
0.016941610723733902,
0.13788969814777374,
0.4733274579048157,
0.2997450530529022,
-0.03761022165417671,
-0.05982435122132301,
0.13668426871299744,
-0.1031825840473175,
-0.9369403719902039,
-0.1834547221660614,
-0.3676993250846863,
-0.020064570009708405,
0.9652581214904785,
-0.6630433201789856,
0.4441056251525879,
-0.06940923631191254,
-1.3688124418258667,
-0.16595332324504852,
-0.174372136592865,
-0.30118241906166077,
0.08879994601011276,
0.06344304978847504,
0.4783453345298767,
-0.47227248549461365,
-0.397344708442688,
0.7922205924987793,
0.38283973932266235,
0.6210490465164185,
0.4221699833869934,
-0.30138981342315674,
-0.20792162418365479,
0.07956644892692566,
0.00007586996798636392,
-0.2478778064250946,
-0.059591103345155716,
-0.36385393142700195,
0.9364907145500183,
-0.5467690825462341,
1.1961883306503296,
0.2876856029033661,
-0.2753232419490814,
0.6192381381988525,
0.1778375506401062,
-0.165395587682724,
-0.173936128616333,
-0.5609725713729858,
0.3319733142852783,
-0.39848217368125916,
-0.349644273519516,
-0.33035799860954285,
-0.08855705708265305,
0.17438577115535736,
0.7922811508178711,
-0.047816745936870575,
-1.1002206802368164,
-0.832390308380127,
1.2219680547714233,
0.27022281289100647,
0.44915613532066345,
-1.4288960695266724,
-1.1067672967910767,
0.14476729929447174,
0.04736023023724556,
-0.9595961570739746,
0.5565045475959778,
-0.5157212018966675,
-0.21952150762081146,
0.48800721764564514,
-0.27197325229644775,
-0.5281158089637756,
-0.11129028350114822,
0.15094155073165894,
1.102586030960083,
-0.6700100898742676,
0.5418642163276672,
-0.2651568353176117,
-1.215915560722351,
-0.09046007692813873,
-0.786844789981842,
-0.2969514727592468,
0.1289140284061432,
0.4858282804489136,
0.12382712215185165,
0.163439080119133,
0.2506304085254669,
0.10030440241098404,
0.3777989447116852,
0.6019350290298462,
0.2827777564525604,
-0.06507531553506851,
-1.0490748882293701,
0.013829155825078487,
0.01329039502888918,
-0.8333609700202942,
-0.7649985551834106,
-0.14733217656612396,
-0.5782313346862793,
0.11485163122415543,
0.470375120639801,
0.1218206062912941,
-0.7587441205978394,
-0.3354188799858093,
-0.09532932937145233,
-0.2253587245941162,
-0.25578445196151733,
0.5446199774742126,
1.399314045906067,
0.5266432762145996,
-0.8498359322547913,
0.22635912895202637,
-0.6174420714378357,
-0.5631414651870728,
0.5497857928276062,
-0.39443206787109375,
0.3475649952888489,
0.0887308195233345,
0.8300164937973022,
0.8576933741569519,
0.5692391991615295,
0.09108032286167145,
-0.22019687294960022,
0.06445477902889252,
-0.010406815446913242,
1.084762454032898,
-0.22776445746421814,
-0.5131908059120178,
0.7137308716773987,
0.9183763265609741,
-0.18419583141803741,
-0.05013015866279602,
1.2927712202072144,
0.4482882022857666,
0.006556166801601648,
0.21390502154827118,
-1.1498956680297852,
0.0614815354347229,
-0.040350329130887985,
-1.36931312084198,
-0.015443320386111736,
-0.49153783917427063,
0.04222220927476883,
-0.10718740522861481,
-0.08990460634231567,
-0.24451331794261932,
0.4643119275569916,
-0.08412346988916397,
0.7571220993995667,
0.5340633392333984,
-0.049626920372247696,
-0.8375850915908813,
0.468157023191452,
-0.2313721477985382,
1.2348674535751343,
-0.5048511028289795,
0.4152282774448395,
-0.9547768235206604,
0.01727856695652008,
0.011464263312518597,
0.5718556046485901,
0.13478736579418182,
0.1104780063033104,
-0.006178901065140963,
0.3942341208457947,
-1.4471068382263184,
-0.7479079365730286,
1.0486788749694824,
-0.19203469157218933,
0.6713541150093079,
0.5868134498596191,
-0.19295087456703186,
0.7897408604621887,
-0.3100373148918152,
-1.1860182285308838,
0.6920796632766724,
0.07597120106220245,
0.18971623480319977,
0.1591303050518036,
0.9029113054275513,
-0.1889771819114685,
-0.2176511138677597,
0.4824085235595703,
-0.19275563955307007,
0.2466653734445572,
-0.10328478366136551,
0.5659881234169006,
0.05766523629426956,
0.5320190787315369,
-0.14009881019592285,
-0.675472617149353,
0.39820152521133423,
0.8027267456054688,
-0.18657219409942627,
-0.3765029311180115,
-0.44584983587265015,
-1.001059889793396,
-0.7003512978553772,
-0.07243999093770981,
-1.0426428318023682,
0.383527547121048,
-1.2563518285751343,
-0.22149771451950073,
-0.17479299008846283,
0.16451682150363922,
-0.5646340250968933,
0.19636228680610657,
-0.44791096448898315,
-0.7661497592926025,
0.2453729808330536,
0.6383911967277527,
0.6804193258285522,
0.8182933926582336,
-0.1144065111875534,
-0.9290949702262878,
0.31446319818496704,
0.12536974251270294,
0.1612110435962677,
0.1534559428691864,
0.6264438033103943,
0.7925037741661072,
0.3115580976009369,
-0.4490192234516144,
0.27900993824005127,
-0.20757022500038147,
-0.5097625255584717,
0.3508223295211792,
-0.22894425690174103,
0.27549758553504944,
-0.599598228931427,
0.027341684326529503,
-0.22170810401439667,
0.027151791378855705,
0.44857463240623474,
-0.15465553104877472,
-0.31439974904060364,
-0.3006197512149811,
-0.00853466521948576,
0.15755228698253632,
-0.038882844150066376,
0.3888317346572876,
-0.8383566737174988,
0.5563682913780212,
0.17566406726837158,
0.07293841242790222,
-0.2559414803981781,
1.3497573137283325,
0.13739387691020966,
-0.14437028765678406,
0.6331917643547058,
-0.08464671671390533,
-0.7848926782608032,
0.26394760608673096,
-0.03289609029889107,
-0.09899849444627762,
0.8119215965270996,
0.4807169437408447,
-0.3364306688308716,
0.22561177611351013,
0.3069828450679779,
0.6641370058059692,
-0.3099876642227173,
-0.584330677986145,
-0.46444305777549744,
-0.4219060242176056,
-0.32484307885169983,
0.07284039258956909,
-0.24007928371429443,
-0.12281309068202972,
-0.5417191386222839,
-0.24943596124649048,
-0.2923942506313324,
-0.2743307948112488
] |
|
103646 | I found this guy and his buddies in my bathroom sink. Any idea what it is so I can kill him and his family? | _URL_0_
They're quite tiny (about 1 millimeter long) and they move quite fast for their size. They also like to jump around in the U-bend for some reason.
I already tried to drown them in boiling water and in bleach, they don't seem to care... Any idea how I could get rid of them so my girlfriend stops freaking out? ^(also: me)
EDIT: Thank you all for your reassuring anwsers and advices. We didn't use the bathroom sink for a few days to keep it as dry as possible, fumed the entire thing with insecticide and keps the sink closed. Haven't seen any of them since then. | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"c6a13wl",
"c6a7bdv",
"c6a0rf4"
],
"text": [
"Answer x-posted at r/whatsthisbug:\n\nIt's a psocid, similar to [these](_URL_0_). Totally harmless, they are attracted to moist environs so check for any leaks around your sink and keep the area relatively dry.\n\nTo keep things in perspective, you share your house with tens of thousands of arthropods of different sizes so as long as they aren't directly impacting your well-being, co-exist with 'em.",
"Get a bottle of lye and pour it down the drain. Death.",
"Whatever it is, it appears to be in the nymph _URL_3_ stage of development, which means these have recently hatched, which means adults are laying eggs nearby.\n\nI am not sure what it is though. [Silverfish](_URL_3_) are a common insect pest who like to congregate in damp areas like bathrooms, but this is certainly not a silverfish. Its body looks like some type of [true bug](_URL_3_)"
],
"score": [
99,
4,
3
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://i.imgur.com/KgqOF.jpg"
]
} | {
"url": [
"http://bugguide.net/node/view/249444",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silverfish",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemiptera",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nymph_(biology)"
]
} | I found this guy and his buddies in my bathroom sink. Any idea what it is so I can kill him and his family?
_URL_0_ They're quite tiny (about 1 millimeter long) and they move quite fast for their size. They also like to jump around in the U-bend for some reason. I already tried to drown them in boiling water and in bleach, they don't seem to care... Any idea how I could get rid of them so my girlfriend stops freaking out? ^(also: me) EDIT: Thank you all for your reassuring anwsers and advices. We didn't use the bathroom sink for a few days to keep it as dry as possible, fumed the entire thing with insecticide and keps the sink closed. Haven't seen any of them since then. | [
-0.19793601334095,
-0.42212164402008057,
0.16475573182106018,
-0.12393487989902496,
-0.7725229263305664,
-0.3956170380115509,
-0.6598113775253296,
-0.1198359802365303,
1.0142134428024292,
0.44547000527381897,
0.2830541133880615,
0.8126986622810364,
-0.27311962842941284,
0.9224483370780945,
0.03353255242109299,
-1.0898475646972656,
0.9430173635482788,
-0.030813205987215042,
-0.040720872581005096,
0.35324737429618835,
-0.5456135272979736,
0.328996866941452,
-0.20038004219532013,
0.938042163848877,
-1.0966928005218506,
0.0019224826246500015,
0.3380071520805359,
-0.556699812412262,
0.4508154094219208,
0.33006319403648376,
0.6122636795043945,
-0.09733135253190994,
-0.5724444389343262,
-0.22290785610675812,
0.41220933198928833,
-0.06162387132644653,
1.2022395133972168,
0.5468610525131226,
1.0132086277008057,
-0.40236252546310425,
-0.3375784456729889,
-0.7636491656303406,
0.09520868211984634,
0.7360067963600159,
0.028478575870394707,
-0.7684061527252197,
0.1287478506565094,
-0.3176228106021881,
-0.6660131216049194,
0.204216867685318,
0.0920124500989914,
-0.13111932575702667,
0.10769739747047424,
-0.2940792441368103,
0.8934131264686584,
-0.532685399055481,
0.10413762181997299,
-0.3663203716278076,
0.5293055176734924,
0.15629920363426208,
0.5697900652885437,
-0.12856078147888184,
-0.8614587187767029,
-0.4468594193458557,
-0.13848817348480225,
-0.18437622487545013,
-0.5941731333732605,
1.84982430934906,
-0.08513417840003967,
-0.13270458579063416,
-0.2520082890987396,
0.1451384574174881,
-0.43473854660987854,
0.19519245624542236,
-0.20457254350185394,
-0.6045941710472107,
0.31238245964050293,
-1.2115802764892578,
-0.7188095450401306,
-0.7493284344673157,
0.03344550356268883,
0.5951191186904907,
0.4987722635269165,
0.5956505537033081,
0.42041337490081787,
0.8185891509056091,
1.2518649101257324,
-0.4269501566886902,
-0.17890110611915588,
0.7330437302589417,
-0.7100966572761536,
0.015688471496105194,
0.8213151097297668,
-0.5858315825462341,
0.6701117753982544,
-0.3093206286430359,
0.1838497370481491,
0.006798934191465378,
-0.16409707069396973,
-0.510702908039093,
-0.015270506963133812,
0.5455185174942017,
-0.5364904999732971,
0.7109014987945557,
-0.1342933177947998,
-0.31724050641059875,
-0.7277365326881409,
0.13341820240020752,
-0.25035297870635986,
-0.08761445432901382,
0.2802972197532654,
1.1355122327804565,
0.9014564156532288,
0.06073819473385811,
-0.26069357991218567,
-1.3123005628585815,
0.20327439904212952,
-0.1223139688372612,
0.3022553026676178,
0.1462424099445343,
0.18003565073013306,
-0.5001819729804993,
1.2988903522491455,
-0.70584636926651,
-0.30557116866111755,
-0.4183666706085205,
0.14501729607582092,
0.019051678478717804,
0.5271311402320862,
-0.1725042760372162,
-0.2725522518157959,
0.46463248133659363,
0.4559610188007355,
-0.2022845596075058,
0.18139374256134033,
-0.13533033430576324,
-1.1963391304016113,
0.19282911717891693,
-0.6031972169876099,
-0.7655774354934692,
-0.7139023542404175,
-0.7304302453994751,
0.2886051833629608,
-0.25196903944015503,
-0.4711056053638458,
-0.23591740429401398,
-1.0373460054397583,
-0.33537983894348145,
-0.05479246377944946,
-0.443856418132782,
-0.594104528427124,
-0.16385334730148315,
0.22957350313663483,
-0.3739538788795471,
0.8645264506340027,
1.0961519479751587,
1.1102508306503296,
0.147000253200531,
0.35368993878364563,
-0.49267369508743286,
0.14901986718177795,
-0.1938086301088333,
-1.0199248790740967,
-0.07842107862234116,
0.7817688584327698,
-0.474797785282135,
0.3635457158088684,
-0.8132224082946777,
-0.6801784038543701,
0.37140634655952454,
-0.35402169823646545,
-0.28566986322402954,
0.76785808801651,
0.6132304072380066,
1.42946195602417,
0.23564183712005615,
0.5080410838127136,
0.23106065392494202,
-0.027632061392068863,
-0.1997850239276886,
0.2712593972682953,
0.20269472897052765,
-0.20982302725315094,
0.6594338417053223,
-0.7139626741409302,
-0.4583066701889038,
0.4359535574913025,
0.4348723292350769,
0.3753196597099304,
0.6484611630439758,
0.6252318620681763,
-0.05048546940088272,
-0.9357603788375854,
0.44823676347732544,
0.4682559669017792,
0.14623618125915527,
-0.22167746722698212,
0.5071011781692505,
0.14214278757572174,
0.07057134807109833,
-0.39471977949142456,
-0.6226417422294617,
-0.02018706314265728,
0.14634953439235687,
-0.16684366762638092,
-0.5957070589065552,
0.5266718864440918,
0.25920236110687256,
0.428404301404953,
-0.33249562978744507,
-0.7963700294494629,
0.790939211845398,
0.7460590600967407,
-1.0359578132629395,
0.13089579343795776,
-0.7529234886169434,
-1.3878045082092285,
-0.30863067507743835,
-0.023944631218910217,
0.12426074594259262,
-0.02009781450033188,
0.08541052043437958,
-0.0803849995136261,
0.43102574348449707,
1.21253502368927,
-0.35366642475128174,
-0.327925443649292,
0.35014864802360535,
0.4633294939994812,
-0.5723466873168945,
-0.0025603054091334343,
0.16617615520954132,
-0.37375396490097046,
-0.13339804112911224,
0.8073608875274658,
-0.2018628865480423,
-0.6918461322784424,
-0.8406471014022827,
0.7133476734161377,
-0.6653429865837097,
-0.30823999643325806,
0.21217003464698792,
1.024725079536438,
0.41940149664878845,
0.026454348117113113,
0.5911362171173096,
-0.08358949422836304,
-0.6377228498458862,
-0.2684619426727295,
-0.09422919154167175,
-0.3270055055618286,
-0.277614951133728,
-1.0047125816345215,
-1.1894879341125488,
0.7053927183151245,
-0.8163071870803833,
0.6656729578971863,
-1.115926742553711,
-0.12953971326351166,
0.6608728766441345,
-0.04654359072446823,
-0.5113244652748108,
0.778347373008728,
-0.9082897901535034,
-0.6058858633041382,
0.33678898215293884,
-1.0110023021697998,
-0.6757738590240479,
-0.4474216103553772,
0.39610910415649414,
-0.38248294591903687,
-0.7979629039764404,
0.24193748831748962,
0.38435378670692444,
0.30730751156806946,
-0.28361624479293823,
0.3090251088142395,
0.4118247628211975,
0.6209192276000977,
0.062351495027542114,
0.25744110345840454,
0.46731629967689514,
0.23884449899196625,
-0.024079186841845512,
-0.8672645092010498,
-0.5114008784294128,
0.25297024846076965,
0.033222947269678116,
-0.27977895736694336,
-1.1799455881118774,
0.7938085794448853,
-0.5853999853134155,
-1.0333306789398193,
1.1549004316329956,
0.04961558058857918,
-0.3433201313018799,
0.49171173572540283,
-0.16368646919727325,
0.23610681295394897,
-0.07218217849731445,
-1.0723457336425781,
0.5262894630432129,
0.25522223114967346,
0.3982847332954407,
0.025703230872750282,
-0.2644272446632385,
0.701692521572113,
-0.3359287679195404,
0.5790323615074158,
-0.712371826171875,
0.44001561403274536,
-0.5631250143051147,
0.5883123278617859,
0.8053638935089111,
0.5158702731132507,
0.05199200659990311,
0.12913988530635834,
0.39846470952033997,
-1.619123935699463,
-0.37012779712677,
0.6056212186813354,
-0.45225733518600464,
0.5466941595077515,
0.313850998878479,
0.79643714427948,
0.6675038933753967,
-0.37743982672691345,
0.6859517693519592,
-0.4197336435317993,
0.21045517921447754,
0.4166916310787201,
-0.21945008635520935,
0.6009131073951721,
-0.03367864340543747,
0.5431188344955444,
0.13391633331775665,
0.3532506823539734,
0.4632316827774048,
-0.378755658864975,
1.0023776292800903,
0.44456541538238525,
-0.0554724745452404,
-0.08552145212888718,
-0.25502103567123413,
-0.35103553533554077,
0.8258527517318726,
-0.6435816287994385,
-0.3123774230480194,
0.4936703145503998,
0.0060000186786055565,
-0.19139552116394043,
0.045835889875888824,
0.6480059027671814,
-0.8222238421440125,
-0.6577524542808533,
0.08660876005887985,
-0.7069847583770752,
0.42291322350502014,
1.5646253824234009,
-0.3940890431404114,
-0.2584439516067505,
0.3483799993991852,
0.6959818005561829,
-0.022555366158485413,
-0.1328132152557373,
-0.01923287659883499,
-0.9864550232887268,
-0.5479172468185425,
-0.3775193393230438,
0.04582688584923744,
0.004889000207185745,
0.2260933518409729,
0.4448983371257782,
0.7496440410614014,
0.19734680652618408,
0.3923145532608032,
0.3820558488368988,
0.1944016069173813,
-1.3267701864242554,
-0.15415707230567932,
0.38122954964637756,
-0.10779881477355957,
-0.4743620753288269,
0.44830983877182007,
-0.5959251523017883,
-0.7163827419281006,
-0.7566531896591187,
0.22396820783615112,
0.3263978958129883,
0.4793493449687958,
0.11016520112752914,
-0.23117703199386597,
-0.3740616738796234,
-0.2736109495162964,
-0.08597758412361145,
-0.6002241373062134,
-0.5258833169937134,
0.7130886912345886,
-0.3406139016151428,
-0.617443859577179,
-0.0674547627568245,
0.3075160086154938,
0.20310160517692566,
1.4401580095291138,
-0.12735141813755035,
-0.07937291264533997,
-0.3314599096775055,
-0.488863468170166,
0.1212196797132492,
-0.8240046501159668,
-0.12223901599645615,
-0.26860639452934265,
0.4207232594490051,
0.20398926734924316,
-0.03692511096596718,
-0.32275184988975525,
-1.1706442832946777,
-0.5585530400276184,
-1.4730753898620605,
0.15444031357765198,
0.04229910671710968,
-0.10049158334732056,
-0.3747316002845764,
0.28823983669281006,
-0.6536891460418701,
-0.06773844361305237,
0.5860928297042847,
0.2734420895576477,
-0.604682207107544,
0.7613104581832886,
-0.43044888973236084,
-0.6221913695335388,
1.365813970565796,
0.23284995555877686,
-0.1207435131072998,
0.3113507628440857,
0.9576348662376404,
0.19720961153507233,
0.4548822343349457,
-0.1468915194272995,
-0.4187721014022827,
0.35246437788009644,
0.6485565304756165,
0.738279402256012,
-1.040226936340332,
-0.5550293326377869,
0.34513214230537415,
-0.7415713667869568,
-1.0236250162124634,
0.7434458136558533,
-0.24076902866363525,
-0.6669538617134094,
0.10561789572238922,
0.17644190788269043,
0.6733325719833374,
0.18715178966522217,
-0.05352030694484711,
0.2955114245414734,
-0.2534725069999695,
-0.34904512763023376,
0.08736733347177505,
-0.5889815092086792,
-0.02886725217103958,
0.9750391840934753,
0.274596631526947,
0.9806950688362122,
0.3407256305217743,
-0.2216026782989502,
-0.00894749816507101,
-1.1169031858444214,
-0.3865942060947418,
0.7195048928260803,
0.6885404586791992,
0.18425288796424866,
-0.9223390817642212,
-0.613411545753479,
1.0878520011901855,
0.31002768874168396,
-0.1763247549533844,
-1.112356424331665,
0.4697750508785248,
-0.6331649422645569,
-0.0034286221489310265,
-0.2381087839603424,
0.45733973383903503,
0.4962140917778015,
-0.6962540745735168,
0.460096150636673,
-0.8785575032234192,
-0.7491640448570251,
0.31601208448410034,
0.3033702075481415,
0.38090264797210693,
0.5016727447509766,
0.35694950819015503,
0.343892902135849,
-0.9515292048454285,
0.8526120781898499,
0.03484979271888733,
-0.18152976036071777,
0.2751072943210602,
-0.18883049488067627,
0.5403187274932861,
-0.3376868665218353,
0.1560661494731903,
0.6051639318466187,
0.06240687519311905,
-0.1120188981294632,
0.6645798087120056,
1.1421294212341309,
-0.7170669436454773,
-0.3460163176059723,
-0.7944322824478149,
-0.9612082242965698,
-0.07829544693231583,
-0.10869152843952179,
-0.3715589940547943,
0.5825018882751465,
0.26496610045433044,
0.8787935376167297,
-1.3111979961395264,
-0.7315785884857178,
0.4479532539844513,
-0.9849959015846252,
0.4388185739517212,
-0.13060086965560913,
-1.056890845298767,
-1.114393949508667,
-0.1181810200214386,
0.19041010737419128,
0.14161936938762665,
-0.4967765212059021,
0.0526118203997612,
0.03526662290096283,
-0.018889451399445534,
0.748736560344696,
0.4635811746120453,
-0.5843319296836853,
0.7102107405662537,
-0.05397114157676697,
-0.1674419641494751,
0.43037354946136475,
0.7969356775283813,
-0.1333177536725998,
0.5637222528457642,
-0.13627976179122925,
-0.6199828386306763,
0.16120295226573944,
-0.33464330434799194,
0.901955783367157,
0.6957796812057495,
0.9357292056083679,
0.7939294576644897,
-0.3156168758869171,
0.3102252185344696,
0.5089085102081299,
0.9257063865661621,
-0.42138421535491943,
-0.16866269707679749,
0.5949357748031616,
-0.751693844795227,
0.05975820869207382,
-0.02438991889357567,
-1.1191529035568237,
-0.0430879220366478,
-1.4869576692581177,
-0.6924289464950562,
-0.021995266899466515,
-1.0544875860214233,
0.2136942595243454,
-0.8124476671218872,
0.1903163194656372,
-0.20927566289901733,
-0.8870647549629211,
-0.08852166682481766,
-0.33100253343582153,
-1.1847405433654785,
-0.6767122149467468,
-0.028789188712835312,
0.18833424150943756,
-0.06381604075431824,
-0.17074382305145264,
0.12871354818344116,
0.7969301342964172,
-0.5428709387779236,
-0.6490066051483154,
0.4692140221595764,
0.3451932370662689,
-0.6399964094161987,
0.11880206316709518,
-0.8771194815635681,
-0.5055870413780212,
0.09581011533737183,
-0.1471976935863495,
0.7915557622909546,
-0.27697038650512695,
0.33697420358657837,
1.0676803588867188,
0.2743644714355469,
-0.39276888966560364,
0.3966713547706604,
-0.5752895474433899,
1.004502534866333,
0.2451784610748291,
1.0906085968017578,
0.04571646451950073,
0.528176486492157,
-0.029586128890514374,
-0.43076184391975403,
0.4919006824493408,
0.7028660178184509,
-0.3061550259590149,
-0.38661089539527893,
-0.1727941930294037,
-0.7529005408287048,
-0.48679685592651367,
-0.38848212361335754,
-1.0045517683029175,
-0.40293648838996887,
-0.7217707633972168,
0.43615996837615967,
0.322740375995636,
-0.8760937452316284,
0.43064260482788086,
0.2792593240737915,
0.3872210383415222,
-0.660207986831665,
0.4492649734020233,
0.5896224975585938,
-0.7627221941947937,
-0.20710159838199615,
-0.4072999954223633,
0.2289138287305832,
-0.9669679403305054,
-1.2461572885513306,
1.2663239240646362,
-0.8307259678840637,
-0.06566813588142395,
-0.02170829474925995,
0.010370273143053055,
-0.8000503778457642,
-0.44286486506462097,
-0.6698324084281921,
0.36371099948883057,
0.8473203182220459,
0.1914261132478714,
-0.8995147943496704,
0.0640966147184372,
0.23523882031440735,
0.5624908208847046,
-1.0338013172149658,
0.5729814171791077,
0.5299698114395142,
0.6429812908172607,
0.384906530380249,
0.33461833000183105,
0.48988503217697144,
-0.10480602085590363,
-0.5285724401473999,
-0.6354827880859375,
-0.2846342623233795,
-0.0863814726471901,
0.16007226705551147,
0.1841878592967987,
0.5414571166038513,
-0.22398477792739868,
0.6041775941848755,
-0.7217950820922852,
-0.3011888861656189,
-0.177690327167511,
-0.29010310769081116,
0.5293242931365967,
-1.3282804489135742,
0.09385523200035095,
0.23847085237503052,
0.5757855176925659,
-0.719351589679718,
-0.1772497594356537,
0.2632969617843628,
-0.11271163821220398,
-0.7081082463264465,
0.519456148147583,
-0.6586114168167114,
0.24767179787158966,
-0.5374003648757935,
-0.3260825276374817,
-0.6496677398681641,
0.6835721135139465,
1.3948287963867188,
-0.61381596326828,
0.2921683192253113,
-0.6121599674224854,
0.23403629660606384,
0.3509891629219055,
-0.0624249130487442,
-0.24595960974693298,
0.43560996651649475,
-0.722196102142334,
-0.3895268738269806,
0.5077345371246338,
-0.510208249092102,
-0.2716451585292816,
-0.38319918513298035,
-0.4642286002635956,
-0.24743010103702545,
0.5709091424942017,
0.5219687223434448,
0.49847155809402466,
0.23848611116409302,
-1.0364253520965576,
1.0145502090454102,
-0.1151985377073288,
-0.027080802246928215,
-0.14232032001018524,
0.40910008549690247,
-0.43436747789382935,
-0.6778313517570496,
-0.11310189217329025,
0.04519973322749138,
1.000104546546936,
-0.3947506546974182,
-0.19047923386096954,
-0.6103702187538147,
0.6966949701309204,
-0.36506539583206177,
-0.14502198994159698,
-0.4242604374885559,
-0.09127609431743622,
-0.42987340688705444,
-0.6521812677383423,
-0.28018873929977417,
-0.35108324885368347,
0.4110511541366577,
0.4206060469150543,
0.38945436477661133,
-0.07705844193696976,
-1.0447843074798584,
0.3072907328605652,
-0.322366863489151,
-0.2639208436012268,
-0.49579185247421265,
0.18777160346508026,
-0.5289655327796936,
-1.3690465688705444,
0.3065785765647888,
0.7024313807487488,
-0.08016011118888855,
0.6739643812179565,
-0.17446713149547577,
0.7607635259628296,
-0.14816218614578247,
1.4525538682937622,
0.5101732015609741,
0.13450057804584503,
0.34308627247810364,
-0.33759361505508423,
-0.01737435720860958,
-1.0086342096328735,
-0.3020133078098297,
-0.8470794558525085,
-0.16110026836395264,
0.5446609854698181,
-0.14246971905231476,
-0.0005559661658480763,
0.25588756799697876,
-0.2456115186214447,
-0.00015654228627681732,
0.2891292870044708
] |
|
36e53p | Question about climate change from non-skeptic | I'm a scientist (physics) who is completely convinced that human-caused climate change is real and will cause human suffering in the short term. However I have a couple of somewhat vague reservations about the big picture that I was hoping a climate scientist could comment on.
My understanding is that on million-year timescales, the current average global temperature is below average, and that the amount of glaciation is above average. As a result the sea level is currently below average. Furthermore, my understanding is that current CO2 levels are far below average on million-year timescales. So my vague reservation is that, while the pace of human-caused sea level rise is a problem for humans in the short term (and thus we are absolutely right to be concerned about it), in the long term it is completely expected and in fact more "normal." Further, it seems like as a human species we should be considerably more concerned about possible increased glaciation, since that would cause far more long-term harm (imagine all of north america covered in ice), and that increasing the greenhouse effect is one of the only things we can do in the long term to veer away from that class of climate fluctuations. Is this way of thinking misguided? It leads me down a path of being less emotional or righteous about climate change, and makes we wonder whether the cost-benefit analysis of human suffering when advocating less fossil energy use (especially in developing nations) is really so obvious. | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"crd7wz9",
"crdaw97",
"crdcocw",
"crdmbnl",
"crd66hm"
],
"text": [
"I'm not a climate Pangloss...I don't think the current global temperature is the best of all possible worlds. And I'm very sure I'd rather have warming than an equivalent amount of cooling, both from a human and an ecological perspective. But it's worth noting that we've already pumped enough CO2 in the air to make a new glaciation unlikely, and if it ever _did_ look likely we could likely stop it if we chose by mass producing highly-effective greenhouse gasses (CO2 is actually not that effective, compared to other molecules we could make-it's just that there's so much of it)\n\nThat said, the main issues here are speed of change and CO2 levels themselves. Our CO2 levels actually are really high, and they have the potential to go higher than they have been in many millions of years. High CO2 means lower ocean pH, and lower ocean pH means life is harder for reef-building organisms to function. It's happened in the past...solid reefs had completely disappeared from the fossil record for millions of years at a stretch. Speaking as a guy who loves reefs, I don't want to see this happen. They and other calcifying organisms are quite important for the ecosystem as well.\n\nSpeed is the other big problem. Climate isn't just changing, it's changing _fast_. If you could step aside and give it a few million years to rise, there wouldn't be a problem. But now, it's putting stress on a lot of ecosystems that can't shift fast enough in response. Another problem is the combination of climate change and other human impacts. Many species are restricted to a fraction of their former ranges due to habitat loss and hunting. In the past, climate change would matter less because they could just shift to part of their range. Now that is often not possible. \n\nThat said, there _are_ real costs to reducing fossil fuel usage, especially if alternatives can't be found. Life's tough, and there are rarely perfect answers.",
"The climate has gone through many phases of behaviour in the past. It's completely true that the CO2 level has been vastly higher than it is now for much of the Earth's history but that's not particularly relevant since those were so-called \"hothouse\" phases whilst we're currently in an \"icehouse\" phase. The behaviour of the earth's climate is completely different now than it was, for instance, during the Jurassic. At the moment, we're in a global \"icehouse\" phase (which is where there's permanent glaciation on the earth's surface, and we've been in this phase for around 30 million-ish years) and since we operate at fairly short timescales as human beings, it's the shorter-term climate systems that we're interested in rather than systems that change over the span of millions of years.\n\nThe longest climate system that's really of any relevance to humanity is the oscillation between glacial periods (lots of northern hemisphere glaciation) and interglacial periods (not very much northern hemisphere glaciation, e.g. now). This has been happening for the past ~2 million years. In comparison to the average over the last 2 million years, the current CO2 level is extremely high. *This* is the relevant fact since these are the climate systems that are of relevance to us, not 100-million-year-scale hothouse-icehouse oscillations. \n\nSea level rise is \"normal\" and it does happen naturally (there are natural processes that can make it rise much faster than it is at the moment). That doesn't change the fact that, as you say, it's a very big problem for humans in the short-term and this time, we're the process that's causing it, hence we can actually do something to prevent it. Hope I understood that point correctly.\n\nAlso, there's no reason why we should be concerned about increased glaciation. The current interglacial period is currently fairly stable and there's no reason to suspect that a return to a glacial phase will happen in the next few millennia. Of course, human beings in thousands of years can start worrying about a return to glaciation (although it's important to mention that the cooling *into* a glaciation happens very slowly, whereas the warming *out* of a glaciation happens rapidly so it's not like we'd get a sudden deep freeze) but that's not really a concern to us now. We've got enough difficulty as it is planning beyond 4-year presidential temr so we really don't need to worry about changes that might happen in a few thousand years!",
"Peering into the paleoclimate record is, as you acknowledge, an excellent way to gain insight on the modern climate system. There are two ways to go about using knowledge about Earth's past, which I'll explain through the lens of how climate modelers (the people making the projections for future climate) roughly use/think about them. \nThink about the Earth as a massive fluid dynamics problem. It's a huge set of partial differential equations (PDEs) governing both the kinetics and thermodynamics of Earth's oceans and atmosphere. There are two different ways to change what the (numerical) solutions to these sets of PDEs are:\n\n1) Change the boundary conditions. The paleoclimate equivalent of this is looking at times in Earth history when a certain set of conditions were similar to today's. An example of this would be studying the Pliocene (~5.3-2.5 million years ago) - the last time in Earth history atmospheric CO2 levels were above 400 ppm (see this 2011 commentary in Nature Geoscience by Beerling and Royer for a brief review on what CO2 levels have been for the past ~65 million years and how good those estimates are - _URL_2_). We might say the Pliocene is an analog for modern climate as a result, simply change the boundary conditions of climate models to be 400 ppm (and the sea surface temperatures be what we measure, etc), and run the models.\n\n2) Change the dynamics. This is when people study other periods of rapid climate change to try and figure out what feedbacks exist - basically how climates can go from state A to state B. An example of this would be studying the PETM (Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum) - an event 55 million years ago when carbon (source and cause debated!) rapidly entered the ocean-atmosphere system, a fair amount of ocean life went extinct, and temperatures rose very quickly (Review of PETM here by Zachos et al., 2008 _URL_1_). I'm going to address your questions using these two methods of study. \n\nFirst: If you average the past 65 million years, then yes current CO2 and temperature both lower than average. But there weren't permanent ice sheets on Antarctica until ~35 million years ago, when atmospheric CO2 was about 1000 ppm.\n\nSecond: Ice ages have occurred with 100,000 year periodicity since the Mid-Pleistocene (Before 900,000 years ago, they occurred every 40,000 years) - paced by changes in Earth's orbit. The last glaciation ended about 11,000 years ago. So we aren't due for another full-blown glaciation for tens of thousands of years now. \n\nThird: Atmospheric CO2 levels during ice ages varied between 190 ppm (glacial periods) and 280 ppm (interglacial periods). This graph sums up how today is different pretty nicely. _URL_3_. \nNow, you're absolutely right that when choosing between a 400 ppm world and a 190 ppm world, humanity would prefer 400 ppm. But that's not really the choice - we're already at 400 ppm. The sea-level rise elephant in the room is whether or not there's a threshold past which the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets melt. Last time our boundary conditions were 1,000 ppm, as mentioned earlier, there were no land-based ice sheets. That's the equivalent of about 65 meters of sea level rise (!). Last time our boundary conditions were 400 ppm of CO2 (Pliocene), it turns out that it's really difficult to reconstruct sea-level since everything gets thrown off by dynamic topography. Current estimates are 5 meters higher than today, plus or minus 10. Those are big error bars! \nWhat about dynamics? Well, during the termination of the last ice age, Deschamps et al., 2012 (_URL_0_) found that sea level rose 40 mm/year for a couple hundred years before stabilizing to background rates of a few mm/yr. Current sea level rise estimates are 3.3 mm/year or so (Cazenave et al., 2014 _URL_4_). So the dynamical concern here is that sea level *can* rise very rapidly - it isn't right now, but it's really hard for scientists to say if it will accelerate to such rapid rates or when. \n\nTL;DR: Ice age vs. anthropogenic change isn't really the choice we're facing since we're 90,000 years away from a full-blown ice age. The choice we're actually facing is the uncertainties associated with 400 ppm of CO2 (maybe what happened during the Pliocene) or 1,000 ppm of CO2 (maybe what happened before there was ice on Antarctica).",
"Hello there!\n\n > it seems like as a human species we should be considerably more concerned about possible increased glaciation, since that would cause far more long-term harm (imagine all of north america covered in ice), and that increasing the greenhouse effect is one of the only things we can do in the long term to veer away from that class of climate fluctuations. Is this way of thinking misguided?\n\nWe have natural experiments in pumping out vast quantities of CO2 in a geologically short time period in the paleoclimatic record. They're called the Permian-Triassic and Triassic-Jurassic mass extinctions. \n\nWhen you emit a lot of carbon in a short time period, you don't just get global warming. Yes, things heat up. But increased drought and flooding (yes both) also occur. This leads to an increase in runoff, which feeds eutrophication. CO2 from the atmosphere invades the ocean, decreasing pH levels and causing undersaturation of aragonite and even hypercapnia. Hotter ocean temps mean less dissolved oxygen, and that eutrophication we mentioned earlier also results in algal blooms which further deplete oxygen. \n\nIn the geological blink of an eye, you've put stress on a whole lot of organisms that are crucial to marine ecosystems. In the past, this has led to mass extinction, and we weren't around then to \"help\" out with overfishing and agricultural runoff like we have in the present. Oh, and business-as-usual emissions are happening more rapidly than during even those mass extinction events.\n\nTerrestrial ecosystems face their own problems.\n\nThe rate of change rather than the sign of change may be more important, but I don't really get why so many people think that it would be better to heat up than cool down. \n\n > My understanding is that on million-year timescales, the current average global temperature is below average, and that the amount of glaciation is above average. As a result the sea level is currently below average. Furthermore, my understanding is that current CO2 levels are far below average on million-year timescales. So my vague reservation is that, while the pace of human-caused sea level rise is a problem for humans in the short term (and thus we are absolutely right to be concerned about it), in the long term it is completely expected and in fact more \"normal.\"\n\nYou're using \"average\" and \"normal\" in a way that doesn't make a lot of sense to me from a climate-civilization standpoint. Why would the climate from hundreds of millions of years ago matter to human civilization which has adapted to the climate of the Holocene? And what if there was some sort of regular meteor impact that wiped out half of all life on earth every 100 million years or so. Because that was \"normal\" or \"average\", would that mean it would make sense to shoot one at ourselves? Of course not.\n\n > makes we wonder whether the cost-benefit analysis of human suffering when advocating less fossil energy use (especially in developing nations) is really so obvious.\n\nCredible large scale economic assessments pretty overwhelmingly agree that mitigation (i.e. transitioning away from fossil fuels) is a no brainer from a CBA standpoint, and most of these assessments are based on relatively optimistic assumptions about the negative consequences of climate change. Once you start incorporating a more realistic scope of low probability high impact risks, these dominate the CBA and make mitigation a slam dunk. \n\nRemember, coal is only \"cheap\" because things like its impact on the climate or its shorter term health consequences aren't included in its market prices. It doesn't make a lot of sense to say \"we really need to stick developing countries with a highly centralized, expensive, unhealthy means of energy generation when decentralized cleaner alternatives exist and are cheaper when all of the externalities are considered.",
"In my opinion, there are legitimate concerns on both sides.\n(1) Human driven climate change is almost certainly happening at a rate faster than changes that have occurred in the past. The rapid rate of change is dangerous as systems do not have time to gradually adjust. \n(2) Cheap energy over the last 100+ years has provided unprecedented levels of wealth and development. Losing cheap energy would be disastrous for the world. For many applications, petrochemicals are synonymous with cheap energy. From a human perspective, ending cheap energy would have an enormous cost.\n\nThe rate of change issue is the one that I'm most concerned with - coral reefs and wheat fields can't just up and easily move over a 100 year period nor can large populations living close to sea level. There appears to be reasonable evidence of widespread extinctions beginning - some of which are related to climate change but also to other human activity.\n\nWe could all stop driving tomorrow, turn off our air conditioners, computers, and shut down rail, air, and sea transportation. The \"cost\" of doing this would be incredible. The 2008 financial crisis corresponded to a few percent drop in GDP and was politically untenable - no democracy would be able to inflict that sort of cost on its citizens and survive. So we need to balance the environmental cost with the economic cost and try to find a way forward where we can survive. \n\nTo my mind, the prudent thing to do is to make haste carefully and reduce our carbon emissions. I am a pessimist and do not believe we can stay within the 2C CO2 levels and that we should be investing in infrastructure and technology to survive that sort of increase - think large scale irrigation and desalination plants - and recognize that we will face a lot of social upheaval from the people who will need to move from where they live today. \n\nSo I strongly believe there is a \"real problem\". On a more optimistic note, we've faced many \"real problems\" before successfully, if not always wisely."
],
"score": [
8,
5,
3,
3,
2
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v483/n7391/full/nature10902.html",
"http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v451/n7176/full/nature06588.html",
"http://www.nature.com/ngeo/journal/v4/n7/full/ngeo1186.html",
"http://www.atmos.washington.edu/~dennis/CO2_Vos-ML2.gif",
"http://www.nature.com/nclimate/journal/v4/n5/full/nclimate2159.html"
]
} | Question about climate change from non-skeptic
I'm a scientist (physics) who is completely convinced that human-caused climate change is real and will cause human suffering in the short term. However I have a couple of somewhat vague reservations about the big picture that I was hoping a climate scientist could comment on. My understanding is that on million-year timescales, the current average global temperature is below average, and that the amount of glaciation is above average. As a result the sea level is currently below average. Furthermore, my understanding is that current CO2 levels are far below average on million-year timescales. So my vague reservation is that, while the pace of human-caused sea level rise is a problem for humans in the short term (and thus we are absolutely right to be concerned about it), in the long term it is completely expected and in fact more "normal." Further, it seems like as a human species we should be considerably more concerned about possible increased glaciation, since that would cause far more long-term harm (imagine all of north america covered in ice), and that increasing the greenhouse effect is one of the only things we can do in the long term to veer away from that class of climate fluctuations. Is this way of thinking misguided? It leads me down a path of being less emotional or righteous about climate change, and makes we wonder whether the cost-benefit analysis of human suffering when advocating less fossil energy use (especially in developing nations) is really so obvious. | [
-0.911588191986084,
-0.6830185651779175,
0.35848987102508545,
-0.15793371200561523,
-0.7064089179039001,
-0.44225627183914185,
-0.7511808276176453,
-1.3103463649749756,
1.202347993850708,
0.4295368492603302,
1.104852318763733,
0.3830912709236145,
-0.8657647371292114,
0.8370271325111389,
0.1667279601097107,
-0.9754930734634399,
0.37703755497932434,
0.5693402886390686,
-0.5005799531936646,
-0.43417367339134216,
-0.266375869512558,
0.27270326018333435,
0.05435691773891449,
0.5602015256881714,
-0.8115742206573486,
-0.4255397319793701,
0.13291281461715698,
-0.2956317067146301,
0.6704801917076111,
0.8062308430671692,
-0.0016865413635969162,
0.34039586782455444,
-0.752070963382721,
-0.15262745320796967,
0.11284223943948746,
0.09252764284610748,
0.09843729436397552,
0.25489553809165955,
0.3169753849506378,
-1.068331241607666,
-0.00218026852235198,
-0.8964807987213135,
0.23733453452587128,
1.0725681781768799,
-0.4665711224079132,
-0.3167612552642822,
0.5346101522445679,
-0.055964186787605286,
-0.354095995426178,
-0.4391905665397644,
0.209497332572937,
-0.04290193319320679,
0.22204852104187012,
0.30953773856163025,
0.4738842248916626,
-0.36501678824424744,
-0.06403075158596039,
0.12423039227724075,
-0.16097021102905273,
0.1682920902967453,
-0.07252573221921921,
0.06453142315149307,
-0.517442524433136,
-0.668404221534729,
0.41138869524002075,
-0.5979013442993164,
-0.9998725056648254,
0.7472028732299805,
-0.7430078983306885,
-0.2212277203798294,
0.22028625011444092,
0.15598762035369873,
-0.0025558508932590485,
-0.14632932841777802,
0.3073141872882843,
-0.7346174120903015,
0.24199411273002625,
-0.1868114173412323,
-0.04804089665412903,
-0.4930575489997864,
0.2670722007751465,
0.0237942636013031,
0.17063550651073456,
0.2853021025657654,
-0.3511993885040283,
0.9737147092819214,
0.7788721919059753,
-0.7449139356613159,
0.07979676127433777,
0.4145902693271637,
-0.3569236397743225,
-0.22843055427074432,
0.4698476791381836,
-0.5651609301567078,
0.5648857951164246,
-0.20734654366970062,
0.787534773349762,
-0.6635633111000061,
-0.12613016366958618,
0.612214982509613,
-0.10835742950439453,
-0.0013437531888484955,
0.11815112829208374,
1.0280674695968628,
-0.03659152239561081,
-0.6982214450836182,
0.5401630401611328,
-0.46508052945137024,
0.030576303601264954,
0.2030644416809082,
-0.0735969990491867,
0.2967391610145569,
-0.27695614099502563,
-0.8182250261306763,
-0.138642817735672,
-1.793617844581604,
-0.3966968357563019,
-0.178212970495224,
1.4397364854812622,
0.3609688878059387,
0.43642905354499817,
-0.7521053552627563,
0.2901577651500702,
-0.4264165461063385,
-0.5443627238273621,
-0.05890125781297684,
-0.38455861806869507,
0.9481391906738281,
-0.5238535404205322,
-0.21067869663238525,
-0.018760953098535538,
0.9933406114578247,
0.15540067851543427,
-0.40888258814811707,
0.6486276388168335,
-0.13745912909507751,
-0.6196804046630859,
0.20923510193824768,
-0.9336389303207397,
0.16228087246418,
-0.8340117931365967,
-0.4448976516723633,
0.7959020733833313,
-0.17414985597133636,
-0.299789160490036,
-1.0173903703689575,
-0.8555453419685364,
-0.514891505241394,
0.2807599902153015,
-0.5405982136726379,
-0.23560795187950134,
-0.1686602085828781,
0.4731926918029785,
-0.753842830657959,
0.020178699865937233,
-0.0019854754209518433,
0.6630496382713318,
-0.08273232728242874,
-0.040560461580753326,
-0.14836306869983673,
-0.5831200480461121,
-0.8377001285552979,
-0.07806481420993805,
-0.00894082710146904,
1.089388370513916,
-0.2178574651479721,
0.03676240146160126,
-0.6789873242378235,
-0.7374618053436279,
0.6203314661979675,
-0.3492736518383026,
0.031224407255649567,
1.3967031240463257,
0.4818210303783417,
1.5472848415374756,
-0.5306679606437683,
0.130133256316185,
0.4422004818916321,
-0.020497174933552742,
0.32235535979270935,
-0.10777981579303741,
-0.5029847025871277,
0.40393418073654175,
0.5650595426559448,
-0.5880935192108154,
-0.40139347314834595,
0.5104785561561584,
-0.014023076742887497,
0.27531418204307556,
0.4520602822303772,
-0.3452121317386627,
-0.259731650352478,
-0.9378455877304077,
0.22804288566112518,
0.33127105236053467,
-0.06794526427984238,
0.23371103405952454,
1.2689393758773804,
0.391537070274353,
-0.09390544891357422,
-0.27441489696502686,
-2.188016176223755,
-0.4754047691822052,
-0.20953181385993958,
0.6418522596359253,
-0.3416968584060669,
0.7317371368408203,
-0.2705512046813965,
0.38621070981025696,
-0.02895466610789299,
0.43661096692085266,
0.9413058161735535,
0.035300061106681824,
-0.051659371703863144,
-0.6193063259124756,
-0.39941585063934326,
-0.11227064579725266,
-0.1057184487581253,
-0.18964740633964539,
0.48054447770118713,
0.7090132236480713,
-0.2078712433576584,
-0.07975831627845764,
0.4269717037677765,
0.46691954135894775,
-1.585126519203186,
-0.5771598815917969,
-0.3516235947608948,
0.6596183776855469,
0.23277728259563446,
0.20527465641498566,
-0.16065502166748047,
-0.020365919917821884,
0.31940212845802307,
-0.0178027655929327,
-0.7143635153770447,
-0.7961955070495605,
-0.07978793978691101,
0.6902770400047302,
-0.3645239472389221,
-0.5651476383209229,
0.5318922400474548,
0.34982922673225403,
1.1746596097946167,
0.08151505142450333,
0.5468493103981018,
0.1313685178756714,
-0.41492804884910583,
-0.33995217084884644,
0.7456905841827393,
-1.51512610912323,
-0.6567710041999817,
0.1417751908302307,
-0.9152852296829224,
0.14317137002944946,
-0.8131963014602661,
0.23878085613250732,
-0.4241400957107544,
-0.12598899006843567,
0.35943445563316345,
0.13317067921161652,
-0.5279712677001953,
0.42761433124542236,
-0.27437788248062134,
-0.9576120376586914,
0.5796857476234436,
-0.5616910457611084,
-0.15251711010932922,
-0.5221322178840637,
0.8533605337142944,
-0.5476343631744385,
-0.5893036127090454,
0.0024868138134479523,
0.35818538069725037,
-0.5674598813056946,
0.01100363302975893,
0.11728597432374954,
-0.008903289213776588,
0.5835826396942139,
0.5990046262741089,
0.9372673034667969,
0.9645585417747498,
-0.3156169354915619,
-0.8319269418716431,
0.1272141933441162,
-0.2988501787185669,
1.3748505115509033,
-0.16282543540000916,
0.17250895500183105,
-0.4114162027835846,
0.0772884413599968,
0.20848198235034943,
0.10404441505670547,
0.37595832347869873,
0.12572312355041504,
0.42966848611831665,
0.14701738953590393,
-0.2768556773662567,
0.4752872884273529,
0.41844314336776733,
-0.31390249729156494,
-0.8884738683700562,
0.9724522829055786,
-0.03833400458097458,
-0.35279837250709534,
-0.39570367336273193,
0.6145274639129639,
-0.7913463115692139,
0.6533687114715576,
-0.3671892285346985,
1.0076684951782227,
-1.0513607263565063,
0.1126980260014534,
0.5087549686431885,
0.05338400602340698,
0.5246613025665283,
0.08512139320373535,
-0.4948449730873108,
-0.8397912979125977,
0.10282789170742035,
-0.2456173598766327,
-0.06291724741458893,
0.3859589993953705,
0.29986390471458435,
-0.08974634110927582,
0.8511035442352295,
-0.30292269587516785,
0.5986557006835938,
-0.4983311891555786,
0.10400357842445374,
0.4531581997871399,
-0.7759740352630615,
0.7717568278312683,
0.8039534091949463,
-0.49770838022232056,
-0.17258982360363007,
0.3354946970939636,
0.8579459190368652,
0.12209628522396088,
-0.15772853791713715,
1.2571985721588135,
0.3395359218120575,
-0.1352902054786682,
-0.08170022070407867,
-0.07272409647703171,
0.042210839688777924,
-0.8454996347427368,
-0.2479168176651001,
0.4027058780193329,
-0.26555997133255005,
-0.04164182022213936,
0.388251394033432,
1.1204527616500854,
-0.8887206315994263,
0.07684585452079773,
0.6793807148933411,
-0.6349944472312927,
0.006338082253932953,
0.8672665953636169,
0.19132980704307556,
0.20698478817939758,
-0.44108474254608154,
0.46463170647621155,
0.16488997638225555,
0.46968966722488403,
0.2331007719039917,
-0.8026559352874756,
-0.8273554444313049,
-0.6304022073745728,
0.6702511310577393,
0.028213337063789368,
0.6684841513633728,
0.039951570332050323,
0.1972167044878006,
0.4945838749408722,
-0.15395048260688782,
0.768743097782135,
0.009713144041597843,
-0.6257618069648743,
-0.09926752001047134,
0.415689080953598,
0.07120387256145477,
0.09737528860569,
-0.15367990732192993,
-0.3133201003074646,
-0.9502053260803223,
-0.6697510480880737,
-0.7972456216812134,
-0.2397783249616623,
0.08216159045696259,
0.12291960418224335,
0.04495525732636452,
0.028885364532470703,
-0.40115904808044434,
-0.21334907412528992,
-0.49651238322257996,
0.0006478389259427786,
0.3619246482849121,
0.236138254404068,
-0.9168668985366821,
0.5886569619178772,
0.6056487560272217,
0.04277694597840309,
1.157081127166748,
0.7035802602767944,
-0.0005420867819339037,
0.017979620024561882,
0.2987722158432007,
0.2754546105861664,
-0.218500554561615,
0.24255982041358948,
-0.6784427165985107,
-0.8451460599899292,
-0.26465269923210144,
1.3174376487731934,
-0.5793154239654541,
-0.5524234771728516,
-0.8324756622314453,
-0.19918760657310486,
-0.5134662389755249,
1.337786078453064,
-0.2893907129764557,
0.16644439101219177,
0.49458685517311096,
-0.668872058391571,
-0.025855902582406998,
0.19241970777511597,
-0.5010581016540527,
-0.16169163584709167,
0.3884221911430359,
-0.9648109674453735,
-1.1468100547790527,
0.922473669052124,
1.062374234199524,
-0.8244467377662659,
0.3444165587425232,
0.14196623861789703,
-0.1041094958782196,
-0.7547678351402283,
-0.3916301429271698,
-0.4603970944881439,
0.8987160921096802,
0.6498901844024658,
0.6016707420349121,
0.08939547091722488,
-0.16030237078666687,
0.9694601893424988,
0.269197940826416,
-0.3261479437351227,
0.40949708223342896,
1.0424150228500366,
-0.8978282809257507,
-0.47848159074783325,
0.5207862257957458,
0.8852961659431458,
0.2259090542793274,
0.17331714928150177,
-0.3657781183719635,
-0.3775850832462311,
-0.0818505585193634,
-0.14456328749656677,
-0.9756317734718323,
-0.25127753615379333,
0.3871617317199707,
0.06301282346248627,
0.21335723996162415,
-0.34463560581207275,
0.007927052676677704,
-0.05787946656346321,
-1.0427263975143433,
-0.9234188199043274,
-0.3132413625717163,
0.936640739440918,
0.6824142932891846,
-0.5081202387809753,
-0.8914492726325989,
-0.19526538252830505,
-0.012613796629011631,
-0.6787468194961548,
-1.3861628770828247,
0.3916158080101013,
-0.4814566969871521,
-0.09870581328868866,
0.018781408667564392,
0.24041448533535004,
-0.5818852782249451,
-0.4928443729877472,
0.4335920512676239,
-0.6376937627792358,
-0.6772333979606628,
-0.07548007369041443,
-0.38046902418136597,
0.23310765624046326,
0.2268221527338028,
0.07971446216106415,
0.2602855861186981,
0.21144555509090424,
0.8586171865463257,
0.29722270369529724,
0.06586001813411713,
0.4808204174041748,
0.30197131633758545,
0.5711895227432251,
-0.09457471966743469,
0.008596701547503471,
-0.7926974296569824,
0.6540603637695312,
0.022631878033280373,
-0.12844224274158478,
0.9267827272415161,
-0.3659481108188629,
-0.5922987461090088,
0.25920629501342773,
-0.7726918458938599,
-0.27699342370033264,
0.39266109466552734,
0.12750080227851868,
0.19043177366256714,
-0.47214484214782715,
0.4243444502353668,
-0.47181782126426697,
-0.8367698192596436,
0.680421769618988,
-0.40347498655319214,
0.5279773473739624,
0.19506573677062988,
-1.4014179706573486,
-0.5849527716636658,
-0.2041982114315033,
-0.14465905725955963,
0.15108026564121246,
-0.1261635422706604,
0.1451375037431717,
0.7357808947563171,
-0.1317070722579956,
1.124982237815857,
0.3371123969554901,
-1.2616385221481323,
0.3830980658531189,
-0.05357396602630615,
-0.020229630172252655,
-0.2556167244911194,
0.8412914276123047,
-0.16408565640449524,
0.2108352929353714,
-0.09317614883184433,
0.04694536700844765,
0.21859613060951233,
0.20621120929718018,
0.4547330141067505,
-0.022414902225136757,
-0.3570937216281891,
-0.25083690881729126,
0.2717543840408325,
0.6820141077041626,
0.4176466464996338,
-0.110807865858078,
-0.4624435305595398,
0.21710285544395447,
0.5407570600509644,
-1.2825576066970825,
0.2435779571533203,
0.8310600519180298,
-1.1363316774368286,
0.7292440533638,
-0.4274214506149292,
-0.2883385717868805,
-0.2837977111339569,
0.0008077360689640045,
0.32032543420791626,
-0.9537312984466553,
0.25219133496284485,
-0.43405210971832275,
-1.0473878383636475,
-0.17551706731319427,
-0.27590665221214294,
-0.43319204449653625,
-0.03591632470488548,
0.531873345375061,
-0.08039167523384094,
-0.43497228622436523,
-0.3341991603374481,
-0.712005615234375,
0.4926002025604248,
-0.45859676599502563,
0.5084588527679443,
-0.27124595642089844,
0.06572528928518295,
-0.394353449344635,
0.3812864422798157,
-0.863045334815979,
-0.47240567207336426,
0.3459383249282837,
-0.06931132078170776,
1.043338656425476,
-0.41291382908821106,
-0.27598822116851807,
-0.09351450204849243,
-0.08768893778324127,
-0.56009441614151,
0.1934775412082672,
-0.9515050649642944,
0.08193211257457733,
0.04539237916469574,
0.5727797746658325,
-0.6574605703353882,
0.5829342603683472,
-0.9234877824783325,
0.09198778867721558,
0.07723301649093628,
-0.013045324012637138,
0.16489826142787933,
0.4622969925403595,
0.08558904379606247,
0.26020631194114685,
0.05794280767440796,
-0.13385330140590668,
-0.4018712341785431,
-0.3052491843700409,
-0.1357647031545639,
0.44633424282073975,
-0.0019408040679991245,
-0.9284369945526123,
0.29480257630348206,
0.44907453656196594,
-0.10612590610980988,
-0.5109865665435791,
1.5640242099761963,
0.25686052441596985,
-0.32768845558166504,
0.10118760913610458,
-0.409538209438324,
-0.47769245505332947,
-0.1892606019973755,
-1.2862402200698853,
-0.05390167608857155,
-0.9544546604156494,
0.12972426414489746,
-0.04746943339705467,
-0.38883906602859497,
-0.5242951512336731,
-0.043649788945913315,
-0.3313382565975189,
0.5832321643829346,
0.9942055940628052,
-0.19742248952388763,
-0.04398321360349655,
0.4198654592037201,
-0.15987205505371094,
0.9135735034942627,
-0.764416515827179,
0.6578751802444458,
-0.11253929138183594,
0.4252234995365143,
0.6910545825958252,
1.0207253694534302,
-0.1330394446849823,
-0.1318797767162323,
-0.0370522066950798,
-0.4414743185043335,
-1.0637145042419434,
-1.0897300243377686,
-0.10088761150836945,
0.0715518593788147,
0.564612627029419,
0.8265451788902283,
-0.005851052701473236,
0.6353984475135803,
-0.6899044513702393,
0.5510703921318054,
-0.5149896144866943,
0.32840248942375183,
-0.7734754681587219,
-0.10590274631977081,
0.8428065776824951,
-0.22195112705230713,
-0.6734464764595032,
0.2045205533504486,
-0.30066606402397156,
-0.5838874578475952,
-0.7008094787597656,
-0.19554321467876434,
-0.31288978457450867,
0.6138943433761597,
0.272455096244812,
-0.025129206478595734,
0.23460763692855835,
1.091490387916565,
0.11379627883434296,
-0.7054732441902161,
0.15298058092594147,
-0.5224047899246216,
0.07330073416233063,
0.16171827912330627,
-0.7254422307014465,
0.3972088694572449,
-0.6689913272857666,
-0.8922915458679199,
-0.2844120264053345,
-0.5028075575828552,
-0.6593485474586487,
-0.20668911933898926,
0.07471220195293427,
-0.9409699440002441,
0.4832179546356201,
-0.08255667239427567,
0.35614126920700073,
-0.11123126745223999,
-0.40869778394699097,
-0.4835393726825714,
0.5742778778076172,
0.5012637972831726,
-0.22660116851329803,
-0.5470895767211914,
0.47756874561309814,
0.4392160177230835,
-0.3825223743915558,
0.04728922247886658,
0.04538737237453461,
0.6966494917869568,
0.04268679767847061,
0.2533131241798401,
-0.27527984976768494,
0.466385155916214,
-0.5013775825500488,
0.7525935173034668,
0.0029863514937460423,
0.23068290948867798,
-0.1684674620628357,
-0.38696885108947754,
-0.3133969306945801,
-0.39244353771209717,
0.3176024556159973,
0.16223695874214172,
-0.21065405011177063,
0.6538264751434326,
-0.6666898131370544,
0.5153796076774597,
-0.06390847265720367,
-0.15246321260929108,
-0.45355990529060364,
0.5642655491828918,
0.032726503908634186,
-0.867498517036438,
0.391082227230072,
0.437894731760025,
-0.6000210046768188,
0.30680567026138306,
-0.17133882641792297,
0.2852173447608948,
-0.07809527218341827,
0.8460475206375122,
0.23158302903175354,
0.06941878795623779,
0.11887907981872559,
-0.1654316484928131,
0.26245152950286865,
-0.8444359302520752,
0.1155838891863823,
0.32365038990974426,
0.04853878170251846,
-0.6182993054389954,
-0.17314288020133972,
0.017573876306414604,
0.18068373203277588,
-0.05533677712082863,
0.3688066303730011,
-0.2167026847600937
] |
|
18ib7l | Why does my radio signal completely drop out when I strike an arc with a stick welder? | When I'm at work, listening to tunes and working away having a good time I always get interrupted when my radio cuts out from the song and in to horrible static. It happens every time I strike an arc with my welder, so they must be related but I'm not sure how. Does the electricity from the welder interfere with the radio signal? | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"c8f28af",
"c8f3fx8",
"c8f2h84",
"c8f26c0",
"c8f4y4e",
"c8f6agm",
"c8f3w1f",
"c8f2orr",
"c8f7t1u"
],
"text": [
"It's interfering because your welder uses high frequency to initiate the arc rather than using a \"touch/lift\" method. With a touch/lift method only a few volts are passing through the electrode and when you lift it, your welder can sense a difference in voltage (due to the increased gap) and then initiates an arc. The arc itself isn't \"constantly on\", but rather constantly turning on and off; you can think of it as a bunch of sparks. HF is used each time to re-ignite the arc by essentially reducing the resistance through the gas (Argon if you're using TIG) so you don't need to touch the piece you're working on. To reduce this interference you have two options\n\n1. Properly Earth ground your welder. This would be a pain because it requires driving a rod very deep into the Earth. 8-10 feet is standard, but you may need more if you're in a dry region. _URL_0_\n\n2. Use a low pass filter - This would have to be used on any device that's affected, so it's not really practical.\n\n**edit** - And as many people have pointed out, electromagnetic interference is a factor. However, HF will most certainly affect a much larger area and is a nuisance if not properly set up.\n\nsource: I'm an engineer at a welding company",
"Your stick is essentially making up part of a [spark-gap transmitter](_URL_1_). A spark gap transmitter signal is dirty; it causes a lot of interference.\n\n > Another problem with the spark transmitter was a result of the shape of the waveform produced by each burst of electromagnetic radiation. These transmitters radiated an extremely \"dirty\" wide band signal which could greatly interfere with the reception of other transmissions on nearby frequencies. **Receiving sets located relatively close to such a transmitter would have entire sections of a band masked by this wide band noise.** (Emphasis added.)\n\nSpark-gap oscillators were used in medical applications, too. The first commercial electrosurgical system, manufactured by Bovie, used a spark-gap oscillator to generate the radio signal used by its cauterizing scalpel. It was a real \"Frankenstein's laboratory\" piece of gear, about the size of a desk. It popped and crackled just like the movie. The smell persisted for hours in the repair shop.\n\nI had the rare privilege of repairing Bovie serial number 1 years ago when I was a biomedical electronics repairman.",
"The [earliest transmitters](_URL_2_) used an arc to generate wide-band radio signals. A resonant circuit restrained the energy to a narrow band (somewhat). But any arc will generate energy over a huge frequency range. Lightning, for example, will cause noise on an AM radio, no matter where it is tuned.",
"Computer engineer with education in wireless communication and also signal analysis (dsp).\n\nIf it is only happening when you actually strike the arc it is likely due to the arc's fourier components interfering with nearby signals (fourier essentially tells us that any waveform can be created by using infinite successive harmonics of sin and/or cosine waves - in the case of a square wave - that is a quick turn on/off -it will contain all of them).\n\nIf it continues for the duration of the arc it is likely that the arc is radiating electromagnetism at the same frequency as the radio signal (which will usually be a mix of two frequencies) causing static. Tig welding is known for this but i'm not an expert in welding (took one shop class In welding ) though so it's possible there's more at play",
"Do your arc-welding in a Faraday cage. Keep the radio outside of it though :p",
"Sparks create broad frequency EM interference, so it essentially 'jams' a wide range of frequencies.",
"My welder has a switch for HF. It goes from off to start to always on. There is no reason to have a stick welder on HF \"start\" which is what it sounds like you have. It is slightly easier to start the arc with the HF but it is not at all needed. Look for the switch and flip it to off. HF is more for TIG welding.",
"Just a heads up. I work in an industrial setting with welders as well and have seen TIG welders high voltage, high frequency burst be pretty damaging to personal electronic devices, even having been known to wipe cellphones and ipods completely clean, sometimes rendering them all but dead.",
"Because your stick welder is creating a more powerful signal than the one the radio's receiving from the station.\n\nThat arc is a spark - it doesn't just give off light, it gives off heat and radio waves."
],
"score": [
286,
87,
16,
7,
6,
3,
2,
2,
2
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://www.cpccorp.com/deep.htm",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spark-gap_transmitter",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spark_gap_transmitter"
]
} | Why does my radio signal completely drop out when I strike an arc with a stick welder?
When I'm at work, listening to tunes and working away having a good time I always get interrupted when my radio cuts out from the song and in to horrible static. It happens every time I strike an arc with my welder, so they must be related but I'm not sure how. Does the electricity from the welder interfere with the radio signal? | [
-0.08998754620552063,
-0.4533102810382843,
0.05835625156760216,
0.07643990218639374,
-0.4606810212135315,
-0.5405439734458923,
-0.017393819987773895,
-0.2945619225502014,
0.8384894728660583,
0.5113685727119446,
0.54517662525177,
0.17997436225414276,
-0.10954762250185013,
0.6791254281997681,
-0.24429334700107574,
0.7380443215370178,
1.001264214515686,
-0.5057446360588074,
-0.45363304018974304,
-0.15913310647010803,
-0.57124263048172,
0.32879340648651123,
0.1766807585954666,
1.9292303323745728,
-0.5349100232124329,
0.6279042959213257,
-0.11000055819749832,
-0.05226508527994156,
0.4641721546649933,
0.3488233983516693,
0.13553637266159058,
0.3907565474510193,
-0.29463112354278564,
-0.6705340147018433,
-0.09510987997055054,
-0.1409967988729477,
1.658889889717102,
-0.8290807604789734,
0.8565798401832581,
-0.21118654310703278,
-0.44727328419685364,
-0.20799532532691956,
0.4927132725715637,
0.9075007438659668,
0.035232000052928925,
-0.4174908995628357,
0.2348688244819641,
-0.35242632031440735,
-0.7355830669403076,
-0.03642575442790985,
-0.3802764415740967,
-0.07171350717544556,
0.218333899974823,
0.4642287492752075,
0.2964368462562561,
-0.4853774905204773,
0.16754822432994843,
-0.5466450452804565,
0.7457597255706787,
0.5904550552368164,
-0.00802639126777649,
-0.8368893265724182,
-0.8830406665802002,
-0.6013603210449219,
0.35111960768699646,
-0.4050862491130829,
-0.6339957118034363,
0.973858654499054,
0.16618718206882477,
0.05921989306807518,
-0.7598851323127747,
-0.22701819241046906,
-0.7951972484588623,
-0.7810698747634888,
0.322430282831192,
-0.7245869040489197,
0.7295469641685486,
-0.24465243518352509,
-0.8681811094284058,
-0.18999701738357544,
0.22151444852352142,
0.7047368884086609,
-0.0021355203352868557,
-0.955105185508728,
0.08513037860393524,
0.41336336731910706,
0.6242899298667908,
-0.2728324830532074,
0.38402584195137024,
0.6200094223022461,
-0.42170387506484985,
-0.42753875255584717,
0.6063043475151062,
-0.2851540744304657,
0.05225466564297676,
0.3599264919757843,
0.5113487839698792,
-0.004954970441758633,
-0.3213106691837311,
-0.09449391812086105,
-0.061502229422330856,
1.077317237854004,
0.4439360499382019,
1.2000221014022827,
0.6085695028305054,
0.026816822588443756,
0.3868611454963684,
-0.2933482229709625,
-0.08842852711677551,
0.4043959677219391,
0.1696196049451828,
1.2341294288635254,
0.8152951598167419,
-0.6344507336616516,
0.04206008091568947,
-1.1768139600753784,
1.2213813066482544,
-0.12591184675693512,
0.764075517654419,
0.5621369481086731,
0.3579849600791931,
-0.25811341404914856,
1.3269906044006348,
0.11894014477729797,
-0.11891474574804306,
-0.1769794225692749,
-0.5847968459129333,
0.05732440948486328,
0.1925433874130249,
-0.8461399078369141,
0.15648534893989563,
1.0500457286834717,
0.33134230971336365,
-0.3132256865501404,
0.13278156518936157,
0.1990250200033188,
-0.9111353158950806,
-0.03919593244791031,
-0.9713385105133057,
-0.05140255391597748,
-1.1764864921569824,
-0.22485575079917908,
0.3779585063457489,
-0.21692043542861938,
-0.4858053922653198,
-1.2483247518539429,
-1.8375684022903442,
0.1652614176273346,
0.7624607086181641,
-0.4558912217617035,
-0.7091020941734314,
-0.5203595757484436,
0.23990285396575928,
-1.01801598072052,
0.6610516905784607,
0.24565117061138153,
0.5774245858192444,
-0.8267644047737122,
0.1960412710905075,
-0.3278639316558838,
0.1695258766412735,
-0.44778820872306824,
-0.26836735010147095,
0.6188350915908813,
0.4908527433872223,
-0.09855912625789642,
0.5705936551094055,
-0.6476837396621704,
-0.6937820315361023,
-0.07297445088624954,
-0.3984447419643402,
-0.173447385430336,
1.2452298402786255,
0.06467987596988678,
0.784167468547821,
0.07049796730279922,
0.2875114381313324,
0.08956515789031982,
-0.36209264397621155,
-0.022985292598605156,
-0.8533769845962524,
-0.34119468927383423,
-0.5426313877105713,
0.6281126141548157,
-0.5450958609580994,
-0.24011173844337463,
0.5983036756515503,
0.32912203669548035,
0.7991660833358765,
0.13256950676441193,
0.23377065360546112,
-0.4932950437068939,
-0.6774016618728638,
-0.26435622572898865,
0.13392631709575653,
0.4150903522968292,
-0.8340301513671875,
-0.30206891894340515,
0.44167283177375793,
0.21015623211860657,
0.10155224055051804,
-0.7431397438049316,
-0.5345378518104553,
-0.659728467464447,
0.15316739678382874,
-0.18376760184764862,
0.28103718161582947,
0.5869688391685486,
0.5594888925552368,
-0.5417011976242065,
-0.10947732627391815,
1.091339111328125,
0.5049880743026733,
-0.03348496928811073,
-0.23909899592399597,
-0.23162874579429626,
0.16072896122932434,
-0.28060662746429443,
-0.34712404012680054,
0.42571258544921875,
-0.039740994572639465,
-0.09265275299549103,
0.1162818893790245,
0.6237367987632751,
1.0442030429840088,
-0.573622465133667,
-0.632845938205719,
-0.4730120599269867,
0.42717570066452026,
0.21974556148052216,
0.18383966386318207,
0.40317270159721375,
-0.366287499666214,
-0.1653369516134262,
0.12493794411420822,
-0.21160247921943665,
-1.0454518795013428,
-0.9908586144447327,
0.18536606431007385,
-1.1149171590805054,
-0.1881961077451706,
0.7207837700843811,
0.6471868753433228,
0.8275043964385986,
0.6962396502494812,
0.5065412521362305,
-0.1322328895330429,
-0.6192330121994019,
0.01444995030760765,
0.3028750419616699,
0.40318459272384644,
-0.8447977304458618,
0.048940807580947876,
-1.1701258420944214,
0.2824024260044098,
-0.5884193181991577,
0.40592947602272034,
-0.50742107629776,
-0.2151154726743698,
-0.530628502368927,
0.30750930309295654,
-0.3397618234157562,
0.8120555877685547,
-1.2020390033721924,
-0.460323303937912,
0.019029872491955757,
-0.8665186166763306,
-0.6200762391090393,
0.06978052854537964,
-0.1254149228334427,
-0.539289653301239,
-0.4485998749732971,
0.6184191703796387,
-0.04345085844397545,
0.006770756561309099,
-0.384535014629364,
0.13818763196468353,
-0.9627132415771484,
0.8028627038002014,
0.3140265941619873,
0.23995845019817352,
0.6158647537231445,
-0.2401401251554489,
-0.2092435508966446,
-0.21051660180091858,
-0.12966735661029816,
0.985642671585083,
-0.48157408833503723,
0.05238332226872444,
-0.8448962569236755,
0.37649813294410706,
-0.05345958471298218,
-0.2548033595085144,
1.7019476890563965,
0.8018602728843689,
-0.7558799982070923,
0.5602489709854126,
-0.5553466081619263,
0.059589821845293045,
-0.3122405409812927,
-0.14329156279563904,
0.15028499066829681,
-0.2828068137168884,
0.5081905722618103,
-0.3465629518032074,
-0.15442204475402832,
0.5726881623268127,
-1.0919703245162964,
0.2869565188884735,
-0.30565139651298523,
0.46111127734184265,
-0.901261031627655,
0.2313820719718933,
1.0575147867202759,
0.7083113789558411,
-0.15310879051685333,
0.9136196970939636,
0.10074742138385773,
-0.4884728193283081,
-0.9814857840538025,
0.9967140555381775,
-0.14681953191757202,
0.5457592010498047,
0.22868776321411133,
0.7744653820991516,
1.1069319248199463,
-0.4003559350967407,
0.3814529478549957,
-0.47863703966140747,
0.14977027475833893,
0.3552609086036682,
-0.32246115803718567,
0.34756705164909363,
-0.3435755670070648,
-0.08186661452054977,
0.8605688214302063,
0.3701276183128357,
0.5268630385398865,
-0.28971171379089355,
0.8902915716171265,
0.7103250622749329,
0.011251312680542469,
-0.09738175570964813,
0.09287622570991516,
0.22268949449062347,
0.1189049780368805,
-0.3951450288295746,
0.17317302525043488,
0.24694369733333588,
0.2748342752456665,
-0.04274356737732887,
0.32299962639808655,
0.22273799777030945,
-0.12471785396337509,
-0.3999009430408478,
-0.2819540202617645,
-0.2689359486103058,
0.010270673781633377,
1.3297137022018433,
0.08112186193466187,
-0.2071850597858429,
0.30451610684394836,
0.7961335182189941,
0.15540647506713867,
0.5013014078140259,
0.3237092196941376,
-1.2077556848526,
-0.5926576852798462,
-0.3862573802471161,
-0.070674367249012,
0.06776110827922821,
0.4389397203922272,
-0.4080553948879242,
0.34000861644744873,
0.11734919995069504,
-0.3828159272670746,
0.26768919825553894,
-0.12984471023082733,
-1.061769962310791,
-0.3151141405105591,
-0.30706799030303955,
0.047383781522512436,
0.3835655748844147,
-0.5108264684677124,
-0.3965272903442383,
-0.5878674387931824,
-0.45293128490448,
-0.15497104823589325,
-0.5624868869781494,
0.2547742426395416,
0.14923521876335144,
-0.19620004296302795,
-0.66428542137146,
-0.6064284443855286,
-0.9558334350585938,
-0.4582890272140503,
-0.6454079747200012,
0.39636683464050293,
0.18126919865608215,
-0.16133879125118256,
-0.9717272520065308,
-0.030194571241736412,
0.1819915771484375,
1.6543468236923218,
0.553404688835144,
-0.32518190145492554,
0.36540305614471436,
0.5586471557617188,
0.6891895532608032,
-0.14493049681186676,
-0.2179608941078186,
-0.8233189582824707,
-0.8042756915092468,
0.33231061697006226,
-1.0108989477157593,
-0.49066832661628723,
-0.413949579000473,
-0.305765300989151,
-1.3895232677459717,
0.3725840449333191,
0.23078379034996033,
-0.2255321443080902,
-0.345487505197525,
0.34724023938179016,
-0.4155930280685425,
-0.2423861026763916,
0.187310129404068,
-0.6687869429588318,
-0.5728411078453064,
0.16455331444740295,
-1.0113576650619507,
-0.3396944999694824,
0.7237833142280579,
0.6083484292030334,
-0.7671166658401489,
0.5093988180160522,
0.23715953528881073,
0.18550585210323334,
0.4553571939468384,
-0.5873275995254517,
-0.9808165431022644,
0.3519510328769684,
-0.4511502981185913,
0.9990456104278564,
-0.460281640291214,
-0.6262472867965698,
0.5802207589149475,
-0.08924686163663864,
-1.1611016988754272,
0.38354042172431946,
0.3980197310447693,
-0.5258890390396118,
0.05612657591700554,
0.5998257994651794,
0.31901416182518005,
-0.45411962270736694,
-0.5341295599937439,
0.4728882610797882,
-0.16587428748607635,
-0.07729357481002808,
-1.0910571813583374,
-1.2786295413970947,
-0.38599729537963867,
0.6997544765472412,
0.12092567980289459,
1.0051578283309937,
0.2906182110309601,
0.18080052733421326,
0.2333337664604187,
-1.1887156963348389,
-0.9491144418716431,
-0.17091628909111023,
0.2893493175506592,
0.14932982623577118,
-0.9087585210800171,
-0.752835214138031,
1.374204397201538,
0.0339977964758873,
-0.5275312066078186,
-0.9303303956985474,
0.20470012724399567,
-0.8247097730636597,
-0.34720855951309204,
0.06516850739717484,
0.21333463490009308,
-0.11781007796525955,
-0.34132838249206543,
0.15772224962711334,
-1.259102702140808,
-0.040935542434453964,
0.1714872121810913,
0.6646429896354675,
-0.13605116307735443,
-0.3247022032737732,
1.1036618947982788,
0.4524773061275482,
-1.6532950401306152,
1.0534390211105347,
0.453390508890152,
0.28642767667770386,
-0.13593178987503052,
0.05773533135652542,
-0.1486581563949585,
-0.2572828531265259,
0.5893568992614746,
-0.5435687303543091,
-0.1061888039112091,
0.6178592443466187,
0.7764279246330261,
0.8328531980514526,
-1.0745360851287842,
-0.9138914346694946,
-0.8014177083969116,
-1.1236377954483032,
-0.05353255942463875,
-0.6520734429359436,
-0.36496707797050476,
0.11738318204879761,
0.0994170531630516,
0.08656950294971466,
-0.7139390707015991,
-0.5506115555763245,
0.7454197406768799,
-0.9047277569770813,
-0.03353400155901909,
0.22996045649051666,
-0.6229158043861389,
-0.5884350538253784,
-0.49706149101257324,
0.5355948805809021,
0.5086320638656616,
0.6248116493225098,
0.04465385153889656,
0.24032223224639893,
0.24496716260910034,
1.283504843711853,
0.6468505263328552,
-0.7787584066390991,
0.3273063600063324,
-0.23891448974609375,
-0.09397847950458527,
0.04585405811667442,
0.9581116437911987,
-0.07349537312984467,
-0.28591030836105347,
-0.6679980754852295,
-0.09025266766548157,
0.5844576358795166,
-0.2851369082927704,
0.03808751329779625,
0.5060790181159973,
0.23791447281837463,
0.6684264540672302,
-0.9176254868507385,
-0.16235089302062988,
0.33856770396232605,
0.2175111025571823,
-0.24647948145866394,
-0.19257308542728424,
0.7927560806274414,
-0.9010620713233948,
0.13983505964279175,
-0.10141555219888687,
-0.9362895488739014,
0.050920963287353516,
-0.5069441795349121,
-0.2706591784954071,
-0.33183392882347107,
-0.15461845695972443,
0.08513051271438599,
0.4570775032043457,
0.4775311052799225,
-0.2928038239479065,
-0.17931896448135376,
-0.652993381023407,
-0.21928925812244415,
-1.5025763511657715,
-0.3489442467689514,
0.14637786149978638,
0.1634070724248886,
0.15451984107494354,
0.5438566207885742,
-0.4874366223812103,
-0.2101060301065445,
0.21715708076953888,
-0.4145270586013794,
0.21908444166183472,
-0.04692671447992325,
0.14560513198375702,
-0.21863259375095367,
-0.6144568920135498,
-0.1798744946718216,
0.719948947429657,
0.20799660682678223,
0.9175506830215454,
-1.1693365573883057,
0.3647988438606262,
0.5214404463768005,
0.07026825100183487,
-0.15640173852443695,
0.4011269509792328,
-0.15924391150474548,
0.5662350058555603,
-0.12476921081542969,
1.1142539978027344,
0.5132291316986084,
0.6925297975540161,
-0.9636650681495667,
-0.005289766006171703,
0.2458241581916809,
0.7747489809989929,
-0.034117743372917175,
-0.22470608353614807,
-0.5685076117515564,
-0.3608900308609009,
0.45506736636161804,
-0.3039075434207916,
-0.8141915798187256,
-0.1985972821712494,
0.5698806047439575,
-0.15112721920013428,
0.25792333483695984,
-1.093808650970459,
0.1129709854722023,
0.6891562342643738,
0.6050631403923035,
-0.4835225045681,
1.1274781227111816,
0.43725425004959106,
-0.5131238698959351,
-0.08365855365991592,
-0.4021724760532379,
-0.10382519662380219,
0.12854039669036865,
-0.9414737820625305,
0.21892422437667847,
-0.9481813907623291,
0.4404743015766144,
-0.15739236772060394,
-0.41949471831321716,
-0.7843414545059204,
-0.18542516231536865,
-0.761837899684906,
0.055058375000953674,
1.172110676765442,
-0.04889703914523125,
-0.54719477891922,
0.2776033282279968,
0.35664352774620056,
1.061801791191101,
-0.22919733822345734,
0.646815836429596,
0.6157201528549194,
0.8179453015327454,
0.3284229338169098,
0.365579217672348,
0.47493672370910645,
0.3495407998561859,
-0.5113977789878845,
-0.47289925813674927,
-0.4507681131362915,
-0.5980018973350525,
0.6668354272842407,
0.39524930715560913,
0.29046154022216797,
0.38063210248947144,
0.73407381772995,
0.0008239696035161614,
0.039331063628196716,
-0.8452885746955872,
-0.16020388901233673,
0.42807507514953613,
-0.8979350924491882,
0.32204824686050415,
0.575480580329895,
0.496871680021286,
-0.23693466186523438,
0.42463091015815735,
0.5795166492462158,
0.081377774477005,
-0.4706961512565613,
0.7143877744674683,
-0.842236340045929,
-0.0922226533293724,
0.24459628760814667,
-0.22193041443824768,
-0.3810153007507324,
1.6336437463760376,
0.6115419268608093,
-0.04188499599695206,
-0.3302203416824341,
-0.4932190775871277,
-0.0037029441446065903,
-0.0919656828045845,
-0.30491903424263,
-0.11808302998542786,
-0.49425479769706726,
-1.1187530755996704,
-0.533680260181427,
0.27498072385787964,
-0.8013462424278259,
-0.40400514006614685,
-0.479061096906662,
-0.6670491099357605,
-0.5414383411407471,
-0.3753817081451416,
0.24249237775802612,
1.0340187549591064,
0.45911046862602234,
-1.1046150922775269,
0.9051222801208496,
-0.12983886897563934,
-0.6490647792816162,
-0.15402764081954956,
0.3719339370727539,
0.29293105006217957,
-0.5238425135612488,
0.019185800105333328,
-0.17900855839252472,
1.2464847564697266,
-0.28048473596572876,
-0.4768175482749939,
-0.574242353439331,
-0.1329018473625183,
-0.2567537724971771,
-0.24157516658306122,
-0.9551308155059814,
0.07535868883132935,
-0.45878732204437256,
-0.49264249205589294,
-0.6290043592453003,
-0.37648576498031616,
0.5837728977203369,
0.8617024421691895,
0.3242820203304291,
-0.26399117708206177,
-0.8723655939102173,
0.6424674391746521,
-0.5695422291755676,
0.09233896434307098,
-0.6578114032745361,
-0.26186859607696533,
0.023888973519206047,
-1.3120617866516113,
0.21675215661525726,
0.31321465969085693,
0.12669521570205688,
0.22993549704551697,
-0.2038336843252182,
1.0566145181655884,
-0.09594039618968964,
0.4713667631149292,
0.4775550067424774,
0.6587876677513123,
0.2280992567539215,
0.5872138738632202,
-0.19389283657073975,
-1.0551129579544067,
0.01968976855278015,
-0.159246563911438,
0.06667651981115341,
0.3049711585044861,
0.08859344571828842,
-0.6443100571632385,
0.215543732047081,
0.4254002571105957,
-0.01367911882698536,
-0.434012770652771
] |
|
60yica | I read once that what scitzophrenics experience can vary based on cultural influences. Is there truth to this and if so what exactly would cause this to occur? | The specific article i read (I wouldn't know where to look for it to cite it now) claimed that in one particular culture the voices heard by scitzophrenics tended to be friendlier and more positive. They contrasted this to patients in western nations that tend to have hallucinations that are more negative or even sinister qualities. | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"dfagxqo",
"dfalj91",
"dfaix8s",
"dfasyq6",
"dfbdfd6"
],
"text": [
"As far as I'm aware the actual source and nature of hallucinations is not well understood, and I doubt it will be for a very long time. \n\nIts important to note that in Western culture mental illness is mostly stigmatized, and its thought that actually quite a high amount people experience 'positive' hallucination but don't come to attention of mental health providers, or identify as schizophrenic.",
"Generally, the idea of \"culturally-bound\" schizophrenia does NOT refer to it being \"worse\" or \"better\" when it afflicts people from certain cultures. It's referring the fact that schizophrenic psychosis and delusional thinking is usually framed in a way that makes sense in your society.\n\nSo, for instance, a schizophrenic person in a deeply religious culture might perceive spiritual beings influencing or controlling their thoughts - whereas a schizophrenic person in a highly technological society might believe they are being manipulated and monitored by a government or other surveillance apparatus. As far as I am aware, there is no meaningful research that suggests one \"delusion framework\" is more or less severe than another.\n\nBasically, your delusions grow around the world you inhabit, and your culture shapes that world.",
"As someone with schizoaffective disorder(schizophrenia symptoms depressive type) I just wanted to agree with /u/ThomasEdmund84 in that I probably have just as many positive voices and hallucinations as I do negative and am in America where they claim the voices should be/are normally negative.",
"One good point is that nowadays people experience delusions related to technology: someone is listening to my phone, there are cameras in the microwave, and you can be fairly certain that this was not the case a hundred years ago. So saying that culture influences the symptoms is just saying that the mental effects mirror in some complicated way the surrounding world.",
"I vaguely recall the paper you're talking about, and I believe the difference was the way mental illnesses were generally perceived by society, i.e. people in societies where mental illnesses were not viewed as scary/violent/frightening were more likely to report \"friendlier\" voices.\n\nOf course there is a cultural component to schizophrenia--you interpret your hallucinations and delusions in a way that matches your culture/environment. But there is nothing about culture that changes the illness of schizophrenia. It is fundamentally the same thing across all cultures."
],
"score": [
8,
4,
4,
3,
2
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | I read once that what scitzophrenics experience can vary based on cultural influences. Is there truth to this and if so what exactly would cause this to occur?
The specific article i read (I wouldn't know where to look for it to cite it now) claimed that in one particular culture the voices heard by scitzophrenics tended to be friendlier and more positive. They contrasted this to patients in western nations that tend to have hallucinations that are more negative or even sinister qualities. | [
0.1712132692337036,
-0.7521761059761047,
0.7934560179710388,
-0.39312872290611267,
-0.8750286102294922,
-0.22738783061504364,
0.6675040125846863,
-1.0302987098693848,
0.5705594420433044,
0.14471134543418884,
0.8071451187133789,
0.32073044776916504,
-0.3685894310474396,
1.2820476293563843,
-0.19536080956459045,
-0.01973179541528225,
1.1337928771972656,
0.4300294816493988,
-1.3786660432815552,
0.03185999393463135,
0.1969914585351944,
-0.13023872673511505,
0.17433972656726837,
1.0922526121139526,
0.27711406350135803,
0.037046827375888824,
0.7601364254951477,
0.08548421412706375,
0.8299210667610168,
-0.2904828190803528,
0.3218039870262146,
0.6770225763320923,
-0.984628438949585,
-0.17104047536849976,
0.4040745496749878,
-0.013726641424000263,
0.7844296097755432,
-0.4971766173839569,
0.6852511167526245,
-1.139219880104065,
0.5096557140350342,
-0.780516505241394,
-0.09700042754411697,
1.056864619255066,
-0.5183591842651367,
0.13700468838214874,
-0.27608728408813477,
0.8253448605537415,
-0.8019917607307434,
-0.08501853048801422,
-0.6224560141563416,
0.37532156705856323,
0.6450045704841614,
0.47382548451423645,
0.24351955950260162,
0.352476567029953,
-0.2798045575618744,
-0.34984534978866577,
0.7296447157859802,
-0.20138007402420044,
0.475582093000412,
-0.16578572988510132,
-0.5449350476264954,
-1.0629513263702393,
-0.23924140632152557,
-0.23711861670017242,
-0.376258909702301,
0.1382887065410614,
-0.17919094860553741,
-0.3510923385620117,
0.6136813759803772,
-0.3030085563659668,
-0.3437609374523163,
-0.6869033575057983,
0.14301419258117676,
0.14217215776443481,
0.690503716468811,
-0.054956790059804916,
-0.24693873524665833,
-0.35653239488601685,
-0.6602742671966553,
-0.4139990508556366,
-0.26574185490608215,
0.3505420386791229,
0.053568582981824875,
0.2562633454799652,
0.14257051050662994,
-0.3856657147407532,
-0.21405763924121857,
0.5491675138473511,
-0.5652857422828674,
-0.6245478987693787,
0.1517859548330307,
0.3658860921859741,
-0.0015653410227969289,
-0.0017154272645711899,
0.8653261661529541,
-0.8729417324066162,
0.09969937056303024,
0.4340086579322815,
0.5987093448638916,
0.49481838941574097,
0.624150812625885,
0.43904274702072144,
0.013896824792027473,
-0.6233643889427185,
0.5944770574569702,
-0.18667949736118317,
-0.09651324898004532,
-0.049701888114213943,
-0.5849220752716064,
0.6332307457923889,
0.4440712034702301,
0.6805423498153687,
0.14878912270069122,
-0.9023194909095764,
0.36978480219841003,
-0.7545512318611145,
-0.13565458357334137,
0.822013795375824,
-0.08582641929388046,
0.012388933449983597,
0.4886482357978821,
-0.3623521029949188,
-0.17337051033973694,
0.6818799376487732,
-0.27200642228126526,
0.356395423412323,
-0.21105031669139862,
-0.3349928855895996,
0.4460873603820801,
-0.018942199647426605,
0.8077490329742432,
-0.26655474305152893,
-0.20596934854984283,
-0.48408642411231995,
-0.23292276263237,
0.11155582964420319,
-0.5558508038520813,
0.33185869455337524,
-0.33515313267707825,
0.16995351016521454,
0.4135967195034027,
-0.4551827907562256,
0.14641638100147247,
-0.44293734431266785,
-1.2869691848754883,
-0.029652651399374008,
-0.21745221316814423,
-0.5124108791351318,
-0.7100496292114258,
-0.13952507078647614,
0.8008630275726318,
-0.443850040435791,
0.45491111278533936,
-0.46649137139320374,
0.32953304052352905,
-0.7033335566520691,
-0.020677467808127403,
0.07112491130828857,
-0.4237495958805084,
-0.6005615592002869,
0.4176252484321594,
-0.2629843056201935,
0.4028358459472656,
-0.23710304498672485,
-0.8542530536651611,
-0.3133339583873749,
-0.761369526386261,
0.4568374454975128,
-0.19297073781490326,
-0.35360440611839294,
1.1983304023742676,
-0.07833200693130493,
0.7699196338653564,
-0.9129543900489807,
-0.7340665459632874,
0.049182090908288956,
-0.23809058964252472,
0.32734858989715576,
0.33131787180900574,
0.051164448261260986,
-0.013954623602330685,
0.4539357125759125,
-0.9535670876502991,
0.5045037269592285,
-0.39183375239372253,
-0.5414524078369141,
0.05253945291042328,
0.17248515784740448,
0.46942809224128723,
0.17805328965187073,
-1.3482764959335327,
0.2927549481391907,
0.9944760203361511,
-0.23374584317207336,
0.05740015581250191,
0.8106310367584229,
0.24268501996994019,
-0.6351409554481506,
-0.5192020535469055,
-0.9145736694335938,
-0.022998876869678497,
0.545501708984375,
-0.03155829384922981,
0.4922899901866913,
-0.08349760621786118,
-0.047271255403757095,
0.2045847326517105,
-0.10492351651191711,
-0.015671387314796448,
1.1748504638671875,
-0.6472457647323608,
-0.2199140042066574,
-0.27819767594337463,
0.19574357569217682,
0.1143394187092781,
0.21242234110832214,
-0.36957603693008423,
-0.027752021327614784,
0.23745961487293243,
-0.5541312098503113,
0.019512291997671127,
0.5206655859947205,
0.9377670288085938,
0.19575336575508118,
-0.08813221752643585,
0.4862998127937317,
0.08649759739637375,
-0.25640684366226196,
-0.13345158100128174,
-0.21597762405872345,
-0.0003671757585834712,
0.2537381052970886,
-0.21877551078796387,
-1.0923488140106201,
-1.350348949432373,
-1.307204008102417,
0.7092787027359009,
-0.960808515548706,
-0.5432496070861816,
0.7972363829612732,
0.16261163353919983,
0.38166287541389465,
0.5390657782554626,
0.16118259727954865,
-0.5708341598510742,
-0.5626031160354614,
-0.24275743961334229,
-0.28937238454818726,
-0.41074949502944946,
-0.9420809149742126,
-0.7758486866950989,
-0.49089211225509644,
0.7654163837432861,
-0.600726306438446,
0.6947053074836731,
-0.4718465805053711,
-0.36200442910194397,
-0.16833439469337463,
0.20580802857875824,
0.021607866510748863,
0.24232429265975952,
-0.05886342003941536,
-1.059136986732483,
-0.007700790651142597,
-0.7495952844619751,
-0.4128623902797699,
0.4464455246925354,
0.09892451763153076,
0.036929238587617874,
-0.19312386214733124,
0.3520391285419464,
0.09317861497402191,
-0.6301240921020508,
-1.3424795866012573,
-0.1385594606399536,
-0.8217971920967102,
1.0901470184326172,
0.3487392067909241,
-0.03742865473031998,
0.5600360035896301,
-0.07392384856939316,
-0.46906939148902893,
-0.23381829261779785,
-0.21096940338611603,
0.6907690763473511,
-0.1727987825870514,
0.7586915493011475,
-1.3710886240005493,
0.5346766114234924,
0.41930025815963745,
-0.1566135436296463,
1.200386643409729,
0.5067882537841797,
-0.1284027099609375,
0.5972303152084351,
1.1291178464889526,
-0.2960016429424286,
0.18953783810138702,
-0.2700403034687042,
0.029272234067320824,
0.46568480134010315,
0.947247326374054,
-0.6376850008964539,
0.42145007848739624,
0.11571987718343735,
-1.3043534755706787,
-0.1939661055803299,
-0.10738782584667206,
0.05279010534286499,
-0.3744805157184601,
0.15566688776016235,
0.7170391082763672,
0.2882454991340637,
-0.03512493148446083,
-0.041010063141584396,
0.0013409181265160441,
-0.27583637833595276,
-0.20600666105747223,
-0.9985972046852112,
0.2058827430009842,
0.3046153485774994,
-0.1822565793991089,
-0.3990151584148407,
0.9410435557365417,
-0.29585614800453186,
0.5172523260116577,
-0.5141425728797913,
0.23371675610542297,
0.5162136554718018,
0.20369894802570343,
0.148829847574234,
0.7192559838294983,
0.12005597352981567,
-0.44402480125427246,
-0.5869076251983643,
0.4338695704936981,
0.2772039473056793,
0.2669258713722229,
0.6513939499855042,
0.5181004405021667,
-0.18783080577850342,
0.49202752113342285,
-0.2640518248081207,
-0.4172842800617218,
-1.0350441932678223,
0.41757261753082275,
0.30631470680236816,
0.2455875426530838,
-0.2098856270313263,
0.5099353790283203,
0.5711700320243835,
-0.30064186453819275,
0.17441044747829437,
0.5654590725898743,
-0.5031833052635193,
-0.31568896770477295,
1.0044347047805786,
-0.29219943284988403,
-0.24800536036491394,
1.0680285692214966,
0.595565915107727,
-0.056090474128723145,
0.44016769528388977,
-0.8292177319526672,
-1.1405056715011597,
-0.4765666425228119,
0.3149764835834503,
0.865617573261261,
-0.2067958414554596,
0.3894641101360321,
0.028613217175006866,
-0.23917526006698608,
-0.07872804999351501,
-0.42764753103256226,
1.2147374153137207,
0.3779304027557373,
-0.4294678866863251,
-0.17450715601444244,
0.00449106190353632,
0.3531453013420105,
0.6461055874824524,
-0.11610165983438492,
-0.14263872802257538,
-0.6576213836669922,
-0.48207759857177734,
-0.03217091038823128,
0.39896368980407715,
0.33547243475914,
-0.02360946126282215,
-0.11088450253009796,
-0.09598623961210251,
-0.7937048673629761,
-0.4941598176956177,
-0.19820019602775574,
-1.3033510446548462,
0.16882702708244324,
0.42309820652008057,
-0.4128241539001465,
-0.4043942093849182,
0.8165439367294312,
-0.12071406096220016,
0.8767740726470947,
0.6831824779510498,
-0.16542713344097137,
0.6627413034439087,
0.036681268364191055,
1.1420785188674927,
-1.375742793083191,
0.1456449031829834,
-0.9913938045501709,
-0.5095555782318115,
0.34231531620025635,
-0.11137068271636963,
-0.36149364709854126,
-0.3163696229457855,
-1.023424744606018,
-0.20403826236724854,
-0.3425486087799072,
0.4390217363834381,
-0.21234306693077087,
0.31653764843940735,
0.7058258056640625,
-0.00004732163142762147,
-0.2821236848831177,
0.3016259968280792,
-0.6248297095298767,
0.06344433128833771,
0.8031141757965088,
-1.1762113571166992,
-0.45826274156570435,
-0.34770867228507996,
0.2664872109889984,
-0.8606624603271484,
-0.23645880818367004,
-0.7354061007499695,
0.32057085633277893,
0.3040349781513214,
-1.3547146320343018,
-1.09237802028656,
0.2646636366844177,
-0.3373287618160248,
0.29424533247947693,
-0.018119607120752335,
-0.33827120065689087,
0.6026192307472229,
0.5647379755973816,
-0.2366045117378235,
-0.3756849765777588,
-0.017362773418426514,
-0.14636287093162537,
-0.33877378702163696,
0.11472215503454208,
0.28872090578079224,
-0.3552790880203247,
-0.6729608774185181,
0.5954135060310364,
-0.21894660592079163,
0.44408032298088074,
-0.28035637736320496,
0.2052815705537796,
0.05410667508840561,
0.4468550980091095,
0.36060842871665955,
0.6699934601783752,
-0.21143098175525665,
0.2175915390253067,
0.14191240072250366,
-1.0396925210952759,
-0.7143924832344055,
-0.20879147946834564,
0.47067439556121826,
0.37725988030433655,
-1.1216716766357422,
-0.5454108715057373,
0.8050182461738586,
-0.028057729825377464,
0.22708231210708618,
-1.043112874031067,
-0.10958539694547653,
-0.7579033374786377,
-0.08512038737535477,
-0.2552628219127655,
0.6644519567489624,
-0.09657219052314758,
-0.9951749444007874,
-0.13751421868801117,
-0.7810582518577576,
0.2038058042526245,
-0.6500255465507507,
0.5141674876213074,
-0.14225170016288757,
1.2429521083831787,
0.8769004940986633,
0.3163333833217621,
-0.5429347157478333,
0.6123977303504944,
0.031252022832632065,
-0.41331368684768677,
-0.7001469135284424,
0.03697808086872101,
-0.23157274723052979,
-0.5937286615371704,
-0.29136013984680176,
-0.49531859159469604,
-0.1928117275238037,
0.19302970170974731,
1.1577705144882202,
0.4285311698913574,
-0.14889709651470184,
-0.08969123661518097,
0.2478000968694687,
-0.5804820656776428,
0.24871645867824554,
-0.04808717221021652,
-0.6246446371078491,
0.558643639087677,
0.0870320126414299,
0.4176982343196869,
-0.1264999955892563,
-0.1005650982260704,
1.1001644134521484,
-0.36719846725463867,
-0.10481035709381104,
-0.037496209144592285,
-0.9496282339096069,
-0.5966503620147705,
0.36415451765060425,
0.15549971163272858,
0.3899781405925751,
-0.47475215792655945,
-0.8190468549728394,
1.1088522672653198,
-0.19574910402297974,
0.7024075388908386,
0.6658807992935181,
-0.1585073173046112,
1.320878505706787,
0.19951483607292175,
0.6189684271812439,
0.2675773799419403,
0.4801211357116699,
0.21586251258850098,
-0.6972437500953674,
0.3676265776157379,
0.6012274026870728,
-0.29960742592811584,
-0.7192357182502747,
0.0592009462416172,
-0.21070170402526855,
-0.07657669484615326,
-0.1013881042599678,
-0.5403881669044495,
-0.11420613527297974,
-0.1462184637784958,
0.21203413605690002,
-0.2963590919971466,
0.1922008991241455,
-0.0206785649061203,
-0.13886679708957672,
-0.10397089272737503,
-0.043964967131614685,
-0.5419515371322632,
0.009946120902895927,
-0.6113845705986023,
-0.6004897356033325,
0.34274014830589294,
-0.5732471346855164,
-0.2261987179517746,
-0.053207878023386,
1.1897345781326294,
-0.03419000655412674,
-0.6725881099700928,
0.5181339383125305,
0.20097456872463226,
-0.6972993016242981,
0.20030158758163452,
-0.042951375246047974,
0.021144207566976547,
0.41395989060401917,
0.2297370731830597,
-0.0028909165412187576,
0.4671548008918762,
0.28317227959632874,
-0.2817017734050751,
0.38407260179519653,
-0.561636745929718,
0.34029239416122437,
-0.34782665967941284,
-0.4980282187461853,
0.3731233477592468,
-0.03448711335659027,
-0.1585482507944107,
0.11059743165969849,
0.33274391293525696,
-0.09585036337375641,
-0.09101807326078415,
0.5732417702674866,
-0.5104846358299255,
0.133234441280365,
0.05030493065714836,
0.9575649499893188,
0.008445335552096367,
0.5878757238388062,
-0.0812763199210167,
0.7451801300048828,
-0.16870073974132538,
-0.15190106630325317,
0.19127771258354187,
0.4394034743309021,
0.07714007794857025,
0.09085378795862198,
-0.44842997193336487,
-0.3258267045021057,
0.3248341977596283,
-0.08366639912128448,
-0.38130295276641846,
0.11265622079372406,
0.19857697188854218,
0.8541048169136047,
0.2009999305009842,
-0.6062482595443726,
-0.15662504732608795,
0.8541481494903564,
-0.11751160770654678,
0.4105474650859833,
0.4653688371181488,
0.5870574712753296,
0.1442762017250061,
0.48866137862205505,
-0.652414858341217,
1.243760585784912,
-0.12622810900211334,
-0.9574044942855835,
-0.21471625566482544,
-0.8005813956260681,
0.4650638997554779,
-0.003473321907222271,
-0.3384333550930023,
0.08544781804084778,
0.11838886141777039,
0.4344094395637512,
0.3935627341270447,
0.3552899658679962,
-0.1400575339794159,
-0.8015191555023193,
0.7213225960731506,
-0.369038850069046,
0.8270739912986755,
-0.3362766206264496,
0.7400458455085754,
0.07350894808769226,
0.3284911513328552,
0.652026355266571,
0.3120065927505493,
0.5769257545471191,
-0.5140178203582764,
-0.0029837461188435555,
0.5071585178375244,
-0.738145649433136,
0.17217393219470978,
-0.9105700850486755,
-0.5068878531455994,
0.83769690990448,
0.4102992117404938,
0.04581618681550026,
0.573374330997467,
-0.0912153497338295,
-0.9529200792312622,
0.046639956533908844,
-0.3549499213695526,
-0.26458740234375,
-0.2989838719367981,
1.0037569999694824,
-0.3458980619907379,
-0.14813731610774994,
-0.017708253115415573,
0.006599632557481527,
0.44446176290512085,
-0.36246997117996216,
0.370700478553772,
-0.48395803570747375,
-0.043604776263237,
-0.3914954960346222,
-0.4195069372653961,
-0.6129559874534607,
0.6859391927719116,
0.806078314781189,
-1.0891964435577393,
-0.6281012296676636,
-0.7913179397583008,
0.0313030481338501,
-0.27065157890319824,
-0.4419354200363159,
0.3256453275680542,
-0.907623291015625,
-0.2802141606807709,
-0.767677903175354,
-0.16410201787948608,
-0.20477013289928436,
-0.32712337374687195,
-0.6882883310317993,
-0.26657599210739136,
-0.1604689508676529,
0.7045957446098328,
0.13147221505641937,
0.8943189382553101,
-0.4872198700904846,
-0.05493515729904175,
0.7800038456916809,
-0.6242821216583252,
-1.0235512256622314,
-0.32363593578338623,
-0.15911871194839478,
0.6053767800331116,
-0.25430795550346375,
0.02707855775952339,
-0.019784191623330116,
-0.022506780922412872,
-1.0508173704147339,
-0.32056117057800293,
-0.1426744908094406,
-0.788339376449585,
-0.3888741731643677,
0.2618684768676758,
-0.550375759601593,
-0.25117573142051697,
-0.08199016004800797,
-0.49899640679359436,
-0.5736024975776672,
0.2520011365413666,
0.05229294300079346,
0.5881072282791138,
0.041296664625406265,
0.4447190761566162,
-0.4376847743988037,
0.6223642230033875,
-0.2635170817375183,
0.2366543561220169,
0.08526553958654404,
-0.1396101862192154,
-0.23935575783252716,
-1.4572927951812744,
0.2757897675037384,
-0.5735741257667542,
-0.19819793105125427,
0.6199192404747009,
0.43782225251197815,
0.025731101632118225,
0.6091533303260803,
0.19768205285072327,
-0.2721056044101715,
0.14457115530967712,
-0.5066233277320862,
0.19725047051906586,
-0.6230385303497314,
-0.704561173915863,
-0.9406508803367615,
-0.32677161693573,
-0.058862511068582535,
0.6293611526489258,
0.2771435081958771,
0.18836872279644012,
-0.03854409232735634,
0.002882277825847268,
-0.21300753951072693,
-0.1659747213125229
] |
|
w8304 | Neuroscience - Libet's experiments on consciousness - some questions | So I've been reading a lot of science fiction recently, and I've become interested in the idea of who we are, and what constitutes *being*.
I came across [this video by zefrank](_URL_0_) about consciousness, and it provoked many questions in my mind relating to what being human is, much like the idea of 'Do androids dream of electric sheep' - except without the androids.
Wanting to write a short story on the matter, I researched a little more into [Benjamin Libet's experiment,](_URL_1_) however the wikipedia page does not cover it in much detail.
To any neuroscientists among you, I would like to ask some questions regarding the experiments he carried out.
Firstly, what is the view of the scientific community on these experiments? Are they valid? Is the conclusion that they suggest that free will does not exist, or am I missing something?
Secondly, how much room for error is there in the experiments he carried out? From what I can determine, he asked subjects to note when they felt the *urge* to act - but what about the time taken for the urge to note the urge to act? Wouldn't the thought of having to note a thought provoke the inception of said thought, much like the "do not think of a purple elephant" effect?
On a slightly unrelated note, to avoid me sounding like a fool if I ever get further with this idea than the drawing board, is the name 'Libet' pronounced "lee-bay" (like in French) or "libbit"?
**TL;DR explain Libet's experiments on human consciousness to me.**
| askscience | {
"a_id": [
"c5b4fih",
"c5b4gco",
"c5b4l6m"
],
"text": [
"I recently wrote a paper on the subject of neurology and free will so perhaps I can shed some light on the subject. Libet performed a series of tests, which have been mimicked in various ways since. The essential idea is to give a volunteer a simple physical task to complete, for example moving their wrist or pushing a button. They are allowed to do this action at any time of their choosing, but must indicate vocally or record personally the time when they felt that they had *chosen* to perform their action. The strange result he found was that regions in the brain associated with motor function became active *before* people felt that they had made a choice to move!\n\nThe significance of this finding, which has been repeated many times again since Libet's first test, is that unconscious brain functions actively influence (what we perceive to be) conscious decisions. More recent studies have shown that unconscious brain activity, detected **seconds** before a conscious feeling of decision-making, can be used to make predictions on behavior that are better than chance! While these findings don't eliminate a possibility of traditional free will, they certainly undermine the conventional understanding of it.\n\nFree will is generally understood to be something like this: I am a free agent, my actions are unknown to anyone except myself, and they are ultimately decided by the conscious decisions I make.\n\nThis conception of free will is largely out of sync with findings like Libet's, not to mention our understanding of the universe (at the macro scale) as a Deterministic enterprise. But perhaps that debate should be left aside for now eh?\n\nTl;dr: Modern neuroscience is drastically changing our understanding of free will and the role of conscious thought in determining human choice. \nThings just don't work the way people assume they do.\n\n(If anyone wants a copy of my essay I'll be happy to provide it.)",
"Are they valid. Absolutely. But then going on to claim the \"free will doesn't exist\" is a big jump. Though I would generally say, in my interaction with neuroscientists, those that think about it, generally don't think free will exists. or put it another way, that the brain is deterministic (though that doesn't necessarily rule out free will according to some). All Libet's original experiment really shows is that there is brain activity indicating movement is going to take place, before people are aware consciously. That's all, at least according to me. If you want to read something deeper into it, then all I think you can read into it is that the conscious mind (whatever that is) is informed of our behavior from activity of bits of the brain. In reality, this should not come as a shock. By reading out brain stem activity, we could tell whether someone had heard a sound 10s of milliseconds before they were consciously aware that they heard it. So what? The brain has stages of processing, some are earlier than others. \n\nIf you want to look how to pronounce his name, you should look at the top of the wikipedia article you linked to.",
"Not a neuroscientist, but from what gather, his experiments are valid since they have been repeated and achieved the same results. However, they dont suggest that there is no free will in movement. Even Libet didnt interpret his results like that. He wrote later that he thought that free will acted to inhibit movements elicited involuntarily, instead of starting them.\n\nAnswering your second question, there is indeed room for error. There as been a lot of criticism on these experiments. Although the results are not quetioned, the same cant be said about the methods. It can be argued that by accepting your role in the experiment, and consequently, moving your hand, you are using free will. Other question relate to what you pointed out, the subjectivity of having the subject of e experiment determining the time of the urge.\n\nThe said, I'm not really an expert. I found this [article](_URL_0_) really interesting. Hope it can answer your questions more clearly."
],
"score": [
6,
5,
3
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vnN0L-wkU-Y&feature=g-vrec",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Libet#Volitional_acts_and_readiness_potential"
]
} | {
"url": [
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1950571/pdf/nihms24077.pdf"
]
} | Neuroscience - Libet's experiments on consciousness - some questions
So I've been reading a lot of science fiction recently, and I've become interested in the idea of who we are, and what constitutes *being*. I came across [this video by zefrank](_URL_0_) about consciousness, and it provoked many questions in my mind relating to what being human is, much like the idea of 'Do androids dream of electric sheep' - except without the androids. Wanting to write a short story on the matter, I researched a little more into [Benjamin Libet's experiment,](_URL_1_) however the wikipedia page does not cover it in much detail. To any neuroscientists among you, I would like to ask some questions regarding the experiments he carried out. Firstly, what is the view of the scientific community on these experiments? Are they valid? Is the conclusion that they suggest that free will does not exist, or am I missing something? Secondly, how much room for error is there in the experiments he carried out? From what I can determine, he asked subjects to note when they felt the *urge* to act - but what about the time taken for the urge to note the urge to act? Wouldn't the thought of having to note a thought provoke the inception of said thought, much like the "do not think of a purple elephant" effect? On a slightly unrelated note, to avoid me sounding like a fool if I ever get further with this idea than the drawing board, is the name 'Libet' pronounced "lee-bay" (like in French) or "libbit"? **TL;DR explain Libet's experiments on human consciousness to me.** | [
-0.2017582207918167,
-0.5391777157783508,
0.7014179825782776,
-0.540735125541687,
-0.724892258644104,
-0.349610835313797,
-0.09237197041511536,
-0.8137223124504089,
0.9645077586174011,
0.24232472479343414,
0.9358969330787659,
0.34197908639907837,
-0.20036908984184265,
0.8613431453704834,
-0.22630983591079712,
-0.7925743460655212,
0.9485300183296204,
0.025214873254299164,
-0.19397637248039246,
-0.39759036898612976,
0.3365309536457062,
0.3583071529865265,
0.08603986352682114,
1.5230860710144043,
-0.6962478160858154,
-0.19060447812080383,
0.1987210512161255,
0.35616686940193176,
0.8929456472396851,
0.3243579864501953,
0.10176949203014374,
0.11949321627616882,
-0.8922553658485413,
0.12184871733188629,
0.25693053007125854,
0.03565887361764908,
0.9311754107475281,
-0.01609308272600174,
0.7707547545433044,
-0.890354335308075,
-0.12708529829978943,
-0.9271640777587891,
0.220361590385437,
0.5798789858818054,
-0.223284050822258,
-0.7350378632545471,
0.6144123077392578,
0.8881313800811768,
-1.3021637201309204,
0.31615620851516724,
-0.22306343913078308,
-0.031720247119665146,
0.6464294195175171,
-0.04040111228823662,
0.3746301233768463,
-0.18768325448036194,
0.587030291557312,
-0.8874768614768982,
1.1729182004928589,
-0.016236374154686928,
0.963723361492157,
-0.18175740540027618,
-0.2535896301269531,
-0.6980462670326233,
-0.10914614796638489,
-0.544567883014679,
-0.532561719417572,
0.811249852180481,
-0.5239107608795166,
0.061887890100479126,
0.10314594209194183,
-0.38720983266830444,
-0.36221006512641907,
-0.48718124628067017,
0.22556385397911072,
-0.7055677771568298,
1.1850504875183105,
0.34920433163642883,
-0.45729783177375793,
-0.31133681535720825,
-0.07646454125642776,
0.24944917857646942,
0.659490168094635,
0.7287399768829346,
-0.10433217883110046,
0.3766059875488281,
0.16054564714431763,
-0.6696906089782715,
-0.3938854932785034,
0.6418084502220154,
-0.642680287361145,
0.0885329395532608,
0.2075803279876709,
-0.041165463626384735,
0.5455067157745361,
0.020200330764055252,
0.2004590928554535,
-0.8009329438209534,
0.09467656165361404,
0.9277771711349487,
-0.39583805203437805,
0.6592322587966919,
0.009817391633987427,
1.1822751760482788,
0.059928037226200104,
-0.3634708821773529,
0.2172611951828003,
-0.9586392045021057,
-0.39669671654701233,
0.0025189109146595,
0.5142403841018677,
1.3978955745697021,
0.25435349345207214,
-0.02094724029302597,
-0.47787901759147644,
-1.250493049621582,
0.25955110788345337,
-0.5913478136062622,
0.6923083662986755,
0.19233039021492004,
0.0592380166053772,
0.06721450388431549,
0.7065988183021545,
0.16799454391002655,
0.20487093925476074,
0.34094467759132385,
-0.5131003260612488,
0.39224478602409363,
-0.128717839717865,
-0.6169227361679077,
0.1998278796672821,
0.5486111044883728,
0.8472720384597778,
-0.11989195644855499,
0.3427536189556122,
-0.5831501483917236,
-0.8699674606323242,
-0.13948926329612732,
-0.8087916970252991,
0.14777421951293945,
-1.0039125680923462,
-0.23148196935653687,
0.678909420967102,
-0.4204147458076477,
-0.18431448936462402,
-0.8463784456253052,
-1.0793566703796387,
-0.15759345889091492,
-0.005249090492725372,
-0.4964221119880676,
-1.6013802289962769,
-0.2364390343427658,
0.5336183309555054,
-0.5945233702659607,
1.3464910984039307,
0.31666144728660583,
0.10754857957363129,
-0.4601142406463623,
0.7582337260246277,
0.07411777973175049,
-0.8266429901123047,
-0.3583950996398926,
0.002244936302304268,
0.07067307084798813,
0.313316285610199,
-0.5050706267356873,
-0.16467374563217163,
-0.43468034267425537,
0.08458521217107773,
0.3805859684944153,
-0.04307688772678375,
-0.39867764711380005,
0.9668346047401428,
0.3469172716140747,
1.1890116930007935,
-0.3881687819957733,
0.9781793355941772,
0.1658637523651123,
-0.36214303970336914,
0.2906876504421234,
0.012025298550724983,
-0.5714424252510071,
0.06283850967884064,
0.7176262140274048,
-0.7958503365516663,
-0.042575862258672714,
-0.008398137055337429,
-0.028918243944644928,
0.28720834851264954,
0.30774933099746704,
0.5810184478759766,
-0.06158719211816788,
-1.7960580587387085,
0.35353997349739075,
0.7278620004653931,
-0.055589836090803146,
0.05878205597400665,
0.6259585618972778,
0.3612383306026459,
-0.22868582606315613,
-0.046844977885484695,
-1.0903617143630981,
-0.024207618087530136,
-0.14485736191272736,
0.01222163438796997,
0.12165650725364685,
0.6660348773002625,
0.2875683009624481,
-0.009388241916894913,
-0.24602900445461273,
-0.04841352999210358,
1.2443982362747192,
-0.13510529696941376,
-0.6047652959823608,
-0.04010443389415741,
0.4623373746871948,
-0.33290067315101624,
0.4212390184402466,
-0.3086051940917969,
0.0370897576212883,
0.48675960302352905,
-0.14572885632514954,
0.48106837272644043,
0.5479899048805237,
0.895391583442688,
0.11707339435815811,
-0.5381325483322144,
-0.007970111444592476,
0.13949327170848846,
0.006516151130199432,
-0.6217511892318726,
-0.2900954484939575,
-0.18882037699222565,
0.5251169204711914,
0.26995760202407837,
-0.715878427028656,
-1.4157390594482422,
-1.3252179622650146,
0.39399254322052,
-0.6489936709403992,
-0.24946440756320953,
0.9275072813034058,
0.44606122374534607,
0.4370300769805908,
0.7436333298683167,
0.14691120386123657,
-0.017105121165513992,
-0.8795369863510132,
0.12740355730056763,
-0.4129651188850403,
0.1685056835412979,
-0.548970639705658,
-0.42524293065071106,
-1.0275613069534302,
0.841931164264679,
-1.1753599643707275,
0.6747493147850037,
-0.6333420872688293,
0.3579593002796173,
0.2455633282661438,
0.1192370355129242,
-0.23992563784122467,
0.9112751483917236,
-0.23239511251449585,
-1.040540099143982,
0.6030488014221191,
-0.3703747093677521,
-0.4572167992591858,
0.3026694655418396,
0.38546305894851685,
-0.007322849705815315,
-0.33200687170028687,
0.13619643449783325,
0.22232505679130554,
0.43856281042099,
-0.44688689708709717,
-0.09299494326114655,
-0.2740514278411865,
0.4185851812362671,
0.5481094717979431,
0.4973529875278473,
0.11714670807123184,
-0.1547057032585144,
-1.2692210674285889,
-0.07678094506263733,
-0.03987789899110794,
0.532311737537384,
-0.23051834106445312,
0.46098047494888306,
-1.0985504388809204,
0.7451706528663635,
-0.1989513337612152,
-0.060372598469257355,
1.2358089685440063,
0.62248694896698,
-0.4130745530128479,
0.3215247690677643,
0.8809560537338257,
-0.060522351413965225,
-0.04356612637639046,
-0.46830689907073975,
0.5548926591873169,
0.5518189668655396,
-0.11985678970813751,
-0.303835928440094,
0.18304505944252014,
0.6477870941162109,
-0.9782958626747131,
0.503869354724884,
-0.44169798493385315,
0.036521267145872116,
-0.5484405755996704,
-0.20517249405384064,
1.201244831085205,
-0.12141524255275726,
0.23368938267230988,
0.7682986259460449,
-0.5824297666549683,
-1.1352237462997437,
-0.521138608455658,
-0.10885836184024811,
0.10365064442157745,
0.5346922874450684,
0.4205123484134674,
-0.07061345130205154,
1.1270356178283691,
-0.3751627802848816,
0.5043221712112427,
-0.29096999764442444,
0.5544726252555847,
0.6055570244789124,
-0.3486854135990143,
0.6796743869781494,
0.14900349080562592,
-0.6278953552246094,
-0.7363712191581726,
0.19178438186645508,
0.8282923698425293,
-0.12271934747695923,
0.38893479108810425,
0.041763417422771454,
0.18378612399101257,
-0.07517749816179276,
0.7123463153839111,
0.1684044897556305,
0.4319915771484375,
-0.31785210967063904,
0.2363278567790985,
0.12463220953941345,
0.30269187688827515,
-0.2996003329753876,
0.32791751623153687,
1.0204554796218872,
-0.8955090641975403,
-0.7372010946273804,
0.42967164516448975,
-0.6752049326896667,
0.22840797901153564,
0.6766830682754517,
-0.024810928851366043,
-0.06402654200792313,
0.5017075538635254,
0.6894147992134094,
0.06772606074810028,
-0.07104603201150894,
-0.35891836881637573,
-1.5011439323425293,
-0.2761421799659729,
0.10195179283618927,
0.2187877744436264,
-0.044956356287002563,
-0.04468102753162384,
-0.203116312623024,
0.0019276104867458344,
0.49182769656181335,
-0.2857511341571808,
1.3310906887054443,
0.3979117274284363,
-0.33217039704322815,
0.3361196219921112,
0.20313823223114014,
0.32521840929985046,
0.19759610295295715,
0.39282578229904175,
-0.9579579830169678,
-0.8059988617897034,
-0.9874463677406311,
0.11542343348264694,
-0.11805038154125214,
0.35630592703819275,
-0.10961511731147766,
-0.001521197147667408,
-0.46907949447631836,
-0.4577011466026306,
-0.6677340865135193,
-0.48547670245170593,
-0.8157757520675659,
1.0117353200912476,
-0.30297520756721497,
-0.8985887765884399,
0.0020140819251537323,
0.6168721318244934,
0.19658023118972778,
1.1195005178451538,
0.30679625272750854,
0.22624073922634125,
0.4602813720703125,
0.5993789434432983,
0.7520742416381836,
-0.6515053510665894,
-0.12202932685613632,
-0.75662761926651,
-0.3482712507247925,
-0.4310850501060486,
-0.09422966837882996,
-0.6398743391036987,
-1.157781720161438,
-0.21698281168937683,
-1.0638856887817383,
-0.476394921541214,
0.5819723606109619,
-0.41593292355537415,
-0.25131046772003174,
0.34278810024261475,
-0.16945157945156097,
-0.7497783899307251,
0.12221460789442062,
-0.0033956514671444893,
-0.6572438478469849,
0.5516355037689209,
-0.5043635964393616,
-0.6804859042167664,
0.97816002368927,
0.3660753667354584,
-1.1332529783248901,
0.6789392232894897,
0.6723909378051758,
0.30130845308303833,
-0.4171849191188812,
-0.42494094371795654,
-0.9088121056556702,
1.1141080856323242,
0.0036268047988414764,
-0.26010364294052124,
-0.5989323258399963,
-0.7579798698425293,
0.6089174747467041,
-0.03868573158979416,
-0.5278710126876831,
0.44742071628570557,
0.6250205039978027,
-0.48231667280197144,
-0.42086416482925415,
0.13463693857192993,
0.8998105525970459,
0.4557504951953888,
-0.39680275321006775,
0.3234086036682129,
-0.7242285013198853,
-0.5527133941650391,
-0.35027796030044556,
-0.49556875228881836,
-0.03281882405281067,
0.2211690992116928,
0.45826756954193115,
0.705767035484314,
-0.22242511808872223,
0.5013990998268127,
0.043651241809129715,
-1.1247841119766235,
-0.553182065486908,
0.39278948307037354,
0.7050440907478333,
0.22495870292186737,
-0.7443280816078186,
-0.6938850283622742,
1.3356060981750488,
-0.3554724454879761,
0.1698245406150818,
-1.929105281829834,
0.3563513457775116,
-0.7900093197822571,
-0.8336525559425354,
-0.3656120002269745,
0.3958275318145752,
0.009763676673173904,
-1.2850550413131714,
0.7517887353897095,
-0.768482506275177,
-0.4289112985134125,
-0.21383048593997955,
0.33762091398239136,
0.18093810975551605,
0.6296901702880859,
0.939518928527832,
0.27684661746025085,
-0.02738446556031704,
1.137520432472229,
-0.3675558567047119,
0.2605455219745636,
0.13765257596969604,
-0.512682318687439,
0.2821498215198517,
-0.37185612320899963,
-0.020532744005322456,
-0.7938758134841919,
-0.20533381402492523,
-0.37916240096092224,
0.4238888919353485,
0.7776753902435303,
-0.2722192406654358,
0.04890632629394531,
0.5217492580413818,
-0.5512992739677429,
-0.20000174641609192,
-0.24223831295967102,
-0.007961384952068329,
-0.18811066448688507,
0.22501210868358612,
0.7959517240524292,
-0.18033376336097717,
-0.6097224950790405,
0.42130976915359497,
0.4316020905971527,
0.19073480367660522,
0.3794856667518616,
-0.9420393705368042,
-1.5224878787994385,
0.15665289759635925,
-0.2325926125049591,
0.3450773358345032,
-0.8880472183227539,
-0.4411635398864746,
0.3781001567840576,
-0.2558952271938324,
0.7989041805267334,
0.32543450593948364,
-1.0370348691940308,
0.40238097310066223,
0.20101091265678406,
0.08573509752750397,
0.09181937575340271,
0.744703471660614,
-0.25724777579307556,
-0.05799412727355957,
-0.11787253618240356,
0.04086901247501373,
0.05250426381826401,
-0.490794837474823,
0.8144501447677612,
0.03854294493794441,
0.33574846386909485,
-0.03268562629818916,
-0.2688441872596741,
-0.1992046982049942,
0.08875200897455215,
-0.17935651540756226,
-0.4254876375198364,
0.23154576122760773,
0.136833056807518,
-1.085736632347107,
0.19776643812656403,
0.14321303367614746,
-0.8170455098152161,
0.1647338718175888,
-0.701909065246582,
-0.7725110054016113,
-0.033782344311475754,
-0.09447238594293594,
-0.15238098800182343,
-0.6665365695953369,
0.4937688112258911,
-0.5078794360160828,
-0.8629028797149658,
0.310472697019577,
0.19011123478412628,
-1.1603851318359375,
0.0713743045926094,
0.7496612071990967,
0.12216204404830933,
0.07314055413007736,
0.10066567361354828,
-0.5202522277832031,
0.8832892775535583,
-0.6336495876312256,
-0.22225111722946167,
-0.3128201961517334,
-0.037231188267469406,
0.2281334400177002,
0.3321528136730194,
-0.635918140411377,
-1.0210850238800049,
-0.042055126279592514,
-0.32547232508659363,
0.6440156102180481,
-0.7556661367416382,
0.10826936364173889,
0.08394518494606018,
0.11142454296350479,
-0.7280747890472412,
0.34532442688941956,
-1.221976399421692,
0.09256599843502045,
-0.695439875125885,
0.7425951361656189,
-0.7761788964271545,
0.5552836656570435,
-0.4229123592376709,
-0.09248258173465729,
0.5975053906440735,
0.8592373132705688,
-0.20633572340011597,
0.1493917852640152,
0.21709445118904114,
0.13483692705631256,
0.33165648579597473,
-0.8519657254219055,
-0.9968070983886719,
-0.36633095145225525,
0.25585395097732544,
0.043239425867795944,
0.09365828335285187,
-0.826360821723938,
0.6594183444976807,
0.6116420030593872,
-0.31945234537124634,
-0.07892632484436035,
1.2671446800231934,
0.5813309550285339,
-0.2613844573497772,
-0.20344768464565277,
-0.9054186940193176,
0.6091145873069763,
-0.8845378756523132,
-0.8415239453315735,
0.05286078900098801,
-1.0566221475601196,
0.34969401359558105,
-0.2903660833835602,
-0.417717844247818,
-1.048741340637207,
0.3245684802532196,
0.5803049802780151,
0.9187294840812683,
0.7964147329330444,
-0.4703231155872345,
-0.7238856554031372,
0.7275345325469971,
-0.2404271513223648,
1.4618189334869385,
-0.37644365429878235,
1.2517144680023193,
-0.07794085144996643,
0.4894985854625702,
0.5002756118774414,
0.12801992893218994,
-0.015803508460521698,
-0.6323547959327698,
-0.27751585841178894,
-0.040158431977033615,
-0.9419577121734619,
0.07131408154964447,
-0.25171375274658203,
-0.150657519698143,
0.44176533818244934,
0.2912735044956207,
0.027608415111899376,
-0.17602720856666565,
-0.258663147687912,
-0.984214186668396,
-0.25276830792427063,
0.2683553695678711,
-0.646680474281311,
0.5698739290237427,
0.6728757619857788,
0.11843355000019073,
-0.39535456895828247,
-0.6169453859329224,
-0.2625565230846405,
0.6725260019302368,
-0.5898797512054443,
0.36113783717155457,
-1.101772427558899,
0.6087238788604736,
-0.13578647375106812,
-0.23465396463871002,
-0.5284910798072815,
0.7672473788261414,
1.4159847497940063,
-0.41473692655563354,
0.451590895652771,
-0.5519914627075195,
0.20826339721679688,
-0.7087308764457703,
-0.48036861419677734,
0.7075095772743225,
-0.3149056136608124,
-1.3304160833358765,
-1.2774847745895386,
-0.026153966784477234,
-0.16461844742298126,
-0.4424484372138977,
-0.4896552264690399,
-0.2626460790634155,
-0.7328399419784546,
0.5688691735267639,
0.3874795436859131,
1.0664935111999512,
0.6026518940925598,
-1.0129674673080444,
0.7318788766860962,
-0.24739599227905273,
-0.7530183792114258,
-0.09850561618804932,
0.17162413895130157,
0.35750746726989746,
-0.5935226678848267,
0.5141996741294861,
-0.26688840985298157,
0.21742719411849976,
-0.8578715324401855,
-0.05495274066925049,
-0.13598120212554932,
0.34761378169059753,
-0.4766416549682617,
0.6438828110694885,
-0.454418808221817,
-0.05912944674491882,
-0.6208722591400146,
-0.3120909035205841,
-0.6881037354469299,
-0.10170694440603256,
0.557830810546875,
0.857733428478241,
-0.1334085613489151,
0.23575784265995026,
-0.3305540084838867,
0.3022259473800659,
-0.09094410389661789,
0.3814970850944519,
-0.25685736536979675,
-0.0587959811091423,
-0.09314040094614029,
-0.6496683955192566,
0.3901470899581909,
0.18550735712051392,
-0.9163501262664795,
0.5365833640098572,
-0.18011727929115295,
0.5836784839630127,
-0.041497211903333664,
0.32964062690734863,
-0.02724122442305088,
0.2732388973236084,
0.008734299801290035,
-0.08282972872257233,
-0.31864801049232483,
-1.2681838274002075,
-0.07500088214874268,
0.2335546314716339,
-0.7128701210021973,
0.27625471353530884,
0.10211168974637985,
0.41224873065948486,
0.10184942185878754,
0.13739217817783356,
-0.15730467438697815,
-0.278760701417923
] |
|
5sugqv | How do the joints of a hummingbird deal with all the wear? | I was having a discussion about hummingbirds and one of the questions that came up was how hummingbirds deal with the consequences of the repetitive motion at the shoulder joint. In humans, the repetitive motion would quickly wears cartilage down resulting in severely decreased mobility but it doesn't seem that hummingbirds suffer from the same issue. | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"ddi7w02",
"ddi16fo",
"ddi6odg"
],
"text": [
"Actually a hummingbird has a completely different joint structure than other birds. Most birds have a joint that bends and folds allowing them to move their wings up and down. they have a ball socket joint like we have in our shoulders and hips allowing them to move in a much smoother motion. Also on top of that for the most part they sweep their wings to the front and then back in a figure eight pattern with varying tilts to stay steady rise fall or move forwards and unlike 99% of other birds fly backwards.\nAFAIK: As for the actual question of why they dont wear it probably has to do with the reason our shoulder joints don't wear down. in most cases they're has to be an underlying issue which destroys the cartilage or causes it to not repair itself. A hummingbirds anatomy is built for it to fly the way it does. \nheres a cool site that explains about the anatomy of a hummingbird and why things work the way they do _URL_1_\nSource: _URL_0_",
"AFAIK: a healthy human shoulder does not wear down under normal conditions. You have to have an underlying problem for the shoulder to start breaking down. \n \nJoints need a little (*healthy*) stress and motion to recover and stay healthy.",
"Cartilage doesn't \"wear\" per se. In normal use, the collagen matrix is replenished by healthy chondrocytes. Arthritis is caused by inflammation within the joint that causes chondrocytes to either die or undergo transdifferentiation, resulting in degredation of the collagen matrix and eventually degredation of the joint itself."
],
"score": [
19,
10,
4
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://www.evolutionnews.org/2014/12/according_to_ne092101.html",
"http://www.worldofhummingbirds.com/anatomy.php"
]
} | How do the joints of a hummingbird deal with all the wear?
I was having a discussion about hummingbirds and one of the questions that came up was how hummingbirds deal with the consequences of the repetitive motion at the shoulder joint. In humans, the repetitive motion would quickly wears cartilage down resulting in severely decreased mobility but it doesn't seem that hummingbirds suffer from the same issue. | [
-0.06971199065446854,
-0.5329931974411011,
0.5425282716751099,
-0.022724438458681107,
-0.6269002556800842,
0.2659924030303955,
0.17193040251731873,
-0.8317044973373413,
0.05397625267505646,
0.08763984590768814,
0.9628260731697083,
0.9766004681587219,
-0.4740642309188843,
0.4401577413082123,
-0.4896053075790405,
0.4220505356788635,
1.6709084510803223,
-0.30614376068115234,
-1.2151347398757935,
-0.00017875578487291932,
-0.20465795695781708,
0.19688285887241364,
0.11435682326555252,
0.9825162291526794,
-0.4687664210796356,
0.20491783320903778,
0.5808591246604919,
-0.13983102142810822,
0.48466286063194275,
-0.315157949924469,
0.23513740301132202,
0.7066501379013062,
-0.6498333811759949,
-0.4945181906223297,
0.03277399763464928,
-0.5852406024932861,
1.3453985452651978,
-0.4373149275779724,
0.8726497888565063,
-1.1185787916183472,
-0.12947851419448853,
-0.8164518475532532,
0.2995775640010834,
0.4262928366661072,
-0.15859092772006989,
-0.0017373237060382962,
-0.22386015951633453,
-0.24008376896381378,
-0.496565043926239,
-0.39895737171173096,
-0.26817911863327026,
0.7124814987182617,
1.1587166786193848,
0.3278055787086487,
0.909302294254303,
-0.10943274199962616,
0.07082013040781021,
-0.11591512709856033,
0.24760860204696655,
0.14048950374126434,
0.6858116984367371,
0.4322279393672943,
-0.44553589820861816,
-0.7746202349662781,
-0.3812219798564911,
-0.045054201036691666,
-0.22573716938495636,
0.3530755639076233,
0.2807718515396118,
0.0998322069644928,
0.30722665786743164,
0.029517769813537598,
-0.265100359916687,
-0.10117065906524658,
0.14266827702522278,
-0.21756695210933685,
0.5919991135597229,
-0.24207086861133575,
0.6861811876296997,
-0.2146211415529251,
-0.2963743507862091,
0.8472521901130676,
-0.022546274587512016,
-0.48632556200027466,
-0.1781264990568161,
0.4052175283432007,
-0.34798309206962585,
-0.1075483188033104,
-0.035106949508190155,
0.6968176364898682,
-0.30271831154823303,
-0.499148428440094,
-0.05833786725997925,
-0.28223487734794617,
-0.11076038330793381,
-0.7717674970626831,
0.909892737865448,
-0.26741689443588257,
-0.6359823942184448,
0.4178066849708557,
0.27787381410598755,
0.4734658896923065,
0.3882390558719635,
0.4146650731563568,
0.9684702157974243,
-0.8893516063690186,
0.12892185151576996,
-0.12094391882419586,
0.23814256489276886,
0.08573676645755768,
-0.8259282112121582,
0.2770692706108093,
0.5411754846572876,
-0.8910882472991943,
-0.3275204002857208,
-1.6085575819015503,
0.07003983855247498,
0.04076943174004555,
0.6423177123069763,
0.6082421541213989,
-0.1071963682770729,
-0.022962898015975952,
1.5705845355987549,
0.14986078441143036,
-0.14509685337543488,
0.21976807713508606,
-0.0853213220834732,
-0.2958027124404907,
-0.350663959980011,
-0.3415033519268036,
0.5312028527259827,
0.8465904593467712,
-0.0174911767244339,
-0.29571107029914856,
0.09714966267347336,
-0.132621631026268,
-0.9774906635284424,
0.32592254877090454,
-0.019317008554935455,
0.7766745090484619,
-0.2825436294078827,
0.3582826554775238,
0.11599043756723404,
0.128676176071167,
-0.6336156725883484,
-0.9591128826141357,
-1.6113059520721436,
0.16942690312862396,
0.1262824535369873,
-0.03653279319405556,
-0.7268308401107788,
-0.4781183898448944,
0.5123946666717529,
0.1858687549829483,
0.4420151114463806,
-0.25895532965660095,
0.9110132455825806,
-0.859935462474823,
0.03202855587005615,
0.00531023507937789,
-0.61851966381073,
-0.17951898276805878,
0.41702502965927124,
-0.2903399169445038,
-0.2781822085380554,
-0.13447824120521545,
-0.043094538152217865,
-0.2893243730068207,
-0.7619033455848694,
0.22820430994033813,
-0.47201481461524963,
-0.22007688879966736,
1.1207166910171509,
0.05097127705812454,
0.7770026922225952,
-0.10088350623846054,
-0.5197316408157349,
0.4585544168949127,
-0.4431854784488678,
0.5840635895729065,
0.13069836795330048,
-0.292789101600647,
0.1516781896352768,
0.7615514397621155,
-0.14267022907733917,
0.04846765473484993,
0.4075984060764313,
-0.15955989062786102,
0.25349676609039307,
-0.2863573431968689,
-0.08246897161006927,
-0.5467731952667236,
-1.1104037761688232,
0.3771686553955078,
-0.02249576337635517,
0.41266241669654846,
-0.40040498971939087,
0.34100961685180664,
-0.2582660913467407,
-0.4264821708202362,
-0.60687255859375,
-1.183115005493164,
0.12353455275297165,
-0.16176915168762207,
-0.12296062707901001,
0.24259869754314423,
0.13238655030727386,
-0.3799511194229126,
0.2552790641784668,
-0.044218871742486954,
0.16896218061447144,
0.7791357040405273,
-0.3178963363170624,
-0.5479483008384705,
0.29183948040008545,
0.6809442043304443,
0.3795222043991089,
-0.357833594083786,
-0.43316805362701416,
0.3238976299762726,
0.5368297100067139,
-0.21450328826904297,
-0.36108365654945374,
0.4100511968135834,
0.7764923572540283,
-0.1338409036397934,
-0.3746725916862488,
-0.36073675751686096,
-0.5303372144699097,
-0.1354421228170395,
-0.4401372969150543,
-0.2539971172809601,
-0.21079547703266144,
0.4772113263607025,
-0.4604721963405609,
-0.856682538986206,
-1.4637627601623535,
-1.0200865268707275,
0.1455284208059311,
-1.4127399921417236,
-0.7880920767784119,
0.9219423532485962,
0.07316876947879791,
0.7632766366004944,
0.1445683091878891,
0.34868496656417847,
-0.5532082319259644,
-0.763879656791687,
-0.6306090354919434,
0.7161738872528076,
-0.13820317387580872,
-0.4618774652481079,
-0.8793615102767944,
-0.26626771688461304,
0.2276836484670639,
-0.8616303205490112,
-0.09586263447999954,
0.1307438760995865,
-0.9711131453514099,
0.23805320262908936,
-0.16571219265460968,
-0.3512985110282898,
0.3712407648563385,
-0.6331158876419067,
-0.3963879942893982,
-0.05120700225234032,
-1.1068817377090454,
-0.44986963272094727,
0.5873275995254517,
0.22573097050189972,
-0.1885952651500702,
-0.1441185027360916,
0.21503593027591705,
0.4025631546974182,
-0.5980322957038879,
-0.5605558753013611,
0.1898067146539688,
-0.8955386281013489,
1.0115573406219482,
0.08669912815093994,
0.31284400820732117,
0.9521211981773376,
-0.027198003605008125,
-0.3985895812511444,
0.0156538262963295,
0.9769881367683411,
1.1141142845153809,
-0.47486960887908936,
0.06716149300336838,
-0.8338744044303894,
0.3680334687232971,
0.6509964466094971,
-0.5946921110153198,
1.331815481185913,
0.7356954216957092,
-0.2008521407842636,
0.24395976960659027,
0.6378134489059448,
-0.5399084687232971,
-0.06705630570650101,
-0.054969996213912964,
0.030116666108369827,
0.6527384519577026,
0.2247566133737564,
-0.3341350853443146,
0.3293320834636688,
0.374044805765152,
-1.1981191635131836,
0.043531615287065506,
-0.4833456873893738,
0.46084073185920715,
-0.5510871410369873,
-0.23601597547531128,
1.1000549793243408,
0.03495190665125847,
-0.3631168603897095,
0.30169638991355896,
-0.12215091288089752,
-0.1920665204524994,
0.22214624285697937,
-0.35450980067253113,
0.35128161311149597,
-0.246698260307312,
0.7046369910240173,
-0.10372182726860046,
1.3000532388687134,
0.3330329358577728,
0.4062035381793976,
-0.046355824917554855,
0.18443083763122559,
0.43351802229881287,
-0.43320995569229126,
0.19650322198867798,
-0.1707831174135208,
-0.23394542932510376,
-0.32604315876960754,
-0.07939300686120987,
0.15390747785568237,
-0.1478845477104187,
0.13459035754203796,
0.8639260530471802,
0.184281125664711,
-0.11773709207773209,
0.05372269079089165,
-0.11891893297433853,
-0.1137288361787796,
-0.3435308635234833,
0.8641670942306519,
0.03654232993721962,
0.16299577057361603,
0.44367170333862305,
0.6192709803581238,
0.21488575637340546,
-0.1341824233531952,
0.6104939579963684,
0.20736871659755707,
-0.33262279629707336,
0.0014549574116244912,
1.1778761148452759,
-0.271515429019928,
0.17351146042346954,
0.34869351983070374,
0.5096178650856018,
-0.13994617760181427,
0.49346789717674255,
0.04400656744837761,
-0.6514534950256348,
-0.3438732624053955,
-0.13140612840652466,
0.24697941541671753,
0.11539655923843384,
0.06514065712690353,
-0.8546900749206543,
0.010594706051051617,
0.21567891538143158,
-0.14797578752040863,
1.5519356727600098,
0.09043698757886887,
-0.026668677106499672,
0.2982158064842224,
-0.18539094924926758,
-0.15148162841796875,
0.7116210460662842,
-0.10536950826644897,
-0.6196279525756836,
-0.8346975445747375,
0.1480645388364792,
-0.2776711583137512,
0.40926969051361084,
0.02437877468764782,
0.037401024252176285,
-0.6467401385307312,
0.015331991948187351,
-0.8566282987594604,
-1.1046361923217773,
-0.4718613028526306,
-0.994406521320343,
0.5530765056610107,
0.2686147689819336,
-0.21395601332187653,
-0.049259431660175323,
0.25855013728141785,
-0.0822477713227272,
1.4734129905700684,
0.14912182092666626,
-0.071837417781353,
0.7064527273178101,
0.562393307685852,
1.4577407836914062,
-0.8733500242233276,
0.491881400346756,
-0.7277746200561523,
-0.504587709903717,
0.8765892386436462,
-0.23779511451721191,
-0.974696159362793,
-0.4972178637981415,
-0.5213373303413391,
-0.6239277720451355,
-0.9706823825836182,
0.6706531047821045,
-0.5675297975540161,
0.03984399884939194,
0.6733399629592896,
-0.5756166577339172,
-0.4563238024711609,
-0.429975688457489,
-1.094472050666809,
-0.33337128162384033,
0.038455866277217865,
-1.4198979139328003,
-0.9674407243728638,
-0.37173911929130554,
0.43955904245376587,
-0.6915934085845947,
-0.02552465908229351,
-0.19804030656814575,
0.49935346841812134,
1.1413697004318237,
-0.40941122174263,
-1.1798542737960815,
0.1833106428384781,
-0.7866626977920532,
0.06714335083961487,
-0.03377852961421013,
-0.009716028347611427,
0.6491566300392151,
0.4833858907222748,
-0.5372326374053955,
-0.24780359864234924,
-0.6513503193855286,
-0.21052098274230957,
-0.10477175563573837,
0.09487327933311462,
0.615507960319519,
-0.13205745816230774,
-0.9374803900718689,
0.6856743693351746,
-0.22035416960716248,
-0.11027931421995163,
-0.7343815565109253,
0.405927836894989,
-0.2472762167453766,
0.6493963003158569,
0.5193613767623901,
0.8795648217201233,
0.1682630032300949,
-0.7371866703033447,
0.04705430939793587,
-0.7176336646080017,
-0.8462871313095093,
-0.38971492648124695,
0.41809171438217163,
0.4546959102153778,
-1.138814091682434,
-0.8647381663322449,
1.2064452171325684,
-0.030162915587425232,
0.2741648852825165,
-0.6022836565971375,
0.12482742965221405,
-0.33643442392349243,
0.32885682582855225,
0.3372148275375366,
0.3776015639305115,
-0.2622913718223572,
-0.4699457287788391,
-0.1267322152853012,
-1.197649359703064,
0.2477240264415741,
0.04790098965167999,
0.17921529710292816,
-0.519630491733551,
0.4121237099170685,
0.9800150990486145,
0.29120030999183655,
-1.0606478452682495,
0.01730654574930668,
0.5465978980064392,
-0.017511840909719467,
0.3719271123409271,
-0.1021537110209465,
0.13215242326259613,
0.31723737716674805,
0.35466456413269043,
-0.23424406349658966,
-0.00850716419517994,
0.34572848677635193,
0.6647179126739502,
0.5844160318374634,
-0.5131867527961731,
-0.586094081401825,
0.2600066363811493,
-0.35709112882614136,
0.6384583711624146,
-0.07712620496749878,
-0.026434054598212242,
0.3266010880470276,
-0.05971107259392738,
0.565078854560852,
-0.24381014704704285,
-0.07749325037002563,
0.885506808757782,
-0.3093256950378418,
-0.2806992530822754,
-0.15028882026672363,
-0.4896133840084076,
-0.37077996134757996,
0.2083771824836731,
0.24770724773406982,
-0.6054480075836182,
0.02100748009979725,
-0.8202282190322876,
1.0968265533447266,
-0.4414694607257843,
0.4322684109210968,
1.0947587490081787,
-0.5930294394493103,
0.4039534628391266,
0.20688475668430328,
0.02727906033396721,
0.1738499253988266,
0.441764771938324,
0.276289701461792,
-0.06553203612565994,
-0.6881628632545471,
0.26557472348213196,
-0.2600919306278229,
-0.3898007273674011,
0.35471710562705994,
-0.24279877543449402,
0.09716769307851791,
0.6305364966392517,
0.10170820355415344,
-0.12246287614107132,
-0.8857423663139343,
0.7144027352333069,
0.14049480855464935,
0.12074271589517593,
-0.21819724142551422,
-0.4055425226688385,
-0.3948940634727478,
-0.571861982345581,
-0.47080156207084656,
0.17122510075569153,
-0.07601094990968704,
-0.9142382740974426,
0.09164745360612869,
-0.627407968044281,
0.10666389018297195,
-0.27118614315986633,
0.5034790635108948,
-0.04890439659357071,
-0.6033194661140442,
-0.07023974508047104,
-0.36223042011260986,
0.0646323412656784,
0.38261738419532776,
-0.12985950708389282,
0.5377914905548096,
0.20714332163333893,
0.5807453393936157,
0.04232903942465782,
-0.15576171875,
0.7988402247428894,
-0.6761643290519714,
0.3283357620239258,
-0.3067569434642792,
0.42048248648643494,
0.1317162662744522,
-1.2080663442611694,
-0.09638267755508423,
0.5258132219314575,
-0.16668882966041565,
0.15117689967155457,
0.1759537309408188,
-0.21592789888381958,
0.20323628187179565,
0.1556379497051239,
-0.6251787543296814,
0.12638501822948456,
0.10087191313505173,
0.5087741017341614,
0.1249023899435997,
0.5275235176086426,
-0.5539002418518066,
0.2850607633590698,
-1.1797056198120117,
-0.7771486043930054,
0.23825599253177643,
0.026147911325097084,
0.704464316368103,
0.3856431543827057,
-0.9879856705665588,
-0.35314783453941345,
0.6036683320999146,
0.1347150355577469,
-0.34455156326293945,
-0.20313233137130737,
0.2621687948703766,
0.2604193687438965,
-0.3089815378189087,
-0.6563718914985657,
-0.41831174492836,
0.6046284437179565,
0.41521161794662476,
0.2890554666519165,
0.5412545204162598,
0.4251890778541565,
-0.1587364375591278,
0.09149440377950668,
-0.567151665687561,
0.18156416714191437,
0.24790893495082855,
-0.8087232708930969,
0.09409594535827637,
-0.5807870030403137,
0.6717747449874878,
0.41019439697265625,
-1.1870672702789307,
0.19561965763568878,
-0.3468681573867798,
0.5675915479660034,
0.5599336624145508,
0.5041021108627319,
-0.24014395475387573,
-0.7573055028915405,
0.690227746963501,
-0.24723802506923676,
1.213950753211975,
0.22859475016593933,
1.0243985652923584,
-0.3423929512500763,
-0.47530117630958557,
0.35084325075149536,
-0.21465378999710083,
0.42403900623321533,
-0.7900061011314392,
0.002898335922509432,
0.6131764650344849,
-0.7928919196128845,
-0.18821537494659424,
0.07486644387245178,
-0.23565714061260223,
1.0772268772125244,
0.2666996419429779,
0.07334613054990768,
1.0143496990203857,
-0.5327084064483643,
0.25006797909736633,
-0.2177148014307022,
0.011714646592736244,
-0.45215898752212524,
0.07974151521921158,
0.43274980783462524,
0.05717901885509491,
-0.30849534273147583,
0.08956661075353622,
0.301284521818161,
0.7603973150253296,
-0.6169763803482056,
0.5857898592948914,
-0.5992513298988342,
-0.40175336599349976,
0.2561165690422058,
-0.15797579288482666,
0.15568232536315918,
0.5913161635398865,
0.7454510927200317,
-0.6353754997253418,
0.34392622113227844,
-1.0227041244506836,
0.16164220869541168,
0.34382569789886475,
-0.12718991935253143,
0.3046828508377075,
0.4126110076904297,
-0.42744651436805725,
-0.8654400706291199,
0.6525227427482605,
-0.3967471122741699,
-0.4438694715499878,
-0.3889216184616089,
-0.47950154542922974,
-0.2684617042541504,
0.5986281037330627,
0.04918714240193367,
0.6759589910507202,
0.22018927335739136,
0.07175891101360321,
0.7050778269767761,
-0.2704888880252838,
-0.4028380215167999,
-0.1029762402176857,
-0.3495667278766632,
0.1592377871274948,
-0.7203230261802673,
-0.33719539642333984,
-0.34682363271713257,
0.5640599131584167,
-0.6633467078208923,
-0.3203425407409668,
0.04478041082620621,
-0.8675004839897156,
-0.6842832565307617,
0.1315843015909195,
-0.9909895062446594,
-0.1259201616048813,
-0.3087395429611206,
-0.32682207226753235,
-0.44349896907806396,
-0.47009220719337463,
0.01112385280430317,
-0.017490020021796227,
0.1717689335346222,
-0.07395078241825104,
-1.035570502281189,
1.1553832292556763,
-0.3101934492588043,
0.2943272292613983,
-0.265112966299057,
-0.2400507628917694,
-0.2935638129711151,
-1.224184513092041,
0.49814265966415405,
0.24673210084438324,
-0.0465456061065197,
0.5413506627082825,
0.18080057203769684,
0.05947326496243477,
-0.13912691175937653,
0.1509275734424591,
0.36148175597190857,
0.11790700256824493,
-0.11364395916461945,
-0.14428094029426575,
-0.002322663553059101,
-0.8205934762954712,
-0.26526138186454773,
-0.5562819242477417,
-0.36630743741989136,
-0.24027280509471893,
0.3323732316493988,
-0.3539822995662689,
-0.5582037568092346,
0.24904367327690125,
-0.33820265531539917,
-0.37608277797698975
] |
|
2uzbf9 | Can we theoretically travel forward in time by vibrating? Or rather continually moving at a high speed but only moving within a small area? | I was doing some reading on time dilation and as I understand it Time Dilation is caused by moving at higher speeds. Does that mean that if we theoretically had the ability to simple move on object or vehicle extremely fast in a relatively small area it would travel forward in time faster than everyone else? That is to say if we ignore the drops in speed that would be caused by needing to drastically turn or change direction in less than a second.
(Noting that I've mentioned speed but the time dilation formula is based on velocity, could this be the reason for why this doesn't work? As the object is not experiencing huge changes from their original position would this mean that this is not possible?)
Second time posting here so hopefully there are some thoughts on the idea!
EDIT: Wow large amount of feedback. A large amount of people have suggested that a more practical version of this would simply be spinning in a circle. If an object could keep a total constant speed going around in a circle (That is to say that the size of the object doesn't cause the outer or inner parts to come apart) would this be a more practical approach? | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"cod4ajr",
"codaxug",
"cod58en",
"cod4lhk",
"codk3zw",
"codin14",
"codgkp1"
],
"text": [
"This would work, it would just be very impractical and lethal to constantly accelerate with such a high magnitude.\n\nThe idea is essentially the same as the twin paradox repeated multiple times. The vibrating person will experience less time than the person at rest.",
"Here's a related question:\n\nWhat if you were to spin in place at relativistic speeds? Wouldn't the outside of you travel faster in time while the center was traveling at our normal (relative) rate? How would that look to an observer that isn't moving?",
"It would work. That's pretty much what happens to the particles in the LHC - a circular path counts too, right?\n\nBut there's a lot of practical problems. Huge energy costs for anything macroscopic, massive g-forces to be endured, facilities even more expensive than the LHC, and so on.",
"Doesn't matter already do this, by containing thermal energy it is vibrating, but since its all the same temp it experiences time almost the same. Doesn't this mean then that stars would experience time very slow as they are shaking so much and fast?",
"Theoretically, sure. But vibrating is moving back and forth so if you want to move at relativistic speed in one direction, slow to stopped, and come back, in relativistic speed, you will die. \n\nYou could go around in circles, sure, but it will have to be a very big circle. \n\nEarth would change also as you accelerate, its not just time dilation but length contraction as well.\n\nSo, its not something you would do, on earth. But whatever, if you have the means and what to go into the future, just take a spin around the galaxy and come back.",
"In some analogues, temperature is being described as a random vibration of molecules/atoms. So if the temperature of an atom is increased, is the time slower passing in reference to that atom? Would that mean that for a given radioactive isotope, the decay would slow down for an external spectator?",
"Yes. But no. We are always \"traveling\" forwards in time. Moving quickly will slow that process. So, in a sense, you are \"traveling\" forwards in time - in the sense that you are yourself (or slightly older) and the rest of the world is many years aged."
],
"score": [
72,
43,
11,
5,
2,
2,
2
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | Can we theoretically travel forward in time by vibrating? Or rather continually moving at a high speed but only moving within a small area?
I was doing some reading on time dilation and as I understand it Time Dilation is caused by moving at higher speeds. Does that mean that if we theoretically had the ability to simple move on object or vehicle extremely fast in a relatively small area it would travel forward in time faster than everyone else? That is to say if we ignore the drops in speed that would be caused by needing to drastically turn or change direction in less than a second. (Noting that I've mentioned speed but the time dilation formula is based on velocity, could this be the reason for why this doesn't work? As the object is not experiencing huge changes from their original position would this mean that this is not possible?) Second time posting here so hopefully there are some thoughts on the idea! EDIT: Wow large amount of feedback. A large amount of people have suggested that a more practical version of this would simply be spinning in a circle. If an object could keep a total constant speed going around in a circle (That is to say that the size of the object doesn't cause the outer or inner parts to come apart) would this be a more practical approach? | [
-0.2417888194322586,
-0.35274264216423035,
0.9961122870445251,
0.09192632138729095,
-0.5475321412086487,
-0.370746910572052,
-0.4886886179447174,
-1.0893696546554565,
0.4361599087715149,
0.06140090525150299,
1.2360098361968994,
1.0251679420471191,
-0.39335474371910095,
-0.22166810929775238,
0.44474875926971436,
-0.5704677104949951,
1.1329147815704346,
0.4624079167842865,
-1.1539043188095093,
-0.39643239974975586,
0.755803644657135,
0.26155954599380493,
0.2652268707752228,
1.599981427192688,
-0.21644718945026398,
-0.19590596854686737,
0.23282170295715332,
-0.13247720897197723,
0.27706339955329895,
0.18422074615955353,
0.08618274331092834,
0.5866260528564453,
-0.8772811889648438,
0.32630297541618347,
0.24305173754692078,
-0.3140842318534851,
0.672286868095398,
-0.4886930286884308,
1.1466625928878784,
-1.4890493154525757,
0.05163167417049408,
-0.27320384979248047,
0.057589177042245865,
0.031121786683797836,
-0.6294196844100952,
-0.2303716540336609,
0.13419373333454132,
-0.10145332664251328,
-0.5702810883522034,
-0.5044353604316711,
-0.2753724455833435,
0.850462794303894,
0.37485066056251526,
-0.01177375577390194,
0.4585709869861603,
0.1401405781507492,
0.22221362590789795,
0.568779706954956,
0.7904037237167358,
-0.5083267092704773,
0.34557482600212097,
-0.477671355009079,
-0.3613719344139099,
-0.445035845041275,
-0.29898732900619507,
-0.3813796043395996,
-0.09550750255584717,
0.11292596161365509,
0.14709246158599854,
-0.42834949493408203,
0.4666081666946411,
-0.29694226384162903,
-0.5386725068092346,
-0.40024009346961975,
-0.36383458971977234,
-0.6447798013687134,
0.47135642170906067,
0.19086527824401855,
0.04489698261022568,
-0.05050995945930481,
-0.1600971817970276,
0.2302122563123703,
0.04886253923177719,
0.21711255609989166,
0.008636819198727608,
0.2262985110282898,
-0.07229587435722351,
-0.762750506401062,
-0.2156878411769867,
0.4810199737548828,
-0.5853666663169861,
0.08053217828273773,
-0.06207616254687309,
0.3911334276199341,
0.5861793160438538,
0.020642543211579323,
0.4797961413860321,
-0.5453294515609741,
-0.16318459808826447,
0.859721302986145,
-0.04504527524113655,
0.03933778405189514,
0.05197323486208916,
0.4815455675125122,
0.4294532239437103,
-0.26901134848594666,
0.5838602185249329,
0.3178958296775818,
-0.0022653858177363873,
-0.10989022254943848,
-1.2477267980575562,
0.5359851121902466,
0.2389814853668213,
-0.7598702311515808,
0.19452737271785736,
-1.5517981052398682,
0.42126595973968506,
0.23954875767230988,
0.13178113102912903,
-0.2603837251663208,
0.5037375092506409,
0.08490738272666931,
1.560044527053833,
0.5301870107650757,
-0.16708222031593323,
0.6156307458877563,
0.25928160548210144,
0.18526363372802734,
0.28252843022346497,
-0.8048020601272583,
0.11056992411613464,
0.765823483467102,
0.5092213749885559,
-0.6891182661056519,
-0.23346638679504395,
0.653471052646637,
-0.6859198212623596,
0.5078843235969543,
-0.4728470742702484,
0.18579167127609253,
0.07633578777313232,
0.2359294295310974,
1.106163740158081,
-0.637626051902771,
-0.11005094647407532,
-0.6516075134277344,
-0.8750996589660645,
-0.6659998297691345,
-0.058322660624980927,
-0.629729151725769,
-0.6015525460243225,
-0.12895378470420837,
0.563831090927124,
0.041599471122026443,
0.5175958871841431,
-0.5844019651412964,
0.24806174635887146,
-0.44175633788108826,
-0.06674481928348541,
0.4731113910675049,
-1.0930323600769043,
-0.07543475925922394,
0.32408586144447327,
-0.727817952632904,
0.3233153223991394,
0.7039501070976257,
-0.32801806926727295,
0.35273680090904236,
-0.6871675252914429,
-0.16751547157764435,
-0.26381009817123413,
0.0014712284319102764,
1.1948240995407104,
0.4569252133369446,
0.7750355005264282,
-0.40181994438171387,
-0.740977942943573,
0.06969333440065384,
-0.5739447474479675,
0.35911720991134644,
0.009571068920195103,
-0.6960335969924927,
0.4151952266693115,
0.4277891218662262,
-1.2657628059387207,
0.1674090325832367,
0.4003974497318268,
0.32737451791763306,
0.35192182660102844,
-0.4642755091190338,
0.207421213388443,
-0.18616385757923126,
-1.9214074611663818,
-0.1061280146241188,
0.24130606651306152,
0.378902792930603,
0.05108574777841568,
-0.08084994554519653,
0.3330106735229492,
-0.6226800084114075,
-0.05240033566951752,
-0.945572018623352,
-0.10301822423934937,
-0.0920480489730835,
-0.7409027218818665,
0.1688196063041687,
0.16809901595115662,
-0.23268184065818787,
0.37139299511909485,
-0.35616177320480347,
0.2807457745075226,
0.8154194951057434,
0.0171901136636734,
0.20963390171527863,
-0.06808485090732574,
0.5116221308708191,
0.17266881465911865,
0.980558454990387,
0.40676289796829224,
0.8914716243743896,
0.5520423650741577,
0.09173130244016647,
0.12747220695018768,
0.5047422051429749,
0.5813190340995789,
-0.09825559705495834,
0.18058818578720093,
0.5184752941131592,
-0.16528768837451935,
-0.18992012739181519,
-0.4979136288166046,
-0.7150096893310547,
-0.031760670244693756,
0.16474297642707825,
-0.5252990126609802,
-0.3045540750026703,
-1.135581374168396,
-0.4403557777404785,
-0.22004275023937225,
-1.486838698387146,
-1.0124953985214233,
0.520422637462616,
0.3403259813785553,
0.7068167924880981,
0.5082247853279114,
0.5933965444564819,
-0.9450451135635376,
-0.7080623507499695,
-0.013302185572683811,
-0.5655750632286072,
-0.039627447724342346,
-0.4602426290512085,
-0.24647197127342224,
-1.375870943069458,
1.2581489086151123,
-1.2374175786972046,
-0.520163893699646,
-0.6426233649253845,
0.013127867132425308,
0.6607663631439209,
0.35031378269195557,
-0.23485888540744781,
0.40560683608055115,
-0.9993296265602112,
-0.8355030417442322,
-0.7978906035423279,
-0.4726194143295288,
-0.5129323601722717,
0.6942185163497925,
-0.3434349000453949,
-0.7195897698402405,
-0.11445814371109009,
0.05506984516978264,
0.43265148997306824,
0.4560946226119995,
-0.771005392074585,
0.2649984359741211,
-0.28245818614959717,
0.9331815838813782,
-0.2163757085800171,
0.47184377908706665,
0.7001715898513794,
-0.3345964848995209,
0.4596947431564331,
-0.029522474855184555,
0.35977989435195923,
0.05517563223838806,
-0.7336398959159851,
-0.08872784674167633,
-1.2367504835128784,
0.07789818197488785,
-0.020070411264896393,
-1.042304515838623,
1.2965997457504272,
0.12048713862895966,
0.006614711135625839,
-0.07533277571201324,
0.2977965474128723,
-0.7522226572036743,
-0.5389395952224731,
-0.19683194160461426,
0.336240291595459,
0.8441109657287598,
-0.0816309005022049,
-0.7402917742729187,
-0.07227721065282822,
0.14101876318454742,
-0.9314402937889099,
0.160821333527565,
-0.46023833751678467,
-0.025750424712896347,
-0.3471301198005676,
-0.6623819470405579,
1.0480375289916992,
-0.5769364237785339,
-0.208169624209404,
0.44200998544692993,
0.4939912259578705,
-0.9572850465774536,
-0.01159295067191124,
-1.0757867097854614,
0.4872095584869385,
0.3731558620929718,
-0.15767382085323334,
-0.5141696929931641,
1.0987944602966309,
-0.126825749874115,
0.39446330070495605,
-0.950149416923523,
0.4359962046146393,
0.5387288928031921,
-0.5133339166641235,
-0.0583900511264801,
0.29068052768707275,
0.20510470867156982,
-0.7715537548065186,
-0.5224171876907349,
0.5260709524154663,
-0.07843691110610962,
-0.12087447941303253,
1.7011126279830933,
0.3657398819923401,
0.02477506548166275,
0.4150659143924713,
0.33432403206825256,
-0.9481984376907349,
-0.6712582111358643,
0.21065181493759155,
0.13295042514801025,
0.25899872183799744,
0.21965892612934113,
0.2647393047809601,
0.07796964794397354,
-0.4479731023311615,
0.7662186026573181,
0.9055126309394836,
-0.41047102212905884,
-0.1015680581331253,
0.046538472175598145,
-0.21985115110874176,
-0.007546216249465942,
0.23112264275550842,
0.07129010558128357,
-0.045740850269794464,
0.7510796189308167,
-0.16336090862751007,
-0.13470852375030518,
-0.26986876130104065,
-0.4456404447555542,
0.32243719696998596,
-0.39178693294525146,
0.2669520378112793,
0.17651274800300598,
-0.21303178369998932,
0.17490112781524658,
-0.15394186973571777,
1.0153485536575317,
-0.18350431323051453,
-0.1746601164340973,
0.2034018635749817,
-0.34301885962486267,
-0.2264358252286911,
-0.026152458041906357,
0.3259340524673462,
-0.3084591329097748,
-0.9270667433738708,
0.13150784373283386,
-0.11404374241828918,
-0.0535682812333107,
-0.1922866702079773,
0.20715707540512085,
-0.027113651856780052,
-0.09067872911691666,
-0.7427826523780823,
-0.48850834369659424,
-0.11083425581455231,
-0.7114542126655579,
0.8370752334594727,
-0.1878269612789154,
-0.4477325975894928,
0.20450647175312042,
0.1370680332183838,
0.17306028306484222,
0.8735593557357788,
0.5616223812103271,
-0.2900463044643402,
-0.2008998543024063,
-0.13355164229869843,
0.21662236750125885,
-0.32449525594711304,
0.0889483168721199,
-0.6964399218559265,
-0.6052874326705933,
1.142482042312622,
-0.036034420132637024,
-1.040550947189331,
-0.4430144429206848,
-0.8093291521072388,
-0.6854221224784851,
-0.15298473834991455,
0.14558055996894836,
-0.5496708154678345,
0.1208002120256424,
0.39893150329589844,
-0.1617346704006195,
-0.555888831615448,
0.37039729952812195,
-0.10704163461923599,
-0.42655909061431885,
0.5836371779441833,
-1.6372110843658447,
-1.4092031717300415,
0.2315131276845932,
0.6470583081245422,
-0.8253858685493469,
-0.43027645349502563,
-0.259870707988739,
-0.28982043266296387,
0.2335553765296936,
-1.0118738412857056,
-1.448014497756958,
0.9235141277313232,
0.1033530980348587,
0.1673329919576645,
0.4905906021595001,
0.05674009397625923,
1.2621734142303467,
0.4507824778556824,
-1.4456311464309692,
-0.5000472664833069,
0.3422206938266754,
-0.5626920461654663,
0.09743043035268784,
0.5289687514305115,
0.3421335220336914,
0.4939747750759125,
-0.9061638116836548,
1.0764585733413696,
-0.2690846025943756,
-0.15467336773872375,
-0.6485059261322021,
-0.3529682755470276,
-0.1967145800590515,
0.9559992551803589,
0.5945661067962646,
0.1456652134656906,
0.10512445122003555,
0.5527644753456116,
-0.10321490466594696,
-0.7048017978668213,
-1.042879343032837,
-0.015199437737464905,
0.9630506038665771,
0.6658352613449097,
-1.1484025716781616,
-0.3075411319732666,
1.1271591186523438,
-0.3593483567237854,
-0.2884363830089569,
-1.0362612009048462,
-0.7382091283798218,
-0.7085196375846863,
-0.2848246395587921,
-0.2903265953063965,
0.6582425832748413,
-0.7122377157211304,
-0.8504530787467957,
-0.29076051712036133,
-0.3119509518146515,
-0.4195861518383026,
0.11336587369441986,
0.2527489960193634,
0.5775226354598999,
-0.39446818828582764,
0.6222874522209167,
0.3691902160644531,
-0.59979647397995,
0.2808939814567566,
0.12187247723340988,
-0.10513657331466675,
0.1664230227470398,
-0.4166211187839508,
0.3957074284553528,
-0.359441339969635,
0.096867635846138,
-0.16278986632823944,
0.1937267780303955,
0.3224862813949585,
0.10582783073186874,
0.2619677782058716,
-0.34895285964012146,
0.23658140003681183,
0.26137301325798035,
0.47154825925827026,
0.3606921136379242,
-0.4360412061214447,
0.3655450642108917,
0.8349511027336121,
-0.5730095505714417,
0.3649806082248688,
-0.12700136005878448,
0.33357757329940796,
1.2177793979644775,
0.36379343271255493,
-0.10378234088420868,
-0.5153877139091492,
-0.7776803970336914,
-0.07445907592773438,
0.3637070059776306,
0.36641719937324524,
0.28190651535987854,
-0.20963378250598907,
-0.2775019407272339,
-0.17618197202682495,
0.22960862517356873,
0.7226881384849548,
1.368983507156372,
-0.1113993376493454,
-0.16552716493606567,
-0.31148070096969604,
0.26314741373062134,
0.04469205439090729,
-0.06378160417079926,
0.36733078956604004,
-0.19138728082180023,
-0.635664165019989,
-0.35049429535865784,
0.5888374447822571,
-0.9626359939575195,
0.626144289970398,
-0.4232698380947113,
0.3402180075645447,
-0.5545040965080261,
0.7125164270401001,
-0.19137592613697052,
0.16477294266223907,
0.690410852432251,
-0.5419198274612427,
-0.02245231345295906,
0.5278737545013428,
-0.3973073959350586,
0.2886267304420471,
-0.24144206941127777,
-1.266977310180664,
0.17802992463111877,
-0.45136067271232605,
-0.3095064163208008,
0.32930126786231995,
0.11882616579532623,
-0.3283047676086426,
-0.24318189918994904,
0.48507827520370483,
0.12952138483524323,
0.19552695751190186,
-0.34169137477874756,
-0.1228877454996109,
0.48008596897125244,
0.3064659833908081,
0.8000388145446777,
0.14458395540714264,
-0.24267715215682983,
-0.42000800371170044,
0.18157300353050232,
0.1475244164466858,
-0.2952386140823364,
-0.16975916922092438,
0.041227519512176514,
-0.7127015590667725,
0.1450168639421463,
0.22928975522518158,
0.1074560359120369,
0.20893026888370514,
0.27358874678611755,
0.02289242297410965,
0.28941887617111206,
-0.20981675386428833,
0.19391746819019318,
0.9572533965110779,
-1.278850793838501,
-0.8260411024093628,
0.1211770623922348,
-0.6482396125793457,
0.4425507187843323,
0.26253557205200195,
1.3055967092514038,
-0.24268263578414917,
0.1464482843875885,
-0.8710450530052185,
0.06623029708862305,
0.5371348857879639,
0.6636349558830261,
-0.0444352850317955,
0.03267674893140793,
-0.5222390294075012,
0.16754844784736633,
0.2832718789577484,
-0.6888315677642822,
-0.6796219944953918,
0.5588233470916748,
0.44105657935142517,
0.41344153881073,
-0.464283287525177,
-0.5676683783531189,
-0.3787156343460083,
0.7252246737480164,
0.4944072961807251,
-0.1867343783378601,
1.2353346347808838,
0.272350013256073,
0.012966163456439972,
-0.4051060676574707,
-1.1777057647705078,
0.2901722192764282,
-0.2299313247203827,
-0.0696135088801384,
-0.2663033604621887,
-0.8745585680007935,
0.46698451042175293,
0.17003582417964935,
-0.4022933542728424,
-0.2446203976869583,
-0.22483688592910767,
0.15952417254447937,
0.36036595702171326,
0.5885865092277527,
-0.2718231976032257,
-0.4875577390193939,
0.738824725151062,
0.13269168138504028,
1.0603607892990112,
-0.062276557087898254,
0.5390145778656006,
-0.3359753489494324,
-0.5219172835350037,
1.0003771781921387,
-0.41871029138565063,
0.0849098488688469,
0.49883705377578735,
0.2294335812330246,
0.43662229180336,
-1.2424085140228271,
-0.446405827999115,
-0.241416797041893,
-0.15594588220119476,
0.30972930788993835,
-0.3514047861099243,
0.9058263897895813,
0.14022894203662872,
-0.2520360052585602,
0.3782423436641693,
0.38007301092147827,
-0.017788458615541458,
-0.5186954736709595,
0.28119155764579773,
1.1413363218307495,
1.0909616947174072,
-0.17842240631580353,
0.020103732123970985,
-0.30229276418685913,
0.31526994705200195,
0.2764644920825958,
0.680331826210022,
-0.20361316204071045,
0.03635082021355629,
0.25911977887153625,
-0.5633635520935059,
0.44306132197380066,
0.8858879804611206,
0.29757845401763916,
-1.0621492862701416,
0.02042371593415737,
-0.6511772871017456,
0.328443318605423,
-0.26256048679351807,
-0.25756150484085083,
0.48080259561538696,
-0.5016674995422363,
-0.21360543370246887,
-0.502280056476593,
0.2559395730495453,
-0.02201037108898163,
-0.41356155276298523,
-1.0588818788528442,
-0.7051321864128113,
0.03475097566843033,
0.19276930391788483,
0.39225929975509644,
1.761488676071167,
0.17497684061527252,
-0.22442497313022614,
0.6577737331390381,
-0.19194599986076355,
-0.5210278034210205,
0.011780628934502602,
0.10684168338775635,
0.4060910940170288,
0.010519133880734444,
-0.6267848610877991,
-0.460868775844574,
0.15538489818572998,
0.025066673755645752,
-0.8460427522659302,
-0.25601378083229065,
-0.7854238748550415,
-0.8026933073997498,
0.6772817373275757,
-0.6402562260627747,
-0.8074769377708435,
-0.45366060733795166,
-0.29882532358169556,
-0.6243647336959839,
-0.2947579026222229,
0.2006237506866455,
1.0411574840545654,
0.054572902619838715,
-0.527184009552002,
-0.4788511395454407,
0.023607473820447922,
-0.5293517708778381,
0.06495946645736694,
-0.38486039638519287,
0.30823153257369995,
-0.5171716809272766,
-0.467934250831604,
0.5090808868408203,
-0.001359555870294571,
-0.6582197546958923,
0.27757126092910767,
0.21379192173480988,
1.3493438959121704,
0.5303688049316406,
0.44238027930259705,
-0.004488781094551086,
-0.16329608857631683,
-0.13465118408203125,
-0.3874628245830536,
0.46527376770973206,
-0.2933245599269867,
-0.35309913754463196,
-0.3830825388431549,
0.9182897806167603,
0.08813448250293732,
0.41529518365859985,
0.5632317066192627,
-0.20476943254470825,
-0.20145222544670105,
-0.8965403437614441,
-0.8575663566589355
] |
|
rzm1a | if concrete has a limited lifespan (~75-100 years?), what's going to happen to all the bridges, damns and sky scrapers we've built that are starting to reach that age? | (dams, not damns. dammit!) still, it seems like we should have a lot of buildings that are going to be reaching their projected end of shelf life - can these things be maintained or does it just become impossible and they'll suffer catastrophic failure? | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"c49ya9m",
"c4a3cvb",
"c49xzzc",
"c4a0zi5",
"c49xxfa"
],
"text": [
"I would not be much concerned about \"historical\" modern concrete (say, 100 years ago). Buildings that old often have extremely impervious concrete, that was mixed and cured carefully on site by relatively cheap manpower. It is not uncommon to find very little signs of corrosion on reinforcement bars in those buildings, even with no maintenance. (It also helped to have very thick layers covering the steel bars).\n\nWhat will be of 1960-1970 concrete in 50 years - that's an entirely different question. And, limited to my own experience, I would not bet a dime on that material lasting a century.",
"Civil Engineering Student from GA Tech here: \n\nIt really depends on the type of concrete used, what kind of loads the structure will be subjected to, and the environment that the structure is in. There is still concrete from the Romans that is still structurally sound, such as the Pantheon in Rome, which is the only concrete dome ever made.\n\nThat being said, there are very rigorous codes, laws, and standards when it comes to mix and structural design especially in the U.S. And all structures have a design lifespan of anywhere from 50 to 300 years. A typical roadway overpass will have a 50-100 year lifespan before it will need to be replaced, a longer bridge like something crossing a bay will typically have a 100-300 year lifespan, and the same thing goes for skyscrapers. \n\nAnd a lot of times those are obsolesence lifespans. Meaning that the bridge needs to be able to carry more traffic, which means additional lanes, which means a new bridge with a higher capacity. In theory, most reinforced concrete structures could last for 3,000-5,000 years before total collapse. We just design for very short usable lifespans for safety reasons.\n\nOne last thing to point out is the environment where the structure is. If a reinforced concrete structure is near salt water it will have a life span of as little as 1/5th of the same structure far away from salt water. The reason for this is that the salt will overtime penetrate the concrete and oxidize the rebar. When this rust forms on the rebar it expands and creates forces pushing the concrete apart, much like roots in an old masonry wall. A lot of salt water crossing bridges in Florida for example must be replaced every 25-30 years because of this.\n\nI hope this answered your questions!",
"all reinforced concrete cracks - if it didn't crack it wouldn't need reinforcing.\n\nthere are some time related issues with concrete - creep, deterioration of concrete cover due to chemicals in its environment or mechanical action or heat/thaw cycles, corrosion of reinforcing after the cover has been destroyed/damaged, etc.\n\nbut in general every structure has a lifespan and needs maintenance and monitoring. Reinforced concrete when, designed properly, yields before complete failure and so there is some warning before collapse. *\n\nits just the nature of existence to wear down everything, eventually.\n\n*- does not apply to FRP reinforcing",
"There's a Discovery (History?) Chanel show called Life After People that might interest you. It's available on Netflix.",
"It depends on the structure, to some extent. I've seen a small dam that was at about year 50 of a projected 75-year lifespan, and parts of the spillway had eroded a foot or more, leaving the rebar exposed. The county engineer had previously indicated that that level of wear was normal, and eventually the dam would stop effectively holding water, at which point it'd need to be replaced. \n\nBecause of the nature of this dam, wearing out just meant the lake behind it would get shallower and shallower, but catastrophic failure wasn't likely."
],
"score": [
25,
24,
10,
6,
3
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | if concrete has a limited lifespan (~75-100 years?), what's going to happen to all the bridges, damns and sky scrapers we've built that are starting to reach that age?
(dams, not damns. dammit!) still, it seems like we should have a lot of buildings that are going to be reaching their projected end of shelf life - can these things be maintained or does it just become impossible and they'll suffer catastrophic failure? | [
0.43838822841644287,
0.004410841502249241,
1.696171522140503,
-0.8969114422798157,
-0.2507374882698059,
-0.24124950170516968,
-0.5418885946273804,
-0.9345468282699585,
0.17379112541675568,
-0.10385563224554062,
0.8457189798355103,
0.13253788650035858,
-0.7030994892120361,
0.7724051475524902,
0.43533939123153687,
-0.24252620339393616,
-0.45161446928977966,
0.03998502716422081,
0.1188092827796936,
-0.4267113506793976,
-0.38553521037101746,
0.2924066483974457,
0.0366140678524971,
1.109236240386963,
-0.532483696937561,
0.39333274960517883,
0.5958425402641296,
-0.4807017147541046,
0.5490489602088928,
0.6832563281059265,
0.346187949180603,
0.122600257396698,
-0.468906044960022,
-0.20897532999515533,
0.15064240992069244,
-0.21192143857479095,
0.4056505262851715,
-0.3973624110221863,
0.8876988291740417,
-1.5595263242721558,
-0.031400248408317566,
-1.2655223608016968,
0.6302377581596375,
1.479540228843689,
-0.4831528067588806,
-0.10370935499668121,
-0.16498830914497375,
-0.21887527406215668,
0.015302331186830997,
-0.9282796382904053,
-0.04852689802646637,
0.4976169168949127,
0.3101692497730255,
-0.08188757300376892,
0.5574972033500671,
-0.5762326717376709,
0.7741578817367554,
-0.045668136328458786,
1.0568585395812988,
0.21297374367713928,
0.5638896822929382,
0.07439006119966507,
-1.082278847694397,
-0.3928498327732086,
0.7417671084403992,
0.04680929332971573,
-0.6418693661689758,
0.9048916697502136,
-1.126285433769226,
0.3510833978652954,
0.5611165761947632,
0.151299387216568,
-0.02654627338051796,
-1.3030455112457275,
-0.31727999448776245,
0.08410611748695374,
0.6517252922058105,
-0.4191838800907135,
-0.33921530842781067,
-1.0057439804077148,
-0.07332291454076767,
1.2061150074005127,
-0.39122822880744934,
-0.01663435995578766,
0.33413463830947876,
0.8825812339782715,
0.6179956793785095,
-0.6595420241355896,
-0.4508664011955261,
1.1958117485046387,
-0.5848872065544128,
-0.17962156236171722,
0.6531434059143066,
0.014707892201840878,
0.4099932014942169,
-0.3798765540122986,
1.1042324304580688,
-0.20699870586395264,
0.44747433066368103,
-0.012691603973507881,
0.031760890036821365,
-0.10251594334840775,
0.6376287341117859,
0.5134270191192627,
0.7635713815689087,
-0.5658135414123535,
0.021972531452775,
0.5730522871017456,
-0.025880856439471245,
0.04527677223086357,
-0.2489004135131836,
0.9069450497627258,
0.28313252329826355,
-1.2212629318237305,
0.13804569840431213,
-0.9735570549964905,
0.28939059376716614,
0.1946747899055481,
0.08378557860851288,
0.17135338485240936,
0.06033194065093994,
-0.4993464946746826,
1.035730004310608,
0.10226894170045853,
-0.1599448025226593,
0.2756904661655426,
-0.4779234230518341,
0.4746115803718567,
-0.23347699642181396,
0.009652628563344479,
-0.26645687222480774,
0.21711839735507965,
0.05507167428731918,
-0.4452953338623047,
0.02748587355017662,
0.04736337810754776,
-0.5996243357658386,
0.2914413511753082,
-0.7663071155548096,
-0.17513608932495117,
-0.6394199728965759,
-0.1839667707681656,
1.2035945653915405,
-0.48521602153778076,
-0.6520047783851624,
-0.9705843925476074,
-0.6491231322288513,
-0.2507286071777344,
0.03007703274488449,
-0.08772685378789902,
-0.6398003101348877,
-0.4395902156829834,
0.3780704736709595,
-0.8317216634750366,
0.18870659172534943,
-0.9860395193099976,
1.312403917312622,
-0.68526291847229,
0.24292616546154022,
-0.24256792664527893,
-0.5500795245170593,
0.06046850606799126,
0.21788015961647034,
-0.34085196256637573,
0.36595219373703003,
-1.0603983402252197,
-0.10617575794458389,
-0.7407329678535461,
-0.7078700065612793,
0.686122715473175,
-0.06867270171642303,
0.2701881527900696,
0.8557603359222412,
0.5611898303031921,
0.7886635661125183,
-0.324751079082489,
0.4231187701225281,
0.6923676133155823,
-0.2213636338710785,
0.6006821990013123,
0.3591820001602173,
-0.18373018503189087,
0.45065590739250183,
0.9994304180145264,
-1.1132162809371948,
-0.41650158166885376,
0.45571228861808777,
0.6590148210525513,
1.145604133605957,
-0.528146505355835,
0.048266343772411346,
-0.7474477887153625,
-0.9873057007789612,
0.47681519389152527,
-0.08700630813837051,
0.3845798373222351,
-0.2971174716949463,
-0.21079887449741364,
-0.010257133282721043,
0.3545375466346741,
0.7974562048912048,
-0.3209794759750366,
0.7802549600601196,
-0.20686298608779907,
-0.06259358674287796,
0.10653561353683472,
0.6106553077697754,
0.06325540691614151,
0.6770449876785278,
0.0913933590054512,
0.49810147285461426,
0.7523607611656189,
-0.4354805052280426,
-0.6293612122535706,
-0.0732663944363594,
-0.2109968513250351,
0.4079456031322479,
-0.07747723907232285,
-0.8954960107803345,
-0.27468183636665344,
1.0510963201522827,
-0.7652921080589294,
-0.2711240351200104,
-0.14683248102664948,
0.4871841371059418,
-1.4937852621078491,
0.06562163680791855,
-0.7725377082824707,
0.05871163308620453,
-0.4270777106285095,
0.20477426052093506,
0.017762551084160805,
-0.16824586689472198,
-0.14681504666805267,
0.23837655782699585,
-0.30549368262290955,
-0.8818159699440002,
-0.7501928210258484,
0.08310099691152573,
-0.3488064110279083,
-0.3743162453174591,
-0.08485943078994751,
0.3576672673225403,
0.6118935942649841,
1.0958378314971924,
0.15555426478385925,
-0.630853533744812,
-1.1196751594543457,
-0.8207671642303467,
0.0856611430644989,
-0.6659042239189148,
-0.9220815300941467,
-0.4836496114730835,
-0.8720924258232117,
0.2283814251422882,
-0.9267122149467468,
-0.0529269315302372,
-0.14243084192276,
-0.18053272366523743,
-0.40294674038887024,
-0.20102643966674805,
-0.9392995238304138,
0.7131587862968445,
-0.9559576511383057,
-0.7109900116920471,
-0.26402053236961365,
-0.978192925453186,
-0.0896625816822052,
0.4233732223510742,
-0.1119086816906929,
-0.5421919822692871,
-0.32530903816223145,
0.40153971314430237,
0.13773487508296967,
0.26503100991249084,
-0.37224525213241577,
0.5669432878494263,
-0.9145089983940125,
0.16518302261829376,
0.45083919167518616,
1.2366446256637573,
0.9649742841720581,
-0.3833158612251282,
0.021653257310390472,
0.2015061229467392,
0.10838088393211365,
1.2543082237243652,
-0.9944376945495605,
-0.3082636892795563,
-0.8269222974777222,
0.342192143201828,
-0.18864741921424866,
-0.5231720209121704,
0.5932477116584778,
0.41821765899658203,
-0.2534046471118927,
-0.11433281749486923,
-0.1338231861591339,
0.06539833545684814,
0.18031153082847595,
-0.263141006231308,
0.06714901328086853,
0.32467156648635864,
1.1840959787368774,
-0.22441816329956055,
-0.08848597854375839,
0.4828202724456787,
-1.1204578876495361,
0.20108529925346375,
-1.0071126222610474,
0.6921386122703552,
-1.2151485681533813,
0.2031811773777008,
0.8457218408584595,
-0.1334947943687439,
0.33040836453437805,
0.46771058440208435,
-0.4012950658798218,
-0.6431124210357666,
0.406940221786499,
0.1142619401216507,
0.4675184190273285,
0.3021741211414337,
0.581968367099762,
-0.17194786667823792,
1.9370753765106201,
-0.21979762613773346,
0.5742112994194031,
-0.35594213008880615,
-1.0323991775512695,
0.4185751676559448,
-0.8755425810813904,
0.3970155417919159,
0.11026982963085175,
-0.20246252417564392,
-0.2776518166065216,
0.08211710304021835,
0.6488144397735596,
-0.4789130389690399,
-0.003341653384268284,
1.0893632173538208,
0.7016004323959351,
-0.3400898873806,
0.27436187863349915,
0.0489659309387207,
0.3907758295536041,
-1.4168107509613037,
0.1329919844865799,
0.1797659546136856,
-0.6571736931800842,
-0.24955232441425323,
0.37721529603004456,
0.5816852450370789,
-0.43580302596092224,
0.5885898470878601,
0.8711374402046204,
-0.2575036883354187,
-0.18675106763839722,
0.7248486280441284,
0.6251050233840942,
0.5566611289978027,
0.23493550717830658,
0.6318153738975525,
0.4049062430858612,
-0.07261023670434952,
0.23107421398162842,
-0.6226661205291748,
-0.7077363729476929,
-0.2614684998989105,
0.23781444132328033,
0.32903313636779785,
0.32042229175567627,
-0.8587907552719116,
-0.1696811467409134,
0.06672529876232147,
-0.37002983689308167,
0.4800362288951874,
-0.4329252541065216,
-1.5331969261169434,
-0.2951732277870178,
0.12381982058286667,
-0.2249034345149994,
-0.4162144362926483,
0.582472026348114,
-0.13497048616409302,
-0.1936170607805252,
-0.5996798872947693,
-0.6944620609283447,
-0.2936446964740753,
0.3773253262042999,
-0.34498512744903564,
-0.07500305026769638,
0.29085883498191833,
-0.7237398028373718,
-0.6528200507164001,
-0.0814247578382492,
-0.8411698341369629,
0.7059168815612793,
0.05668560415506363,
-0.36126935482025146,
-0.040023792535066605,
-0.008879382163286209,
0.11025936901569366,
0.9812479615211487,
0.39945194125175476,
0.0885617733001709,
-0.19363939762115479,
0.1686975359916687,
-0.6167286038398743,
-0.6091745495796204,
0.6485710144042969,
-0.9851377606391907,
-0.4884836673736572,
1.2695565223693848,
0.5487436056137085,
-0.39727020263671875,
-0.5149432420730591,
-0.7848023176193237,
-0.6908516883850098,
0.21611084043979645,
0.9423269033432007,
-0.9561322927474976,
0.02227451652288437,
0.4067903161048889,
-0.6308743953704834,
0.26754987239837646,
0.34789547324180603,
-1.2374489307403564,
-0.6328098177909851,
0.3337957262992859,
-1.2891006469726562,
-1.1535321474075317,
1.7148072719573975,
0.30781278014183044,
-0.4038902521133423,
-0.12071867287158966,
-0.8746610879898071,
-0.19694213569164276,
-0.0669761672616005,
0.2626655697822571,
-0.24083749949932098,
0.708594799041748,
-0.06749634444713593,
1.1838831901550293,
0.35361769795417786,
-0.8253376483917236,
0.491357684135437,
0.2668849229812622,
-1.4505504369735718,
0.24400541186332703,
0.17435434460639954,
-0.5180763602256775,
0.19600214064121246,
0.3640578091144562,
0.7206436395645142,
0.9081819653511047,
-0.050063394010066986,
0.24939987063407898,
-0.5375344753265381,
0.42894360423088074,
-0.6287339329719543,
-0.9672114849090576,
-0.5152714252471924,
1.1520916223526,
-0.17563079297542572,
0.6986076235771179,
0.26169663667678833,
-0.8581956624984741,
-0.0604638010263443,
-0.43187034130096436,
-0.33780020475387573,
-0.34974944591522217,
0.7187350392341614,
0.35883113741874695,
0.030425965785980225,
-0.22895526885986328,
0.23037761449813843,
-0.021744379773736,
-0.4386104643344879,
-0.5173934698104858,
0.08349329978227615,
-0.4171164333820343,
-0.012595738284289837,
0.1342793107032776,
-0.007091382518410683,
-0.4365699887275696,
0.2903777062892914,
-0.12840132415294647,
-0.6009575724601746,
0.16135939955711365,
0.4039384424686432,
-0.033133331686258316,
-0.23575428128242493,
-0.1475612223148346,
0.30337387323379517,
1.0940266847610474,
-1.3007991313934326,
0.07922185212373734,
0.1333492547273636,
-0.6495410203933716,
-0.08787237107753754,
0.04575749486684799,
0.2351437211036682,
-1.060657024383545,
0.36904895305633545,
-1.1374891996383667,
0.4772709608078003,
1.0958983898162842,
0.4101065695285797,
0.5081905722618103,
-0.17923028767108917,
-0.14828810095787048,
0.22103559970855713,
-0.5918330550193787,
-0.2429661750793457,
-0.1395079791545868,
-0.1648762822151184,
0.9403660297393799,
-0.6730045080184937,
0.4439622759819031,
-0.7979289293289185,
-0.1969682276248932,
0.7651193737983704,
-0.5573731064796448,
0.12010738998651505,
0.42396271228790283,
-0.9217475056648254,
-0.3401569128036499,
0.9394950866699219,
-0.34884822368621826,
0.3587101399898529,
0.423927903175354,
-0.6766464710235596,
0.7651742696762085,
-0.9371272325515747,
0.6441513895988464,
0.7688173055648804,
-0.6279597282409668,
0.2245628386735916,
-0.19790492951869965,
-0.3758423626422882,
-0.17096449434757233,
0.4290502667427063,
-0.09724611043930054,
-0.32335910201072693,
-0.42259424924850464,
-0.8157100081443787,
1.0997800827026367,
-0.6354955434799194,
0.3355042636394501,
0.46748653054237366,
-0.07005098462104797,
0.5984703898429871,
1.079801082611084,
0.6979078054428101,
0.7566095590591431,
-0.08441568166017532,
0.17024455964565277,
-0.22975832223892212,
0.4429231882095337,
-1.3263545036315918,
0.0610775463283062,
0.5531172752380371,
-1.076043725013733,
0.05184356868267059,
-0.9290038347244263,
-0.889127254486084,
-0.05752786621451378,
-1.0519932508468628,
0.10766185820102692,
-0.01936562918126583,
-0.10357987135648727,
-0.7661907076835632,
0.04316750168800354,
-0.16298922896385193,
-0.06015441566705704,
0.9722055792808533,
0.03604121506214142,
0.5091361999511719,
0.34526827931404114,
0.1346714198589325,
0.21812690794467926,
0.398641437292099,
0.3577948808670044,
-0.6636388301849365,
-0.14649000763893127,
-0.07724904268980026,
-0.060635752975940704,
-0.34666168689727783,
0.4490548372268677,
-0.7224287390708923,
-0.3787885904312134,
0.18233764171600342,
-0.1807883232831955,
0.7696902751922607,
-0.5885783433914185,
0.3226822316646576,
1.043250560760498,
-0.5466715693473816,
-0.3459315598011017,
0.02914237417280674,
-0.21377027034759521,
0.738521933555603,
0.825615644454956,
0.427094429731369,
-0.014210755005478859,
0.3439837694168091,
-0.9304454922676086,
-0.6618579030036926,
1.1076059341430664,
-0.0071667637676000595,
0.09513220936059952,
0.6722888946533203,
-0.3474501073360443,
-0.3658079206943512,
-0.08796466886997223,
0.44803813099861145,
-0.18402595818042755,
-0.1144619733095169,
0.19931815564632416,
0.09779856353998184,
0.02735341526567936,
-1.0129200220108032,
0.3005216717720032,
0.3395952582359314,
-0.2754592001438141,
-0.4140501916408539,
0.4274061620235443,
1.0862492322921753,
0.18828925490379333,
-0.2355661392211914,
-0.1718829721212387,
0.5129607915878296,
-0.4754900336265564,
-0.6299381256103516,
-0.31886956095695496,
-1.1067675352096558,
0.23169249296188354,
-0.27482086420059204,
-0.8593254089355469,
-0.5175172090530396,
-0.4598809480667114,
-1.1423121690750122,
0.42303693294525146,
0.2946169078350067,
0.2612456977367401,
0.10116221755743027,
0.8341886401176453,
0.21282954514026642,
1.162205457687378,
-0.5567021369934082,
-0.3294958472251892,
0.34731942415237427,
-0.17714281380176544,
0.05540244281291962,
-0.22242897748947144,
-0.06197086349129677,
0.6467911601066589,
-0.31774988770484924,
-0.0018789804307743907,
-0.7527923583984375,
-0.5906261205673218,
1.2813533544540405,
0.0931338369846344,
-0.7918630242347717,
0.17192500829696655,
0.6096076965332031,
0.7472044229507446,
-0.3512730002403259,
0.2678191363811493,
0.5230007171630859,
-0.5744173526763916,
-0.6758894324302673,
-0.2760433256626129,
0.8398232460021973,
0.6442019939422607,
-0.4916226267814636,
0.36207571625709534,
-0.031648967415094376,
-0.18106453120708466,
-0.00169532117433846,
0.1961536854505539,
-0.7749019861221313,
0.18923182785511017,
-0.7340826988220215,
-0.23908913135528564,
-0.14315026998519897,
1.0856659412384033,
0.3901270925998688,
-0.8676000833511353,
0.3846112787723541,
-0.11094116419553757,
-0.4029516875743866,
-0.24141789972782135,
-0.3509407937526703,
0.38223522901535034,
0.9324221014976501,
0.02532760612666607,
-0.801471471786499,
-0.11102307587862015,
-0.8751653432846069,
0.2674485146999359,
-0.7463196516036987,
-1.3582125902175903,
0.6281300187110901,
0.3477667272090912,
-0.13101351261138916,
0.7603144645690918,
-0.06547646224498749,
-0.9607047438621521,
0.9104576706886292,
-0.8356220722198486,
-0.4794697165489197,
-0.14800067245960236,
0.09925025701522827,
0.30437424778938293,
0.07428669184446335,
-0.11467193812131882,
0.4038836658000946,
0.6917896866798401,
0.37965020537376404,
-0.6577221751213074,
-0.5402576923370361,
-0.0633736252784729,
-1.6414848566055298,
0.48663851618766785,
0.1739170402288437,
0.3179616630077362,
0.5369076728820801,
-0.534674346446991,
-1.0166244506835938,
-0.4341302514076233,
-0.7892951965332031,
0.6965352892875671,
0.6650083661079407,
-0.23918306827545166,
-0.6402789950370789,
0.9566776156425476,
0.06463608890771866,
0.16322757303714752,
-0.31662246584892273,
0.36484086513519287,
-0.8467804789543152,
-0.909690260887146,
0.728949785232544,
-0.12160739302635193,
0.1837937980890274,
0.2756670117378235,
-0.14214202761650085,
0.6011323928833008,
0.3511614203453064,
0.5891634225845337,
0.29331186413764954,
-0.6073492765426636,
-0.01201311033219099,
-0.04960152134299278,
0.16029173135757446,
-0.5867016315460205,
0.11258456856012344,
0.08226942270994186,
1.0407285690307617,
0.6532267928123474,
0.009886441752314568,
0.06369277089834213,
-0.40633541345596313,
-0.30668187141418457,
-0.04417629539966583,
-1.188236951828003
] |
|
2jg149 | Size of Google Maps? | If all the files and data that made up Google Maps were put into one folder, how much space would that folder take up on a hard drive? | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"clbesy0",
"clbvze0",
"clbo9vj"
],
"text": [
"Google: \"Size of Google Maps\"\n\nFirst result (from 2012, a little old): _URL_0_\n\nRsult: 20 petabytes of data = ~20,000 terabytes.",
"The map is made of tiles, which are 256x256 pixel images. It has different zoom levels starting from 0, which is furthest and contains a single tile. At level 1 you get 4 tiles. At 2 you get 16 and so on. At different areas the maximum zoom imagery is at different levels. For example, in the oceans, you'd get about to 10 zoom level, where as large city you'd get 19. That's for satellite imagery, with the regular map, you'd get even deeper zoom level. \n\nAnyway, you can make a quick estimates of the number of images. Let's take satellite imagery for example. Let's assume that there are images of the entire earth, up to zoom level 18.\n\n_URL_1_\n\nWe are talking billion of tiles. If we assume on average, each tile is 11 kilobytes, that would make ~234 terabytes of data. If you add all the streetview imagery, metadata, historic imagery, you are probably looking at a few dozen petabytes of data. You'd need way more than one drive. 1 petabyte is more than 1000 1TB hard drives.",
"Mashable has an article quoting a Google spokesperon in 2012 saying it has over 20 petabytes of data (which would require ~10k 2TB HDDs): _URL_2_\n\nGiven the ever increasing amount of data they collect for maps (more/higher res images, streetview, historical pictures, etc) I'd say you can probably at least double that figure for 2014."
],
"score": [
9,
3,
3
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://mashable.com/2012/08/22/google-maps-facts/",
"http://i.imgur.com/vafGu56.png",
"http://mashable.com/2012/08/22/google-maps-facts/"
]
} | Size of Google Maps?
If all the files and data that made up Google Maps were put into one folder, how much space would that folder take up on a hard drive? | [
-0.5110378265380859,
-0.3132169246673584,
0.9491235017776489,
-0.08747169375419617,
-0.427476704120636,
-0.7442893981933594,
0.28866317868232727,
-0.46207401156425476,
0.1321447789669037,
-0.1601412147283554,
0.976183295249939,
0.7159122824668884,
-1.5357275009155273,
0.08556342869997025,
0.04684733226895332,
-0.5442856550216675,
-0.8575857281684875,
0.6040321588516235,
-0.552190363407135,
-0.043070800602436066,
1.0837182998657227,
-0.244472473859787,
-0.25851577520370483,
1.212141752243042,
0.154084712266922,
0.036544837057590485,
0.7005504965782166,
0.6020354628562927,
0.43337172269821167,
0.27818766236305237,
-0.42027634382247925,
-0.4619794189929962,
-0.9526516795158386,
0.8971644043922424,
0.7386323809623718,
-0.40193691849708557,
0.8090996742248535,
-0.6517974138259888,
0.35185736417770386,
-0.9408556818962097,
0.722763180732727,
0.05002102255821228,
-0.46368300914764404,
0.7214750051498413,
-0.27739498019218445,
-0.5548191666603088,
0.17682866752147675,
0.22567060589790344,
-0.6121072173118591,
-0.4073292911052704,
-0.019201813265681267,
0.2753739058971405,
0.5702351927757263,
-0.1860232651233673,
0.2599314749240875,
-0.6578345894813538,
0.9960428476333618,
-0.4751424491405487,
0.5565122365951538,
-0.23587505519390106,
-0.18893051147460938,
1.3165111541748047,
-0.10063271969556808,
-1.311863660812378,
0.0013333421666175127,
-0.35496509075164795,
0.0025106039829552174,
0.34987252950668335,
-1.2280330657958984,
-0.4765872061252594,
0.6045006513595581,
-0.44413504004478455,
-1.2602299451828003,
0.6113642454147339,
0.3688105046749115,
-0.39436712861061096,
-0.3632277846336365,
0.040822822600603104,
0.3577483594417572,
-0.3549582362174988,
-0.4582023024559021,
0.02362801507115364,
-0.03548849746584892,
0.9655314087867737,
-0.17639130353927612,
-0.031052228063344955,
0.11370990425348282,
-0.17925715446472168,
-0.3914721608161926,
1.0456867218017578,
0.007843220606446266,
-0.6206285357475281,
0.13526523113250732,
0.1309790164232254,
0.18656334280967712,
-0.39877668023109436,
-0.004085688851773739,
-0.5957034230232239,
-0.3030238449573517,
0.9207608103752136,
-0.47476381063461304,
0.43550217151641846,
-0.09247569739818573,
0.8832986950874329,
0.3092442452907562,
-1.1304265260696411,
0.11013996601104736,
0.08395179361104965,
-0.13538160920143127,
-0.16864030063152313,
-0.004264234099537134,
0.06515190750360489,
-0.47590523958206177,
0.29932641983032227,
-0.06064726784825325,
-1.3914790153503418,
0.22453957796096802,
0.16817724704742432,
1.0353062152862549,
-0.1835678070783615,
-0.9174078702926636,
0.25480031967163086,
1.0433292388916016,
0.6816343069076538,
0.2920942008495331,
-0.0004408842942211777,
-0.3161901533603668,
0.20331168174743652,
0.03879471495747566,
-0.18166498839855194,
-0.2674943506717682,
0.24003900587558746,
0.6613271236419678,
-0.5960108637809753,
0.11442410200834274,
-0.28167012333869934,
-0.7783716320991516,
0.1013706624507904,
-0.7116411924362183,
-0.40323927998542786,
0.2393694370985031,
0.855887234210968,
0.02368784323334694,
-0.09790518879890442,
0.9724053144454956,
-0.7094504833221436,
-0.5452662706375122,
-0.7707141041755676,
-0.31186166405677795,
-0.6087192893028259,
-0.10553400218486786,
-0.12949402630329132,
0.032545056194067,
-0.6724944710731506,
1.4258489608764648,
1.0959559679031372,
0.5310331583023071,
-0.8164328932762146,
0.939294159412384,
-0.2874532639980316,
-1.4566632509231567,
0.16272887587547302,
0.22298483550548553,
0.007529527880251408,
-0.3222362697124481,
-0.1434108167886734,
-0.27684393525123596,
-0.2818860113620758,
-0.1468399167060852,
0.24703574180603027,
-0.40333282947540283,
0.016229351982474327,
1.192968726158142,
0.8640002012252808,
0.4107593894004822,
0.46353721618652344,
1.7867928743362427,
0.2869156002998352,
-0.37358707189559937,
0.165779709815979,
0.15522590279579163,
-1.2680752277374268,
0.9199808239936829,
0.6789690256118774,
-0.4211474657058716,
0.42327681183815,
0.6220936179161072,
1.2397079467773438,
0.6790066361427307,
0.3448947072029114,
0.5749532580375671,
-0.19245199859142303,
-0.9845678806304932,
0.4733242392539978,
0.8120725750923157,
0.0020963051356375217,
-0.2265552282333374,
-0.2156289517879486,
0.47753679752349854,
0.12223199754953384,
-0.39340853691101074,
-0.37419405579566956,
-0.05022082477807999,
-1.1560856103897095,
0.2753481864929199,
-0.31566423177719116,
-0.4281007945537567,
-0.05659506097435951,
-0.39019864797592163,
0.06394914537668228,
0.1959037184715271,
0.1023520976305008,
0.007380543742328882,
-0.32406240701675415,
0.38295117020606995,
-0.07625806331634521,
0.5788175463676453,
0.1557334065437317,
0.19459815323352814,
0.1276991218328476,
1.1256870031356812,
-0.5377641916275024,
0.8872789740562439,
0.26720166206359863,
-0.17807601392269135,
-0.3917223811149597,
-0.21595704555511475,
0.35144147276878357,
0.876740038394928,
0.09778227657079697,
-0.3164370656013489,
0.46359550952911377,
-0.30229079723358154,
0.6212256550788879,
0.32724934816360474,
-0.7742255926132202,
-0.5138272047042847,
-1.1165225505828857,
-0.26295003294944763,
-0.7359483242034912,
-0.30532705783843994,
0.6357665061950684,
0.24650312960147858,
-0.029638435691595078,
0.5091038346290588,
0.7537399530410767,
-0.7063326835632324,
-0.5311102867126465,
0.18924745917320251,
-0.0041990443132817745,
1.6184824705123901,
-1.2486693859100342,
-1.0976158380508423,
-0.4243471622467041,
0.43026524782180786,
-0.833916962146759,
0.9962366223335266,
0.5296552181243896,
-0.08029281347990036,
0.12244894355535507,
-0.04731552675366402,
-0.7561286687850952,
0.32014986872673035,
0.08333656936883926,
-0.5057617425918579,
-0.598396897315979,
-0.5643693804740906,
0.49315741658210754,
-0.3851621448993683,
-0.33434534072875977,
-1.555432915687561,
0.15858721733093262,
0.5371583700180054,
1.0618786811828613,
-0.1473979651927948,
-0.09394567459821701,
0.3901255428791046,
-0.43634188175201416,
-0.2962970733642578,
-0.10529809445142746,
0.9998055696487427,
0.3905636668205261,
0.7753912806510925,
-1.00979483127594,
0.5155065059661865,
0.5771990418434143,
0.4778779447078705,
-1.4137065410614014,
0.39418771862983704,
-0.3682805299758911,
0.7585023641586304,
0.7465718984603882,
0.1223202794790268,
0.5786507725715637,
0.20316891372203827,
-0.22912192344665527,
0.4028288722038269,
0.08039824664592743,
-0.8215833306312561,
0.39027950167655945,
-0.6135918498039246,
-0.5663803815841675,
-0.310185968875885,
0.5605547428131104,
-0.3323856294155121,
0.07573487609624863,
0.22297921776771545,
-0.6415055990219116,
0.7047240138053894,
-0.2961511015892029,
0.4162018895149231,
-0.20963387191295624,
-0.4655788540840149,
-0.11810319125652313,
-0.7181879281997681,
0.5902395248413086,
-0.3323809504508972,
-0.48476967215538025,
-1.0304348468780518,
-0.3299848139286041,
-0.6077171564102173,
0.29554110765457153,
0.6700443029403687,
0.3712722063064575,
-0.062214553356170654,
2.171884775161743,
-0.32284900546073914,
0.13820362091064453,
-0.513185441493988,
-0.8915406465530396,
1.0320597887039185,
-0.9679396152496338,
0.3932674825191498,
0.9087961316108704,
0.2122589349746704,
-0.18917720019817352,
0.509258508682251,
0.6975370645523071,
0.8481167554855347,
-0.43383437395095825,
0.4155887961387634,
0.5916004776954651,
-0.7419509887695312,
0.12773022055625916,
0.3793494701385498,
0.5675637722015381,
0.05219832807779312,
0.27579963207244873,
0.9647684693336487,
0.8509520292282104,
-0.30789321660995483,
0.15490005910396576,
1.006070852279663,
-1.067319393157959,
0.46982187032699585,
-0.3895762264728546,
-0.28730273246765137,
-0.08189652860164642,
-0.003997243940830231,
0.28594860434532166,
-0.9304912686347961,
-0.058621060103178024,
0.7493290901184082,
0.026125343516469002,
-0.944044291973114,
0.32910507917404175,
-1.2884857654571533,
-0.5896786451339722,
1.154590368270874,
-0.17995111644268036,
-0.5062880516052246,
0.16887548565864563,
-0.15042433142662048,
-0.3885435461997986,
-0.07081916183233261,
-0.11216825991868973,
0.07110566645860672,
0.515476405620575,
-0.7300846576690674,
0.308378666639328,
0.03455539047718048,
0.15889529883861542,
-1.1747829914093018,
0.7578901052474976,
-0.29028862714767456,
-0.0025229565799236298,
-0.8443300127983093,
0.10576518625020981,
-0.9041774868965149,
0.5672277212142944,
-0.5783392786979675,
-0.10413968563079834,
-0.620945155620575,
-1.2300173044204712,
-0.8569310903549194,
-0.0267817173153162,
-0.9031001925468445,
0.4773746132850647,
-0.9542937278747559,
-1.0421260595321655,
0.21747705340385437,
-0.34227678179740906,
0.14311057329177856,
1.277578353881836,
0.2222413569688797,
-0.10971088707447052,
-0.0865616574883461,
0.05064794048666954,
0.27152302861213684,
-0.5967376232147217,
0.6328079104423523,
-0.8497800827026367,
-0.8414227366447449,
0.08985617756843567,
0.2624700963497162,
-1.1521989107131958,
-0.5277226567268372,
-0.059902776032686234,
-0.7514188885688782,
0.1743975579738617,
0.8229526877403259,
-1.1892802715301514,
-0.13122820854187012,
0.3754517138004303,
-0.6986976861953735,
-0.8278287649154663,
0.5396192669868469,
-0.5031104683876038,
-0.7153956890106201,
0.9159494638442993,
-0.5951101779937744,
-1.6462379693984985,
0.5698426961898804,
0.799141526222229,
-0.2855328619480133,
-0.16096818447113037,
0.3054234981536865,
0.6238482594490051,
0.39605826139450073,
0.02082511968910694,
-0.22382202744483948,
0.7519064545631409,
-0.07847826182842255,
-0.5617256760597229,
-0.16271042823791504,
-0.0435699000954628,
-0.47992831468582153,
0.2535511255264282,
-0.6764005422592163,
-0.3125136196613312,
0.03253304958343506,
-0.603855550289154,
0.17148756980895996,
0.19013001024723053,
0.7756513357162476,
0.4126126170158386,
-0.3589451313018799,
0.517641544342041,
-1.5263231992721558,
-0.25989267230033875,
-0.1300804764032364,
-1.0690898895263672,
-0.35221317410469055,
0.10326509177684784,
-0.3800765872001648,
0.8315717577934265,
-0.027119411155581474,
-0.14816829562187195,
0.17133016884326935,
-0.7514585852622986,
0.4284212291240692,
-0.3539252281188965,
-0.05125013738870621,
-0.11117368191480637,
0.17312653362751007,
-0.5821473002433777,
-0.5957434177398682,
0.11351916939020157,
-0.37205415964126587,
-1.222170114517212,
-0.10004008561372757,
-0.8297002911567688,
-0.3075008988380432,
0.03554819896817207,
0.7048709988594055,
-0.4475117623806,
-0.21285423636436462,
0.8479344844818115,
-0.6722885966300964,
-0.41691622138023376,
0.31308531761169434,
-1.1314245462417603,
0.39344167709350586,
0.2789415121078491,
0.2778812348842621,
0.21004533767700195,
-0.28455036878585815,
-0.07594683766365051,
-0.6263681054115295,
0.09405175596475601,
-0.05297267436981201,
-0.4755001664161682,
-0.04154526814818382,
-0.597648024559021,
0.8555114269256592,
-1.2026875019073486,
0.09814005345106125,
0.37353670597076416,
-0.4349154829978943,
0.4976605474948883,
-1.1495487689971924,
0.8022980093955994,
0.25742271542549133,
-0.572878360748291,
0.14505696296691895,
0.5055238604545593,
-0.11360369622707367,
0.11018594354391098,
0.19948537647724152,
0.3699277341365814,
-0.7421831488609314,
-0.535103440284729,
1.2278163433074951,
0.2605058550834656,
0.17775626480579376,
0.20557980239391327,
-0.28620949387550354,
-1.6084506511688232,
-0.2040218859910965,
0.44268056750297546,
-0.12017977237701416,
-0.12737713754177094,
0.10321319848299026,
0.4195205271244049,
-0.49172696471214294,
1.016950011253357,
0.20589762926101685,
-0.5978870987892151,
1.4574389457702637,
-0.26503273844718933,
-0.1861819475889206,
0.012090237811207771,
0.6499668955802917,
0.24368290603160858,
0.7702993154525757,
-0.850634753704071,
-1.4606679677963257,
0.03076772764325142,
-0.4271594285964966,
0.8533796072006226,
0.2073954939842224,
0.21353554725646973,
0.21082335710525513,
1.4071558713912964,
-0.9212677478790283,
-0.4740939736366272,
-0.005277737509459257,
-0.29969510436058044,
-0.3020530045032501,
0.19713492691516876,
-0.49775469303131104,
0.41728997230529785,
-0.14389029145240784,
0.021830875426530838,
-0.26403260231018066,
-0.6162020564079285,
-0.2145211100578308,
0.2600354254245758,
-0.9572576284408569,
0.538506805896759,
0.34337660670280457,
-0.18494820594787598,
-0.24605107307434082,
-0.23513144254684448,
0.21810369193553925,
-0.8071451187133789,
0.515825092792511,
-0.2823241353034973,
0.43224093317985535,
0.8141146302223206,
0.04465962573885918,
-0.21669119596481323,
-0.324755996465683,
-0.19347098469734192,
-1.200660228729248,
0.1456989049911499,
-0.03569412976503372,
-0.41329389810562134,
0.20064708590507507,
0.42183202505111694,
-0.3119056522846222,
-0.6178293824195862,
-0.5295301675796509,
-0.5920832753181458,
0.6038244962692261,
0.010845696553587914,
0.170610249042511,
0.8125928044319153,
-0.1124531626701355,
0.5552703142166138,
0.11375674605369568,
-1.049429178237915,
-0.16998805105686188,
0.4763788878917694,
0.1595238894224167,
-1.0859591960906982,
0.7119966745376587,
-0.2385503649711609,
-0.029721073806285858,
1.5662212371826172,
-0.16950088739395142,
0.2421186864376068,
0.5369831919670105,
0.16339856386184692,
0.43893757462501526,
1.022806167602539,
-0.17364667356014252,
-0.8450509905815125,
0.587674617767334,
-0.20004339516162872,
-0.01177600584924221,
0.2473357617855072,
-0.6177582740783691,
-0.41045254468917847,
0.5036100745201111,
0.24114471673965454,
-0.1893213838338852,
0.8836381435394287,
-0.4635255038738251,
-0.07876503467559814,
-0.7214735746383667,
-0.33950287103652954,
0.3507660925388336,
-0.8846750259399414,
-1.3104121685028076,
0.10358092933893204,
-0.1706257164478302,
0.34912925958633423,
-0.11086280643939972,
-0.22146734595298767,
-0.7750449180603027,
-0.08073676377534866,
0.3948211073875427,
0.4715054929256439,
0.45016273856163025,
-0.5528170466423035,
-0.7892236709594727,
0.7596498131752014,
-0.29886922240257263,
0.7165509462356567,
-0.8490249514579773,
0.6248210072517395,
-0.6457741856575012,
0.0753752589225769,
-0.1835029125213623,
-1.0613489151000977,
0.8511071801185608,
0.8274504542350769,
0.36569058895111084,
0.338664174079895,
-1.763576865196228,
1.104474663734436,
0.5923566222190857,
-0.4203803539276123,
0.944944441318512,
0.3521948754787445,
-0.6507388949394226,
-0.19501185417175293,
-0.19846601784229279,
0.5653506517410278,
0.09244678169488907,
0.8295533657073975,
-0.4461743235588074,
-0.01555635966360569,
0.552430272102356,
-0.15766243636608124,
-0.23527149856090546,
0.5221289992332458,
-0.35068264603614807,
0.6229709386825562,
-0.18256987631320953,
0.024188362061977386,
-0.515851616859436,
-0.2518271505832672,
-0.22997286915779114,
-0.523280143737793,
-0.8819639086723328,
0.6441243886947632,
-0.1574416607618332,
-0.3793540298938751,
0.6856228709220886,
-0.08145350217819214,
0.44664686918258667,
0.0384676530957222,
0.12782880663871765,
0.4290931224822998,
0.844017744064331,
-0.3678048253059387,
0.15627801418304443,
0.33918818831443787,
-0.5712925791740417,
0.1723003387451172,
-0.4164307117462158,
-1.5073904991149902,
0.04269842430949211,
0.5368944406509399,
0.6832044720649719,
0.37525826692581177,
0.9592138528823853,
-0.9990838766098022,
0.18743069469928741,
-0.09581982344388962,
-0.34651827812194824,
-0.04824334755539894,
0.5605250000953674,
0.11465861648321152,
-0.5147724747657776,
0.12873072922229767,
0.07565655559301376,
0.3276681900024414,
-0.23242290318012238,
-0.10378683358430862,
0.27141186594963074,
-0.9312849044799805,
-0.9776385426521301,
0.7923612594604492,
-0.3818957209587097,
-0.1092073991894722,
-0.0852760523557663,
0.43876010179519653,
-0.4625398814678192,
-0.4414481222629547,
0.6584686636924744,
0.6750336289405823,
0.19629326462745667,
0.23830446600914001,
-0.8717939257621765,
1.0545706748962402,
0.3085501790046692,
0.14457933604717255,
-0.2667315602302551,
-0.008882947266101837,
-0.32493987679481506,
0.993785560131073,
-0.016695979982614517,
0.2512491047382355,
-0.7025648355484009,
-0.03515266254544258,
-0.4522026777267456,
0.05143553391098976,
-0.14244136214256287,
0.10449570417404175,
0.0942482203245163,
0.7279081344604492,
0.0898994654417038,
-0.0625823512673378,
-0.17640557885169983,
-0.9034845232963562,
-0.16457168757915497,
0.3110249936580658,
0.11451593786478043,
-0.5836004018783569,
-0.49552035331726074,
0.36608248949050903,
-0.30955153703689575,
-0.33279624581336975,
-0.32560044527053833,
-0.19371846318244934
] |
|
c7r6a0 | AskScience AMA Series: We're the team sending NASA's Dragonfly drone mission to Saturn's moon Titan. Ask us anything! | For the first time, NASA will fly a drone for science on another world! Our Dragonfly mission will explore Saturn's icy moon Titan while searching for the building blocks of life.
Dragonfly will launch in 2026 and arrive in 2034. Once there, the rotorcraft will fly to dozens of promising locations on the mysterious ocean world in search of prebiotic chemical processes common on both Titan and Earth. Titan is an analog to the very early Earth, and can provide clues to how life may have arisen on our home planet.
Team members answering your questions include:
+ Curt Niebur, Lead Program Scientist for New Frontiers
+ Lori Glaze, director of NASA's Planetary Science Division
+ Zibi Turtle, Dragonfly Principal Investigator
+ Peter Bedini, Dragonfly Project Manager
+ Ken Hibbard, Dragonfly Mission Systems Engineer
+ Melissa Trainer, Dragonfly Deputy Principal Investigator
+ Doug Adams, Spacecraft Systems Engineer at Johns Hopkins APL
We'll sign on at 3 p.m. EDT (19 UT), ask us anything! | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"esh3s26",
"esh2brd",
"esh62dx",
"esh5kxn",
"esh28vq",
"esh5m6z",
"esh4kcq",
"eshacfw",
"esh8ya6",
"esh6vcr",
"eshdft1",
"eshgd54",
"esh73bd",
"esh2cgw",
"esh7krh",
"esh4cg8",
"eshh30a",
"esh7dxh",
"esh5kbb",
"esh40az",
"esh9xfk",
"eshh0gw",
"esh8bzp",
"esh22o7",
"eshcbvd",
"esh9s3u",
"esh71nf",
"esh8pkd",
"eshffvw",
"eshg85j",
"eshc8ql",
"esh2a5p",
"esh8q1m",
"eshb0p1",
"eshipky",
"esh7hgi",
"eshjdz9",
"eshgnsm",
"esh5bdl",
"esha8xp",
"esh8xqh",
"eshmyyj",
"esh9klz",
"esi29o8",
"esh6nzt",
"esha94b",
"esh2nax",
"eshav17",
"eshc1c1",
"esh8uda",
"esh8y0y",
"eshjci2",
"eshbpeb",
"esh77dt",
"eshy5yb",
"eshkq5k",
"eshj6ua",
"esheqe1",
"eshchns",
"eshhgbn",
"eshhcyw",
"eshbhvb",
"eshfnrp",
"esiroan",
"eshgb48",
"eshfp7d",
"esi47cr",
"eshagsn",
"esha6gx",
"esi1ddm",
"eshicur",
"esi7pzz",
"eshfvzh",
"esh94w1",
"esi66pn",
"eshfkfm",
"esi1ws2",
"esh8rej",
"eshkcar",
"esih2vo",
"eshetgb",
"esh7lmx",
"eshjkvm",
"esijz9s",
"eshav0n",
"esi1q7x",
"eshhjn0",
"eshfc1h",
"eshbmo1",
"eshbl26",
"eshgz43",
"eshd2dy",
"eshaofr",
"eshjs1w",
"esh6oyb",
"eshadjf",
"esh2ihu",
"eshhnl4",
"esh3raq",
"eshcne4",
"esh8nz1",
"eshepr7",
"eshe6k3",
"eshd6om",
"eshezr7",
"esh2scq",
"esh41ep",
"esi4cd4",
"eshgtvx",
"eshluf5",
"eshf9up",
"eshirup",
"eshetgw",
"eshefww",
"esh772e",
"esh74ma",
"esh9rcs",
"esh8zme",
"esh8u11",
"eshlcfx",
"eshkt5j",
"eshijvs",
"eshced9",
"eshaq2z",
"eshka76",
"esh76fa",
"eshds5u",
"eshdyxn",
"eshiaj6",
"eshi7sc",
"eshc3u6",
"esha2fa",
"eshi3oa",
"eshdxrx",
"eshc324",
"eshbnup",
"eshb958",
"esh7oer",
"esh788j",
"esh53b6",
"eshloi4",
"eshjm96",
"eshftvu",
"eshdxf5",
"eshc0g9",
"esha5ij",
"eshh6qw",
"eshgv79",
"eshaz1y",
"esha2ub",
"esh99ks",
"eshmbae",
"eshlrkn",
"eshej7g",
"eshdkfp",
"esh6315",
"esi5og0",
"eshbj2p",
"eshjlng",
"eshj8wy",
"esheu7v",
"esh9eqo",
"eshcu7h",
"eshc3eo",
"eshaolq",
"esha1bg",
"esh8r6i",
"eshl1ij",
"eshbgy8",
"esh89uk",
"esham87",
"esi9eyr",
"eshl6m8",
"eshdeec",
"eshfs66",
"eshil7l",
"eshcyag",
"esi8c7s",
"eshjomz",
"esh9x5w",
"esh9ias"
],
"text": [
"Thank you so much for taking the time to answer those questions!\n\nHow will the navigation and mapping going to work? Obviously there will be no real time communication. I have read that our maps of Titan are less precise than the maps we had of Mars when Viking landed. Is is pure vision based? Radar? Inertial measurement units? How much autonomy will the dragonfly have for navigation and choosing landing spots?\n\nFrom what I understand the power source is going to be based on the same RTG as Curiosity and the Mars 2020 rover. Will there need to be some adaptation on the module itself to work in Titan's atmosphere?\n\nHow are you going to handle communication? Is the aircraft going to use an orbital relay?",
"Out of pure curiousity: should this mission, or any other for that matter, find actual evidence of living organisms, even if not intelligent or as \"insignificent\" (per lack of a better term) as mice on our planet, are there then agreed upon protocols that have to be followed to document or notify agencies such as NASA, ESA, goverments etc.?\n\nEdit: thanks for the silver! glad others are as curious about this as I am!",
"After googling I found out, that the temperature on Titan ist -179 °C. How difficult was it, to build a drone that can withstand such extreme temperatures?",
"Hello! Thanks for this AMA!\n\nWhat are the hardest engineering challenges you are facing in such a complex mission? Is it aiming for a specific orbit on a moon so far away? Is it making everything work under a strict power budget? Is it the payload that might be overly complex? Data transmission ?\n\nAs an engineer I would like to hear about what is the critical part of this mission and what might be surprisingly easy for you guys.",
"Driving a rover is hard on Mars. How crazy will it be to fly? How do you determine where it can land safely?",
"I build and fly quad copters for fun. The dragonfly will be vehicle sized, what sort of power source will you be using for it? And if there is a delay in transmission from the moon how will it be controlled during high winds?",
"Firstly Hi, What a great project to be a part of!\n\nWill you be examining the atmospheric cycle at all? I'm very interested in the polar sea basin transfer of methane that appears to be going South to North direction at present but potentially will revert to a North to South direction over 10\\^4 year timescales if I remember correctly. Is there a way to test this hypothesis?\n\nI'm also very interested in the equatorial organic dust that occurs when the methane interacts with sunlight. Will you be examining this at all?\n\nI'm a mature student in my 40's studying Astronomy and Planetary Science and for part of my end of year project this past year I looked into Titan to see how it can compare to Earth's atmospheric cycle and now I'm completely fascinated by Titan so this announcement made me very excited!\n\n & #x200B;\n\nI appreciate any answers you can give.",
"Hi, engineering and compsci student here very interested in this mission. Thanks for the AMA, i was hoping you’d be willing to answer\n\n1) How do you test drones for extremely different gravity, atmospheres, and weather conditions which may not be found on earth? What sorts of sensors possibly allow the machine to adjust on its own to combat these condition?\n\n2) What is the most unique/interesting mechanism you had to design for this drone and why?",
"What is _the_ number one fun fact about your mission?",
"A couple questions for yall.\n\n1. how long can the drone fly for on a mission? Is it something were the batteries will be slowly charged by the MMRTG then discharged for flight?\n\n2. How will the drone protect itself from flying rocks and dust kicked up from landing/takeoff? In the same vein, can it fly it 1/8 rotors damaged? how about 2?\n\n3. What is the ConOps for flying (ie. go up snap a pic of where you want to fly to, land back where it was, send image to earth for analsysis and go/no, then fly to new spot)?",
"Thanks so much for your interest in our Dragonfly mission! Our experts will start answering your questions at 3 p.m. EDT!",
"If the drone accidentally fell or landed in a methane lake, is that game over or is there a recovery procedure?",
"Will the spacecraft be capable of recording video while flying above the surface?\n\nAlso, what kind of antenna and relay system will it use? What radio frequency is suitable for penetrating the atmosphere and then travelling back to Earth?\n\nAnd what will the data return speed be like? I imagine not enough for realtime video stream\n\nEDIT: also, how many of the drones will be sent? In 2026 I imagine there will be a few more powerful launch vehicles",
"What will be the delay of communication shared between earth and the drone ? Are we talking minutes, hours, days ?\n\n & #x200B;\n\nAlso the communication will be based on DTN (disruption tolerant network), is this correct ?\n\n & #x200B;\n\nThanks",
"2026 is pretty close, how will you ensure that you can hit that deadline and not just end up like the JWST (James Webb Space Telescope). If you do miss the deadline, do you have have backup launch windows in mind?",
"How do you know what technology will be mature in 2026 to design this mission so the science is still relevant in 2034? What instruments will be available to detect non Carbon-based lifeforms? Will the drones be permanent hover type, or will they be able to land and take off on their own?",
"Will *Dragonfly* ever pay a visit to *Huygens*?",
"What kind of propulsion will the carrier be using (eg ion, conventional etc)?\n\nHow will the mission be powered? Would nuclear thermoelectric be viable, and how much of a challenge would solar be, given the large distance from the sun?\n\nWould we even recognise 'life' if we came across it, as it is likely to be vastly different from terrestrial life? How would we quantify what is 'living'?",
"Congratulations, and thanks for doing this!\n\nHow much info do you think you will be able to pass immediately to the public? Is there red tape, or will you be free/willing to share findings as they come in?",
"What is the hardest obstacle you will face and could you describe your plans to overcome it?",
"What will be the process for naming all the new cool places you'll discover?",
"What sort of things if any are the team hoping to learn about Titan in terms of geology? \n\nInvestigating the possible Cryo-volcanoes? The geologic history of Titan? How the hydrocarbons interact with the terrain in comparison to liquid water on earth?\n\nTitan is also tidally locked to Saturn, do you expect that to impact the mission at all?",
"Thank you for taking your time to answer our questions!\n\nOnce you arrive on Titan, how much time the drone battery will last? 5 years? 6?",
"I might have interpreted this wrong but why a flying drone and not a rover or submarine?",
"How were computational fluid dynamics used in the design of Dragonfly?",
"What do you think are the mysterious objects that change size and shape in Titan's oceans?, I have seen people saying they could be glaciers, but I hope they can be organic",
"How is the project planning process done in the long term? Is the technology stack open to possible improvements regarding technological advances in the time frame in which the project will be carried out? is it set in stone by the moment its development starts? Grateful to be able to ask you questions and witness human history on the making, you guys are making a lot of people's dreams come true.",
"What kind of clock will the drone be boarding?\n\nDo you have to take in consideration the Gravitational time dilatation, and the fact that time on Titan will run differently from down here?\n\nHow this can impact communication, calculations, whatever?",
"What will flying conditions and visibility be like on Titan? Do you plan on iterating on the current Dragonfly design prior to launch in 2026?",
"How similar are conditions believed to be on Titan compared to a young earth in terms of prebiotic chemistry? What data do we hope to gain in terms of clues into the transition from chemistry to biology and how will Dragonfly go about collecting that data?",
"What processes are used to eliminate chances of 'tainting' the moon with earth bio-matter?",
"Hello! What is the drone going to be doing to try and find signs of life? I don’t know if that question might be stupid or with an obvious answer but you know, curiosity.",
"I’m curious about running a drone or even a lander in that cold, methane atmosphere. What are the challenges for keeping a drone or rover functioning in that environment?",
"Who chose the name 'Dragonfly'? Is there a committee for naming drones / projects or does a lead executive choose it all on his/her own? Thanks",
"Why was a drone chosen over something like a blimp?",
"Do you have any plans at all (for example, after the planned mission is over), to go near a methane lake/sea? It would be amazing to see real pictures of them.\nI really wish I could one day get to see a video of a flowing methane river.",
"If you weren't limited by your funding, what, for you (each) personally, would you change about the mission to make it just that little bit more exciting for you?\n\nMassive congrats on all the work so far and thanks for the AMA!",
"Thanks for doing this!\n\nMy question is: What is something you expect to learn during the course of your mission that will likely have an impact on the every day life of an average citizen?",
"Are there any issues with instrument calibration after such a long transit and exposure of the sensors to high-energy radiation? Or are such missions mostly about the presence/absence of molecules rather than concentration/isoptopic composition?",
"What happened to the plan of sending a submarine to Titan?",
"What caused you guys to become so passionate about this project?",
"Dust storms have recently been discovered in the equatorial regions of Titan. Are there any potential risks and/or scientific benefits that could result from an encounter with a dust storm?\n\nDragonfly is planned to fly 175 km in its 2.7 year prime mission, but how far could it fly in the full 8 years enabled by the RTG?\n\nI heard there are plans to have students help with the mission. Do you have any more specific information about how students might get involved at this time?",
"What are the odds of getting a micro-drone sized, deployable submarine to be dropped into a methane lake or river added to its toolset? Nothing too fancy, but maybe a camera or a couple sensors, and maybe a lifespan of a few minutes. Assuming it would/could be engineered to survive at all in the methane, or that its data could still be transmitted",
"What is the level of international cooperation involved in this project? \nAs an international student here in the US, I'm always curious what possibilities lie ahead of me if I'm ever able to get an opportunity in the space sector.",
"How much different is the atmosphere (or lack thereof) on Titan, and how does that affect a flying drone's operation? I imagine that wouldn't be an easy variable to account for and design around.",
"What are the challenges that were faced in building something that will be withstanding not just the extreme temperature but the other factors as well (which maybe you could tell us about) ?",
"What places is it planned to visit, can it land on water and will the experiment results be available to the public?",
"How is Dragonfly operated? Remotely or will it use a GPS of some sort to guide itself to Titan?",
"What is the atmosphere like on titan and compled with its gravity how will the drone land itself?",
"What are the challenges with communication? (Devices and data) Also, is anything being done to improve space communication?",
"If you do in fact find life, what will be the next course of action?",
"What are the atmospheric entry characteristics you have to consider when landing on Titan?",
"How hard is to get into NASA missions like this?",
"Will the drone be nuclear or battery run?",
"Thank you so much for giving us the chance to ask you our questions!\n\n1. How long do you expect the drone to last and what is the main thing you wish to find an answer to before the missions ends\n\n2. In general, what do we expect to find based on what we already know and your own educated guesses, and what would we also realistically hope to find from this mission\n\n3. What kind of tools and sensors are on board the drone to help with the mission and how long are the flight times before it has to I assume recharge\n\n4. Are you expecting the drone to cover the entire surface of Titan or do you have a specific area that seems promising to look at? If so, once it’s done with that area would the drone be able to cover long distances and trek the entire surface?\n\nThanks again!",
"Hi Team. Thanks for taking the time out off your busy working day to answer some of our questions here on Reddit! \n \n \n\nBelow are some questions I'm particularly interested in hearing your answers to: \n\n1. How long could the mission possibly be extended to? I understand DragonFly is intended to use an nuclear RTG power source so what would be the maximum mission life time considering we're still in touch with the Voyagers probes, who, to the best of my understanding also run off RTGs! \n\n2. Will any secondary payloads be sent alongside DragonFly or, if not yet confirmed, will there be sufficient payload margins to include a small orbiter or some cubesats? \n\n3. What image resolution can we expect to see and how will images be stored/sent back to Earth? \n\n4. What is the maximum uninterrupted flight time of DragonFly once it arrives on Titan? \n\n \n \n\nThat's all from me! Thanks again team!",
"Hello Dragonfly team! Very cool things that you are doing, and I am excited to see what the mission finds on Titan.\n\n1. What type of data will be collected from the drone to be analyzed? And how does this data indicate signs of life on Titan. Is the data available for public viewing?\n\n2. Are there any collaboration with other agencies and private companies like ESA or SpaceX?\n\n3. Are there or will there be plans for contact on Titan in the future? Especially sampling of the water/ice caps on Titan?\n\n4. Are there any technologies that have not yet been developed and is anticipated to be developed by the launch date that is vital for the mission? Ex. Battery storage or Energy Technology\n\nThank you for this AMA! Super excited to see progress in space exploration.\n\n- From a fellow space enthusiast",
"Thank you for this AMA. Since the Dragonfly rover is using rotors as opposed to using wheels, the concerns of crashes due to some system error is a threat to to the potential longevity of this mission. Will this drone have the ability to perform an \"Auto-rotation landing\" if an issue should arise? \n\nThe reason I am curious is if the system fails without this ability, or a similar ability, the odds of it being recovered if there is a minor error is lower due to to an uncontrolled landing. If an auto-rotation feature is in the rover, then if it the issue is correctable, the likelihood of resuming the mission is higher.\n\n & #x200B;\n\nThanks for your time, and thank you for what all of you do at NASA / JPL. #ScienceFTW",
"Hi there! Thank you so much for doing this AMA as Titan had been one of my most curious bodies in the Solar System seeing how it's so much like and unlike Earth at the same time. Here are my questions:\n\n1. What is the communication delay between Dragonfly and mission control on Earth? Are we talking minutes or hours?\n2. Will Dragonfly explore Titan's methane seas or only land?\n3. Is finding extraterrestrial life a priority for Dragonfly?\n4. What were the obstacles that you had to face in making Dragonfly adaptable with Titan's atmosphere? Things like dealing with the extreme cold (Titan has a surface temperature of -179C), fireproofing everything so a single spark won't burn the whole planet, dealing with periodic rains, etc.\n\nThanks again for answering!",
"Hello! I was very excited to hear about this mission. Thank you for putting on an AMA, and for all your hard work.\n\nWhat sort of protocols are in place should you actually discover some sort of organism on Titan? I imagine there is a thick wall of red tape and philosophical discussion behind deciding what to do should we actually find something else alive out there. Will you attempt to bring samples back to Earth? \n\nI ask this because if there are intentions to bring samples home, you will technically be piloting an alien ufo in charge of abducting native life forms for scientific experiments. You are living antagonists of a science fiction story! That’s amazing!",
"Thank you so much for taking the time to answer these questions. I have been waiting for this mission for 40 years. Hopefully I will still be around to see it through. I have two questions:\n\n1. Will there be an actual landing or will the drone be deployed during atmospheric descent? My concern is that with the composition of Titan being largely ice, could you prevent a lander, heated by atmospheric entry, from melting the surface it lands on?\n\n2. Will real-time navigation be done via an AI or is there some other means of addressing the time lag between Earth and Titan?\n\nThanks again again best of luck",
"As genuinely awesome as the mission sounds, there’s a small part of my mind that keeps telling me the idea of a drone is a bit gimmicky. I have two issues in particular. Maybe you can assuage my doubts:\n\nFirst: Does the weight of the machinery necessary for flying make you lose out on available weight for the payload, and if it does is this made up for by the advantages that this transportation modality has?\n\nSecond: Flying always carries the risk of crashing, and damaging/losing the craft. Are you planning on implementing any safeguards against the inherent risks that come with this method of transport?",
"Thank you for doing this AMA!\n\nFirst off, why use a drone? I would think that would lead to many more possible points of failure than say a rover. I know Titan has an atmospheric density of \\~4x Earth which will allow for plenty of lift but what are its advantages over something crawling along the ground?\n\nAlso, I was wondering what other vehicles were debated? I remember while researching for a project for adapting a balloon for Titan I found a paper suggesting a “hot” air balloon. Anything crazy like that?\n\nEdit: [Found a link to the paper if anyone wants to read it.](_URL_0_)",
"I've always been fascinated by the control systems on spacecraft. As I understand it most rovers have rad hard systems that have the added disadvantage of being comparatively slow when compared to modern consumer hardware. Does the more autonomous nature of this mission fit with in the computational capabilities of processors like the rad750 that curiosity uses, or does it require the usage of something different (ie shielded consumer parts or a new generation in rad hard processors)?\n\nAdditionally are there any plans to improve on Earth infastructure to allow for higher bandwidth communications, or does this mission not require that?",
"Thanks for this!\n\n* Will some equivalent of GPS, Global Positioning System, on Titan be used? If so how? If not, how will NASA determine the position of Dragonfly on the surface?\n\n* Will NASA be using the DSN, Deep Space Network, to get data back from Dragonfly? If so, will any updates or added infrastructure be needed in advance of the mission?\n\n* What instruments on Dragonfly are you most looking forward to getting data from?\n\n* Which launch vehicles is Dragonfly currently looking to fly on?\n\n* Any neat facts you can share about the mission in general?",
"Are there similar projects planned for other worlds in our solar system in the future? Where would they go next/what were some other contenders for this first mission? How will the drone refuel? Will it? How was testing done on Earth to prepare it for Titan? What instruments does it have? Do you have primary objectives, or going to simply explore and discover?\n\nI hope that's enough :) If you answered all of those I'd be ecstatic, but if you do decide to answer this post, one or two of those questions would be more than satisfying!",
"Hi! I couldn't find the answer on google, I'm curious if a quad plane design was ever considered for dragonfly? Most commercial companies such as Amazon delivery have trends towards quad planes for greater efficiency. Titan seems to have the perfect environment to utilize a quad plane design as it gets the benefits of fixed wing flight and the utility of a quadrotor in selecting landing locations. If it was considered was it ruled out due to complexity or size? Thanks for doing this AMA! [An example of a quadplane](_URL_1_)",
"I'm so excited for this! Thank you for doing the AMA!\n\nI've seen a lot of great questions about the logistics and the rotorcraft itself. I'm curious about the mission itself. Even if you're just looking for prebiotic processes, I'm sure that things the rover brings along could muddy the waters. What steps will you be taking to prevent contamination? Would you do so differently with an unlimited budget? Is there any way to be positive that whatever we find isn't just something carried up from Earth? \n\nThanks again!",
"Hi! Thanks for taking time to answer these. \n\nI'm curious on what kind of technology will be used in order to test how past life has arisen and you will compare it to earth's.\n\nAlso, I read that there are possibly many methane seas and rivers and that our maps of Titan are not very well detailed because the dense atmosphere that blocks most of the light coming from the sun. How will you avoid landing in one of those seas/rivers that could possibly damage the lander?",
"First: Congratulations to the team, this sounds like a very exciting mission! \nSay everything goes well, how long do you think Dragonfly will be able to operate? Will we get Opportunity-like years of science out of it? \n\n\nAlso, how are you controlling it? Is there an \"intelligent\" terrain recognition system in place that can correct for a badly planned landing when doing hops with the rotors? \n\n\nFinally: How proud are you that your project is being greenlighted? \n\n\nThanks for taking the time to do this!",
"I admit to being a little disappointed that this mission isn't able to reach those fascinating northern polar regions, but I'm sure you will find all sorts of interesting science to do in the equatorial dune fields.\n\nThat said...I'm still hoping for some cool \"hydrology\"....is there any chance of running across some liquid methane flowing around out there? Maybe in Selk Crater?\n\nAlso, what's the expected lifespan of the drone? And what's the maximum lifespan that the RTG could keep it going?",
"Firstly, I thank you guys and gals so much. It's a crazy-sounding, inspiring mission.\n\nI'm always very interested in how people ended up where they are, doing the things that they're doing. Did the six of you (and the rest of the team, if you feel comfortable talking on their behalf) know you wanted to go into space science/engineering early on? Have any of you transitioned from some other career path, perhaps in university or afterwards?\n\nThanks once again.",
"For Mars missions, most of the equipment and systems are rigorously tested in harsh 'mars like' desert environments here on earth.\n\nCold temps and battery operated devices do not go hand in hand. With Titans nearly -300 degree F surface temp, this seems like a daunting task for a battery (assuming) operated drone.\n\nSo my question is - How will you be testing all components of Dragonfly to make sure that it can maintain operation in Titan's environment?",
"Let's say that there are signs of life on the moon, couldn't it be possible that the drone kills all of them because of some infectious diseases that we overcame long ago, but which are still dangerous to other life forms? And are you going to recover the drone, or just leave it there? Because in my mind, which doesn't know a lot about the procedures, couldn't you get some bacteria back here that will cause an epidemic?",
"Non-serious, but kind of serious question.\n\n & #x200B;\n\nCan we send two drones to Titan? One drone to do the actual science and one drone to follow along and film the other drone flying around Titan? The Youtube video itself would do more to get the next generation excited about the future of NASA and space exploration than any hard data ever could (other than maybe finding microscopic life). Plus the ad revenue wouldn't hurt either.",
"Thank you guys for doing this! I’m a huge fan of the mission concept and designed a ride-along concept for a class last semester. Held my breath hoping it’d get selected over the summer.\n\nI heard that the propellers likely won’t be able to spin inside the capsule as it travels to Saturn. How are you going to validate that they’re functional before arriving at Titan? Are you guys testing the behavior of propellers in microgravity?",
"Thank you for taking time to do this. \n\nI'm curious about the type of reliability testing goes into a design like this. How do you simulate the expected environmental stresses and difficulties? \n\nHow much preparation is devoted to each component? \n\nAnd lastly, what do you believe could be most difficult or problematic about Titan in terms of the safety of the drone? \n\nThank you all for the work you do to further science.",
"Hi! You are actually doing things that we dream about as kids, so thank you for breaking all of these barriers during my life time. I am straight up assuming I'll be alive in 2034.\n\nI don't know much about Titan, or about atmosphere and gasses in general (well...) so I've been wondering how the rotors will work. How thick is Titan's atmosphere? Will it be hard to keep this thing flying?",
"What sort of contingencies are in place in the even of minor vehicular failure? Let's say the Dragonfly is unable to fly and is immobile on the surface, but still transmitting data?\n\nHow has the team prepared technology that they are confident will operate in such extreme conditions?\n\nThis is the most exciting mission I have followed since New Horizons and I want to thank you all for your hard work.",
"Curious to know if a preliminary 3D model of Dragonfly is available yet? I'm planning on building a scale model of it and fly around linear sand dunes on Earth (I study aeolian processes, planetary science, and use drones for a lot of it). Having dragonfly to look forward to is amazing. Congratulations to the team and looking forward to all of the amazing outreach you have planned already!",
"Someone here who doesn’t know anything but has a couple question, is there a difference in time speed (i mean is 1 min on titan the same as 1 min on earth?)If so how does the video come trough? \n\nAnd secondly, will there be a livestream (be it on delay) to watch it when it arrives? So the normal citizens like me will be able to watch it?",
"I’m very curious about Titan, a very fascinating planet.\n\nPlenty of people think that Titan could have some form of life inhabiting the planet, given the essential elements are present, and even weather.\n\nHowever, I think it’s much too cold for significant amounts of chemical reactions to take place, vital for life. Do you expect to find life on Titan, and are you equipped to find life?",
"How do you plan to prevent any possible rotor joint malfunctions due to whatever is in the atmosphere? Won't those chemicals corrode and cause mechanical failure?\n\nAlso what's the visibility (in distance?) during an average Titan day? The animations I see of dragonfly show pretty good visibility. I always thought of Titan as \"foggy\" atmosphere based on the pics and the Huygens probe that landed.",
"Specifically for Mr. Doug Adams: Could you describe some of the basics of the propulsion system and lift generation? My collegiate senior design project was thrust generation in the Martian atmosphere, so thrust generation on Titan is of great interest to me. I'd like to know if you will be using ducted fans, or standard propellers? What airfoils have you looked into as well?",
"Thank you for doing this AMA! Congratulations on having your project selected.\n\nFlight is very power intensive, and I read that the Dragonfly will use an RTG. How will this provide enough power to sustain flights? Will there be long recharge times in between to store enough power in some battery bank or does the denser atmosphere of Titan allow for low energy flight?",
"Hi! I am amazed by this project, but I fear that the inherent lack of redundancy of a flying drone exposes the mission to a much higher probability of failure than let's say a rover. I'd like to know how are you planning to deal with winds, methane rains or other contingencies that could be fatal to a flying vehicle?",
"I appreciate the opportunity to ask you a question, here’s mine.\n\nYou said that the drone would be looking for signs of life, what are you looking for exactly, and how can you use the drone to be more successful in this.\n\n\nAlso, how does drone flying in different pressure, gravity and air composition feel?",
"Drone enthusiasts here: \n\nDo you consider altering the EDL procedure to a rotor-assisted landing, as opposed to a parachute? Which is a better compromise given the atmospheric situation and weight? Will there be an entry/decent shell that follows the craft to the ground, or sheds in the atmosphere to allow for mid-air activation?",
"Thank you for taking time the time to answer questions!\n\n1. What are the protocols if life is discovered\n2. Do you have more missions such as this planned?\n3. What do you expect to find on titan?\n4. What sort of things could go wrong with the mission?\n\nThanks and good luck!",
"How long will it take to receive the information transmitted from the Dragonfly when it touches down on Titan’s surface? \n\nAlso major props to all of you talented folk — I’m a NASA nerd who admires what you guys do and wishes I was smart enough to do even half of it !!!!",
"How will you keep the electronics from freezing out? Is the RTG heat enough, and if so how do you distribute it around the vehicle?\n\nOn the same note, do moving mechanical components need to be kept heated, or they're just sized for the cold?\n\nDry lubrication or do you have greases/oils?",
"Hi! Thank you for doing the AMA!\nIn case the drone manages to detect some bacterial or any other living organism, how will the said organism be studied? \n\nWhat precautions do you have to take in designing the drone to withstand extremely low temperatures and still retain fully functional mechanical capabilities?\n\nThanks!",
"I understand that dragonfly will be able to fly and land autonomously. To what extent will it make decisions about where to fly, land, and make measurements? And during the mission what will be the relationship between you and dragonfly? \n\nAlso what do you think will be the biggest hurtles during development?",
"> Dragonfly will launch in 2026 and arrive in 2034. \n\n2026 is 7 years away. Is that because the technology for Dragonfly has not been developed yet or due to NASA planning?\n\nIf due to lack of tech what exactly needs to be developed?\n\nThanks for the post.",
"Hello and thanks for taking out time and answering these questions. Might be stupid but what's the real difference between a probe (like the voyager missions) that is normally sent to explore extra terrestrial worlds as compared to a drone? Aren't both simply controlled from a ground centre?",
"Who will pilot this drone? There is a signifigant delay between signals sent from earth and the time they would be received on titan, and i crash most of my drones on earth with no delay, so how will it be piloted to ensure it doesn't crash?",
"Will the drone be able to send back pics of the surface? I understand it may slow down the transfer of important biological data, but I'm asking since Huygens did have a camera. Also - what will the drone do to stay warm on the cold moon?",
"What's the plan for decontaminating the drone as no not send anything from earth to Titan? What special methods and procedures do you plan on using? Are you aware that the current literature standard for removing spores from surfaces is infact not as affective as advertised?",
"When you say the drone will 'search' for the building blocks of life what do you exactly mean by this? What is the drone able to do and what are its techical limitations?\n\nI hope you get what I mean, english is not my first language.",
"Say, the mission is complete and the Dragonfly drone has enough battery remaining, is there a possibility that it could act as a signal booster or some sort of intermediate computer/control center for the deep space exploration vehicles like the Voyager 1 and 2?",
"This mission sounds very cool. What are the main risks and how are they being managed?\n\nThe drone aspect seems particularly risky since it's never been done before on another planet/body. How do you plan for the weather? wind, hail, etc.\n\nBest of luck!",
"How will you test the flight here on Earth? I assume that you will simulate the atmosphere in a closed space, but what about the gravity? I would guess it will be tested in something like a special elevator or an airplane.",
"Is there a reason why only one drone is being sent? Compared the Mars rovers where there were two? Or at least maybe a secondary support vehicle that could do some limited repairs? It seems far more riskier with only one vehicle.",
"What’s the division of work between NASA and JHU/APL? Are there any rough ideas of who is going to do which parts of this project?\n\nMajor congrats to the dragonfly team and very much looking forward to how it goes :)",
"Does we know with certainty that Titan has the same sort of hydrothermal vents [found on Enceladus](_URL_2_)? If it does will the Dragonfly be able to garner any additional info about any activity in the vicinity of such vents?",
"Since the atmosphere pressure is much higher than earth, how would that affect the drone, would it be easier to fly in this circumstance. Since having a drone on Mars was such an obstacle and it's yet to happen",
"How might Dragonfly's technology relate to that used in military and surveillance drones on Earth? The long-duration power source and high degree of autonomy Dragonfly will need seems like it could be very desirable for military applications.",
"When did you find out your mission was the one NASA chose for the next deep space exploration mission? Was it hard to keep it secret if you found out well before the public did?",
"Not necessarily science related, but is anyone on the team a believer in life outside of earth that has attained something similar to human consciousness? I mean clearly life exists elsewhere, but fermi paradox anyone?",
"How much math does it take to get there? Is it something you can do using high School level physics (or maybe a little more)? Is it as hard as everyone seems to think?",
"What's your favorite thing to microwave? \n\nFor my science question, how long do you expect it to take to get there and is it going straight there or will it orbit for a time?",
"With the atmospheric density being heavier than earth, but gravity being lighter, how does this affect the design of the propellers/motors used which otherwise would be different on a similar drone on Earth?",
"Thank you for taking time to do this AMA! \nWhy was Titan chosen? I've mostly heard a lot of promising stuff about Saturns moon, Europa - but not so much about Titan! \n\nCheers",
"Simple question.. why we haven’t tried the same thing in our nearer neighbor Mars ??\nWe are having slow moving rover but not drone which can fly and cover much larger distances ..",
"What is it you would most like to find? As in is there a best case scenario and you maybe find bacteria? Also how long will it take dragonfly to reach the moon?",
"How advanced is the drone going to be? If it were to find life will it be able send back samples or detailed photos of the organisms even if it was microscopic?",
"Does something about Titan make a typical rover design tougher to survive than a flying drone? If successful, are there other bodies in the solar system more suited for drone exploration?",
"Obviously there are a ton of things we will learn from this mission.\n\nIf you dared to dream today, what questions would each of you hope to find answers to?",
"How is it going to navigate through the asteroid belt? I realize that it is not very dense, but there is still a possibility that it can get hit, right?",
"What kind of building blocks are you looking for? I wouldn’t expect life, given the temperatures and lack of liquid water. Are you searching for amino acids? Nitrogenous bases?",
"I appreciate the time you and your team are taking to answer these questions!\n\nHow big will this spacecraft be? How far can it go on one battery charge?",
"How is this going to be tested? What kind of environments can we create on Earth that would most closley mimick the atmosphere/gravity and other factors of Titan?",
"1) What's a foreseeable challenge are you excited to try and overcome with this mission?\n\n2) What's one thing you personally are hoping to discover/learn from this mission?",
"Thank you for doing this! \n\nMy question is relatively simple: Why a drone? For Mars we've seen rovers and orbiters and satellites, so why a drone this time?",
"Hi! Will this be able to analyse physical data around the moon and/or will it eventually land on the moon and still be active? \nThanks in advance!",
"How will the drone move in Saturn's moon environment? Is it the same as a drone moving in earths atmosphere or would it be a bit trickier?",
"What size of launch vehicle is Dragonfly using? Like, an Atlas V or Falcon 9-class vehicle or something bigger like Falcon Heavy, New Glenn or Vulcan?",
"Why Titan ? I mean Enceladus and Europa have liquid water and stuff but you people chose Titan over these potentially life harbouring moons.",
"What is the atmosphere like on Titan, what are the challenges of even getting a quadcopter to lift off on an alien moon?",
"After launch in 2026 what is the team going to do until 2034? Keep track of the route or work in another project?",
"Do any of you personally believe that we will find life. And how do you think finding it will affect religions like Christianity.",
"What kind of launch window is there to get to Saturn or it's moons? Similar to Mars (2 week window every 2 years)?",
"HEY GUYS!! Congrats on the project! \nMy question is: Why does the drone only sustain flight for a short period of time?",
"Do the new and projected future satellite networks like Space X Starlink make your task more difficult when planning a successful launch?",
"How long do you think that the Dragonfly drone will last? The rover on Mars survived much longer than we all expected.",
"I would like to ask that how do you manage the controlling from here? I mean, the signal will have a latency?",
"How can a satellite transmit data halfway (or more) across the solar system yet I can’t get cellphone coverage in the garage?",
"When the team hits a roadblock/mental blank what are the ‘go to’ things to get everyone fired back up into creative-science mode?",
"So I understand the mission is to find signs of life. That being said is the drone capable of actually detecting life?",
"What do you think you find on the moon titan and will you be able to see other moons or only titan?",
"Thanks for this amazing format!\nAnd how are you going to charge the drone? I haven’t seen this question I think...",
"whats the protocol if someone or something local on titan decided to shoot and possibly destroys it(the drone) in the process?",
"Will Dragonfly be used to capture pictures of other planets and moons on it's way to Titan?\n\nHow will it land?",
"Not entirely related but do you think they will start sending submarine drones to other planets in Saturn or Jupiter's orbit",
"Just wanna say thanks Carl Sagan would be so proud! And in your wildest dreams what would y’all like to find?",
"Will it have basic IA for movements and automation? Or will the drone be completely controlled from remote?\n\nThank you all",
"How long is dragonfly supposed to operate? \n\nWill it land on the surface or start it's mission from or it?",
"What are you most excited about this mission? Sorry for the lack of a technical question, but I'm really curious",
"How do people at NASA feel about the Trump administration's space related goals, such as the moon base and space-force?",
"Do you have plans to probe the oceans and lakes of Titan?, if so, how?, could the Dragonfly take samples?",
"Why is Dragonfly landing so far away from the polar lakes? Why aren't the lakes a high priority science target?",
"What's it like committing to a project for over 15 years? How many projects/missions do you work on simultaneously?",
"What are you expeccting to find there? And what is the best thing you could ever hope to find?",
"Thanks for doing this AMA! How long do you think it’ll be before there’s a human presence on Titan?",
"How do you test the avionics? Do we have a reliable analog here on earth to simulate titans atmosphere?",
"What will the power source be? How long will the mission last? How long will the dragonfly actually last?",
"How did you calculate the amount of force needed to gain lift, to fly the drone on Titan?",
"To what degree will software simulation play a role in helping to design and prepare for the mission?",
"I would love to get involved in this project, where would the best place be to apply?",
"Did you implement an A.I. of some sort so the drone can do some tasks by itself?",
"\\- What were the thoughts about doing a single rotocraft v. smaller, less-capable, but redundant multiple ones?",
"How much is the current projected cost, and how much doy ou think it will *really* cost?",
"What kind of protocol do you have to not accidentally set the whole place on fire?",
"Is there any chance that we will be sending humans to Titan any time soon?",
"How long will it take for footage from Titan to be beamed back to Earth?",
"What kind of equipment is present aboard the Dragonfly which you are particularly excited about?",
"Are there any interesting materials that you are looking forward to obtaining from the moon?",
"Echoing a similar sentiment: why a drone and not a rover or submersible?",
"Which and astrobiology experiment/payload will be carried on the lander and the drone?",
"Will it have a camera? If so what's the system gonna be like?",
"What are the main things you'd like to find on Titan ?",
"Is there a protocol if you encounter life of any kind?",
"Are you guys excited about tye wow classic launch in august?",
"Can we expect quality photographs of the surface from this mission?",
"How drone is prepared to fly in that harsh condition?",
"Can we build a space station orbiting Titan ?",
"What are you planning to do after the mission?",
"How much is this mission supposed to cost?",
"What is the expected battery life of drone?",
"What’s the best part about your job? :)",
"What are some results you hope to achieve?"
],
"score": [
323,
282,
195,
104,
96,
68,
67,
54,
40,
34,
34,
31,
29,
29,
28,
22,
19,
14,
14,
14,
14,
13,
13,
12,
10,
9,
7,
7,
7,
6,
6,
5,
5,
5,
5,
4,
4,
4,
4,
4,
4,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"https://www.lpl.arizona.edu/~rlorenz/balloonjbis.pdf",
"https://docs.px4.io/images/quadranger_vtol_complete_build.jpg",
"http://www.astronomy.com/news/2017/04/enceladus-sea-floor-has-hydrothermal-vents"
]
} | AskScience AMA Series: We're the team sending NASA's Dragonfly drone mission to Saturn's moon Titan. Ask us anything!
For the first time, NASA will fly a drone for science on another world! Our Dragonfly mission will explore Saturn's icy moon Titan while searching for the building blocks of life. Dragonfly will launch in 2026 and arrive in 2034. Once there, the rotorcraft will fly to dozens of promising locations on the mysterious ocean world in search of prebiotic chemical processes common on both Titan and Earth. Titan is an analog to the very early Earth, and can provide clues to how life may have arisen on our home planet. Team members answering your questions include: + Curt Niebur, Lead Program Scientist for New Frontiers + Lori Glaze, director of NASA's Planetary Science Division + Zibi Turtle, Dragonfly Principal Investigator + Peter Bedini, Dragonfly Project Manager + Ken Hibbard, Dragonfly Mission Systems Engineer + Melissa Trainer, Dragonfly Deputy Principal Investigator + Doug Adams, Spacecraft Systems Engineer at Johns Hopkins APL We'll sign on at 3 p.m. EDT (19 UT), ask us anything! | [
-0.24920281767845154,
0.14113502204418182,
0.557417631149292,
-0.7758978605270386,
-0.16504642367362976,
-0.7445108294487,
-0.4186268746852875,
-0.04734627529978752,
1.200520396232605,
-0.4461685121059418,
0.7899765968322754,
0.21761520206928253,
-0.6140307784080505,
0.9116531014442444,
0.42426392436027527,
-0.7161674499511719,
-0.6463658809661865,
0.17498447000980377,
0.7838218212127686,
0.20708750188350677,
-0.7087218761444092,
0.7697026133537292,
-0.10132405161857605,
0.6932295560836792,
-0.881987452507019,
-0.23301945626735687,
0.5224058628082275,
0.5482883453369141,
0.2568041682243347,
1.081091046333313,
-0.304671049118042,
-0.1402461975812912,
-0.5666536092758179,
0.36661529541015625,
0.11528046429157257,
0.3731633722782135,
0.7018619775772095,
-0.402887761592865,
0.12574292719364166,
-0.2623300850391388,
-0.3153887391090393,
-0.3543773591518402,
0.813307523727417,
0.349014014005661,
-0.6114356517791748,
-0.3072912395000458,
0.18401537835597992,
-0.018903031945228577,
-0.45608091354370117,
-0.557689368724823,
0.6974746584892273,
-0.3768860995769501,
-0.07266516983509064,
-0.42002439498901367,
0.2497393637895584,
0.05135364085435867,
0.38246601819992065,
-0.28885677456855774,
0.45403480529785156,
0.4252440929412842,
0.07001695036888123,
-0.030108433216810226,
0.4456360340118408,
-0.39857766032218933,
1.0357080698013306,
-0.48190227150917053,
-0.5505216717720032,
0.823913037776947,
-0.889236569404602,
-0.17217491567134857,
-0.19070516526699066,
0.0660599023103714,
-0.0357978455722332,
-0.3055427372455597,
-0.15353533625602722,
-0.8397122025489807,
0.10148603469133377,
0.08741520345211029,
-0.03209772706031799,
-0.44355055689811707,
0.5031304955482483,
1.0531893968582153,
0.19930677115917206,
1.0068950653076172,
0.06981877982616425,
0.6203806400299072,
0.6290128231048584,
-0.5561491250991821,
-0.089106485247612,
0.4467601180076599,
-0.533893883228302,
-0.311043918132782,
0.42631399631500244,
0.1656665951013565,
1.0706744194030762,
-0.16501086950302124,
0.01880107820034027,
-0.4382263720035553,
-0.04648611694574356,
0.3085514008998871,
-0.9718570113182068,
0.32802289724349976,
0.29817554354667664,
0.8066380023956299,
0.12890775501728058,
-0.48933249711990356,
-0.44961437582969666,
-0.5392617583274841,
-0.36815303564071655,
0.11975716799497604,
1.079477071762085,
1.1480633020401,
-0.5425465703010559,
-0.32888779044151306,
-0.6208956241607666,
-1.4856308698654175,
-0.2807220220565796,
-0.12944787740707397,
0.5424280762672424,
0.26634836196899414,
0.33067283034324646,
0.17058956623077393,
0.7753018140792847,
0.8441009521484375,
0.06649193167686462,
0.19315816462039948,
-0.005339355207979679,
0.4970737099647522,
-0.5298296213150024,
-0.3293066918849945,
-0.4012144207954407,
0.10769402980804443,
0.057630203664302826,
0.6125420928001404,
1.0193167924880981,
-0.29120296239852905,
-0.7765380144119263,
-0.340385377407074,
-0.5237725377082825,
0.020716529339551926,
-1.123283863067627,
-0.49291467666625977,
0.7860145568847656,
-0.5374159216880798,
0.4025886654853821,
-1.0106995105743408,
-0.08208626508712769,
-1.6022491455078125,
-0.18237853050231934,
-0.5203883051872253,
-1.018319010734558,
-0.05535558983683586,
0.07274359464645386,
-0.732417106628418,
0.42884424328804016,
0.5752068161964417,
1.1602606773376465,
-0.5968464612960815,
1.1958481073379517,
-0.6534219980239868,
-1.0406827926635742,
0.13239657878875732,
0.5145792961120605,
0.7749162912368774,
-0.04501183331012726,
-0.9209589958190918,
0.4994732439517975,
-0.7485092878341675,
-0.2819153070449829,
0.3597477078437805,
-0.6298129558563232,
-0.01208595559000969,
1.0559321641921997,
0.5017658472061157,
1.0061445236206055,
0.07640025019645691,
1.3381197452545166,
0.6814565658569336,
-0.33383113145828247,
-0.08513559401035309,
-0.6098669171333313,
-0.7611334323883057,
-0.10463999211788177,
0.4370627999305725,
-0.3514372706413269,
-0.7694206237792969,
0.5703297257423401,
0.16431383788585663,
0.41433361172676086,
0.5833908319473267,
0.043134480714797974,
-0.8802223801612854,
-0.6690269708633423,
0.9324355721473694,
0.4829297959804535,
0.04999925196170807,
0.050401173532009125,
0.43982750177383423,
0.25674891471862793,
0.09168852865695953,
-0.09646804630756378,
-0.21977362036705017,
-0.10223190486431122,
-0.4273656904697418,
-0.28110766410827637,
-0.7185671329498291,
0.536327064037323,
-0.09481258690357208,
0.32025617361068726,
-0.5470988750457764,
-0.26294881105422974,
0.7749769687652588,
0.6192825436592102,
-0.8295252323150635,
-0.10055777430534363,
0.48459380865097046,
-1.2880558967590332,
0.277768075466156,
-0.7822080254554749,
-0.08388124406337738,
0.9440743327140808,
0.1023944839835167,
0.04052360728383064,
-0.7600139379501343,
0.8743125200271606,
-0.7858362793922424,
-0.6031752228736877,
-1.0716089010238647,
0.23914143443107605,
-0.06511130183935165,
-0.4395771026611328,
0.45107972621917725,
-0.31969377398490906,
0.12909895181655884,
0.5713030099868774,
-0.32197678089141846,
-1.181710958480835,
-0.6559500694274902,
0.2781292200088501,
-0.705176591873169,
-0.48899146914482117,
-0.17424654960632324,
0.14608411490917206,
0.6100209355354309,
0.7909091114997864,
0.3928850591182709,
-0.25613969564437866,
-0.8625453114509583,
0.506449818611145,
0.5474119782447815,
0.19247938692569733,
-0.8535287380218506,
-0.753485918045044,
-0.7326170802116394,
0.117606021463871,
-0.6818086504936218,
0.47823724150657654,
-1.2643764019012451,
0.3889443874359131,
0.9162642955780029,
-0.4037399888038635,
-0.92533278465271,
1.0787136554718018,
-0.07573851943016052,
-0.7643550634384155,
0.6350394487380981,
-1.3241894245147705,
0.13830775022506714,
-0.19886277616024017,
-0.04876881465315819,
-0.5468971133232117,
-0.6743276119232178,
-0.054724059998989105,
-0.023411840200424194,
0.5435584187507629,
0.7931123375892639,
-0.20017381012439728,
-0.7673531770706177,
0.2970919907093048,
0.23521439731121063,
0.47360995411872864,
0.7883170247077942,
0.14879626035690308,
-0.5835942625999451,
-0.5167569518089294,
0.22281673550605774,
1.2715966701507568,
-1.2663357257843018,
-0.028026139363646507,
-0.5894206762313843,
0.40711647272109985,
0.21801672875881195,
-0.17772915959358215,
1.0686358213424683,
-0.0028835609555244446,
-0.45013025403022766,
0.612970232963562,
-0.2677654027938843,
-0.11914344131946564,
-0.20509855449199677,
-0.6497141122817993,
0.5173010230064392,
-0.2711147964000702,
-0.27553343772888184,
0.704780101776123,
-0.1981189250946045,
0.8522382974624634,
-0.48725128173828125,
0.4713396728038788,
-0.7893592715263367,
0.4518190324306488,
-0.8981409072875977,
0.4412301778793335,
0.624224841594696,
0.31183817982673645,
0.3034159541130066,
0.8658758401870728,
-1.2601780891418457,
-1.1910855770111084,
-0.8213014602661133,
0.05271429941058159,
-0.011640414595603943,
0.49186187982559204,
0.7716784477233887,
0.7241548895835876,
1.3391022682189941,
-0.11759616434574127,
0.3506980538368225,
-0.5465039610862732,
0.4735545516014099,
0.20241712033748627,
-0.7937774658203125,
0.5768532156944275,
-0.1419016420841217,
-0.4197241961956024,
-0.6061446666717529,
0.5439189672470093,
0.6116939187049866,
-0.5115289688110352,
0.6555874347686768,
0.498649537563324,
-0.30104178190231323,
0.5294000506401062,
0.2224576473236084,
0.427444189786911,
0.3857196867465973,
0.49651551246643066,
-0.17059141397476196,
0.02331213653087616,
0.3140813410282135,
-0.46619927883148193,
-0.20972506701946259,
1.1212267875671387,
-1.1800131797790527,
-0.17876364290714264,
-0.08118671923875809,
-0.20666690170764923,
0.6178732514381409,
1.364708423614502,
0.11558957397937775,
0.18382705748081207,
0.09927418828010559,
0.2606768012046814,
0.22682248055934906,
-0.5555920600891113,
0.10024743527173996,
-1.2331045866012573,
-0.12404631823301315,
0.04996011406183243,
0.3638561964035034,
-0.22424405813217163,
0.38406217098236084,
0.32276836037635803,
0.7003271579742432,
-0.03174617886543274,
0.0060995519161224365,
0.3719044625759125,
-0.45531943440437317,
-0.6274194717407227,
-0.29860156774520874,
-0.3214538097381592,
-0.17636533081531525,
-0.2400657832622528,
0.7247496247291565,
-1.0539932250976562,
-0.5876954197883606,
-1.0096049308776855,
0.02346022054553032,
-0.1471523642539978,
0.17730748653411865,
0.10999029129743576,
0.22028139233589172,
0.2786085307598114,
-0.38535165786743164,
-0.31209108233451843,
-0.6005285382270813,
-0.251674085855484,
0.34485435485839844,
-0.1162932887673378,
-1.063832402229309,
-0.02211039513349533,
0.19784747064113617,
0.3253704309463501,
1.330902099609375,
-0.12122145295143127,
-0.2609952390193939,
0.26802483201026917,
0.23409970104694366,
-0.3152468204498291,
-0.15769720077514648,
-0.0482659712433815,
-0.29621562361717224,
0.21210484206676483,
-1.0411791801452637,
1.1034547090530396,
-0.6878858804702759,
-0.8030022382736206,
0.014601245522499084,
-1.036010980606079,
0.08869235217571259,
0.8710781335830688,
-0.2419731169939041,
-0.21068352460861206,
0.14096035063266754,
-0.7984235286712646,
-0.10549978911876678,
0.1958634853363037,
0.10539236664772034,
-0.7839980125427246,
0.2105080485343933,
-0.5739745497703552,
-0.5413298606872559,
1.6382349729537964,
0.5930501818656921,
0.1722612977027893,
0.4700351357460022,
0.19266106188297272,
0.47815945744514465,
-0.23567280173301697,
0.12498552352190018,
0.09372570365667343,
0.4254958927631378,
0.6062107086181641,
0.783412754535675,
-0.18922652304172516,
-0.5389003157615662,
-0.061329372227191925,
-0.46314162015914917,
-1.0649199485778809,
1.2327744960784912,
1.0723410844802856,
-0.6263233423233032,
0.17321182787418365,
0.8063139319419861,
1.0882186889648438,
0.2846936583518982,
-0.1348150074481964,
-0.4492212235927582,
-0.39066237211227417,
0.07664770632982254,
-0.7030515074729919,
-1.5720689296722412,
0.028848834335803986,
0.07485709339380264,
0.48151862621307373,
-0.06674563884735107,
0.2785637676715851,
-0.04667011275887489,
0.2104075402021408,
-0.639754593372345,
-0.1777767688035965,
0.7933807969093323,
0.3010696470737457,
-0.22508376836776733,
0.1473703384399414,
-0.6284443140029907,
0.5612208843231201,
0.04848926514387131,
-0.16036249697208405,
-1.2352256774902344,
0.5587329268455505,
-0.5113211274147034,
-0.8670175075531006,
-0.10108354687690735,
0.23006534576416016,
-0.17338447272777557,
-0.7604944705963135,
0.7117814421653748,
-0.4467574656009674,
-0.8393570184707642,
0.3981514871120453,
-0.185580313205719,
0.05212143436074257,
0.7415753602981567,
0.25927308201789856,
-0.10981927812099457,
0.11969505995512009,
0.7109063863754272,
-0.28767523169517517,
0.31770411133766174,
0.019181540235877037,
-0.38133499026298523,
0.11298040300607681,
-0.2786494791507721,
0.1987057626247406,
-0.2245728075504303,
0.5172200798988342,
1.0504974126815796,
-0.5010409355163574,
0.7417283654212952,
-0.5631911158561707,
-0.14340583980083466,
0.14748649299144745,
-1.0859166383743286,
-0.11165131628513336,
0.21634773910045624,
0.08381197601556778,
0.028483601287007332,
-0.4351242184638977,
0.27319929003715515,
-0.9097080230712891,
-1.0570119619369507,
0.43465858697891235,
0.3364240527153015,
-0.014863215386867523,
-0.07132980227470398,
-0.34723639488220215,
-1.1889660358428955,
0.23246851563453674,
-0.1479732096195221,
0.4752402603626251,
-0.33574241399765015,
0.00999793317168951,
-0.24309879541397095,
-0.4844279885292053,
0.31887343525886536,
0.31317076086997986,
-1.1092427968978882,
0.5607214570045471,
0.037166208028793335,
-0.805382251739502,
-0.7525491714477539,
0.6404502391815186,
-0.3727678060531616,
0.16822996735572815,
-0.6979891061782837,
-0.6513285636901855,
0.178306445479393,
-0.16308440268039703,
0.38239872455596924,
0.5869632363319397,
-0.05880701169371605,
0.35351109504699707,
0.3678094446659088,
0.10477767139673233,
1.374030590057373,
-0.7529235482215881,
-0.3470098376274109,
0.5031541585922241,
0.8723548054695129,
-1.7679580450057983,
0.5602961182594299,
0.28627774119377136,
-0.8123514652252197,
0.02995799295604229,
-0.11472025513648987,
-0.8684279322624207,
-0.1974944770336151,
-0.5820653438568115,
0.8184260129928589,
-1.1478347778320312,
-0.4912712574005127,
-0.4863353669643402,
-0.5811057686805725,
-0.13707804679870605,
-0.7347956895828247,
-0.36444514989852905,
-0.2677418887615204,
0.3310494124889374,
0.7721134424209595,
-0.38183751702308655,
-0.6122934818267822,
0.05864078179001808,
1.0837434530258179,
-0.2618183195590973,
0.42972931265830994,
-0.14770390093326569,
0.8386139869689941,
-0.25326716899871826,
0.3090203106403351,
-0.6152952909469604,
-0.8012678623199463,
-0.30686500668525696,
0.07864750176668167,
0.9092782735824585,
-0.2274743914604187,
0.3356269299983978,
0.5652573704719543,
0.17158035933971405,
-0.22764725983142853,
0.006228497251868248,
-1.0411999225616455,
-0.08306114375591278,
0.6742909550666809,
0.9875041842460632,
-0.47484904527664185,
0.255810409784317,
-0.30885106325149536,
-0.389799028635025,
0.9536178112030029,
0.45977938175201416,
-0.47303277254104614,
-0.20566704869270325,
0.20521990954875946,
0.8279533386230469,
-0.2944669723510742,
-0.4766275882720947,
-0.8136296272277832,
-0.8245313763618469,
0.022778578102588654,
-0.6007142663002014,
0.16642983257770538,
-1.3374669551849365,
1.0456807613372803,
0.7588802576065063,
-0.42588451504707336,
-1.061806082725525,
1.0575703382492065,
0.2942739725112915,
-0.4059552550315857,
-0.2293916940689087,
-0.25167572498321533,
-0.3541634976863861,
-0.9749070405960083,
-1.2089365720748901,
0.5345838069915771,
-0.7507776021957397,
-0.2245194911956787,
-0.0033813118934631348,
0.04447842389345169,
-1.1235764026641846,
-0.30650758743286133,
-0.6216074228286743,
0.6696774363517761,
0.9879279136657715,
-0.09989820420742035,
-0.31584665179252625,
0.7917635440826416,
0.02601694129407406,
0.9511827230453491,
-0.7709710597991943,
0.40351489186286926,
-0.3028756082057953,
-0.45210030674934387,
-0.16584010422229767,
0.5726903676986694,
-0.07935351133346558,
-0.277754008769989,
-0.7686850428581238,
-0.461628794670105,
-1.266796588897705,
-0.4856545925140381,
1.176138162612915,
0.11458893865346909,
-0.05803075432777405,
0.2533160448074341,
-0.14616984128952026,
-0.33028510212898254,
-0.2878676950931549,
-0.19694921374320984,
0.37947359681129456,
0.6110461354255676,
-1.1913255453109741,
0.5147535800933838,
0.7818571329116821,
0.3466261327266693,
-0.17254097759723663,
-0.09505302459001541,
-0.18878282606601715,
0.10695075243711472,
-1.3518385887145996,
-0.3298492431640625,
-0.6496052145957947,
0.36652955412864685,
-0.43432602286338806,
-0.1252996027469635,
-0.185014545917511,
-0.007704105228185654,
1.4038150310516357,
-0.6965610980987549,
0.8492008447647095,
-0.13156838715076447,
0.19517408311367035,
-0.38230466842651367,
-0.4695597290992737,
0.12195482850074768,
0.40647512674331665,
-0.30773481726646423,
-0.6591701507568359,
0.427267849445343,
-0.09006097167730331,
-0.01900281012058258,
-0.48344865441322327,
-0.36694878339767456,
0.16698820888996124,
0.16900165379047394,
0.2184039056301117,
0.5024232864379883,
0.6820297241210938,
-1.1642036437988281,
0.5463828444480896,
-0.3478960692882538,
0.245864138007164,
-0.23038771748542786,
0.42987462878227234,
0.5292047262191772,
-0.8341073393821716,
0.6388521790504456,
0.18251293897628784,
0.37727558612823486,
-0.1411425769329071,
0.15824441611766815,
0.25531241297721863,
0.3308466076850891,
-0.7696658372879028,
0.4199105203151703,
0.17273075878620148,
-0.0288715697824955,
-0.6435781121253967,
-0.4587106704711914,
-0.7257453203201294,
-0.05302351340651512,
0.15217827260494232,
0.5511990189552307,
0.03858451545238495,
0.2517075538635254,
-0.4763990640640259,
0.4143683612346649,
0.4056028723716736,
0.3000727593898773,
-0.6117029190063477,
0.11215677857398987,
-0.4707963466644287,
-0.3483426570892334,
0.6592450737953186,
0.7802928686141968,
0.0999828577041626,
0.5241064429283142,
-0.4045521914958954,
0.7633052468299866,
0.010509945452213287,
0.750868558883667,
0.5080123543739319,
-0.3662956655025482,
0.4707266390323639,
0.023399796336889267,
-0.2216385006904602,
-0.676399827003479,
0.00923432968556881,
-0.30625447630882263,
-0.032664962112903595,
0.8978793621063232,
-0.1126108318567276,
-0.18099044263362885,
-0.12932513654232025,
-0.34007662534713745,
0.42825815081596375,
-0.648845374584198
] |
|
mnkpf | On the latest episode of frozen planet Attenborough says cables short circuit like crazy at -40. Why is this? | From my limited understanding, is it something to do with resistance being lowered at lower temperature?
Edit: thanks for all the answers folks! Most people seem to think the insulation becomes brittle and cracks, i found a video of the part im talking about:
_URL_0_
Im not sure if it will stay up for long as it is not a bbc channel, also spoilers for anyone that doesnt want to see part of the episode yet. | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"c32dm9j",
"c32cxn6",
"c32dncy",
"c32dlxc",
"c32dz34"
],
"text": [
"At low temperatures polymer-based (plastic) insulation becomes brittle and can snap more easily - perhaps they meant 'fail' rather than 'short circuit'.",
"I am a materials engineering student and here is my take on this:\n\nFirst off it would be very dependent on the specific material. Every time something is cooled it contracts, heated expands, perhaps once this cable is cooled to -40 the tensile stress is to great and the wire fractures which would cause it to touch others and perhaps short circuit. However If the wire does not fracture then it will not short circuit. I hope this is somewhat clear It is in my head anyway :)",
"As temperature decreases a metals resistivity decreases, as you have stated, also current is equal to voltage divided by resistance, so since you are passing a constant voltage through the cable and the resistance drops that means the current increases to the point at which the cable can no longer hold that current and short circuits.",
"They probably didn't consult someone on the use of this language and should have used the more general term \"malfunction\" or \"cut out\".",
"Maybe a miscommunication. Short circuiting is a pretty specific failure. Insulation might become stiff at -40C and crack, but most of the insulation I've encountered doesn't become that brittle when they're chilled that much. I'm guessing you're referring to that brinicle segment. I wonder if they had electronic issues. Electronics contain components which may be far more temperature sensitive than mere insulation. Capacitors can go funny at extreme temperature. Batteries are certainly poor performers down to -40C. I think the only batteries which perform reasonably well, that cold, are NiCd or lead acid."
],
"score": [
7,
6,
3,
3,
2
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://youtu.be/YLEQgUw2c1E?t=6m25s"
]
} | {
"url": []
} | On the latest episode of frozen planet Attenborough says cables short circuit like crazy at -40. Why is this?
From my limited understanding, is it something to do with resistance being lowered at lower temperature? Edit: thanks for all the answers folks! Most people seem to think the insulation becomes brittle and cracks, i found a video of the part im talking about: _URL_0_ Im not sure if it will stay up for long as it is not a bbc channel, also spoilers for anyone that doesnt want to see part of the episode yet. | [
0.06495852768421173,
-0.20818224549293518,
0.847558319568634,
-0.10947182029485703,
-0.386275053024292,
-0.30451688170433044,
-0.02710505947470665,
-0.5507180690765381,
0.8574230670928955,
0.8604190945625305,
0.38400110602378845,
-0.08000423014163971,
-0.26053473353385925,
0.7588484287261963,
-0.12104659527540207,
-0.8782721757888794,
0.9111748933792114,
-0.15334752202033997,
-0.13377225399017334,
-0.14797022938728333,
-0.4341643154621124,
0.2859428822994232,
0.29204246401786804,
0.4867401123046875,
-0.5278857946395874,
0.15356625616550446,
0.32054373621940613,
-0.5830395221710205,
0.7638437747955322,
0.6692648530006409,
0.28348416090011597,
0.5492492318153381,
-0.8399546146392822,
-0.37279418110847473,
0.4944361746311188,
0.21878862380981445,
0.737766683101654,
0.2575615644454956,
1.0882360935211182,
-1.1972332000732422,
-0.009565546177327633,
-0.3964742422103882,
0.4245893359184265,
0.5590420365333557,
-0.23835019767284393,
-0.7050930857658386,
0.5681212544441223,
0.2829713523387909,
-0.6795830726623535,
0.39323657751083374,
0.141253262758255,
0.20554575324058533,
0.4563356339931488,
-0.32701432704925537,
0.4651215970516205,
-0.6384999752044678,
0.0674109235405922,
-0.3969523310661316,
0.37648940086364746,
0.718645453453064,
0.751502275466919,
0.13485653698444366,
-1.0789028406143188,
-0.6151646375656128,
-0.12634971737861633,
-0.231325164437294,
-0.967459499835968,
1.2253344058990479,
-0.2572232186794281,
0.15523169934749603,
0.19334261119365692,
-0.006692319642752409,
-0.11525791883468628,
-0.050732120871543884,
0.9889897108078003,
-1.1020796298980713,
0.6985917687416077,
-0.10259583592414856,
-0.5625857710838318,
-0.3827524781227112,
0.3833753168582916,
0.3870943486690521,
0.07877669483423233,
0.2846341133117676,
-0.20274490118026733,
0.7144970893859863,
0.5970978140830994,
-0.20712833106517792,
-0.8402646780014038,
0.6897223591804504,
-0.26651668548583984,
0.12910234928131104,
0.4975622892379761,
-1.124310851097107,
0.4145941436290741,
0.06013939529657364,
0.19531653821468353,
-0.5186991691589355,
0.07334350794553757,
0.5572142601013184,
-0.5864297151565552,
0.8046131730079651,
0.14219488203525543,
0.8447916507720947,
0.5286674499511719,
-0.654262900352478,
0.2807902693748474,
0.1590777039527893,
-0.3377958834171295,
-0.0012475771363824606,
0.6542763710021973,
1.0649590492248535,
0.4211520552635193,
-0.4300123453140259,
-0.10931024700403214,
-1.2086412906646729,
-0.2213108390569687,
-0.2725695073604584,
0.955319881439209,
0.5258833169937134,
0.40272265672683716,
-0.2591288387775421,
0.6201578378677368,
-0.7309049963951111,
-0.5324742794036865,
0.3989151120185852,
-0.20984235405921936,
-0.393101304769516,
0.15091809630393982,
-0.20190821588039398,
-0.3718494772911072,
0.5284509658813477,
0.12877017259597778,
-0.3230103850364685,
0.05791695415973663,
-0.6127474904060364,
-1.1130223274230957,
-0.09069773554801941,
-0.49524930119514465,
-0.11675010621547699,
-1.459553599357605,
-0.46326944231987,
0.39365363121032715,
-0.013383830897510052,
-0.21516451239585876,
-1.1906310319900513,
-1.0956631898880005,
0.2696499228477478,
0.1764710396528244,
-0.5841963291168213,
-1.1080753803253174,
-0.24966418743133545,
0.04968715086579323,
-0.2920824885368347,
0.729991614818573,
-0.06017341837286949,
1.4800094366073608,
-0.035587530583143234,
-0.07748111337423325,
-0.11855205148458481,
0.09090659767389297,
-0.40310364961624146,
-0.6294349431991577,
0.3845042586326599,
0.5421380400657654,
-0.4601857662200928,
0.05660204589366913,
-0.8543785214424133,
-0.3364347815513611,
0.6450503468513489,
-0.033450059592723846,
-0.2618900537490845,
1.5278280973434448,
0.36054345965385437,
1.4086419343948364,
-0.20054887235164642,
0.1216869205236435,
0.6486966609954834,
-0.41466155648231506,
-0.017692575231194496,
-0.3903104066848755,
-0.1552540510892868,
0.2139045000076294,
0.3566935956478119,
-0.8349209427833557,
-0.11544113606214523,
0.44932353496551514,
0.11010932922363281,
0.14977028965950012,
0.5979694724082947,
0.5540472865104675,
0.16466447710990906,
-0.9434084892272949,
-0.007516286801546812,
0.5386936664581299,
0.1672176718711853,
0.5031978487968445,
0.498201459646225,
0.2740804851055145,
0.2073841542005539,
-0.21933788061141968,
-0.844815731048584,
-0.1611807644367218,
-0.15835489332675934,
0.41687843203544617,
-0.01959187723696232,
0.6882010102272034,
0.6011747717857361,
0.48535090684890747,
-0.12960289418697357,
0.2320585548877716,
0.6761225461959839,
0.4413062632083893,
-0.04402900114655495,
-0.1903172880411148,
-0.2813560962677002,
0.19376999139785767,
-0.39485934376716614,
-0.6472272872924805,
0.25005006790161133,
-0.17605358362197876,
-0.30217498540878296,
-0.02423618920147419,
1.044696569442749,
1.0133717060089111,
-0.6750456094741821,
-0.9503728151321411,
0.05266185477375984,
0.19933481514453888,
-0.2200518548488617,
-0.010875865817070007,
-0.32207322120666504,
0.04740290716290474,
0.40347209572792053,
-0.13121870160102844,
-0.39598995447158813,
-0.7755990028381348,
-1.0536669492721558,
0.818136990070343,
-1.0800126791000366,
-0.6812112331390381,
0.8355952501296997,
0.6490934491157532,
0.8966755867004395,
0.3507217466831207,
0.43134748935699463,
0.18950946629047394,
-0.2597411572933197,
-0.09517013281583786,
0.8022816181182861,
-0.857283353805542,
-0.3719730079174042,
-0.5834030508995056,
-1.1479870080947876,
0.40590497851371765,
-0.8245159983634949,
0.481244832277298,
-0.5964785814285278,
-0.05284963920712471,
0.13379891216754913,
0.044085461646318436,
-0.6006227731704712,
0.6177473664283752,
-0.5451543927192688,
-0.9559756517410278,
0.614227831363678,
-0.4086173474788666,
-0.8202587962150574,
0.009606924839317799,
0.3312104344367981,
0.007241325452923775,
-0.75676429271698,
0.22060148417949677,
0.5200939178466797,
-0.21000903844833374,
-0.6018295288085938,
0.46625837683677673,
0.05890829116106033,
0.46767765283584595,
0.2466690093278885,
0.34274083375930786,
0.5704222917556763,
-0.32563066482543945,
-0.392855703830719,
-0.9049277901649475,
-0.020886629819869995,
0.836702823638916,
0.03845587745308876,
-0.3519406318664551,
-1.095413088798523,
0.3949054479598999,
-0.17994572222232819,
-0.462681382894516,
1.5487637519836426,
-0.21650169789791107,
-0.25149860978126526,
0.2675303816795349,
-0.4135042428970337,
0.27659478783607483,
-0.33447781205177307,
-0.6158068776130676,
-0.481629341840744,
0.4356575608253479,
0.009885621257126331,
-0.38111624121665955,
0.028935063630342484,
0.7143340706825256,
-1.1385079622268677,
0.10389096289873123,
-0.41150033473968506,
0.539024829864502,
-1.0351656675338745,
0.2381366640329361,
0.3500618040561676,
0.36834970116615295,
0.39901095628738403,
0.08467940241098404,
-0.17314542829990387,
-0.46006008982658386,
-0.10940756648778915,
0.4536108374595642,
0.004530761856585741,
0.5241062045097351,
0.6141883134841919,
-0.38913995027542114,
1.3092374801635742,
-0.36535200476646423,
0.49147048592567444,
-0.36396723985671997,
0.11926522105932236,
0.34092187881469727,
-0.7326765060424805,
0.5894429087638855,
0.7187399864196777,
-0.35083672404289246,
0.10622133314609528,
0.046103157103061676,
0.44333401322364807,
-0.44125160574913025,
0.56914222240448,
1.312394380569458,
0.22563830018043518,
-1.0133757591247559,
0.21236933767795563,
0.07999785244464874,
0.8598306179046631,
-0.8228350877761841,
0.5299039483070374,
0.026940329000353813,
0.027910973876714706,
0.3148263692855835,
0.643933117389679,
0.8267680406570435,
-0.6392876505851746,
-0.010099085047841072,
-0.1796637624502182,
-0.11827758699655533,
-0.028465304523706436,
1.118450403213501,
-0.05972623452544212,
-0.08409799635410309,
0.23537233471870422,
0.5664106607437134,
0.26887914538383484,
-0.10153958201408386,
-0.0837574154138565,
-1.2232860326766968,
-0.8301613926887512,
-0.4672006070613861,
0.1434493213891983,
0.16834065318107605,
0.5711430311203003,
-0.37412193417549133,
-0.32827556133270264,
0.510077714920044,
0.25656864047050476,
0.5377712845802307,
0.05375412479043007,
-1.0603927373886108,
-0.19135944545269012,
1.048372745513916,
-0.25794368982315063,
0.017918476834893227,
-0.23566365242004395,
-0.43938449025154114,
-1.1260156631469727,
-0.8659459948539734,
-0.36769354343414307,
-0.6033463478088379,
0.42820730805397034,
-0.154649019241333,
0.14004924893379211,
-0.5691958069801331,
-0.3710958957672119,
-0.6244332194328308,
-0.7754993438720703,
-0.7216407060623169,
0.37563130259513855,
0.49538910388946533,
-0.9617266654968262,
0.01536789070814848,
0.5430974960327148,
0.19156217575073242,
1.4135574102401733,
0.35146936774253845,
0.33814454078674316,
0.24794721603393555,
0.9522976875305176,
0.38985660672187805,
-0.7716273069381714,
-0.07778717577457428,
-0.6576052904129028,
-1.21131432056427,
0.08492337912321091,
0.3894302248954773,
-0.5140538215637207,
-0.8916959166526794,
-0.7936938405036926,
-1.4203888177871704,
0.17110323905944824,
0.3739856779575348,
-0.20190776884555817,
-0.13314849138259888,
0.08714483678340912,
-0.6359459161758423,
-0.361158549785614,
0.24998445808887482,
-0.7100699543952942,
-0.7542591691017151,
0.0590156614780426,
-0.6039291024208069,
-0.5392687320709229,
1.255110502243042,
0.24693253636360168,
-1.2070720195770264,
-0.104585200548172,
0.6479334831237793,
0.11299804598093033,
0.0735568031668663,
0.32444462180137634,
-0.5174773931503296,
0.5195381045341492,
-0.005673869512975216,
0.17755568027496338,
-0.6771723031997681,
-0.2923208177089691,
0.6403751373291016,
-0.387334406375885,
-0.9201925992965698,
0.009341190569102764,
0.3167988359928131,
-0.4649772644042969,
-0.380853533744812,
0.3246094882488251,
1.1291104555130005,
-0.20295554399490356,
0.07827013731002808,
-0.14028629660606384,
-0.2135520577430725,
0.13173137605190277,
-0.40127480030059814,
-0.4011962413787842,
0.021534094586968422,
1.0806033611297607,
0.25441691279411316,
1.009805679321289,
0.2755172848701477,
-0.007658150512725115,
-0.02385920286178589,
-1.105279803276062,
-0.9149684906005859,
-0.27557769417762756,
0.8873166441917419,
0.15019820630550385,
-1.32572603225708,
-1.1238685846328735,
0.26009562611579895,
-0.05631207302212715,
-0.5745980739593506,
-0.8266717195510864,
0.2226496934890747,
-0.4881811738014221,
-0.3243555426597595,
-0.3938541114330292,
0.6829047799110413,
0.10063120722770691,
-0.7200839519500732,
0.816048800945282,
-1.220990777015686,
-0.03950503095984459,
0.17701350152492523,
0.2879677712917328,
-0.061087582260370255,
0.09664103388786316,
0.5534465909004211,
0.4982260763645172,
-0.6171216368675232,
1.1223232746124268,
0.3270312547683716,
-0.3256492018699646,
-0.18197011947631836,
0.016819851472973824,
0.38876551389694214,
0.00016727406182326376,
0.23103851079940796,
-0.15383997559547424,
0.3552624583244324,
-0.1176748275756836,
0.5324352979660034,
0.9561242461204529,
-0.5039296746253967,
-0.1572066694498062,
-0.18279574811458588,
-0.4442453980445862,
0.0974825769662857,
-0.12832652032375336,
0.13626934587955475,
0.10826338827610016,
-0.3398526608943939,
0.3484323024749756,
-0.5187532901763916,
-0.9538252949714661,
0.6164418458938599,
-0.1809607297182083,
-0.1956695169210434,
0.5843976140022278,
-0.9195634126663208,
-1.2562313079833984,
-0.15078669786453247,
-0.2031865119934082,
-0.10638595372438431,
-0.01960345357656479,
-0.25808364152908325,
0.8832840919494629,
-0.28510621190071106,
0.8861446380615234,
0.4922453463077545,
-0.5884453058242798,
0.883736789226532,
-0.03825061395764351,
0.2712903320789337,
0.5197977423667908,
1.012673258781433,
0.06728245317935944,
-0.17969910800457,
0.01660093665122986,
-0.3231676518917084,
-0.052953388541936874,
0.014776531606912613,
0.6790603995323181,
0.6828052997589111,
-0.03404248505830765,
-0.010684022679924965,
-0.08793910592794418,
0.5265297889709473,
-0.09583856910467148,
0.5142608284950256,
0.18267683684825897,
0.28210383653640747,
0.2280864715576172,
-1.2422837018966675,
-0.04505576565861702,
0.4893215000629425,
-1.1478296518325806,
0.4297485947608948,
-0.5051615834236145,
-0.7122233510017395,
0.23525747656822205,
-0.7180246710777283,
0.2831137776374817,
-0.12521924078464508,
0.7281104326248169,
-0.9369001388549805,
-0.9818604588508606,
-0.15920569002628326,
0.03224192559719086,
-1.1138238906860352,
-0.10483670979738235,
0.33920156955718994,
0.36635273694992065,
0.03571049124002457,
0.15899385511875153,
-0.948830783367157,
0.5456016063690186,
-0.6784712672233582,
-0.2562614977359772,
-0.38593247532844543,
-0.07331458479166031,
0.06067081540822983,
0.09663023054599762,
-0.5982592105865479,
-0.5253987908363342,
0.15093573927879333,
-0.17521727085113525,
1.0628511905670166,
-0.3970576226711273,
-0.3106280267238617,
0.8036670088768005,
0.03870348632335663,
-0.08054664731025696,
-0.31892380118370056,
-1.019762635231018,
0.731717586517334,
0.06677767634391785,
0.5863335728645325,
-0.34974464774131775,
0.7513992190361023,
-1.1547620296478271,
-0.6431002616882324,
-0.48704829812049866,
0.39331308007240295,
-0.12307434529066086,
0.06785399466753006,
-0.12835533916950226,
-0.5584452748298645,
0.049006372690200806,
-0.25388303399086,
-0.8111870884895325,
-0.3653664290904999,
-0.32933589816093445,
0.40763673186302185,
0.2383410781621933,
-0.7758576273918152,
0.6565008759498596,
0.37661927938461304,
0.2513461709022522,
-0.8556879758834839,
1.277252435684204,
0.8260520696640015,
-0.4145638942718506,
-0.3888182044029236,
-0.7231540083885193,
0.17438752949237823,
-0.6602466702461243,
-0.9683420658111572,
-0.04960981756448746,
-1.0441702604293823,
0.44091305136680603,
0.13416287302970886,
-0.31549736857414246,
-0.6392021775245667,
-0.08357450366020203,
-0.06293359398841858,
0.8686424493789673,
1.0911030769348145,
-0.7066865563392639,
-0.4143833816051483,
0.42119258642196655,
-0.03732181712985039,
1.108180284500122,
-0.8987127542495728,
0.6918773055076599,
-0.26814699172973633,
0.7188998460769653,
0.926816463470459,
0.5562551021575928,
0.2766254246234894,
-0.3073520064353943,
-0.510241687297821,
-0.9318321943283081,
-0.8315755724906921,
-0.33121955394744873,
0.00871774647384882,
0.236526221036911,
0.15647432208061218,
0.5027294158935547,
0.13173207640647888,
-0.31742358207702637,
-0.36660563945770264,
-0.3463499844074249,
-0.38546380400657654,
0.27237069606781006,
-0.9643608331680298,
0.46513643860816956,
0.4220553934574127,
0.04145561903715134,
-0.4698123633861542,
0.2643193006515503,
0.13240598142147064,
0.036753181368112564,
-0.6072699427604675,
0.6967909336090088,
-0.6059796810150146,
0.5769325494766235,
-0.007477180100977421,
0.11283538490533829,
0.07419589906930923,
1.6369192600250244,
0.6637585163116455,
-0.2155623733997345,
0.5735360383987427,
0.001630982500500977,
-0.1597006767988205,
-0.040484003722667694,
-0.18562264740467072,
-0.053214505314826965,
-0.5900633335113525,
-0.7626234889030457,
-0.8935639262199402,
0.10669198632240295,
-0.43267953395843506,
-0.17915870249271393,
-0.5831278562545776,
-0.14744561910629272,
-0.08481156080961227,
-0.01700969971716404,
0.26685667037963867,
1.0767513513565063,
-0.14114657044410706,
-0.8909774422645569,
1.183457374572754,
0.1879894733428955,
-0.3061329424381256,
0.044948775321245193,
0.40486788749694824,
0.33798471093177795,
-0.9594371914863586,
-0.5902889966964722,
0.22782127559185028,
1.2479138374328613,
-0.2641490399837494,
-0.3496580123901367,
-0.6037440299987793,
0.10159702599048615,
-0.7599398493766785,
-0.016053061932325363,
-0.4386143684387207,
-0.11129476130008698,
-0.8136330246925354,
-0.47775939106941223,
-0.40070271492004395,
-0.05112501233816147,
0.6237937211990356,
0.610353410243988,
0.43592703342437744,
-0.17392072081565857,
-0.6725794672966003,
0.3219572901725769,
0.2361711710691452,
-0.5012372136116028,
-0.23752433061599731,
0.38553526997566223,
0.000019624701963039115,
-1.4463289976119995,
0.056681759655475616,
0.4816577434539795,
-0.2845812737941742,
0.3866797983646393,
-0.1731349378824234,
0.6824252605438232,
-0.11427304148674011,
0.6685093641281128,
0.48403891921043396,
0.29573848843574524,
-0.011987044475972652,
-0.36388859152793884,
-0.03546775504946709,
-0.8736330270767212,
-0.5086147785186768,
-0.030704429373145103,
0.0624096542596817,
-0.04352889209985733,
0.39516109228134155,
-0.08580997586250305,
0.19491510093212128,
0.09895182400941849,
0.07645773887634277,
-0.030568379908800125
] |
|
sz7ju | Scientific basis for thinking that old stuff was better? Ex: every generation seems to think snl was best when they grew up with it. Is there an "old stuff was better" syndrome or something? | I think it has something to do with just remembering the good and not the bad, making music etc. from earlier times seem better than what we have now. Is there a scientific explanation and name for this? | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"c4i78m1",
"c4icey4",
"c4ia901",
"c4i9ger"
],
"text": [
"Your brain has all these little rules which enable you to make complex decisions quickly. These produce cognitive distortions, which tend to make people overgeneralize or be dichotomous in their thinking. This means that they tend to take a few instances of an event, and give it more weight than it realistically should have. Dichotomous thinking is where you tend to see things as being all negative or all positive. There's other types of distortions, but yes, it's the factory programming that gets us every time.",
"Hi all,\n\nIncidentally I happen to be a researcher who specializes in this exact topic (small world isn't it). I otherwise never post on reddit, especially ask science because I generally find it sort of intimidating, so forgive me if I make some rookie mistake here. \n\nAs someone else in the thread helpfully pointed out, nostalgia is still a relatively young area of research, so a lot of this stuff is fairly new and quite a hot issue as of late. In terms of nostalgic preferences in the consumer sphere, there are a couple of researchers named Robert Schindler and Morris Holbrook who have done some really interesting work looking at this exact thing. What they find is that individuals seem to develop \"age related preference peaks\" - Preferences towards certain styles of clothing, music, all sorts of things - Based on what is popular / preferred in a critical period of life. This \"window\" is generally early adulthood, something like 20 years old give or take a few years. \n\nThere is still some speculation as to why this particular window seems to be most critical for developing lifelong preferences for so many products, but I think the most compelling argument is that we generally see it as a really important period of our lives in which we fully \"come into our own\" as adults. As such, we hold onto these preferences because we associate them with a period in our lives which we see as particularly important in retrospect.\n\nAs far as the appeal of general nostalgic experiences - I believe this ties with the idea of nostalgia as a \"rosy view\" (originally suggested by Mitchell if I recall correctly...do we have to formally cite these in here or what?). The basic idea is that when it comes to nostalgic memories, the affective signature attached to that experience becomes a bit more generalized across the whole experience. So, if we remember an experience that was largely positive, but had a whole bunch of annoying little issues, our brain sort of puts a positive sheen over the whole thing in retrospect and we forget all of the little details we found annoying while remembering all of the nice things about it. \n\nThere is, of course, much more to this and I apologize for running long but I've written so many hundreds of pages on the topic that I find it difficult to pick out the most important few paragraphs. As FriendlyEgoBooster in the thread already mentioned, nostalgia is a very social emotion - In addition to helping us find more meaning in life and fight existential threat / death anxiety, it helps us feel closer to others, makes us happier in general, and improves our self-esteem among other things. This whole cocktail of positivity in nostalgic experiences has a way of rubbing off on things we relate to those experiences, like movies we watched together with friends, games we spent all night playing together, and so on. They are sort of woven into these important social experiences. \n\nI hope this meandering explanation is useful to someone! :) \n\n\nEDIT for references:\nHere are a few links to papers that might be of interest.\n[Schindler and Holbrook on nostalgia and consumer preferences](_URL_1_)\nThis one talks a fair bit about age related preference peaks related to nostalgia and references many other papers that explore the same thing\n\n[Nostalgia: Content, Triggers, and Functions](_URL_0_)\nAn excellent paper by Tim Wildschut and colleagues exploring several of the key findings in social psychology research in nostalgia\n\nOther users have linked to some articles about Rosy Retrospection, I would recommend looking up Terence Mitchell for anyone interested in learning more about that.",
"I did an undergraduate study on nostalgia, which only very recently became an area of interest to psychologists. (Keep in mind: *undergrad* research. By no means am I an expert.) \n\nBasically, they found that nostalgia serves as a barrier to thoughts about our own mortality. The theory (called Terror Management Theory or \"TMT\") is that these old thoughts keep us protected from thoughts about our own death. Nostalgia is a SOCIAL emotion, meaning, we tend to think of things nostalgically if we shared them with others or if they were a part of pop culture. \n\nWhen we think that the old things were better, we're actually holding onto a part of our identity, whether we realize it or not. If the things that we hold dear are considered less worthy, then we *feel* less worthy as humans and begin thinking about how insignificant we are and that we will die some day. \n\nIf we think of the things we experienced in the past as unworthy, then we by proxy consider our lives as worthless.\n\nNostalgia is an important emotion that many of us experience, and so far, no one had shown overwhelming evidence to the contrary. However, it's still a relatively recent area of study.",
"Here is a handy list of [cognitive biases](_URL_4_) and to supplement them, logical fallacies: [some fallacies and their definitions](_URL_5_) + [a more comprehensive list](_URL_5_)\n\nIt is always fun to try and spot them in yourself and is important to remember nobody is above them, even if you try your mind lapses sometimes.\n\nThe particular bias you are looking for is called [Rosy Retrospection](_URL_4_)."
],
"score": [
27,
14,
11,
8
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://web.mac.com/timwildschut/Site/home_files/Nostalgia%20JPSP.pdf",
"http://camden-sbc.rutgers.edu/facultystaff/research/schindler/Schindler%20%26%20Holbrook%20%282003%29.pdf",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosy_retrospection",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fallacies",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_biases",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical_fallacies"
]
} | Scientific basis for thinking that old stuff was better? Ex: every generation seems to think snl was best when they grew up with it. Is there an "old stuff was better" syndrome or something?
I think it has something to do with just remembering the good and not the bad, making music etc. from earlier times seem better than what we have now. Is there a scientific explanation and name for this? | [
-0.2346886396408081,
-0.6024118065834045,
0.797960102558136,
-1.192929744720459,
-0.18594077229499817,
-0.8245882987976074,
-0.040460433810949326,
-1.5491701364517212,
0.897545576095581,
-0.6879700422286987,
1.3722083568572998,
0.6393010020256042,
-0.5480262041091919,
0.8669009804725647,
-0.00151256809476763,
-0.43476590514183044,
0.7673398852348328,
0.08388594537973404,
-0.5630435943603516,
-0.45198580622673035,
0.4397716224193573,
0.653951108455658,
0.1831769198179245,
1.1018598079681396,
0.044540807604789734,
0.006692918483167887,
0.5459724068641663,
-0.573033332824707,
0.39954134821891785,
0.4022326171398163,
0.5005850195884705,
0.3671165108680725,
-0.6886504888534546,
-0.00446108216419816,
-0.05433938652276993,
0.21903733909130096,
0.06126145273447037,
-0.06586378067731857,
0.7155807018280029,
-2.052614212036133,
-0.01754378341138363,
-0.5988273620605469,
-0.07796374708414078,
1.385133147239685,
-0.931171178817749,
-0.12659774720668793,
-0.2438800185918808,
0.784321665763855,
-0.4598558247089386,
-0.07420078665018082,
0.36882153153419495,
0.07695133984088898,
-0.3211822211742401,
0.1694415956735611,
0.6989706158638,
0.20827347040176392,
0.18273119628429413,
-0.7138485312461853,
0.7993840575218201,
0.13718923926353455,
0.7705116868019104,
0.12782299518585205,
-0.34372785687446594,
-0.4344799220561981,
0.17413659393787384,
-0.3773222863674164,
-0.8288212418556213,
0.17839857935905457,
-1.5240790843963623,
0.3402872681617737,
-0.1600950062274933,
-0.03807931765913963,
0.02825859561562538,
-1.3854902982711792,
0.4072422385215759,
-0.1902216076850891,
0.14552438259124756,
-0.32114484906196594,
-0.6425718665122986,
-0.8485252857208252,
-0.11536194384098053,
0.5043720602989197,
-0.2367030829191208,
0.5977908372879028,
-0.35573258996009827,
0.6844796538352966,
0.46042633056640625,
-0.8597832322120667,
-0.31853464245796204,
1.1944763660430908,
-0.7997010946273804,
-0.7213614583015442,
0.43694427609443665,
0.12429792433977127,
0.26657724380493164,
-0.34994828701019287,
0.4142982065677643,
-0.934770941734314,
0.754207193851471,
0.07372630387544632,
0.033883824944496155,
0.47067439556121826,
0.5652695894241333,
0.26978546380996704,
-0.1861180067062378,
-0.32973289489746094,
0.5642834305763245,
-0.04562351107597351,
-0.3855852484703064,
-0.3251757323741913,
-0.2056666910648346,
1.0982568264007568,
0.1151619628071785,
0.6786706447601318,
-0.48085397481918335,
-0.9900448322296143,
0.3271801173686981,
-0.31445929408073425,
0.4057050347328186,
1.0210577249526978,
0.437924861907959,
-0.8399746417999268,
0.2726242244243622,
0.14118854701519012,
-0.058855269104242325,
0.34239694476127625,
-0.36651578545570374,
0.334909051656723,
-0.26735472679138184,
-0.15813711285591125,
-0.06326604634523392,
0.08885801583528519,
0.474130779504776,
0.26860183477401733,
-0.27371498942375183,
-0.44488435983657837,
-0.8830186128616333,
0.13569465279579163,
-0.8973747491836548,
0.17870962619781494,
-0.535631537437439,
-0.3251393735408783,
1.3124475479125977,
-0.7445012927055359,
0.17278717458248138,
0.056736890226602554,
-0.7584908604621887,
0.02711811289191246,
0.00532091548666358,
-0.023937895894050598,
-0.38244906067848206,
-0.7109488844871521,
0.5164206624031067,
-0.9530875086784363,
0.10291468352079391,
-0.7446839809417725,
0.10762465745210648,
-0.5219774842262268,
-0.4769337475299835,
-0.11523231118917465,
-0.8949737548828125,
-0.7519267201423645,
0.37849754095077515,
0.20021921396255493,
0.6686407923698425,
-0.71026611328125,
-0.7539041638374329,
-0.6001351475715637,
-0.4193117618560791,
0.2767675518989563,
-0.10994068533182144,
-0.08546759933233261,
0.9606599807739258,
-0.09772272408008575,
0.17582997679710388,
-0.40960949659347534,
-0.05360151082277298,
0.366789311170578,
-0.22241894900798798,
0.17929112911224365,
0.08279654383659363,
-0.25537562370300293,
0.06801867485046387,
0.06332802772521973,
-0.8198933601379395,
0.046322889626026154,
0.5319308042526245,
-0.6497563123703003,
0.0804915502667427,
0.5547584295272827,
0.86516273021698,
0.32243913412094116,
-1.4144315719604492,
0.26442867517471313,
0.8041853308677673,
0.06432218104600906,
0.42894142866134644,
0.7314124703407288,
0.27005478739738464,
-0.6933917999267578,
-0.09790101647377014,
-1.4469001293182373,
-0.25842007994651794,
0.45048290491104126,
0.23870760202407837,
-0.08903652429580688,
0.6765037178993225,
-0.18256260454654694,
-0.060448937118053436,
-0.24424481391906738,
-0.07502277195453644,
0.3067607879638672,
-0.28886833786964417,
-0.2938057482242584,
-0.15491025149822235,
0.3783247470855713,
-0.5158212780952454,
0.34154343605041504,
-0.5396114587783813,
-0.2168053835630417,
0.5890195369720459,
-0.1383448839187622,
0.11663281917572021,
0.6055852174758911,
1.527994990348816,
-0.1505134552717209,
0.28491881489753723,
-0.45145460963249207,
-0.2986717224121094,
-0.24507492780685425,
0.049954626709222794,
-0.36790192127227783,
0.33596014976501465,
0.6646001935005188,
-0.032178204506635666,
-0.5696324706077576,
-1.3949496746063232,
-1.3219690322875977,
0.172053724527359,
-0.7710314393043518,
-0.5488364100456238,
0.04612695798277855,
0.28361696004867554,
0.7816258072853088,
0.23657506704330444,
0.6352729797363281,
-0.41437315940856934,
-0.4663619101047516,
0.47888174653053284,
0.005211653653532267,
-1.614041805267334,
-1.4828402996063232,
-0.23888857662677765,
0.3482581675052643,
1.03020441532135,
-1.076997995376587,
0.5786495208740234,
-0.27498531341552734,
0.4824773967266083,
0.5037724375724792,
0.5189028978347778,
-0.0958896055817604,
0.546372652053833,
0.010963231325149536,
-1.0317552089691162,
0.08717621862888336,
-0.9850449562072754,
0.16868369281291962,
0.24434612691402435,
0.460744708776474,
-0.47750410437583923,
-0.5387611389160156,
0.2220929116010666,
0.23507274687290192,
-0.37206608057022095,
-0.8959963917732239,
-0.038548730313777924,
-0.5436453223228455,
1.0433598756790161,
0.3305583596229553,
0.8261432647705078,
0.8878450989723206,
0.13448013365268707,
-0.14281333982944489,
0.06922820955514908,
-0.25713875889778137,
-0.0157514289021492,
-0.4700767993927002,
0.7866811156272888,
-1.4984753131866455,
0.35994377732276917,
0.4320148229598999,
0.11640056222677231,
0.7185608148574829,
0.9972876906394958,
-0.38039085268974304,
0.4959315061569214,
0.6792469620704651,
-0.48539629578590393,
0.5513399839401245,
-0.32605069875717163,
0.031214969232678413,
0.5328888297080994,
0.7085165977478027,
-0.36778542399406433,
0.1938885599374771,
0.3943580687046051,
-1.4092381000518799,
0.44177165627479553,
-0.2337890863418579,
0.201677143573761,
-0.17894358932971954,
0.22050617635250092,
0.504216730594635,
-0.11314646899700165,
-0.17472028732299805,
0.11134923249483109,
-0.3775259554386139,
0.036686137318611145,
-0.25057482719421387,
-0.8126320242881775,
0.4457187056541443,
-0.06483523547649384,
-0.43560782074928284,
0.1850450485944748,
1.2224678993225098,
-0.692776620388031,
0.18765303492546082,
-0.3701801598072052,
-0.04984185844659805,
0.2994772493839264,
-0.5150339007377625,
0.3926299512386322,
0.288318395614624,
-0.003029429819434881,
-0.4806317389011383,
0.01692844368517399,
0.69598788022995,
0.6794036030769348,
0.7291477918624878,
1.2858706712722778,
0.6165881156921387,
0.06362725049257278,
1.0358325242996216,
0.11964299529790878,
-0.20192599296569824,
-0.3481251001358032,
-0.04676792025566101,
0.9156195521354675,
-0.262372225522995,
-0.06796468049287796,
0.6954110264778137,
0.5943490266799927,
-0.8089369535446167,
0.007592553272843361,
1.547902226448059,
-0.544110894203186,
-0.0018625124357640743,
0.6849334836006165,
0.28374090790748596,
0.21848063170909882,
-0.09458577632904053,
0.09393316507339478,
-0.18071721494197845,
0.6785630583763123,
-0.3314357399940491,
-0.632739245891571,
-0.19342830777168274,
0.0003849478380288929,
1.393308162689209,
-0.2324848622083664,
0.690934419631958,
-0.025120051577687263,
-0.032467469573020935,
0.3685316741466522,
-0.45113593339920044,
1.0072263479232788,
0.399819552898407,
-0.7126805186271667,
0.38777631521224976,
-0.21916714310646057,
0.4716666638851166,
0.315729558467865,
0.11284855008125305,
-0.28705573081970215,
-1.0223793983459473,
-0.620549738407135,
-0.6657224297523499,
0.14349183440208435,
0.22977153956890106,
-0.12997891008853912,
0.2713834047317505,
0.3066122531890869,
-0.2997887432575226,
0.08905691653490067,
0.037082694470882416,
-1.2189993858337402,
0.5625016689300537,
-0.2631515860557556,
-0.9641841053962708,
-0.17083242535591125,
1.138561725616455,
-0.11265255510807037,
0.9880882501602173,
0.43603911995887756,
-0.6186500787734985,
0.573063313961029,
0.12020961195230484,
0.8345094323158264,
-0.5446096062660217,
0.14162006974220276,
-0.7083898186683655,
-0.4629310667514801,
-0.07347627729177475,
0.17969943583011627,
-0.5466204881668091,
-0.2898562252521515,
-1.3835570812225342,
-0.355927050113678,
0.18249313533306122,
1.068371295928955,
-0.2557767331600189,
-0.06806941330432892,
0.39803916215896606,
-0.36874452233314514,
-0.5248226523399353,
0.36260172724723816,
0.061789046972990036,
-0.382619172334671,
0.4422890245914459,
-0.7314040064811707,
-0.7495826482772827,
0.9178745150566101,
0.42302191257476807,
-0.14637063443660736,
-0.49572548270225525,
-0.29246988892555237,
0.0706934928894043,
-0.6158596873283386,
-1.0241494178771973,
-0.4714159667491913,
0.6932700872421265,
-0.2539375424385071,
0.6885871887207031,
-0.3382464647293091,
-0.4685158133506775,
0.4123423397541046,
0.319703608751297,
-0.8519126176834106,
-0.430483341217041,
0.2978019118309021,
-0.7925819158554077,
0.14677605032920837,
0.29556870460510254,
1.0075488090515137,
-0.0037372554652392864,
-0.801276683807373,
-0.21114519238471985,
-0.18130917847156525,
0.28173965215682983,
-0.5452011823654175,
-0.41154053807258606,
-0.028709156438708305,
0.0951542779803276,
0.4512127935886383,
-0.14033864438533783,
-0.4203532636165619,
-0.4578872323036194,
0.21286529302597046,
-1.3191956281661987,
-0.7815660238265991,
0.07027824223041534,
0.4300920367240906,
0.3712921440601349,
-0.9282533526420593,
-1.154661774635315,
0.8540573120117188,
-0.07705584168434143,
-0.040757399052381516,
-1.2048966884613037,
-0.45705047249794006,
-0.9020923376083374,
-0.7407717108726501,
-0.2055278718471527,
0.530556857585907,
-0.3546762466430664,
-0.32282644510269165,
-0.30426856875419617,
-0.5349981188774109,
0.135125994682312,
-0.8290156722068787,
0.3871476948261261,
-0.25671201944351196,
0.3602059483528137,
-0.048137810081243515,
0.03290093317627907,
-0.6395870447158813,
0.6553952693939209,
-0.1351696401834488,
-0.412677526473999,
-0.3418208956718445,
-0.41451770067214966,
0.4189909100532532,
-1.0823637247085571,
-0.6599944233894348,
-0.6348451972007751,
0.6094126105308533,
0.19279266893863678,
1.2201979160308838,
0.9154180884361267,
-0.010621697641909122,
-0.060511622577905655,
0.6892887353897095,
-0.9559147357940674,
-0.29886487126350403,
0.5849481225013733,
-0.5668940544128418,
0.7157731652259827,
-0.07037810981273651,
0.7503463625907898,
0.1208728551864624,
0.038047514855861664,
1.3019267320632935,
0.11793866008520126,
0.16308753192424774,
0.2887760400772095,
-1.6479872465133667,
-1.300632119178772,
-0.04940273240208626,
-0.3482976257801056,
0.4774549603462219,
-0.35697898268699646,
-0.6953320503234863,
0.5513018369674683,
-0.6919206380844116,
1.118891954421997,
0.20351365208625793,
-1.2029907703399658,
1.3582704067230225,
-0.07127786427736282,
0.8111870884895325,
0.20633551478385925,
0.6711170673370361,
-0.2808613181114197,
-0.32255423069000244,
0.8656669855117798,
0.1370856761932373,
-0.026155443862080574,
-0.9444443583488464,
0.029505275189876556,
-0.15718939900398254,
0.01704135537147522,
-0.2015712559223175,
-0.1302558183670044,
-0.35166135430336,
0.5418182611465454,
-0.2772967219352722,
0.06901349127292633,
0.0465487465262413,
0.3986012041568756,
-0.49509313702583313,
0.5181284546852112,
0.601828396320343,
-0.8354820013046265,
-0.1628604531288147,
-0.03926410153508186,
-0.3910187780857086,
0.2801949083805084,
-0.31597766280174255,
0.2650046944618225,
-0.2791973650455475,
0.7963559031486511,
-0.23994268476963043,
-0.7529578804969788,
-0.34106209874153137,
-0.23882856965065002,
-0.08241161704063416,
-0.4761831760406494,
0.05502087250351906,
0.017738981172442436,
-0.4304490089416504,
0.09475714713335037,
0.5943223237991333,
0.20014992356300354,
-0.041199617087841034,
0.4758378863334656,
-0.13989728689193726,
-0.449393093585968,
0.25028976798057556,
0.3840893805027008,
-0.9888163208961487,
-0.21151915192604065,
-0.281262069940567,
-0.523030161857605,
0.5661883354187012,
-0.0841490775346756,
0.6204793453216553,
0.2705572843551636,
-0.173283651471138,
-0.38243892788887024,
0.024388551712036133,
-0.7407510876655579,
1.3775967359542847,
-0.06642426550388336,
0.30125677585601807,
0.12499794363975525,
0.9432759284973145,
-0.0656510591506958,
-0.0026125581935048103,
0.45098814368247986,
0.609415590763092,
0.49285489320755005,
-0.27759039402008057,
0.47193554043769836,
0.7375922203063965,
0.013378698378801346,
-0.5590229630470276,
-0.06656783074140549,
0.20959819853305817,
0.3147315979003906,
0.8813270330429077,
0.2639920115470886,
-1.227075219154358,
-0.14458629488945007,
0.6657513976097107,
-0.39940333366394043,
-0.10799089074134827,
1.309992790222168,
0.4179762303829193,
-0.3411056697368622,
-0.17314618825912476,
-1.0250855684280396,
0.661982536315918,
0.10409533232450485,
-0.7957517504692078,
-0.4142424762248993,
-0.6387471556663513,
0.49408936500549316,
0.200481578707695,
0.18044860661029816,
-0.34024396538734436,
0.27287131547927856,
0.07182279229164124,
-0.04687618464231491,
0.5485380291938782,
0.4058215320110321,
-0.07320817559957504,
0.6362271904945374,
-0.3235794007778168,
1.386496901512146,
-0.4116816818714142,
0.7574520111083984,
-0.09198159724473953,
-0.04710276052355766,
-0.08117708563804626,
0.7304201722145081,
-0.02273176610469818,
-0.3242093324661255,
-0.596907377243042,
-0.4415430724620819,
-0.5605992674827576,
-0.7291109561920166,
0.13957776129245758,
0.065407395362854,
0.39142563939094543,
0.4524521231651306,
-0.00891905091702938,
-0.0636686235666275,
-0.049758922308683395,
-0.5654940605163574,
-0.5336319804191589,
0.04248437285423279,
-0.6647887229919434,
0.04800313338637352,
1.1461536884307861,
0.08250363171100616,
-0.3176838755607605,
0.4204128086566925,
-0.9718813896179199,
0.43626272678375244,
-0.43333277106285095,
-0.11172990500926971,
-0.7784106731414795,
0.035373806953430176,
-0.12440577894449234,
-0.6267872452735901,
-0.4319493770599365,
0.629827082157135,
1.0396482944488525,
-0.7392369508743286,
0.3451130986213684,
-0.5438787341117859,
-0.14570066332817078,
-0.6445300579071045,
-0.9649965167045593,
0.6801615357398987,
-0.033250074833631516,
-0.5098875761032104,
-0.6600266695022583,
0.21013201773166656,
-0.46666574478149414,
-0.5457175374031067,
-0.5760266184806824,
-0.32128700613975525,
0.15724757313728333,
0.15994003415107727,
-0.177508145570755,
0.9761962890625,
-1.0247308015823364,
-0.3431181013584137,
0.2836916148662567,
-0.3566811680793762,
-0.7282679677009583,
-0.16850188374519348,
0.05712658911943436,
0.9251870512962341,
0.6049777865409851,
0.019980795681476593,
-0.45407140254974365,
0.3055792450904846,
-1.0551661252975464,
-0.6623468399047852,
-0.42193692922592163,
-0.13911072909832,
-0.5115088224411011,
0.4385905861854553,
-0.17568150162696838,
0.19327367842197418,
0.2532171308994293,
-0.05369466915726662,
-0.5289530158042908,
-0.20476138591766357,
0.16629934310913086,
1.1526495218276978,
-0.21269460022449493,
0.2776441276073456,
-0.42008176445961,
0.007189979311078787,
-0.11180583387613297,
0.18424838781356812,
-0.6192312836647034,
-0.4970617890357971,
-0.4071338474750519,
-1.9501043558120728,
0.3441077470779419,
-0.009482958354055882,
-0.5691110491752625,
0.42899155616760254,
-0.008803078904747963,
1.039000391960144,
0.914933443069458,
0.39602774381637573,
0.16922111809253693,
-0.2112305611371994,
-0.2108248919248581,
0.0871574878692627,
-0.03201828524470329,
-0.3783644139766693,
-0.5453805923461914,
-0.07657494395971298,
0.43270960450172424,
1.212725043296814,
0.10420047491788864,
-0.046654924750328064,
0.36566707491874695,
0.4169498085975647,
0.12708953022956848,
-0.9608795046806335
] |
|
kr00l | Is it possible that Earth is like an isolated jungle tribe on a galactic/universal scale? | For some reason I thought of this the other day and have been turning the idea over in my head ever since. There are tribes living deep in the jungles of Africa who have absolutely no idea that an outside world exists. They think that their little group is the only one on Earth. They have primitive technology, and no knowledge of world affairs or anything happening outside of their tribe. When outside contact is made, they are absolutely mind-fucked because their perception of the world has suddenly expanded massively beyond the little corner of the world they live in.
Does that apply to us as a planet? Is there any science that can even reasonably rule out the possibility that there are entire galactic empires of many different types of sentient beings who are all space-faring and advanced beyond our wildest dreams? Groups that are fighting wars and communicating on a scale that make our petty affairs look like child's play? Are we just some dumb fuck planet that is still in the stone age by comparison, living in some little corner nobody has bothered to investigate?
I know this all sounds very tinfoil/scifi-ish, but we can't be the only sentient beings when we know that millions of other life-supporting planets like ours exist, scattered across the universe. As a species, we have been making notable technological advances for several thousand years. That may seem like a lot, but if there's another group of sentient beings out there that has been advancing for tens of thousands of years (or more), they would have technology beyond our wildest dreams. Especially so if the exponential model of technology growth applies over those large time periods.
So, AskScience, is it possible that such things exist? Have current technologies provided us with any indications that we're all there is? If there is anything else out there, what is the likelihood that we will ever find it? | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"c2mjiu4",
"c2mjlze",
"c2mk8ph",
"c2mk66s"
],
"text": [
"There is no scientific proof of alien life, *yet*, so no conclusions can be drawn about the validity of what you are referring to.\n\nStatistically however (in regards to the shear number of planets in the universe), and using a reference frame of how quickly life began on earth, it is entirely plausible another civilization could be millions (or billions) of years ahead of us.",
"Ok so here is how I (currently) see it; it is possible (in the sense I cannot rule it out) but I think it is extremely unlikely. \n\nFirstly you need many planets that could support life. We have found a large number of planets that could support life, so that checks out (kind of).\n\nSecondly you would need life to evolve on these planets. Now this depends on there being some form of self replicating molecule present. In the case of Earth these molecules may have developed here or they may have been brought here, either way it is difficult to comment on how likely or unlikely this event is.\n\nNext these self replicating molecules need to evolve into multi cellular life forms. Yet again it is hard to comment on the chance of this event occurring but I think with each stage in my comment the likelihood decreases.\n\nNext evolution must produce intelligent life forms, so anything from a fly up to us. Given how long it took intelligent life forms to evolve on Earth I think we can safely say intelligence even on a basic level is a difficult thing for evolution to stumble across.\n\nNow these intelligences must evolve to become social and cultural, thus allowing for large scale technological development. Given that out of all the life forms to have ever evolved on Earth we are the only ones to have achieved this feet demonstrates that we are now in the realms of extremely unlikely evolution adaptations. For social and cultural intelligence to evolve you need a very special set of circumstances; all the selection pressures need to be apparent and a number of morphological tick-boxes need to be checked.\n\nFinally the planets on which all this is going on must be stable enough, for long enough for all this to happen.\n\nSo in short a number of increasingly unlikely things needs to happen for a species to even start developing technology and then they need to be around long to actually make use of it. So even if we are not alone in the Universe I reckon intelligences like or exceeding our own is a long shot. However in an infinite Universe every that could happen does happen with infinite repetition!",
"If life is rare in the galaxy, then no, we're not in a reserve, we're just not found (or there's no one to find us).\n\nIf life is common in the galaxy, then no, we're not in a reserve, because would you really expect not one credible alien visitor out of a galaxy of possible curious aliens? We're overlooked.\n\nWe don't yet have the technology to detect much at all at interstellar distances, so even supposing there are technologically advanced civilizations around every single star broadcasting just as much in radio frequencies as we are... we still couldn't detect them.\n\nIf something like warp drive and subspace communication turns out to be possible - well, there's nothing here to interest people with that level of technology and no way we could detect their activities without first figuring out those technologies ourselves.",
"Is it possible that the earth/solar system/universe is just a nucleus to a cell of a ginormous being, one of many?"
],
"score": [
6,
3,
3,
3
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | Is it possible that Earth is like an isolated jungle tribe on a galactic/universal scale?
For some reason I thought of this the other day and have been turning the idea over in my head ever since. There are tribes living deep in the jungles of Africa who have absolutely no idea that an outside world exists. They think that their little group is the only one on Earth. They have primitive technology, and no knowledge of world affairs or anything happening outside of their tribe. When outside contact is made, they are absolutely mind-fucked because their perception of the world has suddenly expanded massively beyond the little corner of the world they live in. Does that apply to us as a planet? Is there any science that can even reasonably rule out the possibility that there are entire galactic empires of many different types of sentient beings who are all space-faring and advanced beyond our wildest dreams? Groups that are fighting wars and communicating on a scale that make our petty affairs look like child's play? Are we just some dumb fuck planet that is still in the stone age by comparison, living in some little corner nobody has bothered to investigate? I know this all sounds very tinfoil/scifi-ish, but we can't be the only sentient beings when we know that millions of other life-supporting planets like ours exist, scattered across the universe. As a species, we have been making notable technological advances for several thousand years. That may seem like a lot, but if there's another group of sentient beings out there that has been advancing for tens of thousands of years (or more), they would have technology beyond our wildest dreams. Especially so if the exponential model of technology growth applies over those large time periods. So, AskScience, is it possible that such things exist? Have current technologies provided us with any indications that we're all there is? If there is anything else out there, what is the likelihood that we will ever find it? | [
-0.3943479657173157,
-0.6587426066398621,
0.14372718334197998,
-0.61625075340271,
-0.5347666144371033,
-0.43082892894744873,
0.4397236704826355,
-0.5285838842391968,
-0.13093265891075134,
0.5030407905578613,
0.823912501335144,
-0.03462386131286621,
-0.9262237548828125,
1.5852824449539185,
0.2476501166820526,
-0.019610930234193802,
0.5740585923194885,
0.02263491600751877,
-0.578961193561554,
-0.05192583054304123,
-0.7714977264404297,
0.2857028841972351,
0.1193380281329155,
1.7671351432800293,
-0.5131713151931763,
0.3037150204181671,
0.043434854596853256,
0.21983028948307037,
0.708633542060852,
-0.029920510947704315,
0.8963667154312134,
0.40612754225730896,
-0.05683401972055435,
-0.4133179783821106,
0.2877682149410248,
-0.4714057147502899,
-0.17386308312416077,
-1.0659147500991821,
1.0094010829925537,
-1.0999666452407837,
-0.6249505281448364,
-0.5774018168449402,
0.03002254292368889,
1.272232174873352,
0.06090278550982475,
-0.7269332408905029,
0.36228206753730774,
1.0723919868469238,
-0.6687384843826294,
-0.041314102709293365,
0.3370135426521301,
-0.19985587894916534,
0.2644693851470947,
0.0051419613882899284,
0.487368643283844,
-0.6213047504425049,
-0.3513627052307129,
-0.2786048352718353,
1.2605690956115723,
-0.39600107073783875,
0.045885730534791946,
0.2920386493206024,
0.029864970594644547,
-0.7753003239631653,
-0.6222506165504456,
-0.7359026074409485,
-0.4274806082248688,
1.8171736001968384,
-0.274154394865036,
-0.3261333107948303,
0.06398233771324158,
0.08129341900348663,
-0.01793663762509823,
0.2704012989997864,
-0.07959064841270447,
-0.7333071231842041,
0.18685737252235413,
-0.6322845220565796,
-0.12490594387054443,
0.003063000738620758,
0.24551814794540405,
0.1812056601047516,
-0.0919223204255104,
-0.4777281880378723,
-0.4314488172531128,
0.4322507977485657,
0.9544717073440552,
-0.6245770454406738,
-0.2398739457130432,
0.7303115129470825,
-0.6276721358299255,
0.2894240617752075,
0.4138312339782715,
-0.26624518632888794,
0.9178650975227356,
-0.02780086174607277,
0.3705727756023407,
-1.038712739944458,
0.37282848358154297,
0.2526373863220215,
-0.23885352909564972,
0.601586103439331,
0.2772699296474457,
0.5600174069404602,
0.28812581300735474,
-0.4680251479148865,
-0.29357582330703735,
-0.07387341558933258,
-0.25417158007621765,
0.48666343092918396,
-0.27920737862586975,
0.195126473903656,
0.07771603763103485,
-0.883763313293457,
-0.29596659541130066,
-1.8465650081634521,
-0.07249268144369125,
-0.6986351013183594,
0.7103480100631714,
-0.15527139604091644,
0.28076815605163574,
-0.27855536341667175,
0.061852604150772095,
0.15255466103553772,
-0.5336843729019165,
-0.5219365954399109,
-0.6098990440368652,
0.7830578088760376,
-0.28808340430259705,
0.6347832083702087,
0.38217785954475403,
0.821508526802063,
0.20891572535037994,
0.018187113106250763,
0.002622399479150772,
0.1701904833316803,
-1.0737992525100708,
0.37445735931396484,
-0.2981555759906769,
-1.2631738185882568,
-1.3030681610107422,
-0.25340765714645386,
0.40881285071372986,
-0.2421845644712448,
-0.1900326907634735,
-1.3295066356658936,
-1.226391315460205,
-0.44413846731185913,
0.13285644352436066,
-0.8745871782302856,
-1.2409833669662476,
-0.35932475328445435,
0.757416844367981,
-0.8834649324417114,
0.010933686047792435,
-0.46945706009864807,
0.785636842250824,
-0.6271791458129883,
-0.2137385606765747,
0.28833460807800293,
-0.569274365901947,
-0.33321186900138855,
0.33053308725357056,
-0.2677852511405945,
0.20911632478237152,
-0.5365442037582397,
0.11913803964853287,
-0.802453339099884,
-0.35549604892730713,
-0.1128978431224823,
-0.29933619499206543,
-0.05280568450689316,
0.6465476751327515,
0.0936950072646141,
1.1193151473999023,
-0.2638266682624817,
-0.37325334548950195,
-0.10269500315189362,
-0.5400936603546143,
0.27990075945854187,
-0.968318521976471,
-0.6219518184661865,
-0.18560579419136047,
0.6470502614974976,
-1.0984697341918945,
-0.021299447864294052,
0.3435322940349579,
0.0540354959666729,
0.7265504598617554,
0.315484881401062,
0.0334460511803627,
-0.045529961585998535,
0.006970670074224472,
0.28616127371788025,
0.8615118265151978,
-0.10190030187368393,
-0.23216664791107178,
-0.09068197011947632,
0.3453485071659088,
0.36084091663360596,
0.20491738617420197,
-1.2047083377838135,
-0.5444279313087463,
0.21008989214897156,
0.2555196285247803,
-0.36227765679359436,
0.49899470806121826,
-0.139208123087883,
0.6000519394874573,
-0.08481297641992569,
0.313035786151886,
0.4054187536239624,
-0.31626588106155396,
-0.4965111315250397,
0.31087690591812134,
0.04197004809975624,
-0.20970605313777924,
-0.18440191447734833,
-0.2903347611427307,
-0.44386792182922363,
0.9987370371818542,
-0.5171688795089722,
-0.37289804220199585,
-0.7852213978767395,
1.0307021141052246,
-0.20168456435203552,
-0.017378292977809906,
0.25124168395996094,
0.5387681722640991,
-0.01963701844215393,
-0.027633607387542725,
-0.15149295330047607,
-0.01745477505028248,
-0.3883228003978729,
0.6246923208236694,
-0.6926735043525696,
-0.47678613662719727,
-0.9535963535308838,
0.06858231872320175,
-0.5417302846908569,
0.14114046096801758,
0.08082948625087738,
0.3262541890144348,
-0.08184917271137238,
0.5035081505775452,
0.016041655093431473,
-0.07884106040000916,
-0.8493432998657227,
-0.5511617660522461,
0.6976692080497742,
-1.0452698469161987,
-0.5487063527107239,
0.1508284956216812,
-0.6259878277778625,
0.38853952288627625,
-1.055220365524292,
0.7319931387901306,
0.0028605761472135782,
0.2897721529006958,
0.40708744525909424,
0.056182123720645905,
-1.286694884300232,
0.3021583557128906,
-0.2943553924560547,
-0.749181866645813,
-0.06095457449555397,
0.006990022957324982,
0.2490359991788864,
-0.4310253858566284,
0.691985547542572,
1.0853731632232666,
-0.8185800313949585,
0.51530522108078,
0.37906748056411743,
0.10508990287780762,
-0.19012467563152313,
0.7925612330436707,
-0.3122226595878601,
1.2879363298416138,
0.5625001192092896,
1.018076777458191,
0.00017677992582321167,
0.1891692876815796,
-0.5022904872894287,
-0.038868777453899384,
0.1671396791934967,
1.2974787950515747,
-0.3489495813846588,
0.2907674014568329,
-0.3159015476703644,
1.1336064338684082,
0.8051302433013916,
-0.35014209151268005,
1.02824068069458,
-0.018123669549822807,
-0.4595089554786682,
0.23979449272155762,
-0.14584292471408844,
0.20804162323474884,
-0.19222186505794525,
-0.4547380805015564,
-0.02273157611489296,
0.08945422619581223,
-0.015843242406845093,
-0.10009139776229858,
-0.8607280254364014,
1.0268367528915405,
-0.9963850975036621,
0.6045275926589966,
0.18679147958755493,
0.13208281993865967,
-0.3286478519439697,
-0.5351955890655518,
0.9438134431838989,
0.32480350136756897,
0.4275742769241333,
0.622816801071167,
-0.6488665342330933,
-0.8945717215538025,
-0.9940325617790222,
0.6618247628211975,
-0.38559824228286743,
0.2174399048089981,
0.22272135317325592,
-0.16367579996585846,
0.7239252328872681,
-0.4605173170566559,
0.6101475358009338,
-0.4238501191139221,
0.27162522077560425,
0.4201289117336273,
-0.9746646285057068,
0.45468756556510925,
0.2576810419559479,
-0.14071080088615417,
-0.09716511517763138,
0.28817108273506165,
0.6902343034744263,
-0.6744570136070251,
-0.20473062992095947,
0.27322688698768616,
0.18609777092933655,
-0.15720440447330475,
-0.008952229283750057,
-0.2751230299472809,
0.09835485368967056,
-1.4652146100997925,
0.006825760006904602,
-0.18517270684242249,
-0.5839450359344482,
0.24428096413612366,
0.40668272972106934,
1.1755855083465576,
0.04577385261654854,
0.007770034484565258,
0.7739989757537842,
-0.31495124101638794,
0.3674003779888153,
0.8553977608680725,
0.33810490369796753,
-0.0882493257522583,
0.11673425137996674,
0.2669077217578888,
-0.41820767521858215,
0.8895580172538757,
-0.09021149575710297,
-1.0010544061660767,
-0.41340768337249756,
0.025292420759797096,
0.5310543179512024,
0.29064851999282837,
0.3873571753501892,
0.24747401475906372,
0.5916388630867004,
-0.1482064425945282,
-0.08646856248378754,
0.26614847779273987,
-0.18931551277637482,
-0.689395546913147,
-0.5195626616477966,
-0.4090880751609802,
-0.38093703985214233,
-0.7556972503662109,
0.21441036462783813,
-0.999961256980896,
-0.43770909309387207,
-0.7004316449165344,
-0.16964338719844818,
-0.6748892068862915,
0.9341410398483276,
0.19768954813480377,
0.00429938780143857,
-0.17745505273342133,
-0.918161153793335,
-0.9269759058952332,
-0.018096253275871277,
-0.33348047733306885,
0.7569161653518677,
0.27834683656692505,
-0.5657121539115906,
0.04591643810272217,
0.6689687967300415,
0.29523247480392456,
0.7649438381195068,
0.4798619747161865,
0.6843727827072144,
0.09097939729690552,
0.8270219564437866,
0.009875886142253876,
-0.3539624810218811,
0.05208804830908775,
0.168400838971138,
0.010004686191678047,
-0.434268057346344,
0.22494232654571533,
-0.10242065787315369,
-0.6774387359619141,
-0.8449945449829102,
-0.4073222279548645,
-0.43867796659469604,
0.8025464415550232,
0.4493620693683624,
0.0373404324054718,
0.5912069082260132,
0.8016959428787231,
0.24475225806236267,
-0.44638592004776,
-0.3940594494342804,
-0.277886301279068,
-0.09062911570072174,
-0.6931280493736267,
-0.037862975150346756,
0.13585031032562256,
0.5231338739395142,
-0.8314547538757324,
0.04984590411186218,
0.7456420063972473,
0.15399417281150818,
-0.48331722617149353,
0.5680910348892212,
-0.2388916164636612,
0.842364490032196,
0.3592113256454468,
1.1423451900482178,
0.1416359692811966,
-0.48029825091362,
1.0203418731689453,
-0.2829245924949646,
-0.3002872169017792,
0.5546021461486816,
0.7781473994255066,
-0.47244101762771606,
-0.12339676916599274,
-0.11111816763877869,
0.7201910614967346,
-0.31381314992904663,
-0.2924498915672302,
-0.7190340161323547,
-0.3218815326690674,
-0.11168521642684937,
-0.09193909168243408,
-1.1000633239746094,
-0.4819340407848358,
0.06441263854503632,
0.125767320394516,
0.30761611461639404,
0.17601162195205688,
-0.7240718007087708,
0.3281521201133728,
-0.8454326391220093,
-0.39783212542533875,
-0.1888192892074585,
1.2678042650222778,
0.9357254505157471,
-0.4052261412143707,
0.11218361556529999,
0.12669053673744202,
-0.5271108150482178,
-0.2365865260362625,
-1.1080875396728516,
-0.08110664039850235,
-0.24701553583145142,
-0.2760393023490906,
-0.12482277303934097,
0.8226798176765442,
0.011273037642240524,
-0.6600391268730164,
0.763839602470398,
-0.38996046781539917,
0.33163124322891235,
0.6428301930427551,
0.12760776281356812,
0.1735587865114212,
-0.20316752791404724,
0.8240460157394409,
1.0121636390686035,
-0.4054166078567505,
0.9416506886482239,
-0.17351406812667847,
-0.13714179396629333,
-0.08273489028215408,
0.2270481437444687,
0.24180643260478973,
-0.35125043988227844,
0.4630173444747925,
-0.36244285106658936,
0.041240446269512177,
0.4206589460372925,
-0.15875402092933655,
0.6028544902801514,
0.32378530502319336,
-0.5781130194664001,
-0.3330909311771393,
-0.23630456626415253,
-0.06243005394935608,
0.4575175344944,
-0.6505036950111389,
0.6721425652503967,
-0.42188072204589844,
0.9034692049026489,
-0.7122722864151001,
-0.827572762966156,
0.4729759395122528,
0.3742665648460388,
0.008099563419818878,
-0.1517980843782425,
-0.8914226293563843,
-0.7218471765518188,
-0.1395157128572464,
0.04477216675877571,
0.8009630441665649,
-0.1303066462278366,
0.0869976356625557,
0.4607205092906952,
0.06528019160032272,
0.8417329788208008,
0.11306612193584442,
-0.9378937482833862,
-0.05915885418653488,
0.280538409948349,
-0.21380847692489624,
-0.3949053883552551,
0.6062098145484924,
-0.06271332502365112,
0.21120266616344452,
0.234564870595932,
0.3152371048927307,
0.713971734046936,
-0.06038752570748329,
0.17796356976032257,
0.2988935708999634,
-0.0002971608191728592,
1.069480299949646,
-0.15401867032051086,
0.37338271737098694,
-0.06723269820213318,
-0.0155881866812706,
-0.9517554044723511,
0.12142704427242279,
0.5488424301147461,
-1.5114576816558838,
0.17537465691566467,
0.39073705673217773,
-0.5696240067481995,
-0.20037147402763367,
-0.27488356828689575,
-0.1373455971479416,
0.08112569898366928,
-0.302219033241272,
0.010607074946165085,
-0.7094467282295227,
0.05238435044884682,
-0.7807592153549194,
-0.348166823387146,
-0.15061284601688385,
0.19476372003555298,
-0.5901862978935242,
-0.09426341205835342,
0.619947075843811,
-0.1269315928220749,
-0.039772436022758484,
-0.15265914797782898,
-0.35111936926841736,
0.6760035753250122,
-0.2909952700138092,
0.606117308139801,
0.43444833159446716,
0.41438087821006775,
-0.013959452509880066,
0.15438632667064667,
-0.048003338277339935,
-0.6584936380386353,
0.5239058136940002,
0.3768461346626282,
0.9678637385368347,
-0.4447844624519348,
0.13552112877368927,
0.624935507774353,
0.27455654740333557,
-0.6618297696113586,
0.7634238600730896,
-0.7327302694320679,
0.013530883006751537,
0.10492856055498123,
0.211739182472229,
-0.4064450263977051,
0.915840744972229,
-0.8098462224006653,
-0.13267788290977478,
0.8526036739349365,
0.46938982605934143,
0.005011916160583496,
0.15506376326084137,
-0.2016819715499878,
-0.6905873417854309,
0.41831254959106445,
0.550980269908905,
-1.0780835151672363,
-0.3222900927066803,
0.111595019698143,
-0.06653497368097305,
0.17622271180152893,
-1.390599250793457,
-0.06286165118217468,
1.148519515991211,
0.3783690929412842,
-0.4088493585586548,
0.4950524866580963,
0.29107698798179626,
-0.4750348627567291,
-0.1068570539355278,
-0.059771083295345306,
0.17447757720947266,
-0.2696455717086792,
-1.6305075883865356,
0.2950907349586487,
-0.5978395342826843,
0.22387391328811646,
-0.3184833526611328,
-1.2200303077697754,
-0.6658446788787842,
-0.3231309652328491,
0.05214823782444,
0.9822983741760254,
0.7412305474281311,
-0.16422750055789948,
-0.16422152519226074,
0.6271708011627197,
-0.3100374639034271,
0.5703043937683105,
-0.9572409391403198,
0.40956056118011475,
-0.6463088989257812,
0.15109872817993164,
0.7429364919662476,
1.05007803440094,
0.2872001528739929,
-0.1553499847650528,
-0.040668439120054245,
-0.4605206847190857,
-1.0635578632354736,
0.11556118726730347,
-0.5151655077934265,
-0.21753141283988953,
0.7831676602363586,
0.4082469344139099,
0.6893935203552246,
-0.040936827659606934,
-0.02362637035548687,
-0.1376679390668869,
0.06345438957214355,
0.4198860228061676,
-0.36224615573883057,
-0.1568654328584671,
0.2674019932746887,
0.9813488125801086,
-0.021169807761907578,
0.30447059869766235,
-0.27968552708625793,
-0.24216431379318237,
-0.4477836787700653,
-0.03723767399787903,
-0.09710587561130524,
0.2962464690208435,
-0.556709349155426,
0.02127215825021267,
-1.2382670640945435,
0.5299158692359924,
0.49863141775131226,
-0.6642733812332153,
0.06738918274641037,
0.13288143277168274,
0.3463391661643982,
-0.6340164542198181,
-0.43868768215179443,
-0.08556100726127625,
-0.06212417781352997,
0.2125699818134308,
-0.9138611555099487,
-0.11225336045026779,
-0.9078189134597778,
-0.48947831988334656,
-0.1505739539861679,
-0.2932077646255493,
-0.16935257613658905,
0.5208917856216431,
0.31487977504730225,
-0.185655415058136,
-0.5767029523849487,
-0.3384392559528351,
0.2034776210784912,
-0.2155274599790573,
-0.21864436566829681,
-0.34483015537261963,
-0.5579824447631836,
0.6336352825164795,
-0.9943165183067322,
0.9657045006752014,
-0.06157941371202469,
0.11536796391010284,
-0.5514557957649231,
-0.03550852835178375,
-0.05992691591382027,
0.22481635212898254,
-0.5065388679504395,
0.7997130155563354,
-0.10212691128253937,
0.5309205055236816,
-0.7583969831466675,
-0.16787846386432648,
-0.6176602244377136,
-0.28151118755340576,
0.31341254711151123,
0.7070530652999878,
0.28471335768699646,
0.17251846194267273,
-0.592694103717804,
0.8721399903297424,
0.08374637365341187,
-0.004746230319142342,
-0.6530452370643616,
-0.4838881492614746,
-0.28181347250938416,
-0.9171255826950073,
0.26336348056793213,
0.7550857067108154,
-0.07272765040397644,
0.2643282413482666,
-0.6477577686309814,
0.8257405161857605,
-0.4669165313243866,
-0.307470440864563,
0.4319567382335663,
-0.03133454546332359,
-0.48526641726493835,
0.39086005091667175,
-0.2975766658782959,
-0.8076449632644653,
-0.4252476692199707,
0.5444058775901794,
-0.18926747143268585,
-0.42879772186279297,
-0.0301041342318058,
-0.133213609457016,
0.03367122262716293,
-0.45761170983314514,
-0.11064407974481583,
-0.6069084405899048
] |
|
2zh1dk | Ask Anything Wednesday - Engineering, Mathematics, Computer Science | Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on **Engineering, Mathematics, Computer Science**
Do you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: "What would happen if...", "How will the future...", "If all the rules for 'X' were different...", "Why does my...".
**Asking Questions:**
Please post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions.
The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists.
**Answering Questions:**
Please only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. [The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here](_URL_1_). In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience.
If you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, [please refer to the information provided here](_URL_0_).
Past AskAnythingWednesday posts [can be found here](_URL_2_).
Ask away!
| askscience | {
"a_id": [
"cpj1i1n",
"cpj2kyy",
"cpiv8xa",
"cpj8bic",
"cpiydhn",
"cpiwyry",
"cpiy0qg",
"cpj5u3i",
"cpj4ayj",
"cpj90yl",
"cpj8qw9",
"cpiugto",
"cpj34rb"
],
"text": [
"Does the US have a general shortage of STEM trained and educated people? I hear a lot about trying to get more people interested, but I'm not seeing the wage growth that a high unmet demand should generate. (Gender and minority representation is a whole different issue I'm not asking about here)",
"What new applications could be theoretically possible if only we had the computational power? For example, if PCs/mobiles were commonly capable of performing 10^18 FLOPS, what new kind of apps could be available?",
"When a robust steel pressure vessel (say 20\" I.D. X 48\" long in code) has reached its intended target test pressure (say 22,500psi at ambient temp and municipal water based medium) - assuming water's compressability is negligible, **what exactly is happening when we \"wait for the pressure to stabilize**\"? \n\nIn my experience (in the above example), it might take 10 minutes for the pressure to stabilize (no visible leakage during the stabilization period but the pressure gauge, chart recorder, and pressure transducers all indicate a drop in pressure).",
"Hi,\nI'm 31 and looking to go back to school in the fall for a degree in Computer Science. I know my way around the inside of a PC, I'm an experienced Windows user, I have some experience with Linux (Ubuntu) and shell commands, minimal experience with OS X and no experience with any programming languages. What would you recommend I spend my time studying between now and the start of the semester?\nThanks.",
"The other day I was thinking while on the subway, why don't the stations use a catapult system like on military aircraft carriers, and a reverse catapult to slow them down? My layman understanding of these things is that there would be efficiency losses, changing loads due to amount of people changing. Are their other factors to consider that make this not worth it? Or would it just be too expensive?",
"What does Big-O notation really mean?\n\nI've most commonly heard it referred to as the \"worst case\" for an algorithm but interviewers clearly want to hear O(c) for hashmap lookups without regard to collisions.",
"Is truncating the Taylor Series Expansion ever not applicable? \n\nCan neglecting higher order terms significantly affect the outcome of a mathematical process? I understand that truncating the expansion induces error but does doing so ever \"break\" a mathematical model? Any examples from your own experiences would be useful. Thanks.",
"What precisely is a limit (my vague understanding is that its the value the function gets closer and closer to as you input numbers closer and closer to another value). And how do you go about proving what the limit is. I presume you cant just 'observe' that the function gets closer to say 7, hence the limit is 7. Can someone explain.",
"Are there uses for norms besides the one,two and infinite norms? In my classes we have only discussed these, are the others ever used or are they just something that arose from a unifying definition for norms?",
"Hello. I hope I'm not breaking any rules by asking a question like that but I pretty much just stumbled upon this thread and thought I'd ask away.\n\nSo, I very recently started thinking about the software side of a rocket launch. Obviously getting something into space requires more than just pressing a start button; boosters or fairings have to be jettisoned, the rocket needs to rotate, throttling of the engine(s), etc. \n\nSo far I've been quite unsuccessful in finding good material and I was hoping that maybe someone can point me towards some good stuff. Maybe good books or papers. I'm not asking for an explanation, since this is a very vague question.\n\nThanks",
"Hey folks, I'm a subscriber to /r/elianscript where we utilize a neography system that places the 26 letters of the alphabet into nine squares (like tic-tac-toe). In eight squares, three letters are grouped and one square only has two. Traditionally, we use one to three diacritics or two directional indicators to separate the appearance of letters (I dunno how important this is for my question, I'm just trying to be thorough).\n\nMy question is this: if letters can be assigned to any box in any sequence as long as they don't repeat or go past three letters per box, how would I calculate all the possible combinations they'd make?",
"Is the name \"Computer Science\" really a misnomer for the field? The argument seems to be that the term \"Science\" implies discovery in the natural world, which is not the apparent mission of computer scientists. If yes, it is a misnomer, what should the field actually be called?",
"Is it possible to make eyeglasses lenses out of corundum/sapphire? If so, how much would they cost? Are there any reasons (other than cost) that this isn't a common option?"
],
"score": [
16,
9,
6,
6,
6,
5,
4,
3,
3,
2,
2,
2,
2
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/1uxrxz/askscience_panel_of_scientists_x/",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/wiki/index#wiki_answering_askscience",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/search?q=flair%3A%27meta%27&amp;restrict_sr=on&amp;sort=new&amp;t=all"
]
} | {
"url": []
} | Ask Anything Wednesday - Engineering, Mathematics, Computer Science
Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on **Engineering, Mathematics, Computer Science** Do you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: "What would happen if...", "How will the future...", "If all the rules for 'X' were different...", "Why does my...". **Asking Questions:** Please post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions. The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists. **Answering Questions:** Please only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. [The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here](_URL_1_). In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience. If you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, [please refer to the information provided here](_URL_0_). Past AskAnythingWednesday posts [can be found here](_URL_2_). Ask away! | [
-0.549809455871582,
-0.5914875268936157,
1.0141676664352417,
-0.24560019373893738,
-0.5042701959609985,
-0.7874130010604858,
0.14037951827049255,
-0.4852566421031952,
0.4475133419036865,
0.0573304146528244,
0.3706214725971222,
0.04435281082987785,
-0.3873380720615387,
0.5262112617492676,
0.554817795753479,
-0.5744092464447021,
-0.6128455400466919,
-0.05318959057331085,
-0.3188324272632599,
-0.33058446645736694,
0.10666655749082565,
0.0726335346698761,
0.13472625613212585,
1.0602436065673828,
-0.26276591420173645,
-0.07528795301914215,
0.12223460525274277,
0.322157621383667,
0.09247654676437378,
1.249646544456482,
-0.5066437125205994,
0.3672330379486084,
-0.34445956349372864,
0.6389449834823608,
0.41459187865257263,
-0.2660437524318695,
0.24974778294563293,
0.14750884473323822,
0.26246702671051025,
-0.5119303464889526,
0.17045408487319946,
-0.8193461298942566,
0.11964543163776398,
-0.14312918484210968,
-0.3197634816169739,
-0.09747065603733063,
0.3387797772884369,
-0.1330835223197937,
-0.9648935794830322,
0.1132354587316513,
0.08381368219852448,
0.26843151450157166,
0.3116951882839203,
-0.09467099606990814,
-0.6215794086456299,
-0.5413198471069336,
1.1756154298782349,
0.42008498311042786,
0.19030824303627014,
-0.19971111416816711,
0.01588273048400879,
-0.10302449762821198,
-0.5375362634658813,
-0.24912112951278687,
0.09687194228172302,
-0.4334903061389923,
-0.3446711599826813,
0.3086555004119873,
-1.9240119457244873,
0.07312985509634018,
-0.35649195313453674,
0.20615972578525543,
-0.024749040603637695,
-0.3936547040939331,
0.6293529272079468,
-0.7489614486694336,
0.19288985431194305,
0.19309507310390472,
0.06684800982475281,
0.1841328889131546,
-0.2181173413991928,
0.7398593425750732,
0.7487995624542236,
0.5610253810882568,
0.032295145094394684,
0.23760877549648285,
0.9668854475021362,
0.08412591367959976,
-0.016286034137010574,
0.7755865454673767,
-0.1398303061723709,
0.07782328873872757,
0.3707696199417114,
-0.22801771759986877,
0.4441937804222107,
-0.006117279641330242,
0.1701991856098175,
-0.7425301671028137,
0.7359938025474548,
0.935243546962738,
-0.35947340726852417,
0.3572615683078766,
0.11711359024047852,
0.4903164207935333,
-0.004254179075360298,
-0.3352149724960327,
0.2709958553314209,
-0.8620370626449585,
-0.3655972480773926,
0.47419390082359314,
-0.1752854436635971,
0.7098678350448608,
-0.23903115093708038,
-0.523996114730835,
-0.23815502226352692,
-1.0970255136489868,
-0.6300668716430664,
0.6285366415977478,
1.0724009275436401,
0.6444087028503418,
-0.06067612022161484,
-0.3191063702106476,
0.921388566493988,
0.4244793653488159,
0.24450360238552094,
0.47725212574005127,
-0.23221483826637268,
0.5784916281700134,
-0.29393014311790466,
-1.2020963430404663,
-0.4752766191959381,
0.08178867399692535,
-0.30802106857299805,
0.06434319913387299,
0.7973237633705139,
-0.8141133189201355,
-0.900126039981842,
-0.009104844182729721,
-0.5170061588287354,
0.0034935467410832644,
-0.7800556421279907,
0.022910572588443756,
0.893092155456543,
-0.6105170249938965,
0.31523868441581726,
-0.8183485269546509,
-0.7421728372573853,
-1.0013431310653687,
-0.05460687726736069,
-0.5949029326438904,
-0.8764762878417969,
-0.005888115614652634,
0.11991177499294281,
-0.9385442733764648,
-0.22497816383838654,
-0.5049242377281189,
0.42327553033828735,
0.2233811914920807,
0.24555352330207825,
-0.5079257488250732,
-0.8409080505371094,
0.3064233362674713,
-0.10630862414836884,
0.7543148398399353,
0.3664536774158478,
0.1158677488565445,
-0.09666143357753754,
-1.0702253580093384,
0.3305252194404602,
0.3131212592124939,
-0.09352654218673706,
0.24155989289283752,
0.7632728219032288,
0.8635676503181458,
1.277402639389038,
-0.561360239982605,
0.312330961227417,
0.11025459319353104,
-1.0096027851104736,
-0.1424514651298523,
0.271453857421875,
-0.9237980842590332,
0.11742254346609116,
0.46574005484580994,
-0.7012863755226135,
-0.06467670947313309,
0.7475689053535461,
0.4026046097278595,
0.14059601724147797,
0.5781111121177673,
0.5452958941459656,
0.516181230545044,
-0.9816310405731201,
0.2885473370552063,
0.7827169299125671,
-0.09967087209224701,
0.4808022379875183,
1.2976744174957275,
0.46846917271614075,
-0.6069791316986084,
0.8084775805473328,
-0.7783747315406799,
-0.3970295786857605,
-0.5997627377510071,
0.2538590431213379,
-0.17058753967285156,
0.462090402841568,
0.24677397310733795,
-0.27672111988067627,
-0.3217253088951111,
0.32210347056388855,
0.2553192377090454,
0.09233212471008301,
-0.25708410143852234,
-0.12206843495368958,
0.7078640460968018,
-0.4922369122505188,
0.7083091139793396,
-0.6308541297912598,
0.610776960849762,
0.7759649157524109,
-0.3900148570537567,
0.19244614243507385,
0.057231031358242035,
0.9109269380569458,
-0.6833890676498413,
0.027402564883232117,
-0.4747960567474365,
0.24734744429588318,
0.059109967201948166,
-0.5553537607192993,
0.16631820797920227,
-0.1444181650876999,
0.5054170489311218,
0.5148732662200928,
0.22258655726909637,
-1.7418476343154907,
-0.9447972178459167,
-0.4882303774356842,
-1.3458038568496704,
-0.04520375281572342,
0.28790438175201416,
0.7339373826980591,
0.38943660259246826,
0.6380585432052612,
0.36548081040382385,
-0.4245932698249817,
-0.2718357443809509,
0.46599259972572327,
0.263824462890625,
0.21859624981880188,
-0.7194567918777466,
-0.8000849485397339,
-0.877864420413971,
-0.27382177114486694,
-0.0429859533905983,
0.6033061146736145,
-0.700371265411377,
0.5542781352996826,
0.5007402896881104,
-0.09216602146625519,
-0.9590862989425659,
0.7636048197746277,
0.18185585737228394,
-0.653008759021759,
0.08045314997434616,
-0.9939441680908203,
0.002160206437110901,
0.09502691775560379,
-0.1925433874130249,
-0.29262810945510864,
-0.6666406989097595,
0.2790258526802063,
-0.24371391534805298,
-0.273298442363739,
-0.4492606222629547,
-0.09702282398939133,
-0.44795870780944824,
-0.23088635504245758,
0.49668192863464355,
0.14724837243556976,
0.24398258328437805,
0.7138561010360718,
-0.19642405211925507,
-0.8011438250541687,
0.6342927813529968,
1.1281611919403076,
-0.6226657032966614,
0.4437597393989563,
-0.7471891641616821,
-0.04695653170347214,
-0.05784706026315689,
-0.6394299864768982,
0.9095399379730225,
0.4554899334907532,
-0.5170527696609497,
0.47226572036743164,
-0.24943779408931732,
0.21751514077186584,
-0.041962068527936935,
-0.44719526171684265,
0.48430582880973816,
0.39513567090034485,
-0.030075769871473312,
0.16874611377716064,
-0.07716722041368484,
0.5794513821601868,
-0.9946207404136658,
0.2153102457523346,
-0.9903793334960938,
0.1800549477338791,
-0.7607281804084778,
0.12754200398921967,
0.42362651228904724,
0.31979888677597046,
0.6996505260467529,
-0.18883895874023438,
-1.2965530157089233,
-1.120145559310913,
-0.39138031005859375,
-0.8982318043708801,
0.3287615180015564,
0.6889865398406982,
0.5489680171012878,
0.09146787226200104,
1.5097768306732178,
-0.08278264105319977,
-0.0398726761341095,
-1.1479573249816895,
0.06868765503168106,
0.2907630205154419,
-0.6157724857330322,
0.40428927540779114,
0.4750574231147766,
-0.6354975700378418,
0.06956429779529572,
0.18532760441303253,
0.27284353971481323,
0.07366407662630081,
0.19206993281841278,
0.9190295338630676,
0.12052696198225021,
-0.46470290422439575,
0.17598974704742432,
0.32743388414382935,
-0.0689311996102333,
-0.048761822283267975,
0.7318085432052612,
0.09679336845874786,
-0.30124667286872864,
0.09561875462532043,
0.6301588416099548,
0.7872012853622437,
-1.1121517419815063,
0.40248703956604004,
-0.48034533858299255,
-0.1649673581123352,
-0.28222358226776123,
0.5153137445449829,
0.2120250016450882,
0.16429680585861206,
-0.20941318571567535,
0.130991593003273,
0.13564668595790863,
-0.48353880643844604,
0.19630780816078186,
-2.011256694793701,
-0.5636909604072571,
-0.10119646787643433,
-0.007066445425152779,
0.32309195399284363,
0.7408132553100586,
-0.5273255109786987,
-0.21368443965911865,
0.44052502512931824,
0.11625902354717255,
0.705856442451477,
-0.02748744748532772,
-0.0024807825684547424,
0.03134418651461601,
0.7304503917694092,
0.18435902893543243,
0.6294664144515991,
0.7138060927391052,
-0.5857982039451599,
-0.5013089776039124,
-0.7826250791549683,
-0.7526840567588806,
-0.29685306549072266,
0.3910689055919647,
-0.3199996054172516,
-0.11440013349056244,
-0.005875799804925919,
-0.7801771759986877,
-0.3030022084712982,
-0.9381226897239685,
-1.3177058696746826,
0.6911253929138184,
-0.4237061142921448,
-1.3649646043777466,
1.018270492553711,
0.6131082773208618,
0.5244395732879639,
1.089546799659729,
-0.019408950582146645,
0.2622949481010437,
0.1697700172662735,
0.7416336536407471,
-0.006937779486179352,
-0.762147068977356,
-0.2046365737915039,
-0.1950419545173645,
-0.8271813988685608,
-0.36027052998542786,
0.8745912313461304,
-1.11964750289917,
-1.0573092699050903,
-0.4023667573928833,
-1.0247324705123901,
0.30320075154304504,
0.49420952796936035,
-0.05279936641454697,
-0.4751597046852112,
0.24909327924251556,
-1.004981279373169,
0.1081840991973877,
0.32496652007102966,
0.03596927970647812,
-0.6713337898254395,
0.5687678456306458,
-0.4420841336250305,
-0.564501941204071,
1.6139867305755615,
0.7588874697685242,
-0.7200850248336792,
-0.5286099910736084,
0.497566819190979,
0.0456613190472126,
-0.3443785309791565,
-0.43255600333213806,
-0.2909252941608429,
0.6052682995796204,
-0.5422646403312683,
-0.08113496005535126,
-0.6740909814834595,
-0.002263962756842375,
0.7203258872032166,
-0.08157429844141006,
-0.4225342869758606,
0.25573211908340454,
0.5530732870101929,
-0.24751868844032288,
0.3281906247138977,
0.7673961520195007,
0.8416628241539001,
1.136323094367981,
-0.8199942708015442,
-0.12589341402053833,
-0.2602103054523468,
-0.22211191058158875,
-0.31709617376327515,
-0.9131604433059692,
-0.426685631275177,
0.8217768669128418,
0.7956581711769104,
0.6063299775123596,
-0.00659050140529871,
-0.2108727991580963,
-0.005673052743077278,
-1.0763661861419678,
-0.2884507179260254,
0.17340882122516632,
0.4328397512435913,
0.5133155584335327,
-0.21628102660179138,
0.052732642740011215,
0.3913675546646118,
-0.4834033250808716,
-0.23100709915161133,
-0.2617279291152954,
0.5191356539726257,
-0.3821519613265991,
-1.458377718925476,
0.19424700736999512,
1.0490115880966187,
0.023650962859392166,
-0.9011107087135315,
0.6533087491989136,
0.24382470548152924,
-0.4615611433982849,
0.469741553068161,
0.4245462417602539,
-0.5254610180854797,
0.7362470030784607,
0.30588477849960327,
0.889826774597168,
0.10943746566772461,
0.6631003022193909,
-0.2831058204174042,
-0.146499902009964,
-0.32113200426101685,
-0.5882655382156372,
0.7746804356575012,
-0.3275686502456665,
-0.11681348830461502,
-0.9271497130393982,
0.9642450213432312,
-0.15703532099723816,
-0.11064522713422775,
0.9889289140701294,
-0.6255423426628113,
0.38266050815582275,
0.2200196385383606,
-0.29357290267944336,
-0.13384942710399628,
-0.3104255497455597,
0.12448561191558838,
-0.4023555517196655,
-0.35521650314331055,
0.44892099499702454,
0.17831316590309143,
-0.710940420627594,
0.9866324067115784,
-0.03086952678859234,
-0.45201238989830017,
-0.012302268296480179,
-1.028200626373291,
-1.664264440536499,
0.08736144006252289,
0.11286080628633499,
0.47606420516967773,
-0.2806093096733093,
-0.3523291349411011,
0.7591578960418701,
-0.5120149850845337,
0.6982940435409546,
0.7092737555503845,
-0.2720314860343933,
1.3730003833770752,
-0.026415906846523285,
-0.4882800579071045,
0.5630161166191101,
0.06052597612142563,
0.273162305355072,
-0.041411809623241425,
-0.9970715045928955,
-0.40940558910369873,
-0.1635018289089203,
-0.4038105010986328,
0.16631631553173065,
0.3270309567451477,
-0.8370965123176575,
-0.4628000259399414,
-0.1779467910528183,
0.4103679060935974,
-0.3385939300060272,
-0.6739859580993652,
-0.21574044227600098,
0.5467950105667114,
0.2216070294380188,
-1.4003286361694336,
0.22014300525188446,
0.42139601707458496,
-0.37584877014160156,
-0.1523989588022232,
-0.4590568542480469,
-0.3877793252468109,
-0.4439603090286255,
-0.7747884392738342,
1.0473159551620483,
-0.7216790914535522,
-0.10880579799413681,
-0.45344817638397217,
-0.4197128117084503,
0.05505029112100601,
-0.5862548351287842,
-0.006054040044546127,
-0.2277800589799881,
0.076991006731987,
0.8919802904129028,
-0.06943293660879135,
-0.0804605782032013,
0.26996833086013794,
0.08985978364944458,
-0.8136419653892517,
0.22703665494918823,
0.48346230387687683,
0.5535419583320618,
-0.22204989194869995,
-0.16208429634571075,
-0.2631317675113678,
0.016974816098809242,
0.5985352396965027,
-0.6668544411659241,
0.8791583776473999,
0.19461382925510406,
-0.26359644532203674,
0.4965662956237793,
-0.33388692140579224,
-0.13959760963916779,
0.2689397633075714,
-1.3451272249221802,
-0.06098742410540581,
0.7942533493041992,
1.404224157333374,
-0.589073121547699,
0.5260383486747742,
-0.1388678103685379,
-0.058830626308918,
0.4984018802642822,
0.5535054206848145,
-0.9557512998580933,
-0.1856006681919098,
0.6252530217170715,
0.23741386830806732,
0.1645033359527588,
-0.9937089681625366,
-0.5757021307945251,
-0.08019521832466125,
0.025600116699934006,
0.053001489490270615,
0.2431909739971161,
-0.39712950587272644,
0.5908104777336121,
0.8003625869750977,
-0.3652656674385071,
-0.49495652318000793,
1.034142255783081,
0.2771431505680084,
-0.08349598199129105,
-0.4430803656578064,
-0.44885945320129395,
0.1663188934326172,
-0.7075624465942383,
-1.1302579641342163,
-0.09544264525175095,
-1.205527424812317,
-0.12122020870447159,
-0.07024393230676651,
-0.04210250452160835,
-0.45675650238990784,
0.2434462308883667,
0.5270904302597046,
0.4485054612159729,
1.0772830247879028,
-0.5158373713493347,
-0.4813215434551239,
1.201157569885254,
0.004902069456875324,
1.623593807220459,
-0.7349356412887573,
0.22773656249046326,
-0.2534268796443939,
-0.4203151762485504,
-0.13667182624340057,
-0.3632887005805969,
0.15200215578079224,
0.6276522278785706,
-0.11393801122903824,
-0.2870889902114868,
-1.604854702949524,
-0.3624989092350006,
0.7356293797492981,
-0.3285686671733856,
-0.3576350510120392,
0.39685481786727905,
0.33007827401161194,
-0.4130267798900604,
-0.6220407485961914,
0.10585133731365204,
0.00847170501947403,
1.0240637063980103,
-0.9849588871002197,
0.41992029547691345,
0.9153558015823364,
0.05251948535442352,
-0.336137980222702,
0.49535584449768066,
0.07157891988754272,
-0.433447003364563,
-1.0030927658081055,
0.10066920518875122,
-0.7918035984039307,
-0.10449294745922089,
0.11371594667434692,
-0.0632011890411377,
0.5116565227508545,
1.192653775215149,
0.840149998664856,
-0.22309865057468414,
0.32798489928245544,
0.0780121311545372,
0.11734835803508759,
-1.0766266584396362,
-0.9091018438339233,
-0.005157541483640671,
-0.6647806763648987,
0.37063202261924744,
-0.4492042660713196,
0.5963420867919922,
0.019071368500590324,
0.05430658161640167,
-0.4661070704460144,
-0.46768665313720703,
0.39771896600723267,
0.554256021976471,
-0.2689177691936493,
1.2201098203659058,
-0.02097800374031067,
-1.5917047262191772,
0.4396580457687378,
-0.26557543873786926,
-0.005436517298221588,
-0.5477826595306396,
1.0045356750488281,
0.8406280279159546,
-1.1520739793777466,
-0.018809596076607704,
0.04330575466156006,
0.8515357971191406,
-0.6970298886299133,
-0.09284002333879471,
-0.13895252346992493,
-0.5573040246963501,
-0.6329755187034607,
0.21240848302841187,
-0.13120847940444946,
-0.22740373015403748,
-0.5793486833572388,
-0.8723733425140381,
-0.4518749713897705,
0.18857240676879883,
0.5704606771469116,
0.7239980697631836,
0.2359032928943634,
-0.053294189274311066,
0.17203852534294128,
0.35967305302619934,
0.07635262608528137,
-0.09332798421382904,
0.052300065755844116,
-0.8109503984451294,
-0.3644082248210907,
-0.1117977499961853,
0.2668609619140625,
0.0858367532491684,
-0.17519965767860413,
0.42155012488365173,
-0.20775774121284485,
0.9529963731765747,
-0.5183460116386414,
0.36925435066223145,
0.31244781613349915,
0.2848518490791321,
0.15953324735164642,
0.248129203915596,
-0.3474463224411011,
-0.5945990085601807,
-0.0033398717641830444,
-0.337571382522583,
0.7224124670028687,
-0.5196653008460999,
0.02613331750035286,
-0.7652074098587036,
0.12438029795885086,
0.26924043893814087,
0.42432400584220886,
-0.19163483381271362
] |
|
1zz1on | Cosmos: A Spacetime Odyssey discussion thread series begins tonight | **Edit: This announcement thread is now closed. If you want to learn more about an episode, go to the relevant Q & A thread:**
* [Episode 1: *Standing Up in the Milky Way*](_URL_1_)
* [Episode 2: *Some of the Things that Molecules Do*](_URL_2_)
----
Tonight we will be holding the first in our new series of question and answer threads for Cosmos: A Spacetime Odyssey. Episode 1 is titled ["Standing up in the Milky Way"](_URL_3_), and premiers tonight in the US and Canada at 9PM Eastern on Fox, and later in other countries. [Viewing information for many countries can be found in this thread.](_URL_0_)
Our thread will go live as the show premiers at 9PM Eastern (1AM Monday UTC). **It will be specifically for asking and discussing followup questions on the content of the show, and our panelists will be around to answer them.** There will also be threads in /r/Cosmos and /r/Space appropriate for more general discussion.
We'll host a new thread each week to discuss the latest episode. Hope to see you there!
----
Episode 1: "Standing Up In The Milky Way" - March 9 on FOX & NatGeo US
> The Ship of the Imagination, unfettered by ordinary limits on speed and size, drawn by the music of cosmic harmonies, can take us anywhere in space and time. It has been idling for more than three decades, and yet it has never been overtaken. Its global legacy remains vibrant. Now, it's time once again to set sail for the stars. | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"cfycivj",
"cfy9c23",
"cfydc1p",
"cfyc3pz",
"cfydxab",
"cfymliu",
"cfye5v5",
"cfyckhw",
"cfydf44",
"cfygcw1",
"cfym0l6",
"cfyg5uj",
"cfymrbz",
"cfyftz4",
"cfyl10t"
],
"text": [
"This is unprecedented. 10 channels in the U.S. 181 countries. And 45 languages. The president is introducing the show. This is incredible.",
"Is there a method to watch this online if one does not own a TV?",
"As a master control operator for a FOX affiliate, I can confirm the first episode is fantastic. We got a screening a couple weeks ago.",
"I liked it quite a lot. Dr.Tyson has an inspiring voice and does a pretty good job of leading the viewer thru the episode. He's awe-inspiring .\n\nHowever it seemed somewhat too much tailored towards children at times. With Sagan it never felt like he was talking down or even explaining. More like he was just sharing his biggest passion. With Tyson it feels too often like he's lecturing first graders at a museum.\n\nI didn't like the whole \"cosmic address\" thing but the life of the universe as a calendar really worked well to explain everything from the big bang to evolution.\n\nThe effects are cool without going overboard. The beginning and end are very much reminiscent of Sagan. I'm looking forward to the next episode. what's most amazing is that a science show like this made it on a broadcaster like Fox in these political times. Very commendable and promising.\n\nEdit: Added some stuff",
"I got to see the first episode On Tuesday night. There were previews of it at certain planetaria, museums, science centers, etc., all over the world. Pretty cool...\n\nAll I can say is \"Wow!\" It looks like it's going to be very impressive, and a worth successor to Carl Sagan's legacy.\n \nMy wife and I got there about 5:30, and the line was out the door at the planetarium building. Not a huge one, but sizable. We couldn't see how many people were inside, Within a few minutes, it was nearly to the parking garage, and by 6pm, nearly past the parking garage, and a few minutes after that, it was back to one of the streets about 400-500 feet away. We couldn't see just how many people there were in the end. If we had been there ten minutes later, we wouldn't have gotten in. There were college students, kids, middle-aged people, old folks, couples, singles, groups, white, black, Asian, Hispanic - just a whole lot of people from all sorts of backgrounds, all wanting to see this. Made me pretty happy.\n \nWe were worried about not getting in, but I think in the end, they let in about 20-30 people after us, nearly at 7:00pm. I wish that it could have been at a bigger location, so more people could have seen this.\n \nThe show started with a quick intro by the FOX COO, explaining how many planetaria, museums, science centers, and more, were being streamed to for this event. It then went onto the first episode. \n \nFor myself, it invoked the same feelings I had as a kid watching Carl Sagan on our local PBS station. Neil deGrasse Tyson is fantastic, and had a touching into to the new series, pulling out Carl's appointment book from 1975, and opening it to a particular Saturday, where he had written \"Neil Tyson\". On this day, a 17 year-old kid from the Bronx came to Cornell to visit him, showing him the lab, the college, and more. You could see just how much this visit mattered to him.\n \nThe historical sequences are all animated, in a very distinct style. It's not Disney, it's not Family Guy - it's art.\n \nThe VFX are very, very good. Carl's \"Starship of the Imagination\" returns in a new form, shining in a chrome mirror finish. Simple, completely uncluttered, and taking nothing away from the views around it.\n \nMany times, they shot in the same locations as Carl Sagan did for the first Cosmos - same locations, similar framing - to bring that connection back. The is the new Cosmos, but it's the direct decedent of the first Cosmos. I think most everyone will enjoy it.\n \nAfter the show, there was Q & A sessions with Dr. Tyson, Ann Druyan, Seth McFarlane, and some of the other producers and directors, with some questions taken from the worldwide audience. Two things I found to be important:\n \n1. This was a very long time in coming and in development, and if it weren't for people like Seth McFarlane, it may not have been done. It is a huge production, with about 1000 people working directly and partially on this project to get it complete. For all that Seth McFarlane has done, he's appears to be really self-effacing, and doesn't seem to like being in the limelight. He kept deferring all of the praise he got with funny quips about everyone else. \n \n2. Dr. Tyson was asked about trying to balance \"science\" vs. \"entertainment\". He replied that science is entertaining, that looking at the universe around us is interesting and that should not be this artificial distinction between the two. This show is meant to be a new way of reaching and inspiring children and adults, the same way Carl Sagan did 34 years ago.\n\nYou can see the Q & A right now on the Cosmos site. I'd highly recommend it.",
"I took my 20yr old son and Navy Sailor to the Natural History Museum a year and a half ago. He instantly recognized Neil DeGrasse Tyson from one of the videos at the planetarium and then went on to explain what he had learned about the universe and cosmos and we walked through the museum. I was stunned and impressed. If my son can capture NDT's passion for this without the show Cosmos, imagine the impact on the rest of us with it. What a great show.",
"The Original Cosmos show is airing all day on National Geographic channel. :)",
"I saw a screening on Friday at SXSW with a QA with NdGT and the team after. The show is great! Lots of animationand an interesting side story",
"How different will the new series be from Carl Sagan's original?",
"This is pretty relevant: _URL_0_ (Carl Sagan's influence on Neil Tyson)",
"From what i remember, Voyager 1 is powered by RTGs...but how long until the power fully deteriorates and what exactly happens to the craft after it loses power? Does it just continue it's trajectory until it is pulled on by something?",
"I think the controversies (minor) about the show will be more about its coverage of history than about science. The previews of cosmos I have seen say that it covers scientists who were persecuted for their beliefs by the church, and mention Giordano Bruno (an interesting guy with wild views). A quick visit to wikipedia shows that historians have been arguing for years over his views and his trial. I think the show will likely gloss over this sort of historical controversy than get its coverage of science wrong.",
"\"Back in 1599 everyone knew the Sun planets and stars were just lights in the sky that revolved around the Earth\"\n\nHope he gets to [Aristarchus](_URL_1_):\n\n > Aristarchus of Samos (/ˌærəˈstɑrkəs/; Ἀρίσταρχος, Aristarkhos; c. 310 – c. 230 BC) was an ancient Greek astronomer and mathematician who presented the first known model that placed the Sun at the center of the known universe with the Earth revolving around it (see Solar system). He was influenced by Philolaus of Croton, but he identified the \"central fire\" with the Sun, and put the other planets in their correct order of distance around the Sun.[1] His astronomical ideas were often rejected in favor of the geocentric theories of Aristotle and Ptolemy.\n\n(Sorry originally put this in the Q/A thread by mistake when this is better suited as discussion).",
"So I'm watching the original Cosmos from 1980 on NatGeoTV. My question is has it been updated in spots? The original Sagan narration talks about the impending computer revolution- again in 1980, but it shows video of a guy in a park with what appears to be a laptop, and a teacher with children in front of the early looking internet, early 90s maybe 1980?",
"I just hope it doesn't flop and fox freaks out about advertisement revenue and end up showing reruns of the voice in its place. At least I have four channels to choose from, ironically enough, Canadian discovery channel is not airing the show, heh, naked and afraid will be on at 9."
],
"score": [
1044,
224,
211,
143,
99,
49,
49,
36,
32,
20,
17,
12,
11,
11,
9
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://www.reddit.com/r/Cosmos/comments/1zg9tl/cosmos_a_spacetime_odyssey_episode_guide_info_on/",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/200ckd/askscience_cosmos_qa_thread_episode_1_standing_up/",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/20leit/askscience_cosmos_qa_thread_episode_2_some_of_the/",
"http://channel.nationalgeographic.com/channel/cosmos-a-spacetime-odyssey/episodes/standing-up-in-the-milky-way/"
]
} | {
"url": [
"http://youtu.be/eeqrN3Bfro8",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristarchus_of_Samos"
]
} | Cosmos: A Spacetime Odyssey discussion thread series begins tonight
**Edit: This announcement thread is now closed. If you want to learn more about an episode, go to the relevant Q & A thread:** * [Episode 1: *Standing Up in the Milky Way*](_URL_1_) * [Episode 2: *Some of the Things that Molecules Do*](_URL_2_) ---- Tonight we will be holding the first in our new series of question and answer threads for Cosmos: A Spacetime Odyssey. Episode 1 is titled ["Standing up in the Milky Way"](_URL_3_), and premiers tonight in the US and Canada at 9PM Eastern on Fox, and later in other countries. [Viewing information for many countries can be found in this thread.](_URL_0_) Our thread will go live as the show premiers at 9PM Eastern (1AM Monday UTC). **It will be specifically for asking and discussing followup questions on the content of the show, and our panelists will be around to answer them.** There will also be threads in /r/Cosmos and /r/Space appropriate for more general discussion. We'll host a new thread each week to discuss the latest episode. Hope to see you there! ---- Episode 1: "Standing Up In The Milky Way" - March 9 on FOX & NatGeo US > The Ship of the Imagination, unfettered by ordinary limits on speed and size, drawn by the music of cosmic harmonies, can take us anywhere in space and time. It has been idling for more than three decades, and yet it has never been overtaken. Its global legacy remains vibrant. Now, it's time once again to set sail for the stars. | [
-0.3665240705013275,
-0.2701856195926666,
1.1722862720489502,
-0.9547119140625,
-0.46532154083251953,
-0.6346548199653625,
-0.23984922468662262,
-0.19432561099529266,
0.5784669518470764,
-0.7780366539955139,
0.003276422619819641,
0.14452141523361206,
-0.10942123830318451,
0.8887526392936707,
0.6109897494316101,
-0.8465198278427124,
-0.6596426367759705,
-0.2627970576286316,
0.04746444523334503,
0.07641274482011795,
0.057552073150873184,
0.5160548090934753,
-0.2047007828950882,
0.5187460780143738,
-0.8301310539245605,
-0.11503607779741287,
-0.03418215736746788,
-0.4668199419975281,
0.19985872507095337,
1.1589256525039673,
-0.057426922023296356,
-0.15663295984268188,
-0.22824320197105408,
-0.05267202854156494,
0.08601588010787964,
0.1455230414867401,
0.2623356282711029,
0.3651506304740906,
0.3486284017562866,
-0.18032272160053253,
-0.446944922208786,
-0.3464951515197754,
0.46749842166900635,
-0.23033399879932404,
-0.09547602385282516,
-0.3042606711387634,
0.2703952491283417,
-0.41066455841064453,
-0.9778831005096436,
0.03193860501050949,
0.02949117124080658,
-0.38401517271995544,
0.6806270480155945,
-0.19577273726463318,
-0.39678603410720825,
-0.7103925943374634,
0.5085116028785706,
0.1524444967508316,
0.5863528251647949,
0.10752788186073303,
0.5057508945465088,
-0.09507440030574799,
-0.6094907522201538,
-0.6932463049888611,
0.6305937767028809,
-0.861797034740448,
0.024381864815950394,
1.0294880867004395,
-1.7647418975830078,
0.1708245724439621,
-0.5701660513877869,
0.3366304934024811,
-0.11215522140264511,
-0.624655544757843,
0.3644845485687256,
-0.71240234375,
0.8513336777687073,
0.28752532601356506,
-0.6851475238800049,
-0.19282028079032898,
0.08184313774108887,
0.43435871601104736,
0.17229589819908142,
0.7682785987854004,
-0.3492487967014313,
0.7116311192512512,
0.48017749190330505,
-0.9998335242271423,
-1.0061347484588623,
1.2903258800506592,
-0.5500767827033997,
-0.028914162889122963,
0.3524664640426636,
0.17625366151332855,
0.051635708659887314,
-0.998145341873169,
0.3416312038898468,
-0.19024641811847687,
0.5975025296211243,
1.3620729446411133,
-1.0078670978546143,
0.6488302946090698,
0.038610029965639114,
0.6852816343307495,
0.08320756256580353,
-0.7071544528007507,
0.12736088037490845,
-0.6177902817726135,
-0.04622666910290718,
0.296916127204895,
1.2552011013031006,
1.0035985708236694,
-0.46019861102104187,
-0.11910838633775711,
-0.8682125806808472,
-1.2749265432357788,
-0.5152620077133179,
0.06317649036645889,
0.818101704120636,
0.35562849044799805,
-0.2807629406452179,
0.13883350789546967,
0.8812302350997925,
0.3442654311656952,
0.27160128951072693,
0.5641836524009705,
0.029716938734054565,
0.9487687349319458,
-0.24355997145175934,
-0.5549748539924622,
0.004886731505393982,
0.5937761068344116,
-0.44222748279571533,
0.17836134135723114,
0.4735087454319,
-0.44047436118125916,
-0.797599732875824,
0.036252863705158234,
-0.8655532598495483,
-0.13089501857757568,
-0.823517382144928,
0.0769907534122467,
1.1131694316864014,
-0.5279432535171509,
0.32082003355026245,
-0.40040144324302673,
-0.888786792755127,
-1.0164377689361572,
-0.35351210832595825,
-0.7130628824234009,
-1.8388280868530273,
-0.1926758736371994,
0.38518428802490234,
-0.8672423362731934,
0.14095784723758698,
-0.01837870292365551,
0.5179111361503601,
0.18700812757015228,
0.6423960328102112,
-0.23931238055229187,
-0.42711883783340454,
0.4957204759120941,
0.4703422486782074,
1.310151219367981,
0.021388251334428787,
0.15646812319755554,
0.038096293807029724,
-0.810325562953949,
0.02354195900261402,
0.6284211277961731,
0.13191890716552734,
0.06881964206695557,
1.136375904083252,
0.3956301510334015,
0.5842159390449524,
-0.2751469910144806,
0.4511142373085022,
0.7098444700241089,
-0.7334402799606323,
-0.010926228016614914,
-0.20824243128299713,
-0.2106674760580063,
-0.27075815200805664,
-0.16780638694763184,
-0.35740455985069275,
-0.25238749384880066,
0.7102028727531433,
0.23141178488731384,
0.22342655062675476,
0.2951175272464752,
0.18182498216629028,
-0.00858082715421915,
-1.21477210521698,
0.7937173843383789,
0.19104579091072083,
0.5800589323043823,
0.2904054522514343,
1.2558330297470093,
0.6091881990432739,
-0.2264212667942047,
0.9984063506126404,
-0.20347458124160767,
0.28182628750801086,
-0.19435468316078186,
0.5561256408691406,
-0.3638027608394623,
0.08404788374900818,
-0.1017146036028862,
0.1835208237171173,
-0.07139748334884644,
0.18246574699878693,
0.23640376329421997,
0.19134904444217682,
-0.5625758767127991,
0.3902956247329712,
0.8201882839202881,
-0.17833378911018372,
-0.1174004077911377,
-0.25053244829177856,
0.3192470967769623,
0.3760046660900116,
-0.03189105540513992,
0.5131582021713257,
0.29916083812713623,
0.9944280385971069,
-0.7022157311439514,
-0.5979601144790649,
-0.4808271527290344,
0.6416664719581604,
-0.05417340248823166,
-0.06809532642364502,
0.2248103767633438,
-0.4525289833545685,
0.21624688804149628,
0.42855554819107056,
0.6450387835502625,
-1.1020655632019043,
-0.9539875388145447,
-0.5533653497695923,
-1.371029257774353,
-0.08236952871084213,
-0.2594597637653351,
0.5117165446281433,
0.7553341388702393,
0.5197598934173584,
0.5752267837524414,
-0.30864518880844116,
-1.5249346494674683,
0.5533453226089478,
0.3999699354171753,
0.3808503746986389,
-0.46315720677375793,
-0.4516589939594269,
-0.9476156234741211,
0.23266814649105072,
-0.2911621928215027,
-0.237933948636055,
-1.1043753623962402,
0.5229514241218567,
0.357584685087204,
0.15230827033519745,
-0.7134868502616882,
1.104481816291809,
0.07425808906555176,
-1.0979470014572144,
0.20837384462356567,
-0.7984057068824768,
0.7051926255226135,
0.09948064386844635,
-0.0022840946912765503,
0.18344919383525848,
-0.5372813940048218,
0.0037482408806681633,
-0.22845862805843353,
0.5051693916320801,
0.17880424857139587,
-0.3030174970626831,
-0.3769350051879883,
-0.1866312175989151,
0.7650777101516724,
0.13256239891052246,
-0.08716657757759094,
0.33943793177604675,
0.22050398588180542,
-0.3235244154930115,
0.11123758554458618,
0.6814093589782715,
-0.6205590963363647,
-0.025207115337252617,
-0.8797368407249451,
0.43242791295051575,
-0.06014716997742653,
-1.0256993770599365,
1.004252552986145,
0.8406085968017578,
-0.5500612854957581,
0.5920015573501587,
-0.15220941603183746,
-0.33490464091300964,
0.07052002847194672,
-0.4343218505382538,
0.7022757530212402,
-0.006125781685113907,
0.2549201548099518,
0.19925211369991302,
0.2753327488899231,
0.7047623991966248,
-0.48824167251586914,
0.9392759799957275,
-1.093599796295166,
-0.0928841233253479,
-0.6433330774307251,
-0.4018678367137909,
0.7307270169258118,
0.02722889371216297,
0.5466035604476929,
0.9515675902366638,
-1.0825684070587158,
-1.1529359817504883,
-0.8301840424537659,
-0.29931262135505676,
-0.0007708990015089512,
0.5832549929618835,
0.5777443647384644,
-0.20852692425251007,
1.1397454738616943,
-0.36843153834342957,
0.3503372073173523,
-1.222664475440979,
0.2802940309047699,
0.3841492235660553,
-0.7131645679473877,
0.33651793003082275,
-0.3752214312553406,
-0.6617300510406494,
0.2298385351896286,
0.14087934792041779,
0.22513699531555176,
-0.36154985427856445,
1.072188377380371,
0.4971710443496704,
-0.029252002015709877,
-0.31635186076164246,
0.5230705142021179,
0.4995424449443817,
-0.040658414363861084,
-0.18103478848934174,
0.3267328441143036,
0.0047062477096915245,
-0.3170393407344818,
-0.5040112137794495,
0.3431131839752197,
1.0876274108886719,
-1.5285388231277466,
0.34878093004226685,
0.027533654123544693,
-0.40120410919189453,
0.557399570941925,
0.36624810099601746,
0.5006039142608643,
-0.026238318532705307,
-0.07961822301149368,
0.594426691532135,
0.1181715726852417,
-0.2648249864578247,
-0.1611243039369583,
-1.522158145904541,
-0.02932698465883732,
-0.07514537870883942,
0.20775341987609863,
-0.11627281457185745,
0.31348520517349243,
0.10416392236948013,
0.08804208040237427,
-0.1188570111989975,
0.08004556596279144,
0.164497509598732,
-0.333586186170578,
-0.5086420774459839,
-0.14165854454040527,
0.820339024066925,
-0.2074345499277115,
0.008596615865826607,
0.09112963080406189,
-0.7459907531738281,
-0.8026306629180908,
-0.7372773885726929,
-0.3216632008552551,
0.6141617894172668,
0.35236191749572754,
0.28467193245887756,
0.013537714257836342,
0.03821106255054474,
-0.6241900324821472,
-0.19819965958595276,
-0.8029216527938843,
-0.8007140755653381,
0.5001088380813599,
-0.4818823039531708,
-0.3388773798942566,
0.7211082577705383,
0.6698273420333862,
-0.20015305280685425,
0.06425562500953674,
-0.12930497527122498,
-0.04723702371120453,
-0.3624100089073181,
0.38622158765792847,
-0.47859835624694824,
-1.1547805070877075,
-0.3674958348274231,
-0.20616501569747925,
-0.6872826814651489,
-0.10447242856025696,
-0.07769016176462173,
-0.9257823824882507,
-1.1321790218353271,
-0.417800635099411,
-0.8929531574249268,
0.4087311625480652,
0.17743876576423645,
0.07971334457397461,
-0.3056054711341858,
-0.16768860816955566,
-0.9208560585975647,
0.11342412233352661,
-0.2508540451526642,
0.4410148859024048,
-0.3552131652832031,
0.2188897728919983,
-0.5818067789077759,
-0.5924630165100098,
1.7257434129714966,
0.45012229681015015,
-0.6800139546394348,
-0.3363807201385498,
-0.15653887391090393,
-0.05495631694793701,
-0.8369883894920349,
0.2741186022758484,
-0.1076112613081932,
-0.015343431383371353,
-0.05815334618091583,
0.12199615687131882,
-0.47492364048957825,
0.2696143686771393,
0.6039845943450928,
-0.3294730484485626,
-0.5601317882537842,
0.2791866064071655,
0.2848876416683197,
-0.39545607566833496,
0.007251475937664509,
1.2256975173950195,
1.2033705711364746,
0.347461462020874,
-0.9761971235275269,
-0.015228409320116043,
0.10983331501483917,
0.028433872386813164,
-0.5560522079467773,
-0.421540766954422,
-0.802460789680481,
0.6302075982093811,
0.25761470198631287,
0.5226414203643799,
0.37606698274612427,
-0.34019988775253296,
-0.343237966299057,
-0.6431989073753357,
-0.7232701182365417,
0.48258841037750244,
0.8279814720153809,
0.5846620798110962,
0.1893453150987625,
-0.007057257927954197,
1.1084648370742798,
-1.285832166671753,
-0.6946688890457153,
-0.8889638185501099,
0.2562044858932495,
-0.3264234960079193,
-1.749585747718811,
-0.41260799765586853,
0.565822958946228,
-0.1198178231716156,
-0.18910175561904907,
0.5156210064888,
0.14783832430839539,
-0.5519017577171326,
-0.11198660731315613,
0.39275118708610535,
0.08638706803321838,
0.3363933265209198,
0.629389226436615,
0.391187846660614,
0.44019997119903564,
0.7237173914909363,
0.041353244334459305,
0.20487080514431,
-0.16898952424526215,
0.16107003390789032,
0.9027696847915649,
-0.36683985590934753,
-0.0446038544178009,
0.23842941224575043,
0.745195209980011,
0.3663262128829956,
0.9086232781410217,
0.821721076965332,
-0.44180718064308167,
-0.23599596321582794,
0.30413079261779785,
-0.18132655322551727,
0.13194037973880768,
-0.525278627872467,
-0.059296682476997375,
-0.4053455591201782,
-0.36631810665130615,
0.13670362532138824,
-1.294990062713623,
-0.744346022605896,
0.4893271327018738,
0.06924168765544891,
-0.27666014432907104,
0.49449700117111206,
-0.30024319887161255,
-0.9673168659210205,
-0.13836506009101868,
-0.27619558572769165,
0.17975804209709167,
-0.606086254119873,
-0.7259266972541809,
0.8244213461875916,
-0.7666917443275452,
0.5244970321655273,
0.4067797064781189,
-0.9408938884735107,
1.181372880935669,
0.22317670285701752,
-0.6413792371749878,
0.17919716238975525,
0.6757243275642395,
0.0764516219496727,
-0.3189789950847626,
-2.099254846572876,
-0.5609883069992065,
0.23678164184093475,
-0.10158708691596985,
0.25293657183647156,
0.38775333762168884,
-0.4376467764377594,
-0.29770275950431824,
0.16198298335075378,
0.1813988983631134,
-0.12764191627502441,
-0.7939920425415039,
0.32144683599472046,
0.5385510325431824,
0.14057298004627228,
-1.1508393287658691,
-0.49775248765945435,
0.40346020460128784,
-0.543192982673645,
-0.012015996500849724,
-0.24813629686832428,
-0.9717037081718445,
0.013818844221532345,
-0.4356202781200409,
0.68337082862854,
-0.7445288896560669,
-0.579987645149231,
-0.675046443939209,
-0.050101179629564285,
-0.19580116868019104,
-0.5233442187309265,
0.13167276978492737,
-0.1650359332561493,
0.6875180602073669,
0.7070234417915344,
-0.6013078689575195,
-0.07310418784618378,
0.014463156461715698,
0.9918535947799683,
-0.7185594439506531,
0.20401251316070557,
-0.75885009765625,
0.3065732717514038,
0.30702435970306396,
-0.13509733974933624,
-0.8312294483184814,
-0.7692557573318481,
0.4928032159805298,
-0.8346260190010071,
0.42391321063041687,
-0.4719877243041992,
0.5477499961853027,
0.6581140756607056,
-0.4942726194858551,
-0.2345535308122635,
0.407219260931015,
-0.7659672498703003,
0.04245352745056152,
0.10326723754405975,
0.8756577968597412,
-0.7613457441329956,
0.3399379551410675,
-0.23377235233783722,
-0.15265466272830963,
-0.12054814398288727,
0.1570604145526886,
-0.18919086456298828,
0.2238255888223648,
0.1265212446451187,
0.03873492032289505,
0.4582173228263855,
-0.07301128655672073,
-0.26474034786224365,
0.05031336098909378,
-0.26352718472480774,
-0.05584658682346344,
0.013341543264687061,
-0.7254828810691833,
0.5778735280036926,
0.908772885799408,
0.11749565601348877,
-1.186856746673584,
0.7819006443023682,
0.5084616541862488,
-0.08620474487543106,
0.03337085619568825,
-0.6178831458091736,
-0.14250445365905762,
-0.7042738199234009,
-0.8510860204696655,
0.7217546105384827,
-0.786986231803894,
0.006797187030315399,
0.054576076567173004,
-0.020042285323143005,
-0.009603932499885559,
-0.28623026609420776,
-0.16845259070396423,
0.7371200323104858,
1.0873607397079468,
-0.8171152472496033,
-0.31523871421813965,
0.800840437412262,
-0.3255349397659302,
1.126265287399292,
-0.40485134720802307,
0.09614696353673935,
0.7300158739089966,
-0.07502175867557526,
-0.2689179480075836,
0.8856099247932434,
0.034529805183410645,
0.490575909614563,
-0.35011303424835205,
0.05588927119970322,
-1.133624792098999,
-0.5229615569114685,
1.02463960647583,
0.0504411943256855,
0.1348770707845688,
0.685585081577301,
0.2441282421350479,
-0.3795914351940155,
-0.06463788449764252,
-0.5603035092353821,
0.7138543128967285,
0.8333266973495483,
-1.0439578294754028,
0.1943901777267456,
0.34240689873695374,
0.7071822881698608,
0.1545047014951706,
-0.39278966188430786,
0.11901971697807312,
0.3070468306541443,
-1.2671594619750977,
-0.020214969292283058,
-1.1062541007995605,
1.0777220726013184,
-0.2742871642112732,
-0.0734802857041359,
-0.09249730408191681,
0.36634957790374756,
1.9080795049667358,
-0.34243568778038025,
0.5590800046920776,
0.0364094078540802,
0.045833293348550797,
-0.7306916117668152,
-0.6708831787109375,
0.3904181122779846,
0.11570356786251068,
-0.4988240897655487,
-0.6878566145896912,
0.32060155272483826,
-0.19907838106155396,
-0.4961735010147095,
-0.6957513689994812,
-0.27206695079803467,
0.6172168850898743,
0.9415990114212036,
0.5315987467765808,
1.1875611543655396,
0.1918671876192093,
-1.6962471008300781,
0.6779215335845947,
-0.6457909345626831,
0.2967150807380676,
-0.5402927398681641,
0.3736725449562073,
0.2497321218252182,
-0.9350253343582153,
-0.3083120286464691,
-0.17809784412384033,
0.6562952399253845,
-0.4982703626155853,
-0.4100978374481201,
0.18631666898727417,
0.15328046679496765,
-0.5640424489974976,
0.34735697507858276,
-0.11644752323627472,
-0.1868593841791153,
-1.1987957954406738,
-0.8960919976234436,
-0.37940090894699097,
0.37006843090057373,
0.7348670363426208,
0.22767171263694763,
0.35511013865470886,
0.3533942699432373,
0.07873620092868805,
0.20449648797512054,
0.74577397108078,
0.052357010543346405,
-0.387622594833374,
-0.7655481100082397,
-0.11666367948055267,
-1.0975780487060547,
0.6178191304206848,
0.393508642911911,
0.1512523740530014,
0.5127049684524536,
-0.5041058659553528,
1.363574504852295,
0.326278954744339,
0.5608579516410828,
0.0180300734937191,
-0.47493723034858704,
0.37599191069602966,
-0.5975823402404785,
0.005065811797976494,
-0.585000216960907,
0.15181691944599152,
-0.4852622151374817,
0.4886515438556671,
0.6003777980804443,
0.3767581284046173,
-0.20010794699192047,
-0.13759222626686096,
-0.0822603851556778,
-0.056921619921922684,
-0.5997877717018127
] |
|
wg4hz | [Weekly Discussion Thread] Scientists, what do you think is the biggest threat to humanity? | After taking last week off because of the Higgs announcement we are back this week with the eighth installment of the weekly discussion thread.
Topic: What do you think is the biggest threat to the future of humanity? Global Warming? Disease?
Please follow our usual rules and guidelines and have fun!
If you want to become a panelist: _URL_1_
Last weeks thread: _URL_0_ | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"c5d1j2l",
"c5d2imk",
"c5d8u3t",
"c5d1pky",
"c5d9gnr",
"c5e6u2l",
"c5dasya",
"c5eh8gk",
"c5d29v6",
"c5fci22",
"c5d6igv",
"c5d5x22"
],
"text": [
"Ourselves is the obvious answer but it's also not exactly informative so I'll try to narrow it down.\n\nDefining 'Threat to Humanity' as something that threatens our survival as a species not as a society we can narrow this down. Even something that wiped out 98% of humanity, so long as it's not ongoing, would leave the species reasonably intact. That means that most pandemics unless there's a 100% fatality rate the species itself will survive, grow immunitues and eventually resurge. Even at 100% odds are Madagascar will survive it.\n\nFor something to destroy the entire species in a way that it cannot recover from it's going to have to destroy our ability to live on the planet. \n\nProbably the top of the list (as in most likely) is a K-T scale impact. There's really no way we can divert something that large moving that fast unless we see it far enough ahead of time (like multiple orbits) and even then it may not be possible. It's especially unlikely given that we're slashing our budgets for searching for these planet killers.\n\nSecond would be catestrophic climate change. I'm talking climate change to the point where it wipes out all or most current life. That's actually unlikely as we'll likely kill off most of the race and then stop adding C02 to the atmosphere resulting in a massive reforestation and then corresponding drop in C02 again. See North America c. 1500-1700 for this happening.\n\nThose are really the only ones I can forsee that can actually wipe out the species. Most everything else we'd survive (well, some of us) and over the next few hundred years reassert our position as apex lifeform on Earth.\n\nedit: Yes, my spelling sucks.",
"Ignorance and laziness towards science. People are afraid of what they do not understand. If we found a \"cure\" for AIDS or cancer, how long would it take to get into practice? If we found a way to get 100 mpg on a common sedan, how long would it take for people to start driving it? We can find solutions to all of our problems, but without funding and acceptance we will go nowhere. At least in America I can see the state of science going backwards. People want a simply easy explanation for anything and they want OTHERS to tell them about it rather than looking it up for themself. Humans have survived pandemics, global climate change, etc. but I truly believe we are our own worst enemy. \n\nIf you want something more tangible, then my answer is overpopulation (which brings problems with water, farming land, pollution, etc.)",
"Nuclear holocaust. Whilst not as clear and present a danger as a couple of generations ago, we're still just a few wrong presses of some red buttons away from almost complete annihilation.",
"Itself.\n\nClimate change has by far the highest probability and potential damage as far as a standard risk-register approach can measure. Stuff like supervolcanoes and asteroids is high impact, but very low probability.\n\nThe issue is that climate change is something we could do something about, were there not sooooo many vested interests in trying to make a debate out of something which already has phenomenal levels of quantifiable scientific support - simply as a delaying tactic to increase short term profits or some other reason. Ultimately, climate change is the danger, but the cause is almost certainly us, and the risk is multiplied manyfold by humans themselves putting individual self interest above collective understanding.",
"One thing worth noting is that there are people who specifically focus on this issue. The [Future of Humanity Institute](_URL_0_) does research specifically related to this issue (they are run by Nick Bostrom who is a really bright guy who has done some really neat work). One of the issues that there work has helped highlight is that a critical question in this sort of context is whether most of the [Great Filter](_URL_1_) is front of us or behind us. If much of the the standard Great Filter is in front of us, then it is likely that the primary risks will be due to our own actions. This could include diseases (which will travel faster and more efficiently with global air transit) or nuclear war, or more exotic issues like problems with nanotech or bad AI (although in both those last two cases, most experts do not consider them to be serious issues).\n\nOne issue is that from a Great Filter/Fermi question perspective, we don't need an existential threat to be doing most of the severe future filtration. Events that push human tech levels back far enough may make it impossible to bootstrap ourselves back to modern tech levels. In particular, to get to our current technology we had to use a lot of non-renewable oil and coal, which won't be available a second time around. How much this matters is not clear. This point has been made by Bostrom but I don't think has gotten enough attention. While Bostrom and his group have discussed it in some of their work, no one has sat down and made detailed analysis of just how much a lack of cheap energy would interfere with things, and whether it adds that much to the set of events that need to be considered as potential Filtration threats.",
"In the context of sustainability, the answer is overpopulation. Too many people leads to unsustainable lifestyle = loss of food/water/crops/vegetation/earth resources. This indirectly causes resource wars and more strife between our own people, more famine, more water shortages, etc. \n\nToo many people to be sustained in an ecosystem is the worst thing that can happen: And we've already surpassed these thresholds in places such as big cities: without shipments of produce and resources, these metro centers would be concrete jungles largely void of arable land (covered by impervious surfaces) and incredibly unforgiving to those trying to survive, even more so than bare nature itself (think about buildings without proper maintenance or condemned structures). This isn't covering even half the issues. Just putting in my two cents.\n\nEdit: Think about the amount of resources it takes to feed/support a human in utero, then to have it be born, and live to be 90 years old. The amount of consumption is not sustainable when there are large amounts of people present above the carrying capacity of the planet. I've seen others here be downvoted for suggesting overpopulation as a threat, but in reality, overpopulation will lead to our own demise maybe not entirely, but with what destruction we can bring upon our habitats, our food sources, our water sources, our peers, and our climate can be enough in the future to give us big problems.",
"I'm having a tough time deciding between nuclear arms proliferation and adaptation to the anthropocene era from global warming. I'd probably go with nuclear arms because I'm an optimist and think that new technologies and market incentives will eventually correct global warming, while nothing similar will make the threat of a nuclear attack any less real.",
"A sociological approach: Our lack of understanding and wanting to understand other cultures and viewpoints. A psychological fear of the unknown makes it potentially hostile (I'm supposing as an evolutionary trait), and this kind of fear leads to hostility and war. In our consideration of \"threats to humanity,\" we have to notice that two individual worlds exist-- one where humans can work together, and one where humans fight. \n\nIn the first, all other answers to this thread have a much better chance of being solved-- when a good majority of our world is not in some sort of conflict and working together, productivity may increase. Identifying and quarantining disease may be much easier with multinational cooperation, civilizations flourish in the fields of the sciences and arts. Development in the sciences means faster achievement of prevention of possible catastrophes. \n\nIn the second world, humans possibly eliminate each other in war, leaving only a few to collectively think about solutions to outside problems, and the ones that aren't are actively thinking about destroying their enemies. Productivity in every field goes down due to diverted resources, and (just like in the US today) more money goes towards protecting themselves from the harm of other countries and unfamiliar people. It is not the war itself that is our destruction, it is the diversion of resources into possible solutions by having war that is our destruction.\n\n... we obviously live in the second world.",
"I'm going to have to say overpopulation. Sure we could argue that a large, diverse population make humanity less susceptible to being wiped out by disease, but it also makes it harder for us to monitor for the initial outbreak of a pandemic. Our numbers put a huge strain on our resources, and a result of that competition can lead to schisms and a lack of unity that I feel we will need to address other global challenges.",
"It seems that every body is talking about worst case senarios that are highly improbable. I think that we need to focus more on the more probable senarios such as overpopulation.",
"I'm surprised nobody has said bacterial infections. Bacteria evolve faster than we can make new antibiotics... once none of our antibiotics work we have a huge problem on our hands.",
"The biggest threat to the future of humanity is the overpopulation. All the other problems cited are really just a function of human overpopulation."
],
"score": [
72,
17,
17,
9,
8,
4,
3,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vraq8/weekly_discussion_thread_scientists_do_patents/",
"http://redd.it/ulpkj"
]
} | {
"url": [
"http://www.fhi.ox.ac.uk/",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_filter"
]
} | [Weekly Discussion Thread] Scientists, what do you think is the biggest threat to humanity?
After taking last week off because of the Higgs announcement we are back this week with the eighth installment of the weekly discussion thread. Topic: What do you think is the biggest threat to the future of humanity? Global Warming? Disease? Please follow our usual rules and guidelines and have fun! If you want to become a panelist: _URL_1_ Last weeks thread: _URL_0_ | [
0.007686779368668795,
-0.5605984330177307,
0.9327459931373596,
-0.8999590873718262,
-0.3866981863975525,
-0.7245576977729797,
-0.36432111263275146,
-0.4289962649345398,
0.6069942116737366,
0.007999439723789692,
0.850297749042511,
0.5461053848266602,
-0.6320164799690247,
1.2841752767562866,
0.6041025519371033,
-0.5566878914833069,
-0.5542339086532593,
-0.1533249169588089,
-0.28584402799606323,
0.08891075849533081,
0.4268735945224762,
0.18890126049518585,
0.012280212715268135,
1.0364521741867065,
-0.4041893482208252,
-0.048960305750370026,
-0.2424442321062088,
0.1412278115749359,
0.19435890018939972,
0.8864071369171143,
-0.0588517040014267,
0.4367162883281708,
-0.7644222974777222,
0.6097505688667297,
0.023201197385787964,
-0.04254802688956261,
-0.011804228648543358,
-0.11828196793794632,
0.4947608709335327,
-0.6525170803070068,
0.23870733380317688,
-0.7773128747940063,
0.0866703912615776,
0.34453490376472473,
-0.32395806908607483,
-0.49384379386901855,
0.13297055661678314,
-0.39213910698890686,
-0.6713230013847351,
0.12004169076681137,
-0.2513596713542938,
0.21168029308319092,
0.19752883911132812,
-0.2698315382003784,
-0.38412708044052124,
-0.42923471331596375,
0.4277438819408417,
0.009402485564351082,
0.4826924502849579,
-0.1690640151500702,
-0.28413599729537964,
-0.2623416483402252,
-0.3660266697406769,
-0.5300812721252441,
0.1695210039615631,
-0.5980631113052368,
-0.6054410338401794,
0.4514540135860443,
-1.4250469207763672,
0.022373830899596214,
-0.47383755445480347,
0.10457020252943039,
0.11115672439336777,
-0.7051270604133606,
0.4947899878025055,
-0.9072179198265076,
0.4787195324897766,
-0.5428576469421387,
0.18864396214485168,
-0.04595855623483658,
-0.09518754482269287,
1.1408119201660156,
-0.07754507660865784,
0.34473153948783875,
-0.11984539777040482,
0.7905462384223938,
0.7510376572608948,
-0.4573695659637451,
0.04773874208331108,
0.6929011940956116,
-0.6221023201942444,
-0.02275276556611061,
0.7537386417388916,
-0.1634179800748825,
0.585605800151825,
-0.012779658660292625,
0.8317258358001709,
-0.857059121131897,
0.6588125228881836,
0.31849804520606995,
-0.4272763431072235,
0.6849318742752075,
0.4991782009601593,
1.131712794303894,
0.3675922751426697,
-0.6164472103118896,
-0.02738485299050808,
-0.9400736093521118,
-0.07955269515514374,
0.2824521064758301,
0.6041083931922913,
0.9359707832336426,
0.04993415251374245,
-0.3448188900947571,
-0.45005372166633606,
-1.5398262739181519,
-0.15780939161777496,
0.03877481073141098,
0.7274652719497681,
0.5328658223152161,
-0.44162601232528687,
-0.48002195358276367,
0.8842615485191345,
0.15418580174446106,
-0.32437625527381897,
-0.16318432986736298,
-0.7344182133674622,
0.27135226130485535,
-0.7458359599113464,
-0.6746581792831421,
-0.37798091769218445,
0.4128401279449463,
-0.03362399712204933,
0.24437087774276733,
0.21118783950805664,
-0.461820125579834,
-0.8265404105186462,
0.10673858970403671,
-0.4864060878753662,
-0.28457552194595337,
-1.1440880298614502,
-0.4587266743183136,
0.8705160021781921,
-0.6006755232810974,
0.0843629539012909,
-0.9725576043128967,
-1.4106007814407349,
-0.852299690246582,
0.10282237827777863,
-0.5246739983558655,
-0.5099204778671265,
-0.06996116787195206,
0.3632373511791229,
-0.9826674461364746,
-0.26117801666259766,
-0.45701852440834045,
0.8414977788925171,
-0.4933662414550781,
0.14059242606163025,
-0.5614214539527893,
-0.6548996567726135,
0.0035697557032108307,
0.05303776264190674,
0.5899498462677002,
0.893484890460968,
-0.3012727200984955,
0.04224868491292,
-0.9655875563621521,
-0.06539716571569443,
0.5464052557945251,
-0.31450220942497253,
0.16012249886989594,
1.0540419816970825,
0.3104466497898102,
1.2652708292007446,
-0.19714964926242828,
0.5227736234664917,
0.7795485258102417,
-0.33710163831710815,
-0.011304333806037903,
-0.33750781416893005,
-0.5827299356460571,
-0.11799266934394836,
0.7469385266304016,
-0.7002547383308411,
-0.5028768181800842,
0.8669198751449585,
-0.2191414088010788,
0.2702038586139679,
0.36445680260658264,
0.20270498096942902,
-0.043564796447753906,
-0.4019392728805542,
0.7481982111930847,
0.8585898876190186,
-0.004433535039424896,
0.5359629988670349,
0.662986159324646,
0.3197233974933624,
-0.40288034081459045,
-0.12556588649749756,
-1.0086143016815186,
-0.4178071916103363,
-0.6193539500236511,
-0.057573702186346054,
-0.35093066096305847,
0.6921480894088745,
-0.30481797456741333,
-0.03352099657058716,
-0.3858071565628052,
0.45628270506858826,
0.9416500329971313,
0.21954508125782013,
-0.4176170527935028,
0.12592299282550812,
-0.07359399646520615,
-0.21791961789131165,
0.3296486437320709,
-0.46234142780303955,
0.21202325820922852,
-0.021490266546607018,
-0.4374186396598816,
0.29999473690986633,
0.05576198548078537,
0.8614272475242615,
-0.7145500779151917,
0.07721161842346191,
0.07392054051160812,
0.6993755102157593,
-0.3658502697944641,
0.0657782033085823,
0.25506776571273804,
-0.27412745356559753,
-0.12355343252420425,
0.39228546619415283,
0.036189161241054535,
-1.402063012123108,
-0.7539550065994263,
0.27243784070014954,
-0.9713491797447205,
-0.28487321734428406,
0.26653504371643066,
0.7318755984306335,
0.5075377225875854,
0.5791098475456238,
0.07413434237241745,
0.15703077614307404,
-0.6876057982444763,
-0.553521990776062,
0.37042036652565,
-0.7772998809814453,
-0.5824564695358276,
-0.5288552045822144,
-0.4769042730331421,
0.028874019160866737,
-0.30256935954093933,
0.7594683766365051,
-0.7066213488578796,
0.5019159317016602,
0.33090740442276,
-0.003305701306089759,
-1.2484771013259888,
0.38970014452934265,
-0.530112087726593,
-0.3453230857849121,
0.2944945991039276,
-0.794287383556366,
-0.0148086566478014,
-0.05844559893012047,
-0.7237390875816345,
-0.36707553267478943,
-0.891657829284668,
0.2467787265777588,
0.2783801853656769,
0.15102803707122803,
-0.29401132464408875,
0.33305293321609497,
-0.7192527055740356,
0.09808044135570526,
0.09714293479919434,
0.06613180786371231,
0.32178395986557007,
0.47244104743003845,
-0.30663007497787476,
-0.17437011003494263,
-0.24985907971858978,
1.1358603239059448,
-0.2848424017429352,
0.3388650715351105,
-0.816807746887207,
-0.2343781441450119,
-0.1590162068605423,
-0.3816038966178894,
0.8485332727432251,
0.3574012517929077,
0.09137064963579178,
0.257795512676239,
-0.1037510558962822,
-0.07336915284395218,
0.2650153934955597,
-0.40375182032585144,
0.1872374713420868,
0.3040883541107178,
0.24279527366161346,
-0.001107131945900619,
-0.3736095130443573,
0.7735334038734436,
-0.6274521350860596,
1.0314136743545532,
-1.019119381904602,
0.4204828143119812,
-1.254452109336853,
0.041902389377355576,
0.7978925704956055,
0.5555513501167297,
0.5425118207931519,
-0.4348865747451782,
-1.5457085371017456,
-0.7774372100830078,
-0.7141098976135254,
0.04305301606655121,
-0.029251908883452415,
0.21770399808883667,
0.7763408422470093,
0.6782340407371521,
1.6018726825714111,
0.013748206198215485,
0.6622559428215027,
-0.75504070520401,
-0.05437072366476059,
-0.11836910992860794,
-0.8944785594940186,
0.5356964468955994,
0.4242657423019409,
-0.28427621722221375,
0.1480623036623001,
0.33238208293914795,
0.7060613036155701,
0.19294074177742004,
0.410540372133255,
1.4821209907531738,
0.04231280833482742,
-0.14474442601203918,
-0.15372304618358612,
0.12726277112960815,
-0.1993449181318283,
-0.0963684543967247,
0.06515553593635559,
0.16618455946445465,
-0.15123514831066132,
0.23071818053722382,
0.11786286532878876,
1.158376693725586,
-1.2738145589828491,
0.0977136567234993,
-0.22878502309322357,
-0.6557236313819885,
-0.3062937557697296,
0.9346826672554016,
-0.28181856870651245,
0.10688646882772446,
-0.2751114070415497,
-0.006841338239610195,
0.0527258925139904,
0.38937535881996155,
-0.0937831848859787,
-1.625156283378601,
-0.8766724467277527,
-0.37513232231140137,
0.7596982717514038,
0.11430849879980087,
0.7277028560638428,
-0.07086749374866486,
0.34580036997795105,
0.5645719170570374,
0.15281613171100616,
0.15969139337539673,
-0.2925914227962494,
-0.6488189697265625,
-0.01636895351111889,
0.5945076942443848,
0.30789321660995483,
0.04283880814909935,
0.543904185295105,
-0.49886906147003174,
-1.0457035303115845,
-1.4775593280792236,
-0.5688093900680542,
-0.46102482080459595,
0.2240111380815506,
-0.4296760857105255,
-0.08142291009426117,
0.12771517038345337,
-0.5264379382133484,
-0.2601029872894287,
-0.22638581693172455,
-0.8992375731468201,
0.5181140303611755,
-0.2930896580219269,
-1.1980206966400146,
0.3040253221988678,
0.7948557734489441,
0.46030741930007935,
0.9508394598960876,
0.013228368014097214,
0.19500494003295898,
-0.14730985462665558,
0.5338497161865234,
0.24686428904533386,
-1.0804383754730225,
0.05955257639288902,
-0.3559330999851227,
-0.49642214179039,
-0.051783714443445206,
0.9000574946403503,
-0.850635290145874,
-0.8724285960197449,
-0.08521565794944763,
-1.1163387298583984,
0.3116246163845062,
0.788888156414032,
-0.09513957053422928,
-0.42254534363746643,
0.15071558952331543,
-0.6685629487037659,
0.080272376537323,
0.4896298348903656,
-0.311215341091156,
-0.4120166599750519,
0.628738522529602,
-0.5502091646194458,
-0.38713693618774414,
1.9981904029846191,
0.9298849105834961,
-0.7719640731811523,
0.1267969161272049,
0.05339474231004715,
-0.0802823007106781,
-0.5886996984481812,
-0.2607978582382202,
-0.18161921203136444,
0.06731506437063217,
0.5194757580757141,
0.5695983171463013,
-0.12662343680858612,
-0.24963736534118652,
0.6785054802894592,
-0.13504408299922943,
-0.43564698100090027,
0.18012326955795288,
0.5161511301994324,
-0.5923256278038025,
0.3112519681453705,
1.3185557126998901,
0.8830896615982056,
0.2870456278324127,
-0.48276254534721375,
-0.12436668574810028,
-0.5746508240699768,
-0.2554004192352295,
-0.6310127973556519,
-0.9504292607307434,
-0.18600428104400635,
0.5247001051902771,
0.3783057630062103,
0.2783595621585846,
0.21581268310546875,
0.06284079700708389,
0.10391449928283691,
-1.1676963567733765,
-0.392204612493515,
0.0627250075340271,
0.4097573459148407,
0.24230621755123138,
-0.009669396094977856,
-0.4397711455821991,
0.5449239611625671,
-0.014548452571034431,
-0.7882866263389587,
-0.48745372891426086,
0.6085169315338135,
-0.37170088291168213,
-1.417955756187439,
-0.059379156678915024,
0.8973749876022339,
-0.17361479997634888,
-0.02549031935632229,
1.058670163154602,
-0.08777245879173279,
-0.1151777133345604,
0.3703692853450775,
0.5722554922103882,
-0.0559578500688076,
0.6730489730834961,
0.024443786591291428,
0.8622689843177795,
0.22060661017894745,
0.9175993800163269,
-0.05076998099684715,
-0.24074704945087433,
-0.3158280551433563,
0.25974297523498535,
0.5209383964538574,
-0.3749163746833801,
-0.11303909122943878,
-1.1210168600082397,
1.1892344951629639,
0.26071712374687195,
-0.6983423829078674,
1.1569610834121704,
-0.4376523196697235,
0.2635415494441986,
-0.3861738443374634,
-0.33045870065689087,
-0.500830352306366,
0.2475820630788803,
0.24261759221553802,
0.3185080885887146,
0.21235987544059753,
0.6045539379119873,
-0.2592751383781433,
-0.6295484304428101,
1.107418417930603,
-0.3056991398334503,
0.00024393056810367852,
0.04250093922019005,
-1.1494020223617554,
-1.7938989400863647,
-0.2959963381290436,
0.004436203744262457,
0.7693454623222351,
-0.15341906249523163,
0.2471911609172821,
0.7099160552024841,
-0.3732444643974304,
1.1212365627288818,
0.3540093004703522,
-0.6203019022941589,
1.1723850965499878,
0.1665957123041153,
-0.18348999321460724,
0.438426673412323,
0.30161041021347046,
0.011464931070804596,
-0.025929247960448265,
-0.8650099635124207,
0.08558700233697891,
-0.03370441868901253,
0.19115310907363892,
0.231740802526474,
0.255685418844223,
-0.5207865238189697,
0.14920489490032196,
-0.7134168148040771,
0.345675528049469,
0.6120717525482178,
0.03207623213529587,
0.016110118478536606,
0.3959393799304962,
0.6900311708450317,
-1.4211816787719727,
-0.06416990607976913,
0.7969939708709717,
-0.6152350902557373,
0.02965756133198738,
-0.1650741845369339,
-0.22467534244060516,
-0.3915264308452606,
-0.4499832093715668,
1.153828740119934,
-0.6560441255569458,
-0.031337667256593704,
-0.5957004427909851,
-0.7810457944869995,
0.015703808516263962,
-0.2321825921535492,
-0.45050084590911865,
-0.06600631773471832,
0.483497679233551,
1.0609755516052246,
-0.42174407839775085,
-0.29291316866874695,
0.14632558822631836,
0.6430298089981079,
-0.6618460416793823,
0.26366573572158813,
0.4026232361793518,
0.818230926990509,
-0.3950105607509613,
0.0826714038848877,
-0.6939682960510254,
-0.21244177222251892,
0.740874707698822,
-0.354358971118927,
0.8021529316902161,
-0.2275840938091278,
-0.014027123339474201,
0.6123138666152954,
-0.4479142725467682,
-0.01768331788480282,
0.13928377628326416,
-1.0165801048278809,
0.7146425843238831,
0.5000432729721069,
0.8159915804862976,
-0.8032346367835999,
0.3793491721153259,
-0.5050635933876038,
-0.5267482399940491,
0.8334188461303711,
0.4289811849594116,
-0.38165491819381714,
0.0687657967209816,
0.39554470777511597,
0.006325634196400642,
0.44475722312927246,
-0.5064415335655212,
-0.5683038830757141,
-0.3750094771385193,
0.014321485534310341,
0.1635957807302475,
0.6823821067810059,
-0.5237218737602234,
0.7928053736686707,
0.6477484703063965,
-0.2063252180814743,
-0.8617569208145142,
1.1254534721374512,
0.2471357136964798,
-0.1860896199941635,
-0.42565369606018066,
-0.015020634047687054,
0.12183002382516861,
-1.0592321157455444,
-1.2200766801834106,
0.05778394639492035,
-1.1240204572677612,
-0.0031561527866870165,
-0.6025623679161072,
0.06868469715118408,
-0.6068638563156128,
-0.19433020055294037,
-0.10681424289941788,
0.7197127938270569,
1.1648648977279663,
-0.47723692655563354,
-0.5110543370246887,
0.812460720539093,
-0.05112776160240173,
1.3878600597381592,
-1.0181409120559692,
0.35114574432373047,
-0.19971361756324768,
-0.5613779425621033,
0.010225258767604828,
0.8263819217681885,
0.09768608957529068,
0.5188688039779663,
-0.48254334926605225,
-0.5778820514678955,
-0.660465657711029,
-1.132827639579773,
0.6861496567726135,
-0.21897591650485992,
-0.35660234093666077,
1.2928725481033325,
-0.14699804782867432,
-0.31318262219429016,
-0.23441481590270996,
-0.08601242303848267,
-0.2751769721508026,
0.5185557007789612,
-1.1907188892364502,
-0.17705659568309784,
0.8958008289337158,
0.13314515352249146,
-0.6696801781654358,
0.40362462401390076,
-0.23969054222106934,
-0.591620147228241,
-1.0276341438293457,
-0.28523924946784973,
-0.6658156514167786,
0.12701119482517242,
-0.3386310338973999,
0.04464758187532425,
0.15348376333713531,
1.5346266031265259,
0.9888944029808044,
-0.45920437574386597,
0.3411576747894287,
-0.2662721872329712,
0.06943311542272568,
-0.6671081781387329,
-0.8444104194641113,
-0.11932341009378433,
-0.18797102570533752,
-0.8292482495307922,
-0.13993941247463226,
-0.48204052448272705,
-0.3120100200176239,
-0.18633252382278442,
-0.04157407954335213,
-0.46821504831314087,
0.4438369870185852,
0.41442400217056274,
0.14361944794654846,
0.7898330092430115,
-0.17598432302474976,
-1.5918031930923462,
0.2644960582256317,
-0.37394145131111145,
-0.30385956168174744,
-0.2555195689201355,
0.7392446398735046,
0.5411974787712097,
-0.35168537497520447,
-0.020018326118588448,
-0.22345979511737823,
0.5262060165405273,
-0.020528214052319527,
0.09380268305540085,
-0.31408610939979553,
-0.1278720647096634,
-0.7438079118728638,
0.28339892625808716,
-0.18610703945159912,
-0.1636940836906433,
-0.1745654046535492,
-0.5983685851097107,
-0.5497487187385559,
-0.14010857045650482,
0.6185576915740967,
0.7427158355712891,
0.031918808817863464,
0.34852612018585205,
0.3885365128517151,
-0.2261030375957489,
-0.47752609848976135,
-0.16904833912849426,
-0.32251062989234924,
-0.486887663602829,
-0.18563203513622284,
-1.7212754487991333,
0.7617908120155334,
0.3342219889163971,
0.17610138654708862,
0.950526237487793,
0.018208928406238556,
0.7004442811012268,
-0.06375304609537125,
0.6282262206077576,
0.38039860129356384,
-0.2879047095775604,
0.04992341622710228,
0.2982546389102936,
0.38718801736831665,
-0.5786161422729492,
-0.15687072277069092,
-0.18856842815876007,
0.9380108714103699,
-0.2562861144542694,
0.27360299229621887,
-0.8120006918907166,
-0.19847726821899414,
-0.09385532885789871,
0.4552459120750427,
-0.21327385306358337
] |
|
o5r9s | I don't understand gravity... at all. | So I understand that we consider gravity to be the force holding us (and everything else) against the Earth. But how do we know that gravity is the force keeping the Moon in orbit and keeping the Earth in orbit around the Sun? For instance, there is X miles between the Earth and Moon that is "zero gravity". There is a point at which we are released from the gravitational pull of the Earth and are said to be in "open space" or whatever. Does gravity "stop" in between the Earth and the Moon but "pick back up" when it gets to the moon?
In other words, if I am too far away from my router and my Wifi signal doesn't reach my computer, it's not like I can "pick up" that signal in a discontinuous fashion. So if we know there's a point at which Earth's gravity "fades out" into zero gravity, why do we assume gravity is the same force that is somehow discontinuously keeping the Moon in orbit around the Sun?
Furthermore, we know that the universe is expanding faster than light into the abyss, pulling every celestial body outward. Why isn't this expansion affecting our solar system? I understand that things work different locally, but if the universe is expanding, why aren't we seeing our solar system expanding at least a fraction? Is gravity changing with the expansion of the universe? | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"c3elih1",
"c3el2gy",
"c3el3zu",
"c3elnex",
"c3em63r"
],
"text": [
"Gravity does not stop.\n\nIf you're asking why astronauts experience weightlessness in earth's orbit, it's because they're... well, orbiting around the earth. [NASA's website explains this quite well](_URL_0_). \n\nThis quote in particular:\n\n > If you drop an apple on Earth, it falls at 1g. If an astronaut on the space station drops an apple, it falls too. It just doesn't look like it's falling. That's because they're all falling together: the apple, the astronaut and the station. But they're not falling towards Earth, they're falling around it. Because they're all falling at the same rate, objects inside of the station appear to float in a state we call \"zero gravity\" (0g), or more accurately microgravity (1x10-6 g.)\n\nThey experience 'weightlessness' for the same reason we don't feel a gravitational pull towards the sun: we're in orbit around it.",
"There is not zero gravity between the Earth and the Moon. The Earth's gravity still has a fairly strong influence there. Orbiting vehicles are in freefall, so that's why astronauts experience \"weightlessness\". The technical term is microgravity.",
"Whew... so many questions... so little time...\n\nGravity actually spreads out everywhere, just like light, - but at some point is so small as to not be measurable (or detectable). Gravity travels at *c* just like light.\n\nScience does not have a good grasp of gravity yet - other than we know an objects mass can distort space-time. Beyond that, the actual mechanics of gravity are still being researched (gravity may be linked to dimensional strings).\n\nAs per expansion - expansion happens to massive objects at massive distances. At local distances gravity keeps things bound. This is why our solar system is bound (is stronger than the force of expansion in that region), our galaxy is bound, and why it moves with a local group of galaxies.",
"All objects exert a force of gravity on each other that is directly proportional to the mass of the objects and inversely proportional to the square of the distance. Thus, if you double the distance, for example, the force is reduced by a factor of 4. Therefore, only objects that you are relatively close to you will have a noticeable affect (so you can imagine traveling billions of miles away from earth than the force of gravity exerted by earth on your would be very small to the point where it's negligible).\n\nTheoretically there is always objects exerting a force on you so there is no such thing as zero gravity. But there would be a point between the earth and the moon where their gravitational forces on you are equal. So it would be like a rope pulling you one way with a certain force and a rope pulling you the opposite way with an equal force. There's still forces acting on you, but the forces would essentially cancel out and you'd stay still if you had no other forces acting on you. On either side of this point, the earth or the moon will exert a larger force of gravity than the other.\n\nYour wifi signal is a good analogy as if you're, say, 100 yards away from your router I'm sure you can get a very weak signal, but not enough to register on your laptop.\n\nI'm not an expert, but I am pretty sure we know what happens and how to describe it in most circumstances, but we don't know why. One thing I have learned, however, is to be humble in our intellect.",
"How do we know? Because the universal law of gravitation describes simply the motion of the planets, objects in motion, and weight on earth. With it you can make very accurate predictions about baseballs, and satellites and moons. With just a few lines of rather simple math you can prove that two bodies attracted by a force proportional to their mass and the inverse square of their distance will travel in an ellipse (more generally along a conic section). \n\nGravity doesn't ever stop, you just don't feel it unless there's something pushing back against you."
],
"score": [
14,
13,
7,
3,
2
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://www.nasa.gov/centers/glenn/shuttlestation/station/microgex.html"
]
} | I don't understand gravity... at all.
So I understand that we consider gravity to be the force holding us (and everything else) against the Earth. But how do we know that gravity is the force keeping the Moon in orbit and keeping the Earth in orbit around the Sun? For instance, there is X miles between the Earth and Moon that is "zero gravity". There is a point at which we are released from the gravitational pull of the Earth and are said to be in "open space" or whatever. Does gravity "stop" in between the Earth and the Moon but "pick back up" when it gets to the moon? In other words, if I am too far away from my router and my Wifi signal doesn't reach my computer, it's not like I can "pick up" that signal in a discontinuous fashion. So if we know there's a point at which Earth's gravity "fades out" into zero gravity, why do we assume gravity is the same force that is somehow discontinuously keeping the Moon in orbit around the Sun? Furthermore, we know that the universe is expanding faster than light into the abyss, pulling every celestial body outward. Why isn't this expansion affecting our solar system? I understand that things work different locally, but if the universe is expanding, why aren't we seeing our solar system expanding at least a fraction? Is gravity changing with the expansion of the universe? | [
-0.7619600892066956,
-0.3612384498119354,
0.46836960315704346,
0.1344272792339325,
-0.474620521068573,
-0.6695346832275391,
-0.4822254776954651,
0.0997348502278328,
0.21191103756427765,
0.08179391920566559,
1.061599612236023,
0.5588566064834595,
-1.3862833976745605,
0.46009308099746704,
-0.31683939695358276,
-0.5675984025001526,
0.585284411907196,
0.838793158531189,
-0.8096011877059937,
-0.12544766068458557,
-0.38894033432006836,
0.6711889505386353,
0.010622624307870865,
0.8558276295661926,
-1.203547716140747,
0.49679893255233765,
0.4539341330528259,
-0.13428935408592224,
0.5825012922286987,
0.08742857724428177,
-0.020883940160274506,
0.35635244846343994,
-0.7037371397018433,
0.3965868055820465,
0.32967737317085266,
-0.20136521756649017,
1.1069447994232178,
-0.3901959955692291,
0.711868166923523,
-0.6786269545555115,
0.3148958384990692,
-0.5129339098930359,
0.17316196858882904,
-0.25265994668006897,
-0.8465723395347595,
-0.3473155200481415,
0.0476943701505661,
0.027455704286694527,
-1.1177515983581543,
-0.6777189373970032,
0.42443642020225525,
-0.1995035856962204,
1.1941156387329102,
-0.09875594079494476,
0.7881462574005127,
0.00890333205461502,
-0.20026795566082,
0.06443352997303009,
0.5334797501564026,
1.070440649986267,
0.33650004863739014,
0.6587935090065002,
-0.02788560278713703,
-0.500105082988739,
-0.008391165174543858,
-0.22214622795581818,
-0.07548993080854416,
1.028690218925476,
-0.1302099972963333,
-0.938246488571167,
0.3791668713092804,
0.4221096932888031,
-0.5844440460205078,
0.2138519138097763,
0.02246524766087532,
-0.7037827372550964,
0.16310693323612213,
-0.08590526878833771,
0.3949434161186218,
-0.08579732477664948,
0.45038357377052307,
-0.001628246158361435,
-0.0882834792137146,
0.05596749484539032,
-0.5990037322044373,
-0.09228148311376572,
0.44987982511520386,
-0.9890922904014587,
-0.22710415720939636,
1.0229332447052002,
-0.14304399490356445,
-0.282636433839798,
0.09308154881000519,
-0.31797075271606445,
0.37623661756515503,
-1.1629412174224854,
0.599206268787384,
-0.5217345952987671,
-0.32467880845069885,
0.9051664471626282,
-0.8175873160362244,
-0.3359803259372711,
-0.19854280352592468,
0.670595645904541,
0.226883664727211,
-1.0299746990203857,
0.21274276077747345,
-0.5874714255332947,
-0.24634931981563568,
0.4621191620826721,
-0.6601702570915222,
0.3885471224784851,
-0.37343472242355347,
-0.8546653985977173,
-0.44519758224487305,
-2.2991037368774414,
-0.18913784623146057,
-0.4346008002758026,
1.7341023683547974,
0.8871127367019653,
0.3569602072238922,
0.38670021295547485,
1.1837078332901,
0.9539065361022949,
-0.04893653467297554,
0.2553481459617615,
0.14190062880516052,
0.8141772747039795,
-0.6738013029098511,
0.07430588454008102,
0.4437443017959595,
0.9872941374778748,
-0.4970743656158447,
-0.16153530776500702,
0.48998478055000305,
-0.5284940004348755,
0.09432456642389297,
-0.18888084590435028,
-0.43970197439193726,
0.08649098128080368,
-0.22379368543624878,
0.3625742197036743,
0.2152106761932373,
-0.3283887803554535,
0.27341943979263306,
-1.176076889038086,
-0.6192113757133484,
-0.7727335691452026,
0.19996115565299988,
-0.4536525309085846,
-1.3016636371612549,
-0.3601604998111725,
0.23857037723064423,
-0.5342696309089661,
0.1582905352115631,
-0.35331323742866516,
1.3010755777359009,
-0.08372936397790909,
-0.6521695852279663,
0.11880365014076233,
-0.8985108733177185,
-0.515679121017456,
0.2984943985939026,
-0.044409237802028656,
0.22691933810710907,
-0.4557228684425354,
-0.269194632768631,
-0.020820382982492447,
-0.6629193425178528,
0.36092060804367065,
-0.3325927257537842,
-0.4720056653022766,
1.123540997505188,
0.0064670853316783905,
0.5342816114425659,
-0.10341916233301163,
0.1559538096189499,
1.4619799852371216,
-0.2914356291294098,
0.17060065269470215,
-0.8463534116744995,
-0.42059245705604553,
0.09473858028650284,
0.786648154258728,
-0.017464034259319305,
-0.053404778242111206,
0.27236872911453247,
-0.21805287897586823,
1.047127366065979,
0.18815065920352936,
-0.6927917003631592,
-1.056017518043518,
-1.2744413614273071,
0.5522850751876831,
0.07838091254234314,
-0.16751372814178467,
-0.03612557798624039,
0.28461822867393494,
0.08145278692245483,
0.028876909986138344,
-0.6304225325584412,
-1.5243996381759644,
-0.10490993410348892,
0.004372302908450365,
0.0927901566028595,
-0.21985216438770294,
0.9641318321228027,
-0.34515562653541565,
0.3008991479873657,
0.4611673951148987,
0.6964458227157593,
0.7171356081962585,
-0.1734154373407364,
-0.020673926919698715,
-0.4525238573551178,
1.377434253692627,
-0.47365307807922363,
-0.0918426439166069,
-0.10844498872756958,
0.4781056046485901,
0.934869110584259,
-0.03226020187139511,
0.25240641832351685,
-0.04380306974053383,
-0.06748447567224503,
-0.3961120843887329,
0.0651291236281395,
-0.609319269657135,
0.39966249465942383,
1.0931425094604492,
-0.3519369065761566,
0.13621020317077637,
-0.6552602052688599,
0.46228110790252686,
-0.6828840970993042,
-0.4562765657901764,
-0.41858550906181335,
-0.3808673024177551,
0.039655573666095734,
-0.9551993608474731,
-0.4502505362033844,
0.7001093029975891,
0.022182008251547813,
0.559151291847229,
-0.32429444789886475,
0.5451026558876038,
-0.6623321771621704,
-1.229439377784729,
-0.13428857922554016,
0.8175085783004761,
0.10983310639858246,
-1.0097615718841553,
-0.19124186038970947,
0.17451611161231995,
-0.28221291303634644,
-0.6578993201255798,
-0.5525751113891602,
0.31110191345214844,
0.044337861239910126,
0.38659241795539856,
-0.45507779717445374,
-0.7103557586669922,
0.3361143469810486,
-0.3821256160736084,
-0.4934826195240021,
-0.42122411727905273,
-0.5872757434844971,
0.7058137059211731,
-0.08464387059211731,
0.5976221561431885,
0.11663931608200073,
-0.12809360027313232,
-0.457688570022583,
0.24973276257514954,
0.17856132984161377,
0.6526526212692261,
-0.23789449036121368,
-0.19339269399642944,
0.5383732318878174,
0.4563068449497223,
0.9340074062347412,
0.9833109378814697,
0.08855582773685455,
-0.6569951176643372,
0.33044058084487915,
0.7505143284797668,
1.663861632347107,
-0.6327230930328369,
-0.18647705018520355,
-0.04384298250079155,
0.5210775136947632,
0.7993388772010803,
-0.01813691109418869,
1.0852570533752441,
0.18509770929813385,
0.6212282776832581,
0.5955401659011841,
-1.010249376296997,
0.1778467297554016,
-0.2526925206184387,
-0.060508888214826584,
-0.6520290970802307,
0.5725579261779785,
-0.3839188516139984,
-0.13286805152893066,
0.19263345003128052,
0.25994062423706055,
-1.014826774597168,
0.8971007466316223,
-0.3821508586406708,
0.2559320032596588,
-0.03409002348780632,
0.1809832900762558,
0.7270419597625732,
0.17779479920864105,
0.31187722086906433,
0.16936294734477997,
-0.5747605562210083,
-0.7881494760513306,
-0.46576428413391113,
-0.7315159440040588,
-0.04681381955742836,
0.03991485387086868,
0.8409021496772766,
-0.04138261079788208,
1.2690271139144897,
-0.48320990800857544,
0.9474523663520813,
-0.4347722828388214,
0.03119855932891369,
0.7137858867645264,
-0.9531650543212891,
0.2012629359960556,
0.15470239520072937,
-0.2759355306625366,
-0.41568171977996826,
0.2906154692173004,
0.5813639163970947,
-0.37109798192977905,
-0.2089051604270935,
0.5160402655601501,
-0.04400673881173134,
0.050990838557481766,
0.3766322433948517,
-0.3036446273326874,
-0.3787219822406769,
0.19496870040893555,
0.447796493768692,
0.5381821393966675,
-0.28182491660118103,
-0.1613875776529312,
-0.1336798220872879,
0.633884072303772,
-1.0573837757110596,
0.5280395150184631,
1.291216492652893,
-0.12541435658931732,
0.9200412631034851,
1.0333664417266846,
0.620705783367157,
-0.17068102955818176,
-0.5499005913734436,
-0.21173672378063202,
0.2582797408103943,
0.20152172446250916,
0.3667372763156891,
-0.9844205379486084,
-0.7036579251289368,
0.2196025252342224,
0.1279686987400055,
0.15454469621181488,
0.11986599117517471,
-1.004111409187317,
0.081510990858078,
-0.005524430423974991,
0.02611839771270752,
0.7631751298904419,
-0.287092924118042,
-0.3732176125049591,
0.16591596603393555,
-0.2867242395877838,
-0.5015373229980469,
-0.4157504141330719,
0.023647090420126915,
-1.140481948852539,
-0.6208836436271667,
-0.022122740745544434,
-0.5468959212303162,
0.021592820063233376,
0.4340156614780426,
0.32874032855033875,
-0.2082217037677765,
0.14397697150707245,
-1.21493661403656,
-0.8895953893661499,
-0.7672118544578552,
-0.6040371656417847,
0.28436005115509033,
0.3557939827442169,
-0.5983304977416992,
0.3309890031814575,
0.29232627153396606,
-0.1190631240606308,
1.1035479307174683,
0.32135748863220215,
-0.24052974581718445,
0.3621688485145569,
0.9694250822067261,
0.5413651466369629,
0.09527202695608139,
0.00250176340341568,
-0.565272331237793,
-0.2572931945323944,
-0.028737150132656097,
0.26960980892181396,
-0.8309167623519897,
-0.8890200257301331,
-0.3248540759086609,
-0.08107165992259979,
-0.9319282174110413,
0.7275536060333252,
-0.6073643565177917,
-0.11550872772932053,
0.18247821927070618,
-0.2659881114959717,
-0.1867295354604721,
-0.8095784187316895,
-0.35657334327697754,
-0.09643479436635971,
0.10086500644683838,
-0.9282037019729614,
-1.0834105014801025,
-0.5303983092308044,
0.4832063913345337,
-0.7894410490989685,
0.0943877249956131,
-0.008616514503955841,
0.19397202134132385,
-0.01055249385535717,
0.48660552501678467,
-0.5982729196548462,
0.2657400071620941,
-0.42782479524612427,
0.6714117527008057,
0.26053890585899353,
0.3128720819950104,
0.569017231464386,
0.12722522020339966,
-0.5207604765892029,
0.5650773048400879,
0.3537227511405945,
-0.7889553308486938,
-0.433091402053833,
0.21561063826084137,
0.5145800113677979,
0.106609046459198,
-1.0050108432769775,
0.16026949882507324,
0.13815699517726898,
-0.030141834169626236,
-0.8740342855453491,
-0.3762248158454895,
-0.01751882955431938,
0.28845885396003723,
0.14028333127498627,
0.5653523802757263,
0.1579546183347702,
-1.3307052850723267,
0.36842623353004456,
-0.3873879313468933,
-1.143008828163147,
-0.2819617688655853,
0.27302682399749756,
0.6575194001197815,
-0.6222471594810486,
-0.6878229379653931,
0.008917395025491714,
-0.46446672081947327,
-0.4273303747177124,
-1.1425092220306396,
-0.1548764854669571,
-0.4344361126422882,
-0.30871108174324036,
0.02861033007502556,
0.164206862449646,
-0.934524416923523,
-0.45273706316947937,
-0.0996176078915596,
-0.18492162227630615,
0.25395920872688293,
0.4796968400478363,
-0.7518156170845032,
-0.12059292197227478,
0.166672945022583,
0.3443734347820282,
-0.11116819083690643,
0.10387954115867615,
0.21467585861682892,
0.5181865692138672,
0.707148551940918,
0.16867595911026,
-0.016078243032097816,
0.4110599756240845,
0.2314349263906479,
-0.07060252130031586,
-0.16493085026741028,
0.06513364613056183,
1.655550241470337,
-0.02682673931121826,
0.7723830342292786,
-1.161730170249939,
0.09891504794359207,
0.07749418169260025,
-0.30890974402427673,
0.4357817769050598,
0.40805715322494507,
0.5161416530609131,
0.024424538016319275,
-0.7146919965744019,
0.0036687394604086876,
-0.9070903062820435,
-0.16049842536449432,
0.32989364862442017,
0.26630109548568726,
0.1370500922203064,
0.007527527399361134,
-0.15961672365665436,
-0.020347565412521362,
-0.059452444314956665,
0.6778029799461365,
-0.09231682121753693,
0.2531108856201172,
-0.437558114528656,
0.8287641406059265,
-0.0891234427690506,
0.3783211410045624,
0.546123743057251,
-0.483264297246933,
0.2100031077861786,
0.25681090354919434,
-0.191485196352005,
-0.6176362037658691,
0.7611531019210815,
0.5446979999542236,
0.1348906010389328,
-0.977754533290863,
-0.5523240566253662,
-0.06684799492359161,
-0.1100892573595047,
0.6848869919776917,
-0.04012265056371689,
0.003527499735355377,
0.0036317408084869385,
0.6435686945915222,
0.9995108246803284,
-0.3633613586425781,
-0.4775225520133972,
-0.5261350274085999,
0.42884764075279236,
0.009243682026863098,
-1.152538537979126,
-0.3823734521865845,
-0.945723295211792,
-1.061762809753418,
0.2636457085609436,
0.35290706157684326,
-0.3387443721294403,
-0.05072874575853348,
0.019203368574380875,
0.44897979497909546,
-0.7226917743682861,
0.012081283144652843,
-0.9828091263771057,
0.07190579175949097,
-0.3401837646961212,
-0.5913430452346802,
0.31332382559776306,
0.43182241916656494,
0.8036119937896729,
-0.1791663020849228,
-0.0838036835193634,
0.09629051387310028,
-0.0779120996594429,
-0.09635811299085617,
0.04878176003694534,
0.5788301229476929,
-0.13431072235107422,
-0.3186917304992676,
-0.17211811244487762,
0.43288251757621765,
-0.010801664553582668,
-0.31947213411331177,
0.5579916834831238,
-0.3693467080593109,
0.22568269073963165,
-0.15458926558494568,
-0.19005681574344635,
0.011945303529500961,
-0.17497016489505768,
-0.3595677316188812,
0.7448990941047668,
-1.107153058052063,
-0.619545578956604,
0.09400743246078491,
0.03821270912885666,
-0.34613633155822754,
0.6212901473045349,
-1.1435827016830444,
-0.09272510558366776,
-0.17361587285995483,
0.06849347800016403,
-0.26424673199653625,
0.07389938831329346,
-0.3831384778022766,
0.036068085581064224,
0.5676567554473877,
0.5220963358879089,
-0.24964821338653564,
0.10652432590723038,
0.9259915351867676,
-0.03685827553272247,
-0.6154277920722961,
-0.8991600275039673,
-0.5594270825386047,
0.9355614185333252,
0.4650314152240753,
-0.25796669721603394,
1.2148692607879639,
0.005663663148880005,
0.01260740589350462,
-0.04289998114109039,
-0.9326616525650024,
-0.5578234195709229,
-0.06121111661195755,
-1.0552560091018677,
0.11162321269512177,
-0.6462181806564331,
0.01334862969815731,
0.3718971908092499,
-0.4080159366130829,
0.007138039916753769,
-0.31839436292648315,
0.1540837287902832,
0.4181879162788391,
0.6419505476951599,
-0.188005268573761,
0.01579459011554718,
0.8116936087608337,
-0.9528554677963257,
1.3452845811843872,
0.10155344009399414,
-0.026970742270350456,
0.019355321303009987,
-0.261890709400177,
-0.1037425771355629,
0.27167460322380066,
-0.1214643344283104,
-0.7631151676177979,
-0.06946402788162231,
0.46567603945732117,
-1.4824261665344238,
-0.6000111103057861,
-0.2121848315000534,
-0.06869181990623474,
0.9995985627174377,
-0.11743384599685669,
-0.0007732417434453964,
-0.16519510746002197,
-0.5670219659805298,
0.008405281230807304,
0.25115203857421875,
-0.399097204208374,
-0.4313359260559082,
0.16739557683467865,
0.8173457384109497,
0.06160828098654747,
0.0026662852615118027,
0.9166911840438843,
-0.15804530680179596,
0.18121488392353058,
-0.2964065670967102,
0.3902498185634613,
-0.027896631509065628,
0.34112846851348877,
1.0741559267044067,
0.13709141314029694,
0.15181489288806915,
0.09329728782176971,
1.1518973112106323,
-0.4176904261112213,
0.572714626789093,
-0.34819549322128296,
-0.22586354613304138,
0.28215405344963074,
-0.0037040580064058304,
0.7312660813331604,
-0.34897297620773315,
-0.07487650215625763,
-0.44293561577796936,
0.7304727435112,
-0.34935081005096436,
-0.3672955632209778,
-0.6586446166038513,
-0.40028297901153564,
-0.12716011703014374,
0.04107896238565445,
0.006059510633349419,
0.17337238788604736,
0.40925222635269165,
-0.05574226379394531,
0.6246353983879089,
0.08827195316553116,
0.0555112287402153,
-0.2657463252544403,
0.04808242619037628,
0.5214267373085022,
-1.4345476627349854,
0.16331864893436432,
-0.024235622957348824,
-0.04427838325500488,
0.15145061910152435,
-0.2136448323726654,
-0.07801321893930435,
-0.6630052924156189,
-0.8375897407531738,
0.7738088369369507,
-0.8786971569061279,
0.45550668239593506,
-0.964128851890564,
-0.30092698335647583,
-0.48809629678726196,
0.37765592336654663,
0.30958282947540283,
0.37166866660118103,
0.2937812805175781,
-0.0005334801971912384,
-0.41616469621658325,
0.9267579317092896,
-0.6358429193496704,
0.1464570164680481,
-0.7642348408699036,
-0.31639766693115234,
-0.30358585715293884,
0.5551518797874451,
0.30633023381233215,
0.5011816620826721,
-0.22942645847797394,
-0.6144818067550659,
-0.24472489953041077,
1.1129815578460693,
0.0054480042308568954,
-0.34650033712387085,
0.7508442401885986,
-0.020071791484951973,
-0.6610339879989624,
0.034716665744781494,
0.15197862684726715,
-0.3988068401813507,
-0.04751144349575043,
0.09061114490032196,
-0.37054866552352905,
-0.8228512406349182,
0.46465733647346497,
0.14378495514392853,
0.1696622669696808,
-0.22755981981754303,
0.02580771967768669,
-0.576059103012085
] |
|
nr73f | Why is it so hard to imagine the "Nothingness"? | For example, when talking about what's outside the universe (not just the observable one, but far outside "reality" itself), we often say that there is nothing out there.
It is easy to say and accept that while we can't know what is out there, the generally accepted theory is that it is probably nothing, but when you try to think about what "nothing" really is, it all looks so very weird. Even in the extremely empty space between Galaxies where we generalize and say that there is nothing, there are always at least a few atoms floating around. But not outside the universe. As a layman I assume that nothing can be outside the "big bang bubble". How could there be anything, after all? But that "outside" exists because it was there *before* the big bang happened.
Why is it so hard to imagine a place that exists... where nothing exists? | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"c3bae3n",
"c3bapqk",
"c3bevzf",
"c3bbate"
],
"text": [
"> the generally accepted theory is that it is probably nothing\n\nThat's not true. Where did you read that?",
"> Why is it so hard to imagine a place that exists... where nothing exists?\n\nBecause it's an oxymoron. There is no place that exists where nothing exists. It's hard for our brains to let go of the notion that something *has* to exist. Our brains evolved to deal with the world around us here on this planet. This has lead to some aspects of our everyday reality becoming quite \"hard wired\" into us. So, instead of imagining \"a place that exists where nothing exists\", try and stop imagining anything concrete about that. For the reasons mentioned, this is not easy, but imagining, in a coherent manner, the oxymoron you stated, is impossible.",
"One theory is that what we observe as dark matter, accounts for ~ 75% of the force exerted on our universe.\n \nBecause we cannot observe its cause, it may be related to adjacent verses around ours. This is a potential multiverse theory, but we have no good reason to believe it to be so. It's almost as absurd as god theory right now. Apparently, black holes are also theorized as gateways to other verses, but this theory is also unsubstantiated from the layman perspective.\n\n([This guy](_URL_0_) wrote about nothingness. Perhaps it's important to see how others have tried to define nothingness in a philosophical sense.\n\n\nI agree with you though:\n\nThinking about our universe as being suspended in by nothing is absurd. How can the mass of something be contained in or expand toward nothing? There has to be something that allows it to do so.\n\nIt is in that sense that I believe we're in such a game, and so far from understanding it all.",
"Strictly speaking about \"imagining nothingness\", how would you know when you were successful in imagining it?"
],
"score": [
10,
5,
3,
3
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Being_and_Nothingness"
]
} | Why is it so hard to imagine the "Nothingness"?
For example, when talking about what's outside the universe (not just the observable one, but far outside "reality" itself), we often say that there is nothing out there. It is easy to say and accept that while we can't know what is out there, the generally accepted theory is that it is probably nothing, but when you try to think about what "nothing" really is, it all looks so very weird. Even in the extremely empty space between Galaxies where we generalize and say that there is nothing, there are always at least a few atoms floating around. But not outside the universe. As a layman I assume that nothing can be outside the "big bang bubble". How could there be anything, after all? But that "outside" exists because it was there *before* the big bang happened. Why is it so hard to imagine a place that exists... where nothing exists? | [
-0.7653483748435974,
-0.3781202435493469,
0.8867886662483215,
0.7841625809669495,
-1.142957091331482,
-0.4673490524291992,
-0.37733951210975647,
-0.5433184504508972,
0.5412082076072693,
0.2850610911846161,
0.5556520819664001,
0.34100866317749023,
-0.34121760725975037,
0.49471479654312134,
0.13575085997581482,
-0.24234025180339813,
1.698195457458496,
0.0024136900901794434,
-0.9578306078910828,
-0.5639839768409729,
-0.6097995042800903,
-0.03027038276195526,
0.19605733454227448,
0.5670858025550842,
-0.5721017122268677,
0.2028919756412506,
0.25224170088768005,
-0.4933965802192688,
0.5369861721992493,
0.4274360239505768,
0.7886031270027161,
0.18474829196929932,
-0.8268425464630127,
-0.6963284015655518,
0.41931086778640747,
-0.12167323380708694,
0.2886773645877838,
0.24156659841537476,
0.907234787940979,
-0.9757500290870667,
0.036419764161109924,
0.2924574017524719,
-0.2730162739753723,
-0.18223220109939575,
-0.06308995187282562,
-0.4940856099128723,
0.3486858904361725,
0.6044341921806335,
-1.4465373754501343,
-0.5611616373062134,
-0.2321311980485916,
0.49128973484039307,
0.7626349329948425,
0.27217987179756165,
0.2322731614112854,
-0.45460548996925354,
-0.061362624168395996,
0.4026924967765808,
0.6423813700675964,
0.16453778743743896,
0.6450522541999817,
0.015276635996997356,
-0.509722113609314,
-1.0841864347457886,
-0.09858434647321701,
0.0038263285532593727,
-0.31105899810791016,
0.7518190741539001,
0.6041826009750366,
-0.3447032570838928,
0.8495115637779236,
-0.0015470832586288452,
-0.27980947494506836,
0.15706154704093933,
0.5122618675231934,
-0.4867329001426697,
0.623906135559082,
0.2267436534166336,
-0.22965775430202484,
-0.11795677244663239,
0.1630154550075531,
-0.7153131365776062,
-0.18067537248134613,
-0.9429751634597778,
-0.2685420513153076,
-0.26259055733680725,
0.6692498922348022,
0.06529895216226578,
-0.6345283389091492,
0.9904765486717224,
-0.2973306477069855,
0.4720228612422943,
0.5965150594711304,
-0.10738186538219452,
0.040857020765542984,
-0.4992556869983673,
0.760473370552063,
-0.6952518224716187,
0.5746556520462036,
0.8477734923362732,
-0.5508508086204529,
0.2881225645542145,
0.2605588436126709,
0.523914635181427,
0.07287034392356873,
0.11251594871282578,
0.5026000142097473,
-0.9013341665267944,
0.1169758141040802,
0.7748783230781555,
-1.375882863998413,
0.2798434793949127,
-0.20348115265369415,
-0.981092631816864,
-0.43924230337142944,
-1.940592885017395,
0.25100213289260864,
-0.008123747073113918,
1.6896544694900513,
0.8785629272460938,
0.36768317222595215,
-0.27311480045318604,
0.3175891041755676,
0.5363616943359375,
0.01839766651391983,
0.12289579212665558,
0.1894306242465973,
0.880858302116394,
-0.13781902194023132,
0.24849098920822144,
-0.03058311901986599,
1.3953479528427124,
-0.44755539298057556,
-0.2599334716796875,
0.32366544008255005,
0.2485726773738861,
-0.38121986389160156,
0.1400211900472641,
-0.42548948526382446,
-0.7366435527801514,
-0.5873058438301086,
0.5213479995727539,
0.13780294358730316,
0.07014668732881546,
0.28233811259269714,
-0.9282628893852234,
-0.6147350668907166,
-0.4658852517604828,
0.4591282606124878,
-0.8893841505050659,
-1.2527801990509033,
-0.4319903552532196,
0.18041828274726868,
-0.40794283151626587,
-0.06895725429058075,
-0.8531328439712524,
0.9933449625968933,
-0.1356802135705948,
-0.43735167384147644,
0.28567832708358765,
-0.6068730354309082,
-0.3765332102775574,
-0.017680790275335312,
-0.49342766404151917,
0.09276187419891357,
-0.24991948902606964,
-0.4247593581676483,
-0.3580673933029175,
-0.8907457590103149,
0.24692104756832123,
-0.15485474467277527,
-0.7761858701705933,
0.9262857437133789,
0.26042184233665466,
0.6572413444519043,
-0.13152413070201874,
-0.5087311863899231,
0.3952088952064514,
-0.40877559781074524,
0.0019789505749940872,
-0.383294939994812,
-0.9658147692680359,
-0.34187552332878113,
0.09020702540874481,
-0.6083781123161316,
0.2625778019428253,
0.38866204023361206,
0.10219430178403854,
0.7850608825683594,
0.02745096944272518,
0.20046494901180267,
-0.44412854313850403,
-0.3437210023403168,
-0.10026959329843521,
0.15280203521251678,
0.105130136013031,
0.4510417878627777,
1.1613644361495972,
0.7214595079421997,
0.17294494807720184,
0.694741427898407,
-1.2863645553588867,
-0.4903925657272339,
1.0745779275894165,
0.022903144359588623,
0.18209585547447205,
0.4684295356273651,
0.015078170225024223,
0.07975247502326965,
-0.0846812054514885,
0.6545876264572144,
0.2874037027359009,
-0.4127003252506256,
-0.5231434106826782,
0.015732599422335625,
0.4370118975639343,
0.12763652205467224,
-0.15565988421440125,
0.1436513364315033,
0.2627832889556885,
0.9964796900749207,
-0.6947256922721863,
-0.07376305013895035,
-0.32248982787132263,
0.4135120213031769,
-0.20077458024024963,
-0.18983964622020721,
0.07858089357614517,
0.1016359031200409,
0.08893375098705292,
0.015074148774147034,
-0.39681747555732727,
-0.42226117849349976,
-0.2372332513332367,
0.023276200518012047,
-0.7503967881202698,
-0.6373357772827148,
-0.6016503572463989,
0.37808340787887573,
-0.45694705843925476,
-0.4487951695919037,
-0.0586419515311718,
0.16147290170192719,
0.5476229190826416,
0.22605657577514648,
0.8467592597007751,
-1.1391819715499878,
-0.7725483179092407,
-0.040832653641700745,
1.0674891471862793,
-1.0458331108093262,
-0.4583989977836609,
-0.48174458742141724,
-0.7273887395858765,
0.8619722127914429,
-0.7828891277313232,
0.28985467553138733,
-0.1503218412399292,
-0.056573230773210526,
0.2536982297897339,
-0.04193282127380371,
-0.6553148627281189,
0.4942408800125122,
-0.2979514002799988,
-1.3444907665252686,
-0.03486395999789238,
0.16125643253326416,
0.2593457102775574,
0.4248219132423401,
1.0203310251235962,
-0.10790315270423889,
-0.49056392908096313,
-0.021274840459227562,
0.3335598111152649,
0.11194228380918503,
0.1641552746295929,
0.07222893834114075,
-0.09938648343086243,
0.8927428126335144,
0.16226992011070251,
0.7260490655899048,
0.3212197721004486,
-0.2642761170864105,
-1.1505208015441895,
0.13392290472984314,
0.2945075035095215,
1.2703325748443604,
-0.2881309688091278,
-0.5528397560119629,
-0.23459571599960327,
0.2777586579322815,
0.7310001254081726,
-0.05751348286867142,
1.3163366317749023,
-0.017612621188163757,
-0.030610132962465286,
0.43622490763664246,
-0.49273183941841125,
-0.30573755502700806,
-0.5922530889511108,
-0.22985880076885223,
-0.299446702003479,
0.159246563911438,
-0.07360177487134933,
-0.06642450392246246,
0.06239905208349228,
0.38281920552253723,
-0.7760916352272034,
0.46861013770103455,
0.15789374709129333,
0.1210857704281807,
0.09500613063573837,
-0.8556556701660156,
0.9374871253967285,
0.46396270394325256,
0.18931812047958374,
0.2751823365688324,
-0.4590865969657898,
-0.9736889004707336,
-0.3868013322353363,
-0.33287203311920166,
0.28152841329574585,
1.0588170289993286,
-0.15764659643173218,
-1.3145709037780762,
0.27892571687698364,
-0.34059959650039673,
0.3953932523727417,
-0.8386611342430115,
-0.0002920534461736679,
1.0123295783996582,
-0.5459256768226624,
0.10584678500890732,
0.6824157238006592,
-0.3546547293663025,
-0.2693217694759369,
-0.3054488003253937,
0.6048596501350403,
-0.6608724594116211,
-0.5607055425643921,
0.7143762111663818,
0.15724387764930725,
-0.46335089206695557,
-0.17933419346809387,
-0.533909022808075,
-0.16333681344985962,
-1.7363795042037964,
0.29682907462120056,
0.18123705685138702,
-0.5212550759315491,
-0.01772908866405487,
0.2926812767982483,
0.2860310673713684,
-0.9644024968147278,
0.31638026237487793,
1.7424352169036865,
0.04471902549266815,
-0.11963896453380585,
0.7265921235084534,
-0.3758617639541626,
0.17360511422157288,
-0.0033154450356960297,
0.038662053644657135,
-0.22260838747024536,
0.6929730772972107,
-0.11242195218801498,
-1.2431275844573975,
-0.4381186366081238,
0.09872177243232727,
-0.13391096889972687,
0.5169938802719116,
0.38451969623565674,
-0.09338592737913132,
-0.10440010577440262,
0.14260856807231903,
0.3168472647666931,
1.2099682092666626,
-0.09195376187562943,
-0.03920130059123039,
-0.08820098638534546,
0.11418932676315308,
0.4791831076145172,
0.08910618722438812,
0.12727104127407074,
-0.511843740940094,
-1.3128838539123535,
-0.44622451066970825,
-0.8840795755386353,
-0.30811047554016113,
0.47818586230278015,
0.4263463020324707,
0.44014492630958557,
-0.19043169915676117,
-0.9636626243591309,
-0.5372376441955566,
-0.23956555128097534,
-0.620352566242218,
0.23880469799041748,
0.6192731857299805,
-0.152434840798378,
0.7476788759231567,
1.5845916271209717,
0.09599412232637405,
0.8050211668014526,
0.5491436123847961,
0.6169584393501282,
0.2435349076986313,
1.463521957397461,
1.4000381231307983,
-0.8389928340911865,
0.0427795834839344,
-0.6507600545883179,
-0.4601757526397705,
-0.013729944825172424,
-0.08807091414928436,
-0.7847534418106079,
-1.0305790901184082,
-0.8997217416763306,
-0.08082310110330582,
-0.4928162097930908,
0.3587092161178589,
0.04305194690823555,
0.24253962934017181,
0.2163258045911789,
0.7770839929580688,
-0.25866958498954773,
-0.6911854147911072,
-0.19548384845256805,
0.3005409240722656,
-0.21998654305934906,
-1.1799695491790771,
-0.2179272174835205,
-1.455124020576477,
0.8522565960884094,
-1.0986331701278687,
-0.40629494190216064,
0.8040590286254883,
0.1710546463727951,
0.13302797079086304,
0.4614761769771576,
-0.5209325551986694,
0.8894755244255066,
0.11797440052032471,
0.59200519323349,
0.13695579767227173,
0.33138561248779297,
0.6852109432220459,
0.2606615722179413,
0.003136381506919861,
0.14470119774341583,
0.37020084261894226,
-0.578690767288208,
-0.3658584654331207,
-0.3461023271083832,
0.4504818320274353,
0.29910412430763245,
-0.9148355722427368,
0.47299641370773315,
0.4007495641708374,
0.17924731969833374,
-0.11225593090057373,
-0.21968238055706024,
-0.41499748826026917,
0.29555046558380127,
0.1824856698513031,
0.25560274720191956,
0.08805504441261292,
-0.19951289892196655,
0.18306365609169006,
-0.05002405494451523,
-0.9115075469017029,
-0.49152690172195435,
1.0293407440185547,
0.7710751295089722,
-1.241361141204834,
-0.2569357752799988,
-0.36502712965011597,
-0.42872652411460876,
-0.009233349934220314,
-0.6465274095535278,
0.31732210516929626,
-0.39047008752822876,
-0.23899655044078827,
0.09436658024787903,
0.2277776300907135,
-0.6902402639389038,
-0.8457612991333008,
0.2651304006576538,
-0.4572954773902893,
-0.02984415367245674,
-0.022667333483695984,
0.30519378185272217,
0.29417017102241516,
0.06307383626699448,
1.031009316444397,
-0.00030815228819847107,
0.3846087157726288,
0.484283983707428,
0.08824141323566437,
-0.0911613181233406,
-0.1614641547203064,
0.2202979028224945,
-0.030455198138952255,
-0.02321665920317173,
-0.1137428879737854,
-0.11185813695192337,
-0.18295325338840485,
0.5696583986282349,
0.5487881898880005,
0.6450965404510498,
0.020589740946888924,
-0.07642554491758347,
0.3185260593891144,
0.06325088441371918,
0.36614885926246643,
-0.2556819021701813,
0.19593872129917145,
0.6175272464752197,
-1.250938892364502,
1.1078612804412842,
-0.4880312979221344,
0.1625382900238037,
0.9516391158103943,
0.44877031445503235,
-0.2687835395336151,
-0.21967068314552307,
-0.8057736158370972,
-0.5641351938247681,
-0.27681297063827515,
0.10545207560062408,
0.5551868677139282,
-0.1360657662153244,
-0.3403005003929138,
0.7237404584884644,
0.3907626271247864,
0.43234944343566895,
1.2101178169250488,
-0.10899084061384201,
0.19547444581985474,
0.03093162178993225,
0.4149792492389679,
-0.20101028680801392,
0.474814236164093,
0.25671982765197754,
-0.060061559081077576,
0.356044739484787,
0.23555321991443634,
0.3245759904384613,
-0.5075370073318481,
0.43392500281333923,
-0.31579655408859253,
-0.37370699644088745,
-0.11398601531982422,
0.3575916588306427,
1.2260072231292725,
-0.47682395577430725,
-0.5607739090919495,
-1.4027910232543945,
0.15850387513637543,
0.1588052362203598,
-0.767569363117218,
0.1351913958787918,
0.24225865304470062,
-0.3864922821521759,
0.296139657497406,
0.20225828886032104,
-0.8145501017570496,
-0.4118579626083374,
0.6064748167991638,
-0.2670864164829254,
-1.0546637773513794,
0.5486583113670349,
-0.79433274269104,
-0.2535172998905182,
-0.7713025808334351,
0.18299198150634766,
-0.30274900794029236,
0.0046097468584775925,
1.176185131072998,
-0.3569464385509491,
0.10932955890893936,
-0.3111163079738617,
-0.4110959470272064,
0.1949426382780075,
-0.5517451167106628,
0.626244068145752,
-0.16694077849388123,
0.014904476702213287,
-0.46730464696884155,
-0.2125854790210724,
-0.24226726591587067,
-0.5921933650970459,
0.1391391158103943,
-0.1151338666677475,
0.6531869769096375,
-0.2808338403701782,
-0.0711536779999733,
0.7487876415252686,
-0.2253633737564087,
-0.852312445640564,
0.8689202070236206,
-0.9198350310325623,
-0.6804273128509521,
-1.3638821840286255,
0.13313619792461395,
0.07660186290740967,
0.6191375255584717,
-1.0806032419204712,
0.03505348786711693,
-0.4660370945930481,
0.4941650629043579,
-1.0048496723175049,
0.8426953554153442,
-0.7694096565246582,
-0.659308910369873,
0.16727620363235474,
0.08948561549186707,
-0.6417006254196167,
0.19417186081409454,
0.09506697207689285,
0.37365293502807617,
-0.5004161596298218,
-0.43663328886032104,
-0.5725313425064087,
0.7869855165481567,
0.1297837495803833,
0.015924500301480293,
1.1940011978149414,
0.07688619196414948,
-0.3730778992176056,
-0.7432523965835571,
-0.4692476689815521,
-0.3996642827987671,
0.3686451017856598,
-0.7711654305458069,
0.4074621796607971,
-0.9014388918876648,
0.05868738517165184,
-0.13582192361354828,
-1.3558679819107056,
-0.24864764511585236,
-0.21969152987003326,
0.010770573280751705,
1.0045080184936523,
0.9713289737701416,
-0.7133930921554565,
-0.19677096605300903,
0.4505731165409088,
-0.3426787257194519,
1.4019477367401123,
-0.2587871253490448,
0.3568516671657562,
-0.09022568166255951,
-0.15393765270709991,
0.38705840706825256,
0.7291601896286011,
-0.5760876536369324,
-0.44894731044769287,
0.008446145802736282,
0.24835236370563507,
-1.0084428787231445,
-0.059973377734422684,
-0.9859815835952759,
-0.575238049030304,
0.8523213863372803,
-0.3038344979286194,
0.12543705105781555,
0.5707497596740723,
-0.45174387097358704,
0.42081594467163086,
0.17080023884773254,
0.09585616737604141,
-0.44043824076652527,
0.487090528011322,
0.7229109406471252,
0.5689661502838135,
0.4795030951499939,
0.0569176971912384,
-0.17549701035022736,
-0.36567792296409607,
-0.41140568256378174,
0.4120332896709442,
-0.3864777982234955,
0.9471396207809448,
0.18633565306663513,
0.06189640611410141,
-0.5698761940002441,
0.735935389995575,
0.3459704518318176,
-0.4234882593154907,
0.31903916597366333,
-0.42453572154045105,
-0.06267064064741135,
-0.3418051600456238,
-0.23407922685146332,
-0.0765930712223053,
-0.49210745096206665,
-0.1760076880455017,
-1.8813788890838623,
0.36543959379196167,
-0.4465341567993164,
-0.36226651072502136,
-0.34764447808265686,
-0.22949595749378204,
-0.28554779291152954,
-0.0019332454539835453,
0.18308956921100616,
0.008244234137237072,
-0.8408064842224121,
0.356833279132843,
0.8767459392547607,
-0.05003952234983444,
-0.7051954865455627,
0.004790332168340683,
0.22661375999450684,
0.8668216466903687,
-1.565828561782837,
0.47588521242141724,
-0.4742647111415863,
0.3092767596244812,
-0.5488551259040833,
-0.2749422788619995,
-0.16066806018352509,
-0.8872399926185608,
-0.4453374445438385,
0.47179707884788513,
-0.011811487376689911,
0.11871577054262161,
-0.6308400630950928,
0.03329923376441002,
-0.9331726431846619,
-0.13732674717903137,
0.23895515501499176,
-0.05218280106782913,
0.42581906914711,
0.35349032282829285,
-0.4000775218009949,
0.6315942406654358,
-0.06364234536886215,
-0.10580000281333923,
-0.691565752029419,
-0.2865920662879944,
-0.5429821014404297,
-0.8138203620910645,
1.0920816659927368,
-0.0471779927611351,
-0.10416420549154282,
0.049997515976428986,
-0.09029248356819153,
1.223211646080017,
-0.29243022203445435,
0.07310138642787933,
0.6840052008628845,
-0.4375324249267578,
-0.4643862843513489,
-0.5748600959777832,
0.03895979002118111,
-0.6807419657707214,
-0.14761124551296234,
0.4465060234069824,
0.15093648433685303,
-0.4176064431667328,
0.4412045478820801,
0.08172313868999481,
0.2957562208175659,
-0.016272224485874176,
-0.13535349071025848,
-0.5466012358665466
] |
|
cjgdjn | Can you tell the date and your location from the stars? | Hi, I'm writing a story where the characters wake up and they don't know where they are and don't know how much time has passed. Since many of them are experienced sailors, one decides to use the stars to figure out where they are, and it turns out that it's the Atlantic ocean and 150 years in the future. Is that the kind of thing that's possible, and if it is, how accurate/precise would it be? | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"evdfknx",
"evdlc3n",
"evdxosb",
"evdynf9"
],
"text": [
"I started to answer \"Yes\", but after reading the full text of your post, I'll change it to \"Yes, if they're really on their game and have something like an astrolabe around (or of course, a telescope)\". \n\nYou can always use the stars to determine your latitude (how far north or south you are). In the Northern Hemisphere, you just look at the height of the north star above the horizon and that's your latitude north. On the horizon? You're on the equator. Straight up? You're on the north pole. The same principle applies to the Southern Hemisphere, though it's a bit more complicated because there's no star *on* the pole itself. \n\nIf you have a clock set to a particular place (like, say, Greenwich England) AND know the day of the year (which could be deduced through observations of the day's length to identify how long until the next solstice or equinox - you hit one every 3 months) then you can calculate longitude. For this reason, a clock that would keep accurate time at sea was groundbreaking technology, allowing accurate navigation and mapping around the world. [In 1714, England's parliament offered a £20,000 prize](_URL_0_) for whoever could offer a solution accurate to a couple of minutes, the equivalent of almost £3 million today. To get \"Atlantic ocean\", a watch set to a particular time zone would do.\n\nThe only way to tell that 150 years had passed, though, would be by measuring the precession of Earth's axial tilt as it spins around every day. This has the effect of moving the north star, Polaris, away from the north pole - 2,000 years ago, Polaris was not the north star! There was no north star! The problem is that this precession cycle takes 26,000 years to complete. So 26,000 years ago, Polaris was the north star as well, and in 26,000 more years, it will be again. This works out to a change of about 50 seconds of arc per year (3600 arcseconds in a degree). In 150 years, the Earth's precession will definitely be measureable with the right tools, being about 2 degrees. It would be hard to notice without intentionally trying to measure it, though. Hipparchus first measured this precession by comparing his measurements to those about 150 years earlier, so there's certainly precedent for this time frame being measurable with ancient tools. So they'd have to know this precession rate and which direction it was moving to tell how far into the future and whether they were in the future or the past.\n\nThe stars themselves drift slowly around in the galaxy over time, so they could reasonably tell the difference between 150 years in the future and 26,150 years in the future - the constellations would look the same instead of somewhat distorted.\n\n**TL;DR Atlantic, yes with a watch and time of year. 150 years in the future, yes with something like an astrolabe and an unusual knowledge of astronomy trivia.**",
"One possibility for estimating (or excluding) the date would be astronomical conjunctions. Since the Earth, the Moon, and most of the planets orbit more or less in the ecliptic plane there are times when they appear to be closer together when viewed from Earth. As the other answer points out, perceiving this would require your characters to have a really exceptional knowledge of astronomical trivia. Conjunctions are really just coincidences and are usually unremarkable scientifically, but people who practice astrology or use horoscopes (believe that the orientation of the planets influence their life here on Earth) would be acutely aware of this phenomena. \n\nFor example, Mercury and Venus are in conjunction frequently (a few times a year) because they're both so close to the sun and have such short orbital periods. However, the outer planets tend to have much rarer conjunctions. Jupiter and Saturn are both visible with the naked eye and are only in conjunction once every 20 years or so due to their long orbital periods. If nothing else, someone attuned to the positions of the planets would realize something was wrong if one or both of these planets were suddenly in the wrong place in the night sky. \n\nNeptune and Uranus conjunct around once every 171 years, but are not visible to the naked eye, so your sailor would need to be an astronomer and know where and how to look for the planets. \n\nThere are other rare astronomical occurrences as well, but your characters just happening to observe something like a comet or a planetary occultation (and to know and care what that means) would be pretty heavy *deus ex machina*. \n\n_URL_5_\n\n_URL_5_\n\n_URL_5_\n\n_URL_5_\n\nYou can see this effect at the following website:\n\n_URL_5_\n\nFor example, pick Mars and select \"Track this Object\" so the camera always points at Mars. (You may want to turn off background effects like atmosphere, constellations, and star names to see the planets more clearly. Then press play and turn up the speed to 60 days per second, and you'll see the planets wander closer and farther apart.",
"If the characters wake up with an astronautical book or data base, then the positions of the moon and planets would be the best bet for telling the date and location. The stars would give them only the latitude, not the longitude. Although the astro almanac is recalculated for each year, it should be accurate enough to project the equations a few hundred years into the future. If you need a few thousand years, then you need a long-term epidermis, like JPL DE431 (covers years 13201 BC to AD 17191). Of course, you need a computer to run it on.\n\n[_URL_10_](_URL_10_)\n\n[_URL_8_](_URL_6_)\n\n[_URL_9_](_URL_7_)",
"If the characters are limited to what knowledge they have in their heads, and one of them happens to be an astronomy nut, then *maybe* the year date could be figured from the planets. Saturn goes around the sun every 29.46 years, Jupiter every 11.86 years. Toss in Mars, and even I might be able to pin down the year for the next 700 years or so. On the other hand, if one of those outer planets is hidden behind the sun, I would have to wait a few months for it to appear.\n\nI don't see any obvious way to determine the longitude, unless they have a clock that's been keeping good time for 150+ years, or if they have a computerized ephemeris of the moon. [_URL_11_](_URL_12_)"
],
"score": [
32,
3,
3,
2
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"https://longitudeprize.org/about-us/history",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conjunction_(astronomy)",
"https://staratlas.com/",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_future_astronomical_events",
"https://in-the-sky.org/article.php?term=conjunction",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrological_aspect#Conjunction",
"https://www.amazon.com/Astronomical-Almanac-Year-Nautical-Office/dp/0707741920/ref=pd_lpo_sbs_14_img_1?_encoding=UTF8&psc=1&refRID=XRMFS7E3NGSC2CT46FQC",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory_Development_Ephemeris",
"https://www.amazon.com/Astronomical-Almanac-Year-Nautical-Office/dp/0707741920/ref=pd\\_lpo\\_sbs\\_14\\_img\\_1?\\_encoding=UTF8&psc=1&refRID=XRMFS7E3NGSC2CT46FQC",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jet\\_Propulsion\\_Laboratory\\_Development\\_Ephemeris",
"https://www.amazon.com/Explanatory-Supplement-Astronomical-Almanac-Urban/dp/1891389858",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar\\_distance\\_(navigation)",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_distance_(navigation)"
]
} | Can you tell the date and your location from the stars?
Hi, I'm writing a story where the characters wake up and they don't know where they are and don't know how much time has passed. Since many of them are experienced sailors, one decides to use the stars to figure out where they are, and it turns out that it's the Atlantic ocean and 150 years in the future. Is that the kind of thing that's possible, and if it is, how accurate/precise would it be? | [
-0.015195334330201149,
-0.6635063290596008,
0.6357313394546509,
-0.7439224720001221,
-0.04160114377737045,
-0.10831092298030853,
-0.08424007892608643,
-0.9292659163475037,
0.8220977187156677,
0.0849188044667244,
0.6969791054725647,
0.13651515543460846,
0.6106463074684143,
0.8954553604125977,
0.30366161465644836,
0.14366230368614197,
0.6109759211540222,
0.4109664261341095,
-0.632208526134491,
-0.5109269022941589,
-0.917043924331665,
0.356759250164032,
-0.17227870225906372,
0.5526670217514038,
-0.32350605726242065,
0.051764115691185,
-0.2783251106739044,
-0.6161081194877625,
0.4090486764907837,
0.6329634785652161,
-0.08166559040546417,
0.5161809921264648,
-1.0273679494857788,
-0.014664816670119762,
0.24655528366565704,
-0.05099286139011383,
0.7700365781784058,
-0.03672130033373833,
0.7203248739242554,
-1.2565721273422241,
0.1174420714378357,
-0.780536949634552,
0.8868723511695862,
0.7994818687438965,
0.08075347542762756,
-0.002593501005321741,
0.34804433584213257,
-0.0745660588145256,
-0.5404618978500366,
-0.20288251340389252,
0.19589336216449738,
0.25174233317375183,
-0.29982230067253113,
0.4458352029323578,
-0.032645996659994125,
-0.11164920032024384,
0.47597289085388184,
-0.2630707025527954,
0.8697317242622375,
-0.13911357522010803,
0.8771677017211914,
0.16171230375766754,
-1.2241971492767334,
-0.47195079922676086,
0.42760443687438965,
-0.11609441787004471,
-0.3290381133556366,
0.7354373335838318,
-1.186173439025879,
-0.11462130397558212,
-0.49955540895462036,
-0.05494675040245056,
-0.45700904726982117,
-1.4657272100448608,
-0.38664695620536804,
-0.3986740708351135,
0.4637744128704071,
-0.06585430353879929,
-0.3587264120578766,
-0.9781482219696045,
0.06480265408754349,
0.6230881214141846,
-0.2323516607284546,
0.3635290563106537,
0.11986054480075836,
0.4134986400604248,
0.563418447971344,
-0.6520025134086609,
-0.4273996949195862,
1.5057692527770996,
-0.2386869192123413,
-0.4853435158729553,
0.1452712118625641,
0.4732294976711273,
0.07194211333990097,
-0.07311012595891953,
-0.012059940956532955,
0.15161383152008057,
0.48318037390708923,
0.5710066556930542,
-0.3729780614376068,
0.7404208779335022,
0.7587452530860901,
0.6737977266311646,
-0.03309458866715431,
-0.35966023802757263,
0.06196252629160881,
-0.2804940938949585,
0.3604585826396942,
-0.0314234122633934,
0.28101202845573425,
1.190567135810852,
0.29313793778419495,
0.020601416006684303,
-0.7993807196617126,
-1.2962192296981812,
0.21863743662834167,
-0.47173503041267395,
0.24062083661556244,
0.37495070695877075,
-0.16277331113815308,
-0.613944947719574,
0.8350865244865417,
0.9668660163879395,
0.6412310600280762,
-0.22444720566272736,
-0.37051156163215637,
0.23900824785232544,
-1.1471813917160034,
-0.6913439631462097,
0.0338517501950264,
0.09518734365701675,
-0.223419651389122,
-0.27313655614852905,
0.5305626392364502,
0.004683730658143759,
-1.1059232950210571,
0.037612464278936386,
-0.5626487731933594,
-0.04363173991441727,
-0.7589173316955566,
-0.09967274218797684,
1.0265227556228638,
-0.055368561297655106,
-0.5869542956352234,
-0.13649912178516388,
-0.24475215375423431,
-0.4512097239494324,
0.3106555938720703,
-0.2460101693868637,
-0.593099057674408,
-0.837790846824646,
0.3713666498661041,
-0.576788067817688,
0.048929378390312195,
-0.6037786602973938,
1.1358885765075684,
-0.49081307649612427,
-0.3312433660030365,
-0.25274282693862915,
-0.6418156027793884,
-0.47505414485931396,
0.10639207810163498,
1.1645171642303467,
0.5303595662117004,
-0.20722301304340363,
-0.003267170861363411,
-0.8984689712524414,
-0.3271971344947815,
0.8402138948440552,
-0.6351048350334167,
0.1677587628364563,
0.7483507394790649,
0.17551086843013763,
0.6559532284736633,
-0.11992765218019485,
-0.044026561081409454,
0.8367651104927063,
-0.1251835823059082,
0.1360902488231659,
-0.5109374523162842,
-0.12119755893945694,
0.11772401630878448,
0.17898711562156677,
-0.9230971336364746,
0.28313207626342773,
-0.02691754698753357,
-0.48556920886039734,
0.8003667593002319,
0.28663596510887146,
0.5526052713394165,
-0.4139256477355957,
-0.7775378227233887,
0.3145608603954315,
0.3246093690395355,
-0.18761256337165833,
-0.1982298046350479,
1.495676875114441,
-0.07021820545196533,
-0.5423950552940369,
0.24148190021514893,
-1.562014102935791,
0.4760552942752838,
0.5753694772720337,
0.19279137253761292,
-0.015241500921547413,
0.3263796865940094,
0.2065439522266388,
0.04026331380009651,
-0.5855919718742371,
-0.40618792176246643,
0.4053148329257965,
-0.3243085741996765,
-0.3719791769981384,
-0.32296299934387207,
-0.5431508421897888,
-0.2419426292181015,
0.4350261092185974,
0.329998254776001,
-0.019097885116934776,
0.7850922346115112,
0.045894376933574677,
0.4547227919101715,
0.6014885902404785,
0.7869930863380432,
-0.6100189089775085,
-0.335319459438324,
-0.27754563093185425,
0.12296570092439651,
-0.27029284834861755,
-0.14443250000476837,
0.2622956931591034,
-0.45607060194015503,
0.05575231462717056,
0.06356069445610046,
-0.7457247376441956,
-1.366701602935791,
-0.7130978107452393,
0.5425584316253662,
-0.9288085699081421,
-0.11041548103094101,
-0.08994273841381073,
0.2677460014820099,
0.5814687013626099,
0.968835711479187,
0.46336886286735535,
-0.8777453899383545,
-1.5655875205993652,
0.08403720706701279,
-0.8599262833595276,
-0.8595336675643921,
-0.6700740456581116,
-0.8833481669425964,
-1.1667356491088867,
0.3433109223842621,
-0.8752891421318054,
0.7740491628646851,
-0.7448545694351196,
0.5404736399650574,
0.3185199797153473,
-0.1923232227563858,
-1.1177659034729004,
0.7504012584686279,
-0.10169744491577148,
-0.636062741279602,
-0.20008046925067902,
-0.5599380731582642,
-0.19500671327114105,
0.6924094557762146,
0.5761129260063171,
-0.48127081990242004,
0.29506081342697144,
0.21763165295124054,
0.25850310921669006,
-0.10201848298311234,
-0.28648310899734497,
-0.20218908786773682,
-0.9685370922088623,
0.8513234853744507,
0.6047930717468262,
0.9019463062286377,
0.05605136603116989,
0.19169792532920837,
-1.2515350580215454,
0.5544608235359192,
-0.021793490275740623,
0.6855429410934448,
-0.44166848063468933,
-0.31604892015457153,
-0.8590986132621765,
0.028119025751948357,
0.12034706026315689,
-0.4944080710411072,
0.7705259323120117,
1.0364962816238403,
0.3785559833049774,
0.7809569835662842,
0.03041091188788414,
-0.9392377734184265,
0.09590452164411545,
-0.008319472894072533,
-0.4635855257511139,
0.48458611965179443,
0.36801743507385254,
0.004915014375001192,
-0.00596817210316658,
0.7284966707229614,
-0.812920093536377,
0.4478670656681061,
-0.5278738141059875,
0.633588969707489,
-0.07559538632631302,
-0.08036237955093384,
0.9308691024780273,
0.8305705785751343,
0.09297985583543777,
1.1576030254364014,
-0.7685242295265198,
-1.1201202869415283,
-0.42435523867607117,
-0.46106213331222534,
-0.0038052862510085106,
0.6633306741714478,
0.3842788636684418,
0.3500746190547943,
1.0739845037460327,
-0.2917170822620392,
0.4202289879322052,
-0.4098850190639496,
-0.21736925840377808,
0.5122973322868347,
-0.4111155569553375,
0.11033165454864502,
0.05038132146000862,
-0.3086293041706085,
-0.29693087935447693,
0.5115889310836792,
0.2444281280040741,
-0.0794300064444542,
1.0159846544265747,
0.6474363803863525,
0.3744061291217804,
0.37501174211502075,
0.16221307218074799,
-0.2059554010629654,
-0.13207374513149261,
-1.015824794769287,
-0.6033746004104614,
-0.4345439672470093,
-0.04387689009308815,
-0.25924748182296753,
-0.026965957134962082,
0.8248239755630493,
-0.6266946196556091,
-0.07212051749229431,
0.7762951850891113,
-0.3189752399921417,
0.022958260029554367,
1.116942048072815,
0.07474517822265625,
-0.08378372341394424,
0.08777013421058655,
0.2974510192871094,
-0.0860675796866417,
0.2725672423839569,
-0.002614067168906331,
-0.49986961483955383,
-0.29547029733657837,
0.08436455577611923,
-0.2614711821079254,
0.16538184881210327,
0.36994028091430664,
0.2124338001012802,
0.3426094651222229,
0.1456104815006256,
-0.5752424597740173,
0.82716965675354,
-0.0910244882106781,
-0.5863244533538818,
-0.04035031422972679,
-0.07794320583343506,
0.1822754144668579,
0.5519121885299683,
0.06128557398915291,
-0.4740940034389496,
-0.4710249602794647,
-0.7294328808784485,
-0.40362364053726196,
0.846740186214447,
0.054390307515859604,
-0.4822925329208374,
0.11156592518091202,
0.07127515226602554,
-0.637657880783081,
0.10900475829839706,
-0.5041676759719849,
-1.0531071424484253,
0.48673000931739807,
0.26390519738197327,
-0.663792610168457,
-0.24981968104839325,
0.9069268107414246,
0.19862070679664612,
0.9774652123451233,
0.2431643158197403,
0.013575986959040165,
0.11712105572223663,
0.3017948567867279,
-0.2622256278991699,
-0.4794367849826813,
0.47750237584114075,
-0.8452200889587402,
-0.29264208674430847,
0.03799236938357353,
0.2133674919605255,
-0.5966997742652893,
-0.11256752908229828,
-0.3064759075641632,
-0.9886932969093323,
0.41330426931381226,
0.41019192337989807,
0.05503036826848984,
-0.8963274359703064,
-0.0014014742337167263,
0.4971349537372589,
-0.35140255093574524,
-0.11711806058883667,
-0.28928184509277344,
-0.5275255441665649,
0.8816498517990112,
-0.8438060283660889,
-0.7502953410148621,
0.023234203457832336,
-0.08709961920976639,
0.03094801865518093,
0.36647436022758484,
-0.28765037655830383,
0.2770398259162903,
-0.9988741278648376,
-0.2726133167743683,
-0.40372446179389954,
0.8024300336837769,
-0.26571646332740784,
1.0829585790634155,
0.43717050552368164,
-0.7425497174263,
1.0400410890579224,
0.3654453158378601,
-0.5063450932502747,
0.5927284359931946,
0.43878838419914246,
-0.7532746195793152,
0.06625498086214066,
0.6535878777503967,
0.5452881455421448,
0.39440879225730896,
-0.7543203234672546,
0.05492343753576279,
-0.19930949807167053,
0.48326846957206726,
-0.29278382658958435,
-0.47085124254226685,
-0.04369828477501869,
0.8080571889877319,
1.0714929103851318,
0.5159794688224792,
-0.06079994887113571,
-0.42002713680267334,
0.4880158603191376,
-0.7668355107307434,
-0.32470521330833435,
-0.5229637026786804,
0.6036215424537659,
0.21343636512756348,
-0.32876595854759216,
-0.4737151265144348,
0.9359941482543945,
0.16672131419181824,
-0.5360211730003357,
-0.5796905755996704,
0.10692582279443741,
-0.7640979290008545,
-1.092722773551941,
0.523800790309906,
0.5628603100776672,
0.4618107080459595,
-1.1099377870559692,
-0.05191577225923538,
-0.074949249625206,
0.5366827845573425,
-0.22007307410240173,
0.2922343909740448,
0.33746716380119324,
0.03549699857831001,
0.6774057745933533,
0.3804898262023926,
-0.7370532155036926,
0.982790470123291,
0.3139732778072357,
0.067630335688591,
0.032682474702596664,
-0.5042634606361389,
-0.04628549888730049,
-0.07937595248222351,
0.015922803431749344,
-0.40357106924057007,
0.23790043592453003,
0.2964722514152527,
0.12699924409389496,
0.7970956563949585,
-0.03604106605052948,
-0.10075923055410385,
-0.3051929473876953,
-0.6442607641220093,
-0.08337461203336716,
0.24214033782482147,
0.5441803336143494,
-0.1538982093334198,
-0.4993557035923004,
0.8205642104148865,
-0.44700661301612854,
-0.07554371654987335,
1.1414134502410889,
1.1044690608978271,
0.4435669183731079,
-0.1532103419303894,
-1.2309606075286865,
-1.2733796834945679,
0.08963215351104736,
-0.07843736559152603,
1.1539125442504883,
-0.18847595155239105,
-0.9533838629722595,
0.3696819245815277,
-0.4201381802558899,
0.8717840909957886,
0.31176361441612244,
-0.35902196168899536,
0.49555665254592896,
0.45066574215888977,
-0.0910743921995163,
-0.3737843632698059,
0.24179957807064056,
0.20154918730258942,
-0.1996012181043625,
-0.5491164922714233,
0.5138099789619446,
0.3484749495983124,
-0.4761865735054016,
0.3671398460865021,
0.061453040689229965,
-0.5431468486785889,
0.8261646628379822,
-0.8109192848205566,
0.6126492619514465,
1.1471507549285889,
-0.2284933626651764,
-0.25043240189552307,
0.09618698805570602,
0.4368758201599121,
-0.9427987933158875,
0.20301659405231476,
0.6880443096160889,
-0.03816750645637512,
-0.523690402507782,
-0.33059757947921753,
-1.2341808080673218,
-0.4973088800907135,
-0.10853002965450287,
0.07693254202604294,
-1.3705297708511353,
-0.03839891776442528,
0.40253251791000366,
-0.39132025837898254,
-0.7043981552124023,
-0.00776385935023427,
-0.777376651763916,
0.23981468379497528,
-0.008353576064109802,
-0.28411227464675903,
0.07861784100532532,
0.6218008995056152,
0.958687961101532,
0.7114658951759338,
0.10873149335384369,
0.5361014008522034,
0.46217015385627747,
-0.139397993683815,
-0.03610741347074509,
0.44901135563850403,
-0.8268493413925171,
-0.8031108379364014,
-0.6455683708190918,
0.29958537220954895,
0.2673524022102356,
-0.07485974580049515,
0.3624785244464874,
0.17137058079242706,
-0.20608699321746826,
-0.8480552434921265,
-0.15768373012542725,
0.06307189166545868,
0.7083841562271118,
-0.17771878838539124,
0.8462513089179993,
-0.54595547914505,
0.6079912781715393,
-0.5491791367530823,
-0.6147000193595886,
1.0130972862243652,
0.03611094132065773,
-0.5056098103523254,
-0.34296098351478577,
-0.16153672337532043,
0.0010957089252769947,
-0.13795731961727142,
0.05588777735829353,
-0.4553771913051605,
-0.33344149589538574,
0.43564242124557495,
0.15449778735637665,
0.2711053192615509,
-0.5333775281906128,
0.07653436064720154,
0.5314030051231384,
0.11327110975980759,
-0.21866892278194427,
1.1135135889053345,
0.9445405602455139,
0.34755223989486694,
-0.1638886034488678,
-0.9280383586883545,
-0.5437224507331848,
-0.2859187126159668,
-0.7533702254295349,
0.6678109169006348,
-0.6640387177467346,
0.3177074193954468,
0.15626655519008636,
-0.8213052153587341,
-0.01749022863805294,
0.015437548980116844,
-0.9794551730155945,
0.1549660712480545,
0.464903324842453,
0.8722497224807739,
-0.1003132313489914,
0.7824284434318542,
0.3194792866706848,
1.0548739433288574,
-0.3864428997039795,
0.5895199775695801,
-0.0027443820144981146,
-0.4442724287509918,
-1.014266848564148,
0.8055949211120605,
-0.1629558503627777,
-0.13078610599040985,
-0.719261884689331,
-0.17165805399417877,
-1.0578862428665161,
-1.2710915803909302,
0.044014979153871536,
-0.16193722188472748,
0.02954002656042576,
-0.03265463188290596,
0.5245231986045837,
0.5207202434539795,
-0.6206679344177246,
-0.6156755685806274,
0.41106992959976196,
-0.0738128051161766,
-0.7785826325416565,
0.21533045172691345,
0.9869603514671326,
0.6352542638778687,
0.17389394342899323,
-0.35235199332237244,
0.2743726372718811,
-0.2271418422460556,
-0.33085253834724426,
0.761664628982544,
-0.7284006476402283,
0.2415143996477127,
-0.9849978089332581,
-0.6991670727729797,
-0.3360823690891266,
0.3586481213569641,
0.6003473997116089,
-1.340722680091858,
0.2456996738910675,
-0.8723917603492737,
0.0555104985833168,
-0.563836932182312,
-0.5082092881202698,
-0.006859894376248121,
0.11184229701757431,
-0.7179890871047974,
-0.8921130299568176,
0.078408382833004,
-0.6388469934463501,
0.03734144568443298,
-0.7223561406135559,
-0.028287524357438087,
0.5381356477737427,
0.6160082221031189,
0.35116738080978394,
0.6037766933441162,
-0.004951762966811657,
-1.6141549348831177,
1.014032006263733,
-1.0330222845077515,
-0.5440109372138977,
-0.4442143440246582,
0.2934345602989197,
0.9215490221977234,
-0.46565598249435425,
0.45839551091194153,
-0.10702219605445862,
0.15552295744419098,
-0.616291344165802,
-0.3695969879627228,
-0.8075269460678101,
0.5596067905426025,
-0.31041234731674194,
-0.08955737203359604,
-0.019588639959692955,
0.480359822511673,
-0.8671543598175049,
-0.800086259841919,
-0.9902107119560242,
-0.1713077872991562,
0.2823443114757538,
0.13666881620883942,
0.03506952151656151,
0.43756332993507385,
-0.4176376760005951,
0.30134016275405884,
0.22083091735839844,
0.5275759100914001,
-0.5813183784484863,
0.23390187323093414,
-0.08667925000190735,
-1.6792763471603394,
1.069437026977539,
-0.25243985652923584,
-0.18369445204734802,
0.247762992978096,
0.18161523342132568,
1.2856894731521606,
-0.0866175964474678,
0.5183562636375427,
0.35686978697776794,
-0.3102007508277893,
0.043700773268938065,
0.09690782427787781,
-0.36581951379776,
-0.1546451598405838,
-0.18887759745121002,
-1.1960499286651611,
0.4566023051738739,
0.5675712823867798,
0.015443739481270313,
0.03911906108260155,
-0.1851186901330948,
-0.32598552107810974,
-0.32983148097991943,
-1.3753762245178223
] |
|
1nlqb5 | How are the elements of an array all able to be accessed in O(1) time? | I'm trying to understand Hash Tables, and I realized, I don't even understand arrays. I know that an array has a list of memory addresses or values. But I do not quite understand how the computer will be able to "see" all values at one time. Can't the computer only look at a single address at one time?
If my question isn't clear, I'll try to clarify what I mean better. | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"ccjuqhr",
"ccjukyd",
"cckrfj7",
"ccjun84"
],
"text": [
"It's worth looking at the difference between accessing an array and accessing other data types--say, a linked list.\n\nIn an array you have the pointer to the head of the array and you know how much memory each element takes up. Thus, accessing the N^th element is just a matter of looking in an address that is (head of the array) + (N \\* size of each element). That means you have to do a multiplication (which is possibly optimized out) and an addition, no matter which element you are looking to access or how big your array is.\n\nBy comparison, in a linked list you have the memory address of the first element and each element has a pointer to the next element. Thus, to reach the N^th element you have to look at the first element to find the address of the second, then the second element to find the address of the third, and so on. You wind up looking at the first through (N-1)^th element before you find the address of the N^th element. This means that the longer the list is (and the further down the list the relevant element is) the longer it takes to find it--doubling the length of the list tends to double the time to access.",
"Generally O(1) array lookup is implemented by pointer arithmetic. Given a pointer to the head of the array, arr, and an index, i, a pointer to the element at that index is (arr + i). So it only has to look at a single address.",
"To address your specific question:\n\n\"But I do not quite understand how the computer will be able to \"see\" all values at one time. Can't the computer only look at a single address at one time?\"\n\nRoughly speaking, yes. It can only look at a single address at a time. You cannot access *all* the elements of an array in O(1) time, but you can access any *single* element in O(1) time. That may be where \nyou're getting confused.\n\nAlternatively ...\n\nBecause it's a tautology.\n\nBecause software folks are generally offended whenever they're forced to deal with the laws of physics.\n\nLess snarkily, big-O notation is a simplification of an abstraction. If you work with a simplified model of computation (not Turing-machine-simple though) then single-level indirect addressing is defined to be constant-time. As array elements (in most languages) are defined to be contiguous in memory then the constant O(1) follows from those two definitions as all you're doing is a multiply plus an add.\n\nIn reality, array access is not constant time and can vary by up to six orders of magnitude. The biggest lie you will ever be told in your computer science classes is that big-O is important but little-k is irrelevant. For the majority of applications, you will need to consider both.",
"The O(1) refers to the lookup time of element k in the array. Any given item takes a constant amount of time to look up. As you said, looking up a collection of a superconstant number of elements will always take more than constant time.\n\nNote that array lookups are only O(1) in very certain models of computation. On just about anything physical, even writing down the address you're trying to look up will take some Omega(log n) bits, so accesses cannot be faster than that. That said, considering a lookup to be O(1) is analogous to treating addition of two variables as a constant time operation: maybe it's not a perfect model, but it's a very helpful simplification."
],
"score": [
12,
6,
3,
2
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | How are the elements of an array all able to be accessed in O(1) time?
I'm trying to understand Hash Tables, and I realized, I don't even understand arrays. I know that an array has a list of memory addresses or values. But I do not quite understand how the computer will be able to "see" all values at one time. Can't the computer only look at a single address at one time? If my question isn't clear, I'll try to clarify what I mean better. | [
-0.6505252122879028,
-0.204753115773201,
0.5155915021896362,
0.17100098729133606,
-0.37059611082077026,
-0.02721475623548031,
0.5289729833602905,
-0.3880141079425812,
0.7475724220275879,
0.1778465062379837,
0.6237052083015442,
0.20356817543506622,
-1.0818605422973633,
0.23016028106212616,
0.3149719536304474,
-0.2123929262161255,
0.33237120509147644,
-0.05694323405623436,
-0.49689656496047974,
-0.048507992178201675,
0.39947590231895447,
0.18730902671813965,
-0.5128160119056702,
1.0188548564910889,
0.156109020113945,
0.23970694839954376,
0.41552644968032837,
-0.12930265069007874,
0.8159917593002319,
0.3131367862224579,
0.28819772601127625,
-0.11831830441951752,
-0.2867263853549957,
-0.021469712257385254,
0.5414702296257019,
-0.1589980274438858,
0.9817033410072327,
-0.017787184566259384,
0.8225066065788269,
-0.9040536284446716,
0.08924739062786102,
-0.47154179215431213,
0.14755649864673615,
0.8926294445991516,
0.13252167403697968,
-0.4719206392765045,
0.16942457854747772,
0.09083246439695358,
-1.0765063762664795,
0.10817914456129074,
-0.4271668791770935,
0.14413419365882874,
0.7795158624649048,
0.5045706629753113,
0.43762215971946716,
-0.3734021782875061,
0.948465883731842,
-0.38202112913131714,
0.9751806855201721,
0.30476611852645874,
0.787106454372406,
0.2954752743244171,
-0.6475858688354492,
-1.1098970174789429,
0.25864654779434204,
-0.19643409550189972,
-0.16154775023460388,
0.19804103672504425,
-0.830262303352356,
-0.45801523327827454,
0.3826536536216736,
-0.2785305082798004,
-1.0618727207183838,
-0.5382158756256104,
-0.01357520092278719,
-0.5500491261482239,
0.1107233315706253,
0.3318796157836914,
0.11018349230289459,
-0.17485621571540833,
-0.48224157094955444,
-0.1334259808063507,
-0.08324497193098068,
0.6150117516517639,
0.5813573598861694,
-0.15370222926139832,
0.010005182586610317,
-0.21205221116542816,
-0.5023038983345032,
1.2356061935424805,
-0.545197606086731,
-0.12332626432180405,
-0.13619457185268402,
0.386576384305954,
-0.5399942994117737,
-0.2433384656906128,
0.17956139147281647,
-0.5854970812797546,
-0.2064952552318573,
0.7985816597938538,
0.11914660036563873,
0.2007886916399002,
1.068239450454712,
0.786501944065094,
-0.015443816781044006,
-0.23912416398525238,
0.1564469039440155,
0.5878188014030457,
-0.014809706248342991,
0.21898458898067474,
-0.7114081978797913,
0.4829438030719757,
-0.4034583270549774,
-0.023202821612358093,
0.5358989834785461,
-1.065950870513916,
-0.014970832504332066,
-0.3868913948535919,
0.9965521693229675,
-0.44844964146614075,
0.3550557792186737,
0.7345890998840332,
0.937397837638855,
0.19364942610263824,
0.37246283888816833,
0.614435613155365,
-0.4651639759540558,
0.35900476574897766,
0.6537624001502991,
-0.9421907067298889,
0.11646813899278641,
0.4113595187664032,
0.008798058144748211,
-0.7726861238479614,
-0.3453787863254547,
0.43300825357437134,
-0.834043025970459,
0.6120516061782837,
-0.3823445439338684,
-0.015382475219666958,
-0.16920097172260284,
-0.16518080234527588,
1.603628158569336,
-0.1289428174495697,
0.32785511016845703,
-0.25252363085746765,
-0.7321046590805054,
-0.204613596200943,
0.23886975646018982,
-0.455192506313324,
-0.6627905964851379,
-0.39691677689552307,
0.06808766722679138,
-0.42831018567085266,
0.9122772812843323,
-0.15567512810230255,
-0.09875844419002533,
-0.511463463306427,
0.29005998373031616,
0.1820334643125534,
-1.107532262802124,
-0.3447980582714081,
-0.20661357045173645,
0.23854033648967743,
0.13088436424732208,
-0.07939765602350235,
0.032490652054548264,
-0.2700873613357544,
0.2453138828277588,
0.2288631647825241,
-0.05708478018641472,
0.22045327723026276,
1.0635449886322021,
0.37521836161613464,
0.7353528738021851,
-0.3981947898864746,
-0.6866148710250854,
0.23340623080730438,
-0.7682176828384399,
0.19614994525909424,
-0.4026646912097931,
-0.0648818090558052,
0.7048097252845764,
0.8363627791404724,
-1.0167216062545776,
0.17200468480587006,
-0.36396870017051697,
0.38636454939842224,
0.05688854306936264,
0.20408044755458832,
0.28789839148521423,
-0.5172208547592163,
-1.059462308883667,
0.09644893556833267,
0.40071365237236023,
0.3420918881893158,
-0.32840898633003235,
-0.004286097828298807,
0.2987609803676605,
0.14490731060504913,
0.7376631498336792,
-0.8269165754318237,
-0.5678462982177734,
-0.2330569475889206,
0.14457760751247406,
0.23305998742580414,
-0.05332851782441139,
-0.4146624207496643,
0.08112204074859619,
-0.07654863595962524,
0.18741634488105774,
0.7998342514038086,
-0.5463516116142273,
-0.3554289638996124,
0.17434200644493103,
0.6131701469421387,
-0.12749625742435455,
0.140328511595726,
-0.06585889309644699,
0.28327399492263794,
1.1217424869537354,
-0.2792651951313019,
-0.008898044936358929,
0.43956246972084045,
0.8101516962051392,
0.056599412113428116,
0.006265516858547926,
0.7062339186668396,
0.626401424407959,
-0.16709758341312408,
-0.021899716928601265,
-0.46312186121940613,
-0.01696893945336342,
0.35893484950065613,
0.17439483106136322,
-0.6393211483955383,
-1.2622390985488892,
-0.8495385050773621,
-0.1505744457244873,
-1.3451007604599,
-0.6113911271095276,
0.7253819704055786,
-0.015554201789200306,
0.21893127262592316,
0.7494055032730103,
0.7724555134773254,
-1.2515290975570679,
-0.6076093912124634,
-0.18535001575946808,
0.4172667860984802,
0.5212094187736511,
-0.4403875470161438,
-0.6957808136940002,
-1.114058494567871,
0.5219790935516357,
-0.5216048359870911,
-0.4864344596862793,
0.4735092520713806,
-0.26729699969291687,
0.31004205346107483,
-0.5171245336532593,
-0.3862186372280121,
0.9234976172447205,
-0.09214551001787186,
-0.4938700199127197,
-1.0703283548355103,
-0.8175707459449768,
0.1866372674703598,
0.23459695279598236,
0.07766646891832352,
0.5625575184822083,
-0.7872945070266724,
-0.06532829999923706,
0.44257041811943054,
-0.09518660604953766,
-0.791360080242157,
-0.3178490102291107,
-0.2275780290365219,
0.26649680733680725,
0.5144633054733276,
-0.39445093274116516,
0.21024584770202637,
-0.47141680121421814,
-0.3063569664955139,
-0.346904456615448,
0.27817925810813904,
0.4722951054573059,
-0.9126922488212585,
0.0440155491232872,
-1.2616703510284424,
0.8188288807868958,
0.41838333010673523,
-1.1384357213974,
1.1082353591918945,
0.3912183344364166,
-0.6948006749153137,
-0.1059500128030777,
0.00954831950366497,
-0.3972351849079132,
-0.28355827927589417,
-0.3447365462779999,
-0.16459938883781433,
0.3612496554851532,
0.5198056697845459,
-0.7243174314498901,
0.5006265044212341,
0.550702691078186,
-0.21535103023052216,
0.3551497459411621,
0.05492836982011795,
-0.18703873455524445,
0.34080812335014343,
-0.28787732124328613,
0.8455265760421753,
-0.0927993655204773,
0.0362921878695488,
1.0073062181472778,
-0.6326231360435486,
-1.1110070943832397,
-0.5754945874214172,
-0.02334814891219139,
0.698154628276825,
0.017021002247929573,
0.12652871012687683,
-0.43738117814064026,
1.1373416185379028,
-0.405668169260025,
0.04953201860189438,
-1.4751691818237305,
-0.15474481880664825,
0.9638202786445618,
-0.9919877052307129,
-0.624968409538269,
0.5563743114471436,
0.224539116024971,
-0.3152824938297272,
0.45176681876182556,
0.5218323469161987,
0.16079053282737732,
-0.4264985918998718,
0.7958865165710449,
0.13303682208061218,
-0.673229992389679,
0.33506807684898376,
-0.44981592893600464,
0.3718723952770233,
-1.0309066772460938,
0.8356105089187622,
0.049835771322250366,
0.4649800658226013,
0.0008118833648040891,
0.2259623259305954,
0.6944586038589478,
-0.7587849497795105,
0.21410837769508362,
0.2772556245326996,
-0.7651115655899048,
-0.07763803750276566,
0.8048086166381836,
-0.15192410349845886,
0.388490229845047,
0.3678162097930908,
1.02789306640625,
-0.24162723124027252,
-0.04021640494465828,
-0.49350714683532715,
-0.7118409872055054,
-0.5477805137634277,
-0.17630930244922638,
-0.41315609216690063,
0.7878307104110718,
0.012122456915676594,
-0.23539650440216064,
-0.07899559289216995,
0.3143737316131592,
-0.09835560619831085,
0.7629674077033997,
0.36678603291511536,
-0.940635085105896,
-0.14285577833652496,
0.05690478906035423,
-0.0953449159860611,
-0.39704498648643494,
0.2717430889606476,
-0.31453752517700195,
-0.5977433323860168,
0.13787433505058289,
-0.5111814737319946,
-0.009811787866055965,
0.11286541074514389,
-0.245396688580513,
-0.007118471898138523,
-0.11101619154214859,
-1.0704278945922852,
-1.0323151350021362,
-0.3833383023738861,
-1.2069709300994873,
1.1817671060562134,
-0.78252112865448,
-0.6451383233070374,
0.24563387036323547,
0.1937129646539688,
0.2977421283721924,
1.0443485975265503,
0.25841978192329407,
0.2952175438404083,
-0.4961836040019989,
0.7798227071762085,
0.7604746222496033,
-1.2651759386062622,
0.44589799642562866,
-0.9422362446784973,
-0.3539701998233795,
0.3126074969768524,
0.06662209331989288,
-0.2174951285123825,
-0.6553865075111389,
-0.7722143530845642,
-1.7211103439331055,
0.19869489967823029,
0.4719841480255127,
-0.624423086643219,
-0.7260934710502625,
0.4888835847377777,
0.18253788352012634,
-0.5671254396438599,
0.43097302317619324,
-0.4038397967815399,
-0.6026760339736938,
0.5720394849777222,
-0.10104275494813919,
-1.4894055128097534,
-1.0103178024291992,
-0.3229506313800812,
-0.41831403970718384,
-0.41235801577568054,
0.7567572593688965,
0.0444854237139225,
0.49818992614746094,
0.10640332847833633,
-1.4691492319107056,
1.153262734413147,
-0.5609089136123657,
-0.03690405562520027,
-0.03756815195083618,
-0.1837737113237381,
0.15817458927631378,
0.3893655240535736,
-0.876789391040802,
-0.7352262139320374,
0.3816245496273041,
-0.40108224749565125,
-0.4502667486667633,
0.4228133261203766,
0.5721612572669983,
0.6270232200622559,
-1.2099066972732544,
0.7102013826370239,
-0.6139246821403503,
0.16294226050376892,
0.09986881166696548,
-0.3608742356300354,
-0.16582785546779633,
0.9483631253242493,
0.21018825471401215,
0.26645976305007935,
0.36936068534851074,
-0.48646289110183716,
0.10638316720724106,
-1.0203372240066528,
-0.06166606396436691,
-0.5261541604995728,
0.37795379757881165,
0.4996160864830017,
-0.39142200350761414,
-0.6268770098686218,
0.551020085811615,
-0.1747777909040451,
-0.6208032369613647,
-0.8265282511711121,
-0.08253761380910873,
-0.34659385681152344,
-0.36066216230392456,
0.7135087251663208,
0.7553170323371887,
-0.38631829619407654,
-0.8295504450798035,
0.11975564062595367,
-0.36105188727378845,
-0.29629597067832947,
0.15152060985565186,
-0.1443033218383789,
0.5338131189346313,
-0.12283924967050552,
1.22307550907135,
0.6996397376060486,
-0.3321150839328766,
0.0805630162358284,
0.09747911989688873,
-0.1622038632631302,
0.08160704374313354,
-0.17763282358646393,
-0.5497321486473083,
-0.5038906335830688,
0.10764096677303314,
0.6210365295410156,
-0.1892526000738144,
0.3114553391933441,
0.7692360877990723,
0.140793114900589,
-0.3015896677970886,
-0.2424422949552536,
0.5510136485099792,
-0.6967249512672424,
0.11218439787626266,
-0.07223457098007202,
-0.48768752813339233,
0.3249675929546356,
-0.635554850101471,
0.7817859649658203,
-0.2943786680698395,
0.03961673006415367,
0.8313374519348145,
0.4355105757713318,
0.5538390874862671,
0.19536598026752472,
-0.6088970899581909,
-0.5197672247886658,
0.2779495120048523,
0.29265594482421875,
1.3320119380950928,
0.2982162535190582,
-0.42519885301589966,
0.6396171450614929,
-0.038076963275671005,
0.6312915682792664,
0.43292513489723206,
-0.013127459213137627,
0.7380059361457825,
-0.3301890790462494,
0.001756042242050171,
0.14624591171741486,
0.3974945545196533,
-0.04014434292912483,
0.37657806277275085,
-0.3587553799152374,
-0.7003253102302551,
0.0067710792645812035,
-0.9852294325828552,
0.21728713810443878,
0.044920142740011215,
0.2314244508743286,
0.5731021165847778,
0.09875252097845078,
0.11394316703081131,
-0.14061395823955536,
0.020080622285604477,
-1.489880919456482,
-0.23704178631305695,
0.07726053893566132,
-1.1206085681915283,
0.46570685505867004,
-0.024767467752099037,
-0.6645606160163879,
0.11672893911600113,
-1.1561853885650635,
-0.8354576826095581,
-0.14503398537635803,
-0.16278207302093506,
0.12131327390670776,
-0.4551181197166443,
-0.022842569276690483,
0.19594408571720123,
-0.2408146858215332,
0.10398052632808685,
-0.37032702565193176,
0.2546153664588928,
0.04216311499476433,
0.5652474761009216,
-0.29703640937805176,
0.3279627859592438,
0.4605295956134796,
0.32128074765205383,
0.08780770748853683,
0.46661970019340515,
-0.28809627890586853,
0.07819940149784088,
-0.5026445984840393,
-0.3471512794494629,
-0.18700742721557617,
-0.5771485567092896,
-0.5340762734413147,
-0.28481754660606384,
-0.4310065805912018,
0.5655744671821594,
-0.3362217843532562,
0.3592289984226227,
0.5277929902076721,
-0.46225810050964355,
-0.08787976205348969,
0.45904555916786194,
-0.7027419209480286,
-0.17098331451416016,
0.34274032711982727,
0.2845292091369629,
-0.2063656747341156,
0.06651540100574493,
-0.6485270261764526,
-0.25620153546333313,
0.6753084063529968,
0.5936082601547241,
0.7211492657661438,
0.5620757341384888,
0.27087634801864624,
-0.5721833109855652,
0.3883666396141052,
-0.5023778676986694,
-0.4747301936149597,
0.5864729285240173,
0.35251039266586304,
0.473134309053421,
-0.3745808005332947,
-1.0641330480575562,
0.06196621060371399,
1.2282108068466187,
-0.2067389190196991,
-0.06607570499181747,
0.6057464480400085,
0.5292550921440125,
-0.05456800013780594,
-0.23901189863681793,
0.49909526109695435,
0.41882678866386414,
-0.3096039295196533,
-0.2718789279460907,
-0.45840153098106384,
-0.39959052205085754,
0.4520421028137207,
-0.1877565234899521,
-0.8195952773094177,
-0.2141965925693512,
0.2637501358985901,
-0.325703889131546,
1.1275559663772583,
0.1383550614118576,
-0.9944329857826233,
-0.8204730749130249,
0.39765819907188416,
-0.055488161742687225,
1.4342172145843506,
-0.7208177447319031,
0.3290441334247589,
-0.3153236210346222,
0.06189030408859253,
0.3753402829170227,
-0.47098806500434875,
0.09389013797044754,
0.24902884662151337,
0.08307677507400513,
0.6076776385307312,
-1.488229513168335,
0.583690345287323,
0.17462682723999023,
-0.025000909343361855,
0.8712608218193054,
-0.3078460991382599,
0.257032573223114,
0.10170971602201462,
0.05437571182847023,
-0.48158806562423706,
0.4141254127025604,
-0.06326081603765488,
-0.7493997812271118,
0.19171108305454254,
0.5273364782333374,
-0.4022166430950165,
0.16590456664562225,
0.13517147302627563,
-0.20540010929107666,
0.5669422149658203,
-0.0654098391532898,
0.6341112852096558,
-0.43106508255004883,
-0.42400750517845154,
-0.05181938037276268,
0.07516433298587799,
-0.17988014221191406,
0.7875882983207703,
0.45501092076301575,
-0.7382150292396545,
0.09784308820962906,
-1.0771373510360718,
-0.3977786898612976,
-0.0875931829214096,
-0.20653046667575836,
-0.269050270318985,
0.005362208466976881,
0.513620138168335,
-1.2352678775787354,
0.9594894051551819,
-0.6456289887428284,
-0.07778455317020416,
-0.3197389245033264,
-0.6712586283683777,
-0.3716163635253906,
0.43317556381225586,
0.696528434753418,
0.8413013219833374,
0.02305874601006508,
-0.9002118110656738,
1.0693585872650146,
-0.08506377786397934,
-0.7150221467018127,
0.4620753824710846,
-0.015754234045743942,
0.14101378619670868,
-0.7241686582565308,
-0.27388980984687805,
-0.07230214774608612,
0.7573094367980957,
-0.9720339179039001,
-0.7545720338821411,
-0.49332931637763977,
-0.8597198128700256,
-0.9707427620887756,
0.45101436972618103,
0.1999979168176651,
-0.2681800425052643,
-0.39095672965049744,
-0.5140992999076843,
-0.58784419298172,
-0.19016924500465393,
-0.11644481122493744,
0.10297013819217682,
0.7403935790061951,
-0.04229292273521423,
-0.4950346052646637,
0.8614658713340759,
0.6582221388816833,
0.02245078794658184,
-0.1623305231332779,
-0.05724553391337395,
-0.4339134395122528,
-0.09402059018611908,
0.7783327698707581,
-0.2935660779476166,
-0.43820858001708984,
0.09700733423233032,
-0.19779381155967712,
1.0938503742218018,
0.3629346489906311,
0.25166600942611694,
0.2155262976884842,
-0.027177240699529648,
0.0765719786286354,
-0.1453498750925064,
-0.6694098711013794,
-0.16797688603401184,
-0.5706955194473267,
-0.046929530799388885,
0.31791800260543823,
0.5606229901313782,
-0.029406070709228516,
0.8532735109329224,
-0.11453534662723541,
-0.2371402233839035,
-0.5428897738456726,
0.04614192247390747
] |
|
mo2zi | How is the environment/ecosystem affected by the energy that is removed by wind and solar power? | Wind and solar power convert solar and wind energy into electricity. This energy is removed from that ecosystem. Instead of sunlight hitting the ground and heating the ground up, it hits solar cells to generate electricity. Instead of the wind blowing dust and seeds around, it is used to blow wind turbines to generate electricity. Is the energy removed negligible? Is the effect measurable? How is that ecosystem affected by this removal of energy? | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"c32gftq",
"c32i14p",
"c32hoi8",
"c32k4sn"
],
"text": [
"I actually took a class on this in University 2 years ago. There is very minor local effects on the environment, the biggest problem with wind power is birds, and bats flying into the low pressure behind the turbine and exploding. Otherwise there is no major effect wind power. Solar power is only useful right now, in places like Nevada where they get a large amount of sun year round, nothing grows there so the absorption of the sun energy affects nothing majorly. Both these power generation techniques are still in their infancy and in time we may start to see larger effects; however at the moment they are the cleanest and friendliest power generation techniques.",
"Solar panels wouldn't have any more of an effect on the environment than trees covering the same landmass. \n\nThere was a study suggesting that wind power alters local climates:\n_URL_0_\n\nHowever, the overall effects on global climate would be negligible because the average wind patterns would be basically the same.",
"> Instead of sunlight hitting the ground and heating the ground up, it hits solar cells to generate electricity.\n\nSolar cells are nowhere near 100% efficient. Only about 15% of the incident energy is turned into electricity, with the rest behaving just as is would in hitting a black section of roof. The effect would actually be much more pronounced if you painted the whole roof white.",
"I've heard the conservative talking point that wind farms will \"slow down air currents and suck energy out of the system\". \n\nWe (Europeans) have deforested over 90% of the United States. How much wind energy did those forests absorb? I can't imaging we could ever absorb more energy than that."
],
"score": [
13,
6,
3,
2
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://www.livescience.com/10794-wind-farms-alter-local-weather.html"
]
} | How is the environment/ecosystem affected by the energy that is removed by wind and solar power?
Wind and solar power convert solar and wind energy into electricity. This energy is removed from that ecosystem. Instead of sunlight hitting the ground and heating the ground up, it hits solar cells to generate electricity. Instead of the wind blowing dust and seeds around, it is used to blow wind turbines to generate electricity. Is the energy removed negligible? Is the effect measurable? How is that ecosystem affected by this removal of energy? | [
-0.028190977871418,
-0.49559545516967773,
0.3120152950286865,
-0.14595259726047516,
-0.3437235355377197,
-0.9515997767448425,
0.4771859347820282,
-0.28147363662719727,
0.129303440451622,
0.2670048773288727,
0.4809753894805908,
0.629561185836792,
-1.2075996398925781,
-0.036172784864902496,
-0.38186022639274597,
0.3343369662761688,
0.4169364869594574,
0.05109420791268349,
-1.1042819023132324,
-0.3666445314884186,
-0.2103167176246643,
0.5098553895950317,
0.4847581684589386,
1.127396583557129,
-0.9122278094291687,
0.1278691291809082,
0.9651660919189453,
-0.29232603311538696,
0.4583244025707245,
-0.01805141754448414,
-0.11509795486927032,
-0.005012465640902519,
-0.1184338703751564,
-0.5221340656280518,
0.4054460823535919,
-0.19658704102039337,
0.5272533893585205,
-0.33157360553741455,
0.1836678683757782,
-0.5798493027687073,
-0.2937382459640503,
-0.5852075219154358,
0.44565722346305847,
0.893415629863739,
-0.4308949410915375,
-0.414002925157547,
0.3022216260433197,
-0.18984271585941315,
-1.0553638935089111,
-0.7657904028892517,
-0.18163354694843292,
-0.15049411356449127,
1.1782350540161133,
0.9509934782981873,
0.5223389267921448,
0.400669127702713,
-0.48221734166145325,
0.09553395956754684,
0.16364890336990356,
0.1847285032272339,
-0.12289262562990189,
0.12533988058567047,
-1.1909171342849731,
0.03213896602392197,
0.5150818228721619,
-0.419110506772995,
0.15486498177051544,
0.6537730693817139,
0.2563324570655823,
-0.9581097960472107,
-0.12147263437509537,
-0.6652881503105164,
-0.9243274331092834,
-0.4099280536174774,
-0.1723826825618744,
-0.3192886710166931,
0.6120954155921936,
0.09953826665878296,
-0.4448627829551697,
-0.4675322473049164,
-0.4400957524776459,
-0.15418818593025208,
-1.1831375360488892,
0.31220942735671997,
-0.2556082010269165,
-0.21264274418354034,
0.2520158886909485,
-0.3119322657585144,
-0.37411633133888245,
0.09720079600811005,
-0.056440021842718124,
-0.5597803592681885,
0.598362147808075,
0.3672536015510559,
0.4669513404369354,
-0.48068732023239136,
1.0168873071670532,
-0.5389735698699951,
-0.4377148449420929,
0.23632019758224487,
0.5032826662063599,
0.32757291197776794,
0.6332883834838867,
0.7915209531784058,
0.1440141648054123,
-1.057165503501892,
0.11551830172538757,
0.2351248562335968,
0.5187037587165833,
0.3449312150478363,
-0.1766197383403778,
0.4276101887226105,
0.2382838875055313,
-1.4613028764724731,
-0.39499542117118835,
-1.5757147073745728,
0.011066505685448647,
0.07081692665815353,
0.5418546795845032,
0.5386226773262024,
1.2415940761566162,
0.8190390467643738,
1.0675455331802368,
1.1796547174453735,
-0.01227994542568922,
-0.3564583659172058,
-0.3129112720489502,
0.7375422120094299,
-0.21632367372512817,
-0.5632855296134949,
0.9920974373817444,
0.7960576415061951,
0.1658971756696701,
-0.22548703849315643,
-0.19858604669570923,
0.057155877351760864,
0.09100823849439621,
1.0322811603546143,
0.05100720003247261,
-0.21056103706359863,
-0.4468232989311218,
0.1415833979845047,
1.280584454536438,
-0.6886021494865417,
-0.5827499032020569,
-1.0292547941207886,
-1.0856491327285767,
0.06876740604639053,
0.47689372301101685,
-0.6974486112594604,
-0.7230004072189331,
-0.3349696695804596,
0.5134882926940918,
-0.6883989572525024,
-0.08371321111917496,
0.12986746430397034,
0.8199771046638489,
-0.15188726782798767,
-0.18741817772388458,
0.4412238895893097,
-0.3771749436855316,
-0.7651788592338562,
0.5116775631904602,
0.37850505113601685,
0.34342053532600403,
0.14644543826580048,
0.28700554370880127,
0.34036871790885925,
-0.24422727525234222,
-0.4275708496570587,
-0.6327228546142578,
-0.2592858076095581,
1.573806881904602,
-0.4218941330909729,
0.3110683560371399,
0.1911459118127823,
-0.4523193836212158,
0.1740790456533432,
-0.6725740432739258,
0.4873829483985901,
-0.7652654647827148,
-0.07380272448062897,
0.3682602047920227,
0.5593135952949524,
-0.7292618155479431,
0.3712223768234253,
0.07165487110614777,
0.20486770570278168,
0.4569108486175537,
0.10793768614530563,
-0.40173909068107605,
-0.17145630717277527,
-1.3176132440567017,
-0.01844625547528267,
-0.11034553498029709,
0.229594424366951,
-0.6178907155990601,
0.3546745777130127,
-0.2707650065422058,
-0.7405555844306946,
-0.2906070351600647,
-1.2421187162399292,
0.0235174298286438,
-0.18128500878810883,
-0.3010668456554413,
-0.37789660692214966,
0.0806848555803299,
-0.12493135035037994,
0.9051888585090637,
-0.47079068422317505,
-0.5019437670707703,
0.6049412488937378,
0.2054450958967209,
0.4172302782535553,
-0.23025746643543243,
0.6191748976707458,
0.06385627388954163,
-0.28059083223342896,
0.9555289149284363,
0.12614721059799194,
0.7239441871643066,
0.34107130765914917,
-0.33781081438064575,
0.6618130207061768,
0.330730140209198,
0.1660369634628296,
-0.0028185800183564425,
-0.37304019927978516,
-0.06995976716279984,
0.5663896203041077,
0.0988229289650917,
0.3756915330886841,
-0.44584938883781433,
0.510686457157135,
-0.39571109414100647,
-0.5258047580718994,
-0.26232266426086426,
-0.44294652342796326,
-0.2648390531539917,
-1.4690377712249756,
-0.7894777059555054,
0.8881891369819641,
0.3170342445373535,
0.9551478624343872,
0.5811583399772644,
0.5356186032295227,
-1.028995156288147,
-1.227192997932434,
-0.02924058400094509,
-0.2618378698825836,
0.7476952075958252,
-0.4310489594936371,
0.19604383409023285,
-0.7677732706069946,
1.178279161453247,
-0.8690490126609802,
-1.384133219718933,
0.2819862365722656,
-0.012400059960782528,
-0.060717541724443436,
0.3578832745552063,
-1.3793292045593262,
0.2913294732570648,
-0.695965588092804,
-0.47689712047576904,
-0.28291717171669006,
-0.8348236083984375,
-0.007275520823895931,
0.043603718280792236,
-0.2561669647693634,
0.03306801617145538,
0.3529217541217804,
0.4409390091896057,
0.29844796657562256,
-0.2760554552078247,
-0.10845065116882324,
0.50446617603302,
-1.0129563808441162,
0.4580672085285187,
0.7334474921226501,
0.31548425555229187,
1.1574029922485352,
-0.3048918843269348,
-0.009775375947356224,
-0.11933422833681107,
0.2911459803581238,
0.8405380845069885,
-0.5864182114601135,
0.5785363912582397,
-0.5133887529373169,
0.7318764925003052,
0.13700923323631287,
-0.9000858664512634,
0.8310219645500183,
0.5992215871810913,
0.364744633436203,
0.4495328664779663,
-0.9228549003601074,
0.11286503076553345,
-0.05995187163352966,
-0.22837558388710022,
-0.9382533431053162,
0.3812355697154999,
0.4581630825996399,
-0.7004364132881165,
0.2337075024843216,
0.4794350862503052,
-1.5584629774093628,
0.44360315799713135,
0.2747960090637207,
0.2686210572719574,
0.27305498719215393,
-0.2716595232486725,
0.4651763439178467,
-0.33994439244270325,
0.4159458577632904,
0.3278356194496155,
0.08473989367485046,
0.0690169408917427,
-0.7966712117195129,
-0.1258927583694458,
0.4697617292404175,
-0.1988077312707901,
0.38587504625320435,
0.9615402221679688,
0.6909502744674683,
-0.657248854637146,
0.21343156695365906,
-0.8687613010406494,
-0.03379451483488083,
-0.03529006987810135,
-0.9848799705505371,
0.18965336680412292,
0.18355713784694672,
-0.27040764689445496,
0.062353964895009995,
0.5146431922912598,
0.25024956464767456,
0.03059648722410202,
-0.6232448816299438,
0.5682929158210754,
0.43794354796409607,
0.25321221351623535,
0.5579826235771179,
0.17287251353263855,
-0.18808095157146454,
-0.15531104803085327,
0.07318233698606491,
-0.02614147774875164,
0.6286024451255798,
0.3886813521385193,
0.6765121817588806,
1.013330340385437,
-0.05210874602198601,
0.14785286784172058,
0.3637014627456665,
-0.4883327782154083,
0.1533936858177185,
0.7313897013664246,
0.7417486906051636,
0.13053371012210846,
0.3245423138141632,
0.29183417558670044,
0.16905856132507324,
-0.3942048251628876,
0.42373108863830566,
-0.5433853268623352,
-0.8453958034515381,
-0.37798216938972473,
0.4249272644519806,
0.39369288086891174,
0.09349299967288971,
-0.6346707940101624,
0.9522638320922852,
0.1828145533800125,
0.02264716848731041,
1.0187867879867554,
-0.42086660861968994,
-0.5479003190994263,
-0.10668402165174484,
0.1875867247581482,
0.251809686422348,
-0.012446742504835129,
-0.4691820442676544,
-0.684852123260498,
-0.34513235092163086,
0.0033114179968833923,
0.3560405969619751,
0.277340292930603,
0.22323961555957794,
0.17680515348911285,
-0.3967214524745941,
-0.26591822504997253,
-0.7870778441429138,
-0.7662190198898315,
-0.37143397331237793,
-0.4015118479728699,
0.8646775484085083,
0.14163203537464142,
0.22517678141593933,
-0.014566468074917793,
-0.5401077270507812,
0.09088072925806046,
1.2120558023452759,
0.5192806124687195,
-0.8370910286903381,
-0.08163956552743912,
0.4349360167980194,
0.4696598947048187,
0.3872659504413605,
0.15042592585086823,
-0.5636526942253113,
-0.5546872019767761,
0.4069506525993347,
-0.09371825307607651,
-0.8574573397636414,
-0.4857504665851593,
-0.9235334396362305,
-0.5507583022117615,
-0.6806944608688354,
0.26013004779815674,
-0.6492065191268921,
0.18109628558158875,
0.34339267015457153,
-0.5184046626091003,
0.19964616000652313,
0.33949607610702515,
-1.2061601877212524,
-0.11667991429567337,
0.7764028310775757,
-1.593375563621521,
-1.7206268310546875,
-0.8140766024589539,
-0.10689061880111694,
-1.3234144449234009,
0.0777398943901062,
-0.22281262278556824,
-0.3575862646102905,
0.5237405896186829,
-0.8500363826751709,
-1.5406923294067383,
0.6556380987167358,
0.0452619269490242,
0.3129268288612366,
0.5309290885925293,
-0.5284424424171448,
-0.5388871431350708,
0.4858209788799286,
-1.0128283500671387,
0.03172765672206879,
0.8762337565422058,
-0.6822121739387512,
-0.5157154202461243,
-0.0740799680352211,
0.20714902877807617,
0.08417440205812454,
-0.17515502870082855,
0.20514245331287384,
0.18508514761924744,
0.4418695271015167,
-0.8757157325744629,
-0.8924281597137451,
-0.3250691890716553,
0.8996760845184326,
0.17813082039356232,
0.005994879174977541,
0.1521075814962387,
-0.13876639306545258,
0.37625205516815186,
-0.07991168648004532,
-1.5035369396209717,
-0.1255875676870346,
0.11776287853717804,
1.325365424156189,
-0.9801998138427734,
-0.5736122727394104,
0.616578221321106,
-0.42838653922080994,
-0.6744516491889954,
-0.805105984210968,
-0.7915976047515869,
-0.91841059923172,
0.9567703008651733,
0.30501145124435425,
1.0308200120925903,
-1.1059902906417847,
-0.4997057318687439,
-0.2604824900627136,
-0.46601831912994385,
-0.34376123547554016,
-0.2717299461364746,
-0.22349832952022552,
0.9626501798629761,
-0.4892565906047821,
0.42633506655693054,
0.5742678046226501,
-1.2474110126495361,
0.39701369404792786,
0.3889329731464386,
0.6830561757087708,
-0.16253989934921265,
0.409822940826416,
-0.5683071613311768,
0.3640354573726654,
0.30345794558525085,
-0.32275140285491943,
-0.46433499455451965,
0.3853267729282379,
0.5575868487358093,
0.18524086475372314,
-0.8519318699836731,
0.029192358255386353,
-0.8096120357513428,
-0.7892459034919739,
-0.15048232674598694,
-0.04431924968957901,
0.04715701565146446,
0.7340816855430603,
-0.5164133310317993,
0.1986987590789795,
-0.8265398740768433,
0.17888447642326355,
1.0739105939865112,
0.41013023257255554,
0.4521777331829071,
0.711704432964325,
-0.3538714349269867,
-0.2894372045993805,
0.0539960153400898,
-0.25466224551200867,
-0.44030097126960754,
0.35484787821769714,
-0.7314430475234985,
0.2617972493171692,
-0.16420526802539825,
0.543096125125885,
0.04120492562651634,
-0.26812461018562317,
0.11993788182735443,
0.051034580916166306,
-0.8185809850692749,
0.2639361321926117,
0.66933274269104,
0.863634467124939,
-0.15375109016895294,
-0.4918799102306366,
-0.5508090853691101,
0.5709969401359558,
0.07059132307767868,
0.5081130266189575,
-0.42575961351394653,
-0.05231752246618271,
0.6776172518730164,
1.1622716188430786,
0.4724615216255188,
-0.25891679525375366,
-0.15554842352867126,
-0.730452835559845,
0.23484650254249573,
0.5893692374229431,
-0.8457330465316772,
-0.08580943942070007,
0.21439799666404724,
-1.8374276161193848,
0.6926102638244629,
-0.24469564855098724,
-0.9833799004554749,
-0.4498624801635742,
-0.8087180852890015,
0.2601774334907532,
-0.4922860860824585,
-0.07730130851268768,
0.25278112292289734,
-0.583658754825592,
-0.5425862073898315,
-0.3978770971298218,
-0.2977263629436493,
0.5830052495002747,
0.9061976671218872,
-0.14499662816524506,
-0.13562922179698944,
0.486070841550827,
-0.2603705823421478,
-0.19457732141017914,
0.5562993288040161,
0.19816474616527557,
-0.005393585190176964,
-0.8950693607330322,
-0.009162410162389278,
0.1714693009853363,
0.7133386731147766,
0.05027323588728905,
0.4354671537876129,
-0.2731749415397644,
0.3233030438423157,
-0.7054303884506226,
-0.32896897196769714,
-0.2898816168308258,
0.3191486597061157,
-0.6808701157569885,
-0.19062086939811707,
-0.6181713938713074,
0.7033778429031372,
0.988021969795227,
0.5521566271781921,
-0.49855726957321167,
0.21178409457206726,
-1.6226392984390259,
0.01318236906081438,
0.43317899107933044,
0.5001905560493469,
0.42839470505714417,
0.022541088983416557,
0.44102126359939575,
0.21354055404663086,
0.8023426532745361,
-0.4791173040866852,
-0.4188448190689087,
0.5821223258972168,
1.2552227973937988,
-0.2467937171459198,
-0.44466450810432434,
-0.20282483100891113,
-0.11843210458755493,
0.6583728790283203,
0.10240385681390762,
0.04430375248193741,
0.7877366542816162,
0.9191232919692993,
-0.17508071660995483,
0.06402185559272766,
-1.2616606950759888,
0.00031380451400764287,
-0.12401416897773743,
-0.554546058177948,
-0.4514007568359375,
-0.6856181621551514,
-0.09646966308355331,
0.2488214522600174,
0.12850403785705566,
0.6068615913391113,
0.323030561208725,
-0.22520969808101654,
-0.240336075425148,
-0.047231849282979965,
0.3785075843334198,
0.2350786179304123,
0.36271342635154724,
0.5489147305488586,
1.9282323122024536,
0.3442789912223816,
0.4298563003540039,
0.16298264265060425,
0.11002996563911438,
0.8691114187240601,
-0.46624961495399475,
0.12450305372476578,
-0.21164382994174957,
-0.20396053791046143,
-0.02453170344233513,
-0.7970983386039734,
-1.225256085395813,
0.6391329169273376,
-0.17598392069339752,
0.7083030343055725,
0.0984402447938919,
1.2024555206298828,
0.24886593222618103,
-0.22938404977321625,
-0.17032837867736816,
0.036611493676900864,
-0.3472517430782318,
-0.3400259017944336,
-0.32808932662010193,
0.312631756067276,
-0.07154057174921036,
-0.6634256839752197,
0.7475427389144897,
0.11796707659959793,
0.31005746126174927,
-0.11708459258079529,
-0.06956489384174347,
0.1963948756456375,
0.6993539333343506,
0.11322470754384995,
-0.46728605031967163,
-0.19335637986660004,
1.515213131904602,
0.0797804519534111,
-0.3933771550655365,
-0.532258927822113,
-0.4664596617221832,
-0.20893831551074982,
-0.3393857777118683,
-0.40701815485954285,
0.4741576015949249,
-1.12246835231781,
-0.6160836815834045,
-0.6375272274017334,
0.2194853127002716,
-0.1253640055656433,
0.091059610247612,
-0.568225085735321,
-0.8790681958198547,
0.14092913269996643,
-0.45882168412208557,
0.25395917892456055,
0.5165576934814453,
0.33825504779815674,
0.6054428815841675,
0.45708876848220825,
0.3012244403362274,
-0.5670055747032166,
0.37713706493377686,
-0.4377595782279968,
0.6383053660392761,
-0.5746086239814758,
0.031063683331012726,
0.3851924538612366,
-0.3892298936843872,
-0.735883891582489,
-0.25308942794799805,
0.3771502673625946,
0.4921460449695587,
-0.6670635342597961,
-0.2330036163330078,
-1.2990891933441162,
0.14522145688533783,
-0.5895742774009705,
-0.1729891449213028,
0.3139787018299103,
-0.4823041558265686,
0.40345945954322815,
0.7480388283729553,
0.8177547454833984,
-0.42101702094078064,
-0.36579543352127075,
1.065488338470459,
-0.2851467728614807,
-0.16637840867042542,
-1.0087257623672485,
0.26797306537628174,
0.05641240254044533,
0.392543226480484,
0.7319645285606384,
0.3189057409763336,
-0.6631582379341125,
-0.33155786991119385,
-0.272186815738678,
0.27517223358154297,
0.7152380347251892,
0.22074982523918152,
-0.5034601092338562,
0.029987236484885216,
-0.5782631039619446,
0.17964205145835876,
-0.004437683150172234,
-0.2619751989841461,
-0.02846856601536274,
0.27036163210868835,
-0.24833978712558746,
0.737862765789032,
-0.0754082202911377,
-0.19901005923748016,
-0.6881597638130188,
0.09794988483190536,
0.08082693815231323,
-0.9501475691795349
] |
|
xf1sw | How did access to supercomputing in the 60's and 70's change the way scientists do research? | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"c5lur2b",
"c5lunho",
"c5lv1a7",
"c5lwlu7"
],
"text": [
"You're framing the question somewhat wrong. There is no breakoff point. There is no true/false. It's shades of grey (but not 50 shades, I assure you..)\n\nComputer, you have to realize, are giant calculators. Numbers go in, numbers go out. Nothing else EVER happens. Handling operations on numbers is called computation, and the machines we use to help us are called computers.\n\nBefore the modern computers, we had other aids for doing calculations, such as books filled with lookup tables, mechanical calculators, the abacus, etc. The early computing machines were purely arithmetic machines. For example, they could calculate a ballistic curve faster than any human, but they could not perform any other task without being physically rebuilt.\n\nThis changed in the 40's and 50's with the von Neumann architecture. A von Neumann computer stores the program it executes as data, instead of having the program be a part of the physical configuration. This really changes everything. Suddenly, a computer can solve any computable problem, not just what it was built for. This (along with some other details) sparked the start of the computer revolution.\n\nHow is this relevant? Well, nothing _specifically_ happened in the 60's and 70's, and \"supercomputing\" is not a well-defined scientific term. Scientists have always used the best computing aids available to them, and as such, when more and more universities got access to computers in those decades, it meant a new horizon of what was possible to calculate. Statistical studies, in particular, gained much from having computer access. However, this boon neither started in 1960 nor ended in 1979.\n\nSo to answer your question, everything changed, or nothing changed, depending on how you look at it. We are still pushing the boundaries of what we can calculate within reasonable time. Here's a short list of things we have managed to do after the 70's:\n\n - Raytracing (started in 79, fully developed later)\n - Computational Fluid Dynamics\n - Photon Mapping\n - Live 3D-reconstruction from ultrasound\n - Huge data set handling (think MapReduce, petabytes upon petabytes)\n\nThese are just a very few examples, but I could never make a comprehensive list. The truth is, (almost?) every academic field is now using computers to some degree. It doesn't do any of the work for you, but it allows you to do work on a scale that used to be impossible.\n\nI hope that answers your question. If not, please elaborate.. :)",
"I can give a couple of examples. [FTIR](_URL_1_) spectroscopy would not be possible without computers. Now it is extremely routine and most users won't know that an FT is actually performed. It wasn't until the 70-80's that high resolution FTIR spectra could be performed.\n\nAnother example I've come across is the calculation of refractive indices via the [Kramers-Kronig](_URL_0_) transformation. This is quite a simple calculation that an modern PC can do simply but I've read some early papers where the researchers applied for supercomputer time to do it.",
"It made the [Monte Carlo Method](_URL_2_) much more feasible.",
"- Tomography \n- N-Body simulation\n- Finite element analysis, (Eularian, (fluids), or otherwise)\n- various Monte Carlo methods\n\nI believe most things can be summed up into those categories, (for example, all thermal/fluid/wave sims are finite element PDE solvers). Tomography encompasses medical imaging, astrophysics, etc etc. N-Body is typically brute force O(N^2)."
],
"score": [
12,
5,
3,
2
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kramers-Kronig_relation",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourier_transform_infrared_spectroscopy",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monte_Carlo_method"
]
} | How did access to supercomputing in the 60's and 70's change the way scientists do research?
| [
-0.12284518778324127,
-0.5527387857437134,
0.5820872783660889,
-0.9087414145469666,
-0.34282344579696655,
-1.1129021644592285,
0.25448286533355713,
-0.2517276406288147,
0.7490769624710083,
-0.6418432593345642,
0.8471078276634216,
0.24500375986099243,
0.0939100980758667,
1.1752474308013916,
-0.14809952676296234,
0.2765521705150604,
-0.9392143487930298,
-0.32578644156455994,
-0.7510528564453125,
-0.68197101354599,
0.9102391004562378,
-0.28057363629341125,
0.02294115535914898,
1.150237798690796,
-0.08626429736614227,
-0.018707558512687683,
-0.48038357496261597,
-0.36599746346473694,
0.010623857378959656,
0.15113236010074615,
-0.09187596291303635,
0.3565763235092163,
-0.19784551858901978,
0.45824241638183594,
0.4506274461746216,
0.37658464908599854,
0.8495886325836182,
0.6048043966293335,
0.5158450603485107,
-0.5370646119117737,
-0.30641791224479675,
-0.7627943754196167,
0.060673221945762634,
0.8609484434127808,
-0.8775120377540588,
-0.50898277759552,
0.03627463057637215,
0.14069420099258423,
-1.006032109260559,
-0.1053754910826683,
-0.49402597546577454,
0.10409723222255707,
0.9260525107383728,
0.43489453196525574,
-0.6149831414222717,
0.1897135078907013,
0.8126970529556274,
-0.5122426748275757,
0.3148207366466522,
-0.8123856782913208,
0.6694554686546326,
0.15792568027973175,
-1.0866725444793701,
-0.4830016791820526,
0.701262354850769,
0.11456020921468735,
0.3064458966255188,
0.09005558490753174,
-1.2551956176757812,
-0.6576351523399353,
-0.7034624814987183,
-0.9115031361579895,
-1.1181259155273438,
-1.3917136192321777,
0.02584526129066944,
-0.07742489129304886,
1.0750820636749268,
0.3340533971786499,
0.15203064680099487,
-0.07715734094381332,
-0.5021691918373108,
0.8436169028282166,
-0.32572057843208313,
0.8574902415275574,
-0.7382105588912964,
-0.2537740468978882,
0.14876779913902283,
-0.9221270680427551,
-0.7583354115486145,
0.9630203247070312,
-0.4890908896923065,
-0.9748379588127136,
-0.048798516392707825,
-0.14568506181240082,
-0.5710422992706299,
-0.0977114737033844,
0.5413801670074463,
-0.4576800465583801,
-0.10977382212877274,
1.0581378936767578,
0.0614345408976078,
-0.588335394859314,
0.6110543608665466,
0.6675487756729126,
0.23668432235717773,
-0.4041967988014221,
0.6565539836883545,
-1.042242169380188,
-0.023174423724412918,
-0.020143967121839523,
0.4017498195171356,
0.5666607022285461,
0.3594820201396942,
-0.08555813878774643,
-0.7355784773826599,
-0.7825425863265991,
0.23442794382572174,
-0.4113873839378357,
1.0439989566802979,
0.5989455580711365,
0.5499153733253479,
-0.004807902034372091,
0.49478620290756226,
1.0365009307861328,
-0.41385650634765625,
0.2570335268974304,
-0.014626989141106606,
0.12594464421272278,
-0.710112452507019,
-1.5423357486724854,
0.7957925200462341,
0.3229711651802063,
0.4962993860244751,
0.0639789029955864,
0.054052408784627914,
0.40288475155830383,
-0.1088600605726242,
-0.2848699688911438,
-0.6850192546844482,
0.8339252471923828,
0.025899920612573624,
0.38824716210365295,
0.9447091817855835,
-0.697178304195404,
0.20058701932430267,
-0.8657349944114685,
-1.0431822538375854,
-0.011655481532216072,
0.35283374786376953,
-0.11987536400556564,
-0.8932793140411377,
-0.6415148377418518,
0.3510480225086212,
-1.6093553304672241,
0.5865611433982849,
0.20002181828022003,
0.35405856370925903,
-0.8044667840003967,
-0.10112416744232178,
0.5550777912139893,
-0.6729838252067566,
-0.5748210549354553,
-0.17305317521095276,
0.6449998021125793,
0.14847014844417572,
-0.3376825749874115,
-0.638148844242096,
-0.8879162669181824,
-0.10576631128787994,
0.7282254099845886,
0.27730676531791687,
0.26461490988731384,
1.71727454662323,
-0.09125594049692154,
0.022064246237277985,
0.40068531036376953,
-0.2802385687828064,
0.3697924017906189,
-0.16706925630569458,
0.44726669788360596,
0.05917759984731674,
-0.006745120044797659,
-0.03418707102537155,
0.3826017677783966,
-0.7706610560417175,
0.19296270608901978,
0.28068798780441284,
-0.5524031519889832,
-0.08574644476175308,
0.0008794573368504643,
0.4312576949596405,
-0.30391183495521545,
-1.2642595767974854,
0.17337949573993683,
0.6012982130050659,
0.000725323217920959,
0.5425535440444946,
0.7157096266746521,
-0.2872443199157715,
-1.0639833211898804,
0.42110681533813477,
-1.098065733909607,
0.6002632975578308,
-0.6993106007575989,
-0.30879610776901245,
-0.34763622283935547,
0.33590075373649597,
-0.919780433177948,
0.202036514878273,
0.27207815647125244,
-0.15406833589076996,
0.8721691966056824,
-0.17557018995285034,
0.01059346366673708,
-0.058728281408548355,
1.419264554977417,
0.045790452510118484,
-0.20919376611709595,
0.008188658393919468,
-0.8580067753791809,
0.3851608633995056,
-0.17899543046951294,
-0.05077577009797096,
0.623566746711731,
1.0233826637268066,
-0.3385363221168518,
0.5297096967697144,
0.09743257611989975,
0.5551972985267639,
-0.20616430044174194,
0.034216705709695816,
0.3150942027568817,
0.21239548921585083,
1.0577044486999512,
-0.8193789720535278,
-0.8809454441070557,
-1.4073289632797241,
-0.2812694311141968,
-0.01330483052879572,
-0.5096316933631897,
0.19852440059185028,
0.6012001633644104,
0.13065959513187408,
0.9331489205360413,
0.8890165090560913,
0.216544046998024,
0.13077591359615326,
-0.4287884831428528,
-0.27269601821899414,
0.3903215229511261,
-0.36508989334106445,
-0.42091038823127747,
-0.6417859196662903,
-0.5400159358978271,
0.39097416400909424,
-0.4234238266944885,
0.4270615875720978,
-0.11693128198385239,
0.7414222359657288,
-0.1515510082244873,
-0.05225396528840065,
-0.300529420375824,
0.20802482962608337,
0.11070819199085236,
-0.30447661876678467,
-0.7366915345191956,
-0.7303532361984253,
0.043817684054374695,
0.37084120512008667,
-0.2788691520690918,
-0.988208532333374,
0.08215256780385971,
0.33118441700935364,
0.598176121711731,
-0.2980499267578125,
-0.8211263418197632,
-0.027189480140805244,
-0.8410505056381226,
0.28741157054901123,
0.9550812840461731,
0.9664759039878845,
-0.49646881222724915,
0.014061331748962402,
-0.9978017210960388,
0.07343941181898117,
0.635606050491333,
0.3052883446216583,
-0.06374745070934296,
0.42045527696609497,
-1.5699169635772705,
0.42114827036857605,
0.27599817514419556,
-1.135399580001831,
0.6896924376487732,
0.4971073865890503,
-0.625261664390564,
0.13831254839897156,
0.33378008008003235,
0.1359419822692871,
0.5517414808273315,
0.016935210675001144,
0.19760027527809143,
0.46900463104248047,
0.6607651114463806,
-0.6931752562522888,
-0.3386702835559845,
0.5885520577430725,
-0.9130931496620178,
0.28884682059288025,
-0.007146215066313744,
0.8050335645675659,
0.0041322363540530205,
0.21501588821411133,
0.8493877649307251,
0.6382648944854736,
0.3040425479412079,
0.24789157509803772,
-1.095580816268921,
-0.5696702599525452,
-0.11030323058366776,
-0.960619330406189,
0.9181051850318909,
-0.3642895817756653,
0.3689362406730652,
1.384620189666748,
1.3754857778549194,
-0.2669960558414459,
-0.17392566800117493,
-0.5697677135467529,
0.10357344895601273,
0.38660210371017456,
-0.35201865434646606,
0.7261003851890564,
0.8379013538360596,
-0.5070730447769165,
-0.5793333649635315,
-0.4882521331310272,
0.4183473587036133,
-0.13467346131801605,
-0.1507919579744339,
0.42025139927864075,
0.6421436071395874,
0.22072887420654297,
0.04345986619591713,
0.7911730408668518,
0.3000591993331909,
0.17582985758781433,
0.529870867729187,
0.7469510436058044,
0.30816730856895447,
0.43688252568244934,
0.2136617749929428,
0.9693583250045776,
-1.101402759552002,
-0.11750587821006775,
0.13061369955539703,
-0.13124671578407288,
-0.06825289130210876,
0.3171505630016327,
1.0260459184646606,
0.9430772066116333,
0.0890548974275589,
0.1561838537454605,
-0.0789341926574707,
0.05437937751412392,
0.2886151075363159,
-0.6645558476448059,
-0.36652520298957825,
0.055700697004795074,
0.9943268299102783,
0.1229880303144455,
-0.07386165112257004,
0.05830766633152962,
-0.3067680597305298,
0.27086570858955383,
-0.11489269137382507,
1.0891636610031128,
-0.04915642365813255,
-1.0750364065170288,
0.29514387249946594,
0.3467485010623932,
0.2018674910068512,
-0.07740919291973114,
-0.20048801600933075,
-0.7223396897315979,
0.0013636648654937744,
-0.43071386218070984,
0.26691770553588867,
-0.10468614846467972,
0.5953769683837891,
-0.46883347630500793,
-0.3828265070915222,
-0.7866467833518982,
-1.14814293384552,
-0.5425783395767212,
-0.4081181287765503,
-0.8902108669281006,
1.269094467163086,
-0.09908708930015564,
-0.9177405834197998,
0.7876691818237305,
0.2942788004875183,
0.14336656033992767,
0.1070450097322464,
0.7562189698219299,
0.23662084341049194,
0.6263226866722107,
0.32252436876296997,
0.05833957716822624,
-0.8679230213165283,
0.0018353140912950039,
-0.9073571562767029,
-0.921134352684021,
0.5070065259933472,
0.06843522936105728,
-0.1850530207157135,
-0.9148248434066772,
0.01349704060703516,
-1.3667562007904053,
-0.42896226048469543,
0.4004532992839813,
0.387868195772171,
-1.2247791290283203,
0.6468839049339294,
-0.019864879548549652,
-0.3160914182662964,
0.8823676705360413,
-0.47933733463287354,
-0.5077788829803467,
0.9043204188346863,
-1.0743670463562012,
-0.7620426416397095,
1.0370440483093262,
0.2868538498878479,
-0.6316379904747009,
0.4437582194805145,
0.038298316299915314,
-0.13097018003463745,
-1.0957915782928467,
-1.1385276317596436,
-0.42908817529678345,
-0.1237606555223465,
-0.36136648058891296,
0.27145180106163025,
0.19508813321590424,
-0.36235326528549194,
0.28225019574165344,
0.6808599829673767,
-0.42693522572517395,
0.10516685992479324,
0.6374238729476929,
-0.9069064259529114,
0.0010456168092787266,
0.24285608530044556,
0.6694666147232056,
0.6386505961418152,
-0.32960474491119385,
1.033166766166687,
-0.784652590751648,
0.16950732469558716,
-0.5948032736778259,
-0.5354114770889282,
0.1454409509897232,
0.5880407094955444,
-0.2540423274040222,
0.05136081948876381,
-0.2849039137363434,
0.2738649547100067,
-0.029388662427663803,
-0.6629849076271057,
-0.8602073192596436,
-0.09076724946498871,
0.08031720668077469,
0.5986212491989136,
-0.006410442758351564,
-0.18639503419399261,
0.7031764388084412,
-0.33598896861076355,
-0.7277466058731079,
-0.5759508609771729,
-0.16596725583076477,
-0.6058453917503357,
-0.353728324174881,
0.1864415556192398,
0.44164401292800903,
0.28965476155281067,
0.17428238689899445,
0.0767325833439827,
0.16013750433921814,
-0.10594199597835541,
-0.3934892416000366,
0.13357719779014587,
-0.6994562149047852,
0.3930622339248657,
0.08563698083162308,
0.6456226706504822,
0.32891035079956055,
0.7919684648513794,
-0.5624581575393677,
0.16037607192993164,
0.23088839650154114,
0.14200076460838318,
0.15291449427604675,
-0.10169795900583267,
-0.23966361582279205,
-0.31863123178482056,
0.1924077868461609,
0.32239848375320435,
0.3066425323486328,
0.49345022439956665,
-0.5930835008621216,
0.21534112095832825,
0.7278452515602112,
-0.5801923274993896,
-0.38117048144340515,
-0.05050577595829964,
0.18016721308231354,
-0.2983339726924896,
-0.31589487195014954,
1.1673672199249268,
-0.38909435272216797,
-0.14821301400661469,
0.8860939741134644,
-0.40661555528640747,
0.5426005721092224,
0.6277005076408386,
-0.7008687257766724,
-0.5690582990646362,
-0.1577426791191101,
-0.17002981901168823,
0.3026263117790222,
-0.05841822177171707,
-1.519741177558899,
0.1271681934595108,
-0.7685680985450745,
1.1905792951583862,
0.4644317030906677,
-1.253539800643921,
0.6269591450691223,
0.05961336940526962,
-0.42881256341934204,
0.25866568088531494,
0.9122308492660522,
0.20505258440971375,
-0.00015119406452868134,
0.07315528392791748,
0.41457512974739075,
0.564868688583374,
-0.0026311783585697412,
0.3734900653362274,
-0.5919919610023499,
-0.08759672939777374,
0.63385009765625,
0.09291484951972961,
0.01235113199800253,
-0.3492932617664337,
-0.21911734342575073,
-0.7429239749908447,
0.443510502576828,
0.17439378798007965,
-0.48897141218185425,
-0.18425419926643372,
0.3410630524158478,
-0.7644975185394287,
0.06283215433359146,
-0.3694787621498108,
-0.6600247621536255,
-0.2299012988805771,
-0.6675278544425964,
0.7166634202003479,
-0.44204089045524597,
-0.5073673725128174,
-0.6479842662811279,
0.023251472041010857,
0.16161951422691345,
0.050612807273864746,
0.02906731888651848,
-0.1391102522611618,
0.20515622198581696,
-0.11032337695360184,
0.01254299096763134,
0.12426507472991943,
0.5249089598655701,
0.5766370892524719,
-0.05529160797595978,
0.033228155225515366,
0.35139238834381104,
-1.314026951789856,
0.07916329801082611,
0.7795822620391846,
-0.524611234664917,
-0.7226674556732178,
-0.028711017221212387,
-0.6477475762367249,
-0.11359751224517822,
-0.39735257625579834,
0.016263319179415703,
-0.33980223536491394,
-0.4118141829967499,
-0.05870848149061203,
0.483828604221344,
-0.5242482423782349,
0.3880801200866699,
0.42480188608169556,
0.9082211256027222,
-0.3344744145870209,
0.19386839866638184,
-0.6643984913825989,
-0.5644251704216003,
0.6733431220054626,
0.1754608452320099,
0.689937174320221,
0.40967637300491333,
0.0641096830368042,
1.0644474029541016,
1.2258092164993286,
-0.5764603018760681,
-0.8924738168716431,
-0.05469251051545143,
0.2982197403907776,
-0.061975911259651184,
-0.5855847001075745,
-0.523749589920044,
-0.45383161306381226,
0.8484788537025452,
-0.8302837014198303,
-0.044544659554958344,
0.1750447154045105,
0.48024508357048035,
0.3473273813724518,
-0.24051597714424133,
0.09346426278352737,
0.32193756103515625,
-0.17394748330116272,
-0.23301519453525543,
-0.8067440390586853,
-0.7845680713653564,
-0.17388655245304108,
-0.6813410520553589,
-0.00222319015301764,
-0.21717537939548492,
0.3668043911457062,
0.018434537574648857,
-0.415725976228714,
0.010808706283569336,
0.5516757369041443,
0.5933383703231812,
0.628059983253479,
-0.34765514731407166,
2.2662127017974854,
-0.140480637550354,
0.24029310047626495,
0.6451323628425598,
-0.6828269362449646,
0.3955780267715454,
-0.31979039311408997,
-0.28216177225112915,
0.4830912947654724,
-0.16769757866859436,
0.15448632836341858,
-1.4302825927734375,
-0.3079781234264374,
1.1068273782730103,
-0.0884263664484024,
0.5119882225990295,
0.5886881351470947,
0.2808724641799927,
-0.06113863363862038,
0.1233668178319931,
-1.5489660501480103,
0.638748824596405,
-0.919110894203186,
-0.30467942357063293,
0.18543307483196259,
-0.11050580441951752,
-0.5203824639320374,
-0.7389529943466187,
0.18457013368606567,
-0.5419842004776001,
0.3862643539905548,
0.21511231362819672,
-0.1561526209115982,
-0.9712156653404236,
0.5610364079475403,
-0.10416023433208466,
-0.1236487627029419,
-0.8155394196510315,
1.1031103134155273,
0.4022974669933319,
-0.8102521300315857,
0.14844359457492828,
-0.26773130893707275,
-0.20044881105422974,
-0.1689014583826065,
-1.0774235725402832,
0.37524011731147766,
-0.7880779504776001,
-0.594418466091156,
-0.48798128962516785,
-0.44133517146110535,
-0.2601641118526459,
-0.4828813672065735,
-0.6203681230545044,
-0.5708030462265015,
-0.06369692832231522,
0.53070068359375,
0.26020076870918274,
1.6833261251449585,
0.5085797905921936,
-1.3669917583465576,
0.09767413884401321,
0.06327155977487564,
-0.028173822909593582,
-0.23273414373397827,
0.05276975408196449,
-0.11482076346874237,
-0.1686665117740631,
-0.024094659835100174,
-0.6423285603523254,
-0.08530469238758087,
-0.4565049707889557,
-0.10548053681850433,
-0.4978671371936798,
-0.5880221128463745,
-0.3263970911502838,
0.5364188551902771,
-0.02938293106853962,
-0.3225782513618469,
0.10250678658485413,
-0.4307994246482849,
-0.4239860773086548,
0.12907519936561584,
-0.36704036593437195,
0.90463787317276,
0.7490928173065186,
0.5964457988739014,
0.33181101083755493,
0.3146282434463501,
-0.12139035761356354,
0.22892768681049347,
-0.6638618111610413,
-0.227267324924469,
-0.12071074545383453,
-0.6765912771224976,
0.6722946166992188,
0.15408390760421753,
-0.862415075302124,
-0.2952515184879303,
-0.10477575659751892,
0.41602623462677,
1.102363109588623,
0.47019630670547485,
0.1409367024898529,
-0.840336263179779,
0.056815408170223236,
0.2318958193063736,
-0.5928626656532288,
-0.3529234528541565,
-0.4121972918510437,
-0.23007632791996002,
0.13885432481765747,
-0.3717544972896576,
-0.024707194417715073,
-0.3648986518383026,
0.25339624285697937,
-0.21839767694473267,
0.4282192885875702,
-0.29400327801704407
] |
||
1u3nr4 | How to compare different card shuffling methods? | I have a card deck shuffling machine which takes one deck of cards and separates it into two piles, by continously putting the bottom card of the deck randomly into the left or right pile. When the deck is separated, you can stack the piles and insert them on top to repeat the process. (Which you should do a few times if you want a good shuffling.)
This brought me to a few questions:
1. How would you model (nondeterministic) algorithms to shuffle cards? Would you use something like a discrete dynamic system (a stochastic one), or a times series? Or something entirely different?
2. Is there some way to measure the effectivity and efficiency of shuffling methods in the sense that one 'shuffles better', or creates better (pseudo)randomness, or whatever measure of shuffleability you can give.
3. How well does this machine shuffle (with its nondeterministic pile shuffle) compared to a riffle shuffle? | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"ceebtp4",
"cee8dpu",
"cee9txu"
],
"text": [
"This [Bayer and Diaconis](_URL_0_) paper is the classic reference for this (which is where the 7 shuffles comes from). \n\nTheir model for shuffling there is that you split your deck into to halves and then, drop a card from a random half with probability proportional to its size (so if the left half is thicker, you're more likely to use a card from there -- or else you'll run out of cards on one side first). \n\nThen, they define a distance measure on distributions. A standard one exists that's called 'variation distance' which is computed in the following way: you find the subset of permutations that maximizes the difference between P(deck in that subset) - P_random(deck in that subset) and use that as a measure of how how different the distributions are. For example, suppose that in your 'shuffle', the ace of spades would always end up at the bottom. So P(permutations w/ AoS on bottom) = 1 but P_random(that) = 1/52, so the variation distance would be at least 51/52. \n\nAnyway, what the shuffling results show is that for the first 5 shuffles in a standard deck, the variation distance barely goes down; after 7 shuffles it's down to 0.5 and for every shuffle after that, it goes down by half. \n\nPS: Note that another way to define variation distance is 0.5 * sum over all permutation of abs(P(deck in that state) - P_random(deck in that state))",
"As a gambling machine programmer, the best algorithm I've seen for deck shuffling in terms of time and space is to create a structure (array) of all the cards in whichever order you'd like. Go to the first element, pick a (pseudo)random number in the range of the structure, and swap the first element with the randomly chosen element (may swap with self). Do the same for each element in order.\n\nI believe this algorithm is pretty different from both your deck shuffling machine and the riffle shuffle because it sufficiently randomizes the deck in a single run. With both the riffle shuffle and the machine, the bottom part of the deck is likely to stay on the bottom or be moved to the center, but is impossible or unlikely to get to the top in one run.\n\nI understand I'm not answering your mathematical questions, I'm just proposing another way to shuffle for comparison. I'm curious about the answers myself.",
"Consider all possible arrangements of cards in a deck (there's 52! of them). Given any starting configuration, after one shuffle, there's some probability of seeing each configuration. Some configurations might not be possible to achieve and have zero probability. For example, in a riffle shuffle, its impossible to end up with the bottom card as the top card after a shuffle. \n\nWhat's a perfect shuffle? A shuffle where all configurations are equally likely. You can convince yourself that if I take the top card and place it randomly in the deck, then stop after placing the bottom card, every configuration will be equally likely, and this is a perfect shuffle. \n\nA riffle shuffle is considered good because after six times, the deck is \"close\" to perfectly random. Each configuration has mostly the same probability (but not quite). \n\nHope this gives an idea of how to compare the quality of a shuffle. Essentially, one is better if it takes less time to get \"close\" to perfectly random. \n\nBy the way, not sure if you thought of this, but your system is actually a riffle shuffle in reverse! I believe the probability of going from configuration A to B with a riffle shuffle is the same as going from B to A with your system."
],
"score": [
8,
8,
5
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://statweb.stanford.edu/~cgates/PERSI/papers/bayer92.pdf"
]
} | How to compare different card shuffling methods?
I have a card deck shuffling machine which takes one deck of cards and separates it into two piles, by continously putting the bottom card of the deck randomly into the left or right pile. When the deck is separated, you can stack the piles and insert them on top to repeat the process. (Which you should do a few times if you want a good shuffling.) This brought me to a few questions: 1. How would you model (nondeterministic) algorithms to shuffle cards? Would you use something like a discrete dynamic system (a stochastic one), or a times series? Or something entirely different? 2. Is there some way to measure the effectivity and efficiency of shuffling methods in the sense that one 'shuffles better', or creates better (pseudo)randomness, or whatever measure of shuffleability you can give. 3. How well does this machine shuffle (with its nondeterministic pile shuffle) compared to a riffle shuffle? | [
-0.23449596762657166,
-0.8068424463272095,
0.3640947639942169,
0.2476138323545456,
-0.11038129031658173,
-0.052914682775735855,
-0.37396368384361267,
-0.6418267488479614,
0.8048551082611084,
-0.37901613116264343,
0.954629123210907,
0.6462985277175903,
-0.816385805606842,
-0.5427860021591187,
-0.0074136462062597275,
0.10882242769002914,
0.2695716619491577,
-0.21867318451404572,
-0.2584095597267151,
-0.3071869909763336,
0.24517366290092468,
0.0974394679069519,
-0.16601751744747162,
1.3502655029296875,
-0.43283089995384216,
-0.0358847975730896,
0.9661260843276978,
-0.08395614475011826,
0.5751683115959167,
0.5451561212539673,
0.4371738135814667,
-0.7733611464500427,
0.28386014699935913,
-0.03822709247469902,
0.5395950675010681,
0.027306057512760162,
1.472857117652893,
-0.025686804205179214,
-0.11746478825807571,
-0.38376882672309875,
0.18549016118049622,
0.20655207335948944,
0.6323578357696533,
0.1248074471950531,
0.0025299882981926203,
-0.2661280632019043,
-0.13025148212909698,
-0.09311572462320328,
-0.3975643515586853,
0.2092551589012146,
-0.48752647638320923,
0.14018988609313965,
0.08926587551832199,
0.17975081503391266,
0.15599709749221802,
-0.060606781393289566,
0.9823540449142456,
0.2021653652191162,
0.7293720245361328,
0.048400506377220154,
0.7557666897773743,
0.08031781762838364,
-0.407815545797348,
-0.196882426738739,
0.925445020198822,
-0.3664897084236145,
0.022013220936059952,
0.9047409296035767,
-0.5510496497154236,
-0.394498735666275,
-0.148011714220047,
-0.5456888675689697,
-0.8649894595146179,
-0.830007016658783,
-0.17219674587249756,
-0.5957331657409668,
0.2716730833053589,
0.24580369889736176,
-0.4309071898460388,
-0.48875123262405396,
-0.7095003724098206,
-0.30820778012275696,
0.09231632202863693,
0.41657620668411255,
0.9975080490112305,
0.167715921998024,
0.24106553196907043,
0.05629179626703262,
-0.8463447690010071,
0.13931284844875336,
-0.37140023708343506,
-0.30294984579086304,
-0.09371013939380646,
0.6072396039962769,
-0.3581066131591797,
-0.7575911283493042,
-0.35767823457717896,
-0.26274001598358154,
-0.6200538277626038,
0.27038702368736267,
-0.6984823346138,
0.3261284828186035,
0.8735116720199585,
0.7014732956886292,
0.9184037446975708,
-0.5805532932281494,
0.4010975956916809,
-0.2566787004470825,
-0.022438082844018936,
0.05598066374659538,
-0.07094040513038635,
0.5186216235160828,
0.16849258542060852,
-0.48030391335487366,
-0.32655104994773865,
0.12085401266813278,
0.07442080974578857,
0.15116332471370697,
0.5976325869560242,
-0.44475263357162476,
0.5831153392791748,
0.8559507727622986,
1.1812289953231812,
0.33182722330093384,
0.6688443422317505,
-0.2473982870578766,
0.004315354861319065,
0.8462396264076233,
0.5493811368942261,
-0.9434422850608826,
0.2634958326816559,
0.14021775126457214,
-0.15182729065418243,
-0.3477419912815094,
0.17445607483386993,
-0.01900126412510872,
-0.4991087019443512,
0.909415066242218,
-0.4154004454612732,
0.5126866698265076,
-0.4305739998817444,
-0.23033834993839264,
1.4378048181533813,
-0.8728081583976746,
-0.020136792212724686,
-0.1686318963766098,
-0.22268548607826233,
-0.5907578468322754,
-0.691486120223999,
-0.7104873657226562,
-0.6448779106140137,
-0.3390202522277832,
-0.028781211003661156,
-0.7406846880912781,
0.7962486147880554,
0.4890691637992859,
-0.7410399913787842,
-0.5421179533004761,
0.9727861881256104,
0.049062781035900116,
-0.762039303779602,
-0.18129980564117432,
-0.01658356934785843,
0.31421172618865967,
0.33688241243362427,
-0.6816757917404175,
0.2958858013153076,
-0.24572904407978058,
-0.07572370767593384,
0.08590073883533478,
-0.18342021107673645,
0.2413201630115509,
1.709699034690857,
-0.004520252346992493,
0.3759438991546631,
-0.03588709607720375,
-0.32348573207855225,
-0.2138105034828186,
-0.7367030382156372,
-0.3185482323169708,
0.2463272511959076,
-0.8476402759552002,
-0.04770144075155258,
0.6782211661338806,
-0.3882080912590027,
0.16771762073040009,
-0.006941758096218109,
0.5522449016571045,
0.18756312131881714,
0.08799061179161072,
0.7669118642807007,
-0.22776161134243011,
-1.502576470375061,
0.33774060010910034,
0.29714253544807434,
0.5680075287818909,
-0.9222346544265747,
0.8400773406028748,
0.05424186959862709,
-0.1078769862651825,
-0.07033315300941467,
-0.18750888109207153,
-0.20111587643623352,
-0.5224614143371582,
-0.06461881101131439,
0.12722434103488922,
0.06305035948753357,
0.342584490776062,
0.793337881565094,
-0.33679887652397156,
-0.711133599281311,
0.14759716391563416,
-0.2434028536081314,
0.358584463596344,
0.4309390187263489,
0.6346463561058044,
-0.5366570949554443,
-0.2953334450721741,
0.9759058952331543,
0.5711275935173035,
1.3340811729431152,
0.560073733329773,
-0.43164947628974915,
-0.018981028348207474,
0.6099042892456055,
-0.43161284923553467,
-0.28541049361228943,
-0.4965190291404724,
0.7065115571022034,
0.08698420226573944,
0.031138986349105835,
0.254587322473526,
0.21978645026683807,
0.485420286655426,
0.7171624302864075,
-0.33560770750045776,
-1.6452158689498901,
-0.9180832505226135,
-0.3182763159275055,
-0.9098992347717285,
-0.3514472246170044,
0.5391951203346252,
0.12353788316249847,
0.09487097710371017,
0.09125863015651703,
0.9181264042854309,
-1.5167945623397827,
-0.677968442440033,
0.8966069221496582,
-0.043189387768507004,
1.195295810699463,
0.1776919811964035,
-0.18778866529464722,
-1.3281630277633667,
0.5700156688690186,
-0.8221491575241089,
-0.5905804634094238,
-0.0322929210960865,
-0.2964702546596527,
-0.18945875763893127,
-0.32495635747909546,
-0.07624825835227966,
0.8324428796768188,
-0.6039590239524841,
-0.376728355884552,
-0.056396231055259705,
-1.3933733701705933,
0.328941285610199,
0.12492368370294571,
0.3068724274635315,
0.66413414478302,
-0.42886659502983093,
0.09918680042028427,
-0.131154403090477,
0.37063366174697876,
-1.060787320137024,
-0.10232362896203995,
-0.4070724844932556,
0.19953493773937225,
0.5955412983894348,
-0.15215420722961426,
0.7046014070510864,
0.3212911784648895,
-0.8822398781776428,
0.10376115888357162,
0.11268489807844162,
0.2841985523700714,
-0.8082712292671204,
0.08079975843429565,
-0.7248378396034241,
0.6891250014305115,
0.5692133903503418,
-0.8928626179695129,
1.1052651405334473,
1.3131307363510132,
-1.3912112712860107,
0.29921144247055054,
0.7782506942749023,
-0.2561867833137512,
0.23918740451335907,
-0.06083502620458603,
0.4970788359642029,
0.0027987537905573845,
0.2060140073299408,
-0.08206402510404587,
0.6354743838310242,
0.21696925163269043,
-0.8112580180168152,
0.185846745967865,
-0.4718278646469116,
-0.6760042905807495,
0.7948404550552368,
0.35858356952667236,
0.6609900593757629,
0.2744460105895996,
0.08165724575519562,
0.8637778759002686,
-0.11692885309457779,
-1.3020070791244507,
-2.279177665710449,
0.19605833292007446,
0.21111080050468445,
0.6591794490814209,
0.8369758725166321,
-0.24561753869056702,
0.5315266847610474,
-0.601045548915863,
0.25496938824653625,
-1.0121278762817383,
0.009981110692024231,
0.5214002728462219,
-0.16213788092136383,
0.06191587820649147,
0.1803576648235321,
-0.06712187826633453,
-0.39728960394859314,
-0.001309368759393692,
0.10139718651771545,
0.029776155948638916,
0.37247970700263977,
0.7900659441947937,
0.1882188320159912,
0.2068718522787094,
0.4542278051376343,
-0.1027929037809372,
0.22771595418453217,
-0.07272135466337204,
0.7944974303245544,
-0.2799971103668213,
0.3945814371109009,
-0.4100232720375061,
0.515737771987915,
0.7493932247161865,
-0.5054537057876587,
0.15036548674106598,
-0.5145761370658875,
-0.4748459756374359,
-0.1806105375289917,
0.8458455204963684,
-0.17152369022369385,
-0.07340396195650101,
0.5394654273986816,
1.3599908351898193,
0.2589815557003021,
-0.22772900760173798,
-0.5078730583190918,
-0.9775992035865784,
0.31902316212654114,
-0.0607801154255867,
-0.10287000983953476,
0.1671162247657776,
0.2699306607246399,
-0.19753606617450714,
-0.0839189887046814,
-0.02124631032347679,
0.144932359457016,
0.8230421543121338,
0.7580657601356506,
-0.1054081916809082,
-0.1958460807800293,
0.34602904319763184,
0.09174171835184097,
-0.7922074794769287,
0.5993056893348694,
-1.1624094247817993,
-1.045438289642334,
0.25986140966415405,
0.3952171802520752,
1.3289135694503784,
-0.0026252996176481247,
0.20547321438789368,
-0.012847429141402245,
0.017686249688267708,
-0.9964777231216431,
-0.747581958770752,
-0.36901962757110596,
-1.4155102968215942,
1.106015682220459,
-1.2314800024032593,
-0.1555013358592987,
-0.07587555050849915,
-0.5425453782081604,
-0.014845872297883034,
1.248766303062439,
-0.35313865542411804,
-0.9047515392303467,
-0.3019215166568756,
0.8907038569450378,
0.8153149485588074,
-0.27343103289604187,
0.10006590187549591,
-0.6168354153633118,
0.7722435593605042,
0.5931463241577148,
-0.43126752972602844,
-0.39773744344711304,
-1.1515047550201416,
0.03339492157101631,
-0.9625182747840881,
0.2351093888282776,
0.8471066355705261,
-0.09208449721336365,
-0.2080298513174057,
0.17997264862060547,
-0.7549649477005005,
-0.19076155126094818,
0.0021374933421611786,
0.2321261167526245,
-0.9583280086517334,
0.7627156972885132,
-0.5398792624473572,
-0.99367356300354,
0.2936556041240692,
-0.35600340366363525,
0.06693054735660553,
-0.14367607235908508,
0.10567077994346619,
0.4948190152645111,
0.4546450674533844,
-0.3486822247505188,
-1.323604941368103,
0.6592193841934204,
-0.8691200613975525,
-0.0927763283252716,
-0.4529547095298767,
-0.09142633527517319,
-0.1283966302871704,
-0.3027365803718567,
-0.6625491380691528,
-0.36958032846450806,
-0.05518389493227005,
-0.4768643379211426,
-0.4251655042171478,
0.3198423683643341,
0.4405308663845062,
0.37582558393478394,
-0.9381581544876099,
0.7200964689254761,
-0.9257029891014099,
-0.35407188534736633,
-0.39787691831588745,
-0.2950345277786255,
-0.25237536430358887,
0.3732371926307678,
0.5800179243087769,
0.27881932258605957,
0.36494219303131104,
-0.2684290409088135,
0.16152969002723694,
-0.3772177994251251,
-0.299573689699173,
0.140633225440979,
0.028799185529351234,
0.16818851232528687,
-0.5341814756393433,
-0.5429761409759521,
0.6857725977897644,
-0.11413885653018951,
-0.828468918800354,
-1.297647476196289,
-0.1114392876625061,
-0.6291353106498718,
-0.214449942111969,
0.3110126852989197,
0.5375986695289612,
-1.2592167854309082,
-1.384974718093872,
-0.15473029017448425,
-0.7492722868919373,
-1.0085633993148804,
-0.3362899422645569,
0.6203280687332153,
0.4042278528213501,
0.338717520236969,
1.4327895641326904,
0.7150852680206299,
-1.3693931102752686,
-0.3881888687610626,
-0.017801731824874878,
0.5874093770980835,
0.1616467386484146,
-1.1266409158706665,
-0.571007251739502,
0.13542243838310242,
0.6271413564682007,
0.9910987615585327,
-0.8089622259140015,
-0.04494544863700867,
1.3041194677352905,
0.2414485365152359,
-0.9509868621826172,
-0.9225550889968872,
0.21655142307281494,
-0.7117881178855896,
-0.061722759157419205,
-0.3151892423629761,
-0.18592670559883118,
0.23603731393814087,
-0.14936886727809906,
0.1958749145269394,
-0.3778502941131592,
-0.18245330452919006,
0.41264984011650085,
0.5911890268325806,
0.10217107832431793,
-0.441280722618103,
-0.4545208811759949,
-0.3158007562160492,
-0.08914954215288162,
0.19026629626750946,
0.6196311116218567,
-0.617337703704834,
-0.5218872427940369,
0.7850514054298401,
-0.40517598390579224,
0.5295668840408325,
0.5953189134597778,
-0.10861097276210785,
1.0216361284255981,
-0.5007743239402771,
-0.1866595596075058,
0.10683955997228622,
-0.5914385318756104,
0.10031299293041229,
-0.17760039865970612,
-1.1766068935394287,
-0.6599772572517395,
0.026466893032193184,
-0.6645671129226685,
0.2601853013038635,
0.1602468192577362,
-0.2880268692970276,
0.5265806913375854,
-0.027957715094089508,
-0.01099233515560627,
-0.9045963883399963,
0.3494132459163666,
-0.7239893674850464,
-0.0017433054745197296,
-0.42565804719924927,
-0.11754891276359558,
0.20443929731845856,
-0.03171633556485176,
-0.08526913821697235,
-0.0029725730419158936,
-0.799670934677124,
-0.7428678274154663,
0.04025602340698242,
-1.3687469959259033,
-0.025720253586769104,
-0.3898117244243622,
-0.27132153511047363,
0.28770211338996887,
-0.4159815013408661,
0.6797419190406799,
-0.1507534682750702,
0.2563673257827759,
0.13681483268737793,
0.10723857581615448,
0.34820541739463806,
0.37717753648757935,
0.8483482003211975,
0.016097038984298706,
-0.23094649612903595,
0.3697975277900696,
-0.4973750710487366,
0.1438894122838974,
-0.1944197714328766,
-0.05164797976613045,
-0.10290929675102234,
-0.22420763969421387,
-0.7994438409805298,
0.16056586802005768,
-0.6849596500396729,
0.3526216149330139,
-0.8000494241714478,
0.18603666126728058,
0.9235935807228088,
-0.2518749237060547,
-0.014454996213316917,
0.0662284642457962,
-0.5774786472320557,
0.319409042596817,
0.1955946683883667,
0.4637165367603302,
-0.5035679340362549,
0.2565514147281647,
-0.04218510538339615,
0.020215341821312904,
1.3955272436141968,
0.6348648071289062,
0.3593299090862274,
-0.11247741430997849,
0.7455016374588013,
-0.24808576703071594,
0.07470152527093887,
-0.7611262798309326,
0.10027790069580078,
0.06338862329721451,
-0.14682264626026154,
-0.010658811777830124,
0.24415957927703857,
-0.7359607219696045,
-0.017414135858416557,
1.4230600595474243,
0.2519954442977905,
0.05320676416158676,
0.6729117631912231,
-0.10676368325948715,
0.13721853494644165,
-0.42960914969444275,
-0.6664849519729614,
0.6706912517547607,
-0.5439788699150085,
-0.7148101329803467,
0.22441309690475464,
-0.2905677258968353,
-0.0549134835600853,
0.37137141823768616,
0.562163233757019,
-0.7384686470031738,
-0.20081840455532074,
-0.12426210939884186,
0.6911063194274902,
0.40486040711402893,
0.33831071853637695,
-0.9470902681350708,
0.5541739463806152,
-0.12468498200178146,
0.7304331064224243,
-0.6031976342201233,
1.3335061073303223,
-0.2014961540699005,
-0.23444972932338715,
0.7399762868881226,
-0.5956583619117737,
0.09549552202224731,
0.1322125792503357,
-0.1727493852376938,
-0.03427984565496445,
-0.8548508882522583,
0.5275953412055969,
0.8939452767372131,
-0.14543229341506958,
0.5200788378715515,
-0.57231205701828,
0.016768762841820717,
-0.04276478663086891,
0.1860293596982956,
0.5424609780311584,
0.13296149671077728,
0.5933829545974731,
-0.8970813751220703,
0.05017872154712677,
0.5705152153968811,
0.5456029176712036,
-0.19354291260242462,
-0.5559709668159485,
-0.08566123992204666,
0.9740373492240906,
-0.8076110482215881,
0.6521890759468079,
-1.2403738498687744,
-0.3394419252872467,
0.06469130516052246,
-0.07726795971393585,
-0.3700658679008484,
0.7157356142997742,
0.9314509630203247,
-0.19567932188510895,
-0.2773224115371704,
-0.8962119221687317,
0.21293577551841736,
-0.4640049934387207,
0.055804263800382614,
-0.35052594542503357,
-0.36176204681396484,
-0.1014392226934433,
-0.970879316329956,
1.1128530502319336,
-0.5553465485572815,
-0.4149588346481323,
-0.12487703561782837,
-1.5029346942901611,
-0.3110865354537964,
0.6529049873352051,
0.27872127294540405,
0.8362081050872803,
0.9070209860801697,
-0.7788740396499634,
1.4547780752182007,
-0.1328006237745285,
-0.2771918773651123,
0.20270121097564697,
-0.43086299300193787,
-0.1704762727022171,
-0.7309718728065491,
0.5498896837234497,
-0.050047002732753754,
0.7917889356613159,
-0.2275078147649765,
-0.31365227699279785,
0.1016160100698471,
-0.02214055135846138,
-0.49383094906806946,
0.23771284520626068,
-0.5321871042251587,
-0.549195408821106,
0.16017262637615204,
0.0699000135064125,
-0.855739176273346,
-0.1579066962003708,
-0.1924668550491333,
0.1296871453523636,
0.4610440135002136,
0.05840955674648285,
-0.8989871740341187,
0.6992921829223633,
0.5986284017562866,
-0.12061788141727448,
-0.19451956450939178,
0.09710633754730225,
-0.0632481798529625,
-0.22056490182876587,
0.5821826457977295,
0.025673758238554,
-0.6339433789253235,
0.2639071047306061,
-0.3212687075138092,
0.7081186771392822,
-0.42266854643821716,
0.40205302834510803,
-0.14880864322185516,
-0.184464693069458,
-0.1798030436038971,
-0.14539703726768494,
-0.7694487571716309,
-0.7555875182151794,
-0.005772806704044342,
0.05432983487844467,
-0.3305441439151764,
1.2203564643859863,
-0.08806511759757996,
0.23694774508476257,
-0.5490111708641052,
0.0783003717660904,
-0.29122495651245117,
-0.4064074158668518
] |
|
oqd4v | AskScience AMA series: I am a neuroscience researcher who pokes brains all day. | I'm a postdoc doing basic research into auditory brainstem and olfactory systems using electrophysiology and laser imaging techniques.
I have a free evening and a bottle of wine. I'll be hitting F5 periodically so go nuts.
Edit: The questions seemed to have dried up so I'm for bed. If there's anything else, I'll get to it on the morrow. Thanks for a nice evening reddit!
Edit 2: after a nice long sleep I'll be around sporadically today if there're any more questions, so feel free to AMA else. | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"c3j7o29",
"c3j7lrp",
"c3j8pz8",
"c3j9hyd",
"c3j8ryq",
"c3j8prc",
"c3j7vti",
"c3jbmxu",
"c3j7wbz",
"c3jc42e",
"c3j956i",
"c3j7v16",
"c3jbhem",
"c3j7j58",
"c3jetdj",
"c3jefxs",
"c3j9ckk"
],
"text": [
"Can you explain in more detail what you do? And what questions you are examining?",
"What is the coolest thing you have come across in your field of study?",
"A few questions: \n\n1. You said you were involved in the study of neural networks. Have you encountered (by which I mean, researched or had a colleague/professor who researched) a particular pattern/system about neural networks that you found to be extremely bizarre and/or pertinent to brain function (sorry about the iffy wording. Hopefully it's clear.)? If so, what? \n\n2. Do you have much contact with researches in other fields of neuroscience? \n\n3. What would you say is the most daunting problem that neuroscientists face, either in a particular field or in general (aside from the question of consciousness/sapience)? \n\nThanks in advance. I'm a neuro major, so I'm extremely interested in the workings of the brain and neuroscience as a field.",
"I've done a lot of work with simulating neuronal circuits in electronics and trying to simulate the dynamics of clusters of neurons with other [types of oscillators](_URL_1_). Are you familiar with the [Telluride workshop](_URL_0_) or familiar with neuromorphic engineering?",
"I'm a graduate student in neuroscience. I don't understand why people go into other fields. What do the next ten years hold in terms of academic neuroscience breakthroughs? What about in terms of clinical advances?",
"what do you think of jill bolte taylors TED presentation?",
"I'm a postdoc in a math department working in theoretical neuroscience. In an effort to remain anonymous, I won't be any more specific about what I study, but I'll say that I make a greater effort to work closely with biologists than many mathematicians. The grant I'm paid through is co-PI'ed by a math prof and a neurobio prof.\n\nThis is an opportunity to get an anonymous, and therefore candid, answer to this question:\nWhat is your opinion of the role of mathematics and mathematicians in (systems and computational) neuroscience?\n\nAlso, are you going to Cosyne?",
"With enough computing power, would it be possible to simulate a human brain? I don't mean make new AI, I mean like if it was theoretically possible to scan my brain to know the current cellular structure, would it be possible to simulate it or are there aspects that would make that impossible? \n\nDo we know enough about the brain to be able to do that if we had the computing power?",
"Have you ever studied the brain of an addict/alcoholic? If so, How does the brain compare to someone of a similar age who is not an addict? Do you see any similarities between the brain of an addict and someone with say, Alzheimers or dementia?",
"Do you ever worry that you'll be poking at a brain and then you'll figure out every part of it and you'll realize that there's no way a brain could work at all and then brains will stop working? Because I do.",
"> electrophysiology\n\nTook a class last semester about voltage-gated ion channels, and it was all patch-clamp this, patch clamp that. But most of the journal articles we had to read were fairly old.\n\nYou guys still use patch-clamps?",
"Do you do anything with connectomes as well? How specific is your research right now? Also, is it very \"cutting-edge\"? Is most of your focus on actual research or gathering funding for said research? Thanks :)",
"If you could perform *any* experiment on a live human brain, without regards for the consequences, what would you do?",
"how do you get a job as a medical researcher? what does it pay?",
"Is it true that the brain of a musician is actually visibly different?",
"So what does a neuroscientist think is the possible cause of consciousness?",
"Does the brain contribute to waste in the bloodstream?"
],
"score": [
4,
4,
3,
3,
3,
3,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://www.ine-web.org/index.php",
"http://www.google.com/patents?id=Y0WjAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4#v=onepage&q&f=false"
]
} | AskScience AMA series: I am a neuroscience researcher who pokes brains all day.
I'm a postdoc doing basic research into auditory brainstem and olfactory systems using electrophysiology and laser imaging techniques. I have a free evening and a bottle of wine. I'll be hitting F5 periodically so go nuts. Edit: The questions seemed to have dried up so I'm for bed. If there's anything else, I'll get to it on the morrow. Thanks for a nice evening reddit! Edit 2: after a nice long sleep I'll be around sporadically today if there're any more questions, so feel free to AMA else. | [
-0.37743884325027466,
-0.2334115207195282,
1.1685571670532227,
-0.642616331577301,
-0.5650155544281006,
-0.4934312105178833,
-0.6626901626586914,
-0.3919420838356018,
1.6423773765563965,
-0.23987744748592377,
0.644141435623169,
0.8732888698577881,
0.05327213555574417,
1.1799952983856201,
0.17440682649612427,
-0.9508726596832275,
1.1455940008163452,
-0.41350916028022766,
-0.21244773268699646,
0.009142368100583553,
0.6450793743133545,
0.2824837267398834,
-0.1315981149673462,
1.8833400011062622,
-0.828600287437439,
-0.2581886649131775,
-0.039912618696689606,
-0.16016194224357605,
0.2912115156650543,
0.9615201950073242,
-0.042723432183265686,
-0.05137146636843681,
-0.7350375056266785,
0.03886798769235611,
0.34102994203567505,
-0.060662925243377686,
0.7321034669876099,
-0.08764758706092834,
0.2923954725265503,
-0.500678300857544,
-0.09017258882522583,
-0.7465016841888428,
0.23949667811393738,
0.36600807309150696,
-0.15778431296348572,
-0.48408210277557373,
0.36291858553886414,
-0.15599854290485382,
-0.8667274117469788,
0.13408631086349487,
-0.4271507263183594,
0.0874115377664566,
0.2743251621723175,
0.19614283740520477,
0.3540790379047394,
-0.434402734041214,
0.471616268157959,
-0.09117678552865982,
1.0362801551818848,
-0.16982336342334747,
0.882167398929596,
-0.38995710015296936,
-0.5986756086349487,
-0.41385138034820557,
-0.2096114456653595,
-0.6310386061668396,
-0.5353229641914368,
0.5870898962020874,
0.029872333630919456,
-0.05321408808231354,
-0.7720848321914673,
-0.12226255983114243,
0.07520247250795364,
-0.6996102333068848,
0.20338140428066254,
-0.3044811487197876,
0.9354358911514282,
-0.38972872495651245,
-0.7612907886505127,
-0.19976067543029785,
-0.3186658024787903,
1.4139442443847656,
0.6397198438644409,
0.17580756545066833,
-0.5708051323890686,
0.4747562110424042,
0.5862581133842468,
-0.5454943180084229,
-0.4254918098449707,
0.6207448840141296,
-0.8228633403778076,
0.05460047721862793,
0.4160308539867401,
-0.20441408455371857,
0.0031996984034776688,
-0.47486332058906555,
0.42120614647865295,
-0.6314924955368042,
0.3583332896232605,
0.6389966607093811,
-0.2536926865577698,
1.065352201461792,
-0.08406369388103485,
0.8052113652229309,
0.19204333424568176,
0.11107674241065979,
-0.09528161585330963,
-0.9397261142730713,
-0.4934456944465637,
-0.19130973517894745,
0.5936191082000732,
1.0078521966934204,
0.2599829435348511,
-0.1330074667930603,
-0.28631675243377686,
-1.3260880708694458,
0.03027109056711197,
0.36043012142181396,
0.32671335339546204,
-0.0869808942079544,
0.04273279011249542,
-0.4680834710597992,
0.9584330320358276,
-0.1730046272277832,
0.24034756422042847,
-0.2638627886772156,
-0.17931720614433289,
0.24026918411254883,
0.058833129703998566,
-0.9637671709060669,
-0.2255433201789856,
0.6764353513717651,
0.082479327917099,
-0.03400648385286331,
0.8335046172142029,
-0.24123993515968323,
-0.7654773592948914,
-0.14394868910312653,
-0.8728934526443481,
0.09743336588144302,
-0.7552406191825867,
-0.4344328045845032,
0.7094944715499878,
-0.1680304855108261,
0.1648419350385666,
-0.4542543292045593,
-1.0979862213134766,
-0.5368791818618774,
-0.09271356463432312,
-0.2998863756656647,
-1.2711409330368042,
-0.4812610149383545,
0.1255650818347931,
-0.5588914752006531,
0.9155882596969604,
0.6125017404556274,
0.44466954469680786,
-0.3512740433216095,
0.8077552318572998,
-0.58425372838974,
-0.8867905139923096,
0.2149054855108261,
0.021725662052631378,
0.7556727528572083,
-0.26197221875190735,
-0.5655412673950195,
0.42611294984817505,
-0.8445196151733398,
0.22593067586421967,
0.4818951487541199,
-0.2290748655796051,
0.0866541862487793,
1.0942093133926392,
0.5037354826927185,
0.9394660592079163,
-0.01987798698246479,
0.7831851840019226,
0.23096837103366852,
-0.21035625040531158,
-0.04442384093999863,
-0.4997898042201996,
0.03385498374700546,
-0.1767948865890503,
0.2295185625553131,
-0.9525161385536194,
-0.4123536944389343,
0.8095604777336121,
0.4371580481529236,
0.15633729100227356,
0.5822561383247375,
1.0572810173034668,
-0.14926351606845856,
-1.3300220966339111,
0.2829192578792572,
0.632039487361908,
0.22178739309310913,
-0.7115656137466431,
1.003477931022644,
0.23933477699756622,
-0.07370442897081375,
0.27970558404922485,
-0.8139272332191467,
-0.16523903608322144,
-0.5799798965454102,
-0.25026726722717285,
-0.3106008470058441,
0.12109830975532532,
-0.022617682814598083,
0.4787902534008026,
-0.41372400522232056,
0.31673353910446167,
0.8097242712974548,
0.43917936086654663,
-0.19551078975200653,
0.49039703607559204,
0.6963379383087158,
-0.1334141194820404,
0.32408443093299866,
-0.49487996101379395,
0.6290301084518433,
-0.3066686987876892,
0.2691055238246918,
0.4590436816215515,
0.7139192223548889,
1.0976883172988892,
-0.6962456107139587,
-0.4446548521518707,
-0.40042808651924133,
0.43748021125793457,
-0.4196096360683441,
-0.1243417039513588,
0.16731122136116028,
-0.6068449020385742,
0.9982573390007019,
0.4092016816139221,
-0.2061886489391327,
-1.2639639377593994,
-1.1275839805603027,
0.3876499533653259,
-1.0315254926681519,
-0.32283326983451843,
-0.4179465174674988,
0.697443962097168,
0.40457379817962646,
0.4834046959877014,
1.0347288846969604,
0.04638802260160446,
-0.6893383860588074,
-0.16377697885036469,
-0.39460626244544983,
0.43804943561553955,
-0.9954633712768555,
-0.22683410346508026,
-0.8572818040847778,
0.5279142260551453,
-1.0583215951919556,
0.216972216963768,
-0.8870203495025635,
0.15997974574565887,
0.008496774360537529,
0.2011491060256958,
-0.2533586025238037,
1.2959821224212646,
-0.9664788842201233,
-0.5213533043861389,
0.016451943665742874,
-0.9403980374336243,
-0.22074002027511597,
0.11702980846166611,
-0.16806694865226746,
-0.8695169687271118,
-0.8370916843414307,
0.2871397137641907,
-0.22943848371505737,
0.32700130343437195,
-0.1214040070772171,
-0.09256663918495178,
-0.5917068719863892,
0.2727760672569275,
0.1337307244539261,
-0.018554188311100006,
0.16348956525325775,
0.16523100435733795,
0.07419300824403763,
-0.015718083828687668,
-0.3227110207080841,
0.29369086027145386,
-0.4094107747077942,
-0.05339115858078003,
-1.1434952020645142,
-0.13982143998146057,
-0.13682131469249725,
0.13193833827972412,
1.0521796941757202,
0.8066842555999756,
-0.07430391758680344,
0.8260010480880737,
0.3939160406589508,
-0.5087084770202637,
-0.10320428013801575,
-0.6095200777053833,
0.46479910612106323,
0.3641044497489929,
0.4730297923088074,
-0.0196312814950943,
-0.0938616394996643,
0.4915323257446289,
-0.4284279942512512,
0.7052274942398071,
-0.8771777153015137,
-0.16558775305747986,
-1.0570554733276367,
-0.26455920934677124,
0.971522331237793,
0.05723341554403305,
0.3565121591091156,
0.39181602001190186,
-0.5319240093231201,
-1.250766634941101,
-0.5750923156738281,
-0.0005538202822208405,
0.058320701122283936,
0.5822014212608337,
0.3132712244987488,
0.7073897123336792,
0.9113999009132385,
-0.040914833545684814,
0.7879056930541992,
-0.9087536334991455,
0.17569062113761902,
0.5926071405410767,
-0.374133437871933,
0.270244836807251,
-0.08204535394906998,
-0.21794307231903076,
0.20817629992961884,
0.4441978335380554,
0.49688035249710083,
-0.1026153638958931,
0.9686688184738159,
0.717416524887085,
0.15417614579200745,
-0.002975606359541416,
0.41599345207214355,
0.19710128009319305,
0.5896717309951782,
-0.2577093839645386,
-0.09494544565677643,
0.17782068252563477,
0.19557656347751617,
-0.2645108997821808,
0.27203771471977234,
1.2406386137008667,
-0.6661443114280701,
-0.26440098881721497,
-0.5717294216156006,
-0.5758134126663208,
-0.09660264849662781,
0.7932407855987549,
-0.13084639608860016,
-0.4170870780944824,
0.3636380732059479,
0.6516557335853577,
-0.2543506622314453,
0.43536069989204407,
0.09092378616333008,
-0.9920451641082764,
-0.10839501023292542,
-0.38556408882141113,
-0.10028251260519028,
-0.11599688977003098,
0.42060279846191406,
-0.017949191853404045,
0.8075175285339355,
0.3418482840061188,
0.217229425907135,
0.6297537088394165,
0.5629908442497253,
-0.5766682624816895,
0.046591583639383316,
0.3329562842845917,
0.25556275248527527,
0.09117072820663452,
0.12243475764989853,
-0.6997672915458679,
-1.300058126449585,
-1.0498676300048828,
0.1754179298877716,
0.21924705803394318,
0.4077227711677551,
-0.010658612474799156,
-0.4554785192012787,
-0.5442578792572021,
-0.7026165723800659,
-0.3582587242126465,
-0.19048625230789185,
-0.7978494763374329,
0.5689337253570557,
-0.5081421136856079,
-0.9469807147979736,
-0.060584187507629395,
-0.08446086198091507,
0.24189743399620056,
1.092043161392212,
0.034414902329444885,
0.07752376794815063,
0.36415237188339233,
0.4486742913722992,
0.22231516242027283,
-0.6727086305618286,
-0.14275945723056793,
-0.6588580012321472,
-0.36783555150032043,
0.22135603427886963,
-0.26407256722450256,
-1.2586300373077393,
-0.8525445461273193,
-0.29671475291252136,
-1.640732765197754,
0.5199347734451294,
0.36258625984191895,
-0.15633705258369446,
-0.3267827033996582,
0.21585921943187714,
-0.5466833710670471,
-0.20752473175525665,
0.05450942739844322,
-0.24248872697353363,
-0.5871835350990295,
0.5606647729873657,
-0.28336408734321594,
-0.9673274159431458,
1.735491394996643,
0.7916156053543091,
-0.18422992527484894,
0.41301819682121277,
0.27669617533683777,
0.21533986926078796,
-0.6583869457244873,
-0.13589933514595032,
-0.41533663868904114,
1.0753401517868042,
0.20712558925151825,
0.09340018779039383,
-0.8804460167884827,
-0.5834713578224182,
0.3978147804737091,
0.010571693070232868,
-0.8772746324539185,
0.5605248212814331,
0.6825106739997864,
-0.4217842221260071,
-0.017448365688323975,
0.8020074963569641,
0.4758729636669159,
0.05968134105205536,
-0.3600062131881714,
0.8759723901748657,
-0.8046286702156067,
-0.26799899339675903,
-0.4159497916698456,
-0.7799580097198486,
-0.6560230851173401,
0.5166589617729187,
0.08880047500133514,
0.08979877829551697,
0.08814919739961624,
0.1043553501367569,
-0.020223494619131088,
-1.4487063884735107,
-0.19306036829948425,
0.8688693642616272,
0.4593721628189087,
0.2443242073059082,
-0.42559128999710083,
-0.42300382256507874,
1.772437572479248,
-0.11727988719940186,
-0.15163761377334595,
-1.0981422662734985,
0.27654263377189636,
-0.6391247510910034,
-1.2718274593353271,
-0.5741106867790222,
0.7538259029388428,
0.8409408330917358,
-0.5890000462532043,
1.096968412399292,
-0.9570339322090149,
-0.4488181173801422,
-0.1443840116262436,
0.7089200019836426,
0.45034313201904297,
0.6430450081825256,
0.7074199914932251,
0.4944082498550415,
-0.24544280767440796,
1.0606842041015625,
-0.05703278258442879,
0.4102988839149475,
-0.16749893128871918,
0.07617800682783127,
0.5426328778266907,
-0.35321173071861267,
0.09720870852470398,
-0.376037061214447,
0.24721254408359528,
-0.5674607753753662,
1.0856140851974487,
0.8994886875152588,
-0.7474381923675537,
-0.0024336539208889008,
0.4080576002597809,
-0.6027013659477234,
-0.2112492024898529,
-0.5984804034233093,
-0.4620051085948944,
0.2220432162284851,
0.3797133266925812,
0.5244300961494446,
-0.8310803771018982,
-1.1268424987792969,
0.5040060877799988,
-0.02698448672890663,
-0.29322701692581177,
0.4362768232822418,
-0.8146564364433289,
-0.7527527213096619,
-0.05389489606022835,
0.597862720489502,
0.07193981111049652,
-0.7960022687911987,
-0.3607315123081207,
0.17075933516025543,
-0.048647817224264145,
0.9390202760696411,
0.7544846534729004,
-0.347961962223053,
0.6380879282951355,
0.2566513419151306,
-0.40927761793136597,
0.5599067211151123,
0.8954474925994873,
-0.3838503062725067,
0.1918451488018036,
-0.9031918048858643,
-0.41988900303840637,
0.7453370094299316,
-0.5112414360046387,
0.8496057391166687,
0.6253951787948608,
0.2930452525615692,
0.33362630009651184,
-0.4335429072380066,
-0.3590172529220581,
-0.2994805872440338,
0.3132847249507904,
-0.22323252260684967,
0.18420271575450897,
0.6454625725746155,
-1.3134881258010864,
0.341011643409729,
0.2266654521226883,
-0.7672632932662964,
0.2739613354206085,
-0.8115670680999756,
-0.6270881295204163,
0.14112886786460876,
-0.14463357627391815,
0.2059253752231598,
-0.8901445269584656,
0.16264468431472778,
-0.05251464992761612,
-0.45097973942756653,
-0.2992529273033142,
-0.11698605865240097,
-1.1179200410842896,
-0.4212379455566406,
0.14435501396656036,
0.4836603105068207,
-0.3842812776565552,
-0.20509475469589233,
0.15943147242069244,
0.6025612950325012,
-0.42137959599494934,
0.08663329482078552,
0.01836363598704338,
0.4020465016365051,
0.30037686228752136,
0.017587095499038696,
-0.6049091815948486,
-0.6679919958114624,
-0.21735966205596924,
-0.7759333848953247,
0.8649471998214722,
-0.5414724349975586,
0.42595481872558594,
0.5102096199989319,
-0.3207375407218933,
-0.021136511117219925,
0.7227574586868286,
-0.9600743055343628,
0.08149787038564682,
-0.014692433178424835,
1.2527812719345093,
-0.45850709080696106,
0.21990397572517395,
-0.054774317890405655,
-0.20412388443946838,
0.7645732164382935,
0.7161460518836975,
-0.07902384549379349,
-0.36222946643829346,
-0.042063988745212555,
0.08183475583791733,
-0.10805535316467285,
-0.8454856276512146,
-1.1763348579406738,
-0.4971078336238861,
-0.20246201753616333,
-0.031094375997781754,
0.05950155109167099,
-0.9240539073944092,
0.47477826476097107,
0.7984601259231567,
-0.3246202766895294,
-0.8057049512863159,
0.9621209502220154,
0.3570799231529236,
-0.5767612457275391,
-0.5369118452072144,
-0.2630422115325928,
0.12300669401884079,
-0.6191466450691223,
-1.3359379768371582,
0.5329803228378296,
-0.6232609152793884,
0.0809696838259697,
0.19822578132152557,
-0.4133085310459137,
-0.9909481406211853,
-0.23022586107254028,
0.29232949018478394,
0.6883807182312012,
1.1978504657745361,
-0.02118411287665367,
-0.5321309566497803,
0.6885206699371338,
-0.1860961616039276,
1.6422157287597656,
-0.8788750171661377,
0.7109547853469849,
0.03219784051179886,
0.5708339810371399,
-0.23983407020568848,
0.1851680725812912,
-0.12253842502832413,
0.2550855576992035,
-0.005332551896572113,
-0.4538981318473816,
-0.2907286286354065,
-0.5274064540863037,
0.6541880369186401,
0.06815154105424881,
-0.4310215413570404,
0.41492804884910583,
-0.055167704820632935,
-0.4976024329662323,
-0.11797519028186798,
-0.3436287045478821,
-0.5267022848129272,
0.8052418231964111,
-1.1358489990234375,
0.24276681244373322,
0.7259056568145752,
-0.023365480825304985,
-0.4587216079235077,
0.26330292224884033,
-0.20853084325790405,
0.060387495905160904,
-0.8595533967018127,
0.356829434633255,
-1.1869137287139893,
0.2211887389421463,
-0.7983361482620239,
-0.48817718029022217,
-0.2105594426393509,
0.9104799032211304,
1.6118171215057373,
-0.5653923749923706,
0.5989951491355896,
-0.12442712485790253,
0.3663860559463501,
-0.21530365943908691,
-0.6095757484436035,
-0.12936216592788696,
-0.14876355230808258,
-1.027186393737793,
-0.4325811564922333,
-0.05071905255317688,
-0.6862342357635498,
-0.6297799348831177,
0.26434728503227234,
-0.09336213022470474,
-0.575874388217926,
0.3500945568084717,
0.36503565311431885,
1.4435720443725586,
0.3266722559928894,
-1.6129428148269653,
0.5128687620162964,
-0.44081705808639526,
-0.4160444140434265,
-0.5059962868690491,
0.23656535148620605,
-0.3146459460258484,
-0.06350438296794891,
-0.1276417225599289,
-0.6032072901725769,
0.5105684399604797,
-0.07753122597932816,
-0.24377323687076569,
-0.14996811747550964,
0.27376246452331543,
-0.5220466256141663,
0.379851758480072,
-0.40996289253234863,
0.313139408826828,
-0.16009756922721863,
-0.6132737398147583,
-0.9128001928329468,
0.04644399881362915,
0.4163042902946472,
1.063852071762085,
0.39077627658843994,
-0.294594943523407,
-0.40736836194992065,
-0.11418762803077698,
-0.0654408261179924,
-0.2559555768966675,
-0.8361437320709229,
-0.32272255420684814,
-0.27028852701187134,
-1.502087116241455,
0.18490032851696014,
0.40495985746383667,
-0.4302765727043152,
0.8242735266685486,
-0.578973650932312,
0.9052743315696716,
-0.24490229785442352,
0.6802206039428711,
0.13987398147583008,
-0.3643144965171814,
0.39536646008491516,
-0.31120526790618896,
0.22772951424121857,
-1.0514503717422485,
0.24254247546195984,
-0.3654212951660156,
0.47835326194763184,
0.04025876522064209,
0.1452145278453827,
0.34014368057250977,
0.04710249975323677,
0.015505768358707428,
0.276997447013855,
-0.5557634830474854
] |
|
1056j8 | Why is mathematics -- something humans develop in their own heads -- so effective when it comes to describing the external, physical world? | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"c6ahj8u",
"c6ahhhl",
"c6alo0a",
"c6amqhb",
"c6aj4c5"
],
"text": [
"This is sort of like asking why language is so good at describing the physical world—it's because **we develop the mathematics we need**. Mathematics is a formal tool for studying anything that obeys rules; physics obeys rules, so math is useful for studying it.",
"Perhaps the question can be phrased differently:\n\nHow can humans be so effective at perceiving at describing mathematical patterns inherent to the external, physical world?",
"Because it is, in itself a description of the physical world.\n\nIf I am holding two apples, it is not a construct of my mind that I have two separate objects (without getting into philosophy), and that if I get rid of one, I will have only one. That is a reality of nature. We just made up words to describe it. Math is a collection and application of the terms we use to describe the physical world.\n\nPlus, we invent a lot of it as needed, just like any other tool. For example, there is no inherent \"length\" of an object. We quantify it with largely arbitrary numbering systems that we invent. Once quantified, we can use math to describe that object, and its interactions with other objects. Because the *relationships* between objects are constant, the units we use to measure them remain constant as well. This is the most important reason math works. Because the physical world behaves in predictable ways, the units we use to measure it do as well.\n\nOf course, math doesn't seem to be able to explain everything. There is a lot of randomness in reality that can affect outcomes, and reality rarely exactly matches the math. But that isn't because we \"made math up,\"\nbut because reality is so incredibly complex that we lack the understanding and capability to apply the appropriate math.",
"This article by Wigner (mathematician/quantum physicist, mainly) tries to answer this very question:\n_URL_0_",
"The other answers are good. It's mysterious. It's beautiful. It's marvellous. We don't know, but we're damn glad it is.\n\nBut on the other hand, it's not THAT mysterious. Humans don't develop mathematics the way they develop, say, a painting. You don't write down an equation, say, or a theorem, and say \"let it be!\". Mathematics is discovered rather than invented. In that way mathematics is much more like a science than an art, and so it's not entirely surprising the two are related. Of course, there's a lot of creativity in mathematics too, a lot of playfulness and a lot of personality, more like art than like sitting in a lab writing down numbers."
],
"score": [
36,
9,
5,
3,
2
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Unreasonable_Effectiveness_of_Mathematics_in_the_Natural_Sciences"
]
} | Why is mathematics -- something humans develop in their own heads -- so effective when it comes to describing the external, physical world?
| [
-1.2455928325653076,
0.02041780576109886,
0.2781681418418884,
0.42309334874153137,
-0.6539446115493774,
-0.4406127333641052,
0.8124417066574097,
-0.34417271614074707,
1.0297720432281494,
-0.48782625794410706,
0.5278130769729614,
0.31721147894859314,
-0.8092573881149292,
-0.3970031142234802,
0.022542454302310944,
-0.7925646305084229,
1.114989995956421,
-0.2048298716545105,
-0.2490748018026352,
-0.6453402042388916,
-0.536270260810852,
-0.18803083896636963,
0.08854664862155914,
0.7414436340332031,
-1.0965923070907593,
0.044366564601659775,
0.41045036911964417,
0.30049988627433777,
0.03948592394590378,
-0.15774884819984436,
0.21307788789272308,
-0.09056716412305832,
-0.10480750352144241,
1.3716846704483032,
0.4606611132621765,
0.5582139492034912,
1.3764866590499878,
-0.10159028321504593,
0.11193465441465378,
0.07769080996513367,
0.2878224849700928,
0.06347277015447617,
0.49490031599998474,
0.001493363524787128,
-0.8064454197883606,
-0.4402253031730652,
-0.4790060520172119,
0.09574916213750839,
-1.4295917749404907,
-0.27562928199768066,
-0.2189262956380844,
-0.1207171231508255,
1.0058157444000244,
0.13819827139377594,
0.21436220407485962,
-0.2702758014202118,
-0.3748905062675476,
-0.27635154128074646,
0.2575114071369171,
-0.22286562621593475,
0.3778987228870392,
0.8685058951377869,
-0.7168623805046082,
-0.9029625058174133,
0.24611233174800873,
0.2632587254047394,
-0.6664077043533325,
0.06654378771781921,
0.5291762948036194,
-1.4390212297439575,
0.46224305033683777,
-0.5252472758293152,
-1.5258152484893799,
-0.3670310974121094,
-0.5353005528450012,
-1.0843912363052368,
0.3795791566371918,
0.04994303360581398,
0.6135877966880798,
-0.4696667194366455,
-0.7419825792312622,
0.05881858244538307,
-0.3603303134441376,
0.37269049882888794,
0.08702748268842697,
-0.6275929808616638,
0.7447853684425354,
-0.14249005913734436,
-0.9417856335639954,
0.6907159090042114,
-0.14403562247753143,
-0.8322522640228271,
0.003731337608769536,
-0.12010940909385681,
-0.3163551986217499,
-0.7779045104980469,
0.5851770639419556,
-0.23232151567935944,
-0.5519186854362488,
0.6459363698959351,
-0.4990246593952179,
-1.3580669164657593,
0.1868678331375122,
0.703169584274292,
0.057799920439720154,
0.041973911225795746,
0.39475369453430176,
-0.3912510573863983,
-0.2781417965888977,
0.6285576820373535,
-0.5115332007408142,
-0.1884031444787979,
0.06647548079490662,
0.17589542269706726,
-0.0026085858698934317,
-0.3458786606788635,
-0.126257061958313,
0.40698373317718506,
1.1608483791351318,
1.1441993713378906,
0.3970668911933899,
-0.21925853192806244,
0.382943719625473,
1.5191341638565063,
0.008178106509149075,
-0.11624239385128021,
-0.29748430848121643,
0.6584848165512085,
0.25713974237442017,
-0.49052929878234863,
0.634212851524353,
1.4443498849868774,
0.1122625321149826,
-0.7904408574104309,
0.479529470205307,
-0.17002931237220764,
0.19899681210517883,
-0.24912694096565247,
-0.9111347198486328,
1.4162119626998901,
0.06758679449558258,
0.5044101476669312,
0.6820171475410461,
-0.7447018027305603,
0.6653031706809998,
-0.7532274723052979,
-0.6637749075889587,
0.1951274573802948,
0.31247958540916443,
-0.4662514328956604,
-0.8726171255111694,
-0.5815846920013428,
-0.4333811104297638,
-0.5327258110046387,
0.8660916090011597,
0.5040062069892883,
0.4430103898048401,
0.24937981367111206,
-0.5680635571479797,
0.2541376054286957,
-1.3323826789855957,
-0.6383430361747742,
0.1640927493572235,
-0.505236029624939,
-0.46972280740737915,
0.25808125734329224,
0.2714921832084656,
-0.40652579069137573,
-0.15934473276138306,
0.4198176860809326,
0.1460975706577301,
-0.9241365790367126,
0.21703486144542694,
0.9808487892150879,
-0.7813464403152466,
-0.19002585113048553,
-0.5612086057662964,
-1.0227833986282349,
-0.24608281254768372,
-0.4355173110961914,
0.5071230530738831,
0.05156722292304039,
0.05637393891811371,
0.5352544188499451,
-0.04960561916232109,
-0.2247994989156723,
-0.41355350613594055,
-0.7802233099937439,
-0.09529615938663483,
0.05224080756306648,
-0.3758058547973633,
-0.19639962911605835,
-0.6519716382026672,
-0.30240198969841003,
0.9451879858970642,
0.3131781220436096,
-0.2599426805973053,
0.8004383444786072,
0.19269581139087677,
-0.5522074103355408,
-0.014236470684409142,
-0.5553911924362183,
-0.32670795917510986,
-0.38350045680999756,
-0.24725235998630524,
0.2290244996547699,
0.8357137441635132,
-0.4841856360435486,
0.5538966655731201,
-0.463022917509079,
0.03211377561092377,
0.17492511868476868,
-0.22071772813796997,
-0.4529462158679962,
-0.16797417402267456,
1.543645977973938,
-0.9906718730926514,
0.07962226867675781,
0.02398149110376835,
-0.4608877897262573,
1.1673154830932617,
-0.23514477908611298,
0.540097177028656,
-0.3446507155895233,
0.38777512311935425,
-0.5541346073150635,
0.4872647523880005,
-0.04223903641104698,
-0.30726781487464905,
0.3322458267211914,
-0.17631225287914276,
0.14009122550487518,
0.29546549916267395,
0.43890708684921265,
-0.8044582009315491,
-0.6912263035774231,
-0.5567277073860168,
-0.7535853385925293,
1.156337857246399,
-0.24915336072444916,
-0.07048746943473816,
0.06699985265731812,
0.07369135320186615,
0.5207073092460632,
-0.2053046077489853,
1.1691975593566895,
-0.5705025792121887,
0.037342190742492676,
0.14427094161510468,
-0.065975122153759,
-0.688308835029602,
-0.6248588562011719,
-0.6925340890884399,
0.3330734372138977,
0.36763113737106323,
-0.8268159031867981,
-0.783584475517273,
-0.30148932337760925,
-0.5205543637275696,
0.887129545211792,
-0.17891919612884521,
-0.9546092748641968,
0.7519944310188293,
0.5850424766540527,
-0.9619804620742798,
-0.039634380489587784,
-0.7287052869796753,
-0.15213452279567719,
0.2275465875864029,
0.6534625291824341,
-0.15972846746444702,
-0.16816484928131104,
-0.7308732867240906,
0.6491451859474182,
0.6218808889389038,
0.40218889713287354,
-0.21755534410476685,
-0.260780394077301,
0.16343852877616882,
0.7184442281723022,
-0.02729717642068863,
0.7390177249908447,
0.0021184436045587063,
-1.2378100156784058,
-0.27131015062332153,
0.4927162826061249,
0.7831701040267944,
-1.6605761051177979,
-0.18591667711734772,
0.13515864312648773,
0.7483976483345032,
0.6638674139976501,
-0.6633821725845337,
0.29915767908096313,
0.8706379532814026,
-0.12320979684591293,
0.5236574411392212,
-0.6084374785423279,
0.17629224061965942,
0.04235723242163658,
0.2026647925376892,
0.05155102163553238,
1.0948500633239746,
-0.4005352556705475,
-0.3946785032749176,
0.49991726875305176,
0.134268119931221,
-0.6480208039283752,
0.4544627070426941,
-0.16022104024887085,
0.9848713278770447,
0.49771130084991455,
-0.15433906018733978,
0.8152464628219604,
0.4814031422138214,
0.02629104070365429,
-0.07126417011022568,
-0.023976609110832214,
-0.34952807426452637,
-0.27748844027519226,
-0.6278735399246216,
0.8061744570732117,
0.2632305324077606,
-0.210117906332016,
0.6808189153671265,
0.30290108919143677,
-1.1482996940612793,
0.14471770823001862,
-0.6098489165306091,
0.026459146291017532,
0.7947068810462952,
0.194969043135643,
-0.14440715312957764,
0.301727831363678,
0.2893833518028259,
-0.04769405350089073,
-0.15329916775226593,
0.6944918036460876,
0.005265034269541502,
-0.9195020198822021,
0.5630882978439331,
0.054001256823539734,
0.4309805631637573,
0.12511298060417175,
0.14119970798492432,
0.412188321352005,
-0.40029099583625793,
0.24699267745018005,
0.21694692969322205,
-0.9443752765655518,
-0.06991790980100632,
0.49007147550582886,
0.05416031926870346,
-1.7545571327209473,
-0.08584541827440262,
0.7005879878997803,
0.5086626410484314,
0.4340061843395233,
0.6293798685073853,
0.8689960241317749,
0.6249145865440369,
0.42623475193977356,
-0.40614402294158936,
-0.017863048240542412,
0.41422921419143677,
-0.5638183355331421,
-0.7210189700126648,
-0.05535842478275299,
0.4669232964515686,
0.21121899783611298,
0.09433645755052567,
0.15673018991947174,
0.5487191677093506,
-0.5816250443458557,
-0.46753811836242676,
-0.3071117401123047,
0.6710588932037354,
0.864300549030304,
-0.03357997164130211,
0.5616275668144226,
0.18769429624080658,
0.04031023383140564,
-0.05797706916928291,
0.38402634859085083,
-0.40617120265960693,
-0.9237938523292542,
0.2543218731880188,
0.25369083881378174,
0.6138273477554321,
0.5445151925086975,
-0.14389748871326447,
-0.059807490557432175,
0.12200305610895157,
-0.4693789780139923,
-0.41229158639907837,
-0.11328413337469101,
-0.6526572108268738,
0.9891504049301147,
0.38253360986709595,
-0.21623314917087555,
0.5060250163078308,
1.2016838788986206,
-0.009725652635097504,
0.880510151386261,
0.7436665296554565,
-0.15423108637332916,
0.4285784661769867,
0.6092967391014099,
1.5875786542892456,
-0.2773183286190033,
-0.1364830881357193,
-0.4079802930355072,
0.22008182108402252,
-0.048842672258615494,
0.5603566765785217,
-0.7493622899055481,
-0.7937608957290649,
-1.0164179801940918,
-1.1398307085037231,
0.19214609265327454,
0.4111851751804352,
0.2865399420261383,
-0.4292917549610138,
0.28400325775146484,
0.6836410164833069,
0.000035069111618213356,
0.20612825453281403,
-0.0684087797999382,
-0.1678127646446228,
0.3641785681247711,
0.5207587480545044,
-1.4366189241409302,
-1.9431039094924927,
0.3512113094329834,
-0.38036057353019714,
-0.12892040610313416,
0.8952478766441345,
-0.07363856583833694,
0.006993577349931002,
0.21762308478355408,
-0.7235236167907715,
0.4533958435058594,
-0.9215022325515747,
-0.15016910433769226,
0.0022989141289144754,
0.42086678743362427,
-0.2529045343399048,
-0.3696383833885193,
0.43333759903907776,
-0.3352784514427185,
0.832745373249054,
-0.5429433584213257,
0.32004427909851074,
-1.5973042249679565,
-0.35023432970046997,
0.30527713894844055,
-0.9093570113182068,
0.5439696311950684,
-0.16670316457748413,
-0.4709567427635193,
0.42983680963516235,
0.6613590717315674,
-0.36760276556015015,
1.2814191579818726,
0.18079674243927002,
0.2926812767982483,
-0.0820874273777008,
0.5246205925941467,
1.275622010231018,
-0.10179203748703003,
-0.8447321057319641,
0.005303876008838415,
0.4286472797393799,
0.15310455858707428,
-1.2302156686782837,
-0.7677937746047974,
-0.0789734423160553,
-0.2533150911331177,
1.2499334812164307,
-1.5652928352355957,
0.37086060643196106,
-0.8079829812049866,
-0.24071164429187775,
0.9679892063140869,
0.09266756474971771,
-0.6160725355148315,
-0.5643605589866638,
-1.0156444311141968,
-0.30579903721809387,
-1.163968563079834,
-0.40013396739959717,
-0.1448376625776291,
0.4845462143421173,
1.1648457050323486,
0.5998520851135254,
-0.7055651545524597,
0.11488635092973709,
0.19487908482551575,
-0.21032056212425232,
-0.2860713601112366,
0.7076416015625,
-1.3505091667175293,
-0.4286152422428131,
0.54390949010849,
0.5616949796676636,
-0.015422060154378414,
-0.6471537351608276,
0.8438773155212402,
-0.013991902582347393,
0.6616553664207458,
-0.21056202054023743,
-0.9118632078170776,
1.302493929862976,
-0.921046793460846,
0.16794301569461823,
0.03537149727344513,
-0.3987303674221039,
0.48530828952789307,
-0.30232304334640503,
0.7587119936943054,
0.13060668110847473,
-0.4837154150009155,
0.5531634092330933,
-0.08959405869245529,
1.089257836341858,
0.4938247799873352,
-0.18696044385433197,
0.08852039277553558,
-0.6156172752380371,
0.37397924065589905,
-0.026312651112675667,
-0.26910391449928284,
-1.021868109703064,
-0.9030964374542236,
-0.5402368903160095,
0.6973166465759277,
0.9343602657318115,
-0.1936977505683899,
0.4758312404155731,
0.6558849811553955,
-0.04368779435753822,
0.21459904313087463,
0.00916170235723257,
0.02841395139694214,
0.15625406801700592,
-0.07434730231761932,
-0.010276198387145996,
-0.24058566987514496,
-0.4942309856414795,
-0.5531758069992065,
-0.35219866037368774,
0.16919860243797302,
0.3055209517478943,
0.5735469460487366,
-0.5389255881309509,
-0.21271301805973053,
-0.48785874247550964,
-1.755462646484375,
0.21351468563079834,
0.3867605924606323,
-1.3189464807510376,
0.3799768090248108,
-0.41750696301460266,
-0.2666550874710083,
0.43465062975883484,
-0.07225524634122849,
-0.3044213056564331,
-0.14099612832069397,
-0.42317113280296326,
0.318925142288208,
-0.660843551158905,
0.6424647569656372,
-1.0595128536224365,
-0.06974021345376968,
0.10016149282455444,
-0.7316069602966309,
-0.24454674124717712,
-0.003609081730246544,
0.042602188885211945,
0.04116213694214821,
-0.25050586462020874,
-0.3117170035839081,
-0.020794745534658432,
-0.5789535641670227,
0.558685302734375,
0.486664742231369,
-0.5360157489776611,
-0.7236081957817078,
-0.30117055773735046,
0.4949032962322235,
-0.41332319378852844,
-0.48472902178764343,
-0.016701187938451767,
-0.4148079752922058,
0.2811429500579834,
-0.11308301985263824,
0.18658174574375153,
0.11084349453449249,
0.18551579117774963,
-0.9307332634925842,
0.6739007830619812,
-0.996538519859314,
0.6500877141952515,
1.0783300399780273,
0.37639281153678894,
0.11008739471435547,
0.3294216990470886,
-1.0417678356170654,
0.38334837555885315,
1.4354174137115479,
0.3354073464870453,
0.5182964205741882,
-0.46303847432136536,
1.2124731540679932,
0.7854481339454651,
0.042716726660728455,
-0.882820725440979,
-0.9349719285964966,
-0.36566638946533203,
1.0495386123657227,
-0.435203492641449,
-0.21020938456058502,
-0.6568863987922668,
-0.47510969638824463,
0.8738418817520142,
-0.45768189430236816,
-0.19454538822174072,
0.9845949411392212,
-0.3388599157333374,
-0.6329262852668762,
0.4344636797904968,
-0.11398706585168839,
-0.2593531012535095,
0.1329055279493332,
-0.9541513919830322,
-0.8385342359542847,
-0.408058226108551,
0.2605355381965637,
0.8078277707099915,
-0.939477801322937,
0.03883568197488785,
-0.3698327839374542,
0.22201941907405853,
-0.15272197127342224,
0.2931987941265106,
-0.11854945868253708,
-0.18824836611747742,
0.5994709134101868,
-0.8059501647949219,
0.583327054977417,
-0.22530081868171692,
0.09357775002717972,
-0.4706018269062042,
-0.8874449729919434,
0.0022005033679306507,
0.5926067233085632,
-0.7501664161682129,
-0.10458637028932571,
0.3889615833759308,
0.5564748644828796,
-1.1821273565292358,
-0.03565045818686485,
0.4967105984687805,
-0.8611613512039185,
0.8384524583816528,
-0.3768075406551361,
0.5098960399627686,
0.4059979319572449,
-0.9427897334098816,
-0.6182084679603577,
0.8823732733726501,
0.22306789457798004,
-0.6081433892250061,
0.4624941647052765,
0.291531503200531,
0.07546637952327728,
0.39738693833351135,
0.22377777099609375,
-1.0390726327896118,
-0.05258249491453171,
0.037105411291122437,
0.7402762174606323,
0.06639991700649261,
-0.03971991688013077,
0.5349942445755005,
-0.3275233209133148,
0.521125316619873,
-0.5401922464370728,
0.007788537070155144,
-0.7084992527961731,
-0.2729368805885315,
-1.0176711082458496,
-0.3739439845085144,
-0.035777654498815536,
-0.37408244609832764,
-0.022557729855179787,
-1.0689349174499512,
-0.2372259646654129,
-0.34526073932647705,
0.6119556427001953,
0.14841236174106598,
-0.4448970854282379,
-0.27488216757774353,
-0.6866347789764404,
-0.858928918838501,
0.5941733717918396,
0.8676908612251282,
0.35615867376327515,
-0.3669625520706177,
-0.2491816133260727,
1.019770860671997,
-0.47611212730407715,
-0.2384750097990036,
-0.561658501625061,
0.08811110258102417,
0.5279591083526611,
-1.1602137088775635,
-0.2152734398841858,
-0.35989582538604736,
-0.6234151721000671,
0.2704143226146698,
-0.4091707170009613,
0.18958105146884918,
-0.24360769987106323,
-0.27654898166656494,
0.5052040219306946,
0.4338468909263611,
-0.30708906054496765,
0.011673791334033012,
-0.3622437119483948,
0.17514055967330933,
-0.11069151759147644,
-0.11087780445814133,
0.5736104846000671,
-0.08848550170660019,
0.19774727523326874,
-0.04927937313914299,
0.779887318611145,
0.036239806562662125,
0.2552849054336548,
-0.22867350280284882,
0.12960559129714966,
-0.2825396955013275,
-0.48103004693984985,
0.48118096590042114,
0.15791983902454376,
-1.4738696813583374,
-0.6433148980140686,
-0.017264457419514656,
0.9233301281929016,
0.23473848402500153,
0.8999125957489014,
0.4249449670314789,
-0.26340386271476746,
-0.6765183210372925,
-0.050885796546936035,
-0.6249919533729553,
-1.1209501028060913,
0.1401589810848236,
0.14589056372642517,
0.2939132750034332,
0.4180191159248352,
0.37895098328590393,
0.2335261106491089,
0.2771797776222229,
-0.4447491765022278,
0.06198864057660103,
0.2620323896408081
] |
||
2nokne | AskScience now has 4,000,000 subscribers! Here's some science-y stuff! | ##[We've made inanimate digital attractions so ***astounding*** that they'll capture the imagination of the entire planet.](_URL_9_)
###Here's some of our biggest and bestest threads for the past few months:
* [The Philae lander has successfully landed on comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko. AskScience Megathread.](_URL_7_)
* ["If you remove all the space in the atoms, the entire human race could fit in the volume of a sugar cube" Is this how neutron stars are so dense or is there something else at play?](_URL_12_)
* [Introducing: AskScience Quarterly, a new popular science magazine by the scientists of reddit!](_URL_2_)
* [Do multivitamins actually make people healthier? Can they help people who are not getting a well-balanced diet?](_URL_5_)
* [FAQ Friday: Ask your questions about the Ebola epidemic here!](_URL_13_)
* [The SWARM satellite recently revealed the Earth's magnetic field is weakening, possibly indicating a geo-magnetic reversal. What effects on the planet could we expect if this occurred?](_URL_1_)
* [Why do airplane windows need to have that hole?](_URL_3_)
* [If we were denied any exposure to a colour for say, a year, would our perception of it change once we saw it again?](_URL_18_)
* [What have been the major advancements in computer chess since Deep Blue beat Kasparov in 1997?](_URL_10_)
* [If someone asks me 'how many apples are on the table', and I say 'five', am I counting them quickly in my head or do I remember what five apples look like?](_URL_14_)
* [How close to Earth could a black hole get without us noticing?](_URL_15_)
##Here's some cool science picture[s](_URL_17_) which make great conversation starters at parties!
###Impress your friends with all the knowledge in your noggin!
* [Geologic Map of the Near Side of the Moon](_URL_0_72dpi.jpg) [[Source]](_URL_0_)
* [The Darwinilus sedaris beetle](_URL_19_)
* [T. Rex Poop](_URL_20_) [[Source]](_URL_11_)
* [Close ups of comet 67P](_URL_16_)
* [Four Quarks at LHCb](_URL_4_)
* [Ebola viruses ~~infecting~~ budding from a cell](_URL_8_)
| askscience | {
"a_id": [
"cmfep5i",
"cmfgrbm",
"cmfi365",
"cmfi7wo",
"cmfm01r",
"cmfvpr5",
"cmfluuz",
"cmfgti8",
"cmg3dof",
"cmfk168",
"cmflj6e",
"cmg2utu",
"cmfmvdr",
"cmfsng3",
"cmfq0ye",
"cmft3sh",
"cmfx5wl"
],
"text": [
"[To all the time I've spent on this forum.](_URL_0_) :D\n\nEdit: To anyone wondering, AskScience Quarterly 2 is set to be released in mid-January! It's shaping up to be something real special.",
"Congratulations for running a hell of a place. You guys do a great job moderating this place.",
"In my defense, this subreddit is a default",
"Some amazing stuff folks. Please, make a time machine so I can tell grade school me to bust his ass in math, so I can make the world more amazing like you guys and gals. Being a layman blows.",
"I've had a life long fascination with science, but life took me down a different path and I never pursued a formal education in it. As a passionate layman, this sub has enriched my life more than I can express.\n\nThank you for doing such an amazing job moderating. And to all the experts answering questions, thank you for taking the time to share your knowledge. It is a gift.",
"I daresay that [picture of Ebola on the cell surface](_URL_1_) was pretty damn awesome. It's not that they're infecting that cell though - they're budding from it!",
"It's a default isn't it? I don't even remember subscribing to this.",
"Well done, community! I love this subreddit and thank everyone for their contributions!",
"Another casual reader \"layman\" wanting to comment...\n\nI just recently found this sub and actually started reading it- you all have moved me to tears on several occasions. I had a learning disorder in high school and basically gave up on ever pursuing a path that included mathematics. I now wish desperately that I had found a way to push through.\n\nBut really. I feel such a connection to my father browsing through here. He was a real science lover and I never appreciated it. He died when I was 13. He absolutely loved physics, philosophy, abstract mathematics, and astronomy and had a pretty good grasp of basic chemistry. He experimented with radioactive materials in high school and actually won a medal and got to go to Washington to receive it. He had a master's in philosophy and lectured on it for a few years; his specialty was philosophy of language and numbers. (He loooved Fibonacci numbers.) He ended up working as a computer programmer for 15+ years but he always pored over Scientific American and various other books and journals on his weekends.\n\nAnyway. I am so thankful I found this subreddit because browsing through, I find my own interests piqued much the way his were and I love feeling that connection to him. So many interesting topics...barely enough time to enjoy them all.\n\nKeep up the good work, I rarely comment but I'm always reading and learning and shuffling off to learn more about something someone mentions on here.",
"> Close ups of comet 69P\n\n67P. Just saying :p",
"glad to see people are still interested in science",
"I remember most of those threads! That one about counting the apples or just recognizing small numbers intuitively was pretty cool. \n\nAnd I still can't believe sugar cube/nuclear matter thread blew up the way it did. Had I known people would be that interested I would have really sunk the time into making my answer something other than a clusterfuck of order of magnitude calculations.",
"Nothing has been able to teach and inspire me about science as clearly and consistently as Askscience has, and I'm glad that it is seeing so much success. If only the education system would make as much of an effort to make things relatable and easy to understand.\n\nThen again, I'm sure our textbooks could have been very relatable when they were last revised in the 80s...",
"Congrats /r/AskScience! This post made me curious what your rankings were in the top 5000, so I'll share my findings with you guys.\n\n#137 for most activity\n#20 in subscribers\n#1320 in subscriber growth\n\nsource: \n_URL_2_\n\nThats at 3,997,569 subs which was as of midnight last night, but at 4,002,887 subs its still just a hair behind /r/gifs.",
"And even with that many subs, the sub doesn't feel like a default. I still enjoy the content I see here and I know it is due to the hard work of the Mods, so thanks for all the effort!",
"So, guys, I have to ask... you have 4,000,000 subscribers... why not do some actual science with it; this subreddit would be ripe for some statistical analysis!",
"Just a little error, underneath the pictures link. It says \"Close ups of comet 69P\" not 67P"
],
"score": [
149,
90,
71,
18,
13,
13,
11,
7,
6,
6,
6,
5,
3,
3,
3,
3,
2
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://www.lpi.usra.edu/resources/mapcatalog/usgs/I703/",
"http://redd.it/2hf6tu",
"http://redd.it/2jot8u",
"http://redd.it/2ee279",
"https://www.flickr.com/photos/uslhc/13899480695/",
"http://redd.it/2i36fd",
"http://www.lpi.usra.edu/resources/mapcatalog/usgs/I703/72dpi.jpg",
"http://redd.it/2m328u",
"https://www.flickr.com/photos/niaid/14440817981/in/set-72157646274075631",
"http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/it/6/66/John_Hammond.png",
"http://redd.it/2d55fx",
"http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v393/n6686/full/393680a0.html",
"http://redd.it/2n9oev",
"http://redd.it/2iutms",
"http://redd.it/2ayhkp",
"http://redd.it/2b7oh1",
"https://www.flickr.com/photos/europeanspaceagency/15739982196/in/photostream/",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/ScienceImages",
"http://redd.it/2diw66",
"https://www.flickr.com/photos/107963674@N07/15177154144/",
"http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v393/n6686/images/393680aa.tif.2.gif"
]
} | {
"url": [
"http://www.reactiongifs.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/chicken_regret_nothing.gif",
"https://www.flickr.com/photos/niaid/14440817981/in/set-72157646274075631",
"http://redditlist.com/search?adultfilter=2&searchterm=askscience"
]
} | AskScience now has 4,000,000 subscribers! Here's some science-y stuff!
##[We've made inanimate digital attractions so ***astounding*** that they'll capture the imagination of the entire planet.](_URL_9_) ###Here's some of our biggest and bestest threads for the past few months: * [The Philae lander has successfully landed on comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko. AskScience Megathread.](_URL_7_) * ["If you remove all the space in the atoms, the entire human race could fit in the volume of a sugar cube" Is this how neutron stars are so dense or is there something else at play?](_URL_12_) * [Introducing: AskScience Quarterly, a new popular science magazine by the scientists of reddit!](_URL_2_) * [Do multivitamins actually make people healthier? Can they help people who are not getting a well-balanced diet?](_URL_5_) * [FAQ Friday: Ask your questions about the Ebola epidemic here!](_URL_13_) * [The SWARM satellite recently revealed the Earth's magnetic field is weakening, possibly indicating a geo-magnetic reversal. What effects on the planet could we expect if this occurred?](_URL_1_) * [Why do airplane windows need to have that hole?](_URL_3_) * [If we were denied any exposure to a colour for say, a year, would our perception of it change once we saw it again?](_URL_18_) * [What have been the major advancements in computer chess since Deep Blue beat Kasparov in 1997?](_URL_10_) * [If someone asks me 'how many apples are on the table', and I say 'five', am I counting them quickly in my head or do I remember what five apples look like?](_URL_14_) * [How close to Earth could a black hole get without us noticing?](_URL_15_) ##Here's some cool science picture[s](_URL_17_) which make great conversation starters at parties! ###Impress your friends with all the knowledge in your noggin! * [Geologic Map of the Near Side of the Moon](_URL_0_72dpi.jpg) [[Source]](_URL_0_) * [The Darwinilus sedaris beetle](_URL_19_) * [T. Rex Poop](_URL_20_) [[Source]](_URL_11_) * [Close ups of comet 67P](_URL_16_) * [Four Quarks at LHCb](_URL_4_) * [Ebola viruses ~~infecting~~ budding from a cell](_URL_8_) | [
-0.1911943107843399,
-0.5497885942459106,
1.1069554090499878,
-0.07836179435253143,
-0.749311089515686,
-0.4745960235595703,
-0.8050708174705505,
-0.12621083855628967,
-0.4067714810371399,
0.44115909934043884,
0.7223591208457947,
0.3277988135814667,
-0.23517771065235138,
1.4028030633926392,
0.4246056079864502,
-0.8062127828598022,
-0.13570024073123932,
0.04757603630423546,
-0.17596077919006348,
-0.03887922689318657,
0.2012077420949936,
0.16123172640800476,
-0.3069103956222534,
1.4367401599884033,
-0.8847201466560364,
-0.10567042976617813,
-0.3647071123123169,
-0.45928093791007996,
0.2664257884025574,
0.43637362122535706,
-0.004136515781283379,
-0.24675798416137695,
-0.4347129762172699,
0.8328964114189148,
0.012425456196069717,
0.4065098166465759,
0.037850238382816315,
-0.4981937110424042,
0.5344544649124146,
-0.7974793910980225,
0.03998371958732605,
-1.0766831636428833,
0.987505316734314,
0.482858806848526,
-0.7622277736663818,
-0.6463621854782104,
0.24015559256076813,
0.44942909479141235,
-0.6782830357551575,
-0.25028520822525024,
-0.13476617634296417,
-0.08160559833049774,
-0.1831534504890442,
-0.5602211952209473,
0.13313430547714233,
-0.8279049396514893,
0.37346532940864563,
-0.33515429496765137,
1.1696473360061646,
-0.44121891260147095,
-0.12590928375720978,
-0.27598506212234497,
0.7031189203262329,
-0.26371246576309204,
0.2301650494337082,
-0.7473012804985046,
-0.7503014206886292,
0.7800440192222595,
-1.115234613418579,
-0.06603989750146866,
0.6290472149848938,
-0.051228880882263184,
0.5916426181793213,
-0.631921648979187,
-0.23801839351654053,
-0.8946113586425781,
0.44962191581726074,
-0.3410632908344269,
0.22806134819984436,
-0.4610651135444641,
0.1846325695514679,
1.0374813079833984,
0.5024719834327698,
1.1876767873764038,
-0.09823274612426758,
0.7414352893829346,
0.7762629985809326,
-0.4666192829608917,
0.016208142042160034,
0.6702306866645813,
-0.469923198223114,
0.12080022692680359,
0.39096900820732117,
0.8082499504089355,
0.26418641209602356,
-0.216634601354599,
-0.12442737817764282,
-1.503474473953247,
0.2734488546848297,
0.35017719864845276,
-0.6530163884162903,
0.45096713304519653,
-0.07117797434329987,
1.1311167478561401,
-0.10795611888170242,
-0.6278729438781738,
-0.19743292033672333,
-0.7813199758529663,
-0.7329594492912292,
0.12977094948291779,
0.3371782600879669,
0.6401479244232178,
-0.0571950301527977,
0.37227359414100647,
-0.228708878159523,
-1.1745991706848145,
0.22854086756706238,
-0.3335287272930145,
0.8495721817016602,
0.010766149498522282,
-0.4121837913990021,
-0.17565378546714783,
0.6519399881362915,
0.756830096244812,
-0.12337280064821243,
0.12358284741640091,
-0.3093545138835907,
0.4871404767036438,
-0.017311066389083862,
0.5590637922286987,
0.0531788170337677,
0.30689507722854614,
0.2465231865644455,
0.461189329624176,
0.9619192481040955,
-1.0140284299850464,
-1.0858924388885498,
0.1916068196296692,
-0.6176426410675049,
-0.30627530813217163,
-1.2154093980789185,
-0.5972896218299866,
0.4537108540534973,
-0.996859073638916,
0.3351755440235138,
-0.6980215311050415,
-1.2890673875808716,
-1.3253026008605957,
-0.23784470558166504,
-0.17621710896492004,
-0.8071430921554565,
-0.07984503358602524,
-0.07902288436889648,
-1.3538572788238525,
0.25843724608421326,
-0.028976604342460632,
0.5438130497932434,
0.08691038936376572,
0.914920449256897,
-0.03271220996975899,
-0.2651575207710266,
0.20989297330379486,
0.37016409635543823,
-0.43542686104774475,
-0.2947774827480316,
-0.5306199789047241,
0.34487929940223694,
-0.7494763135910034,
-0.5952357649803162,
0.4910973012447357,
0.0287602711468935,
-0.17789503931999207,
0.2496296912431717,
0.10340393334627151,
0.9408851265907288,
-0.27459242939949036,
1.3865653276443481,
0.259672611951828,
0.004426543600857258,
-0.018012400716543198,
-0.3724680244922638,
0.04447952285408974,
-0.07716578990221024,
0.4474811255931854,
-0.8240371942520142,
-0.13278678059577942,
0.9010951519012451,
0.9818663001060486,
0.5101857781410217,
0.09468265622854233,
0.36134156584739685,
-0.07522750645875931,
-0.6736270189285278,
0.6188315749168396,
0.5604165196418762,
0.3297175168991089,
0.05339396744966507,
0.940697431564331,
0.51188725233078,
0.1605345457792282,
-0.1869543492794037,
-0.8771229982376099,
0.0018226094543933868,
-0.18009234964847565,
-0.5029075741767883,
-0.36319589614868164,
0.7418314814567566,
-0.21998795866966248,
0.11235974729061127,
-0.8460719585418701,
0.010581573471426964,
0.9368476867675781,
-0.16986128687858582,
-0.9477784633636475,
0.047449808567762375,
0.5587483048439026,
-1.5277442932128906,
0.5232428908348083,
-0.6102500557899475,
0.23112112283706665,
0.3220304846763611,
-0.09168557077646255,
0.4170527160167694,
-0.653498113155365,
0.025384968146681786,
-0.4289871156215668,
-0.5107013583183289,
-0.39154598116874695,
0.5314921140670776,
-0.3068010210990906,
-0.09916549921035767,
0.45507681369781494,
-0.4231575131416321,
-0.34936749935150146,
0.7120596766471863,
-0.34486377239227295,
-1.042921543121338,
-0.8593019247055054,
0.6152023077011108,
0.26081886887550354,
0.08986680209636688,
-0.7507496476173401,
0.7243815660476685,
0.30920469760894775,
0.497090220451355,
0.3118040859699249,
0.0025384221225976944,
-1.332999587059021,
0.39550960063934326,
-0.30329447984695435,
0.2522050440311432,
-0.546169102191925,
-1.0818454027175903,
-0.7730507254600525,
1.115072250366211,
-1.0090380907058716,
1.0027092695236206,
-1.243432641029358,
0.4960981607437134,
0.8111324310302734,
0.07646071165800095,
-1.1223506927490234,
0.45520636439323425,
-0.41311532258987427,
-0.017331033945083618,
0.7118340730667114,
-0.5759455561637878,
0.1011928841471672,
0.09394007921218872,
0.058015353977680206,
-0.7295591831207275,
-0.7786927223205566,
0.5691924691200256,
0.2594343423843384,
0.6950070261955261,
0.4673970639705658,
-0.15277354419231415,
-0.24507133662700653,
0.35945558547973633,
-0.3337896466255188,
0.8396913409233093,
0.08599580824375153,
-0.24681702256202698,
-1.1602485179901123,
0.27327147126197815,
-0.034227922558784485,
0.44928041100502014,
-0.5794631838798523,
0.39848795533180237,
-1.275970458984375,
-0.10991495847702026,
0.1547272950410843,
0.013024682179093361,
1.0197818279266357,
0.372212678194046,
-0.47902578115463257,
0.8002100586891174,
0.3891925513744354,
-0.7429423928260803,
0.4873872995376587,
-0.6622245907783508,
1.3639079332351685,
0.20344121754169464,
0.06069494038820267,
0.15616802871227264,
-0.96375572681427,
0.9246677756309509,
-0.9795347452163696,
0.5161091685295105,
-1.1936837434768677,
0.6448817253112793,
-1.2840056419372559,
0.20464389026165009,
0.5960032939910889,
-0.06130826845765114,
1.4274587631225586,
0.937370777130127,
-0.5574759244918823,
-1.0710575580596924,
-0.7045518159866333,
-0.26725053787231445,
-0.25127795338630676,
1.1916723251342773,
0.5653586983680725,
-0.6975867748260498,
1.4730185270309448,
0.04181603714823723,
0.3346514105796814,
-0.26698043942451477,
-0.05186741426587105,
0.12766972184181213,
-0.6941066384315491,
0.5964094996452332,
-0.5350069403648376,
-0.36873114109039307,
-0.5786994099617004,
0.5630484223365784,
1.1653695106506348,
-0.5778379440307617,
0.5159836411476135,
0.6402148008346558,
0.5922837853431702,
0.02447681501507759,
-0.3639867901802063,
-0.23728133738040924,
-0.2322903871536255,
-0.5093544125556946,
-0.49162936210632324,
0.6113882064819336,
-0.7806942462921143,
-0.43343380093574524,
0.20058663189411163,
1.0861074924468994,
-1.4069206714630127,
-0.35124504566192627,
-0.2820051312446594,
0.07346092909574509,
-0.0229646023362875,
0.5579447746276855,
-0.2765205204486847,
0.6584272980690002,
0.3353193402290344,
-0.40625089406967163,
-0.32462480664253235,
-0.2723837196826935,
0.4973059594631195,
-1.7639784812927246,
0.2911888360977173,
0.034577980637550354,
0.7280552387237549,
0.1433504968881607,
0.6485723853111267,
-0.05135372653603554,
0.7457046508789062,
0.2210116684436798,
0.3391076326370239,
0.08040628582239151,
-0.21483895182609558,
-0.6382715106010437,
-0.10676323622465134,
-0.24752351641654968,
-0.23195649683475494,
-0.42646968364715576,
0.7095340490341187,
-0.42146217823028564,
-0.21646305918693542,
-1.116286277770996,
-0.5234643220901489,
-0.11984299123287201,
-0.19923120737075806,
-0.026397183537483215,
-0.3200637400150299,
0.251447468996048,
-0.5122136473655701,
-0.620399534702301,
-0.04539757966995239,
-0.5480731725692749,
0.2579925060272217,
-0.3673783242702484,
-1.330270528793335,
-0.19963204860687256,
0.7700158357620239,
0.6419477462768555,
0.8035166263580322,
0.19764314591884613,
0.1988157033920288,
-0.10920652747154236,
0.7926369905471802,
-0.015178135596215725,
-0.6324425935745239,
-0.4630911648273468,
-0.5115534663200378,
-0.09881862998008728,
0.20940080285072327,
0.26643404364585876,
-1.1950907707214355,
-1.2155170440673828,
-0.4442318379878998,
-0.6646720170974731,
0.05027185380458832,
0.455419659614563,
-0.7083002328872681,
0.05736997351050377,
-0.11214352399110794,
-0.08463679254055023,
0.17080272734165192,
-0.00013706646859645844,
0.7029186487197876,
-0.3295833170413971,
0.604720413684845,
-0.2509015202522278,
-0.33646807074546814,
1.151552438735962,
0.5079883933067322,
-0.2031909078359604,
0.7900645136833191,
0.5283319354057312,
-0.1599482297897339,
-0.5866060256958008,
-0.574400007724762,
0.11574676632881165,
0.6449073553085327,
0.23826003074645996,
1.0616599321365356,
0.1379161775112152,
-0.15487419068813324,
0.9062844514846802,
-0.5037092566490173,
0.2043229043483734,
1.0315536260604858,
0.4977473020553589,
-0.22222155332565308,
0.16546447575092316,
0.6955513954162598,
0.8224123120307922,
0.6451929807662964,
-0.5674944519996643,
-0.018897395581007004,
-0.8761388063430786,
-0.55571049451828,
-0.2860792577266693,
-0.9510650038719177,
-0.08508370071649551,
0.13600093126296997,
0.7434725761413574,
0.5652599334716797,
-0.1576765477657318,
-0.27278637886047363,
0.4103754758834839,
-0.9875576496124268,
-0.5857755541801453,
0.14336739480495453,
0.7288796305656433,
0.1370801478624344,
0.17981022596359253,
0.5062034130096436,
0.664840579032898,
-0.12883254885673523,
0.04404750466346741,
-0.9304357171058655,
0.5413923263549805,
-0.3919817805290222,
-0.2443293333053589,
0.4411329925060272,
0.629946231842041,
0.44883719086647034,
-0.40003103017807007,
0.8424928188323975,
-0.3313865661621094,
-0.1399567425251007,
0.1939668357372284,
0.12835299968719482,
0.019076796248555183,
1.0498236417770386,
0.20868165791034698,
0.2565488815307617,
0.2085997313261032,
1.0112946033477783,
-0.20523101091384888,
0.2558230459690094,
-0.039807505905628204,
0.029793577268719673,
-0.030343594029545784,
-0.7392566800117493,
0.4099194407463074,
-0.5564215183258057,
0.7048724889755249,
0.715950071811676,
-0.4441585838794708,
0.9808380007743835,
-0.251868337392807,
0.43094778060913086,
0.7278186678886414,
0.007431823760271072,
-0.13539691269397736,
0.3005174398422241,
0.23385260999202728,
0.6994487643241882,
-0.16417166590690613,
0.5075528621673584,
-0.4579082727432251,
-0.8933591842651367,
0.530273973941803,
0.5395697951316833,
0.018216246739029884,
0.1465771496295929,
-1.1951017379760742,
-1.1831697225570679,
-0.24387861788272858,
0.02736978977918625,
0.8666057586669922,
-0.41874101758003235,
-0.36543896794319153,
-0.13743633031845093,
-0.59392249584198,
1.1724236011505127,
0.4510076344013214,
-1.0553488731384277,
0.053164780139923096,
0.36608627438545227,
-0.08795653283596039,
0.07094341516494751,
0.2828485667705536,
0.05645584315061569,
-0.025357358157634735,
-0.3427412509918213,
-0.27054476737976074,
0.5652995705604553,
-0.17704330384731293,
0.26901835203170776,
0.27211955189704895,
0.4495764970779419,
-0.00752510130405426,
0.14046688377857208,
0.3641124665737152,
0.8153675198554993,
0.01702510379254818,
-0.23667176067829132,
0.4639955163002014,
0.7735667824745178,
-0.9923194646835327,
0.7204548120498657,
0.6062243580818176,
-0.7562355995178223,
0.15975891053676605,
-0.27042168378829956,
-0.508682906627655,
-0.25062766671180725,
-0.1922939568758011,
0.48088616132736206,
-0.913281261920929,
-0.4512556493282318,
-0.2287692129611969,
-0.2330491542816162,
-0.2307971566915512,
-0.27012142539024353,
0.04975459724664688,
-0.3357623517513275,
0.6097615957260132,
0.5339202284812927,
-0.21915355324745178,
-0.31115564703941345,
0.18351328372955322,
0.6810743808746338,
-1.3103339672088623,
0.30632278323173523,
-0.00424225814640522,
0.8671234846115112,
-0.5265035629272461,
0.29614439606666565,
-0.3895571231842041,
-0.5913870334625244,
-0.10351680219173431,
-0.10116511583328247,
0.8197210431098938,
-0.07812295854091644,
0.20342469215393066,
1.4363588094711304,
-0.2857498526573181,
-0.3886316418647766,
0.16866077482700348,
-1.2047321796417236,
0.03468741476535797,
-0.38375070691108704,
0.7265005707740784,
-0.3744967579841614,
0.5087130665779114,
-0.5497913956642151,
-0.32388144731521606,
0.783225417137146,
0.8596913814544678,
-0.9443928599357605,
0.5978361964225769,
-0.07353535294532776,
0.32730334997177124,
-0.34684741497039795,
-0.6061087846755981,
-0.695186972618103,
-0.653853714466095,
-0.14706462621688843,
-0.6306159496307373,
-0.25507044792175293,
-0.9122350811958313,
0.2976486086845398,
0.7248268723487854,
-0.27297356724739075,
-0.834725022315979,
0.5396957397460938,
0.46601179242134094,
-0.34419137239456177,
-0.09128125011920929,
0.0536750927567482,
0.12381400913000107,
-1.102180004119873,
-0.8198531866073608,
-0.20899143815040588,
-1.1063356399536133,
-0.6383445858955383,
-0.09834469854831696,
-0.15436001121997833,
-0.872437596321106,
-0.3315874934196472,
0.15894663333892822,
0.3824521005153656,
0.9552975296974182,
-0.12362474203109741,
-0.6513875126838684,
0.6528838276863098,
0.31356021761894226,
1.249575138092041,
-0.5867784023284912,
0.36002618074417114,
-1.2241607904434204,
-0.04709296673536301,
-0.027989910915493965,
0.3922443389892578,
-0.08621664345264435,
-0.22486984729766846,
-0.40086981654167175,
-0.793944239616394,
-0.45473241806030273,
-0.5259551405906677,
0.15725336968898773,
-0.5426958799362183,
0.36671629548072815,
0.06262906640768051,
0.25509852170944214,
-0.6051109433174133,
-0.5625981092453003,
0.9618043303489685,
-0.20225593447685242,
0.4799387753009796,
-1.223000407218933,
-0.34778890013694763,
0.7958987951278687,
0.5122641324996948,
-0.4801549017429352,
-0.10130739957094193,
-0.48700693249702454,
-0.46777307987213135,
-1.0272706747055054,
-0.20773009955883026,
-0.7957007884979248,
0.19949331879615784,
-0.24234053492546082,
-0.30016374588012695,
-1.0256706476211548,
1.089664101600647,
1.1017922163009644,
-0.9579610824584961,
0.7076613903045654,
0.5888884663581848,
0.8098822236061096,
-0.2692754864692688,
-0.15324664115905762,
0.09051056951284409,
0.7239869832992554,
-0.5415321588516235,
-0.542153000831604,
-0.011848801746964455,
0.2336580455303192,
0.14595916867256165,
-0.3291080892086029,
-0.3423466980457306,
-0.157645121216774,
0.31191861629486084,
0.3016224205493927,
0.04503237456083298,
0.07556644827127457,
-1.2221009731292725,
0.583629310131073,
-1.0107090473175049,
-0.3229833245277405,
0.023902766406536102,
0.3980138301849365,
-0.2198198139667511,
-0.6714271903038025,
0.3376258611679077,
-0.8808431625366211,
0.004281502217054367,
0.0888269767165184,
-0.28416889905929565,
-0.1578712910413742,
0.22463132441043854,
-0.41133546829223633,
0.5440563559532166,
-0.26979711651802063,
-0.011528363451361656,
-0.965175449848175,
0.25196412205696106,
-0.8499003648757935,
-0.13695545494556427,
0.5563139915466309,
1.5065399408340454,
-0.5572273135185242,
-0.20735378563404083,
0.06120492145419121,
0.39893874526023865,
-0.5024241805076599,
0.13119402527809143,
-0.8633752465248108,
-0.0970311313867569,
-0.0866532027721405,
-0.4261541962623596,
0.6043398380279541,
0.6132746338844299,
0.07683654129505157,
0.7898232340812683,
-0.4533027708530426,
0.8753989338874817,
0.13736626505851746,
0.03228680416941643,
0.6715778112411499,
-0.09103555232286453,
-0.5173876881599426,
-0.3697199523448944,
0.34312278032302856,
-0.5176153779029846,
-1.1223119497299194,
-0.24977464973926544,
0.2343994528055191,
0.39441636204719543,
0.029387449845671654,
0.11433430016040802,
0.012403829023241997,
-0.28321897983551025,
0.3312498927116394,
-0.7717801332473755
] |
|
27o8nn | How do our genes know which side is left and which side is right when our bodies are first forming? | I understand molecular chirality, but how does that scale up to cells and tissues and organs? What dictates which side of the body your heart, spleen, etc. are on? | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"ci2x9l6",
"ci2tb2j",
"ci2x8ti"
],
"text": [
"The study of how a symmetric egg forms different body axes (anterior-posterior, dorsal-ventral, and left-right) is at the heart of developmental biology, so it's tough to jump straight in with the left-right axis without assuming a lot of prior knowledge as well, but I'll try my best. \n\nThe left-right axis is the last to be specified in mammals, and follows logically from the other two axes (if you know where your head is and where your belly is, there's only one possible side that can be left, and one possible side that can be right). However, the cells on the left hand side of the embryo must still acquire a 'left identity' - the cells must be told somehow that they are on the left.\n\nThe left-right symmetric breaking step happens at the primitive node - the primitive node and primitive streak are transient bits of the embryo's anatomy that form during gastrulation. The primitive node is also involved in a host of other patterning jobs, including in the neuralation. \n\nThe first sign of left right asymmetry in the embryo is in the expression of a gene called Nodal, which becomes restricted to the left hand side of the primitive node. This leftwards identity gets propagated outwards to the cells on the left-hand-side of the embryo. \n\nThis occurs by something called 'nodal flow' ('nodal' here meaning 'of the primitive node', not 'of the gene called 'Nodal''), where for a brief period (a few hours between the one and six somite phase in mice), there is a weak (20 microns/second) flow of extracellular fluid in the leftwards direction at the node. \n\nEach cell in the centre (the pit) of the node has a cilium that it rotates in a clockwise direction. All the cilia are pointed in one direction, posteriorly on the ventral side (this is called planar cell polarity), which means that when they rotate, the movement in the right direction is subject to more drag from the tissue than the movement in the left direction (in fluid dynamics, this is called the no-slip boundary effect). Hence, there is a net movement to the left. \n\nThis flow is then detected in the cells at the edge of the node, and is manifested by a change in Nodal expression. There has been a lot of discussion as to how exactly the flow is detected, but it has pretty much been pinned down now: the cells at the edge of the node have sensory cilia that do not rotate, but are bent by the current the pit cells generate. This then opens a calcium ion channel (Pkd2), and the influx of calcium ions tells the cell that it should develop a left identity. The cells on the right hand side develop a right handed identity due to a lack of this signal. \n\nThis identity must be propagated outwards to the left lateral paraxial mesoderm - exactly how that happens hasn't been pinned down (it involves the protein Caronte in chicks, but that's not found in mammals). It might involve a cascade of Ca2+ signalling, or IP3 signalling. \n\nIf you're interested, you can check out Shiratori & Hamada's 2006 review on the topic at _URL_0_ or Blum et al's 2014 review, which covers left-right asymmetry in invertebrates as well _URL_1_",
"There are several theories about this, one of them involves the activity of ion transporters that help create differential gradients inside the subcellular compartments (higher concentration close to the channel versus low concentration away from the channel).\n\n\nThis affect the overall intracellular transport of all sorts of factors and proteins, given that a lot of the ions can work as cofactor/substrate/conformation changes.\n\n_URL_4_\n\nThere also proteins that have been identified as specifiers of the left right axis:\n\n_URL_4_\n\n_URL_3_",
"Embryos are initially left-right symmetric. Cilia in embryos rotate clockwise, and it is speculated that this clockwise motion breaks the left-right symmetry: \n_URL_6_\n\nSome people are born with immotile cilia. They are sometimes born with their organs on the wrong side, a condition called \"situs inversus\" or \"situs ambiguus.\" \n_URL_5_"
],
"score": [
11,
3,
3
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://dev.biologists.org/content/133/11/2095.full.pdf",
"http://dev.biologists.org/content/141/8/1603.full.pdf",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/m/pubmed/10700179/",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/m/pubmed/15582774/",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/m/pubmed/23357539/",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_ciliary_dyskinesia",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1180515/"
]
} | How do our genes know which side is left and which side is right when our bodies are first forming?
I understand molecular chirality, but how does that scale up to cells and tissues and organs? What dictates which side of the body your heart, spleen, etc. are on? | [
-0.2621036767959595,
-0.44724443554878235,
1.0619847774505615,
-0.27065709233283997,
-0.08314863592386246,
-0.4886462390422821,
0.41817620396614075,
0.025591889396309853,
0.9513661861419678,
-0.1307298094034195,
1.272536277770996,
0.08686332404613495,
-0.8291390538215637,
0.5983455181121826,
-0.11826454848051071,
-0.1814947873353958,
0.17321568727493286,
0.39671486616134644,
0.40095627307891846,
0.15624624490737915,
0.13139627873897552,
0.6166546940803528,
0.4038735628128052,
1.0796432495117188,
-0.40863725543022156,
-0.43755340576171875,
1.128592610359192,
-0.2641680836677551,
0.8103061318397522,
0.055057838559150696,
0.3674461245536804,
-0.020535681396722794,
-0.7807417511940002,
0.15730340778827667,
-0.027045337483286858,
-0.5878904461860657,
0.7583169937133789,
0.13715294003486633,
0.2767157256603241,
-0.30833908915519714,
-0.7465870976448059,
-0.855911910533905,
0.40925225615501404,
0.6201233863830566,
-0.5082703232765198,
-0.18685410916805267,
0.015345235355198383,
0.4236774146556854,
-0.7941355109214783,
0.045819856226444244,
-0.09173084050416946,
-0.39178815484046936,
0.6750441193580627,
-0.04543989151716232,
0.531113862991333,
-0.02406926639378071,
0.4953104257583618,
-0.7117860317230225,
-0.10640669614076614,
-0.34663280844688416,
1.2263418436050415,
0.6298540830612183,
-0.31034010648727417,
-0.7676510810852051,
1.420201301574707,
0.02631465159356594,
0.4313935339450836,
0.4535806477069855,
-0.7792622447013855,
-0.311073362827301,
0.38001012802124023,
-0.024021614342927933,
-1.0434386730194092,
-1.051506757736206,
-0.25948819518089294,
0.05181680619716644,
0.04593260958790779,
-0.2818848788738251,
1.0480883121490479,
-0.8861129879951477,
-0.2650396525859833,
-0.7201241850852966,
-0.7497410178184509,
0.6654859781265259,
-0.11632860451936722,
0.3988097906112671,
-0.13321679830551147,
-1.0347654819488525,
-0.6129191517829895,
1.4805991649627686,
-0.566335141658783,
-0.5524932742118835,
0.0010490791173651814,
0.19318334758281708,
0.23335222899913788,
-0.8029726147651672,
0.6759864091873169,
-0.5883609652519226,
-0.5779513716697693,
0.8809517621994019,
-0.4944206774234772,
-0.3645722568035126,
0.13697586953639984,
0.16427455842494965,
0.23327985405921936,
-0.9389660954475403,
0.29079052805900574,
0.16954156756401062,
0.5299174189567566,
0.5892311334609985,
-0.287889689207077,
0.11488079279661179,
-0.14417928457260132,
-0.040108226239681244,
-0.8510143160820007,
-1.1678142547607422,
-0.043862439692020416,
-0.47529178857803345,
0.37354224920272827,
0.22978082299232483,
0.3649527430534363,
0.13961751759052277,
0.18343542516231537,
0.34615013003349304,
0.14227032661437988,
0.3352823853492737,
0.09231602400541306,
0.7708679437637329,
0.15003719925880432,
-0.7928580641746521,
0.12230381369590759,
0.39246708154678345,
0.3063927888870239,
-0.8441635370254517,
0.5861993432044983,
-0.03146585077047348,
-0.16032813489437103,
0.4170469343662262,
-0.4473872482776642,
0.7584807276725769,
0.5801708698272705,
-0.09812262654304504,
0.923818826675415,
-0.5715724229812622,
-0.17503704130649567,
-0.39590251445770264,
-1.5584355592727661,
-0.37113985419273376,
0.05403801426291466,
-0.5699672102928162,
-1.0959655046463013,
-0.3878636062145233,
0.2769402265548706,
-0.9908804893493652,
0.8670486807823181,
0.48145079612731934,
-0.11769824475049973,
-1.1008946895599365,
0.08581551909446716,
0.4897054433822632,
0.05273178592324257,
-0.36394014954566956,
0.6911460757255554,
0.2765824794769287,
0.5057995319366455,
-0.050308097153902054,
-0.592989444732666,
0.31451064348220825,
-0.6276310682296753,
0.5866379141807556,
-0.20722104609012604,
0.13086248934268951,
1.3139078617095947,
0.11628276854753494,
0.39146333932876587,
-0.1996982842683792,
-0.38548195362091064,
-0.3712356388568878,
-0.10036706924438477,
0.055062197148799896,
-0.12962563335895538,
0.06869075447320938,
-0.1668117791414261,
0.47171956300735474,
-0.18843695521354675,
0.30582571029663086,
-0.14676746726036072,
0.07362954318523407,
0.46332284808158875,
0.28043612837791443,
0.6561709642410278,
-0.26178234815597534,
-1.1034926176071167,
0.6070180535316467,
0.4432087242603302,
-0.14694750308990479,
0.3649139404296875,
0.9680420160293579,
0.15503831207752228,
-0.25376182794570923,
0.25687578320503235,
-1.184633731842041,
0.066216379404068,
-0.2927214205265045,
-0.16384266316890717,
-0.4062079191207886,
0.7687174677848816,
-0.39898136258125305,
0.5651113390922546,
0.00783633440732956,
-0.8170061111450195,
0.6201484799385071,
-0.05416487157344818,
-0.6103259325027466,
-0.16123564541339874,
0.634384036064148,
-1.06401789188385,
-0.23788011074066162,
0.2207627147436142,
-0.31001245975494385,
0.636239767074585,
0.0023017029743641615,
0.2537553608417511,
-0.15482394397258759,
0.61864173412323,
0.000048364912800025195,
0.0975838378071785,
-0.05615959316492081,
-0.44854941964149475,
-0.35680583119392395,
-0.09295278042554855,
-0.21463169157505035,
0.3010684549808502,
0.2772507667541504,
-0.20390404760837555,
-0.8968681693077087,
-1.7386841773986816,
-0.15336403250694275,
-0.20809447765350342,
-0.672343909740448,
-0.1352664828300476,
0.6150001883506775,
0.096709705889225,
-0.05182093009352684,
0.17432937026023865,
-0.19883565604686737,
-0.7525464296340942,
-0.5134175419807434,
0.27615609765052795,
0.4499150812625885,
-0.02206031046807766,
-1.3005574941635132,
-0.5550041794776917,
-0.5397776365280151,
0.7789496779441833,
-1.0694990158081055,
0.05862943455576897,
-0.013843778520822525,
0.0747649297118187,
0.06753488630056381,
-0.09186773747205734,
-0.0683620274066925,
0.9289912581443787,
-0.20291033387184143,
-1.0907841920852661,
-0.3679932951927185,
-1.0929266214370728,
0.7043680548667908,
0.8579352498054504,
0.5365639328956604,
-0.013023993000388145,
0.406962126493454,
0.4012661278247833,
-0.17714665830135345,
0.25912848114967346,
-0.8617520332336426,
-0.1992209255695343,
-0.273740291595459,
0.9958733916282654,
0.8842825293540955,
0.4063149392604828,
0.45260024070739746,
-0.02017686329782009,
-1.3083851337432861,
-0.129318967461586,
0.6423701643943787,
0.20562581717967987,
-0.19872304797172546,
0.7250751256942749,
-0.9675727486610413,
0.6935019493103027,
-0.2465924173593521,
-1.3806203603744507,
0.9467622637748718,
1.1131128072738647,
-1.1590312719345093,
0.04311938211321831,
0.031232837587594986,
-0.5074801445007324,
0.1738453507423401,
-0.270133376121521,
-0.1807098239660263,
0.7607521414756775,
0.16586916148662567,
0.017823683097958565,
0.5123074054718018,
0.90576171875,
-0.7817893624305725,
0.6587479114532471,
-0.4822870194911957,
0.8444969058036804,
0.020802898332476616,
0.2036685198545456,
0.9469837546348572,
0.13235563039779663,
0.6737593412399292,
0.012742585502564907,
-0.37478771805763245,
-1.5010038614273071,
-0.5431249737739563,
-0.5771927833557129,
0.47879257798194885,
0.3271779716014862,
-0.49020010232925415,
-0.4535909593105316,
1.1574112176895142,
-0.32564762234687805,
1.0040265321731567,
-0.8906818628311157,
-0.8931875824928284,
1.4470852613449097,
-0.7826427817344666,
0.09298945218324661,
0.046272870153188705,
-0.4609116315841675,
-0.475355863571167,
0.45865702629089355,
0.15673789381980896,
-0.5651006102561951,
0.19024015963077545,
0.25440871715545654,
0.15396501123905182,
0.4036407470703125,
0.2771531641483307,
-0.5304238796234131,
0.2089586853981018,
0.5201888084411621,
0.3256773054599762,
0.7171755433082581,
-0.08180287480354309,
0.02748066745698452,
0.17698414623737335,
0.2984217703342438,
-0.8690841197967529,
0.35791924595832825,
1.2870675325393677,
-1.5760875940322876,
0.5883664488792419,
0.677514374256134,
0.3449285924434662,
1.1905629634857178,
-0.12446089833974838,
-0.13066092133522034,
-0.35620439052581787,
0.39458391070365906,
-0.5402399301528931,
-0.133424773812294,
-0.38585537672042847,
0.1383119374513626,
0.36826395988464355,
0.38869449496269226,
0.3271305561065674,
-0.18140898644924164,
-0.5081377625465393,
-0.5997616648674011,
-0.8418636918067932,
0.7380642294883728,
0.8944666981697083,
-0.38799262046813965,
0.2687279284000397,
-0.5396288633346558,
-0.09356754273176193,
-0.28239262104034424,
0.4621775150299072,
0.09607379883527756,
-0.8720663189888,
0.15248513221740723,
0.3571084141731262,
0.951163649559021,
0.5905592441558838,
-0.07947749644517899,
0.12662015855312347,
0.011895167641341686,
-1.0997676849365234,
-0.42623648047447205,
-0.7122137546539307,
-1.1859153509140015,
1.317533254623413,
-0.5341137051582336,
0.015385093167424202,
0.5785717368125916,
0.00359814683906734,
-0.3944206237792969,
0.7982688546180725,
0.07604798674583435,
0.02288755029439926,
0.2519465982913971,
-0.37108659744262695,
0.9749487638473511,
-0.5769687294960022,
0.6219603419303894,
-1.1037781238555908,
-0.20293112099170685,
-0.13904805481433868,
-0.4674859642982483,
-0.02598499320447445,
-0.9774316549301147,
-0.8143804669380188,
-1.0181663036346436,
-0.5795135498046875,
0.6779714822769165,
-0.33880990743637085,
-0.602046012878418,
0.09734916687011719,
-0.070012167096138,
-0.6182316541671753,
0.7852388620376587,
-0.24723020195960999,
-0.3447590470314026,
0.8700482249259949,
-1.2103384733200073,
-1.6180869340896606,
0.13793466985225677,
0.2090947926044464,
-0.07971812039613724,
0.532818615436554,
0.05561554804444313,
0.24441978335380554,
0.3822612464427948,
-0.5089162588119507,
-1.1175490617752075,
0.08153441548347473,
0.19844985008239746,
0.5772081017494202,
0.6485855579376221,
0.0875566303730011,
-0.3629304766654968,
0.36048489809036255,
-0.18220093846321106,
-0.16479884088039398,
0.36392757296562195,
-0.590747058391571,
-0.19275318086147308,
0.227479949593544,
0.9313541054725647,
0.3386702537536621,
-0.7964459657669067,
0.6349648237228394,
-0.6874381899833679,
-0.13794302940368652,
0.08786115050315857,
-0.39419621229171753,
-0.18758219480514526,
0.8262497782707214,
0.7216375470161438,
0.08453305810689926,
0.4009178876876831,
-0.7681446671485901,
-0.1869644671678543,
-0.717581570148468,
-0.17789876461029053,
0.15140889585018158,
-0.0695311576128006,
0.41693758964538574,
-0.4260547161102295,
-1.1918944120407104,
0.547402024269104,
-0.6237276196479797,
-0.7394853830337524,
-1.137265682220459,
0.46403080224990845,
-0.5755906701087952,
0.10004685074090958,
-0.1307130753993988,
0.9384590983390808,
-0.9629983901977539,
-0.8132679462432861,
-0.2555113732814789,
0.1005220115184784,
-0.6945019364356995,
-0.22251559793949127,
-0.3538246750831604,
-0.4075252413749695,
0.9092901349067688,
0.45875659584999084,
0.3473285138607025,
-0.23813508450984955,
0.1933192014694214,
-0.30656126141548157,
0.6787629723548889,
0.2789739668369293,
-0.9744868278503418,
0.4335668385028839,
0.12228652089834213,
-0.24030373990535736,
0.6028758883476257,
-0.18311236798763275,
0.26966723799705505,
0.9038673043251038,
0.32063499093055725,
-0.5410912036895752,
-0.0707840844988823,
0.4158940017223358,
-0.9620866775512695,
0.18070422112941742,
0.6083595752716064,
-0.1294931322336197,
-0.15560735762119293,
0.20073460042476654,
0.5129584074020386,
-0.5380467176437378,
0.19936083257198334,
0.5773285627365112,
-0.034289926290512085,
0.8032032251358032,
0.0525544136762619,
-0.5998309254646301,
-0.6345841884613037,
0.04628830403089523,
-0.16661643981933594,
1.0470997095108032,
-0.5654014945030212,
-1.1287153959274292,
-0.39447662234306335,
-0.9080342054367065,
1.24714195728302,
-0.010568567551672459,
-0.5056939721107483,
0.3402993679046631,
-0.19571083784103394,
0.020334703847765923,
-0.38154780864715576,
0.1334930658340454,
-0.20497800409793854,
-0.829854428768158,
-0.7124699950218201,
-0.481542706489563,
-0.3415626883506775,
-1.2323050498962402,
0.45009443163871765,
-0.10697944462299347,
0.3343202471733093,
0.5844901204109192,
0.8181423544883728,
-0.13333797454833984,
0.3080676198005676,
-0.3417201042175293,
-1.1241133213043213,
-0.4085797369480133,
-0.3009404242038727,
-1.1927286386489868,
-0.34790438413619995,
0.03350250422954559,
0.11997130513191223,
-0.08763742446899414,
-0.5383386611938477,
-0.3573078513145447,
0.3308115303516388,
-0.9875190258026123,
0.06524192541837692,
-0.44143131375312805,
-0.4739396870136261,
-0.02093604952096939,
0.23312456905841827,
0.03232721611857414,
-0.6538203358650208,
-0.13670293986797333,
-0.1267261654138565,
0.2423505038022995,
0.18157044053077698,
0.666971743106842,
-0.2932080328464508,
0.2890617847442627,
0.4366491138935089,
0.07089876383543015,
0.008372976444661617,
0.1490694284439087,
-0.4506171643733978,
0.07487311959266663,
0.6901648044586182,
-1.2904435396194458,
-0.4830015003681183,
0.08623912185430527,
-0.3572224974632263,
0.3593703508377075,
0.4396573007106781,
0.1567252278327942,
-0.010049471631646156,
-0.7945432066917419,
-0.5605830550193787,
-0.04699787124991417,
-0.2321690171957016,
0.03216834366321564,
0.7824452519416809,
0.31580135226249695,
-0.34542590379714966,
0.6194367408752441,
-0.4299699068069458,
0.04615055397152901,
0.7835126519203186,
0.5196082592010498,
0.7285372018814087,
0.3821294605731964,
0.32659676671028137,
0.15132613480091095,
-0.20953412353992462,
-0.15983088314533234,
0.4258691072463989,
-0.14704583585262299,
-0.15395675599575043,
0.6106717586517334,
-0.8544126152992249,
-1.1511986255645752,
-0.36418306827545166,
1.1125977039337158,
-0.438127338886261,
0.409820556640625,
0.8728451132774353,
0.2431361973285675,
-0.255079060792923,
-0.07857353240251541,
-0.06191536784172058,
0.25029367208480835,
-0.188746377825737,
-0.2733396589756012,
-0.33189037442207336,
-0.7376062870025635,
0.5060405135154724,
0.44383156299591064,
-0.2033134400844574,
0.13370776176452637,
0.050422001630067825,
0.03967300429940224,
0.23919692635536194,
-0.3643594980239868,
0.43765920400619507,
-0.4471191465854645,
0.5229864120483398,
-0.5714238286018372,
1.6197911500930786,
-0.4767001271247864,
0.01981237344443798,
0.2406519204378128,
-0.10961734503507614,
0.41919541358947754,
0.08683988451957703,
0.527476966381073,
-0.06634426862001419,
0.19471532106399536,
0.3555891215801239,
-0.9880202412605286,
0.8207632303237915,
0.09817983210086823,
-0.3941280245780945,
0.9094654321670532,
-0.6237416863441467,
0.5287572145462036,
0.2438596934080124,
-0.9354219436645508,
-0.5220857858657837,
0.43553972244262695,
-0.10340657085180283,
-0.08218848705291748,
0.6357175707817078,
0.5713651180267334,
-0.17545074224472046,
0.4045562744140625,
-0.7375130653381348,
-0.4680010974407196,
0.5825161933898926,
0.2772752046585083,
0.5901938676834106,
-0.8507189750671387,
-0.7336772680282593,
-0.030531516298651695,
-0.37041905522346497,
-0.23079445958137512,
0.41744673252105713,
0.9776492714881897,
-0.8110447525978088,
-0.4358574151992798,
-0.9635255932807922,
0.20020674169063568,
0.2627353072166443,
-0.6183437705039978,
0.19358795881271362,
-0.35267573595046997,
0.2354504019021988,
-0.9581520557403564,
0.23115582764148712,
-0.15177953243255615,
-0.8872960209846497,
-0.2961368262767792,
-0.27657243609428406,
-0.12794989347457886,
0.12105794996023178,
0.5534951090812683,
0.3472021222114563,
0.2078036665916443,
-0.6149154305458069,
0.7367724180221558,
-0.016579661518335342,
-0.19652672111988068,
-0.07227487862110138,
-0.25144797563552856,
0.28686633706092834,
-0.08428427577018738,
0.41435739398002625,
0.056738585233688354,
0.44119492173194885,
-0.7341575026512146,
0.34212827682495117,
0.18134571611881256,
-0.5447757244110107,
-0.5223371982574463,
1.075122594833374,
-0.023010455071926117,
-0.23628541827201843,
0.10471628606319427,
-0.37762588262557983,
0.07099675387144089,
-0.344854474067688,
-0.3061479926109314,
0.2623371481895447,
0.8541926741600037,
0.4643188416957855,
-0.7944526076316833,
1.1306732892990112,
-0.38321951031684875,
0.5511151552200317,
-0.4126928150653839,
-0.20006264746189117,
-0.35785534977912903,
0.32206475734710693,
-0.031113486737012863,
-0.011544955894351006,
-0.8851897120475769,
0.1147371307015419,
-0.018878744915127754,
0.8209108710289001,
0.6794487237930298,
0.5412201881408691,
0.577703058719635,
-0.3425137400627136,
-0.289431631565094,
-0.20741546154022217,
-0.3140631914138794,
-0.9512361884117126,
-0.26353201270103455,
-0.2862556278705597,
-0.31979379057884216,
-0.28938087821006775,
-0.44354864954948425,
0.11886082589626312,
0.09656254202127457,
-0.5355771780014038,
-0.4194593131542206,
0.2057334929704666
] |
|
2cs2gf | How do invertebrates, like the octopus, protect their vital organs? | This video ( _URL_1_ ) was linked in /r/videos. In it, a sizable Octopus slowly squeezes through a seemingly small hole in order to escape back into the ocean.
After viewing, I'm left curious as to whether the octopus suffers any organ damage from the act. In particular, I'm curious about the brain and eyes. Granted, we don't know the exact size of the hole nor the octopus. I googled a bit to read about octopus anatomy and learned a bit about the distributed nature of the octopus brain, but never answered my original question.
I've always assumed the brain to be the most fragile of all organs. I believe that for humans, increased cranial pressure is potentially highly damaging to the brain. I'm aware that an octopus possess no solid cranium, so my natural assumption is that squeezing a relatively unprotected brain through a small hole is far more damaging than elevated cranial pressure.
Is the octopus brain small enough to not be compressed by squeezing through this opening? Or is the octopus brain capable of being compressed without harm? Given that vertebrates use skeletal structure to protect vital organs, how do invertebrates like the octopus cope with the lack of an organ protecting structure?
(Original video post - _URL_0_ ) | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"cjig214",
"cjitunl",
"cjiqmhm"
],
"text": [
"The octopus brain is behind its eyes, and yes it is fairly small. Octopi have a very developed intelligence, and as we refine methodologies for studying octopus behaviour and intelligence their intellect is becoming very apparent. They can change the shape of their bodies quite dramatically, with the [Indonesian Mimic octopus](_URL_1_) being one of the best examples. Their problem-solving skills are quite advanced, as they will test openings with one to several arms to determine the size of the opening before attempting to pass through it. They will not even attempt to exit the opening if it is smaller than the distance between their eyes, because although they can change shape and move interior organs around a bit, there are limits. \n\nDue to their invertebrate nature, you're correct that their organs aren't as protected as a vertebrates, but there aren't too many situations in their habitat that will force them through very small openings. Basically though, their organs aren't very protected, but this allows for much more flexibility and defense of a different nature than structural. Their organs can be squeezed, but mostly they are just moved around inside.\n\nOctopi can also learn by watching each other, and even after [watching another](_URL_0_) open a box once, an octopus figures out very quickly how to copy the behaviour. Not really relevant to your question but I find it fascinating.",
"The same way you and I protect our vital organs. Bones don't usually serve as a protector of organs but as structural support. Many if not most of humans organs are just as unprotected as an octopus, (eyes, stomach, liver, intestines, kidneys, etc.) Octopi don't have the need for structural support because they live in a fluid underwater environment and are served better by their flexibility.\n\nAlso it's worth noting that an octopus brain is rather small compared to it's body size. Not much larger than it's eyes. And that it does in fact have a small skull protecting it's brain.\n\n_URL_2_",
"These guys have different nervous systems and vital organs than you all are lead to believe. There is no \"brain\" so to speak as they have a cerebral ganglion which is, in most cases, disc shaped and leads to other distal portions of the nervous system. Also, in most cases they have a \"nerve net\" instead of any cerebral organs. This nerve net serves as a brain but is branched throughout the entire head and trunk of the organism, evolutionary developed to detect and sense from all angles ( octopus' are a branch between radial organisms and anterior/posterior oriented organisms) as for vital organs, most invertebrates have a fluid filled body cavity with organs suspended in different regions, their blood and hemolymph (body fluid) \"sloshes\" around in no direct order.\n\nSource* Invertebrate Biology Major"
],
"score": [
309,
10,
9
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://www.reddit.com/r/videos/comments/2crwto/octopus_squeezes_through_tiny_gap_on_a_boat/",
"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9yHIsQhVxGM"
]
} | {
"url": [
"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GQwJXvlTWDw",
"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t-LTWFnGmeg",
"http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-pucSNPeHCag/UKqSNBB-nQI/AAAAAAAACC4/1PBipVkS4BA/s1600/octopus+internal+anatomy+giant+pacific+octopus.jpg"
]
} | How do invertebrates, like the octopus, protect their vital organs?
This video ( _URL_1_ ) was linked in /r/videos. In it, a sizable Octopus slowly squeezes through a seemingly small hole in order to escape back into the ocean. After viewing, I'm left curious as to whether the octopus suffers any organ damage from the act. In particular, I'm curious about the brain and eyes. Granted, we don't know the exact size of the hole nor the octopus. I googled a bit to read about octopus anatomy and learned a bit about the distributed nature of the octopus brain, but never answered my original question. I've always assumed the brain to be the most fragile of all organs. I believe that for humans, increased cranial pressure is potentially highly damaging to the brain. I'm aware that an octopus possess no solid cranium, so my natural assumption is that squeezing a relatively unprotected brain through a small hole is far more damaging than elevated cranial pressure. Is the octopus brain small enough to not be compressed by squeezing through this opening? Or is the octopus brain capable of being compressed without harm? Given that vertebrates use skeletal structure to protect vital organs, how do invertebrates like the octopus cope with the lack of an organ protecting structure? (Original video post - _URL_0_ ) | [
-0.42564067244529724,
-0.6446201205253601,
0.6422819495201111,
-0.11064521968364716,
-0.37671273946762085,
-0.3966601490974426,
-0.15044936537742615,
-0.44279909133911133,
0.5252552628517151,
0.23479574918746948,
1.2032583951950073,
0.46294888854026794,
-0.6530247926712036,
0.8440164923667908,
-0.01662955805659294,
-0.8254473209381104,
0.9979530572891235,
0.4595935344696045,
0.06503819674253464,
-0.09980693459510803,
-0.8578839898109436,
0.34893834590911865,
-0.0226430781185627,
0.685931384563446,
-1.121000051498413,
0.002707286737859249,
0.3674510717391968,
0.16408199071884155,
0.7545689940452576,
0.3779038190841675,
0.1214430034160614,
0.39471784234046936,
-0.9192321300506592,
0.26720622181892395,
0.24778234958648682,
-0.27781054377555847,
1.5234405994415283,
0.492147296667099,
0.8546543717384338,
-0.4356502294540405,
0.3246813118457794,
-1.0374470949172974,
0.3071916401386261,
0.524792492389679,
-0.2699841558933258,
-0.4305059611797333,
0.6544396281242371,
-0.3489231765270233,
-1.011015772819519,
0.4537307024002075,
0.07899752259254456,
0.02221648022532463,
0.3195458650588989,
0.30799511075019836,
0.6873794198036194,
-0.3477034270763397,
0.4312689006328583,
-0.34512844681739807,
0.8050912022590637,
0.4054551124572754,
0.8190113306045532,
0.1256379336118698,
-0.891294002532959,
-1.1016390323638916,
0.2173996865749359,
-0.1389656364917755,
-0.12673063576221466,
1.352218508720398,
0.20234915614128113,
0.07780186086893082,
0.05049119144678116,
-0.3282970190048218,
-0.780872642993927,
-0.46702268719673157,
-0.3564141094684601,
-0.6769920587539673,
0.65150386095047,
-0.18381446599960327,
-0.3980361521244049,
-0.6255431771278381,
0.3199006915092468,
0.255884051322937,
0.30208152532577515,
0.622044563293457,
0.33028358221054077,
0.5120632648468018,
0.25241249799728394,
-0.24206560850143433,
-0.876816987991333,
0.7601558566093445,
-0.2634962499141693,
-0.1985870599746704,
0.40837782621383667,
-0.007130782585591078,
0.6170539855957031,
-0.4391229748725891,
0.04015447199344635,
0.011049043387174606,
-0.33663585782051086,
0.28754740953445435,
-0.6103925108909607,
0.8246995806694031,
-0.11899366974830627,
0.5665388107299805,
-0.1164708286523819,
-0.7082756757736206,
0.025081250816583633,
0.010596618987619877,
-0.26639848947525024,
0.2356863021850586,
-0.1134415790438652,
0.7631450295448303,
0.14719223976135254,
-0.02743825688958168,
-0.4850166440010071,
-1.208452582359314,
0.14600491523742676,
-0.2212252914905548,
-0.1085800752043724,
-0.10638897120952606,
0.22510334849357605,
0.10965719819068909,
1.0646755695343018,
0.46094807982444763,
0.358932763338089,
0.14267536997795105,
-0.021862391382455826,
0.021837621927261353,
0.578679621219635,
-0.462400883436203,
-0.25902554392814636,
0.3802182376384735,
0.19290944933891296,
-0.29570841789245605,
0.13335341215133667,
0.12442082166671753,
-1.187961459159851,
-0.09168633818626404,
-0.5374532341957092,
-0.09915986657142639,
-0.3780376613140106,
-0.47155556082725525,
0.4320293664932251,
0.41839465498924255,
-0.49643662571907043,
-0.641186535358429,
-1.0710409879684448,
-0.2768431603908539,
-0.20933590829372406,
-0.444284051656723,
-0.7278739213943481,
-0.37143474817276,
0.31646403670310974,
-0.4278598427772522,
1.3086230754852295,
1.2391752004623413,
0.8489594459533691,
-1.0622930526733398,
1.209804654121399,
-0.004346795380115509,
-0.07965229451656342,
-0.12166155129671097,
-0.10091081261634827,
-0.08229880779981613,
0.06654717773199081,
-0.3131211996078491,
0.2606876790523529,
-0.3443734347820282,
-0.31475064158439636,
0.21957886219024658,
-0.3846050500869751,
0.24711014330387115,
0.9015017151832581,
0.5984269380569458,
0.8734472990036011,
0.15777859091758728,
0.4129824936389923,
0.4993573725223541,
-0.28326869010925293,
-0.024329189211130142,
-0.3604878783226013,
-0.03277232125401497,
0.2623399794101715,
0.43187665939331055,
-0.5036070346832275,
-0.26872873306274414,
-0.13627688586711884,
0.6079326272010803,
0.7971561551094055,
0.7089354991912842,
0.3408532738685608,
-0.26332610845565796,
-0.7876324653625488,
0.1617680788040161,
0.581764280796051,
0.13535632193088531,
-0.30037131905555725,
0.21344587206840515,
0.3869970738887787,
-0.11970685422420502,
-0.3145434260368347,
-0.8718438148498535,
-0.2239052951335907,
-0.5321754813194275,
-0.8126716613769531,
-0.4191668927669525,
0.2898290157318115,
-0.03040587529540062,
0.4049087464809418,
-0.3055099844932556,
-1.0964329242706299,
0.9290906190872192,
0.08310379832983017,
-0.9383240342140198,
0.15169791877269745,
0.03840826824307442,
-0.6675280928611755,
-0.15141348540782928,
-0.3227483630180359,
0.21491891145706177,
0.2617649734020233,
0.0378074087202549,
0.5246760249137878,
0.6068494319915771,
0.7178207635879517,
-0.25023794174194336,
-0.19166643917560577,
0.3589395582675934,
-0.1106736809015274,
-0.34241095185279846,
-0.7259504795074463,
0.12348808348178864,
-0.4712054133415222,
0.2857310473918915,
0.48395323753356934,
-0.508312463760376,
-0.8373804688453674,
-0.7267637252807617,
0.696736752986908,
-1.0868921279907227,
-0.3122231662273407,
0.7776597738265991,
0.5814331769943237,
0.4327045977115631,
0.6533563733100891,
0.903810977935791,
-0.3378639221191406,
-0.7311490178108215,
-0.5934277772903442,
-0.44888079166412354,
0.5020604133605957,
-0.5890172719955444,
-0.8560987114906311,
-0.9836148619651794,
0.9070944786071777,
-1.4629623889923096,
0.20320624113082886,
-1.3227894306182861,
-0.06100224331021309,
0.21695442497730255,
-0.22383302450180054,
-0.6212340593338013,
0.9417214393615723,
-0.5258833765983582,
-0.7453963756561279,
0.0730607882142067,
-0.5940333008766174,
-0.2331417202949524,
0.061584167182445526,
0.619224488735199,
-0.7647755742073059,
-0.10962028801441193,
0.39213165640830994,
0.3014984428882599,
0.9148870706558228,
0.13824385404586792,
0.49156704545021057,
0.42161816358566284,
0.49946367740631104,
0.3446727991104126,
0.3254040479660034,
0.7449833154678345,
-0.27542412281036377,
-0.9917139410972595,
-0.6418632864952087,
-0.41594478487968445,
0.11051401495933533,
-0.3881804347038269,
0.011187389492988586,
-1.636225700378418,
0.6193594932556152,
-0.6928591132164001,
-1.0929218530654907,
1.0179319381713867,
0.05033271014690399,
-0.27355924248695374,
0.3708825707435608,
0.35683321952819824,
-0.5509400963783264,
-0.13275146484375,
-0.7149341106414795,
-0.21213652193546295,
0.7746001482009888,
0.1794220358133316,
-0.21745312213897705,
0.1833658218383789,
0.3683673143386841,
-0.39376020431518555,
-0.009197966195642948,
-0.3623037338256836,
0.7143347263336182,
0.4603157937526703,
-0.1069013774394989,
1.1424115896224976,
-0.057729482650756836,
0.2351893186569214,
1.0481194257736206,
-0.07344824075698853,
-1.0435322523117065,
0.05448408052325249,
0.3182274103164673,
0.30891865491867065,
0.3262110650539398,
-0.014908824115991592,
0.4393225610256195,
1.3597928285598755,
-0.5706886053085327,
0.2575578987598419,
-0.4524734318256378,
0.14803250133991241,
0.46078675985336304,
-0.4769918620586395,
0.6228625774383545,
0.5201876163482666,
-0.11050799489021301,
-0.1617966592311859,
0.40256842970848083,
0.41431155800819397,
-1.119757056236267,
0.1448148638010025,
0.1060640960931778,
-0.031679414212703705,
-0.14436091482639313,
-0.11561688035726547,
-0.11561165004968643,
0.49839967489242554,
-0.22951768338680267,
-1.0000123977661133,
-0.2825267016887665,
0.7718857526779175,
-0.3387843072414398,
-0.029907170683145523,
0.8819850087165833,
-0.5770812630653381,
0.1259751319885254,
0.35164928436279297,
-0.7239264249801636,
0.5733773708343506,
1.3877217769622803,
-0.08933918923139572,
0.13881786167621613,
0.3800887167453766,
0.74649977684021,
0.3002482056617737,
-0.030478455126285553,
0.19055116176605225,
-0.49798139929771423,
-0.5179690718650818,
-0.1586425006389618,
-0.3406774401664734,
0.08088261634111404,
0.06759778410196304,
0.19582346081733704,
0.3483462929725647,
0.3014393746852875,
0.31393083930015564,
0.9993258714675903,
0.18675945699214935,
-0.8778830766677856,
0.07769541442394257,
0.05403253063559532,
0.1498512327671051,
-0.49498388171195984,
0.29035574197769165,
-0.6998596787452698,
-0.7292476892471313,
-0.25249525904655457,
0.7121300101280212,
-0.17070749402046204,
0.2519117295742035,
-0.3897462487220764,
-0.06535595655441284,
-0.8741742968559265,
-0.6466792821884155,
-0.2779412865638733,
-0.483213871717453,
-0.6610276699066162,
0.9576496481895447,
-0.68788081407547,
-0.8809804320335388,
-0.14409437775611877,
0.004870712757110596,
0.004824808333069086,
1.570612907409668,
0.2519018054008484,
0.145102396607399,
0.23370736837387085,
-0.41950738430023193,
0.07997272163629532,
-1.1488991975784302,
0.4250316619873047,
-0.6719913482666016,
-0.33103644847869873,
-0.1018274798989296,
0.09264673292636871,
-0.33573219180107117,
-1.242692470550537,
-0.40678638219833374,
-1.3559315204620361,
-0.4643264710903168,
0.19416892528533936,
-0.6534785032272339,
0.1151614859700203,
0.3152255415916443,
-0.2260863482952118,
-0.6033881306648254,
0.9202291965484619,
-0.2521566152572632,
-0.533706784248352,
1.0715489387512207,
-0.09783227741718292,
-0.8538132905960083,
0.6249294877052307,
-0.020231027156114578,
-0.5064845085144043,
0.7970906496047974,
0.5629299879074097,
0.4369163513183594,
0.6620940566062927,
0.6517778635025024,
-0.6093966960906982,
0.8884847164154053,
0.6385274529457092,
0.1431863009929657,
-0.28478002548217773,
-0.49432921409606934,
-0.04287371039390564,
-0.18727736175060272,
-1.0727756023406982,
0.6241909265518188,
0.35788145661354065,
-0.3066622316837311,
-0.6043856143951416,
-0.13824251294136047,
0.6847829222679138,
0.24449215829372406,
-0.5584664344787598,
0.3743194341659546,
-0.5852023363113403,
-0.3363174498081207,
-0.4117506742477417,
-0.6258101463317871,
0.052427735179662704,
0.8152711987495422,
0.3753697872161865,
0.5335678458213806,
0.3038072884082794,
-0.05756247788667679,
-0.012772110290825367,
-0.5894629955291748,
-0.2600451707839966,
-0.06597783416509628,
0.49121958017349243,
-0.20241624116897583,
-0.3596542477607727,
-0.8639465570449829,
0.857586145401001,
0.09412018954753876,
-0.2717629075050354,
-0.7965897917747498,
0.44296368956565857,
-0.4824376404285431,
-0.07413152605295181,
-0.4413006901741028,
0.5527076125144958,
0.0728411003947258,
-1.1536848545074463,
0.30700188875198364,
-0.5428320169448853,
-1.0166155099868774,
0.3167194724082947,
-0.5619214773178101,
0.6905607581138611,
0.02106150984764099,
0.723450779914856,
0.3569987118244171,
-0.7170710563659668,
0.593564510345459,
0.031024672091007233,
0.38362598419189453,
-0.18062646687030792,
-0.21172448992729187,
-0.29151400923728943,
0.09988053143024445,
0.1900869905948639,
0.10236584395170212,
-0.34646323323249817,
-0.5935267210006714,
0.652352511882782,
0.6722080707550049,
-0.9743387699127197,
-0.18442930281162262,
-0.22554363310337067,
-0.7732627987861633,
0.005655060522258282,
0.10109807550907135,
-0.322016179561615,
0.4893157482147217,
-0.15119200944900513,
0.8127825856208801,
-1.3302251100540161,
-0.4617970287799835,
0.8142890334129333,
-0.18738731741905212,
0.6345801949501038,
-0.3235008120536804,
-0.4513705372810364,
-0.8729978799819946,
0.05013592541217804,
-0.22916799783706665,
0.255603164434433,
-0.8178197145462036,
-0.6438359022140503,
-0.49654775857925415,
-0.09492791444063187,
0.7470084428787231,
0.36122894287109375,
-0.5409064292907715,
0.439569354057312,
-0.1552710384130478,
-0.36577847599983215,
0.14797928929328918,
0.6562531590461731,
0.2850215435028076,
0.06728456169366837,
-0.6103607416152954,
-0.8560415506362915,
0.46500203013420105,
-0.39174318313598633,
1.236209511756897,
0.08785516023635864,
0.9812365174293518,
0.6159544587135315,
0.5366411209106445,
0.07180682569742203,
0.8499730229377747,
0.2469293475151062,
-0.7788970470428467,
0.15304675698280334,
0.22941872477531433,
-1.2332853078842163,
0.3895007371902466,
0.17138803005218506,
-1.371512770652771,
0.3044309616088867,
-1.2740598917007446,
-1.3238425254821777,
0.06221092492341995,
-0.5094407796859741,
0.3626787066459656,
-0.9037959575653076,
0.23811069130897522,
0.5345883369445801,
-0.5352463722229004,
0.392429381608963,
-0.4293570816516876,
-0.695805013179779,
-0.07257146388292313,
0.08325380086898804,
0.20780105888843536,
0.10675168037414551,
0.20585206151008606,
-0.23190999031066895,
1.1165471076965332,
-0.3765043616294861,
-0.6499148011207581,
-0.026443468406796455,
0.07820221036672592,
0.0939064770936966,
0.28829529881477356,
-0.9129217863082886,
-0.5685995221138,
-0.9247183203697205,
-0.14046958088874817,
0.3897949457168579,
-0.21507596969604492,
-0.09247155487537384,
0.2056063711643219,
0.2741886079311371,
-1.1270700693130493,
-0.12104806303977966,
-0.5963644981384277,
0.5646822452545166,
0.17769475281238556,
0.8317135572433472,
-0.4140006899833679,
0.41417405009269714,
-0.25169458985328674,
-0.6560195684432983,
0.619346022605896,
0.9168106317520142,
0.4028801918029785,
0.39262551069259644,
0.1407754123210907,
-0.7848115563392639,
-0.6133529543876648,
-0.7087163925170898,
-0.6478946208953857,
-0.3833421766757965,
0.2492159605026245,
-0.10554498434066772,
0.36148059368133545,
-0.9979006052017212,
0.47777295112609863,
0.7100302577018738,
-0.13653548061847687,
-0.17915354669094086,
1.0465445518493652,
0.3185199797153473,
-0.39891183376312256,
-0.18049593269824982,
-0.08513389527797699,
0.042614229023456573,
-1.2814542055130005,
-0.518304169178009,
0.6252899765968323,
-0.2902069091796875,
0.5486146211624146,
0.478363037109375,
-0.35060641169548035,
-0.7135632038116455,
-0.24919718503952026,
-1.0067142248153687,
0.4248707592487335,
0.3335070312023163,
-0.04960695654153824,
-0.9140141010284424,
0.5060892105102539,
-0.03602214530110359,
0.7227489352226257,
-0.8101973533630371,
1.0260841846466064,
0.33246588706970215,
0.6785075068473816,
0.8305909633636475,
-0.6021639704704285,
0.7227723598480225,
-0.4648696482181549,
-0.4082435071468353,
-0.09611883014440536,
-0.9340041279792786,
-0.01464124210178852,
0.6304873824119568,
0.08985301107168198,
0.5589003562927246,
0.05813208594918251,
0.4720224440097809,
-0.3296537697315216,
-0.055191364139318466,
-0.33755478262901306,
-0.06752959638834,
0.3642581105232239,
-0.7223725318908691,
0.301767498254776,
0.08333869278430939,
0.4811422824859619,
-0.4329529404640198,
-0.35049304366111755,
0.08733774721622467,
0.41233354806900024,
-0.5695437788963318,
0.1302209496498108,
-0.814870297908783,
0.6031233072280884,
-0.7526847124099731,
-0.2528865337371826,
-0.18179863691329956,
1.0531378984451294,
1.3368772268295288,
-0.619953453540802,
0.6284430623054504,
-0.8429294228553772,
0.4471278786659241,
0.6610932946205139,
-0.4712216854095459,
0.5496567487716675,
0.09853225946426392,
-0.9767511487007141,
-1.0039547681808472,
0.3926529288291931,
-0.10872730612754822,
-0.26150622963905334,
-0.3671683967113495,
0.46312811970710754,
-0.5877015590667725,
0.32338011264801025,
0.7095201015472412,
0.34750354290008545,
0.5950800180435181,
-0.7886345982551575,
0.8885335922241211,
-0.13546301424503326,
-0.0979066863656044,
0.03826984018087387,
-0.17183256149291992,
-0.27767637372016907,
-0.7442092895507812,
0.3984737694263458,
0.4517892003059387,
0.4972783327102661,
-0.3615044355392456,
-0.19238543510437012,
-0.3852412700653076,
1.05060875415802,
-0.6552451252937317,
0.29602858424186707,
-0.24654272198677063,
0.1612078845500946,
-1.2093991041183472,
-0.4892733693122864,
-0.5733368396759033,
-0.3405199944972992,
0.14331209659576416,
0.11133813858032227,
0.4147418439388275,
-0.3801117241382599,
-1.3737365007400513,
0.7590695023536682,
-0.15900607407093048,
0.3845643699169159,
-0.3598040044307709,
-0.238657146692276,
-0.634789764881134,
-0.19562700390815735,
0.517795979976654,
0.17278501391410828,
-0.05580054968595505,
0.2614087760448456,
-0.35767316818237305,
0.454723060131073,
0.13511507213115692,
0.8377314805984497,
0.3792538046836853,
0.061165668070316315,
0.39961838722229004,
0.11187497526407242,
-0.3448062539100647,
-0.9959787130355835,
-0.05044366791844368,
-0.7839475274085999,
-0.2311052680015564,
0.12121026962995529,
-0.3081316649913788,
0.654590904712677,
-0.1778702735900879,
0.03597142919898033,
-0.21933528780937195,
-0.015708468854427338
] |
|
3569v1 | If you farted hard enough in space, could you move yourself around? | My highest up voted post is about space fart travel.
Edit 2: I finally made it to the front page. This is what it feels like? My whole life has led me to this post about farts. Thankyou | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"cr1f219",
"cr1kubk",
"cr1u436",
"cr1qbou",
"cr27hn2",
"cr25284",
"cr4kew5",
"cr2a03g",
"cr20bmu"
],
"text": [
"**Short answer:** Yes. Flatulence would propel an astronaut forward very slowly, but if you used the gas as fuel for a combustion reaction the astronaut could get going much faster.\n\n**Longer answer:** Gas diffusing will carry a small amount of momentum backwards, so it must exert a force on the person, pushing them forward. Essentially, farts are rocket fuel. So let's figure out how much and how fast a person farts, to figure out how fast an astronaut can get moving in space.\n\nAnyway, [this paper abstract gives us a good idea of the average volume of gas produced by a person in a day.](_URL_0_) They give it somewhere between 476 to 1491 mL, and [another paper](_URL_3_) gives the composition as a mixture of methane, nitrogen gas, hydrogen gas, and carbon dioxide. Let's say the average person produces 1 L of gas each day and we'll [guess that this gas mixture is about 0.5 grams/Liter, which is not entirely unreasonable given the known masses of the gasses in the mixture.](_URL_5_) That comes out to 0.5 g of flatulence every day for a normal person. \n\nNow, let's guess that a fart leaves the butthole at about 1 m/s - again, not entirely unreasonable. So putting all this together, we can find that a day's worth of farts carries backwards momentum equal to\n\n (1 m/s)(0.5 grams) = 0.0005 kg m/s\n\nso for momentum to be conserved, the astronaut will now be traveling [7.7x10^-6](_URL_8_) m/s forward, [which is only about 1000x faster than hair grows.](_URL_1_) If an astronaut in space farted every day, it would take 10,000 years for him to get up to a normal highway speed. \n\nThis is incredibly inefficient, but luckily, there's a better way. The gasses I listed above are combustible - specifically methane. Just spewing the gas backwards to get a push forward would be like putting your SUV in neutral and trying to propel it forward with a supersoaker that sprays gasoline backwards. Instead of *throwing* it backwards, you can *explode it* backwards to generate thrust, like a real rocket. After all, every 14 year old knows you can light a fart on fire, but if the astronaut did this the gas behind him would expand in all directions, not giving him much of a push. Instead, we need to harness this energy for a jetpack, so that all the exhaust goes backward.\n\nIf we take the methane to be about 1% of our flatulence, and the energy of combustion to be 890 kJ/mole, then we find that the [chemical potential energy of the gas is about 100 million times greater than the kinetic energy backwards.](_URL_6_). If we had one of those fancy [gas backpacks that they put on cows](_URL_7_) to harvest the methane from their farts and a jetpack to burn it, then [this gas would be enough to get a particularly flatulent astronaut up to highway speed in a day.](_URL_2_) \n\n(Edit: /u/throwaway_MZ3Ji8yc offers a good discussion of the practicality of such a rocket in the [comments](_URL_4_) below.)",
"Yes, but it would be much more effective if you could pipe in a bit of oxygen and an igniter. This would increase the propulsion by at least a factor of five. It would also require some explaining for your proctologist so be sure you have a good story put together before trying it.",
"The problem is, the astronaut will have to expose his/her butt, and not only become seriously injured in the process due to butt-vacuum contact, but will also end up on the sex offender's registry for life.\n\nThe solution, is to install this device in the butt position in the space suit and fart into it:\n_URL_9_",
"This might sound like a joke, but it is a serious question: what are the health implications of temporarily exposing your butt hole to the vacuum of outer space?\n\nWe design a special spacesuit that harnesses farts as a propellant. Inside the suit, there is a special sealed compartment surrounding the butt hole. Just before a fart is expelled, the compartment quickly opens, the fart propellant is ejected into space, the compartment closes again, and air pressure inside the compartment is quickly restored. The rest of the suit is unaffected and is otherwise like a regular space suit.",
"I made [a playable version of this exact question](_URL_10_) last time it came up!\n\nIn [his AMA](_URL_11_), Chris Hadfield said\n\n > We all tried it - too muffled, not the right type of propulsive nozzle :)\n\nSo while theoretically possible, it seems in practice it's not a viable method of navigating the space station.",
"Neil de Grasse Tyson talks about this in one of his Star Talk episodes. There was apparently an actual test in the ISS by a russian cosmonaut that concluded it to not work. However his ass was not bare apparently so it's been deemed inconclusive. \n\nNDT confirmed what /u/VeryLittle says but ommited the ignition part of the answer!",
"If a fart does set you in motion in space, we should put bananas in space at equal calculated distances. Astronauts would stop at these pitstops, eat a banana, wait for the fart, then swing forward. Nice and cheap idea for space travel, eh ?\n\nQuestion: How many bananas does it take for a astronaut to reach Mars ?",
"Yep, any amount of force expelled through your flatulence can provide thrust for traveling through a frictionless environment. You could throw marshmallows at a perfectly still titanic in space and it will cause it to vector ever so slightly.",
"This article isn't completely an answer, but introduces the problem with farts in space:\n\n_URL_12_\n\nreferenced article:\n_URL_13_"
],
"score": [
4046,
105,
77,
63,
19,
7,
4,
2,
2
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1648028",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orders_of_magnitude_%28speed%29",
"http://www.wolframalpha.com/input/?i=%282*%280.01+Liters%29+*+%281%2F22.4+moles%2FLiter%29++++%28890+kJ%2Fmole%29+%2F%2865+kg%29%29^%281%2F2%29",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9176210",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/3569v1/if_you_farted_hard_enough_in_space_could_you_move/cr1mnpp",
"http://www.wolframalpha.com/input/?i=1+mole%2F22.4+liters+*+1+liter+*+%2810+grams%2Fmole%29",
"http://www.wolframalpha.com/input/?i=%280.01+Liters%29+*+%2822.4+moles%2FLiter%29++++%28890+kJ%2Fmole%29",
"http://www.springwise.com/img/uploads/2014/05/cowbackpacks.png",
"http://www.wolframalpha.com/input/?i=0.5+g+m%2Fs++%2F+65+kg",
"http://emdrive.com/images/emdrive.jpg",
"http://www.surrealix.com/reddit/astronaut/",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/IAmA/comments/1s4l7v/i_am_col_chris_hadfield_retired_astronaut/cdtupcd",
"http://www.themarysue.com/space-farts/",
"http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/seriouslyscience/2014/03/14/flashback-friday-farts-underappreciated-threat-astronauts/"
]
} | If you farted hard enough in space, could you move yourself around?
My highest up voted post is about space fart travel. Edit 2: I finally made it to the front page. This is what it feels like? My whole life has led me to this post about farts. Thankyou | [
0.07031165063381195,
-0.3609502911567688,
0.30439648032188416,
-0.030604176223278046,
-1.1263684034347534,
-0.24447913467884064,
-0.916779637336731,
-0.3406246602535248,
0.628814697265625,
-0.33700287342071533,
0.6221807599067688,
0.5898482203483582,
0.21320649981498718,
0.5060250759124756,
-0.045101821422576904,
-0.8661956787109375,
0.06532320380210876,
0.05648740008473396,
-0.602809727191925,
0.06743176281452179,
-0.029342560097575188,
0.3831135034561157,
-0.18927139043807983,
1.563012957572937,
-0.466875821352005,
-0.12814541161060333,
0.007509810384362936,
0.014729240909218788,
0.6715047359466553,
1.0406935214996338,
0.19141995906829834,
-0.5095691084861755,
-0.86379474401474,
0.6277274489402771,
0.09105415642261505,
0.1838381439447403,
0.5945886373519897,
-0.9654236435890198,
0.23358343541622162,
-0.45098578929901123,
-0.05765919387340546,
-0.22075694799423218,
0.5181716084480286,
0.3938220143318176,
-0.43057724833488464,
-0.45109987258911133,
0.26872381567955017,
0.5788228511810303,
-0.6116123795509338,
-0.22162555158138275,
0.07640364021062851,
0.5150586366653442,
-0.034881096333265305,
-0.5296410918235779,
0.3403297960758209,
-0.22707299888134003,
0.3001618981361389,
-0.023733098059892654,
1.0613356828689575,
-0.25273624062538147,
0.15901215374469757,
-0.06120926886796951,
0.5698316097259521,
-0.5638955235481262,
-0.010772026143968105,
-0.7923067212104797,
-0.5183706283569336,
0.4962644875049591,
-0.6332230567932129,
-0.17908445000648499,
0.41240137815475464,
-0.23380357027053833,
0.1976536065340042,
-0.9112826585769653,
-0.08218969404697418,
-1.1012595891952515,
0.15199622511863708,
-0.3167415261268616,
-0.24041302502155304,
-0.57525235414505,
-0.03885198011994362,
0.5442039966583252,
-0.20350097119808197,
0.5278730988502502,
0.06038589030504227,
0.8316472172737122,
0.27464616298675537,
-0.4530121386051178,
0.12973038852214813,
1.099609136581421,
-0.44897961616516113,
-0.41233327984809875,
0.21938322484493256,
-0.15994593501091003,
0.5680330991744995,
-0.6451943516731262,
0.07392970472574234,
-0.9283822774887085,
0.12072770297527313,
0.5261806845664978,
-0.6276720762252808,
0.8737446069717407,
0.3620181083679199,
1.3914920091629028,
0.6931633353233337,
-0.7526699900627136,
0.25705134868621826,
-0.9122940301895142,
0.3350207805633545,
0.052659906446933746,
0.7024824023246765,
1.2492649555206299,
0.22460535168647766,
-0.34841156005859375,
-0.4152979850769043,
-1.0001336336135864,
0.09711715579032898,
-0.5365468859672546,
0.7103928923606873,
0.524933397769928,
-0.44658413529396057,
-0.3431108295917511,
0.6337671875953674,
0.29842129349708557,
-0.5408914685249329,
0.19377641379833221,
-0.06138380616903305,
0.6511796712875366,
-0.5510103702545166,
0.11114972829818726,
-0.739120364189148,
0.018660180270671844,
-0.031114039942622185,
0.27879536151885986,
0.6841395497322083,
-0.4133160412311554,
-0.8551573753356934,
-0.12361648678779602,
-0.7203500270843506,
-0.04104035347700119,
-1.078080415725708,
-0.008130567148327827,
0.21364763379096985,
-0.36649900674819946,
0.7463948130607605,
-0.6546756625175476,
-0.018154669553041458,
-0.9507240653038025,
-0.05763623118400574,
-0.7220196723937988,
-0.6262850761413574,
-0.7365213632583618,
0.30318018794059753,
-0.47413134574890137,
0.47841203212738037,
-0.08707946538925171,
1.0430735349655151,
-0.2631276845932007,
0.1363545060157776,
-0.0211727786809206,
-0.5139626860618591,
-0.44707196950912476,
0.7139464020729065,
0.1963370442390442,
0.04367198795080185,
-0.6197475790977478,
-0.04439988359808922,
-0.873703122138977,
-0.46521416306495667,
0.3663274645805359,
-0.15486538410186768,
-0.14474859833717346,
1.0872042179107666,
0.8564432263374329,
0.42734861373901367,
-0.2485993355512619,
1.6131298542022705,
0.7616992592811584,
0.31544461846351624,
0.02794753946363926,
-0.20942772924900055,
-0.5883864760398865,
-0.26160964369773865,
0.5698180198669434,
-0.19359712302684784,
-0.1665220558643341,
0.8003533482551575,
0.12070582807064056,
0.7576296329498291,
0.27862173318862915,
0.0881921574473381,
-0.6732974648475647,
-0.927659809589386,
0.34608951210975647,
0.7328635454177856,
0.3471848666667938,
0.039016786962747574,
0.3665054440498352,
0.5083138942718506,
0.39500948786735535,
-0.5751398801803589,
-0.8373245000839233,
0.45994141697883606,
-0.10176455229520798,
0.23422108590602875,
-0.26734405755996704,
0.3978307247161865,
0.33266928791999817,
-0.29560452699661255,
-0.5975968837738037,
0.5485783815383911,
0.8272387385368347,
0.010618369095027447,
-0.6606834530830383,
0.2634563446044922,
-0.4889954924583435,
0.014349075965583324,
0.4090914726257324,
-0.1819201111793518,
0.1529396027326584,
0.8159075379371643,
-0.1770288199186325,
0.6073750257492065,
-0.23252950608730316,
0.47520628571510315,
-0.7516812086105347,
-0.3371579349040985,
-0.1415962427854538,
0.5134159922599792,
-0.2107870876789093,
-0.4841257333755493,
0.2425897866487503,
-0.1261173039674759,
-0.10226725041866302,
0.596226692199707,
-0.1367349922657013,
-1.449507713317871,
-0.6663863062858582,
0.8483985662460327,
-0.07786490768194199,
-0.4686657786369324,
0.17784227430820465,
0.8445688486099243,
0.48818087577819824,
0.2473185658454895,
0.7920312881469727,
0.07813792675733566,
-1.0548559427261353,
0.7134367823600769,
0.06918466836214066,
-0.3446434736251831,
-1.3510725498199463,
-0.9172526001930237,
-0.4648493230342865,
0.087700255215168,
-0.4857330322265625,
0.8566080927848816,
-0.8323427438735962,
0.10197991877794266,
0.15921728312969208,
0.3933278024196625,
-0.24410881102085114,
0.1834137886762619,
-0.4535680413246155,
-0.5994272828102112,
0.28345927596092224,
-0.8515602946281433,
0.021286185830831528,
0.20450463891029358,
0.6257676482200623,
-0.8706329464912415,
-0.5650045275688171,
0.2937483489513397,
-0.1357422024011612,
0.41382724046707153,
-0.06462188065052032,
0.1061120554804802,
-0.6099421977996826,
0.7709329724311829,
-0.10674025863409042,
1.1397923231124878,
0.4925890266895294,
0.2529137432575226,
-0.7975777983665466,
1.1137149333953857,
0.3025378882884979,
0.8530800342559814,
-0.6369187235832214,
-0.22927339375019073,
-0.8369120359420776,
0.26115682721138,
-0.06313569843769073,
0.16335485875606537,
0.7858383059501648,
0.7741137742996216,
-0.5781957507133484,
0.7088751792907715,
0.879454493522644,
-1.0821728706359863,
0.11443955451250076,
0.0038288780488073826,
0.17998020350933075,
0.0911267027258873,
0.6045966744422913,
0.08759170025587082,
-0.5040624141693115,
0.5249062180519104,
-1.0650783777236938,
-0.1294628232717514,
-0.9964632987976074,
0.8681828379631042,
-1.5525310039520264,
0.34139516949653625,
0.8214367628097534,
0.32692718505859375,
0.2739446759223938,
0.2173406183719635,
-0.642368495464325,
-1.2100496292114258,
-0.952570915222168,
-0.12396062910556793,
-0.07194172590970993,
1.1471666097640991,
0.5921865701675415,
-0.3976679742336273,
1.377101182937622,
-0.36490598320961,
0.4442412853240967,
0.28467458486557007,
-0.23748870193958282,
0.24854989349842072,
-0.3982326090335846,
0.22275607287883759,
0.2856226861476898,
0.016811275854706764,
-0.681074857711792,
0.7652180790901184,
1.2056747674942017,
-0.17364169657230377,
0.654535710811615,
0.6813846230506897,
0.2503310739994049,
0.09501199424266815,
-0.11544819176197052,
0.3068866431713104,
-0.5386661291122437,
-0.7395713329315186,
-0.43917906284332275,
1.2914137840270996,
-0.24281950294971466,
-0.5065529942512512,
-0.12960873544216156,
0.9711397290229797,
-1.441236972808838,
-0.5088387131690979,
0.02136673964560032,
-0.028728878125548363,
-0.1690833866596222,
0.8012266755104065,
-0.8207358121871948,
-0.22032296657562256,
0.10977420210838318,
-0.1656704843044281,
-0.14912296831607819,
-0.13305312395095825,
0.08422045409679413,
-1.707252860069275,
0.026638580486178398,
-0.024489978328347206,
0.31910401582717896,
-0.28998467326164246,
0.3124820590019226,
0.008428418077528477,
0.34594687819480896,
0.6482447981834412,
0.10633688420057297,
-0.020542144775390625,
-0.25800758600234985,
-0.5187047719955444,
0.3913933038711548,
-0.02723490633070469,
-0.26824134588241577,
-0.02971433475613594,
0.568786084651947,
-0.6329268217086792,
-0.7929747104644775,
-0.7092018723487854,
-0.5822139978408813,
-0.43267205357551575,
0.02617543749511242,
0.23864220082759857,
0.12578488886356354,
0.006327492650598288,
-0.7574661374092102,
-0.0706087276339531,
-0.3358173370361328,
-1.2648613452911377,
0.011784522794187069,
-0.5695143938064575,
-0.9669798016548157,
0.15126243233680725,
0.6386427879333496,
0.4252828061580658,
1.4555809497833252,
0.26874595880508423,
-0.24561256170272827,
-0.010460618883371353,
0.5640759468078613,
0.8196247220039368,
-0.47915467619895935,
-0.057564813643693924,
-1.0312684774398804,
-0.2950736880302429,
0.6338913440704346,
0.1381724327802658,
-1.3654985427856445,
-0.5474043488502502,
-0.41117948293685913,
-0.8040301203727722,
0.35377728939056396,
0.5401226282119751,
-0.4194789230823517,
-0.35853755474090576,
-0.1830388605594635,
-0.7075269818305969,
-0.44524654746055603,
-0.2185552567243576,
0.019010666757822037,
-0.5126684308052063,
0.14176000654697418,
-1.1446162462234497,
-0.4450899660587311,
1.0697460174560547,
1.0694537162780762,
-0.04147195816040039,
0.014696161262691021,
0.24800755083560944,
0.508916974067688,
-0.40525349974632263,
-0.3987409472465515,
-0.06759504973888397,
0.5694908499717712,
0.2274136245250702,
0.4218633472919464,
-0.03699987009167671,
-0.18089766800403595,
0.8041855096817017,
0.29146650433540344,
-0.26102134585380554,
0.5833052396774292,
0.3116891086101532,
-0.549393355846405,
-0.2708553075790405,
0.8389526009559631,
0.8951061367988586,
0.39751920104026794,
-0.1019422635436058,
0.3925003409385681,
-0.6838162541389465,
-0.3997507393360138,
-0.3090495467185974,
-0.860799252986908,
-0.1947157084941864,
0.08583815395832062,
0.5039382576942444,
0.5288740396499634,
-0.2874065339565277,
0.17977841198444366,
0.15585646033287048,
-1.0402008295059204,
-0.5060376524925232,
0.1845720112323761,
0.7960965633392334,
-0.5150278210639954,
-0.4757978916168213,
-0.3698359727859497,
0.9483470320701599,
-0.22111646831035614,
-0.06719321012496948,
-1.0812777280807495,
0.7616173624992371,
-0.6510547995567322,
-0.49576666951179504,
-0.49094298481941223,
0.5209952592849731,
0.07571979612112045,
0.03631942719221115,
0.8163007497787476,
-0.7641974687576294,
-0.43885529041290283,
0.40699833631515503,
0.4915105998516083,
-0.07257749140262604,
0.5725895166397095,
0.3835292458534241,
0.011625376529991627,
0.11984472721815109,
0.9711472988128662,
-0.1753983199596405,
-0.03868115320801735,
0.2553650736808777,
-0.28736206889152527,
0.16748696565628052,
0.005789518356323242,
0.39444392919540405,
-0.929671585559845,
0.5920303463935852,
0.5853912830352783,
-0.4565217196941376,
0.9355481266975403,
-0.5025282502174377,
0.1081869825720787,
0.37051498889923096,
-0.1819077730178833,
0.09445787221193314,
0.4695728123188019,
0.7711387872695923,
0.32611414790153503,
0.18263792991638184,
0.7521134614944458,
-0.3131103515625,
-0.9822626113891602,
0.8313939571380615,
-0.1031908169388771,
0.017889976501464844,
-0.1709124594926834,
-1.1669723987579346,
-1.4730253219604492,
-0.17771224677562714,
0.3016524612903595,
0.34554749727249146,
-0.1303151398897171,
-0.12136131525039673,
0.36015620827674866,
-0.03982838988304138,
0.9691355228424072,
0.15732792019844055,
-1.1515685319900513,
0.4023975431919098,
0.4013173580169678,
0.5005040764808655,
-0.25762876868247986,
0.18408402800559998,
0.10700340569019318,
0.3063591718673706,
-0.5750577449798584,
-0.39048710465431213,
-0.4083184003829956,
-0.7517386674880981,
0.40582868456840515,
0.657346785068512,
0.41224825382232666,
-0.06657279282808304,
-0.12983906269073486,
0.28241100907325745,
0.44307708740234375,
0.6067160964012146,
-0.09222456067800522,
0.05483047291636467,
0.9214261770248413,
-1.278618574142456,
0.9047836065292358,
0.3604670464992523,
-0.5707078576087952,
-0.11175408959388733,
-0.1693277209997177,
-0.15063345432281494,
0.2799590229988098,
-0.5217586159706116,
0.6577871441841125,
-0.5726033449172974,
0.10149005055427551,
-0.3330528736114502,
-0.8919305205345154,
-0.12492803484201431,
-0.00035334768472239375,
-0.7842539548873901,
-0.07803608477115631,
1.0930590629577637,
0.04648067057132721,
-0.0898704081773758,
-0.12128084152936935,
-0.14191193878650665,
0.5629368424415588,
-0.5546483993530273,
0.13892601430416107,
0.1867627203464508,
0.675498366355896,
0.07280636578798294,
0.3683077394962311,
-0.6397601962089539,
-1.1042141914367676,
0.35861825942993164,
-0.5502064824104309,
0.4824504554271698,
-0.4826214015483856,
0.38607409596443176,
1.1449525356292725,
-0.4650638997554779,
-0.5143035054206848,
-0.14119373261928558,
-1.3080358505249023,
0.4286898374557495,
-0.7753583192825317,
0.5571290850639343,
-0.7456639409065247,
0.5528340339660645,
-0.8983997106552124,
-0.32174888253211975,
0.732568085193634,
0.5950363874435425,
-0.42601045966148376,
0.4456939101219177,
-0.15706849098205566,
0.46256524324417114,
-0.4375135004520416,
-0.5033615827560425,
-0.5928174257278442,
-0.5413181781768799,
-0.6320863366127014,
-0.27262216806411743,
-0.058108605444431305,
-0.6896417140960693,
-0.2666112184524536,
1.0046335458755493,
-0.18295858800411224,
-0.7457460761070251,
0.9985528588294983,
0.12695473432540894,
-0.3524867296218872,
-0.3873087167739868,
-0.009428618475794792,
-0.19551600515842438,
-1.280894160270691,
-1.0315335988998413,
-0.046927180141210556,
-0.6705637574195862,
-0.22956854104995728,
-0.14407578110694885,
0.20812876522541046,
-0.6960543394088745,
-0.3929162323474884,
0.1346989870071411,
0.3395577371120453,
0.859331488609314,
-0.3206805884838104,
-0.555874764919281,
0.8316237926483154,
-0.3154355585575104,
0.9701589941978455,
-0.7444002032279968,
0.9557698369026184,
-0.5881136059761047,
0.3410828709602356,
-0.29370564222335815,
0.8146693110466003,
0.24905166029930115,
0.21028019487857819,
-0.5326531529426575,
-0.44821009039878845,
-0.7155835628509521,
0.0661451667547226,
-0.21234329044818878,
-0.03255888819694519,
0.34182029962539673,
0.3184850513935089,
-0.04120752960443497,
-0.0006041685119271278,
-0.2912766635417938,
0.14900721609592438,
-0.3943113386631012,
0.8933129906654358,
-1.3988898992538452,
0.2510696053504944,
1.404798984527588,
0.49429112672805786,
-0.33431607484817505,
-0.1337101012468338,
-0.22196300327777863,
0.22047188878059387,
-0.11716701835393906,
0.15498511493206024,
-1.1478948593139648,
0.12857195734977722,
-0.3210405111312866,
-0.4344537556171417,
-0.6105379462242126,
1.1873455047607422,
1.1329305171966553,
-1.0480233430862427,
0.9529449939727783,
-0.07931852340698242,
0.5860634446144104,
-0.12057714909315109,
-0.03185158595442772,
-0.40723296999931335,
1.10860013961792,
-0.8985164165496826,
-0.3981262743473053,
0.1967461109161377,
-0.6737743616104126,
-0.4334392845630646,
-0.2533884048461914,
-0.6404816508293152,
-0.18501777946949005,
0.4406021237373352,
0.26241534948349,
0.6676774621009827,
0.648510217666626,
-0.871935248374939,
0.7034428715705872,
-0.4009207487106323,
-0.3656512498855591,
-0.44266510009765625,
0.4427086114883423,
-0.27698710560798645,
-0.3561590611934662,
-0.13370804488658905,
-0.5042890310287476,
0.648379385471344,
-0.376518189907074,
-0.5932401418685913,
-0.35753607749938965,
-0.5450836420059204,
-0.32123303413391113,
0.24455079436302185,
-0.12313774228096008,
0.423530250787735,
-0.4697153866291046,
0.08934750407934189,
-1.034644365310669,
0.09283026307821274,
0.26696017384529114,
0.7901873588562012,
0.27319958806037903,
0.17289505898952484,
-0.19978228211402893,
0.10424607992172241,
-0.2137092649936676,
0.4452851712703705,
-0.21137367188930511,
-0.025323376059532166,
-0.24062152206897736,
-1.6089025735855103,
0.5223438739776611,
0.0015807190211489797,
-0.23038135468959808,
0.788872241973877,
-0.33394619822502136,
0.6951349973678589,
-0.4969464838504791,
0.22735579311847687,
0.6676364541053772,
-0.5288876891136169,
0.1009950041770935,
-1.322076439857483,
0.5673599243164062,
-0.6142799258232117,
-0.4920409917831421,
0.06213483214378357,
0.4072195589542389,
-0.4125021696090698,
0.2496606558561325,
-0.06272225826978683,
-0.07738994061946869,
-0.08338259160518646,
-0.1256566196680069,
-0.3672325015068054
] |
|
1uvb55 | I love watching Numberphile on Youtube, but today they totally lost me | Numberphile recently came out with a pair of videos, explaining how the Sum of all Natural numbers is equal to -1/12.
[Video 1](_URL_0_)
[Video 2](_URL_1_)
So here's the deal: I follow the math, and I followed the proofs that they gave. I can see why they got the answer that they did.
But still...I don't get it =/
I just can't figure out how this could actually happen, in the universe. Is there a point where, adding up the numbers, the answer starts to get smaller and smaller again? I can't wrap my head around this concept. They talk about how it's critical for String Theory, but like.....*what*? In one of the videos they mention how a String has an infinite number of harmonics that it oscillates to, and the result of those harmonics is ... -1/12? So the String has a total value of negative harmonics, or something?
I'm hoping that you guys might be able to help me wrap my head around it, or if I truly just have to throw aside logic.
Thanks! :) | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"cem8dvu",
"cem6w04",
"cem2x9z",
"cenxgej"
],
"text": [
"In physics this type of manipulation of formally divergent sums is called regularization and renormalization. It happens _all the time_ in quantum field theory, and not just in string theory. In fact, these types of infinities were a huge problem for a long time in the early days of quantum field theory.\n\nFor example, in certain bosonic quantum field theories the vacuum energy is determined by precisely the sum you mentioned. In this case the index n labels momenta of a boson, and we are calculating a sum over all possible momenta.\n\nThe regularization amounts to 'isolating' the infinitiy, and \"throwing\" it away, through a process called renormalization.\n\nHere's how you can do it. Start with the sum\n\n \\sum_{n=1}^{\\infty} n = 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + ...\n\nThis sum is divergent in the traditional definition of the summation. Therefore we introduce a regulator `d` (= a small, positive number) and rewrite the sum as\n\n \\sum_{n=1}^{\\infty} n e^{-dn} = 1*e^{-d} + 2*e^{-2d} + 3*e^{-3d}+ 4*e^{-4d} + ...\n\nThe exponential term `e^{-dn}` shrinks faster than the terms n grows. In particular, this exponential _regulates_ the larger and larger contributions coming from large `n`. The resulting series converges nicely. The sum gives:\n\n \\sum_{n=1}^{\\infty} n e^{-dn} = e^d / (e^d - 1)^2\n\nThat's nice of course, but it's not really the series that we want. We like to take the limit of `d - > 0`, such that we obtain the original series. But the right hand side blows up when we do this.\n\nThis is where the next step of regularization comes in. We can 'isolate' the infinity associated with the limit of `d- > 0`. To do this we expand the right hand side as a series in `d`. This (Laurent) series is given by\n\n e^d / (e^d - 1)^2 = 1/d^2 - 1/12 + d^2/240 + ....\n\nAh, here we see the 'nature' of the infinity when we attempt to take the limit of the regulator to zero (and obtain our original sum). The `d^2/240` and higher order terms are no problem: these all vanish in the `d- > 0` limit. But the 1/d^2 blows up.\n\nThis is where it gets weird. In physics we now 'throw away' this divergent term, take the limit of `d- > 0` for the remaining part, and interpret the result as the regularization of the original sum.\n\nIn some sense we interpret the regularization of a sum as \"subtracting all infinities\", and looking at the first finite contribution. This process goes by the name of [Zeta function regularization](_URL_0_).",
"There are a few issues: some have mentioned the problems with their sum for S_1, but as others have mentioned, there are legitimate ways to evaluate this in 'some sense.'\n\nThe biggest problem, as I see it, is with the calculation for 2S_2. Here, they are taking the two series, and doing an INFINITE rearrangement of terms. As an example of the problem this can create, consider the sequence (-1)^n / n. Now, summing this series is finite - in accordance with normal rules for series summation. However, if we take the absolute value of each term, we get the harmonic series, which diverges. \n\nNow here is the kicker: because of this convergent / divergent relationship (the appropriate prhase is 'the series converges, but not absolutely') I can take the original sequence (-1)^n / n and doing an infinite number of rearrangements (as they did with their calculation for 2S_2) and arrive at ANY REAL NUMBER I want. In otherwords, rearrangements of infinite sums are really really wonky. Their 'limits' don't hold in any standard rigorous mathematical sense.\n\nedit: source _URL_1_",
"The video is actually misleading. That's the reason I don't like Numberphile - they turn mathematics, which is a strict science, into some sort of magic show. Once math loses its strictness, all kinds of paradoxes may arise.\n\nTo understand what's actually happening with these series, you need to understand concept of limit (_URL_2_). Long story short, sequence *S* has a limit *X* if its elements *Sn* get infinitely close to *X* as *n* grows. Note, not every sequence has a limit. S = 1,2,3,4,... has no limit, just like S=1,-1,1,-1... because they don't get close to any specific number as *n* grows. On the other hand, a sequence like S=1, 1/2, 1/3... has a limit of 0.\n\nNext, by definition, a sum of any series is a limit of its partial sums. Let me illustrate. Assume we have a series: S=1+1-1+1-1... We construct the following sequence:\n\nS1 = 1 = 1\n\nS2 = 1+1 = 2\n\nS3 = 1+1-1 = 1\n\nS4 = 1+1-1+1 = 2\n\nS5 = ....\n\nThis sequence does not have a limit, so abovementioned series doesn't actually converge. So yeah, Numberphile is misleading.",
"From what I can tell, the math is happening in another numerical domain, R, that they've conveniently dropped (I won't speculate why). This domain is useful for being able to compare and evaluate infinities relative to one another.\n\nObviously the sum of the series +1, +1, +1, +1 reaches infinity. Same with +2, +2, +2, +2. But +1 +1 +1 +1 is not equal to +2, +2, +2, +2. Ramanajan sums are useful for being able to capture the fact that there's still a relationship between the two.\n\nAt least, that's what I'm getting from this."
],
"score": [
16,
9,
7,
2
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w-I6XTVZXww",
"http://www.youtube.com/watch?annotation_id=annotation_2097421329&feature=iv&src_vid=w-I6XTVZXww&v=E-d9mgo8FGk"
]
} | {
"url": [
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeta_function_regularization",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riemann_series_theorem",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limit_of_a_sequence"
]
} | I love watching Numberphile on Youtube, but today they totally lost me
Numberphile recently came out with a pair of videos, explaining how the Sum of all Natural numbers is equal to -1/12. [Video 1](_URL_0_) [Video 2](_URL_1_) So here's the deal: I follow the math, and I followed the proofs that they gave. I can see why they got the answer that they did. But still...I don't get it =/ I just can't figure out how this could actually happen, in the universe. Is there a point where, adding up the numbers, the answer starts to get smaller and smaller again? I can't wrap my head around this concept. They talk about how it's critical for String Theory, but like.....*what*? In one of the videos they mention how a String has an infinite number of harmonics that it oscillates to, and the result of those harmonics is ... -1/12? So the String has a total value of negative harmonics, or something? I'm hoping that you guys might be able to help me wrap my head around it, or if I truly just have to throw aside logic. Thanks! :) | [
0.19049561023712158,
-0.4866928160190582,
0.7951979637145996,
0.12758907675743103,
-0.37034887075424194,
-0.07752817124128342,
-0.18197058141231537,
-0.22150249779224396,
1.0736497640609741,
0.19091379642486572,
0.49088212847709656,
0.8329682946205139,
-0.05487016960978508,
1.019408941268921,
-0.15727806091308594,
-0.6541239619255066,
0.4045029282569885,
-0.5539025068283081,
-0.1950148344039917,
-0.06502743065357208,
0.0775727778673172,
0.3715687096118927,
0.025212742388248444,
1.2018674612045288,
-0.6918246746063232,
0.2362457811832428,
-0.09933978319168091,
-0.11350890249013901,
0.4922414720058441,
0.29085320234298706,
0.7036274671554565,
0.08775798976421356,
-0.6152843236923218,
0.3475659489631653,
0.007577769923955202,
0.1525769680738449,
0.881990909576416,
0.024165039882063866,
0.9513931274414062,
-0.6692010164260864,
-0.16035959124565125,
-0.42020079493522644,
0.16027621924877167,
0.36305904388427734,
-0.023900911211967468,
-0.5363870859146118,
0.5698350071907043,
0.3407452404499054,
-0.7670307159423828,
0.4604790508747101,
-0.6016267538070679,
0.2762037515640259,
0.19948971271514893,
-0.39333444833755493,
0.29984161257743835,
-0.5806369781494141,
0.5610212087631226,
-0.8686174154281616,
0.9097460508346558,
0.07974562048912048,
1.2109071016311646,
-0.05707026645541191,
-0.6546595692634583,
-0.7745541334152222,
-0.3179706335067749,
-0.657465398311615,
-0.74382483959198,
1.2891117334365845,
-0.7857006192207336,
-0.24553395807743073,
0.12443462014198303,
-0.34504416584968567,
-0.6854269504547119,
-0.31486377120018005,
0.11432310938835144,
-0.503169596195221,
0.6639693379402161,
-0.617609441280365,
-0.2676275074481964,
-0.7813123464584351,
0.07545626163482666,
0.5703907608985901,
0.11688189953565598,
0.3969746530056,
0.034502480179071426,
0.48650234937667847,
1.1120396852493286,
-0.577574610710144,
-0.2584989070892334,
0.34531542658805847,
-0.5259937644004822,
-0.01728605479001999,
0.6731987595558167,
-0.10033996403217316,
-0.10457632690668106,
0.1561216562986374,
0.037099048495292664,
-1.0712627172470093,
0.32423296570777893,
-0.03497737646102905,
-0.2009022831916809,
0.7193716168403625,
-0.27337923645973206,
1.0748035907745361,
-0.03472379967570305,
-0.41604864597320557,
-0.5475404262542725,
-0.6059376001358032,
-0.13634592294692993,
0.11721241474151611,
0.570794403553009,
1.4251025915145874,
0.47190040349960327,
0.3896242678165436,
-0.25663360953330994,
-1.2870672941207886,
0.7494031190872192,
-0.29675179719924927,
1.0966895818710327,
0.12815949320793152,
-0.1716042459011078,
-0.05663472041487694,
1.0625001192092896,
-0.5342756509780884,
-0.09305796027183533,
0.027719493955373764,
-0.570043683052063,
0.13101515173912048,
0.11743000149726868,
-0.08112618327140808,
0.3150322437286377,
0.6197254061698914,
0.23751740157604218,
0.19586755335330963,
0.5033116340637207,
-0.7064184546470642,
-0.9478955864906311,
-0.40031957626342773,
-0.5151115655899048,
-0.16094151139259338,
-0.9763323068618774,
-0.2546881139278412,
0.3012476861476898,
-0.07922203838825226,
-0.22095613181591034,
0.06674984097480774,
-1.5002950429916382,
0.1333397775888443,
0.30863937735557556,
-0.5291517376899719,
-1.1587684154510498,
-0.48044073581695557,
0.31330645084381104,
-0.7628275752067566,
1.1443934440612793,
0.29204896092414856,
0.6221633553504944,
-0.15611964464187622,
0.34422042965888977,
0.16327747702598572,
-0.37147587537765503,
-0.2478019744157791,
0.11500638723373413,
0.19456100463867188,
0.8326847553253174,
-0.4040370285511017,
0.15165889263153076,
-0.5906331539154053,
-0.49994194507598877,
0.47586360573768616,
0.3953118324279785,
-0.4914461672306061,
0.9641271233558655,
0.37925076484680176,
1.1124755144119263,
0.2864643335342407,
0.7219661474227905,
-0.04854188114404678,
0.009366515092551708,
-0.2609991729259491,
0.3985515832901001,
-0.11378386616706848,
0.13222427666187286,
0.5692989826202393,
-0.5926396250724792,
0.1515902429819107,
0.6102679371833801,
0.4291144013404846,
0.4732767939567566,
0.6519808173179626,
0.3881174325942993,
0.08098888397216797,
-0.9472423195838928,
0.03820912167429924,
0.3310394883155823,
-0.01567809283733368,
-0.3321746587753296,
0.33893126249313354,
0.7267244458198547,
-0.03976511210203171,
-0.5037407875061035,
-1.1452313661575317,
-0.3166228234767914,
-0.28098663687705994,
-0.3587585687637329,
-0.10160117596387863,
0.6023030281066895,
0.38039857149124146,
0.37674838304519653,
-0.4052150547504425,
-0.2967242896556854,
0.6369235515594482,
-0.01827555149793625,
-0.4036751687526703,
-0.2377694547176361,
0.1469224989414215,
-0.8252147436141968,
-0.501782238483429,
0.21957619488239288,
0.4440627098083496,
-0.19492435455322266,
-0.3542780876159668,
0.6098189353942871,
0.31911855936050415,
1.2481155395507812,
0.29738184809684753,
-0.5661305785179138,
-0.0776914432644844,
0.42297297716140747,
-0.018469106405973434,
-0.3209356367588043,
-0.21949715912342072,
-0.22527611255645752,
0.30110880732536316,
0.7597059011459351,
-0.7552786469459534,
-0.9527289271354675,
-1.0931979417800903,
0.1821286529302597,
-0.8015358448028564,
-0.1885305941104889,
0.4083265960216522,
0.9684830904006958,
0.0800536647439003,
0.16728705167770386,
1.1740988492965698,
-0.0540124736726284,
-0.91086745262146,
0.13943524658679962,
-0.5666036009788513,
0.13128705322742462,
-0.35917651653289795,
-0.9575991630554199,
-0.8080841302871704,
0.6097699403762817,
-0.6296426653862,
0.36512112617492676,
-0.929853618144989,
0.18381789326667786,
0.31347715854644775,
-0.2124103605747223,
-0.4644869863986969,
0.7304876446723938,
-0.5812354683876038,
-0.3304513096809387,
0.16620595753192902,
-0.3972516655921936,
-0.08873461186885834,
0.2061949521303177,
0.02606365829706192,
-0.19104401767253876,
-0.9068512916564941,
0.42222192883491516,
0.9013465642929077,
0.47084754705429077,
-0.4629240036010742,
0.4271291494369507,
-0.22599981725215912,
0.5039554834365845,
-0.0036560806911438704,
0.5536237359046936,
0.5278192162513733,
-0.29100146889686584,
-0.8756088614463806,
-0.3545212745666504,
-0.18422931432724,
0.12528739869594574,
-0.20102564990520477,
0.6849759221076965,
-0.8873811364173889,
0.4865070581436157,
0.1170467734336853,
-0.3956359624862671,
1.1927086114883423,
0.6329953074455261,
-0.5082040429115295,
0.2106095850467682,
-0.04897107928991318,
-0.3539820611476898,
0.5512192249298096,
-0.5825214385986328,
0.6127334237098694,
0.13795247673988342,
0.22100840508937836,
-0.1271081417798996,
0.23466184735298157,
0.9159857630729675,
-0.6710039377212524,
0.1954764723777771,
-0.7369240522384644,
0.4202171862125397,
-1.0003501176834106,
0.21768446266651154,
0.9792047739028931,
0.08632074296474457,
0.33109816908836365,
0.810674250125885,
-0.014349095523357391,
-0.892853856086731,
-0.7628443241119385,
0.28025954961776733,
-0.05521905794739723,
0.5694982409477234,
0.11224927008152008,
-0.061583854258060455,
0.959589958190918,
-0.22944554686546326,
0.633696973323822,
-0.45181843638420105,
0.34880658984184265,
0.3953704535961151,
-0.3708754777908325,
-0.1973680704832077,
-0.49716177582740784,
0.014899186789989471,
0.03632276877760887,
0.5956672430038452,
0.8705965280532837,
-0.396401971578598,
0.6035409569740295,
0.7369914054870605,
0.25941744446754456,
-0.18357515335083008,
0.34698688983917236,
-0.6132652163505554,
0.20694012939929962,
-0.860558032989502,
0.3113837242126465,
0.7369768619537354,
-0.11494513601064682,
-0.34704428911209106,
0.43347805738449097,
1.229910969734192,
-0.8735527396202087,
-0.7572458982467651,
0.05614403635263443,
-0.6339107155799866,
-0.09410378336906433,
1.0494681596755981,
-0.16274631023406982,
-0.24903956055641174,
0.39697393774986267,
0.43495017290115356,
-0.37453383207321167,
-0.03714170306921005,
-0.2348669171333313,
-1.394957423210144,
-0.3233821392059326,
-0.06207428127527237,
0.6637314558029175,
0.014891013503074646,
0.48352208733558655,
-0.043417789041996,
0.4705813527107239,
0.6448494791984558,
0.13283339142799377,
0.2747572958469391,
0.30106788873672485,
-0.6626899242401123,
0.29216668009757996,
-0.09805615991353989,
-0.0011560509447008371,
-0.5047093629837036,
0.5556238293647766,
-0.6774219274520874,
-1.1692813634872437,
-0.9968957304954529,
-0.4279758036136627,
0.281810998916626,
0.409375935792923,
0.13472704589366913,
0.03834037855267525,
0.21248291432857513,
-0.5391702055931091,
-0.8720538020133972,
-0.4507361054420471,
-0.6517137289047241,
0.8194097876548767,
-0.2856282591819763,
-0.9042539596557617,
-0.8671165704727173,
0.7534201145172119,
0.6446675658226013,
1.535569190979004,
0.012188687920570374,
0.24699953198432922,
-0.050842415541410446,
0.8245543241500854,
0.8620563745498657,
-1.1740573644638062,
-0.4199802279472351,
-0.4500766694545746,
0.046343863010406494,
0.6350979804992676,
-0.6797292232513428,
-0.6608418822288513,
-1.3327369689941406,
-0.08022753894329071,
-1.409177303314209,
0.3444989025592804,
0.6570178270339966,
0.0041979774832725525,
-0.5752968788146973,
0.26510751247406006,
-0.3789074718952179,
-0.7225441932678223,
0.6280535459518433,
-0.030866967514157295,
-0.7812892198562622,
0.5326622128486633,
-0.19008705019950867,
-0.9008722305297852,
0.8062365055084229,
0.24719516932964325,
-0.6832176446914673,
0.6323798894882202,
0.9898223876953125,
0.41579461097717285,
-0.36701905727386475,
-0.17557506263256073,
-0.7767929434776306,
0.41211920976638794,
0.199568510055542,
0.1239265650510788,
-0.4075092673301697,
-0.3497442305088043,
0.7847912907600403,
-0.32231155037879944,
-0.5711418390274048,
0.061544522643089294,
0.07810978591442108,
-0.17617912590503693,
0.18726667761802673,
0.8148807883262634,
0.738002359867096,
-0.1428239643573761,
-0.5887118577957153,
0.39558902382850647,
-0.9747050404548645,
-0.8024475574493408,
-0.3294711410999298,
-0.14163309335708618,
-0.2622440755367279,
0.3755281865596771,
0.29956167936325073,
0.7647759914398193,
0.08772758394479752,
0.06931252777576447,
0.2532244622707367,
-1.213579535484314,
-0.6744889616966248,
-0.10231444239616394,
0.5415856242179871,
-0.07751644402742386,
-0.7975813150405884,
-0.7925093770027161,
1.4449383020401,
-0.5682900547981262,
0.07790623605251312,
-1.6756818294525146,
0.41026806831359863,
-0.557968020439148,
-0.6495113968849182,
0.024512439966201782,
0.4368225038051605,
0.21282047033309937,
-1.1146636009216309,
0.41380774974823,
-0.9464501738548279,
-0.4374832808971405,
0.06956307590007782,
0.43055248260498047,
0.7035322785377502,
0.9885190725326538,
0.8475154042243958,
0.15904077887535095,
-0.7537482976913452,
1.494168996810913,
0.16640618443489075,
0.07063156366348267,
0.005653155967593193,
-0.035661544650793076,
0.3739592432975769,
-0.3672710657119751,
0.20643025636672974,
-0.21932540833950043,
0.1734437346458435,
0.147202730178833,
0.7345668077468872,
1.063887357711792,
-0.458175390958786,
0.08700355142354965,
0.04051707684993744,
-0.4826184809207916,
-0.06642421334981918,
0.12145757675170898,
-0.5869882106781006,
0.0004912875592708588,
0.3884619474411011,
0.48894304037094116,
-0.7211403846740723,
-0.7776064872741699,
0.711042582988739,
-0.3324531614780426,
0.48451119661331177,
0.6184054613113403,
-1.1004440784454346,
-1.4146196842193604,
-0.061174362897872925,
0.19654546678066254,
0.3682267367839813,
-0.4803265929222107,
-0.42856165766716003,
0.09213178604841232,
-0.028993651270866394,
0.9094026684761047,
0.10198046267032623,
-0.9108552932739258,
0.9248806834220886,
-0.08445513248443604,
0.1034618690609932,
0.25190749764442444,
0.5056576728820801,
-0.37005624175071716,
0.156453937292099,
-0.5950419902801514,
-0.4434450566768646,
-0.4939018487930298,
-0.6375404596328735,
0.06962627172470093,
0.4327486753463745,
0.6205012202262878,
0.32439640164375305,
-0.8445718288421631,
-0.12097328901290894,
0.1566731035709381,
0.3985649347305298,
0.1902400404214859,
-0.1887853890657425,
0.6435109972953796,
-0.7913347482681274,
0.535727858543396,
0.4602355360984802,
-0.6413156986236572,
-0.034161556512117386,
-0.9385494589805603,
-0.45065248012542725,
0.4602644443511963,
-0.14189991354942322,
0.001176256686449051,
-0.4058260917663574,
0.02472110278904438,
-0.4216494858264923,
-0.8007951378822327,
0.5027146339416504,
-0.14450359344482422,
-1.0029051303863525,
-0.3042212426662445,
0.576729953289032,
0.06955787539482117,
-0.10715562105178833,
0.026014983654022217,
-0.3402445912361145,
0.22633013129234314,
-0.4899483919143677,
0.13252030313014984,
-0.16218465566635132,
0.2146277129650116,
-0.2997722029685974,
-0.09015306830406189,
-0.8309307098388672,
-0.44267410039901733,
0.3313943147659302,
-0.5175985097885132,
1.070913314819336,
-0.41020816564559937,
0.3435404896736145,
0.8708688616752625,
-0.4640926718711853,
-0.23297592997550964,
0.4179166257381439,
-1.139859676361084,
0.7190414071083069,
-0.5117779970169067,
0.7065965533256531,
-0.3591115474700928,
0.7614889144897461,
-0.27148231863975525,
-0.126781165599823,
0.15962673723697662,
1.1218311786651611,
-0.09639658033847809,
-0.26833033561706543,
0.033479198813438416,
-0.21720555424690247,
-0.04508382827043533,
-0.46571552753448486,
-0.5505511164665222,
0.12861986458301544,
0.24179908633232117,
0.006368700414896011,
0.2767532765865326,
-0.6598387956619263,
0.4958263635635376,
0.7876099348068237,
0.3257733881473541,
-0.44069957733154297,
0.9426882863044739,
0.22471994161605835,
-0.4434114098548889,
-0.26722633838653564,
-0.39912378787994385,
0.22015130519866943,
-1.0814945697784424,
-0.16687171161174774,
0.5797195434570312,
-1.0208868980407715,
0.3079923987388611,
0.4053812325000763,
-0.22620084881782532,
-0.6342836618423462,
-0.024587668478488922,
0.35963475704193115,
0.4940702021121979,
1.1068636178970337,
-0.31057828664779663,
-1.5031354427337646,
-0.0811782255768776,
0.3451719880104065,
1.0453565120697021,
-0.904789388179779,
0.9802936315536499,
-0.24438035488128662,
0.5470485687255859,
0.16614416241645813,
0.3311503529548645,
0.06796126812696457,
-0.03782891482114792,
-0.4520682394504547,
-0.6402201056480408,
-0.7817258238792419,
-0.24204722046852112,
-0.46312394738197327,
-0.018981430679559708,
0.478896826505661,
-0.10858291387557983,
0.35778963565826416,
-0.8080580234527588,
-0.544586718082428,
-0.35876837372779846,
-0.647331714630127,
1.2425087690353394,
-1.3230328559875488,
-0.005807572975754738,
0.9855425953865051,
0.028427613899111748,
-0.6963774561882019,
-0.055800385773181915,
0.017134778201580048,
0.3188462555408478,
-0.44979986548423767,
0.5376578569412231,
-0.7505412101745605,
-0.22481973469257355,
0.13206997513771057,
-0.25314778089523315,
-0.4855996072292328,
0.9563866853713989,
1.3707845211029053,
-0.3038268983364105,
0.41642385721206665,
-0.13117066025733948,
0.24493545293807983,
-0.6208462119102478,
-0.02439773641526699,
-0.18817369639873505,
-0.12853248417377472,
-1.1152138710021973,
-1.317826271057129,
0.2990763783454895,
-0.031458184123039246,
0.037359289824962616,
-0.20726166665554047,
-0.49450796842575073,
-0.6229130029678345,
0.7076162099838257,
0.17782501876354218,
1.1647706031799316,
0.3613085150718689,
-1.3142081499099731,
0.6364749073982239,
-0.8205037713050842,
-0.5958428382873535,
-0.2650366425514221,
0.21345466375350952,
0.009762346744537354,
-0.7648799419403076,
-0.5101044178009033,
-0.6056731939315796,
0.6931298971176147,
-0.8218469023704529,
-0.625296950340271,
-0.41301319003105164,
-0.04724375531077385,
-0.426840215921402,
0.11339326202869415,
-0.9901086091995239,
-0.1722220480442047,
-0.2820606827735901,
-0.4094001054763794,
-0.7802392840385437,
-0.14356215298175812,
0.7276846170425415,
1.0255860090255737,
-0.26646724343299866,
-0.21001192927360535,
-0.25648999214172363,
0.18421097099781036,
-0.8072488307952881,
0.16856999695301056,
-0.5159242749214172,
-0.3972362279891968,
-0.09888747334480286,
-1.3414955139160156,
0.3441215455532074,
0.2577276825904846,
-0.4244599938392639,
0.6000604629516602,
-0.3707612454891205,
0.6878548860549927,
0.05778037756681442,
0.4730129837989807,
0.2294609546661377,
0.1931968629360199,
-0.2645077109336853,
-0.24194762110710144,
-0.048146504908800125,
-0.9026062488555908,
-0.39569562673568726,
-0.06928011775016785,
-0.16013583540916443,
0.2266886681318283,
0.5509930849075317,
0.04152893275022507,
0.24270863831043243,
0.005370713770389557,
-0.2687830626964569,
0.1044529601931572
] |
|
5y7rah | AskScience AMA Series: We are women scientists from the Homeward Bound expedition, recently returned from the inaugural voyage to Antarctica! Ask us anything! | Hello /r/AskScience! [Homeward Bound](_URL_1_) is a ground‐breaking leadership, strategic and science initiative and outreach for women, set against the backdrop of Antarctica. The initiative aims to heighten the influence and impact of women with a science background in order to influence policy and decision making as it shapes our planet. The inaugural 2016 voyage took place from 2 - 21 December 2016 and was the largest‐ever female expedition to Antarctica. We care about science, the concerns of others, and we think science can unite us towards seeing and managing the planet as our global home. **Ask us questions about our Antarctic journey, the Homeward Bound Initiative, and why it matters, especially now, for there to be gender equity in leadership. We'll be back around 2pm U.S. Eastern Standard Time to start answering!**
Answering questions today are 5 participants from the inaugural Homeward Bound expedition:
**Heidi Steltzer, Ph.D.** Heidi is an environmental scientist, an explorer, and a science communicator, sharing her passion for science with others. She is an [Associate Professor at Fort Lewis College](_URL_15_), Colorado. She studies how environmental changes affect mountain watersheds and Arctic systems and their link to our well-being. [Heidi's research has been published in *Nature*](_URL_18_) and featured in the [media](_URL_8_), including the [*New York Times*](_URL_5_). Find her on social media and _URL_13_ @heidimountains.
**Anne Christianson** is a current PhD student in the [Natural Resources Science and Management](_URL_17_) program at the University of Minnesota, researching the intersection between climate change, biodiversity conservation, and women's justice. She holds a Bachelor's degree in environmental policy from St. Olaf College and a Masters in Biodiversity, Conservation, and Management from the University of Oxford. Previously, Ms. Christianson worked in the U.S. House of Representatives writing and advising on energy and environmental legislation, for Ocean Conservancy advocating for science-based marine policy, and held the position of Vice President of [DC EcoWomen](_URL_9_), a non-profit organization working to empower women to become leaders in the environmental field. A 2016 Homeward Bound participant, Ms. Christianson was enthralled by Antarctica, and inspired by the 75 other women striving to create a global network of female change-makers.
**Dyan deNapoli** is a penguin expert, TED speaker, and author of the award-winning book, [*The Great Penguin Rescue*](_URL_19_). She lectures internationally about penguins, and is a sought-out expert on radio and TV, including [appearances on BBC](_URL_2_) and CNN. A participant on the inaugural Homeward Bound expedition, she returns to Antarctica next year as a [lecturer for Lindblad/National Geographic](_URL_3_). A four-times TEDx speaker, [Dyan's inspiring TED talk](_URL_14_) about saving 40,000 penguins from an oil spill can be viewed on _URL_16_. She is on Facebook, Twitter, and LinkedIn as The Penguin Lady.
**Ashton Gainsford** is an evolutionary biologist and recently submitted her PhD thesis to the [Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies](_URL_7_) at [James Cook University](_URL_6_) in Townsville, Australia. Her research questioned what constitutes a species, highlighting the importance of animal behavior to the outcomes of hybridization, a common and significant evolutionary phenomena where closely related species interbreed. [Her research](_URL_10_) on coral reef fish using behavior and genetic tools provides novel insights into the ecology and evolution of species. She is passionate about the marine environment, women in science, and diving. She joined the Homeward Bound network in 2016 to build future collaborations and learn within a program aimed to elevate each woman's leadership abilities and capacity to influence in the future. This was highlighted in an article written for [1MillionWomen](_URL_12_). Connect with her on twitter at @AshtonGainsford.
**Johanna Speirs, Ph.D**, is a climate scientist with specific research interests in climate variability and change, alpine hydrometeorology and Antarctic meteorology and climatology. She works for [Snowy Hydro Ltd.](_URL_0_) (a government-owned renewable energy company operating in Australia's alpine region), and specialises in understanding weather and climate processes that effect water resources in the Australian Alps. Johanna maintains an affiliation with the [University of Queensland's Climate Research Group](_URL_11_) following her PhD on Antarctic meteorology and climatology. She wants to live in a world where quality science is used to make more informed decisions in the way this planet is managed. She thinks Homeward Bound is a pretty inspiring initiative to help get more women to the decision-making table. See [google scholar](_URL_4_) for her publications, or find her on twitter @johspeirs.
| askscience | {
"a_id": [
"denv7fv",
"denxg7e",
"deo1cah",
"deo1owc",
"denvp51",
"denw6gr",
"denveyl",
"denw1sg",
"denxi7c",
"denwrev",
"denzkg5",
"denvv21",
"deo7d1u",
"deo2ojd",
"deo1r0e",
"deo1kt9",
"denz1os",
"denwop3",
"deo664b",
"denux2q",
"denwkdv",
"denxmlx",
"deo2j0g",
"denx0h0",
"denzd0d",
"denx75j",
"denyl5z",
"deny2e5",
"deo5s4i",
"deo5e6i",
"denzihn",
"deo5mid",
"deo7c74",
"deoj769",
"denzhos",
"deo2dsc",
"denvtnk",
"deo2xez"
],
"text": [
"We all know science isn't really about preconceived notions but were there any discoveries or experiences that went against what you'd expected to see, or anything that went beyond what would be expected?",
"How cold is it there really? This may seem like a childish question but hear me out. I live in Pennsylvania and it gets pretty cold here. Like face-hurting wind cold. And I'm pretty sure it's gets colder in other parts of America but I can barely handle here. Was it the type of cold that made you immediately regret the decision, or was it something you knew you could handle?",
"Why do you feel its important to mention that you are women?\ncan't you just be scientist's?\nIn my opinion the less people are told about gender differences the less people notice, or care about them.",
"Dyan: i have one question and a thank you. My daughter is 12 and follows a good deal of what you do and you're a huge influence on her career path. She joined robotic because she wants to design oil cleaning machines and covert penguin hybrids to study penguins, she hikes, camps and doesnt wear jackets when it's cold to get use to freezing temperatures. \n\nShe's a straight A student academically and in citizenship, a standout athlete and is committed to a career involving penguins. \n\n\n So my question to you is how can I support/guide her in the future? Mostly on her academic path to actually do what you do..we are in San Diego so penguins are like 10 minutes away from us if that helps.\n\nOnce again Thank you for being such a great role model to humanity.",
"This may be out of your bailiwick but to what extent is it possible to investigate the fossil record of Antarctica from before it drifted South? Particular in regard to larger things like dinosaurs.\n\nI remember a few years ago some Russian scientists attempted to sample water from beneath the ice in Lake Vostok. Was anything interesting learned about the biology of this isolated ecosystem?",
"Why does it matter that you are women?\n\nI thought we weren't supposed to care about a scientist's gender?",
"What was the most significant challenge each/any/one of you faced during the voyage from a research perspective and how did end up dealing with it?",
"Congratulations on your expedition! Given the worrying attempts at politicization of objective scientific fact in the US, what do you think are some good ways to increase public awareness of scientific research and make that research accessible to laymen? \n\n(pun kind of intended)",
"What does a typical work day in Antarctica look like? Much ado for AMA and your service of the greater good. Y'all being in those harsh conditions to study the earth makes all of you batman. In all seriousness, thank you.",
"Happy International Women's Day! In your respective opinions, what will be the most important threat to the environment in the next 50 years? And a follow up question: what do you see as the most *fixable* threat to the environment in the next 50 years?\n\nAlso, please post pictures of penguins.",
"Hello, my questions are primarily about the trip itself.\n\n+ Was this voyage entirely on a ship?\n+ Did you spend time at a land based facility?\n+ Did either have crew, or do the voyagers double as crew?\n+ Is there special training for Antarctic expeditions? \n\nIs there any knowledge/experience from the voyage you find particularly rewarding for life here on the mainland? Or for your field of expertise?\n\nThank you for your time!",
"What do you guys do for entertainment? \n\nHow is the internet speed down there? Do you even have internet?\n\n\n\n\nDo you think studying the Artic regions of earth is important? \nIf yes, why do you think it is important that we have research being done there?\n\nWhat benefits do we have from scientists being stationed in the Artic?",
"On behalf of those who wish to debunk the Flat Earth conspiracy theory, can you please tell us whether you saw any evidence of a giant dome, or of a secret area being kept under heavy military guard?",
"Why have there been people of high power and influence going to the antarctic recently? Like John Kerry and Buzz Aldrin",
"For Dyan: I love that you're a penguin expert. What shaped your career to get to this point? I guess you didn't set out as a kid wanting to be a penguin expert? (Maybe you did!) What decisions or opportunities brought you here? (edit:sp)",
"Is there, or could there be, any fossil evidence of Gondwanan flora/fauna anywhere on the continent from the days before the ice sheet?",
"How difficult was it to actually be \"allowed\" to do research/work in Antarctica?",
"What an amazing initiative - is there a central purpose to the expeditions (such as a specific area of research) that the group envisions moving forward? Are you partnered with any specific country or station in the Antarctic? Who/what specialists are you recruiting and are you planning on doing another trip this year?",
"As female scientists, did you have significant hurdles due to your sex while working in your field? Was it harder to get to where you are now, in retrospect, as compared to male scientists?\n\nWhat is the coolest thing you saw/did in Antarctica? (Pun intended).",
"That sounds amazing. Thanks for taking the time to share your experience with us.\n\nSo how was the weather? Actually I'm more interested in the climate of Antarctica but the weather has been in the news lately, I've heard that parts of Antartica have seen record highs, and also that the loss of Antartic sea ice recently pushed total global sea ice to an all-time low.",
"Given that science is a field that is heavily dominated by men what's the most challenging thing about being a woman in the field of science?",
"Hello! I have two questions for you all. Many STEM fields in particular have a hard time of retaining women through different career stages based on a variety of factors which is of course detrimental to STEM as a whole. One, how best can we combat the attrition? Two, when it comes to roles in policymaking specifically, how do we pull more women into those positions?",
"Hi there! Thanks for taking questions today, and happy International Women's Day. My question is; have you ever recieved any negative or hateful comments from people about your career choice in real life? If so, what did you do and how did you feel about the sitation overall?",
"You all have really varied areas of expertise! How does a program like this, and particularly an Antarctic expedition, influence your research? Does working collaboratively across disciplines influence how you approach your work?",
"How can other women follow in your footsteps? What are the challenges or obstacles you have been forced to confront because of gender bias and the male dominated industry you're in?",
"What food did you miss the most while down there, and reflecting on your return trip, what events in the civilized world made you feel overwhelmed?",
"What is the cultural climate like in Antarctic research stations? How do people interact, and what is the people atmosphere like?",
"Was there a research focus? If so, what was the focus, and what did you learn? If not, why choose Antarctica for leadership training?",
"What kinds of physical training did you undergo to prepare your bodies for the extreme climate?",
"What led each of you into choosing your career and field of research?",
"Hello, beside how cold it is (since many people asked that) I would like to ask you somethig about Penguins. There was a video of a seal (i think) trying to rape a penguin.... So is this happening more often? What was the most disturbing thing you have seen there? (Sorry for possible errors in writing - English is not my native language)",
"Hey there!\n\nToday is International Women's Day, a date of unquestionable relevance to women's struggle for freedom around the globe. Having that in mind, I ask you: what are your takes on the role/participation of women in science today? Which particular challenges do you feel women still face today? What can we do to bridge such gender gap?",
"Did you or any of your crew see anything unexplained or out of the ordinary during your expedition? Also do you happen to have any knowledge of the a main reason why there has been so much traffic there in the past few years from religious and political leaders?",
"How often did you encounter wildlife and did you notice any difference in habituation from more \"popular\" areas of Antarctica? Also have any cool wildlife stories to share?",
"My 11 year old daughter loves science and wants to be a mad scientist when she grows up. What books or TV shows influenced you all? Thanks!",
"What's the most exciting thing you guys do in your workplace? Any fun stories of things that happened in your fields?",
"What can you tell us about the visible effects of climate change from your expedition? Can you tell us a funny anecdote about the wildlife? (P.S. Happy International Women's Day!).",
"Did you stop by McMurdo? if so, how was it there?"
],
"score": [
60,
51,
41,
39,
24,
24,
19,
17,
16,
14,
10,
10,
10,
10,
8,
8,
8,
7,
7,
6,
6,
5,
5,
5,
5,
5,
5,
4,
4,
4,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
2,
2
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://www.snowyhydro.com.au/",
"https://homewardboundprojects.com.au/",
"http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p01b9c8z",
"https://www.expeditions.com/why-us/expedition-team/staff-bio/dyan-denapoli/",
"http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:269511",
"https://www.nytimes.com/2014/04/24/science/springing-forward-and-its-consequences.html?_r=0",
"https://www.jcu.edu.au/",
"https://www.coralcoe.org.au/person/ashton-gainsford",
"https://durangoherald.com/articles/2066-early-snowmelt-unhappy-plants",
"http://dc.ecowomen.org/",
"https://scholar.google.com.au/citations?user=Rxgv6WoAAAAJ&amp;hl=en&amp;oi=ao",
"https://sees.uq.edu.au/climate-research-group",
"http://www.1millionwomen.com.au/blog/70-female-scientists-journey-worlds-edge/",
"Medium.com",
"https://www.ted.com/talks/dyan_denapoli_the_great_penguin_rescue",
"https://www.fortlewis.edu/facultyexperts/FullStory/ArtMID/23965/ArticleID/1147237/Steltzer.aspx",
"TED.com",
"https://www.nrsm.umn.edu/",
"http://www.nature.com/news/co2-makes-growing-seasons-longer-1.15081",
"http://booklaunch.io/dyandenapoli/the-great-penguin-rescue"
]
} | {
"url": []
} | AskScience AMA Series: We are women scientists from the Homeward Bound expedition, recently returned from the inaugural voyage to Antarctica! Ask us anything!
Hello /r/AskScience! [Homeward Bound](_URL_1_) is a ground‐breaking leadership, strategic and science initiative and outreach for women, set against the backdrop of Antarctica. The initiative aims to heighten the influence and impact of women with a science background in order to influence policy and decision making as it shapes our planet. The inaugural 2016 voyage took place from 2 - 21 December 2016 and was the largest‐ever female expedition to Antarctica. We care about science, the concerns of others, and we think science can unite us towards seeing and managing the planet as our global home. **Ask us questions about our Antarctic journey, the Homeward Bound Initiative, and why it matters, especially now, for there to be gender equity in leadership. We'll be back around 2pm U.S. Eastern Standard Time to start answering!** Answering questions today are 5 participants from the inaugural Homeward Bound expedition: **Heidi Steltzer, Ph.D.** Heidi is an environmental scientist, an explorer, and a science communicator, sharing her passion for science with others. She is an [Associate Professor at Fort Lewis College](_URL_15_), Colorado. She studies how environmental changes affect mountain watersheds and Arctic systems and their link to our well-being. [Heidi's research has been published in *Nature*](_URL_18_) and featured in the [media](_URL_8_), including the [*New York Times*](_URL_5_). Find her on social media and _URL_13_ @heidimountains. **Anne Christianson** is a current PhD student in the [Natural Resources Science and Management](_URL_17_) program at the University of Minnesota, researching the intersection between climate change, biodiversity conservation, and women's justice. She holds a Bachelor's degree in environmental policy from St. Olaf College and a Masters in Biodiversity, Conservation, and Management from the University of Oxford. Previously, Ms. Christianson worked in the U.S. House of Representatives writing and advising on energy and environmental legislation, for Ocean Conservancy advocating for science-based marine policy, and held the position of Vice President of [DC EcoWomen](_URL_9_), a non-profit organization working to empower women to become leaders in the environmental field. A 2016 Homeward Bound participant, Ms. Christianson was enthralled by Antarctica, and inspired by the 75 other women striving to create a global network of female change-makers. **Dyan deNapoli** is a penguin expert, TED speaker, and author of the award-winning book, [*The Great Penguin Rescue*](_URL_19_). She lectures internationally about penguins, and is a sought-out expert on radio and TV, including [appearances on BBC](_URL_2_) and CNN. A participant on the inaugural Homeward Bound expedition, she returns to Antarctica next year as a [lecturer for Lindblad/National Geographic](_URL_3_). A four-times TEDx speaker, [Dyan's inspiring TED talk](_URL_14_) about saving 40,000 penguins from an oil spill can be viewed on _URL_16_. She is on Facebook, Twitter, and LinkedIn as The Penguin Lady. **Ashton Gainsford** is an evolutionary biologist and recently submitted her PhD thesis to the [Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies](_URL_7_) at [James Cook University](_URL_6_) in Townsville, Australia. Her research questioned what constitutes a species, highlighting the importance of animal behavior to the outcomes of hybridization, a common and significant evolutionary phenomena where closely related species interbreed. [Her research](_URL_10_) on coral reef fish using behavior and genetic tools provides novel insights into the ecology and evolution of species. She is passionate about the marine environment, women in science, and diving. She joined the Homeward Bound network in 2016 to build future collaborations and learn within a program aimed to elevate each woman's leadership abilities and capacity to influence in the future. This was highlighted in an article written for [1MillionWomen](_URL_12_). Connect with her on twitter at @AshtonGainsford. **Johanna Speirs, Ph.D**, is a climate scientist with specific research interests in climate variability and change, alpine hydrometeorology and Antarctic meteorology and climatology. She works for [Snowy Hydro Ltd.](_URL_0_) (a government-owned renewable energy company operating in Australia's alpine region), and specialises in understanding weather and climate processes that effect water resources in the Australian Alps. Johanna maintains an affiliation with the [University of Queensland's Climate Research Group](_URL_11_) following her PhD on Antarctic meteorology and climatology. She wants to live in a world where quality science is used to make more informed decisions in the way this planet is managed. She thinks Homeward Bound is a pretty inspiring initiative to help get more women to the decision-making table. See [google scholar](_URL_4_) for her publications, or find her on twitter @johspeirs. | [
-0.11796887218952179,
-0.06263682246208191,
0.4857049882411957,
-1.0417370796203613,
-0.061666328459978104,
-0.9437046051025391,
-0.41401010751724243,
-0.45305782556533813,
0.6543504595756531,
0.3430958688259125,
0.29152944684028625,
-0.053817860782146454,
-0.3457886874675751,
1.3292734622955322,
0.36330804228782654,
-0.501369833946228,
-0.31758272647857666,
-0.12358001619577408,
0.008446305990219116,
0.27343252301216125,
0.6350533962249756,
0.02989080362021923,
-0.05955837666988373,
-0.48257192969322205,
0.03700908273458481,
-0.5656246542930603,
-0.37863999605178833,
0.19559094309806824,
0.21444553136825562,
0.7503365278244019,
-0.20654070377349854,
-0.4968377947807312,
-0.8772608637809753,
0.7370507717132568,
-0.015143997967243195,
1.0344539880752563,
0.3020433783531189,
-0.47843682765960693,
-0.2504255175590515,
-0.400291383266449,
-0.09600932896137238,
-0.8264204263687134,
0.6304818987846375,
0.7075873017311096,
0.08728573471307755,
-0.543491542339325,
0.4526699483394623,
-0.262240469455719,
-0.3969539701938629,
0.29294145107269287,
-0.07939799129962921,
-0.5025314688682556,
0.13115853071212769,
-0.5988023281097412,
0.30209508538246155,
-0.29556626081466675,
0.16585399210453033,
-0.6059226989746094,
0.39596986770629883,
-0.5333498120307922,
-0.3403584957122803,
0.3549513518810272,
0.08607763797044754,
-0.7259992361068726,
0.30726587772369385,
-0.3676738142967224,
-0.8247125148773193,
0.5780386924743652,
-1.487725019454956,
0.06458218395709991,
-0.5657720565795898,
-0.11735917627811432,
-0.06171606108546257,
-0.6419200301170349,
-0.10287582129240036,
-0.7757949829101562,
0.10173317044973373,
-0.6604536771774292,
0.43982312083244324,
-0.05734308063983917,
0.7998752593994141,
1.1039824485778809,
-0.31264543533325195,
1.04444420337677,
0.042711492627859116,
1.1714544296264648,
0.9557182788848877,
-0.9337913393974304,
-0.11184795200824738,
0.8672873377799988,
-0.9184336066246033,
-0.859887957572937,
0.08428347110748291,
-0.27009275555610657,
0.4116714894771576,
-0.1684681475162506,
0.45701974630355835,
-0.9637064337730408,
0.564225971698761,
0.4958336055278778,
-0.7792026996612549,
0.7810862064361572,
0.1475898176431656,
0.6303311586380005,
0.5702619552612305,
-0.3304537534713745,
-0.3445424437522888,
-0.7203273773193359,
-0.3538542091846466,
0.1626398265361786,
1.0735547542572021,
1.0349860191345215,
-0.6677767634391785,
-0.6046701669692993,
-0.6909765005111694,
-1.4935033321380615,
0.023785635828971863,
-0.1901686191558838,
0.8460648655891418,
0.22387532889842987,
0.3279949426651001,
-0.14292621612548828,
0.37654849886894226,
0.19728916883468628,
-0.4072457551956177,
0.05269020050764084,
-0.7918804287910461,
0.5164250731468201,
-1.0539470911026,
-0.11216318607330322,
-0.7820532321929932,
0.11313337832689285,
0.13808299601078033,
0.6746655702590942,
0.9146434664726257,
-0.5136154294013977,
-1.4313435554504395,
-0.2395208775997162,
-0.36934253573417664,
0.3274107277393341,
-1.6225095987319946,
-0.4645801782608032,
0.6971151828765869,
-0.7041409015655518,
0.6335441470146179,
-1.8273210525512695,
-0.5732937455177307,
-0.9393854737281799,
-0.642529308795929,
-0.39736735820770264,
-0.39510276913642883,
-0.39603540301322937,
0.534699559211731,
-1.1065917015075684,
0.09338261187076569,
0.4347761571407318,
1.2505428791046143,
-0.4917234480381012,
0.05537591502070427,
-0.6161097884178162,
-0.896359384059906,
-0.29259756207466125,
0.5478448271751404,
0.8894292712211609,
0.01718142256140709,
-0.49514126777648926,
0.5593452453613281,
-1.039340853691101,
-0.14897161722183228,
0.3306155502796173,
-0.3064882159233093,
0.027902310714125633,
0.9349638819694519,
0.4100939929485321,
0.36530911922454834,
0.37566912174224854,
0.7699911594390869,
1.2097426652908325,
-0.16070495545864105,
-0.27033939957618713,
-0.3462255895137787,
0.007122045382857323,
0.12137828022241592,
0.6005266904830933,
0.33301228284835815,
-0.196698859333992,
0.27078863978385925,
-0.4214634895324707,
-0.8656769394874573,
0.49620521068573,
0.7454280257225037,
0.5703586935997009,
-0.3489680290222168,
0.6762799620628357,
0.49732258915901184,
-0.10265620052814484,
-0.274181604385376,
1.45558762550354,
-0.011841968633234501,
-0.203024759888649,
-0.041977036744356155,
-0.07717537879943848,
-0.37623003125190735,
-0.3668549954891205,
0.8349226713180542,
-0.4262489676475525,
0.7525987029075623,
-0.1299866884946823,
-0.2837885916233063,
0.06618867069482803,
-0.718100905418396,
0.8708822727203369,
0.45690008997917175,
-0.3451065719127655,
-0.20470018684864044,
0.3235873281955719,
-0.9652438163757324,
0.028227314352989197,
-0.3070959150791168,
-0.11319410800933838,
-0.148721382021904,
0.24726305902004242,
0.385061115026474,
-0.6680411100387573,
0.5683696269989014,
-1.4456753730773926,
-0.8567832112312317,
0.111578568816185,
0.8141220211982727,
0.3568311929702759,
0.35832735896110535,
0.1175973117351532,
-0.3799419403076172,
-0.1562303900718689,
0.49380260705947876,
-0.02822531759738922,
-0.7230915427207947,
-0.45452529191970825,
0.5585673451423645,
-0.4948415756225586,
0.149381622672081,
0.5872504115104675,
0.420368492603302,
0.8531087636947632,
0.11006377637386322,
0.5817630290985107,
0.6884123682975769,
-1.121730089187622,
0.1978127360343933,
-0.19837304949760437,
-1.1264033317565918,
-0.37663933634757996,
-0.703061044216156,
-0.35687530040740967,
-0.42842137813568115,
-0.7492475509643555,
0.6356614232063293,
-1.1865103244781494,
0.43667861819267273,
1.5632284879684448,
0.1170210987329483,
-0.2844141125679016,
0.6238196492195129,
-0.047310952097177505,
-0.9686058759689331,
0.7417479157447815,
-0.8339847326278687,
-0.14649803936481476,
-0.15189966559410095,
0.003631334751844406,
-0.31196126341819763,
-0.4975593388080597,
0.5752775073051453,
0.8010638356208801,
-0.2940220832824707,
0.24808484315872192,
-0.017299437895417213,
-0.36377817392349243,
0.03319917619228363,
0.26785942912101746,
0.7077546119689941,
0.370891273021698,
0.6120460629463196,
-0.4878678619861603,
0.022832628339529037,
0.07565824687480927,
1.3857741355895996,
-0.6841917037963867,
0.4504466652870178,
-0.22782132029533386,
0.680485188961029,
-0.19573335349559784,
0.21928194165229797,
0.46205785870552063,
0.5022540092468262,
-0.40097516775131226,
0.8946426510810852,
0.23391662538051605,
-0.055849283933639526,
0.175122931599617,
-0.8068826198577881,
-0.42283597588539124,
0.46230626106262207,
-0.2558388411998749,
0.2751736342906952,
-0.062420912086963654,
1.0874210596084595,
-0.37977683544158936,
0.9541714787483215,
-0.41388413310050964,
0.7502155900001526,
-1.1597270965576172,
-0.20832884311676025,
0.5056784749031067,
0.04215915501117706,
0.03400532528758049,
-0.2385684698820114,
-1.024623990058899,
-0.014191506430506706,
-0.5615405440330505,
-0.4111458957195282,
-0.31098490953445435,
0.018907658755779266,
0.8622375130653381,
0.6419955492019653,
0.8746508955955505,
-0.13671773672103882,
0.7431812882423401,
-0.2469034492969513,
-0.6867430806159973,
0.1555127203464508,
-0.8819531202316284,
0.7561757564544678,
0.1350066065788269,
0.10932747274637222,
-0.34177738428115845,
0.7052847146987915,
0.8447036743164062,
0.6769611835479736,
0.645862877368927,
0.44725683331489563,
0.40625008940696716,
0.21590274572372437,
0.1577744036912918,
0.8373270034790039,
-0.28344225883483887,
0.024741804227232933,
-0.6273903846740723,
-0.060422882437705994,
-0.24705709517002106,
0.2958106994628906,
-0.20358501374721527,
0.7700339555740356,
-1.5058622360229492,
-0.6886017322540283,
0.3050525188446045,
-0.24837346374988556,
0.018055502325296402,
0.6512833833694458,
-0.18930581212043762,
0.6361305117607117,
-0.17529606819152832,
-0.3215090036392212,
0.25515884160995483,
0.10511499643325806,
-0.2816389501094818,
-1.0902560949325562,
-0.4810803532600403,
-0.35314708948135376,
0.3107953667640686,
-0.06915201991796494,
0.18374481797218323,
0.4320552349090576,
-0.13021890819072723,
0.3986690044403076,
0.3480336368083954,
-0.019272033125162125,
-0.3106515109539032,
-0.4695308208465576,
-0.3161434829235077,
-0.25566989183425903,
0.07053513824939728,
0.02646644413471222,
0.23415198922157288,
-0.14846771955490112,
-0.5659624934196472,
-1.7662054300308228,
-0.46597862243652344,
-0.3581291139125824,
0.295441210269928,
-0.06891659647226334,
0.3795865774154663,
-0.20804427564144135,
-0.08328874409198761,
0.04229719564318657,
-0.8667128682136536,
-0.3187098205089569,
0.6965436935424805,
-0.28365612030029297,
-1.0256052017211914,
-0.616879940032959,
0.245354562997818,
0.4310954809188843,
1.1184066534042358,
-0.06614440679550171,
0.07276395708322525,
0.20581309497356415,
-0.31280964612960815,
-0.3453514575958252,
-0.24920590221881866,
-0.011724659241735935,
-0.20929546654224396,
-0.9768086075782776,
-0.6239645481109619,
0.7315806746482849,
-0.6944044828414917,
-0.20573857426643372,
0.15326526761054993,
-1.1435470581054688,
0.5169041752815247,
0.5966680645942688,
0.2364385724067688,
-0.21213197708129883,
0.006072955206036568,
-0.45105913281440735,
-0.20035624504089355,
0.6109005808830261,
-0.5253116488456726,
-0.6825146675109863,
0.7611857056617737,
0.04494575411081314,
-0.34660372138023376,
2.164708137512207,
0.5558487176895142,
-0.10814239084720612,
0.8965722322463989,
-0.27719804644584656,
0.4266892671585083,
-1.0258911848068237,
-0.4869035482406616,
0.19674283266067505,
-0.06874515116214752,
0.5542754530906677,
0.729280948638916,
-0.30981117486953735,
-0.7539635896682739,
0.638228714466095,
-0.8211462497711182,
0.06837387382984161,
0.5722180008888245,
0.554768443107605,
-0.823813259601593,
0.25570669770240784,
1.1404885053634644,
1.396201729774475,
0.1952078491449356,
-0.22221176326274872,
-0.42669352889060974,
-0.9175264835357666,
-0.16860459744930267,
-0.23682402074337006,
-1.388242244720459,
-0.08325657993555069,
-0.08892875164747238,
0.16217157244682312,
0.1281578540802002,
-0.13525846600532532,
-0.06509341299533844,
-0.10908684134483337,
-1.4255263805389404,
0.17242340743541718,
0.22518928349018097,
0.0939544290304184,
0.32422852516174316,
0.11752337217330933,
-0.35799747705459595,
1.0401289463043213,
0.48569977283477783,
-0.4361218810081482,
-0.9268338680267334,
0.6661481857299805,
-0.7774192094802856,
-1.2270374298095703,
0.2946416139602661,
0.525059700012207,
0.25128984451293945,
0.48584532737731934,
1.0873690843582153,
-0.6245075464248657,
-0.6665117740631104,
1.1097946166992188,
0.05163785070180893,
-0.08992905914783478,
0.35883164405822754,
-0.3285280764102936,
0.35469213128089905,
0.38061779737472534,
1.3429327011108398,
-0.32067522406578064,
-0.10722213983535767,
0.15041840076446533,
-0.2670597434043884,
0.29221686720848083,
-0.5097070932388306,
0.3996381461620331,
-0.4337206184864044,
1.0044375658035278,
0.22080360352993011,
-0.865885853767395,
0.9887251853942871,
-0.40704092383384705,
0.24585352838039398,
0.11322248727083206,
-0.5494939684867859,
-0.28759175539016724,
0.1778651773929596,
-0.14998804032802582,
-0.2227291315793991,
0.18347057700157166,
0.7208077907562256,
-0.07187654078006744,
-0.6894944310188293,
0.5705955028533936,
0.01702624186873436,
-0.12492125481367111,
0.3813020586967468,
-1.2076812982559204,
-1.6039066314697266,
-0.15759433805942535,
-0.27928832173347473,
0.8095402717590332,
0.16597405076026917,
-0.46149423718452454,
0.28887540102005005,
-0.5991904735565186,
0.9573346376419067,
0.16747581958770752,
-1.35518217086792,
0.5935562252998352,
0.0921240746974945,
0.021166430786252022,
-0.478362113237381,
1.237977147102356,
-0.2506876289844513,
0.19572637975215912,
-0.2894597053527832,
-0.15632426738739014,
0.009684823453426361,
0.35366886854171753,
0.07466818392276764,
0.6848140358924866,
-0.4162115156650543,
-0.2344619631767273,
-0.30882537364959717,
-0.525684118270874,
1.0811690092086792,
0.12340418249368668,
0.16393935680389404,
0.14469711482524872,
0.7864030003547668,
-0.9403246641159058,
0.6277664303779602,
0.9951023459434509,
-1.0178834199905396,
-0.3570793569087982,
0.02309240587055683,
-0.4331693947315216,
-0.4408748745918274,
-0.218402698636055,
0.7847560048103333,
-1.218692660331726,
-0.7214799523353577,
-0.8963732123374939,
-0.6897646188735962,
-0.528563916683197,
-0.1467074602842331,
-1.0159518718719482,
-0.04956796392798424,
0.35911354422569275,
0.4928561747074127,
-0.34906625747680664,
-0.4993555247783661,
-0.7255271673202515,
1.1413803100585938,
-0.19230344891548157,
-0.05670832842588425,
0.007990985177457333,
0.6185433864593506,
-0.042151376605033875,
-0.03147689625620842,
-0.9857029914855957,
-0.8392946124076843,
0.0649900808930397,
0.11639519780874252,
1.0482964515686035,
-0.16044622659683228,
0.4829329252243042,
0.16776970028877258,
0.37179869413375854,
-0.02600257843732834,
-0.19720840454101562,
-0.9691219329833984,
0.24920429289340973,
-0.5019655823707581,
0.6061662435531616,
-0.8470767736434937,
0.423284113407135,
-1.1309505701065063,
-0.692125141620636,
0.41471362113952637,
0.03945641964673996,
-0.2145983725786209,
-0.17635409533977509,
-0.556243896484375,
0.1862357258796692,
0.40804511308670044,
0.13236355781555176,
-0.9986485838890076,
-0.27746519446372986,
-0.4608326554298401,
-0.3573495149612427,
0.41236910223960876,
-1.127584457397461,
0.3775481879711151,
0.5214449167251587,
-0.5339878797531128,
-0.838861882686615,
0.9661028981208801,
0.3719513416290283,
-0.06836913526058197,
-0.14163102209568024,
-0.09320922940969467,
-0.612825334072113,
-0.5351728200912476,
-1.3365588188171387,
-0.06988230347633362,
-0.8409587144851685,
-0.11551887542009354,
-0.08057360351085663,
-0.25299063324928284,
-0.8118047714233398,
-0.16568365693092346,
0.05739975720643997,
0.12527848780155182,
1.6701059341430664,
-0.26095572113990784,
0.13559037446975708,
0.8014202117919922,
-0.2137395292520523,
0.7663554549217224,
-0.9684301614761353,
0.3054942786693573,
-0.5910816788673401,
-0.17048755288124084,
0.01661696285009384,
1.3980118036270142,
0.15255655348300934,
0.0023141205310821533,
-0.3223631978034973,
-1.019399881362915,
-0.5271865725517273,
-0.9503728151321411,
0.5690448880195618,
0.2437392622232437,
-0.24437835812568665,
0.8147283792495728,
-0.1323273777961731,
0.24918954074382782,
-0.27069002389907837,
-0.3502444326877594,
-0.565233588218689,
0.9707106351852417,
-1.0846145153045654,
0.2830931544303894,
0.827927827835083,
0.6463799476623535,
-0.27007684111595154,
0.6357323527336121,
-0.06255335360765457,
0.09525953978300095,
-0.9434113502502441,
-0.32673218846321106,
-0.866820752620697,
0.9422883987426758,
-0.3117026090621948,
-0.21451354026794434,
-0.7713269591331482,
0.7509108781814575,
1.0526577234268188,
-0.7125529646873474,
0.442863404750824,
0.15322211384773254,
0.13785958290100098,
0.049099620431661606,
-0.36920541524887085,
0.25630810856819153,
0.5891764760017395,
-0.9696105718612671,
0.20286647975444794,
-0.4093244671821594,
-0.021749187260866165,
-0.21978692710399628,
0.25847628712654114,
-0.1757170408964157,
0.6822437644004822,
0.5795912742614746,
0.7135852575302124,
-0.06209743022918701,
0.24663127958774567,
-1.2901322841644287,
0.26373550295829773,
0.2819790244102478,
-0.36262431740760803,
-0.2371472716331482,
0.5284106731414795,
0.5719525218009949,
0.134860098361969,
0.16395123302936554,
0.15330864489078522,
0.7973341941833496,
-0.6686699390411377,
0.15362727642059326,
-0.36791375279426575,
0.20552314817905426,
-0.46256762742996216,
0.45729127526283264,
0.00920492596924305,
-0.03306454047560692,
-0.6451484560966492,
-0.33387044072151184,
-0.3507806062698364,
-0.31191837787628174,
0.905407190322876,
0.7986796498298645,
-0.34910696744918823,
0.5961735844612122,
-0.24655455350875854,
0.1219935491681099,
0.06975483149290085,
0.18829046189785004,
-0.14417150616645813,
0.20625823736190796,
-0.132330983877182,
-1.5834553241729736,
0.5626773834228516,
0.9379907846450806,
0.02435464784502983,
0.8601613640785217,
-0.09894146770238876,
0.942150890827179,
0.09642662107944489,
0.46145129203796387,
0.37256601452827454,
-0.5185953974723816,
0.621150016784668,
-0.6591967344284058,
0.39098989963531494,
-0.7237422466278076,
0.07118893414735794,
-0.49622586369514465,
0.23241299390792847,
0.0661885142326355,
0.015142200514674187,
-0.7347108721733093,
0.05973966419696808,
-0.28356295824050903,
0.10880807787179947,
-0.5319316983222961
] |
|
jwxfd | What are the most annoying movie cliches where they get some part of your field (or just an area you're interest in) wrong | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"c2fs4fs",
"c2fsagj",
"c2fs587",
"c2fs4yp",
"c2fsdi0",
"c2fs7k0",
"c2fs8mo",
"c2fs6q6",
"c2fs263",
"c2fs9ab",
"c2fs9ah",
"c2fs9gk",
"c2fsiby",
"c2fsfv1",
"c2fsd31",
"c2fsh5x",
"c2fshiu",
"c2fsd21",
"c2fshk1",
"c2fs751",
"c2fs91e",
"c2fsjjs",
"c2fshc2",
"c2fsjyq",
"c2fskis",
"c2fsez9",
"c2fsajl",
"c2fsg7f",
"c2fsh6u",
"c2fsiz3",
"c2fsli4",
"c2fsbdv",
"c2fsk6v",
"c2fsi9i"
],
"text": [
"Everything with chemistry. I have never seen any accurate chemistry be done in a movie/tv show. Everything is brightly colored and involves lots of pouring, foam and accidental explosions. Oh and using glassware in ways that are completely wrong.",
"\"We only use 10% of our brains, therefore if we up it to 90-100%, we can make super-genius people!\" Uh, no, you would make a person have grand mal seizures and then die.",
"Any time someone touches a computer with the express purpose of \"hacking\". We all know that it takes at least a half an hour to hack a Gibson, but they do it in 5 minutes.",
"\"I am going to go run some simulations.\"\n\nAs far as TV is concerned simulations are fast, easy, graphically beautiful, and somehow reveal information about a system that could not possibly be predicted.\n\nSimulation is a great way to explore possible models of a system, often in great depth, but building anything of use takes months of work unless it is a minor variation on something you have studied before.",
"I have shot your monitor and thus destroyed the data on your computer.",
"Honestly, the worst thing for me isn't the bad science (which is at least funny, usually, and can sometimes even be written off as plot point), but the portrayal of scientists. Basically, it seems like having \"scientist\" as a character note is the fastest way to guarantee that the character doesn't think or act like a real scientist.\n\nedit: oh, and while we're at it, also the trope of the egomaniacal, prideful, or otherwise full-of-hubris \"genius\"; bitches don't know 'bout my [Dunning-Kruger effect](_URL_0_), apparently.",
"How absolutely loud guns are in real life. Guns are deafening without ear protection if they are fired near your head, especially in a hallway or enclosed room where the shots resonate and echo loudly. You can't talk without yelling in a gunfight, even between shots everyones ears are ringing.\n\nShooting without aiming is so common in movies especially while running away from somebody and shooting back at them. Any shooter knows that an unaimed shot has a > 90% of being wasted.\n\nSome actors when they hold guns, you can tell they have never shot one. There is a lot of muscle memory involved, and an experenced person's gun looks like it's an extension of their body. One dead giveaway is when somebody is aiming a pistol with their arm extended and the barrel is not pointing in the same direction as their arm. Some people just look very awkward holding a gun and you can just tell.",
"Aliens that have their eyes above a nose with two nostrils, proving it is descended from an Earth fish.",
"When they colour radiographs. No competent radiologist needs a rainbow-coloured radiograph to find pathology.\n\nHowever sometimes colouring by post-processing of some of the computed/digital stuff (like 3D rendering of CT scans and some of the combos like PET/CT, PET/MRI stuff) helps humans distinguish structures and of course are useful in reports for the masses.\n\nAlso on tv shows/medical shows where they hang the chest x-rays backwards (unless you're looking at posterior ribs where the patient had his/her back to the film, the convention is the patient is \"facing\" you) and upside-down knees and elbows. Blows all credibility they tried building up with all the fancy stuff.",
"How spaceships make sound in space. Sound can't travel in vacuum.",
"I'm surprised no one mentioned this: CSI can amplify a DNA through PCR, take a gel image (without making and running the gel), and sequence the genome all by putting the sample into a magical machine. \n\nPCR will take at least a few hours, forensic analysis (e.g. SNP, RFLP) will take at least another few hours. All up, if you rush it, it might be able to be done within a very long day if you have the sample in the morning. Sequencing human genome will likely take up to a month (I'm not familiar with human genome sequencing), and it's probably not easily done with residual samples left in the crime scenes.\n\n**TL;DR:** If you have left samples implicating you to a crime, you have a few hours before they can confirm they are from you, that is, if your sample is not stuck in a queue which can take longer. Layman alert, not a forensic expert nor a serial killer.",
"Not really my field but: [the \"enhance\" button](_URL_1_).",
"Although I'm going back to school for science, my field is music. Have you ever seen an actor who can't play an instrument pretend to play one? For the most part, it would be the equivalent of an actor pretending to type on his mouse while sitting on his monitor. \n\nThe exceptions are few and far between. Hugh Laurie, for example, is a hell of a pianist.",
"Because they are so endangered and misunderstood, I hate seeing wolves depicted as mindlessly, aggressive killers. Wolves prey on other animals for food and they will fight over territory if compelled but they are not indiscriminately aggressive.",
"I can't believe nobody mentioned \"black holes acting like cosmic vacuum cleaners.\" Black holes don't \"suck.\"",
"Predators that constantly roar, growl, stomp around, and make buckets of noise.\n\n\"Okay, I'm gonna sneak up on [the heroes of the movie] here... welp, I'd better start bellowing!\"",
"CTRL+F lab coats. didn't find. No, seriously, I never have seen a physicist do an experiment in a lab coat. When I work at the particle collider-accelerator people show up in a range of jeans and t-shirts to maybe khakis and collared shirts. But usually nothing more fancy than that.\n\nAlso, particle colliders don't have big windows where you can look in on the collision. Not that you'd be able to see anything and you'd probably be pretty fried if you tried.",
"Airplane stuff in movies. I have to get up and leave the room when they do stuff aeronautical and it's totally wrong. The last one was someone standing next to a helicopter lifting off and their hair didn't even move. Fake cockpits too.",
"ZOMG!! THE NUCLEAR REACTOR IS GOING CRITICAL!!\n\nA [critical](_URL_2_) reactor is the best kind, as it's keeping your lights on.\n\n[Prompt criticality](_URL_3_), however, is bad.",
"Any time a character talks specifics about software.\n\nDerp1: \"It keeps crashing!\"\nDerp2: \"Here's your problem; you need to re-dimension your array.\"",
"\"*I'll have a beer.*\"\n\nGRRRR.. Not science I know, but the bartender would look at them like they were complete idiots.",
"I live in a country where *everything* gets dubbed. You don't get to hear people's actual voices, only their dubbing actors'. Oftimes you have to bear with awful voices, poor timing and/or terrible translations. Really terrible. \"Now the movie doesn't make any fucking sense\"-terrible. \n\nI'm lucky to have digital TV now, because I can often choose the audio language. Not always, though. And never in cinemas. \n\nWhen I go to the cinema, I have to pay 6 euro for dubbed movies. No \"original audio\" option. No \"please, please, subtitles for me\" option. Everything is dubbed, and terribly translated. \n\nSo I don't go to the cinema anymore, except when it's some movie festival (such as Festival de Cine de San Sebastián) and I get to watch everything subbed.\n\nI'm an interpreter and a translator. Fuck everything about dubbing. It should be an option, not a default thing.",
"Medical stuff gets me. The only medical show I can bear to watch is Scrubs. Why do all patients have to have nasal prong oxygen? How do ventilated patients manage to talk? The flatlining monitors drive me batty too.",
"The doctors in house run all the tests themselves and do most of the legwork. Must be awesome to be a nurse there, we never see them doing anything",
"Tony Stark, creates a new element *in his garage.* The saddest part about this is that they could've used the whole plot about Tony Stark is dying to educate kids and get them interested in science. Instead we get this cheesey story about inventing elements based off of the map of a theme park that his dad designed when he was a kid. We get a story totally devoid of any science. At least he didn't name the element the Whopper^TM.",
"Every Geology related movie is infuriatingly bad. The Core, 10.5.... its always something catastrophically bad and unrealistic, and the solution to everything is to drill holes in shit and then set off nukes in the holes.",
"really, anything that has to do with a computer keyboard.\n\nrandom typing without EVER hitting the space bar never quite worked for ME when I coded anything . . .",
"Near instantaneous mass spec.\nUber 3D zoom light microscopes that can show viroid particles in exquisite detail complete with artificial colors (black or dark red = bad).",
"Not movies, but Hospital based TV shows have taken a turn over the years from factual (Scrubs), to complete murderous rubbish (House).",
"[I think that today's SMBC is relevant to this topic.](_URL_4_)",
"The constant confusion between solar systems, galaxies and the universe and the interchangeable use of \"interstellar\" and \"intergalactic\" really bother me. \n\nThis is the most basic, page 1, level of astronomy and I don't understand how you can get through life without learning it in passing or how the mistake can get through the huge number of people who work on a movie without anyone knowing or caring enough to fix it.",
"CSI: Any assay, PCR or gel will take a maximum of 20 minutes, irrespective of what the sample is / it's condition, size (in the case of rflp) and whatnot.\n\nIn the lab ? Don't start. I hate 5 hour lab sessions.",
"anything with UAVs or military uniforms. (I flew UAVs in the army, movies always mess them up.)",
"IV bags hanging on poles with pumps off and no IV access in the patient."
],
"score": [
40,
40,
37,
26,
23,
21,
18,
18,
15,
15,
13,
11,
9,
9,
8,
7,
6,
6,
6,
6,
5,
4,
4,
4,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
2,
2,
2,
2
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunning%E2%80%93Kruger_effect",
"http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/EnhanceButton",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_fission#Output",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prompt_critical",
"http://www.smbc-comics.com/index.php?db=comics&id=2351"
]
} | What are the most annoying movie cliches where they get some part of your field (or just an area you're interest in) wrong
| [
-0.15948382019996643,
-0.15846845507621765,
0.30582502484321594,
-0.827534556388855,
-0.660125732421875,
0.2819458842277527,
0.013836733996868134,
-0.39830607175827026,
0.5722011923789978,
0.9684977531433105,
0.8678520917892456,
-0.16805249452590942,
0.01915360987186432,
0.9193282127380371,
-0.5730783343315125,
0.19238188862800598,
0.8565804362297058,
-0.06586197763681412,
-1.3174666166305542,
-0.9037414193153381,
-0.5533188581466675,
0.194602832198143,
0.06141079589724541,
1.3963569402694702,
-0.8232199549674988,
0.2504621148109436,
0.8738174438476562,
0.13883288204669952,
0.4397732615470886,
0.6350139379501343,
1.0851125717163086,
0.16568860411643982,
-0.3563178479671478,
-0.045352283865213394,
0.5901439785957336,
-0.4420069456100464,
0.772964596748352,
-0.20739196240901947,
0.8979578614234924,
-0.903482973575592,
-0.5195765495300293,
-0.408940851688385,
0.3132186532020569,
0.37430325150489807,
-0.02225995436310768,
-0.3840990364551544,
0.2211407572031021,
0.680450439453125,
-1.5106257200241089,
-0.20987166464328766,
-0.5207274556159973,
0.593877911567688,
0.7792810201644897,
-0.03579695522785187,
-0.3254956305027008,
-0.04949922487139702,
-1.174214243888855,
-0.16476397216320038,
0.07345835864543915,
0.5248108506202698,
0.9627170562744141,
0.39470958709716797,
-0.7539478540420532,
-1.1992814540863037,
0.055876996368169785,
-0.2546968162059784,
-0.3856213390827179,
1.6955103874206543,
0.12586919963359833,
0.014933416619896889,
0.6033700108528137,
-0.2658545672893524,
-0.534950852394104,
-0.32512664794921875,
0.15681050717830658,
-1.2673590183258057,
0.5388625264167786,
-0.15776187181472778,
-0.03288882598280907,
-0.3147118389606476,
0.6389772891998291,
-0.8893721699714661,
-0.4559306502342224,
-0.30663809180259705,
0.09943760186433792,
0.7453696727752686,
-0.0786585584282875,
-0.41007786989212036,
0.03834889456629753,
0.6970230937004089,
-0.15229573845863342,
-0.34676051139831543,
0.7045096158981323,
-0.44243401288986206,
0.04784245043992996,
-0.3358083665370941,
0.6622269153594971,
-0.5208593606948853,
0.27584579586982727,
0.7645968794822693,
-0.9107220768928528,
0.6607835292816162,
0.22856049239635468,
1.4188746213912964,
0.29613274335861206,
-0.17678196728229523,
-0.07450791448354721,
-0.4305703938007355,
0.03704031556844711,
-0.22164283692836761,
-0.084610216319561,
0.6114698648452759,
1.5136125087738037,
-0.5610805749893188,
-0.5187789797782898,
-0.9033954739570618,
0.05419585108757019,
-0.20492437481880188,
0.8520689606666565,
0.5987525582313538,
-0.04081282019615173,
-0.6484774351119995,
-0.030255695804953575,
0.6648253202438354,
-0.8114477396011353,
0.7406823039054871,
0.18155482411384583,
-0.24942338466644287,
-0.4625234007835388,
-0.3347507119178772,
0.24034366011619568,
0.1693580001592636,
0.4799501299858093,
-0.3566993474960327,
-0.32991138100624084,
0.5782070159912109,
-0.5269697308540344,
0.03581846505403519,
-0.37521442770957947,
-0.4579118490219116,
-0.5538980960845947,
0.5449842810630798,
0.01850651577115059,
-0.6163150668144226,
-0.590354323387146,
-0.8037012219429016,
-0.5981348156929016,
0.14633715152740479,
0.6767006516456604,
-0.4264671504497528,
-1.3173950910568237,
0.37358248233795166,
-0.07803739607334137,
-1.2207324504852295,
-0.20909170806407928,
0.23847432434558868,
1.3685624599456787,
-1.093152642250061,
-0.5727169513702393,
0.09702727943658829,
0.8504504561424255,
-0.7282504439353943,
-0.22407002747058868,
-0.24800339341163635,
0.4435506761074066,
-0.9157594442367554,
-0.24119389057159424,
-0.9240586757659912,
-0.07713378220796585,
0.9482287764549255,
-0.5371920466423035,
-1.122747540473938,
1.37132728099823,
-0.22817175090312958,
0.9047162532806396,
0.10586812347173691,
0.39427581429481506,
0.07151352614164352,
0.3885716497898102,
0.21850210428237915,
-0.645284116268158,
0.07995065301656723,
-0.16363486647605896,
0.652711808681488,
-0.6531990766525269,
-0.13515087962150574,
0.21250753104686737,
-1.298888921737671,
1.4702833890914917,
0.5115771889686584,
0.27099165320396423,
-0.36797288060188293,
-0.26791808009147644,
0.18694181740283966,
0.8172782063484192,
-0.0514485128223896,
0.18351320922374725,
-0.508963406085968,
-0.19267085194587708,
0.1346321403980255,
-0.18858404457569122,
-0.37988588213920593,
-0.2668456435203552,
0.153290256857872,
-0.37365585565567017,
0.6877026557922363,
0.235700786113739,
0.12294324487447739,
1.2063063383102417,
-0.4356226623058319,
0.2982153594493866,
0.8523991703987122,
-0.22880354523658752,
-0.9750426411628723,
0.5466263294219971,
-1.1061325073242188,
0.2056359201669693,
-0.33914726972579956,
-0.566396176815033,
0.3381754457950592,
-0.2968917489051819,
-0.24425029754638672,
-0.5411230325698853,
-0.18434572219848633,
0.4206034243106842,
-0.19019323587417603,
-0.5060644745826721,
0.23499378561973572,
0.18345092236995697,
-0.16844333708286285,
0.3642277419567108,
0.3690919876098633,
-0.8960055112838745,
-0.818829357624054,
-0.2746270000934601,
-0.43232154846191406,
-0.9804456233978271,
-0.6512899994850159,
1.2749913930892944,
-0.3760633170604706,
0.14614489674568176,
0.8860271573066711,
0.5377491116523743,
0.4817485809326172,
0.6445386409759521,
-0.20074738562107086,
-0.6174952387809753,
-0.7195727229118347,
-0.16497096419334412,
0.3189387917518616,
-2.3785812854766846,
-0.6478375792503357,
-1.2267978191375732,
-0.14892108738422394,
0.33250728249549866,
-0.2817844748497009,
0.6504146456718445,
-0.030121030285954475,
-0.6735748648643494,
-0.9156591892242432,
-0.3395324945449829,
-0.3315688371658325,
0.2544277310371399,
-0.8558033108711243,
-0.5843201875686646,
0.6820855736732483,
0.43549007177352905,
-0.6343325972557068,
0.4633047878742218,
0.5921446084976196,
-0.12600968778133392,
0.4177161157131195,
0.47610601782798767,
-0.21526414155960083,
-0.10362507402896881,
-0.9148595333099365,
1.222946047782898,
-0.21426118910312653,
0.4246273934841156,
-0.008779052644968033,
1.0006548166275024,
0.3768220841884613,
-0.7026519775390625,
-1.6869096755981445,
-0.2017637938261032,
-0.04835106432437897,
1.2038207054138184,
0.22074557840824127,
-1.0527364015579224,
-0.7017625570297241,
-0.18934638798236847,
0.5716177821159363,
-0.7082754969596863,
1.4729975461959839,
0.05689069256186485,
-0.4372762143611908,
-0.31753450632095337,
0.3477841019630432,
0.22001168131828308,
-0.0945139080286026,
0.002053135773167014,
-0.2754371464252472,
-0.24750512838363647,
0.5823532938957214,
-0.13242924213409424,
0.13414093852043152,
-0.15675809979438782,
-0.9519332051277161,
0.0849158838391304,
0.32630106806755066,
-0.12112533301115036,
-0.39725786447525024,
0.2836730182170868,
0.9230959415435791,
0.7526525855064392,
0.6557171940803528,
0.2075185477733612,
0.026180101558566093,
-0.940909743309021,
-0.9834156632423401,
0.49543851613998413,
0.11557450890541077,
0.1565595418214798,
0.2858973443508148,
-0.0547623485326767,
0.34572502970695496,
-0.7089304327964783,
1.5289682149887085,
-0.09652359783649445,
-0.12338282912969589,
0.13472872972488403,
-0.21537253260612488,
0.4009435772895813,
0.8283100724220276,
0.2224413901567459,
0.2131664901971817,
-0.6901916861534119,
-0.6075572371482849,
-0.5805374979972839,
-0.11892424523830414,
0.8521741032600403,
-0.2940271496772766,
-0.45908495783805847,
-0.5154797434806824,
0.4006642997264862,
0.3309413194656372,
-1.256852149963379,
0.6827553510665894,
1.2612099647521973,
-0.6735211610794067,
-0.45356664061546326,
0.6663733720779419,
-0.09858011454343796,
-0.6082602739334106,
0.48065927624702454,
-0.14834009110927582,
0.44636714458465576,
-0.4162980914115906,
0.86532062292099,
0.5411458611488342,
-0.21249663829803467,
0.3712686002254486,
0.7398071885108948,
0.4053245186805725,
0.1445838212966919,
-0.6552065014839172,
-0.8082307577133179,
-0.5239593982696533,
0.6695537567138672,
0.7154867649078369,
0.4483283758163452,
0.42843830585479736,
-0.5257935523986816,
0.2819674015045166,
0.5470373034477234,
-0.18012148141860962,
0.7314744591712952,
0.1324484944343567,
-0.6195045113563538,
-0.5075171589851379,
0.26621395349502563,
0.29419103264808655,
-1.0057973861694336,
0.6285169124603271,
-1.0309237241744995,
-0.7124323844909668,
-1.0574065446853638,
-0.8449733853340149,
-1.00453519821167,
0.1476205736398697,
0.06189362332224846,
0.38778576254844666,
-0.3853013515472412,
-0.5702598690986633,
-0.9493623375892639,
-0.3996930718421936,
-0.12596525251865387,
0.7890917658805847,
0.8611314296722412,
-0.25063851475715637,
-0.4258729815483093,
2.3715012073516846,
-0.3232520520687103,
0.08100428432226181,
0.14201994240283966,
-0.04581666737794876,
0.5275499224662781,
1.2976975440979004,
2.167445421218872,
-1.2708407640457153,
0.27199190855026245,
-0.639889121055603,
-0.6217785477638245,
-0.2473735511302948,
0.9475957155227661,
-0.10740144550800323,
-0.9229090213775635,
-0.5140215158462524,
-0.20235781371593475,
0.5443267822265625,
0.2701426148414612,
0.23772785067558289,
0.12442270666360855,
0.10115645080804825,
0.33193472027778625,
-0.2687751054763794,
-0.34459081292152405,
0.08108130097389221,
-0.5514386296272278,
-0.29266926646232605,
-1.440071940422058,
0.0030031551141291857,
0.30821892619132996,
0.15379075706005096,
-0.6027799248695374,
-0.7217726111412048,
0.6297100782394409,
-0.22243377566337585,
-0.27778324484825134,
-0.17373603582382202,
-0.09750647097826004,
-0.7516887187957764,
0.4033251106739044,
0.5015271902084351,
-0.4616014361381531,
-0.42054036259651184,
1.051353096961975,
0.2173174023628235,
-0.35443687438964844,
0.7031477689743042,
-0.1735742837190628,
-0.0655069351196289,
-0.5018712282180786,
-0.9078617095947266,
-0.12367264181375504,
0.054099757224321365,
0.07835511863231659,
-0.3542415201663971,
-0.15895229578018188,
0.465747594833374,
-0.10287953913211823,
0.33981600403785706,
-0.666089653968811,
0.6558858156204224,
0.056931931525468826,
0.8322334289550781,
0.23115511238574982,
0.11132416874170303,
0.3519774079322815,
-0.5537048578262329,
-0.9827762842178345,
-0.34417757391929626,
0.4149309992790222,
0.7204996943473816,
-0.6904816031455994,
-0.7728489637374878,
-1.0946091413497925,
-0.012312138453125954,
-0.8040881156921387,
-0.584161102771759,
0.15025581419467926,
-0.39267030358314514,
-0.18314538896083832,
-0.5264601111412048,
0.31149718165397644,
-0.8980608582496643,
0.2164590209722519,
0.5660823583602905,
-0.16649682819843292,
0.1365719735622406,
0.3946376144886017,
0.8877015709877014,
-0.7428138256072998,
0.6437069177627563,
-0.3553761839866638,
0.16786392033100128,
-0.48654717206954956,
0.7155731320381165,
-0.031908273696899414,
-0.41455572843551636,
-0.05764840543270111,
0.3603004813194275,
-0.703013002872467,
0.738479733467102,
-0.13205941021442413,
-0.4023791253566742,
-0.12876029312610626,
0.6430829763412476,
-0.2625969350337982,
0.5341131091117859,
0.07998041063547134,
-0.5887595415115356,
-0.9829608201980591,
-0.21028631925582886,
0.26243534684181213,
0.2743711769580841,
0.46488848328590393,
0.8114345669746399,
-0.2436670958995819,
0.119351327419281,
-1.2965039014816284,
-0.4089641571044922,
1.007509469985962,
-0.015470743179321289,
0.7488659024238586,
-0.12291549146175385,
-0.9342370629310608,
-1.4067950248718262,
-0.9237532019615173,
0.4812748432159424,
1.0352517366409302,
-0.24189920723438263,
-0.31984686851501465,
0.8936786651611328,
-0.5824903845787048,
0.7401300072669983,
0.23882149159908295,
-0.9290863275527954,
1.14192795753479,
0.6795397400856018,
0.6475784182548523,
0.1848815679550171,
1.3292758464813232,
0.23292581737041473,
-0.06269177049398422,
0.12350556999444962,
0.4228980243206024,
-1.099259853363037,
-0.12000936269760132,
0.601089596748352,
0.6094706654548645,
0.2602521479129791,
1.1325287818908691,
0.46723857522010803,
0.047251686453819275,
-0.8592133522033691,
-0.5672397017478943,
0.16845184564590454,
0.23356004059314728,
-0.1434430330991745,
0.11469918489456177,
-0.4802599549293518,
0.595295786857605,
-1.0173159837722778,
0.7642650008201599,
-0.643795371055603,
-0.3036549389362335,
0.39112091064453125,
-1.2912782430648804,
0.3353760838508606,
0.6511425971984863,
1.367418646812439,
-0.6236339807510376,
-0.40306878089904785,
0.026285812258720398,
0.4177284836769104,
-0.8679394721984863,
-0.11056369543075562,
0.41769692301750183,
-0.010180075652897358,
0.9717599749565125,
0.5273048877716064,
-0.5654346942901611,
0.369467169046402,
-0.5978058576583862,
-0.6988667845726013,
0.8396090865135193,
-0.3369438946247101,
-0.02761598862707615,
-0.0704638808965683,
-0.3506186604499817,
-0.4626166522502899,
0.1739688664674759,
0.4449203908443451,
0.4554946720600128,
-0.46104565262794495,
0.042763903737068176,
0.4504014253616333,
0.7711020708084106,
-0.7525839805603027,
-0.24929392337799072,
0.0987808033823967,
0.6267547607421875,
0.3556443452835083,
-0.31110018491744995,
-0.005116743501275778,
0.7099690437316895,
-1.0409588813781738,
-0.44970056414604187,
0.5931885838508606,
0.3629278540611267,
-0.7043208479881287,
0.3129076063632965,
-0.6530493497848511,
-0.2454480081796646,
0.1674344837665558,
0.12540528178215027,
-0.5851506590843201,
-0.3698086142539978,
-0.33841317892074585,
0.0948658287525177,
-0.2358575463294983,
-0.38666194677352905,
0.471574604511261,
1.0709573030471802,
0.8131423592567444,
-0.16028951108455658,
0.7074024081230164,
0.13519461452960968,
-0.36259517073631287,
-0.42277777194976807,
-0.9769389033317566,
0.8414503335952759,
-0.23454706370830536,
-0.9712486863136292,
1.093001127243042,
-0.2939239740371704,
0.01673555001616478,
-0.6024803519248962,
-1.3806571960449219,
-0.9265404939651489,
-0.41347888112068176,
-0.21537932753562927,
0.8930718302726746,
0.3648606836795807,
-0.553196370601654,
-0.22381293773651123,
1.0369070768356323,
0.1858566403388977,
1.390763759613037,
0.04475231096148491,
1.0655224323272705,
0.551866888999939,
0.23589454591274261,
0.7940118312835693,
0.7395671606063843,
-0.5293853282928467,
-1.0191224813461304,
0.2727641463279724,
-0.30065271258354187,
0.2765432894229889,
-0.14438894391059875,
0.35587525367736816,
-0.18005847930908203,
0.03548872843384743,
-0.015587575733661652,
0.48895153403282166,
0.029897117987275124,
-0.649848222732544,
-1.0176385641098022,
0.22738561034202576,
0.017227746546268463,
-0.3339293599128723,
-0.26439425349235535,
0.5215055346488953,
1.3735467195510864,
-0.49634167551994324,
-0.5372575521469116,
-0.04486098513007164,
-0.5662308931350708,
0.3390984833240509,
0.6925750374794006,
-0.14617064595222473,
0.34325963258743286,
0.8167721629142761,
-0.09971977770328522,
-0.11044876277446747,
0.9797351360321045,
-0.12526030838489532,
0.00864686630666256,
0.15921954810619354,
0.23427267372608185,
0.25082919001579285,
-0.8068602681159973,
-0.31055793166160583,
-0.3707315921783447,
-0.21385322511196136,
-1.4576044082641602,
-0.8084118962287903,
-0.42687249183654785,
-0.6130687594413757,
-0.46283936500549316,
-0.8535739183425903,
-0.12077290564775467,
-0.31962770223617554,
0.17006902396678925,
-0.5131531953811646,
0.2845466434955597,
-1.4173716306686401,
0.2890777289867401,
0.9817770719528198,
0.3280157148838043,
-0.47691696882247925,
-0.15465806424617767,
-0.12515632808208466,
1.1405640840530396,
-1.1382390260696411,
0.03378215432167053,
-0.29388514161109924,
0.17114928364753723,
0.7290843725204468,
-0.5771331787109375,
-0.4384797513484955,
-1.0256787538528442,
-0.09793990850448608,
-0.25486695766448975,
0.21497583389282227,
-0.009021385572850704,
0.0042735375463962555,
-0.2653035819530487,
-0.6782130599021912,
-0.196952223777771,
-0.7057285904884338,
0.021338017657399178,
0.5574093461036682,
1.0164685249328613,
0.5653894543647766,
0.40803372859954834,
-0.4847992956638336,
-0.05553964525461197,
-0.36344102025032043,
-0.12569771707057953,
0.12325423955917358,
-1.4796010255813599,
0.08820793777704239,
0.3779945969581604,
0.23611274361610413,
0.0742557942867279,
-0.28125709295272827,
0.661215603351593,
-0.3512257933616638,
0.34416821599006653,
0.16789129376411438,
-0.9610939621925354,
-0.42163392901420593,
0.16222645342350006,
-0.5112419724464417,
-0.5032435059547424,
-0.34616684913635254,
0.8105712532997131,
0.014185222797095776,
0.21195122599601746,
0.24879160523414612,
-0.256346732378006,
0.19941280782222748,
-0.7610841393470764,
0.987371027469635,
0.004368084017187357
] |
||
lkyby | Are we living in during a mass extinction event? | My understanding: Species extinction is a normal process and 99.9% of all species that have ever existed are now extinct. A mass extinction is when species extinction is way above the usual rate.
My questions: How much above the average extinction rate is the earth at now? Is this solely attributable to humans? How do we compare to previous mass extinctions? Are we as good at killing off species as the asteroid that ended the Cretaceous period, for example?
Sorry if I have broken any rules. I am new to r/askscience. | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"c2tiwdn",
"c2titq4",
"c2tiyyw",
"c2tjn92",
"c2tjsrx",
"c2tjv4y",
"c2tn6m5",
"c2ton9q"
],
"text": [
"There was a [paper in Nature](_URL_0_) a few months back addressing this question. Essentially, we are not yet in a mass extinction. There's a background rate of extinction that we can estimate from the fossil record. Extinction rates now are exceeding that, by quite a bit. However, we are not yet at a mass extinction (defined as loss of ~75% of species). That being said, if we don't take substantive steps towards conservation of both the marine and terrestrial environments, we could reach mass extinction within the next few centuries. That may seem like a long time, but in geological terms its the blink of an eye.",
"I don't know of any exact numbers which exist on this topic, however we are far short of a mass extinction event like that which ended the mesozoic period. That is comparing a somewhat increased elimination of individual species against the extinction of an entire Phylum or Kingdom.\n\nMass extinction events are usually attributed to large scale natural phenomena; large-body impact, excessive radiation, changes in global temperatures (hot or cold), weak periods in the earth's magnetic field, etc.\n\nWhilst humanity has eliminated its fair share of species we are part of natural progression of evolution. There have been numerous cases of species which have obtained dominance and wiped out numerous other species, with special mention to the microscopic eco-systems, virus' and bacteria for example, that can decimate biological landscapes.\n\nThe only difference is that humanity is probably the first species with the ability actually contribute to something that is a mass extinction event. Whether it be global warming, nuclear winter or other, we aren't there yet.\n\nWe may just have enough time left to invoke another of our unique traits, self-awareness of our environmental degradation, and stop ourselves before we get to be as your post describes.",
"I forget the exact numbers but a couple years ago read a great book on the subject entitled [The Sixth Extinction](_URL_1_) by Richard Leakey in which he discusses how anthropogenic influence may be acting in a manner similar to the five previous mass extinctions the planet has undergone. I would highly recommend it.",
"When I took a course in Dinosaur biology a year or two ago I was surprised to learn that a asteroid did not solely drive the dinosaurs extinct, though it may have contributed and certainly did kill a percentage of the population at the time it hit. The dinosaurs (by which I mostly mean theropods, the meat eaters everyone pictures) persisted for a good million years after the hit; nobody knows with total certainty what killed the dinosaurs. Likely it had more to do with a changing environment that they could not adapt to fast enough for various reasons. I think the current species die-off rate for species now is very similar to that period of time. An extinction event does not happen the way you'd think.",
"Beginning in the early 1990's, environmental scientists and biologists kind of coined the term \"the biodiversity crisis\" in reference to the current age and situation of the disappearance and general turmoil of many species. I'm a senior environmental biology major, so the view from my particular education is that we are currently in a mass extinction event, with an extinction rate of up to 1000x higher than background rates (as low as 100. American Scienctist has a good article about it here: [_URL_2_](_URL_2_) )\n\nBut the most important factor to consider is time. The species loss in the last 20 years is staggering, but some mass extinction events took millions of years. At the current rate, in the current conditions (environmental, population growth, resource strain, destruction of biomes, climate change) we are definitely looking at a mass extinction -- but it will most likey occur much quicker than a million years. Probably closer to the hundreds of years. Or less, depending on the circumstance.",
"I watched a documentary recently that claimed the foodchain could collapse if by raising oceanic toxicity levels or other human tampering caused the extinction of the wrong species. This has been worrying me because I believe we are doing lots of damage. \n\nhow much truth is there to that statement?",
"I'm a little bit surprised by the comments here. This could be novice zeal, but based on the possibly biased courses I took as an undergraduate ecology major, the answer would be irrefutably yes. \n\nThe five mass extinction events entailed a larger amount of extinction than we have yet seen, yes, but the rate was much slower than what we see today. If I weren't on my phone I'd prove it, but it's easy to show: the Permian mass extinction occurred probably over a million or more years; at the very least it was around 100,000 years across taxa. We're looking at a similar loss of life on the scale of hundreds of years - maybe 20 or 30% of species could be gone in my lifetime? Compare that to 75% of species over a million years? \n\nWhether you want to be semantic enough not to call it a mass extinction, what's happening now is hitting harder and faster than anything visible in the fossil record.",
"The short answer is we are in an extinction event right now and it may very well become a mass extinction event. It really all depends on how much further humans develop further into wilderness areas and, as has been important with most extinction events, rapid change in the climate."
],
"score": [
150,
18,
13,
9,
6,
6,
3,
2
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v471/n7336/full/nature09678.html",
"http://www.barnesandnoble.com/w/the-sixth-extinction-richard-e-leakey/1003126495",
"http://www.americanscientist.org/issues/pub/the-real-biodiversity-crisis"
]
} | Are we living in during a mass extinction event?
My understanding: Species extinction is a normal process and 99.9% of all species that have ever existed are now extinct. A mass extinction is when species extinction is way above the usual rate. My questions: How much above the average extinction rate is the earth at now? Is this solely attributable to humans? How do we compare to previous mass extinctions? Are we as good at killing off species as the asteroid that ended the Cretaceous period, for example? Sorry if I have broken any rules. I am new to r/askscience. | [
-0.00031686402508057654,
-0.9838603138923645,
0.27752354741096497,
-0.35290300846099854,
-0.3935464918613434,
-0.019356343895196915,
-0.569500207901001,
-0.9130833745002747,
0.0659385696053505,
0.4176270067691803,
0.8624255657196045,
0.5761706829071045,
-1.317510962486267,
0.8359416127204895,
0.7091090083122253,
-0.48873987793922424,
-0.18978704512119293,
0.3930046856403351,
-0.7984358668327332,
-0.1316269487142563,
0.023166874423623085,
0.3052249550819397,
0.5125032663345337,
1.5216747522354126,
-1.1271227598190308,
-0.2530529499053955,
0.5327281951904297,
-0.48741772770881653,
0.5034666061401367,
0.24006231129169464,
0.4045073986053467,
0.2967187762260437,
-0.3834381103515625,
0.1864844113588333,
-0.025893140584230423,
-0.24681691825389862,
0.006887136492878199,
-0.03471115231513977,
0.670786440372467,
-0.9411815404891968,
-0.09455222636461258,
-0.4923141598701477,
0.33787065744400024,
0.992429256439209,
-0.8417927622795105,
-0.3130001425743103,
0.1440310776233673,
-0.21199917793273926,
-0.3261159658432007,
-0.40153369307518005,
0.20373943448066711,
0.005713448394089937,
-0.023728353902697563,
0.28593724966049194,
0.5859933495521545,
-0.15253940224647522,
0.12896838784217834,
0.20292353630065918,
-0.23987160623073578,
-0.27906519174575806,
0.026804674416780472,
-0.11360151320695877,
-0.4688407778739929,
-0.9916965961456299,
-0.06419637799263,
-0.24601614475250244,
-0.7109442949295044,
1.2645316123962402,
-1.6945463418960571,
0.3244515657424927,
0.638443648815155,
-0.24332398176193237,
0.26521235704421997,
-0.039488960057497025,
0.014339945279061794,
-0.5314943790435791,
0.09484688937664032,
-0.6947548985481262,
-0.33082014322280884,
-0.7945741415023804,
0.2765929102897644,
0.8623448610305786,
-0.0821743756532669,
-0.08136440813541412,
-0.07892756164073944,
0.698696494102478,
0.6521740555763245,
-0.421884149312973,
0.5175527334213257,
0.6982424259185791,
-0.3495860993862152,
-0.06274925917387009,
0.831195056438446,
-0.010589931160211563,
0.6190047860145569,
-0.5959490537643433,
0.8297491073608398,
-0.8790044188499451,
0.3156655430793762,
-0.15761837363243103,
0.10035355389118195,
0.1469489187002182,
0.31059423089027405,
0.5462619066238403,
-0.08351988345384598,
-1.1003764867782593,
-0.2731080651283264,
0.12632113695144653,
0.35983753204345703,
-0.25697848200798035,
-0.42858022451400757,
0.4158940613269806,
-0.05578388273715973,
-0.6567978858947754,
-0.49197709560394287,
-1.7360410690307617,
0.17678749561309814,
0.1588192731142044,
0.9435452818870544,
-0.07092748582363129,
0.6941051483154297,
-0.6961359977722168,
1.1972218751907349,
-0.027861492708325386,
-0.36568424105644226,
-0.30928513407707214,
-0.22096899151802063,
0.4107685387134552,
0.1448720097541809,
0.09831710904836655,
0.27580299973487854,
-0.022984130308032036,
0.08347703516483307,
0.08421413600444794,
0.4879680275917053,
-0.3223925232887268,
-0.8199301958084106,
0.04066932946443558,
-0.5602158308029175,
-0.38296419382095337,
-0.7062985897064209,
-0.5183972120285034,
0.7030237913131714,
-0.8077531456947327,
-0.18120746314525604,
-0.5847589373588562,
-0.8352409601211548,
-0.3644416332244873,
0.4488586187362671,
-0.5629045963287354,
-0.5687224864959717,
0.07280702143907547,
0.8658809065818787,
-1.5324352979660034,
-0.3055756390094757,
-0.5182381868362427,
1.7886604070663452,
-0.26852959394454956,
0.40302953124046326,
-0.11757960915565491,
-0.14299684762954712,
-0.4001249670982361,
0.09590606391429901,
-1.1429054737091064,
1.0488084554672241,
-0.5398306846618652,
-0.10362667590379715,
-0.6143063902854919,
-0.9733482599258423,
0.16620859503746033,
-0.46888118982315063,
-0.1552276909351349,
1.2861751317977905,
0.2726387679576874,
1.0522915124893188,
-0.45453017950057983,
0.23097442090511322,
-0.07894489914178848,
0.1262497752904892,
-0.08541525155305862,
-0.56198650598526,
-0.869276225566864,
0.11944834887981415,
0.4299059212207794,
-0.7013630867004395,
-0.5233960747718811,
0.7811983227729797,
0.0911419689655304,
0.9738702774047852,
0.2657804787158966,
0.11677277088165283,
-0.19160057604312897,
-0.6917269229888916,
0.24584026634693146,
0.9425882697105408,
-0.04171976074576378,
-0.46050459146499634,
0.375046044588089,
0.7583271861076355,
0.05528964102268219,
-0.26666662096977234,
-1.308416724205017,
-0.09407509863376617,
-0.4868975579738617,
-0.11616562306880951,
-0.5132219195365906,
0.6444715857505798,
-0.2739272713661194,
0.7895712852478027,
0.21541541814804077,
0.2498297095298767,
0.8038239479064941,
-0.31476160883903503,
-0.319305956363678,
-0.2634085714817047,
-0.635901689529419,
-0.18480563163757324,
0.23262828588485718,
-0.6765303015708923,
0.2809957265853882,
0.5448641180992126,
-0.3408629298210144,
0.04255528002977371,
-0.42483797669410706,
0.7012951374053955,
-0.5729954242706299,
0.2447088062763214,
-0.5353429913520813,
0.40430569648742676,
-0.06363444030284882,
0.281839519739151,
-0.20015071332454681,
0.15288932621479034,
0.3547039330005646,
0.7469925284385681,
-0.42927277088165283,
-1.3362822532653809,
-0.7077444791793823,
0.3848361074924469,
0.14033755660057068,
-0.41773515939712524,
-0.21200332045555115,
0.16578899323940277,
0.5940926671028137,
-0.15687724947929382,
0.7814757227897644,
-0.2940029501914978,
-1.0131902694702148,
-0.3050381541252136,
0.4605925679206848,
-1.2709282636642456,
-0.9773209095001221,
-0.5258178114891052,
-0.40740180015563965,
0.36910179257392883,
-1.2470825910568237,
0.5124195218086243,
-0.5927345156669617,
0.1651003360748291,
0.11618109792470932,
-0.16537292301654816,
-1.231830358505249,
0.41495293378829956,
-0.8042405247688293,
-0.3315570652484894,
-0.25069907307624817,
-0.6381963491439819,
0.1865169107913971,
0.008985044434666634,
0.22704187035560608,
-0.45049089193344116,
-0.5438034534454346,
0.48971644043922424,
0.37553247809410095,
-0.14077825844287872,
-0.23474858701229095,
0.26955533027648926,
-0.32198813557624817,
0.2580856680870056,
0.21700750291347504,
1.1385859251022339,
0.633955717086792,
-0.08189976215362549,
-0.09261778742074966,
0.2050151526927948,
-0.16606400907039642,
1.2174233198165894,
-0.5251750349998474,
0.04021112993359566,
-0.504625678062439,
-0.06479781866073608,
0.1677635759115219,
-0.4439307451248169,
0.176556795835495,
0.26275938749313354,
0.009314990602433681,
0.23064784705638885,
0.023549873381853104,
0.04024215787649155,
0.15422363579273224,
-0.5216221809387207,
0.10056521743535995,
-0.1060560941696167,
0.6532766819000244,
-0.47336018085479736,
-0.5275683999061584,
0.6242387890815735,
-0.7915776968002319,
0.5724833011627197,
-1.0336103439331055,
0.6068621873855591,
-0.9906660318374634,
0.16406315565109253,
0.723964273929596,
-0.03060159645974636,
0.12491898238658905,
-0.052171312272548676,
0.007245862856507301,
-0.9448256492614746,
-0.6817089319229126,
0.5001147985458374,
-0.14755353331565857,
0.3023935854434967,
0.1392877846956253,
0.05361457169055939,
0.8587730526924133,
-0.764110803604126,
1.124229907989502,
0.011180625297129154,
-0.5130082368850708,
0.21848833560943604,
0.029368694871664047,
-0.05343397706747055,
0.28664496541023254,
0.4635199010372162,
-0.04836919903755188,
0.46059486269950867,
0.2915247678756714,
0.17417173087596893,
0.25051647424697876,
1.1825894117355347,
0.6992533206939697,
0.13705971837043762,
0.20660072565078735,
0.38597041368484497,
0.27004775404930115,
-0.7345117926597595,
-0.28126847743988037,
0.9427791833877563,
-0.2249690294265747,
-0.5767669677734375,
0.201361283659935,
1.4311691522598267,
-0.7857084274291992,
0.4910114109516144,
1.0465608835220337,
-0.9124546647071838,
-0.3450692296028137,
0.8610692024230957,
-0.16916000843048096,
0.6072116494178772,
0.32126641273498535,
0.6999709606170654,
-0.06698840111494064,
0.25464126467704773,
0.7032462358474731,
-0.6098213791847229,
-0.7925546169281006,
-0.4353753328323364,
0.9089421629905701,
-0.07792150229215622,
0.7776811718940735,
-0.24655655026435852,
0.7635961771011353,
0.5890581607818604,
-0.028162971138954163,
0.6626667976379395,
-0.4349588453769684,
-1.4389989376068115,
-0.20355668663978577,
-0.27536019682884216,
0.2703552544116974,
-0.6174865961074829,
0.6890368461608887,
-0.27332890033721924,
-0.8792614340782166,
-0.8413212299346924,
-0.38999179005622864,
0.3096815049648285,
-0.09446900337934494,
0.4216668903827667,
-0.31815627217292786,
0.2713802456855774,
-0.715485155582428,
-0.40321871638298035,
0.33043423295021057,
-0.08354216814041138,
0.2663309872150421,
0.18934360146522522,
-0.776093602180481,
-0.405778169631958,
0.5435484051704407,
0.33794665336608887,
1.2621729373931885,
0.5679268836975098,
-0.36888387799263,
0.14087288081645966,
0.4365418553352356,
-0.3254905343055725,
-0.7956684231758118,
0.030861632898449898,
-0.7409569621086121,
-0.5261051058769226,
0.32916557788848877,
0.9774118065834045,
-0.43876996636390686,
-1.033931851387024,
-1.2622138261795044,
-0.45340776443481445,
-0.5708368420600891,
1.2562005519866943,
-0.7926583290100098,
0.1379782259464264,
0.11510441452264786,
-0.24374088644981384,
0.14638078212738037,
0.1588178277015686,
-0.6513513326644897,
-0.3376060724258423,
0.1730852872133255,
-1.5980737209320068,
-0.7531872987747192,
1.3881477117538452,
0.7191795110702515,
-0.31093889474868774,
0.24141119420528412,
0.049740906804800034,
-0.45995306968688965,
-0.4254235625267029,
-0.25969305634498596,
-0.3911828100681305,
0.9874477982521057,
1.2098963260650635,
0.8629759550094604,
-0.12946467101573944,
0.19970020651817322,
0.9404336214065552,
-0.3537575900554657,
-0.7814006209373474,
0.30471813678741455,
0.46860235929489136,
-0.5805532932281494,
0.1619163304567337,
0.863879382610321,
0.49206092953681946,
0.014204999431967735,
-0.3722690939903259,
0.008099356666207314,
-0.7023118734359741,
0.3914162218570709,
-0.08402591943740845,
-1.0045486688613892,
-0.12967190146446228,
0.2912233769893646,
-0.278121680021286,
0.5959292650222778,
-0.32645997405052185,
-0.6179685592651367,
0.7703529596328735,
-0.9549862146377563,
-0.6398425698280334,
-0.11725902557373047,
0.3171041011810303,
0.5620438456535339,
-0.48510950803756714,
-0.3392268717288971,
-0.10194528102874756,
-0.23662161827087402,
-0.7262133359909058,
-0.8219016790390015,
0.1796359270811081,
-0.3266229033470154,
-0.03471173346042633,
-0.1608240306377411,
0.13878506422042847,
-0.5034050941467285,
0.029841279610991478,
0.283067524433136,
-0.48550182580947876,
-0.11928584426641464,
0.30264541506767273,
-0.3270590901374817,
0.3554328978061676,
0.5704692602157593,
0.33709463477134705,
0.9779301285743713,
-0.636362612247467,
0.33561593294143677,
-0.10093674808740616,
-0.2666732966899872,
-0.08539051562547684,
-0.03869381174445152,
-0.00034694289206527174,
-0.9922935366630554,
-0.48983821272850037,
-1.2639625072479248,
0.7482364773750305,
0.7535825371742249,
0.2982499599456787,
1.0998038053512573,
-0.0037416324485093355,
0.013518234714865685,
0.050903379917144775,
-0.3700658977031708,
-0.08325562626123428,
0.7731283903121948,
-0.15151120722293854,
0.714096188545227,
-0.485627681016922,
0.34801748394966125,
-0.3961811661720276,
-0.35101231932640076,
0.9489207863807678,
-0.44999149441719055,
0.2701495885848999,
0.24320420622825623,
-1.304634690284729,
-0.609074056148529,
0.11446920037269592,
0.29531699419021606,
0.3087141513824463,
0.33790335059165955,
-0.4217028319835663,
1.022909164428711,
-0.05840783566236496,
0.740983247756958,
0.1889905333518982,
-0.8793405890464783,
0.31460803747177124,
-0.5619840025901794,
-0.0630553588271141,
-0.026396483182907104,
0.979672908782959,
-0.12167931348085403,
-0.027776334434747696,
-0.17237001657485962,
-0.4207652807235718,
-0.21917493641376495,
-0.35395458340644836,
0.6326587796211243,
-0.02484344132244587,
0.2738834619522095,
0.41443631052970886,
0.23632457852363586,
0.7333756685256958,
0.33851689100265503,
0.5459503531455994,
-0.32357993721961975,
-0.34566429257392883,
0.5711315870285034,
-0.5705844759941101,
0.0009632119908928871,
0.6002047061920166,
-0.9462855458259583,
0.1754043698310852,
-0.6432703137397766,
-0.28491970896720886,
-0.3458857834339142,
-0.6466803550720215,
0.5346550345420837,
-0.8249274492263794,
0.1663646548986435,
-0.5707879662513733,
-0.42095324397087097,
-0.4289318919181824,
-0.22816669940948486,
0.8441193699836731,
-0.18575693666934967,
1.1355124711990356,
0.36401113867759705,
-0.3360237777233124,
-0.2748860716819763,
-0.05670156702399254,
0.1748347282409668,
-0.6452772617340088,
0.5837661027908325,
0.07514727860689163,
0.19426432251930237,
-0.4708966612815857,
0.28461337089538574,
-0.4909551441669464,
-0.3074131906032562,
0.20659960806369781,
-0.25685933232307434,
0.9392710328102112,
-0.681492805480957,
0.08352410793304443,
1.0987110137939453,
-0.5872730016708374,
-0.01841123215854168,
0.3031783401966095,
-0.7009934186935425,
1.5183255672454834,
0.7197670340538025,
0.4543873965740204,
-0.04594806581735611,
0.6778813600540161,
-0.78704434633255,
0.24144506454467773,
0.7461318373680115,
0.26131290197372437,
0.06722718477249146,
0.14673243463039398,
-0.13909511268138885,
-0.08471351861953735,
-0.08624980598688126,
0.10068468749523163,
0.2291354089975357,
0.40294262766838074,
-0.07091526687145233,
-0.3075486421585083,
-0.11432871222496033,
-0.45707079768180847,
-0.08813589811325073,
0.07026387751102448,
0.16364124417304993,
-0.6020826697349548,
1.1027549505233765,
0.33729955554008484,
-0.055631283670663834,
-0.3347031772136688,
-0.1234479770064354,
-0.12503229081630707,
-0.3265080153942108,
-0.9489737153053284,
0.6445288062095642,
-1.0279715061187744,
0.10460689663887024,
-0.07242316007614136,
-0.023953130468726158,
-0.5148833990097046,
-0.24843180179595947,
-0.7116389870643616,
-0.3557758927345276,
0.46403855085372925,
-0.353053480386734,
0.3759309649467468,
0.7778506278991699,
0.5310388803482056,
1.2007520198822021,
-0.7245628237724304,
0.18155886232852936,
0.17457760870456696,
-0.3545984923839569,
0.21196837723255157,
0.3929227590560913,
-0.10710607469081879,
0.3848172128200531,
-0.28584468364715576,
-0.29230716824531555,
-0.5343353748321533,
-1.6325827836990356,
-0.1140110194683075,
-0.21877242624759674,
0.18345114588737488,
0.2608817517757416,
0.3537248373031616,
0.1245030090212822,
-0.32028019428253174,
1.0064446926116943,
0.2807494103908539,
0.889951765537262,
-1.0299338102340698,
-0.21980276703834534,
0.8600974082946777,
0.9380075931549072,
-0.9557314515113831,
0.09298180043697357,
-0.043847374618053436,
-0.46688997745513916,
-0.4491616189479828,
0.06088384613394737,
-0.3190259039402008,
0.7339230179786682,
-0.1767139732837677,
-0.16702470183372498,
0.12123210728168488,
1.540068507194519,
-0.3531845510005951,
-0.805213451385498,
0.017518959939479828,
0.3868931829929352,
0.3764570653438568,
-0.5821070671081543,
-0.1611528843641281,
0.44576460123062134,
0.9552891254425049,
-0.380607008934021,
-0.16471980512142181,
-0.15860693156719208,
-0.34401294589042664,
-0.15670117735862732,
0.0966591164469719,
-1.7519391775131226,
0.6333636045455933,
-0.7076582908630371,
0.10957944393157959,
-0.14933884143829346,
0.052256278693675995,
-0.32370924949645996,
0.23486028611660004,
-0.06384313851594925,
-0.45470139384269714,
0.06774653494358063,
0.46872198581695557,
0.12391938269138336,
-0.761647641658783,
-0.10640385746955872,
-0.30163413286209106,
0.28374528884887695,
0.0588519461452961,
-0.3312983810901642,
-0.1351557970046997,
0.06892302632331848,
-1.2079509496688843,
0.318867951631546,
-0.08988045901060104,
0.08070996403694153,
-0.03958616033196449,
-0.37987077236175537,
-0.3250059187412262,
-0.6816670298576355,
0.07538732886314392,
0.7212254405021667,
-0.27236002683639526,
-0.1378980129957199,
-0.7015390396118164,
1.018205165863037,
-0.8872863054275513,
-0.17873886227607727,
-0.8871169686317444,
-0.48617106676101685,
-0.46416381001472473,
-1.3331303596496582,
0.9886791706085205,
0.5498790144920349,
0.059536829590797424,
0.020976994186639786,
-0.6357487440109253,
0.5204638242721558,
0.04652194678783417,
0.4342729449272156,
0.4642903804779053,
-0.30215489864349365,
-0.3884951174259186,
0.06421958655118942,
0.6512981057167053,
-0.33987390995025635,
-0.20191751420497894,
0.4496995508670807,
1.1501002311706543,
0.5762673616409302,
0.08670350164175034,
-0.1970665007829666,
-0.3827899098396301,
-0.36032697558403015,
0.44812682271003723,
-0.6960312724113464
] |
|
6cufqh | How can a single light bulb be controlled by two switches? | It seems simple and I'm sure it is, but I can't picture a circuit with two individual switches that can each control a light bulb independently from each other. Think of turning on a light at the top of the stairs and with that switch still closed turning it off at the bottom of the stairs, then somebody else at the top of the stairs turns it back on with the top switch, even though the bottom switch is still turned it off. If there's a simple answer to how this works I'm curious to know, thanks. | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"dhxr1fe",
"dhxo0ua",
"dhxqqms"
],
"text": [
"[Stole this image to help you visualize.](_URL_0_) The red bars are the switches at the either end of your staircase. The dark grey lines are wires.\n\nYou practically just couple two switches next to each other, and the power flows through either wire to the latter switch at all times. You simply match the 'state' of the other switch to turn on the light.",
"You can do it with two switches that instead of doing 'on off' go path A and path B. These type of switching techniques are called multiway switching: _URL_1_\n\n\nLets say the light bulp is off:\n\nSwitch 1: path A\n\nSwitch 2: path B\n\nSo the power goes through A to the second switch but the second switch is looking for power from path B but path B is not powered. If you switch A to path B it will turn on but if B is switched to A it will also turn on. Or more simply, as long as both switches are connected to the same path it will turn on, otherwise it is off. You can switch both switches and it will always turn it on or off.\n\nIt is not possible with two switches that can only break a circuit.",
"Its more logic than anything. Any game with a simple wiring system (Minecraft for example) can simulate these types of logic gates.\n\nThink of the switches as Switch (A) and (B). The light can either be ON or OFF, same with the switches.\n\nThis gives us an easy table.\n\nA | B | Light\n:- | :- | -:\nOFF | OFF | OFF\nON | OFF | ON\nON | ON | OFF\nOFF | ON | ON\n\nThis matches perfectly with a XOR (A or B but not both) logic table.\n\nSo they dont really operate \"independently\", they just work together to control the switch."
],
"score": [
98,
14,
8
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://i.imgur.com/IoIF404.jpg",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiway_switching"
]
} | How can a single light bulb be controlled by two switches?
It seems simple and I'm sure it is, but I can't picture a circuit with two individual switches that can each control a light bulb independently from each other. Think of turning on a light at the top of the stairs and with that switch still closed turning it off at the bottom of the stairs, then somebody else at the top of the stairs turns it back on with the top switch, even though the bottom switch is still turned it off. If there's a simple answer to how this works I'm curious to know, thanks. | [
-0.16760756075382233,
-0.7676864862442017,
0.6098803877830505,
0.4805982708930969,
-0.31993550062179565,
-0.5004870295524597,
-0.00887514278292656,
-0.636829674243927,
0.5411743521690369,
-0.13157984614372253,
0.7536641359329224,
0.184782937169075,
-0.953423261642456,
-0.3110681474208832,
-0.4009404182434082,
-0.27964165806770325,
1.010098934173584,
-0.0949244499206543,
-0.5724537968635559,
-0.3084879517555237,
0.33411145210266113,
0.450265109539032,
0.7772397398948669,
0.33083054423332214,
-0.904151976108551,
0.03889477625489235,
0.8484771847724915,
-0.462830513715744,
0.7074803709983826,
0.6897870898246765,
0.17911161482334137,
-0.5379039645195007,
-0.6963475942611694,
-0.4676153063774109,
0.457355797290802,
-0.8779477477073669,
1.1354999542236328,
0.07242733240127563,
1.1426936388015747,
-0.9073901176452637,
0.5018464922904968,
0.012627983465790749,
0.27633801102638245,
0.1736428141593933,
-0.6808860301971436,
-0.1442631632089615,
-0.016878075897693634,
-0.3164144456386566,
-0.40187808871269226,
-0.3112396001815796,
-0.05575161054730415,
0.4065536558628082,
0.6529610753059387,
0.8170112371444702,
0.942768394947052,
-0.21713021397590637,
0.10060842335224152,
0.059170398861169815,
-0.0896693766117096,
0.35967737436294556,
0.11910790950059891,
0.23687511682510376,
-1.3383325338363647,
-0.5246782302856445,
0.3548128604888916,
-0.7022829055786133,
0.06025690212845802,
0.14766336977481842,
-0.1785629391670227,
-0.00007976804772624746,
0.46939733624458313,
-0.6209790110588074,
-0.9703420400619507,
-0.4250623881816864,
-0.5167626738548279,
-0.6763771176338196,
-0.14344528317451477,
0.7180352210998535,
0.003171514021232724,
-0.7797132134437561,
-0.3398314416408539,
-0.6822760105133057,
-0.6661989092826843,
0.26134905219078064,
0.17506352066993713,
0.48926466703414917,
0.019153408706188202,
-0.28523287177085876,
-0.8785400986671448,
0.5343555212020874,
-0.5330867171287537,
-0.38785824179649353,
0.3744660019874573,
0.1180533841252327,
0.47257760167121887,
-0.14940188825130463,
0.6369661092758179,
-0.2416878491640091,
0.01951742172241211,
0.17945705354213715,
-0.3540670871734619,
0.18622973561286926,
0.3098119795322418,
0.5794846415519714,
0.027507172897458076,
-1.3520432710647583,
0.38260510563850403,
0.8686933517456055,
0.3830738067626953,
0.4616280198097229,
-0.8883796334266663,
0.5555566549301147,
0.46400687098503113,
-0.8945842981338501,
-0.1950932741165161,
-0.9216846823692322,
0.36475035548210144,
0.017954617738723755,
0.7032402753829956,
-0.0775979533791542,
1.2525005340576172,
0.14766420423984528,
1.0350035429000854,
0.8440446853637695,
0.37706393003463745,
-0.1604451984167099,
-0.07833221554756165,
0.29258790612220764,
0.6936495304107666,
-0.1565820574760437,
-0.06588342785835266,
0.8085271716117859,
0.43328988552093506,
-0.9651278257369995,
0.026539461687207222,
-0.10577389597892761,
-0.36564943194389343,
0.43789616227149963,
-0.5590161085128784,
0.8262544274330139,
-0.2269987165927887,
0.35188210010528564,
0.4225427210330963,
-0.4045161008834839,
0.04078421741724014,
-0.6231972575187683,
-0.7047015428543091,
0.5041508078575134,
0.34667059779167175,
-0.5983858108520508,
-0.6815068125724792,
-0.3237808346748352,
0.31038039922714233,
-0.34447064995765686,
-0.22894474864006042,
-0.1700877994298935,
0.47689318656921387,
-0.9042978286743164,
-0.0022891864646226168,
-0.1228836253285408,
-0.1498076468706131,
-0.8318060636520386,
-0.02821587771177292,
0.14293412864208221,
0.4721735715866089,
-0.29401105642318726,
-0.10131970793008804,
0.4803590178489685,
-0.0006964736385270953,
0.10784852504730225,
-0.3154856264591217,
0.4047251343727112,
0.8070497512817383,
0.5246351361274719,
-0.32857224345207214,
-0.49213436245918274,
0.18107356131076813,
0.43289539217948914,
-0.4496687948703766,
0.3882603943347931,
0.42508363723754883,
0.06231613829731941,
0.0467396154999733,
0.7142679691314697,
-0.7715708017349243,
0.18297690153121948,
0.35451236367225647,
0.7262181639671326,
0.4899151623249054,
0.5355615615844727,
0.43832990527153015,
-0.6954584717750549,
-1.577406406402588,
-0.42279064655303955,
-0.3472857177257538,
0.4273916780948639,
-0.27251172065734863,
0.5179839134216309,
-0.1667701005935669,
-0.4167144298553467,
0.5310685634613037,
-0.8186364769935608,
-0.14781779050827026,
0.04202999174594879,
-0.399140864610672,
-0.18193325400352478,
0.5981048941612244,
0.32330361008644104,
1.0000025033950806,
-0.42683160305023193,
0.15358872711658478,
0.45759692788124084,
-0.03276892006397247,
0.6485572457313538,
-0.15838785469532013,
0.30963706970214844,
0.41388729214668274,
-0.9572752714157104,
0.3917228579521179,
0.7511729598045349,
0.15314063429832458,
0.11270977556705475,
0.3423377573490143,
0.6982642412185669,
-0.29655665159225464,
-0.8553877472877502,
-0.39161258935928345,
0.2555484473705292,
-0.2956882119178772,
0.47897860407829285,
-0.42560261487960815,
0.18930168449878693,
0.47698578238487244,
0.17682687938213348,
-0.40399590134620667,
-0.09660952538251877,
-0.7651890516281128,
-0.4979173541069031,
-0.12460596114397049,
-1.1956006288528442,
-0.6528360247612,
1.0942444801330566,
0.46568140387535095,
0.5054091215133667,
0.6701242327690125,
0.7684115767478943,
-0.9476401209831238,
-0.5588915348052979,
0.2079213559627533,
-0.6026707291603088,
0.3714195787906647,
-0.1950715184211731,
-0.48756250739097595,
-1.2214146852493286,
0.6184493899345398,
-0.9162523746490479,
-1.0086268186569214,
-0.308511346578598,
-0.4971233606338501,
0.04304952174425125,
0.3299693167209625,
-0.4923880398273468,
0.6697573661804199,
-0.7743406891822815,
-0.3458974063396454,
-0.17817041277885437,
-1.1859943866729736,
0.141962930560112,
-0.22245389223098755,
0.5730830430984497,
-0.6070432066917419,
0.1792069375514984,
0.3574041426181793,
0.5269947648048401,
0.366047739982605,
-0.08197645843029022,
-0.44328033924102783,
-0.32134440541267395,
0.599980354309082,
0.3802773356437683,
0.3846357464790344,
0.9403201341629028,
-0.2774405777454376,
-0.15336887538433075,
-1.1163887977600098,
-0.07138660550117493,
0.7964792251586914,
-0.4853051006793976,
-0.30088111758232117,
-1.0942078828811646,
0.8545914888381958,
-0.24212150275707245,
-0.8279768228530884,
0.6235851049423218,
0.049695760011672974,
0.008183808997273445,
-0.4953788220882416,
-0.40488550066947937,
-0.38486963510513306,
-0.026222901418805122,
0.38068708777427673,
-1.2403640747070312,
1.4047324657440186,
-0.3043155074119568,
-0.22441047430038452,
0.4607316851615906,
0.5722519159317017,
-1.254926323890686,
0.32904139161109924,
-0.158767431974411,
1.0543416738510132,
1.0509388446807861,
-0.17691944539546967,
0.15811046957969666,
-0.16305269300937653,
0.8011261224746704,
0.6623364686965942,
0.099703848361969,
0.5694858431816101,
0.4929673969745636,
-0.5074023008346558,
0.4253771901130676,
0.23373520374298096,
-0.42464715242385864,
-0.9778180718421936,
1.037524700164795,
-0.21603251993656158,
0.6574876308441162,
-0.7356981635093689,
-0.08295640349388123,
0.44253304600715637,
-0.1889791637659073,
0.5670082569122314,
0.6861492395401001,
-0.1668071448802948,
-0.12675704061985016,
0.19443529844284058,
0.37675878405570984,
-0.3771107792854309,
-0.38942277431488037,
1.1612321138381958,
0.42538878321647644,
-0.2838091552257538,
-0.2730698883533478,
-0.44364458322525024,
-0.6262367367744446,
-0.39669519662857056,
0.6313465237617493,
-0.2388942837715149,
0.08039294928312302,
0.17423023283481598,
0.6830744743347168,
-0.25898730754852295,
-0.6901929974555969,
0.01798030361533165,
0.4374706447124481,
-0.4494116008281708,
-0.10417400300502777,
0.18284621834754944,
0.33198282122612,
-0.26973116397857666,
-0.08652263879776001,
0.8101372718811035,
0.08579449355602264,
-0.7664796113967896,
0.0906899943947792,
0.11913298070430756,
-0.2271813601255417,
-0.8171898126602173,
-0.21091718971729279,
0.4004455804824829,
0.3542023301124573,
-0.28930822014808655,
0.4878476560115814,
0.36301493644714355,
-0.12197300791740417,
0.8802745938301086,
0.1443987935781479,
-0.8176095485687256,
0.11012102663516998,
-0.44133949279785156,
-0.029876621440052986,
0.1901417374610901,
0.4164244532585144,
-0.36703816056251526,
-0.5988566279411316,
0.4181179404258728,
-0.8302910327911377,
0.07662218809127808,
0.6891060471534729,
0.10582701116800308,
0.22730202972888947,
0.2355506718158722,
-0.270778626203537,
-1.087514877319336,
-0.10517050325870514,
-0.5120775699615479,
0.5679678916931152,
0.17158640921115875,
0.336855947971344,
0.013515220955014229,
0.46417921781539917,
0.08351843804121017,
1.351642370223999,
0.22988204658031464,
-0.246016725897789,
-0.7259241342544556,
0.18777744472026825,
0.5145841240882874,
0.02605750784277916,
-0.08458966761827469,
-0.755634605884552,
-0.5464324951171875,
0.7958034873008728,
0.11176710575819016,
-0.7526468634605408,
-0.344623327255249,
-0.38053098320961,
-0.8717302083969116,
-0.5029819011688232,
0.3008219599723816,
-0.5465089082717896,
-0.32472118735313416,
-0.09872123599052429,
-0.7497652769088745,
-0.4731174111366272,
0.04979553073644638,
-0.27532440423965454,
-0.7259487509727478,
0.10513640195131302,
-0.6173442602157593,
-1.4870450496673584,
-0.5459302663803101,
0.3832530379295349,
-0.957314133644104,
-0.3176741898059845,
-0.6171783208847046,
0.23380286991596222,
0.7805337309837341,
0.6702790856361389,
-0.8967759013175964,
0.48669809103012085,
-0.6903588175773621,
0.11595290154218674,
-0.3681217133998871,
-0.46035411953926086,
-0.09311583638191223,
0.5238179564476013,
-1.278282642364502,
-0.6794990301132202,
0.38917049765586853,
-0.34848088026046753,
-0.5312058329582214,
0.09823647886514664,
0.4805862605571747,
-0.19358280301094055,
-0.978165328502655,
0.4994960427284241,
0.04810313880443573,
-0.30299922823905945,
-0.36490297317504883,
-0.8101657032966614,
0.0007350132800638676,
1.0846294164657593,
0.38326364755630493,
0.8912771940231323,
0.3615220785140991,
-0.13333390653133392,
0.3581659197807312,
-0.9632494449615479,
-0.49784359335899353,
-0.05924830958247185,
0.3801821172237396,
0.04671704024076462,
-0.15373851358890533,
-0.9180305600166321,
0.2139783799648285,
0.05251633748412132,
-0.2929011881351471,
-1.017693281173706,
0.3142615556716919,
-0.47285521030426025,
0.24674351513385773,
0.26014405488967896,
0.5843107104301453,
-0.8810322880744934,
-0.7616872191429138,
-0.626393735408783,
-0.3311358690261841,
-0.5193530917167664,
-0.21785017848014832,
-0.3198530375957489,
0.3482368588447571,
-0.3837192952632904,
0.6093717217445374,
-0.0375550277531147,
-0.5413802266120911,
-0.24831630289554596,
1.0530178546905518,
0.08131622523069382,
0.0038714371621608734,
-0.4901592433452606,
-0.5232567191123962,
-0.5203141570091248,
0.7028241157531738,
0.4676072597503662,
-0.3986874520778656,
-0.3424358069896698,
1.0803827047348022,
0.5780771374702454,
-0.9488551616668701,
-0.4283527433872223,
-0.1100107729434967,
-0.3088696599006653,
0.6000096797943115,
0.05950137600302696,
0.05512860789895058,
0.8075454235076904,
-0.26703131198883057,
0.5942761301994324,
-0.6790724396705627,
0.09224345535039902,
0.7147017121315002,
-0.14815053343772888,
0.6679019331932068,
0.43300917744636536,
-0.49690985679626465,
-0.26438894867897034,
-0.09312516450881958,
-0.12576839327812195,
-0.32569852471351624,
-0.006977486424148083,
-0.000431308668339625,
0.03481566533446312,
-0.0986500158905983,
0.808175802230835,
0.17970089614391327,
-0.7386742234230042,
-0.1607133150100708,
-0.5009270310401917,
-0.04110051319003105,
-0.4487389922142029,
-0.347514808177948,
0.3901998996734619,
-0.16467368602752686,
-0.5946467518806458,
-1.1168159246444702,
0.32988736033439636,
-1.0992664098739624,
0.18630976974964142,
0.004147336818277836,
-0.48723864555358887,
0.5641503930091858,
0.5823874473571777,
0.35054507851600647,
-0.6195006966590881,
0.17046189308166504,
-0.7831128835678101,
0.2844192087650299,
-0.4864443242549896,
-1.2595531940460205,
0.01990690268576145,
0.5403814911842346,
-1.983704924583435,
0.5239751935005188,
-0.19071461260318756,
-0.8696492910385132,
-0.086379274725914,
-0.5844199061393738,
0.2237880825996399,
-1.1254383325576782,
-0.2310510277748108,
0.3050447106361389,
-0.11736496537923813,
-0.415310800075531,
-0.3506014347076416,
0.38040807843208313,
0.2662874460220337,
0.05153164267539978,
-0.26143679022789,
0.334900438785553,
0.41751423478126526,
0.5066408514976501,
0.056985288858413696,
-0.6159942746162415,
0.16948102414608002,
-0.7252067923545837,
-0.1964409202337265,
0.48633724451065063,
0.263846755027771,
0.1279926300048828,
-0.13176284730434418,
0.4503748416900635,
-0.5418938994407654,
0.28042158484458923,
-0.1996527910232544,
0.12993165850639343,
0.657077968120575,
-0.5004738569259644,
-0.7933620810508728,
0.1394297331571579,
-0.7875148057937622,
-0.22351926565170288,
-0.3263242244720459,
-0.11312549561262131,
0.1004822850227356,
0.4836035370826721,
-0.6954419612884521,
-0.47412949800491333,
0.40645670890808105,
1.2737271785736084,
0.314993292093277,
0.23148049414157867,
0.8647927045822144,
-0.4257161617279053,
-0.10233107954263687,
-0.6169186234474182,
-0.04684825241565704,
0.6222192049026489,
1.5280888080596924,
0.5099008083343506,
-0.22439545392990112,
-1.0540552139282227,
-0.29162296652793884,
0.781479001045227,
-0.003804659005254507,
0.2229854315519333,
1.2756010293960571,
0.779213547706604,
0.21190646290779114,
0.024408482015132904,
-0.821503758430481,
-0.2331535667181015,
-0.21668937802314758,
-0.13915951550006866,
-0.3254849314689636,
0.03937073424458504,
-0.042912621051073074,
1.2002646923065186,
-0.2841191589832306,
0.3810461759567261,
-0.5923142433166504,
-0.16309431195259094,
0.23960068821907043,
0.7373098134994507,
0.46767109632492065,
-0.5454483032226562,
0.4491613209247589,
0.2342899739742279,
0.383171945810318,
0.1855759471654892,
-0.07220534980297089,
-0.05398080125451088,
0.619742214679718,
1.1368294954299927,
-0.8014342188835144,
0.5250327587127686,
0.30737558007240295,
0.3223469853401184,
0.22204117476940155,
-1.7947361469268799,
0.07712795585393906,
0.4318598806858063,
0.2118619829416275,
0.549610435962677,
-0.41214969754219055,
0.8851694464683533,
0.1405661404132843,
-0.24114154279232025,
0.5357879400253296,
-0.7521116137504578,
0.28965452313423157,
-0.6309078335762024,
-0.32078981399536133,
0.24316537380218506,
-0.16034330427646637,
0.06653863191604614,
0.2532794177532196,
-0.09245391190052032,
0.287203848361969,
0.12614168226718903,
0.2174435555934906,
0.10836490988731384,
0.08769781142473221,
0.6543207168579102,
-0.34506043791770935,
-0.401881605386734,
1.080336093902588,
0.7432715892791748,
-0.3322426974773407,
-0.2486746907234192,
-1.1783905029296875,
-0.3968493640422821,
0.29754456877708435,
0.04249093681573868,
-0.08577622473239899,
-0.31839272379875183,
-0.4393397569656372,
-0.821414053440094,
0.8952963948249817,
-0.3463680148124695,
-0.7510411739349365,
-0.5029399394989014,
0.2487647384405136,
0.18698298931121826,
0.1607319712638855,
-0.17827771604061127,
0.6586747765541077,
0.37250256538391113,
0.11618246138095856,
1.4077441692352295,
0.028194012120366096,
-0.6606192588806152,
-0.1732223629951477,
-0.3583274781703949,
-0.1745598465204239,
-0.08270514756441116,
-0.35754090547561646,
0.41314801573753357,
0.7008370161056519,
0.3043668568134308,
-0.7226322889328003,
-0.3908601999282837,
0.2799057960510254,
-0.848275363445282,
0.2845821678638458,
-0.7656925320625305,
-0.14889846742153168,
-0.4435531198978424,
-0.431845486164093,
-0.809651792049408,
0.13996337354183197,
-0.057291317731142044,
-0.24031469225883484,
0.3631168603897095,
-0.20056404173374176,
-0.9606559872627258,
0.8049649596214294,
0.5329124331474304,
-0.280415415763855,
0.30020883679389954,
-0.40574127435684204,
-0.5821291208267212,
-0.10958944261074066,
0.3611694872379303,
-0.3892882466316223,
-0.5638560056686401,
-0.3759646415710449,
0.12373862415552139,
1.2503159046173096,
0.5110704302787781,
0.9794211387634277,
0.6271042227745056,
-0.6316915154457092,
-0.26496902108192444,
-0.7981573939323425,
0.3389948308467865,
-0.5299769639968872,
0.06394416093826294,
-0.09184595197439194,
0.11527299880981445,
0.4853799641132355,
-0.03523152321577072,
0.8486310243606567,
0.213949516415596,
0.27368268370628357,
-0.006750705651938915,
-0.6082907319068909
] |
|
s5sjx | The layman's idea of current is electrons flowing through a wire. How is this model incorrect? | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"c4bbvm8",
"c4bc9u1",
"c4bbrql"
],
"text": [
"Disclaimer: engineer, not physicist, so I might be a little of a layman, too.\n\nIn metals, this model isn´t very far off. You have a couple of electrons which occupy a particular place in the structure of their atoms, and they are fairly free to drift from one point to another. There are a couple of phenomenons that aren´t too well desribed:\n\n* Some electrons move and hop around even when without any external electric field being applied. However, this motion is random, so if you average it they pretty much stay in a single place. Even when an external electric field is applied, they still hop around -- but this time there is an overall direction of movement. This random movement is called thermal conductivity if I remember correctly (been a while since I took that course...)\n* The movement of the electrons isn´t entirely smooth, nor entirely without losses. Electrons will strike various parts of the lattice of the material, repel against each other and so on. The movement is far less orderly than you´d think.\n* Depending on the shape of the electric field and on where exactly the electron is in the lattice (e.g. whether or not it´s an excess electron), the motion isn´t like that in a pipe. In some cases, the electrons will tend to flow towards the surface of the conductor (something called skin effect).\n\nIn semiconductors, stuff is fairly more complicated than this, but by your formulation I´m assuming this case isn´t as much of a concern. I remember a couple of things about it too, though, so if you need it, I can post it later so as to avoid a big wall of text now.",
"Let's start with a definition. Current can be alternating or direct. From here on it will be AC and DC. \n\nLet's start our discussion by examining a solid pure material (single element) under no external electric fields. This solid is arranged in some sort of structure. It may be completely crystalline, amorphous (no crystal structure), or somewhere in between with several crystal lattices that are at different orientations to each other. This material also has a temperature. Due to this temperature the particles that make up the material and its structure are moving. This is a solid, so the particles are mostly vibrating in place, although some of them may be more energetic than the rest and have more range of movement.\n\nIn this zero field scenario, all particles will tend to have near zero movement on average. \n\nNow let's add an electric field. This field acts as a potential similar in abstract to gravity. Charged particles that were before moving freely in every direction now feel negative force in one direction and positive force in the opposite. This tends to create a trend of charged particles moving in the direction of the potential. For negative electrons, these particles want to move toward higher voltage. For positive ions, towards lower voltage. \n\nThis is DC.\n\nThe fantastic thing is that electrons move at a much slower speed than the transmission of this energy. The electric field is transmitting all of the useful energy.\n\nNow let's talk about AC. AC is similar to the picture above except that it has an alternating voltage on it. This causes the charged particles to average more travel in one direction (exactly like DC) and then move in the opposite direction, and then in the original direction, and then... etc.\n\nSome others have mentioned skin effect. Turns out the faster you do this switching of directions (known as frequency) the more of a skin effect is produced. This is because all wires will experience eddy currents due to changing magnetic fields, which are in turn due to changing currents. This effect tends to be strongest at the center of the wire and pushes the effective transmission area out towards the surface. This limits the effective area of the conductor and can increase the resistance if frequency is high enough. \n\nHope this helps, I'm an electrical engineer. Feel free to ask more if I used too much jargon.",
"It's not really incorrect. That's pretty much what happens in metals, where the main charge carriers are electrons. Of course, electric current need not just be electrons. In electrolytes the charge carriers are ions, in plasmas they are electrons and ions, in semiconductors they're electrons and holes, etc. Indeed, the movement of any kind of electric charge is by definition electric current.\n\nI guess the main detail is that in typical metals and typical current levels, the thermal bouncing about of an electron far exceeds the motion due to current. If you had a microscope that could see individual electrons and you peered down into a wire carrying a current (say, the wire carrying current from a battery into your radio) you would see the electrons jerking about pretty randomly, with the jerks towards the positive end only *slightly* exceeding the jerks towards the negative end. It is this small difference that results in current.\n\nOf course, in very cold metals, or metals carrying high currents, you'd start to see more directed (less random) movement."
],
"score": [
6,
5,
3
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | The layman's idea of current is electrons flowing through a wire. How is this model incorrect?
| [
0.010426630266010761,
-0.9178246259689331,
0.3591446578502655,
0.18404434621334076,
-0.3441759943962097,
-0.766176700592041,
0.4990079998970032,
-0.22646744549274445,
1.0848685503005981,
0.2922244369983673,
0.9683341979980469,
0.27904149889945984,
-0.9426850080490112,
-0.3343522250652313,
-0.38659337162971497,
0.2091965526342392,
0.9257115721702576,
-0.14614535868167877,
-0.11640191078186035,
-0.9333481788635254,
-0.666741669178009,
0.21400579810142517,
0.025934578850865364,
0.5715813636779785,
-0.7443333268165588,
0.2900817394256592,
1.0107622146606445,
-0.9028303623199463,
0.4258385896682739,
0.3651255667209625,
0.4959565997123718,
0.6056206822395325,
-0.5947256684303284,
0.18217875063419342,
0.17374850809574127,
-0.2534428834915161,
0.8966664671897888,
-0.409737765789032,
1.3594380617141724,
-0.4160640835762024,
0.511710524559021,
-0.2914597988128662,
0.5960331559181213,
-0.006755684968084097,
-0.9445207118988037,
-0.8484594821929932,
0.6005293130874634,
-0.020222511142492294,
-1.0749766826629639,
-0.7086235284805298,
-0.48020660877227783,
0.5966181755065918,
0.6547777652740479,
1.0024797916412354,
0.016924437135457993,
0.16602477431297302,
-0.247384175658226,
-0.829963743686676,
0.007696343585848808,
0.0415632426738739,
0.5576171278953552,
0.7630484104156494,
-0.7948237061500549,
-0.5224493145942688,
0.6260617971420288,
0.19541101157665253,
0.39710500836372375,
0.253631055355072,
0.2475278079509735,
-0.24263758957386017,
0.23720088601112366,
0.2812770903110504,
-0.9455312490463257,
-1.0523035526275635,
0.11616897583007812,
-0.02270955592393875,
0.16912056505680084,
0.9389300346374512,
0.11937079578638077,
-0.47854670882225037,
-0.17653007805347443,
-0.25911468267440796,
-1.1189632415771484,
0.07258699089288712,
-0.05792727693915367,
-0.5895689129829407,
-0.2000657320022583,
-0.2054629921913147,
-0.2971820533275604,
0.9751512408256531,
-0.18000447750091553,
-0.18056492507457733,
-0.313668429851532,
1.0467711687088013,
-0.40043753385543823,
0.07871589809656143,
0.6246710419654846,
-0.7696220278739929,
-0.08284095674753189,
0.43565699458122253,
0.05426500737667084,
-0.5119535326957703,
0.697005569934845,
0.5153497457504272,
-0.22199507057666779,
-0.9430162310600281,
0.9257416129112244,
-0.15881194174289703,
0.2578224837779999,
0.3308144509792328,
-0.06916164606809616,
0.482268363237381,
0.6486805081367493,
-0.8592217564582825,
-0.17423725128173828,
-0.8086304664611816,
0.23816771805286407,
0.007639449555426836,
0.7373623251914978,
0.44678935408592224,
0.40196916460990906,
0.27499109506607056,
-0.09985805302858353,
1.656894564628601,
0.30081406235694885,
0.3047885000705719,
-0.2490101307630539,
0.8477205038070679,
0.4121975004673004,
-0.09705977141857147,
0.05692566931247711,
1.6744922399520874,
0.23703181743621826,
-0.994408130645752,
-0.0034566030371934175,
0.3316064178943634,
0.14989180862903595,
0.4144439399242401,
-0.49406400322914124,
1.165508508682251,
-0.2179497480392456,
0.6609883308410645,
0.7568677663803101,
0.18249204754829407,
-0.13983820378780365,
-1.3136993646621704,
-0.7658675909042358,
0.15583744645118713,
0.5681688785552979,
-0.3761237561702728,
-1.0744011402130127,
0.12086145579814911,
-0.05297427251935005,
0.2842899262905121,
0.5366888642311096,
0.39574456214904785,
0.4015791118144989,
-0.9418771862983704,
-0.3291287124156952,
1.1885484457015991,
0.526854395866394,
-0.9529529213905334,
0.2584514319896698,
0.41656842827796936,
0.7279998064041138,
0.4098570942878723,
-0.5707055926322937,
0.3437345325946808,
-0.05656002461910248,
0.8002487421035767,
-0.48227712512016296,
-0.6016517281532288,
1.4179776906967163,
-0.3077440559864044,
-0.1608179360628128,
0.3632064461708069,
-0.38792186975479126,
-0.12122268974781036,
-0.5100095868110657,
0.3949727714061737,
-0.39415112137794495,
0.16656307876110077,
0.3504936397075653,
0.6784465312957764,
-0.5205894708633423,
0.21399112045764923,
-0.48743388056755066,
-0.21001513302326202,
0.6445751190185547,
0.2656502425670624,
-0.3481208086013794,
0.11418963223695755,
-0.9545082449913025,
-0.15830345451831818,
0.4105839133262634,
-0.11579015851020813,
0.41501423716545105,
-0.5350985527038574,
0.25748375058174133,
-1.1003706455230713,
0.014642625115811825,
-1.6711674928665161,
0.06233835220336914,
0.12214789539575577,
-0.7752760052680969,
0.27422091364860535,
1.1299176216125488,
-0.6405510306358337,
1.0382966995239258,
0.010929522104561329,
0.34963780641555786,
0.3351263999938965,
-0.18117232620716095,
-0.14605683088302612,
-0.17444871366024017,
0.528343677520752,
0.5468027591705322,
-0.3182758092880249,
0.7546878457069397,
0.684079647064209,
0.4096357822418213,
-0.04716358333826065,
0.48236626386642456,
0.2640944719314575,
0.24626292288303375,
0.9092905521392822,
0.22673986852169037,
0.6203476190567017,
-0.036426693201065063,
0.4823489785194397,
-0.2914419174194336,
0.2917414605617523,
-0.0021107273641973734,
0.16692456603050232,
-1.0196605920791626,
-0.689679741859436,
-0.9555806517601013,
-0.3915840685367584,
0.41753438115119934,
-0.8771807551383972,
-0.16085585951805115,
1.7535226345062256,
-0.5586639046669006,
0.8011875748634338,
0.41631755232810974,
0.2884906828403473,
-0.7302353978157043,
-1.0604130029678345,
0.07015561312437057,
-0.3573894202709198,
-0.4786238372325897,
-0.4733591377735138,
-0.2479838877916336,
-0.8738306164741516,
0.8222280740737915,
-0.8399319648742676,
-1.1258041858673096,
0.07522018998861313,
0.019142726436257362,
0.16016681492328644,
-0.22278138995170593,
-1.2449556589126587,
0.6304872035980225,
-0.05078823119401932,
-0.8452383279800415,
-0.07574336230754852,
-0.6566576957702637,
0.3769260048866272,
0.24480201303958893,
0.1572292596101761,
-0.35321563482284546,
0.8067124485969543,
-0.06787032634019852,
0.17090216279029846,
0.36392202973365784,
-0.2734345495700836,
-0.26286184787750244,
-0.18332253396511078,
0.3354800343513489,
0.697249710559845,
0.439733624458313,
0.5925015211105347,
-0.3599614202976227,
-1.777340054512024,
0.40402188897132874,
0.33135858178138733,
0.5153724551200867,
0.23647309839725494,
-0.3092345595359802,
-0.8523827195167542,
-0.04541192948818207,
0.20854178071022034,
-1.4155876636505127,
0.9465625882148743,
0.4960450828075409,
-0.23252080380916595,
0.34658387303352356,
-0.10160220414400101,
-0.5766342878341675,
-0.3455231785774231,
0.6917184591293335,
-0.7106248736381531,
0.6243187189102173,
0.3821587860584259,
-0.09209204465150833,
0.7420879602432251,
1.1069324016571045,
-0.8645308017730713,
0.059625811874866486,
0.254405677318573,
0.4152287244796753,
0.6453511714935303,
-0.3744668960571289,
0.6634905934333801,
0.5580498576164246,
0.7818950414657593,
0.33405473828315735,
0.0606708824634552,
-0.6232045888900757,
-0.09123338758945465,
-0.8612402081489563,
0.13887040317058563,
0.3682531714439392,
-0.1746019870042801,
-0.26990845799446106,
0.21532316505908966,
-0.5144648551940918,
0.8723483085632324,
-0.5468555688858032,
0.6107811331748962,
0.016549985855817795,
-0.8362779021263123,
0.35207006335258484,
-0.21637383103370667,
-0.3877108097076416,
-0.4548462927341461,
-0.2501181662082672,
-0.24970966577529907,
-0.7877972722053528,
-0.8935595154762268,
1.2276829481124878,
0.3728497624397278,
-0.7144745588302612,
0.5084456205368042,
-0.35595986247062683,
-0.8291080594062805,
-0.3221612572669983,
0.5971639752388,
-0.3350136876106262,
0.7666195034980774,
-0.06712095439434052,
1.442305564880371,
0.5072059631347656,
-0.3373461663722992,
0.22161298990249634,
0.4233018755912781,
-0.005878160707652569,
0.11904378235340118,
-0.011925230734050274,
0.8644345998764038,
0.9766439199447632,
-0.47712036967277527,
0.3151613771915436,
0.010647892951965332,
-1.0930465459823608,
0.15061649680137634,
-0.580830454826355,
-0.4770162105560303,
0.3574804961681366,
-0.2357415109872818,
0.00020140668493695557,
0.39023613929748535,
-0.22438128292560577,
0.11362560093402863,
0.8568558096885681,
-0.2514972388744354,
1.0586448907852173,
-0.139321967959404,
-0.40107205510139465,
0.5536196827888489,
0.12831471860408783,
0.12025411427021027,
0.03388470411300659,
-0.23440805077552795,
-0.2090805321931839,
-0.5174562335014343,
0.5263490080833435,
-0.34713104367256165,
-0.6108129620552063,
0.12095416337251663,
-0.5466344952583313,
0.5785812735557556,
0.12406275421380997,
-0.6615229845046997,
-0.7058869004249573,
-0.8114534616470337,
-0.6012787818908691,
0.987027108669281,
0.5277014970779419,
0.8318461775779724,
-0.009776203893125057,
0.8546619415283203,
-0.6020164489746094,
0.9701166749000549,
0.08260120451450348,
0.12675859034061432,
-0.29720357060432434,
0.6216055154800415,
1.1250115633010864,
-0.16326399147510529,
-0.11853788048028946,
-0.3042324185371399,
-1.6745012998580933,
-0.20300492644309998,
0.4488205015659332,
-0.621065616607666,
-0.9176245331764221,
0.0861549973487854,
-0.5525739789009094,
-0.706699788570404,
0.3158319294452667,
0.15693025290966034,
-0.26097866892814636,
0.055443909019231796,
-0.278802752494812,
-0.7923243045806885,
0.8495510220527649,
-0.23832060396671295,
-0.007351499982178211,
0.4089679718017578,
-0.9347303509712219,
-1.8208521604537964,
-0.882943332195282,
-0.2656964957714081,
-1.4158647060394287,
0.12515424191951752,
0.6937363147735596,
-0.705256998538971,
0.15300717949867249,
0.29406294226646423,
-0.7357870936393738,
-0.6502175331115723,
-0.772379994392395,
-0.25923940539360046,
-0.306884229183197,
-0.35796916484832764,
-0.1996656060218811,
0.5585066080093384,
-0.43892306089401245,
-0.8026999831199646,
0.370415598154068,
-0.31282010674476624,
-0.4479990303516388,
-0.17132699489593506,
0.35802948474884033,
0.39670923352241516,
-0.8637189269065857,
0.43295469880104065,
0.05341915413737297,
0.2958967089653015,
-0.177508145570755,
-0.1291658729314804,
-0.8840448260307312,
0.7713193297386169,
0.9732903242111206,
0.428227037191391,
0.19980023801326752,
-0.2121048867702484,
0.20349135994911194,
0.3866606652736664,
-0.7070115804672241,
-0.05039870738983154,
0.6117138862609863,
0.3315778374671936,
-0.5080525875091553,
-1.876593828201294,
-0.3849942684173584,
-0.37180718779563904,
-1.0481928586959839,
-0.8506603837013245,
0.27861422300338745,
-0.4055025577545166,
0.13245536386966705,
0.3644716739654541,
0.5771358609199524,
-1.0581138134002686,
-0.2985248267650604,
-0.4171871840953827,
0.1767258495092392,
0.14924167096614838,
-0.37243321537971497,
-0.0302859079092741,
0.20376074314117432,
-0.5709919929504395,
0.9132343530654907,
0.38754263520240784,
-0.031247004866600037,
1.0275816917419434,
0.636620819568634,
0.583716869354248,
-0.026359863579273224,
0.19369648396968842,
-0.5498608946800232,
0.8107692003250122,
0.20189236104488373,
0.237221822142601,
-0.5142017602920532,
0.5077987909317017,
0.4631706774234772,
0.5386507511138916,
-0.7669683694839478,
-0.2682094871997833,
0.34684115648269653,
-0.09469660371541977,
0.17488425970077515,
-0.6266218423843384,
0.6520589590072632,
-0.3194427788257599,
-0.6842683553695679,
-0.261074036359787,
-0.5844029784202576,
-0.26739445328712463,
0.45249947905540466,
-0.14099492132663727,
0.7006049752235413,
0.06283559650182724,
-0.43326643109321594,
-0.04551062360405922,
-0.4610776901245117,
-0.3219495713710785,
-0.10197996348142624,
-0.2832578718662262,
-0.4189769923686981,
-0.5622380375862122,
-0.7591570019721985,
-0.09481968730688095,
-0.11247596889734268,
-0.35808125138282776,
0.23972584307193756,
0.33624616265296936,
0.15004146099090576,
-0.22977514564990997,
-0.023540938273072243,
0.9324136972427368,
-0.43865132331848145,
-0.08510055392980576,
-0.2762766182422638,
-0.7662476301193237,
-0.7027539610862732,
0.4551647901535034,
-0.6298013925552368,
-0.013071718625724316,
0.14656904339790344,
0.7332623600959778,
1.1565674543380737,
-0.0660986602306366,
-0.2835744023323059,
-0.3213372826576233,
0.34219005703926086,
-0.35859057307243347,
-1.1988097429275513,
-0.4980323314666748,
0.539435088634491,
-1.1917613744735718,
0.8991689085960388,
-0.17614315450191498,
-0.9647921919822693,
-0.41300180554389954,
-0.9693421125411987,
-0.15058903396129608,
-0.16581261157989502,
-0.43695250153541565,
0.22221314907073975,
0.016212807968258858,
0.1517200917005539,
0.09865032136440277,
-0.4191075265407562,
0.5924270749092102,
0.3865456283092499,
0.2410896122455597,
0.764888346195221,
0.3029666543006897,
-0.784237802028656,
-0.21848127245903015,
-0.26091471314430237,
-0.2442193180322647,
-0.7478106021881104,
-0.6305743455886841,
0.24588775634765625,
0.6330702304840088,
0.000813497172202915,
-0.3279816210269928,
0.44275397062301636,
0.12960271537303925,
0.38200461864471436,
-0.7349535226821899,
0.015666469931602478,
-0.6302244067192078,
0.3015335202217102,
-1.1941624879837036,
0.5383990406990051,
-0.6888590455055237,
0.6118508577346802,
0.3020477592945099,
-0.3788807988166809,
0.04710729047656059,
0.16655942797660828,
-0.7233761548995972,
-0.17734532058238983,
0.27201390266418457,
0.9048717617988586,
0.3002276122570038,
0.5783765912055969,
0.36817875504493713,
-0.24096621572971344,
0.30581244826316833,
-0.2556622624397278,
0.21195407211780548,
0.38558101654052734,
1.0219026803970337,
0.09444093704223633,
-0.729331374168396,
-0.7140499353408813,
-0.47575265169143677,
0.6438912749290466,
-0.05484636873006821,
0.1555202156305313,
1.5890426635742188,
0.3426108658313751,
-0.16285429894924164,
0.14807482063770294,
-0.3628263771533966,
0.2976793050765991,
-0.5402195453643799,
0.1795329600572586,
-0.4865931570529938,
-0.26961633563041687,
0.15622617304325104,
0.030959786847233772,
-0.2779650390148163,
0.3675660789012909,
0.25370246171951294,
-0.33819547295570374,
0.4597011208534241,
0.3193250298500061,
-0.5647590756416321,
-0.3412681221961975,
0.5368587970733643,
-0.3530277907848358,
0.9993634223937988,
-0.008327342569828033,
0.6040458083152771,
0.09924964606761932,
-0.20946530997753143,
1.1642416715621948,
-0.40098315477371216,
-0.10216020792722702,
-0.9559961557388306,
0.7587494850158691,
0.1871662139892578,
-0.8745260834693909,
-1.2528293132781982,
0.6774141192436218,
-0.602139949798584,
0.5809751749038696,
0.5283701419830322,
0.9984574317932129,
-0.16419658064842224,
-0.6062634587287903,
-1.004887342453003,
0.36963480710983276,
-0.5862330794334412,
-0.20923912525177002,
-0.04677300900220871,
-0.33127284049987793,
0.27719739079475403,
-0.05581681802868843,
-0.549795925617218,
-0.5195582509040833,
0.0300727728754282,
-0.5873218178749084,
1.0522401332855225,
-0.9356548190116882,
0.050948526710271835,
1.0136234760284424,
-0.33292919397354126,
0.016161737963557243,
1.086847186088562,
-0.15752457082271576,
0.192043736577034,
-0.3655264377593994,
-0.47629886865615845,
0.015186687931418419,
-0.6145883798599243,
-0.17789699137210846,
0.9415929913520813,
-1.7181107997894287,
-1.0272033214569092,
-1.0431305170059204,
-0.13792601227760315,
0.3951950967311859,
-0.3914158046245575,
-0.5847107172012329,
-0.6367751955986023,
-0.062182892113924026,
0.25374168157577515,
-0.31928086280822754,
0.650351881980896,
-0.32848721742630005,
0.17666536569595337,
0.9310637712478638,
0.1410670280456543,
-0.4544402062892914,
0.6429097652435303,
-0.830356240272522,
1.219955325126648,
-0.6987385749816895,
-0.7249783873558044,
0.8278592228889465,
-0.08594322949647903,
0.07597138732671738,
0.0846225693821907,
0.18387822806835175,
-0.5066578984260559,
-0.478767067193985,
0.17321722209453583,
-0.8860014081001282,
0.3293519616127014,
-0.7219282984733582,
-0.2319299429655075,
0.004789276048541069,
-0.08466371148824692,
-0.3329901099205017,
0.05480986088514328,
0.7120652198791504,
0.31537964940071106,
0.11571815609931946,
0.3688989281654358,
0.7432621717453003,
-0.3466557264328003,
-0.25580647587776184,
-0.4122633635997772,
-0.14182545244693756,
-0.45532694458961487,
1.0029772520065308,
0.08775809407234192,
-0.8151746988296509,
-0.33992284536361694,
-0.26973748207092285,
0.4564523994922638,
0.04387935250997543,
0.3106693625450134,
0.24488158524036407,
-0.17971064150333405,
-0.5902504920959473,
-0.3533332943916321,
0.22353744506835938,
-0.4593472182750702,
-0.4603036046028137,
-0.09533210098743439,
-1.1667718887329102,
-0.8789217472076416,
-0.2472381740808487,
-0.24858902394771576,
0.22512876987457275,
0.2897788882255554,
-0.059960369020700455,
-0.7298935651779175
] |
||
10knzb | I boiled some carrots yesterday, saved the water, came back a few hours later and the water had turned blue. What happened? (pics inside) | [First image (you can see a chunk of carrot in there)](_URL_0_)
[Second image (slightly better lighting)](_URL_1_)
I boiled some carrots in tap water yesterday and saved the water to drink, since I understand most of the beneficial nutrients are leeched off in the boiling process. I drank some, forgot about it for a few hours and when I came back, the water was this blue-green color.
Can anyone explain what happened here? | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"c6ecekz",
"c6eaazr",
"c6edapb",
"c6ef2hx",
"c6ec0th",
"c6el4i7",
"c6ecff3"
],
"text": [
"Carrots contain a pigment which can act as an indicator, much like red cabbage. Tap water is generally fairly basic, so unless you add lemon or some other acid to the pot, they'll nearly always change color. If the pot was really acidic, the water would change colors too, but it would end up being fairly red.",
"I had this happen to me many years ago and, though at the time I chalked it up to dark green from the carrot's green bits, got reminded of it and looked it up online actually fairly recently.\n\nThe best I could come up with was the answer to a similar question on a carrots in carrot cake turning green.\n\n-----\n\n[Why do carrot pieces turn green when cooked in a cake?](_URL_0_)\n\n*An analysis of why carrot pieces might turn green in a cake.*\n\n*As discussed by the Singapore Science Centre*",
"Slightly on topic to OP:\n\nIs there any study/evidence that demonstrates a benefit to drinking the water which was used to boil vegetables?",
"Many anthocyanins (some of which carrots contain) are also polyphenols and as such they may oxidate on contact with air, especially if there's polyphenol oxydase or catechol oxydase present. My theory is that their oxidated forms may react with reduced forms producing charge transfer complexes, which are usually colorful. Such a process causes the browning of apples, potatoes and bananas.\n\nI find the acid-base reaction hypothesis less plausible, as they are usually very fast and the effect would be visible immediately on contact with basic water. On the other hand redox reactions are often much slower and it might take some time before the effect is visible.",
"Reminds me of how purple cabbage juice with anthocyanin pigment turns green when a base is added to it: _URL_2_ accompanying video: _URL_2_",
"This is really interesting, I'm not sure if I can figure out what is causing this. Probably need to do some experiments.\n\nBoiling water will help extract water-soluble pigments from the carrots. I think these are anthocyanins. But what is puzzling is the colour change over a course of a few hours.\n\nSome answers are suggesting that the pH in your tap water is high to begin with, so the carrot water changes colour. But if this were the case, dipping carrots in ammonia will turn them green -- not that I've tried this, but I'm pretty sure this does not happen. If it really did happen, I think we would have more kids doing chemistry experiments with carrots instead of boiling red cabbage to make indicator paper! In other words, if the carrots are responding to a high pH, it should be instantaneous, and not take place over the course of a few hours.\n\nThis points to another mechanism for the colour change. Suppose the chemical structure of those carrot pigments slowly changed over time. Say, they get oxidized. What would its structure be? I wasn't able to find anything on this. Maybe some other compound in the carrots helps this reaction along. But what might this be? I am skeptical of this mechanism because the boiling might have broken down these chemicals already.\n\nSo now, we turn to something else. What if, it's a reaction that involves some ions that result from the tap water and the boiling pot? Maybe these ions get incorporated into those pigments. But I'm not sure about this either. That's an awfully intense green colour you've got there. I can think of some ions that will do this, but I doubt they will be in the water.\n\nBottom line -- not sure of the reason. I'd like to see this repeated actually.\n\nOne piece of information that might be helpful is knowing the pH of the tap water. Try boiling chopped up red cabbage and see what colour it is. That will give us a rough estimate of what the pH is. We'll be able to compare with this picture on Wikipedia: [link](_URL_3_).",
"_URL_4_\n\nThis deals with baking but it has some useful information. Here is the part I think probably applies,\n\n*\"Carrots contain pigments that are sensitive to changes in pH balance. When the shreds of carrot come into contact with the alkaline baking soda, a chemical reaction takes place that causes the pigments to change color.\"*\n\nIf you just used tap water to cook the carrots, maybe you have hard water. Perhaps it was the pan you cooked it in. Some pans are reactive with certain foods.\n\nHope this helps."
],
"score": [
141,
23,
16,
12,
12,
5,
5
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://imgur.com/duOP9,1DV1y#0",
"http://imgur.com/duOP9,1DV1y#1"
]
} | {
"url": [
"http://www.carrotmuseum.co.uk/turngreen.html",
"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PYYowXOEZZE",
"http://www.stevespanglerscience.com/experiment/red-cabbage-chemistry",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Indicateur_chou_rouge.jpg",
"http://www.thekitchn.com/food-science-when-good-carrots-52210"
]
} | I boiled some carrots yesterday, saved the water, came back a few hours later and the water had turned blue. What happened? (pics inside)
[First image (you can see a chunk of carrot in there)](_URL_0_) [Second image (slightly better lighting)](_URL_1_) I boiled some carrots in tap water yesterday and saved the water to drink, since I understand most of the beneficial nutrients are leeched off in the boiling process. I drank some, forgot about it for a few hours and when I came back, the water was this blue-green color. Can anyone explain what happened here? | [
-0.5967212319374084,
-0.6520043015480042,
0.17899444699287415,
-0.045189306139945984,
-0.20147819817066193,
-0.21818514168262482,
-0.514106810092926,
-0.5666570067405701,
1.2321248054504395,
0.5139595866203308,
1.0430183410644531,
0.8080024123191833,
-0.4357879161834717,
0.4643006920814514,
-0.11018285900354385,
-0.28403761982917786,
0.5337613224983215,
-0.11677597463130951,
-0.11677101254463196,
0.13680917024612427,
0.14426834881305695,
0.08135564625263214,
-0.15312910079956055,
0.8949978351593018,
-0.6806195974349976,
0.04734744131565094,
-0.21743783354759216,
-0.3025585412979126,
0.587307870388031,
0.8395374417304993,
-0.09266681224107742,
-0.5826514959335327,
-0.09381385892629623,
-0.3241084814071655,
0.1161021739244461,
-0.27143415808677673,
0.7791277170181274,
0.3267253041267395,
-0.010207053273916245,
-1.062484622001648,
0.3756420910358429,
-0.3828195035457611,
0.2717708349227905,
-0.06728516519069672,
0.4209156632423401,
-0.627659261226654,
-0.10789890587329865,
-0.02460193634033203,
-0.5447669625282288,
0.4045571982860565,
0.10242986679077148,
-0.19919638335704803,
-0.2119159698486328,
-0.42124414443969727,
0.16164827346801758,
-0.05830741673707962,
0.4670073688030243,
-0.47238868474960327,
0.42344266176223755,
0.336683988571167,
0.32995086908340454,
-0.2872551679611206,
-1.2706565856933594,
-0.1651988923549652,
0.3708396553993225,
-0.5895189046859741,
-0.9724688529968262,
1.074908971786499,
-0.7554406523704529,
0.12821821868419647,
-0.40527182817459106,
-0.3520829677581787,
0.1243690624833107,
0.25185227394104004,
-0.503502607345581,
-0.8199901580810547,
0.5707792639732361,
-0.3125186264514923,
-1.0662312507629395,
-0.6224641799926758,
-0.42704761028289795,
0.5924638509750366,
-0.04688027873635292,
0.4856787323951721,
0.010264478623867035,
0.6147410273551941,
0.6455307602882385,
-0.6309954524040222,
0.21011796593666077,
0.33283138275146484,
-0.3484083414077759,
-0.15312956273555756,
1.0553674697875977,
-0.16271770000457764,
0.34720468521118164,
0.24724489450454712,
0.3434695303440094,
-0.7682499289512634,
-0.014667734503746033,
-0.8747474551200867,
-0.6493657231330872,
0.8465671539306641,
0.40552595257759094,
0.7998731136322021,
0.04823917895555496,
-0.9333608746528625,
-0.08394147455692291,
0.04870038852095604,
-0.09074302017688751,
-0.12526510655879974,
0.3337586522102356,
1.3914954662322998,
-0.012384730391204357,
0.34645935893058777,
-0.05646501109004021,
-0.8810653686523438,
0.3495413661003113,
0.12183128297328949,
0.47945135831832886,
0.29568246006965637,
0.34448421001434326,
-0.4150664806365967,
1.5969653129577637,
-0.836331307888031,
0.18349146842956543,
-0.35047098994255066,
-0.9024375677108765,
0.009111763909459114,
0.4115395247936249,
-0.5936693549156189,
-0.18531620502471924,
0.3890768587589264,
0.5372587442398071,
0.001827712170779705,
0.05853580683469772,
-0.8593940138816833,
-1.062445044517517,
0.07648777216672897,
-0.7285954356193542,
0.3609839975833893,
-1.0542649030685425,
-0.22719711065292358,
1.1056561470031738,
-0.41531798243522644,
-0.12900082767009735,
-0.2447841763496399,
-1.2435064315795898,
0.019913773983716965,
-0.07959293574094772,
-0.4238576889038086,
-0.22154974937438965,
-0.4713309705257416,
-0.12629804015159607,
-0.5445897579193115,
1.2622729539871216,
-0.0037857219576835632,
0.09898801147937775,
0.38453322649002075,
0.738886833190918,
-0.34257733821868896,
-0.21857458353042603,
0.19928768277168274,
-0.24630393087863922,
0.6782835125923157,
0.6688092947006226,
-0.5987217426300049,
0.09481408447027206,
-0.532334566116333,
-0.26645609736442566,
0.7469994425773621,
-0.24640896916389465,
0.32843485474586487,
1.0724414587020874,
0.7052741646766663,
1.221219778060913,
0.16423369944095612,
0.7472786903381348,
0.5698337554931641,
-0.3276078999042511,
-0.3847721219062805,
0.30732908844947815,
0.5131679773330688,
0.19574370980262756,
0.6529794931411743,
-0.7545282244682312,
-0.1648755818605423,
0.87799072265625,
0.9714787602424622,
-0.21811358630657196,
0.48927950859069824,
0.6538920402526855,
0.07728428393602371,
-1.5785328149795532,
-0.17095689475536346,
-0.000382463913410902,
0.5375847816467285,
-0.2377241551876068,
1.0134798288345337,
-0.4107297956943512,
-0.5155441761016846,
-0.22592931985855103,
-1.2550674676895142,
-0.06871672719717026,
-0.8111823797225952,
0.043647266924381256,
-0.42829379439353943,
0.5906645059585571,
0.08103656023740768,
0.11885540932416916,
-0.2103433907032013,
-0.8352267146110535,
1.293089747428894,
0.19113969802856445,
-0.33456769585609436,
-0.2698112726211548,
0.6857607960700989,
-0.3471505343914032,
-0.1747155636548996,
0.30980977416038513,
0.3076756000518799,
-0.122794508934021,
0.061583973467350006,
0.2817407548427582,
0.7656823396682739,
0.9035360813140869,
-0.7009642124176025,
-0.43640485405921936,
-0.5156764984130859,
-0.23218722641468048,
-0.3985719084739685,
0.3274998664855957,
0.2612603008747101,
-0.15718959271907806,
0.25565052032470703,
0.3874039351940155,
-0.45772650837898254,
-0.46131807565689087,
-0.985895574092865,
0.20407040417194366,
-0.9573014378547668,
-0.09241504967212677,
0.24354851245880127,
0.7155801057815552,
0.8285158276557922,
-0.04281005263328552,
0.7430166602134705,
-0.6533677577972412,
-0.4700928330421448,
-0.31844016909599304,
-0.7343611717224121,
0.5453808903694153,
-0.577288031578064,
-0.33410853147506714,
-0.840214192867279,
0.8230559229850769,
-0.6754064559936523,
-0.277352511882782,
-0.8915295600891113,
0.0030692853033542633,
0.5539662837982178,
0.371417760848999,
-0.3181897699832916,
0.6412215232849121,
-0.7962263226509094,
-0.02294744737446308,
0.23766423761844635,
-1.6054329872131348,
-0.24780221283435822,
0.004972601309418678,
-0.03421971574425697,
-0.37769147753715515,
-0.7686007618904114,
-0.16500121355056763,
0.05890629440546036,
0.20210999250411987,
-0.3614692687988281,
-0.3920191824436188,
-0.5271984338760376,
0.07761962711811066,
0.08385704457759857,
0.3123597204685211,
0.9773249626159668,
0.03161698207259178,
-0.07940027117729187,
-0.5523487329483032,
-0.7906765937805176,
0.33812427520751953,
-1.107277750968933,
0.4600214958190918,
-0.5983139276504517,
0.1027345284819603,
-0.28531551361083984,
-1.0489606857299805,
0.6998720169067383,
0.8231686949729919,
0.372748464345932,
0.12702102959156036,
-0.23908886313438416,
0.20848548412322998,
0.32842734456062317,
-0.09041313081979752,
-0.23142969608306885,
1.1434991359710693,
0.29023098945617676,
-0.1877794861793518,
0.05743631348013878,
0.7015499472618103,
-0.9685460329055786,
0.4225682020187378,
-0.611877977848053,
0.4896738827228546,
-0.7011905908584595,
0.03785715252161026,
0.44300493597984314,
-0.14142583310604095,
0.10668601095676422,
0.1577935367822647,
0.0225004144012928,
-0.624513566493988,
-0.3375602662563324,
0.16784922778606415,
0.1805577278137207,
-0.044338762760162354,
0.49961474537849426,
0.2544203996658325,
0.7507205605506897,
-0.3620530068874359,
0.5612679719924927,
-0.39475664496421814,
-0.32704541087150574,
0.36726877093315125,
-0.255863219499588,
0.6440116167068481,
0.22283272445201874,
-0.11591813713312149,
0.39578938484191895,
0.3582548499107361,
1.1632006168365479,
0.2920120656490326,
0.5298503041267395,
1.2167606353759766,
0.15032735466957092,
-0.07344025373458862,
0.16679495573043823,
-0.8222737312316895,
-0.16642558574676514,
-0.24321545660495758,
0.04941864684224129,
0.11115825921297073,
-0.1420314908027649,
0.20189926028251648,
-0.15699437260627747,
0.6435769200325012,
-0.676714301109314,
-0.578377366065979,
-0.34579160809516907,
-0.7757405042648315,
0.20629346370697021,
1.137312889099121,
-0.13518503308296204,
-0.5465323328971863,
-0.570831835269928,
0.14343217015266418,
0.014782849699258804,
0.2386315017938614,
-0.3659983277320862,
-0.7573879361152649,
-0.6081922054290771,
-0.2918322682380676,
0.4088536202907562,
-0.12658707797527313,
0.5677715539932251,
0.21388937532901764,
0.7752704620361328,
1.0768736600875854,
0.46709302067756653,
0.11519423127174377,
0.3952454924583435,
-0.720976710319519,
0.11851482838392258,
0.3993021845817566,
0.11129767447710037,
0.10550058633089066,
-0.013702049851417542,
-0.5017813444137573,
-1.119024634361267,
-0.47722262144088745,
-0.03634096682071686,
0.5347521305084229,
0.2587777376174927,
0.41369473934173584,
-0.15729020535945892,
0.22471144795417786,
-0.43262189626693726,
-0.41798073053359985,
-1.1452009677886963,
-0.7462030053138733,
0.5684253573417664,
0.3420042097568512,
-0.8972601294517517,
-0.2533947825431824,
-0.19965745508670807,
0.2660652995109558,
1.5464096069335938,
0.2517057955265045,
-0.4670018255710602,
-0.00680695753544569,
-0.27332326769828796,
0.22127462923526764,
-0.0066634491086006165,
0.013342749327421188,
-0.48891720175743103,
0.26600179076194763,
0.5630022883415222,
-0.550696074962616,
-1.2370258569717407,
-0.5514758825302124,
-0.3472006320953369,
-1.3738288879394531,
-0.05423044040799141,
0.6801113486289978,
-0.18491357564926147,
-0.24809439480304718,
0.4797719120979309,
-0.7456731200218201,
-0.5858979225158691,
0.49209409952163696,
-0.11844277381896973,
-0.8585392236709595,
0.4581395387649536,
0.1846523880958557,
-1.1128305196762085,
2.024137258529663,
0.2466823160648346,
-0.3464290201663971,
0.8036929368972778,
-0.44087350368499756,
0.5505201816558838,
0.5152337551116943,
-0.458429217338562,
-0.8282889723777771,
0.6147925853729248,
-0.09022806584835052,
0.34385526180267334,
-0.15539905428886414,
-1.1910479068756104,
0.40752753615379333,
0.212600439786911,
-1.0553500652313232,
0.29651328921318054,
-0.014352487400174141,
-0.5162981152534485,
0.2779860198497772,
1.039676308631897,
1.223067045211792,
-0.406211793422699,
-0.5714643001556396,
0.692626953125,
-0.23879452049732208,
-0.4136972427368164,
-0.05281391739845276,
-0.3383788764476776,
-0.166543647646904,
0.6485333442687988,
0.170541912317276,
0.5229265689849854,
-0.278029203414917,
0.2871207296848297,
0.6777464151382446,
-1.4962881803512573,
-0.39879167079925537,
0.16590099036693573,
0.6752772331237793,
-0.02962874248623848,
-0.4115273952484131,
-0.9429625272750854,
1.7635233402252197,
0.29166242480278015,
0.1975889354944229,
-0.9637905359268188,
0.41655611991882324,
-0.9642143845558167,
-0.8561817407608032,
0.5782635807991028,
0.7778434157371521,
0.7592443823814392,
-0.47076350450515747,
-0.2506141662597656,
-1.0065891742706299,
-0.9887723922729492,
-0.22222387790679932,
0.3466161787509918,
0.9696696996688843,
0.24873808026313782,
0.5922651290893555,
0.3034202456474304,
-1.088297724723816,
0.6857763528823853,
0.23189501464366913,
0.2408720850944519,
-0.3426612615585327,
-0.16479967534542084,
0.17500531673431396,
-0.36616864800453186,
0.5054696798324585,
0.3059905767440796,
0.35085952281951904,
-0.5663973689079285,
0.6481835246086121,
1.1609230041503906,
-1.176934003829956,
-0.9676647186279297,
-0.45091375708580017,
-0.5378994941711426,
-0.4535579979419708,
-0.11972272396087646,
-0.5415893793106079,
0.04763207957148552,
0.5154516100883484,
0.05092368274927139,
-0.7882157564163208,
-0.7559976577758789,
0.5708816647529602,
-0.48663219809532166,
-0.2564604580402374,
0.5014095902442932,
-1.127201795578003,
-1.1711199283599854,
-0.0055716438218951225,
0.12269609421491623,
-0.09115414321422577,
-0.3752528429031372,
-0.44759517908096313,
-0.03354483097791672,
-0.4202314019203186,
0.9766660332679749,
0.3696644902229309,
-0.7479163408279419,
0.6673106551170349,
0.31268590688705444,
-0.027256537228822708,
1.065779209136963,
-0.3423731327056885,
0.24169117212295532,
-0.32949864864349365,
-1.1776705980300903,
-0.5779060125350952,
0.1830325424671173,
-0.32154011726379395,
0.23104262351989746,
0.2447921186685562,
-0.12500706315040588,
0.6859581470489502,
-0.20945805311203003,
-0.44366905093193054,
0.27009639143943787,
0.5061066746711731,
0.3227512240409851,
-0.008903959766030312,
0.4652367830276489,
-0.4207780659198761,
0.09992122650146484,
0.34206584095954895,
-1.6459890604019165,
0.144090473651886,
-0.34542715549468994,
-0.7612192630767822,
0.1851925253868103,
-0.31344351172447205,
0.37486839294433594,
-1.5840959548950195,
0.004869730211794376,
0.05708257481455803,
-0.6520950198173523,
-0.4035419821739197,
0.14976826310157776,
-0.6183187365531921,
-0.04919430986046791,
-0.6795330047607422,
0.10954678803682327,
-0.17037047445774078,
0.14069323241710663,
0.9578337073326111,
-0.03523634001612663,
-0.06970741599798203,
-0.478005975484848,
0.46125492453575134,
0.3060154616832733,
-0.004962613806128502,
0.03395532816648483,
-0.36903607845306396,
-0.0876045674085617,
0.07404141128063202,
-1.2559387683868408,
0.864291787147522,
0.2232298105955124,
0.05389709398150444,
0.8439812660217285,
-0.7181769609451294,
-0.04877869039773941,
-0.23002839088439941,
-0.9224448204040527,
0.4456079304218292,
-0.22399650514125824,
0.5959532260894775,
-0.6051439642906189,
0.41860002279281616,
-0.7146424055099487,
-0.355864942073822,
0.9286543130874634,
1.0020431280136108,
0.26049938797950745,
-0.36717095971107483,
0.8812919855117798,
-0.1050262376666069,
-0.5325663089752197,
-0.41505157947540283,
-0.5104101896286011,
-0.08875682204961777,
0.27951234579086304,
0.6645110249519348,
0.5484708547592163,
-0.8720839619636536,
0.4325321614742279,
0.6082151532173157,
0.41849201917648315,
-0.6596242189407349,
1.463678002357483,
0.8889321684837341,
-0.34966227412223816,
-0.36262422800064087,
-0.5436617732048035,
-0.46069711446762085,
-0.5119642019271851,
-0.9296858310699463,
-0.3740745186805725,
-0.43280866742134094,
0.5364711880683899,
-0.23809875547885895,
0.13854917883872986,
-0.5275877714157104,
-0.4831763207912445,
0.0406046099960804,
-0.11563609540462494,
1.3753087520599365,
0.511292576789856,
-0.7551987171173096,
0.09139043092727661,
0.2553965151309967,
1.0793784856796265,
-0.6478908658027649,
0.6956305503845215,
-0.10290704667568207,
0.4564335346221924,
-0.22202694416046143,
-0.5294762849807739,
0.68998122215271,
-0.00799974799156189,
-0.8637518286705017,
-0.5465662479400635,
-0.8329723477363586,
-0.3125150203704834,
0.33918869495391846,
0.1889335662126541,
-0.05873973295092583,
0.26227280497550964,
0.08725833892822266,
-0.015376055613160133,
-0.19699250161647797,
-0.2490101009607315,
-0.6421650052070618,
0.6001896262168884,
-0.8986755609512329,
0.20821373164653778,
0.6786866188049316,
-0.7526026964187622,
-0.5590085983276367,
0.5453640222549438,
-0.45203226804733276,
0.3543543219566345,
-0.8606432676315308,
0.14712253212928772,
-0.8995816707611084,
-0.3761022984981537,
-0.13886526226997375,
-0.3253944516181946,
-0.37915268540382385,
1.3010772466659546,
1.4084538221359253,
-0.26819077134132385,
0.45464062690734863,
-0.5829048156738281,
-0.15026134252548218,
0.4252684414386749,
-0.4495881497859955,
-0.17243097722530365,
0.29827216267585754,
-0.8839461207389832,
-0.3190196454524994,
0.20975139737129211,
0.009698674082756042,
0.04314619302749634,
-0.05306907370686531,
-0.4503302574157715,
-0.03359798341989517,
0.4593028724193573,
0.6431788206100464,
0.8523558378219604,
0.7294146418571472,
-1.273634672164917,
1.021040678024292,
0.012485118582844734,
-1.0604220628738403,
-0.36010047793388367,
-0.07178034633398056,
-0.277353435754776,
-0.4859050214290619,
-0.17861248552799225,
-0.24701401591300964,
1.1112265586853027,
-0.1314825564622879,
-0.43106114864349365,
-0.5063434839248657,
1.4806170463562012,
-0.44322440028190613,
0.5839723944664001,
-0.8298411965370178,
0.24896705150604248,
-0.04295409470796585,
-0.42056575417518616,
-1.110635757446289,
0.16443900763988495,
0.8170530200004578,
0.1709333211183548,
0.32551875710487366,
0.27146756649017334,
-0.7132554650306702,
0.4382045269012451,
-0.5420911312103271,
0.5184992551803589,
-0.6132798790931702,
0.031659144908189774,
0.12250851839780807,
-0.3675749897956848,
0.15074335038661957,
0.18401570618152618,
-0.1956539750099182,
0.6816978454589844,
-0.6084253191947937,
0.5629028081893921,
0.421662837266922,
1.2182148694992065,
0.2713632881641388,
-0.00647440180182457,
0.3620842397212982,
-0.32077935338020325,
-0.12933066487312317,
-0.7449242472648621,
0.008755719289183617,
-1.0600581169128418,
-0.19660376012325287,
0.369783490896225,
0.5465066432952881,
-0.06424199044704437,
0.4270051121711731,
0.3672865033149719,
-0.0799860954284668,
0.4431171417236328
] |
|
iud2j | I have a piece of butter on the left cheek. One friend draws my attention to it by pointing to his right cheek. Another friend points to his left cheek. Is the difference cultural or neurological? | My girlfriend often points out that I have something on my face by pointing to the side of her face diagonal to the side the butter (or crumb or whatever) is on. . This to me is bizarre behavior, because I naturally point to the mirror side -- the side directly opposite the crumb.
Dwarf Fortress-inspired diagram:
x = crumb
= = center line
o clean cheek
Faces are on the right and left.
The mirror indication looks like this:
x x
= =
o o
The diagonal indication looks like this:
x o
= =
o x
I'd especially be interested in hearing from parents. How does your child respond when you first do this with him/her? Does your kid do it the same way as you, or do they do it the other way? | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"c26phtw",
"c26patk",
"c26q3i6",
"c26q3ea",
"c26r49v",
"c26pkzf",
"c26qexe",
"c26pvvb",
"c26qii3"
],
"text": [
"Those trained in dance are typically taught to adjust for the orientation when mimicking the teacher's movement, so someone following this training will use the diagonal for butter on the cheek rather than the more intuitive mirror-immitation.",
"if im speaking to anyone older than me or someone who i think is stupid i usually will do a mirrored indication, but if im speaking to my SO or anyone who i feel is slightly intelligent i will use the \"diagonal indication\" \"basically indicating that they should use the same hand as i perfectly duplicating the action. altho id rather lick it straight off her face\n\nso in order to answer your question i think it would be an intelligence cultural preference.",
"I point to their face rather than mine. No confusion can occur that way.",
"I automatically go diagonal, but most people get confused and I switch to help.",
"I found this article: [To point a finger: Attentional and motor consequences of observing pointing movements](_URL_1_) that may help.\n\nThe authors states that:\n\n > However, it has been proposed that humans tend to imitate in a specular rather than in an anatomical fashion, meaning that it is more natural to imitate someone in a spatially compatible way, as if you are looking in a mirror, instead of performing a translation across the body’s vertical midline.\n\nResults from the article seems to validate this argument. BUT.. the article used an object as reference to associate stimuli with action. \n\nAnother study: \"[Is human imitation based on a mirror-neurone system? \nSome behavioural evidence](_URL_0_)\" found that this imitation (mirror) is more natural when objects are presented (which is not the case when someone has a crumb in the face).\n\nIt seems that human brain, when dealing with the task of imitation, is more able to operate as a mirror when there is a external reference. When this reference isn't present, the mirror behavior is so natural as the diagonal reference frame.\n\nI believe that gaze and head movement may play a strong role to point which reference model someone uses (I have no clue if this is true or didn't find a article about this research).",
"Interesting, I give the mirror and it usually confuses people.",
"I can't find the study with a cursory google search, but I remember there being some gender differences. I can never remember which strategy usually goes with which gender, since I flip between them (strategies, not genders). I'm not sure how I choose which to do, I think it depends on how well I know the person.",
"I recently switched from mirror to diagonal. It confuses a lot of people, especially my parents, but even people who weren't used to me doing it the mirror way.",
"If you have a crumb on your left side, I point to my right side while saying \"mirror image.\"\n\nTwo kinds of communication at once! Never fails."
],
"score": [
6,
5,
5,
5,
3,
3,
2,
2,
2
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://www.nici.ru.nl/anc/~files/wohlschlager2002.pdf",
"http://www.cs.vu.nl/~cogsci/cogpsy/theeuwes/Acta_2008_Belopolsky.pdf"
]
} | I have a piece of butter on the left cheek. One friend draws my attention to it by pointing to his right cheek. Another friend points to his left cheek. Is the difference cultural or neurological?
My girlfriend often points out that I have something on my face by pointing to the side of her face diagonal to the side the butter (or crumb or whatever) is on. . This to me is bizarre behavior, because I naturally point to the mirror side -- the side directly opposite the crumb. Dwarf Fortress-inspired diagram: x = crumb = = center line o clean cheek Faces are on the right and left. The mirror indication looks like this: x x = = o o The diagonal indication looks like this: x o = = o x I'd especially be interested in hearing from parents. How does your child respond when you first do this with him/her? Does your kid do it the same way as you, or do they do it the other way? | [
-0.531521201133728,
-0.2977796494960785,
1.010283350944519,
-0.34000062942504883,
-0.22448758780956268,
0.04855235666036606,
-0.476466566324234,
0.06926476210355759,
0.7741134762763977,
0.48490041494369507,
0.5957884192466736,
0.8396868705749512,
-0.24204903841018677,
1.219283103942871,
0.14599429070949554,
-0.4404449164867401,
1.2917580604553223,
0.35564130544662476,
0.05810971558094025,
0.14203515648841858,
0.6071293354034424,
0.5911290645599365,
-0.1954760104417801,
0.2710984945297241,
-0.4799267053604126,
-0.6806998252868652,
0.5097378492355347,
-0.6592292785644531,
0.6925140023231506,
0.5115888118743896,
0.8414403200149536,
-0.1481422334909439,
-0.4518088400363922,
-0.5849670767784119,
0.5292884707450867,
0.17210836708545685,
1.332881212234497,
-0.26797258853912354,
0.020284418016672134,
-0.5058550834655762,
0.2925643026828766,
-0.40439745783805847,
0.017328301444649696,
-0.13524174690246582,
0.5980307459831238,
-0.12269888818264008,
-0.4777348041534424,
0.05790033936500549,
-0.6243802309036255,
0.612198531627655,
-0.7122555375099182,
0.7510825395584106,
0.478678435087204,
-0.2019394338130951,
0.5573642253875732,
0.06251919269561768,
0.20539937913417816,
-1.17232084274292,
0.4411376416683197,
-0.6317108869552612,
0.45626598596572876,
-0.3825992941856384,
-0.9826131463050842,
-0.2377782166004181,
-0.5985569357872009,
-0.4337826371192932,
-0.5000181198120117,
0.4663890600204468,
-0.7815481424331665,
0.5171319842338562,
0.4533482491970062,
0.0458202101290226,
-0.32270973920822144,
-0.2976980209350586,
0.1728174388408661,
-0.3856751322746277,
0.057800062000751495,
-1.2878884077072144,
0.13496023416519165,
-0.7461647987365723,
-0.5434412360191345,
-0.6178052425384521,
0.030993595719337463,
0.67066890001297,
-0.16685962677001953,
0.5113902688026428,
0.8561381697654724,
-0.5184377431869507,
-0.8489734530448914,
0.948555052280426,
-0.7842129468917847,
-0.29428601264953613,
0.37202250957489014,
-0.7931604981422424,
0.0408146008849144,
-0.28101029992103577,
1.1624027490615845,
-1.081209659576416,
0.11357147991657257,
0.7730236649513245,
-0.6187433004379272,
0.770000159740448,
-0.5533376336097717,
1.0797988176345825,
-0.19017034769058228,
-0.6465252637863159,
-0.26599615812301636,
-0.1676226109266281,
-0.17858421802520752,
0.16908930242061615,
0.2808065414428711,
0.9131284952163696,
0.2694840133190155,
0.30627673864364624,
-0.9734382033348083,
-1.2084190845489502,
0.23407721519470215,
-0.2743739187717438,
0.6233701109886169,
0.11542367935180664,
0.08302360773086548,
-0.47674667835235596,
1.0260578393936157,
-0.5404613018035889,
-0.021759945899248123,
-0.1606014221906662,
-0.3612041473388672,
0.3860436975955963,
1.3849416971206665,
0.36638936400413513,
-0.09617717564105988,
0.6336273550987244,
0.23759257793426514,
-0.43405693769454956,
0.3017145097255707,
-0.21297921240329742,
-0.7580278515815735,
-0.17401239275932312,
-0.2925163805484772,
0.5072953104972839,
-0.5481088757514954,
-0.21531201899051666,
0.719813346862793,
-0.04233071953058243,
0.43490737676620483,
-0.9020043611526489,
-0.9772752523422241,
0.5493834018707275,
-0.6155948042869568,
-0.5200684666633606,
-0.7058621048927307,
0.2388189136981964,
0.1943906992673874,
-0.6650606989860535,
0.5803422927856445,
0.4859771728515625,
0.42262229323387146,
-0.6239544749259949,
0.439740926027298,
0.17383766174316406,
-0.8977400064468384,
-0.5948700308799744,
0.2974027991294861,
0.13891276717185974,
0.05320679768919945,
-0.16030070185661316,
-0.23469099402427673,
-0.3538755178451538,
-0.8111863136291504,
0.43502846360206604,
-0.5504353046417236,
0.2811617851257324,
1.7599766254425049,
0.2866571545600891,
0.7836970090866089,
0.16875998675823212,
0.874351441860199,
0.09001621603965759,
0.32108357548713684,
-0.28493502736091614,
0.7424600720405579,
0.196528822183609,
-0.21923033893108368,
0.8827661275863647,
-0.9014710783958435,
0.004419372882694006,
0.08975175023078918,
0.6476699113845825,
-0.5606434345245361,
0.7314125299453735,
0.6150230765342712,
0.7369219064712524,
-1.1142269372940063,
-0.07633066922426224,
0.18201062083244324,
0.1195320338010788,
-0.031721845269203186,
1.5429569482803345,
0.15355275571346283,
-0.1768648326396942,
-0.2352363020181656,
-1.152755856513977,
0.0392632931470871,
-0.1977902054786682,
0.33576545119285583,
-0.24656155705451965,
0.3287011384963989,
0.353924423456192,
0.6509047150611877,
-0.1444220244884491,
0.1435760110616684,
1.085827112197876,
0.2651706337928772,
-0.09000827372074127,
-0.35096514225006104,
0.021115288138389587,
-0.22246435284614563,
-0.43446141481399536,
-0.06662143766880035,
0.34951916337013245,
-0.7215191721916199,
-0.09376289695501328,
0.9171499013900757,
0.14276519417762756,
0.1542445719242096,
-0.4860476851463318,
-0.39236900210380554,
0.4505462050437927,
-0.18672649562358856,
0.18484283983707428,
0.05937391519546509,
-0.1127929836511612,
-0.07169343531131744,
0.1350671350955963,
0.10672251880168915,
-0.27359116077423096,
-0.5800043344497681,
-0.8432000279426575,
0.6349420547485352,
-0.7285372018814087,
-0.35879576206207275,
1.1088111400604248,
0.7736893892288208,
0.596123218536377,
-0.7242980003356934,
0.7544109225273132,
-0.059829507023096085,
-0.30064651370048523,
-0.16357672214508057,
-0.05722318962216377,
-0.1991429328918457,
-0.8227306604385376,
-0.47935861349105835,
-0.13472074270248413,
-0.3842281997203827,
-0.5224291682243347,
0.6950103044509888,
-0.2998787760734558,
-0.20741096138954163,
0.7714222073554993,
-0.4821641147136688,
-0.413326621055603,
0.7012141346931458,
-0.35697513818740845,
-0.7623770833015442,
0.5941513776779175,
-1.009350061416626,
-0.14979688823223114,
0.09916621446609497,
0.021907327696681023,
-0.540261447429657,
-0.47919169068336487,
0.07837334275245667,
0.6217300891876221,
0.3448656499385834,
-1.1949747800827026,
-0.03892506659030914,
0.22414559125900269,
0.740337610244751,
0.07163763046264648,
0.6736577153205872,
0.5790686011314392,
-0.3250139057636261,
-1.109933614730835,
-1.5290027856826782,
0.20675909519195557,
0.09359666705131531,
-0.6376502513885498,
0.20597946643829346,
-1.0469449758529663,
0.5617119669914246,
-0.20255084335803986,
-1.1008875370025635,
0.5721325874328613,
0.2808372378349304,
-0.5357794761657715,
0.3536864221096039,
0.0525103434920311,
-0.4650202989578247,
0.37079212069511414,
-0.878695547580719,
-0.17032499611377716,
0.5664917230606079,
0.36049920320510864,
0.08683983981609344,
0.6415599584579468,
0.10314807295799255,
-0.9266754984855652,
0.6657424569129944,
-0.2175091803073883,
0.45416170358657837,
-0.22292682528495789,
-0.0008257783483713865,
0.582757294178009,
0.28574544191360474,
0.40594497323036194,
0.07825354486703873,
-0.06887926161289215,
-0.7879946827888489,
-0.30609360337257385,
-0.15076345205307007,
-0.4950241148471832,
0.6086717844009399,
-0.3630923628807068,
-0.1838812530040741,
-0.08978159725666046,
-0.29364946484565735,
0.8675531148910522,
-0.16475357115268707,
-0.137576624751091,
0.6885602474212646,
-0.6531134247779846,
0.7989976406097412,
1.0040745735168457,
0.3098435401916504,
0.011532604694366455,
0.680962324142456,
0.2777550220489502,
0.3873155117034912,
0.6721764206886292,
0.2601555585861206,
0.2567228078842163,
-0.164988711476326,
-0.3586199879646301,
-0.14560307562351227,
-0.3197081983089447,
-0.09439923614263535,
0.6957299709320068,
0.6704871654510498,
0.08198802173137665,
-0.22526434063911438,
0.45693904161453247,
-0.011202363297343254,
-0.7597358226776123,
-0.7978183627128601,
0.4366074502468109,
-0.7150750160217285,
-0.15396195650100708,
0.9399340748786926,
-0.6511070132255554,
-0.4717351496219635,
0.507036030292511,
0.5103389024734497,
-0.11511862277984619,
-0.22338932752609253,
-0.32861724495887756,
-1.3221361637115479,
-0.7611100077629089,
-0.14289401471614838,
0.32018157839775085,
-0.17246225476264954,
0.09153708815574646,
0.2029915750026703,
-0.1441154181957245,
0.5553869009017944,
0.03727094084024429,
0.9336078763008118,
0.6874389052391052,
-0.051136404275894165,
-0.3285362720489502,
0.3917882740497589,
0.05919170752167702,
-0.2231440544128418,
0.6315168738365173,
-0.19928810000419617,
-1.3100005388259888,
-0.5648772716522217,
-0.7065985798835754,
0.6033762693405151,
0.6252961158752441,
-0.1880004107952118,
0.256763219833374,
0.2454078197479248,
-0.8919281959533691,
0.038089193403720856,
-0.4123374819755554,
-0.3464112877845764,
0.5220657587051392,
-0.38813209533691406,
-0.9044036269187927,
-0.1802041232585907,
0.6821259260177612,
-0.00494791567325592,
1.6020033359527588,
-0.32352393865585327,
0.14356929063796997,
-0.10287928581237793,
-0.29321879148483276,
0.5616823434829712,
-1.4166983366012573,
0.11238439381122589,
-0.7357398271560669,
-0.5817880034446716,
0.26173484325408936,
-0.337103009223938,
-0.5970499515533447,
-0.8015763163566589,
-0.3099067211151123,
-1.1232035160064697,
-0.516387939453125,
-0.03135920688509941,
-0.36337214708328247,
-0.24829645454883575,
0.3943624496459961,
-1.028904676437378,
-0.6486958861351013,
0.1866077333688736,
0.2647436857223511,
-0.7143145203590393,
0.30393946170806885,
-0.39437735080718994,
-0.7248380780220032,
0.7003355622291565,
0.11393674463033676,
-0.4060477316379547,
0.834290623664856,
0.48758697509765625,
0.4485566318035126,
0.6871803998947144,
-0.738423228263855,
-0.46619129180908203,
0.20339880883693695,
0.47179293632507324,
0.6364591717720032,
-0.8059005737304688,
-0.34253907203674316,
0.5733292102813721,
-0.22987408936023712,
-0.46174558997154236,
0.014951728284358978,
-0.24916520714759827,
-0.20649613440036774,
0.011829809285700321,
0.5071168541908264,
1.1281708478927612,
-0.15929555892944336,
-0.9597132205963135,
-0.10482922196388245,
-0.9103024005889893,
0.37131425738334656,
0.18416893482208252,
0.1097031682729721,
0.10600186884403229,
0.531385600566864,
0.1946822702884674,
1.2273560762405396,
0.21464943885803223,
0.019018426537513733,
-0.2324645072221756,
-1.2473499774932861,
-0.2206040471792221,
0.16862475872039795,
0.5032585859298706,
-0.14230524003505707,
-0.4806188941001892,
-0.6389580965042114,
0.80875164270401,
0.46649473905563354,
-0.41841936111450195,
-1.8194711208343506,
0.20613574981689453,
-0.25508466362953186,
-0.3458448350429535,
-0.03021572157740593,
1.2861473560333252,
-0.21219490468502045,
-0.028657937422394753,
0.5875192284584045,
-0.8388149738311768,
-0.4628032445907593,
0.5749598145484924,
0.419018030166626,
0.06798818707466125,
0.02958257868885994,
0.4473824203014374,
0.2621777355670929,
-0.250746488571167,
1.0106080770492554,
0.11237288266420364,
0.08631555736064911,
-0.23019883036613464,
-0.24468059837818146,
0.3004588186740875,
-0.34077367186546326,
-0.13354000449180603,
1.3061268329620361,
-0.4516255855560303,
-0.4732719957828522,
0.9570421576499939,
0.9712564945220947,
-1.426900863647461,
-0.3553397059440613,
0.18988241255283356,
-0.784288227558136,
0.16496649384498596,
0.16472116112709045,
-0.2384190708398819,
0.16419056057929993,
0.7313113212585449,
0.12561491131782532,
-0.3489269018173218,
-0.5522421002388,
0.824975311756134,
-0.28087007999420166,
0.19477763772010803,
0.509323239326477,
-0.5244744420051575,
-1.0585588216781616,
-0.3974422812461853,
0.2710306644439697,
0.6407833695411682,
-0.6271504759788513,
-0.3197593688964844,
0.2069481909275055,
-0.18067067861557007,
0.951971173286438,
0.0029228515923023224,
-0.5556653141975403,
1.3122830390930176,
-0.12252925336360931,
0.13781505823135376,
0.9324606657028198,
0.42010506987571716,
0.08828795701265335,
-0.2295786738395691,
-0.254817396402359,
-0.49890998005867004,
-0.5857887268066406,
-0.5439376831054688,
0.1816006600856781,
0.357460081577301,
0.34613531827926636,
0.5313377380371094,
-0.8695495128631592,
-0.12457738071680069,
-0.8553852438926697,
0.551482617855072,
0.675304651260376,
-0.285739928483963,
-0.34683069586753845,
-0.9511473178863525,
-1.171431303024292,
0.06296142190694809,
-0.7332753539085388,
-0.49850308895111084,
-0.1455220878124237,
-0.9179393649101257,
0.7153533697128296,
-1.4098341464996338,
0.14884427189826965,
-0.7487185597419739,
0.10198070853948593,
-0.49772340059280396,
-0.8014541864395142,
0.25312018394470215,
0.11971300095319748,
-0.701335608959198,
-0.028689637780189514,
-0.18429866433143616,
0.19117265939712524,
0.5055986642837524,
-0.500472903251648,
0.24100807309150696,
0.28483009338378906,
-0.3312843441963196,
-0.5096303820610046,
0.2968343496322632,
-0.050957098603248596,
0.14132247865200043,
-0.2527165412902832,
-1.0920623540878296,
-0.3310982584953308,
0.44202420115470886,
-0.47496497631073,
0.8266036510467529,
-0.6930708289146423,
0.29520905017852783,
0.7326421737670898,
0.21127338707447052,
-0.15674063563346863,
0.023277094587683678,
-1.3317006826400757,
0.06735697388648987,
-0.48553407192230225,
-0.01626642420887947,
-0.562717616558075,
0.11323009431362152,
0.06460420042276382,
-0.2364879846572876,
-0.2503474950790405,
0.5500905513763428,
0.22288154065608978,
0.2161417454481125,
0.016318470239639282,
-0.6481485366821289,
1.1405396461486816,
-0.28060659766197205,
0.17763207852840424,
-0.4108184576034546,
0.1471441686153412,
0.6671980619430542,
0.1651328206062317,
-0.5908125638961792,
0.24963173270225525,
0.47655701637268066,
-0.4053136110305786,
-0.17631009221076965,
0.9996433258056641,
0.9271222352981567,
-0.6631015539169312,
-0.28228524327278137,
-0.46890828013420105,
0.1155306026339531,
-0.8081322312355042,
-1.1920082569122314,
0.7093861103057861,
-1.014930009841919,
-0.2561534345149994,
-0.09242933988571167,
-0.03004026599228382,
-0.396116703748703,
-0.021157944574952126,
1.1176393032073975,
0.5633495450019836,
0.8987777829170227,
0.12442507594823837,
-0.9139232635498047,
0.9097235202789307,
-0.3602277338504791,
0.23579707741737366,
-0.5361403226852417,
0.462963342666626,
-0.17334841191768646,
-0.016903676092624664,
0.7874985933303833,
0.5776123404502869,
0.8665095567703247,
-1.1878880262374878,
-0.15401212871074677,
-0.7302667498588562,
-0.18519636988639832,
-0.2479293942451477,
-0.35340917110443115,
-0.29531368613243103,
0.24183042347431183,
-0.4582635760307312,
0.029943525791168213,
-0.07248091697692871,
-0.5564432144165039,
-0.3264935314655304,
-0.6496624946594238,
0.3520876467227936,
-0.7612121105194092,
0.10734988749027252,
0.33818477392196655,
-0.28675204515457153,
-0.06486814469099045,
0.700226902961731,
-0.3432718813419342,
0.3911731243133545,
-0.5139807462692261,
0.5091718435287476,
-0.8366162776947021,
0.0642913207411766,
-0.12489108741283417,
-0.83730548620224,
-0.6416245102882385,
1.4412157535552979,
1.102386474609375,
-0.5868533849716187,
-0.015042887069284916,
0.3824672996997833,
0.667926013469696,
0.37420690059661865,
-0.16717267036437988,
0.3029586970806122,
-0.39503082633018494,
-1.1943446397781372,
-0.6859086751937866,
0.06789939105510712,
-0.47839275002479553,
-0.45448946952819824,
-0.23306071758270264,
0.729640007019043,
-0.11939545720815659,
0.11503970623016357,
0.7177132964134216,
0.3761153221130371,
0.24268977344036102,
-0.5997233390808105,
1.3769768476486206,
-0.06762654334306717,
-0.8182982802391052,
-0.9255760908126831,
-0.08710365742444992,
0.4433368742465973,
-0.3570236563682556,
-0.26039716601371765,
-0.13654488325119019,
1.0956979990005493,
-0.6309191584587097,
-0.2318565547466278,
-0.6181778907775879,
-0.31095337867736816,
-0.5072336196899414,
0.3049008250236511,
-0.4298449158668518,
-0.00835098884999752,
-0.226173996925354,
-0.19944217801094055,
0.05371152609586716,
-0.16603100299835205,
0.5471206307411194,
0.04708815738558769,
0.8578582406044006,
0.339504599571228,
-0.6302056312561035,
0.8228228092193604,
0.06861484050750732,
0.04531490430235863,
-0.5987069010734558,
-0.08390959352254868,
-0.6152044534683228,
-1.2947930097579956,
-0.21584807336330414,
0.3038851022720337,
0.3664005398750305,
0.3425197899341583,
-0.3676798939704895,
0.8410924673080444,
0.8314691781997681,
1.514243245124817,
0.4000668525695801,
0.3046036660671234,
-0.0715574324131012,
-0.23070624470710754,
-0.03930015116930008,
-0.8157949447631836,
-0.3874051570892334,
0.04701145738363266,
-0.9800710678100586,
0.08606924116611481,
0.5301427245140076,
-0.34049880504608154,
-0.006627967581152916,
-0.04699672386050224,
0.004889901261776686,
0.33060896396636963
] |
|
1ev18j | Does your digestive system work like a queue, I.e. first in first out, or can food pass other food in your digestive tract? | If I ate corn Monday, peas Tuesday, and carrots Wednesday, would I poop corn, peas, and then carrots in that order? What if the peas were no good and got me sick, could my body poop them before the corn? | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"ca44lmx",
"ca48rao",
"ca4bv5n",
"ca49rjn",
"ca4cb6y",
"ca4fi7k",
"ca4bmp1"
],
"text": [
"Almost. There can be mixing in the stomach, even over the course of a few hours. But after it moves to the small intestine, it's first in, first out.\nSo expect to get your dinner appetizer and dessert scrambled and mixed, but breakfast is coming out before dinner.",
"How does the fart gas get below the solid poo?",
"I've always had a similar question: \n\nTheoretically, is there a perfect combination and amount of food such that, when eaten, would yield zero poop?",
"To jump on this train, If I ate breakfast, lunch and dinner, and immediately after dinner I felt gassy, bloated and seriously needed to go poo (i.e. diarrhea), which meal is the watery poo that comes out from? Can I blame my dinner for giving me diarrhea or is it most likely one of the other meals?",
"If you continuously eat small amounts of food, does that mean the stomach has to pass unprocessed food through the intestines since new food is mixing with older food?",
"I asked this question a year ago. _URL_0_\n\nYou can find good answers there",
"Related question: I have heard that you generally want to eat fruit before heavier food due to, I believe, the rate of digestion. Is this total bunk?"
],
"score": [
1124,
71,
20,
11,
11,
7,
5
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/szsit/does_food_leave_our_body_poop_in_the_same_order/"
]
} | Does your digestive system work like a queue, I.e. first in first out, or can food pass other food in your digestive tract?
If I ate corn Monday, peas Tuesday, and carrots Wednesday, would I poop corn, peas, and then carrots in that order? What if the peas were no good and got me sick, could my body poop them before the corn? | [
-0.02398776449263096,
-0.11721205711364746,
0.5206805467605591,
-0.2862415611743927,
-0.6895486116409302,
0.11318743973970413,
-0.07411854714155197,
-0.9448466300964355,
0.28922557830810547,
1.0107123851776123,
1.0052005052566528,
0.5041870474815369,
-1.1030412912368774,
0.3555320203304291,
0.04917857050895691,
-0.6754187941551208,
0.09333434700965881,
-0.08130767941474915,
0.2994425892829895,
0.41358086466789246,
0.09767372161149979,
0.40236222743988037,
-0.4038054943084717,
1.4001041650772095,
-0.47943204641342163,
0.15158426761627197,
0.7055261731147766,
-0.26763954758644104,
0.38796475529670715,
0.0807560384273529,
0.0762905478477478,
-0.11132164299488068,
0.12200701981782913,
-0.3260553479194641,
0.05844758450984955,
-0.36418142914772034,
0.9210300445556641,
-0.20689688622951508,
0.37726885080337524,
-0.972308337688446,
-0.5745156407356262,
-1.216614007949829,
0.2459394782781601,
0.25964632630348206,
0.4334714412689209,
-0.5073615312576294,
0.09395412355661392,
-0.1660686880350113,
-0.18436548113822937,
0.022387534379959106,
0.2639486789703369,
-0.21742838621139526,
0.18247069418430328,
-0.03120739944279194,
0.5142101049423218,
-0.585854172706604,
1.2754430770874023,
-0.37410154938697815,
0.2648172378540039,
0.22729049623012543,
0.3729189336299896,
0.024945886805653572,
-0.3689251244068146,
-0.09903933852910995,
-0.130048006772995,
-0.334192156791687,
-0.6943019032478333,
1.2420920133590698,
-0.9326677918434143,
0.4899448752403259,
-0.23893430829048157,
-0.06508592516183853,
0.03518528491258621,
0.3263518512248993,
0.09331756830215454,
-1.261776328086853,
0.477178156375885,
-0.18898537755012512,
-0.9809649586677551,
-0.4695560336112976,
-0.8029659390449524,
0.9711646437644958,
0.49773016571998596,
0.1449909657239914,
-0.22629760205745697,
1.0760465860366821,
0.5518854260444641,
-0.35754328966140747,
0.8517838716506958,
0.5306111574172974,
-0.4436279237270355,
0.25018519163131714,
0.6067723035812378,
-0.4502633810043335,
0.6932553052902222,
-0.17065463960170746,
0.23385050892829895,
-0.7968268990516663,
-0.11675745248794556,
-0.35757872462272644,
-0.44714513421058655,
0.5101174712181091,
0.5940354466438293,
0.608335554599762,
0.7440364956855774,
-0.859925389289856,
0.06600871682167053,
-0.01244042906910181,
-0.06649401038885117,
-0.07708462327718735,
-0.020325543358922005,
1.0587152242660522,
0.5593577027320862,
-0.4423969089984894,
-0.34217530488967896,
-1.181626319885254,
-0.2750505805015564,
0.11446972191333771,
0.4920588731765747,
0.04099230468273163,
-0.16467724740505219,
-0.33573609590530396,
1.4163228273391724,
-0.7042616009712219,
-0.09135565161705017,
-0.032627496868371964,
-0.4330619275569916,
0.21322773396968842,
0.44494709372520447,
-0.5303687453269958,
-0.2760166525840759,
-0.003001274773851037,
0.1726444661617279,
-0.26342296600341797,
-0.2822393774986267,
0.07274200022220612,
-1.0630947351455688,
0.2685403823852539,
-0.2152179777622223,
-0.47103822231292725,
-0.5394219160079956,
-0.47993266582489014,
1.3303680419921875,
-0.7625967860221863,
-0.366604208946228,
-0.6679326891899109,
-1.2288086414337158,
-0.14300884306430817,
-0.004381099250167608,
-0.29866281151771545,
-0.4164597988128662,
-0.29429641366004944,
0.5386471748352051,
-0.8151947259902954,
0.5913515090942383,
0.12873396277427673,
1.4885354042053223,
-0.06902550160884857,
0.88328617811203,
-0.12938012182712555,
-0.15017297863960266,
0.11143070459365845,
-0.19739507138729095,
-0.03024144470691681,
0.526397705078125,
-0.4176640808582306,
0.04083370417356491,
-0.2822640836238861,
-0.4079377055168152,
-0.0897640511393547,
-0.8548386693000793,
-0.04375751316547394,
0.49213486909866333,
0.6644541621208191,
1.8402855396270752,
-0.30781587958335876,
0.3851812779903412,
-0.09488378465175629,
-0.4326067864894867,
0.4171419143676758,
-0.060006555169820786,
-0.18983522057533264,
0.09577715396881104,
1.0376642942428589,
-1.0204962491989136,
-0.23304712772369385,
0.6895460486412048,
0.7037802934646606,
0.24677178263664246,
0.08943091332912445,
0.3623635768890381,
0.14078404009342194,
-1.891644835472107,
0.0171365886926651,
0.6713369488716125,
-0.006923593580722809,
-0.2137351930141449,
0.6570757031440735,
0.5410997271537781,
-0.22926074266433716,
-0.33049559593200684,
-0.8345789909362793,
0.13769160211086273,
-1.1673729419708252,
0.5223075151443481,
-0.19182270765304565,
0.3518211841583252,
0.4389079511165619,
0.48520705103874207,
0.09069977700710297,
0.2604149580001831,
0.8075144290924072,
0.3002357482910156,
-0.2622988224029541,
-0.32042232155799866,
0.008872270584106445,
-0.22422239184379578,
0.49509188532829285,
-0.6443924307823181,
0.44912204146385193,
0.8844544291496277,
-0.3298165202140808,
-1.0381464958190918,
0.4696085751056671,
1.0995920896530151,
-0.6282057166099548,
-0.23802250623703003,
-0.5222744941711426,
-0.7416969537734985,
-0.5072454810142517,
0.5134292244911194,
-0.06767898052930832,
-0.4102367162704468,
-0.057001855224370956,
0.34572505950927734,
-0.4703964293003082,
-1.2400532960891724,
-0.8519948720932007,
-0.007176409941166639,
-1.2927342653274536,
-0.5933337211608887,
1.0413389205932617,
0.7308995127677917,
0.4583311676979065,
-0.3291718065738678,
-0.447512149810791,
-0.4090556502342224,
-0.4958823621273041,
-0.3661540448665619,
0.10304011404514313,
0.6509450674057007,
-0.651033878326416,
-0.39255037903785706,
-0.7553830146789551,
0.4584575891494751,
0.01651431992650032,
0.17156726121902466,
0.2728288471698761,
0.03630901500582695,
-0.014525444246828556,
0.2916126549243927,
0.09334876388311386,
0.6770919561386108,
-0.41969814896583557,
-0.151180699467659,
0.25993672013282776,
-1.3281160593032837,
-0.15617777407169342,
-0.0302136167883873,
0.0683949664235115,
0.30032962560653687,
-0.7962419390678406,
0.41219907999038696,
-0.1256372183561325,
-0.18974126875400543,
-1.1548784971237183,
0.4330240488052368,
-0.9370511174201965,
-0.03223581239581108,
-0.05493022873997688,
0.46889886260032654,
0.819292426109314,
-0.0654192566871643,
0.30391988158226013,
-0.5322695374488831,
0.2695716619491577,
1.160780429840088,
-0.8868876695632935,
0.8879300355911255,
-0.4206683933734894,
0.10529271513223648,
0.2967398464679718,
-0.6902283430099487,
0.6057907342910767,
0.2413429319858551,
-0.06742273271083832,
0.0012750016758218408,
-0.21298886835575104,
1.008467674255371,
0.11023320257663727,
-0.21388718485832214,
0.11376427114009857,
0.7893658876419067,
0.22386214137077332,
-0.06746303290128708,
0.01313150953501463,
0.8431406617164612,
-0.767450749874115,
0.285280704498291,
-0.918714702129364,
0.19234877824783325,
-0.9129058122634888,
0.47350144386291504,
0.5654096007347107,
-0.11039803177118301,
0.3192789852619171,
-0.17862795293331146,
-0.0606587752699852,
-1.2521041631698608,
-0.2664507329463959,
0.019924433901906013,
0.027762822806835175,
-0.387707382440567,
0.4574401080608368,
0.06202106922864914,
0.4900793135166168,
-0.5154895186424255,
0.705008864402771,
-0.04864631965756416,
-0.19886818528175354,
0.7057201862335205,
-0.2802079916000366,
-0.022326204925775528,
0.19407670199871063,
-0.08780966699123383,
0.7754477262496948,
0.3960306644439697,
0.8168202042579651,
0.7048495411872864,
0.5845233201980591,
1.5133787393569946,
0.06356122344732285,
-0.6693263053894043,
0.20954221487045288,
-0.35496386885643005,
0.5027379989624023,
-0.12161839753389359,
0.9081851840019226,
0.513165295124054,
0.1694198101758957,
-0.025634782388806343,
0.07116560637950897,
0.7079679369926453,
-0.9408801198005676,
0.26399141550064087,
-0.35910844802856445,
-0.4765336513519287,
0.39338570833206177,
1.0798481702804565,
0.24032695591449738,
-0.15688033401966095,
0.033852819353342056,
0.23653218150138855,
0.2053719013929367,
-0.07664597034454346,
0.22959987819194794,
-1.0161857604980469,
-0.7105385065078735,
-0.27022022008895874,
0.33016183972358704,
-0.035357117652893066,
0.6672583818435669,
-0.7808144092559814,
0.028230318799614906,
0.7038595080375671,
0.16241735219955444,
1.1765553951263428,
0.07299073040485382,
-1.0092284679412842,
-0.33699142932891846,
0.7345902323722839,
-0.015669841319322586,
0.30514031648635864,
0.060027897357940674,
-0.6205541491508484,
-0.7984890341758728,
-0.22904330492019653,
-0.29647213220596313,
0.041163697838783264,
0.43920567631721497,
0.2561647593975067,
-0.6154230833053589,
0.4607284963130951,
-0.6672641634941101,
-1.2822163105010986,
-0.5980208516120911,
-1.1639747619628906,
0.9948409199714661,
0.08945637941360474,
-1.1599262952804565,
-0.014416447840631008,
-0.3533281981945038,
0.04303866624832153,
1.4790056943893433,
0.0048788865096867085,
-0.11700339615345001,
0.06904567033052444,
0.8534414768218994,
0.24649059772491455,
-0.5344424247741699,
-0.1013028547167778,
-0.7145077586174011,
-0.5723791718482971,
0.22780436277389526,
0.08463896065950394,
-0.7855321764945984,
-0.7659989595413208,
-0.9194781184196472,
-1.1640572547912598,
0.027499979361891747,
0.8272470831871033,
-0.8674657344818115,
-0.3242080807685852,
0.7145472764968872,
-1.1136200428009033,
-0.26957520842552185,
-0.397632360458374,
0.05423125624656677,
-0.9601619243621826,
-0.09820656478404999,
-0.8707470297813416,
-1.1366838216781616,
1.88113272190094,
0.7040252089500427,
-0.6738173365592957,
-0.44246768951416016,
0.1635805070400238,
0.32322466373443604,
0.8281027674674988,
-0.661148726940155,
-1.0585170984268188,
1.1950258016586304,
-0.20695538818836212,
0.17942653596401215,
-0.16267623007297516,
-0.04248977079987526,
0.3913484513759613,
-0.04576938971877098,
-1.805096983909607,
0.48803362250328064,
0.05651533976197243,
-0.42672279477119446,
0.027349555864930153,
0.5348713994026184,
1.3241991996765137,
0.34894707798957825,
-0.7106987237930298,
-0.043508511036634445,
-0.2387533336877823,
-0.08150632679462433,
-0.09741766005754471,
-0.5073837041854858,
-0.4007582664489746,
0.5821515321731567,
0.43237102031707764,
0.5947479009628296,
0.052959855645895004,
-0.8554690480232239,
0.5880047678947449,
-1.5509119033813477,
-0.5809405446052551,
-0.1915145367383957,
0.5385339856147766,
0.8888563513755798,
-0.3451191186904907,
-0.8121984004974365,
0.7892714738845825,
-0.1351965218782425,
0.09190648794174194,
-1.0682319402694702,
0.26472535729408264,
-0.17354482412338257,
-0.5605258941650391,
0.4082699418067932,
0.9987521171569824,
0.31975603103637695,
-0.5093973875045776,
0.21377116441726685,
-1.348888635635376,
-0.06237160786986351,
0.21989481151103973,
0.16572196781635284,
0.009332822635769844,
0.35883277654647827,
0.9920940399169922,
0.5931386351585388,
-1.2582283020019531,
-0.17844337224960327,
-0.08554229140281677,
0.02777068503201008,
0.22088047862052917,
-0.28493058681488037,
0.3986254036426544,
-0.284063458442688,
-0.11730358749628067,
-0.5182214379310608,
0.503812849521637,
-0.21652789413928986,
0.23287980258464813,
0.7801387310028076,
-1.0002288818359375,
-0.7457240223884583,
-0.22428618371486664,
-0.6662728786468506,
-0.3244740664958954,
-0.10153418034315109,
0.014940131455659866,
0.1478102058172226,
-0.47234275937080383,
-0.19572877883911133,
-0.16509117186069489,
-0.5048307776451111,
0.6530609726905823,
-0.3504282832145691,
-0.5656797289848328,
0.38087373971939087,
-0.7471136450767517,
-1.384270191192627,
0.41538533568382263,
0.4248684048652649,
-0.18854744732379913,
0.13571536540985107,
-0.021402619779109955,
1.568198561668396,
-0.4728586971759796,
0.5129392147064209,
0.7911748290061951,
-0.25536641478538513,
1.2747266292572021,
-0.14607560634613037,
-0.2868821620941162,
0.8987522125244141,
-0.6697344183921814,
0.09412406384944916,
-0.03550073504447937,
-0.644271969795227,
-0.8779444098472595,
0.06193127483129501,
-0.10103856027126312,
0.4969560503959656,
0.7553176879882812,
-0.6032593846321106,
0.20583419501781464,
0.4915425777435303,
0.38359320163726807,
-0.5221638679504395,
0.49180540442466736,
0.39872369170188904,
-0.2598837912082672,
0.6650950908660889,
-0.5600648522377014,
-0.3986617624759674,
0.11468727141618729,
-1.0484063625335693,
0.15817484259605408,
-0.708396852016449,
-0.21240420639514923,
-0.022618191316723824,
-0.7533171772956848,
0.7438558340072632,
-0.5268646478652954,
0.416787326335907,
-0.6915104985237122,
-0.5777302384376526,
0.2695119380950928,
-0.6186805963516235,
0.24734948575496674,
-0.1180313304066658,
-0.3464791178703308,
0.23211364448070526,
-0.17712776362895966,
0.14014682173728943,
0.7078396677970886,
-0.24958153069019318,
0.3037431836128235,
-0.7264057993888855,
1.0980432033538818,
-0.1355760544538498,
-0.39322274923324585,
-0.1821441352367401,
-0.5564194321632385,
-0.07268781960010529,
0.30369022488594055,
-0.8002841472625732,
1.246224045753479,
-0.23716460168361664,
-0.3073398470878601,
0.8088627457618713,
-0.07846363633871078,
0.2732878625392914,
0.03866218402981758,
-0.7864642143249512,
0.8772343993186951,
0.8732232451438904,
0.6441149711608887,
-0.1530488282442093,
0.23058098554611206,
-0.775925874710083,
-0.4876731038093567,
0.3704191744327545,
0.4619705080986023,
0.26826491951942444,
-0.1504894495010376,
0.057706043124198914,
-0.9056096076965332,
0.30217570066452026,
-0.32737451791763306,
-0.36197856068611145,
-0.432965487241745,
-0.5473668575286865,
0.8313764929771423,
0.11523514986038208,
-0.8756013512611389,
0.6638399362564087,
0.5329216122627258,
0.7870838642120361,
-0.24852725863456726,
1.36794114112854,
0.894910454750061,
-0.26116472482681274,
-0.4689641296863556,
-0.7561985850334167,
-0.15178020298480988,
-0.6015843152999878,
-1.4497276544570923,
0.3980972170829773,
-0.9909361600875854,
-0.15579453110694885,
-0.6766841411590576,
0.06390498578548431,
-0.7386031150817871,
-0.14766722917556763,
0.14899636805057526,
0.47418272495269775,
0.4883680045604706,
-0.9605879783630371,
-0.1888519525527954,
0.3858358860015869,
0.3127630949020386,
1.5628845691680908,
-0.5514019727706909,
0.47241076827049255,
0.017561372369527817,
0.2684173882007599,
0.22103334963321686,
-0.4111959934234619,
0.6947038769721985,
-0.11549042910337448,
-0.3846184313297272,
-0.07039978355169296,
-0.5570480823516846,
0.02002723328769207,
0.523709774017334,
-0.14686734974384308,
0.42810946702957153,
0.08419408649206161,
0.0909840315580368,
0.12965664267539978,
-0.3789339065551758,
0.20931318402290344,
-0.5278866291046143,
0.507648766040802,
-0.27830177545547485,
0.2828810214996338,
0.5968598127365112,
0.09166254848241806,
-0.8371410369873047,
0.5388523936271667,
0.3700125217437744,
0.33345216512680054,
-1.0109975337982178,
0.07517024874687195,
-0.8296473026275635,
-0.3035193681716919,
0.10704424232244492,
0.046891048550605774,
-0.0964057445526123,
1.127299189567566,
1.1031923294067383,
-0.5468606948852539,
0.4173523783683777,
-0.22632931172847748,
-0.2798897325992584,
-0.2586478292942047,
-0.707366943359375,
-0.02559192292392254,
-0.333412230014801,
-0.2150847315788269,
-0.7687349915504456,
0.025311831384897232,
-0.4707645773887634,
-0.4718129336833954,
-0.216537743806839,
-0.9770112037658691,
0.43002259731292725,
-0.26222002506256104,
0.1008991226553917,
0.7449361681938171,
0.08268596231937408,
-0.6315312385559082,
0.8085447549819946,
-0.24996766448020935,
-0.6915393471717834,
-0.18398885428905487,
0.13198541104793549,
0.1905691772699356,
-0.7674198746681213,
-0.4969000518321991,
-0.09120511263608932,
0.8477614521980286,
-0.3465241491794586,
0.05282466486096382,
-0.1678066849708557,
0.31387725472450256,
-0.5900507569313049,
0.1777568906545639,
-0.6110343337059021,
0.06441015750169754,
-0.2943461239337921,
-0.637741208076477,
-0.44183793663978577,
-0.28811535239219666,
-0.013053287751972675,
0.1824733465909958,
0.7810809016227722,
0.026680728420615196,
-0.8383702635765076,
1.0791428089141846,
-0.5268198847770691,
0.05007142573595047,
-0.2884443700313568,
-0.6846082210540771,
-0.008630320429801941,
-0.43424758315086365,
0.16255836188793182,
0.08399517834186554,
-0.05361334979534149,
0.33030542731285095,
-0.19368721544742584,
0.36468636989593506,
0.019985735416412354,
0.7786471247673035,
0.409351110458374,
1.0883593559265137,
0.5104996562004089,
-0.04139368236064911,
-0.05139872059226036,
-0.5083633661270142,
-0.32482945919036865,
-0.44776037335395813,
-0.139309361577034,
-0.17442862689495087,
0.2892345190048218,
-0.19133421778678894,
-0.20046669244766235,
0.3763166666030884,
0.17356275022029877,
0.3373725712299347
] |
|
3ymroz | [Physics] If one hook has a weight limit of 5 pounds, but I use 2 hooks (for curtains), can the weight limit be 10 pounds? | So I want to hang up curtains and I'm buying command hooks (to not drill a hole in the wall). Since I need 2 hooks, does the weight limit double since the weight is shared between the two hooks? | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"cyfaeaz",
"cyf42rp",
"cyf4c5u"
],
"text": [
"In structural engineering, there are a huge number of considerations, like whether there will be any lateral force - will someone jerk the curtains sideways to open them? - or where the force is applied - say if the curtain is all one one side of the rod, that hook will take more weight. \n\nHowever, there are also cases where twice the material is 3x as strong, for example you use two flat pieces of metal to make a T shape, which will prevent twisting. \n\nThere are a few factors I would consider:\n\n* Duration of load - is this a temporary solution or long term? How well will things hold up here if you're taking the hooks to their maximum load forever? At that point, how will the glue hold up?\n* Application - the hooks are rated for 5 lbs, assuming you apply them right. If the surface isn't clean and dry, or the air is more humid, or too dry, or too hot or cold, they may not have the right strength.\n* Incidents - yes, the curtains are only 7 lbs, but will your 12 lb cat try to climb the curtains? Will your kid yank on them? Will the windows get opened, pinching and pulling on the curtains? What forces will that create? \n* Safety factor - most engineers will assume that some things will go wrong. With a wooden structure, for example, they consult charts to see how strong a 2x4 is, but then need to assume that some things will be off, like a knot where there shouldn't be, or a contractor putting in too many/too few screws in the wrong place. So they will build it twice as strong as it needs to be, assuming that that will end up being 1.5 times. \n\nIn other words, to answer your question. Definitely maybe, but almost certainly not except when it is.",
"It depends on the geometry, which will determine exactly how the load is shared. If everything is symmetric, then your assumption is correct, but there are many possible situations where the load share is asymmetric. If there's no risk of injury/damage (probably the case since you're talking about curtains), you can just try it out.",
"In your specific application, yes, the weight would be shared. Are you using a curtain rod? If you have 2 curtains each weighing 4lb, and a curtain rod weighing 2lb, and a hook strength of 5lb, you will only be good as long as the curtains stay balanced equally between the two hooks. If someone pushes the curtains off to one side, the hook will probably fail."
],
"score": [
8,
5,
3
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | [Physics] If one hook has a weight limit of 5 pounds, but I use 2 hooks (for curtains), can the weight limit be 10 pounds?
So I want to hang up curtains and I'm buying command hooks (to not drill a hole in the wall). Since I need 2 hooks, does the weight limit double since the weight is shared between the two hooks? | [
0.1599690169095993,
-0.6672720313072205,
0.4555467963218689,
0.1698421984910965,
-0.5493163466453552,
-0.125676229596138,
-0.3860291838645935,
-0.927810788154602,
0.30542176961898804,
0.027071455493569374,
0.6945277452468872,
0.5201588273048401,
-1.3402111530303955,
0.06695534288883209,
0.21169981360435486,
-0.6140268445014954,
0.34604740142822266,
0.1315259039402008,
-0.23278042674064636,
-0.04885329678654671,
-0.22013700008392334,
0.6102527976036072,
0.20079393684864044,
0.8924142122268677,
-1.0617499351501465,
-0.17768266797065735,
0.5652543306350708,
0.12245848029851913,
1.032930612564087,
0.7556998133659363,
0.21043837070465088,
0.07579559087753296,
-0.271054208278656,
-0.14137621223926544,
0.3241576552391052,
-0.7229136824607849,
1.5413577556610107,
-0.28537899255752563,
0.9044861793518066,
-1.2559630870819092,
-0.009773301891982555,
-0.6794180274009705,
0.7180535197257996,
0.28087812662124634,
-0.37866687774658203,
-0.48697519302368164,
0.08995109051465988,
-0.653974175453186,
-0.04437601566314697,
0.1362535059452057,
0.2676214277744293,
-0.23473212122917175,
0.2233775407075882,
0.10692908614873886,
0.886297881603241,
-0.09759362041950226,
0.6287298202514648,
-0.3144092261791229,
1.1442457437515259,
-0.5702446103096008,
0.15075235068798065,
0.4171903729438782,
-0.5502896308898926,
-0.9296610951423645,
-0.07298534363508224,
-0.7357054948806763,
-0.6449519395828247,
0.7253470420837402,
-1.391197919845581,
-0.3269513249397278,
0.7396925091743469,
-0.18397890031337738,
-0.4979879856109619,
-0.42110008001327515,
-0.10980373620986938,
-0.7050958275794983,
0.04246942326426506,
-0.14695283770561218,
-0.44491833448410034,
-0.6042889952659607,
-0.10665862262248993,
0.31936848163604736,
-0.2657753825187683,
0.15855039656162262,
0.17888407409191132,
0.8705984950065613,
0.9812113046646118,
-0.013523658737540245,
0.19482164084911346,
0.3876287639141083,
-0.42970627546310425,
0.14861047267913818,
0.48561930656433105,
0.2327987253665924,
0.465305894613266,
-0.17885880172252655,
0.3865327537059784,
-0.563625693321228,
-0.5684880018234253,
0.04877641797065735,
-0.0449620857834816,
0.3566858768463135,
0.4932677745819092,
0.6308013200759888,
0.6159946322441101,
-1.5258394479751587,
-0.3994479179382324,
0.37208420038223267,
-0.0255926251411438,
0.06505867838859558,
-0.20610132813453674,
1.0317356586456299,
0.6612027883529663,
-0.8217814564704895,
-0.4113422930240631,
-1.3296961784362793,
0.2318975031375885,
0.205736443400383,
0.17443659901618958,
-0.1750984489917755,
-0.03632760047912598,
-0.10035543143749237,
1.4941850900650024,
0.8898252248764038,
0.20054295659065247,
0.29477810859680176,
-0.5062011480331421,
1.0894062519073486,
0.18987169861793518,
0.06668794900178909,
-0.1592346876859665,
0.20411649346351624,
0.488058477640152,
-0.6198731660842896,
0.4113267958164215,
-0.26039814949035645,
-1.4127731323242188,
0.33493053913116455,
-0.4909329414367676,
-0.3646650016307831,
-0.35128745436668396,
-0.34408923983573914,
1.1336818933486938,
-0.531083345413208,
-0.2681998014450073,
-0.6381301283836365,
-0.8222870826721191,
-0.48710960149765015,
-0.05826293304562569,
-0.8658485412597656,
0.013501468114554882,
-0.006043544504791498,
0.4645152986049652,
-0.4575172960758209,
1.1944301128387451,
0.23073908686637878,
0.9092906713485718,
-0.6482608318328857,
1.1149061918258667,
0.008126040920615196,
-0.8736820220947266,
-0.5166414976119995,
0.1131884828209877,
0.04401000589132309,
0.3998683989048004,
-0.5157166719436646,
0.032389771193265915,
-0.22307300567626953,
-0.2206641435623169,
-0.015520447865128517,
-0.2201140820980072,
0.16766948997974396,
0.4554580748081207,
0.4743976593017578,
0.9207874536514282,
-0.6619822978973389,
0.6558801531791687,
1.0529953241348267,
-0.3195672631263733,
0.5166661739349365,
0.5099374055862427,
-0.17088118195533752,
0.0276031531393528,
0.817766010761261,
-0.18866220116615295,
-0.2573259472846985,
0.4982595443725586,
1.463452696800232,
0.057555340230464935,
0.09839411824941635,
0.2571292519569397,
-0.5190123319625854,
-1.824596643447876,
0.33259108662605286,
0.005599047057330608,
0.3651060163974762,
-0.29228249192237854,
0.31745409965515137,
-0.03027075156569481,
-0.2495606690645218,
-0.5706498622894287,
-0.6976879239082336,
0.5533187985420227,
-0.3903323709964752,
-0.06787183880805969,
-0.11986740678548813,
0.4937579035758972,
-0.07874764502048492,
-0.38391560316085815,
-0.13573898375034332,
0.019176874309778214,
0.677416980266571,
0.21487919986248016,
-0.5881928205490112,
0.006889512296766043,
0.028777098283171654,
0.275797039270401,
-0.14127443730831146,
0.2488449364900589,
0.6659126877784729,
0.7131780385971069,
0.13701005280017853,
0.23205986618995667,
0.15479706227779388,
1.0014079809188843,
-0.8019996881484985,
-0.27496951818466187,
-0.033199358731508255,
-0.06326618790626526,
0.045614611357450485,
-0.26677829027175903,
0.15996153652668,
-0.5151957273483276,
-0.0858902558684349,
0.6406241059303284,
-0.10420409590005875,
-0.7095635533332825,
-0.7798794507980347,
0.1951277256011963,
-1.0934940576553345,
-0.7691476345062256,
0.5614725351333618,
0.7623562216758728,
0.49401575326919556,
0.1713303178548813,
0.4875048100948334,
-0.42188626527786255,
-1.3332922458648682,
-0.06061428040266037,
-0.38760143518447876,
0.851529598236084,
-0.46538716554641724,
-0.1896056830883026,
-0.5650933980941772,
0.5010595321655273,
-1.0572389364242554,
-0.20163843035697937,
-0.6922677159309387,
-0.035459719598293304,
-0.04220164939761162,
0.2555226683616638,
-0.38374435901641846,
0.4300035834312439,
-0.9616395831108093,
-0.4398289620876312,
0.5033730268478394,
-1.4644100666046143,
0.08136705309152603,
-0.3092784881591797,
-0.07815748453140259,
-0.49685031175613403,
-0.511439323425293,
-0.14731618762016296,
0.23522265255451202,
0.170305535197258,
-0.5600582957267761,
-0.08363642543554306,
-0.5558340549468994,
0.13979467749595642,
0.15271742641925812,
0.6730156540870667,
0.5472086668014526,
0.3350209593772888,
0.1155378594994545,
0.09488599002361298,
-0.19628791511058807,
0.30144476890563965,
-1.0009727478027344,
0.38072431087493896,
-1.2236765623092651,
0.6593043804168701,
-0.5594083070755005,
-0.907183051109314,
1.1752923727035522,
0.37756556272506714,
-0.7484787702560425,
0.05810444802045822,
0.5762525796890259,
-0.17575350403785706,
0.058395374566316605,
-0.2955276668071747,
-0.288251668214798,
1.2057437896728516,
0.33124300837516785,
-0.43578076362609863,
-0.09168318659067154,
0.6856223344802856,
-0.7494451999664307,
0.22546246647834778,
-0.9283450841903687,
-0.01994970813393593,
-0.41942673921585083,
0.08550789207220078,
0.6504387855529785,
-0.8378183245658875,
-0.21868526935577393,
0.2968803942203522,
-0.28051573038101196,
-0.9644864797592163,
-0.3823689818382263,
-0.3933088779449463,
0.17465649545192719,
0.31588485836982727,
0.5936442613601685,
-0.6337111592292786,
1.4114738702774048,
0.4146401882171631,
0.5909482836723328,
-0.22220058739185333,
-0.1180403009057045,
0.5355426669120789,
-0.5970791578292847,
0.6993799209594727,
-0.4086551070213318,
-0.3320688307285309,
-0.3024599850177765,
0.8784886598587036,
0.13765940070152283,
-0.3542953133583069,
0.48521652817726135,
1.7798259258270264,
0.2660910487174988,
0.002005200134590268,
0.6227628588676453,
-0.1616816520690918,
0.10759393125772476,
-0.16879084706306458,
0.5634023547172546,
-0.28726378083229065,
0.23845899105072021,
-0.12754902243614197,
0.1281295120716095,
1.0036661624908447,
-0.9584223031997681,
0.07722317427396774,
-0.23887400329113007,
-0.8275412321090698,
-0.195156067609787,
0.6903637647628784,
0.11024465411901474,
-0.5794809460639954,
0.19677022099494934,
0.4278344511985779,
0.07552514970302582,
-0.9408319592475891,
0.06877407431602478,
-0.934172511100769,
-0.1325438916683197,
0.07519657909870148,
-0.49786514043807983,
-0.46329912543296814,
0.3940674364566803,
-0.2646893858909607,
0.5634723901748657,
0.3575790524482727,
0.14649663865566254,
0.7369933128356934,
-0.014180377125740051,
-0.4124164581298828,
0.12601104378700256,
0.9733023643493652,
0.06385383754968643,
0.4497722089290619,
0.8612972497940063,
-0.7981256246566772,
-0.2657906711101532,
-0.05523282289505005,
0.11741633713245392,
0.22515316307544708,
-0.35521620512008667,
-0.07423920184373856,
-0.015201101079583168,
0.24219754338264465,
-0.47805795073509216,
-0.8819716572761536,
-0.6774568557739258,
-0.44925665855407715,
0.9645918607711792,
-1.2627919912338257,
-0.47603002190589905,
0.03484455496072769,
-1.0557353496551514,
0.10244101285934448,
1.7477807998657227,
-0.30269187688827515,
-0.10903389751911163,
0.09221016615629196,
-0.0870433822274208,
-0.2781953811645508,
0.1656849980354309,
-0.1745903342962265,
-0.9431514739990234,
-0.12598247826099396,
0.09313207864761353,
0.2774147391319275,
-0.4646455645561218,
-0.6944562792778015,
-0.5703694820404053,
-0.7488641738891602,
-0.6783995628356934,
0.23431536555290222,
-1.2002325057983398,
-0.20288364589214325,
0.4746552109718323,
-1.8960487842559814,
-0.008505930192768574,
0.14763353765010834,
-0.13502520322799683,
-0.7516916394233704,
0.17504504323005676,
-0.4208637773990631,
-1.7294495105743408,
2.005333423614502,
0.3472777307033539,
-0.44985175132751465,
-0.0853099450469017,
-0.7722604274749756,
0.6469415426254272,
0.3686366677284241,
0.11906000226736069,
-0.5784664154052734,
0.40816861391067505,
-0.191799595952034,
0.6567146182060242,
-0.27044185996055603,
-0.6392537951469421,
0.6168087720870972,
0.16922035813331604,
-1.131029486656189,
0.13131305575370789,
-0.023192420601844788,
-0.8278967142105103,
-0.16752469539642334,
0.5474662780761719,
1.657287359237671,
0.12496259063482285,
-0.4714334011077881,
0.09871624410152435,
-0.7088921666145325,
-0.8533672094345093,
0.20425927639007568,
-0.1047654002904892,
-0.23075909912586212,
0.8007599115371704,
0.1597335785627365,
0.8630023002624512,
0.05735591799020767,
0.06709013134241104,
0.1992034614086151,
-1.495385766029358,
-0.134202778339386,
-0.10852718353271484,
0.8876057863235474,
-0.07477597147226334,
-0.7314486503601074,
-1.0516469478607178,
0.4685184061527252,
-0.19050391018390656,
-0.46742257475852966,
-1.252643346786499,
0.03236715495586395,
-0.4486003816127777,
0.07623593509197235,
0.23461997509002686,
1.1390783786773682,
-0.21282824873924255,
-0.7361108660697937,
0.2411188781261444,
-0.43130698800086975,
-0.549345850944519,
0.3937212824821472,
-0.3223486542701721,
0.1309877336025238,
0.2036391943693161,
0.21485045552253723,
0.30666273832321167,
-0.34103327989578247,
-0.010126289911568165,
0.46881723403930664,
0.06496439129114151,
0.6930737495422363,
-0.1156948059797287,
0.26482415199279785,
-0.3243942856788635,
0.48478174209594727,
-0.41612082719802856,
0.41254839301109314,
0.20768682658672333,
0.5034329295158386,
0.91790372133255,
-1.192931056022644,
-0.24616602063179016,
-0.10834968090057373,
-0.22966018319129944,
-0.21175341308116913,
0.1635022610425949,
0.14931383728981018,
0.21712549030780792,
0.3229139447212219,
0.5753101110458374,
-0.5445609092712402,
-0.23650476336479187,
0.18101854622364044,
-0.2875958979129791,
-0.4623812735080719,
0.3482733368873596,
-1.1857709884643555,
-1.1651617288589478,
0.6080965399742126,
-0.8093829154968262,
-0.07763294130563736,
-0.5973635911941528,
-0.24450036883354187,
0.6141616106033325,
-0.7270927429199219,
0.72712242603302,
0.3811505436897278,
-0.8903716206550598,
0.6302937269210815,
-0.45431843400001526,
-0.7730995416641235,
0.25147971510887146,
0.31804412603378296,
0.16666492819786072,
0.3134445548057556,
-0.6524998545646667,
-1.447559118270874,
0.060593921691179276,
-0.7075338363647461,
0.23226921260356903,
0.3171074390411377,
0.05336207151412964,
-0.11674897372722626,
0.2933262288570404,
0.5338440537452698,
-0.3607338070869446,
0.6832842826843262,
-0.05399257689714432,
-0.19659045338630676,
-0.25670474767684937,
-1.0735632181167603,
0.004548641853034496,
0.45764583349227905,
-0.8503616452217102,
-0.2874106764793396,
-0.8348940014839172,
-1.135717749595642,
0.29399555921554565,
-0.8379631042480469,
0.41865769028663635,
-0.9753616452217102,
-0.4370952248573303,
0.24373717606067657,
-0.7863812446594238,
-0.22617368400096893,
-0.40286684036254883,
0.289900541305542,
0.030542368069291115,
-0.04439597949385643,
-0.13771840929985046,
-0.20029792189598083,
0.29826903343200684,
0.9939392805099487,
0.6902220845222473,
-0.8070087432861328,
-0.5865308046340942,
0.373330295085907,
0.4214816987514496,
0.2309110462665558,
0.4076055586338043,
-0.5745938420295715,
-0.32715335488319397,
0.4452463984489441,
-0.4904107451438904,
0.8803167343139648,
-0.4262048602104187,
0.25512582063674927,
1.1430590152740479,
-0.3145167827606201,
-0.45962056517601013,
-0.25532832741737366,
-0.47084537148475647,
0.47693556547164917,
0.5613089799880981,
0.6129521727561951,
-0.7309526801109314,
0.6890851259231567,
-0.4778250753879547,
-0.5003822445869446,
0.7183244228363037,
0.513359785079956,
0.5911232233047485,
0.38478049635887146,
0.629565954208374,
-0.7669981718063354,
0.24219314754009247,
-0.19124504923820496,
0.17101159691810608,
0.3785127103328705,
0.05530579760670662,
0.6697202920913696,
0.378974974155426,
-0.9386903643608093,
0.6678393483161926,
0.7341073751449585,
0.07720523327589035,
-0.1296158879995346,
0.7554677128791809,
0.6810796856880188,
-0.163267582654953,
-0.4826623499393463,
-0.8677369952201843,
-0.14338329434394836,
-1.5372145175933838,
-1.1687390804290771,
0.1489688754081726,
-0.2899203598499298,
-0.14154215157032013,
-0.19022488594055176,
0.5594291687011719,
-0.8034769296646118,
-0.21171346306800842,
-0.2063858062028885,
0.8551439046859741,
0.8458005785942078,
0.423971563577652,
-0.20943394303321838,
1.0386534929275513,
0.17679527401924133,
0.5363497734069824,
-0.7678329348564148,
0.49992743134498596,
-0.03401936963200569,
0.5548480153083801,
0.03395658731460571,
-0.47386765480041504,
1.2528982162475586,
0.2795356810092926,
-0.6419402956962585,
-0.15545135736465454,
-0.6874025464057922,
-0.8037741780281067,
0.6026177406311035,
0.3283882439136505,
0.3511696755886078,
-0.2570132613182068,
-0.037048034369945526,
0.24986812472343445,
0.2871769070625305,
0.12374065071344376,
-0.5028720498085022,
0.013158148154616356,
-1.1580890417099,
0.031436920166015625,
0.43024396896362305,
0.7252889275550842,
-1.1057671308517456,
-0.23252499103546143,
-0.13828830420970917,
0.42860421538352966,
-0.09249958395957947,
0.0876787006855011,
-0.5141043066978455,
0.17636123299598694,
-0.5350784063339233,
-0.5696232914924622,
-0.6218622922897339,
0.631269097328186,
1.4942305088043213,
-1.007367730140686,
0.580869197845459,
-0.8478212356567383,
0.11732731014490128,
0.7473608255386353,
0.2326577603816986,
0.5761623382568359,
0.3429447412490845,
-0.7910013198852539,
-0.3879964053630829,
0.5753633379936218,
-0.3401545286178589,
-0.08956307172775269,
-0.03054797649383545,
-0.6142023205757141,
0.9244756698608398,
0.3873242735862732,
0.4295918941497803,
0.410582959651947,
0.6027283668518066,
-0.7238353490829468,
0.488992303609848,
-0.5218036770820618,
-0.4821988046169281,
-0.34801119565963745,
-0.020686853677034378,
-0.47250866889953613,
-0.16655409336090088,
-0.40950408577919006,
0.09883128851652145,
0.8686191439628601,
0.01689154841005802,
0.001472999108955264,
-0.6206968426704407,
0.6989811062812805,
-0.7513436079025269,
0.29813799262046814,
-0.3445131182670593,
0.263227641582489,
0.08820807188749313,
-0.08721151947975159,
-0.43095189332962036,
-0.3716180920600891,
0.8099476099014282,
0.09542852640151978,
0.31430989503860474,
0.04548018053174019,
-0.6736322045326233,
0.8466397523880005,
-0.0498632974922657,
0.8694051504135132,
-0.5051859021186829,
0.25067514181137085,
-0.38669291138648987,
-0.09041643142700195,
0.7616738080978394,
0.4458480477333069,
0.5406752228736877,
0.5780507326126099,
0.07893416285514832,
0.5216471552848816,
0.343874454498291,
0.8353248834609985,
0.2808394432067871,
0.4538208544254303,
0.2591518461704254,
-0.6319832801818848,
0.3924948573112488,
-0.5383270382881165,
-0.6847015619277954,
-0.4655713140964508,
-0.14897038042545319,
0.18244363367557526,
-0.0027384483255445957,
0.8574447631835938,
-0.029914746060967445,
-0.09846498817205429,
0.07203207910060883,
-1.1665421724319458
] |