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Anarchism is a political philosophy and movement that is sceptical of authority and rejects all involuntary, coercive forms of hierarchy[SEP]Anarchism calls for the abolition of the state, which it holds to be unnecessary, undesirable, and harmful |
Anarchism calls for the abolition of the state, which it holds to be unnecessary, undesirable, and harmful[SEP]Humans lived in societies without formal hierarchies long before the establishment of formal states, realms, or empires |
Humans lived in societies without formal hierarchies long before the establishment of formal states, realms, or empires[SEP]With the rise of organised hierarchical bodies, scepticism toward authority also rose |
With the rise of organised hierarchical bodies, scepticism toward authority also rose[SEP]Although traces of anarchist thought are found throughout history, modern anarchism emerged from the Enlightenment |
Although traces of anarchist thought are found throughout history, modern anarchism emerged from the Enlightenment[SEP]During the latter half of the 19th and the first decades of the 20th century, the anarchist movement flourished in most parts of the world and had a significant role in workers' struggles for emancipation |
During the latter half of the 19th and the first decades of the 20th century, the anarchist movement flourished in most parts of the world and had a significant role in workers' struggles for emancipation[SEP]Various anarchist schools of thought formed during this period |
Various anarchist schools of thought formed during this period[SEP]Anarchists have taken part in several revolutions, most notably in the Paris Commune, the Russian Civil War and the Spanish Civil War, whose end marked the end of the classical era of anarchism |
Anarchists have taken part in several revolutions, most notably in the Paris Commune, the Russian Civil War and the Spanish Civil War, whose end marked the end of the classical era of anarchism[SEP]In the last decades of the 20th and into the 21st century, the anarchist movement has been resurgent once more |
In the last decades of the 20th and into the 21st century, the anarchist movement has been resurgent once more[SEP]Anarchism employs a diversity of tactics in order to meet its ideal ends which can be broadly separated into revolutionary and evolutionary tactics; there is significant overlap between the two, which are merely descriptive |
Anarchism employs a diversity of tactics in order to meet its ideal ends which can be broadly separated into revolutionary and evolutionary tactics; there is significant overlap between the two, which are merely descriptive[SEP]Revolutionary tactics aim to bring down authority and state, having taken a violent turn in the past, while evolutionary tactics aim to prefigure what an anarchist society would be like |
Revolutionary tactics aim to bring down authority and state, having taken a violent turn in the past, while evolutionary tactics aim to prefigure what an anarchist society would be like[SEP]Anarchist thought, criticism, and praxis have played a part in diverse areas of human society |
Anarchist thought, criticism, and praxis have played a part in diverse areas of human society[SEP]Criticism of anarchism include claims that it is internally inconsistent, violent, or utopian |
Criticism of anarchism include claims that it is internally inconsistent, violent, or utopian[SEP]Etymology, terminology, and definition
The etymological origin of anarchism is from the Ancient Greek anarkhia, meaning "without a ruler", composed of the prefix an- ("without") and the word arkhos ("leader" or "ruler") |
Etymology, terminology, and definition
The etymological origin of anarchism is from the Ancient Greek anarkhia, meaning "without a ruler", composed of the prefix an- ("without") and the word arkhos ("leader" or "ruler")[SEP]The suffix -ism denotes the ideological current that favours anarchy |
The suffix -ism denotes the ideological current that favours anarchy[SEP]Anarchism appears in English from 1642 as anarchisme and anarchy from 1539; early English usages emphasised a sense of disorder |
Anarchism appears in English from 1642 as anarchisme and anarchy from 1539; early English usages emphasised a sense of disorder[SEP]Various factions within the French Revolution labelled their opponents as anarchists, although few such accused shared many views with later anarchists |
Various factions within the French Revolution labelled their opponents as anarchists, although few such accused shared many views with later anarchists[SEP]Many revolutionaries of the 19th century such as William Godwin (1756–1836) and Wilhelm Weitling (1808–1871) would contribute to the anarchist doctrines of the next generation but did not use anarchist or anarchism in describing themselves or their beliefs |
Many revolutionaries of the 19th century such as William Godwin (1756–1836) and Wilhelm Weitling (1808–1871) would contribute to the anarchist doctrines of the next generation but did not use anarchist or anarchism in describing themselves or their beliefs[SEP]The first political philosopher to call himself an anarchist () was Pierre-Joseph Proudhon (1809–1865), marking the formal birth of anarchism in the mid-19th century |
The first political philosopher to call himself an anarchist () was Pierre-Joseph Proudhon (1809–1865), marking the formal birth of anarchism in the mid-19th century[SEP]Since the 1890s and beginning in France, libertarianism has often been used as a synonym for anarchism and its use as a synonym is still common outside the United States |
Since the 1890s and beginning in France, libertarianism has often been used as a synonym for anarchism and its use as a synonym is still common outside the United States[SEP]Some usages of libertarianism refer to individualistic free-market philosophy only, and free-market anarchism in particular is termed libertarian anarchism |
Some usages of libertarianism refer to individualistic free-market philosophy only, and free-market anarchism in particular is termed libertarian anarchism[SEP]Additionally, some anarchists use libertarian socialist to avoid anarchism's negative connotations and emphasise its connections with socialism |
Additionally, some anarchists use libertarian socialist to avoid anarchism's negative connotations and emphasise its connections with socialism[SEP]Anarchism is broadly used to describe the anti-authoritarian wing of the socialist movement |
Anarchism is broadly used to describe the anti-authoritarian wing of the socialist movement[SEP]Anarchism is contrasted to socialist forms which are state-oriented or from above |
Anarchism is contrasted to socialist forms which are state-oriented or from above[SEP]Scholars of anarchism generally highlight anarchism's socialist credentials and criticise attempts at creating dichotomies between the two |
Scholars of anarchism generally highlight anarchism's socialist credentials and criticise attempts at creating dichotomies between the two[SEP]Some scholars describe anarchism as having many influences from liberalism, and being both liberals and socialists but more so, while most scholars reject anarcho-capitalism as a misunderstanding of anarchist principles |
Some scholars describe anarchism as having many influences from liberalism, and being both liberals and socialists but more so, while most scholars reject anarcho-capitalism as a misunderstanding of anarchist principles[SEP]While opposition to the state is central to anarchist thought, defining anarchism is not an easy task for scholars, as there is a lot of discussion among scholars and anarchists on the matter, and various currents perceive anarchism slightly differently |
While opposition to the state is central to anarchist thought, defining anarchism is not an easy task for scholars, as there is a lot of discussion among scholars and anarchists on the matter, and various currents perceive anarchism slightly differently[SEP]History
Pre-modern era
Before the establishment of towns and cities, an established authority did not exist |
History
Pre-modern era
Before the establishment of towns and cities, an established authority did not exist[SEP]It was after the creation of institutions of authority that anarchistic ideas espoused as a reaction |
It was after the creation of institutions of authority that anarchistic ideas espoused as a reaction[SEP]The most notable precursors to anarchism in the ancient world were in China and Greece |
The most notable precursors to anarchism in the ancient world were in China and Greece[SEP]In China, philosophical anarchism (the discussion on the legitimacy of the state) was delineated by Taoist philosophers Zhuang Zhou and Laozi |
In China, philosophical anarchism (the discussion on the legitimacy of the state) was delineated by Taoist philosophers Zhuang Zhou and Laozi[SEP]Alongside Stoicism, Taoism has been said to have had "significant anticipations" of anarchism |
Alongside Stoicism, Taoism has been said to have had "significant anticipations" of anarchism[SEP]Anarchic attitudes were also articulated by tragedians and philosophers in Greece |
Anarchic attitudes were also articulated by tragedians and philosophers in Greece[SEP]Aeschylus and Sophocles used the myth of Antigone to illustrate the conflict between rules set by the state and personal autonomy |
Aeschylus and Sophocles used the myth of Antigone to illustrate the conflict between rules set by the state and personal autonomy[SEP]Socrates questioned Athenian authorities constantly and insisted on the right of individual freedom of conscience |
Socrates questioned Athenian authorities constantly and insisted on the right of individual freedom of conscience[SEP]Cynics dismissed human law (nomos) and associated authorities while trying to live according to nature (physis) |
Cynics dismissed human law (nomos) and associated authorities while trying to live according to nature (physis)[SEP]Stoics were supportive of a society based on unofficial and friendly relations among its citizens without the presence of a state |
Stoics were supportive of a society based on unofficial and friendly relations among its citizens without the presence of a state[SEP]In medieval Europe, there was no anarchistic activity except some ascetic religious movements |
In medieval Europe, there was no anarchistic activity except some ascetic religious movements[SEP]These, and other Muslim movements, later gave birth to religious anarchism |
These, and other Muslim movements, later gave birth to religious anarchism[SEP]In the Sasanian Empire, Mazdak called for an egalitarian society and the abolition of monarchy, only to be soon executed by Emperor Kavad I.
In Basra, religious sects preached against the state |
In the Sasanian Empire, Mazdak called for an egalitarian society and the abolition of monarchy, only to be soon executed by Emperor Kavad I.
In Basra, religious sects preached against the state[SEP]In Europe, various sects developed anti-state and libertarian tendencies |
In Europe, various sects developed anti-state and libertarian tendencies[SEP]Renewed interest in antiquity during the Renaissance and in private judgment during the Reformation restored elements of anti-authoritarian secularism, particularly in France |
Renewed interest in antiquity during the Renaissance and in private judgment during the Reformation restored elements of anti-authoritarian secularism, particularly in France[SEP]Enlightenment challenges to intellectual authority (secular and religious) and the revolutions of the 1790s and 1848 all spurred the ideological development of what became the era of classical anarchism |
Enlightenment challenges to intellectual authority (secular and religious) and the revolutions of the 1790s and 1848 all spurred the ideological development of what became the era of classical anarchism[SEP]Modern era
During the French Revolution, partisan groups such as the Enragés and the saw a turning point in the fermentation of anti-state and federalist sentiments |
Modern era
During the French Revolution, partisan groups such as the Enragés and the saw a turning point in the fermentation of anti-state and federalist sentiments[SEP]Drawing from mutualism, Mikhail Bakunin founded collectivist anarchism and entered the International Workingmen's Association, a class worker union later known as the First International that formed in 1864 to unite diverse revolutionary currents |
Drawing from mutualism, Mikhail Bakunin founded collectivist anarchism and entered the International Workingmen's Association, a class worker union later known as the First International that formed in 1864 to unite diverse revolutionary currents[SEP]The International became a significant political force, with Karl Marx being a leading figure and a member of its General Council |
The International became a significant political force, with Karl Marx being a leading figure and a member of its General Council[SEP]Bakunin's faction (the Jura Federation) and Proudhon's followers (the mutualists) opposed state socialism, advocating political abstentionism and small property holdings |
Bakunin's faction (the Jura Federation) and Proudhon's followers (the mutualists) opposed state socialism, advocating political abstentionism and small property holdings[SEP]After bitter disputes, the Bakuninists were expelled from the International by the Marxists at the 1872 Hague Congress |
After bitter disputes, the Bakuninists were expelled from the International by the Marxists at the 1872 Hague Congress[SEP]Anarchists were treated similarly in the Second International, being ultimately expelled in 1896. Bakunin famously predicted that if revolutionaries gained power by Marx's terms, they would end up the new tyrants of workers |
Anarchists were treated similarly in the Second International, being ultimately expelled in 1896. Bakunin famously predicted that if revolutionaries gained power by Marx's terms, they would end up the new tyrants of workers[SEP]In response to their expulsion from the First International, anarchists formed the St |
In response to their expulsion from the First International, anarchists formed the St[SEP]Imier International |
Imier International[SEP]Under the influence of Peter Kropotkin, a Russian philosopher and scientist, anarcho-communism overlapped with collectivism |
Under the influence of Peter Kropotkin, a Russian philosopher and scientist, anarcho-communism overlapped with collectivism[SEP]Anarcho-communists, who drew inspiration from the 1871 Paris Commune, advocated for free federation and for the distribution of goods according to one's needs |
Anarcho-communists, who drew inspiration from the 1871 Paris Commune, advocated for free federation and for the distribution of goods according to one's needs[SEP]At the turn of the century, anarchism had spread all over the world |
At the turn of the century, anarchism had spread all over the world[SEP]It was a notable feature of the international syndicalism movement |
It was a notable feature of the international syndicalism movement[SEP]In China, small groups of students imported the humanistic pro-science version of anarcho-communism |
In China, small groups of students imported the humanistic pro-science version of anarcho-communism[SEP]Tokyo was a hotspot for rebellious youth from countries of the far east, travelling to the Japanese capital to study |
Tokyo was a hotspot for rebellious youth from countries of the far east, travelling to the Japanese capital to study[SEP]In Latin America, Argentina was a stronghold for anarcho-syndicalism, where it became the most prominent left-wing ideology |
In Latin America, Argentina was a stronghold for anarcho-syndicalism, where it became the most prominent left-wing ideology[SEP]During this time, a minority of anarchists adopted tactics of revolutionary political violence |
During this time, a minority of anarchists adopted tactics of revolutionary political violence[SEP]This strategy became known as propaganda of the deed |
This strategy became known as propaganda of the deed[SEP]The dismemberment of the French socialist movement into many groups and the execution and exile of many Communards to penal colonies following the suppression of the Paris Commune favoured individualist political expression and acts |
The dismemberment of the French socialist movement into many groups and the execution and exile of many Communards to penal colonies following the suppression of the Paris Commune favoured individualist political expression and acts[SEP]Even though many anarchists distanced themselves from these terrorist acts, infamy came upon the movement and attempts were made to exclude them from American immigration, including the Immigration Act of 1903, also called the Anarchist Exclusion Act |
Even though many anarchists distanced themselves from these terrorist acts, infamy came upon the movement and attempts were made to exclude them from American immigration, including the Immigration Act of 1903, also called the Anarchist Exclusion Act[SEP]Illegalism was another strategy which some anarchists adopted during this period |
Illegalism was another strategy which some anarchists adopted during this period[SEP]Despite concerns, anarchists enthusiastically participated in the Russian Revolution in opposition to the White movement; however, they met harsh suppression after the Bolshevik government was stabilised |
Despite concerns, anarchists enthusiastically participated in the Russian Revolution in opposition to the White movement; however, they met harsh suppression after the Bolshevik government was stabilised[SEP]Several anarchists from Petrograd and Moscow fled to Ukraine, notably leading to the Kronstadt rebellion and Nestor Makhno's struggle in the Free Territory |
Several anarchists from Petrograd and Moscow fled to Ukraine, notably leading to the Kronstadt rebellion and Nestor Makhno's struggle in the Free Territory[SEP]With the anarchists being crushed in Russia, two new antithetical currents emerged, namely platformism and synthesis anarchism |
With the anarchists being crushed in Russia, two new antithetical currents emerged, namely platformism and synthesis anarchism[SEP]The former sought to create a coherent group that would push for revolution while the latter were against anything that would resemble a political party |
The former sought to create a coherent group that would push for revolution while the latter were against anything that would resemble a political party[SEP]Seeing the victories of the Bolsheviks in the October Revolution and the resulting Russian Civil War, many workers and activists turned to communist parties which grew at the expense of anarchism and other socialist movements |
Seeing the victories of the Bolsheviks in the October Revolution and the resulting Russian Civil War, many workers and activists turned to communist parties which grew at the expense of anarchism and other socialist movements[SEP]In France and the United States, members of major syndicalist movements such as the General Confederation of Labour and the Industrial Workers of the World left their organisations and joined the Communist International |
In France and the United States, members of major syndicalist movements such as the General Confederation of Labour and the Industrial Workers of the World left their organisations and joined the Communist International[SEP]In the Spanish Civil War of 1936, anarchists and syndicalists (CNT and FAI) once again allied themselves with various currents of leftists |
In the Spanish Civil War of 1936, anarchists and syndicalists (CNT and FAI) once again allied themselves with various currents of leftists[SEP]A long tradition of Spanish anarchism led to anarchists playing a pivotal role in the war |
A long tradition of Spanish anarchism led to anarchists playing a pivotal role in the war[SEP]In response to the army rebellion, an anarchist-inspired movement of peasants and workers, supported by armed militias, took control of Barcelona and of large areas of rural Spain, where they collectivised the land |
In response to the army rebellion, an anarchist-inspired movement of peasants and workers, supported by armed militias, took control of Barcelona and of large areas of rural Spain, where they collectivised the land[SEP]The Soviet Union provided some limited assistance at the beginning of the war, but the result was a bitter fight among communists and anarchists at a series of events named May Days as Joseph Stalin tried to seize control of the Republicans |
The Soviet Union provided some limited assistance at the beginning of the war, but the result was a bitter fight among communists and anarchists at a series of events named May Days as Joseph Stalin tried to seize control of the Republicans[SEP]Post-war era
At the end of World War II, the anarchist movement was severely weakened |
Post-war era
At the end of World War II, the anarchist movement was severely weakened[SEP]The 1960s witnessed a revival of anarchism, likely caused by a perceived failure of Marxism–Leninism and tensions built by the Cold War |
The 1960s witnessed a revival of anarchism, likely caused by a perceived failure of Marxism–Leninism and tensions built by the Cold War[SEP]During this time, anarchism found a presence in other movements critical towards both capitalism and the state such as the anti-nuclear, environmental, and peace movements, the counterculture of the 1960s, and the New Left |
During this time, anarchism found a presence in other movements critical towards both capitalism and the state such as the anti-nuclear, environmental, and peace movements, the counterculture of the 1960s, and the New Left[SEP]It also saw a transition from its previous revolutionary nature to provocative anti-capitalist reformism |
It also saw a transition from its previous revolutionary nature to provocative anti-capitalist reformism[SEP]Anarchism became associated with punk subculture as exemplified by bands such as Crass and the Sex Pistols |
Anarchism became associated with punk subculture as exemplified by bands such as Crass and the Sex Pistols[SEP]The established feminist tendencies of anarcha-feminism returned with vigour during the second wave of feminism |
The established feminist tendencies of anarcha-feminism returned with vigour during the second wave of feminism[SEP]Black anarchism began to take form at this time and influenced anarchism's move from a Eurocentric demographic |
Black anarchism began to take form at this time and influenced anarchism's move from a Eurocentric demographic[SEP]This coincided with its failure to gain traction in Northern Europe and its unprecedented height in Latin America |
This coincided with its failure to gain traction in Northern Europe and its unprecedented height in Latin America[SEP]Around the turn of the 21st century, anarchism grew in popularity and influence within anti-capitalist, anti-war and anti-globalisation movements |
Around the turn of the 21st century, anarchism grew in popularity and influence within anti-capitalist, anti-war and anti-globalisation movements[SEP]Anarchists became known for their involvement in protests against the World Trade Organization (WTO), the Group of Eight and the World Economic Forum |
Anarchists became known for their involvement in protests against the World Trade Organization (WTO), the Group of Eight and the World Economic Forum[SEP]During the protests, ad hoc leaderless anonymous cadres known as black blocs engaged in rioting, property destruction and violent confrontations with the police |
During the protests, ad hoc leaderless anonymous cadres known as black blocs engaged in rioting, property destruction and violent confrontations with the police[SEP]Other organisational tactics pioneered in this time include affinity groups, security culture and the use of decentralised technologies such as the Internet |
Other organisational tactics pioneered in this time include affinity groups, security culture and the use of decentralised technologies such as the Internet[SEP]A significant event of this period was the confrontations at the 1999 Seattle WTO conference |
A significant event of this period was the confrontations at the 1999 Seattle WTO conference[SEP]Anarchist ideas have been influential in the development of the Zapatistas in Mexico and the Democratic Federation of Northern Syria, more commonly known as Rojava, a de facto autonomous region in northern Syria |
Anarchist ideas have been influential in the development of the Zapatistas in Mexico and the Democratic Federation of Northern Syria, more commonly known as Rojava, a de facto autonomous region in northern Syria[SEP]Thought
Anarchist schools of thought have been generally grouped into two main historical traditions, social anarchism and individualist anarchism, owing to their different origins, values and evolution |
Thought
Anarchist schools of thought have been generally grouped into two main historical traditions, social anarchism and individualist anarchism, owing to their different origins, values and evolution[SEP]The individualist current emphasises negative liberty in opposing restraints upon the free individual, while the social current emphasises positive liberty in aiming to achieve the free potential of society through equality and social ownership |
The individualist current emphasises negative liberty in opposing restraints upon the free individual, while the social current emphasises positive liberty in aiming to achieve the free potential of society through equality and social ownership[SEP]In a chronological sense, anarchism can be segmented by the classical currents of the late 19th century and the post-classical currents (anarcha-feminism, green anarchism, and post-anarchism) developed thereafter |
In a chronological sense, anarchism can be segmented by the classical currents of the late 19th century and the post-classical currents (anarcha-feminism, green anarchism, and post-anarchism) developed thereafter[SEP]Beyond the specific factions of anarchist movements which constitute political anarchism lies philosophical anarchism which holds that the state lacks moral legitimacy, without necessarily accepting the imperative of revolution to eliminate it |
Beyond the specific factions of anarchist movements which constitute political anarchism lies philosophical anarchism which holds that the state lacks moral legitimacy, without necessarily accepting the imperative of revolution to eliminate it[SEP]A component especially of individualist anarchism, philosophical anarchism may tolerate the existence of a minimal state but claims that citizens have no moral obligation to obey government when it conflicts with individual autonomy |
A component especially of individualist anarchism, philosophical anarchism may tolerate the existence of a minimal state but claims that citizens have no moral obligation to obey government when it conflicts with individual autonomy[SEP]Anarchism pays significant attention to moral arguments since ethics have a central role in anarchist philosophy |
Anarchism pays significant attention to moral arguments since ethics have a central role in anarchist philosophy[SEP]Anarchism's emphasis on anti-capitalism, egalitarianism, and for the extension of community and individuality sets it apart from anarcho-capitalism and other types of economic libertarianism |
Anarchism's emphasis on anti-capitalism, egalitarianism, and for the extension of community and individuality sets it apart from anarcho-capitalism and other types of economic libertarianism[SEP]Anarchism is usually placed on the far-left of the political spectrum |
Anarchism is usually placed on the far-left of the political spectrum[SEP]As anarchism does not offer a fixed body of doctrine from a single particular worldview, many anarchist types and traditions exist and varieties of anarchy diverge widely |
As anarchism does not offer a fixed body of doctrine from a single particular worldview, many anarchist types and traditions exist and varieties of anarchy diverge widely[SEP]Belief in political nihilism has been espoused by anarchists |
Belief in political nihilism has been espoused by anarchists[SEP]Classical
Inceptive currents among classical anarchist currents were mutualism and individualism |
Classical
Inceptive currents among classical anarchist currents were mutualism and individualism[SEP]They were followed by the major currents of social anarchism (collectivist, communist and syndicalist) |
They were followed by the major currents of social anarchism (collectivist, communist and syndicalist)[SEP]They differ on organisational and economic aspects of their ideal society |
They differ on organisational and economic aspects of their ideal society[SEP]Mutualism is an 18th-century economic theory that was developed into anarchist theory by Pierre-Joseph Proudhon |
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