text
stringlengths 27
517
|
|---|
Anarchist writers such as William Godwin (Political Justice) and Max Stirner ("The False Principle of Our Education") attacked both state education and private education as another means by which the ruling class replicate their privileges[SEP]In 1901, Catalan anarchist and free thinker Francisco Ferrer established the Escuela Moderna in Barcelona as an opposition to the established education system which was dictated largely by the Catholic Church |
In 1901, Catalan anarchist and free thinker Francisco Ferrer established the Escuela Moderna in Barcelona as an opposition to the established education system which was dictated largely by the Catholic Church[SEP]Ferrer's approach was secular, rejecting both state and church involvement in the educational process whilst giving pupils large amounts of autonomy in planning their work and attendance |
Ferrer's approach was secular, rejecting both state and church involvement in the educational process whilst giving pupils large amounts of autonomy in planning their work and attendance[SEP]Ferrer aimed to educate the working class and explicitly sought to foster class consciousness among students |
Ferrer aimed to educate the working class and explicitly sought to foster class consciousness among students[SEP]The school closed after constant harassment by the state and Ferrer was later arrested |
The school closed after constant harassment by the state and Ferrer was later arrested[SEP]Nonetheless, his ideas formed the inspiration for a series of modern schools around the world |
Nonetheless, his ideas formed the inspiration for a series of modern schools around the world[SEP]Christian anarchist Leo Tolstoy, who published the essay Education and Culture, also established a similar school with its founding principle being that "for education to be effective it had to be free |
Christian anarchist Leo Tolstoy, who published the essay Education and Culture, also established a similar school with its founding principle being that "for education to be effective it had to be free[SEP]" In a similar token, A. S. Neill founded what became the Summerhill School in 1921, also declaring being free from coercion |
" In a similar token, A. S. Neill founded what became the Summerhill School in 1921, also declaring being free from coercion[SEP]Ferrer believed that moral indoctrination was necessary and explicitly taught pupils that equality, liberty and social justice were not possible under capitalism, along with other critiques of government and nationalism |
Ferrer believed that moral indoctrination was necessary and explicitly taught pupils that equality, liberty and social justice were not possible under capitalism, along with other critiques of government and nationalism[SEP]Contemporary anarchists such as Ward claim that state education serves to perpetuate socioeconomic inequality |
Contemporary anarchists such as Ward claim that state education serves to perpetuate socioeconomic inequality[SEP]Anarchism and the state
Objection to the state and its institutions is a sine qua non of anarchism |
Anarchism and the state
Objection to the state and its institutions is a sine qua non of anarchism[SEP]Anarchists consider the state as a tool of domination and believe it to be illegitimate regardless of its political tendencies |
Anarchists consider the state as a tool of domination and believe it to be illegitimate regardless of its political tendencies[SEP]Instead of people being able to control the aspects of their life, major decisions are taken by a small elite |
Instead of people being able to control the aspects of their life, major decisions are taken by a small elite[SEP]Authority ultimately rests solely on power, regardless of whether that power is open or transparent, as it still has the ability to coerce people |
Authority ultimately rests solely on power, regardless of whether that power is open or transparent, as it still has the ability to coerce people[SEP]Another anarchist argument against states is that the people constituting a government, even the most altruistic among officials, will unavoidably seek to gain more power, leading to corruption |
Another anarchist argument against states is that the people constituting a government, even the most altruistic among officials, will unavoidably seek to gain more power, leading to corruption[SEP]Anarchists consider the idea that the state is the collective will of the people to be an unachievable fiction due to the fact that the ruling class is distinct from the rest of society |
Anarchists consider the idea that the state is the collective will of the people to be an unachievable fiction due to the fact that the ruling class is distinct from the rest of society[SEP]Specific anarchist attitudes towards the state vary |
Specific anarchist attitudes towards the state vary[SEP]Robert Paul Wolff believed that the tension between authority and autonomy would mean the state could never be legitimate |
Robert Paul Wolff believed that the tension between authority and autonomy would mean the state could never be legitimate[SEP]Bakunin saw the state as meaning "coercion, domination by means of coercion, camouflaged if possible but unceremonious and overt if need be |
Bakunin saw the state as meaning "coercion, domination by means of coercion, camouflaged if possible but unceremonious and overt if need be[SEP]" A. John Simmons and Leslie Green, who leaned toward philosophical anarchism, believed that the state could be legitimate if it is governed by consensus, although they saw this as highly unlikely |
" A. John Simmons and Leslie Green, who leaned toward philosophical anarchism, believed that the state could be legitimate if it is governed by consensus, although they saw this as highly unlikely[SEP]Beliefs on how to abolish the state also differ |
Beliefs on how to abolish the state also differ[SEP]Anarchism and the arts
The connection between anarchism and art was quite profound during the classical era of anarchism, especially among artistic currents that were developing during that era such as futurists, surrealists and others |
Anarchism and the arts
The connection between anarchism and art was quite profound during the classical era of anarchism, especially among artistic currents that were developing during that era such as futurists, surrealists and others[SEP]In literature, anarchism was mostly associated with the New Apocalyptics and the neo-romanticism movement |
In literature, anarchism was mostly associated with the New Apocalyptics and the neo-romanticism movement[SEP]In music, anarchism has been associated with music scenes such as punk |
In music, anarchism has been associated with music scenes such as punk[SEP]Other anarchists advocated for or used art as a means to achieve anarchist ends |
Other anarchists advocated for or used art as a means to achieve anarchist ends[SEP]In his book Breaking the Spell: A History of Anarchist Filmmakers, Videotape Guerrillas, and Digital Ninjas, Chris Robé claims that "anarchist-inflected practices have increasingly structured movement-based video activism |
In his book Breaking the Spell: A History of Anarchist Filmmakers, Videotape Guerrillas, and Digital Ninjas, Chris Robé claims that "anarchist-inflected practices have increasingly structured movement-based video activism[SEP]" Throughout the 20th century, many prominent anarchists (Peter Kropotkin, Emma Goldman, Gustav Landauer and Camillo Berneri) and publications such as Anarchy wrote about matters pertaining to the arts |
" Throughout the 20th century, many prominent anarchists (Peter Kropotkin, Emma Goldman, Gustav Landauer and Camillo Berneri) and publications such as Anarchy wrote about matters pertaining to the arts[SEP]Three overlapping properties made art useful to anarchists |
Three overlapping properties made art useful to anarchists[SEP]It could depict a critique of existing society and hierarchies, serve as a prefigurative tool to reflect the anarchist ideal society and even turn into a means of direct action such as in protests |
It could depict a critique of existing society and hierarchies, serve as a prefigurative tool to reflect the anarchist ideal society and even turn into a means of direct action such as in protests[SEP]As it appeals to both emotion and reason, art could appeal to the whole human and have a powerful effect |
As it appeals to both emotion and reason, art could appeal to the whole human and have a powerful effect[SEP]The 19th-century neo-impressionist movement had an ecological aesthetic and offered an example of an anarchist perception of the road towards socialism |
The 19th-century neo-impressionist movement had an ecological aesthetic and offered an example of an anarchist perception of the road towards socialism[SEP]In Les chataigniers a Osny by anarchist painter Camille Pissarro, the blending of aesthetic and social harmony is prefiguring an ideal anarchistic agrarian community |
In Les chataigniers a Osny by anarchist painter Camille Pissarro, the blending of aesthetic and social harmony is prefiguring an ideal anarchistic agrarian community[SEP]Analysis
The most common critique of anarchism is that humans cannot self-govern and so a state is necessary for human survival |
Analysis
The most common critique of anarchism is that humans cannot self-govern and so a state is necessary for human survival[SEP]" Another common criticism of anarchism is that it fits a world of isolation in which only the small enough entities can be self-governing; a response would be that major anarchist thinkers advocated anarchist federalism |
" Another common criticism of anarchism is that it fits a world of isolation in which only the small enough entities can be self-governing; a response would be that major anarchist thinkers advocated anarchist federalism[SEP]Secondly, anarchism is evaluated as unfeasible or utopian since the state cannot be defeated practically |
Secondly, anarchism is evaluated as unfeasible or utopian since the state cannot be defeated practically[SEP]This line of arguments most often calls for political action within the system to reform it |
This line of arguments most often calls for political action within the system to reform it[SEP]The third argument is that anarchism is self-contradictory |
The third argument is that anarchism is self-contradictory[SEP]While it advocates for no-one to archiei, if accepted by the many, then anarchism would turn into the ruling political theory |
While it advocates for no-one to archiei, if accepted by the many, then anarchism would turn into the ruling political theory[SEP]In this line of criticism also comes the self-contradiction that anarchism calls for collective action whilst endorsing the autonomy of the individual, hence no collective action can be taken |
In this line of criticism also comes the self-contradiction that anarchism calls for collective action whilst endorsing the autonomy of the individual, hence no collective action can be taken[SEP]Lastly, Fiala mentions a critique towards philosophical anarchism of being ineffective (all talk and thoughts) and in the meantime capitalism and bourgeois class remains strong |
Lastly, Fiala mentions a critique towards philosophical anarchism of being ineffective (all talk and thoughts) and in the meantime capitalism and bourgeois class remains strong[SEP]Philosophical anarchism has met the criticism of members of academia following the release of pro-anarchist books such as A. John Simmons' Moral Principles and Political Obligations |
Philosophical anarchism has met the criticism of members of academia following the release of pro-anarchist books such as A. John Simmons' Moral Principles and Political Obligations[SEP]Law professor William A. Edmundson authored an essay to argue against three major philosophical anarchist principles which he finds fallacious |
Law professor William A. Edmundson authored an essay to argue against three major philosophical anarchist principles which he finds fallacious[SEP]Edmundson says that while the individual does not owe the state a duty of obedience, this does not imply that anarchism is the inevitable conclusion and the state is still morally legitimate |
Edmundson says that while the individual does not owe the state a duty of obedience, this does not imply that anarchism is the inevitable conclusion and the state is still morally legitimate[SEP]In The Problem of Political Authority, Michael Huemer defends philosophical anarchism, claiming that "political authority is a moral illusion |
In The Problem of Political Authority, Michael Huemer defends philosophical anarchism, claiming that "political authority is a moral illusion[SEP]"
One of the earliest criticisms is that anarchism defies and fails to understand the biological inclination to authority |
"
One of the earliest criticisms is that anarchism defies and fails to understand the biological inclination to authority[SEP]Joseph Raz states that the acceptance of authority implies the belief that following their instructions will afford more success |
Joseph Raz states that the acceptance of authority implies the belief that following their instructions will afford more success[SEP]Raz believes that this argument is true in following both authorities' successful and mistaken instruction |
Raz believes that this argument is true in following both authorities' successful and mistaken instruction[SEP]Anarchist perception of human nature, rejection of the state, and commitment to social revolution has been criticised by academics as naive, overly simplistic, and unrealistic, respectively |
Anarchist perception of human nature, rejection of the state, and commitment to social revolution has been criticised by academics as naive, overly simplistic, and unrealistic, respectively[SEP]Classical anarchism has been criticised for relying too heavily on the belief that the abolition of the state will lead to human cooperation prospering |
Classical anarchism has been criticised for relying too heavily on the belief that the abolition of the state will lead to human cooperation prospering[SEP]Friedrich Engels, considered to be one of the principal founders of Marxism, criticised anarchism's anti-authoritarianism as inherently counter-revolutionary because in his view a revolution is by itself authoritarian |
Friedrich Engels, considered to be one of the principal founders of Marxism, criticised anarchism's anti-authoritarianism as inherently counter-revolutionary because in his view a revolution is by itself authoritarian[SEP]Academic John Molyneux writes in his book Anarchism: A Marxist Criticism that "anarchism cannot win", believing that it lacks the ability to properly implement its ideas |
Academic John Molyneux writes in his book Anarchism: A Marxist Criticism that "anarchism cannot win", believing that it lacks the ability to properly implement its ideas[SEP]The Marxist criticism of anarchism is that it has a utopian character because all individuals should have anarchist views and values |
The Marxist criticism of anarchism is that it has a utopian character because all individuals should have anarchist views and values[SEP]According to the Marxist view, that a social idea would follow directly from this human ideal and out of the free will of every individual formed its essence |
According to the Marxist view, that a social idea would follow directly from this human ideal and out of the free will of every individual formed its essence[SEP]Marxists state that this contradiction was responsible for their inability to act |
Marxists state that this contradiction was responsible for their inability to act[SEP]In the anarchist vision, the conflict between liberty and equality was resolved through coexistence and intertwining |
In the anarchist vision, the conflict between liberty and equality was resolved through coexistence and intertwining[SEP]A defence of philosophical anarchism, stating that "both kinds of 'anarchism' [i |
A defence of philosophical anarchism, stating that "both kinds of 'anarchism' [i[SEP]philosophical and political anarchism] are philosophical and political claims |
philosophical and political anarchism] are philosophical and political claims[SEP]137)
Anarchistic popular fiction novel |
137)
Anarchistic popular fiction novel[SEP]An argument for philosophical anarchism |
An argument for philosophical anarchism[SEP]External links
Anarchy Archives |
External links
Anarchy Archives[SEP]Anarchy Archives is an online research center on the history and theory of anarchism |
Anarchy Archives is an online research center on the history and theory of anarchism[SEP]Anti-capitalism
Anti-fascism
Economic ideologies
Left-wing politics
Libertarian socialism
Libertarianism
Political culture
Political movements
Political ideologies
Social theories
Socialism
Far-left politics |
Autism is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by difficulties with social interaction and communication, and by restricted and repetitive behavior[SEP]Parents often notice signs during the first three years of their child's life |
Parents often notice signs during the first three years of their child's life[SEP]These signs often develop gradually, though some autistic children experience regression in their communication and social skills after reaching developmental milestones at a normal pace |
These signs often develop gradually, though some autistic children experience regression in their communication and social skills after reaching developmental milestones at a normal pace[SEP]Autism is associated with a combination of genetic and environmental factors |
Autism is associated with a combination of genetic and environmental factors[SEP]Risk factors during pregnancy include certain infections, such as rubella, toxins including valproic acid, alcohol, cocaine, pesticides, lead, and air pollution, fetal growth restriction, and autoimmune diseases |
Risk factors during pregnancy include certain infections, such as rubella, toxins including valproic acid, alcohol, cocaine, pesticides, lead, and air pollution, fetal growth restriction, and autoimmune diseases[SEP]Controversies surround other proposed environmental causes; for example, the vaccine hypothesis, which has been disproven |
Controversies surround other proposed environmental causes; for example, the vaccine hypothesis, which has been disproven[SEP]Autism affects information processing in the brain and how nerve cells and their synapses connect and organize; how this occurs is not well understood |
Autism affects information processing in the brain and how nerve cells and their synapses connect and organize; how this occurs is not well understood[SEP]The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) combines forms of the condition, including Asperger syndrome and pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS) into the diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) |
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) combines forms of the condition, including Asperger syndrome and pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS) into the diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder (ASD)[SEP]Several interventions have been shown to reduce symptoms and improve the ability of autistic people to function and participate independently in the community |
Several interventions have been shown to reduce symptoms and improve the ability of autistic people to function and participate independently in the community[SEP]Behavioral, psychological, education, and/or skill-building interventions may be used to assist autistic people to learn life skills necessary for living independently, as well as other social, communication, and language skills |
Behavioral, psychological, education, and/or skill-building interventions may be used to assist autistic people to learn life skills necessary for living independently, as well as other social, communication, and language skills[SEP]Therapy also aims to reduce challenging behaviors and build upon strengths |
Therapy also aims to reduce challenging behaviors and build upon strengths[SEP]Some autistic adults are unable to live independently |
Some autistic adults are unable to live independently[SEP]An autistic culture has developed, with some individuals seeking a cure and others believing autism should be accepted as a difference to be accommodated instead of cured |
An autistic culture has developed, with some individuals seeking a cure and others believing autism should be accepted as a difference to be accommodated instead of cured[SEP]Globally, autism is estimated to affect 24.8 million people |
Globally, autism is estimated to affect 24.8 million people[SEP]In the 2000s, the number of autistic people worldwide was estimated at 1–2 per 1,000 people |
In the 2000s, the number of autistic people worldwide was estimated at 1–2 per 1,000 people[SEP]In the developed countries, about 1.5% of children are diagnosed with ASD , up from 0.7% in 2000 in the United States |
In the developed countries, about 1.5% of children are diagnosed with ASD , up from 0.7% in 2000 in the United States[SEP]It is diagnosed four to five times more often in males than females |
It is diagnosed four to five times more often in males than females[SEP]The number of people diagnosed has increased considerably since the 1990s, which may be partly due to increased recognition of the condition |
The number of people diagnosed has increased considerably since the 1990s, which may be partly due to increased recognition of the condition[SEP]Characteristics
Autism is a highly variable neurodevelopmental disorder whose symptoms first appear during infancy or childhood, and generally follows a steady course without remission |
Characteristics
Autism is a highly variable neurodevelopmental disorder whose symptoms first appear during infancy or childhood, and generally follows a steady course without remission[SEP]Autistic people may be severely impaired in some respects but average, or even superior, in others |
Autistic people may be severely impaired in some respects but average, or even superior, in others[SEP]Overt symptoms gradually begin after the age of six months, become established by age two or three years and tend to continue through adulthood, although often in more muted form |
Overt symptoms gradually begin after the age of six months, become established by age two or three years and tend to continue through adulthood, although often in more muted form[SEP]It is distinguished by a characteristic triad of symptoms: impairments in social interaction, impairments in communication, and repetitive behavior |
It is distinguished by a characteristic triad of symptoms: impairments in social interaction, impairments in communication, and repetitive behavior[SEP]Other aspects, such as atypical eating, are also common but are not essential for diagnosis |
Other aspects, such as atypical eating, are also common but are not essential for diagnosis[SEP]Individual symptoms of autism occur in the general population and appear not to associate highly, without a sharp line separating pathologically severe from common traits |
Individual symptoms of autism occur in the general population and appear not to associate highly, without a sharp line separating pathologically severe from common traits[SEP]Social development
Social deficits distinguish autism and the related autism spectrum disorders (ASD; see Classification) from other developmental disorders |
Social development
Social deficits distinguish autism and the related autism spectrum disorders (ASD; see Classification) from other developmental disorders[SEP]Autistic people have social impairments and often lack the intuition about others that many people take for granted |
Autistic people have social impairments and often lack the intuition about others that many people take for granted[SEP]Noted autistic Temple Grandin described her inability to understand the social communication of neurotypicals, or people with typical neural development, as leaving her feeling "like an anthropologist on Mars" |
Noted autistic Temple Grandin described her inability to understand the social communication of neurotypicals, or people with typical neural development, as leaving her feeling "like an anthropologist on Mars"[SEP]Unusual social development becomes apparent early in childhood |
Unusual social development becomes apparent early in childhood[SEP]Autistic infants show less attention to social stimuli, smile and look at others less often, and respond less to their own name |
Autistic infants show less attention to social stimuli, smile and look at others less often, and respond less to their own name[SEP]Autistic toddlers differ more strikingly from social norms; for example, they have less eye contact and turn-taking, and do not have the ability to use simple movements to express themselves, such as pointing at things |
Autistic toddlers differ more strikingly from social norms; for example, they have less eye contact and turn-taking, and do not have the ability to use simple movements to express themselves, such as pointing at things[SEP]Three- to five-year-old autistic children are less likely to exhibit social understanding, approach others spontaneously, imitate and respond to emotions, communicate nonverbally, and take turns with others |
Three- to five-year-old autistic children are less likely to exhibit social understanding, approach others spontaneously, imitate and respond to emotions, communicate nonverbally, and take turns with others[SEP]However, they do form attachments to their primary caregivers |
However, they do form attachments to their primary caregivers[SEP]Most autistic children display moderately less attachment security than neurotypical children, although this difference disappears in children with higher mental development or less pronounced autistic traits |
Most autistic children display moderately less attachment security than neurotypical children, although this difference disappears in children with higher mental development or less pronounced autistic traits[SEP]Older children and adults with ASD perform worse on tests of face and emotion recognition although this may be partly due to a lower ability to define a person's own emotions |
Older children and adults with ASD perform worse on tests of face and emotion recognition although this may be partly due to a lower ability to define a person's own emotions[SEP]Children with high-functioning autism have more intense and frequent loneliness compared to non-autistic peers, despite the common belief that autistic children prefer to be alone |
Children with high-functioning autism have more intense and frequent loneliness compared to non-autistic peers, despite the common belief that autistic children prefer to be alone[SEP]Making and maintaining friendships often proves to be difficult for autistic people |
Making and maintaining friendships often proves to be difficult for autistic people[SEP]For them, the quality of friendships, not the number of friends, predicts how lonely they feel |
For them, the quality of friendships, not the number of friends, predicts how lonely they feel[SEP]Functional friendships, such as those resulting in invitations to parties, may affect the quality of life more deeply |
Functional friendships, such as those resulting in invitations to parties, may affect the quality of life more deeply[SEP]There are many anecdotal reports, but few systematic studies, of aggression and violence in individuals with ASD |
There are many anecdotal reports, but few systematic studies, of aggression and violence in individuals with ASD[SEP]The limited data suggest that, in children with intellectual disability, autism is associated with aggression, destruction of property, and meltdowns |