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Mutualism is an 18th-century economic theory that was developed into anarchist theory by Pierre-Joseph Proudhon[SEP]Its aims include reciprocity, free association, voluntary contract, federation and monetary reform of both credit and currency that would be regulated by a bank of the people |
Its aims include reciprocity, free association, voluntary contract, federation and monetary reform of both credit and currency that would be regulated by a bank of the people[SEP]Mutualism has been retrospectively characterised as ideologically situated between individualist and collectivist forms of anarchism |
Mutualism has been retrospectively characterised as ideologically situated between individualist and collectivist forms of anarchism[SEP]In What Is Property |
In What Is Property[SEP](1840), Proudhon first characterised his goal as a "third form of society, the synthesis of communism and property |
(1840), Proudhon first characterised his goal as a "third form of society, the synthesis of communism and property[SEP]" Collectivist anarchism is a revolutionary socialist form of anarchism commonly associated with Mikhail Bakunin |
" Collectivist anarchism is a revolutionary socialist form of anarchism commonly associated with Mikhail Bakunin[SEP]Collectivist anarchism arose alongside Marxism but rejected the dictatorship of the proletariat despite the stated Marxist goal of a collectivist stateless society |
Collectivist anarchism arose alongside Marxism but rejected the dictatorship of the proletariat despite the stated Marxist goal of a collectivist stateless society[SEP]" Anarcho-communism developed from radical socialist currents after the French Revolution but was first formulated as such in the Italian section of the First International |
" Anarcho-communism developed from radical socialist currents after the French Revolution but was first formulated as such in the Italian section of the First International[SEP]It was later expanded upon in the theoretical work of Peter Kropotkin, whose specific style would go onto become the dominating view of anarchists by the late 19th century |
It was later expanded upon in the theoretical work of Peter Kropotkin, whose specific style would go onto become the dominating view of anarchists by the late 19th century[SEP]Anarcho-syndicalism is a branch of anarchism that views labour syndicates as a potential force for revolutionary social change, replacing capitalism and the state with a new society democratically self-managed by workers |
Anarcho-syndicalism is a branch of anarchism that views labour syndicates as a potential force for revolutionary social change, replacing capitalism and the state with a new society democratically self-managed by workers[SEP]The basic principles of anarcho-syndicalism are direct action, workers' solidarity and workers' self-management |
The basic principles of anarcho-syndicalism are direct action, workers' solidarity and workers' self-management[SEP]Individualist anarchism is a set of several traditions of thought within the anarchist movement that emphasise the individual and their will over any kinds of external determinants |
Individualist anarchism is a set of several traditions of thought within the anarchist movement that emphasise the individual and their will over any kinds of external determinants[SEP]Early influences on individualist forms of anarchism include William Godwin, Max Stirner, and Henry David Thoreau |
Early influences on individualist forms of anarchism include William Godwin, Max Stirner, and Henry David Thoreau[SEP]Through many countries, individualist anarchism attracted a small yet diverse following of Bohemian artists and intellectuals as well as young anarchist outlaws in what became known as illegalism and individual reclamation |
Through many countries, individualist anarchism attracted a small yet diverse following of Bohemian artists and intellectuals as well as young anarchist outlaws in what became known as illegalism and individual reclamation[SEP]Post-classical and contemporary
Anarchist principles undergird contemporary radical social movements of the left |
Post-classical and contemporary
Anarchist principles undergird contemporary radical social movements of the left[SEP]Interest in the anarchist movement developed alongside momentum in the anti-globalisation movement, whose leading activist networks were anarchist in orientation |
Interest in the anarchist movement developed alongside momentum in the anti-globalisation movement, whose leading activist networks were anarchist in orientation[SEP]As the movement shaped 21st century radicalism, wider embrace of anarchist principles signaled a revival of interest |
As the movement shaped 21st century radicalism, wider embrace of anarchist principles signaled a revival of interest[SEP]Anarchism has continued to generate many philosophies and movements, at times eclectic, drawing upon various sources and combining disparate concepts to create new philosophical approaches |
Anarchism has continued to generate many philosophies and movements, at times eclectic, drawing upon various sources and combining disparate concepts to create new philosophical approaches[SEP]The anti-capitalist tradition of classical anarchism has remained prominent within contemporary currents |
The anti-capitalist tradition of classical anarchism has remained prominent within contemporary currents[SEP]Contemporary news coverage which emphasizes black bloc demonstrations has reinforced anarchism's historical association with chaos and violence |
Contemporary news coverage which emphasizes black bloc demonstrations has reinforced anarchism's historical association with chaos and violence[SEP]Its publicity has also led more scholars in fields such as anthropology and history to engage with the anarchist movement, although contemporary anarchism favours actions over academic theory |
Its publicity has also led more scholars in fields such as anthropology and history to engage with the anarchist movement, although contemporary anarchism favours actions over academic theory[SEP]Various anarchist groups, tendencies, and schools of thought exist today, making it difficult to describe the contemporary anarchist movement |
Various anarchist groups, tendencies, and schools of thought exist today, making it difficult to describe the contemporary anarchist movement[SEP]Gender equality can be a common principle, although it ranks as a higher priority to anarcha-feminists than anarcho-communists |
Gender equality can be a common principle, although it ranks as a higher priority to anarcha-feminists than anarcho-communists[SEP]Anarchists are generally committed against coercive authority in all forms, namely "all centralized and hierarchical forms of government (e |
Anarchists are generally committed against coercive authority in all forms, namely "all centralized and hierarchical forms of government (e[SEP], monarchy, representative democracy, state socialism, etc |
, monarchy, representative democracy, state socialism, etc[SEP]), economic class systems (e |
), economic class systems (e[SEP], capitalism, Bolshevism, feudalism, slavery, etc |
, capitalism, Bolshevism, feudalism, slavery, etc[SEP]), autocratic religions (e |
), autocratic religions (e[SEP], fundamentalist Islam, Roman Catholicism, etc |
, fundamentalist Islam, Roman Catholicism, etc[SEP]), patriarchy, heterosexism, white supremacy, and imperialism |
), patriarchy, heterosexism, white supremacy, and imperialism[SEP]" Anarchist schools disagree on the methods by which these forms should be opposed |
" Anarchist schools disagree on the methods by which these forms should be opposed[SEP]The principle of equal liberty is closer to anarchist political ethics in that it transcends both the liberal and socialist traditions |
The principle of equal liberty is closer to anarchist political ethics in that it transcends both the liberal and socialist traditions[SEP]This entails that liberty and equality cannot be implemented within the state, resulting in the questioning of all forms of domination and hierarchy |
This entails that liberty and equality cannot be implemented within the state, resulting in the questioning of all forms of domination and hierarchy[SEP]Tactics
Anarchists' tactics take various forms but in general serve two major goals, namely to first oppose the Establishment and secondly to promote anarchist ethics and reflect an anarchist vision of society, illustrating the unity of means and ends |
Tactics
Anarchists' tactics take various forms but in general serve two major goals, namely to first oppose the Establishment and secondly to promote anarchist ethics and reflect an anarchist vision of society, illustrating the unity of means and ends[SEP]A broad categorisation can be made between aims to destroy oppressive states and institutions by revolutionary means on one hand and aims to change society through evolutionary means on the other |
A broad categorisation can be made between aims to destroy oppressive states and institutions by revolutionary means on one hand and aims to change society through evolutionary means on the other[SEP]Evolutionary tactics embrace nonviolence, reject violence and take a gradual approach to anarchist aims, although there is significant overlap between the two |
Evolutionary tactics embrace nonviolence, reject violence and take a gradual approach to anarchist aims, although there is significant overlap between the two[SEP]Anarchist tactics have shifted during the course of the last century |
Anarchist tactics have shifted during the course of the last century[SEP]Anarchists during the early 20th century focused more on strikes and militancy while contemporary anarchists use a broader array of approaches |
Anarchists during the early 20th century focused more on strikes and militancy while contemporary anarchists use a broader array of approaches[SEP]Classical era tactics
During the classical era, anarchists had a militant tendency |
Classical era tactics
During the classical era, anarchists had a militant tendency[SEP]Not only did they confront state armed forces, as in Spain and Ukraine, but some of them also employed terrorism as propaganda of the deed |
Not only did they confront state armed forces, as in Spain and Ukraine, but some of them also employed terrorism as propaganda of the deed[SEP]Assassination attempts were carried out against heads of state, some of which were successful |
Assassination attempts were carried out against heads of state, some of which were successful[SEP]Anarchists also took part in revolutions |
Anarchists also took part in revolutions[SEP]Many anarchists, especially the Galleanists, believed that these attempts would be the impetus for a revolution against capitalism and the state |
Many anarchists, especially the Galleanists, believed that these attempts would be the impetus for a revolution against capitalism and the state[SEP]Many of these attacks were done by individual assailants and the majority took place in the late 1870s, the early 1880s and the 1890s, with some still occurring in the early 1900s |
Many of these attacks were done by individual assailants and the majority took place in the late 1870s, the early 1880s and the 1890s, with some still occurring in the early 1900s[SEP]Their decrease in prevalence was the result of further judicial power and targeting and cataloging by state institutions |
Their decrease in prevalence was the result of further judicial power and targeting and cataloging by state institutions[SEP]Anarchist perspectives towards violence have always been controversial |
Anarchist perspectives towards violence have always been controversial[SEP]Anarcho-pacifists advocate for non-violence means to achieve their stateless, nonviolent ends |
Anarcho-pacifists advocate for non-violence means to achieve their stateless, nonviolent ends[SEP]Other anarchist groups advocate direct action, a tactic which can include acts of sabotage or terrorism |
Other anarchist groups advocate direct action, a tactic which can include acts of sabotage or terrorism[SEP]This attitude was quite prominent a century ago when seeing the state as a tyrant and some anarchists believing that they had every right to oppose its oppression by any means possible |
This attitude was quite prominent a century ago when seeing the state as a tyrant and some anarchists believing that they had every right to oppose its oppression by any means possible[SEP]Emma Goldman and Errico Malatesta, who were proponents of limited use of violence, stated that violence is merely a reaction to state violence as a necessary evil |
Emma Goldman and Errico Malatesta, who were proponents of limited use of violence, stated that violence is merely a reaction to state violence as a necessary evil[SEP]Anarchists took an active role in strike actions, although they tended to be antipathetic to formal syndicalism, seeing it as reformist |
Anarchists took an active role in strike actions, although they tended to be antipathetic to formal syndicalism, seeing it as reformist[SEP]They saw it as a part of the movement which sought to overthrow the state and capitalism |
They saw it as a part of the movement which sought to overthrow the state and capitalism[SEP]Anarchists also reinforced their propaganda within the arts, some of whom practiced naturism and nudism |
Anarchists also reinforced their propaganda within the arts, some of whom practiced naturism and nudism[SEP]Those anarchists also built communities which were based on friendship and were involved in the news media |
Those anarchists also built communities which were based on friendship and were involved in the news media[SEP]Members of The Invisible Committee were arrested in 2008 on various charges, terrorism included |
Members of The Invisible Committee were arrested in 2008 on various charges, terrorism included[SEP]Overall, contemporary anarchists are much less violent and militant than their ideological ancestors |
Overall, contemporary anarchists are much less violent and militant than their ideological ancestors[SEP]They mostly engage in confronting the police during demonstrations and riots, especially in countries such as Canada, Greece, and Mexico |
They mostly engage in confronting the police during demonstrations and riots, especially in countries such as Canada, Greece, and Mexico[SEP]Evolutionary tactics
Anarchists commonly employ direct action |
Evolutionary tactics
Anarchists commonly employ direct action[SEP]This can take the form of disrupting and protesting against unjust hierarchy, or the form of self-managing their lives through the creation of counter-institutions such as communes and non-hierarchical collectives |
This can take the form of disrupting and protesting against unjust hierarchy, or the form of self-managing their lives through the creation of counter-institutions such as communes and non-hierarchical collectives[SEP]Decision-making is often handled in an anti-authoritarian way, with everyone having equal say in each decision, an approach known as horizontalism |
Decision-making is often handled in an anti-authoritarian way, with everyone having equal say in each decision, an approach known as horizontalism[SEP]Those anarchists would rather base their thought and praxis on their own experience which they will later theorize |
Those anarchists would rather base their thought and praxis on their own experience which they will later theorize[SEP]The decision-making process of small anarchist affinity groups plays a significant tactical role |
The decision-making process of small anarchist affinity groups plays a significant tactical role[SEP]Anarchists have employed various methods in order to build a rough consensus among members of their group without the need of a leader or a leading group |
Anarchists have employed various methods in order to build a rough consensus among members of their group without the need of a leader or a leading group[SEP]One way is for an individual from the group to play the role of facilitator to help achieve a consensus without taking part in the discussion themselves or promoting a specific point |
One way is for an individual from the group to play the role of facilitator to help achieve a consensus without taking part in the discussion themselves or promoting a specific point[SEP]Minorities usually accept rough consensus, except when they feel the proposal contradicts anarchist ethics, goals and values |
Minorities usually accept rough consensus, except when they feel the proposal contradicts anarchist ethics, goals and values[SEP]Anarchists usually form small groups (5–20 individuals) to enhance autonomy and friendships among their members |
Anarchists usually form small groups (5–20 individuals) to enhance autonomy and friendships among their members[SEP]These kinds of groups more often than not interconnect with each other, forming larger networks |
These kinds of groups more often than not interconnect with each other, forming larger networks[SEP]Anarchists still support and participate in strikes, especially wildcat strikes as these are leaderless strikes not organised centrally by a syndicate |
Anarchists still support and participate in strikes, especially wildcat strikes as these are leaderless strikes not organised centrally by a syndicate[SEP]As in the past, newspapers and journals are used, and anarchists have gone online in the World Wide Web to spread their message |
As in the past, newspapers and journals are used, and anarchists have gone online in the World Wide Web to spread their message[SEP]Anarchists have found it easier to create websites because of distributional and other difficulties, hosting electronic libraries and other portals |
Anarchists have found it easier to create websites because of distributional and other difficulties, hosting electronic libraries and other portals[SEP]Anarchists were also involved in developing various software that are available for free |
Anarchists were also involved in developing various software that are available for free[SEP]The way these hacktivists work to develop and distribute resembles the anarchist ideals, especially when it comes to preserving users' privacy from state surveillance |
The way these hacktivists work to develop and distribute resembles the anarchist ideals, especially when it comes to preserving users' privacy from state surveillance[SEP]Anarchists organize themselves to squat and reclaim public spaces |
Anarchists organize themselves to squat and reclaim public spaces[SEP]During important events such as protests and when spaces are being occupied, they are often called Temporary Autonomous Zones (TAZ), spaces where art, poetry, and surrealism are blended to display the anarchist ideal |
During important events such as protests and when spaces are being occupied, they are often called Temporary Autonomous Zones (TAZ), spaces where art, poetry, and surrealism are blended to display the anarchist ideal[SEP]As seen by anarchists, squatting is a way to regain urban space from the capitalist market, serving pragmatical needs and also being an exemplary direct action |
As seen by anarchists, squatting is a way to regain urban space from the capitalist market, serving pragmatical needs and also being an exemplary direct action[SEP]Acquiring space enables anarchists to experiment with their ideas and build social bonds |
Acquiring space enables anarchists to experiment with their ideas and build social bonds[SEP]Adding up these tactics while having in mind that not all anarchists share the same attitudes towards them, along with various forms of protesting at highly symbolic events, make up a carnivalesque atmosphere that is part of contemporary anarchist vividity |
Adding up these tactics while having in mind that not all anarchists share the same attitudes towards them, along with various forms of protesting at highly symbolic events, make up a carnivalesque atmosphere that is part of contemporary anarchist vividity[SEP]Key issues
As anarchism is a philosophy that embodies many diverse attitudes, tendencies, and schools of thought; disagreement over questions of values, ideology, and tactics is common |
Key issues
As anarchism is a philosophy that embodies many diverse attitudes, tendencies, and schools of thought; disagreement over questions of values, ideology, and tactics is common[SEP]Its diversity has led to widely different uses of identical terms among different anarchist traditions which has created a number of definitional concerns in anarchist theory |
Its diversity has led to widely different uses of identical terms among different anarchist traditions which has created a number of definitional concerns in anarchist theory[SEP]The compatibility of capitalism, nationalism, and religion with anarchism is widely disputed, and anarchism enjoys complex relationships with ideologies such as communism, collectivism, Marxism, and trade unionism |
The compatibility of capitalism, nationalism, and religion with anarchism is widely disputed, and anarchism enjoys complex relationships with ideologies such as communism, collectivism, Marxism, and trade unionism[SEP]Anarchists may be motivated by humanism, divine authority, enlightened self-interest, veganism, or any number of alternative ethical doctrines |
Anarchists may be motivated by humanism, divine authority, enlightened self-interest, veganism, or any number of alternative ethical doctrines[SEP]Phenomena such as civilisation, technology (e |
Phenomena such as civilisation, technology (e[SEP]within anarcho-primitivism), and the democratic process may be sharply criticised within some anarchist tendencies and simultaneously lauded in others |
within anarcho-primitivism), and the democratic process may be sharply criticised within some anarchist tendencies and simultaneously lauded in others[SEP]Gender, sexuality, and free love
As gender and sexuality carry along them dynamics of hierarchy, many anarchists address, analyse, and oppose the suppression of one's autonomy imposed by gender roles |
Gender, sexuality, and free love
As gender and sexuality carry along them dynamics of hierarchy, many anarchists address, analyse, and oppose the suppression of one's autonomy imposed by gender roles[SEP]Sexuality was not often discussed by classical anarchists but the few that did felt that an anarchist society would lead to sexuality naturally developing |
Sexuality was not often discussed by classical anarchists but the few that did felt that an anarchist society would lead to sexuality naturally developing[SEP]Sexual violence was a concern for anarchists such as Benjamin Tucker, who opposed age of consent laws, believing they would benefit predatory men |
Sexual violence was a concern for anarchists such as Benjamin Tucker, who opposed age of consent laws, believing they would benefit predatory men[SEP]A historical current that arose and flourished during 1890 and 1920 within anarchism was free love |
A historical current that arose and flourished during 1890 and 1920 within anarchism was free love[SEP]In contemporary anarchism, this current survives as a tendency to support polyamory and queer anarchism |
In contemporary anarchism, this current survives as a tendency to support polyamory and queer anarchism[SEP]Free love advocates were against marriage, which they saw as a way of men imposing authority over women, largely because marriage law greatly favoured the power of men |
Free love advocates were against marriage, which they saw as a way of men imposing authority over women, largely because marriage law greatly favoured the power of men[SEP]The notion of free love was much broader and included a critique of the established order that limited women's sexual freedom and pleasure |
The notion of free love was much broader and included a critique of the established order that limited women's sexual freedom and pleasure[SEP]Those free love movements contributed to the establishment of communal houses, where large groups of travelers, anarchists and other activists slept in beds together |
Those free love movements contributed to the establishment of communal houses, where large groups of travelers, anarchists and other activists slept in beds together[SEP]Free love had roots both in Europe and the United States; however, some anarchists struggled with the jealousy that arose from free love |
Free love had roots both in Europe and the United States; however, some anarchists struggled with the jealousy that arose from free love[SEP]Anarchist feminists were advocates of free love, against marriage, and pro-choice (utilising a contemporary term), and had a similar agenda |
Anarchist feminists were advocates of free love, against marriage, and pro-choice (utilising a contemporary term), and had a similar agenda[SEP]Anarchist and non-anarchist feminists differed on suffrage but were supportive of one another |
Anarchist and non-anarchist feminists differed on suffrage but were supportive of one another[SEP]During the second half of the 20th century, anarchism intermingled with the second wave of feminism, radicalising some currents of the feminist movement and being influenced as well |
During the second half of the 20th century, anarchism intermingled with the second wave of feminism, radicalising some currents of the feminist movement and being influenced as well[SEP]By the latest decades of the 20th century, anarchists and feminists were advocating for the rights and autonomy of women, gays, queers and other marginalised groups, with some feminist thinkers suggesting a fusion of the two currents |
By the latest decades of the 20th century, anarchists and feminists were advocating for the rights and autonomy of women, gays, queers and other marginalised groups, with some feminist thinkers suggesting a fusion of the two currents[SEP]With the third wave of feminism, sexual identity and compulsory heterosexuality became a subject of study for anarchists, yielding a post-structuralist critique of sexual normality |
With the third wave of feminism, sexual identity and compulsory heterosexuality became a subject of study for anarchists, yielding a post-structuralist critique of sexual normality[SEP]Some anarchists distanced themselves from this line of thinking, suggesting that it leaned towards an individualism that was dropping the cause of social liberation |
Some anarchists distanced themselves from this line of thinking, suggesting that it leaned towards an individualism that was dropping the cause of social liberation[SEP]Anarchism and education
The interest of anarchists in education stretches back to the first emergence of classical anarchism |
Anarchism and education
The interest of anarchists in education stretches back to the first emergence of classical anarchism[SEP]Anarchists consider proper education, one which sets the foundations of the future autonomy of the individual and the society, to be an act of mutual aid |
Anarchists consider proper education, one which sets the foundations of the future autonomy of the individual and the society, to be an act of mutual aid[SEP]Anarchist writers such as William Godwin (Political Justice) and Max Stirner ("The False Principle of Our Education") attacked both state education and private education as another means by which the ruling class replicate their privileges |